,transcriber's ,note ,the punctuation and spelling from the original text have been faithfully preserved4 ,only obvious typographical errors have been corrected4 ,all ,about ,coffee ,illustration ,,all ,,about ,,coffee ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,branches1 ,,flowers1 ,,and ,,fruit ,,showing ,,the ,,berry ,,in ,,its ,,various ,,ripening ,,stages ,,from ,,flower ,,to ,,cherry 7,inset3 #a1 green bean2 #b1 silver skin2 #c1 parchment2 #d1 fruit pulp47 ,painted from life by ,blendon ,campbell ,,all ,,about ,,coffee ,by ,,william ,h4 ,,ukers1 ,m4,a4 ,editor ,,the ,,tea ,,and ,,coffee ,,trade ,,journal ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,the ,,tea ,,and ,,coffee ,,trade ,,journal ,,company #aibb ,,copyright #aibb ,,by ,,the ,,tea ,,and ,,coffee ,,trade ,,journal ,,company ,,new ,,york ,international ,copyright ,secured ,all ,rights ,reserved in ,u4,s4,a4 and ,foreign ,countries ,,printed ,,in ,u4,s4,a4 ,to ,my ,wife ,,helen ,,de ,,graff ,,ukers ,,preface ,seventeen years ago the author of this work made his first trip abroad to gather material for a book on coffee4 ,subsequently he spent a year in travel among the coffee-producing countries4 ,after the initial surveys1 correspondents were appointed to make researches in the principal ,european libraries and museums2 and this phase of the work continued until ,april1 #aibb4 ,simultaneous researches were conducted in ,american libraries and historical museums up to the time of the return of the final proofs to the printer in ,june1 #aibb4 ,ten years ago the sorting and classification of the material was begun4 ,the actual writing of the manuscript has extended over four years4 ,among the unique features of the book are the ,coffee ,thesaurus2 the ,coffee ,chronology1 containing #dib dates of historical importance2 the ,complete ,reference ,table of the ,principal ,kinds of ,coffee ,grown in the ,world2 and the ,coffee ,bibliography1 containing #a1chj references4 ,the most authoritative works on this subject have been ,robinson's ,the ,early ,history of ,coffee ,houses in ,england1 published in ,london in #ahic2 and ,jardin's ,le ,caf1 published in ,paris in #ahie4 ,the author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to both for inspiration and guidance4 ,other works1 ,arabian1 ,french1 ,english1 ,german1 and ,italian1 dealing with particular phases of the subject1 have been laid under contribution2 and where this has been done1 credit is given by footnote reference4 ,in all cases where it has been possible to do so1 however1 statements of historical facts have been verified by independent research4 ,not a few items have required months of tracing to confirm or to disprove4 ,there has been no serious ,american work on coffee since ,hewitt's ,coffee3 ,its ,history1 ,cultivation and ,uses1 published in #ahgb2 and ,thurber's ,coffee from ,plantation to ,cup1 published in #ahha4 ,both of these are now out of print1 as is also ,walsh's ,coffee3 ,its ,history1 ,classification and ,description1 published in #ahic4 ,the chapters on ,the ,chemistry of ,coffee and ,the ,pharmacology of ,coffee have been prepared under the author's direction by ,charles ,w4 ,trigg1 industrial fellow of the ,mellon ,institute of ,industrial ,research4 ,the author wishes to acknowledge1 with thanks1 valuable assistance and numerous courtesies by the officials of the following institutions3 ,british ,museum1 and ,guildhall ,museum1 ,london2 ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris2 ,congressional ,library1 ,washington2 ,new ,york ,public ,library1 ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 and ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 ,new ,york2 ,boston ,public ,library1 and ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts2 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,washington2 ,state ,historical ,museum1 ,madison1 ,wis42 ,maine ,historical ,society1 ,portland2 ,chicago ,historical ,society2 ,new ,jersey ,historical ,society1 ,newark2 ,harvard ,university ,library2 ,essex ,institute1 ,salem1 ,mass42 ,peabody ,institute1 ,baltimore4 ,thanks and appreciation are due also to3 ,charles ,james ,jackson1 ,london1 for permission to quote from his ,illustrated ,history of ,english ,plate2 ,francis ,hill ,bigelow1 author2 and ,the ,macmillan ,company1 publishers1 for permission to reproduce illustrations from ,historic ,silver of the ,colonies2 ,h4,g4 ,dwight1 author2 and ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 publishers1 for permission to quote from ,constantinople1 ,old and ,new1 and from the article on ,turkish ,coffee ,houses in ,scribner's ,magazine2 ,walter ,g4 ,peter1 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 for permission to photograph and reproduce pictures of articles in the ,peter collection at the ,united ,states ,national ,museum2 ,mary ,p4 ,hamlin and ,george ,arliss1 authors1 and ,george ,c4 ,tyler1 producer1 for permission to reproduce the ,exchange coffee-house setting of the first act of ,hamilton2 ,judge ,a4,t4 ,clearwater1 ,kingston ,n4,y42 ,r4,t4 ,haines ,halsey1 and ,francis ,p4 ,garvan1 ,new ,york1 for permission to publish pictures of historic silver coffee pots in their several collections2 ,the secretaries of the ,american ,chambers of ,commerce in ,london1 ,paris1 and ,berlin2 ,charles ,cooper1 ,london1 for his splendid co-operation and for his special contribution to chapter ,,xxxv2 ,alonzo ,h4 ,de ,graff1 ,london1 for his invaluable aid and unflagging zeal in directing the ,london researches2 ,to the ,coffee ,trade ,association1 ,london1 for assistance rendered2 ,to ,g4,j4 ,lethem1 ,london1 for his translations from the ,arabic2 ,geoffrey ,sephton1 ,vienna1 for his nice co-operation2 ,l4,p4 de ,bussy of the ,koloniaal ,institute1 ,amsterdam1 ,holland1 for assistance rendered2 ,burton ,holmes and ,blendon ,r4 ,campbell1 ,new ,york1 for courtesies2 ,john ,cotton ,dana1 ,newark1 ,n4,j41 for assistance rendered2 ,charles ,h4 ,barnes1 ,medford1 ,mass41 for permission to publish the photograph of ,peregrine ,white's ,mayflower mortar and pestle2 ,andrew ,l4 ,winton1 ,ph4,d41 ,wilton1 ,conn41 for permission to quote from his ,the ,microscopy of ,vegetable ,foods in the chapter on ,the ,microscopy of ,coffee and to reprint ,prof4 ,j4 ,moeller's and ,tschirch and ,oesterle's drawings2 ,f4 ,hulton ,frankel1 ,ph4,d41 ,edward ,m4 ,frankel1 ,ph4,d41 and ,arno ,viehoever1 for their assistance in preparing the chapters on ,the ,botany of ,coffee and ,the ,microscopy of ,coffee2 ,a4,l4 ,burns1 ,new ,york1 for his assistance in the correction and revision of chapters ,,xxv1 ,,xxvi1 ,,xxvii1 and ,,xxxiv1 and for much historical information supplied in connection with chapters ,,xxx and ,,xxxi2 ,edward ,aborn1 ,new ,york1 for his help in the revision of chapter ,,xxxvi2 ,george ,w4 ,lawrence1 former president1 and ,t4,s4,b4 ,nielsen1 president1 of the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange1 for their assistance in the revision of chapter ,,xxxi2 ,helio ,lobo1 ,brazilian consul general1 ,new ,york2 ,sebastio ,sampaio1 commercial attach of the ,brazilian ,embassy1 ,washington2 and ,th4 ,langgaard de ,menezes1 ,american representative of the ,sociedade ,promotora da ,defeza do ,caf2 ,felix ,coste1 secretary and manager1 the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association2 and ,c4,b4 ,stroud1 superintendent1 the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange1 for information supplied and assistance rendered in the revision of several chapters2 ,f4,t4 ,holmes1 ,new ,york1 for his help in the compilation of chronological and descriptive data on coffee-roasting machinery2 ,walter ,chester1 ,new ,york1 for critical comments on chapter ,,xxviii4 ,the author is especially indebted to the following1 who in many ways have contributed to the successful compilation of the ,complete ,reference ,table in chapter ,,xxiv1 and of those chapters having to do with the early history and development of the green coffee and the wholesale coffee-roasting trades in the ,united ,states3 ,george ,s4 ,wright1 ,boston2 ,a4,e4 ,forbes1 ,william ,fisher1 ,gwynne ,evans1 ,jerome ,j4 ,schotten1 and the late ,julius ,j4 ,schotten1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,james ,h4 ,taylor1 ,william ,bayne1 ,jr41 ,a4,j4 ,dannemiller1 ,b4,a4 ,livierato1 ,s4,a4 ,schonbrunn1 ,herbert ,wilde1 ,a4,c4 ,fitzpatrick1 ,charles ,meehan1 ,clarence ,creighton1 ,abram ,wakeman1 ,a4,h4 ,davies1 ,joshua ,walker1 ,fred ,p4 ,gordon1 ,alex4 ,h4 ,purcell1 ,george ,w4 ,vanderhoef1 ,col4 ,william ,p4 ,roome1 ,w4 ,lee ,simmonds1 ,herman ,simmonds1 ,w4,h4 ,aborn1 ,b4 ,lahey1 ,john ,c4 ,loudon1 ,j4,r4 ,westfal1 ,abraham ,reamer1 ,r4,c4 ,wilhelm1 ,c4,h4 ,stewart1 and the late ,august ,haeussler1 ,new ,york2 ,john ,d4 ,warfield1 ,ezra ,j4 ,warner1 ,s4,o4 ,blair1 and ,george ,d4 ,mc,laughlin1 ,chicago2 ,w4,h4 ,harrison1 ,james ,heekin1 and ,charles ,lewis1 ,cincinnati2 ,albro ,blodgett and ,a4,m4 ,woolson1 ,toledo2 ,r4,v4 ,engelhard and ,lee ,g4 ,zinsmeister1 ,louisville2 ,e4,a4 ,kahl1 ,san ,francisco2 ,s4 ,jackson1 ,new ,orleans2 ,lewis ,sherman1 ,milwaukee2 ,howard ,f4 ,boardman1 ,hartford2 ,a4,h4 ,devers1 ,portland1 ,ore42 ,w4 ,james ,mahood1 ,pittsburgh2 ,william ,b4 ,harris1 ,east ,orange1 ,n4,j4 ,new ,york1 ,june #ag1 #aibb4 ,illustration ,,foreword ,some introductory remarks on the lure of coffee1 its place in a rational dietary1 its universal psychological appeal1 its use and abuse ,civilization in its onward march has produced only three important non-alcoholic beverages--the extract of the tea plant1 the extract of the cocoa bean1 and the extract of the coffee bean4 ,leaves and beans--these are the vegetable sources of the world's favorite non-alcoholic table-beverages4 ,of the two1 the tea leaves lead in total amount consumed2 the coffee beans are second2 and the cocoa beans are a distant third1 although advancing steadily4 ,but in international commerce the coffee beans occupy a far more important position than either of the others1 being imported into non-producing countries to twice the extent of the tea leaves4 ,all three enjoy a world-wide consumption1 although not to the same extent in every nation2 but where either the coffee bean or the tea leaf has established itself in a given country1 the other gets comparatively little attention1 and usually has great difficulty in making any advance4 ,the cocoa bean1 on the other hand1 has not risen to the position of popular favorite in any important consuming country1 and so has not aroused the serious opposition of its two rivals4 ,coffee is universal in its appeal4 ,all nations do it homage4 ,it has become recognized as a human necessity4 ,it is no longer a luxury or an indulgence2 it is a corollary of human energy and human efficiency4 ,people love coffee because of its two-fold effect--the pleasurable sensation and the increased efficiency it produces4 ,coffee has an important place in the rational dietary of all the civilized peoples of earth4 ,it is a democratic beverage4 ,not only is it the drink of fashionable society1 but it is also a favorite beverage of the men and women who do the world's work1 whether they toil with brain or brawn4 ,it has been acclaimed the most grateful lubricant known to the human machine1 and the most delightful taste in all nature4 ,no food drink has ever encountered so much opposition as coffee4 ,given to the world by the church and dignified by the medical profession1 nevertheless it has had to suffer from religious superstition and medical prejudice4 ,during the thousand years of its development it has experienced fierce political opposition1 stupid fiscal restrictions1 unjust taxes1 irksome duties2 but1 surviving all of these1 it has triumphantly moved on to a foremost place in the catalog of popular beverages4 ,but coffee is something more than a beverage4 ,it is one of the world's greatest adjuvant foods4 ,there are other auxiliary foods1 but none that excels it for palatability and comforting effects1 the psychology of which is to be found in its unique flavor and aroma4 ,men and women drink coffee because it adds to their sense of well-being4 ,it not only smells good and tastes good to all mankind1 heathen or civilized1 but all respond to its wonderful stimulating properties4 ,the chief factors in coffee goodness are the caffein content and the caffeol4 ,caffein supplies the principal stimulant4 ,it increases the capacity for muscular and mental work without harmful reaction4 ,the caffeol supplies the flavor and the aroma--that indescribable ,oriental fragrance that wooes us through the nostrils1 forming one of the principal elements that make up the lure of coffee4 ,there are several other constituents1 including certain innocuous so-called caffetannic acids1 that1 in combination with the caffeol1 give the beverage its rare gustatory appeal4 ,the year #aiai awarded coffee one of its brightest honors4 ,an ,american general said that coffee shared with bread and bacon the distinction of being one of the three nutritive essentials that helped win the ,world ,war for the ,allies4 ,so this symbol of human brotherhood has played a not inconspicuous part in making the world safe for democracy4 ,the new age1 ushered in by the ,peace of ,versailles and the ,washington ,conference1 has for its hand-maidens temperance and self-control4 ,it is to be a world democracy of right-living and clear thinking2 and among its most precious adjuncts are coffee1 tea1 and cocoa--because these beverages must always be associated with rational living1 with greater comfort1 and with better cheer4 ,like all good things in life1 the drinking of coffee may be abused4 ,indeed1 those having an idiosyncratic susceptibility to alkaloids should be temperate in the use of tea1 coffee1 or cocoa4 ,in every high-tensioned country there is likely to be a small number of people who1 because of certain individual characteristics1 can not drink coffee at all4 ,these belong to the abnormal minority of the human family4 ,some people can not eat strawberries2 but that would not be a valid reason for a general condemnation of strawberries4 ,one may be poisoned1 says ,thomas ,a4 ,edison1 from too much food4 ,horace ,fletcher was certain that over-feeding causes all our ills4 ,over-indulgence in meat is likely to spell trouble for the strongest of us4 ,coffee is1 perhaps1 less often abused than wrongly accused4 ,it all depends4 ,a little more tolerance6 ,trading upon the credulity of the hypochondriac and the caffein-sensitive1 in recent years there has appeared in ,america and abroad a curious collection of so-called coffee substitutes4 ,they are neither fish nor flesh1 nor good red herring4 ,most of them have been shown by official government analyses to be sadly deficient in food value--their only alleged virtue4 ,one of our contemporary attackers of the national beverage bewails the fact that no palatable hot drink has been found to take the place of coffee4 ,the reason is not hard to find4 ,there can be no substitute for coffee4 ,dr4 ,harvey ,w4 ,wiley has ably summed up the matter by saying1 ,a substitute should be able to perform the functions of its principal4 ,a substitute to a war must be able to fight4 ,a bounty-jumper is not a substitute4 ,it has been the aim of the author to tell the whole coffee story for the general reader1 yet with the technical accuracy that will make it valuable to the trade4 ,the book is designed to be a work of useful reference covering all the salient points of coffee's origin1 cultivation1 preparation1 and development1 its place in the world's commerce and in a rational dietary4 ,good coffee1 carefully roasted and properly brewed1 produces a natural beverage that1 for tonic effect1 can not be surpassed1 even by its rivals1 tea and cocoa4 ,here is a drink that ninety-seven percent of individuals find harmless and wholesome1 and without which life would be drab indeed--a pure1 safe1 and helpful stimulant compounded in nature's own laboratory1 and one of the chief joys of life6 ,,contents ,a ,,coffee ,,thesaurus ,encomiums and descriptive phrases applied to the plant1 the berry1 and the beverage ,page ,,xxvii ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,a ,,cup ,,of ,,coffee ,showing the various steps through which the bean passes from plantation to cup ,page ,,xxix ,,chapter ,i ,,dealling ,,with ,,the ,,etymology ,,of ,,coffee ,origin and translation of the word from the ,arabian into various languages--,views of many writers ,page #a ,,chapter ,,ii ,,history ,,of ,,coffee ,,propagation ,a brief account of the cultivation of the coffee plant in the ,old ,world1 and of its introduction into the ,new--,a romantic coffee adventure ,page #e ,,chapter ,,iii ,,early ,,history ,,of ,,coffee ,,drinking ,coffee in the ,near ,east in the early centuries--,stories of its origin--,discovery by physicians and adoption by the ,church--,its spread through ,arabia1 ,persia1 and ,turkey--,persecutions and ,intolerances--,early coffee manners and customs ,page #aa ,,chapter ,,iv ,,introduction ,,of ,,coffee ,,into ,,western ,,europe ,when the three great temperance beverages1 cocoa1 tea1 and coffee1 came to ,europe--,coffee first mentioned by ,rauwolf in #aehb--;,early days of coffee in ,italy--,how ,pope ,clement ,,viii baptized it and made it a truly ,christian beverage--,the first ,european coffee house1 in ,venice1 #afde--,the famous ,caff ,florian--,other celebrated ,venetian coffee houses of the eighteenth century--,the romantic story of ,pedrocchi1 the poor lemonade-vender1 who built the most beautiful coffee house in the world ,page #be ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,beginnings ,,of ,,coffee ,,in ,,france ,what ,french travelers did for coffee--the introduction of coffee by ,p4 de la ,roque into ,marseilles in #afdd--,the first commercial importation of coffee from ,egypt--,the first ,french coffee house--,failure of the attempt by physicians of ,marseilles to discredit coffee--,soliman ,aga introduces coffee into ,paris--,cabarets caff--,celebrated works on coffee by ,french writers ,page #ca ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,introduction ,,of ,,coffee ,,into ,,england ,the first printed reference to coffee in ,english--,early mention of coffee by noted ,english travelers and writers--,the ,lacedmonian black broth controversy--,how ,conopios introduced coffee drinking at ,oxford--,the first ,english coffee house in ,oxford--,two ,english botanists on coffee ,page #ce ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,introduction ,,of ,,coffee ,,into ,,holland ,how the enterprising ,dutch traders captured the first world's market for coffee--,activities of the ,netherlands ,east ,india ,company--,the first coffee house at the ,hague--,the first public auction at ,amsterdam in #agaa1 when ,java coffee brought forty-seven cents a pound1 green ,page #dc ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,introduction ,,of ,,coffee ,,into ,,germany ,the contributions made by ,german travelers and writers to the literature of the early history of coffee--,the first coffee house in ,hamburg opened by an ,english merchant--,famous coffee houses of old ,berlin--,the first coffee periodical and the first kaffee-klatsch--,frederick the ,great's coffee roasting monopoly--,coffee persecutions--,coffee-smellers--,the first coffee king ,page #de ,,chapter ,,ix ,,telling ,,how ,,coffee ,,came ,,to ,,vienna ,the romantic adventure of ,franz ,george ,kolschitzky1 who carried a message to ,garcia through the enemy's lines and won for himself the honor of being the first to teach the ,viennese the art of making coffee1 to say nothing of falling heir to the supplies of the green beans left behind by the ,turks2 also the gift of a house from a grateful municipality1 and a statue after death--,affectionate regard in which ,brother-heart ,kolschitzky is held as the patron saint of the ,vienna ,kaffee-sieder--,life in the early ,vienna caf's ,page #di ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,coffee ,,houses ,,of ,,old ,,london ,one of the most picturesque chapters in the history of coffee--,the first coffee house in ,london--,the first coffee handbill1 and the first newspaper advertisement for coffee--,strange coffee mixtures--,fantastic coffee claims--,coffee prices and coffee licenses--,coffee club of the ,rota--,early coffee-house manners and customs--,coffee-house keepers' tokens--,opposition to the coffee house--,penny universities--,weird coffee substitutes--,the proposed coffee-house newspaper monopoly--,evolution of the club--,decline and fall of the coffee house--,pen pictures of coffee-house life--,famous coffee houses of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries--,some ,old ,world pleasure gardens--,locating the notable coffee houses ,page #ec ,,chapter ,,xi ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,parisian ,,coffee ,,houses ,the introduction of coffee into ,paris by ,thvenot in #afeg--;,how ,soliman ,aga established the custom of coffee drinking at the court of ,louis ,,xiv--,opening of the first coffee houses--,how the ,french adaptation of the ,oriental coffee house first appeared in the real ,french caf of ,franois ,procope--,important part played by the coffee houses in the development of ,french literature and the stage--,their association with the ,revolution and the founding of the ,republic--,quaint customs and patrons--,historic ,parisian caf's ,page #ia ,,chapter ,,xii ,,introduction ,,of ,,coffee ,,into ,,north ,,america ,captain ,john ,smith1 founder of the ,colony of ,virginia1 is the first to bring to ,north ,america a knowledge of coffee in #afjg--,the coffee grinder on the ,mayflower--,coffee drinking in #affh--,william ,penn's coffee purchase in #afhc--;,coffee in colonial ,new ,england--,the psychology of the ,boston tea party1 and why the ,united ,states became a nation of coffee drinkers instead of tea drinkers1 like ,england--,the first coffee license to ,dorothy ,jones in #afgj--,the first coffee house in ,new ,england--,notable coffee houses of old ,boston--,a skyscraper coffee-house ,page #aje ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,history ,,of ,,coffee ,,in ,,old ,,new ,,york ,the burghers of ,new ,amsterdam begin to substitute coffee for must1 or beer1 for breakfast in #affh--,william ,penn makes his first purchase of coffee in the green bean from ,new ,york merchants in #afhc--,the ,king's ,arms1 the first coffee house--,the historic ,merchants1 sometimes called the ,birthplace of our ,union--,the coffee house as a civic forum--,the ,exchange1 ,whitehall1 ,burns1 ,tontine1 and other celebrated coffee houses--,the ,vauxhall and ,ranelagh pleasure gardens ,page #aae ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,coffee ,,houses ,,of ,,old ,,philadelphia ,ye ,coffee ,house1 ,philadelphia's first coffee house1 opened about #agjj--,the two ,london coffee houses--,the ,city tavern1 or ,merchants coffee house--,how these1 and other celebrated resorts1 dominated the social1 political1 and business life of the ,quaker ,city in the eighteenth century ,page #abe ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,botany ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,plant ,its complete classification by class1 sub-class1 order1 family1 genus1 and species--,how the ,coffea arabica grows1 flowers1 and bears--,other species and hybrids described--,natural caffein-free coffee--,fungoid diseases of coffee ,page #aca ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,the ,,microscopy ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,fruit ,how the beans may be examined under the microscope1 and what is revealed--,structure of the berry1 the green1 and the roasted beans--,the coffee-leaf disease under the microscope--,value of microscopic analysis in detecting adulteration ,page #adi ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,the ,,chemistry ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,bean ,by ,charles ,w4 ,trigg4 ,chemistry of the preparation and treatment of the green bean--,artificial aging--,renovating damaged coffees--,extracts--,caffetannic acid--,caffein1 caffein-free coffee--,caffeol--,fats and oils--,carbohydrates--,roasting--,scient ific aspects of grinding and packaging--,the coffee brew--,soluble coffee--,adulterants and substitutes--,official methods of analysis ,page #aee ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,pharmacology ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,drink ,by ,charles ,w4 ,trigg ,general physiological action--,effect on children--,effect on longevity--,behavior in the alimentary rgime--,place in dietary--,action on bacteria--,use in medicine--,physiological action of caffetannic acid--,of caffeol--,of caffein--,effect of caffein on mental and motor efficiency--,conclusions ,page #agd ,,chapter ,,xix ,,the ,,commercial ,,coffees ,,of ,,the ,,world ,the geographical distribution of the coffees grown in ,north ,america1 ,central ,america1 ,south ,america1 the ,west ,india ,islands1 ,asia1 ,africa1 the ,pacific ,islands1 and the ,east ,indies--,a statistical study of the distribution of the principal kinds--,a commercial coffee chart of the world's leading growths1 with market names and general trade characteristics ,page #ahi ,,chapter ,,xx ,,cultivation ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,plant ,the early days of coffee culture in ,abyssinia and ,arabia--,coffee cultivation in general--,soil1 climate1 rainfall1 altitude1 propagation1 preparing the plantation1 shade1 wind breaks1 fertilizing1 pruning1 catch crops1 pests1 and diseases--,how coffee is grown around the world--,cultivation in all the principal producing countries ,page #aig ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,preparing ,,green ,,coffee ,,for ,,market ,early ,arabian methods of preparation--,how primitive devices were replaced by modern methods--,a chronological story of the development of scientific plantation machinery1 and the part played by ,english and ,american inventors--,the marvelous coffee package1 one of the most ingenious in all nature--,how coffee is harvested--,picking--,preparation by the dry and the wet methods--,pulping--,fermentation and washing--,drying--,hulling1 or peeling1 and polishing--,sizing1 or grading--,preparation methods of different countries ,page #bde ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,the ,,production ,,and ,,consumption ,,of ,,coffee ,a statistical study of world production of coffee by countries--,per capita figures of the leading consuming countries--,coffee-consumption figures compared with tea-consumption figures in the ,united ,states and the ,united ,kingdom--,three centuries of coffee trading--,coffee drinking in the ,united ,states1 past and present--,reviewing the #aiba trade in the ,united ,states ,page #bgc ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,how ,,green ,,coffees ,,are ,,bought ,,and ,,sold ,buying coffee in the producing countries--,transporting coffee to the consuming markets--,some record coffee cargoes shipped to the ,united ,states--,transport over seas--,java coffee ex-sailing vessels--,handling coffee at ,new ,york1 ,new ,orleans1 and ,san ,francisco--,the coffee exchanges of ,europe and the ,united ,states--,commission men and brokers--,trade and exchange contracts for delivery--,important rulings affecting coffee trading--,some well-known green coffee marks ,page #cjc ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,green ,,and ,,roasted ,,coffee ,,characteristics ,the trade values1 bean characteristics1 and cup merits of the leading coffees of commerce1 with a ,complete ,reference ,table of the ,principal ,kinds of ,coffee ,grown in the ,world--,appearance1 aroma1 and flavor in cup-testing--,how experts test coffee--,a typical sample-roasting and cup-testing outfit ,page #cda ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,factory ,,preparation ,,of ,,roasted ,,coffee ,coffee roasting as a business--,wholesale coffee-roasting machinery--,separating1 milling1 and mixing or blending green coffee1 and roasting by coal1 coke1 gas1 and electricity--,facts about coffee roasting--,cost of roasting--,green-coffee shrinkage table--,dry and wet roasts--,on roasting coffee efficiently--,a typical coal roaster--,cooling and stoning--,finishing or glazing--,blending roasted coffees--,blends for restaurants--,grinding and packaging--,coffee additions and fillers--,treated coffees1 and dry extracts ,page #cgi ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,wholesale ,,merchandising ,,of ,,coffee ,how coffees are sold at wholesale--,the wholesale salesman's place in merchandising--,some coffee costs analyzed--,handy coffee-selling chart--,terms and credits--,about package coffees--,various types of coffee containers--,coffee package labels--,coffee package economies--,practical grocer helps--,coffee sampling--,premium method of sales promotion ,page #djg ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,retail ,,merchandising ,,of ,,roasted ,,coffee ,how coffees are sold at retail--,the place of the grocer1 the tea and coffee dealer1 the chain store1 and the wagon-route distributer in the scheme of distribution--,starting in the retail coffee business--,small roasters for retail dealers--,model coffee departments--,creating a coffee trade--,meeting competition--,splitting nickels--,figuring costs and profits--,a credit policy for retailers--,premiums ,page #dae ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,a ,,short ,,history ,,of ,,coffee ,,advertising ,early coffee advertising--,the first coffee advertisement in #aehg was frank propaganda for the legitimate use of coffee--,the first printed advertisement in ,english--,the first newspaper advertisement--,early advertisements in colonial ,america--,evolution of advertising--,package coffee advertising--,advertising to the trade--,advertising by means of newspapers1 magazines1 billboards1 electric signs1 motion pictures1 demonstrations1 and by samples--,advertising for retailers--,advertising by government propaganda--,the ,joint ,coffee ,trade publicity campaign in the ,united ,states--,coffee advertising efficiency ,page #dca ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,the ,,coffee ,,trade ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,the coffee business started by ,dorothy ,jones of ,boston--,some early sales--,taxes imposed by ,congress in war and peace--,the first coffee-plantation-machine1 coffee-roaster1 coffee-grinder1 and coffee-pot patents--,early trade marks for coffee--,beginnings of the coffee urn1 the coffee container1 and the soluble-coffee business--,chronological record of the most important events in the history of the trade from the eighteenth century to the twentieth ,page #dfg ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,green ,,and ,,roasted ,,coffee ,,business ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,a brief history of the growth of coffee trading--,notable firms and personalities that have played important parts in green coffee in the principal coffee centers--,green coffee trade organizations--,growth of the wholesale coffee-roasting trade1 and names of those who have made history in it--,the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association--,statistics of distribution of coffee-roasting establishments in the ,united ,states ,page #dge ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,some ,,big ,,men ,,and ,,notable ,,achievements ,b4,g4 ,arnold1 the first1 and ,hermann ,sielcken1 the last of the ,american coffee kings--,john ,arbuckle1 the original package-coffee man--,jabez ,burns1 the man who revolutionized the roasted-coffee business by his contributions as inventor1 manufacturer1 and writer--,coffee trade booms and panics--,brazil's first valorization enterprise--,war-time government control of coffee--,the story of soluble coffee ,page #eag ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,a ,,history ,,of ,,coffee ,,in ,,literature ,the romance of coffee1 and its influence on the discourse1 poetry1 history1 drama1 philosophic writing1 and fiction of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and on the writers of today--,coffee quips and anecdotes ,page #eda ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,coffee ,,in ,,relation ,,to ,,the ,,fine ,,arts ,how coffee and coffee drinking have been celebrated in painting1 engraving1 sculpture1 caricature1 lithography1 and music--,epics1 rhapsodies1 and cantatas in praise of coffee--,beautiful specimens of the art of the potter and the silversmith as shown in the coffee service of various periods in the world's history--,some historical relics ,page #ehg ,,chapter ,,xxxiv ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,coffee ,,apparatus ,showing the development of coffee-roasting1 coffee-grinding1 coffee-making1 and coffee-serving devices from the earliest time to the present day--,the original coffee grinder1 the first coffee roaster1 and the first coffee pot--,the original ,french drip pot1 the ,de ,belloy percolator--,count ,rumford's improvement--,how the commercial coffee roaster was developed--,the evolution of filtration devices--,the old ,carter pull-out roaster--,trade customs in ,new ,york and ,st4 ,louis in the sixties and seventies--,the story of the evolution of the ,burns roaster--,how the gas roaster was developed in ,france1 ,great ,britain1 and the ,united ,states ,page #fae ,,chapter ,,xxxv ,,world',s ,,coffee ,,manners ,,and ,,customs ,how coffee is roasted1 prepared1 and served in all the leading civilized countries--,the ,arabian coffee ceremony--,the present-day coffee houses of ,turkey--,twentieth century improvements in ,europe and the ,united ,states ,page #fee ,,chapter ,,xxxvi ,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,universal ,,beverage ,the evolution of grinding and brewing methods--,coffee was first a food1 then a wine1 a medicine1 a devotional refreshment1 a confection1 and finally a beverage--,brewing by boiling1 infusion1 percolation1 and filtration--,coffee making in ,europe in the nineteenth century--,early coffee making in the ,united ,states--,latest developments in better coffee making--,various aspects of scientific coffee brewing--,advice to coffee lovers on how to buy coffee1 and how to make it in perfection ,page #fic ,a ,,coffee ,,chronology ,giving dates and events of historical interest in legend1 travel1 literature1 cultivation1 plantation treatment1 trading1 and in the preparation and use of coffee from the earliest time to the present ,page #gbe ,a ,,coffee ,,bibliography ,a list of references gathered from the principal general and scientific libraries--,arranged in alphabetic order of topics ,page #gch ,,index ,page #gfi ,illustration ,,illustrations ,color ,plates ,facing page ,coffee branches1 flowers1 and fruit 7painted by ,blendon ,campbell7 ,frontispiece v ,coffea arabica2 leaves1 flowers1 and fruit 7painted by ,m4,e4 ,eaton7 #a ,the coffee tree bears fruit1 leaf1 and blossom at the same time #af ,a close-up of ripe coffee berries #cb ,coffee under the ,stars and ,stripes #add ,coffee scenes in ,british ,india #afj ,picking and sacking coffee in ,brazil #agf ,mild-coffee culture and preparation #aib ,coffee scenes in ,java #bjj ,coffee scenes in ,sumatra #baf ,coffee preparation in ,central and ,south ,america #bdh ,typical coffee scenes in ,costa ,rica #ccf ,principal varieties of green-coffee beans1 natural size and color #ceb ,coal-roasting plant1 ,new ,york #djh ,coffee scenes in the ,near and ,far ,east #edd ,primitive transportation methods1 ,arabia #fdj ,hulling coffee in ,aden1 ,arabia #fef ,black and ,white ,illustrations ,page ,coffee tree in flower #d ,de ,clieu and his coffee plant #g ,legendary discovery of coffee drink #aj ,title page of ,dufour's book #ac ,frontispiece from ,dufour's book #ae ,turkish coffee house1 #agth century #ba ,serving coffee to a guest1 ,arabia #bc ,first printed reference to coffee #bd ,an #ahth-century ,italian coffee house #bf ,nobility in an early ,venetian caf #bg ,goldoni in a ,venetian coffee house #bh ,florian's famous coffee house #bi ,title page of ,la ,roque's work #cb ,coffee tree as pictured by ,la ,roque #cb ,coffee branch in ,la ,roque's work #cc ,first printed reference in ,english #cg ,reference in ,sherley's travels #ci ,references in ,biddulph's travels #dj ,mol's coffee house at ,exeter #da ,reference in ,sandys' travels #db ,richter's coffee house1 ,leipsic #df ,coffee house1 ,germany1 #agth century #dg ,kolschitzky in his ,blue ,bottle coffee house #dh ,first coffee house in ,leopoldstadt #ej ,statue of ,kolschitzky #ea ,first advertisement for coffee #ee ,first newspaper advertisement #eg ,coffee house1 time of ,charles ,,ii #fj ,london coffee house1 #agth century #fa ,coffee house1 ,queen ,anne's time #fb ,coffee-house keepers' tokens 7plate #a7 #fc ,a broadside of #affc #fd ,coffee-house keepers' tokens 7plate #b7 #fe ,a broadside of #affg #fh ,a broadside of #afgj #gj ,a broadside of #afgb #gj ,a broadside of #afgd #ga ,white's and ,brooke's coffee houses #gh ,london coffee-house politicians #gh ,great ,fair on the frozen ,thames #gi ,lion's head at ,button's #hj ,trio of notables at ,button's #ha ,vauxhall ,gardens on a gala night #hb ,rotunda in ,ranelagh ,gardens #hc ,garraway's coffee house #hd ,button's coffee house #hd ,slaughter's coffee house #he ,tom's coffee house #he ,lloyd's coffee house #hf ,dick's coffee house #hg ,grecian coffee house #hg ,don ,saltero's coffee house #hh ,british coffee house #hh ,french coffee house in ,london #hi ,ramponaux' ,royal ,drummer caf #ij ,la ,foire ,st4-,germain #ib ,street coffee vender of ,paris #ib ,armenian decorations in ,paris caf #ic ,corner of historic ,caf de ,procope #ic ,caf de ,procope1 ,paris #ie ,cashier's desk in coffee house1 ,paris #if ,caf ,foy #ig ,caf des ,mille ,colonnes #ii ,caf de ,paris #aja ,interior of a typical ,parisian caf #ajc ,chess at the ,caf de la ,rgence #ajd ,types of colonial coffee roasters #ajf ,early family coffee roaster #ajf ,historic relics1 early ,new ,england #ajg ,mayflower coffee grinder #ajh ,crown coffee house1 ,boston #ajh ,coffee devices1 ,massachusetts colony #aji ,coffee devices of western pioneers #aaj ,coffee pots of colonial days #aaj ,green ,dragon tavern1 ,boston #aaa ,metal coffee pots1 ,new ,york colony #aab ,exchange coffee house1 ,boston #aac ,president-elect ,washington's official welcome at ,merchants ,coffee ,house #aad ,king's ,arms coffee house1 ,new ,york #aaf ,burns coffee house #aag ,merchants coffee house #aai ,tontine coffee house #aba ,tontine building of #ahej #abb ,niblo's ,garden #abb ,coffee relics1 ,dutch ,new ,york #abb ,new ,york's ,vauxhall ,garden of #ahjc #abc ,tavern and grocers' signs1 old ,new ,york #abd ,second ,london coffee house1 ,philadelphia #abg ,selling slaves1 old ,london coffee house #abh ,city tavern1 ,philadelphia #abi ,coffee-house scene in ,hamilton #acj ,coffee tree1 flowers and fruit #acb ,germination of the coffee plant #acc ,brazil coffee plantation in flower #acd ,coffea arabica1 ,porto ,rico #ace ,coffea arabica1 flower and fruit1 ,costa ,rica #ace ,young ,coffea arabica1 ,kona1 ,hawaii #acf ,survivors of first ,liberian trees in ,java #acf ,coffea arabica in flower1 ,java #acg ,liberian coffee tree1 ,lamoa1 ,p4,i4 #ach ,coffea congensis1 #b-a_/b years old #ach ,flowering of #e-year-old ,coffea excelsa #aci ,branches of ,coffea excelsa #adj ,coffea stenophylla #adj ,near view of ,coffea arabica berries #ada ,wild caffein-free coffee tree #adb ,coffee bean characteristics #adb ,coffea arabica berries #adc ,robusta coffee in flower #add ,one-year-old robusta estate #ade ,coffea ,quillou flowers #adf ,quillou coffee tree in blossom #adg ,coffea ,ugand #adh ,coffea arabica under the microscope #adi ,cross-section of coffee bean #aej ,cross-section of hull and bean #aej ,epicarp and pericarp under microscope #aea ,endocarp and endosperm under microscope #aeb ,spermoderm under microscope #aeb ,tissues of embryo under microscope #aeb ,coffee-leaf disease under microscope #aec ,green and roasted coffee under microscope #aec ,green and roasted ,bogota under microscope #aed ,cross-section of endosperm #aef ,portion of the investing membrane #aeg ,structure of the green bean #aeg ,ground coffee under microscope #afg ,coffee tree in bearing1 ,lamoa1 ,p4,i4 #aif ,early coffee implements #aih ,cross-section of mountain slope1 ,yemen #aih ,first steps in coffee-growing #aii ,coffee nursery1 ,guatemala #bjj ,coffee under shade1 ,porto ,rico #bja ,boekit ,gompong estate1 ,sumatra #bjb ,estate in ,antioquia1 ,colombia #bjc ,weeding and harrowing1 ,so ,paulo #bjd ,fazenda ,dumont1 ,so ,paulo #bje ,fazenda ,guatapara1 ,so ,paulo #bjf ,picking coffee1 ,so ,paulo #bjg ,intensive cultivation1 ,so ,paulo #bjg ,private railroad1 ,so ,paulo #bjh ,coffee culture in ,so ,paulo #bji ,heavily laden coffee tree1 ,bogota #baj ,picking coffee1 ,bogota #baa ,altamira ,hacienda1 ,venezuela #bab ,carmen ,hacienda1 ,venezuela #bac ,heavy fruiting1 ,coffea robusta1 ,java #bad ,road through coffee estate1 ,java #bae ,native picking coffee1 ,sumatra #baf ,administrator's bungalow1 ,java #baf ,administrator's bungalow1 ,sumatra #bag ,coffee culture in ,guatemala #bah ,indians picking coffee1 ,guatemala #bai ,bungalow1 coffee estate1 ,guatemala #bbj ,thirty-year-old coffee trees1 ,mexico #bba ,mexican coffee picker #bbb ,receiving coffee1 ,mexico #bbc ,heavily laden coffee tree1 ,porto ,rico #bbd ,coffee cultivation1 ,costa ,rica #bbe ,picking ,costa ,rica coffee #bbf ,mountain coffee estate1 ,costa ,rica #bbf ,mysore coffee estate #bbg ,coffee growing under shade1 ,india #bbh ,coffee estate at ,harar #bbi ,wild coffee near ,adis ,abeba #bca ,mocha coffee growing on terraces #bcb ,picking ,blue ,mountain berries1 ,jamaica #bcc ,coffee pickers1 ,guadeloupe #bcd ,coffee in blossom1 ,panama #bce ,robusta coffee1 ,cochin-,china #bcg ,bourbon trees1 ,french ,indo-,china #bch ,picking coffee in ,queensland #bci ,coffee in bloom1 ,kona1 ,hawaii #bdj ,coffee at ,hamakua1 ,hawaii #bda ,coffee trees1 ,south ,kona1 ,hawaii #bdb ,plantation near ,sagada1 ,p4,i4 #bdc ,coffee preparation1 ,so ,paulo #bdd ,walker's original disk pulper #bdf ,early ,english coffee peeler #bdf ,group of ,english cylinder pulpers #bdg ,copper covers for pulper cylinders #bdh ,granada unpulped coffee separator #bdi ,hand-power double-disk pulper #bdi ,tandem coffee pulper #bej ,horizontal coffee washer #bea ,vertical coffee washer #bea ,cobn pulper1 ,venezuela #beb ,niagara power coffee huller #beb ,british and ,american coffee driers #bec ,american ,guardiola drier #bed ,smout peeler and polisher #bed ,smout peeler and polisher1 exposed #bee ,o',krassa's coffee drier #bee ,six well-known hullers and separators #bef ,el ,monarca coffee classifier #beg ,hydro-electric installation1 ,guatemala #beh ,preparing ,brazil coffee for market #bei ,working coffee on the drying flats #bfj ,fermenting and washing tanks1 ,so ,paulo #bfj ,drying grounds1 ,fazenda ,schmidt #bfa ,preparing ,colombian coffee for market #bfb ,old-fashioned ox-power huller #bfc ,street-car coffee transport1 ,orizaba #bfd ,coffee on drying floors1 ,porto ,rico #bfd ,sun-drying coffee #bfe ,drying patio1 ,costa ,rica #bff ,early ,guardiola steam drier #bff ,indian women cleaning ,mocha coffee #bfg ,cleaning-and-grading machinery1 ,aden #bfh ,drying coffee at ,harar #bfi ,preparing ,java coffee for market #bgj ,coffee transport in ,java #bga ,meeting of ,amsterdam coffee brokers1 #ahbj #bia ,bill of public sale of coffee1 #agij #bib ,last sample before export1 ,santos #cjd ,stamping bags for export #cjd ,preparing ,brazil coffee for export #cje ,grading coffee at ,santos #cjf ,the test by the cups1 ,santos #cjf ,new ,york importers' warehouse1 ,santos #cjg ,pack-mule transport in ,venezuela #cjh ,coffee-carrying cart1 ,guatemala #cjh ,pack-oxen fording stream1 ,colombia #cjh ,coffee transport1 ,mexico and ,south ,america #cji ,donkey coffee-transport at ,harar #caj ,coffee camels at ,harar #caj ,selling coffee by tapping hands1 ,aden #caj ,packing and transporting coffee1 ,aden #caa ,coffee camel train at ,hodeida #cab ,methods of loading coffee1 ,santos #cac ,coffee freighter1 ,cauca ,river1 ,colombia #cad ,coffee steamers on the ,magdalena #cad ,loading heavy cargo on ,santa ,cecilia #cae ,unloading ,java coffee from sailing vessel #cag ,receiving piers for coffee1 ,new ,york #cah ,unloading coffee1 covered pier1 ,new ,york #cai ,receiving and storing coffee1 ,new ,york #cbj ,tester at work1 ,bush ,terminal1 ,new ,york #cba ,loading lighters1 ,bush ,docks1 ,brooklyn #cba ,new ,terminal system on ,staten ,island #cbb ,motor tractor1 ,bush piers #cbb ,unloading with modern conveyor #cbc ,coffee handling1 ,new ,orleans piers #cbd ,coffee in steel-covered sheds1 ,new ,orleans #cbe ,unloading and storing coffee1 ,san ,francisco #cbf ,modern device for handling green coffee #cbg ,handling green coffee at ,european ports #cbh ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange #cbi ,coffee section1 ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange #ccj ,blackboards1 ,coffee ,exchange #cca ,coffee afloat blackboard #ccb ,well known green-coffee marks #cci ,bourbon-,santos beans1 roasted #cdc ,flat and ,bourbon-,santos beans1 roasted #cdc ,rio beans1 roasted #cdc ,mexican beans1 roasted #cdg ,guatemala beans1 roasted #cdg ,bogota 7,colombia7 beans1 roasted #cdh ,maracaibo beans1 roasted #cdi ,mocha beans1 roasted #cea ,washed ,java beans1 roasted #cec ,sample-roasting and cup-testing outfit #ceg ,modern gas coffee-roasting plant #chj ,sixteen-cylinder coal roasting plant #chb ,green-coffee separating and milling machines #chd ,english gas coffee-roasting plant #che ,german gas coffee-roasting plant #chf ,french gas coffee-roasting plant #chg ,jumbo coffee roaster1 ,arbuckle plant #chh ,roasting plant of ,reid1 ,murdoch ,co4 #chi ,complete gas coffee-plant installation #cij ,burns ,jubilee gas roaster #cia ,burns coal roaster #cib ,open perforated cylinder with flexible back head #cib ,trying the roast #cid ,monitor gas roaster #cid ,a group of roasting-room accessories #cid ,dumping the roast #cie ,a four-bag coffee finisher #cif ,burns sample-coffee roaster #cif ,lambert coal coffee-roasting outfit #cig ,coles ,no4 #bb grinding mill #cih ,monitor coffee-granulating machine #cih ,challenge pulverizer #cih ,burns ,no4 #ab grinding mill #cii ,monitor steel-cut grinder1 separator1 etc #cii ,johnson carton-filling1 weighing1 and sealing machine #djj ,ideal steel-cut mill #djj ,smyser package-making and filling machine #dja ,automatic coffee-packing machine #djb ,complete coffee-cartoning outfit #djc ,automatic coffee-weighing machines #djd ,units in manufacture of soluble coffee #dje ,types of coffee containers #daa ,fresh-roasted-coffee idea in retailing #dad ,premium tea and coffee dealer's display #daf ,chain-store interior #dag ,familiar ,a ,p store front #dah ,specialist idea in coffee merchandising #dai ,monitor gas roaster1 cooler1 and stoner #dbj ,royal gas coffee roaster for retailers #dbj ,burns half-bag roaster1 cooler1 and stoner #dba ,lambert ,jr4 roasting outfit for retailers #dba ,faulder and ,simplex gas roasters #dbb ,coffee roasters used in ,paris shops #dbc ,small ,german roasters #dbd ,popular ,french retail roaster #dbd ,uno cabinet gas roaster and cooler #dbd ,educational window exhibit #dbe ,better-class ,american grocery1 interior #dbf ,prize-winning window display #dbg ,americanized ,english grocer's shop #dbi ,famous package coffees #dcj ,first coffee advertisement in ,u4,s4 #dcc ,coffee advertisement of #agij #dcd ,first colored handbill for package coffee #dce ,reverse side of colored handbill #dce ,st4 ,louis handbill of #ahed #dcf ,advertising-card copy1 #ahgc #dcg ,handbill copy of the seventies #dcg ,box-end sticker1 #ahcc #dch ,chase ,sanborn advertisement1 #ahhh #dch ,a ,goldberg cartoon1 #aiaj #dci ,copy used by ,chase ,sanborn1 #aijj #dci ,an effective cut-out #ddb ,how coffee is advertised to the trade #ddc ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee #ddg ,magazine and newspaper copy1 #aiai #ddi ,copy that stressed helpfulness of coffee1 #aiai-bj #dej ,joint ,committee's house organ #dea ,introductory medical-journal copy #dea ,telling the doctors the truth1 #aibj #deb ,joint ,committee's attractive booklets #dec ,more medical journal copy1 #aibj #ded ,magazine and newspaper copy1 #aiba #dee ,educating the doctor1 #aibb #def ,magazine and newspaper copy1 #aibb #deg ,specimen of early ,yuban copy #dei ,historical association in advertising #dei ,package coffee advertising in #aibb #dfj ,the social distinction argument #dfa ,drawing upon history for atmosphere #dfa ,an impressive electric sign1 ,chicago #dfb ,how coffee is advertised outdoors #dfc ,attractive car cards1 spring of #aibb #dfd ,effective iced-coffee copy #dfe ,european advertising novelty1 ,new ,york #dfe ,coenties ,slip1 in days of sailing vessels #dff ,first ,u4,s4 coffee-grinder patent #dfi ,carter's ,pull-out roaster patent #dfi ,first registered trade mark for coffee #dgj ,original ,arbuckle coffee packages #dga ,merchants coffee house tablet #dgc ,departed dominant figures in ,new ,york green coffee trade #dgf ,their association with ,new ,york green coffee trade dates back nearly fifty years #dgg ,green coffee trade-builders who have passed on #dgh ,their race is run1 their course is done #dgi #aab ,front ,street1 ,new ,york1 #ahgi #dhj ,at #hg ,wall ,street1 ,new ,york1 years ago #dhj ,wall and ,front ,streets1 ,new ,york1 #aibb #dha ,front ,street1 ,new ,york1 #aibb #dhc ,in the ,new ,orleans coffee district #dhf ,green coffee district1 ,new ,orleans #dhg ,california ,street1 ,san ,francisco #dhh ,san ,francisco's coffee district #dhi ,pioneer coffee roasters1 ,new ,york ,city #dic ,oldtime ,new ,york coffee roasters #die ,pioneer coffee roasters of the ,north and ,east1 ,u4,s4 #ejj ,pioneer coffee roasters of the ,south and ,west1 ,u4,s4 #ejd ,ground coffee price list of #ahfb #ejg ,organization convention1 ,n4,c4,r4,a41 #aiaa #eaj ,former presidents1 ,n4,c4,r4,a4 #eab ,earliest coffee manuscript #edj ,song from ,the ,coffee ,house #eee ,dr4 ,johnson's seat1 the ,cheshire ,cheese #efg ,original coffee room1 old ,cock ,tavern #efh ,morning gossip in the coffee room #efi ,his ,warmest ,welcome at an ,inn #ega ,alexander ,pope at ,button's1 #agcj #egg ,dutch coffee house1 #afej 7by ,van ,ostade7 #ehf ,white's coffee house1 #agcc 7by ,hogarth7 #ehh ,tom ,king's1 #agch 7by ,hogarth7 #ehi ,petit ,djeuner 7by ,boucher7 #eij ,coffee service in the home of ,madame de ,pompadour 7by ,van ,loo7 #eij ,madame ,du ,barry 7by ,decreuse7 #eia ,coffee house at ,cairo 7by ,grme7 #eib ,kaffeebesuch 7by ,philippi7 #eic ,coffee comes to the aid of the ,muse 7by ,ruffio7 #eic ,mad dog in a coffee house 7by ,rowlandson7 #eid ,napoleon and the ,cur 7by ,charlet7 #eie ,coffee1 a chanson 7music by ,colet7 #eif ,statue of ,kolschitzky #eig ,betty's ,aria1 ,bach's coffee cantata #eih ,caf ,pedrocchi1 ,padua #eii ,coffee grinder set with jewels #fjj ,italian wrought-iron coffee roaster #fjj ,seventeenth-century tea and coffee pots #fja ,lantern coffee pot1 #afib #fjb ,folkingham pot1 #agae-af #fjb ,wastell pot1 #agbj-ba #fjc ,dish of coffee-boy design1 #afib #fjc ,chinese porcelain coffee pot #fjd ,silver coffee pots1 early #ahth century #fjd ,silver coffee pots1 #ahth century #fje ,pottery and porcelain pots #fjf ,silver coffee pots1 late #ahth century #fjg ,porcelain pots1 ,metropolitan ,museum #fjh ,vienna coffee pot1 #ahcj #fji ,spanish coffee pot1 #ahth century #fji ,silver coffee pots in ,american collections #faj ,coffee pot by ,win4 ,shaw and ,wm4 ,priest #faa ,pot of ,sheffield plate1 #ahth century #faa ,pot by ,ephraim ,brasher #faa ,french silver coffee pot #fab ,green ,dragon tavern coffee urn #fab ,coffee pots by ,american silversmiths #fac ,twentieth-century ,american coffee service #fac ,turkish coffee set1 ,peter collection #fad ,oldest coffee grinder #faf ,grain mill used by ,greeks and ,romans #faf ,first coffee roaster #faf ,first cylinder roaster1 #afej #faf ,historical relics1 ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum #fag ,turkish coffee mill #fah ,early ,french wall and table grinders #fah ,bronze and brass mortars1 #agth century #fai ,early ,american coffee roasters #fai ,roaster with three-sided hood #fbj ,roasting1 making1 and serving devices1 #agth century #fbj ,english and ,french coffee grinders #fba ,eighteenth-century roaster #fba ,original ,french drip pot #fba ,belgian1 ,russian1 and ,french pewter pots #fbb #agth and #ahth century pewter pots #fbc ,count ,rumford's percolator #fbc ,drawings of early ,french coffee makers #fbd ,early ,french filtration devices #fbd ,early ,american coffee-maker patents #fbe ,french coffee makers1 #aith century #fbe ,first ,english commercial roaster patent #fbf ,early ,french coffee-roasting machines #fbg ,battery of ,carter pull-out machines #fbh ,early ,english and ,american roasters #fcj ,early ,foreign and ,american coffee-making devices #fcb ,dakin roasting machine of #ahdh #fcc ,globe stove roaster of #ahfj #fcd ,hyde's combined roaster and stove #fcd ,original ,burns roaster1 #ahfd #fce ,burns granulating mill1 #ahgb-gd #fcf ,napier's vacuum machine #fcg ,german gas and coal roasting machines #fch ,other ,german coffee roasters #fci ,original ,enterprise mill #fdj ,max ,thurmer's quick gas roaster #fdj ,an ,english gas coffee-roasting plant #fda ,french globular roaster #fdb ,sirocco machine 7,french7 #fdb ,english roasting and grinding equipment #fdc ,magic gas machine 7,french7 #fdd ,burns ,jubilee gas machine #fdd ,double gas roasting outfit 7,french7 #fde ,lambert's ,victory gas machine #fdf ,one of the first electric mills #fdg ,english electric-fuel roaster #fdh ,ben ,franklin electric coffee roaster #fdh ,enterprise hand store mill #fdi ,latest types electric store mills #fej ,italian rapid coffee-making machines #fea ,working of ,italian rapid machines #feb ,la ,victoria ,arduino ,mignonne #feb ,n4,c4,r4,a4 ,home coffee mill #fec ,manthey-,zorn rapid infuser and dispenser #fec ,tricolette1 single-cup filter device #fed ,moorish coffee house in ,algiers #fef ,coffee house in ,cairo #fef ,coffee service in ,cairo barber shop #feg ,coffee-laden camels1 ,arabia #feh ,arabian coffee house #feh ,mahommedan brewing coffee for guest #fei ,native caf1 ,harar #ffa ,early coffee1 tea1 and chocolate service #ffa ,nubian slave girl with coffee service #ffb ,persian coffee service1 #agcg #ffc ,in a ,turkish coffee house #ffd ,roasting coffee outside a ,turkish caf #ffd ,turkish caffinet1 early #aith century #ffe ,coffee-making in ,turkey #fff ,street coffee vender in the ,levant #fff ,a coffee house in ,syria #ffg ,cafetan--garb of oriental caf-keeper #ffh ,street coffee service in ,constantinople #ffh ,riverside caf in ,damascus #ffi ,coffee al fresco in ,jerusalem #fga ,caf ,schrangl1 ,vienna #fgb ,favorite ,english way of making coffee #fgc ,a caf of ,ye ,mecca ,company1 ,london #fgc ,groom's coffee house1 ,london #fgd ,caf ,monico1 ,piccadilly ,circus1 ,london #fgd ,gatti's1 ,the ,strand1 ,london #fge ,tea lounge1 ,hotel ,savoy1 ,london #fge ,two popular places for coffee in ,london #fgf ,temple ,bar restaurant1 ,london #fgg ,tea balcony1 ,hotel ,cecil1 ,london #fgg ,one of ,slater's chain-shops1 ,london #fgg ,st4 ,james's restaurant1 ,picadilly1 ,london #fgh ,an ,a4,b4,c4 shop1 ,london #fgh ,halt of caravaners at a serai1 ,bulgaria #fgh ,caf de la ,paix1 ,paris #fgi ,sidewalk annex1 ,caf de la ,paix #fhj ,caf de la ,rgence1 ,paris #fha ,caf de la ,rgence in #aibb #fhb ,one of the ,biard cafs1 ,paris #fhc ,restaurant ,procope1 #aibb #fhc ,morning coffee at a ,boulevard caf #fhd ,caf ,bauer1 ,unter den ,linden1 ,berlin #fhd ,caf ,bauer1 exterior #fhe ,kranzler's ,unter den ,linden1 ,berlin #fhe ,swedish coffee boilers #fhg ,sidewalk caf1 ,lisbon #fhg ,coffee rooms replacing hotel bars1 ,u4,s4 #fhh ,britannia coffee pot--a ,lincoln relic #fij ,coffee service1 ,hotel ,astor1 ,new ,york #fia ,early coffee-making in ,persia #fid ,napier vacuum coffee maker #gjj ,napier-,list steam coffee machine #gjj ,finley ,acker's filter-paper coffee pot #gjj ,kin-,hee pot in operation #gja ,tricolator in operation #gja ,king percolator #gja ,three ,american coffee-making machines in operation #gjb ,how the ,tru-,bru pot operates #gjb ,coffee-making devices used in ,u4,s4 #gjc ,english hotel coffee-making machines #gjf ,well-known makes of large coffee urns #gjg ,popular ,german drip pot #gjh ,section of roasted bean1 magnified #gai ,cross-section of roasted bean1 magnified #gbj ,coarse grind under the microscope #gbj ,medium grind under the microscope #gba ,fine-meal grind under the microscope #gba ,portraits ,ach1 ,f4,j4 #ddg1 #eab ,akers1 ,fred #die ,ames1 ,allan ,p4 #ddg ,arbuckle1 ,john #ebc ,arnold1 ,benjamin ,greene #dgf1 #eag ,arnold1 ,f4,b4 #dgf ,bayne1 ,william #dgi ,bayne1 ,william1 ,jr4 #ddg ,beard1 ,eli #dic ,beard1 ,samuel #dic ,bennett1 ,william ,h4 #dgi ,bickford1 ,c4,e4 #dgh ,boardman1 ,thomas ,j4 #ejj ,boardman1 ,william #ejj ,brand1 ,carl ,w4 #eab ,brandenstein1 ,m4,j4 #ejd ,burns1 ,jabez #ebg ,canby1 ,edward #ejj ,casanas1 ,ben ,c4 #eab ,cauchois4 ,f4,a4 #dic ,chase1 ,caleb #ejj ,cheek1 ,j4,o4 #ejd1 #eae ,closset1 ,joseph #ejd ,coste1 ,felix #ddg ,crossman1 ,geo4 ,w4 #dgi ,devers1 ,a4,h4 #ejd ,dwinell1 ,james ,f4 #ejj ,eppens1 ,fred #die ,eppens1 ,julius ,a4 #die1 #dig ,eppens1 ,w4,h4 #dic1 #die ,evans1 ,david ,g4 #ejd ,fischer1 ,benedickt #dic ,flint1 ,j4,g4 #ejj ,folger1 ,j4,a41 ,jr4 #ejd ,folger1 ,j4,a41 ,sr4 #ejd ,forbes1 ,a4,e4 #ejd ,forbes1 ,jas4 ,h4 #ejd ,geiger1 ,frank ,j4 #ejj ,gillies1 ,jas4 ,w4 #dic ,gillies1 ,wright #dic ,grossman1 ,william #ejj ,harrison1 ,d4,y4 #ejj ,harrison1 ,w4,h4 #ejj ,haulenbeek1 ,peter #dic ,hayward1 ,martin #ejj ,heekin1 ,james #ejj ,jones1 ,w4,t4 #ejd ,kimball1 ,o4,g4 #dgh ,kinsella1 ,w4,j4 #ejd ,kirkland1 ,alexander #die ,kolschitzky1 ,franz ,george #ej ,mc,laughlin1 ,w4,f4 #ejj ,mahood1 ,samuel #ejj ,mayo1 ,henry #die ,meehan1 ,p4,c4 #dgg ,menezes1 ,th4 ,langgaard de #ddf ,meyer1 ,robert #eaa ,peck1 ,edwin ,h4 #dgg ,phyfe1 ,jas4 ,w4 #dgh ,pierce1 ,o4,w41 ,sr4 #ejj ,pupke1 ,john ,f4 #die ,purcell1 ,joseph #dgf ,reid1 ,fred #die ,reid1 ,thomas #dic1 #die ,roome1 ,col4 ,william ,p4 #dii ,russell1 ,james ,c4 #dgh ,sanborn1 ,james ,s4 #ejj ,schilling1 ,a4 #ejd ,schotten1 ,julius ,j4 #ejd1 #eab ,schotten1 ,william #ejd ,seelye1 ,frank ,r4 #eab ,sielcken1 ,hermann #dgf1 #eai ,simmonds1 ,h4 #dgg ,sinnot1 ,j4,b4 #ejd ,smith1 ,l4,b4 #dic ,smith1 ,m4,e4 #ejd ,sprague1 ,albert ,a4 #ejj ,stephens1 ,henry ,a4 #ejj ,stoffregen1 ,charles #ejd ,stoffregen1 ,c4,h4 #ddg ,taylor1 ,james ,h4 #dgg ,thomson1 ,a4,m4 #ejj ,van ,loan1 ,thomas #dih ,weir1 ,ross ,w4 #ddg1 #eab ,westfeldt1 ,george #dgi ,widlar1 ,francis #ejj ,wilde1 ,samuel #dic ,withington1 ,elijah #dic ,woolson1 ,alvin ,m4 #ejj ,wright1 ,george ,c4 #ejj ,wright1 ,george ,s4 #ddg ,young1 ,samuel #ejj ,zinsmeister1 ,j4 #ejd ,maps1 ,charts1 and ,diagrams ,map of ,london coffee-house district1 #agdh #gf ,formula for ,caffein #afj ,commercial coffee chart #aia ,eiffel and ,woolworth towers in coffee #bgb ,world's coffee cup and largest ship #bge ,coffee exports1 #ahej-aibj #bgg ,coffee exports1 #aiaf-aibj #bgg ,brazil coffee exports1 #ahej-aibj #bgh ,world's coffee consumption1 #ahej #bhf ,coffee imports1 #aiaf-aibj #bhf ,world trend of consumption of tea and coffee1 #ahfj-aibj #bhh ,coffee map of ,world 7folded insert7 facing #bhh ,pre-war annual average production of coffee by continents #bid ,pre-war annual average production of coffee by countries #bid ,pre-war average annual imports of coffee into ,u4,s4 by continents #bie ,pre-war average annual imports of coffee into ,u4,s4 by countries #bie ,pre-war coffee-imports chart #big ,pre-war consumption and price chart #big ,coffee map1 ,brazil #cdb ,coffee map1 ,so ,paulo1 ,mins1 and ,rio #cdd ,mild-coffee map1 #a #cdf ,coffee map1 ,africa and ,arabia #ceb ,mild-coffee map1 #b #ced ,complete reference table 7#ba pp47 #ceh ,plan of milling-machine connections #cha ,plan of green-coffee-mixer connections #chc ,layout for coffee and tea department #dah ,chart1 advertising of coffee and coffee substitutes1 #aiaa-bj #ddj ,charts1 per capita consumption of coffee1 and coffee and substitute advertising #dda ,chart1 plan of advertising campaign #ddh ,chart1 private-brand advertising1 #aiba #deh ,a ,,coffee ,,thesaurus ,encomiums and descriptive phrases applied to the plant1 the berry1 and the beverage ,the ,plant ,the precious plant ,this friendly plant ,mocha's happy tree ,the gift of ,heaven ,the plant with the jessamine-like flowers ,the most exquisite perfume of ,araby the blest ,given to the human race by the gift of the ,gods ,the ,berry ,the magic bean ,the divine fruit ,fragrant berries ,rich1 royal berry ,voluptuous berry ,the precious berry ,the healthful bean ,the ,heavenly berry ,the marvelous berry ,this all-healing berry ,yemen's fragrant berry ,the little aromatic berry ,little brown ,arabian berry ,thought-inspiring bean of ,arabia ,the smoking1 ardent beans ,aleppo sends ,that wild fruit which gives so beloved a drink ,the ,beverage ,nepenthe ,festive cup ,juice divine ,nectar divine ,ruddy mocha ,a man's drink ,lovable liquor ,delicious mocha ,the magic drink ,this rich cordial ,its stream divine ,the family drink ,the festive drink ,coffee is our gold ,nectar of all men ,the golden mocha ,this sweet nectar ,celestial ambrosia ,the friendly drink ,the cheerful drink ,the essential drink ,the sweet draught ,the divine draught ,the grateful liquor ,the universal drink ,the ,american drink ,the amber beverage ,the convivial drink ,the universal thrill ,king of all perfumes ,the cup of happiness ,the soothing draught ,ambrosia of the ,gods ,the intellectual drink ,the aromatic draught ,the salutary beverage ,the good-fellow drink ,the drink of democracy ,the drink ever glorious ,wakeful and civil drink ,the beverage of sobriety ,a psychological necessity ,the fighting man's drink ,loved and favored drink ,the symbol of hospitality ,this rare ,arabian cordial ,inspirer of men of letters ,the revolutionary beverage ,triumphant stream of sable ,grave and wholesome liquor ,the drink of the intellectuals ,a restorative of sparkling wit ,its color is the seal of its purity ,the sober and wholesome drink ,lovelier than a thousand kisses ,this honest and cheering beverage ,a wine which no sorrow can resist ,the symbol of human brotherhood ,at once a pleasure and a medicine ,the beverage of the friends of ,god ,the fire which consumes our griefs ,gentle panacea of domestic troubles ,the autocrat of the breakfast table ,the beverage of the children of ,god ,king of the ,american breakfast table ,soothes you softly out of dull sobriety ,the cup that cheers but not inebriates#a ,coffee1 which makes the politician wise ,its aroma is the pleasantest in all nature ,the sovereign drink of pleasure and health#b ,the indispensable beverage of strong nations ,the stream in which we wash away our sorrows ,the enchanting perfume that a zephyr has brought ,favored liquid which fills all my soul with delight ,the delicious libation we pour on the altar of friendship ,this invigorating drink which drives sad care from the heart ,,evolution ,,of ,a ,,cup ,,of ,,coffee ,showing the various steps through which the bean passes from plantation to cup #a ,planting the seed in nursery #b ,transplanting into rows #c ,cultivating and pruning #d ,picking the cherries #e ,pulping #f ,fermenting #g ,washing #h ,drying in the parchment #i ,hulling #aj ,polishing #aa ,grading #ab ,transporting to the seaport #ac ,buying and selling for export #ad ,transhipment overseas #ae ,buying and selling at wholesale #af ,shipment to the point of manufacture #ag ,separating #ah ,milling #ai ,mixing or blending #bj ,roasting #ba ,cooling and stoning #bb ,buying and selling at retail #bc ,grinding #bd ,making the beverage ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,arabica2 ,,leaves1 ,,flowers ,,and ,,fruit ,painted from nature by ,m4,e4 ,eaton--,detail sketches show anther1 pistil1 and section of corolla ,,chapter ,i ,,dealing ,,with ,,the ,,etymology ,,of ,,coffee ,origin and translation of the word from the ,arabian into various languages--,views of many writers ,the history of the word coffee involves several phonetic difficulties4 ,the ,european languages got the name of the beverage about #afjj from the original ,arabic ,arabic qahwah1 not directly1 but through its ,turkish form1 kahveh4 ,this was the name1 not of the plant1 but the beverage made from its infusion1 being originally one of the names employed for wine in ,arabic4 ,sir ,james ,murray1 in the ,new ,english ,dictionary1 says that some have conjectured that the word is a foreign1 perhaps ,african1 word disguised1 and have thought it connected with the name ,kaffa1 a town in ,shoa1 southwest ,abyssinia1 reputed native place of the coffee plant1 but that of this there is no evidence1 and the name qahwah is not given to the berry or plant1 which is called ,arabic bunn1 the native name in ,shoa being bun4 ,contributing to a symposium on the etymology of the word coffee in ,notes and ,queries1 #aiji1 ,james ,platt1 ,jr41 said3 ,the ,turkish form might have been written kahv1 as its final h was never sounded at any time4 ,sir ,james ,murray draws attention to the existence of two ,european types1 one like the ,french caf1 ,italian caff1 the other like the ,english coffee1 ,dutch koffie4 ,he explains the vowel o in the second series as apparently representing au1 from ,turkish ahv4 ,this seems unsupported by evidence1 and the v is already represented by the ff1 so on ,sir ,james's assumption coffee must stand for kahv-ve1 which is unlikely4 ,the change from a to o1 in my opinion1 is better accounted for as an imperfect appreciation4 ,the exact sound of a in ,arabic and other ,oriental languages is that of the ,english short ,u1 as in cuff4 ,this sound1 so easy to us1 is a great stumbling-block to other nations4 ,i judge that ,dutch koffie and kindred forms are imperfect attempts at the notation of a vowel which the writers could not grasp4 ,it is clear that the ,french type is more correct4 ,the ,germans have corrected their koffee1 which they may have got from the ,dutch1 into kaffee4 ,the ,scandinavian languages have adopted the ,french form4 ,many must wonder how the hv of the original so persistently becomes ff in the ,european equivalents4 ,sir ,james ,murray makes no attempt to solve this problem4 ,virendranath ,chattopdhyya1 who also contributed to the ,notes and ,queries symposium1 argued that the hw of the ,arabic qahwah becomes sometimes ff and sometimes only f or v in ,european translations because some languages1 such as ,english1 have strong syllabic accents 7stresses71 while others1 as ,french1 have none4 ,again1 he points out that the surd aspirate h is heard in some languages1 but is hardly audible in others4 ,most ,europeans tend to leave it out altogether4 ,col4 ,w4,f4 ,prideaux1 another contributor1 argued that the ,european languages got one form of the word coffee directly from the ,arabic qahwah1 and quoted from ,hobson-,jobson in support of this3 ,chaoua in #aeih1 ,cahoa in #afaj1 ,cahue in #afae2 while ,sir ,thomas ,herbert 7#afch7 expressly states that they drink 7in ,persia7 444 above all the rest1 ,coho or ,copha3 by ,turk and ,arab called ,caphe and ,cahua4 ,here the ,persian1 ,turkish1 and ,arabic pronunciations are clearly differentiated4 ,col4 ,prideaux then calls1 as a witness to the ,anglo-,arabic pronunciation1 one whose evidence was not available when the ,new ,english ,dictionary and ,hobson-,jobson articles were written4 ,this is ,john ,jourdain1 a ,dorsetshire seaman1 whose ,diary was printed by the ,hakluyt ,society in #aije4 ,on ,may #bh1 #afji1 he records that in the afternoone wee departed out of ,hatch 7,al-,hauta1 the capital of the ,lahej district near ,aden71 and travelled untill three in the morninge1 and then wee rested in the plaine fields untill three the next daie1 neere unto a cohoo howse in the desert4 ,on ,june #e the party1 traveling from ,hippa 7,ibb71 laye in the mountaynes1 our camells being wearie1 and our selves little better4 ,this mountain is called ,nasmarde 7,nakil ,sumara71 where all the cohoo grows4 ,farther on was a little village1 where there is sold cohoo and fruite4 ,the seeds of this cohoo is a greate marchandize1 for it is carried to grand ,cairo and all other places of ,turkey1 and to the ,indias4 ,prideaux1 however1 mentions that another sailor1 ,william ,revett1 in his journal 7#afji7 says1 referring to ,mocha1 that ,shaomer ,shadli 7,shaikh ',ali bin ',omar esh-,shadil7 was the fyrst inventour for drynking of coffe1 and therefor had in esteemation4 ,this rather looks to ,prideaux as if on the coast of ,arabia1 and in the mercantile towns1 the ,persian pronunciation was in vogue2 whilst in the interior1 where ,jourdain traveled1 the ,englishman reproduced the ,arabic4 ,mr4 ,chattopdhyya1 discussing ,col4 ,prideaux's views as expressed above1 said3 ,col4 ,prideaux may doubt if the worthy mariner1 in entering the word in his log1 was influenced by the abstruse principles of phonetics enunciated by me1 but he will admit that the change from kahvah to coffee is a phonetic change1 and must be due to the operation of some phonetic principle4 ,the average man1 when he endeavours to write a foreign word in his own tongue1 is handicapped considerably by his inherited and acquired phonetic capacity4 ,and1 in fact1 if we take the quotations made in ,hobson-,jobson1 and classify the various forms of the word coffee according to the nationality of the writer1 we obtain very interesting results4 ,let us take ,englishmen and ,dutchmen first4 ,in ,danvers's ,letters 7#afaa7 we have both coho pots and coffao pots2 ,sir ,t4 ,roe 7#afae7 and ,terry 7#afaf7 have cohu2 ,sir ,t4 ,herbert 7#afch7 has coho and copha2 ,evelyn 7#afcg71 coffee2 ,fryer 7#afgc7 coho2 ,ovington 7#afij71 coffee2 and ,valentijn 7#agbf71 coffi4 ,and from the two examples given by ,col4 ,prideaux1 we see that ,jourdain 7#afji7 has cohoo1 and ,revett 7#afji7 has coffe4 ,to the above should be added the following by ,english writers1 given in ,foster's ,english ,factories in ,india 7#afah-ba1 #afbb-bc1 #afbd-bi73 cowha 7#afai71 cowhe1 couha 7#afba71 coffa 7#afbh74 ,let us now see what foreigners 7chiefly ,french and ,italian7 write4 ,the earliest ,european mention is by ,rauwolf1 who knew it in ,aleppo in #aegc4 ,he has the form chaube4 ,prospero ,alpini 7#aehj7 has caova2 ,paludanus 7#aeih7 chaoua2 ,pyrard de ,laval 7#afaj7 cahoa2 ,p4 ,della ,valle 7#afae7 cahue2 ,jac4 ,bontius 7#afca7 caveah2 and the ,journal d',antoine ,galland 7#afgc7 cave4 ,that is1 ,englishmen use forms of a certain distinct type1 viz41 cohu1 coho1 coffao1 coffe1 copha1 coffee1 which differ from the more correct transliteration of foreigners4 ,in #afaj the ,portuguese ,jew1 ,pedro ,teixeira 7in the ,hakluyt ,society's edition of his ,travels7 used the word kavh4 ,the inferences from these transitional forms seem to be3 #a4 ,the word found its way into the languages of ,europe both from the ,turkish and from the ,arabic4 #b4 ,the ,english forms 7which have strong stress on the first syllable7 have o instead of a1 and f instead of h4 #c4 ,the foreign forms are unstressed and have no h4 ,the original v or w 7or labialized u7 is retained or changed into f4 ,it may be stated1 accordingly1 that the chief reason for the existence of two distinct types of spelling is the omission of h in unstressed languages1 and the conversion of h into f under strong stress in stressed languages4 ,such conversion often takes place in ,turkish2 for example1 silah dar in ,persian 7which is a highly stressed language7 becomes zilif dar in ,turkish4 ,in the languages of ,india1 on the other hand1 in spite of the fact that the aspirate is usually very clearly sounded1 the word qahvah is pronounced kaiva by the less educated classes1 owing to the syllables being equally stressed4 ,now for the ,french viewpoint4 ,jardin#c opines that1 as regards the etymology of the word coffee1 scholars are not agreed and perhaps never will be4 ,dufour#d says the word is derived from caouhe1 a name given by the ,turks to the beverage prepared from the seed4 ,chevalier d',arvieux1 ,french consul at ,alet1 ,savary1 and ,trevoux1 in his dictionary1 think that coffee comes from the ,arabic1 but from the word cahoueh or quaweh1 meaning to give vigor or strength1 because1 says d',arvieux1 its most general effect is to fortify and strengthen4 ,tavernier combats this opinion4 ,moseley attributes the origin of the word coffee to ,kaffa4 ,sylvestre de ,sacy1 in his ,chrstomathie ,arabe1 published in #ahjf1 thinks that the word kahwa1 synonymous with makli1 roasted in a stove1 might very well be the etymology of the word coffee4 ,d',alembert in his encyclopedic dictionary1 writes the word caff4 ,jardin concludes that whatever there may be in these various etymologies1 it remains a fact that the word coffee comes from an ,arabian word1 whether it be kahua1 kahoueh1 kaffa or kahwa1 and that the peoples who have adopted the drink have all modified the ,arabian word to suit their pronunciation4 ,this is shown by giving the word as written in various modern languages3 ,french1 caf2 ,breton1 kafe2 ,german1 kaffee 7coffee tree1 kaffeebaum72 ,dutch1 koffie 7coffee tree1 koffieboonen72 ,danish1 kaffe2 ,finnish1 kahvi2 ,hungarian1 kav2 ,bohemian1 kava2 ,polish1 kawa2 ,roumanian1 cafea2 ,croatian1 kafa2 ,servian1 kava2 ,russian1 kophe2 ,swedish1 kaffe2 ,spanish1 caf2 ,basque1 kaffia2 ,italian1 caff2 ,portuguese1 caf2 ,latin 7scientific71 coffea2 ,turkish1 kahu2 ,greek1 kafo2 ,arabic1 qahwah 7coffee berry1 bun72 ,persian1 qhv 7coffee berry1 bun#e72 ,annamite1 ca-ph2 ,cambodian1 kaf2 ,dukni#f1 bunbund#g2 ,teluyan#h1 kapri-vittulu2 ,tamil#i1 kapi-kottai or kopi2 ,canareze#aj1 kapi-bija2 ,chinese1 kia-fey1 teouts2 ,japanese1 khi2 ,malayan1 kawa1 koppi2 ,abyssinian1 bonn#aa2 ,foulak1 legal caf#ab2 ,sousou1 houri caff#ac2 ,marquesan1 kapi2 ,chinook#ad1 kaufee2 ,volapuk1 kaf2 ,esperanto1 kafva4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,fairy ,,beauty ,,of ,a ,,coffee ,,tree ,,in ,,flower ,,chapter ,,ii ,,history ,,of ,,coffee ,,propagation ,a brief account of the cultivation of the coffee plant in the ,old ,world and its introduction into the ,new--,a romantic coffee adventure ,the history of the propagation of the coffee plant is closely interwoven with that of the early history of coffee drinking1 but for the purposes of this chapter we shall consider only the story of the inception and growth of the cultivation of the coffee tree1 or shrub1 bearing the seeds1 or berries1 from which the drink1 coffee1 is made4 ,careful research discloses that most authorities agree that the coffee plant is indigenous to ,abyssinia1 and probably ,arabia1 whence its cultivation spread throughout the tropics4 ,the first reliable mention of the properties and uses of the plant is by an ,arabian physician toward the close of the ninth century ,a4,d41 and it is reasonable to suppose that before that time the plant was found growing wild in ,abyssinia and perhaps in ,arabia4 ,if it be true1 as ,ludolphus writes1#ae that the ,abyssinians came out of ,arabia into ,ethiopia in the early ages1 it is possible that they may have brought the coffee tree with them2 but the ,arabians must still be given the credit for discovering and promoting the use of the beverage1 and also for promoting the propagation of the plant1 even if they found it in ,abyssinia and brought it to ,yemen4 ,some authorities believe that the first cultivation of coffee in ,yemen dates back to #ege ,a4,d41 when the ,persian invasion put an end to the ,ethiopian rule of the negus ,caleb1 who conquered the country in #ebe4 ,certainly the discovery of the beverage resulted in the cultivation of the plant in ,abyssinia and in ,arabia2 but its progress was slow until the #aeth and #afth centuries1 when it appears as intensively carried on in the ,yemen district of ,arabia4 ,the ,arabians were jealous of their new found and lucrative industry1 and for a time successfully prevented its spread to other countries by not permitting any of the precious berries to leave the country unless they had first been steeped in boiling water or parched1 so as to destroy their powers of germination4 ,it may be that many of the early failures successfully to introduce the cultivation of the coffee plant into other lands was also due to the fact1 discovered later1 that the seeds soon lose their germinating power4 ,however1 it was not possible to watch every avenue of transport1 with thousands of pilgrims journeying to and from ,mecca every year2 and so there would appear to be some reason to credit the ,indian tradition concerning the introduction of coffee cultivation into southern ,india by ,baba ,budan1 a ,moslem pilgrim1 as early as #afjj1 although a better authority gives the date as #afie4 ,indian tradition relates that ,baba ,budan planted his seeds near the hut he built for himself at ,chickmaglur in the mountains of ,mysore1 where1 only a few years since1 the writer found the descendants of these first plants growing under the shade of the centuries-old original jungle trees4 ,the greater part of the plants cultivated by the natives of ,kurg and ,mysore appear to have come from the ,baba ,budan importation4 ,it was not until #ahdj that the ,english began the cultivation of coffee in ,india4 ,the plantations extend now from the extreme north of ,mysore to ,tuticorin4 ,early ,cultivation by the ,dutch ,in the latter part of the #afth century1 ,german1 ,italian1 and ,dutch botanists and travelers brought back from the ,levant considerable information regarding the new plant and the beverage4 ,in #afad enterprising ,dutch traders began to examine into the possibilities of coffee cultivation and coffee trading4 ,in #afaf a coffee plant was successfully transported from ,mocha to ,holland4 ,in #afeh the ,dutch started the cultivation of coffee in ,ceylon1 although the ,arabs are said to have brought the plant to the island prior to #aeje4 ,in #afgj an attempt was made to cultivate coffee on ,european soil at ,dijon1 ,france1 but the result was a failure4 ,in #afif1 at the instigation of ,nicolaas ,witsen1 then burgomaster of ,amsterdam1 ,adrian ,van ,ommen1 commander at ,malabar1 ,india1 caused to be shipped from ,kananur1 ,malabar1 to ,java1 the first coffee plants introduced into that island4 ,they were grown from seed of the ,coffea arabica brought to ,malabar from ,arabia4 ,they were planted by ,governor-,general ,willem ,van ,outshoorn on the ,kedawoeng estate near ,batavia1 but were subsequently lost by earthquake and flood4 ,in #afii ,henricus ,zwaardecroon imported some slips1 or cuttings1 of coffee trees from ,malabar into ,java4 ,these were more successful1 and became the progenitors of all the coffees of the ,dutch ,east ,indies4 ,the ,dutch were then taking the lead in the propagation of the coffee plant4 ,in #agjf the first samples of ,java coffee1 and a coffee plant grown in ,java1 were received at the ,amsterdam botanical gardens4 ,many plants were afterward propagated from the seeds produced in the ,amsterdam gardens1 and these were distributed to some of the best known botanical gardens and private conservatories in ,europe4 ,while the ,dutch were extending the cultivation of the plant to ,sumatra1 the ,celebes1 ,timor1 ,bali1 and other islands of the ,netherlands ,indies1 the ,french were seeking to introduce coffee cultivation into their colonies4 ,several attempts were made to transfer young plants from the ,amsterdam botanical gardens to the botanical gardens at ,paris2 but all were failures4 ,in #agad1 however1 as a result of negotiations entered into between the ,french government and the municipality of ,amsterdam1 a young and vigorous plant about five feet tall was sent to ,louis ,,xiv at the chateau of ,marly by the burgomaster of ,amsterdam4 ,the day following1 it was transferred to the ,jardin des ,plantes at ,paris1 where it was received with appropriate ceremonies by ,antoine de ,jussieu1 professor of botany in charge4 ,this tree was destined to be the progenitor of most of the coffees of the ,french colonies1 as well as of those of ,south ,america1 ,central ,america1 and ,mexico4 ,the ,romance of ,captain ,gabriel de ,clieu ,two unsuccessful attempts were made to transport to the ,antilles plants grown from the seed of the tree presented to ,louis ,,xiv2 but the honor of eventual success was won by a young ,norman gentleman1 ,gabriel ,mathieu de ,clieu1 a naval officer1 serving at the time as captain of infantry at ,martinique4 ,the story of de ,clieu's achievement is the most romantic chapter in the history of the propagation of the coffee plant4 ,his personal affairs calling him to ,france1 de ,clieu conceived the idea of utilizing the return voyage to introduce coffee cultivation into ,martinique4 ,his first difficulty lay in obtaining several of the plants then being cultivated in ,paris1 a difficulty at last overcome through the instrumentality of ,m4 de ,chirac1 royal physician1 or1 according to a letter written by de ,clieu himself1 through the kindly offices of a lady of quality to whom de ,chirac could give no refusal4 ,the plants selected were kept at ,rochefort by ,m4 ,bgon1 commissary of the department1 until the departure of de ,clieu for ,martinique4 ,concerning the exact date of de ,clieu's arrival at ,martinique with the coffee plant1 or plants1 there is much conflict of opinion4 ,some authorities give the date as #agbj1 others #agbc4 ,jardin#af suggests that the discrepancy in dates may arise from de ,clieu1 with praiseworthy perseverance1 having made the voyage twice4 ,the first time1 according to ,jardin1 the plants perished2 but the second time de ,clieu had planted the seeds when leaving ,france and these survived1 due1 they say1 to his having given of his scanty ration of water to moisten them4 ,no reference to a preceding voyage1 however1 is made by de ,clieu in his own account1 given in a letter written to the ,anne ,littraire#ag in #aggd4 ,there is also a difference of opinion as to whether de ,clieu arrived with one or three plants4 ,he himself says one in the letter referred to4 ,according to the most trustworthy data1 de ,clieu embarked at ,nantes1 #agbc4ah ,he had installed his precious plant in a box covered with a glass frame in order to absorb the rays of the sun and thus better to retain the stored-up heat for cloudy days4 ,among the passengers one man1 envious of the young officer1 did all in his power to wrest from him the glory of success4 ,fortunately his dastardly attempt failed of its intended effect4 ,it is useless1 writes de ,clieu in his letter to the ,anne ,littraire1 to recount in detail the infinite care that ,i was obliged to bestow upon this delicate plant during a long voyage1 and the difficulties ,i had in saving it from the hands of a man who1 basely jealous of the joy ,i was about to taste through being of service to my country1 and being unable to get this coffee plant away from me1 tore off a branch4 ,illustration3 ,,captain ,,de ,,clieu ,,shares ,,his ,,drinking ,,water ,,with ,,the ,,coffee ,,plant ,,he ,,is ,,carrying ,,to ,,martinique ,the vessel carrying de ,clieu was a merchantman1 and many were the trials that beset passengers and crew4 ,narrowly escaping capture by a corsair of ,tunis1 menaced by a violent tempest that threatened to annihilate them1 they finally encountered a calm that proved more appalling than either4 ,the supply of drinking water was well nigh exhausted1 and what was left was rationed for the remainder of the voyage4 ,water was lacking to such an extent1 says de ,clieu1 that for more than a month ,i was obliged to share the scanty ration of it assigned to me with this my coffee plant upon which my happiest hopes were founded and which was the source of my delight4 ,it needed such succor the more in that it was extremely backward1 being no larger than the slip of a pink4 ,many stories have been written and verses sung recording and glorifying this generous sacrifice that has given luster to the name of de ,clieu4 ,arrived in ,martinique1 de ,clieu planted his precious slip on his estate in ,prcheur1 one of the cantons of the island2 where1 says ,raynal1 it multiplied with extraordinary rapidity and success4 ,from the seedlings of this plant came most of the coffee trees of the ,antilles4 ,the first harvest was gathered in #agbf4 ,de ,clieu himself describes his arrival as follows3 ,arriving at home1 my first care was to set out my plant with great attention in the part of my garden most favorable to its growth4 ,although keeping it in view1 ,i feared many times that it would be taken from me2 and ,i was at last obliged to surround it with thorn bushes and to establish a guard about it until it arrived at maturity 444 this precious plant which had become still more dear to me for the dangers it had run and the cares it had cost me4 ,thus the little stranger thrived in a distant land1 guarded day and night by faithful slaves4 ,so tiny a plant to produce in the end all the rich estates of the ,west ,india islands and the regions bordering on the ,gulf of ,mexico6 ,what luxuries1 what future comforts and delights1 resulted from this one small talent confided to the care of a man of rare vision and fine intellectual sympathy1 fired by the spirit of real love for his fellows6 ,there is no instance in the history of the ,french people of a good deed done by stealth being of greater service to humanity4 ,de ,clieu thus describes the events that followed fast upon the introduction of coffee into ,martinique1 with particular reference to the earthquake of #agbg3 ,success exceeded my hopes4 ,i gathered about two pounds of seed which ,i distributed among all those whom ,i thought most capable of giving the plants the care necessary to their prosperity4 ,the first harvest was very abundant2 with the second it was possible to extend the cultivation prodigiously1 but what favored multiplication1 most singularly1 was the fact that two years afterward all the cocoa trees of the country1 which were the resource and occupation of the people1 were uprooted and totally destroyed by horrible tempests accompanied by an inundation which submerged all the land where these trees were planted1 land which was at once made into coffee plantations by the natives4 ,these did marvelously and enabled us to send plants to ,santo ,domingo1 ,guadeloupe1 and other adjacent islands1 where since that time they have been cultivated with the greatest success4 ,by #aggg there were #ah1gia1fhj coffee trees in ,martinique4 ,de ,clieu was born in ,anglqueville-sur-,saane1 ,seine-,infrieure 7,normandy71 in #afhf or #afhh4ai ,in #agje he was a ship's ensign2 in #agah he became a chevalier of ,st4 ,louis2 in #agbj he was made a captain of infantry2 in #agbf1 a major of infantry2 in #agcc he was a ship's lieutenant2 in #agcg he became governor of ,guadeloupe2 in #agdf he was a ship's captain2 in #agej he was made honorary commander of the order of ,st4 ,louis2 in #ageb he retired with a pension of #fjjj francs2 in #agec he re-entered the naval service2 in #agfj he again retired with a pension of #bjjj francs4 ,in #agdf de ,clieu1 having returned to ,france1 was presented to ,louis ,,xv by the minister of marine1 ,rouill de ,jour1 as a distinguished officer to whom the colonies1 as well as ,france itself1 and commerce generally1 are indebted for the cultivation of coffee4 ,reports to the king in #ageb and #agei recall his having carried the first coffee plant to ,martinique1 and that he had ever been distinguished for his zeal and disinterestedness4 ,in the ,mercure de ,france1 ,december1 #aggd1 was the following death notice3 ,gabriel d',erchigny de ,clieu1 former ,ship's ,captain and ,honorary ,commander of the ,royal and ,military ,order of ,saint ,louis1 died in ,paris on the #cjth of ,november in the #hhth year of his age4 ,a notice of his death appeared also in the ,gazette de ,france for ,december #e1 #aggd1 a rare honor in both cases2 and it has been said that at this time his praise was again on every lip4 ,one ,french historian1 ,sidney ,daney1#bj records that de ,clieu died in poverty at ,st4 ,pierre at the age of #ig2 but this must be an error1 although it does not anywhere appear that at his death he was possessed of much1 if any1 means4 ,daney says3 ,this generous man received as his sole recompense for a noble deed the satisfaction of seeing this plant for whose preservation he had shown such devotion1 prosper throughout the ,antilles4 ,the illustrious de ,clieu is among those to whom ,martinique owes a brilliant reparation4 ,daney tells also that in #ahjd there was a movement in ,martinique to erect a monument upon the spot where de ,clieu planted his first coffee plant1 but that the undertaking came to naught4 ,pardon1 in his ,la ,martinique says3 ,honor to this brave man6 ,he has deserved it from the people of two hemispheres4 ,his name is worthy of a place beside that of ,parmentier who carried to ,france the potato of ,canada4 ,these two men have rendered immense service to humanity1 and their memory should never be forgotten--yet alas6 ,are they even remembered8 ,tussac1 in his ,flora de las ,antillas1 writing of de ,clieu1 says1 ,though no monument be erected to this beneficent traveler1 yet his name should remain engraved in the heart of every colonist4 ,in #aggd the ,anne ,littraire published a long poem in de ,clieu's honor4 ,in the feuilleton of the ,gazette de ,france1 ,april #ab1 #ahaf1 we read that ,m4 ,donns1 a wealthy ,hollander1 and a coffee connoisseur1 sought to honor de ,clieu by having painted upon a porcelain service all the details of his voyage and its happy results4 ,i have seen the cups1 says the writer1 who gives many details and the ,latin inscription4 ,that singer of navigation1 ,esmnard1 has pictured de ,clieu's devotion in the following lines3 ,forget not how de ,clieu with his light vessel's sail1 ,brought distant ,moka's gift--that timid plant and frail4 ,the waves fell suddenly1 young zephyrs breathed no more1 ,beneath fierce ,cancer's fires behold the fountain store1 ,exhausted1 fails2 while now inexorable need ,makes her unpitying law--with measured dole obeyed4 ,now each soul fears to prove ,tantalus torment first4 ,de ,clieu alone defies3 ,while still that fatal thirst1 ,fierce1 stifling1 day by day his noble strength devours1 ,and still a heaven of brass inflames the burning hours4 ,with that refreshing draught his life he will not cheer2 ,but drop by drop revives the plant he holds more dear4 ,already as in dreams1 he sees great branches grow1 ,one look at his dear plant assuages all his woe4 ,the only memorial to de ,clieu in ,martinique is the botanical garden at ,fort de ,france1 which was opened in #aiah and dedicated to de ,clieu1 whose memory has been too long left in oblivion4#ba ,in #agae coffee cultivation was first introduced into ,haiti and ,santo ,domingo4 ,later came hardier plants from ,martinique4 ,in #agae-ag the ,french ,company of the ,indies introduced the cultivation of the plant into the ,isle of ,bourbon 7now ,runion7 by a ship captain named ,dufougeret-,grenier from ,st4 ,malo4 ,it did so well that nine years later the island began to export coffee4 ,the ,dutch brought the cultivation of coffee to ,surinam in #agah4 ,the first coffee plantation in ,brazil was started at ,par in #agbc with plants brought from ,french ,guiana1 but it was not a success4 ,the ,english brought the plant to ,jamaica in #agcj4 ,in #agdj ,spanish missionaries introduced coffee cultivation into the ,philippines from ,java4 ,in #agdh ,don ,jos ,antonio ,gelabert introduced coffee into ,cuba1 bringing the seed from ,santo ,domingo4 ,in #agej the ,dutch extended the cultivation of the plant to the ,celebes4 ,coffee was introduced into ,guatemala about #agej-fj4 ,the intensive cultivation in ,brazil dates from the efforts begun in the ,portuguese colonies in ,par and ,amazonas in #ageb4 ,porto ,rico began the cultivation of coffee about #agee4 ,in #agfj ,joo ,alberto ,castello ,branco brought to ,rio de ,janeiro a coffee tree from ,goa1 ,portuguese ,india4 ,the news spread that the soil and climate of ,brazil were particularly adapted to the cultivation of coffee4 ,molke1 a ,belgian monk1 presented some seeds to the ,capuchin monastery at ,rio in #aggd4 ,later1 the bishop of ,rio1 ,joachim ,bruno1 became a patron of the plant and encouraged its propagation in ,rio1 ,mins1 ,espirito ,santo1 and ,so ,paulo4 ,the ,spanish voyager1 ,don ,francisco ,xavier ,navarro1 is credited with the introduction of coffee into ,costa ,rica from ,cuba in #aggi4 ,in ,venezuela the industry was started near ,caracas by a priest1 ,jos ,antonio ,mohedano1 with seed brought from ,martinique in #aghd4 ,coffee cultivation in ,mexico began in #agij1 the seed being brought from the ,west ,indies4 ,in #ahag ,don ,juan ,antonio ,gomez instituted intensive cultivation in the ,state of ,vera ,cruz4 ,in #ahbe the cultivation of the plant was begun in the ,hawaiian ,islands with seeds from ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,as previously noted1 the ,english began to cultivate coffee in ,india in #ahdj4 ,in #aheb coffee cultivation was begun in ,salvador with plants brought from ,cuba4 ,in #ahgh the ,english began the propagation of coffee in ,british ,central ,africa1 but it was not until #aija that coffee cultivation was introduced into ,british ,east ,africa from ,runion4 ,in #ahhg the ,french introduced the plant into ,tonkin1 ,indo-,china4 ,coffee growing in ,queensland1 introduced in #ahif1 has been successful in a small way4 ,in recent years several attempts have been made to propagate the coffee plant in the southern ,united ,states1 but without success4 ,it is believed1 however1 that the topographic and climatic conditions in southern ,california are favorable for its cultivation4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,omar ,,and ,,the ,,marvelous ,,coffee ,,bird ,illustration3 ,,kaldi ,,and ,,his ,,dancing ,,goats ,illustration3 ,,the ,,legendary ,,discovery ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,drink ,from drawings by a modern ,french artist ,,chapter ,,iii ,,early ,,history ,,of ,,coffee ,,drinking ,coffee in the ,near ,east in the early centuries--,stories of its origin--,discovery by physicians and adoption by the ,church--,its spread through ,arabia1 ,persia and ,turkey--,persecutions and intolerances--,early coffee manners and customs ,the coffee drink had its rise in the classical period of ,arabian medicine1 which dates from ,rhazes 7,abu ,bakr ,muhammad ibn ,zakariya ,el ,razi7 who followed the doctrines of ,galen and sat at the feet of ,hippocrates4 ,rhazes 7#hej-ibb7 was the first to treat medicine in an encyclopedic manner1 and1 according to some authorities1 the first writer to mention coffee4 ,he assumed the poetical name of ,razi because he was a native of the city of ,raj in ,persian ,irak4 ,he was a great philosopher and astronomer1 and at one time was superintendent of the hospital at ,bagdad4 ,he wrote many learned books on medicine and surgery1 but his principal work is ,al-,haiwi1 or ,the ,continent1 a collection of everything relating to the cure of disease from ,galen to his own time4 ,philippe ,sylvestre ,dufour 7#afbb-hg7bb1 a ,french coffee merchant1 philosopher1 and writer1 in an accurate and finished treatise on coffee1 tells us 7see the early edition of the work translated from the ,latin7 that the first writer to mention the properties of the coffee bean under the name of bunchum was this same ,rhazes1 in the ninth century after the birth of our ,saviour2 from which 7if true7 it would appear that coffee has been known for upwards of #ajjj years4 ,robinson#bc1 however1 is of the opinion that bunchum meant something else and had nothing to do with coffee4 ,dufour1 himself1 in a later edition of his ,traitez ,nouveaux et ,curieux du ,caf 7the ,hague1 #afic7 is inclined to admit that bunchum may have been a root and not coffee1 after all2 however1 he is careful to add that there is no doubt that the ,arabs knew coffee as far back as the year #hjj4 ,other1 more modern authorities1 place it as early as the sixth century4 ,wiji ,kawih is mentioned in a ,kavi 7,javan7 inscription ,a4,d4 #hef2 and it is thought that the bean broth in ,david ,tapperi's list of ,javanese beverages 7#affg-hb7 may have been coffee#bd4 ,while the true origin of coffee drinking may be forever hidden among the mysteries of the purple ,east1 shrouded as it is in legend and fable1 scholars have marshaled sufficient facts to prove that the beverage was known in ,ethiopia from time immemorial1 and there is much to add verisimilitude to ,dufour's narrative4 ,this first coffee merchant-prince1 skilled in languages and polite learning1 considered that his character as a merchant was not inconsistent with that of an author2 and he even went so far as to say there were some things 7for instance1 coffee7 on which a merchant could be better informed than a philosopher4 ,granting that by bunchum ,rhazes meant coffee1 the plant and the drink must have been known to his immediate followers2 and this1 indeed1 seems to be indicated by similar references in the writings of ,avicenna 7,ibn ,sina71 the ,mohammedan physician and philosopher1 who lived from #ihj to #ajcg ,a4,d4 ,rhazes1 in the quaint language of ,dufour1 assures us that bunchum 7coffee7 is hot and dry and very good for the stomach4 ,avicenna explains the medicinal properties and uses of the coffee bean 7bon or bunn71 which he1 also1 calls bunchum1 after this fashion3 ,as to the choice thereof1 that of a lemon color1 light1 and of a good smell1 is the best2 the white and the heavy is naught4 ,it is hot and dry in the first degree1 and1 according to others1 cold in the first degree4 ,it fortifies the members1 it cleans the skin1 and dries up the humidities that are under it1 and gives an excellent smell to all the body4 ,the early ,arabians called the bean and the tree that bore it1 bunn2 the drink1 bunchum4 ,a4 ,galland#be 7#afdf-agae71 the ,french ,orientalist who first analyzed and translated from the ,arabic the ,abd-al-,kdir manuscript#bf1 the oldest document extant telling of the origin of coffee1 observes that ,avicenna speaks of the bunn1 or coffee2 as do also ,prospero ,alpini and ,veslingius 7,vesling74 ,bengiazlah1 another great physician1 contemporary with ,avicenna1 likewise mentions coffee2 by which1 says ,galland1 one may see that we are indebted to physicians for the discovery of coffee1 as well as of sugar1 tea1 and chocolate4 ,rauwolf#bg 7d4 #aeif71 ,german physician and botanist1 and the first ,european to mention coffee1 who became acquainted with the beverage in ,aleppo in #aegc1 telling how the drink was prepared by the ,turks1 says3 ,in this same water they take a fruit called ,bunnu1 which in its bigness1 shape1 and color is almost like unto a bayberry1 with two thin shells surrounded1 which1 as they informed me1 are brought from the ,indies2 but as these in themselves are1 and have within them1 two yellowish grains in two distinct cells1 and besides1 being they agree in their virtue1 figure1 looks1 and name with the ,bunchum of ,avicenna and ,bunco1 of ,rasis ad ,almans exactly3 therefore ,i take them to be the same4 ,in ,dr4 ,edward ,pocoke's translation 7,oxford1 #afei7 of ,the ,nature of the ,drink ,kauhi1 or ,coffee1 and the ,berry of which it is ,made1 ,described by an ,arabian ,phisitian1 we read3 ,bun is a plant in ,yaman ,yemen1 which is planted in ,adar1 and groweth up and is gathered in ,ab4 ,it is about a cubit high1 on a stalk about the thickness of one's thumb4 ,it flowers white1 leaving a berry like a small nut1 but that sometimes it is broad like a bean2 and when it is peeled1 parteth in two4 ,the best of it is that which is weighty and yellow2 the worst1 that which is black4 ,it is hot in the first degree1 dry in the second3 it is usually reported to be cold and dry1 but it is not so2 for it is bitter1 and whatsoever is bitter is hot4 ,it may be that the scorce is hot1 and the ,bun it selfe either of equall temperature1 or cold in the first degree4 ,that which makes for its coldnesse is its stipticknesse4 ,in summer it is by experience found to conduce to the drying of rheumes1 and flegmatick coughes and distillations1 and the opening of obstructions1 and the provocation of urin4 ,it is now known by the name of ,kohwah4 ,when it is dried and thoroughly boyled1 it allayes the ebullition of the blood1 is good against the small poxe and measles1 the bloudy pimples2 yet causeth vertiginous headheach1 and maketh lean much1 occasioneth waking1 and the ,emrods1 and asswageth lust1 and sometimes breeds melancholly4 ,he that would drink it for livelinesse sake1 and to discusse slothfulnesse1 and the other properties that we have mentioned1 let him use much sweat meates with it1 and oyle of pistaccioes1 and butter4 ,some drink it with milk1 but it is an error1 and such as may bring in danger of the leprosy4 ,dufour concludes that the coffee beans of commerce are the same as the bunchum 7bunn7 described by ,avicenna and the bunca 7bunchum7 of ,rhazes4 ,in this he agrees1 almost word for word1 with ,rauwolf1 indicating no change in opinion among the learned in a hundred years4 ,christopher ,campen thinks ,hippocrates1 father of medicine1 knew and administered coffee4 ,robinson1 commenting upon the early adoption of coffee into materia medica1 charges that it was a mistake on the part of the ,arab physicians1 and that it originated the prejudice that caused coffee to be regarded as a powerful drug instead of as a simple and refreshing beverage4 ,homer1 the ,bible1 and ,coffee ,in early ,grecian and ,roman writings no mention is made of either the coffee plant or the beverage made from the berries4 ,pierre 7,pietro7 ,delia ,valle#bh 7#aehf-afeb71 however1 maintains that the nepenthe1 which ,homer says ,helen brought with her out of ,egypt1 and which she employed as surcease for sorrow1 was nothing else but coffee mixed with wine4#bi ,this is disputed by ,m4 ,petit1 a well known physician of ,paris1 who died in #afhg4 ,several later ,british authors1 among them1 ,sandys1 the poet2 ,burton2 and ,sir ,henry ,blount1 have suggested the probability of coffee being the black broth of the ,lacedmonians4 ,george ,paschius1 in his ,latin treatise of the ,new ,discoveries ,made since the ,time of the ,ancients1 printed at ,leipsic in #agjj1 says he believes that coffee was meant by the five measures of parched corn included among the presents ,abigail made to ,david to appease his wrath1 as recorded in the ,bible1 #a ,samuel1 xxv1 #ah4 ,the ,vulgate translates the ,hebrew words sein kali into sata polentea1 which signify wheat1 roasted1 or dried by fire4 ,illustration3 ,,title ,,page ,,of ,,dufour',s ,,book1 ,,edition ,,of #afic ,pierre tienne ,louis ,dumant1 the ,swiss ,protestant minister and author1 is of the opinion that coffee 7and not lentils1 as others have supposed7 was the red pottage for which ,esau sold his birthright2 also that the parched grain that ,boaz ordered to be given ,ruth was undoubtedly roasted coffee berries4 ,dufour mentions as a possible objection against coffee that the use and eating of beans were heretofore forbidden by ,pythagoras1 but intimates that the coffee bean of ,arabia is something different4 ,scheuzer1#cj in his ,physique ,sacre1 says the ,turks and the ,arabs make with the coffee bean a beverage which bears the same name1 and many persons use as a substitute the flour of roasted barley4 ,from this we learn that the coffee substitute is almost as old as coffee itself4 ,some ,early ,legends ,after medicine1 the church4 ,there are several ,mohammedan traditions that have persisted through the centuries1 claiming for the faithful the honor and glory of the first use of coffee as a beverage4 ,one of these relates how1 about #abeh ,a4,d41 ,sheik ,omar1 a disciple of ,sheik ,abou'l hasan ,schadheli1 patron saint and legendary founder of ,mocha1 by chance discovered the coffee drink at ,ousab in ,arabia1 whither he had been exiled for a certain moral remissness4 ,facing starvation1 he and his followers were forced to feed upon the berries growing around them4 ,and then1 in the words of the faithful ,arab chronicle in the ,bibliothque ,nationale at ,paris1 having nothing to eat except coffee1 they took of it and boiled it in a saucepan and drank of the decoction4 ,former patients in ,mocha who sought out the good doctor-priest in his ,ousab retreat1 for physic with which to cure their ills1 were given some of this decoction1 with beneficial effect4 ,as a result of the stories of its magical properties1 carried back to the city1 ,sheik ,omar was invited to return in triumph to ,mocha where the governor caused to be built a monastery for him and his companions4 ,another version of this ,oriental legend gives it as follows3 ,the dervish ,hadji ,omar was driven by his enemies out of ,mocha into the desert1 where they expected he would die of starvation4 ,this undoubtedly would have occurred if he had not plucked up courage to taste some strange berries which he found growing on a shrub4 ,while they seemed to be edible1 they were very bitter2 and he tried to improve the taste by roasting them4 ,he found1 however1 that they had become very hard1 so he attempted to soften them with water4 ,the berries seemed to remain as hard as before1 but the liquid turned brown1 and ,omar drank it on the chance that it contained some of the nourishment from the berries4 ,he was amazed at how it refreshed him1 enlivened his sluggishness1 and raised his drooping spirits4 ,later1 when he returned to ,mocha1 his salvation was considered a miracle4 ,the beverage to which it was due sprang into high favor1 and ,omar himself was made a saint4 ,a popular and much-quoted version of ,omar's discovery of coffee1 also based upon the ,abd-al-,kdir manuscript1 is the following3 ,in the year of the ,hegira #fef1 the mollah ,schadheli went on a pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,arriving at the mountain of the ,emeralds 7,ousab71 he turned to his disciple ,omar and said3 ,i shall die in this place4 ,when my soul has gone forth1 a veiled person will appear to you4 ,do not fail to execute the command which he will give you4 ,the venerable ,schadheli being dead1 ,omar saw in the middle of the night a gigantic specter covered by a white veil4 ,who are you8 he asked4 ,the phantom drew back his veil1 and ,omar saw with surprise ,schadheli himself1 grown ten cubits since his death4 ,the mollah dug in the ground1 and water miraculously appeared4 ,the spirit of his teacher bade ,omar fill a bowl with the water and to proceed on his way and not to stop till he reached the spot where the water would stop moving4 ,it is there1 he added1 that a great destiny awaits you4 ,omar started his journey4 ,arriving at ,mocha in ,yemen1 he noticed that the water was immovable4 ,it was here that he must stop4 ,the beautiful village of ,mocha was then ravaged by the plague4 ,omar began to pray for the sick and1 as the saintly man was close to ,mahomet1 many found themselves cured by his prayers4 ,the plague meanwhile progressing1 the daughter of the ,king of ,mocha fell ill and her father had her carried to the home of the dervish who cured her4 ,but as this young princess was of rare beauty1 after having cured her1 the good dervish tried to carry her off4 ,the king did not fancy this new kind of reward4 ,omar was driven from the city and exiled on the mountain of ,ousab1 with herbs for food and a cave for a home4 ,oh1 ,schadheli1 my dear master1 cried the unfortunate dervish one day2 if the things which happened to me at ,mocha were destined1 was it worth the trouble to give me a bowl to come here8 ,to these just complaints1 there was heard immediately a song of incomparable harmony1 and a bird of marvelous plumage came to rest in a tree4 ,omar sprang forward quickly toward the little bird which sang so well1 but then he saw on the branches of the tree only flowers and fruit4 ,omar laid hands on the fruit1 and found it delicious4 ,then he filled his great pockets with it and went back to his cave4 ,as he was preparing to boil a few herbs for his dinner1 the idea came to him of substituting for this sad soup1 some of his harvested fruit4 ,from it he obtained a savory and perfumed drink2 it was coffee4 ,the ,italian ,journal of the ,savants for the year #agfj says that two monks1 ,scialdi and ,ayduis1 were the first to discover the properties of coffee1 and for this reason became the object of special prayers4 ,was not this ,scialdi identical with the ,sheik ,schadheli8 asks ,jardin4#ca ,the most popular legend ascribes the discovery of the drink to an ,arabian herdsman in upper ,egypt1 or ,abyssinia1 who complained to the abbot of a neighboring monastery that the goats confided to his care became unusually frolicsome after eating the berries of certain shrubs found near their feeding grounds4 ,the abbot1 having observed the fact1 determined to try the virtues of the berries on himself4 ,he1 too1 responded with a new exhilaration4 ,accordingly1 he directed that some be boiled1 and the decoction drunk by his monks1 who thereafter found no difficulty in keeping awake during the religious services of the night4 ,the abb ,massieu in his poem1 ,carmen ,caffaeum1 thus celebrates the event3 ,the monks each in turn1 as the evening draws near1 ,drink 'round the great cauldron--a circle of cheer6 ,and the dawn in amaze1 revisiting that shore1 ,on idle beds of ease surprised them nevermore6 ,according to the legend1 the news of the wakeful monastery spread rapidly1 and the magical berry soon came to be in request throughout the whole kingdom2 and in progress of time other nations and provinces of the ,east fell into the use of it4 ,the ,french have preserved the following picturesque version of this legend3 ,a young goatherd named ,kaldi noticed one day that his goats1 whose deportment up to that time had been irreproachable1 were abandoning themselves to the most extravagant prancings4 ,the venerable buck1 ordinarily so dignified and solemn1 bounded about like a young kid4 ,kaldi attributed this foolish gaiety to certain fruits of which the goats had been eating with delight4 ,the story goes that the poor fellow had a heavy heart2 and in the hope of cheering himself up a little1 he thought he would pick and eat of the fruit4 ,the experiment succeeded marvelously4 ,he forgot his troubles and became the happiest herder in happy ,arabia4 ,when the goats danced1 he gaily made himself one of the party1 and entered into their fun with admirable spirit4 ,one day1 a monk chanced to pass by and stopped in surprise to find a ball going on4 ,a score of goats were executing lively pirouettes like a ladies' chain1 while the buck solemnly balanc-ed1 and the herder went through the figures of an eccentric pastoral dance4 ,the astonished monk inquired the cause of this saltatorial madness2 and ,kaldi told him of his precious discovery4 ,now1 this poor monk had a great sorrow2 he always went to sleep in the middle of his prayers2 and he reasoned that ,mohammed without doubt was revealing this marvelous fruit to him to overcome his sleepiness4 ,illustration3 ,,arab ,,drinking ,,coffee2 ,,chinaman1 ,,tea2 ,,and ,,indian1 ,,chocolate ,frontispiece from ,dufour's work ,piety does not exclude gastronomic instincts4 ,those of our good monk were more than ordinary2 because he thought of drying and boiling the fruit of the herder4 ,this ingenious concoction gave us coffee4 ,immediately all the monks of the realm made use of the drink1 because it encouraged them to pray and1 perhaps1 also because it was not disagreeable4 ,in those early days it appears that the drink was prepared in two ways2 one in which the decoction was made from the hull and the pulp surrounding the bean1 and the other from the bean itself4 ,the roasting process came later and is an improvement generally credited to the ,persians4 ,there is evidence that the early ,mohammedan churchmen were seeking a substitute for the wine forbidden to them by the ,koran1 when they discovered coffee4 ,the word for coffee in ,arabic1 qahwah1 is the same as one of those used for wine2 and later on1 when coffee drinking grew so popular as to threaten the very life of the church itself1 this similarity was seized upon by the church-leaders to support their contention that the prohibition against wine applied also to coffee4 ,la ,roque1#cb writing in #agae1 says that the ,arabian word cahouah signified at first only wine2 but later was turned into a generic term applied to all kinds of drink4 ,so there were really three sorts of coffee2 namely1 wine1 including all intoxicating liquors2 the drink made with the shells1 or cods1 of the coffee bean2 and that made from the bean itself4 ,originally1 then1 the coffee drink may have been a kind of wine made from the coffee fruit4 ,in the coffee countries even today the natives are very fond1 and eat freely1 of the ripe coffee cherries1 voiding the seeds4 ,the pulp surrounding the coffee seeds 7beans7 is pleasant to taste1 has a sweetish1 aromatic flavor1 and quickly ferments when allowed to stand4 ,still another tradition 7was the wish father to the thought87 tells how the coffee drink was revealed to ,mohammed himself by the ,angel ,gabriel4 ,coffee's partisans found satisfaction in a passage in the ,koran which1 they said1 foretold its adoption by the followers of the ,prophet3 ,they shall be given to drink an excellent wine1 sealed2 its seal is that of the musk4 ,the most diligent research does not carry a knowledge of coffee back beyond the time of ,rhazes1 two hundred years after ,mohammed2 so there is little more than speculation or conjecture to support the theory that it was known to the ancients1 in ,bible times or in the days of ,the ,praised ,one4 ,our knowledge of tea1 on the other hand1 antedates the ,christian era4 ,we know also that tea was intensively cultivated and taxed under the ,tang dynasty in ,china1 ,a4,d4 #gic1 and that ,arab traders knew of it in the following century4 ,the ,first ,reliable ,coffee ,date ,about #aded ,sheik ,gemaleddin ,abou ,muhammad ,bensaid1 mufti of ,aden1 surnamed ,aldhabani1 from ,dhabhan1 a small town where he was born1 became acquainted with the virtues of coffee on a journey into ,abyssinia4#cc ,upon his return to ,aden1 his health became impaired2 and remembering the coffee he had seen his countrymen drinking in ,abyssinia1 he sent for some in the hope of finding relief4 ,he not only recovered from his illness2 but1 because of its sleep-dispelling qualities1 he sanctioned the use of the drink among the dervishes that they might spend the night in prayers or other religious exercises with more attention and presence of mind4#cd ,it is altogether probable that the coffee drink was known in ,aden before the time of ,sheik ,gemaleddin2 but the endorsement of the very learned imam1 whom science and religion had already made famous1 was sufficient to start a vogue for the beverage that spread throughout ,yemen1 and thence to the far corners of the world4 ,we read in the ,arabian manuscript at the ,bibliothque ,nationale that lawyers1 students1 as well as travelers who journeyed at night1 artisans1 and others1 who worked at night1 to escape the heat of the day1 took to drinking coffee2 and even left off another drink1 then becoming popular1 made from the leaves of a plant called khat or cat 7catha edulis74 ,sheik ,gemaleddin was assisted in his work of spreading the gospel of this the first propaganda for coffee by one ,muhammed ,alhadrami1 a physician of great reputation1 born in ,hadramaut1 ,arabia ,felix4 ,a recently unearthed and little known version of coffee's origin shows how features of both the ,omar tradition and the ,gemaleddin story may be combined by a professional ,occidental tale-writer#ce3 ,toward the middle of the fifteenth century1 a poor ,arab was traveling in ,abyssinia4 ,finding himself weak and weary1 he stopped near a grove4 ,for fuel wherewith to cook his rice1 he cut down a tree that happened to be covered with dried berries4 ,his meal being cooked and eaten1 the traveler discovered that these half-burnt berries were fragrant4 ,he collected a number of them and1 on crushing them with a stone1 found that the aroma was increased to a great extent4 ,while wondering at this1 he accidentally let the substance fall into an earthen vessel that contained his scanty supply of water4 ,a miracle6 ,the almost putrid water was purified4 ,he brought it to his lips2 it was fresh and agreeable2 and after a short rest the traveler so far recovered his strength and energy as to be able to resume his journey4 ,the lucky ,arab gathered as many berries as he could1 and having arrived at ,aden1 informed the mufti of his discovery4 ,that worthy was an inveterate opium-smoker1 who had been suffering for years from the influence of the poisonous drug4 ,he tried an infusion of the roasted berries1 and was so delighted at the recovery of his former vigor that in gratitude to the tree he called it cahuha which in ,arabic signifies force4 ,galland1 in his analysis of the ,arabian manuscript1 already referred to1 that has furnished us with the most trustworthy account of the origin of coffee1 criticizes ,antoine ,faustus ,nairon1 ,maronite professor of ,oriental languages at ,rome1 who was the author of the first printed treatise on coffee only1#cf for accepting the legends relating to ,omar and the ,abyssinian goatherd4 ,he says they are unworthy of belief as facts of history1 although he is careful to add that there is some truth in the story of the discovery of coffee by the ,abyssinian goats and the abbot who prescribed the use of the berries for his monks1 the ,eastern ,christians being willing to have the honor of the invention of coffee1 for the abbot1 or prior1 of the convent and his companions are only the mufti ,gemaleddin and ,muhammid ,alhadrami1 and the monks are the dervishes4 ,amid all these details1 ,jardin reaches the conclusion that it is to chance we must attribute the knowledge of the properties of coffee1 and that the coffee tree was transported from its native land to ,yemen1 as far as ,mecca1 and possibly into ,persia1 before being carried into ,egypt4 ,coffee1 being thus favorably introduced into ,aden1 it has continued there ever since1 without interruption4 ,by degrees the cultivation of the plant and the use of the beverage passed into many neighboring places4 ,toward the close of the fifteenth century 7#adgj-aejj7 it reached ,mecca and ,medina1 where it was introduced1 as at ,aden1 by the dervishes1 and for the same religious purpose4 ,about #aeaj it reached ,grand ,cairo in ,egypt1 where the dervishes from ,yemen1 living in a district by themselves1 drank coffee on the nights they intended to spend in religious devotion4 ,they kept it in a large red earthen vessel--each in turn receiving it1 respectfully1 from their superior1 in a small bowl1 which he dipped into the jar--in the meantime chanting their prayers1 the burden of which was always3 ,there is no ,god but one ,god1 the true ,king1 whose power is not to be disputed4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,bouquet ,,of ,,ripe ,,fruit ,illustration3 ,,flowers1 ,,fruit1 ,,and ,,leaves ,illustration3 ,,the ,,coffee ,,tree ,,bears ,,fruit1 ,,leaf1 ,,and ,,blossom ,,at ,,the ,,same ,,time ,after the dervishes1 the bowl was passed to lay members of the congregation4 ,in this way coffee came to be so associated with the act of worship that they never performed a religious ceremony in public and never observed any solemn festival without taking coffee4 ,meanwhile1 the inhabitants of ,mecca became so fond of the beverage that1 disregarding its religious associations1 they made of it a secular drink to be sipped publicly in kaveh kanes1 the first coffee houses4 ,here the idle congregated to drink coffee1 to play chess and other games1 to discuss the news of the day1 and to amuse themselves with singing1 dancing1 and music1 contrary to the manners of the rigid ,mahommedans1 who were very properly scandalized by such performances4 ,in ,medina and in ,cairo1 too1 coffee became as common a drink as in ,mecca and ,aden4 ,the ,first ,coffee ,persecution ,at length the pious ,mahommedans began to disapprove of the use of coffee among the people4 ,for one thing1 it made common one of the best psychology-adjuncts of their religion2 also1 the joy of life1 that it helped to liberate among those who frequented the coffee houses1 precipitated social1 political1 and religious arguments2 and these frequently developed into disturbances4 ,dissensions arose even among the churchmen themselves4 ,they divided into camps for and against coffee4 ,the law of the ,prophet on the subject of wine was variously construed as applying to coffee4 ,about this time 7#aeaa7 ,kair ,bey was governor of ,mecca for the sultan of ,egypt4 ,he appears to have been a strict disciplinarian1 but lamentably ignorant of the actual conditions obtaining among his people4 ,as he was leaving the mosque one evening after prayers1 he was offended by seeing in a corner a company of coffee drinkers who were preparing to pass the night in prayer4 ,his first thought was that they were drinking wine2 and great was his astonishment when he learned what the liquor really was and how common was its use throughout the city4 ,further investigation convinced him that indulgence in this exhilarating drink must incline men and women to extravagances prohibited by law1 and so he determined to suppress it4 ,first he drove the coffee drinkers out of the mosque4 ,the next day1 he called a council of officers of justice1 lawyers1 physicians1 priests1 and leading citizens1 to whom he declared what he had seen the evening before at the mosque2 and1 being resolved to put a stop to the coffee-house abuses1 he sought their advice upon the subject4 ,the chief count in the indictment was that in these places men and women met and played tambourines1 violins1 and other musical instruments4 ,there were also people who played chess1 mankala1 and other similar games1 for money2 and there were many other things done contrary to our sacred law--may ,god keep it from all corruption until the day when we shall all appear before him6#cg ,the lawyers agreed that the coffee houses needed reforming2 but as to the drink itself1 inquiry should be made as to whether it was in any way harmful to mind or body2 for if not1 it might not be sufficient to close the places that sold it4 ,it was suggested that the opinion of the physicians be sought4 ,two brothers1 ,persian physicians named ,hakimani1 and reputed the best in ,mecca1 were summoned1 although we are told they knew more about logic than they did about physic4 ,one of them came into the council fully prejudiced1 as he had already written a book against coffee1 and filled with concern for his profession1 being fearful lest the common use of the new drink would make serious inroads on the practise of medicine4 ,his brother joined with him in assuring the assembly that the plant bunn1 from which coffee was made1 was cold and dry and so unwholesome4 ,when another physician present reminded them that ,bengiazlah1 the ancient and respected contemporary of ,avicenna1 taught that it was hot and dry1 they made arbitrary answer that ,bengiazlah had in mind another plant of the same name1 and that anyhow1 it was not material2 for1 if the coffee drink disposed people to things forbidden by religion1 the safest course for ,mahommedans was to look upon it as unlawful4 ,the friends of coffee were covered with confusion4 ,only the mufti spoke out in the meeting in its favor4 ,others1 carried away by prejudice or misguided zeal1 affirmed that coffee clouded their senses4 ,one man arose and said it intoxicated like wine2 which made every one laugh1 since he could hardly have been a judge of this if he had not drunk wine1 which is forbidden by the ,mohammedan religion4 ,upon being asked whether he had ever drunk any1 he was so imprudent as to admit that he had1 thereby condemning himself out of his own mouth to the bastinado4 ,the mufti of ,aden1 being both an officer of the court and a divine1 undertook1 with some heat1 a defense of coffee2 but he was clearly in an unpopular minority4 ,he was rewarded with the reproaches and affronts of the religious zealots4 ,so the governor had his way1 and coffee was solemnly condemned as thing forbidden by the law2 and a presentment was drawn up1 signed by a majority of those present1 and dispatched post-haste by the governor to his royal master1 the sultan1 at ,cairo4 ,at the same time1 the governor published an edict forbidding the sale of coffee in public or private4 ,the officers of justice caused all the coffee houses in ,mecca to be shut1 and ordered all the coffee found there1 or in the merchants' warehouses1 to be burned4 ,naturally enough1 being an unpopular edict1 there were many evasions1 and much coffee drinking took place behind closed doors4 ,some of the friends of coffee were outspoken in their opposition to the order1 being convinced that the assembly had rendered a judgment not in accordance with the facts1 and above all1 contrary to the opinion of the mufti who1 in every ,arab community1 is looked up to as the interpreter1 or expounder1 of the law4 ,one man1 caught in the act of disobedience1 besides being severely punished1 was also led through the most public streets of the city seated on an ass4 ,however1 the triumph of the enemies of coffee was short-lived2 for not only did the sultan of ,cairo disapprove the indiscreet zeal of the governor of ,mecca1 and order the edict revoked2 but he read him a severe lesson on the subject4 ,how dared he condemn a thing approved at ,cairo1 the capital of his kingdom1 where there were physicians whose opinions carried more weight than those of ,mecca1 and who had found nothing against the law in the use of coffee8 ,the best things might be abused1 added the sultan1 even the sacred waters of ,zamzam1 but this was no reason for an absolute prohibition4 ,the fountain1 or well1 of ,zamzam1 according to the ,mohammedan teaching1 is the same which ,god caused to spring up in the desert to comfort ,hagar and ,ishmael when ,abraham banished them4 ,it is in the enclosure of the temple at ,mecca2 and the ,mohammedans drink of it with much show of devotion1 ascribing great virtues to it4 ,it is not recorded whether the misguided governor was shocked at this seeming profanity2 but it is known that he hastened to obey the orders of his lord and master4 ,the prohibition was recalled1 and thereafter he employed his authority only to preserve order in the coffee houses4 ,the friends of coffee1 and the lovers of poetic justice1 found satisfaction in the governor's subsequent fate4 ,he was exposed as an extortioner and a public robber1 and tortured to death1 his brother killing himself to avoid the same fate4 ,the two ,persian physicians who had played so mean a part in the first coffee persecution1 likewise came to an unhappy end4 ,being discredited in ,mecca they fled to ,cairo1 where1 in an unguarded moment1 having cursed the person of ,selim ,i1 emperor of the ,turks1 who had conquered ,egypt1 they were executed by his order4 ,coffee1 being thus re-established at ,mecca1 met with no opposition until #aebd1 when1 because of renewed disorders1 the kadi of the town closed the coffee houses1 but did not seek to interfere with coffee drinking at home and in private4 ,his successor1 however1 re-licensed them2 and1 continuing on their good behavior since then1 they have not been disturbed4 ,in #aedb a ripple was caused by an order issued by ,soliman the ,great1 forbidding the use of coffee2 but no one took it seriously1 especially as it soon became known that the order had been obtained by surprise and at the desire of only one of the court ladies a little too nice in this point4 ,one of the most interesting facts in the history of the coffee drink is that wherever it has been introduced it has spelled revolution4 ,it has been the world's most radical drink in that its function has always been to make people think4 ,and when the people began to think1 they became dangerous to tyrants and to foes of liberty of thought and action4 ,sometimes the people became intoxicated with their new found ideas2 and1 mistaking liberty for license1 they ran amok1 and called down upon their heads persecutions and many petty intolerances4 ,so history repeated itself in ,cairo1 twenty-three years after the first ,mecca persecution4 ,coffee's ,second ,religious ,persecution ,selim ,i1 after conquering ,egypt1 had brought coffee to ,constantinople in #aeag4 ,the drink continued its progress through ,syria1 and was received in ,damascus 7about #aecj71 and in ,aleppo 7about #aecb71 without opposition4 ,several coffee houses of ,damascus attained wide fame1 among them the ,caf of the ,roses1 and the ,caf of the ,gate of ,salvation4 ,its increasing popularity and1 perhaps1 the realization that the continued spread of the beverage might lessen the demand for his services1 caused a physician of ,cairo to propound 7about #aebc7 to his fellows this question3 ,what is your opinion concerning the liquor called coffee which is drank in company1 as being reckoned in the number of those we have free leave to make use of1 notwithstanding it is the cause of no small disorders1 that it flies up into the head and is very pernicious to health8 ,is it permitted or forbidden8 ,at the end he was careful to add1 as his own opinion 7and without prejudice871 that coffee was unlawful4 ,to the credit of the physicians of ,cairo as a class1 it should be recorded that they looked with unsympathetic eyes upon this attempt on the part of one of their number to stir up trouble for a valuable adjunct to their materia medica1 and so the effort died a-borning4 ,if the physicians were disposed to do nothing to stop coffee's progress1 not so the preachers4 ,as places of resort1 the coffee houses exercised an appeal that proved stronger to the popular mind than that of the temples of worship4 ,this to men of sound religious training was intolerable4 ,the feeling against coffee smouldered for a time2 but in #aecd it broke out afresh4 ,in that year a fiery preacher in one of ,cairo's mosques so played upon the emotions of his congregation with a preachment against coffee1 claiming that it was against the law and that those who drank it were not true ,mohammedans1 that upon leaving the building a large number of his hearers1 enraged1 threw themselves into the first coffee house they found in their way1 burned the coffee pots and dishes1 and maltreated all the persons they found there4 ,public opinion was immediately aroused2 and the city was divided into two parties2 one maintaining that coffee was against the law of ,mohammed1 and the other taking the contrary view4 ,and then arose a ,solomon in the person of the chief justice1 who summoned into his presence the learned physicians for consultation4 ,again the medical profession stood by its guns4 ,the medical men pointed out to the chief justice that the question had already been decided by their predecessors on the side of coffee1 and that the time had come to put some check on the furious zeal of the bigots and the indiscretions of ignorant preachers4 ,whereupon1 the wise judge caused coffee to be served to the whole company and drank some himself4 ,by this act he re-united the contending parties1 and brought coffee into greater esteem than ever4 ,coffee in ,constantinople ,the story of the introduction of coffee into ,constantinople shows that it experienced much the same vicissitudes that marked its advent at ,mecca and ,cairo4 ,there were the same disturbances1 the same unreasoning religious superstition1 the same political hatreds1 the same stupid interference by the civil authorities2 and yet1 in spite of it all1 coffee attained new honors and new fame4 ,the ,oriental coffee house reached its supreme development in ,constantinople4 ,although coffee had been known in ,constantinople since #aeag1 it was not until #aeed that the inhabitants became acquainted with that great institution of early eastern democracy--the coffee house4 ,in that year1 under the reign of ,soliman the ,great1 son of ,selim ,i1 one ,schemsi of ,damascus and one ,hekem of ,aleppo opened the first two coffee houses in the quarter called ,taktacalah4 ,they were wonderful institutions for those days1 remarkable alike for their furnishings and their comforts1 as well as for the opportunity they afforded for social intercourse and free discussion4 ,schemsi and ,hekem received their guests on very neat couches or sofas1 and the admission was the price of a dish of coffee--about one cent4 ,turks1 high and low1 took up the idea with avidity4 ,coffee houses increased in number4 ,the demand outstripped the supply4 ,in the seraglio itself special officers 7kahvedjibachi7 were commissioned to prepare the coffee drink for the sultan4 ,coffee was in favor with all classes4 ,the ,turks gave to the coffee houses the name kahveh kanes 7diversoria1 ,cotovicus called them72 and as they grew in popularity1 they became more and more luxurious4 ,there were lounges1 richly carpeted2 and in addition to coffee1 many other means of entertainment4 ,to these schools of the wise came the young men ready to enter upon offices of judicature2 kadis from the provinces1 seeking re-instatement or new appointments2 muderys1 or professors2 officers of the seraglio2 bashaws2 and the principal lords of the port1 not to mention merchants and travelers from all parts of the then known world4 ,coffee ,house ,persecutions ,about #aegj1 just when coffee seemed settled for all time in the social scheme1 the imams and dervishes raised a loud wail against it1 saying the mosques were almost empty1 while the coffee houses were always full4 ,then the preachers joined in the clamor1 affirming it to be a greater sin to go to a coffee house than to enter a tavern4 ,the authorities began an examination2 and the same old debate was on4 ,this time1 however1 appeared a mufti who was unfriendly to coffee4 ,the religious fanatics argued that ,mohammed had not even known of coffee1 and so could not have used the drink1 and1 therefore1 it must be an abomination for his followers to do so4 ,further1 coffee was burned and ground to charcoal before making a drink of it2 and the ,koran distinctly forbade the use of charcoal1 including it among the unsanitary foods4 ,the mufti decided the question in favor of the zealots1 and coffee was forbidden by law4 ,the prohibition proved to be more honored in the breach than in the observance4 ,coffee drinking continued in secret1 instead of in the open4 ,and when1 about #aehj1 ,amurath ,,iii1 at the further solicitation of the churchmen1 declared in an edict that coffee should be classed with wine1 and so prohibited in accordance with the law of the ,prophet1 the people only smiled1 and persisted in their secret disobedience4 ,already they were beginning to think for themselves on religious as well as political matters4 ,the civil officers1 finding it useless to try to suppress the custom1 winked at violations of the law2 and1 for a consideration1 permitted the sale of coffee privately1 so that many ,ottoman speak-easies sprung up--places where coffee might be had behind shut doors2 shops where it was sold in back-rooms4 ,this was enough to re-establish the coffee houses by degrees4 ,then came a mufti less scrupulous or more knowing than his predecessor1 who declared that coffee was not to be looked upon as coal1 and that the drink made from it was not forbidden by the law4 ,there was a general renewal of coffee drinking2 religious devotees1 preachers1 lawyers1 and the mufti himself indulging in it1 their example being followed by the whole court and the city4 ,after this1 the coffee houses provided a handsome source of revenue to each succeeding grand vizier2 and there was no further interference with the beverage until the reign of ,amurath ,,iv1 when ,grand ,vizier ,kuprili1 during the war with ,candia1 decided that for political reasons1 the coffee houses should be closed4 ,his argument was much the same as that advanced more than a hundred years later by ,charles ,,ii of ,england1 namely1 that they were hotbeds of sedition4 ,kuprili was a military dictator1 with nothing of ,charles's vacillating nature2 and although1 like ,charles1 he later rescinded his edict1 he enforced it1 while it was effective1 in no uncertain fashion4 ,kuprili was no petty tyrant4 ,for a first violation of the order1 cudgeling was the punishment2 for a second offense1 the victim was sewn in a leather bag and thrown into the ,bosporus4 ,strangely enough1 while he suppressed the coffee houses1 he permitted the taverns1 that sold wine forbidden by the ,koran1 to remain open4 ,perhaps he found the latter produced a less dangerous kind of mental stimulation than that produced by coffee4 ,coffee1 says ,virey1 was too intellectual a drink for the fierce and senseless administration of the pashas4 ,even in those days it was not possible to make people good by law4 ,paraphrasing the copy-book1 suppressed desires will arise1 though all the world o'erwhelm them1 to men's eyes4 ,an unjust law was no more enforceable in those centuries than it is in the twentieth century4 ,men are humans first1 although they may become brutish when bereft of reason4 ,but coffee does not steal away their reason2 rather1 it sharpens their reasoning faculties4 ,as ,galland has truly said3 ,coffee joins men1 born for society1 in a more perfect union2 protestations are more sincere in being made at a time when the mind is not clouded with fumes and vapors1 and therefore not easily forgotten1 which too frequently happens when made over a bottle4 ,illustration3 ,,characteristic ,,scene ,,in ,a ,,turkish ,,coffee ,,house ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century ,despite the severe penalties staring them in the face1 violations of the law were plentiful among the people of ,constantinople4 ,venders of the beverage appeared in the market-places with large copper vessels with fire under them2 and those who had a mind to drink were invited to step into any neighboring shop where every one was welcome on such an account4 ,later1 ,kuprili1 having assured himself that the coffee houses were no longer a menace to his policies1 permitted the free use of the beverage that he had previously forbidden4 ,coffee and ,coffee ,houses in ,persia ,some writers claim for ,persia the discovery of the coffee drink2 but there is no evidence to support the claim4 ,there are1 however1 sufficient facts to justify a belief that here1 as in ,ethiopia1 coffee has been known from time immemorial--which is a very convenient phrase4 ,at an early date the coffee house became an established institution in the chief towns4 ,the ,persians appear to have used far more intelligence than the ,turks in handling the political phase of the coffee-house question1 and so it never became necessary to order them suppressed in ,persia4 ,the wife of ,shah ,abbas1 observing that great numbers of people were wont to gather and to talk politics in the leading coffee house of ,ispahan1 appointed a mollah--an ecclesiastical teacher and expounder of the law--to sit there daily to entertain the frequenters of the place with nicely turned points of history1 law1 and poetry4 ,being a man of wisdom and great tact1 he avoided controversial questions of state2 and so politics were kept in the background4 ,he proved a welcome visitor1 and was made much of by the guests4 ,this example was generally followed1 and as a result disturbances were rare in the coffee houses of ,ispahan4 ,adam ,olearius#ch 7#aeii-afga71 who was secretary to the ,german ,embassy that traveled in ,turkey in #afcc-cf1 tells of the great diversions made in ,persian coffee houses by their poets and historians1 who are seated in a high chair from whence they make speeches and tell satirical stories1 playing in the meantime with a little stick and using the same gestures as our jugglers and legerdemain men do in ,england4 ,at court conferences conspicuous among the shah's retinue were always to be seen the kahvedjibachi1 or coffee-pourers4 ,early ,coffee ,manners and ,customs ,karstens ,niebuhr#ci 7#agcc-ahae71 the ,hanoverian traveler1 furnishes the following description of the early ,arabian1 ,syrian1 and ,egyptian coffee houses3 ,they are commonly large halls1 having their floors spread with mats1 and illuminated at night by a multitude of lamps4 ,being the only theaters for the exercise of profane eloquence1 poor scholars attend here to amuse the people4 ,select portions are read1 e4g4 the adventures of ,rustan ,sal1 a ,persian hero4 ,some aspire to the praise of invention1 and compose tales and fables4 ,they walk up and down as they recite1 or assuming oratorial consequence1 harangue upon subjects chosen by themselves4 ,in one coffee house at ,damascus an orator was regularly hired to tell his stories at a fixed hour2 in other cases he was more directly dependant upon the taste of his hearers1 as at the conclusion of his discourse1 whether it had consisted of literary topics or of loose and idle tales1 he looked to the audience for a voluntary contribution4 ,at ,aleppo1 again1 there was a man with a soul above the common1 who1 being a person of distinction1 and one that studied merely for his own pleasure1 had yet gone the round of all the coffee houses in the city to pronounce moral harangues4 ,in some coffee houses there were singers and dancers1 as before1 and many came to listen to the marvelous tales1 of the ,thousand and ,one ,nights4 ,in ,oriental countries it was once the custom to offer a cup of bad coffee1 i4e41 coffee containing poison1 to those functionaries or other persons who had proven themselves embarrassing to the authorities4 ,while coffee drinking started as a private religious function1 it was not long after its introduction by the coffee houses that it became secularized still more in the homes of the people1 although for centuries it retained a certain religious significance4 ,galland says that in ,constantinople1 at the time of his visit to the city1 there was no house1 rich or poor1 ,turk or ,jew1 ,greek or ,armenian1 where it was not drunk at least twice a day1 and many drank it oftener1 for it became a custom in every house to offer it to all visitors2 and it was considered an incivility to refuse it4 ,twenty dishes a day1 per person1 was not an uncommon average4 ,galland observes that as much money must be spent in the private families of ,constantinople for coffee as for wine at ,paris1 and relates that it is as common for beggars to ask for money to buy coffee1 as it is in ,europe to ask for money to buy wine or beer4 ,at this time to refuse or to neglect to give coffee to their wives was a legitimate cause for divorce among the ,turks4 ,the men made promise when marrying never to let their wives be without coffee4 ,that1 says ,fulbert de ,monteith1 is perhaps more prudent than to swear fidelity4 ,another ,arabic manuscript by ,bichivili in the ,bibliothque ,nationale at ,paris furnishes us with this pen picture of the coffee ceremony as practised in ,constantinople in the sixteenth century3 ,in all the great men's houses1 there are servants whose business it is only to take care of the coffee2 and the head officer among them1 or he who has the inspection over all the rest1 has an apartment allowed him near the hall which is destined for the reception of visitors4 ,the ,turks call this officer ,kavveghi1 that is1 ,overseer or ,steward of the ,coffee4 ,in the harem or ladies' apartment in the seraglio1 there are a great many such officers1 each having forty or fifty ,baltagis under them1 who1 after they have served a certain time in these coffee-houses1 are sure to be well provided for1 either by an advantageous post1 or a sufficient quantity of land4 ,in the houses of persons of quality likewise1 there are pages1 called ,itchoglans1 who receive the coffee from the stewards1 and present it to the company with surprising dexterity and address1 as soon as the master of the family makes a sign for that purpose1 which is all the language they ever speak to them4444 ,the coffee is served on salvers without feet1 made commonly of painted or varnished wood1 and sometimes of silver4 ,they hold from #ae to #bj china dishes each2 and such as can afford it have these dishes half set in silver 444 the dish may be easily held with the thumb below and two fingers on the upper edge4 ,illustration3 ,,serving ,,coffee ,,to ,a ,,guest4--,,after ,a ,,drawing ,,in ,,an ,,early ,,edition ,,of ,,arabian ,,nights ,in his ,relation of a ,journey to ,constantinople in #afeg1 ,nicholas ,rolamb1 the ,swedish traveler and envoy to the ,ottoman ,porte1 gives us this early glimpse of coffee in the home life of the ,turks3#dj ,this coffee is a kind of pea that grows in ,egypt1 which the ,turks pound and boil in water1 and take it for pleasure instead of brandy1 sipping it through the lips boiling hot1 persuading themselves that it consumes catarrhs1 and prevents the rising of vapours out of the stomach into the head4 ,the drinking of this coffee and smoking tobacco 7for tho' the use of tobacco is forbidden on pain of death1 yet it is used in ,constantinople more than any where by men as well as women1 tho' secretly7 makes up all the pastime among the ,turks1 and is the only thing they treat one another with2 for which reason all people of distinction have a particular room next their own1 built on purpose for it1 where there stands a jar of coffee continually boiling4 ,it is curious to note that among several misconceptions that were held by some of the peoples of the ,levant was one that coffee was a promoter of impotence1 although a ,persian version of the ,angel ,gabriel legend says that ,gabriel invented it to restore the ,prophet's failing metabolism4 ,often in ,turkish and ,arabian literature1 however1 we meet with the suggestion that coffee drinking makes for sterility and barrenness1 a notion that modern medicine has exploded2 for now we know that coffee stimulates the racial instinct1 for which tobacco is a sedative4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,printed ,,reference ,,to ,,coffee1 ,,as ,,it ,,appears ,,in ,,rauwolf',s ,,work1 #aehb ,,chapter ,,iv ,,introduction ,,of ,,coffee ,,into ,,western ,,europe ,when the three great temperance beverages1 cocoa1 tea1 and coffee1 came to ,europe--,coffee first mentioned by ,rauwolf in #aehb--;,early days of coffee in ,italy--,how ,pope ,clement ,,viii baptized it and made it a truly ,christian beverage--,the first ,european coffee house1 in ,venice1 #afde--,the famous ,caff ,florian--,other celebrated ,venetian coffee houses of the eighteenth century--,the romantic story of ,pedrocchi1 the poor lemonade-vender1 who built the most beautiful coffee house in the world ,of the world's three great temperance beverages1 cocoa1 tea1 and coffee1 cocoa was the first to be introduced into ,europe1 in #aebh1 by the ,spanish4 ,it was nearly a century later1 in #afaj1 that the ,dutch brought tea to ,europe4 ,venetian traders introduced coffee into ,europe in #afae4 ,europe's first knowledge of coffee was brought by travelers returning from the ,far ,east and the ,levant4 ,leonhard ,rauwolf started on his famous journey into the ,eastern countries from ,marseilles in ,september1 #aegc1 having left his home in ,augsburg1 the #ahth of the preceding ,may4 ,he reached ,aleppo in ,november1 #aegc2 and returned to ,augsburg1 ,february #ab1 #aegf4 ,he was the first ,european to mention coffee2 and to him also belongs the honor of being the first to refer to the beverage in print4 ,rauwolf was not only a doctor of medicine and a botanist of great renown1 but also official physician to the town of ,augsburg4 ,when he spoke1 it was as one having authority4 ,the first printed reference to coffee appears as chaube in chapter viii of ,rauwolf's ,travels1 which deals with the manners and customs of the city of ,aleppo4 ,the exact passage is reproduced herewith as it appears in the original ,german edition of ,rauwolf published at ,frankfort and ,lauingen in #aehb-hc4 ,the translation is as follows3 ,if you have a mind to eat something or to drink other liquors1 there is commonly an open shop near it1 where you sit down upon the ground or carpets and drink together4 ,among the rest they have a very good drink1 by them called ,chaube coffee that is almost as black as ink1 and very good in illness1 chiefly that of the stomach2 of this they drink in the morning early in open places before everybody1 without any fear or regard1 out of ,china cups1 as hot as they can2 they put it often to their lips but drink but little at a time1 and let it go round as they sit4 ,in this same water they take a fruit called ,bunnu which in its bigness1 shape and color is almost like unto a bayberry1 with two thin shells surrounded1 which1 as they informed me1 are brought from the ,indies2 but as these in themselves are1 and have within them1 two yellowish grains in two distinct cells1 and besides1 being they agree in their virtue1 figure1 looks1 and name with the ,bunchum of ,avicenna1 and ,bunca1 of ,rasis ad ,almans exactly2 therefore ,i take them to be the same1 until ,i am better informed by the learned4 ,this liquor is very common among them1 wherefore there are a great many of them that sell it1 and others that sell the berries1 everywhere in their ,batzars4 ,the ,early ,days of ,coffee in ,italy ,it is not easy to determine just when the use of coffee spread from ,constantinople to the western parts of ,europe2 but it is more than likely that the ,venetians1 because of their close proximity to1 and their great trade with1 the ,levant1 were the first acquainted with it4 ,prospero ,alpini 7,alpinus2 #aeec-afag71 a learned physician and botanist of ,padua1 journeyed to ,egypt in #aehj1 and brought back news of coffee4 ,he was the first to print a description of the coffee plant and drink in his treatise ,the ,plants of ,egypt1 written in ,latin1 and published in ,venice1 #aeib4 ,he says3 ,i have seen this tree at ,cairo1 it being the same tree that produces the fruit1 so common in ,egypt1 to which they give the name bon or ban4 ,the ,arabians and the ,egyptians make a sort of decoction of it1 which they drink instead of wine2 and it is sold in all their public houses1 as wine is with us4 ,they call this drink caova4 ,the fruit of which they make it comes from ,arabia the ,happy1 and the tree that ,i saw looks like a spindle tree1 but the leaves are thicker1 tougher1 and greener4 ,the tree is never without leaves4 ,alpini makes note of the medicinal qualities attributed to the drink by dwellers in the ,orient1 and many of these were soon incorporated into ,europe's materia medica4 ,johann ,vesling 7,veslingius2 #aeih-afdi71 a ,german botanist and traveler1 settled in ,venice1 where he became known as a learned ,italian physician4 ,he edited 7#afdj7 a new edition of ,alpini's work2 but earlier 7#afch7 published some comments on ,alpini's findings1 in the course of which he distinguished certain qualities found in a drink made from the husks 7skins7 of the coffee berries from those found in the liquor made from the beans themselves1 which he calls the stones of the coffee fruit4 ,he says3 ,not only in ,egypt is coffee in much request1 but in almost all the other provinces of the ,turkish ,empire4 ,whence it comes to pass that it is dear even in the ,levant and scarce among the ,europeans1 who by that means are deprived of a very wholesome liquor4 ,from this we may conclude that coffee was not wholly unknown in ,europe at that time4 ,vesling adds that when he visited ,cairo1 he found there two or three thousand coffee houses1 and that some did begin to put sugar in their coffee to correct the bitterness of it1 and others made sugar-plums of the berries4 ,coffee ,baptized by the ,pope ,shortly after coffee reached ,rome1 according to a much quoted legend1 it was again threatened with religious fanaticism1 which almost caused its excommunication from ,christendom4 ,it is related that certain priests appealed to ,pope ,clement ,,viii 7#aece-afje7 to have its use forbidden among ,christians1 denouncing it as an invention of ,satan4 ,they claimed that the ,evil ,one1 having forbidden his followers1 the infidel ,moslems1 the use of wine--no doubt because it was sanctified by ,christ and used in the ,holy ,communion--had given them as a substitute this hellish black brew of his which they called coffee4 ,for ,christians to drink it was to risk falling into a trap set by ,satan for their souls4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,eighteenth ,,century ,,italian ,,coffee ,,house ,after ,goldoni1 by ,zatta ,it is further related that the pope1 made curious1 desired to inspect this ,devil's drink1 and had some brought to him4 ,the aroma of it was so pleasant and inviting that the pope was tempted to try a cupful4 ,after drinking it1 he exclaimed1 ,why1 this ,satan's drink is so delicious that it would be a pity to let the infidels have exclusive use of it4 ,we shall fool ,satan by baptizing it1 and making it a truly ,christian beverage4 ,thus1 whatever harmfulness its opponents try to attribute to coffee1 the fact remains 7if we are to credit the story7 that it has been baptized and proclaimed unharmful1 and a truly ,christian beverage1 by his holiness the pope4 ,the ,venetians had further knowledge of coffee in #aehe1 when ,gianfrancesco ,morosini1 city magistrate at ,constantinople1 reported to the ,senate that the ,turks drink a black water as hot as they can suffer it1 which is the infusion of a bean called cavee1 which is said to possess the virtue of stimulating mankind4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,couguet1 in an ,italian review1 asserts that ,europe's first cup of coffee was sipped in ,venice1 toward the close of the sixteenth century4 ,he is of the opinion that the first berries were imported by ,mocengio1 who was called the pevere1 because he made a huge fortune trading in spices and other specialties of the ,orient4 ,in #afae ,pierre 7,pietro7 ,delia ,valle 7#aehf-afeb71 the well known ,italian traveler and author of ,travels in ,india and ,persia1 wrote a letter from ,constantinople to his friend ,mario ,schipano at ,venice3 ,the ,turks have a drink of black color1 which during the summer is very cooling1 whereas in the winter it heats and warms the body1 remaining always the same beverage and not changing its substance4 ,they swallow it hot as it comes from the fire and they drink it in long draughts1 not at dinner time1 but as a kind of dainty and sipped slowly while talking with one's friends4 ,one cannot find any meetings among them where they drink it not4444 ,with this drink1 which they call cahue1 they divert themselves in their conversations4444 ,it is made with the grain or fruit of a certain tree called cahue4444 ,when ,i return ,i will bring some with me and ,i will impart the knowledge to the ,italians4 ,illustration3 ,,nobility ,,in ,,an ,,early ,,venetian ,,caff ,from the ,grevembroch collection in the ,museo ,civico ,della ,valle's countrymen1 however1 were in a fair way to become well acquainted with the beverage1 for already 7#afae7 it had been introduced into ,venice4 ,at first it was used largely for medicinal purposes2 and high prices were charged for it4 ,vesling says of its use in ,europe as a medicine1 the first step it made from the cabinets of the curious1 as an exotic seed1 being into the apothecaries' shops as a drug4 ,the first coffee house in ,italy is said to have been opened in #afde1 but convincing confirmation is lacking4 ,in the beginning1 the beverage was sold with other drinks by lemonade-venders4 ,the ,italian word aquacedratajo means one who sells lemonade and similar refreshments2 also one who sells coffee1 chocolate1 liquor1 etc4 ,jardin says the beverage was in general use throughout ,italy in #afde4 ,it is certain1 however1 that a coffee shop was opened in ,venice in #afhc under the ,procuratie ,nuove4 ,the famous ,caff ,florian was opened in ,venice by ,floriono ,francesconi in #agbj4 ,the first authoritative treatise devoted to coffee only appeared in #afga4 ,it was written in ,latin by ,antoine ,faustus ,nairon 7#afce-agjg71 ,maronite professor of the ,chaldean and ,syrian languages in the ,college of ,rome4 ,during the latter part of the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth1 the coffee house made great progress in ,italy4 ,it is interesting to note that this first ,european adaptation of the ,oriental coffee house was known as a caff4 ,the double f is retained by the ,italians to this day1 and by some writers is thought to have been taken from coffea1 without the double f being lost1 as in the case of the ,french and some other ,continental forms4 ,to ,italy1 then1 belongs the honor of having given to the ,western world the real coffee house1 although the ,french and ,austrians greatly improved upon it4 ,it was not long after its beginning that nearly every shop on the ,piazza di ,san ,marco in ,venice was a caff#da4 ,near the ,piazza was the ,caff della ,ponte dell' ,angelo1 where in #agib died the dog ,tabacchio1 celebrated by ,vincenzo ,formaleoni in a satirical eulogy that is a parody of the oration of ,ubaldo ,bregolini upon the death of ,angelo ,emo4 ,in the ,caff della ,spaderia1 kept by ,marco ,ancilloto1 some radicals proposed to open a reading-room to encourage the spread of liberal ideas4 ,the inquisitors sent a foot-soldier to notify the proprietor that he should inform the first person entering the room that he was to present himself before their tribunal4 ,the idea was thereupon abandoned4 ,illustration3 ,,goldoni ,,in ,a ,,venetian ,,caff ,from a painting by ,p4 ,longhi ,among other celebrated coffee houses was the one called ,menegazzo1 from the name of the rotund proprietor1 ,menico4 ,this place was much frequented by men of letters2 and heated discussions were common there between ,angelo ,maria ,barbaro1 ,lorenzo da ,ponte1 and others of their time4 ,the coffee house gradually became the common resort of all classes4 ,in the mornings came the merchants1 lawyers1 physicians1 brokers1 workers1 and wandering venders2 in the afternoons1 and until the late hours of the nights1 the leisure classes1 including the ladies4 ,for the most part1 the rooms of the first ,italian caff were low1 simple1 unadorned1 without windows1 and only poorly illuminated by tremulous and uncertain lights4 ,within them1 however1 joyous throngs passed to and fro1 clad in varicolored garments1 men and women chatting in groups here and there1 and always above the buzz there were to be heard such choice bits of scandal as made worthwhile a visit to the coffee house4 ,smaller rooms were devoted to gaming4 ,in the little square described by ,goldoni#db in his comedy ,the ,coffee ,house1 where the combined barber-shop and gambling house was located1 ,don ,marzio1 that marvelous type of slanderous old romancer1 is shown as one typical of the period1 for ,goldoni was a satirist4 ,the other characters of the play were also drawn from the types then to be seen every day in the coffee houses on the ,piazza4 ,in the square of ,st4 ,mark's1 in the eighteenth century1 under the ,procuratie ,vecchie1 were the caff ,re di ,francia1 ,abbondanza1 ,pitt1 l'eroe1 ,regina d',ungheria1 ,orfeo1 ,redentore1 ,coraggio-,speranza1 ,arco ,celeste1 and ,quadri4 ,the last-named was opened in #agge by ,giorgio ,quadri of ,corfu1 who served genuine ,turkish coffee for the first time in ,venice4 ,under the ,procuratie ,nuove were to be found the caff ,angelo ,custode1 ,duca di ,toscana1 ,buon genio-,doge1 ,imperatore ,imperatrice della ,russia1 ,tamerlano1 ,fontane di ,diana1 ,dame ,venete1 ,aurora ,piante d'oro1 ,arabo-,piastrelle1 ,pace1 ,venezia trionfante1 and ,florian4 ,probably no coffee house in ,europe has acquired so world-wide a celebrity as that kept by ,florian1 the friend of ,canova the sculptor1 and the trusted agent and acquaintance of hundreds of persons in and out of the city1 who found him a mine of social information and a convenient city directory4 ,persons leaving ,venice left their cards and itineraries with him2 and new-comers inquired at ,florian's for tidings of those whom they wished to see4 ,he long concentrated in himself a knowledge more varied and multifarious than that possessed by any individual before or since1 says ,hazlitt#dc1 who has given us this delightful pen picture of caff life in ,venice in the eighteenth century3 ,venetian coffee was said to surpass all others1 and the article placed before his visitors by ,florian was the best in ,venice4 ,of some of the establishments as they then existed1 ,molmenti has supplied us with illustrations1 in one of which ,goldoni the dramatist is represented as a visitor1 and a female mendicant is soliciting alms4 ,so cordial was the esteem of the great sculptor ,canova for him1 that when ,florian was overtaken by gout1 he made a model of his leg1 that the poor fellow might be spared the anguish of fitting himself with boots4 ,the friendship had begun when ,canova was entering on his career1 and he never forgot the substantial services which had been rendered to him in the hour of need4 ,in later days1 the ,caff ,florian was under the superintendence of a female chef1 and the waitresses used1 in the case of certain visitors1 to fasten a flower in the button-hole1 perhaps allusively to the name4 ,in the ,piazza itself girls would do the same thing4 ,a good deal of hospitality is1 and has ever been1 dispensed at ,venice in the cafs and restaurants1 which do service for the domestic hearth4 ,there were many other establishments devoted1 more especially in the latest period of ,venetian independence1 to the requirements of those who desired such resorts for purposes of conversation and gossip4 ,these houses were frequented by various classes of patrons--the patrician1 the politician1 the soldier1 the artist1 the old and the young--all had their special haunts where the company and the tariff were in accordance with the guests4 ,the upper circles of male society--all above the actually poor--gravitated hither to a man4 ,for the ,venetian of all ranks the coffee house was almost the last place visited on departure from the city1 and the first visited on his return4 ,his domicile was the residence of his wife and the repository of his possessions2 but only on exceptional occasions was it the scene of domestic hospitality1 and rare were the instances when the husband and wife might be seen abroad together1 and when the former would invite the lady to enter a caf or a confectioner's shop to partake of an ice4 ,illustration3 ,,florian',s ,,famous ,,caff ,,in ,,the ,,piazza ,,di ,,san ,,marco1 ,,venice1 ,,nineteenth ,,century ,the ,caff ,florian has undergone many changes1 but it still survives as one of the favorite caff in the ,piazza ,san ,marco4 ,by #agge coffee-house history had begun to repeat itself in ,venice4 ,charges of immorality1 vice1 and corruption1 were preferred against the caff2 and the ,council of ,ten in #agge1 and again in #aggf1 directed the ,inquisitors of ,state to eradicate these social cankers4 ,however1 they survived all attempts of the reformers to suppress them4 ,the ,caff ,pedrocchi in ,padua was another of the early ,italian coffee houses that became famous4 ,antonio ,pedrocchi 7#aggf-aheb7 was a lemonade-vender who1 in the hope of attracting the gay youth1 the students of his time1 bought an old house with the idea of converting the ground floor into a series of attractive rooms4 ,he put all his ready money and all he could borrow into the venture1 only to find there were no cellars1 indispensable for making ices and beverages on the premises1 and that the walls and floors were so old that they crumbled when repairs were started4 ,he was in despair2 but1 nothing daunted1 he decided to have a cellar dug4 ,what was his surprise to find the house was built over the vault of an old church1 and that the vault contained considerable treasure4 ,the lucky proprietor found himself free to continue his trade of lemonade-vender and coffee-seller1 or to live a life of ease4 ,being a wise man1 he adhered to his original plan2 and soon his luxurious rooms became the favorite rendezvous for the smart set of his day4 ,in this period lemonade and coffee frequently went together4 ,the ,caff ,pedrocchi is considered one of the finest pieces of architecture erected in ,italy in the nineteenth century4 ,it was begun in #ahaf1 opened in #ahca1 and completed in #ahdb4 ,coffee houses were early established in other ,italian cities1 particularly in ,rome1 ,florence1 and ,genoa4 ,in #agfd1 ,il ,caff1 a purely philosophical and literary periodical1 made its appearance in ,milan1 being founded by ,count ,pietro ,verri 7#agbh-ig74 ,its chief editor was ,cesare ,beccaria4 ,its object was to counteract the influence and superficiality of the ,arcadians4 ,it acquired its title from the fact that ,count ,verri and his friends were wont to meet at a coffee house in ,milan kept by a ,greek named ,demetrio4 ,it lived only two years4 ,other periodicals of the same name appeared at later periods4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,beginnings ,,of ,,coffee ,,in ,,france ,what ,french travelers did for coffee--,the introduction of coffee by ,p4 de la ,roque into ,marseilles in #afdd--,the first commercial importation of coffee from ,egypt--,the first ,french coffee house--,failure of the attempt by physicians of ,marseilles to discredit coffee--,soliman ,aga introduces coffee into ,paris--,cabarets caff--,celebrated works on coffee by ,french writers ,we are indebted to three great ,french travelers for much valuable knowledge about coffee2 and these gallant gentlemen first fired the imagination of the ,french people in regard to the beverage that was destined to play so important a part in the ,french revolution4 ,they are ,tavernier 7#afje-hi71 ,thvenot 7#afcc-fg71 and ,bernier 7#afbe-hh74 ,then there is ,jean ,la ,roque 7#affa-agde71 who made a famous ,voyage to ,arabia the ,happy 7,voyage de l',arabie ,heureuse7 in #agjh-ac and to whose father1 ,p4 de la ,roque1 is due the honor of having brought the first coffee into ,france in #afdd4 ,also1 there is ,antoine ,galland 7#afdf-agae71 the ,french ,orientalist1 first translator of the ,arabian ,nights and antiquary to the king1 who1 in #afii1 published an analysis and translation from the ,arabic of the ,abd-al-,kdir manuscript 7#aehg71 giving the first authentic account of the origin of coffee4 ,probably the earliest reference to coffee in ,france is to be found in the simple statement that ,onorio ,belli 7,bellus71 the ,italian botanist and author1 in #aeif sent to ,charles de l'cluse 7#aebf-afji71 a ,french physician1 botanist and traveler1 seeds used by the ,egyptians to make a liquid they call cave4#dd ,p4 de la ,roque accompanied ,m4 de la ,haye1 the ,french ambassador1 to ,constantinople2 and afterward traveled into the ,levant4 ,upon his return to ,marseilles in #afdd1 he brought with him not only some coffee1 but all the little implements used about it in ,turkey1 which were then looked upon as great curiosities in ,france4 ,there were included in the coffee service some findjans1 or china dishes1 and small pieces of muslin embroidered with gold1 silver1 and silk1 which the ,turks used as napkins4 ,jean ,la ,roque gives credit to ,jean de ,thvenot for introducing coffee privately into ,paris in #afeg1 and for teaching the ,french how to use coffee4 ,de ,thvenot writes in this entertaining fashion concerning the use of the drink in ,turkey in the middle of the seventeenth century3 ,they have another drink in ordinary use4 ,they call it cahve and take it all hours of the day4 ,this drink is made from a berry roasted in a pan or other utensil over the fire4 ,they pound it into a very fine powder4 ,when they wish to drink it1 they take a boiler made expressly for the purpose1 which they call an ibrik2 and having filled it with water1 they let it boil4 ,when it boils1 they add to about three cups of water a heaping spoonful of the powder2 and when it boils1 they remove it quickly from the fire1 or sometimes they stir it1 otherwise it would boil over1 as it rises very quickly4 ,when it has boiled up thus ten or twelve times1 they pour it into porcelain cups1 which they place upon a platter of painted wood and bring it to you thus boiling4 ,one must drink it hot1 but in several instalments1 otherwise it is not good4 ,one takes it in little swallows#de for fear of burning one's self--in such fashion that in a cavekane 7so they call the places where it is sold ready prepared71 one hears a pleasant little musical sucking sound4444 ,there are some who mix with it a small quantity of cloves and cardamom seeds2 others add sugar4 ,illustration3 ,,title ,,page ,,of ,,la ,,roque',s ,,work1 #agaf ,it was really out of curiosity that the people of ,france took to coffee1 says ,jardin2 they wanted to know this ,oriental beverage1 so much vaunted1 although its blackness at first sight was far from attractive4 ,about the year #affj several merchants of ,marseilles1 who had lived for a time in the ,levant and felt they were not able to do without coffee1 brought some coffee beans home with them2 and later1 a group of apothecaries and other merchants brought in the first commercial importation of coffee in bales from ,egypt4 ,the ,lyons merchants soon followed suit1 and the use of coffee became general in those parts4 ,in #afga certain private persons opened a coffee house in ,marseilles1 near the ,exchange1 which at once became popular with merchants and travelers4 ,others started up1 and all were crowded4 ,the people did not1 however1 drink any the less at home4 ,in fine1 says ,la ,roque1 the use of the beverage increased so amazingly that1 as was inevitable1 the physicians became alarmed1 thinking it would not agree with the inhabitants of a country hot and extremely dry4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,coffee ,,tree ,,as ,,pictured ,,by ,,la ,,roque ,,in ,,his ,,voyage ,,de ,l',,arabie ,,heureuse ,the age-old controversy was on4 ,some sided with the physicians1 others opposed them1 as at ,mecca1 ,cairo1 and ,constantinople2 only here the argument turned mainly on the medicinal question1 the ,church this time having no part in the dispute4 ,the lovers of coffee used the physicians very ill when they met together1 and the physicians on their side threatened the coffee drinkers with all sorts of diseases4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,close-,,up ,,of ,,ripe ,,coffee ,,berries ,matters came to a head in #afgi1 when an ingenious attempt by the physicians of ,marseilles to discredit coffee took the form of having a young student1 about to be admitted to the ,college of ,physicians1 dispute before the magistrate in the town hall1 a question proposed by two physicians of the ,faculty of ,aix1 as to whether coffee was or was not prejudicial to the inhabitants of ,marseilles4 ,the thesis recited that coffee had won the approval of all nations1 had almost wholly put down the use of wine1 although it was not to be compared even with the lees of that excellent beverage2 that it was a vile and worthless foreign novelty2 that its claim to be a remedy against distempers was ridiculous1 because it was not a bean but the fruit of a tree discovered by goats and camels2 that it was hot and not cold1 as alleged2 that it burned up the blood1 and so induced palsies1 impotence1 and leanness2 from all of which we must necessarily conclude that coffee is hurtful to the greater part of the inhabitants of ,marseilles4 ,thus did the good doctors of the ,faculty of ,aix set forth their prejudices1 and this was their final decision upon coffee4 ,many thought they overreached themselves in their misguided zeal4 ,they were handled somewhat roughly in the disputation1 which disclosed many false reasonings1 to say nothing of blunders as to matters of fact4 ,the world had already advanced too far to have another decision against coffee count for much1 and this latest effort to stop its onward march was of even less force than the diatribes of the ,mohammedan priests4 ,the coffee houses continued to be as much frequented as before1 and the people drank no less coffee in their homes4 ,indeed1 the indictment proved a boomerang1 for consumption received such an impetus that the merchants of ,lyons and ,marseilles1 for the first time in history1 began to import green coffee from the ,levant by the ship-load in order to meet the increased demand4 ,meanwhile1 in #affi1 ,soliman ,aga1 the ,turkish ambassador from ,mohammed ,,iv to the court of ,louis ,,xiv1 had arrived in ,paris4 ,he brought with him a considerable quantity of coffee1 and introduced the coffee drink1 made in ,turkish style1 to the ,french capital4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,coffee ,,branch ,,with ,,flowers ,,and ,,fruit ,,as ,,illustrated ,,in ,,la ,,roque',s ,,voyage ,,de ,l',,arabie ,,heureuse ,the ambassador remained in ,paris only from ,july1 #affi1 to ,may1 #afgj1 but long enough firmly to establish the custom he had introduced4 ,two years later1 ,pascal1 an ,armenian1 opened his coffee-drinking booth at the fair of ,st4-,germain1 and this event marked the beginning of the ,parisian coffee houses4 ,the story is told in detail in chapter ,,xi4 ,the custom of drinking coffee having become general in the capital1 as well as in ,marseilles and ,lyons1 the example was followed in all the provinces4 ,every city soon had its coffee houses1 and the beverage was largely consumed in private homes4 ,la ,roque writes3 ,none1 from the meanest citizen to the persons of the highest quality1 failed to use it every morning or at least soon after dinner1 it being the custom likewise to offer it in all visits4 ,the persons of highest quality encouraged the fashion of having cabarts caff2 and soon it was said that there could be seen in ,france all that the ,east could furnish of magnificence in coffee houses1 the china jars and other ,indian furniture being richer and more valuable than the gold and silver with which they were lavishly adorned4 ,in #afga there appeared in ,lyons a book entitled ,the ,most ,excellent ,virtues of the ,mulberry1 ,called ,coffee1 showing the need for an authoritative work on the subject--a need that was ably filled that same year and in ,lyons by the publication of ,philippe ,sylvestre ,dufour's admirable treatise1 ,concerning the ,use of ,coffee1 ,tea1 and ,chocolate4 ,again at ,lyons1 ,dufour published 7#afhd7 his more complete work on ,the ,manner of ,making ,coffee1 ,tea1 and ,chocolate4 ,this was followed 7#agae7 by the publication in ,paris of ,jean ,la ,roque's ,voyage de l',arabie ,heureuse1 containing the story of the author's journey to the court of the king of ,yemen in #agaa1 a description of the coffee tree and its fruit1 and a critical and historical treatise on its first use and introduction to ,france4 ,la ,roque's description of his visit to the king's gardens is interesting because it shows the ,arabs still held to the belief that coffee grew only in ,arabia4 ,here it is3 ,there was nothing remarkable in the ,king's ,gardens1 except the great pains taken to furnish it with all the kinds of trees that are common in the country2 amongst which there were the coffee trees1 the finest that could be had4 ,when the deputies represented to the ,king how much that was contrary to the custom of the ,princes of ,europe 7who endeavor to stock their gardens chiefly with the rarest and most uncommon plants that can be found7 the ,king returned them this answer3 ,that he valued himself as much upon his good taste and generosity as any ,prince in ,europe2 the coffee tree1 he told them1 was indeed common in his country1 but it was not the less dear to him upon that account2 the perpetual verdure of it pleased him extremely2 and also the thoughts of its producing a fruit which was nowhere else to be met with2 and when he made a present of that that came from his own ,gardens1 it was a great satisfaction to him to be able to say that he had planted the trees that produced it with his own hands4 ,the first merchant licensed to sell coffee in ,france was one ,damame ,franois1 a bourgeois of ,paris1 who secured the privilege through an edict of #afib4 ,he was given the sole right for ten years to sell coffees and teas in all the provinces and towns of the kingdom1 and in all territories under the sovereignty of the king1 and received also authority to maintain a warehouse4 ,to ,santo ,domingo 7#agch7 and other ,french colonies the caf was soon transported from the homeland1 and thrived under special license from the king4 ,in #aheh there appeared in ,france a leaflet-periodical1 entitled ,the ,caf1 ,literary1 ,artistic1 and ,commercial4 ,ch4 ,woinez1 the editor1 said in announcing it3 ,the ,salon stood for privilege1 the ,caf stands for equality4 ,its publication was of short duration4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,introduction ,,of ,,coffee ,,into ,,england ,the first printed reference to coffee in ,english--,early mention of coffee by noted ,english travelers and writers--,the ,lacedmonian black broth controversy--,how ,conopios introduced coffee drinking at ,oxford--,the first ,english coffee house in ,oxford--,two ,english botanists on coffee ,english travelers and writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were quite as enterprising as their ,continental contemporaries in telling about the coffee bean and the coffee drink4 ,the first printed reference to coffee in ,english1 however1 appears as chaoua in a note by a ,dutchman1 ,paludanus1 in ,linschoten's ,travels1 the title of an ,english translation from the ,latin of a work first published in ,holland in #aeie or #aeif1 the ,english edition appearing in ,london in #aeih4 ,a reproduction made from a photograph of the original work1 with the quaint black-letter ,german text and the ,paludanus notation in roman1 is shown herewith4 ,hans ,hugo 7or ,john ,huygen7 ,van ,linschooten 7#aefc-afaa7 was one of the most intrepid of ,dutch travelers4 ,in his description of ,japanese manners and customs we find one of the earliest tea references4 ,he says3 ,their manner of eating and drinking is3 everie man hath a table alone1 without table-clothes or napkins1 and eateth with two pieces of wood like the men of ,chino3 they drinke wine of ,rice1 wherewith they drink themselves drunke1 and after their meat they use a certain drinke1 which is a pot with hote water1 which they drinke as hote as ever they may indure1 whether it be ,winter or ,summer4 ,just here ,bernard ,ten ,broeke ,paludanus 7#aeej-afcc71 ,dutch savant and author1 professor of philosophy at the ,university of ,leyden1 himself a traveler over the four quarters of the globe1 inserts his note containing the coffee reference4 ,he says3 ,the ,turks holde almost the same manner of drinking of their ,chaona#df1 which they make of certaine fruit1 which is like unto the ,bakelaer#dg1 and by the ,egyptians called ,bon or ,ban#dh3 they take of this fruite one pound and a half1 and roast them a little in the fire and then sieth them in twenty pounds of water1 till the half be consumed away3 this drinke they take every morning fasting in their chambers1 out of an earthen pot1 being verie hote1 as we doe here drinke aquacomposita#di in the morning3 and they say that it strengtheneth and maketh them warme1 breaketh wind1 and openeth any stopping4 ,van ,linschooten then completes his tea reference by saying3 ,the manner of dressing their meat is altogether contrarie unto other nations3 the aforesaid warme water is made with the powder of a certaine hearbe called ,chaa1 which is much esteemed1 and is well accounted among them4 ,the chaa is1 of course1 tea1 dialect t'eh4 ,in #aeii1 ,sir ,antony 7or ,anthony7 ,sherley 7#aefe-afcj71 a picturesque gentleman-adventurer1 the first ,englishman to mention coffee drinking in the ,orient1 sailed from ,venice on a kind of self-appointed1 informal ,persian mission1 to invite the shah to ally himself with the ,christian princes against the ,turks1 and incidentally1 to promote ,english trade interests in the ,east4 ,the ,english government knew nothing of the arrangement1 disavowed him1 and forbade his return to ,england4 ,however1 the expedition got to ,persia2 and the account of the voyage thither was written by ,william ,parry1 one of the ,sherley party1 and was published in ,london in #afja4 ,it is interesting because it contains the first printed reference to coffee in ,english employing the more modern form of the word4 ,the original reference was photographed for this work in the ,worth ,library of the ,british ,museum1 and is reproduced herewith on page #ci4 ,the passage is part of an account of the manners and customs of the ,turks 7who1 ,parry says1 are damned infidells7 in ,aleppo4 ,it reads3 ,they sit at their meat 7which is served to them upon the ground7 as ,tailers sit upon their stalls1 crosse-legd2 for the most part1 passing the day in banqueting and carowsing1 untill they surfet1 drinking a certaine liquor1 which they do call ,coffe1 which is made of seede much like mustard seede1 which will soone intoxicate the braine like our ,metheglin4#ej ,another early ,english reference to coffee1 wherein the word is spelled coffa1 is in ,captain ,john ,smith's book of ,travels and ,adventure1 published in #afjc4 ,he says of the ,turks3 ,their best drink is coffa of a graine they call coava4 ,this is the same ,captain ,john ,smith who in #afjg became the founder of the ,colony of ,virginia and brought with him to ,america probably the earliest knowledge of the beverage given to the new ,western world4 ,samuel ,purchas 7#aebg-afbf71 an early ,english collector of travels1 in ,purchas ,his ,pilgrimes1 under the head of ,observations of ,william ,finch1 merchant1 at ,socotra 7,sokotra--an island in the ,indian ,ocean7 in #afjg1 says of the ,arab inhabitants3 ,their best entertainment is a china dish of ,coho1 a blacke bitterish drinke1 made of a berry like a bayberry1 brought from ,mecca1 supped off hot1 good for the head and stomache4#ea ,still other early and favorite ,english references to coffee are those to be found in the ,travels of ,william ,biddulph4 ,this work was published in #afji4 ,it is entitled ,the ,travels of ,certayne ,englishmen in ,africa1 ,asia1 etc4444 ,begunne in #afjj and by some of them finished--this yeere #afjh4 ,these references are also reproduced herewith from the black-letter originals in the ,british ,museum 7see page #dj74 ,biddulph's description of the drink1 and of the coffee-house customs of the ,turks1 was the first detailed account to be written by an ,englishman4 ,it also appears in ,purchas ,his ,pilgrimes 7#afbe74 ,but1 to quote3 ,their most common drinke is ,coffa1 which is a blacke kinde of drinke1 made of a kind of ,pulse like ,pease1 called ,coaua2 which being grownd in the ,mill1 and boiled in water1 they drinke it as hot as they can suffer it2 which they finde to agree very well with them against their crudities1 and feeding on hearbs and rawe meates4 ,other compounded drinkes they have1 called ,sherbet1 made of ,water and ,sugar1 or ,hony1 with ,snow therein to make it coole2 for although the ,countrey bee hot1 yet they keepe ,snow all the yeere long to coole their drinke4 ,it is accounted a great curtesie amongst them to give unto their frends when they come to visit them1 a ,fin-ion or ,scudella of ,coffa1 which is more holesome than toothsome1 for it causeth good concoction1 and driveth away drowsinesse4 ,some of them will also drinke ,bersh or ,opium1 which maketh them forget themselves1 and talk idely of ,castles in the ,ayre1 as though they saw ,visions1 and heard ,revelations4 ,their ,coffa houses are more common than ,ale-houses in ,england2 but they use not so much to sit in the houses1 as on benches on both sides the streets1 neere unto a ,coffa house1 every man with his ,fin-ionful2 which being smoking hot1 they use to put it to their ,noses ,eares1 and then sup it off by leasure1 being full of idle and ,ale-house talke whiles they are amongst themselves drinking it2 if there be any news1 it is talked of there4 ,among other early ,english references to coffee we find an interesting one by ,sir ,george ,sandys 7#aegg-afdd71 the poet1 who gave a start to classical scholarship in ,america by translating ,ovid's ,metamorphoses during his pioneer days in ,virginia4 ,in #afaj he spent a year in ,turkey1 ,egypt1 and ,palestine1 and records of the ,turks3#eb ,although they be destitute of ,taverns1 yet have they their ,coffa-houses1 which something resemble them4 ,there sit they chatting most of the day2 and sippe of a drinke called ,coffa 7of the berry that it is made of7 in little ,china dishes as hot as they can suffer it3 blacke as soote1 and tasting not much unlike it 7why not that blacke broth which was in use amongst the ,lacedemonians87 which helpeth1 as they say1 digestion1 and procureth alacrity3 many of the ,coffa-men keeping beautifull boyes1 who serve as stales to procure them customers4 ,edward ,terry 7#aeij-affj71 an ,english traveler1 writes1 under date of #afaf1 that many of the best people in ,india who are strict in their religion and drink no wine at all1 use a liquor more wholesome than pleasant1 they call coffee2 made by a black ,seed boyld in water1 which turnes it almost into the same colour1 but doth very little alter the taste of the water 61 notwithstanding it is very good to help ,digestion1 to quicken the ,spirits and to cleanse the ,blood4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,printed ,,reference ,,to ,,coffee ,,in ,,english1 #aeih ,it appears as ,chaona 7chaoua7 in the second line of the roman text notation by ,paludanus ,in #afbc1 ,francis ,bacon 7#aefa-afbf71 in his ,historia ,vitae et ,mortis says3 ,the ,turkes use a kind of herb which they call caphe2 and1 in #afbd1 in his ,sylva ,sylvarum#ec 7published in #afbg1 after his death71 he writes3 ,they have in ,turkey a drink called coffa made of a berry of the same name1 as black as soot1 and of a strong scent1 but not aromatical2 which they take1 beaten into powder1 in water1 as hot as they can drink it3 and they take it1 and sit at it in their coffa-houses1 which are like our taverns4 ,this drink comforteth the brain and heart1 and helpeth digestion4 ,certainly this berry coffa1 the root and leaf betel1 the leaf tobacco1 and the tear of poppy 7opium7 of which the ,turks are great takers 7supposing it expelleth all fear71 do all condense the spirits1 and make them strong and aleger4 ,but it seemeth they were taken after several manners2 for coffa and opium are taken down1 tobacco but in smoke1 and betel is but champed in the mouth with a little lime4 ,robert ,burton 7#aegg-afdj71 ,english philosopher and humorist1 in his ,anatomy of ,melancholy#ed writes in #afcb3 ,the ,turkes have a drinke called coffa 7for they use no wine71 so named of a berry as blacke as soot and as bitter 7like that blacke drinke which was in use amongst the ,lacedemonians and perhaps the same71 which they sip still of1 and sup as warme as they can suffer2 they spend much time in those coffa-houses1 which are somewhat like our ,ale-houses or ,taverns1 and there they sit1 chatting and drinking1 to drive away the time1 and to be merry together1 because they find1 by experience1 that kinde of drinke so used1 helpeth digestion and procureth alacrity4 ,later ,english scholars1 however1 found sufficient evidence in the works of ,arabian authors to assure their readers that coffee sometimes breeds melancholy1 causes headache1 and maketh lean much4 ,one of these1 ,dr4 ,pocoke1 7#afei3 see chapter ,,iii7 stated that1 he that would drink it for livelinesse sake1 and to discusse slothfulnesse 444 let him use much sweet meates with it1 and oyle of pistaccioes1 and butter4 ,some drink it with milk1 but it is an error1 and such as may bring in danger of the leprosy4 ,another writer observed that any ill effects caused by coffee1 unlike those of tea1 etc41 ceased when its use was discontinued4 ,in this connection it is interesting to note that in #aghe ,dr4 ,benjamin ,mosely1 physician to the ,chelsea ,hospital1 member of the ,college of ,physicians1 etc41 probably having in mind the popular idea that the ,arabic original of the word coffee meant force1 or vigor1 once expressed the hope that the coffee drink might return to popular favor in ,england as a cheap substitute for those enervating teas and beverages which produce the pernicious habit of dram-drinking4 ,about #afbh1 ,sir ,thomas ,herbert 7#afjf-afha71 ,english traveler and writer1 records among his observations on the ,persians that3 ,they drink above all the rest ,coho or ,copha3 by ,turk and ,arab called ,caphe and ,cahua3 a drink imitating that in the ,stigian lake1 black1 thick1 and bitter3 destrain'd from ,bunchy1 ,bunnu1 or ,bay berries2 wholesome1 they say1 if hot1 for it expels melancholy 444 but not so much regarded for those good properties1 as from a ,romance that it was invented and brew'd by ,gabriel 444 to restore the decayed radical ,moysture of kind hearted ,mahomet4#ee ,in #afcd1 ,sir ,henry ,blount 7#afjb-hb71 sometimes referred to as the father of the ,english coffee house1 made a journey on a ,venetian galley into the ,levant4 ,he was invited to drink cauphe in the presence of ,amurath ,,iv2 and later1 in ,egypt1 he tells of being served the beverage again in a porcelaine dish4 ,this is how he describes the drink in ,turkey3#ef ,they have another drink not good at meat1 called ,cauphe1 made of a ,berry as big as a small ,bean1 dried in a ,furnace1 and beat to ,pouder1 of a ,soot-colour1 in taste a little bitterish1 that they seeth and drink as hot as may be endured3 ,it is good all hours of the day1 but especially morning and evening1 when to that purpose1 they entertain themselves two or three hours in ,cauphe-houses1 which in all ,turkey abound more than ,inns and ,ale-houses with us2 it is thought to be the old black broth used so much by the ,lacedemonians1 and dryeth ill ,humours in the stomach1 comforteth the ,brain1 never causeth ,drunkenness or any other ,surfeit1 and is a harmless entertainment of good ,fellowship2 for there upon ,scaffolds half a yard high1 and covered with ,mats1 they sit ,cross-leg'd after the ,turkish manner1 many times two or three hundred together1 talking1 and likely with some poor musick passing up and down4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,printed ,,reference ,,to ,,coffee ,,in ,,english1 ,,in ,,its ,,modern ,,form1 #afja ,photographed from the black-letter original of ,w4 ,parry's book in the ,worth ,library of the ,british ,museum ,this reference to the ,lacedmonian black broth1 first by ,sandys1 then by ,burton1 again by ,blount1 and concurred in by ,james ,howell 7#aeie-afff71 the first historiographer royal1 gave rise to considerable controversy among ,englishmen of letters in later years4 ,it is1 of course1 a gratuitous speculation4 ,the black broth of the ,lacedmonians was pork1 cooked in blood and seasoned with salt and vinegar4#eg ,illustration3 ,,references ,,to ,,coffee ,,as ,,found ,,in ,,biddulph',s ,,travels #afji ,from the black-letter original in the ,british ,museum ,william ,harvey 7#aegh-afeg71 the famous ,english physician who discovered the circulation of the blood1 and his brother are reputed to have used coffee before coffee houses came into vogue in ,london--this must have been previous to #afeb4 ,i remember1 says ,aubrey#eh1 he was wont to drinke coffee2 which his brother ,eliab did1 before coffee houses were the fashion in ,london4 ,houghton1 in #agja1 speaks of the famous inventor of the circulation of the blood1 ,dr4 ,harvey1 who some say did frequently use it4 ,although it seems likely that coffee must have been introduced into ,england sometime during the first quarter of the seventeenth century1 with so many writers and travelers describing it1 and with so much trading going on between the merchants of the ,british ,isles and the ,orient1 yet the first reliable record we have of its advent is to be found in the ,diary and ,correspondence of ,john ,evelyn1 ,f4,r4,s4#ei1 under ,notes of #afcg1 where he says3 ,there came in my time to the college 7,baliol1 ,oxford7 one ,nathaniel ,conopios1 out of ,greece1 from ,cyrill1 the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 who1 returning many years after was made 7as ,i understand7 ,bishop of ,smyrna4 ,he was the first ,i ever saw drink coffee2 which custom came not into ,england till thirty years thereafter4 ,evelyn should have said thirteen years after2 for then it was that the first coffee house was opened 7#afej74 ,conopios was a native of ,crete1 trained in the ,greek church4 ,he became primore to ,cyrill1 ,patriarch of ,constantinople4 ,when ,cyrill was strangled by the vizier1 ,conopios fled to ,england to avoid a like barbarity4 ,he came with credentials to ,archbishop ,laud1 who allowed him maintenance in ,balliol ,college4 ,it was observed that while he continued in ,balliol ,college he made the drink for his own use called ,coffey1 and usually drank it every morning1 being the first1 as the antients of that ,house have informed me1 that was ever drank in ,oxon4#fj ,illustration3 ,,mol',s ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,exeter1 ,,england1 ,,now ,,worth',s ,,art ,,rooms ,in #afdj ,john ,parkinson 7#aefg-afej71 ,english botanist and herbalist1 published his ,theatrum ,botanicum#fa1 containing the first botanical description of the coffee plant in ,english1 referred to as ,arbor ,bon cum sua ,buna4 ,the ,turkes ,berry ,drinke4 ,his work being somewhat rare1 it may be of historical interest to quote the quaint description here3 ,alpinus1 in his ,booke of ,egiptian plants1 giveth us a description of this tree1 which as hee saith1 hee saw in the garden of a certain ,captaine of the ,ianissaries1 which was brought out of ,arabia felix and there planted as a rarity1 never seene growing in those places before4 ,the tree1 saith ,alpinus1 is somewhat like unto the ,evonymus ,pricketimber tree1 whose leaves were thicker1 harder1 and greener1 and always abiding greene on the tree2 the fruite is called ,buna and is somewhat bigger then an ,hazell ,nut and longer1 round also1 and pointed at the end1 furrowed also on both sides1 yet on one side more conspicuous than the other1 that it might be parted in two1 in each side whereof lyeth a small long white kernell1 flat on that side they joyne together1 covered with a yellowish skinne1 of an acid taste1 and somewhat bitter withall and contained in a thinne shell1 of a darkish ash-color2 with these berries generally in ,arabia and ,egipt1 and in other places of the ,turkes ,dominions1 they make a decoction or drinke1 which is in the stead of ,wine to them1 and generally sold in all their tappe houses1 called by the name of ,caova2 ,paludanus saith ,chaova1 and ,rauwolfius ,chaube4 ,this drinke hath many good physical properties therein2 for it strengthened a week stomacke1 helpeth digestion1 and the tumors and obstructions of the liver and spleene1 being drunke fasting for some time together4 ,in #afej1 a certain ,jew from ,lebanon1 in some accounts ,jacob or ,jacobs by name1 in others ,jobson#fb1 opened at the ,angel in the parish of ,st4 ,peter in the ,east1 ,oxford1 the earliest ,english coffee house and there it coffee was by some who delighted in noveltie1 drank4 ,chocolate was also sold at this first coffee house4 ,authorities differ1 but the confusion as to the name of the coffee-house keeper may have arisen from the fact that there were two--,jacobs1 who began in #afej2 and another1 ,cirques ,jobson1 a ,jewish ,jacobite1 who followed him in #afed4 ,the drink at once attained great favor among the students4 ,soon it was in such demand that about #afee a society of young students encouraged one ,arthur ,tillyard1 apothecary and ,royalist1 to sell coffey publickly in his house against ,all ,soules ,college4 ,it appears that a club composed of admirers of the young ,charles met at ,tillyard's and continued until after the ,restoration4 ,this ,oxford ,coffee ,club was the start of the ,royal ,society4 ,jacobs removed to ,old ,southhampton ,buildings1 ,london1 where he was in #afga4 ,meanwhile1 the first coffee house in ,london had been opened by ,pasqua ,rose in #afeb2 and1 as the remainder of the story of coffee's rise and fall in ,england centers around the coffee houses of old ,london1 we shall reserve it for a separate chapter4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,english ,,reference ,,to ,,coffee ,,by ,,sir ,,george ,,sandys ,from the seventh edition of ,sandys' ,travels1 ,london1 #afgc ,of course1 the coffee-house idea1 and the use of coffee in the home1 quickly spread to other cities in ,great ,britain2 but all the coffee houses were patterned after the ,london model4 ,mol's coffee house at ,exeter1 ,devonshire1 which is pictured on page #da1 was one of the first coffee houses established in ,england1 and may be regarded as typical of those that sprang up in the provinces4 ,it had previously been a noted club house2 and the old hall1 beautifully paneled with oak1 still displays the arms of noted members4 ,here ,sir ,walter ,raleigh and congenial friends regaled themselves with smoking tobacco4 ,this was one of the first places where tobacco was smoked in ,england4 ,it is now an art gallery4 ,when the ,bishop of ,berytus 7,beirut7 was on his way to ,cochin ,china in #afff1 he reported that the ,turks used coffee to correct the indisposition caused in the stomach by the bad water4 ,this drink1 he says1 imitates the effect of wine 444 has not an agreeable taste but rather bitter1 yet it is much used by these people for the good effects they find therein4 ,in #afhf1 ,john ,ray 7#afbh-agjd71 one of the most celebrated of ,english naturalists1 published his ,universal ,history of ,plants1 notable among other things for being the first work of its kind to extol the virtues of coffee in a scientific treatise4 ,r4 ,bradley1 professor of botany at ,cambridge1 published 7#agad7 ,a ,short ,historical ,account of ,coffee1 all trace of which appears to be lost4 ,dr4 ,james ,douglas published in ,london 7#agbg7 his ,arbor ,yemensis fructum ,cofe ferens2 or1 a description and ,history of the ,coffee ,tree1 in which he laid under heavy contribution the ,arabian and ,french writers that had preceded him4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,introduction ,,of ,,coffee ,,into ,,holland ,how the enterprising ,dutch traders captured the first world's market for coffee--,activities of the ,netherlands ,east ,india ,company--,the first coffee house at the ,hague--,the first public auction at ,amsterdam in #agaa1 when ,java coffee brought forty-seven cents a pound1 green ,the ,dutch had early knowledge of coffee because of their dealings with the ,orient and with the ,venetians1 and of their nearness to ,germany1 where ,rauwolf first wrote about it in #aehb4 ,they were familiar with ,alpini's writings on the subject in #aeib4 ,paludanus1 in his coffee note on ,linschoten's ,travels1 furnished further enlightenment in #aeih4 ,the ,dutch were always great merchants and shrewd traders4 ,being of a practical turn of mind1 they conceived an ambition to grow coffee in their colonial possessions1 so as to make their home markets headquarters for a world's trade in the product4 ,in considering modern coffee-trading1 the ,netherlands ,east ,india ,company may be said to be the pioneer1 as it established in ,java one of the first experimental gardens for coffee cultivation4 ,the ,netherlands ,east ,india ,company was formed in #afjb4 ,as early as #afad1 ,dutch traders visited ,aden to examine into the possibilities of coffee and coffee-trading4 ,in #afaf ,pieter ,van dan ,broeck brought the first coffee from ,mocha to ,holland4 ,in #afdj a ,dutch merchant1 named ,wurffbain1 offered for sale in ,amsterdam the first commercial shipment of coffee from ,mocha4 ,as indicating the enterprise of the ,dutch1 note that this was four years before the beverage was introduced into ,france1 and only three years after ,conopios had privately instituted the breakfast coffee cup at ,oxford4 ,about #afej1 ,varnar1 the ,dutch minister resident at the ,ottoman ,porte1 published a treatise on coffee4 ,when the ,dutch at last drove the ,portuguese out of ,ceylon in #afeh1 they began the cultivation of coffee there1 although the plant had been introduced into the island by the ,arabs prior to the ,portuguese invasion in #aeje4 ,however1 it was not until #afij that the more systematic cultivation of the coffee plant by the ,dutch was undertaken in ,ceylon4 ,regular imports of coffee from ,mocha to ,amsterdam began in #affc4 ,later1 supplies began to arrive from the ,malabar coast4 ,pasqua ,rose1 who introduced the coffee house into ,london in #afeb1 is said to have made coffee popular as a beverage in ,holland by selling it there publicly in #affd4 ,the first coffee house was opened in the ,korten ,voorhout1 the ,hague1 under the protection of the writer ,van ,essen2 others soon followed in ,amsterdam and ,haarlem4 ,at the instigation of ,nicolaas ,witsen1 burgomaster of ,amsterdam and governor of the ,east ,india ,company1 ,adrian ,van ,ommen1 commander of ,malabar1 sent the first ,arabian coffee seedlings to ,java in #afif1 recorded in the chapter on the history of coffee propagation4 ,these were destroyed by flood1 but were followed in #afii by a second shipment1 from which developed the coffee trade of the ,netherlands ,east ,indies1 that made ,java coffee a household word in every civilized country4 ,a trial shipment of the coffee grown near ,batavia was received at ,amsterdam in #agjf1 also a plant for the botanical gardens4 ,this plant subsequently became the progenitor of most of the coffees of the ,west ,indies and ,america4 ,the first ,java coffee for the trade was received at ,amsterdam #agaa4 ,the shipment consisted of #hid pounds from the ,jakatra plantations and from the interior of the island4 ,at the first public auction1 this coffee brought twenty-three and two-thirds stuivers 7about forty-seven cents7 per ,amsterdam pound4 ,the ,netherlands ,east ,india ,company contracted with the regents of ,netherlands ,india for the compulsory delivery of coffee2 and the natives were enjoined to cultivate coffee1 the production thus becoming a forced industry worked by government4 ,a general system of cultivation was introduced into ,java in #ahcb by the government1 which decreed the employment of forced labor for different products4 ,coffee-growing was the only forced industry that existed before this system of cultivation1 and it was the only government cultivation that survived the abolition of the system in #aije-jh4 ,the last direct government interest in coffee was closed out in #aiah4 ,from #ahgj to #ahgd1 the government plantations yielded an average of #hdd1hed piculs#fc a year2 from #ahge to #ahgh1 the average was #hff1fgd piculs4 ,between #ahgi and #ahhc1 it rose to #ihg1fhb piculs4 ,from #ahhd to #ahhh1 the average annual yield was only #fbi1idb piculs4 ,holland readily adopted the coffee house2 and among the earliest coffee pictures preserved to us is one depicting a scene in a ,dutch coffee house of the seventeenth century1 the work of ,adriaen ,van ,ostade 7#afaj-afge71 shown on page #ehf4 ,history records no intolerance of coffee in ,holland4 ,the ,dutch attitude was ever that of the constructionist4 ,dutch inventors and artisans gave us many new designs in coffee mortars1 coffee roasters1 and coffee serving-pots4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,introduction ,,of ,,coffee ,,into ,,germany ,the contributions made by ,german travelers and writers to the literature of the early history of coffee--,the first coffee house in ,hamburg opened by an ,english merchant--,famous coffee houses of old ,berlin--,the first coffee periodical1 and the first kaffee-klatsch--,frederick the ,great's coffee-roasting monopoly--,coffee persecutions--,coffee-smellers--,the first coffee king ,as we have already seen1 ,leonhard ,rauwolf1 in #aegc1 made his memorable trip to ,aleppo and1 in #aehb1 won for ,germany the honor of being the first ,european country to make printed mention of the coffee drink4 ,adam ,olearius 7or ,oelschlager71 a ,german ,orientalist 7#aeii-afga71 traveled in ,persia as secretary to a ,german embassy in #afcc-cf4 ,upon his return he published an account of his journeys4 ,in it1 under date of #afcg1 he says of the ,persians3 ,they drink with their tobacco a certain black water1 which they call cahwa1 made of a fruit brought out of ,egypt1 and which is in colour like ordinary wheat1 and in taste like ,turkish wheat1 and is of the bigness of a little bean4444 ,the ,persians think it allays the natural heat4 ,in #afcg1 ,joh4 ,albrecht von ,mandelsloh1 in his ,oriental ,trip1 mentions the black water of the ,persians called ,kahwe1 saying it must be drunk hot4 ,coffee drinking was introduced into ,germany about #afgj4 ,the drink appeared at the court of the great elector of ,brandenburg in #afge4 ,northern ,germany got its first taste of the beverage from ,london1 an ,english merchant opening the first coffee house in ,hamburg in #afgi-hj4 ,regensburg followed in #afhi2 ,leipsic1 in #afid2 ,nuremberg1 in #afif2 ,stuttgart1 in #agab2 ,augsburg1 in #agac2 and ,berlin1 in #agba4 ,in that year 7#agba7 ,king ,frederick ,william ,i granted a foreigner the privilege of conducting a coffee house in ,berlin free of all rental charges4 ,it was known as the ,english coffee house1 as was also the first coffee house in ,hamburg4 ,and for many years1 ,english merchants supplied the coffees consumed in northern ,germany2 while ,italy supplied southern ,germany4 ,other well known coffee houses of old ,berlin were1 the ,royal1 in ,behren ,strasse2 that of the ,widow ,doebbert1 in the ,stechbahn2 the ,city of ,rome1 in ,unter-den-,linden2 ,arnoldi1 in ,kronen ,strasse2 ,miercke1 in ,tauben ,strasse1 and ,schmidt1 in ,post ,strasse4 ,later1 ,philipp ,falck opened a ,jewish coffee house in ,spandauer ,strasse4 ,in the time of ,frederick the ,great 7#agab-aghf7 there were at least a dozen coffee houses in the metropolitan district of ,berlin4 ,in the suburbs were many tents where coffee was served4 ,the first coffee periodical1 ,the ,new and ,curious ,coffee ,house1 was issued in ,leipsic in #agjg by ,theophilo ,georgi4 ,the full title was ,the ,new and ,curious ,coffee ,house1 formerly in ,italy but now opened in ,germany4 ,first water debauchery4 ,city of the ,well4 ,brunnenstadt by ,lorentz ,schoepffwasser draw-water #agjg4 ,the second issue gave the name of ,georgi as the real publisher4 ,it was intended to be in the nature of an organ for the first real ,german kaffee-klatsch4 ,it was a chronicle of the comings and goings of the savants who frequented the ,tusculum of a well-to-do gentleman in the outskirts of the city4 ,at the beginning the master of the house declared3 ,i know that the gentlemen here speak ,french1 ,italian and other languages4 ,i know also that in many coffee and tea meetings it is considered requisite that ,french be spoken4 ,may ,i ask1 however1 that he who calls upon me should use no other language but ,german4 ,we are all ,germans1 we are in ,germany2 shall we not conduct ourselves like true ,germans8 ,in #agba ,leonhard ,ferdinand ,meisner published at ,nuremberg the first comprehensive ,german treatise on coffee1 tea1 and chocolate4 ,during the second half of the eighteenth century coffee entered the homes1 and began to supplant flour-soup and warm beer at breakfast tables4 ,meanwhile coffee met with some opposition in ,prussia and ,hanover4 ,frederick the ,great became annoyed when he saw how much money was paid to foreign coffee merchants for supplies of the green bean1 and tried to restrict its use by making coffee a drink of the quality4 ,soon all the ,german courts had their own coffee roasters1 coffee pots1 and coffee cups4 ,many beautiful specimens of the finest porcelain cups and saucers made in ,meissen1 and used at court ftes of this period1 survive in the collections at the ,potsdam and ,berlin museums4 ,the wealthy classes followed suit2 but when the poor grumbled because they could not afford the luxury1 and demanded their coffee1 they were told in effect3 ,you had better leave it alone4 ,anyhow1 it's bad for you because it causes sterility4 ,many doctors lent themselves to a campaign against coffee1 one of their favorite arguments being that women using the beverage must forego child-bearing4 ,bach's ,coffee ,cantata#fd 7#agcb7 was a notable protest in music against such libels4 ,on ,september #ac1 #aggg1 ,frederick issued a coffee and beer manifesto1 a curious document1 which recited3 ,it is disgusting to notice the increase in the quantity of coffee used by my subjects1 and the amount of money that goes out of the country in consequence4 ,everybody is using coffee4 ,if possible1 this must be prevented4 ,my people must drink beer4 ,his ,majesty was brought up on beer1 and so were his ancestors1 and his officers4 ,many battles have been fought and won by soldiers nourished on beer2 and the ,king does not believe that coffee-drinking soldiers can be depended upon to endure hardship or to beat his enemies in case of the occurrence of another war4 ,illustration3 ,,richter',s ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ,,leipsic--,,seventeenth ,,century ,for a time beer was restored to its honored place2 and coffee continued to be a luxury afforded only by the rich4 ,soon a revulsion of feeling set in2 and it was found that even ,prussian military rule could not enforce coffee prohibition4 ,whereupon1 in #agha1 finding that all his efforts to reserve the beverage for the exclusive court circles1 the nobility1 and the officers of his army1 were vain1 the king created a royal monopoly in coffee1 and forbade its roasting except in royal roasting establishments4 ,at the same time1 he made exceptions in the cases of the nobility1 the clergy1 and government officials2 but rejected all applications for coffee-roasting licenses from the common people4 ,his object1 plainly1 was to confine the use of the drink to the elect4 ,to these representatives of the cream of ,prussian society1 the king issued special licenses permitting them to do their own roasting4 ,of course1 they purchased their supplies from the government2 and as the price was enormously increased1 the sales yielded ,frederick a handsome income4 ,incidentally1 the possession of a coffee-roasting license became a kind of badge of membership in the upper class4 ,the poorer classes were forced to get their coffee by stealth2 and1 failing this1 they fell back upon numerous barley1 wheat1 corn1 chicory1 and dried-fig substitutes1 that soon appeared in great numbers4 ,this singular coffee ordinance was known as the ,dclaration du ,roi concernant la vente du caf brl1 and was published ,january #ba1 #agha4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ,,germany--,,middle ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century ,after placing the coffee regie 7revenue7 in the hands of a ,frenchman1 ,count de ,lannay1 so many deputies were required to make collections that the administration of the law became a veritable persecution4 ,discharged wounded soldiers were mostly employed1 and their principal duty was to spy upon the people day and night1 following the smell of roasting coffee whenever detected1 in order to seek out those who might be found without roasting permits4 ,the spies were given one-fourth of the fine collected4 ,these deputies made themselves so great a nuisance1 and became so cordially disliked1 that they were called coffee-smellers by the indignant people4 ,taking a leaf out of ,frederick's book1 the elector of ,cologne1 ,maximilian ,frederick1 bishop of ,mnster1 7,duchy of ,westphalia7 on ,february #ag1 #aghd1 issued a manifesto which said3 ,to our great displeasure we have learned that in our ,duchy of ,westphalia the misuse of the coffee beverage has become so extended that to counteract the evil we command that four weeks after the publication of this decree no one shall sell coffee roasted or not roasted under a fine of one hundred dollars1 or two years in prison1 for each offense4 ,every coffee-roasting and coffee-serving place shall be closed1 and dealers and hotel-keepers are to get rid of their coffee supplies in four weeks4 ,it is only permitted to obtain from the outside coffee for one's own consumption in lots of fifty pounds4 ,house fathers and mothers shall not allow their work people1 especially their washing and ironing women1 to prepare coffee1 or to allow it in any manner under a penalty of one hundred dollars4 ,all officials and government employees1 to avoid a penalty of one hundred gold florins1 are called upon closely to follow and to keep a watchful eye over this decree4 ,to the one who reports such persons as act contrary to this decree shall be granted one-half of the said money fine with absolute silence as to his name4 ,this decree was solemnly read in the pulpits1 and was published besides in the usual places and ways4 ,there immediately followed a course of telling-ons1 and of coffee-smellings1 that led to many bitter enmities and caused much unhappiness in the ,duchy of ,westphalia4 ,apparently the purpose of the archduke was to prevent persons of small means from enjoying the drink1 while those who could afford to purchase fifty pounds at a time were to be permitted the indulgence4 ,as was to be expected1 the scheme was a complete failure4 ,while the king of ,prussia exploited his subjects by using the state coffee monopoly as a means of extortion1 the duke of ,wrttemberg had a scheme of his own4 ,he sold to ,joseph ,suess-,oppenheimer1 an unscrupulous financier1 the exclusive privilege of keeping coffee houses in ,wrttemberg4 ,suess-,oppenheimer in turn sold the individual coffee-house licenses to the highest bidders1 and accumulated a considerable fortune4 ,he was the first coffee king4 ,but coffee outlived all these unjust slanders and cruel taxations of too paternal governments1 and gradually took its rightful place as one of the favorite beverages of the ,german people4 ,illustration3 ,,kolschitzky1 ,,the ,,great ,,brother-,,heart1 ,,in ,,his ,,blue ,,bottle ,,caf1 ,,vienna1 #afhc ,from a lithograph after the painting by ,franz ,schams1 entitled ,das ,erste 7,kulczycki'sche7 ,kaffee ,haus ,,chapter ,,ix ,,telling ,,how ,,coffee ,,came ,,to ,,vienna ,the romantic adventure of ,franz ,george ,kolschitzky1 who carried a message to ,garcia through the enemy's lines and won for himself the honor of being the first to teach the ,viennese the art of making coffee1 to say nothing of falling heir to the supplies of the green beans left behind by the ,turks2 also the gift of a house from a grateful municipality1 and a statue after death--,affectionate regard in which brother-heart ,kolschitzky is held as the patron saint of the ,vienna kaffee-sieder--,life in the early ,vienna cafs ,a romantic tale has been woven around the introduction of coffee into ,austria4 ,when ,vienna was besieged by the ,turks in #afhc1 so runs the legend1 ,franz ,george ,kolschitzky1 a native of ,poland1 formerly an interpreter in the ,turkish army1 saved the city and won for himself undying fame1 with coffee as his principal reward4 ,it is not known whether1 in the first siege of ,vienna by the ,turks in #aebi1 the invaders boiled coffee over their camp fires that surrounded the ,austrian capital2 although they might have done so1 as ,selim ,i1 after conquering ,egypt in #aeag1 had brought with him to ,constantinople large stores of coffee as part of his booty4 ,but it is certain that when they returned to the attack1 #aed years later1 they carried with them a plentiful supply of the green beans4 ,mohammed ,,iv mobilized an army of #cjj1jjj men and sent it forth under his vizier1 ,kara ,mustapha1 7,kuprili's successor7 to destroy ,christendom and to conquer ,europe4 ,reaching ,vienna ,july #g1 #afhc1 the army quickly invested the city and cut it off from the world4 ,emperor ,leopold had escaped the net and was several miles away4 ,nearby was the prince of ,lorraine1 with an army of #cc1jjj ,austrians1 awaiting the succor promised by ,john ,sobieski1 king of ,poland1 and an opportunity to relieve the besieged capital4 ,count ,rudiger von ,starhemberg1 in command of the forces in ,vienna1 called for a volunteer to carry a message through the ,turkish lines to hurry along the rescue4 ,he found him in the person of ,franz ,george ,kolschitzky1 who had lived for many years among the ,turks and knew their language and customs4 ,on ,august #ac1 #afhc1 ,kolschitzky donned a ,turkish uniform1 passed through the enemy's lines and reached the ,emperor's army across the ,danube4 ,several times he made the perilous journey between the camp of the prince of ,lorraine and the garrison of the governor of ,vienna4 ,one account says that he had to swim the four intervening arms of the ,danube each time he performed the feat4 ,his messages did much to keep up the morale of the city's defenders4 ,at length ,king ,john and his army of rescuing ,poles arrived and were consolidated with the ,austrians on the summit of ,mount ,kahlenberg4 ,it was one of the most dramatic moments in history4 ,the fate of ,christian ,europe hung in the balance4 ,everything seemed to point to the triumph of the crescent over the cross4 ,once again ,kolschitzky crossed the ,danube1 and brought back word concerning the signals that the prince of ,lorraine and ,king ,john would give from ,mount ,kahlenberg to indicate the beginning of the attack4 ,count ,starhemberg was to make a sortie at the same time4 ,illustration3 ,,franz ,,george ,,kolschitzky1 ,,patron ,,saint ,,of ,,vienna ,,coffee ,,lovers ,the battle took place ,september #ab1 and thanks to the magnificent generalship of ,king ,john1 the ,turks were routed4 ,the ,poles here rendered a never-to-be-forgotten service to all ,christendom4 ,the ,turkish invaders fled1 leaving #be1jjj tents1 #aj1jjj oxen1 #e1jjj camels1 #ajj1jjj bushels of grain1 a great quantity of gold1 and many sacks filled with coffee--at that time unknown in ,vienna4 ,the booty was distributed2 but no one wanted the coffee4 ,they did not know what to do with it2 that is1 no one except ,kolschitzky4 ,he said1 ,if nobody wants those sacks1 ,i will take them1 and every one was heartily glad to be rid of the strange beans4 ,but ,kolschitzky knew what he was about1 and he soon taught the ,viennese the art of preparing coffee4 ,later1 he established the first public booth where ,turkish coffee was served in ,vienna4 ,this1 then1 is the story of how coffee was introduced into ,vienna1 where was developed that typical ,vienna caf which has become a model for a large part of the world4 ,kolschitzky is honored in ,vienna as the patron saint of coffee houses4 ,his followers1 united in the guild of coffee makers 7kaffee-sieder71 even erected a statue in his honor4 ,it still stands as part of the facade of a house where the ,kolschitzygasse merges into the ,favoritengasse1 as shown in the accompanying picture4 ,vienna is sometimes referred to as the mother of cafs4 ,caf ,sacher is world-renowned4 ,tart la ,sacher is to be found in every cook-book4 ,the ,viennese have their jause every afternoon4 ,when one drinks coffee at a ,vienna caf one generally has a kipfel with it4 ,this is a crescent-shaped roll--baked for the first time in the eventful year #afhc1 when the ,turks besieged the city4 ,a baker made these crescent rolls in a spirit of defiance of the ,turk4 ,holding sword in one hand and kipfel in the other1 the ,viennese would show themselves on top of their redoubts and challenge the cohorts of ,mohammed ,,iv4 ,mohammed ,,iv was deposed after losing the battle1 and ,kara ,mustapha was executed for leaving the stores--particularly the sacks of coffee beans--at the gates of ,vienna2 but ,vienna coffee and ,vienna kipfel are still alive1 and their appeal is not lessened by the years4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ,,the ,,leopoldstadt ,from a cut so titled in ,bermann's ,alt und ,neu ,wien ,the hero ,kolschitzky was presented with a house by the grateful municipality2 and there1 at the sign of the ,blue ,bottle1 according to one account1 he continued as a coffee-house keeper for many years4#fe ,this1 in brief1 is the story that--although not authenticated in all its particulars--is seriously related in many books1 and is firmly believed throughout ,vienna4 ,it seems a pity to discredit the hero of so romantic an adventure2 but the archives of ,vienna throw a light upon ,kolschitzky's later conduct that tends to show that1 after all1 this ,viennese idol's feet were of common clay4 ,it is said that ,kolschitzky1 after receiving the sacks of green coffee left behind by the ,turks1 at once began to peddle the beverage from house to house1 serving it in little cups from a wooden platter4 ,later he rented a shop in ,bischof-hof4 ,then he began to petition the municipal council1 that1 in addition to the sum of #ajj ducats already promised him as further recognition of his valor1 he should receive a house with good will attached2 that is1 a shop in some growing business section4 ,his petitions to the municipal council1 writes ,m4 ,bermann#ff1 are amazing examples of measureless self-conceit and the boldest greed4 ,he seemed determined to get the utmost out of his own self-sacrifice4 ,he insisted upon the most highly deserved reward1 such as the ,romans bestowed upon their ,curtius1 the ,lacedmonians upon their ,pompilius1 the ,athenians upon ,seneca1 with whom he modestly compared himself4 ,at last1 he was given his choice of three houses in the ,leopoldstadt1 any one of them worth from #djj to #dej gulden1 in place of the money reward1 that had been fixed by a compromise agreement at #cjj gulden4 ,but ,kolschitzky was not satisfied with this2 and urged that if he was to accept a house in full payment it should be one valued at not less than #ajjj gulden4 ,then ensued much correspondence and considerable haggling4 ,to put an end to the acrimonious dispute1 the municipal council in #afhe directed that there should be deeded over to ,kolschitzky and his wife1 ,maria ,ursula1 without further argument1 the house known at that time as #cj 7now #h7 ,haidgasse4 ,it is further recorded that ,kolschitzky sold the house within a year2 and1 after many moves1 he died of tuberculosis1 ,february #bj1 #afid1 aged fifty-four years4 ,he was courier to the emperor at the time of his death1 and was buried in the ,stefansfreithof ,cemetery4 ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,kolschitzky ,,erected ,,by ,,the ,,coffee ,,makers ,,guild ,,of ,,vienna ,kolschitzky's heirs moved the coffee house to ,donaustrand1 near the wooden ,schlagbrcke1 later known as ,ferdinand's brcke 7bridge74 ,the celebrated coffee house of ,franz ,mosee 7d4 #ahfj7 stood on this same spot4 ,in the city records for the year #agjj a house in the ,stock-im-,eisen-,platz 7square7 is designated by the words allwo das erste kaffeegewlbe 7here was the first coffee house74 ,unfortunately1 the name of the proprietor is not given4 ,many stories are told of ,kolschitzky's popularity as a coffee-house keeper4 ,he is said to have addressed everyone as bruderherz 7brother-heart7 and gradually he himself acquired the name bruderherz4 ,a portrait of ,kolschitzky1 painted about the time of his greatest vogue1 is carefully preserved by the ,innung der ,wiener ,kaffee-sieder 7the ,coffee ,makers' ,guild of ,vienna74 ,even during the lifetime of the first kaffee-sieder1 a number of others opened coffee houses and acquired some little fame4 ,early in the eighteenth century a tourist gives us a glimpse of the progress made by coffee drinking and by the coffee-house idea in ,vienna4 ,we read3 ,the city of ,vienna is filled with coffee houses1 where the novelists or those who busy themselves with the newspapers delight to meet1 to read the gazettes and discuss their contents4 ,some of these houses have a better reputation than others because such zeitungs-doctors 7newspaper doctors--an ironical title7 gather there to pass most unhesitating judgment on the weightiest events1 and to surpass all others in their opinions concerning political matters and considerations4 ,all this wins them such respect that many congregate there because of them1 and to enrich their minds with inventions and foolishness which they immediately run through the city to bring to the ears of the said personalities4 ,it is impossible to believe what freedom is permitted1 in furnishing this gossip4 ,they speak without reverence not only of the doings of generals and ministers of state1 but also mix themselves in the life of the ,kaiser 7,emperor7 himself4 ,vienna liked the coffee house so well that by #ahci there were eighty of them in the city proper and fifty more in the suburbs4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,coffee ,,houses ,,of ,,old ,,london ,one of the most picturesque chapters in the history of coffee--,the first coffee house in ,london--,the first coffee handbill1 and the first newspaper advertisement for coffee--,strange coffee mixtures--,fantastic coffee claims--,coffee prices and coffee licenses--,coffee club of the ,rota--,early coffee-house manners and customs--,coffee-house keepers' tokens--,opposition to the coffee house--,penny universities--,weird coffee substitutes--,the proposed coffee-house newspaper monopoly--,evolution of the club--,decline and fall of the coffee house--,pen pictures of coffee-house life--,famous coffee houses of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries--,some ,old ,world pleasure gardens--,locating the notable coffee houses ,the two most picturesque chapters in the history of coffee have to do with the period of the old ,london and ,paris coffee houses of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries4 ,much of the poetry and romance of coffee centers around this time4 ,the history of coffee houses1 says ,d',israeli1 ere the invention of clubs1 was that of the manners1 the morals and the politics of a people4 ,and so the history of the ,london coffee houses of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is indeed the history of the manners and customs of the ,english people of that period4 ,the ,first ,london ,coffee ,house ,the first coffee house in ,london1 says ,john ,aubrey 7#afbf-ig71 the ,english antiquary and folklorist1 was in ,st4 ,michael's ,alley1 in ,cornhill1 opposite to the church1 which was sett up by one 444 ,bowman 7coachman to ,mr4 ,hodges1 a ,turkey merchant1 who putt him upon it7 in or about the yeare #afeb4 ',twas about four years before any other was sett up1 and that was by ,mr4 ,farr4 ,jonathan ,paynter1 over-against to ,st4 ,michael's ,church1 was the first apprentice to the trade1 viz41 to ,bowman4#fg ,another account1 for which we are indebted to ,william ,oldys 7#afif-agfa71 the bibliographer1 relates that ,mr4 ,edwards1 a ,london merchant1 acquired the coffee habit in ,turkey1 and brought home with him from ,ragusa1 in ,dalmatia1 ,pasqua ,rose1 an ,armenian or ,greek youth1 who prepared the beverage for him4 ,but the novelty thereof1 says ,oldys1 drawing too much company to him1 he allowed the said servant with another of his son-in-law to set up the first coffee house in ,london at ,st4 ,michael's ,alley1 in ,cornhill4 ,from this it would appear that ,pasqua ,rose had as partner in this enterprise1 the ,bowman1 who1 according to ,aubrey1 was coachman to ,mr4 ,hodges1 the son-in-law of ,mr4 ,edwards1 and a fellow merchant traveler4 ,oldys tells us that ,rose and ,bowman soon separated4 ,john ,timbs 7#ahja-ahge71 another ,english antiquary1 says they quarreled1 ,rose keeping the house1 and his partner ,bowman obtaining leave to pitch a tent and to sell the drink in ,st4 ,michael's churchyard4 ,still another version of this historic incident is to be found in ,houghton's ,collection1 #afih4 ,it reads3 ,it appears that a ,mr4 ,daniel ,edwards1 an ,english merchant of ,smyrna1 brought with him to this country a ,greek of the name of ,pasqua1 in #afeb1 who made his coffee2 this ,mr4 ,edwards married one ,alderman ,hodges's daughter1 who lived in ,walbrook1 and set up ,pasqua for a coffee man in a shed in the churchyard in ,st4 ,michael1 ,cornhill1 which is now a scrivener's brave-house1 when1 having great custom1 the ale-sellers petitioned the ,lord ,mayor against him as being no freeman4 ,this made ,alderman ,hodges join his coachman1 ,bowman1 who was free1 as ,pasqua's partner2 but ,pasqua1 for some misdemeanor1 was forced to run the country1 and ,bowman1 by his trade and a contribution of #ajjj sixpences1 turned the shed to a house4 ,bowman's apprentices were first1 ,john ,painter1 then ,humphry1 from whose wife ,i had this account4 ,this account makes it appear that ,edwards was ,hodges' son-in-law4 ,whatever the relationship1 most authorities agree that ,pasqua ,rose was the first to sell coffee publicly1 whether in a tent or shed1 in ,london in or about the year #afeb4 ,his original shop-bill1 or handbill1 the first advertisement for coffee1 is in the ,british ,museum1 and from it the accompanying photograph was made for this work4 ,it sets forth in direct fashion3 ,the ,vertue of the ,,coffee ,drink ,first publiquely made and sold in ,england1 by ,pasqua ,rose 444 in ,st4 ,michaels ,alley in ,cornhill 444 at the ,signe of his own ,head4#fh ,h4,r4 ,fox ,bourne#fi 7about #ahgj7 is alone in an altogether different version of this historic event4 ,he says3 ,in #afeb ,sir ,nicholas ,crispe1 a ,levant merchant1 opened in ,london the first coffee house known in ,england1 the beverage being prepared by a ,greek girl brought over for the work4 ,there is nothing to substantiate this story2 the preponderance of evidence is in support of the ,edwards-,rose version4 ,such then was the advent of the coffee house in ,london1 which introduced to ,english-speaking people the drink of democracy4 ,oddly enough1 coffee and the ,commonwealth came in together4 ,the ,english coffee house1 like its ,french contemporary1 was the home of liberty4 ,robinson1 who accepts that version of the event wherein ,edwards marries ,hodges's daughter1 says that after the partners ,rose and ,bowman separated1 and ,bowman had set up his tent opposite ,rose1 a zealous partisan addressed these verses ,to ,pasqua ,rose1 at the ,sign of his own ,head and half his ,body in ,st4 ,michael's ,alley1 next the first ,coffee-,tent in ,london3 ,were not the fountain of my ,tears ,each day exhausted by the steam ,of your ,coffee1 no doubt appears ,but they would swell to such a stream ,as could admit of no restriction ,to see1 poor ,pasqua1 thy ,affliction4 ,what6 ,pasqua1 you at first did broach ,this ,nectar for the publick ,good1 ,must you call ,kitt down from the ,coach ,to drive a ,trade he understood ,no more than you did then your creed1 ,or he doth now to write or read8 ,pull ,courage1 ,pasqua1 fear no ,harms ,from the besieging ,foe2 ,make good your ,ground1 stand to your ,arms1 ,hold out this summer1 and then tho' ,he'll storm1 he'll not prevail--your ,face#gj ,shall give the ,coffee ,pot the chace4 ,eventually ,pasqua ,rose disappeared1 some say to open a coffee house on the ,continent1 in ,holland or ,germany4 ,bowman1 having married ,alderman ,hodges's cook1 and having also prevailed upon about a thousand of his customers to lend him sixpence apiece1 converted his tent into a substantial house1 and eventually took an apprentice to the trade4 ,concerning ,london's second coffee-house keeper1 ,james ,farr1 proprietor of the ,rainbow1 who had as his most distinguished visitor ,sir ,henry ,blount1 ,edward ,hatton#ga says3 ,i find it recorded that one ,james ,farr1 a barber1 who kept the coffee-house which is now the ,rainbow1 by the ,inner ,temple ,gate 7one of the first in ,england71 was in the year #afeg1 prosecuted by the inquest of ,st ,dunstan's in the ,west1 for making and selling a sort of liquor called coffe1 as a great nuisance and prejudice to the neighborhood1 etc41 and who would then have thought ,london would ever have had near three thousand such nuisances1 and that coffee would have been1 as now1 so much drank by the best of quality and physicians8 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,advertisement ,,for ,,coffee--#afeb ,handbill used by ,pasqua ,rose1 who opened the first coffee house in ,london ,from the original in the ,british ,museum ,hatton evidently attributed ,fair's nuisance to the coffee itself1 whereas the presentment#gb clearly shows it was in ,farr's chimney and not in the coffee4 ,mention has already been made that ,sir ,henry ,blount was spoken of as the father of ,english coffee houses and his claim to this distinction would seem to be a valid one1 for his strong personality stamped itself upon the system4 ,his favorite motto1 ,loquendum est cum vulgo1 sentiendum cum sapientibus 7the crowd may talk about it2 the wise decide it71 says ,robinson1 expresses well their colloquial purpose1 and was natural enough on the lips of one whose experience had been world wide4 ,aubrey says of ,sir ,henry ,blount1 ,he is now neer or altogether eighty yeares1 his intellectuals good still and body pretty strong4 ,women played a not inconspicuous part in establishing businesses for the sale of the coffee drink in ,england1 although the coffee houses were not for both sexes1 as in other ,european countries4 ,the ,london ,city ,quaeries for #affj makes mention of a she-coffee merchant4 ,mary ,stringar ran a coffee house in ,little ,trinity ,lane in #affi2 ,anne ,blunt was mistress of one of the ,turk's-,head houses in ,cannon ,street in #afgb4 ,mary ,long was the widow of ,william ,long1 and her initials1 together with those of her husband1 appear on a token issued from the ,rose tavern in ,bridge ,street1 ,covent ,garden4 ,mary ,long's token from the ,rose coffee house by the playhouse in ,covent ,garden is shown among the group of coffee-house keepers' tokens herein illustrated4 ,the ,first ,newspaper ,advertisement ,the first newspaper advertisement for coffee appeared1 ,may #bf1 #afeg1 in the ,publick ,adviser of ,london1 one of the first weekly pamphlets4 ,the name of this publication was erroneously given as the ,publick ,advertiser by an early writer on coffee1 and the error has been copied by succeeding writers4 ,the first newspaper advertisement was contained in the issue of the ,publick ,adviser for the week of ,may #ai to ,may #bf1 and read3 ,in ,bartholomew ,lane on the back side of the ,old ,exchange1 the drink called ,coffee1 7which is a very wholsom and ,physical drink1 having many excellent vertues1 closes the ,orifice of the ,stomack1 fortifies the heat within1 helpeth ,digestion1 quickneth the ,spirits1 maketh the heart lightsom1 is good against ,eye-sores1 ,coughs1 or ,colds1 ,rhumes1 ,consumptions1 ,head-ach1 ,dropsie1 ,gout1 ,scurvy1 ,kings ,evil1 and many others is to be sold both in the morning1 and at three of the clock in the afternoon74 ,chocolate was also advertised for sale in ,london this same year4 ,the issue of the ,publick ,adviser for ,june #af1 #afeg1 contained this announcement3 ,in ,bishopgate ,street1 in ,queen's ,head ,alley1 at a ,frenchman's house is an excellent ,west ,india drink called chocolate1 to be sold1 where you may have it ready at any time1 and also unmade at reasonable rates4 ,tea was first sold publicly at ,garraway's 7or ,garway's7 in #afeg4 ,strange ,coffee ,mixtures ,the doctors were loath to let coffee escape from the mysteries of the pharmacopoeia and become a simple and refreshing beverage that any one might obtain for a penny in the coffee houses1 or1 if preferred1 might prepare at home4 ,in this they were aided and abetted by many well-meaning but misguided persons 7some of them men of considerable intelligence7 who seemed possessed of the idea that the coffee drink was an unpleasant medicine that needed something to take away its curse1 or else that it required a complex method of preparation4 ,witness ,judge ,walter ,rumsey's ,electuary of ,cophy1 which appeared in #afeg in connection with a curious work of his called ,organon ,salutis3 an instrument to cleanse the stomach4#gc ,the instrument itself was a flexible whale-bone1 two or three feet long1 with a small linen or silk button at the end1 and was designed to be introduced into the stomach to produce the effect of an emetic4 ,the electuary of coffee was to be taken by the patient before and after using the instrument1 which the judge called his ,provang4 ,and this was the judge's new and superior way of preparing coffee as found in his prescription for making electuary of cophy3 ,take equal quantity of ,butter and ,sallet-oyle1 melt them well together1 but not boyle them3 ,then stirre them well that they may incorporate together3 ,then melt therewith three times as much ,honey1 and stirre it well together3 ,then add thereunto powder of ,turkish ,cophie1 to make it a thick ,electuary4 ,a little consideration will convince any one that the electuary was most likely to achieve the purpose for which it was recommended4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,newspaper ,,advertisement ,,for ,,coffee--#afeg ,another concoction invented by the judge was known as wash-brew1 and included oatmeal1 powder of cophie1 a pint of ale or any wine1 ginger1 honey1 or sugar to please the taste2 to these ingredients butter might be added and any cordial powder or pleasant spice4 ,it was to be put into a flannel bag and so keep it at pleasure like starch4 ,this was a favorite medicine among the common people of ,wales4 ,the book contained in a prefix an interesting historical document in the shape of a letter from ,james ,howell 7#aeie-afff7 the writer and historiographer1 which read3 ,touching coffee1 ,i concurre with them in opinion1 who hold it to be that black-broth which was us'd of old in ,lacedemon1 whereof the ,poets sing2 ,surely it must needs be salutiferous1 because so many sagacious1 and the wittiest sort of ,nations use it so much2 as they who have conversed with ,shashes and ,turbants doe well know4 ,but1 besides the exsiccant quality it hath to dry up the crudities of the ,stomach1 as also to comfort the ,brain1 to fortifie the sight with its steem1 and prevent ,dropsies1 ,gouts1 the ,scurvie1 together with the ,spleen and ,hypocondriacall windes 7all which it doth without any violance or distemper at all47 ,i say1 besides all these qualities1 'tis found already1 that this ,coffee-drink hath caused a greater sobriety among the nations2 for whereas formerly ,apprentices and ,clerks with others1 used to take their mornings' draught in ,ale1 ,beer or ,wine1 which by the dizziness they cause in the ,brain1 make many unfit for business1 they use now to play the ,good-fellows in this wakefull and civill drink3 ,therefore that worthy ,gentleman1 ,mr4 ,mudiford#gd1 who introduced the practice hereof first to ,london1 deserves much respect of the whole nation4 ,the coffee drink at one time was mixed with sugar candy1 and also with mustard4 ,in the coffee houses1 however1 it was usually served black2 few people then mixed it with either sugar or milk4 ,fantastic ,coffee ,claims ,one can not fail to note in connection with the introduction of coffee into ,england that the beverage suffered most from the indiscretions of its friends4 ,on the one hand1 the quacks of the medical profession sought to claim it for their own2 and1 on the other1 more or less ignorant laymen attributed to the drink such virtues as its real champions among the physicians never dreamed of4 ,it was the favorite pastime of its friends to exaggerate coffee's merits2 and of its enemies1 to vilify its users4 ,all this furnished good copy for and against the coffee house1 which became the central figure in each new controversy4 ,from the early ,english author who damned it by calling it more wholesome than toothsome1 to ,pasqua ,rose and his contemporaries1 who urged its more fantastic claims1 it was forced to make its way through a veritable morass of misunderstanding and intolerance4 ,no harmless drink in history has suffered more at hands of friend and foe4 ,did its friends hail it as a panacea1 its enemies retorted that it was a slow poison4 ,in ,france and in ,england there were those who contended that it produced melancholy1 and those who argued it was a cure for the same4 ,dr4 ,thomas ,willis 7#afba-afgc71 a distinguished ,oxford physician whom ,antoine ,portal 7#agdb-ahcb7 called one of the greatest geniuses that ever lived1 said he would sometimes send his patients to the coffee house rather than to the apothecary's shop4 ,an old broadside1 described later in this chapter1 stressed the notion that if you do but this ,rare ,,arabian cordial use1 and thou may'st all the ,doctors ,slops ,refuse4 ,as a cure for drunkenness its magic power was acclaimed by its friends1 and grudgingly admitted by its foes4 ,this will appear presently in a description of the war of the broadsides and the pamphlets4 ,coffee was praised by one writer as a deodorizer4 ,another 7,richard ,bradley71 in his treatise concerning its use with regard to the plague1 said if its qualities had been fully known in #affe1 ,dr4 ,hodges and other learned men of that time would have recommended it4 ,as a matter of fact1 in ,gideon ,harvey's ,advice against the ,plague1 published in #affe1 we find1 coffee is commended against the contagion4 ,this is how the drink's sobering virtue was celebrated by the author of the ,rebellious ,antidote3 ,come1 ,frantick ,fools1 leave off your ,drunken fits4 ,obsequious be and ,i'll recall your ,wits1 ,from perfect ,madness to a modest ,strain ,for farthings four ,i'll fetch you back again1 ,enable all your mene with tricks of ,state1 ,enter and sip and then attend your ,fate2 ,come ,drunk or ,sober1 for a gentle ,fee1 ,come n'er so ,mad1 ,i'll your ,physician be4 ,dr4 ,willis1 in his ,pharmaceutice ,rationalis 7#afgd71 was one of the first to attempt to do justice to both sides of the coffee question4 ,at best1 he thought it a somewhat risky beverage1 and its votaries must1 in some cases1 be prepared to suffer languor and even paralysis2 it may attack the heart and cause tremblings in the limbs4 ,on the other hand it may1 if judiciously used1 prove a marvelous benefit2 being daily drunk it wonderfully clears and enlightens each part of the ,soul and disperses all the clouds of every ,function4 ,it was a long time before recognition was obtained for the truth about the novelty drink2 especially that1 if there were any beyond purely social virtues to be found in coffee1 they were political rather than medical4 ,dr4 ,james ,duncan1 of the ,faculty of ,montpellier1 in his book ,wholesome ,advice against the ,abuse of ,hot ,liquors1 done into ,english in #agjf1 found coffee no more deserving of the name of panacea than that of poison4 ,george ,cheyne 7#afga-agdc71 the noted ,british physician1 proclaimed his neutrality in the words1 ,i have neither great praise nor bitter blame for the thing4 ,coffee ,prices and ,coffee ,licenses ,coffee1 with tea and chocolate1 was first mentioned in the ,english ,statute books in #affj1 when a duty of four pence was laid upon every gallon made and sold1 to be paid by the maker4 ,coffee was classed by the ,house of ,commons with other outlandish drinks4 ,it is recorded in #affb that the right coffee powder was being sold at the ,turk's ,head coffee house in ,exchange ,alley for #ds4 to #fs4 #h;d4 per pound2 that pounded in a mortar1 #bs2 ,east ,india berry1 #as4 #f;d42 and the right ,turkie berry1 well garbled ground at #cs4 ,the ungarbled in the bean for less with directions how to use the same4 ,chocolate was also to be had at #bs4 #f;d4 the pound2 the perfumed from #ds4 to #ajs4 ,at one time coffee sold for five guineas a pound in ,england1 and even forty crowns 7about forty-eight dollars7 a pound was paid for it4 ,in #affc1 all ,english coffee houses were required to be licensed2 the fee was twelve pence4 ,failure to obtain a license was punished by a fine of five pounds for every month's violation of the law4 ,the coffee houses were under close surveillance by government officials4 ,one of these was ,muddiman1 a good scholar and an arch rogue1 who had formerly written for the ,parliament but who later became a paid spy4 ,l',estrange1 who had a patent on the sole right of intelligence1 wrote in his ,intelligencer that he was alarmed at the ill effects of the ordinary written papers of ,parliament's news 444 making coffee houses and all the popular clubs judges of those councils and deliberations which they have nothing to do with at all4 ,the first royal warrant for coffee was given by ,charles ,,ii to ,alexander ,man1 a ,scotsman who had followed ,general ,monk to ,london1 and set up in ,whitehall4 ,here he advertised himself as coffee man to ,charles ,,ii4 ,owing to increased taxes on tea1 coffee1 and newspapers1 near the end of ,queen ,anne's reign 7#agad7 coffee-house keepers generally raised their prices as follows3 ,coffee1 two pence per dish2 green tea1 one and a half pence per dish4 ,all drams1 two pence per dram4 ,at retail1 coffee was then sold for five shillings per pound2 while tea brought from twelve to twenty-eight shillings per pound4 ,coffee ,club of ,the ,rota ,coffee and ,commonwealth1 says a pamphleteer of #affe1 came in together for a ,reformation1 to make 's a free and sober nation4 ,the writer argues that liberty of speech should be allowed1 where men of differing judgements croud2 and he adds1 that's a coffee-house1 for where should men discourse so free as there8 ,robinson's comments are apt3 ,now perhaps we do not always connect the ideas of sociableness and freedom of discussion with the days of ,puritan rule2 yet it must be admitted that something like geniality and openness characterized what ,pepys calls the ,coffee ,club of the ,rota4 ,this free and open ,society of ingenious gentlemen was founded in the year #afei by certain members of the ,republican party1 whose peculiar opinions had been timidly expressed and not very cordially tolerated under the ,great ,oliver4 ,by the weak ,government that followed1 these views were regarded with extreme dislike and with some amount of terror4 ,they met1 says ,aubrey1 who was himself of their number1 at the ,turk's ,head ,miles's coffee house in ,new ,palace ,yard1 ,westminster1 where they take water1 at one ,miles's1 the next house to the staires1 where was made purposely a large ovall table1 with a passage in the middle for ,miles to deliver his coffee4 ,robinson continues3 ,this curious refreshment bar and the interest with which the beverage itself was regarded1 were quite secondary to the excitement caused by another novelty4 ,when1 after heated disputation1 a member desired to test the opinion of the meeting1 any particular point might1 by agreement1 be put to the vote and then everything depended upon our wooden oracle1 the first balloting-box ever seen in ,england4 ,formal methods of procedure and the intensely practical nature of the subjects discussed1 combined to give a real importance to this ,amateur ,parliament4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,charles ,,ii ,from a wood cut of #afgd ,the ,rota1 or ,coffee ,club1 as ,pepys called it1 was essentially a debating society for the dissemination of republican opinions4 ,it was preceded only1 in the reign of ,henry ,,iv1 by the club called ,la ,court de ,bone ,compagnie2 by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh's ,friday ,street1 or ,bread ,street1 club2 the club at the ,mermaid tavern in ,bread ,street1 of which ,shakespeare1 ,beaumont1 ,fletcher1 ,raleigh1 ,selden1 ,donne1 et al41 were members2 and rare ,ben ,jonson's ,devil tavern club1 between ,middle ,temple ,gate and ,temple ,bar4 ,the ,rota derived its name from a plan1 which it was designed to promote1 for changing a certain number of members of parliament annually by rotation4 ,it was founded by ,james ,harrington1 who had painted it in fairest colors in his ,oceana1 that ideal commonwealth4 ,sir ,william ,petty was one of its members4 ,around the table1 in a room every evening as full as it could be crammed1 says ,aubrey1 sat ,milton 787 and ,marvell1 ,cyriac ,skinner1 ,harrington1 ,nevill1 and their friends1 discussing abstract political questions4 ,the ,rota became famous for its literary strictures4 ,among these was ,the censure of the ,rota upon ,mr4 ,milton's book entitled ,the ready and easie way to establish a free commonwealth 7#affj71 although it is doubtful if ,milton was ever a visitor to this bustling coffee club4 ,the ,rota also censured ,mr4 ,driden's ,conquest of ,granada 7#afgc74 ,early ,coffee-,house ,manners and ,customs ,among many of the early coffee-house keepers there was great anxiety that the coffee house1 open to high and low1 should be conducted under such restraints as might secure the better class of customers from annoyance4 ,the following set of regulations in somewhat halting rhyme was displayed on the walls of several of the coffee houses in the seventeenth century3 ,,the ,,rules ,,and ,,orders ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,house4 ,enter1 ,sirs1 freely1 but first1 if you please1 ,peruse our civil orders1 which are these4 ,first1 gentry1 tradesmen1 all are welcome hither1 ,and may without affront sit down together3 ,pre-eminence of place none here should mind1 ,but take the next fit seat that he can find3 ,nor need any1 if finer persons come1 ,rise up to assigne to them his room2 ,to limit men's expence1 we think not fair1 ,but let him forfeit twelve-pence that shall swear2 ,he that shall any quarrel here begin1 ,shall give each man a dish t' atone the sin2 ,and so shall he1 whose compliments extend ,so far to drink in coffee to his friend2 ,let noise of loud disputes be quite forborne1 ,no maudlin lovers here in corners mourn1 ,but all be brisk and talk1 but not too much1 ,on sacred things1 let none presume to touch4 ,nor profane ,scripture1 nor sawcily wrong ,affairs of state with an irreverent tongue3 ,let mirth be innocent1 and each man see ,that all his jests without reflection be2 ,to keep the house more quiet and from blame1 ,we banish hence cards1 dice1 and every game2 ,nor can allow of wagers1 that exceed ,five shillings1 which ofttimes much trouble breed2 ,let all that's lost or forfeited be spent ,in such good liquor as the house doth vent4 ,and customers endeavour1 to their powers1 ,for to observe still1 seasonable hours4 ,lastly1 let each man what he calls for pay1 ,and so you're welcome to come every day4 ,the early coffee houses were often up a flight of stairs1 and consisted of a single large room with tables set apart for divers topics4 ,there is a reference to this in the prologue to a comedy of #afha 7quoted by ,malone73 ,in a coffee house just now among the rabble ,i bluntly asked1 which is the treason table8 ,this was the arrangement at ,man's and others favored by the wits1 the literati1 and men of fashionable instincts4 ,in the distinctly business coffee houses separate rooms were provided at a later time for mercantile transactions4 ,the introduction of wooden partitions--wooden boxes1 as at a tavern--was also of somewhat later date4 ,a print of #afgd shows five persons of different ranks in life1 one of them smoking1 sitting on chairs around a coffee-house table1 on which are small basins1 or dishes1 without saucers1 and tobacco pipes1 while a coffee boy is serving coffee4 ,in the beginning1 only coffee was dispensed in the ,english coffee houses4 ,soon chocolate1 sherbert1 and tea were added2 but the places still maintained their status as social and temperance factors4 ,constantine ,jennings 7or ,george ,constantine7 of the ,grecian advertised chocolate1 sherbert and tea at retail in #affd-fe2 also free instruction in the part of preparing these liquors4 ,drams and cordial waters were to be had only at coffee houses newly set up1 says ,elford the younger1 writing about #afhi4 ,while some few places added ale and beer as early as #affi1 intoxicating liquors were not items of importance for many years4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,london ,,coffee ,,house ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century ,from a wood cut of the period ,after the fire of #afff1 many new coffee houses were opened that were not limited to a single room up a flight of stairs4 ,because the coffee-house keepers over-emphasized the sobering qualities of the coffee drink1 they drew many undesirable characters from the taverns and ale houses after the nine o'clock closing hour4 ,these were hardly calculated to improve the reputation of the coffee houses2 and1 indeed1 the decline of the coffee houses as a temperance institution would seem to trace back to this attitude of false pity for the victims of tavern vices1 evils that many of the coffee houses later on embraced to their own undoing4 ,the early institution was unique1 its distinctive features being unlike those of any public house in ,england or on the ,continent4 ,later on1 in the eighteenth century1 when these distinctive features became obscured1 the name coffee house became a misnomer4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,queen ,,anne',s ,,time--#agjb-ad ,showing coffee pots1 coffee dishes1 and coffee boy ,however1 ,robinson says1 the close intercourse between the habitus of the coffee house1 before it lost anything of its generous social traditions and whilst the issue of the struggle for political liberty was as yet uncertain1 was to lead to something more than a mere jumbling or huddling together of opposites4 ,the diverse elements gradually united in the bonds of common sympathy1 or were forcibly combined by persecution from without until there resulted a social1 political and moral force of almost irresistible strength4 ,coffee-,house ,keepers' ,tokens ,the great ,london fire of #afff destroyed some of the coffee houses2 but prominent among those that survived was the ,rainbow1 whose proprietor1 ,james ,farr1 issued one of the earliest coffee-house tokens1 doubtless in grateful memory of his escape4 ,farr's token shows an arched rainbow emerging from the clouds of the great fire1 indicating that all was well with him1 and the ,rainbow still radiant4 ,on the reverse the medal was inscribed1 ,in ,fleet ,street--,his ,half ,penny4 ,a large number of these trade coins were put out by coffee-house keepers and other tradesmen in the seventeenth century as evidence of an amount due1 as stated thereon1 by the issuer to the holder4 ,tokens originated because of the scarcity of small change4 ,they were of brass1 copper1 pewter1 and even leather1 gilded4 ,they bore the name1 address1 and calling of the issuer1 the nominal value of the piece1 and some reference to his trade4 ,they were readily redeemed1 on presentation1 at their face value4 ,they were passable in the immediate neighborhood1 seldom reaching farther than the next street4 ,c4,g4 ,williamson writes3 ,tokens are essentially democratic2 they would never have been issued but for the indifference of the ,government to a public need2 and in them we have a remarkable instance of a people forcing a legislature to comply with demands at once reasonable and imperative4 ,taken as a whole series1 they are homely and quaint1 wanting in beauty1 but not without a curious domestic art of their own4 ,robinson finds an exception to the general simplicity in the tokens issued by one of the ,exchange ,alley houses4 ,the dies of these tokens are such as to have suggested the skilled workmanship of ,john ,roettier4 ,the most ornate has the head of a ,turkish sultan at that time famed for his horrible deeds1 ending in suicide2 its inscription runs3 ,morat ye ,great ,men did mee call2 ,where ,eare ,i came ,i conquer'd all4 ,a number of the most interesting coffee-house keepers' tokens in the ,beaufoy collection in the ,guildhall ,museum were photographed for this work1 and are shown herewith4 ,it will be observed that many of the traders of #affj-ge adopted as their trade sign a hand pouring coffee from a pot1 invariably of the ,turkish-ewer pattern4 ,morat 7,amurath7 and ,soliman were frequent coffee-house signs in the seventeenth century4 ,j4,h4 ,burn1 in his ,catalogue of ,traders' ,tokens1 recites that in #afgb divers persons who presumed 444 to stamp1 coin1 exchange and distribute farthings1 halfpence and pence of brass and copper were taken into custody1 in order to a severe prosecution2 but upon submission1 their offenses were forgiven1 and it was not until the year #afge that the private token ceased to pass current4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #a--;,,coffee-,,house ,,keepers' ,,tokens ,,of ,,the #ag,,th ,,century ,drawn for this work from the originals in the ,british ,museum1 and in the ,beaufoy collection at the ,guildhall ,museum ,a royal proclamation at the close of #afgd enjoined the prosecution of any who should utter base metals with private stamps1 or hinder the vending of those half pence and farthings which are provided for necessary exchange4 ,after this1 tokens were issued stamped necessary change4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,broad-,,side ,,of #affc ,opposition to the ,coffee ,house ,it is easy to see why the coffee houses at once found favor among men of intelligence in all classes4 ,until they came1 the average ,englishman had only the tavern as a place of common resort4 ,but here was a public house offering a non-intoxicating beverage1 and its appeal was instant and universal4 ,as a meeting place for the exchange of ideas it soon attained wide popularity4 ,but not without opposition4 ,the publicans and ale-house keepers1 seeing business slipping away from them1 made strenuous propaganda against this new social center2 and not a few attacks were launched against the coffee drink4 ,between the ,restoration and the year #afge1 of eight tracts written upon the subject of the ,london coffee houses1 four have the words character of a coffee house as part of their titles4 ,the authors appear eager to impart a knowledge of the town's latest novelty1 with which many readers were unacquainted4 ,one of these early pamphlets 7#affb7 was entitled ,the ,coffee ,scuffle1 and professed to give a dialogue between a learned knight and a pitifull pedagogue1 and contained an amusing account of a house where the ,puritan element was still in the ascendant4 ,a numerous company is present1 and each little group being occupied with its own subject1 the general effect is that of another ,babel4 ,while one is engaged in quoting the classics1 another confides to his neighbors how much he admires ,euclid2 ,a third's for a lecture1 a fourth a conjecture1 ,a fifth for a penny in the pound4 ,theology is introduced4 ,mask balls and plays are condemned4 ,others again discuss the news1 and are deep in the store of mercuries here to be found4 ,one cries up philosophy4 ,pedantry is rife1 and for the most part unchecked1 when each 'prentice-boy doth call for his coffee in ,latin and all are so prompt with their learned quotations that 't would make a poor ,vicar to tremble4 ,the first noteworthy effort attacking the coffee drink was a satirical broadside that appeared in #affc4 ,it was entitled ,a ,cup of ,coffee3 or1 ,coffee in its ,colours4 ,it said3 ,for men and ,christians to turn ,turks1 and think ,t'excuse the ,crime because 'tis in their drink1 ,is more than ,magick4444 ,pure ,english ,apes6 ,ye may1 for ought ,i know1 ,would it but mode1 learn to eat ,spiders too4 ,the writer wonders that any man should prefer coffee to canary1 and refers to the days of ,beaumont1 ,fletcher1 and ,ben ,jonson4 ,he says3 ,they drank pure nectar as the gods drink too1 ,sublim'd with rich ,canary4444 shall then ,these less than coffee's self1 these coffee-men1 ,these sons of nothing1 that can hardly make ,their ,broth1 for laughing how the jest doth take2 ,yet grin1 and give ye for the ,vine's pure ,blood ,a loathsome potion1 not yet understood1 ,syrrop of soot1 or ,essence of old ,shooes1 ,dasht with ,diurnals and the ,books of news8 ,the author of ,a ,cup of ,coffee1 it will be seen1 does not shrink from using epithets4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #b--;,,coffee-,,house ,,keepers' ,,tokens ,,of ,,the #ag,,th ,,century ,drawn for this work from the originals in the ,british ,museum1 and in the ,beaufoy collection at the ,guildhall ,museum ,the ,coffee ,man's ,granado ,discharged upon the ,maiden's ,complaint ,against ,coffee1 a dialogue in verse1 also appeared in #affc4 ,the ,character of a ,coffee ,house1 by an ,eye and ,ear ,witness appeared in #affe4 ,it was a ten-page pamphlet1 and proved to be excellent propaganda for coffee4 ,it is so well done1 and contains so much local color1 that it is reproduced here1 the text ,museum4 ,the title page reads3 ,the ,,character ,,of ,a ,,coffee-,,house wherein ,is contained a ,description of the ,persons usually frequenting it1 with their ,discourse and ,humors1 ,as ,also ,the ,admirable ,vertues of ,,coffee ,by an ,eye and ,ear ,witness ,when ,coffee once was vended here1 ,the ,alc'ron shortly did appear1 ,for our ,reformers were such ,widgeons4 ,new ,liquors brought in new ,religions4 ,printed in the ,year1 #affe4 ,the text and the arrangement of the body of the pamphlet are as follows3 ,,the ,,character ,,of ,a ,,coffee-,,house ,,the ,,derivation ,,of ,a ,,coffee-,,house ,a ,coffee-house1 the learned hold ,it is a place where ,coffee's sold2 ,this derivation cannot fail us1 ,for where ,ale's vended1 that's an ,ale-house4 ,this being granted to be true1 ',tis meet that next the ,signs we shew ,both where and how to find this house ,where men such cordial broth carowse4 ,and if ,culpepper woon some glory ,in turning the ,dispensatory ,from ,latin into ,english2 then ,why should not all good ,english men ,give him much thanks who shews a cure ,for all diseases men endure8 ,,signs3 ,,how ,,to ,,find ,,it ,,out ,as you along the streets do trudge1 ,to take the pains you must not grudge1 ,to view the ,posts or ,broomsticks where ,the ,signs of ,liquors hanged are4 ,and if you see the great ,morat ,with ,shash on's head instead of hat1 ,or any ,sultan in his dress1 ,or picture of a ,sultaness1 ,or ,john's admir'd curled pate1 ,or th' great ,mogul in's ,chair of ,state1 ,or ,constantine the ,grecian1 ,who fourteen years was th' onely man ,that made ,coffee for th' great ,bashaw1 ,although the man he never saw2 ,or if you see a ,coffee-cup ,fil'd from a ,turkish pot1 hung up ,within the clouds1 and round it ,pipes1 ,wax ,candles1 ,stoppers1 these are types ,and certain signs 7with many more ,would be too long to write them 'ore17 ,which plainly do ,spectators tell ,that in that house they ,coffee sell4 ,some wiser than the rest 7no doubt17 ,say they can by the smell find't out2 ,in at a door 7say they17 but thrust ,your ,nose1 and if you scent burnt ,crust1 ,be sure there's ,coffee sold that's good1 ,for so by most 'tis understood4 ,now being enter'd1 there's no needing ,of complements or gentile breeding1 ,for you may seat you any where1 ,there's no respect of persons there2 ,then comes the ,coffee-man to greet you1 ,with welcome ,sir1 let me entreat you1 ,to tell me what you'l please to have1 ,for ,i'm your humble1 humble slave2 ,but if you ask1 what good does ,coffee8 ,he'l answer1 ,sir1 don't think ,i scoff yee1 ,if ,i affirm there's no disease ,men have that drink it but find ease4 ,,the ,,vertues ,,of ,,coffee ,look1 there's a man who takes the steem ,in at his ,nose1 has an extreme ,worm in his pate1 and giddiness1 ,ask him and he will say no less4 ,there sitteth one whose ,droptick belly ,was hard as flint1 now's soft as jelly4 ,there stands another holds his head ',ore th' ,coffee-pot1 was almost dead ,even now with ,rhume2 ask him hee'l say ,that all his ,rhum's now past away4 ,see1 there's a man sits now demure ,and sober1 was within this hour ,quite drunk1 and comes here frequently1 ,for 'tis his daily ,malady1 ,more1 it has such reviving power ',twill keep a man awake an houre1 ,nay1 make his eyes wide open stare ,both ,sermon time and all the prayer4 ,sir1 should ,i tell you all the rest ,o' th' cures 't has done1 two hours at least ,in numb'ring them ,i needs must spend1 ,scarce able then to make an end4 ,besides these vertues that's therein4 ,for any kind of ,medicine1 ,the ,commonwealth-,kingdom ,i'd say1 ,has mighty reason for to pray ,that still ,arabia may produce ,enough of ,berry for it's use3 ,for't has such strange magnetick force1 ,that it draws after't great concourse ,of all degrees of persons1 even ,from high to low1 from morn till even2 ,especially the sober ,party1 ,and ,news-mongers do drink't most hearty ,here you'r not thrust into a ,box ,as ,taverns do to catch the ,fox1 ,but as from th' top of ,pauls high steeple1 ,th' whole ,city's view'd1 even so all people ,may here be seen2 no secrets are ,at th' ,court for ,peace1 or th' ,camp for ,war1 ,but straight they'r here disclos'd and known2 ,men in this ,age so wise are grown4 ,now 7,sir7 what profit may accrew ,by this1 to all good men1 judge you4 ,with that he's loudly call'd upon ,for ,coffee1 and then whip he's gone4 ,,the ,,company ,here at a ,table sits 7perplext7 ,a griping ,usurer1 and next ,to him a gallant ,furioso1 ,then nigh to him a ,virtuoso2 ,a ,player then 7full fine7 sits down1 ,and close to him a ,country ,clown4 ,o' th' other side sits some ,pragmatick1 ,and next to him some sly ,phanatick4 ,,the ,,several ,,liquors ,the gallant he for ,tea doth call1 ,the ,usurer for nought at all4 ,the ,pragmatick he doth intreat ,that they will fill him some ,beau-cheat1 ,the ,virtuoso he cries hand me ,some ,coffee mixt with ,sugar-candy4 ,phanaticus 7at last7 says come1 ,bring me some ,aromaticum4 ,the ,player bawls for ,chocolate1 ,all which the ,bumpkin wond'ring at1 ,cries1 ho1 my ,masters1 what d' ye speak1 ,d' ye call for drink in ,heathen ,greek8 ,give me some good old ,ale or ,beer1 ,or else ,i will not drink1 ,i swear4 ,then having charg'd their ,pipes around4 ,,their ,,discourse ,they silence break2 ,first the profound ,and sage ,phanatique1 ,sirs what news8 ,troth says the ,us'rer ,i ne'r use ,to tip my tongue with such discourse1 ',twere news to know how to disburse ,a summ of mony 7makes me sad7 ,to get ought by't1 times are so bad4 ,the other answers1 truly ,sir ,you speak but truth1 for ,i'le aver ,they ne'r were worse2 did you not hear ,what prodigies did late appear ,at ,norwich1 ,ipswich1 ,grantham1 ,gotam8 ,and though prophane ones do not not'em1 ,yet we--,here th' ,virtuoso stops ,the current of his speech1 with hopes ,quoth he1 you will not tak'd amiss1 ,i say all's lies that's news like this1 ,for ,i have ,factors all about ,the ,realm1 so that no ,stars peep out ,that are unusual1 much less these ,strange and unheard-of prodigies ,you would relate1 but they are tost ,to me in letters by first ,post4 ,at which the ,furioso swears ,such chat as this offends his ears ,it rather doth become this ,age ,to talk of bloodshed1 fury1 rage1 ,and t' drink stout healths in brim-fill'd ,nogans4 ,to th' downfall of the ,hogan ,mogans4 ,with that the ,player doffs his ,bonnet1 ,and tunes his voice as if a ,sonnet ,were to be sung2 then gently says1 ,o what delight there is in ,plays6 ,sure if we were but all in ,peace1 ,this noise of ,wars and ,news would cease2 ,all sorts of people then would club ,their pence to see a ,play that's good4 ,you'l wonder all this while 7perhaps7 ,the ,curioso holds his chaps4 ,but he doth in his thoughts devise1 ,how to the rest he may seem wise2 ,yet able longer not to hold1 ,his tedious tale too must be told1 ,and thus begins1 ,sirs unto me ,it reason seems that liberty ,of speech and words should be allow'd ,where men of differing judgements croud1 ,and that's a ,coffee-house1 for where ,should men discourse so free as there8 ,coffee and ,commonwealth begin ,both with one letter1 both came in ,together for a ,reformation1 ,to make's a free and sober ,nation4 ,but now--,with that ,phanaticus ,gives him a nod1 and speaks him thus1 ,hold brother1 ,i know your intent1 ,that's no dispute convenient ,for this same place1 truths seldome find ,acceptance here1 they'r more confin'd ,to ,taverns and to ,ale-house liquor1 ,where men do vent their minds more quicker ,if that may for a truth but pass ,what's said1 ,in vino veritas4 ,with that up starts the ,country ,clown1 ,and stares about with threatening frown4 ,as if he would even eat them all up4 ,then bids the boy run quick and call up1 ,a ,constable1 for he has reason ,to fear their ,latin may be treason ,but straight they all call what's to pay1 ,lay't down1 and march each several way4 ,,the ,,company ,at th' other table sits a ,knight1 ,and here a grave old man ore right ,against his worship1 then perhaps ,that by and by a ,drawer claps ,his bum close by them1 there down squats ,a dealer in old shoes and hats2 ,and here withouten any panick ,fear1 dread or care a bold ,mechanick4 ,,heir ,,discourse ,the ,knight 7because he's so7 he prates ,of matters far beyond their pates4 ,the grave old man he makes a bustle1 ,and his wise sentence in must justle4 ,up starts th' ,apprentice boy and he ,says boldly so and so't must be4 ,the dealer in old shoes to utter ,his saying too makes no small sputter4 ,then comes the pert mechanick blade1 ,and contradicts what all have said4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there by the fier-side doth sit1 ,one freezing in an ,ague fit4 ,another poking in't with th' tongs1 ,still ready to cough up his lungs ,here sitteth one that's melancolick1 ,and there one singing in a frolick4 ,each one hath such a prety gesture1 ,at ,smithfield fair would yield a tester4 ,boy reach a pipe cries he that shakes1 ,the songster no ,tobacco takes1 ,says he who coughs1 nor do ,i smoak1 ,then ,monsieur ,mopus turns his cloak ,off from his face1 and with a grave ,majestick beck his pipe doth crave4 ,they load their guns and fall a smoaking ,whilst he who coughs sits by a choaking1 ,till he no longer can abide4 ,and so removes from th' fier side4 ,now all this while none calls to drink1 ,which makes the ,coffee boy to think ,much they his pots should so enclose1 ,he cannot pass but tread on toes4 ,with that as he the ,nectar fills ,from pot to pot1 some on't he spills ,upon the ,songster4 ,oh cries he4 ,pox1 what dost do8 thou'st burnt my knee2 ,no says the boy1 7to make a bald ,and blind excuse47 ,sir 'twill not scald4 ,with that the man lends him a cuff ,o' th' ear1 and whips away in snuff4 ,the other two1 their pipes being out1 ,says ,monsieur ,mopus ,i much doubt ,my friend ,i wait for will not come1 ,but if he do1 say ,i'm gone home4 ,then says the ,aguish man ,i must come ,according to my wonted custome1 ,to give ye' a visit1 although now ,i dare not drink1 and so adieu4 ,the boy replies1 ,o ,sir1 however ,you'r very welcome1 we do never ,our ,candles1 ,pipes or ,fier grutch ,to daily customers and such1 ,they'r ,company 7without expence17 ,for that's sufficient recompence4 ,here at a table all alone1 ,sits 7studying7 a spruce youngster1 7one ,who doth conceipt himself fully witty1 ,and's counted one o' th' wits o' th' ,city17 ,till by him 7with a stately grace17 ,a ,spanish ,don himself doth place4 ,then 7cap in hand7 a brisk ,monsieur ,he takes his seat1 and crowds as near ,as possibly that he can come4 ,then next a ,dutchman takes his room4 ,the ,wits glib tongue begins to chatter1 ,though't utters more of noise than matter1 ,yet 'cause they seem to mind his words1 ,his lungs more battle still affords ,at last says he to ,don1 ,i trow ,you understand me8 ,sennor no ,says th' other4 ,here the ,wit doth pause ,a little while1 then opes his jaws1 ,and says to ,monsieur1 you enjoy ,our tongue ,i hope8 ,non par ma foy1 ,replies the ,frenchman3 nor you1 ,sir8 ,says he to th' ,dutchman1 ,neen mynheer1 ,with that he's gone1 and cries1 why sho'd ,he stay where wit's not understood8 ,there in a place of his own chusing 7,alone7 some lover sits a musing1 ,with arms across1 and's eyes up lift1 ,as if he were of sence bereft4 ,till sometimes to himself he's speaking1 ,then sighs as if his heart were breaking4 ,here in a corner sits a ,phrantick1 ,and there stands by a frisking ,antick1 ,of all sorts some and all conditions ,even ,vintners1 ,surgeons and ,physicians4 ,the blind1 the deaf1 and aged cripple ,do here resort and ,coffee tipple4 ,now here 7perhaps7 you may expect ,my ,muse some trophies should erect ,in high flown verse1 for to set forth ,the noble praises of its worth4 ,truth is1 old ,poets beat their brains ,to find out high and lofty strains ,to praise the 7now too frequent7 use ,of the bewitching grapes strong juice1 ,some have strain'd hard for to exalt ,the liquor of our ,english ,mault ,nay ,don has almost crackt his nodle ,enough t'applaud his ,caaco ,caudle4 ,the ,germans ,mum1 ,teag's ,usquebagh1 7,made him so well defend ,tredagh17 ,metheglin1 which the ,brittains tope1 ,hot ,brandy wine1 the ,hogans hope4 ,stout ,meade which makes the ,russ to laugh1 ,spic'd ,punch 7in bowls7 the ,indians quaff4 ,all these have had their pens to raise ,them ,monuments of lasting praise1 ,onely poor ,coffee seems to me ,no subject fit for ,poetry ,at least 'tis one that none of mine is1 ,so ,i do wave 't1 and here write-- ,,finis4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,broad-,,side ,,of #affg ,news from the ,coffe ,house2 in which is shewn their several sorts of ,passions appeared in #affg4 ,it was reprinted in #afgb as ,the ,coffee ,house or ,news-mongers' ,hall4 ,several stanzas from these broadsides have been much quoted4 ,they serve to throw additional light upon the manners of the time1 and upon the kind of conversation met with in any well frequented coffee house of the seventeenth century1 particularly under the ,stuarts4 ,they are finely descriptive of the company characteristics of the early coffee houses4 ,the fifth stanza of the edition of #affg1 inimical to the ,french1 was omitted when the broadside was amended and reprinted in #afgb1 the year that ,england joined with ,france and again declared war on the ,dutch4 ,the following verses with explanatory notes are from ,timbs3 ,,news ,,from ,,the ,,coffe ,,house ,you that delight in ,wit and ,mirth1 ,and long to hear such ,news1 ,as comes from all ,parts of the ,earth1 ,dutch1 ,danes1 and ,turks1 and ,jews1 ,i'le send yee to a ,rendezvouz1 ,where it is smoaking new2 ,go hear it at a ,coffe-house1 ,it cannot but be true4 ,there ,battles and ,sea-,fights are ,fought1 ,and bloudy ,plots display'd2 ,they know more ,things then ere was thought ,or ever was betray'd3 ,no ,money in the ,minting-house ,is halfe so ,bright and ,new2 ,and comming from a ,coffe-house ,it cannot but be true4 ,before the ,navyes fall to ,work1 ,they know who shall be ,winner2 ,they there can tell ye what the ,turk ,last ,sunday had to ,dinner2 ,who last did ,cut ,du ,ruitters#ge ,corns1 ,amongst his jovial ,crew2 ,or ,who first gave the ,devil ,horns1 ,which cannot but be true4 ,a ,fisherman did boldly tell1 ,and strongly did avouch1 ,he ,caught a ,shoal of ,mackarel1 ,that ,parley'd all in ,dutch1 ,and cry'd out ,yaw1 yaw1 yaw ,myne ,here2 ,but as the ,draught they ,drew ,they ,stunck for fear1 that ,monck#gf was there1 ,which cannot but be true4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there's nothing done in all the ,world1 ,from ,monarch to the ,mouse ,but every ,day or ,night 'tis hurld ,into the ,coffe-house4 ,what ,lillie#gg or what ,booker#gh can ,by ,art1 not bring about1 ,at ,coffe-house you'l find a ,man1 ,can quickly find it out4 ,they know who shall in ,times to come1 ,be either made1 or undone1 ,from great ,st4 ,peters street in ,rome1 ,to ,turnbull-street#gi in ,london2 99 99 99 99 99 ,they know all that is ,good1 or ,hurt1 ,to ,dam ye1 or to ,save ye2 ,there is the ,colledge1 and the ,court1 ,the ,country1 ,camp and ,navie2 ,so great a ,universitie1 ,i think there ne're was any2 ,in which you may a ,schoolar be ,for spending of a ,penny4 99 99 99 99 99 ,here ,men do talk of every ,thing1 ,with large and liberal ,lungs1 ,like ,women at a ,gossiping1 ,with double tyre of ,tongues2 ,they'l give a ,broad-side presently1 ,soon as you are in view1 ,with ,stories that1 you'l wonder at1 ,which they will swear are true4 ,the ,drinking there of ,chockalat1 ,can make a ,fool a ,sophie3 ',tis thought the ,turkish ,mahomet ,was first ,inspir'd with ,coffe1 ,by which his ,powers did ,over-flow ,the ,land of ,palestine3 ,then let us to1 the ,coffe-house go1 ',tis ,cheaper farr then ,wine4 ,you shall know there1 what ,fashions are2 ,how ,perrywiggs are ,curl'd2 ,and for a ,penny you shall heare1 ,all ,novells in the ,world4 ,both ,old and ,young1 and ,great and ,small1 ,and ,rich1 and ,poore1 you'l see2 ,therefore let's to the ,coffe ,all1 ,come ,all away with ,mee4 ,,finis4 ,robert ,morton made a contribution to the controversy in ,lines ,appended to the ,nature1 ,quality and ,most ,excellent ,vertues of ,coffee in #afgj4 ,there was published in #afgb ,a ,broad-side ,against ,coffee1 or the ,marriage of the ,turk1 verses that attained considerable fame because of their picturesque invective4 ,they also stressed the fact that ,pasqua ,roses partner was a coachman1 and imitated the broken ,english of the ,ragusan youth3 ,a ,,broad-,,side ,,against ,,coffee2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,marriage ,,of ,,the ,,turk ,coffee1 a kind of ,turkish ,renegade1 ,has late a match with ,christian water made2 ,at first between them happen'd a ,demur1 ,yet joyn'd they were1 but not without great stir2 99 99 99 99 99 ,coffee was cold as ,earth1 ,water as ,thames1 ,and stood in need of recommending ,flames2 99 99 99 99 99 ,coffee so brown as berry does appear1 ,too swarthy for a ,nymph so fair1 so clear3 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,coachman was the first 7here7 ,coffee made1 ,and ever since the rest drive on the trade2 ,me no good ,engalash6 and sure enough1 ,he plaid the ,quack to salve his ,stygian stuff2 ,ver boon for de stomach1 de ,cough1 de ,ptisick ,and ,i believe him1 for it looks like ,physick4 ,coffee a crust is charkt into a coal1 ,the smell and taste of the ,mock ,china bowl2 ,where huff and puff1 they labour out their lungs1 ,lest ,dives-like they should bewail their tongues4 ,and yet they tell ye that it will not burn1 ,though on the ,jury ,blisters you return2 ,whose furious heat does make the water rise1 ,and still through the ,alembicks of your eyes4 ,dread and desire1 ye fall to't snap by snap1 ,as hungry ,dogs do scalding porrige lap1 ,but to cure ,drunkards it has got great ,fame2 ,posset or ,porrige1 will't not do the same8 ,confusion huddles all into one ,scene1 ,like ,noah's ,ark1 the clean and the unclean4 ,but now1 alas6 the ,drench has credit got1 ,and he's no ,gentleman that drinks it not2 ,that such a ,dwarf should rise to such a stature6 ,but ,custom is but a remove from ,nature4 ,a little ,dish1 and a large ,coffee-house1 ,what is it1 but a ,mountain and a ,mouse8 99 99 99 99 99 ,mens humana novitatis avidissima4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,broad-,,side ,,of #afgj ,and so it came to pass that coffee history repeated itself in ,england4 ,many good people became convinced that coffee was a dangerous drink4 ,the tirades against the beverage in that far-off time sound not unlike the advertising patter employed by some of our present-day coffee-substitute manufacturers4 ,it was even ridiculed by being referred to as ninny broth and ,turkey gruel4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,broad-,,side ,,of #afgb ,a brief description of the excellent vertues of that sober and wholesome drink called coffee appeared in #afgd and proved an able and dignified answer to the attacks that had preceded it4 ,that same year1 for the first time in history1 the sexes divided in a coffee controversy1 and there was issued ,the ,women's ,petition against ,coffee1 representing to public consideration the grand inconveniences accruing to their sex from the excessive use of the drying and enfeebling ,liquor1 in which the ladies1 who had not been accorded the freedom of the coffee houses in ,england1 as was the custom in ,france1 ,germany1 ,italy1 and other countries on the ,continent1 complained that coffee made men as unfruitful as the deserts where that unhappy berry is said to be bought4 ,besides the more serious complaint that the whole race was in danger of extinction1 it was urged that on a domestic message a husband would stop by the way to drink a couple of cups of coffee4 ,this pamphlet is believed to have precipitated the attempt at suppression by the crown the following year1 despite the prompt appearing1 in #afgd1 of ,the ,men's ,answer to the ,women's ,petition ,against ,coffee1 vindicating 444 their liquor1 from the undeserved aspersion lately cast upon them1 in their scandalous pamphlet4 ,the #afgd broadside in defense of coffee was the first to be illustrated2 and for all its air of pretentious grandeur and occasional bathos1 it was not a bad rhyming advertisement for the persecuted drink4 ,it was printed for ,paul ,greenwood and sold at the sign of the coffee mill and tobacco-roll in ,cloath-fair near ,west-,smithfield1 who selleth the best ,arabian coffee powder and chocolate in cake or roll1 after the ,spanish fashion1 etc4 ,the following extracts will serve to illustrate its epic character3 ,when the sweet ,poison of the ,treacherous ,grape1 ,had ,acted on the world a ,general ,rape2 ,drowning our very ,reason and our ,souls ,in such deep ,seas of large o'reflowing ,bowls4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when ,foggy ,ale1 leavying up mighty ,trains ,of muddy ,vapours1 had besieg'd our ,brains2 99 99 99 99 99 ,then ,heaven in ,pity1 to ,effect our ,cure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,first sent amongst us this ,all-healing-,berry1 ,at once to make us both ,sober and ,merry4 ,arabian ,coffee1 a ,rich ,cordial ,to ,purse and ,person ,beneficial1 ,which of so many ,vertues doth partake1 ,its ,country's called ,felix for its sake4 ,from the ,rich ,chambers of the ,rising ,sun1 ,where ,arts1 and all good ,fashions first begun1 ,where ,earth with choicest ,rarities is blest1 ,and dying ,phoenix builds ,her wondrous ,nest3 ,,coffee arrives1 that ,grave and wholesome ,liquor1 ,that heals the ,stomack1 makes the ,genius quicker1 ,relieves the ,memory1 ,revives the ,sad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,do but this ,rare ,,arabian ,cordial ,use1 ,and thou may'st all the ,doctors ,slops ,refuse4 ,hush then1 dull ,,quacks1 your ,mountebanking cease1 ,,coffee',s a speedier ,cure for each ,disease2 ,how great its ,vertues are1 we hence may think1 ,the ,worlds third ,part makes it their common ,drink3 ,in ,breif1 all you who ,healths ,rich ,treasures ,prize1 ,and ,court not ,ruby ,noses1 or blear'd ,eyes1 ,but own ,sobriety to be your ,drift4 ,and ,love at once good ,company and ,thrift2 ,to ,wine no more make ,wit and ,coyn a ,trophy1 ,but come each ,night and ,frollique here in ,coffee4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,broad-,,side ,,of #afgd ,the first one to be illustrated ,an eight-page folio1 the last argument to be issued in defense of coffee before ,charles ,,ii sought to follow in the footsteps of ,kair ,bey and ,kuprili1 was issued in the early part of #afge4 ,it was entitled ,coffee ,houses ,vindicated4 ,in answer to the late published ,character of a ,coffee ,house4 ,asserting from ,reason1 ,experience and good ,authors the ,excellent ,use and physical ,virtues of that ,liquor 444 ,with the ,grand ,convenience of such civil ,places of ,resort and ingenious ,conversation4 ,the advantage of a coffee house compared with a publick-house is thus set forth3 ,first1 ,in regard of easy expense4 ,being to wait for or meet a friend1 a tavern-reckoning soon breeds a purse-consumption3 in an ale house1 you must gorge yourself with pot after pot4444 ,but here1 for a penny or two1 you may spend two or three hours1 have the shelter of a house1 the warmth of a fire1 the diversion of company2 and conveniency1 if you please1 of taking a pipe of tobacco2 and all this without any grumbling or repining4 ,secondly4 ,for sobriety4 ,it is grown1 by the ill influences of ,i know not what hydropick stars1 almost a general custom amongst us1 that no bargain can be drove1 or business concluded between man and man1 but it must be transacted at some publick-house 444 where continual sippings 444 would be apt to fly up into their brains1 and render them drowsy and indisposed 444 whereas1 having now the opportunity of a coffee-house1 they repair thither1 take each man a dish or two 7so far from causing1 that it cures any dizziness1 or disturbant fumes73 and so1 dispatching their business1 go out more sprightly about their affairs1 than before4444 ,lastly1 ,for diversion 444 where can young gentlemen1 or shop-keepers1 more innocently and advantageously spend an hour or two in the evening than at a coffee-house8 ,where they shall be sure to meet company1 and1 by the custom of the house1 not such as at other places stingy and reserved to themselves1 but free and communicative1 where every man may modestly begin his story1 and propose to1 or answer another1 as he thinks fit4444 ,so that1 upon the whole matter1 spight of the idle sarcasms and paltry reproaches thrown upon it1 we may1 with no less truth than plainness1 give this brief character of a well-regulated coffee-house1 7for our pen disdains to be an advocate for any sordid holes1 that assume that name to cloke the practice of debauchery17 that it is the sanctuary of health1 the nursery of temperance1 the delight of frugality1 and academy of civility1 and free-school of ingenuity4 ,the ,ale ,wives' ,complaint ,against the ,coffee-houses1 a dialogue between a victualer's wife and a coffee man1 at difference about spiriting away each other's trade1 also was issued in #afge4 ,as early as #afff1 and again in #afgb1 we find the government planning to strike a blow at the coffee houses4 ,by the year #afge1 these seminaries of sedition were much frequented by persons of rank and substance1 who1 suitable to our native genius1 says ,anderson1#hj used great freedom therein with respect to the courts' proceedings in these and like points1 so contrary to the voice of the people4 ,in #afgb1 ,charles ,,ii1 seemingly eager to emulate the ,oriental intolerants that preceded him1 determined to try his hand at suppression4 ,having been informed of the great inconveniences arising from the great number of persons that resort to coffee-houses1 the king desired the ,lord ,keeper and the ,judges to give their opinion in writing as to how far he might lawfully proceed against them4 ,roger ,north in his ,examen gives the full story2 and ,d',israeli1 commenting on it1 says1 it was not done without some apparent respect for the ,british constitution4 ,the courts affected not to act against the law1 and the judges were summoned to a consultation2 but the five who met could not agree in opinion4 ,sir ,william ,coventry spoke against the proposed measure4 ,he pointed out that the government obtained considerable revenue from coffee1 that the king himself owed to these seemingly obnoxious places no small debt of gratitude in the matter of his own restoration2 for they had been permitted in ,cromwell's time1 when the king's friends had used more liberty of speech than they dared to do in any other4 ,he urged1 also1 that it might be rash to issue a command so likely to be disobeyed4 ,at last1 being hard pressed for a reply1 the judges gave such a halting opinion in favor of the king's policy as to remind us of the reluctant verdict wrung from the physicians and lawyers of ,mecca on the occasion of coffee's first persecution4#ha ,the ,english lawyers1 in language which1 for its civility and indefiniteness1 says ,robinson1 would have been the envy of their ,eastern brethren1 declared that3 ,retailing coffee might be an innocent trade1 as it might be exercised2 but as it is used at present1 in the nature of a common assembly1 to discourse of matters of ,state1 news and great ,persons1 as they are ,nurseries of ,idleness and ,pragmaticalness1 and hinder the expence of our native ,provisions1 they might be thought common nuisances4 ,an attempt was made to mold public opinion to a favorable consideration of the attempt at suppression in ,the ,grand ,concern of ,england explained1 which was good propaganda for his majesty's enterprise1 but utterly failed to carry conviction to the lovers of liberty4 ,after much backing and filling1 the king1 on ,december #bc1 #afge1 issued a proclamation which in its title frankly stated its object--for the suppression of coffee houses4 ,it is here given in a somewhat condensed form3 ,,by ,,the ,,king3 ,a ,,proclamation ,,for ,,the ,,suppression ,,of ,,coffee ,,houses ,charles ,r4 ,whereas it is most apparent that the multitude of ,coffee ,houses of late years set up and kept within this kingdom1 the dominion of ,wales1 and town of ,berwick-upon-,tweed1 and the great resort of ,idle and disaffected persons to them1 have produced very evil and dangerous effects2 as well for that many tradesmen and others1 do herein mispend much of their time1 which might and probably would be employed in and about their ,lawful ,calling and ,affairs2 but also1 for that in such houses 444 divers false1 malitious and scandalous reports are devised and spread abroad to the ,defamation of his ,majestie's ,government1 and to the ,disturbance of the ,peace and ,quiet of the ,realm2 his ,majesty hath thought fit and necessary1 that the said ,coffee ,houses be 7for the future7 ,put down1 and suppressed1 and doth 444 strictly charge and command all manner of persons1 ,that they or any of them do not presume from and after the ,tenth ,day of ,january next ensuing1 to keep any ,public ,coffee ,house1 or to utter or sell by retail1 in his1 her or their house or houses 7to be spent or consumed within the same7 any ,coffee1 ,chocolet1 ,sherbett or ,tea1 as they will answer the contrary at their utmost perils 444 7all licenses to be revoked74 ,given at our ,court at ,whitehall1 this third-and-twentieth day of ,dec41 #afge1 in the seven-and-twentieth year of our ,reign4 ,,god ,,save ,,the ,,king4 ,and then a remarkable thing happened4 ,it is not usual for a royal proclamation issued on the #bith of one month to be recalled on the #hth day of the next2 but this is the record established by ,charles ,,ii4 ,the proclamation was made on ,december #bc1 #afge1 and issued ,december #bi1 #afge4 ,it forbade the coffee houses to operate after ,january #aj1 #afgf4 ,but so intense was the feeling aroused1 that eleven days was sufficient time to convince the king that a blunder had been made4 ,men of all parties cried out against being deprived of their accustomed haunts4 ,the dealers in coffee1 tea1 and chocolate demonstrated that the proclamation would greatly lessen his majesty's revenues4 ,convulsion and discontent loomed large4 ,the king heeded the warning1 and on ,january #h1 #afgf1 another proclamation was issued by which the first proclamation was recalled4 ,in order to save the king's face1 it was solemnly recited that ,his ,gracious ,majesty1 out of his princely consideration and royal compassion would allow the retailers of coffee liquor to keep open until the #bdth of the following ,june4 ,but this was clearly only a royal subterfuge1 as there was no further attempt at molestation1 and it is extremely doubtful if any was contemplated at the time the second proclamation was promulgated4 ,than both which proclamations nothing could argue greater guilt nor greater weakness1 says ,anderson4 ,robinson remarks1 ,a battle for freedom of speech was fought and won over this question at a time when ,parliaments were infrequent and when the liberty of the press did not exist4 ,penny ,universities ,we read in #afgg that none dare venture into the coffee houses unless he be able to argue the question whether ,parliament were dissolved or not4 ,all through the years remaining in the seventeenth century1 and through most of the eighteenth century1 the ,london coffee houses grew and prospered4 ,as before stated1 they were originally temperance institutions1 very different from the taverns and ale houses4 ,within the walls of the coffee house there was always much noise1 much clatter1 much bustle1 but decency was never outraged4 ,at prices ranging from one to two pence per dish1 the demand grew so great that coffee-house keepers were obliged to make the drink in pots holding eight or ten gallons4 ,the seventeenth-century coffee houses were sometimes referred to as the penny universities2 because they were great schools of conversation1 and the entrance fee was only a penny4 ,two pence was the usual price of a dish of coffee or tea1 this charge also covering newspapers and lights4 ,it was the custom for the frequenter to lay his penny on the bar1 on entering or leaving4 ,admission to the exchange of sparkling wit and brilliant conversation was within the reach of all4 ,so great a ,universitie ,i think there ne're was any2 ,in which you may a ,schoolar be ,for spending of a ,penny4 ,regular customers1 we are told1 had particular seats and special attention from the fair lady at the bar1 and the tea and coffee boys4 ,it is believed that the modern custom of tipping1 and the word tip1 originated in the coffee houses1 where frequently hung brass-bound boxes into which customers were expected to drop coins for the servants4 ,the boxes were inscribed ,to ,insure ,promptness and from the initial letters of these words came tip4 ,the ,national ,review says1 before #agae the number of coffee houses in ,london was reckoned at #bjjj4 ,dufour1 who wrote in #afhc1 declares1 upon information received from several persons who had staid in ,london1 that there were #cjjj of these places4 ,however1 #bjjj is probably nearer the fact4 ,in that critical time in ,english history1 when the people1 tired of the misgovernment of the later ,stuarts1 were most in need of a forum where questions of great moment could be discussed1 the coffee house became a sanctuary4 ,here matters of supreme political import were threshed out and decided for the good of ,englishmen for all time4 ,and because many of these questions were so well thought out then1 there was no need to fight them out later4 ,england's great struggle for political liberty was really fought and won in the coffee house4 ,to the end of the reign of ,charles ,,ii1 coffee was looked upon by the government rather as a new check upon license than an added luxury4 ,after the revolution1 the ,london coffee merchants were obliged to petition the ,house of ,lords against new import duties1 and it was not until the year #afib that the government1 for the greater encouragement and advancement of trade and the greater importation of the said respective goods or merchandises1 discharged one half of the obnoxious tariff4 ,weird ,coffee ,substitutes ,shortly after the great fire1 coffee substitutes began to appear4 ,first came a liquor made with betony1 for the sake of those who could not accustom themselves to the bitter taste of coffee4 ,betony is a herb belonging to the mint family1 and its root was formerly employed in medicine as an emetic or purgative4 ,in #agai1 when coffee was #gs4 a pound1 came bocket1 later known as saloop1 a decoction of sassafras and sugar1 that became such a favorite among those who could not afford tea or coffee1 that there were many saloop stalls in the streets of ,london4 ,it was also sold at ,read's coffee house in ,fleet ,street4 ,the ,coffee ,men ,overreach ,themselves ,the coffee-house keepers had become so powerful a force in the community in #agbi that they lost all sense of proportion2 and we find them seriously proposing to usurp the functions of the newspapers4 ,the vainglorious coffee men requested the government to hand over to them a journalistic monopoly2 the argument being that the newspapers of the day were choked with advertisements1 filled with foolish stories gathered by all-too enterprising newswriters1 and that the only way for the government to escape further excesses occasioned by the freedom of the press and to rid itself of those pests of society1 the unlicensed newsvendors1 was for it to intrust the coffee men1 as the chief supporters of liberty with the publication of a ,coffee ,house ,gazette4 ,information for the journal was to be supplied by the habitus of the houses themselves1 written down on brass slates or ivory tablets1 and called for twice daily by the ,gazette's representatives4 ,all the profits were to go to the coffee men--including the expected increase of custom4 ,needless to say1 this amazing proposal of the coffee-house masters to have the public write its own newspapers met with the scorn and the derision it invited1 and nothing ever came of it4 ,the increasing demand for coffee caused the government tardily to seek to stimulate interest in the cultivation of the plant in ,british colonial possessions4 ,it was tried out in ,jamaica in #agcj4 ,by #agcb the experiment gave such promise that ,parliament1 for encouraging the growth of coffee in ,his ,majesty's plantations in ,america1 reduced the inland duty on coffee coming from there1 but of none other1 from two shillings to one shilling six pence per pound4 ,it seems that the ,french at ,martinico1 ,hispaniola1 and at the ,isle de ,bourbon1 near ,madagascar1 had somewhat the start of the ,english in the new product as had also the ,dutch at ,surinam1 yet none had hitherto been found to equal coffee from ,arabia1 whence all the rest of the world had theirs4 ,thus writes ,adam ,anderson in #aghg1 somewhat ungraciously seeking to damn ,england's business rivals with faint praise4 ,java coffee was even then in the lead1 and the seeds of ,bourbon-,santos were multiplying rapidly in ,brazilian soil4 ,the ,british ,east ,india ,company1 however1 was much more interested in tea than in coffee4 ,having lost out to the ,french and ,dutch on the little brown berry of ,arabia1 the company engaged in so lively a propaganda for the cup that cheers that1 whereas the annual tea imports from #agjj to #agaj averaged #hjj1jjj pounds1 in #agba more than #a1jjj1jjj pounds of tea were brought in4 ,in #ageg1 some #d1jjj1jjj pounds were imported4 ,and when the coffee house finally succumbed1 tea1 and not coffee1 was firmly intrenched as the national drink of the ,english people4 ,a movement in #ahgc to revive the coffee house in the form of a coffee palace1 designed to replace the public house as a place of resort for working men1 caused the ,edinburgh ,castle to be opened in ,london4 ,the movement attained considerable success throughout the ,british ,isles1 and even spread to the ,united ,states4 ,evolution of the ,club ,every profession1 trade1 class1 and party had its favorite coffee house4 ,the bitter black drink called coffee1 as ,mr4 ,pepys described the beverage1 brought together all sorts and conditions of men2 and out of their mixed association there developed groups of patrons favoring particular houses and giving them character4 ,it is easy to trace the transition of the group into a clique that later became a club1 continuing for a time to meet at the coffee house or the chocolate house1 but eventually demanding a house of its own4 ,decline and ,fall of the ,coffee ,house ,starting as a forum for the commoner1 the coffee house soon became the plaything of the leisure class2 and when the club was evolved1 the coffee house began to retrograde to the level of the tavern4 ,and so the eighteenth century1 which saw the coffee house at the height of its power and popularity1 witnessed also its decline and fall4 ,it is said there were as many clubs at the end of the century as there were coffee houses at the beginning4 ,for a time1 when the habit of reading newspapers descended the social ladder1 the coffee house acquired a new lease of life4 ,sir ,walter ,besant observes3 ,they were then frequented by men who came1 not to talk1 but to read2 the smaller tradesmen and the better class of mechanic now came to the coffee-house1 called for a cup of coffee1 and with it the daily paper1 which they could not afford to take in4 ,every coffee-house took three or four papers2 there seems to have been in this latter phase of the once social institution no general conversation4 ,the coffee-house as a place of resort and conversation gradually declined2 one can hardly say why1 except that all human institutions do decay4 ,perhaps manners declined2 the leaders in literature ceased to be seen there2 the city clerk began to crowd in2 the tavern and the club drew men from the coffee-house4 ,a few houses survived until the early years of the nineteenth century1 but the social side had disappeared4 ,as tea and coffee entered the homes1 and the exclusive club house succeeded the democratic coffee forum1 the coffee houses became taverns or chop houses1 or1 convinced that they had outlived their usefulness1 just ceased to be4 ,pen ,pictures of ,coffee-,house ,life ,from the writings of ,addison in the ,spectator1 ,steele in the ,tatler1 ,mackay in his ,journey ,through ,england1 ,macaulay in his history1 and others1 it is possible to draw a fairly accurate pen-picture of life in the old ,london coffee house4 ,in the seventeenth century the coffee room usually opened off the street4 ,at first only tables and chairs were spread about on a sanded floor4 ,later1 this arrangement was succeeded by the boxes1 or booths1 such as appear in the ,rowlandson caricatures1 the picture of the interior of ,lloyds1 etc4 ,the walls were decorated with handbills and posters advertising the quack medicines1 pills1 tinctures1 salves1 and electuaries of the period1 all of which might be purchased at the bar near the entrance1 presided over by a prototype of the modern ,english barmaid4 ,there were also bills of the play1 auction notices1 etc41 depending upon the character of the place4 ,then1 as now1 the barmaids were made much of by patrons4 ,tom ,brown refers to them as charming ,phillises who invite you by their amorous glances into their smoaky territories4 ,messages were left and letters received at the bar for regular customers4 ,stella was instructed to address her letters to ,swift1 under cover to ,addison at the ,st4 ,james's coffee house4 ,says ,macaulay3 ,foreigners remarked that it was the coffee house which specially distinguished ,london from all other cities2 that the coffee house was the ,londoner's home1 and that those who wished to find a gentleman commonly asked1 not whether he lived in ,fleet ,street or ,chancery ,lane1 but whether he frequented the ,grecian or the ,rainbow4 ,illustration3 ,,map ,,showing ,,the ,,location ,,of ,,many ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,london ,,coffee ,,houses ,,previous ,,to ,,the ,,fire ,,of #agdh ,so every man of the upper or middle classes went daily to his coffee house to learn the news and to discuss it4 ,the better class houses were the meeting places of the most substantial men in the community4 ,every coffee house had its orator1 who became to his admirers a kind of fourth estate of the realm4 ,macaulay gives us the following picture of the coffee house of #afhe3 ,nobody was excluded from these places who laid down his penny at the bar4 ,yet every rank and profession1 and every shade of religious and political opinion had its own headquarters4 ,there were houses near ,st4 ,james' ,park1 where fops congregated1 their heads and shoulders covered with black or flaxen wigs1 not less ample than those which are now worn by the ,chancellor and by the ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons4 ,the atmosphere was like that of a perfumer's shop4 ,tobacco in any form than that of richly scented snuff was held in abomination4 ,if any clown1 ignorant of the usages of the house1 called for a pipe1 the sneers of the whole assembly and the short answers of the waiters soon convinced him that he had better go somewhere else4 ,nor1 indeed1 would he have far to go4 ,for1 in general1 the coffee-houses reeked with tobacco like a guard room4 ,nowhere was the smoking more constant than at ,will's4 ,that celebrated house1 situated between ,covent ,garden and ,bow street1 was sacred to polite letters4 ,there the talk was about poetical justice and the unities of place and time4 ,under no roof was a greater variety of figures to be seen4 ,there were earls in stars and garters1 clergymen in cassocks and bands1 pert ,templars1 sheepish lads from universities1 translators and index makers in ragged coats of frieze4 ,the great press was to get near the chair where ,john ,dryden sate4 ,in winter that chair was always in the warmest nook by the fire2 in summer it stood in the balcony4 ,to bow to the ,laureate1 and to hear his opinion of ,racine's last tragedy1 or of ,bossu's treatise on epic poetry1 was thought a privilege4 ,a pinch from his snuff-box was an honour sufficient to turn the head of a young enthusiast4 ,there were coffee-houses where the first medical men might be consulted4 ,dr4 ,john ,radcliffe1 who1 in the year #afhe1 rose to the largest practice in ,london1 came daily1 at the hour when the ,exchange was full1 from his house in ,bow street1 then a fashionable part of the capital1 to ,garraway's1 and was to be found1 surrounded by surgeons and apothecaries1 at a particular table4 ,there were ,puritan coffee-houses where no oath was heard1 and where lank-haired men discussed election and reprobation through their noses2 ,jew coffee-houses1 where dark-eyed money changers from ,venice and ,amsterdam greeted each other2 and ,popish coffee-houses1 where1 as good ,protestants believed1 ,jesuits planned over their cups another great fire1 and cast silver bullets to shoot the ,king4 ,ned ,ward gives us this picture of the coffee house of the seventeenth century4 ,he is describing ,old ,man's1 ,scotland ,yard3 ,we now ascended a pair of stairs1 which brought us into an old-fashioned room1 where a gaudy crowd of odoriferous ,tom-,essences were walking backwards and forwards1 with their hats in their hands1 not daring to convert them to their intended use lest it should put the foretops of their wigs into some disorder4 ,we squeezed through till we got to the end of the room1 where1 at a small table1 we sat down1 and observed that it was as great a rarity to hear anybody call for a dish of politicians porridge1 or any other liquor1 as it is to hear a beau call for a pipe of tobacco2 their whole exercise being to charge and discharge their nostrils and keep the curls of their periwigs in their proper order4 ,the clashing of their snush-box lids1 in opening and shutting1 made more noise than their tongues4 ,bows and cringes of the newest mode were here exchanged 'twixt friend and friend with wonderful exactness4 ,they made a humming like so many hornets in a country chimney1 not with their talking1 but with their whispering over their new ,minuets and ,bories1 with the hands in their pockets1 if only freed from their snush-box4 ,we now began to be thoughtful of a pipe of tobacco1 whereupon we ventured to call for some instruments of evaporation1 which were accordingly brought us1 but with such a kind of unwillingness1 as if they would much rather been rid of our company2 for their tables were so very neat1 and shined with rubbing like the upper-leathers of an alderman's shoes1 and as brown as the top of a country housewife's cupboard4 ,the floor was as clean swept as a ,sir ,courtly's dining room1 which made us look round to see if there were no orders hung up to impose the forfeiture of so much mop-money upon any person that should spit out of the chimney-corner4 ,notwithstanding we wanted an example to encourage us in our porterly rudeness1 we ordered them to light the wax candle1 by which we ignified our pipes and blew about our whiffs2 at which several ,sir ,foplins drew their faces into as many peevish wrinkles as the beaux at the ,bow ,street ,coffee-house1 near ,covent ,garden1 did when the gentleman in masquerade came in amongst them1 with his oyster-barrel muff and turnip-buttons1 to ridicule their foperies4 ,in ,a ,brief and ,merry ,history of ,great ,britain we read3 ,there is a prodigious number of ,coffee-,houses in ,london1 after the manner ,i have seen some in ,constantinople4 ,these ,coffee-,houses are the constant ,rendezvous for ,men of ,business as well as the idle ,people4 ,besides ,coffee1 there are many other ,liquors1 which ,people cannot well relish at first4 ,they smoak ,tobacco1 game and read ,papers of ,intelligence2 here they treat of ,matters of ,state1 make ,leagues with ,foreign ,princes1 break them again1 and transact ,affairs of the last ,consequence to the whole ,world4 ,they represent these ,coffee-,houses as the most agreeable things in ,london1 and they are1 in my ,opinion1 very proper ,places to find ,people that a ,man has ,business with1 or to pass away the ,time a little more agreeably than he can do at home2 but in other respects they are loathsome1 full of smoak1 like a ,guard-,room1 and as much crowded4 ,i believe 'tis these ,places that furnish the ,inhabitants with ,slander1 for there one hears exact ,account of everything done in ,town1 as if it were but a ,village4 ,at those ,coffee-,houses1 near the ,courts1 called ,white's1 ,st4 ,james's1 ,williams's1 the ,conversation turns chiefly upon the ,equipages1 ,essence1 ,horse-,matches1 ,tupees1 ,modes and ,mortgages2 the ,cocoa-,tree upon ,bribery and ,corruption1 ,evil ministers1 ,errors and ,mistakes in ,government2 the ,scotch ,coffee-,houses towards ,charing ,cross1 on ,places and ,pensions2 the ,tiltyard and ,young ,man's on ,affronts1 ,honour1 ,satisfaction1 ,duels and ,rencounters4 ,i was informed that the latter happen so frequently1 in this part of the ,town1 that a ,surgeon and a ,sollicitor are kept constantly in waiting2 the one to dress and heal such ,wounds as may be given1 and the other in case of ,death to bring off the ,survivor with a ,verdict of ,se ,devendendo or ,manslaughter4 ,in those ,coffee-,houses about the ,temple the ,subjects are generally on ,causes1 ,costs1 ,demurrers1 ,rejoinders and ,exceptions2 ,daniel's the ,welch ,coffee-,house in ,fleet ,street1 on ,births1 ,pedigrees and ,descents2 ,child's and the ,chapter upon ,glebes1 ,tithes1 ,advowsons1 ,rectories and ,lectureships2 ,north's ,undue ,elections1 ,false ,polling1 ,scrutinies1 etc42 ,hamlin's1 ,infant-,baptism1 ,lay-,ordination1 ,free-,will1 ,election and ,reprobation2 ,batson's1 the ,prices of ,pepper1 ,indigo and ,salt-,petre2 and all those about the ,exchange1 where the ,merchants meet to transact their ,affairs1 are in a perpetual hurry about ,stock-,jobbing1 ,lying1 ,cheating1 ,tricking ,widows and ,orphans1 and committing ,spoil and ,rapine on the ,publick4 ,illustration3 ,,white',s ,,and ,,brookes'1 ,,st4 ,,james',s ,,street ,in the eighteenth century beer and wine were commonly sold at the coffee houses in addition to tea and chocolate4 ,daniel ,defoe1 writing of his visit to ,shrewsbury in #agbd1 says1 ,i found there the most coffee houses around the ,town ,hall that ever ,i saw in any town1 but when you come into them they are but ale houses1 only they think that the name coffee house gives a better air4 ,speaking of the coffee houses of the city1 ,besant says3 ,rich merchants alone ventured to enter certain of the coffee houses1 where they transacted business more privately and more expeditiously than on the ,exchange4 ,there were coffee houses where officers of the army alone were found2 where the city shopkeeper met his chums2 where actors congregated2 where only divines1 only lawyers1 only physicians1 only wits and those who came to hear them were found4 ,in all alike the visitor put down his penny and went in1 taking his own seat if he was an habitue2 he called for a cup of tea or coffee and paid his twopence for it2 he could call also1 if he pleased1 for a cordial2 he was expected to talk with his neighbour whether he knew him or not4 ,men went to certain coffee houses in order to meet the well-known poets and writers who were to be found there1 as ,pope went in search of ,dryden4 ,the daily papers and the pamphlets of the day were taken in4 ,some of the coffee houses1 but not the more respectable1 allowed the use of tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,house ,,politicians ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century ,illustration3 ,,the ,,great ,,fair ,,on ,,the ,,frozen ,,thames--#afhc ,from a broadside entitled ,wonders on the ,deep4 ,figure #b is the ,duke of ,york's ,coffee ,house ,mackay1 in his ,journey ,through ,england 7#agbd71 says3 ,we rise by nine1 and those that frequent great men's levees find entertainment at them till eleven1 or1 as in ,holland1 go to tea-tables2 about twelve the beau monde assemble in several coffee or chocolate houses2 the best of which are the ,cocoatree and ,white's chocolate houses1 ,st4 ,james'1 the ,smyrna1 ,mrs4 ,rochford's and the ,british coffee houses2 and all these so near one another that in less than an hour you see the company of them all4 ,we are carried to these places in chairs 7or sedans71 which are here very cheap1 a guinea a week1 or a shilling per hour1 and your chairmen serve you for porters to run on errands1 as your gondoliers do at ,venice4 ,if it be fine weather we take a turn into the park till two1 when we go to dinner2 and if it be dirty1 you are entertained at picquet or basset at ,white's1 or you may talk politics at the ,smyrna or ,st4 ,james'4 ,i must not forget to tell you that the parties have their different places1 where1 however1 a stranger is always well received2 but a ,whig will no more go to the ,cocoatree than a ,tory will be seen at the ,coffee ,house1 ,st ,james'4 ,the ,scots go generally to the ,british1 and a mixture of all sorts go to the ,smyrna4 ,there are other little coffee houses much frequented in this neighborhood--,young ,man's for officers2 ,old ,man's for stock jobbers1 paymasters and courtiers1 and ,little ,man's for sharpers4 ,i never was so confounded in my life as when ,i entered into this last4 ,i saw two or three tables full at faro1 and was surrounded by a set of sharp faces that ,i was afraid would have devoured me with their eyes4 ,i was glad to drop two or three half crowns at faro to get off with a clear skin1 and was overjoyed ,i so got rid of them4 ,at two we generally go to dinner2 ordinaries are not so common here as abroad1 yet the ,french have set up two or three good ones for the convenience of foreigners in ,suffolk street1 where one is tolerably well served2 but the general way here is to make a party at the coffee house to go to dine at the tavern1 where we sit till six1 when we go to the play1 except you are invited to the table of some great man1 which strangers are always courted to and nobly entertained4 ,mackay writes that in all the coffee houses you have not only the foreign prints but several ,english ones with foreign occurrences1 besides papers of morality and party disputes4 ,after the play1 writes ,defoe1 the best company generally go to ,tom's and ,will's coffee houses1 near adjoining1 where there is playing at picquet and the best of conversation till midnight4 ,here you will see blue and green ribbons and stars sitting familiarly and talking with the same freedom as if they had left their equality and degrees of distance at home4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,lion',s ,,head ,,at ,,button',s ,,coffee ,,house ,designed by ,hogarth1 and put up by ,addison1 #agac ,from a water color by ,t4,h4 ,shepherd ,before entering the coffee house every one was recommended by the ,tatler to prepare his body with three dishes of bohea and to purge his brains with two pinches of snuff4 ,men had their coffee houses as now they have their clubs--sometimes contented with one1 sometimes belonging to three or four4 ,johnson1 for instance1 was connected with ,st4 ,james's1 the ,turk's ,head1 the ,bedford1 ,peele's1 besides the taverns which he frequented4 ,addison and ,steele used ,button's2 ,swift1 ,button's1 the ,smyrna1 and ,st4 ,james's2 ,dryden1 ,will's2 ,pope1 ,will's and ,button's2 ,goldsmith1 the ,st4 ,james's and the ,chapter2 ,fielding1 the ,bedford2 ,hogarth1 the ,bedford and ,slaughter's2 ,sheridan1 the ,piazza2 ,thurlow1 ,nando's4 ,some ,famous ,coffee ,houses ,among the famous ,english coffee houses of the seventeenth-eighteenth century period were ,st4 ,james's1 ,will's1 ,garraway's1 ,white's1 ,slaughter's1 the ,grecian1 ,button's1 ,lloyd's1 ,tom's1 and ,don ,saltero's4 ,st4 ,james's was a ,whig house frequented by members of ,parliament1 with a fair sprinkling of literary stars4 ,garraway's catered to the gentry of the period1 many of whom naturally had ,tory proclivities4 ,one of the notable coffee houses of ,queen ,anne's reign was ,button's4 ,here ,addison could be found almost every afternoon and evening1 along with ,steele1 ,davenant1 ,carey1 ,philips1 and other kindred minds4 ,pope was a member of the same coffee house club for a year1 but his inborn irascibility eventually led him to drop out of it4 ,at ,button's a lion's head1 designed by ,hogarth after the ,lion of ,venice1 a proper emblem of knowledge and action1 being all head and paws1 was set up to receive letters and papers for the ,guardian4#hb ,the ,tatler and the ,spectator were born in the coffee house1 and probably ,english prose would never have received the impetus given it by the essays of ,addison and ,steele had it not been for coffee house associations4 ,pope's famous ,rape of the ,lock grew out of coffee-house gossip4 ,the poem itself contains one charming passage on coffee4#hc ,another frequenter of the coffee houses of ,london1 when he had the money to do so1 was ,daniel ,defoe1 whose ,robinson ,crusoe was the precursor of the ,english novel4 ,henry ,fielding1 one of the greatest of all ,english novelists1 loved the life of the more bohemian coffee houses1 and was1 in fact1 induced to write his first great novel1 ,joseph ,andrews1 through coffee-house criticisms of ,richardson's ,pamela4 ,other frequenters of the coffee houses of the period were ,thomas ,gray and ,richard ,brinsley ,sheridan4 ,garrick was often to be seen at ,tom's in ,birchin ,lane1 where also ,chatterton might have been found on many an evening before his untimely death4 ,the ,london ,pleasure ,gardens ,the second half of the eighteenth century was covered by the reigns of the ,georges4 ,the coffee houses were still an important factor in ,london life1 but were influenced somewhat by the development of gardens in which were served tea1 chocolate1 and other drinks1 as well as coffee4 ,at the coffee houses themselves1 while coffee remained the favorite beverage1 the proprietors1 in the hope of increasing their patronage1 began to serve wine1 ale1 and other liquors4 ,this seems to have been the first step toward the decay of the coffee house4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,trio ,,of ,,notables ,,at ,,button',s ,,in #agcj ,the figure in the cloak is ,count ,viviani2 of the figures facing the reader1 the draughts player is ,dr4 ,arbuthnot1 and the figure standing is assumed to be ,pope ,the coffee houses1 however1 continued to be the centers of intellectual life4 ,when ,samuel ,johnson and ,david ,garrick came together to ,london1 literature was temporarily in a bad way1 and the hack writers of the time dwelt in ,grub ,street4 ,it was not until after ,johnson had met with some success1 and had established the first of his coffee-house clubs at the ,turk's ,head1 that literature again became a fashionable profession4 ,this really famous literary club met at the ,turk's ,head from #agfc to #aghc4 ,among the most notable members were ,johnson1 the arbiter of ,english prose2 ,oliver ,goldsmith2 ,boswell1 the biographer2 ,burke1 the orator2 ,garrick1 the actor2 and ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds1 the painter4 ,among the later members were ,gibbon1 the historian2 and ,adam ,smith1 the political economist4 ,certain it is that during the sway of the ,english coffee house1 and at least partly through its influence1 ,england produced a better prose literature1 as embodied alike in her essays1 literary criticisms1 and novels1 than she ever had produced before4 ,the advent of the pleasure garden brought coffee out into the open in ,england2 and one of the reasons why gardens1 such as ,ranelagh and ,vauxhall1 began to be more frequented than the coffee houses was that they were popular resorts for women as well as for men4 ,all kinds of beverages were served in them2 and soon the women began to favor tea as an afternoon drink4 ,at least1 the great development in the use of tea dates from this period2 and many of these resorts called themselves tea gardens4 ,the use of coffee by this time1 however1 was well established in the homes as a breakfast and dinner beverage1 and such consumption more than made up for any loss sustained through the gradual decadence of the coffee house4 ,yet signs of the change in national taste that arrived with the ,georges were not wanting2 for the active propaganda of the ,british ,east ,india ,company was fairly well launched during ,queen ,anne's reign4 ,the ,london pleasure gardens of the eighteenth century were unique4 ,at one time there was a mighty maze of them4 ,their season extended from ,april or ,may to ,august or ,september4 ,at first there was no charge for admission1 but ,warwick ,wroth#hd tells us that visitors usually purchased cheese cakes1 syllabubs1 tea1 coffee and ale4 ,the four best-known ,london gardens were ,vauxhall2 ,marylebone2 ,cuper's1 where the charge for admission subsequently was fixed at not less than a shilling2 and ,ranelagh1 where the charge of half a crown included the ,elegant ,regale of tea1 coffee1 and bread and butter4 ,the pleasure gardens provided walks1 rooms for dancing1 skittle grounds1 bowling greens1 variety entertainments1 and promenade concerts2 and not a few places were given over to fashionable gambling and racing4 ,the ,vauxhall ,gardens1 one of the most favored resorts of pleasure-seeking ,londoners1 were located on the ,surrey side of the ,thames1 a short distance east of ,vauxhall ,bridge4 ,they were originally known as the ,new ,spring ,gardens 7#affa71 to distinguish them from the old ,spring ,gardens at ,charing ,cross4 ,they became famous in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 ,vauxhall was celebrated for its walks1 lit with thousands of lamps1 its musical and other performances1 suppers1 and fireworks4 ,high and low were to be found there1 and the drinking of tea and coffee in the arbors was a feature4 ,the illustration shows the garden brightly illuminated by lanterns and lamps on some festival occasion4 ,coffee and tea were served in the arbors4 ,illustration3 ,,vauxhall ,,gardens ,,on ,a ,,gala ,,night ,the ,ranelagh1 a place of public entertainment1 erected at ,chelsea in #agdb1 was a kind of ,vauxhall under cover4 ,the principal room1 known as the ,rotunda1 was circular in shape1 #aej feet in diameter1 and had an orchestra in the center and tiers of boxes all around4 ,promenading and taking refreshments in the boxes were the principal divertisements4 ,except on gala nights of masquerades and fireworks1 only tea1 coffee1 bread and butter were to be had at ,ranelagh4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,rotunda ,,in ,,ranelagh ,,gardens ,,with ,,the ,,company ,,at ,,breakfast--#agea ,in the group of gardens connected with mineral springs was the ,dog and ,duck 7,st4 ,george's ,spa71 which became at last a tea garden and a dancing saloon of doubtful repute4 ,still another division1 recognized by ,wroth1 consisted mainly of tea gardens1 among them ,highbury ,barn1 ,the ,canonbury ,house1 ,hornsey and ,copenhagen ,house1 ,bagnigge ,wells1 and ,white ,conduit ,house4 ,the two last named were the classic tea gardens of the period4 ,both were provided with long rooms in case of rain1 and for indoor promenades with organ music4 ,then there were the ,adam and ,eve tea gardens1 with arbors for tea-drinking parties1 which subsequently became the ,adam and ,eve ,tavern and ,coffee ,house4 ,well known were the ,bayswater ,tea ,gardens and the ,jews ,harp ,house and ,tea ,gardens4 ,all these were provided with neat1 genteel boxes1 let into the hedges and alcoves1 for tea and coffee drinkers4 ,locating the ,notable ,coffee ,houses ,,garraway',s1 #c ',change ,alley1 ,cornhill1 was a place for great mercantile transactions4 ,thomas ,garway1 the original proprietor1 was a tobacconist and coffee man1 who claimed to be the first that sold tea in ,england1 although not at this address4 ,the later ,garraway's was long famous as a sandwich and drinking room for sherry1 pale ale1 and punch1 in addition to tea and coffee4 ,it is said that the sandwich-maker was occupied two hours in cutting and arranging the sandwiches for the day's consumption4 ,after the great fire of #afff ,,garraway',s moved into the same place in ,exchange ,alley where ,elford had been before the fire4 ,here he claimed to have the oldest coffee house in ,london2 but the ground on which ,,bowman',s had stood was occupied later by the ,,virginia and the ,,jamaica coffee houses4 ,the latter was damaged by the fire of #agdh which consumed ,,garraway',s and ,,elford',s 7see map of the #agdh fire74 ,,will',s1 the predecessor of ,,button',s1 first had the title of the ,,red ,,cow1 then of the ,,rose4 ,it was kept by ,william ,urwin1 and was on the north side of ,russell ,street at the corner of ,bow ,street4 ,it was ,dryden who made ,will's coffee house the great resort of the wits of his time4 7,pope and ,spence47 ,the room in which the poet was accustomed to sit was on the first floor2 and his place was the place of honor by the fireside in the winter1 and at the corner of the balcony1 looking over the street1 in fine weather2 he called the two places his winter and his summer seat4 ,this was called the dining-room floor4 ,the company did not sit in boxes as subsequently1 but at various tables which were dispersed through the room4 ,smoking was permitted in the public room2 it was then so much in vogue that it does not seem to have been considered a nuisance4 ,here1 as in other similar places of meeting1 the visitors divided themselves into parties2 and we are told by ,ward that the young beaux and wits1 who seldom approached the principal table1 thought it a great honor to have a pinch out of ,dryden's snuff-box4 ,after ,dryden's death ,,will',s was transferred to a house opposite1 and became ,,button',s1 over against ,,thomas',s in ,covent ,garden4 ,thither also ,addison transferred much company from ,,thomas',s4 ,here ,swift first saw ,addison4 ,hither also came ,steele1 ,arbuthnot and many other wits of the time4 ,,button',s continued in vogue until ,addison's death and ,steele's retirement into ,wales1 after which the coffee drinkers went to the ,,bedford1 dinner parties to the ,,shakespeare4 ,,button',s was subsequently known as the ,,caledonien4 ,illustration3 ,,garraway',s ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ',,change ,,alley ,garway 7or ,garraway7 claimed to have been first to sell ,tea in ,england ,illustration3 ,,button',s ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,great ,,russell ,,street ,afterward it became the ,caledonien ,from a water color by ,t4,h4 ,shepherd ,,slaughter',s1 famous as the resort of painters and sculptors in the eighteenth century1 was situated at the upper end of the west side of ,st4 ,martin's ,lane4 ,its first landlord was ,thomas ,slaughter1 #afib4 ,a second ,,slaughter',s 7,,new ,,slaughter',s7 was established in the same street in #agfj1 when the original ,,slaughter',s adopted the name of ,,old ,,slaughter',s4 ,it was torn down in #ahdc-dd4 ,among the notables who frequented it were ,hogarth2 young ,gainsborough2 ,cipriani2 ,haydon2 ,roubiliac2 ,hudson1 who painted the ,dilettanti portraits2 ,m',ardell1 the mezzotinto-scraper2 ,luke ,sullivan1 the engraver2 ,gardell1 the portrait painter2 and ,parry1 the ,welsh harper4 ,,tom',s1 in ,birchin ,lane1 ,cornhill1 though in the main a mercantile resort1 acquired some celebrity from having been frequented by ,garrick4 ,,tom',s was also frequented by ,chatterton1 as a place of the best resort4 ,then there was ,,tom',s in ,devereux ,court1 ,strand1 and ,,tom',s at #ag ,great ,russell ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 opposite ,,button',s1 a celebrated resort during the reign of ,queen ,anne and for more than a century after4 ,,the ,,grecian1 ,devereux ,court1 ,strand1 was originally kept by one ,constantine1 a ,greek4 ,from this house ,steele proposed to date his learned articles in the ,tatler2 it is mentioned in ,no4 #a of the ,spectator1 and it was much frequented by ,goldsmith4 ,the ,,grecian was ,foote's morning lounge4 ,in #ahdc the premises became the ,grecian ,chambers1 with a bust of ,lord ,devereux1 earl of ,essex1 over the door4 ,illustration3 ,,slaughter',s ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,lane ,it was taken down in #ahdc ,from a water color by ,t4,h4 ,shepherd1 #ahda ,illustration3 ,,tom',s ,,coffee ,,house1 #ag ,,great ,,russell ,,street ,used as a coffee house until #ahjd and razed in #ahfe ,from a water color by ,t4,h4 ,shepherd ,,lloyd',s1 ,royal ,exchange1 celebrated for its priority of shipping intelligence and its marine insurance1 originated with ,edward ,lloyd1 who about #afhh kept a coffee house in ,tower ,street1 later in ,lombard ,street corner of ,abchurch ,lane4 ,it was a modest place of refreshment for seafarers and merchants4 ,as a matter of convenience1 ,edward ,lloyd prepared ships' lists for the guidance of the frequenters of the coffee house4 ,these lists1 which were written by hand1 contained1 according to ,andrew ,scott1 an account of vessels which the underwriters who met there were likely to have offered them for insurance4 ,such was the beginning of two institutions that have since exercised a dominant influence on the sea-carrying trade of the whole world--the ,royal ,exchange ,lloyd's1 the greatest insurance institution in the world1 and ,lloyd's ,register of ,shipping4 ,lloyd's now has #adjj agents in all parts of the world4 ,it receives as many as #ajj1jjj telegrams a year4 ,it records through its intelligence service the daily movements of #aa1jjj vessels4 ,in the beginning one of the apartments in the ,exchange was fitted up as ,,lloyd',s coffee room4 ,edward ,lloyd died in #agab4 ,subsequently the coffee house was in ,pope's ,head ,alley1 where it was called ,,new ,,lloyd',s coffee house1 but on ,september #ad1 #aghd1 it was removed to the northwest corner of the ,royal ,exchange1 where it remained until the partial destruction of that building by fire4 ,illustration3 ,,lloyd',s ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ,,the ,,royal ,,exchange1 ,,showing ,,the ,,subscription ,,room ,in rebuilding the ,exchange there were provided the ,subscribers' or ,underwriters' room1 the ,merchants' room1 and the ,captains' room4 ,the ,city1 second edition1 #ahdh1 contains the following description of this most famous rendezvous of eminent merchants1 shipowners1 underwriters1 insurance1 stock and exchange brokers3 ,here is obtained the earliest news of the arrival and sailing of vessels1 losses at sea1 captures1 recaptures1 engagements and other shipping intelligence2 and proprietors of ships and freights are insured by the underwriters4 ,the rooms are in the ,venetian style with ,roman enrichments4 ,at the entrance of the room are exhibited the ,shipping ,lists1 received from ,lloyd's agents at home and abroad1 and affording particulars of departures or arrivals of vessels1 wrecks1 salvage1 or sale of property saved1 etc4 ,to the right and left are ,lloyd's ,books1 two enormous ledgers4 ,right hand1 ships spoken with or arrived at their destined ports2 left hand1 records of wrecks1 fires or severe collisions1 written in a fine ,roman hand in double lines4 ,to assist the underwriters in their calculations1 at the end of the room is an ,anemometer1 which registers the state of the wind day and night2 attached is a rain gauge4 ,,the ,,british1 ,cockspur ,street1 long a house of call for ,scotchmen1 was fortunate in its landladies4 ,in #agei it was kept by the sister of ,bishop ,douglas1 so well known for his works against ,lauder and ,bower1 which may explain its ,scottish fame4 ,at another period it was kept by ,mrs4 ,anderson1 described in ,mackenzie's ,life of ,home as a woman of uncommon talents and the most agreeable conversation4 ,,don ,,saltero',s1 #ah ,cheyne ,walk1 ,chelsea1 was opened by a barber named ,salter in #afie4 ,sir ,hans ,sloane contributed of his own collection some of the refuse gimcracks that were to be found in ,salter's museum4 ,vice-,admiral ,munden1 who had been long on the coast of ,spain1 where he had acquired a fondness for ,spanish titles1 named the keeper of the house ,don ,saltero1 and his coffee house and museum ,,don ,,saltero',s4 ,,squire',s was in ,fulwood's ,rents1 ,holburn1 running up to ,gray's ,inn4 ,it was one of the receiving houses of the ,spectator4 ,in ,no4 #bfi the ,spectator accepts ,sir ,roger de ,coverley's invitation to smoke a pipe with him over a dish of coffee at ,squire's4 ,as ,i love the old man1 ,i take delight in complying with everything that is agreeable to him1 and accordingly waited on him to the coffee-house1 where his venerable figure drew upon us the eyes of the whole room4 ,he had no sooner seated himself at the upper end of the high table1 but he called for a clean pipe1 a paper of tobacco1 a dish of coffee1 a wax candle and the ',supplement' 7a periodical paper of that time71 with such an air of cheerfulness and good humour1 that all the boys in the coffee room 7who seemed to take pleasure in serving him7 were at once employed on his several errands1 insomuch that nobody else could come at a dish of tea until the ,knight had got all his conveniences about him4 ,such was the coffee room in the ,spectator's day4 ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,,dick',s ,,coffee ,,house ,from the frontispiece to ,the ,coffee ,house--a dramatick ,piece 7see chapter ,,xxxii7 ,,the ,,cocoa-,,tree was originally a coffee house on the south side of ,pall ,mall4 ,when there grew up a need for places of resort of a more elegant and refined character1 chocolate houses came into vogue1 and the ,,cocoa-,,tree was the most famous of these4 ,it was converted into a club in #agdf4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,grecian ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,devereux ,,court ,it was closed in #ahdc4 ,from a drawing dated #ahji ,,white',s chocolate house1 established by ,francis ,white about #afic in ,st4 ,james's ,street1 originally open to any one as a coffee house1 soon became a private club1 composed of the most fashionable exquisites of the town and court4 ,in its coffee-house days1 the entrance was sixpence1 as compared with the average penny fee of the other coffee houses4 ,escott refers to ,,white',s as being the one specimen of the class to which it belongs1 of a place at which1 beneath almost the same roof1 and always bearing the same name1 whether as coffee house or club1 the same class of persons has congregated during more than two hundred years4 ,among hundreds of other coffee houses that flourished during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the following more notable ones are deserving of mention3 ,illustration3 ,,don ,,saltero',s ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,cheyne ,,walk ,from a steel engraving in the ,british ,museum ,illustration3 ,,the ,,british ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ,,cockspur ,,street ,from a print published in #aggj ,,baker',s1 #eh ',change ,alley1 for nearly half a century noted for its chops and steaks broiled in the coffee room and eaten hot from the gridiron2 the ,,baltic1 in ,threadneedle ,street1 the rendezvous of brokers and merchants connected with the ,russian trade2 the ,,bedford1 under the ,piazza1 in ,covent ,garden1 crowded every night with men of parts and signalized for many years as the emporium of wit1 the seat of criticism and the standard of taste2 the ,,chapter1 in ,paternoster ,row1 frequented by ,chatterton and ,goldsmith2 ,,child',s1 in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 one of the ,spectator's houses1 and much frequented by the clergy and fellows of the ,royal ,society2 ,,dick',s1 in ,fleet ,street1 frequented by ,cowper1 and the scene of ,rousseau's comedietta1 entitled ,the ,coffee ,house2 ,,st4 ,,james',s1 in ,st4 ,james's ,street1 frequented by ,swift1 ,goldsmith1 and ,garrick2 ,,jerusalem1 in ,cowper's ,court1 ,cornhill1 frequented by merchants and captains connected with the commerce of ,china1 ,india1 and ,australia2 ,,jonathan',s1 in ',change ,alley1 described by the ,tatler as the general mart of stock jobbers2 the ,,london1 in ,ludgate ,hill1 noted for its publishers' sales of stock and copyrights2 ,,man',s1 in ,scotland ,yard1 which took its name from the proprietor1 ,alexander ,man1 and was sometimes known as ,,old ,,man',s1 or the ,,royal1 to distinguish it from ,,young ,,man',s1 ,,little ,,man',s1 ,,new ,,man',s1 etc41 minor establishments in the neighborhood2#he ,,nando',s1 in ,fleet ,street1 the favorite haunt of ,lord ,thurlow and many professional loungers1 attracted by the fame of the punch and the charms of the landlady2 ,,new ,,england ,,and ,,north ,,and ,,south ,,american1 in ,threadneedle ,street1 having on its subscription list representatives of ,barings1 ,rothschilds1 and other wealthy establishments2 ,,peele',s1 in ,fleet ,street1 having a portrait of ,dr4 ,johnson said to have been painted by ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds2 the ,,percy1 in ,oxford ,street1 the inspiration for the ,percy ,anecdotes2 the ,,piazza1 in ,covent ,garden1 where ,macklin fitted up a large coffee room1 or theater1 for oratory1 and ,fielding and ,foote poked fun at him2 the ,,rainbow1 in ,fleet ,street1 the second coffee house opened in ,london1 having its token money2 the ,,smyrna1 in ,pall ,mall1 a place to talk politics1 and frequented by ,prior and ,swift2 ,,tom ,,king',s1 one of the old night houses of ,covent ,garden ,market1 well known to all gentlemen to whom beds are unknown2 the ,,turk',s ,,head1 ',change ,alley1 which also had its tokens2 the ,,turk',s ,,head1 in the ,strand1 which was a favorite supping house for ,dr4 ,johnson and ,boswell2 the ,,folly1 a coffee house on a house-boat on the ,thames1 which became quite notorious during ,queen ,anne's reign4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,french ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ,,london1 ,,second ,,half ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century ,from the original water-color drawing by ,thomas ,rowlandson ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,ramponaux' ,,royal ,,drummer1 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,popular ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,parisian ,,caf,s ,started originally as a tavern1 this hostelry added coffee to its cuisine and became famous in the reign of ,louis ,,xv ,the illustration is from an early print used to advertise the ,royal ,drummer's attractions ,,chapter ,,xi ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,parisian ,,coffee ,,houses ,the introduction of coffee into ,paris by ,thvenot in #afeg--;,how ,soliman ,aga established the custom of coffee drinking at the court of ,louis ,,xiv--,opening the first coffee houses--,how the ,french adaptation of the ,oriental coffee house first appeared in the real ,french caf of ,franois ,procope--,the important part played by the coffee houses in the development of ,french literature and the stage--,their association with the ,revolution and the founding of the ,republic--,quaint customs and patrons--,historic ,parisian cafs ,if we are to accept the authority of ,jean ,la ,roque1 before the year #affi coffee had scarcely been seen in ,paris1 except at ,m4 ,thvenot's and at the homes of some of his friends4 ,nor had it been heard of except in the writings of travelers4 ,as noted in chapter ,v1 ,jean de ,thvenot brought coffee into ,paris in #afeg4 ,one account says that a decoction1 supposed to have been coffee1 was sold by a ,levantine in the ,petit ,chtelet under the name of cohove or cahoue during the reign of ,louis ,,xiii1 but this lacks confirmation4 ,louis ,,xiv is said to have been served with coffee for the first time in #affd4 ,soon after the arrival1 in ,july1 #affi1 of the ,turkish ambassador1 ,soliman ,aga1 it became noised abroad that he had brought with him for his own use1 and that of his retinue1 great quantities of coffee4 ,he treated several persons with it1 both in the court and the city4 ,at length many accustomed themselves to it with sugar1 and others who found benefit by it could not leave it off4 ,within six months all ,paris was talking of the sumptuous coffee functions of the ambassador from ,mohammed ,,iv to the court of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,isaac ,d',israeli best describes them in his ,curiosities of ,literature3 ,on bended knee1 the black slaves of the ,ambassador1 arrayed in the most gorgeous ,oriental costumes1 served the choicest ,mocha coffee in tiny cups of egg-shell porcelain1 hot1 strong and fragrant1 poured out in saucers of gold and silver1 placed on embroidered silk doylies fringed with gold bullion1 to the grand dames1 who fluttered their fans with many grimaces1 bending their piquant faces--be-rouged1 be-powdered and be-patched--over the new and steaming beverage4 ,it was in #affi or #afgb that ,madame de ,svign 7,marie de ,rabutin-,chantal2 #afbf-if71 the celebrated ,french letter-writer1 is said to have made that famous prophecy1 ,there are two things ,frenchmen will never swallow--coffee and ,racine's poetry1 sometimes abbreviated into1 ,racine and coffee will pass4 ,what ,madame really said1 according to one authority1 was that ,racine was writing for ,champmesl1 the actress1 and not for posterity2 again1 of coffee she said1 s'en dgoterait comme2 d'un indigne favori 7,people will become disgusted with it as with an unworthy favorite74 ,larousse says the double judgment was wrongly attributed to ,mme4 de ,svign4 ,the celebrated aphorism1 like many others1 was forged later4 ,mme4 de ,svign said1 ,racine made his comedies for the ,champmesl--not for the ages to come4 ,this was in #afgb4 ,four years later1 she said to her daughter1 ,you have done well to quit coffee4 ,mlle4 de ,mere has also given it up4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,was ,,first ,,sold ,,and ,,served ,,publicly ,,in ,,the ,,fair ,,of ,,st4-,,germain ,from a ,seventeenth-,century ,print ,however it may have been1 the amiable letter-writer was destined to live to see ,frenchmen yielding at once to the lure of coffee and to the poetical artifices of the greatest dramatic craftsman of his day4 ,while it is recorded that coffee made slow progress with the court of ,louis ,,xiv1 the next king1 ,louis ,,xv1 to please his mistress1 du ,barry1 gave it a tremendous vogue4 ,it is related that he spent #ae1jjj a year for coffee for his daughters4 ,meanwhile1 in #afgb1 one ,pascal1 an ,armenian1 first sold coffee publicly in ,paris4 ,pascal1 who1 according to one account1 was brought to ,paris by ,soliman ,aga1 offered the beverage for sale from a tent1 which was also a kind of booth1 in the fair of ,st4-,germain1 supplemented by the service of ,turkish waiter boys1 who peddled it among the crowds from small cups on trays4 ,the fair was held during the first two months of spring1 in a large open plot just inside the walls of ,paris and near the ,latin ,quarter4 ,as ,pascal's waiter boys circulated through the crowds on those chilly days the fragrant odor of freshly made coffee brought many ready sales of the steaming beverage2 and soon visitors to the fair learned to look for the little black cupful of cheer1 or petit noir1 a name that still endures4 ,when the fair closed1 ,pascal opened a small coffee shop on the ,quai de l'cole1 near the ,pont ,neuf2 but his frequenters were of a type who preferred the beers and wines of the day1 and coffee languished4 ,pascal continued1 however1 to send his waiter boys with their large coffee jugs1 that were heated by lamps1 through the streets of ,paris and from door to door4 ,their cheery cry of caf6 caf6 became a welcome call to many a ,parisian1 who later missed his petit noir when ,pascal gave up and moved on to ,london1 where coffee drinking was then in high favor4 ,illustration3 ,,street ,,coffee ,,vender ,,of ,,paris--,,period1 #afgb ,,to #afhi--,,two ,,sous ,,per ,,dish1 ,,sugar ,,included ,lacking favor at court1 coffee's progress was slow4 ,the ,french smart set clung to its light wines and beers4 ,in #afgb1 ,maliban1 another ,armenian1 opened a coffee house in the rue ,bussy1 next to the ,metz tennis court near ,st4-,germain's abbey4 ,he supplied tobacco also to his customers4 ,later he went to ,holland1 leaving his servant and partner1 ,gregory1 a ,persian1 in charge4 ,gregory moved to the rue ,mazarine1 to be near the ,comdie ,franaise4 ,he was succeeded in the business by ,makara1 another ,persian1 who later returned to ,ispahan1 leaving the coffee house to one ,le ,gantois1 of ,lige4 ,about this period there was a cripple boy from ,candia1 known as le ,candiot1 who began to cry coffee6 in the streets of ,paris4 ,he carried with him a coffee pot of generous size1 a chafing-dish1 cups1 and all other implements necessary to his trade4 ,he sold his coffee from door to door at two sous per dish1 sugar included4 ,illustration3 ,,many ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,parisian ,,coffee ,,houses ,,followed ,,pascal',s ,,lead ,,and ,,affected ,,armenian ,,decorations ,from a ,seventeenth-,century ,print ,a ,levantine named ,joseph also sold coffee in the streets1 and later had several coffee shops of his own4 ,stephen1 from ,aleppo1 next opened a coffee house on ,pont au ,change1 moving1 when his business prospered1 to more pretentious quarters in the rue ,st4-,andr1 facing ,st4-,michael's bridge4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,corner ,,of ,,the ,,historic ,,caf ,,de ,,procope ,,showing ,,voltaire ,,and ,,diderot ,,in ,,debate ,from a rare water color ,all these1 and others1 were essentially the ,oriental style of coffee house of the lower order1 and they appealed principally to the poorer classes and to foreigners4 ,gentlemen and people of fashion did not care to be seen in this type of public house4 ,but when the ,french merchants began to set up1 first at ,st4-,germain's fair1 spacious apartments in an elegant manner1 ornamented with tapestries1 large mirrors1 pictures1 marble tables1 branches for candles1 magnificent lustres1 and serving coffee1 tea1 chocolate1 and other refreshments1 they were soon crowded with people of fashion and men of letters4 ,in this way coffee drinking in public acquired a badge of respectability4 ,presently there were some three hundred coffee houses in ,paris4 ,the principal coffee men1 in addition to plying their trade in the city1 maintained coffee rooms in ,st4-,germain's and ,st4-,laurence's fairs4 ,these were frequented by women as well as men4 ,the ,progenitor of the ,real ,parisian ,caf ,it was not until #afhi1 that there appeared in ,paris a real ,french adaptation of the ,oriental coffee house4 ,this was the ,caf de ,procope1 opened by ,franois ,procope 7,procopio ,cultelli1 or ,cotelli7 who came from ,florence or ,palermo4 ,procope was a limonadier 7lemonade vender7 who had a royal license to sell spices1 ices1 barley water1 lemonade1 and other such refreshments4 ,he early added coffee to the list1 and attracted a large and distinguished patronage4 ,procope1 a keen-witted merchant1 made his appeal to a higher class of patrons than did ,pascal and those who first followed him4 ,he established his caf directly opposite the newly opened ,comdie ,franaise1 in the street then known as the rue des ,fosss-,st4-,germain1 but now the rue de l',ancienne ,comdie4 ,a writer of the period has left this description of the place3 ,the ,caf de ,procope 444 was also called the ,antre cavern de ,procope1 because it was very dark even in full day1 and ill-lighted in the evenings2 and because you often saw there a set of lank1 sallow poets1 who had somewhat the air of apparitions4 ,because of its location1 the ,caf de ,procope became the gathering place of many noted ,french actors1 authors1 dramatists1 and musicians of the eighteenth century4 ,it was a veritable literary salon4 ,voltaire was a constant patron2 and until the close of the historic caf1 after an existence of more than two centuries1 his marble table and chair were among the precious relics of the coffee house4 ,his favorite drink is said to have been a mixture of coffee and chocolate4 ,rousseau1 author and philosopher2 ,beaumarchais1 dramatist and financier2 ,diderot1 the encyclopedist2 ,ste4-,foix1 the abb of ,voisenon2 de ,belloy1 author of the ,siege of ,callais2 ,lemierre1 author of ,artaxerce2 ,crbillon2 ,piron2 ,la ,chausse2 ,fontenelle2 ,condorcet2 and a host of lesser lights in the ,french arts1 were habitus of ,franois ,procope's modest coffee saloon near the ,comdie ,franaise4 ,naturally1 the name of ,benjamin ,franklin1 recognized in ,europe as one of the world's foremost thinkers in the days of the ,american ,revolution1 was often spoken over the coffee cups of ,caf de ,procope2 and when the distinguished ,american died in #agij1 this ,french coffee house went into deep mourning for the great friend of republicanism4 ,the walls1 inside and out1 were swathed in black bunting1 and the statesmanship and scientific attainments of ,franklin were acclaimed by all frequenters4 ,the ,caf de ,procope looms large in the annals of the ,french ,revolution4 ,during the turbulent days of #aghi one could find at the tables1 drinking coffee or stronger beverages1 and engaged in debate over the burning questions of the hour1 such characters as ,marat1 ,robespierre1 ,danton1 ,hbert1 and ,desmoulins4 ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 then a poor artillery officer seeking a commission1 was also there4 ,he busied himself largely in playing chess1 a favorite recreation of the early ,parisian coffee-house patrons4 ,it is related that ,franois ,procope once compelled young ,bonaparte to leave his hat for security while he sought money to pay his coffee score4 ,after the ,revolution1 the ,caf de ,procope lost its literary prestige and sank to the level of an ordinary restaurant4 ,during the last half of the nineteenth century1 ,paul ,verlaine1 bohemian1 poet1 and leader of the symbolists1 made the ,caf de ,procope his haunt2 and for a time it regained some of its lost popularity4 ,the ,restaurant ,procope still survives at #ac rue de l',ancienne ,comdie4 ,history records that1 with the opening of the ,caf de ,procope1 coffee became firmly established in ,paris4 ,in the reign of ,louis ,,xv there were #fjj cafs in ,paris4 ,at the close of the eighteenth century there were more than #hjj4 ,by #ahdc the number had increased to more than #cjjj4 ,the ,development of the ,cafs ,coffee's vogue spread rapidly1 and many cabarts and famous eating houses began to add it to their menus4 ,among these was the ,tour d',argent 7silver tower71 which had been opened on the ,quai de la ,tournelle in #aehb1 and speedily became ,paris's most fashionable restaurant4 ,it still is one of the chief attractions for the epicure1 retaining the reputation for its cooking that drew a host of world leaders1 from ,napoleon to ,edward ,,vii1 to its quaint interior4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,caf ,,de ,,procope ,,in #agdc ,from an engraving by ,bosredon ,another tavern that took up coffee after ,procope1 was the ,royal ,drummer1 which ,jean ,ramponaux established at the ,courtille des ,porcherons and which followed ,magny's4 ,his hostelry rightly belongs to the tavern class1 although coffee had a prominent place on its menu4 ,it became notorious for excesses and low-class vices during the reign of ,louis ,,xv1 who was a frequent visitor4 ,low and high were to be found in ,ramponaux's cellar1 particularly when some especially wild revelry was in prospect4 ,marie ,antoinette once declared she had her most enjoyable time at a wild farandole in the ,royal ,drummer4 ,ramponaux was taken to its heart by fashionable ,paris2 and his name was used as a trade mark on furniture1 clothes1 and foods4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,cashier',s ,,counter ,,in ,a ,,paris ,,coffee ,,house ,,of #aghb ,from a drawing by ,rtif de la ,bretonne ,the popularity of ,ramponaux's ,royal ,drummer is attested by an inscription on an early print showing the interior of the caf4 ,translated1 it reads3 ,the pleasures of ease untroubled to taste1 ,the leisure of home to enjoy without haste1 ,perhaps a few hours at ,magny's to waste1 ,ah1 that was the old-fashioned way6 ,today all our laborers1 everyone knows1 ,go running away ere the working hours close1 ,and why8 ,they must be at ,monsieur ,ramponaux'6 ,behold1 the new style of caf6 ,when coffee houses began to crop up rapidly in ,paris1 the majority centered in the ,palais ,royal1 that garden spot of beauty1 enclosed on three sides by three tiers of galleries1 which ,richelieu had erected in #afcf1 under the name of ,palais ,cardinal1 in the reign of ,louis ,,xiii4 ,it became known as the ,palais ,royal in #afdc2 and soon after the opening of the ,caf de ,procope1 it began to blossom out with many attractive coffee stalls1 or rooms1 sprinkled among the other shops that occupied the galleries overlooking the gardens4 ,life ,in ,the ,early ,coffee ,houses ,diderot tells in #agfj1 in his ,rameau's ,nephew1 of the life and frequenters of one of the ,palais ,royal coffee houses1 the ,regency 7,caf de la ,rgence73 ,in all weathers1 wet or fine1 it is my practice to go toward five o'clock in the evening to take a turn in the ,palais ,royal4444 ,if the weather is too cold or too wet ,i take shelter in the ,regency coffee house4 ,there ,i amuse myself by looking on while they play chess4 ,nowhere in the world do they play chess as skillfully as in ,paris and nowhere in ,paris as they do at this coffee house2 'tis here you see ,lgal the profound1 ,philidor the subtle1 ,mayot the solid2 here you see the most astounding moves1 and listen to the sorriest talk1 for if a man be at once a wit and a great chess player1 like ,lgal1 he may also be a great chess player and a sad simpleton1 like ,joubert and ,mayot4 ,the beginnings of the ,regency coffee house are associated with the legend that ,lefvre1 a ,parisian1 began peddling coffee in the streets of ,paris about the time ,procope opened his caf in #afhi4 ,the story has it that ,lefvre later opened a caf near the ,palais ,royal1 selling it in #agah to one ,leclerc1 who named it the ,caf de la ,rgence1 in honor of the regent of ,orleans1 a name that still endures on a broad sign over its doors4 ,the nobility had their rendezvous there after having paid their court to the regent4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,caf ,,foy ,,in ,,the ,,palais ,,royal1 #aghi ,from an engraving by ,bosredon ,to name the patrons of the ,caf de la ,rgence in its long career would be to outline a history of ,french literature for more than two centuries4 ,there was ,philidor the greatest theoretician of the eighteenth century1 better known for his chess than his music2 ,robespierre1 of the ,revolution1 who once played chess with a girl--disguised as a boy--for the life of her lover2 ,napoleon1 who was then noted more for his chess than his empire-building propensities2 and ,gambetta1 whose loud voice1 generally raised in debate1 disturbed one chess player so much that he protested because he could not follow his game4 ,voltaire1 ,alfred de ,musset2 ,victor ,hugo1 ,thophile ,gautier1 ,j4,j4 ,rousseau1 the ,duke of ,richelieu1 ,marshall ,saxe1 ,buffon1 ,rivarol1 ,fontenelle1 ,franklin1 and ,henry ,murger are names still associated with memories of this historic caf3 ,marmontel and ,philidor played there at their favorite game of chess4 ,diderot tells in his ,memoirs that his wife gave him every day nine sous to get his coffee there4 ,it was in this establishment that he worked on his ,encyclopedia4 ,chess is today still in favor at the ,rgence1 although the players are not1 as were the earlier patrons1 obliged to pay by the hour for their tables with extra charges for candles placed by the chess-boards4 ,the present ,caf de la ,rgence is in the rue ,st4-,honor1 but retains in large measure its aspect of olden days4 ,michelet1 the historian1 has given us a rhapsodic pen picture of the ,parisian cafs under the regency3 ,paris became one vast caf4 ,conversation in ,france was at its zenith4 ,there were less eloquence and rhetoric than in '#hi4 ,with the exception of ,rousseau1 there was no orator to cite4 ,the intangible flow of wit was as spontaneous as possible4 ,for this sparkling outburst there is no doubt that honor should be ascribed in part to the auspicious revolution of the times1 to the great event which created new customs1 and even modified human temperament--the advent of coffee4 ,its effect was immeasurable1 not being weakened and neutralized as it is today by the brutalizing influence of tobacco4 ,they took snuff1 but did not smoke4 ,the cabart was dethroned1 the ignoble cabart1 where1 during the reign of ,louis ,,xiv1 the youth of the city rioted amid wine-casks in the company of light women4 ,the night was less thronged with chariots4 ,fewer lords found a resting place in the gutter4 ,the elegant shop1 where conversation flowed1 a salon rather than a shop1 changed and ennobled its customs4 ,the reign of coffee is that of temperance4 ,coffee1 the beverage of sobriety1 a powerful mental stimulant1 which1 unlike spirituous liquors1 increases clearness and lucidity2 coffee1 which suppresses the vague1 heavy fantasies of the imagination1 which from the perception of reality brings forth the sparkle and sunlight of truth2 coffee anti-erotic4444 ,the three ages of coffee are those of modern thought2 they mark the serious moments of the brilliant epoch of the soul4 ,arabian coffee is the pioneer1 even before #agjj4 ,the beautiful ladies that you see in the fashionable rooms of ,bonnard1 sipping from their tiny cups--they are enjoying the aroma of the finest coffee of ,arabia4 ,and of what are they chatting8 ,of the seraglio1 of ,chardin1 of the ,sultana's coiffure1 of the ,thousand and ,one ,nights 7#agjd74 ,they compare the ennui of ,versailles with the paradise of the ,orient4 ,very soon1 in #agaj-agbj1 commences the reign of ,indian coffee1 abundant1 popular1 comparatively cheap4 ,bourbon1 our ,indian island1 where coffee was transplanted1 suddenly realizes unheard-of happiness4 ,this coffee of volcanic lands acts as an explosive on the ,regency and the new spirit of things4 ,this sudden cheer1 this laughter of the old world1 these overwhelming flashes of wit1 of which the sparkling verse of ,voltaire1 the ,persian ,letters1 give us a faint idea6 ,even the most brilliant books have not succeeded in catching on the wing this airy chatter1 which comes1 goes1 flies elusively4 ,this is that spirit of ethereal nature which1 in the ,thousand and ,one ,nights1 the enchanter confined in his bottle4 ,but what phial would have withstood that pressure8 ,the lava of ,bourbon1 like the ,arabian sand1 was unequal to the demand4 ,the ,regent recognized this and had coffee transported to the fertile soil of our ,antilles4 ,the strong coffee of ,santo ,domingo1 full1 coarse1 nourishing as well as stimulating1 sustained the adult population of that period1 the strong age of the encyclopedia4 ,it was drunk by ,buffon1 ,diderot1 ,rousseau1 added its glow to glowing souls1 its light to the penetrating vision of the prophets gathered in the cave of ,procope1 who saw at the bottom of the black beverage the future rays of '#hi4 ,danton1 the terrible ,danton1 took several cups of coffee before mounting the tribune4 ',the horse must have its oats1' he said4 ,the vogue of coffee popularized the use of sugar1 which was then bought by the ounce at the apothecary's shop4 ,dufour says that in ,paris they used to put so much sugar in the coffee that it was nothing but a syrup of blackened water4 ,the ladies were wont to have their carriages stop in front of the ,paris cafs and to have their coffee served to them by the porter on saucers of silver4 ,every year saw new cafs opened4 ,when they became so numerous1 and competition grew so keen1 it was necessary to invent new attractions for customers4 ,then was born the caf chantant1 where songs1 monologues1 dances1 little plays and farces 7not always in the best taste71 were provided to amuse the frequenters4 ,many of these cafs chantants were in the open air along the ,champs-,elyses4 ,in bad weather1 ,paris provided the pleasure-seeker with the ,eldorado1 ,alcazar d',hiver1 ,scala1 ,gaiet1 ,concert du ,x,i,xme ,sicle1 ,folies ,bobino1 ,rambuteau1 ,concert ,europen1 and countless other meeting places where one could be served with a cup of coffee4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,caf ,,des ,,mille ,,colonnes ,,in #ahaa ,from an engraving by ,bosredon ,as in ,london1 certain cafs were noted for particular followings1 like the military1 students1 artists1 merchants4 ,the politicians had their favorite resorts4 ,says ,salvandy3#hf ,these were senates in miniature2 here mighty political questions were discussed2 here peace and war were decided upon2 here generals were brought to the bar of justice 444 distinguished orators were victoriously refuted1 ministers heckled upon their ignorance1 their incapacity1 their perfidy1 their corruption4 ,the caf is in reality a ,french institution2 in them we find all these agitations and movements of men1 the like of which is unknown in the ,english tavern4 ,no government can go against the sentiment of the cafs4 ,the ,revolution took place because they were for the ,revolution4 ,napoleon reigned because they were for glory4 ,the ,restoration was shattered1 because they understood the ,charter in a different manner4 ,in #agjj appeared the ,portefeuille ,galant1 containing conversations of the cafs4 ,the ,cafs in the ,french ,revolution ,the ,palais ,royal coffee houses were centers of activity in the days preceding and following the ,revolution4 ,a picture of them in the ,july days of #aghi has been left by ,arthur ,young1 who was visiting ,paris at that time3 ,the coffee houses present yet more singular and astounding spectacles2 they are not only crowded within1 but other expectant crowds are at the doors and windows1 listening gorge dploye to certain orators who from chairs or tables harangue each his little audience2 the eagerness with which they are heard1 and the thunder of applause they receive for every sentiment of more than common hardiness or violence against the government1 cannot easily be imagined4 ,the ,palais ,royal teemed with excited ,frenchmen on the fateful ,sunday of ,july #ab1 #aghi4 ,the moment was a tense one1 when1 coming out of the ,caf ,foy1 ,camille ,desmoulins1 a youthful journalist1 mounted a table and began the harangue that precipitated the first overt act of the ,french ,revolution4 ,blazing with a white hot frenzy1 he so played upon the passions of the mob that at the conclusion of his speech he and his followers marched away from the ,caf on their errand of ,revolution4 ,the ,bastille fell two days later4 ,as if abashed by its reputation as the starting point of the mob spirit of the ,revolution1 ,caf ,foy became in after years a sedate gathering-place of artists and literati4 ,up to its close it was distinguished among other famous ,parisian cafs for its exclusiveness and strictly enforced rule of no smoking4 ,even from the first the ,parisian cafs catered to all classes of society2 and1 unlike the ,london coffee houses1 they retained this distinctive characteristic4 ,a number of them early added other liquid and substantial refreshments1 many becoming out-and-out restaurants4 ,coffee-,house ,customs and ,patrons ,coffee's effect on ,parisians is thus described by a writer of the latter part of the eighteenth century3 ,i think ,i may safely assert that it is to the establishment of so many cafs in ,paris that is due the urbanity and mildness discernible upon most faces4 ,before they existed1 nearly everybody passed his time at the cabart1 where even business matters were discussed4 ,since their establishment1 people assemble to hear what is going on1 drinking and playing only in moderation1 and the consequence is that they are more civil and polite1 at least in appearance4 ,montesquieu's satirical pen pictured in his ,persian ,letters the earliest cafs as follows3 ,in some of these houses they talk news2 in others1 they play draughts4 ,there is one where they prepare the coffee in such a manner that it inspires the drinkers of it with wit2 at least1 of all those who frequent it1 there is not one person in four who does not think he has more wit after he has entered that house4 ,but what offends me in these wits is that they do not make themselves useful to their country4 ,montesquieu encountered a geometrician outside a coffee house on the ,pont ,neuf1 and accompanied him inside4 ,he describes the incident in this manner3 ,i observe that our geometrician was received there with the utmost officiousness1 and that the coffee house boys paid him much more respect than two musqueteers who were in a corner of the room4 ,as for him1 he seemed as if he thought himself in an agreeable place2 for he unwrinkled his brows a little and laughed1 as if he had not the least tincture of geometrician in him4444 ,he was offended at every start of wit1 as a tender eye is by too strong a light4444 ,at last ,i saw an old man enter1 pale and thin1 whom ,i knew to be a coffee house politician before he sat down2 he was not one of those who are never to be intimidated by disasters1 but always prophesy of victories and success2 he was one of those timorous wretches who are always boding ill4 ,caf ,momus and ,caf ,rotonde figure conspicuously in the record of ,french bohemianism4 ,the ,momus stood near the right bank of the ,river ,seine in rue des ,prtres ,st4-,germain1 and was known as the home of the bohemians4 ,the ,rotonde stood on the left bank at the corner of the rue de l'cole de ,mdecine and the rue ,hautefeuille4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,caf ,,de ,,paris ,,in #ahdc ,from an engraving by ,bosredon ,alexandre ,schanne has given us a glimpse of bohemian life in the early cafs4 ,he lays his scene in the ,caf ,rotonde1 and tells how a number of poor students were wont to make one cup of coffee last the coterie a full evening by using it to flavor and to color the one glass of water shared in common4 ,he says3 ,every evening1 the first comer at the waiter's inquiry1 ,what will you take1 sir8 never failed to reply1 ,nothing just at present1 ,i am waiting for a friend4 ,the friend arrived1 to be assailed by the brutal question1 ,have you any money8 ,he would make a despairing gesture in the negative1 and then add1 loud enough to be heard by the dame du comptoir1 ,by ,jove1 no2 only fancy1 ,i left my purse on my console-table1 with gilt feet1 in the purest ,louis ,,xv style4 ,ah6 what a thing it is to be forgetful4 ,he would sit down1 and the waiter would wipe the table as if he had something to do4 ,a third would come1 who was sometimes able to reply1 ,yes4 ,i have ten sous4 ,good6 we would reply2 order a cup of coffee1 a glass and a water bottle2 pay and give two sous to the waiter to secure his silence4 ,this would be done4 ,others would come and take their places beside us1 repeating to the waiter the same chorus1 ,we are with this gentleman4 ,frequently we would be eight or nine sitting at the same table1 and only one customer4 ,whilst smoking and reading the papers we would1 however1 pass the glass and bottle4 ,when the water began to run short1 as on a ship in distress1 one of us would have the impudence to call out1 ,waiter1 some water6 ,the master of the establishment1 who understood our situation1 had no doubt given orders for us to be left alone1 and made his fortune without our help4 ,he was a good fellow and an intelligent one1 having subscribed to all the scientific journals of ,europe1 which brought him the custom of foreign students4 ,another caf perpetuating the best traditions of the ,latin ,quarter was the ,vachette1 which survived until the death of ,jean ,moras in #aiaa4 ,the ,vachette is usually cited by antiquarians as a model of circumspection as compared with the scores of cafs in the ,quarter that were given up to debaucheries4 ,one writer puts it3 ,the ,vachette traditions leaned more to scholarship than sensuality4 ,in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries the ,parisian caf was truly a coffee house2 but as many of the patrons began to while away most of their waking hours in them1 the proprietors added other beverages and food to hold their patronage4 ,consequently1 we find listed among the cafs of ,paris some houses that are more accurately described as restaurants1 although they may have started their careers as coffee houses4 ,historic ,parisian ,cafs ,some of the historic cafs are still thriving in their original locations1 although the majority have now passed into oblivion4 ,glimpses of the more famous houses are to be found in the novels1 poetry1 and essays written by the ,french literati who patronized them4 ,these first-hand accounts give insights that are sometimes stirring1 often amusing1 and frequently revolting--such as the assassination of ,st4-,fargean in ,fvrier's low-vaulted cellar caf in the ,palais ,royal4 ,there is ,magny's1 originally the haunt of such literary men as ,gautier1 ,taine1 ,saint-,victor1 ,turguenieff1 de ,goncourt1 ,soulie1 ,renan1 ,edmond4 ,in recent years the old ,magny's was razed1 and on its site was built the modern restaurant of the same name1 but in a style that has no resemblance to its predecessor4 ,even the name of the street has been changed1 from rue ,contrescarpe to the rue ,mazet4 ,mot's1 the ,vry1 ,beauvilliers'1 ,mass's1 the ,caf ,chartres1 the ,troi ,frres ,provenaux1 and the du ,grand ,commun1 all situated in the ,palais ,royal1 are cafs that figured conspicuously in the ,french ,revolution1 and are closely identified with the ,french stage and literature4 ,mot's and ,mass's were the trysting places of the ,royalists in the days preceding the outbreak1 but welcomed the ,revolutionists after they came in power4 ,the ,chartres was notorious as the gathering place of young aristocrats who escaped the guillotine1 and1 thus made bold1 often called their like from adjoining cafs to partake in some of their plans for restoration of the empire4 ,the ,trois ,frres ,provenaux1 well known for its excellent and costly dinners1 is mentioned by ,balzac1 ,lord ,lytton1 and ,alfred de ,musset in some of their novels4 ,the ,caf du ,grand ,commun appears in ,rousseau's ,confessions in connection with the play ,devin du ,village4 ,among the most famous of the cafs on the ,rue ,st4 ,honor were ,venua's1 patronized by ,robespierre and his companions of the ,revolution1 and perhaps the scene of the inhuman murder of ,berthier and its revolting aftermath2 the ,mapinot1 which has gone down in caf history as the scene of the banquet to ,archibald ,alison1 the #bb-year-old historian2 and ,voisin's caf1 around which still cling traditions of such literary lights as ,zola1 ,alphonse ,daudet1 and ,jules de ,goncourt4 ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,a ,,typical ,,parisian ,,caf ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,nineteenth ,,century ,perhaps the boulevard des ,italiens had1 and still has1 more fashionable cafs than any other section of the ,french capital4 ,the ,tortoni1 opened in the early days of the ,empire by ,velloni1 an ,italian lemonade vender1 was the most popular of the boulevard cafs1 and was generally thronged with fashionables from all parts of ,europe4 ,here ,louis ,blanc1 historian of the ,revolution1 spent many hours in the early days of his fame4 ,talleyrand2 ,rossini1 the musician2 ,alfred ,stevens and ,edouard ,manet1 artists1 are some of the names still linked with the traditions of the ,tortoni4 ,farther down the boulevard were the ,caf ,riche1 ,maison ,dore1 ,caf ,anglais1 and the ,caf de ,paris4 ,the ,riche and the ,dore1 standing side by side1 were both high-priced and noted for their revelries4 ,the ,anglais1 which came into existence after the snuffing out of the ,empire1 was also distinguished for its high prices1 but in return gave an excellent dinner and fine wines4 ,it is told that even during the siege of ,paris the ,anglais offered its patrons such luxuries as ass1 mule1 peas1 fried potatoes1 and champagne4 ,probably the ,caf de ,paris1 which came into existence in #ahbb1 in the former home of the ,russian ,prince ,demidoff1 was the most richly equipped and elegantly conducted of any caf in ,paris in the nineteenth century4 ,alfred de ,musset1 a frequenter1 said1 you could not open its doors for less than #ae francs4 ,the ,caf ,littraire1 opened on boulevard ,bonne ,nouvelle late in the nineteenth century1 made a direct appeal to literary men for patronage1 printing this footnote on its menu3 ,every customer spending a franc in this establishment is entitled to one volume of any work to be selected from our vast collection4 ,the names of ,parisian cafs once more or less famous are legion4 ,some of them are3 ,the ,caf ,laurent1 which ,rousseau was forced to leave after writing an especially bitter satire2 the ,english caf in which eccentric ,lord ,wharton made merry with the ,whig habitus2 the ,dutch caf1 the haunt of ,jacobites2 ,terre's1 in the rue ,neuve des ,petits ,champs1 which ,thackeray described in ,the ,ballad of ,bouillabaisse2 ,maire's1 in the boulevard ,st4-,denis1 which dates back beyond #ahej2 the ,caf ,madrid1 in the boulevard ,montmartre1 of which ,carjat1 the ,spanish lyric poet1 was an attraction2 the ,caf de la ,paix1 in the boulevard des ,capucines1 the resort of ,second ,empire ,imperialists and their spies2 the ,caf ,durand1 in the place de la ,madeleine1 which started on a plane with the high-priced ,riche1 and ended its career early in the twentieth century2 the ,rocher de ,cancale1 memorable for its feasts and high-living patrons from all over ,europe2 the ,caf ,guerbois1 near the rue de ,st4 ,petersburg1 where ,manet1 the impressionist1 after many vicissitudes1 won fame for his paintings and held court for many years2 the ,chat ,noir1 on the rue ,victor ,mass at ,montmartre1 a blend of caf and concert hall1 which has since been imitated widely1 both in name and feature4 ,illustration3 ,,chess ,,has ,,been ,a ,,favorite ,,pastime ,,at ,,the ,,caf ,,de ,,la ,r,,gence ,,for ,,two ,,hundred ,,years4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,introduction ,,of ,,coffee ,,into ,,north ,,america ,captain ,john ,smith1 founder of the ,colony of ,virginia1 is the first to bring to ,north ,america a knowledge of coffee in #afjg--,the coffee grinder on the ,mayflower--,coffee drinking in #affh--,william ,penn's coffee purchase in #afhc--;,coffee in colonial ,new ,england--,the psychology of the ,boston tea party1 and why the ,united ,states became a nation of coffee drinkers instead of tea drinkers1 like ,england--,the first coffee license to ,dorothy ,jones in #afgj--,the first coffee house in ,new ,england--,notable coffee houses of old ,boston--,a skyscraper coffee house ,undoubtedly the first to bring a knowledge of coffee to ,north ,america was ,captain ,john ,smith1 who founded the ,colony of ,virginia at ,jamestown in #afjg4 ,captain ,smith became familiar with coffee in his travels in ,turkey4 ,although the ,dutch also had early knowledge of coffee1 it does not appear that the ,dutch ,west ,india ,company brought any of it to the first permanent settlement on ,manhattan ,island 7#afbd74 ,nor is there any record of coffee in the cargo of the ,mayflower 7#afbj71 although it included a wooden mortar and pestle1 later used to make coffee powder4 ,in the period when ,new ,york was ,new ,amsterdam1 and under ,dutch occupancy 7#afbd-fd71 it is possible that coffee may have been imported from ,holland1 where it was being sold on the ,amsterdam market as early as #afdj1 and where regular supplies of the green bean were being received from ,mocha in #affc2 but positive proof is lacking4 ,the ,dutch appear to have brought tea across the ,atlantic from ,holland before coffee4 ,the ,english may have introduced the coffee drink into the ,new ,york colony between #affd and #afgc4 ,the earliest reference to coffee in ,america is #affhhg1 at which time a beverage made from the roasted beans1 and flavored with sugar or honey1 and cinnamon1 was being drunk in ,new ,york4 ,coffee first appears in the official records of the ,new ,england colony in #afgj4 ,in #afhc1 the year following ,william ,penn's settlement on the ,delaware1 we find him buying supplies of coffee in the ,new ,york market and paying for them at the rate of eighteen shillings and nine pence per pound4#hh ,coffee houses patterned after the ,english and ,continental prototypes were soon established in all the colonies4 ,those of ,new ,york and ,philadelphia are described in separate chapters4 ,the ,boston houses are described at the end of this chapter4 ,norfolk1 ,chicago1 ,st4 ,louis1 and ,new ,orleans also had them4 ,conrad ,leonhard's coffee house at #cbj ,market ,street4 ,st4 ,louis1 was famous for its coffee and coffee cake1 from #ahdd to #aije1 when it became a bakery and lunch room1 removing in #aiai to ,eighth and ,pine ,streets4 ,in the pioneer days of the great west1 coffee and tea were hard to get2 and1 instead of them1 teas were often made from garden herbs1 spicewood1 sassafras-roots1 and other shrubs1 taken from the thickets#hi4 ,in #ahci1 in the city of ,chicago1 one of the minor taverns was known as the ,lake ,street coffee house4 ,it was situated at the corner of ,lake and ,wells ,streets4 ,a number of hotels1 which in the ,english sense might more appropriately be called inns1 met a demand for modest accommodation#ij4 ,two coffee houses were listed in the ,chicago directories for #ahdc and #ahde1 the ,washington coffee house1 #hc ,lake ,street2 and the ,exchange coffee house1 ,clarke ,street between ,la ,salle and ,south ,water ,streets4 ,illustration3 ,,types ,,of ,,colonial ,,coffee ,,roasters ,the cylinder at the top of the picture was revolved by hand in the fireplace2 the skillets were set in the smouldering ashes ,the old-time coffee houses of ,new ,orleans were situated within the original area of the city1 the section bounded by the river1 ,canal ,street1 ,esplanade ,avenue and ,rampart ,street4 ,in the early days most of the big business of the city was transacted in the coffee houses4 ,the brleau1 coffee with orange juice1 orange peel1 and sugar1 with cognac burned and mixed in it1 originated in the ,new ,orleans coffee house1 and led to its gradual evolution into the saloon4 ,how the ,united ,states ,became a ,nation of ,coffee ,drinkers ,coffee1 tea1 and chocolate were introduced into ,north ,america almost simultaneously in the latter part of the seventeenth century4 ,in the first half of the eighteenth century1 tea had made such progress in ,england1 thanks to the propaganda of the ,british ,east ,india ,company1 that1 being moved to extend its use in the colonies1 the directors turned their eyes first in the direction of ,north ,america4 ,here1 however1 ,king ,george spoiled their well-laid plans by his unfortunate stamp act of #agfe1 which caused the colonists to raise the cry of no taxation without representation4 ,although the act was repealed in #agff1 the right to tax was asserted1 and in #agfg was again used1 duties being laid on paints1 oils1 lead1 glass1 and tea4 ,once more the colonists resisted2 and1 by refusing to import any goods of ,english make1 so distressed the ,english manufacturers that ,parliament repealed every tax save that on tea4 ,despite the growing fondness for the beverage in ,america1 the colonists preferred to get their tea elsewhere to sacrificing their principles and buying it from ,england4 ,a brisk trade in smuggling tea from ,holland was started4 ,in a panic at the loss of the most promising of its colonial markets1 the ,british ,east ,india ,company appealed to ,parliament for aid1 and was permitted to export tea1 a privilege it had never before enjoyed4 ,cargoes were sent on consignment to selected commissioners in ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 and ,charleston4 ,the story of the subsequent happenings properly belongs in a book on tea4 ,it is sufficient here to refer to the climax of the agitation against the fateful tea tax1 because it is undoubtedly responsible for our becoming a nation of coffee drinkers instead of one of tea drinkers1 like ,england4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,early ,,family ,,coffee ,,roaster ,this machine1 known in ,holland as a ,coffee ,burner1 was used late in the #ahth century in ,new ,england4 ,it hung in the fireplace or stood in the embers ,the ,boston tea party of #aggc1 when citizens of ,boston1 disguised as ,indians1 boarded the ,english ships lying in ,boston harbor and threw their tea cargoes into the bay1 cast the die for coffee2 for there and then originated a subtle prejudice against the cup that cheers1 which one hundred and fifty years have failed entirely to overcome4 ,meanwhile1 the change wrought in our social customs by this act1 and those of like nature following it1 in the ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,charleston colonies1 caused coffee to be crowned king of the ,american breakfast table1 and the sovereign drink of the ,american people4 ,illustration3 ,,historical ,,relics ,,associated ,,with ,,the ,,early ,,days ,,of ,,coffee ,,in ,,new ,,england ,these exhibits are in the ,museum of the ,maine ,historical ,society at ,portland4 ,on the left is ,kenrick's ,patent coffee mill4 ,in the center is a ,britannia urn with an iron bar for heating the liquid4 ,the bar was encased in a tin receptacle that hung inside the cover4 ,on the right is a wall type of coffee or spice grinder ,coffee in ,colonial ,new ,england ,the history of coffee in colonial ,new ,england is so closely interwoven with the story of the inns and taverns that it is difficult to distinguish the genuine coffee house1 as it was known in ,england1 from the public house where lodgings and liquors were to be had4 ,the coffee drink had strong competition from the heady wines1 the liquors1 and imported teas1 and consequently it did not attain the vogue among the colonial ,new ,englanders that it did among ,londoners of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries4 ,although ,new ,england had its coffee houses1 these were actually taverns where coffee was only one of the beverages served to patrons4 ,they were1 says ,robinson1 generally meeting places of those who were conservative in their views regarding church and state1 being friends of the ruling administration4 ,such persons were terms ',courtiers' by their adversaries1 the ,dissenters and ,republicans4 ,most of the coffee houses were established in ,boston1 the metropolis of the ,massachusetts ,colony1 and the social center of ,new ,england4 ,while ,plymouth1 ,salem1 ,chelsea1 and ,providence had taverns that served coffee1 they did not achieve the name and fame of some of the more celebrated coffee houses in ,boston4 ,it is not definitely known when the first coffee was brought in2 but it is reasonable to suppose that it came as part of the household supplies of some settler 7probably between #affj and #afgj71 who had become acquainted with it before leaving ,england4 ,or it may have been introduced by some ,british officer1 who in ,london had made the rounds of the more celebrated coffee houses of the latter half of the seventeenth century4 ,the ,first ,coffee ,license ,according to early town records of ,boston1 ,dorothy ,jones was the first to be licensed to sell coffee and cuchaletto1 the latter being the seventeenth-century spelling for chocolate or cocoa4 ,this license is dated #afgj1 and is said to be the first written reference to coffee in the ,massachusetts ,colony4 ,it is not stated whether ,dorothy ,jones was a vender of the coffee drink or of coffee powder1 as ground coffee was known in the early days4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,mayflower ,,coffee ,,grinder ,mortar and pestle for braying coffee to make coffee powder1 brought over in the ,mayflower by the parents of ,peregrine ,white ,there is some question as to whether ,dorothy ,jones was the first to sell coffee as a beverage in ,boston4 ,londoners had known and drunk coffee for eighteen years before ,dorothy ,jones got her coffee license4 ,british government officials were frequently taking ship from ,london to the ,massachusetts ,colony1 and it is likely that they brought tidings and samples of the coffee the ,english gentry had lately taken up4 ,no doubt they also told about the new-style coffee houses that were becoming popular in all parts of ,london4 ,and it may be assumed that their tales caused the landlords of the inns and taverns of colonial ,boston to add coffee to their lists of beverages4 ,new ,england's ,first ,coffee ,house ,the name coffee house did not come into use in ,new ,england until late in the seventeenth century4 ,early colonial records do not make it clear whether the ,london coffee house or the ,gutteridge coffee house was the first to be opened in ,boston with that distinctive title4 ,in all likelihood the ,london is entitled to the honor1 for ,samuel ,gardner ,drake in his ,history and ,antiquities of the ,city of ,boston1 published in #ahed1 says that ,benj4 ,harris sold books there in #afhi4 ,drake seems to be the only historian of early ,boston to mention the ,london coffee house4 ,granting that the ,london coffee house was the first in ,boston1 then the ,gutteridge coffee house was the second4 ,the latter stood on the north side of ,state ,street1 between ,exchange and ,washington ,streets1 and was named after ,robert ,gutteridge1 who took out an innkeeper's license in #afia4 ,twenty-seven years later1 his widow1 ,mary ,gutteridge1 petitioned the town for a renewal of her late husband's permit to keep a public coffee house4 ,the ,british coffee house1 which became the ,american coffee house when the crown officers and all things ,british became obnoxious to the colonists1 also began its career about the time ,gutteridge took out his license4 ,it stood on the site that is now #ff ,state ,street1 and became one of the most widely known coffee houses in colonial ,new ,england4 ,of course1 there were several inns and taverns in existence in ,boston long before coffee and coffee houses came to the ,new ,england metropolis4 ,some of these taverns took up coffee when it became fashionable in the colony1 and served it to those patrons who did not care for the stronger drinks4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,crown ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,boston ,one of the first in ,new ,england to bear the distinctive name of coffee house2 opened in #agaa and burned down in #aghj ,the earliest known inn was set up by ,samuel ,cole in ,washington ,street1 midway between ,faneuil ,hall and ,state ,street4 ,cole was licensed as a comfit maker in #afcd1 four years after the founding of ,boston2 and two years later1 his inn was the temporary abiding place of the ,indian chief ,miantonomoh and his red warriors1 who came to visit ,governor ,vane4 ,in the following year1 the ,earl of ,marlborough found that ,cole's inn was so exceedingly well governed1 and afforded so desirable privacy1 that he refused the hospitality of ,governor ,winthrop at the governor's mansion4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,making ,,and ,,serving ,,devices ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,massachusetts ,,colony ,these exhibits are in the ,museum of the ,essex ,institute at ,salem1 ,mass4 ,top row1 left and right1 ,britannia serving pots2 center1 ,britannia table urn2 bottom row1 left end1 tin coffee making pot2 center1 ,britannia serving pots2 right end1 tin ,french drip pot ,another popular inn of the day was the ,red ,lyon1 which was opened in #afcg by ,nicholas ,upshall1 the ,quaker1 who later was hanged for trying to bribe a jailer to pass some food into the jail to two ,quakeresses who were starving within4 ,ship tavern1 erected in #afej1 at the corner of ,north and ,clark ,streets1 then on the waterfront1 was a haunt of ,british government officials4 ,the father of ,governor ,hutchinson was the first landlord1 to be succeeded in #affc by ,john ,vyal4 ,here lived the four commissioners who were sent to these shores by ,king ,charles ,,ii to settle the disputes then beginning between the colonies and ,england4 ,another lodging and eating place for the gentlemen of quality in the first days of ,boston was the ,blue ,anchor1 in ,cornhill1 which was conducted in #affd by ,robert ,turner4 ,here gathered members of the government1 visiting officials1 jurists1 and the clergy1 summoned into synod by the ,massachusetts ,general ,court4 ,it is assumed that the clergy confined their drinking to coffee and other moderate beverages1 leaving the wines and liquors to their confrres4 ,some ,notable ,boston ,coffee ,houses ,in the last quarter of the seventeenth century quite a number of taverns and inns sprang up4 ,among the most notable that have obtained recognition in ,boston's historical records were the ,king's ,head1 at the corner of ,fleet and ,north ,streets2 the ,indian ,queen1 on a passageway leading from ,washington ,street to ,hawley ,street2 the ,sun1 in ,faneuil ,hall ,square1 and the ,green ,dragon1 which became one of the most celebrated coffee-house taverns4 ,the ,king's ,head1 opened in #afia1 early became a rendezvous of crown officers and the citizens in the higher strata of colonial society4 ,the ,indian ,queen also became a favorite resort of the crown officers from ,province ,house4 ,started by ,nathaniel ,bishop about #afgc1 it stood for more than #ade years as the ,indian ,queen1 and then was replaced by the ,washington coffee house1 which became noted throughout ,new ,england as the starting place for the ,roxbury hourlies1 the stage coaches that ran every hour from ,boston to nearby ,roxbury4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,devices ,,that ,,figured ,,in ,,the ,,pioneering ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,west ,photographed for this work in the ,museum of the ,state ,historical ,society of ,wisconsin4 ,left to right1 ,english decorated tin pot2 coffee and spice mill from ,lexington1 ,mass42 ,globe roaster built by ,rays ,wilcox ,co41 ,berlin1 ,conn41 under ,wood's patent2 sheet brass coffee mill from ,lexington1 ,mass42 ,john ,luther's coffee mill1 ,warren1 ,r4,i42 cast-iron hopper mill ,the ,sun tavern lived a longer life than any other ,boston inn4 ,started in #afij in ,faneuil ,hall ,square1 it was still standing in #aijb1 according to ,henry ,r4 ,blaney2 but has since been razed to make way for a modern skyscraper4 ,illustration3 ,,metal ,,and ,,china ,,coffee ,,pots ,,used ,,in ,,new ,,england',s ,,colonial ,,days ,from the collection in the ,museum of the ,pocumtuck ,valley ,memorial ,association1 ,deerfield1 ,mass4 ,new ,england's ,most ,famous ,coffee ,house ,the ,green ,dragon1 the last of the inns that were popular at the close of the seventeenth century1 was the most celebrated of ,boston's coffee-house taverns4 ,it stood on ,union ,street1 in the heart of the town's business center1 for #ace years1 from #afig to #ahcb1 and figured in practically all the important local and national events during its long career4 ,red-coated ,british soldiers1 colonial governors1 bewigged crown officers1 earls and dukes1 citizens of high estate1 plotting revolutionists of lesser degree1 conspirators in the ,boston ,tea ,party1 patriots and generals of the ,revolution--all these were wont to gather at the ,green ,dragon to discuss their various interests over their cups of coffee1 and stronger drinks4 ,in the words of ,daniel ,webster1 this famous coffee-house tavern was the headquarters of the ,revolution4 ,it was here that ,warren1 ,john ,adams1 ,james ,otis1 and ,paul ,revere met as a ways and means committee to secure freedom for the ,american colonies4 ,here1 too1 came members of the ,grand ,lodge of ,masons to hold their meetings under the guidance of ,warren1 who was the first grand master of the first ,masonic lodge in ,boston4 ,the site of the old tavern1 now occupied by a business block1 is still the property of the ,st4 ,andrew's ,lodge of ,free ,masons4 ,the old tavern was a two-storied brick structure with a sharply pitched roof4 ,over its entrance hung a sign bearing the figure of a green dragon4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,green ,,dragon1 ,,the ,,center ,,of ,,social ,,and ,,political ,,life ,,in ,,boston ,,for #ace ,,years ,this tavern figured in practically all the important national affairs from #afig to #ahcb1 and1 according to ,daniel ,webster1 was the headquarters of the ,revolution ,patrons of the ,green ,dragon and the ,british coffee house were decidedly opposed in their views on the questions of the day4 ,while the ,green ,dragon was the gathering place of the patriotic colonials1 the ,british was the rendezvous of the loyalists1 and frequent were the encounters between the patrons of these two celebrated taverns4 ,it was in the ,british coffee house that ,james ,otis was so badly pummeled1 after being lured there by political enemies1 that he never regained his former brilliancy as an orator4 ,it was there1 in #agej1 that some ,british red coats staged the first theatrical entertainment given in ,boston1 playing ,otway's ,orphan4 ,there1 the first organization of citizens to take the name of a club formed the ,merchants' ,club in #agea4 ,the membership included officers of the king1 colonial governors and lesser officials1 military and naval leaders1 and members of the bar1 with a sprinkling of high-ranking citizens who were staunch friends of the crown4 ,however1 the ,british became so generally disliked that as soon as the king's troops evacuated ,boston in the ,revolution1 the name of the coffee house was changed to the ,american4 ,the ,bunch of ,grapes1 that ,francis ,holmes presided over as early as #agab1 was another hot-bed of politicians4 ,like the ,green ,dragon over the way1 its patrons included unconditional freedom seekers1 many coming from the ,british coffee house when things became too hot for them in that ,tory atmosphere4 ,the ,bunch of ,grapes became the center of a stirring celebration in #aggf1 when a delegate from ,philadelphia read the ,declaration of ,independence from the balcony of the inn to the crowd assembled in the street below4 ,so enthusiastic did the ,bostonians become that1 in the excitement that followed1 the inn was nearly destroyed when one enthusiast built a bonfire too close to its walls4 ,another anecdote told of the ,bunch of ,grapes concerns ,sir ,william ,phipps1 governor of ,massachusetts from #afib-id1 who was noted for his irascibility4 ,he had his favorite chair and window in the inn1 and in the accounts of the period it is written that on any fine afternoon his glowering countenance could be seen at the window by the passers-by on ,state ,street4 ,after the beginning of the eighteenth century the title of coffee house was applied to a number of hostelries opened in ,boston4 ,one of these was the ,crown1 which was opened in the first house on ,long ,wharf in #agaa by ,jonathan ,belcher1 who later became governor of ,massachusetts1 and still later of ,new ,jersey4 ,the first landlord of the ,crown was ,thomas ,selby1 who by trade was a periwig maker1 but probably found the selling of strong drink and coffee more profitable4 ,selby's coffee house was also used as an auction room4 ,the ,crown stood until #aghj1 when it was destroyed in a fire that swept the ,long ,wharf4 ,on its site now stands the ,fidelity ,trust ,company at #adh ,state ,street4 ,another early ,boston coffee house on ,state ,street was the ,royal ,exchange4 ,how long it had been standing before it was first mentioned in colonial records in #agaa is unknown4 ,it occupied an ancient two-story building1 and was kept in #agaa by ,benjamin ,johns4 ,this coffee house became the starting place for stage coaches running between ,boston and ,new ,york1 the first one leaving ,september #g1 #aggb4 ,in the ,columbian ,centinel of ,january #a1 #ahjj1 appeared an advertisement in which it was said3 ,new ,york and ,providence ,mail ,stage leaves ,major ,hatches' ,royal ,exchange ,coffee ,house in ,state ,street every morning at #h o'clock4 ,in the latter half of the eighteenth century the ,north-,end coffee house was celebrated as the highest-class coffee house in ,boston4 ,it occupied the three-storied brick mansion which had been built about #agdj by ,edward ,hutchinson1 brother of the noted governor4 ,it stood on the west side of ,north ,street1 between ,sun ,court and ,fleet ,street1 and was one of the most pretentious of its kind4 ,an eighteenth century writer1 in describing this coffee-house mansion1 made much of the fact that it had forty-five windows and was valued at #d1ejj1 a large sum for those days4 ,during the ,revolution1 ,captain ,david ,porter1 father of ,admiral ,david ,d4 ,porter1 was the landlord1 and under him it became celebrated throughout the city as a high-grade eating place4 ,the advertisements of the ,north-,end coffee house featured its dinners and suppers--small and retired rooms for small company--oyster suppers in the nicest manner4 ,illustration3 ,,metal ,,coffee ,,pots ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,colony ,left1 tin coffee pot1 dark brown1 with love apple decoration in red1 ,new ,jersey ,historical ,society1 ,newark2 right1 weighted bottom tin pot with rose decoration1 private owner ,a ,skyscraper ,coffee ,house ,the ,boston coffee-house period reached its height in #ahjh1 when the doors of the ,exchange coffee house were thrown open after three years of building4 ,this structure1 situated on ,congress ,street near ,state ,street1 was the skyscraper of its day1 and probably was the most ambitious coffee-house project the world has known4 ,built of stone1 marble1 and brick1 it stood seven stories high1 and cost a half-million dollars4 ,charles ,bulfinch1 ,america's most noted architect of that period1 was the designer4 ,illustration3 ,,exchange ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,boston1 #ahjh1 ,,probably ,,the ,,largest ,,and ,,most ,,costly ,,in ,,the ,,world ,built of stone1 marble and brick1 it stood seven stories high and cost #ejj1jjj4 ,it was patterned after ,lloyd's of ,london1 and was the center of marine intelligence in ,boston ,like ,lloyd's coffee house in ,london1 the ,exchange was the center of marine intelligence1 and its public rooms were thronged all day and evening with mariners1 naval officers1 ship and insurance brokers1 who had come to talk shop or to consult the records of ship arrivals and departures1 manifests1 charters1 and other marine papers4 ,the first floor of the ,exchange was devoted to trading4 ,on the next floor was the large dining room1 where many sumptuous banquets were given1 notably the one to ,president ,monroe in ,july1 #ahag1 which was attended by former ,president ,john ,adams1 and by many generals1 commodores1 governors1 and judges4 ,the other floors were given over to living and sleeping rooms1 of which there were more than #bjj4 ,the ,exchange coffee house was destroyed by fire in #ahah2 and on its site was erected another1 bearing the same name1 but having slight resemblance to its predecessor4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,president-,,elect ,,washington ,,welcomed ,,at ,,the ,,merchants ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,new ,,york ,the reception took place ,april #bc1 #aghi1 one week before his inauguration4 ,from a painting by ,charles ,p4 ,gruppe1 owned by the author ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,history ,,of ,,coffee ,,in ,,old ,,new ,,york ,the burghers of ,new ,amsterdam begin to substitute coffee for must1 or beer1 at breakfast in #affh--,william ,penn makes his first purchase of coffee in the green bean from ,new ,york merchants in #afhc--,the ,king's ,arms1 the first coffee house--,the historic ,merchants1 sometimes called the ,birthplace of our ,union--,the coffee house as a civic forum--,the ,exchange1 ,whitehall1 ,burns1 ,tontine1 and other celebrated coffee houses--,the ,vauxhall and ,ranelagh pleasure gardens ,the ,dutch founders of ,new ,york seem to have introduced tea into ,new ,amsterdam before they brought in coffee4 ,this was somewhere about the middle of the seventeenth century4 ,we find it recorded that about #affh the burghers succumbed to coffee#ia4 ,coffee made its way slowly1 first in the homes1 where it replaced the must1 or beer1 at breakfast4 ,chocolate came about the same time1 but was more of a luxury than tea or coffee4 ,after the surrender of ,new ,york to the ,british in #afgd1 ,english manners and customs were rapidly introduced4 ,first tea1 and later coffee1 were favorite beverages in the homes4 ,by #afhc ,new ,york had become so central a market for the green bean1 that ,william ,penn1 as soon as he found himself comfortably settled in the ,pennsylvania ,colony1 sent over to ,new ,york for his coffee supplies#ib4 ,it was not long before a social need arose that only the ,london style of coffee house could fill4 ,the coffee houses of early ,new ,york1 like their prototypes in ,london1 ,paris1 and other old world capitals1 were the centers of the business1 political and1 to some extent1 of the social life of the city4 ,but they never became the forcing-beds of literature that the ,french and ,english houses were1 principally because the colonists had no professional writers of note4 ,there is one outstanding feature of the early ,american coffee houses1 particularly of those opened in ,new ,york1 that is not distinctive of the ,european houses4 ,the colonists sometimes held court trials in the long1 or assembly1 room of the early coffee houses2 and often held their general assembly and council meetings there4 ,the ,coffee ,house as a ,civic ,forum ,the early coffee house was an important factor in ,new ,york life4 ,what the perpetuation of this public gathering place meant to the citizens is shown by a complaint 7evidently designed to revive the declining fortunes of the historic ,merchants coffee house7 in the ,new ,york ,journal of ,october #ai1 #agge1 which1 in part1 said3 ,to the ,inhabitants of ,new ,york3 ,it gives me concern1 in this time of public difficulty and danger1 to find we have in this city no place of daily general meeting1 where we might hear and communicate intelligence from every quarter and freely confer with one another on every matter that concerns us4 ,such a place of general meeting is of very great advantage in many respects1 especially at such a time as this1 besides the satisfaction it affords and the sociable disposition it has a tendency to keep up among us1 which was never more wanted than at this time4 ,to answer all these and many other good and useful purposes1 coffee houses have been universally deemed the most convenient places of resort1 because1 at a small expense of time or money1 persons wanted may be found and spoke with1 appointments may be made1 current news heard1 and whatever it most concerns us to know4 ,in all cities1 therefore1 and large towns that ,i have seen in the ,british dominions1 sufficient encouragement has been given to support one or more coffee houses in a genteel manner4 ,how comes it then that ,new ,york1 the most central1 and one of the largest and most prosperous cities in ,british ,america1 cannot support one coffee house8 ,it is a scandal to the city and its inhabitants to be destitute of such a convenience for want of due encouragement4 ,a coffee house1 indeed1 there is1 a very good and comfortable one1 extremely well tended and accommodated1 but it is frequented but by an inconsiderable number of people2 and ,i have observed with surprise1 that but a small part of those who do frequent it1 contribute anything at all to the expense of it1 but come in and go out without calling for or paying anything to the house4 ,in all the coffee houses in ,london1 it is customary for every one that comes in to call for at least a dish of coffee1 or leave the value of one1 which is but reasonable1 because when the keepers of these houses have been at the expense of setting them up and providing all necessaries for the accommodation of company1 every one that comes to receive the benefit of these conveniences ought to contribute something towards the expense of them4 ,a ,,friend ,,to ,,the ,,city4 ,new ,york's ,first ,coffee ,house ,some chroniclers of ,new ,york's early days are confident that the first coffee house in ,america was opened in ,new ,york2 but the earliest authenticated record they have presented is that on ,november #a1 #afif1 ,john ,hutchins bought a lot on ,broadway1 between ,trinity churchyard and what is now ,cedar ,street1 and there built a house1 naming it the ,king's ,arms4 ,against this record1 ,boston can present the statement in ,samuel ,gardner ,drake's ,history and ,antiquities of the ,city of ,boston that ,benj4 ,harris sold books at the ,london ,coffee ,house in #afhi4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,york',s ,,pioneer ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,the ,,king',s ,,arms1 ,,opened ,,in #afif ,this view shows the garden side of the historic old house as it was conducted by ,john ,hutchins1 near ,trinity ,church1 on ,broadway4 ,the observatory may have been added later ,the ,king's ,arms was built of wood1 and had a front of yellow brick1 said to have been brought from ,holland4 ,the building was two stories high1 and on the roof was an observatory1 arranged with seats1 and commanding a fine view of the bay1 the river1 and the city4 ,here the coffee-house visitors frequently sat in the afternoons4 ,it is not shown in the illustration4 ,illustration3 ,,burns ,,coffee ,,house ,,as ,,it ,,appeared ,,about ,,the ,,middle ,,of ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century ,it stood for many years on ,broadway1 opposite ,bowling ,green1 in the old ,de ,lancey ,house1 becoming known in #agfc as the ,king's ,arms1 and later the ,atlantic ,garden ,house ,the sides of the main room on the lower floor were lined with booths1 which1 for the sake of greater privacy1 were screened with green curtains4 ,there a patron could sip his coffee1 or a more stimulating drink1 and look over his mail in the same exclusiveness affected by the ,londoner of the time4 ,the rooms on the second floor were used for special meetings of merchants1 colonial magistrates and overseers1 or similar public and private business4 ,the meeting room1 as above described1 seems to have been one of the chief features distinguishing a coffee house from a tavern4 ,although both types of houses had rooms for guests1 and served meals1 the coffee house was used for business purposes by permanent customers1 while the tavern was patronized more by transients4 ,men met at the coffee house daily to carry on business1 and went to the tavern for convivial purposes or lodgings4 ,before the front door hung the sign of the lion and the unicorn fighting for the crown4 ,for many years the ,king's ,arms was the only coffee house in the city2 or at least no other seems of sufficient importance to have been mentioned in colonial records4 ,for this reason it was more frequently designated as the coffee house than the ,king's ,arms4 ,contemporary records of the arrest of ,john ,hutchins of the ,king's ,arms1 and of ,roger ,baker1 for speaking disrespectfully of ,king ,george1 mention the ,king's ,head1 of which ,baker was proprietor4 ,but it is generally believed that this public house was a tavern and not rightfully to be considered as a coffee house4 ,the ,white ,lion1 mentioned about #agjj1 was also a tavern1 or inn4 ,the ,new ,coffee ,house ,under date of ,september #bb1 #agji1 the ,journal of the ,general ,assembly of the ,colony of ,new ,york refers to a conference held in the ,new ,coffee ,house4 ,about this date the business section of the city had begun to drift eastward from ,broadway to the waterfront2 and from this fact it is assumed that the name ,new ,coffee ,house indicates that the ,king's ,arms had been removed from its original location near ,cedar ,street1 or that it may have lost favor and have been superseded in popularity by a newer coffee house4 ,the ,journal does not give the location of the ,new coffee house4 ,whatever the case may be1 the name of the ,king's ,arms does not again appear in the records until #agfc1 and then it had more the character of a tavern1 or roadhouse4 ,the public records from #agji up to #agbi are silent in regard to coffee houses in ,new ,york4 ,in #agbe the pioneer newspaper in the city1 the ,new ,york ,gazette1 came into existence2 and four years later1 #agbi1 there appeared in it an advertisement stating that a competent bookkeeper may be heard of at the ,coffee ,house4 ,in #agcj another advertisement in the same journal tells of a sale of land by public vendue 7auction7 to be held at the ,exchange coffee house4 ,the ,exchange ,coffee ,house ,by reason of its name1 the ,exchange ,coffee ,house is thought to have been located at the foot of ,broad ,street1 abutting the sea-wall and near the ,long ,bridge of that day4 ,at that time this section was the business center of the city1 and here was a trading exchange4 ,that the ,exchange coffee house was the only one of its kind in ,new ,york in #agcb is inferred from the announcement in that year of a meeting of the conference committee of the ,council and ,assembly at the ,coffee ,house4 ,in seeming confirmation of this conclusion1 is the advertisement in #agcc in the ,new ,york ,gazette requesting the return of lost sleeve buttons to ,mr4 ,todd1 next door to the ,coffee ,house4 ,the records of the day show that a ,robert ,todd kept the famous ,black ,horse tavern which was located in this part of the city4 ,again we hear of the ,exchange coffee house in #agcg1 and apparently in the same location1 where it is mentioned in an account of the ,negro plot as being next door to the ,fighting ,cocks tavern by the ,long ,bridge1 at the foot of ,broad ,street4 ,also in this same year it is named as the place of public vendue of land situated on ,broadway4 ,by this time the ,exchange coffee house had virtually become the city's official auction room1 as well as the place to buy and to drink coffee4 ,commodities of many kinds were also bought and sold there1 both within the house and on the sidewalk before it4 ,the ,merchants ,coffee ,house ,in the year #agej1 the ,exchange coffee house had begun to lose its long-held prestige1 and its name was changed to the ,gentlemen's ,exchange coffee house and tavern4 ,a year later it had migrated to ,broadway under the name of the ,gentlemens' coffee house and tavern4 ,in #agec it was moved again1 to ,hunter's ,quay1 which was situated on what is now ,front ,street1 somewhere between the present ,old ,slip and ,wall ,street4 ,the famous old coffee house seems to have gone out of existence about this time1 its passing hastened1 no doubt1 by the newer enterprise1 the ,merchants coffee house1 which was to become the most celebrated in ,new ,york1 and1 according to some writers1 the most historic in ,america4 ,it is not certain just when the ,merchants coffee house was first opened4 ,as near as can be determined1 ,daniel ,bloom1 a mariner1 in #agcg bought the ,jamaica ,pilot ,boat tavern from ,john ,dunks and named it the ,merchants coffee house4 ,the building was situated on the northwest corner of the present ,wall ,street and ,water 7then ,queen7 ,street2 and ,bloom was its landlord until his death1 soon after the year #agej4 ,he was succeeded by ,captain ,james ,ackland1 who shortly sold it to ,luke ,roome4 ,the latter disposed of the building in #ageh to ,dr4 ,charles ,arding4 ,the doctor leased it to ,mrs4 ,mary ,ferrari1 who continued as its proprietor until she moved1 in #aggb1 to the newer building diagonally across the street1 built by ,william ,brownejohn1 on the southeast corner of ,wall and ,water ,streets4 ,mrs4 ,ferrari took with her the patronage and the name of the ,merchants coffee house1 and the old building was not used again as a coffee house4 ,the building housing the original ,merchants coffee house was a two-story structure1 with a balcony on the roof1 which was typical of the middle eighteenth century architecture in ,new ,york4 ,on the first floor were the coffee bar and booths described in connection with the ,king's ,arms coffee house4 ,the second floor had the typical long room for public assembly4 ,during ,bloom's proprietorship the ,merchants coffee house had a long1 hard struggle to win the patronage away from the ,exchange coffee house1 which was flourishing at that time4 ,but1 being located near the ,meal ,market1 where the merchants were wont to gather for trading purposes1 it gradually became the meeting place of the city1 at the expense of the ,exchange coffee house1 farther down the waterfront4 ,illustration3 ,,merchants ,,coffee ,,house 7,,at ,,the ,,right7 ,,as ,,it ,,appeared ,,from #aggb ,,to #ahjd ,the original coffee house of this name was opened on the northwest corner of ,wall and ,water ,streets about #agcg1 the business being moved to the southeast corner in #aggb ,widow ,ferrari presided over the original ,merchants coffee house for fourteen years1 until she moved across the street4 ,she was a keen business woman4 ,just before she was ready to open the new coffee house she announced to her old patrons that she would give a house-warming1 at which arrack1 punch1 wine1 cold ham1 tongue1 and other delicacies of the day would be served4 ,the event was duly noted in the newspapers1 one stating that the agreeable situation and the elegance of the new house had occasioned a great resort of company to it4 ,mrs4 ,ferrari continued in charge until ,may #a1 #aggf1 when ,cornelius ,bradford became proprietor and sought to build up the patronage1 that had dwindled somewhat during the stirring days immediately preceding the ,revolution4 ,in his announcement of the change of ownership1 he said1 ,interesting intelligence will be carefully collected and the greatest attention will be given to the arrival of vessels1 when trade and navigation shall resume their former channels4 ,he referred to the complete embargo of trade to ,europe which the colonists were enduring4 ,when the ,american troops withdrew from the city during the ,revolution1 ,bradford went also1 to ,rhinebeck on the ,hudson4 ,during the ,british occupation1 the ,merchants coffee house was a place of great activity4 ,as before1 it was the center of trading1 and under the ,british rgime it became also the place where the prize ships were sold4 ,the ,chamber of ,commerce resumed its sessions in the upper long room in #aggi1 having been suspended since #agge4 ,the ,chamber paid fifty pounds rent per annum for the use of the room to ,mrs4 ,smith1 the landlady at the time4 ,in #agha ,john ,stachan1 then proprietor of the ,queen's ,head tavern1 became landlord of the ,merchants coffee house1 and he promised in a public announcement to pay attention not only as a ,coffee ,house1 but as a tavern1 in the truest2 and to distinguish the same as the ,city ,tavern and ,coffee ,house1 with constant and best attendance4 ,breakfast from seven to eleven2 soups and relishes from eleven to half-past one4 ,tea1 coffee1 etc41 in the afternoon1 as in ,england4 ,but when he began charging sixpence for receiving and dispatching letters by man-o'-war to ,england1 he brought a storm about his ears1 and was forced to give up the practise4 ,he continued in charge until peace came1 and ,cornelius ,bradford came with it to resume proprietorship of the coffee house4 ,bradford changed the name to the ,new ,york coffee house1 but the public continued to call it by its original name1 and the landlord soon gave in4 ,he kept a marine list1 giving the names of vessels arriving and departing1 recording their ports of sailing4 ,he also opened a register of returning citizens1 where any gentleman now resident in the city1 his advertisement stated1 may insert their names and place of residence4 ,this seems to have been the first attempt at a city directory4 ,by his energy ,bradford soon made the ,merchants coffee house again the business center of the city4 ,when he died1 in #aghf1 he was mourned as one of the leading citizens4 ,his funeral was held at the coffee house over which he had presided so well4 ,the ,merchants coffee house continued to be the principal public gathering place until it was destroyed by fire in #ahjd4 ,during its existence it had figured prominently in many of the local and national historic events1 too numerous to record here in detail4 ,some of the famous events were3 ,the reading of the order to the citizens1 in #agfe1 warning them to stop rioting against the ,stamp ,act2 the debates on the subject of not accepting consignments of goods from ,great ,britain2 the demonstration by the ,sons of ,liberty1 sometimes called the ,liberty ,boys1 made before ,captain ,lockyer of the tea ship ,nancy which had been turned away from ,boston and sought to land its cargo in ,new ,york in #aggd2 the general meeting of citizens on ,may #ai1 #aggd1 to discuss a means of communicating with the ,massachusetts colony to obtain co-ordinated effort in resisting ,england's oppression1 out of which came the letter suggesting a congress of deputies from the colonies and calling for a virtuous and spirited ,union2 the mass meeting of citizens in the days immediately following the battles at ,concord and ,lexington in ,massachusetts2 and the forming of the ,committee of ,one ,hundred to administer the public business1 making the ,merchants coffee house virtually the seat of government4 ,when the ,american ,army held the city in #aggf1 the coffee house became the resort of army and navy officers4 ,its culminating glory came on ,april #bc1 #aghi1 when ,washington1 the recently elected first president of the ,united ,states1 was officially greeted at the coffee house by the governor of the ,state1 the mayor of the city1 and the lesser municipal officers4 ,as a meeting place for societies and lodges the ,merchants coffee house was long distinguished4 ,in addition to the purely commercial organizations that gathered in its long room1 these bodies regularly met there in their early days3 ,the ,society of ,arts1 ,agriculture and ,economy2 ,knights of ,corsica2 ,new ,york ,committee of ,correspondence2 ,new ,york ,marine ,society2 ,chamber of ,commerce of the ,state of ,new ,york2 ,lodge #afi1 ,free and ,accepted ,masons2 ,whig ,society2 ,society of the ,new ,york ,hospital2 ,st4 ,andrew's ,society2 ,society of the ,cincinnati2 ,society of the ,sons of ,st4 ,patrick2 ,society for ,promoting the ,manumission of ,slaves2 ,society for the ,relief of ,distressed ,debtors2 ,black ,friars ,society2 ,independent ,rangers2 and ,federal ,republicans4 ,here also came the men who1 in #aghd1 formed the ,bank of ,new ,york1 the first financial institution in the city2 and here was held1 in #agij1 the first public sale of stocks by sworn brokers4 ,here1 too1 was held the organization meeting of subscribers to the ,tontine coffee house1 which in a few years was to prove a worthy rival4 ,some ,lesser ,known ,coffee ,houses ,before taking up the story of the famous ,tontine coffee house it should be noted that the ,merchants coffee house had some prior measure of competition4 ,for four years the ,exchange coffee room sought to cater to the wants of the merchants around the foot of ,broad ,street4 ,it was located in the ,royal ,exchange1 which had been erected in #ageb in place of the old ,exchange1 and until #aged had been used as a store4 ,then ,william ,keen and ,alexander ,lightfoot got control and started their coffee room1 with a ball room attached4 ,the partnership split up in #agef1 ,lightfoot continuing operations until he died the next year1 when his widow tried to carry it on4 ,in #ageh it had reverted into its original character of a mercantile establishment4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,tontine ,,coffee ,,house 7,,second ,,building ,,at ,,the ,,left71 ,,opened ,,in #agib ,this is the original structure1 northwest corner of ,wall and ,water ,streets1 which was succeeded about #ahej by a five-story building 7see page #abb7 that in turn was replaced by a modern office building ,then there was the ,whitehall coffee house1 which two men1 named ,rogers and ,humphreys1 opened in #agfb1 with the announcement that a correspondence is settled in ,london and ,bristol to remit by every opportunity all the public prints and pamphlets as soon as published2 and there will be a weekly supply of ,new ,york1 ,boston and other ,american newspapers4 ,this enterprise had a short life4 ,the early records of the city infrequently mention the ,burns coffee house1 sometimes calling it a tavern4 ,it is likely that the place was more an inn than a coffee house4 ,it was kept for a number of years by ,george ,burns1 near the ,battery1 and was located in the historic old ,de ,lancey house1 which afterward became the ,city hotel4 ,burns remained the proprietor until #agfb1 when it was taken over by a ,mrs4 ,steele1 who gave it the name of the ,king's ,arms4 ,edward ,barden became the landlord in #agfh4 ,in later years it became known as the ,atlantic ,garden house4 ,traitor ,benedict ,arnold is said to have lodged in the old tavern after deserting to the enemy4 ,the ,bank coffee house belonged to a later generation1 and had few of the characteristics of the earlier coffee houses4 ,it was opened in #ahad by ,william ,niblo1 of ,niblo's ,garden fame1 and stood at the corner of ,william and ,pine ,streets1 at the rear of the ,bank of ,new ,york4 ,the coffee house endured for probably ten years1 and became the gathering place of a coterie of prominent merchants1 who formed a sort of club4 ,the ,bank coffee house became celebrated for its dinners and dinner parties4 ,fraunces' tavern1 best known as the place where ,washington bade farewell to his army officers1 was1 as its name states1 a tavern1 and can not be properly classed as a coffee house4 ,while coffee was served1 and there was a long room for gatherings1 little1 if any1 business was done there by merchants4 ,it was largely a meeting place for citizens bent on a good time4 ,then there was the ,new ,england and ,quebec coffee house1 which was also a tavern4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,tontine ,,building ,,of #ahej ,northwest corner of ,wall and ,water ,streets2 an omnibus of the ,broadway-,wall-,street ,ferry line is passing ,the ,tontine ,coffee ,house ,the last of the celebrated coffee houses of ,new ,york bore the name1 ,tontine coffee house4 ,for several years after the burning of the ,merchants coffee house1 in #ahjd1 it was the only one of note in the city4 ,feeling that they should have a more commodious coffee house for carrying on their various business enterprises1 some #aej merchants organized1 in #agia1 the ,tontine coffee house4 ,this enterprise was based on the plan introduced into ,france in #afec by ,lorenzo ,tonti1 with slight variations4 ,according to the ,new ,york ,tontine plan1 each holder's share reverted automatically to the surviving shareholders in the association1 instead of to his heirs4 ,there were #aeg original shareholders1 and #bjc shares of stock valued at #bjj each4 ,illustration3 ,,niblo',s ,,garden1 ,,broadway ,,and ,,prince ,,street1 #ahbh ,the directors bought the house and lot on the northwest corner of ,wall and ,water ,streets1 where the original ,merchants coffee house stood1 paying #a1igj4 ,they next acquired the adjoining lots on ,wall and ,water ,streets1 paying #b1eaj for the former1 and #a1jjj for the latter4 ,the cornerstone of the new coffee house was laid ,june #e1 #agib2 and a year later to the day1 #abj gentlemen sat down to a banquet in the completed coffee house to celebrate the event of the year before4 ,john ,hyde was the first landlord4 ,the house had cost #dc1jjj4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,relics ,,of ,,dutch ,,new ,,york ,spice-grinder boat1 coffee roaster1 and coffee pots at the ,van ,cortlandt ,museum ,a contemporary account of how the ,tontine coffee house looked in #agid is supplied by an ,englishman visiting ,new ,york at the time3 ,the ,tontine tavern and coffee house is a handsome large brick building2 you ascend six or eight steps under a portico1 into a large public room1 which is the ,stock ,exchange of ,new ,york1 where all bargains are made4 ,here are two books kept1 as at ,lloyd's in ,london of every ship's arrival and clearance4 ,this house was built for the accommodation of the merchants by ,tontine shares of two hundred pounds each4 ,it is kept by ,mr4 ,hyde1 formerly a woolen draper in ,london4 ,you can lodge and board there at a common table1 and you pay ten shillings currency a day1 whether you dine out or not4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,york',s ,,vauxhall ,,garden ,,of #ahjc ,from an old print ,the stock market made its headquarters in the ,tontine coffee house in #ahag1 and the early organization was elaborated and became the ,new ,york ,stock and ,exchange ,board4 ,it was removed in #ahbg to the ,merchants ,exchange ,building1 where it remained until that place was destroyed by fire in #ahce4 ,it was stipulated in the original articles of the ,tontine ,association that the house was to be kept and used as a coffee house1 and this agreement was adhered to up to the year #ahcd1 when1 by permission of the ,court of ,chancery1 the premises were let for general business-office purposes4 ,this change was due to the competition offered by the ,merchants ,exchange1 a short distance up ,wall ,street1 which had been opened soon after the completion of the ,tontine coffee house building4 ,as the city grew1 the business-office quarters of the original ,tontine coffee house became inadequate2 and about the year #ahej a new five-story building1 costing some #fj1jjj1 succeeded it4 ,by this time the building had lost its old coffee-house characteristics4 ,this new ,tontine structure is said to have been the first real office building in ,new ,york ,city4 ,today the site is occupied by a large modern office building1 which still retains the name of ,tontine4 ,it was owned by ,john ,b4 and ,charles ,a4 ,o',donohue1 well known ,new ,york coffee merchants1 until #aibj1 when it was sold for #a1jjj1jjj to the ,federal ,sugar ,refining ,company4 ,the ,tontine coffee house did not figure so prominently in the historic events of the nation and city as did its neighbor1 the ,merchants coffee house4 ,however1 it became the ,mecca for visitors from all parts of the country1 who did not consider their sojourn in the city complete until they had at least inspected what was then one of the most pretentious buildings in ,new ,york4 ,chroniclers of the ,tontine coffee house always say that most of the leaders of the nation1 together with distinguished visitors from abroad1 had foregathered in the large room of the old coffee house at some time during their careers4 ,it was on the walls of the ,tontine coffee house that bulletins were posted on ,hamilton's struggle for life after the fatal duel forced on him by ,aaron ,burr4 ,the changing of the ,tontine coffee house into a purely mercantile building marked the end of the coffee-house era in ,new ,york4 ,exchanges and office buildings had come into existence to take the place of the business features of the coffee houses2 clubs were organized to take care of the social functions2 and restaurants and hotels had sprung up to cater to the needs for beverages and food4 ,new ,york's ,pleasure ,gardens ,there was a fairly successful attempt made to introduce the ,london pleasure-garden idea into ,new ,york4 ,first1 tea gardens were added to several of the taverns already provided with ball rooms4 ,then1 on the outskirts of the city1 were opened the ,vauxhall and the ,ranelagh gardens1 so named after their famous ,london prototypes4 ,the first ,vauxhall garden 7there were three of this name7 was on ,greenwich ,street1 between ,warren and ,chambers ,streets4 ,it fronted on the ,north ,river1 affording a beautiful view up the ,hudson4 ,starting as the ,bowling ,green garden1 it changed to ,vauxhall in #agej4 ,ranelagh was on ,broadway1 between ,duane and ,worth ,streets1 on the site where later the ,new ,york ,hospital was erected4 ,from advertisements of the period 7#agfe-fi7 we learn that there were band concerts twice a week at the ,ranelagh4 ,the gardens were for breakfasting as well as the evening entertainment of ladies and gentlemen4 ,there was a commodious hall in the garden for dancing4 ,ranelagh lasted twenty years4 ,coffee1 tea1 and hot rolls could be had in the pleasure gardens at any hour of the day4 ,fireworks were featured at both ,ranelagh and ,vauxhall gardens4 ,the second ,vauxhall was near the intersection of the present ,mulberry and ,grand ,streets1 in #agih2 the third was on ,bowery ,road1 near ,astor ,place1 in #ahjc4 ,the ,astor library was built upon its site in #ahec4 ,william ,niblo1 previously proprietor of the ,bank coffee house in ,pine ,street1 opened1 in #ahbh1 a pleasure garden1 that he named ,sans ,souci1 on the site of a circus building called the ,stadium at ,broadway and ,prince ,street4 ,in the center of the garden remained the stadium1 which was devoted to theatrical performances of a gay and attractive character4 ,later1 he built a more pretentious theater that fronted on ,broadway4 ,the interior of the garden was spacious1 and adorned with shrubbery and walks1 lighted with festoons of lamps4 ,it was generally known as ,niblo's garden4 ,among other well known pleasure gardens of old ,new ,york were ,contoit's1 later the ,new ,york garden1 and ,cherry gardens1 on old ,cherry ,hill4 ,illustration3 ,,tavern ,,and ,,grocers' ,,signs ,,used ,,in ,,old ,,new ,,york ,left1 ,smith ,richards1 grocer and confectioner1 at the sign of the tea canister and two sugar loaves 7#aggc72 center1 the ,king's ,arms1 originally ,burns coffee house 7#agfg72 right1 ,george ,webster1 ,grocer1 at the sign of the three sugar loaves ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,coffee ,,houses ,,of ,,old ,,philadelphia ,ye ,coffee ,house1 ,philadelphia's first coffee house1 opened about #agjj--,the two ,london coffee houses--,the ,city tavern1 or ,merchants coffee house--,how these1 and other celebrated resorts1 dominated the social1 political1 and business life of the ,quaker ,city in the eighteenth century ,william ,penn is generally credited with the introduction of coffee into the ,quaker colony which he founded on the ,delaware in #afhb4 ,he also brought to the city of brotherly love that other great drink of human brotherhood1 tea4 ,at first 7#agjj71 like tea1 coffee was only a drink for the well-to-do1 except in sips4#ic ,as was the case in the other ,english colonies1 coffee languished for a time while tea rose in favor1 more especially in the home4 ,following the stamp act of #agfe1 and the tea tax of #agfg1 the ,pennsylvania ,colony joined hands with the others in a general tea boycott2 and coffee received the same impetus as elsewhere in the colonies that became the thirteen original states4 ,the coffee houses of early ,philadelphia loom large in the history of the city and the republic4 ,picturesque in themselves1 with their distinctive colonial architecture1 their associations also were romantic4 ,many a civic1 sociological1 and industrial reform came into existence in the low-ceilinged1 sanded-floor main rooms of the city's early coffee houses4 ,for many years1 ,ye coffee house1 the two ,london coffee houses1 and the ,city tavern 7also known as the ,merchants coffee house7 each in its turn dominated the official and social life of ,philadelphia4 ,the earlier houses were the regular meeting places of ,quaker municipal officers1 ship captains1 and merchants who came to transact public and private business4 ,as the outbreak of the ,revolution drew near1 fiery colonials1 many in ,quaker garb1 congregated there to argue against ,british oppression of the colonies4 ,after the ,revolution1 the leading citizens resorted to the coffee house to dine and sup and to hold their social functions4 ,when the city was founded in #afhb1 coffee cost too much to admit of its being retailed to the general public at coffee houses4 ,william ,penn wrote in his ,accounts that in #afhc coffee in the berry was sometimes procured in ,new ,york at a cost of eighteen shillings nine pence the pound1 equal to about #d4fh4 ,he told also that meals were served in the ordinaries at six pence 7equal to twelve cents71 to wit3 ,we have seven ordinaries for the entertainment of strangers and for workmen that are not housekeepers1 and a good meal is to be had there for six pence sterling4 ,with green coffee costing #d4fh a pound1 making the price of a cup about seventeen cents1 it is not likely that coffee was on the menus of the ordinaries serving meals at twelve cents each4 ,ale was the common meal-time beverage4 ,there were four classes of public houses--inns1 taverns1 ordinaries1 and coffee houses4 ,the inn was a modest hotel that supplied lodgings1 food1 and drink1 the beverages consisting mostly of ale1 port1 ,jamaica rum1 and ,madeira wine4 ,the tavern1 though accommodating guests with bed and board1 was more of a drinking place than a lodging house4 ,the ordinary combined the characteristics of a restaurant and a boarding house4 ,the coffee house was a pretentious tavern1 dispensing1 in most cases1 intoxicating drinks as well as coffee4 ,philadelphia's ,first ,coffee ,house ,the first house of public resort opened in ,philadelphia bore the name of the ,blue ,anchor tavern1 and was probably established in #afhc or #afhd2 colonial records do not state definitely4 ,as its name indicates1 this was a tavern4 ,the first coffee house came into existence about the year #agjj4 ,watson1 in one place in his ,annals of the city1 says #agjj1 but in another #agjb4 ,the earlier date is thought to be correct1 and is seemingly substantiated by the co-authors ,scharf and ,westcott in their ,history of the city1 in which they say1 ,the first public house designated as a coffee house was built in ,penn's time #afhb-agja by ,samuel ,carpenter1 on the east side of ,front ,street1 probably above ,walnut ,street4 ,that it was the first of its kind--the only one in fact for some years--seems to be established beyond doubt4 ,it was always referred to in old times as ',ye ,coffee ,house4' ,carpenter owned also the ,globe inn1 which was separated from ,ye coffee house by a public stairway running down from ,front ,street to ,water ,street1 and1 it is supposed1 to ,carpenter's ,wharf4 ,the exact location of the old house was recently established from the title to the original patentee1 ,samuel ,carpenter1 by a ,philadelphia real-estate title-guarantee company1 as being between ,walnut and ,chestnut ,streets1 and occupying six and a half feet of what is now ,no4 #acg ,south ,front ,street and the whole of ,no4 #aci4 ,how long ,ye coffee house endured is uncertain4 ,it was last mentioned in colonial records in a real estate conveyance from ,carpenter to ,samuel ,finney1 dated ,april #bf1 #agjc4 ,in that document it is described as ,that brick ,messuage1 or ,tenement1 called ,ye ,coffee ,house1 in the possession of ,henry ,flower1 and situate1 lying and being upon or before the bank of the ,delaware ,river1 containing in length about thirty feet and in breadth about twenty-four4 ,the ,henry ,flower mentioned as the proprietor of ,philadelphia's first coffee house1 was postmaster of the province for a number of years1 and it is believed that ,ye coffee house also did duty as the post-office for a time4 ,benjamin ,franklin's ,pennsylvania ,gazette1 in an issue published in #agcd1 has this advertisement3 ,all persons who are indebted to ,henry ,flower1 late postmaster of ,pennsylvania1 for ,postage of ,letters or otherwise1 are desir'd to pay the same to him at the old ,coffee ,house in ,philadelphia4 ,flower's advertisement would indicate that ,ye coffee house1 then venerable enough to be designated as old1 was still in existence1 and that ,flower was to be found there4 ,franklin also seems to have been in the coffee business1 for in several issues of the ,gazette around the year #agdj he advertised3 ,very good coffee sold by the ,printer4 ,the ,first ,london ,coffee ,house ,philadelphia's second coffee house bore the name of the ,london coffee house1 which title was later used for the resort ,william ,bradford opened in #aged4 ,the first house of this name was built in #agjb1 but there seems to be some doubt about its location4 ,writing in the ,american ,historical ,register1 ,charles ,h4 ,browning says3 ,william ,rodney came to ,philadelphia with ,penn in #afhb1 and resided in ,kent ,county1 where he died in #agjh2 he built the old ,london coffee house at ,front and ,market ,streets in #agjb4 ,another chronicler gives its location as above ,walnut ,street1 either on the east side of ,water ,street1 or on ,delaware ,avenue1 or1 as the streets are very close together1 it may have been on both4 ,john ,shewbert1 its proprietor1 was a parishioner of ,christ ,church1 and his establishment was largely patronized by ,church of ,england people4 ,it was also the gathering place of the followers of ,penn and the ,proprietary party1 while their opponents1 the political cohorts of ,colonel ,quarry1 frequented ,ye coffee house4 ,the first ,london coffee house resembled a fashionable club house in its later years1 suitable for the genteel entertainments of the well-to-do ,philadelphians4 ,ye coffee house was more of a commercial or public exchange4 ,evidence of the gentility of the ,london is given by ,john ,william ,wallace3 ,the appointments of the ,london ,coffee ,house1 if we may infer what they were from the will of ,mrs4 ,shubert ,shewbert dated ,november #bg1 #agea1 were genteel4 ,by that instrument she makes bequest of two silver quart tankards2 a silver cup2 a silver porringer2 a silver pepper pot2 two sets of silver castors2 a silver soup spoon2 a silver sauce spoon1 and numerous silver tablespoons and tea spoons1 with a silver tea-pot4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,second ,,london ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,opened ,,in #aged ,,by ,,william ,,bradford1 ,,the ,,printer ,up to the outbreak of the ,american ,revolution1 it was more frequented than any other tavern in the ,quaker city as a place of resort and entertainment1 and was famous throughout the colonies ,one of the many historic incidents connected with this old house was the visit there by ,william ,penn's eldest son1 ,john1 in #agcc1 when he entertained the ,general ,assembly of the province on one day and on the next feasted the ,city ,corporation4 ,roberts' ,coffee ,house ,another house with some fame in the middle of the eighteenth century was ,roberts' coffee house1 which stood in ,front ,street near the first ,london house4 ,though its opening date is unknown1 it is believed to have come into existence about #agdj4 ,in #agdd a ,british army officer recruiting troops for service in ,jamaica advertised in the newspaper of the day that he could be seen at the ,widow ,roberts' coffee house4 ,during the ,french and ,indian ,war1 when ,philadelphia was in grave danger of attack by ,french and ,spanish privateers1 the citizens felt so great relief when the ,british ship ,otter came to the rescue1 that they proposed a public banquet in honor of the ,otter's captain to be held at ,roberts' coffee house4 ,for some unrecorded reason the entertainment was not given2 probably because the house was too small to accommodate all the citizens desiring to attend4 ,widow ,roberts retired in #aged4 ,the ,james ,coffee ,house ,contemporary with ,roberts' coffee house was the resort run first by ,widow ,james1 and later by her son1 ,james ,james4 ,it was established in #agdd1 and occupied a large wooden building on the northwest corner of ,front and ,walnut ,streets4 ,it was patronized by ,governor ,thomas and many of his political followers1 and its name frequently appeared in the news and advertising columns of the ,pennsylvania ,gazette4 ,the ,second ,london ,coffee ,house ,probably the most celebrated coffee house in ,penn's city was the one established by ,william ,bradford1 printer of the ,pennsylvania ,journal4 ,it was on the southwest corner of ,second and ,market ,streets1 and was named the ,london coffee house1 the second house in ,philadelphia to bear that title4 ,the building had stood since #agjb1 when ,charles ,reed1 later mayor of the city1 put it up on land which he bought from ,letitia ,penn1 daughter of ,william ,penn1 the founder4 ,bradford was the first to use the structure for coffee-house purposes1 and he tells his reason for entering upon the business in his petition to the governor for a license3 ,having been advised to keep a ,coffee ,house for the benefit of merchants and traders1 and as some people may at times be desirous to be furnished with other liquors besides coffee1 your petitioner apprehends it is necessary to have the ,governor's license4 ,this would indicate that in that day coffee was drunk as a refreshment between meals1 as were spirituous liquors for so many years before1 and thereafter up to #aibj4 ,illustration3 ,,selling ,,slaves ,,at ,,the ,,old ,,london ,,coffee ,,house ,bradford's ,london coffee house seems to have been a joint-stock enterprise1 for in his ,journal of ,april #aa1 #aged1 appeared this notice3 ,subscribers to a public coffee house are invited to meet at the ,courthouse on ,friday1 the #aith instant1 at #c o'clock1 to choose trustees agreeably to the plan of subscription4 ,the building was a three-story wooden structure1 with an attic that some historians count as the fourth story4 ,there was a wooden awning one-story high extending out to cover the sidewalk before the coffee house4 ,the entrance was on ,market 7then known as ,high7 ,street4 ,the ,london coffee house was the pulsating heart of excitement1 enterprise1 and patriotism of the early city4 ,the most active citizens congregated there--merchants1 shipmasters1 travelers from other colonies and countries1 crown and provincial officers4 ,the governor and persons of equal note went there at certain hours to sip their coffee from the hissing urn1 and some of those stately visitors had their own stalls4 ,it had also the character of a mercantile exchange--carriages1 horses1 foodstuffs1 and the like being sold there at auction4 ,it is further related that the early slave-holding ,philadelphians sold negro men1 women1 and children at vendue1 exhibiting the slaves on a platform set up in the street before the coffee house4 ,the resort was the barometer of public sentiment4 ,it was in the street before this house that a newspaper published in ,barbados1 bearing a stamp in accordance with the provisions of the stamp act1 was publicly burned in #agfe1 amid the cheers of bystanders4 ,it was here that ,captain ,wise of the brig ,minerva1 from ,pool1 ,england1 who brought news of the repeal of the act1 was enthusiastically greeted by the crowd in ,may1 #agff4 ,here1 too1 for several years the fishermen set up ,may poles4 ,bradford gave up the coffee house when he joined the newly formed ,revolutionary army as major1 later becoming a colonel4 ,when the ,british entered the city in ,september1 #aggg1 the officers resorted to the ,london coffee house1 which was much frequented by ,tory sympathizers4 ,after the ,british had evacuated the city1 ,colonel ,bradford resumed proprietorship2 but he found a change in the public's attitude toward the old resort1 and thereafter its fortunes began to decline1 probably hastened by the keen competition offered by the ,city tavern1 which had been opened a few years before4 ,bradford gave up the lease in #aghj1 transferring the property to ,john ,pemberton1 who leased it to ,gifford ,dally4 ,pemberton was a ,friend1 and his scruples about gambling and other sins are well exhibited in the terms of the lease in which said ,dally covenants and agrees and promises that he will exert his endeavors as a ,christian to preserve decency and order in said house1 and to discourage the profanation of the sacred name of ,god ,almighty by cursing1 swearing1 etc41 and that the house on the first day of the week shall always be kept closed from public use4 ,it is further covenanted that under a penalty of #ajj he will not allow or suffer any person to use1 or play at1 or divert themselves with cards1 dice1 backgammon1 or any other unlawful game4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,city ,,tavern1 ,,built ,,in #aggc1 ,,and ,,known ,,as ,,the ,,merchants ,,coffee ,,house ,the tavern 7at the left7 was regarded as the largest inn of the colonies and stood next to the ,bank of ,pennsylvania 7center74 ,from a print made from a rare ,birch engraving ,it would seem from the terms of the lease that what ,pemberton thought were ungodly things1 were countenanced in other coffee houses of the day4 ,perhaps the regulations were too strict2 for a few years later the house had passed into the hands of ,john ,stokes1 who used it as dwelling and a store4 ,city ,tavern or ,merchants ,coffee ,house ,the last of the celebrated coffee houses in ,philadelphia was built in #aggc under the name of the ,city tavern1 which later became known as the ,merchants coffee house1 possibly after the house of the same name that was then famous in ,new ,york4 ,it stood in ,second ,street near ,walnut ,street1 and in some respects was even more noted than ,bradford's ,london coffee house1 with which it had to compete in its early days4 ,the ,city tavern was patterned after the best ,london coffee houses2 and when opened1 it was looked upon as the finest and largest of its kind in ,america4 ,it was three stories high1 built of brick1 and had several large club rooms1 two of which were connected by a wide doorway that1 when open1 made a large dining room fifty feet long4 ,daniel ,smith was the first proprietor1 and he opened it to the public early in #aggd4 ,before the ,revolution1 ,smith had a hard struggle trying to win patronage from ,bradford's ,london coffee house1 standing only a few blocks away4 ,but during and after the war1 the ,city tavern gradually took the lead1 and for more than a quarter of a century was the principal gathering place of the city4 ,at first1 the house had various names in the public mind1 some calling it by its proper title1 the ,city tavern1 others attaching the name of the proprietor and designating it as ,smith's tavern1 while still others used the title1 the ,new tavern4 ,the gentlefolk of the city resorted to the ,city tavern after the ,revolution as they had to ,bradford's coffee house before4 ,however1 before reaching this high estate1 it once was near destruction at the hands of the ,tories1 who threatened to tear it down4 ,that was when it was proposed to hold a banquet there in honor of ,mrs4 ,george ,washington1 who had stopped in the city in #aggf while on the way to meet her distinguished husband1 then at ,cambridge in ,massachusetts1 taking over command of the ,american army4 ,trouble was averted by ,mrs4 ,washington tactfully declining to appear at the tavern4 ,after peace came1 the house was the scene of many of the fashionable entertainments of the period4 ,here met the ,city ,dancing ,assembly1 and here was held the brilliant fte given by ,m4 ,gerard1 first accredited representative from ,france to the ,united ,states1 in honor of ,louis ,,xvi's birthday4 ,washington1 ,jefferson1 ,hamilton1 and other leaders of public thought were more or less frequent visitors when in ,philadelphia4 ,the exact date when the ,city tavern became the ,merchants coffee house is unknown4 ,when ,james ,kitchen became proprietor1 at the beginning of the nineteenth century1 it was so called4 ,in #ahjf ,kitchen turned the house into a bourse1 or mercantile exchange4 ,by that time clubs and hotels had come into fashion1 and the coffee-house idea was losing caste with the lite of the city4 ,in the year #ahjf ,william ,renshaw planned to open the ,exchange coffee house in the ,bingham mansion on ,third ,street4 ,he even solicited subscriptions to the enterprise1 saying that he proposed to keep a marine diary and a registry of vessels for sale1 to receive and to forward ships' letter bags1 and to have accommodations for holding auctions4 ,but he was persuaded from the idea1 partly by the fact that the ,merchants coffee house seemed to be satisfactorily filling that particular niche in the city life1 and partly because the hotel business offered better inducements4 ,he abandoned the plan1 and opened the ,mansion ,house hotel in the ,bingham residence in #ahjg4 ,illustration3 ,,exchange ,,coffee ,,house ,,scene ,,in ,,hamilton ,in this setting for the first act of the play by ,mary ,p4 ,hamlin and ,george ,arliss1 produced in #aiah1 the scenic artist aimed to give a true historical background1 and combined the features of several inns and coffee houses in ,philadelphia1 ,virginia1 and ,new ,england as they existed in ,washington's first administration ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,botany ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,plant ,its complete classification by class1 sub-class1 order1 family1 genus1 and species--,how the ,coffea arabica grows1 flowers1 and bears--,other species and hybrids described--,natural caffein-free coffee--,fungoid diseases of coffee ,the coffee tree1 scientifically known as ,coffea arabica1 is native to ,abyssinia and ,ethiopia1 but grows well in ,java1 ,sumatra1 and other islands of the ,dutch ,east ,indies2 in ,india1 ,arabia1 equatorial ,africa1 the islands of the ,pacific1 in ,mexico1 ,central and ,south ,america1 and the ,west ,indies4 ,the plant belongs to the large sub-kingdom of plants known scientifically as the ,angiosperms1 or ,angiosperm1 which means that the plant reproduces by seeds which are enclosed in a box-like compartment1 known as the ovary1 at the base of the flower4 ,the word ,angiosperm is derived from two ,greek words1 sperma1 a seed1 and aggeion1 pronounced angeion1 a box1 the box referred to being the ovary4 ,this large sub-kingdom is subdivided into two classes4 ,the basis for this division is the number of leaves in the little plant which develops from the seed4 ,the coffee plant1 as it develops from the seed1 has two little leaves1 and therefore belongs to the class ,dicotyledone4 ,this word dicotyledone is made up of the two ,greek words1 di7s71 two1 and kotyledon1 cavity or socket4 ,it is not necessary to see the young plant that develops from the seed in order to know that it had two seed leaves2 because the mature plant always shows certain characteristics that accompany this condition of the seed4 ,in every plant having two seed leaves1 the mature leaves are netted-veined1 which is a condition easily recognized even by the layman2 also the parts of the flowers are in circles containing two or five parts1 but never in threes or sixes4 ,the stems of plants of this class always increase in thickness by means of a layer of cells known as a cambium1 which is a tissue that continues to divide throughout its whole existence4 ,the fact that this cambium divides as long as it lives1 gives rise to a peculiar appearance in woody stems by which we can1 on looking at the stem of a tree of this type when it has been sawed across1 tell the age of the tree4 ,in the spring the cambium produces large open cells through which large quantities of sap can run2 in the fall it produces very thick-walled cells1 as there is not so much sap to be carried4 ,because these thin-walled open cells of one spring are next to the thick-walled cells of the last autumn1 it is very easy to distinguish one year's growth from the next2 the marks so produced are called annual rings4 ,we have now classified coffee as far as the class2 and so far we could go if we had only the leaves and stem of the coffee plant4 ,in order to proceed farther1 we must have the flowers of the plant1 as botanical classification goes from this point on the basis of the flowers4 ,the class ,dicotyledone is separated into sub-classes according to whether the flower's corolla 7the showy part of the flower which ordinarily gives it its color7 is all in one piece1 or is divided into a number of parts4 ,the coffee flower is arranged with its corolla all in one piece1 forming a tube-shaped arrangement1 and accordingly the coffee plant belongs to the sub-class ,sympetal1 or ,metachlamyde1 which means that its petals are united4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,coffee ,,tree1 ,,showing ,,details ,,of ,,flowers ,,and ,,fruit ,from a drawing by ,ch4 ,emonts in ,jardin's ,le ,cafier et ,le ,caf ,the next step in classification is to place the plant in the proper division under the sub-class1 which is the order4 ,plants are separated into orders according to their varied characteristics4 ,the coffee plant belongs to an order known as ,rubiales4 ,these orders are again divided into families4 ,coffee is placed in the family ,rubiace1 or ,madder ,family1 in which we find herbs1 shrubs or trees1 represented by a few ,american plants1 such as bluets1 or ,quaker ladies1 small blue spring flowers1 common to open meadows in northern ,united ,states2 and partridge berries 7,mitchella repens74 ,the ,madder ,family has more foreign representatives than native genera1 among which are ,coffea1 ,cinchona1 and ,ipecacuanha 7,uragoga71 all of which are of economic importance4 ,the members of this family are noted for their action on the nervous system4 ,coffee1 as is well known1 contains an active principle known as caffein which acts as a stimulant to the nervous system and in small quantities is very beneficial4 ,cinchona supplies us with quinine1 while ,ipecacuanha produces ipecac1 which is an emetic and purgative4 ,the families are divided into smaller sections known as genera1 and to the genus ,coffea belongs the coffee plant4 ,under this genus ,coffea are several sub-genera1 and to the sub-genus ,eucoffea belongs our common coffee1 ,coffea arabica4 ,coffea arabica is the original or common ,java coffee of commerce4 ,the term common coffee may seem unnecessary1 but there are many other species of coffee besides arabica4 ,these species have not been described very frequently2 because their native haunts are the tropics1 and the tropics do not always offer favorable conditions for the study of their plants4 ,all botanists do not agree in their classification of the species and varieties of the coffea genus4 ,m4,e4 de ,wildman1 curator of the royal botanical gardens at ,brussels1 in his ,les ,plantes ,tropicales de ,grande ,culture1 says the systematic division of this interesting genus is far from finished2 in fact1 it may be said hardly to be begun4 ,coffea arabica we know best because of the important rle it plays in commerce4 ,,complete ,,classification ,,of ,,coffee ,kingdom ,vegetable ,sub-,kingdom ,angiosperm ,class ,dicotyledone ,sub-class ,sympetal or ,metachlamyde ,order ,rubiales ,family ,rubiace ,genus ,coffea ,sub-genus ,eucoffea ,species ,c4 arabica ,the coffee plant most cultivated for its berries is1 as already stated1 ,coffea arabica1 which is found in tropical regions1 although it can grow in temperate climates4 ,unlike most plants that grow best in the tropics1 it can stand low temperatures4 ,it requires shade when it grows in hot1 low-lying districts2 but when it grows on elevated land1 it thrives without such protection4 ,freeman#id says there are about eight recognized species of coffea4 ,illustration3 ,,details ,,of ,,the ,,germination ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,plant ,from a drawing by ,ch4 ,emonts in ,jardin's ,le ,cafier et ,le ,caf ,coffea ,arabica ,coffea arabica is a shrub with evergreen leaves1 and reaches a height of fourteen to twenty feet when fully grown4 ,the shrub produces dimorphic branches1 i4e41 branches of two forms1 known as uprights and laterals4 ,when young1 the plants have a main stem1 the upright1 which1 however1 eventually sends out side shoots1 the laterals4 ,the laterals may send out other laterals1 known as secondary laterals2 but no lateral can ever produce an upright4 ,the laterals are produced in pairs and are opposite1 the pairs being borne in whorls around the stem4 ,the laterals are produced only while the joint of the upright1 to which they are attached1 is young2 and if they are broken off at that point1 the upright has no power to reproduce them4 ,the upright can produce new uprights also2 but if an upright is cut off1 the laterals at that position tend to thicken up4 ,this is very desirable1 as the laterals produce the flowers1 which seldom appear on the uprights4 ,this fact is utilized in pruning the coffee tree1 the uprights being cut back1 the laterals then becoming more productive4 ,planters generally keep their trees pruned down to about six feet4 ,the leaves are lanceolate1 or lance-shaped1 being borne in pairs opposite each other4 ,they are three to six inches in length1 with an acuminate apex1 somewhat attenuate at the base1 with very short petioles which are united with the short interpetiolar stipules at the base4 ,the coffee leaves are thin1 but of firm texture1 slightly coriaceous4 ,they are very dark green on the upper surface1 but much lighter underneath4 ,the margin of the leaf is entire and wavy4 ,in some tropical countries the natives brew a coffee tea from the leaves of the coffee tree4 ,illustration3 ,,brazil ,,coffee ,,plantation ,,in ,,flower ,the coffee flowers are small1 white1 and very fragrant1 having a delicate characteristic odor4 ,they are borne in the axils of the leaves in clusters1 and several crops are produced in one season1 depending on the conditions of heat and moisture that prevail in the particular season4 ,the different blossomings are classed as main blossoming and smaller blossomings4 ,in semi-dry high districts1 as in ,costa ,rica or ,guatemala1 there is one blossoming season1 about ,march1 and flowers and fruit are not found together1 as a rule1 on the trees4 ,but in lowland plantations where rain is perennial1 blooming and fruiting continue practically all the year2 and ripe fruits1 green fruits1 open flowers1 and flower buds are to be found at the same time on the same branchlet1 not mixed together1 but in the order indicated4 ,illustration3 ,,coffea ,,arabica--,,porto ,,rico ,the flowers are also tubular1 the tube of the corolla dividing into five white segments4 ,dr4 ,p4,j4,s4 ,cramer1 chief of the division of plant breeding1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,netherlands ,india1 says the number of petals is not at all constant1 not even for flowers of the same tree4 ,the corolla segments are about one-half inch in length1 while the tube itself is about three-eighths of an inch long4 ,the anthers of the stamens1 which are five in number1 protrude from the top of the corolla tube1 together with the top of the two-cleft pistil4 ,the calyx1 which is so small as to escape notice unless one is aware of its existence1 is annular1 with small1 tooth-like indentations4 ,while the usual color of the coffee flower is white1 the fresh stamens and pistils may have a greenish tinge1 and in some cultivated species the corolla is pale pink4 ,the size and condition of the flowers are entirely dependent on the weather4 ,the flowers are sometimes very small1 very fragrant1 and very numerous2 while at other times1 when the weather is not hot and dry1 they are very large1 but not so numerous4 ,both sets of flowers mentioned above set fruit1 as it is called2 but at times1 especially in a very dry season1 they bear flowers that are few in number1 small1 and imperfectly formed1 the petals frequently being green instead of white4 ,these flowers do not set fruit4 ,the flowers that open on a dry sunny day show a greater yield of fruit than those that open on a wet day1 as the first mentioned have a better chance of being pollinated by the insects and the wind4 ,the beauty of a coffee estate in flower is of a very fleeting character4 ,one day it is a snowy expanse of fragrant white blossoms for miles and miles1 as far as the eye can see1 and two days later it reminds one of the lines from ,villon's ,des ,dames du ,temps ,jadis4 ,where are the snows of yesterday8 ,the winter winds have blown them all away4 ,illustration3 ,,coffea ,,arabica1 ,,flower ,,and ,,fruit--,,costa ,,rica ,but here1 the winter winds are not to blame3 the soft1 gentle breezes of the perpetual summer have wrought the havoc1 leaving1 however1 a not unpleasing picture of dark1 cool1 mossy green foliage4 ,the flowers are beautiful1 but the eye of the planter sees in them not alone beauty and fragrance4 ,he looks far beyond1 and in his mind's eye he sees bags and bags of green coffee1 representing to him the goal and reward of all his toil4 ,after the flowers droop1 there appear what are commercially known as the coffee berries4 ,botanically speaking1 berry is a misnomer4 ,these little fruits are not berries1 such as are well represented by the grape2 but are drupes1 which are better exemplified by the cherry and the peach4 ,in the course of six or seven months1 these coffee drupes develop into little red balls about the size of an ordinary cherry2 but1 instead of being round1 they are somewhat ellipsoidal1 having at the outer end a small umbilicus4 ,the drupe of the coffee usually has two locules1 each containing a little stone 7the seed and its parchment covering7 from which the coffee bean 7seed7 is obtained4 ,some few drupes contain three1 while others1 at the outer ends of the branches1 contain only one round bean1 known as the peaberry4 ,the number of pickings corresponds to the different blossomings in the same season2 and one tree of the species arabica may yield from one to twelve pounds a year4 ,illustration3 ,,young ,,coffea ,,arabica ,,tree ,,at ,,kona1 ,,hawaii ,in countries like ,india and ,africa1 the birds and monkeys eat the ripe coffee berries4 ,the so-called monkey coffee of ,india1 according to ,arnold1 is the undigested coffee beans passed through the alimentary canal of the animal4 ,illustration3 ,,survivors ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,liberian ,,coffee ,,trees ,,introduced ,,into ,,java ,,in #ahgf ,the pulp surrounding the coffee beans is at present of no commercial importance4 ,although efforts have been made at various times by natives to use it as a food1 its flavor has not gained any great popularity1 and the birds are permitted a monopoly of the pulp as a food4 ,from the human standpoint the pulp1 or sarcocarp1 as it is scientifically called1 is rather an annoyance1 as it must be removed in order to procure the beans4 ,this is done in one of two ways4 ,the first is known as the dry method1 in which the entire fruit is allowed to dry1 and is then cracked open4 ,the second way is called the wet method2 the sarcocarp is removed by machine1 and two wet1 slimy seed packets are obtained4 ,these packets1 which look for all the world like seeds1 are allowed to dry in such a way that fermentation takes place4 ,this rids them of all the slime2 and1 after they are thoroughly dry1 the endocarp1 the so-called parchment covering1 is easily cracked open and removed4 ,at the same time that the parchment is removed1 a thin silvery membrane1 the silver skin1 beneath the parchment1 comes off1 too4 ,there are always small fragments of this silver skin to be found in the groove of the coffee bean contained within the parchment packet4 ,illustration3 ,,coffea ,,arabica ,,in ,,flower ,,on ,a ,,java ,,estate ,from a photograph made at ,dramaga1 ,preanger1 ,java1 in #aijg ,illustration3 ,,liberian ,,coffee ,,tree ,,at ,,lamoa1 ,p4,i4 ,we have said that the coffee tree yields from one to twelve pounds a year1 but of course this varies with the individual tree and also with the region4 ,in some countries the whole year's yield is less than #bjj pounds per acre1 while there is on record a patch in ,brazil which yields about seventeen pounds to the tree1 bringing the yield per acre much higher4 ,the beans do not retain their vitality for planting for any considerable length of time2 and1 if they are thoroughly dried1 or are kept for longer than three or four months1 they are useless for that purpose4 ,it takes the seed about six weeks to germinate and to appear above ground4 ,trees raised from seed begin to blossom in about three years2 but a good crop can not be expected of them for the first five or six years4 ,their usefulness1 save in exceptional cases1 is ended in about thirty years4 ,the coffee tree can be propagated in a way other than by seeds4 ,the upright branches can be used as slips1 which1 after taking root1 will produce seed-bearing laterals4 ,the laterals themselves can not be used as slips4 ,in ,central ,america the natives sometimes use coffee uprights for fences and it is no uncommon sight to see the fence posts growing4 ,the wood of the coffee tree is used also for cabinet work1 as it is much stronger than many of the native woods1 weighing about forty-three pounds to the cubic foot1 having a crushing strength of #e1hjj pounds per square inch1 and a breaking strength of #aj1ijj pounds per square inch4 ,the propagation of the coffee plant by cutting has two distinct advantages over propagation by seed1 in that it spares the expense of seed production1 which is enormous1 and it gives also a method of hybridization1 which1 if used1 might lead not only to very interesting but also to very profitable results4 ,illustration3 ,,two-,,and-,,one-,,half-,,year-,,old ,c4 ,,congensis ,the hybridization of the coffee plant was taken up in a thoroughly scientific manner by the ,dutch government at the experimental garden established at ,bangelan1 ,java1 in #aijj4 ,in his studies1 twelve varieties of ,coffea arabica are recognized by ,dr4 ,p4,j4,s4 ,cramer#ie1 namely3 ,laurina1 a hybrid of ,coffea arabica with ,c4 mauritiana1 having small narrow leaves1 stiff1 dense branches1 young leaves almost white1 berry long and narrow1 and beans narrow and oblong4 ,murta1 having small leaves1 dense branches1 beans as in the typical ,coffea arabica1 and the plant able to stand bitter cold4 ,menosperma1 a distinct type1 with narrow leaves and bent-down branches resembling a willow1 the berries seldom containing more than one seed4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,heavy ,,flowering ,,of ,,five-,,year-,,old ,,coffea ,,excelsa ,this is a comparatively new species1 discovered in the ,tchad ,lake district of ,west ,africa in #aije4 ,it is a small-beaned variety of ,coffea liberica ,illustration3 ,,branches ,,of ,,coffea ,,excelsa ,,grown ,,at ,,the ,,lamao ,,experiment ,,station1 ,p4,i4 ,mokka 7,coffea ,mokk71 having small leaves1 dense foliage1 small round berries1 small round beans resembling split peas1 and possessed of a stronger flavor than ,coffea arabica4 ,purpurescens1 a red-leaved variety1 comparable with the red-leaved hazel and copper beech1 a little less productive than the ,coffea arabica4 ,variegata1 having variegated leaves striped and spotted with white4 ,amarella1 having yellow berries1 comparable with the white-fruited variety of the strawberry1 raspberry1 etc4 ,bullata1 having broad1 curled leaves2 stiff1 thick1 fragile branches1 and round1 fleshy berries containing a high percentage of empty beans4 ,angustifolia1 a narrow-leaved variety1 with berries somewhat more oblong and1 like the foregoing1 a poor producer4 ,erecta1 a variety that is sturdier than the typical arabica1 better suited to windy places1 and having a production as in the common arabica4 ,maragogipe1 a well-defined variety with light green leaves having colored edges3 berries large1 broad1 sometimes narrower in the middle2 a light bearer1 the whole crop sometimes being reduced to a couple of berries per tree4#if ,illustration3 ,c4 ,,stenophylla1 ,,from ,,which ,,is ,,obtained ,,the ,,highland ,,coffee ,,of ,,sierra ,,leone ,columnaris1 a vigorous variety1 sometimes reaching a height of #be feet1 having leaves rounded at the base and rather broad1 but a shy bearer1 recommended for dry climates4 ,coffea ,stenophylla ,coffea arabica has a formidable rival in the species stenophylla4 ,the flavor of this variety is pronounced by some as surpassing that of arabica4 ,the great disadvantage of this plant is the fact that it requires so long a time before a yield of any value can be secured4 ,although the time required for the maturing of the crop is so long1 when once the plantation begins to yield1 the crop is as large as that of ,coffea arabica1 and occasionally somewhat larger4 ,the leaves are smaller than any of the species described1 and the flowers bear their parts in numbers varying from six to nine4 ,the tree is a native of ,sierra ,leone1 where it grows wild4 ,illustration3 ,copyright1 #aiji1 by ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal ,,near ,,view ,,of ,,coffee ,,berries ,,of ,,coffea ,,arabica ,coffea ,liberica ,the bean of ,coffea arabica1 although the principal bean used in commerce1 is not the only one2 and it may not be out of place here to describe briefly some of the other varieties that are produced commercially4 ,coffea liberica is one of these plants4 ,the quality of the beverage made from its berries is inferior to that of ,coffea arabica1 but the plant itself offers distinct advantages in its hardy growing qualities4 ,this makes it attractive for hybridization4 ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,caffein-,,free ,,coffee ,,tree ,mantsaka or ,caf ,sauvage--,madagascar ,the ,coffea liberica tree is much larger and sturdier than the ,coffea arabica1 and in its native haunts it reaches a height of #cj feet4 ,it will grow in a much more torrid climate and can stand exposure to strong sunlight4 ,the leaves are about twice as long as those of arabica1 being six to twelve inches in length1 and are very thick1 tough1 and leathery4 ,the apex of the leaf is acute4 ,the flowers are larger than those of arabica1 and are borne in dense clusters4 ,at any time during the season1 the same tree may bear flowers1 white or pinkish1 and fragrant1 or even green1 together with fruits1 some green1 some ripe and of a brilliant red4 ,the corolla has been known to have seven segments1 though as a rule it has five4 ,the fruits are large1 round1 and dull red2 the pulps are not juicy1 and are somewhat bitter4 ,unlike ,coffea arabica1 the ripened drupes do not fall from the trees1 and so the picking can be delayed at the planter's convenience4 ,illustration3 ,,differentiating ,,characteristics ,,of ,,coffee ,,beans1 ,,in ,,cross-,,section ,col4 ,i4 ,mature bean4 ,col4 ,,ii4 ,embryo4 ,a4 ,coffea arabica1 ,r4 ,coffea robusta1 ,l4 ,coffea liberica ,among the allied ,liberian species ,dr4 ,cramer recognizes3 ,abeokut1 having small leaves of a bright green1 flower buds often pink just before opening 7in ,liberian coffee never71 fruit smaller with sharply striped red and yellow shiny skin1 and producing somewhat smaller beans than ,liberian coffee1 but beans whose flavor and taste are praised by brokers2 ,dewevrei1 having curled edged leaves1 stiff branches1 thick-skinned berries1 sometimes pink flowers1 beans generally smaller than in ,c4 liberica1 but of little interest to the trade2 ,arnoldiana1 a species near to ,coffea ,abeokut having darker foliage and the even colored small berries2 ,laurentii ,gillet1 a species not to be confused with the ,c4 ,laurentii belonging to the robusta coffee1 but standing near to ,c4 liberica1 characterized by oblong rather than thin-skinned berries2 ,excelsa1 a vigorous1 disease-resisting species discovered in #aije by ,aug4 ,chevalier in ,west ,africa1 in the region of the ,chari ,river1 not far from ,lake ,tchad4 ,the broad1 dark-green leaves have an under side of light green with a bluish tinge2 the flowers are large and white1 borne in axillary clusters of one to five2 the berries are short and broad1 in color crimson1 the bean smaller than robusta1 very like ,mocha1 but in color a bright yellow like liberica4 ,the caffein content of the coffee is high1 and the aroma is very pronounced2 ,dybowskii1 another disease-resisting variety similar to excelsa1 but having different leaf and fruit characteristics2 ,lamboray1 having bent gutter-like leaves1 and soft-skinned1 oblong fruit2 ,wanni ,rukula1 having large leaves1 a vigorous growth1 and small berries2 ,coffea aruwimensis1 being a mixture of different types4 ,illustration3 ,,coffea ,,arabica ,,berries ,,grown ,,in ,,the ,,hawaiian ,,islands ,the last three types were received by ,dr4 ,cramer at ,bangelan from ,frre ,gillet in the ,belgian ,congo1 and were still under trial in ,java in #aiai4 ,coffea ,robusta ,emil ,laurent1 in #ahih1 discovered a species of coffee growing wild in ,congo4 ,this was taken up by a horticultural firm of ,brussels1 and cultivated for the market4 ,this firm gave to the coffee the name ,coffea robusta1 although it had already been given the name of the discoverer1 being known as ,coffea ,laurentii4 ,the plant differs widely from both arabica and liberica1 being considerably larger than either4 ,the tree is umbrella-shaped1 due to the fact that its branches are very long and bend toward the ground4 ,the leaves of robusta are much thinner than those of liberica1 though not as thin as those of arabica4 ,the tree1 as a whole1 is a very hardy variety and even bears blossoms when it is less than a year old4 ,it blossoms throughout the entire year1 the flowers having six-parted corollas4 ,the drupes are smaller than those of liberica2 but are much thinner skinned1 so that the coffee bean is actually not any smaller4 ,the drupes mature in ten months4 ,although the plants bear as early as the first year1 the yield for the first two years is of no account2 but by the fourth year the crop is large4 ,illustration3 ,,robusta ,,coffee ,,in ,,flower1 ,,preanger1 ,,java ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,estate ,,in ,,the ,,luquillo ,,mountains1 ,,porto ,,rico ,illustration3 ,,japanese ,,laborers ,,picking ,,coffee ,,on ,,kona ,,side1 ,,island ,,of ,,hawaii ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,under ,,the ,,stars ,,and ,,stripes ,arno ,viehoever1 pharmacognosist in charge of the pharmacognosy laboratory of the ,bureau of ,chemistry1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 has recently announced findings confirming ,hartwich which appear to permit of differentiation between robusta1 arabica1 and liberica4#ig ,these are mainly the peculiar folding of the endosperm1 showing quite generally a distinct hook in the case of the robusta coffee bean4 ,the size of the embryo1 and especially the relation of the rootlet to hypercotyl1 will be found useful in the differentiation of the species ,coffea arabica1 liberica1 and robusta 7see cut1 page #adb74 ,illustration3 ,,one-,,year-,,old ,,robusta ,,estate1 ,,on ,,sumatra',s ,,west ,,coast ,viehoever and ,lepper carried on a series of cup tests of robusta1 the results as to taste and flavor being distinctly favorable4 ,they summarized their studies and tests as follows3 ,the time when coffee could be limited to beans obtained from plants of ,coffea arabica and ,coffea liberica has passed4 ,other species1 with qualities which make them desirable1 even in preference to the well reputed named ones1 have been discovered and cultivated4 ,among them1 the species or group of ,coffea robusta has attained a great economic significance1 and is grown in increasing amounts4 ,while it has1 as reports seem to indicate1 not as yet been possible to obtain a strain that would be as desirable in flavor as the old standard ,coffea arabica1 well known as ,java or ,fancy ,java coffee1 its merits have been established4 ,the botanical origin is not quite cleared up1 and the classification of the varieties belonging to the robusta group deserves further study4 ,anatomical means of differentiating robusta coffee from other species or groups1 may be applied as distinctly helpful4444 ,as is usual in most of the coffee species1 caffein is present4 ,the amount appears to be1 on an average1 somewhat larger 7even exceeding #b4j percent7 than in the ,south ,american coffee species4 ,in no instance1 however1 did the amount exceed the maximum limits observed in coffee in general4444 ,due to its rapid growth1 early and prolific yield1 resistance to coffee blight1 and many other desirable qualities1 ,coffea robusta has established its own4 ,in the writers' judgment1 robusta coffee deserves consideration and recognition4 ,among the robusta varieties1 ,coffea canephora is a distinct species1 well characterized by growth1 leaves1 and berries4 ,the branches are slender and thinner than robusta2 the leaves are dark green and narrower2 the flowers are often tinged with red2 the unripe berries are purple1 the ripe berries bright red and oblong4 ,the produce is like robusta1 only the shape of the bean1 somewhat narrower and more oblong1 makes it look more attractive4 ,coffea canephora1 like ,c4 robusta1 seems better fitted to higher altitudes4 ,other canephora varieties include3 ,madagascar1 having small1 slightly striped1 bright red berries and small round beans2 ,quillouensis1 having dark green foliage and reddish brown young leaves2 and1 ,stenophylla ,paris1 with purplish young berries4 ,these last two named were under test at the ,bangelan gardens in #aiai4 ,among other allied robusta species are3 ,ugand31 whose produce is said to possess a better flavor than robusta2 ,bukobensis1 different from ,ugand in the color of its berries1 which are a dark red2 and ,quillou1 having bright red fruit1 a copper-colored silver skin1 three pounds of fruit producing one pound of market coffee4 ,some people prefer ,quillou to robusta because of the difference in the taste of the roasted bean4 ,some ,interesting ,hybrids ,the most popular hybrid belongs to a crossing of liberica and arabica4 ,cramer states that the beans of this hybrid make an excellent coffee combining the strong taste of the liberica with the fine flavor of the old ,government ,java 7arabica71 adding3 ,the hybrids are not only of value to the roaster1 but also to the planter4 ,they are vigorous trees1 practically free from leaf disease2 they stand drought well and also heavy rains2 they are not particular in regard to shade and upkeep2 never fail to give a fair and often a rather heavy crop4 ,the fruit ripens all the year around1 and does not fall so easily as in the case of arabica4 ,among other hybrids 7many were still under trial in #aiai7 may be mentioned3 ,coffea excelsia x liberica2 ,c4 ,abeokut x liberica2 ,c4 ,dybowskii x excelsa2 ,c4 stenophylla x ,abeokut2 ,c4 congensis x ,ugand2 ,c4 ,ugand x congensis2 and ,c4 robusta x ,maragogipe4 ,there are many species of ,coffea that stand quite apart from the main groups1 arabica1 robusta and liberica2 but while some are of commercial value1 most of them are interesting only from the scientific point of view4 ,among the latter may be mentioned3 ,coffea bengalensis1 ,c4 ,perieri1 ,c4 mauritiana1 ,c4 macrocarpa1 ,c4 madagascariensis1 and ,c4 schumanniana4 ,illustration3 ,,coffea ,,quillou ,,flowers ,,in ,,full ,,bloom ,m4 ,teyssonnier1 of the experimental garden at ,camayenne1 ,french ,guinea1 ,west ,africa1 has produced a promising species of coffee known as affinis4 ,it is a hybrid of ,c4 stenophylla with a species of liberica4 ,among other promising species recognized by ,dr4 ,cramer are3 ,coffea congensis1 whose berry resembles that of ,c4 arabica1 when well prepared for the market being green or bluish2 and ,coffea congensis var4 ,chalotii1 probably a hybrid of ,c4 congensis with ,c4 canephora4 ,caffein-free ,coffee ,certain trees growing wild in the ,comoro ,islands and ,madagascar are known as caffein-free coffee trees4 ,just whether they are entitled to this classification or not is a question4 ,some of the ,french and ,german investigators have reported coffee from these regions that was absolutely devoid of caffein4 ,it was thought at first that they must represent an entirely new genus2 but upon investigation1 it was found that they belonged to the genus ,coffea1 to which all our common coffees belong4 ,professor ,dubard1 of the ,french ,national ,museum and ,colonial ,garden1 studied these trees botanically and classified them as ,c4 ,gallienii1 ,c4 ,bonnieri1 ,c4 ,mogeneti1 and ,c4 ,augagneuri4 ,the beans of berries from these trees were analyzed by ,professor ,bertrand and pronounced caffein-free2 but ,labroy1 in writing of the same coffee1 states that1 while the bean is caffein-free1 it contains a very bitter substance1 cafamarine1 which makes the infusion unfit for use4 ,dr4 ,o4,w4 ,willcox#ih1 in examining some specimens of wild coffee from ,madagascar1 found that the bean was not caffein-free2 and though the caffein content was low1 it was no lower than in some of the ,porto ,rican varieties4 ,hartwich#ii reports that ,hanausek found no caffein in ,c4 mauritiana1 ,c4 humboltiana1 ,c4 ,gallienii1 ,c4 ,bonnerii1 and ,c4 ,mogeneti4 ,fungoid ,disease of ,coffee ,the coffee tree1 like every other living thing1 has specific diseases and enemies1 the most common of which are certain fungoid diseases where the mycelium of the fungus grows into the tissue and spots the leaves1 eventually causing them to fall1 thus robbing the plant of its only means of elaborating food4 ,its most deadly enemy in the insect world is a small insect of the lepidopterous variety1 which is known as the coffee-leaf miner4 ,it is closely related to the clothes moth and1 like the moth1 bores in its larval stage1 feeding on the mesophyl of the leaves4 ,this gives the leaves an appearance of being shriveled or dried by heat4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,eighteen-,,months'-,,old ,,coffea ,,quillou ,,tree ,,in ,,blossom ,there are three principal diseases1 due to fungi1 from which the coffee plants suffer4 ,the most common is known as the leaf-blight fungus1 ,pellicularia tokeroga1 which is a slow-spreading disease1 but one that causes great loss4 ,although the fungus does not produce spores1 the leaves die and dry1 and are blown away1 carrying with them the dried mycelium of the fungus4 ,this mycelium will start to grow as soon as it is supplied with a new moist coffee leaf to nourish it4 ,the method of getting rid of this disease is to spray the trees in seasons of drought4 ,it was a fungoid disease known as the ,hemileia vastatrix that attacked ,ceylon's coffee industry in #ahfi1 and eventually destroyed it4 ,it is a microscopic fungus whose spores1 carried by the wind1 adhere to and germinate upon the leaves of the coffee tree#ajj4 ,another common disease is known as the root disease1 which eventually kills the tree by girdling it below the soil4 ,it spreads slowly1 but seems to be favored by collections of decaying matter around the base of the tree4 ,sometimes the digging of ditches around the roots is sufficient to protect it4 ,the other common disease is due to ,stilbium flavidum1 and is found only in regions of great humidity4 ,it affects both the leaf and the fruit and is known as the spot of leaf and fruit4 ,illustration3 ,,coffea ,,ugand ,,bent ,,over ,,by ,a ,,heavy ,,crop ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,the ,,microscopy ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,fruit ,how the beans may be examined under the microscope1 and what is revealed--,structure of the berry1 the green1 and the roasted bean--,the coffee leaf disease under the microscope--,value of microscopic analysis in detecting adulteration ,the microscopy of coffee is1 on the whole1 more important to the planter than to the consumer and the dealer2 while1 on the other hand1 the microscopy is of paramount importance to the consumer and the dealer as furnishing the best means of determining whether the product offered is adulterated or not4 ,also1 from this standpoint1 the microscopy of the plant is less important than that of the bean4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cca4 ,coffee 7,coffea arabica74 ,i--,cross-section of berry1 natural size2 ,pk1 outer pericarp2 ,mk1 endocarp2 ,ek1 spermoderm2 ,sa1 hard endosperm2 ,sp1 soft endosperm4 ,,ii--,longitudinal section of berry1 natural size2 ,dis1 bordered disk2 ,se1 remains of sepals2 ,em1 embryo4 ,,iii--,embryo1 enlarged2 cot1 cotyledon2 rad1 radicle4 7,tschirch and ,oesterle47 ,the ,fruit and the ,bean ,the fruit1 as stated in chapter ,,xv1 consists of two parts1 each one containing a single seed1 or bean4 ,these beans are flattened laterally1 so as to fit together1 except in the following instances3 in the peaberry1 where one of the ovules never develops1 the single ovule1 having no pressure upon it1 is spherical2 in the rare instances where three seeds are found1 the grains are angular4 ,the coffee bean with which the consumer is familiar is only a small part of the fruit4 ,the fruit1 which is the size of a small cherry1 has1 like the cherry1 an outer fleshy portion called the pericarp4 ,beneath this is a part like tissue paper1 spoken of technically as the parchment1 but known scientifically as the endocarp4 ,next in position to this1 and covering the seed1 is the so-called spermoderm1 which means the seed skin1 referred to in the trade as the silver skin4 ,small portions of this silver skin are always to be found in the cleft of the coffee bean4 ,the coffee bean is the embryo and its food supply2 the embryo is that part of the seed which1 when supplied with food and moisture1 develops into a new plant4 ,the embryo of the coffee is very minute 7,fig4 #cca1 ,,ii1 ,em7#aja2 and the greater part of the seed is taken up by the food supply1 consisting of hard and soft endosperm 7,fig4 #cca1 ,i and ,,ii1 ,sa1 ,sp74 ,the minute embryo consists of two small thick leaves1 the cotyledons 7,fig4 #cca1 ,,iii1 cot71 a short stem1 invisible in the undissected embryo1 and a small root1 the radicle 7,fig4 #cca1 ,,iii1 rad74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccb4 ,coffee4 ,cross section of bean showing folded endosperm with hard and soft tissues4 x#f4 7,moeller7 ,fruit ,structure ,in order to examine the structure of these layers of the fruit under the microscope1 it is necessary to use the pericarp dry1 as it is not easily obtainable in its natural condition4 ,if desired1 an alcoholic specimen may be used1 but it has been found that the dry method gives more satisfactory results4 ,the dried pericarp is about #j4e mm thick4 ,great difficulty is experienced in cutting microtome sections of pericarp when the specimen is embedded in paraffin1 because the outer layers are soft and the endocarp is hard1 and the two parts of the section separate at this point4 ,to overcome this1 the sections might also be embedded in celloidin4 ,when the sections are satisfactory1 they may be stained with any of the double stains ordinarily used in the study of plant histology4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccc4 ,coffee4 ,cross section of hull and bean4 ,pericarp consists of3 #a1 epicarp2 #b-c1 layers of mesocarp1 with #d1 fibro-vascular bundle2 #e1 palisade layer2 and #f1 endocarp2 ss1 spermoderm1 consists of #h1 sclerenchyma1 and #i1 parenchyma2 ,end1 endosperm 7,tschirch and ,oesterle7 ,a section cut crosswise through the entire fruit would present the appearance shown in ,fig4 #ccc4 ,the cells of the epicarp are broad and polygonal1 sometimes regularly four-sided1 about #ae-ce broad4 ,at intervals along the surface of the epicarp are stomata1 or breathing pores1 surrounded by guard cells4 ,the next layer of the pericarp is the mesocarp 7,figs4 #ccc1 #ccd1 #cce71 the cells of which are larger and more regular in outline than the epicarp4 ,the cells of the mesocarp become as large as #ajj broad1 but in the inner parts of the layer they become very much flattened4 ,fibrovascular bundles are scattered through the compressed cells of the mesocarp4 ,the cell walls are thick2 and large1 amorphous1 brown masses are found within the cell2 occasionally1 large crystals are found in the outer part of the layer4 ,the fibro-vascular bundles consist mainly of bast and wood fibers and vessels4 ,the bast fibers are as large as #a mm long and #be broad1 with thick walls and very small lumina4 ,spiral and pitted vessels are also present4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccd4 ,coffee4 ,surface view of ep1 epicarp1 and p1 outer parenchyma of mesocarp4 x#afj4 7,moeller7 ,the layer next to this is a soft tissue1 parenchyma 7,fig4 #ccc1 #e2 ,fig4 #ccd1 p74 ,the parenchyma1 or palisade cells as they are called1 is a thin-walled tissue in which the cells are elongated1 from which fact they receive their name4 ,the walls of these cells1 though very thin1 are mucilaginous1 and capable of taking up large amounts of water4 ,they stain well with the aniline stains4 ,the endocarp 7,fig4 #ccf7 is closely connected with the palisade layer and has thin-walled cells that closely resemble1 in all respects1 the endocarp of the apple4 ,the outer layer consists of thick-walled fibers1 which are remarkably porous 7,fig4 #ccc1 #f2 ,fig4 #ccf7 while the fibers of the inner layer are thin-walled and run in the transverse direction4 ,the ,bean ,structure ,spermoderm1 or silver skin1 is not difficult to secure for microscopic analysis2 because shreds of it remain in the groove of the berry1 and these shreds are ample for examination4 ,it can readily be removed without tearing1 if soaked in water for a few hours4 ,the spermoderm is thin enough not to need sectioning4 ,it consists of two elements--sclerenchyma and parenchyma cells4 7,figs4 #ccc1 #ccg1 st1 p74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cce4 ,coffee4 ,elements of pericarp in surface view4 p1 parenchyma2 bp1 parenchyma of fibro-vascular bundle2 b1 bast fiber2 sp1 spiral vessel4 x#afj4 7,moeller7 ,sclerenchyma forms an uninterrupted covering in the early stages of the seed2 but as the seed develops1 surrounding tissues grow more rapidly than the sclerenchyma1 and the cells are pushed apart and scattered4 ,the cells occurring in the cleft of the berry are straight1 narrow1 and long1 becoming as long as #a mm1 and resemble bast fibers somewhat4 ,on the surface of the berry1 and sometimes in the cleft1 there are found smaller1 thicker cells1 which are irregular in outline1 club-shaped and vermiform types predominating4 ,parenchyma cells form the remainder of the spermoderm2 and these are partially obliterated1 so that the structure is not easily seen1 appearing almost like a solid membrane4 ,the raphe runs through the parenchyma found in the cleft of the berry4 ,the endosperm 7,figs4 #ccc2 #cch7 consist of small cells in the outer part1 and large cells1 frequently as thick as #ajj 1 in the inner part4 ,the cell walls are thickened and knotted4 ,certain of the inner cells have mucilaginous walls which when treated with water disappear1 leaving only the middle lamellae1 which gives the section a peculiar appearance4 ,the cells contain no starch1 the reserve food supply being stored cellulose1 protein1 and aleurone grains4 ,various investigators report the presence of sugar1 tannin1 iron1 salts1 and caffein4 ,the embryo 7,fig4 #cca1 ,,iii7 may be obtained by soaking the bean in water for several hours1 cutting through the cleft and carefully breaking apart the endosperm4 ,if it is now soaked in diluted alkali1 the embryo protrudes through the lower end of the endosperm4 ,it is then cleared in alkali1 or in chloral hydrate4 ,the cotyledons shown have three pairs of veins1 which are slightly netted4 ,the radicle is blunt and is about #c_/d mm in length1 while the cotyledons are #a_/b mm long4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccf4 ,coffee4 ,sclerenchyma fibers of endocarp4 x#afj4 7,moeller7 ,the ,coffee-,leaf ,disease ,the coffee tree has many pests and diseases2 but the disease most feared by planters is that generally referred to as the coffee-leaf disease1 and by this is meant the fungoid ,hemileia vastatrix1 which as told in chapter ,,xv1 destroyed ,ceylon's once prosperous coffee industry4 ,as it has since been found in nearly all coffee-producing countries1 it has become a nightmare in the dreams of all coffee planters4 ,the microscope shows how the spores of this dreaded fungus1 carried by the winds upon a leaf of the coffee tree1 proceed to germinate at the expense of the leaf2 robbing it of its nourishment1 and causing it to droop and to die4 ,a mixture of powdered lime and sulphur has been found to be an effective germicide1 if used in time and diligently applied4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccg4 ,coffee4 ,spermoderm in surface view4 st4 sclerenchyma2 p1 compressed parenchyma4 x#afj4 7,moeller7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cch4 ,coffee4 ,cross-section of outer layers of endosperm1 showing knotty thickenings of cell walls4 x#afj4 7,moeller7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cci4 ,coffee4 ,tissues of embryo in section4 x#afj4 7,moeller7 ,value of ,microscopic ,analysis ,the value of the microscopic analysis of coffee may not be apparent at first sight2 but when one realizes that in many cases the microscopic examination is the only way to detect adulteration in coffee1 its importance at once becomes apparent4 ,in many instances the chemical analysis fails to get at the root of the trouble1 and then the only method to which the tester has recourse is the examination of the suspected material under the scope4 ,the mixing of chicory with coffee has in the past been one of the commonest forms of adulteration4 ,the microscopic examination in this connection is the most reliable4 ,the coffee grain will have the appearance already described4 ,microscopically1 chicory shows numerous thin-walled parenchymatous cells1 lactiferous vessels1 and sieve tubes with transverse plates4 ,there are also present large vessels with huge1 well-defined pits4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,leaf ,,disease 7,,hemileia ,,vastatrix7 #a4 under surface of affected leaf1 x #a_/b2 #b1 section through same showing mycelium1 haustoria1 and a spore-cluster2 #c1 a spore-cluster seen from below2 #d1 a uredospore2 #e1 germinating uredospore2 #f1 appressorial swellings at tips of germ-tubes2 #g1 infection through stoma of leaf2 #h1 teleutospores2 #i1 teleutospore germinating with promycelium and sporidia2 #aj1 sporidia and their germination 7#b after ,zimmermann1 #c after ,delacroix1 #d-aj after ,ward7 ,roasted date stones have been used as adulterants1 and these can be detected quite readily with the aid of the microscope1 as they have a very characteristic microscopic appearance4 ,the epidermal cells are almost oblong1 while the parenchymatous cells are large1 irregular and contain large quantities of tannin4 ,adulteration and adulterants are considered more fully in chapter ,,xvii4 ,illustration3 ,,green ,,and ,,roasted ,,coffee ,,under ,,the ,,microscope ,green bean1 showing the size and form of the cells as well as the drops of oil contained within their cavities4 ,drawn with the camera lucida1 and magnified #adj diameters4 ,a fragment of roasted coffee under the microscope4 ,drawn with the camera lucida1 and magnified #adj diameters4 ,illustration3 ,,bogota1 ,,green ,longitudinal--,magnified #bjj diameters ,illustration3 ,,bogota1 ,,green ,cross ,section--,magnified #bjj diameters ,illustration3 ,,bogota1 ,,green ,tangential--,magnified #bjj diameters ,illustration3 ,,bogota1 ,,roasted ,tangential--,magnified #bjj diameters ,illustration3 ,,green ,,and ,,roasted ,,bogota ,,coffee ,,under ,,the ,,microscope ,these pictures serve to demonstrate that the coffee bean is made up of minute cells that are not broken down to any extent by the roasting process4 ,note that the oil globules are more prominent in the green than in the roasted product ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,the ,,chemistry ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,bean ,chemistry of the preparation and treatment of the green bean--,artificial aging--,renovating damaged coffees--,extracts--,caffetannic acid--,caffein1 caffein-free coffee--,caffeol--,fats and oils--,carbohydrates--,roasting--,scient ific aspects of grinding and packaging--,the coffee brew--,soluble coffee--,adulterants and substitutes--,official methods of analysis ,by ,charles ,w4 ,trigg ,industrial ,fellow of the ,mellon ,institute of ,industrial ,research1 ,pittsburgh1 #aiaf-aibj ,when the vast extent of the coffee business is considered1 together with the intimate connection which coffee has with the daily life of the average human1 the relatively small amount of accurate knowledge which we possess regarding the chemical constituents and the physiological action of coffee is productive of amazement4 ,true1 a painstaking compilation of all the scientific and semi-scientific work done upon coffee furnishes quite a compendium of data1 the value of which is not commensurate with its quantity1 because of the spasmodic nature of the investigations and the non-conclusive character of the results so far obtained4 ,the following general survey of the field argues in favor of the promulgation of well-ordered and systematic research1 of the type now in progress at several places in the ,united ,states1 into the chemical behavior of coffee throughout the various processes to which it is subjected in the course of its preparation for human consumption4 ,green ,coffee ,one of the few chemical investigations of the growing tree is the examination by ,graf of flowers from #bj-year-old coffee trees1 in which he found #j4i percent caffein1 a reducing sugar1 caffetannic acid1 and phytosterol4 ,power and ,chestnut#ajb found #j4hb percent caffein in air-dried coffee leaves1 but only #j4jhg percent of the alkaloid in the stems of the plant separated from the leaves4 ,in the course of a study#ajc instituted for the purpose of determining the best fertilizers for coffee trees1 it developed that the cherries in different stages of growth show a preponderance of potash throughout1 while the proportion of ,p#b,o#e attains a maximum in the fourth month and then steadily declines4 ,experiments are still in progress to ascertain the precise mineral requirements of the crop as well as the most suitable stage at which to apply them4 ,during the first five months the moisture content undergoes a steady decrease1 from #hg4ac percent to #fe4gg percent1 but during the final ripening stage in the last month there is a rise of nearly #a percent4 ,this may explain the premature falling and failure to ripen of the crop on certain soils1 especially in years of low rainfall4 ,malnutrition of the trees may result also in the production of oily beans4#ajd ,the coffee berry comprises about #fh percent pulp1 #f percent parchment1 and #bf percent clean coffee beans4 ,the pulp is easily removed by mechanical means2 but in order to separate the soft1 glutinous1 saccharine parchment1 it is necessary to resort to fermentation1 which loosens the skin so that it may be removed easily1 after which the coffee is properly dried and aged4 ,there is first a yeast fermentation producing alcohol2 and then a bacterial action giving mainly inactive lactic acid1 which is the main factor in loosening the parchment4 ,for the production of the best coffee1 acetic acid fermentation 7which changes the color of the bean7 and temperature above #fj should be avoided1 as these inhibit subsequent enzymatic action4#aje ,various schemes have been proposed for utilizing the large amount of pulp so obtained in preparing coffee for market4 ,most of these depend upon using the pulp as fertilizer1 since fresh pulp contains #b4fa percent nitrogen1 #j4ha percent ,p#b,o#e1 #b4ch percent potassium1 and #j4eg percent calcium4 ,one procedure#ajf in particular is to mix pulp with sawdust1 urine1 and a little lime1 and then to leave this mixture covered in a pit for a year before using4 ,in addition to these mineral matters1 the pulp also contains about #j4hh percent of caffein and #ah to #cg percent sugars4 ,accordingly1 it has been proposed#ajg to extract the caffein with chloroform1 and the sugars with acidulated water4 ,the aqueous solution so obtained is then fermented to alcohol4 ,the insoluble portion left after extraction can be used as fuel1 and the resulting ash as fertilizer4 ,the pulp has been dried and roasted for use in place of the berry1 and has been imported to ,england for this purpose4 ,it is stated that the ,arabs in the vicinity of ,jiddah discard the kernel of the coffee berries and make an infusion of the husk4#ajh ,quality of green coffee is largely dependent upon the methods used and the care taken in curing it1 and upon the conditions obtaining in shipment and storage4 ,true1 the soil and climatic conditions play a determinative rle in the creation of the characteristics of coffee1 but these do not offer any greater opportunity for constructive research and remunerative improvement than does the development of methods and control in the processes employed in the preparation of green coffee for the market4 ,illustration3 ,,cross-,,section ,,of ,,the ,,endosperm ,,or ,,hard ,,structure ,,of ,,the ,,green ,,bean ,storage prior and subsequent to shipment1 and circumstances existing during transportation1 are not to be disregarded as factors contributory to the final quality of the coffee4 ,the sweating of mules carrying bags of poorly packed coffee1 and the absorption of strong foreign aromas and flavors from odoriferous substances stored in too close proximity to the coffee beans1 are classic examples of damage that bear iterative mention4 ,damage by sea water1 due more to the excessive moisture than to the salt1 is not so common an occurrence now as heretofore4 ,however1 a cheap and thoroughly effective means of ethically renovating coffee which has been damaged in this manner would not go begging for commercial application4 ,that green coffee improves with age1 is a tenet generally accepted by the trade4 ,shipments long in transit1 subjected to the effects of tropical heat under closely battened hatches in poorly ventilated holds1 have developed into much-prized yellow matured coffee4 ,were it not for the large capital required and the attendant prohibitive carrying charges1 many roasters would permit their coffees to age more thoroughly before roasting4 ,in fact1 some roasters do indulge this desire in regard to a portion of their stock4 ,but were it feasible to treat and hold coffees long enough to develop their attributes to a maximum1 still the exact conditions which would favor such development are not definitely known4 ,what are the optimum temperature and the correct humidity to maintain1 and should the green coffee be well ventilated or not while in storage8 ,how long should coffee be stored under the most favorable conditions best to develop it8 ,aging for too long a period will develop flavor at the expense of body2 and the general cup efficiency of some coffees will suffer if they be kept too long4 ,illustration3 ,,portion ,,of ,,the ,,investing ,,membrane1 ,,showing ,,its ,,structure ,drawn with the camera lucida1 and magnified #adj diameters ,the exact reason for improvement upon aging is in no wise certain1 but it is highly probable that the changes ensuing are somewhat analogous to those occurring in the aging of grain4 ,primarily an undefined enzymatic and mold action most likely occurs1 the nature of the enzymes and molds being largely dependent upon the previous treatment of the coffee4 ,along with this are a loss of moisture and an oxidation1 all three actions having more evident effects with the passage of time4 ,artificial ,aging ,in consideration of the higher prices which aged products demand1 attempts have naturally been made to shorten by artificial means the time necessary for their natural production4 ,some of these methods depend upon obtaining the most favorable conditions for acceleration of the enzyme action2 others1 upon the effects of micro-organisms2 and still others1 upon direct chemical reaction or physical alteration of the green bean4 ,one of the first efforts toward artificial maturing was that of ,ashcroft#aji1 who argued from the improved nature of coffee which had experienced a delayed voyage4 ,his method consisted of inclosing the coffee in sweat-boxes having perforated bottoms and subjecting it to the sweating action of steam1 the boxes being enclosed in an oven or room maintained at the temperature of steam4 ,illustration3 ,,structure ,,of ,,the ,,green ,,bean ,showing thick-walled cells enclosing drops of oil ,timby#aaj claimed to remove dusts1 foreign odors1 and impurities1 while attaining in a few hours or days a ripening effect normally secured only in several seasons4 ,in this process1 the bagged coffee is placed in autoclaves and subjected to the action of air at a pressure of #b to #c atmospheres and a temperature of #dj to #ajj ,f4 ,the temperature should seldom be allowed to rise above #aej ,f4 ,the pressure is then allowed to escape and a partial vacuum created in the apparatus4 ,this alteration of pressure and vacuum is continued until the desired maturation is obtained4 ,desvignes#aaa employs a similar procedure1 although he accomplishes seasoning by treating the coffee also with oxygen or ozone4#aab ,first the coffee is rendered porous by storage in a hot chamber1 which is then exhausted prior to admission of the oxygen4 ,the oxygen can be ozonized in the closed vessel while in contact with the coffee4 ,complete aging in a few days is claimed4 ,weitzmann#aac adopts a novel operation1 by exposing bags of raw coffee to the action of a powerful magnetic field1 obtained with two adjustable electro-magnets4 ,the claim that a maturation naturally produced in several years is thus obtained in #a_/b to #b hours is open to considerable doubt4 ,a process that is probably attended with more commercial success is that of ,gram#aad in which the coffee is treated with gaseous nitrogen dioxid4 ,by far the most notable progress in this field1 both scientifically and commercially1 has been made by ,robison#aae with his culturing method4 ,here the green coffee is washed with water1 and then inoculated with selected strains of micro-organisms1 such as ,ochraeceus or ,aspergillus ,wintii4 ,incubation is then conducted for #f to #g days at #ij ,f4 and #he percent relative humidity4 ,subsequent to this incubation1 the coffee is stored in bins for about ten days2 after which it is tumbled and scoured4 ,with this process it is possible to improve the cupping qualities of a coffee to a surprising degree4 ,renovating ,damaged ,coffees ,sophistication has often been resorted to in order ostensibly to improve damaged or cheap coffee4 ,glazing1 coloring1 and polishing of the green beans was openly and covertly practised until restricted by law4 ,the steps employed did not actually improve the coffee by any means1 but merely put it into condition for more ready sale4 ,an apparently sincere endeavor to renovate damaged coffee was made by ,evans#aaf when he treated it with an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid having a density of #aj4e ,baum4 ,after agitation in this solution1 the beans were washed free from acid and dried4 ,in this manner discolorations and impurities were removed and the beans given a fuller appearance4 ,the addition of glucose1 sucrose1 lactose1 or dextrin to green coffees is practised by von ,niessen#aag and by ,winter#aah1 with the object of giving a mild taste and strong aroma to hard coffees4 ,the addition is accomplished by impregnating1 with or without the aid of vacuum1 the beans with a moderately concentrated solution of the sugar1 the liquid being of insufficient quantity to effect extraction4 ,when the solution has completely disseminated through the kernels1 they are removed and dried4 ,upon subsequent roasting1 a decided amelioration of flavor is secured4 ,another method developed by von ,niessen#aai comprises the softening of the outer layers of the beans by steam1 cold or warm water1 or brine1 and then surrounding them with an absorbent paste or powder1 such as china clay1 to which a neutralizing agent such as magnesium oxid may be added4 ,after drying1 the clay can be removed by brushing or by causing the beans to travel between oppositely reciprocated wet cloths4 ,in the development of this process1 von ,niessen evidently argued that the so-called caffetannic acid is the harmful substance in coffee1 and that it is concentrated in the outer layers of the coffee beans4 ,if these be his precepts1 the question of their correctness and of the efficiency of his process becomes a moot one4 ,a procedure which aims at cleaning and refining raw coffee1 and which has been the subject of much polemical discussion1 is that of ,thum#abj4 ,it entails the placing of the green beans in a perforated drum2 just covering them with water1 or a solution of sodium chloride or sodium carbonate1 at #fe to #gj ,c42 and subjecting them to a vigorous brushing for from #a to #e minutes1 according to the grade of coffee being treated4 ,the value of this method is somewhat doubtful1 as it would not seem to accomplish any more than simple washing4 ,in fact1 if anything1 the process is undesirable2 as some of the extractive matters present in the coffee1 and particularly caffein1 will be lost4 ,both ,freund#aba and ,harnack#abb hold briefs for the product produced by this method1 and the latter endeavors analytically to prove its merits2 but as his experimental data are questionable1 his conclusions do not carry much weight4 ,the ,acids of ,coffee ,the study of the acids of coffee has been productive of much controversy and many contradictory results1 few of which possess any value4 ,the acid of coffee is generally spoken of as caffetannic acid4 ,quite a few attempts have been made to determine the composition and structure of this compound and to assign it a formula4 ,among them may be noted those of ,allen1#abc who gives it the empirical formula ,c#ad;,h#af,o#g2 ,hlasiwetz1#abd who represents it as ,c#ae;,h#ah,o#h2 ,richter1 as ,c#cj;,h#ah,o#af2 ,griebel1#abe as ,c#ah;,h#bd,o#aj1 and ,cazeneuve and ,haddon1#abf as ,c#ba;,h#bh,o#ad4 ,it is variously supposed to exist in coffee as the potassium1 calcium1 or magnesium salt4 ,in regard to the physical appearance of the isolated substance there is also some doubt1 ,thorpe#abg describing it as an amorphous powder1 and ,howard#abh as a brownish1 syrup-like mass1 having a slight acid and astringent taste4 ,the chemical reactions of caffetannic acid are generally agreed upon4 ,a dark green coloration is given with ferric chloride2 and upon boiling it with alkalies or dilute acids1 caffeic acid and glucose are formed4 ,fusion with alkali produces protocatechuic acid4 ,k4 ,gorter#abi has made an extensive and accurate investigation into the matter1 and in reporting upon the same has made some very pertinent observations4 ,his claim is that the name caffetannic acid is a misnomer and should be abandoned4 ,the so-called caffetannic acid is really a mixture which has among its constituents chlorogenic acid 7,c#cb;,h#ch,o#ai71 which is not a tannic acid1 and coffalic acid4 ,tatlock and ,thompson#acj have expressed the opinion that roasted coffee contains no tannin1 and that the lead precipitate contains mostly coloring matter4 ,they found only #d4e percent of tannin 7precipitable by gelatin or alkaloids7 in raw coffee4 ,hanausek#aca demonstrated the presence of oxalic acid in unripe beans1 and citric acid has been isolated from ,liberian coffee4 ,it also has been claimed that viridic acid1 ,c#ad;,h#bj,o#aa1 is present in coffee4 ,in addition to these1 the fat of coffee contains a certain percentage of free fatty acids4 ,it is thus apparent that even in green coffee there is no definite compound caffetannic acid1 and there is even less likelihood of its being present in roasted coffee4 ,the conditions1 high heat and oxidation1 to which coffee is subjected in roasting would suffice to decompose this hypothetical acid if it were present4 ,in the method of analysis for caffetannic acid 7,no4 #bd7 given at the end of this chapter1 there are many chances of error1 although this procedure is the best yet devised4 ,lead acetate forms three different compounds with caffetannic acid1 so that this reagent must be added with extreme care in order to precipitate the compound desired4 ,the precipitate1 upon forming1 mechanically carries down with it any fats which may be present1 and which are removed from it only with difficulty4 ,the majority of the mineral salts in the solution will come down simultaneously4 ,all of the above-mentioned organic acids form insoluble salts with lead acetate1 and there will also be a tendency toward precipitation of certain of the components of caramel1 the acidic polymerization products of acrolein1 glycerol1 etc41 and of the proteins and their decomposition products4 ,in view of this condition of uncertainty in composition1 necessity for great care in manipulation1 and ever-present danger of contamination1 the significance of caffetannic acid analysis fades4 ,it is highly desirable that the nomenclature relevant to this analytical procedure be changed to one1 such as lead number1 which will be more truly indicative of its significance4 ,the ,alkaloids of ,coffee ,in addition to caffein1 the main alkaloid of coffee1 trigonellin--the methylbetaine of nicotinic acid--sometimes known as caffearine1 has been isolated from coffee4#acb ,this alkaloid1 having the formula ,c#ad;,h#af,o#d,n#b1 is also found in fenugreek1 ,trigonella foenum-grcum1 in various leguminous plants1 and in the seeds of strophanthus4 ,when pure it forms colorless needles melting at #adj ,c41 and1 as with all alkaloids1 gives a weak basic reaction4 ,it is very soluble in water1 slightly soluble in alcohol1 and only very slightly soluble in ether1 chloroform or benzol1 so that it does not contaminate the caffein in the determination of the latter4 ,its effects on the body have not been studied1 but they are probably not very great1 as ,polstorff obtained only #j4bc percent from the coffee which he examined4 ,caffein1 thein1 trimethylxanthin1 or ,c#e;,h7,,ch#c7c,n#d,o#b1 in addition to being in the coffee bean is also found in guarana leaves1 the kola nut1 mat1 or ,paraguay tea1 and1 in small quantities1 in cocoa4 ,it is also found in other parts of these plants besides those commonly used for food purposes4 ,a neat test for detecting the presence of caffein is that of ,a4 ,viehoever1#acc in which the caffein is sublimed directly from the plant tissue in a special apparatus4 ,the presence of caffein in the sublimate is verified by observing its melting point1 determined on a special heating stage used in connection with a microscope4 ,the chief commercial source of this alkaloid is waste and damaged tea1 from which it is prepared by extraction with boiling water1 the tannin precipitated from the solution with litharge1 and the solution then concentrated to crystallize out the caffein4 ,it is further purified by sublimation or recrystallization from water4 ,coffee chaff and roaster-flue dust have been proposed as sources for medicinal caffein1 but the extraction of the alkaloid from the former has not proven to be a commercial success4 ,several manufacturers of pharmaceuticals are now extracting caffein from roaster-flue dust1 probably by an adaptation of the ,faunce#acd process4 ,the recovery of caffein from roaster-flue gases may be facilitated and increased by the use of a condenser such as proposed ,ew4#ace ,pure caffein forms long1 white1 silky1 flexible needles1 which readily felt together to form light1 fleecy masses4 ,it melts at #bce-g ,c4 and sublimes completely at #agh ,c41 though the sublimation starts at #abj4 ,salts of an unstable nature are formed with caffein by most acids4 ,the solubility of caffein as determined by ,seidell#acf is given in ,table ,i4 ,,table ,i--,,the ,,solubility ,,of ,,caffein ,solubility3 ,grm4 ,caffein per #ajj ,grm4 of ,sp4 ,gr4 of ,sp4 ,gr4 of ,temperature ,saturated ,saturated ,solvent ,solvent of ,solution ,solution ,solution ,water #j4iig #be #b4ad ,ether #j4gaf #be #j4bg ,chloroform #a4dgf #be #aa4j ,acetone #j4hji #cj-a #b4ah #j4hcb ,benzene #j4hgb #cj-a #a4bb #j4hge ,benzaldehyde #a4jee #cj-a #aa4fb #a4jhg ,amylacetate #j4hfj #cj-a #j4gb #j4hfb ,aniline #a4jb #cj-a #bb4hi #a4jhj ,amyl alcohol #j4had #be #j4di #j4haj ,acetic acid #a4jee #ba4e #b4dd ,xylene #j4hdg #cb4e #a4aa #j4hdg ,toluene #j4hfb #be #j4eg #j4hfa ,the similarity between caffein and theobromin 7the chief alkaloid of cocoa71 xanthin 7one of the constituents of meat71 and uric acid1 is shown by the accompanying structural formul4 ,these formul show merely the relative position occupied by caffein in the purin group1 and do not in any wise indicate1 because of its similarity of structure to the other compounds1 that it has the same physiological action4 ,the presence and position of the methyl groups 7,,ch#c7 in caffein is probably the controlling factor which makes its action differ from the behavior of other members of the series4 ,the structure of these compounds was established1 and their syntheses accomplished1 in the course of various classic researches by ,emil ,fischer4#acg ,illustration3 ,,formula ,,for ,,caffein1 ,,showing ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,the ,,purin ,,group ,gorter states that caffein exists in coffee in combination with chlorogenic acid as a potassium chlorogenate1 ,c#cb;,h#cf,o#ai1 ,k#b7;,c#h;,h#aj,o#b,n#d7bb;,h#b,o1 which he isolated in colorless prisms4 ,this compound is water-soluble1 but caffein can not be extracted from the crystals with anhydrous solvents4 ,to this behavior can probably be attributed the difficulty experienced in extracting caffein from coffee with dry organic solvents4 ,however1 the fact that a small percentage can be extracted from the green bean in this manner indicates that some of the caffein content exists therein in a free state4 ,this acid compound of caffein will be largely decomposed during the process of torrefaction1 so that in roasted coffee a larger percentage will be present in the free state4 ,microscopical examination of the roasted bean lends verisimilitude to this contention4 ,illustration3 ,,planter',s ,,bungalow ,,with ,,coffee ,,trees ,,in ,,flower1 ,,mysore ,illustration3 ,,coolies ,,bagging ,,coffee ,,on ,,the ,,drying ,,grounds ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,scenes ,,in ,,british ,,india ,,table ,,ii--,,coffee ,,analyses ,santos ,green ,santos ,roasted ,padang ,green ,padang ,roasted ,guatemala ,green ,guatemala ,roasted ,mocha ,green ,mocha ,roasted ,moisture #h4ge #c4ge #h4gh #b4gb #i4ei #c4dj #i4jf #c4cf ,april #bjth ,moisture ,september #bjth #h4ab #f4de #h4je #f4jc #h4fh #f4ib #h4ae #g4aj ,ash #d4da #d4di #d4bc #d4gj #c4ic #d4dh #d4bj #d4dc ,oil #ab4if #ac4gf #ab4bh #ac4cc #ab4db #ac4jg #ad4jd #ad4ah ,caffein #a4hg #a4ha #a4ef #a4dg #a4bf #a4bb #a4ca #a4bh ,caffein1 dry basis #b4jc 4444 #a4fi 4444 #a4ci 4444 #a4dd 4444 ,crude fiber #bj4gj #ad4ge #ba4ib #ad4ie #bb4bc #ae4bc #bb4df #ae4da ,protein #i4ej #ab4ic #ab4fb #ad4ge #aj4dc #aa4fi #h4ef #i4eg ,protein1 dry basis #aj4da 4444 #ac4fh 4444 #aa4ec 4444 #i4da 4444 ,water extract #ca4aa #cj4cj #cj4hc #cj4ba #ca4jd #cj4dg #ca4bg #cj4dd ,specific gravity1 #aj percent extract #a4jaji #a4jaja #a4jajg #a4jajd #a4jaje #a4jajd #a4jajh #a4jajh ,bushelweight #dg4j #bh4b #de4b #bg4h #eb4b #bg4b #dh4h #cj4b #a1jjj kernel weight #acj4fj #abj4bj #afg4cj #aea4ce #ahi4bj #afe4hj #aai4eb #ajj4jj #a1jjj kernel weight1 dry basis #aai4a #aae4g #aed4a #adg4b #aga4j #afj4a #ajh4f #if4f ,dextrose 4444 #j4gb 4444 #j4ha 4444 #j4ed 4444 #j4df ,caffetannic acid #ae4eh #ag4dd #ae4cg #af4ic #af4bg #ag4ac #ae4fa #af4hi ,acidity by titration apparent #a4ej #b4jh #a4dg #b4jj #a4ci #b4ac #a4aa #a4hg ,as may be seen in ,table ,,ii1#ach the caffein content of coffee varies with the different kinds1 a fair average of the caffein content being about #a4e percent for ,c4 arabica1 to which class most of our coffees belong4 ,however1 aside from these may be mentioned ,c4 canephora1 which yields #a4ig percent caffein2 ,c4 mauritiana1 which contains #j4jg percent of the alkaloid 7less than the average caffein-free coffee72 and ,c4 humboltiana1 which contains no caffein1 but a bitter principle1 cafemarin4 ,neither do the berries of ,c4 ,gallienii1 ,c4 ,bonnieri1 or ,c4 ,mogeneti contain any caffein2 and there has also been reported#aci a ,congo coffee which contained no crystallizable alkaloid whatever4 ,apparently the variation in caffein content is largely due to the genus of the tree from which the berry comes1 but it is also quite probable that the nature of the soil and climatic conditions play an important part4 ,in the light of what has been accomplished in the field of agricultural research1 it does not seem improbable that a man of ,burbank's ability and foresight could successfully develop a series of coffees possessed of all the cup qualities inherent in those now used1 but totally devoid of caffein4 ,whether this is desirable or not is a question to be considered in an entirely different light from the possibility of its accomplishment4 ,,table ,,iii--,,caffein ,,in ,,different ,,roasts ,rio ,santos ,guatemala ,green #a4fh #a4he #a4hb ,cinnamon #a4gj #a4gb #a4hj ,medium #a4ff #a4ff #a4ef ,city #a4cf #a4ff #a4df ,the variation in the caffein content of coffee at different intensities of roasting1 as shown in ,table ,,iii#adj is1 of course1 primarily dependent upon the original content of the green4 ,a considerable portion of the caffein is sublimed off during roasting1 thus decreasing the amount in the bean4 ,the higher the roast is carried1 the greater the shrinkage2 but1 as the analyses in the above table show1 the loss of caffein proceeds out of proportion to the shrinkage1 for the percentage of caffein constantly decreases with the increase in color4 ,if the roast be carried almost to the point of carbonization1 as in the case of the ,italian roast1 the caffein content will be almost nil4 ,this is not a suitable coffee for one desiring an almost caffein-free drink1 for the empyreumatic products produced by this excessive roasting will be more toxic by far than the caffein itself would have been4 ,caffein-free ,coffee ,the demand for a caffein-free coffee may be attributed to two causes1 namely3 the objectionable effect which caffein has upon neurasthenics2 and the questionable advertising of the coffee-substitute dealers1 who have by this means persuaded many normal persons into believing that they are decidedly sub-normal4 ,as a result of this demand1 a variety of decaffeinated coffees have been placed on the market4 ,just why the coffee men have not taken advantage of naturally caffein-free coffees1 or of the possibility of obtaining coffees low in caffein content by chemical selection from the lines now used1 is a difficult question to answer4 ,in the endeavor to develop a commercial decaffeinated coffee the first method of procedure was to extract the caffein from roasted coffee4 ,this method had its advantages and its disadvantages1 of which the latter predominated4 ,the caffein in the roasted coffee is not as tightly bound chemically as in the green coffee1 and is1 therefore1 more easily extracted4 ,also1 the structure of the roasted bean renders it more readily penetrable by solvents than does that of the green bean4 ,however1 the great objection to this method arises from the fact that at the same time as the caffein is extracted1 the volatile aromatic and flavoring constituents of the coffee are removed also4 ,these substances1 which are essential for the maintenance of quality by the coffee1 though readily separated from the caffein1 can not be returned to the roasted bean with any degree of certainty4 ,this virtually insurmountable obstacle forced the abandonment of this mode of attack4 ,in order to avoid this action1 the attention of investigators was directed to extraction of the alkaloid in question from the green bean4 ,because of the difficulty of causing the solvent to penetrate the bean1 recourse to grinding resulted4 ,this greatly facilitated the desired extraction1 but a difficulty was encountered when the subsequent roasting was attempted4 ,the irregular and broken character of the ground green beans resisted all attempts to produce practically a uniformly roasted1 highly aromatic product from the ground material4 ,avoidance of this lack of uniformity in the product1 and the great desirability to duplicate the normal bean as far as possible1 necessitated the development of a method of extraction of the caffein from the whole raw bean without a permanent alteration of the shape thereof4 ,the close structure of the green bean1 and its consequent resistance to penetration by solvents1 and the existence of the caffein in the bean as an acid salt1 which is not easily soluble1 offered resistance to successful extraction4 ,as a means of overcoming the difficulty of structure1 the beans were allowed to stand in water in order to swell1 or the cells were expanded by treatment with steam1 or the beans were subjected to the action of some cellulose-softening acids1 such as acetic acid or sulphur dioxid4 ,as a method of facilitating the mechanical side of extraction without deleterious effects1 the treatment of the coffee with steam under pressure1 as utilized in the patented process of ,myer1 ,roselius1 and ,wimmer1#ada is probably the safest4 ,many ingenious methods have been devised for the ready removal of the caffein from this point on4 ,several processes employ an alkali1 such as ammonium hydroxid1 to free the caffein from the acid2 or an acid1 such as acetic1 hydrochloric1 or sulphurous1 is used to form a more soluble salt of caffein4 ,other procedures effect the dissociation of the caffein-acid salt by dampening or immersion in a liquid and subjecting the mass to the action of an electric current4 ,the caffein is usually extracted from the beans by benzol or chloroform1 but a variety of solvents may be employed1 such as petrolic ether1 water1 alcohol1 carbon tetrachloride1 ethylene chloride1 acetone1 ethyl ether1 or mixtures or emulsions of these4 ,after extraction1 the beans may be steam distilled to remove and to recover any residual traces of solvent1 and then dried and roasted4 ,it is said#adb that by heating the beans before bringing them into contact with steam1 not only is an economy of steam effected1 but the quality of the resultant product is improved4 ,one clever but expensive method#adc of preparing caffein-free coffee consists in heating the beans under pressure1 with some substance1 such as sodium salicylate1 with the resultant formation of a more soluble and more easily steam-distillable compound of caffein4 ,the beans are then steam distilled to remove the caffein1 dried1 and roasted4 ,another process of peculiar interest is that of ,hubner1#add in which the coffee beans are well washed and then spread in layers and kept covered with water at #ae ,c4 until limited germination has taken place1 whereupon the beans are removed and the caffein extracted with water at #ej ,c4 ,it is claimed by the inventor that sprouting serves to remove some of the caffein1 but it is quite probable that the process does nothing more than accomplish simple aqueous extraction4 ,in the majority of these processes the flavor of the resultant product should be very similar to natural roasted coffee4 ,however1 in the cases where aqueous extraction is employed1 other substances besides caffein are removed that are replaced in the bean only with difficulty4 ,the resultant product accordingly is very likely to have a flavor not entirely natural4 ,on the other hand1 beans from which the caffein is extracted with volatile solvents1 if the operation be conducted carefully1 should give a natural-tasting roast4 ,any residual traces of the solvent left in the bean are volatilized upon roasting4 ,some of the caffein-free coffees on the market show upon analysis almost as much caffein as the natural bean4 ,those manufactured by reliable concerns1 however1 are virtually caffein-free1 their content of the alkaloid varying from #j4c to #j4jg percent as opposed to #a4e percent in the untreated coffee4 ,thus1 although actually only caffein-poor1 in order to get the reaction of one cup of ordinary coffee one would have to drink an unusual amount of the brew made from these coffees4 ,the ,aromatic ,principles of ,coffee ,to ascertain just what substance or substances give the pleasing and characteristic aroma to coffee has long been the great desire of both practical and scientific men interested in the coffee business4 ,this elusive material has been variously called caffeol1 caffeone1 the essential oil of coffee1 etc41 the terms having acquired an ambiguous and incorrect significance4 ,it is now generally agreed that the aromatic constituent of coffee is not an essential oil1 but a complex of compounds which usage has caused to be collectively called caffeol4 ,these substances are not present in the green bean1 but are produced during the process of roasting4 ,attempts at identification and location of origin have been numerous2 and although not conclusive1 still have not proven entirely futile4 ,one of the first observations along this line was that of ,benjamin ,thompson in #ahab4 ,this fragrance of coffee is certainly owing to the escape of a volatile aromatic substance which did not originally exist as such in the grain1 but which is formed in the process of roasting it4 ,later1 ,graham1 ,stenhouse1 and ,campbell started on the way to the identification of this aroma by noting that in common with all the valuable constituents of coffee1 caffeone is found to come from the soluble portion of the roasted seed4#ade ,comparison of the aroma given off by coffee during the roasting process with that of fresh-ground roasted coffee shows that the two aromas1 although somewhat different1 may be attributed to the same substances present in different proportions in the two cases4 ,recovery and identification of the aromatic principles escaping from the roaster would go far toward answering the question regarding the nature of the aroma4 ,bernheimer#adf reported water1 caffein1 caffeol1 acetic acid1 quinol1 methylamin1 acetone1 fatty acids and pyrrol in the distillate coming from roasting coffee4 ,the caffeol obtained by ,bernheimer in this work was believed by him to be a methyl derivative of saligenin4 ,jaeckle#adg examined a similar product and found considerable quantities of caffein1 furfurol1 and acetic acid1 together with small amounts of acetone1 ammonia1 trimethylamin1 and formic acid4 ,the caffeol of ,bernheimer could not be detected4 ,another substance was separated also1 but in too small a quantity to permit complete identification4 ,this substance consisted of colorless crystals1 which readily sublimed1 melted at #aae to #aag ,c41 and contained sulphur4 ,the crystals were insoluble in water1 almost insoluble in alcohol1 but readily soluble in ether4 ,by distilling roasted coffee with superheated steam1 ,erdmann#adh obtained an oil consisting of an indifferent portion of #eh percent and an acid portion of #db percent1 consisting mainly of a valeric acid1 probably alphamethylbutyric acid4 ,the indifferent portion was found to contain about #ej percent furfuryl alcohol1 together with a number of phenols4 ,the fraction containing the characteristic odorous constituent of coffee boiled at #ic ,c4 under #ac mm4 pressure4 ,the yield of this latter principle was extremely small1 only about #j4hi gram being procured from #fe kilos of coffee4 ,pyridin was also shown to be present in coffee by ,betrand and ,weisweiller#adi and by ,sayre4#aej ,as high as #bjj to #ejj milligrams of this toxic compound have been obtained from #a kilogram of freshly roasted coffee4 ,as stated above1 the empyreumatic volatile aromatic constituents of the coffee are without question formed during and by the roasting process4 ,according to ,thorpe1#aea the most favorable temperature for development of coffee odor and flavor is about #bjj ,c4 ,erdmann claimed to have produced caffeol by gently heating together caffetannic acid1 caffein1 and cane sugar4 ,other investigators have been unable to duplicate this work4 ,another authority1#aeb giving it the empirical formula ,c#h;,h#aj,o#b1 states that it is produced during roasting1 probably at the expense of a portion of the caffein4 ,these conceptions are in the main incomplete and inaccurate4 ,by means of careful work1 ,grafe#aec came closer to ascertaining the origin of the fugacious aromatic materials4 ,his work with normal1 caffein-free coffee and with ,thum's purified coffee led him to state that a part of these substances was derived from the crude fiber1 probably from the hemi-cellulose of the thick endosperm cells4 ,sayre#aed makes the most plausible proposal regarding the origin of caffeol4 ,he considers the roasting of coffee as a destructive distillation process1 summarizing the results1 briefly1 as the production of furfuraldehyde from the carbohydrates1 acrolein from the fats1 catechol and pyrogallol from the tannins1 and ammonia1 amins1 and pyrrols from the proteins4 ,the products of roasting inter-react to produce many compounds of varying degrees of complexity and toxicity4 ,the great difficulty which arises in the attempt to identify the aromatic constituents of coffee is that the caffeols of no two coffees may be said to be the same4 ,the reason for this is apparent2 for the green coffees themselves vary in composition1 and those of the same constitution are not roasted under identical conditions4 ,therefore1 it is not to be expected that the decomposition products formed by the action of the different greens would be the same4 ,also1 these volatile products occur in the roasted coffee in such a small amount that the ascertaining of their percentage relationship and the recognition of all that are present are not possible with the methods of analysis at present at our disposal4 ,until better analytical procedures have been developed we can not hope to establish a chemical basis for the grading of coffees from this standpoint4 ,coffee ,oil and ,fat ,it is well to distinguish between the coffee oils1 as they are termed by the trade1 and true coffee oil4 ,in speaking of the qualities of coffee1 connoisseurs frequently use erroneous terms1 particularly when they designate certain of the flavoring and aromatic constituents of coffee as oils or essential oils4 ,coffee does not contain any essential oils1 the aromatic constituent corresponding to essential oil in coffee being caffeol1 a complex which is water-soluble1 a property not possessed by any true oil4 ,true1 the oil when isolated from roasted coffee does possess1 before purification1 considerable of the aromatic and flavoring constituents of coffee4 ,they are1 however1 no part of the coffee fat1 but are held in it no doubt by an enfleurage action in much the same way that perfumes of roses1 etc41 are absorbed and retained by fats and oils in the commercial preparation of pomades and perfumes4 ,this affinity of the coffee oil for caffeol assists in the retention of aromatic substances by the whole roasted bean4 ,however1 upon extraction of ground roasted coffee with water1 the caffeol shows a preferential solubility in water1 and is dissolved out from the oil1 going into the brew4 ,the true oil of coffee has been investigated to a fair degree and has been found to be inodorous when purified4 ,analysis of green and roasted coffees shows them to possess between #ab percent and #bj percent fat4 ,warnier#aee extracted ground unroasted coffee with petroleum ether1 washed the extract with water1 and distilled off the solvent1 obtaining a yellow-brownish oil possessing a sharp taste4 ,from his examination of this oil he reported these constants3 d#bd-e1 #j4idb2 refraction at #be1 #ha4e2 solidifying point1 #f to #e2 melting point1 #h to #i2 saponification number1 #agg4e2 esterification number1 #aff4g2 acid number1 #f4b2 acetyl number1 #j2 iodin number1 #hd4e to #hf4c4 ,meyer and ,eckert#aef carefully purified coffee oil and saponified it with ,li#b,o in alcohol4 ,in the saponifiable portion1 glycerol was the only alcohol present1 the acids being carnaubic1 #aj percent2 daturinic acid1 #a to #a4e percent2 palmitic acid1 #be to #bh percent2 capric acid1 #j4e percent2 oleic acid1 #b percent1 and linoleic acid1 #ej percent4 ,the unsaponifiable wax amounted to #ba4b percent1 was nitrogen-free1 gave a phytostearin reaction1 and saponification and oxidation indicated that it was probably a tannol carnaubate4 ,von-,bitto#aeg examined the fat extracted from the inner husk of the coffee berry and found it to be faint yellow in color1 and to solidify only gradually after melting4 ,upon analysis1 it showed3 saponification value1 #ada4b2 palmitic acid1 #cg4hd percent1 and glycerids as tripalmitin1 #bh4jc percent4 ,carbohydrates of the ,coffee ,berry ,there has been considerable diversity of opinion regarding the sugar of coffee4 ,bell believed the sugar to be of a peculiar species allied to melezitose1 but ,ewell1#aeh ,g4,l4 ,spencer1 and others definitely proved the presence of sucrose in coffee4 ,in fat-free coffee #f percent of sucrose was found extractable by #gj percent alcohol4 ,baker#aei claimed that manno-arabinose1 or manno-xylose1 formed one of the most important constituents of the coffee-berry substance and yielded mannose on hydrolysis4 ,schultze and ,maxwell state that raw coffee contains galactan1 mannan1 and pentosans1 the latter present to the extent of #e percent in raw and #c percent in roasted coffee4 ,by distilling coffee with hydrochloric acid ,ewell obtained furfurol equivalent to #i percent pentose4 ,he also obtained a gummy substance which1 on hydrolysis1 gave rise to a reducing sugar2 and as it gave mucic acid and furfurol on oxidation1 he concluded that it was a compound of pentose and galactose4 ,in undressed ,mysore coffee ,commaille#afj found #b4f percent of glucose and no dextrin4 ,this claim of the presence of glucose in coffee was substantiated by the work of ,hlasiwetz1#afa who resolved a caffetannic acid1 which he had isolated1 into glucose and a peculiar crystallizable acid1 ,c#h;,h#h,o#d1 which he named caffeic acid4 ,the starch content of coffee is very low4 ,cereals may readily be detected and identified in coffee mixtures by the presence and characteristics of their starch1 in view of the fact that coffee 7chicory1 too7 is practically free from starch4 ,on this score it is inadvisable for diabetics to use any of the many cereal substitutes for coffee4 ,it is pertinent to note in this connection that persons suffering from diabetes may sweeten their coffee with saccharin 7#a_/b to #a grain per cup7 or glycerol1 thus obtaining perfect satisfaction without endangering their health4 ,the cellulose in coffee is of a very hard and horny character in the green bean1 but it is made softer and more brittle during the process of roasting4 ,it is rather difficult to define under the microscope1 particularly after roasting1 even though the chief characteristics of the cellular tissue are more or less retained4 ,coffee cellulose gives a blue color with sulphuric acid and iodin1 and is dissolved by an ammoniacal solution of copper oxid4 ,even after roasting1 remnants of the silver skin are always present1 the structure of which1 a thin membrane with adherent1 thick-walled1 spindle-shaped1 hollow cells1 is peculiar to coffee4 ,the ,chemistry of ,roasting ,the effect of the heat in the roasting of coffee is largely evidenced as a destructive distillation and also as a partial dehydration4 ,at the same time1 oxidizing and reducing reactions probably occur within the bean1 as well as some polymerization and inter-reactions4 ,a loss of water is to be expected as the natural outcome of the application of heat2 and analyses show that the moisture content of raw coffee varies from #h to #ad percent1 while after roasting it rarely exceeds #c percent1 and frequently falls as low as #j4e percent4 ,the loss of the original water content of the green bean is not the only moisture loss2 for many of the constituents of coffee1 notably the carbohydrates1 are decomposed upon heating to give off water1 so that analysis before and after roasting is no direct indication of the exact amount of water driven off in the process4 ,if it be desired to ascertain this quantity accurately1 catching of the products which are driven off and determination of their water content becomes necessary4 ,the carbohydrates both dehydrate and decompose4 ,the result of the dehydration is the formation of caramel and related products1 which comprise the principal coloring matters in coffee infusion4 ,that portion of the carbohydrates known as pentosans gives rise to furfuraldehyde1 one of the important components of caffeol4 ,the effect of roasting upon the fat content of the beans is to reduce its actual weight1 but not to change appreciably the percentage present1 since the decrease in quantity keeps pace fairly well with the shrinkage4 ,some of the more volatile fatty acids are driven off1 and the fats break down to give a larger percentage of free fatty acids1 some light esters1 acrolein1 and formic acid4 ,if the roast be a very heavy one1 or is brought up too rapidly1 the fat will come to the surface1 through breaking of the fat cells1 with a decided alteration in the chemical nature of the fat and with pronounced expansion and cracking4 ,decomposition of the caffein acid-salt and considerable sublimation of the caffein also occur4 ,the majority of the caffein undergoes this volatilization unchanged1 but a portion of it is probably oxidized with the formation of ammonia1 methylamin1 di-methylparabanic acid1 and carbon dioxid4 ,this reaction partly explains why the amount of caffein recovered from the roaster flues is not commensurate with the amount lost from the roasting coffee2 although incomplete condensation is also an important factor4 ,microscopic examination of the roasted beans will show occasional small crystals of caffein in the indentations on the surface1 where they have been deposited during the cooling process4 ,the compound1 or compounds1 known as caffetannic acid are probably the source of catechol1 as the proteins are of ammonia1 amins1 and pyrrols4 ,the crude fiber and other unnamed constituents of the raw beans react analogously to similar compounds in the destructive distillation of wood1 giving rise to acetone1 various fatty acids1 carbon dioxid and other uncondensable gases1 and many compounds of unknown identity4 ,during the course of roasting and subsequent cooling these decomposition products probably interact and polymerize to form aromatic tar-like materials and other complexes which play an important rle among the delicate flavors of coffee4 ,in fact1 it is not unlikely that these reactions continue throughout the storage time after roasting1 and that upon them the deterioration of roasted coffee is largely dependent4 ,speculation upon what complex compounds are thus formed offers much attraction4 ,a notable one by ,sayre#afb postulates the reaction between acrolein and ammonia to give methyl pyridin1 which in turn with furfurol forms furfurol vinyl pyridin4 ,this upon reduction would produce the alkaloid1 conin1 traces of which have been found in coffee4 ,although furfuraldehyde is the natural decomposition product of pentosans1 furfuryl alcohol is the main furane body of coffee aroma4 ,this would indicate that active reducing conditions prevail within the bean during roasting2 and the further fact that carbon monoxid is given off during roasting makes this seem quite probable4 ,if one admits that caffetannic acid exists in the green bean2 that upon oxidation it gives viridic acid2 and that it is concentrated in the outer layers of the bean1 as certain investigators have claimed1 then there is chemical proof of the existence of oxidizing conditions about the exterior of the bean4 ,in any event1 however1 the fact that oxidizing conditions predominate on the external portion of the bean is obvious4 ,accordingly1 our meager knowledge of the chemistry of roasting indicates that while the external layers of the roasting beans are subjected to oxidizing conditions1 reducing ones exist in the interior4 ,future experimentation will1 no doubt1 prove this to be the case4 ,attempts have been made to retain in the beans the volatile products1 which normally escape1 both by coating previous to roasting#afc and by conducting the process under pressure4#afd ,however1 the results so obtained were not practical1 since the cup values were decreased in the majority of cases1 and the physiological effects produced were undesirable4 ,in cases where the quality was improved1 the gain was not sufficient to recompense the roaster for the additional expense and difficulty of operation4 ,various persons have essayed to control the roasting process automatically2 but the extreme variance in composition of different coffees1 the effect of changing atmospheric conditions1 and the lack of constancy in the calorific power of fuels have conspired to defeat the automatic roasting machine4#afe ,it is even doubtful whether ,de ,mattia's#aff process for roasting until the vapors evolved produce a violet color when passed into a solution of fuchsin decolorized with sulphur dioxid is commercially reliable4 ,many patents have been granted for the treatment of coffees immediately prior to or during roasting with the object of thus improving the product4 ,the majority of these depend upon adding solutions of sugar1#afg calcium saccharate1#afh or other carbohydrates1#afi and in the case of ,eckhardt1#agj of small percentages of tannic acid and fat4 ,in direct opposition to this latter practise1 ,jurgens and ,westphal#aga apply alkali1 ostensibly to lessen the tannic acid content4 ,brougier#agb sprays a solution containing caffein upon the roasting berries2 and ,potter#agc roasts the coffee together with chicory1 effecting a separation at the end4 ,illustration3 ,,ground ,,coffee ,,under ,,the ,,microscope ,the exact effect which roasting with sugars has upon the flavor is not well understood2 but it is known that it causes the beans to absorb more moisture1 due to the hygroscopicity of the caramel formed4 ,for instance1 berries roasted with the addition of glucose syrup hold an additional #g percent of water and give a darker infusion than normally roasted coffee4 ,when the green coffee is glazed with cane sugar prior to roasting1 the losses during the process are much higher than ordinarily1 on account of the higher temperature required to attain the desired results4 ,losses for ordinary coffee taken to a #af-percent roast are #i4g percent of the original fat and #ba4a percent of the original caffein2 while for sugar glazed coffee the losses were #ah4c percent of the original fat and #dd4c percent of the original caffein1 using #h to #i percent sugar with ,java coffee4 ,grinding and ,packaging ,it is a curious fact that green coffee improves upon aging1 whereas after roasting it deteriorates with time4 ,even when packed in the best containers1 age shows to a disadvantage on the roasted bean4 ,this is due to a number of causes1 among which are oxidation1 volatilization of the aroma1 absorption of moisture and consequent hydrolysis1 and alteration in the character of the aromatic principles4 ,doolittle and ,wright#agd in the course of some extensive experiments found that roasted coffee showed a continual gain in weight throughout #fj weeks1 this gain being mostly due to moisture absorption4 ,an investigation by ,gould#age also demonstrated that roasted coffee gives off carbon dioxid and carbon monoxid upon standing4 ,the latter1 apparently produced during roasting and retained by the cellular structure of the bean1 diffuses therefrom2 whereas the former comes from an ante-roasting decomposition of unstable compounds present4#agf ,the surface of the whole bean forms a natural protection against atmospheric influences1 and as soon as this is broken1 deterioration sets in4 ,on this account1 coffee should be ground immediately before extraction if maximum efficiency is to be obtained4 ,the cells of the beans tend to retain the fugacious aromatic principles to a certain extent2 so that the more of these which are broken in grinding1 the greater will be the initial loss and the more rapid the vitiation of the coffee4 ,it might1 therefore1 seem desirable to grind coarsely in order to avoid this as much as possible4 ,however1 the coarser the grind1 the slower and more incomplete will be the extraction4 ,a patent#agg has been granted for a grind which contains about #ij percent fine coffee and #aj percent coarse1 the patentee's claim being that in his irregular grind the coarse coffee retains enough of the volatile constituents to flavor the beverage1 while the fine coffee gives a very high extraction1 thus giving an efficient brew without sacrificing individuality4 ,in packaging roasted coffee the whole bean is naturally the best form to employ1 but if the coffee is ground first1 ,king#agh found that deterioration is most rapid with the coarse ground coffee1 the speed decreasing with the size of the ground particles4 ,he explains this on the ground of ventilation--the finer the grind1 the closer the particles pack together1 the less the circulation of air through the mass1 and the smaller the amount of aroma which is carried away4 ,he also found that glass makes the best container for coffee1 with the tin can1 and the foil-lined bag with an inner lining of glassine1 not greatly inferior4 ,considerable publicity has been given recently to the method of packing coffee in a sealed tin under reduced pressure4 ,while thus packing in a partial vacuum undoubtedly retards oxidation and precludes escape of aroma from the original package1 it would seem likely to hasten the initial volatilizing of the aroma4 ,also1 it would appear from ,gould's#agi work that roasted coffee evolves carbon dioxid until a certain positive pressure is attained1 regardless of the initial pressure in the container4 ,accordingly1 vacuum-packing apparently enhances decomposition of certain constituents of coffee4 ,whether this result is beneficial or otherwise is not quite clear4 ,brewing ,the old-time boiling method of making coffee has gone out of style1 because the average consumer is becoming aware of the fact that it does not give a drink of maximum efficiency4 ,boiling the ground coffee with water results in a large loss of aromatic principles by steam distillation1 a partial hydrolysis of insoluble portions of the grounds1 and a subsequent extraction of the products thus formed1 which give a bitter flavor to the beverage4 ,also1 the maintenance of a high temperature by the direct application of heat has a deleterious effect upon the substances in solution4 ,this is also true in the case of the pumping percolator1 and any other device wherein the solution is caused to pass directly into steam at the point where heat is applied4 ,warm and cold water extract about the same amount of material from coffee2 but with different rates of speed1 an increase in temperature decreasing the time necessary to effect the desired result4 ,it is a well known fact that re-warming a coffee brew has an undesirable effect upon it4 ,this is very probably due to the precipitation of some of the water-soluble proteins when the solution cools1 and their subsequent decomposition when heat is applied directly to them in reheating the solution4 ,the absorption of air by the solution upon cooling1 with attendant oxidation1 which is accentuated by the application of heat in re-warming1 must also be considered4 ,it is likewise probable that when an extract of coffee cools upon standing1 some of the aromatic principles separate out and are lost by volatilization4 ,the method of extracting coffee which gives the most satisfaction is practised by using a grind just coarse enough to retain the individualistic flavoring components1 retaining the ground coffee in a fine cloth bag1 as in the urn system1 or on a filter paper1 as in the ,tricolator1 and pouring water at boiling temperature over the coffee4 ,during the extraction1 a top should be kept on the device to minimize volatilization1 and the temperature of the extract should be maintained constant at about #bjj ,f4 after being made4 ,whether a repouring is necessary or not is dependent upon the speed with which the water passes through the coffee1 which in turn is controlled by the fineness of the grind and of the filtering medium4 ,the ,water ,extract ,although many analyses of the whole coffee bean are available1 but little work has been reported upon the aqueous extracts4 ,the total water extract of roasted coffee varies from #bj to #ca percent in different kinds of coffee4 ,the following analysis of the extract from a ,santos coffee may be taken as a fair average example of the water-soluble material4#ahj ,,table ,,iv--,,analysis ,,of ,,santos ,,coffee ,,extract 7,,dry ,,basis7 ,ether extract1 fixed #a4jf ,total nitrogen #c4dj ,caffein #e4db ,crude fiber #j4be ,total ash #ag4dc ,reducing sugar #b4gj ,caffetannic acid #ae4cc ,protein #g4ga ,it is difficult to make the trade terms1 such as acidity1 astringency1 etc41 used in describing a cup of coffee1 conform with the chemical meanings of the same terms4 ,however1 a fair explanation of the cause of some of these qualities can be made4 ,careful work by ,warnier#aha showed the actual acidities of some ,east ,india coffees to be3 ,,table ,v--,,acidity ,,of ,,some ,,east ,,india ,,coffees ,coffee from ,acid ,content ,sindjai #j4jcc ,timor #j4jbh ,bauthain #j4jai ,boengei #j4jaf ,loewae #j4jba ,waloe ,pengenten #j4jah ,kawi ,redjo #j4jae ,palman ,tjiasem #j4jbb ,malang #j4jac ,these figures may be taken as reliable examples of the true acid content of coffee2 and though they seem very low1 it is not at all incomprehensible that the acids which they indicate produce the acidity in a cup of coffee4 ,they probably are mainly volatile organic acids1 together with other acidic-natured products of roasting4 ,we know that very small quantities of acids are readily detected in fruit juices and beer1 and that variation in their percentage is quickly noticed1 while the neutralization of this small amount of acidity leaves an insipid drink4 ,hence1 it seems quite likely that this small acid content gives to the coffee brew its essential acidity4 ,a few minor experiments on neutralization have proven that a very insipid beverage is produced by thus treating a coffee infusion4 ,the body1 or what might be called the licorice-like character1 of coffee1 is due conceivably to the presence of bodies of a glucosidic nature and to caramel4 ,astringency1 or bitterness1 is dependent upon the decomposition products of crude fiber and chlorogenic acid1 and upon the soluble mineral content of the bean4 ,the degree to which a coffee is sweet-tasting or not is1 of course1 dependent upon its other characteristics1 but probably varies with the reducing sugar content4 ,aside from the effects of these constituents upon cup quality1 the influence of volatile aromatic and flavoring constituents is always evident in the cup valuation1 and introduces a controlling factor in the production of an individualistic drink4 ,coffee ,extracts ,the uncertainty of the quality of coffee brews as made from day to day1 the inconvenience to the housewife of conducting the extraction1 and the inevitable trend of the human race toward labor-saving devices1 have combined their influences to produce a demand for a substance which will give a good cup of coffee when added to water4 ,this gave rise to a number of concentrated liquid and solid extracts of coffee1 which1 because of their general poor quality1 soon brought this type of product into disrepute4 ,this is not surprising2 for these preparations were mainly mixtures of caramel and carelessly prepared extracts of chicory1 roasted cereals1 and cheap coffee4 ,liquid extracts of coffee galore have appeared on the market only soon to disappear4 ,difficulty is experienced in having them maintain their quality over a protracted period of time1 primarily due to the hydrolyzing action of water on the dissolved substances4 ,they also ferment readily1 although a small percentage of preservative1 such as benzoate of soda1 will halt spoilage4#ahb ,so much trouble is not encountered with coffee-extract powders--the so-called soluble or instant coffees4 ,the majority of these powdered dry extracts do1 however1 show great affinity for atmospheric moisture4 ,their hygroscopicity necessitates packing and keeping them in air-tight containers to prevent them running into a solid1 slowly soluble mass4 ,the general method of procedure employed in the preparation of these powders is to extract ground roasted coffee with water1 and to evaporate the aqueous solution to dryness with great care4 ,the major difficulty which seems to arise is that the heat needed to effect evaporation changes the character of the soluble material1 at the same time driving off some volatile constituents which are essential to a natural flavor4 ,many complex and clever processes have been developed for avoiding these difficulties1 and quite a number of patents on processes1 and several on the resultant product1 have been allowed2 but the commercial production of a soluble coffee of freshly-brewed-coffee-duplicating-power is yet to be accomplished4 ,however1 there are now on the market several coffee-extract powders which dissolve readily in water1 giving quite a fair approximation of freshly brewed coffee4 ,the improvement shown since they first appeared augurs well for the eventual attainment of their ultimate goal4 ,adulterants and ,substitutes ,there would appear to be three reasons why substitutes for coffee are sought--the high cost1 or absence1 of the real product2 the acquiring of a preferential taste1 by the consumer1 for the substitute2 and the injurious effects of coffee when used to excess4 ,makers of coffee substitutes usually emphasize the latter reason2 but many substitutes1 which are1 or have been1 on the market1 seem to depend for their existence on the other two4 ,properly speaking1 there are scarcely any real substitutes for coffee4 ,the substances used to replace it are mostly like it only in appearance1 and barely simulate it in taste4 ,besides1 many of them are not used alone1 but are mixed with real coffee as adulterants4 ,the two main coffee substitutes are chicory and cereals4 ,chicory1 succory1 ,cichorium ,intybus1 is a perennial plant1 growing to a height of about three feet1 bearing blue flowers1 having a long tap root1 and possessing a foliage which is sometimes used as cattle food4 ,the plant is cultivated generally for the sake of its root1 which is cut into slices1 kiln-dried1 and then roasted in the same manner as coffee1 usually with the addition of a small proportion of some kind of fat4 ,the preparation and use of roasted chicory originated in ,holland1 about #agej4 ,fresh chicory#ahc contains about #gg percent water1 #g4e gummy matter1 #a4a of glucose1 #d4j of bitter extractive1 #j4f fat1 #i4j cellulose1 inulin and fiber1 and #j4h ash4 ,pure roasted chicory#ahd contains #gd4b percent water-soluble material1 comprised of #af4c percent water1 #bf4a glucose1 #i4f dextrin and inulin1 #c4b protein1 #af4d coloring matter1 and #b4f ash2 and #be4h percent insoluble substances1 namely1 #c4b percent protein1 #e4g fat1 #ab4c cellulose1 and #d4f ash4 ,the effect of roasting upon chicory is to drive off a large percentage of water1 increasing the reducing sugars1 changing a large proportion of the bitter extractives and inulin1 and forming dextrin and caramel as well as the characteristic chicory flavor4 ,the cereal substitutes contain almost every type of grain1 mainly wheat1 rye1 oats1 buckwheat1 and bran4 ,they are prepared in two general ways1 by roasting the grains1 or the mixtures of grains1 with or without the addition of such substances as sugar1 molasses1 tannin1 citric acid1 etc41 or by first making the floured grains into a dough1 and then baking1 grinding1 and roasting4 ,prior to these treatments1 the grains may be subjected to a variety of other treatments1 such as impregnation with various compounds1 or germination4 ,the effect of roasting on these grains and other substitutes is the production of a destructive distillation1 as in the case of coffee2 the crude fiber1 starches1 and other carbohydrates1 etc41 being decomposed1 with the production of a flavor and an aroma faintly suggesting coffee4 ,the number1 of other substitutes and imitations which have been employed are too numerous to warrant their complete description2 but it will prove interesting to enumerate a few of the more important ones1 such as malt1 starch1 acorns1 soya beans1 beet roots1 figs1 prunes1 date stones1 ivory nuts1 sweet potatoes1 beets1 carrots1 peas1 and other vegetables1 bananas1 dried pears1 grape seeds1 dandelion roots1 rinds of citrus fruits1 lupine seeds1 whey1 peanuts1 juniper berries1 rice1 the fruit of the wax palm1 cola nuts1 chick peas1 cassia seeds1 and the seeds of any trees and plants indigenous to the country in which the substitute is produced4 ,aside from adulteration by mixing substitutes with ground coffee1 and an occasional case of factitious molded berries1 the main sophistications of coffee comprise coating and coloring the whole beans4 ,coloring of green and roasted coffees is practised to conceal damaged and inferior beans4 ,lead and zinc chromates1 ,prussian blue1 ferric oxid1 coal-tar colors1 and other substances of a harmful nature1 have been employed for this purpose1 being made to adhere to the beans with adhesives4 ,as glazes and coatings1 a variety of substances have been employed1 such as butter1 margarin1 vegetable oils1 paraffin1 vaseline1 gums1 dextrin1 gelatin1 resins1 glue1 milk1 glycerin1 salt1 sodium bicarbonate1 vinegar1 ,irish moss1 isinglass1 albumen1 etc4 ,it is usually claimed that coating is applied to retain aroma and to act as a clarifying agent2 but the real reasons are usually to increase weight through absorption of water1 to render low-grade coffees more attractive1 to eliminate by-products1 and to assist in advertising4 ,,methods ,,of ,,analysis ,,of ,,coffees#ahe 7,official and ,tentative7 7,sole responsibility for any errors in compilation or printing of these methods is assumed by the author47 ,,green ,,coffee #a4 ,macroscopic ,examination--,tentative ,a macroscopic examination is usually sufficient to show the presence of excessive amounts of black and blighted coffee beans1 coffee hulls1 stones1 and other foreign matter4 ,these can be separated by hand-picking and determined gravi-metrically4 #b4 ,coloring ,matters--,tentative ,shake vigorously #ajj grams or more of the sample with cold water or #gj percent alcohol by volume4 ,strain through a coarse sieve and allow to settle4 ,identify soluble colors in the solution and insoluble pigments in the sediment4 ,,roasted ,,coffee #c4 ,macroscopic ,examination--,tentative ,artificial coffee beans are apparent from their exact regularity of form4 ,roasted legumes and lumps of chicory1 when present in whole roasted coffee1 can be picked out and identified microscopically4 ,in the case of ground coffee1 sprinkle some of the sample on cold water and stir lightly4 ,fragments of pure coffee1 if not over-roasted1 will float2 while fragments of chicory1 legumes1 cereals1 etc41 will sink immediately1 chicory coloring the water a decided brown4 ,in all cases identify the particles that sink by microscopical examination4 #d4 ,preparation of ,sample--,official ,grind the sample to pass through a sieve having holes #j4e mm4 in diameter and preserve in a tightly stoppered bottle4 #e4 ,moisture--,tentative ,dry #e grams of the sample at #aje--aaj;,c4 for #e hours and subsequent periods of an hour each until constant weight is obtained4 ,the same procedure may be used1 drying in vacuo at the temperature of boiling water4 ,in the case of whole coffee1 grind rapidly to a coarse powder and weigh at once portions for the determination without sifting and without unnecessary exposure to the air4 #f4 ,soluble ,solids--,tentative ,place #d grams of the sample in a #bjj-;cc4 flask1 add water to the mark1 and allow the mass to infuse for eight hours1 with occasional shaking2 let stand #af hours longer without shaking1 filter1 evaporate #ej cc4 of filtrate to dryness in a flat-bottomed dish1 dry at #ajj ,c41 cool and weigh4 #g4 ,ash--,official ,char a quantity of the substance1 representing about #b grams of the dry material1 and burn until free of carbon at a low heat1 not to exceed dull redness4 ,if a carbon-free ash can not be obtained in this manner1 exhaust the charred mass with hot water1 collect the insoluble residue on a filter1 burn till the ash is white or nearly so1 and then add the filtrate to the ash and evaporate to dryness4 ,heat to low redness1 until ash is white or grayish white1 and weigh4 #h4 ,ash ,insoluble in ,acid--,official ,boil the water-insoluble residue1 obtained as directed under #i1 or the total ash obtained as directed under #g1 with #be cc4 of #aj-percent hydrochloric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4jej7 for #e minutes1 collect the insoluble matter on a ,gooch crucible or an ashless filter1 wash with hot water1 ignite and weigh4 #i4 ,soluble and ,insoluble ,ash--,official ,heat #e to #aj grams of the sample in a platinum dish of from #ej to #ajj cc4 capacity at #ajj ,c4 until the water is expelled1 and add a few drops of pure olive oil and heat slowly over a flame until swelling ceases4 ,then place the dish in a muffle and heat at low redness until a white ash is obtained4 ,add water to the ash1 in the platinum dish1 heat nearly to boiling1 filter through ash-free filter paper1 and wash with hot water until the combined filtrate and washings measure to about #fj cc4 ,return the filter and contents to the platinum dish1 carefully ignite1 cool and weigh4 ,compute percentages of water-insoluble ash and water-soluble ash4 #aj4 ,alkalinity of the ,soluble ,ash--,official ,cool the filtrate from #i and titrate with ,n_/#aj hydrochloric acid1 using methyl orange as an indicator4 ,express the alkalinity in terms of the number of cc4 of ,n_/#aj acid per #a gram of the sample4 #aa4 ,soluble ,phosphoric ,acid in the ,ash--,official ,acidify the solution of soluble ash1 obtained in #i1 with dilute nitric acid and determine phosphoric acid 7,p#b,o#e74 ,for percentages up to #e use an aliquot corresponding to #j4d gram of substance1 for percentages between #e and #bj use an aliquot corresponding to #j4b gram of substance1 and for percentages above #bj use an aliquot corresponding to #j4a gram of substance4 ,dilute to #ge-ajj cc41 heat in a water-bath to #fj-fe ,c41 and for percentages below #e add #bj-be cc4 of freshly filtered molybdate solution4 ,for percentages between #e and #bj add #cj-ce cc4 of molybdate solution4 ,for percentages greater than #bj add sufficient molybdate solution to insure complete precipitation4 ,stir1 let stand in the bath for about #ae minutes1 filter at once1 wash once or twice with water by decantation1 using #be-cj cc4 each time1 agitate the precipitate thoroughly and allow to settle2 transfer to the filter and wash with cold water until the filtrate from two fillings of the filter yields a pink color upon the addition of phenolphthalein and one drop of the standard alkali4 ,transfer the precipitate and filter to the beaker1 or precipitating vessel1 dissolve the precipitate in a small excess of the standard alkali1 add a few drops of phenolphthalein solution1 and titrate with the standard acid4 #ab4 ,insoluble ,phosphoric ,acid in the ,ash--,official ,determine phosphoric acid 7,p#b,o#e7 in the ,insoluble ash by the foregoing method4 #ac4 ,chlorides--,official ,moisten #e grams of the substance in a platinum dish with #bj cc4 of a #e-percent solution of sodium carbonate1 evaporate to dryness and ignite as thoroughly as possible at a temperature not exceeding dull redness4 ,extract with hot water1 filter and wash4 ,return the residue to the platinum dish and ignite to an ash2 dissolve in nitric acid1 and add this solution to the water extract4 ,add a known volume of ,n_/#aj silver nitrate in slight excess to the combined solutions4 ,stir well1 filter and wash the silver chloride precipitate thoroughly4 ,to the filtrate and washings add #e cc4 of a saturated solution of ferric alum and a few cc4 of nitric acid4 ,titrate the excess silver with ,n_/#aj ammonium or potassium thiocyanate until a permanent light brown color appears4 ,calculate the amount of chlorin4 #ad4 ,caffein--,the ,fendler and ,stber ,method--,tentative ,pulverize the coffee to pass without residue through a sieve having circular openings #a mm4 in diameter4 ,treat a #aj-;gram sample with #aj grams of #aj-percent ammonium hydroxid and #bjj grams of chloroform in a glass-stoppered bottle and shake continuously by machine or hand for one-half hour4 ,pour the entire contents of the bottle on a #ab4e-;cm4 folded filter1 covering with a watch glass4 ,weigh #aej grams of the filtrate into a #bej-;cc4 flask and evaporate on the steam bath1 removing the last chloroform with a blast of air4 ,digest the residue with #hj cc4 of hot water for ten minutes on a steam bath with frequent shaking1 and let cool4 ,treat the solution with #bj cc4 7for roasted coffee7 or #aj cc4 7for unroasted coffee7 of #a-percent potassium permanganate and let stand for #ae minutes at room temperature4 ,add #b cc4 of #c-percent hydrogen peroxid 7containing #a cc4 of glacial acetic acid in #ajj cc474 ,if the liquid is still red or reddish1 add hydrogen peroxid1 #a cc4 at a time1 until the excess of potassium permanganate is destroyed4 ,place the flask on the steam bath for #ae minutes1 adding hydrogen peroxid in #j4e-;cc4 portions until the liquid becomes no lighter in color4 ,cool and filter into a separatory funnel1 washing with cold water4 ,extract four times with #be cc4 of chloroform4 ,evaporate the chloroform extract from a weighed flask with aid of an air blast and dry at #ajj ,c4 to constant weight 7one-half hour is usually sufficient74 ,weigh the residue as caffein and calculate on #g4e grams of coffee4 ,test the purity of the residue by determining nitrogen and multiplying by #c4dfd to obtain caffein4 #ae4 ,caffein--,power-,chestnut ,method--,official ,moisten #aj grams of the finely powdered sample with alcohol1 transfer to a ,soxhlet1 or similar extraction apparatus1 and extract with alcohol for #h hours4 7,care should be exercised to assure complete extraction47 ,transfer the extract with the aid of hot water to a porcelain dish containing #aj grams of heavy magnesium oxid in suspension in #ajj cc4 of water4 7,this reagent should meet the ,u4,s4,p4 requirements47 ,evaporate slowly on the steam bath with frequent stirring to a dry1 powdery mass4 ,rub the residue with a pestle into a paste with boiling water4 ,transfer with hot water to a smooth filter1 cleaning the dish with a rubber-tipped glass rod4 ,collect the filtrate in a liter flask marked at #bej cc4 and wash with boiling water until the filtrate reaches the mark4 ,add #aj cc4 of #aj-percent sulphuric acid and boil gently for #cj minutes with a funnel in the neck of the flask4 ,cool and filter through a moistened double paper into a separatory funnel and wash with small portions of #j4e-percent sulphuric acid4 ,extract with six successive #be-;cc4 portions of chloroform4 ,wash the combined chloroform extracts in a separatory funnel with #e cc4 of #a-percent potassium hydroxid solution4 ,filter the chloroform into an ,erlenmeyer flask4 ,wash the potassium hydroxid with #b portions of chloroform of #aj cc4 each1 adding them to the flask together with the chloroform washings of the filter paper4 ,evaporate or distil on the steam bath to a small volume 7#aj-ae cc471 transfer with chloroform to a tared beaker1 evaporate carefully1 dry for #cj minutes in a water oven1 and weigh4 ,the purity of the residue can be tested by determining nitrogen and multiplying by the factor #c4dfd4 #af4 ,crude ,fiber--,official ,prepare solutions of sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxid of exactly #a4be-percent strength1 determined by titration4 ,extract a quantity of the substance representing about #b grams of the dry material with ordinary ether1 or use residue from the determination of the ether extract4 ,to this residue in a #ejj-;cc4 flask add #bjj cc4 of boiling #a4be-percent sulphuric acid2 connect the flask with a reflux condenser1 the tube of which passes only a short distance beyond the rubber stopper into the flask1 or simply cover a tall conical flask1 which is well suited for this determination1 with a watch glass or short stemmed funnel4 ,boil at once and continue boiling gently for thirty minutes4 ,a blast of air conducted into the flask may serve to reduce the frothing of the liquid4 ,filter through linen1 and wash with boiling water until the washings are no longer acid2 rinse the substance back into the flask with #bjj cc4 of the boiling #a4be-percent solution of sodium hydroxid free1 or nearly so1 of sodium carbonate2 boil at once and continue boiling gently for thirty minutes in the same manner as directed above for the treatment with acid4 ,filter at once rapidly1 wash with boiling water until the washings are neutral4 ,the last filtration may be performed upon a ,gooch crucible1 a linen filter1 or a tared filter paper4 ,if a linen filter is used1 rinse the crude fiber1 after washing is completed1 into a flat-bottomed platinum dish by means of a jet of water2 evaporate to dryness on a steam bath1 dry to constant weight at #aaj ,c41 weigh1 incinerate completely1 and weigh again4 ,the loss in weight is considered to be crude fiber4 ,if a tared filter paper is used1 weigh in a weighing bottle4 ,in any case1 the crude fiber after drying to constant weight at #aaj ,c41 must be incinerated and the amount of the ash deducted from the original weight4 #ag4 ,starch--,tentative ,extract #e grams of the finely pulverized sample on a hardened filter with five successive portions 7#aj cc4 each7 of ether1 wash with small portions of #ie-percent alcohol by volume until a total of #bjj cc4 have passed through1 place the residue in a beaker with #ej cc4 of water1 immerse the beaker in boiling water and stir constantly for #ae minutes or until all the starch is gelatinized2 cool to #ee ,c41 add #bj cc4 of malt extract and maintain at this temperature for an hour4 ,heat again to boiling for a few minutes1 cool to #ee ,c41 add #bj cc4 of malt extract and maintain at this temperature for an hour or until the residue treated with iodin shows no blue color upon microscopic examination4 ,cool1 make up directly to #bej cc41 and filter4 ,place #bjj cc4 of the filtrate in a flask with #bj cc4 of hydrochloric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4abe72 connect with a reflux condenser and heat in a boiling water bath for #b4e hours4 ,cool1 nearly neutralize with sodium hydroxid solution1 and make up to #ejj cc4 ,mix the solution well1 pour through a dry filter and determine the dextrose in an aliquot4 ,conduct a blank determination upon the same volume of the malt extract as used upon the sample1 and correct the weight of reduced copper accordingly4 ,the weight of the dextrose obtained multiplied by #j4ij gives the weight of starch4 #ah4 ,sugars--,tentative ,see original4#ahf #ai4 ,petroleum ,ether ,extract--,official ,dry #b grams of coffee at #ajj ,c41 extract with petroleum ether 7boiling point #ce to #ej ,c47 for #af hours1 evaporate the solvent1 dry the residue at #ajj ,c41 cool1 and weigh4 #bj4 ,total ,acidity--,tentative ,treat #aj grams of the sample1 prepared as directed under #d1 with #ge cc4 of #hj-percent alcohol by volume in an ,erlenmeyer flask1 stopper1 and allow to stand #af hours1 shaking occasionally4 ,filter and transfer an aliquot of the filtrate 7#be cc4 in the case of green coffee1 #aj cc4 in the case of roasted coffee7 to a beaker1 dilute to about #ajj cc4 with water and titrate with ,n_/#aj alkali1 using phenolphthalein as an indicator4 ,express the result as the number of cc4 of ,n_/#aj alkali required to neutralize the acidity of #ajj grams of the sample4 #ba4 ,volatile ,acidity--,tentative ,into a volatile acid apparatus introduce a few glass beads1 and over these place #bj grams of the unground sample4 ,add #ajj cc4 of recently boiled water to the sample1 place a sufficient quantity of recently boiled water in the outer flask and distil until the distillate is no longer acid to litmus paper4 ,usually #ajj cc4 of distillate will be collected4 ,titrate the distillate with ,n_/#aj alkali1 using phenolphthalein as an indicator4 ,express the result as the number of cc4 of ,n_/#aj alkali required to neutralize the acidity of #ajj grams of the sample4 ,,unofficial ,,methods #bb4 ,protein ,determine nitrogen in #c grams of the sample by the ,kjeldahl or ,gunning method4 ,this gives the total nitrogen due to both the proteids and the caffein4 ,to obtain the protein nitrogen1 subtract from the total nitrogen the nitrogen due to caffein1 obtained by direct determination on the separated caffein or by calculation 7caffein divided by #c4dfd gives nitrogen74 ,multiply by #f4be to obtain the amount of protein4 #bc4 ,ten ,percent ,extract--,mc,gill ,method ,weigh into a tared flask the equivalent of #aj grains of the dried substance1 add water until the contents of the flask weigh #aaj grams1 connect with a reflux condenser and heat1 beginning the boiling in #aj to #ae minutes4 ,boil for #a hour1 cool for #ae minutes1 weigh again1 making up any loss by the addition of water1 filter1 and take the specific gravity of the filtrate at #ae ,c4 ,according to ,mc,gill1 a #aj-percent extract of pure coffee has a specific gravity of #a4jjihf at #ae ,c41 and under the same treatment chicory gives an extract with a specific gravity of #a4jbhba4 ,in mixtures of coffee and chicory the approximate percentage of chicory may be calculated by the following formula3 7#a4jbhba - sp4 gr47 ,percent of chicory #ajj ------------------ #j4jahce ,the index of refraction of the above solution may be taken with the ,zeiss immersion refractometer or with the ,abbe refractometer4 ,with a #aj-percent coffee extract1 nd #bj #a4ccgg4 ,with a #aj-percent chicory extract1 nd #bj #a4cddh4 ,determinations of the solids1 ash1 sugar1 nitrogen1 etc41 may be made in the #aj-percent extract1 if desired4 #bd4 ,caffetannic ,acid--,krug's ,method#ahg ,treat #b grains of the coffee with #aj cc4 of water and digest for #cf hours2 add #be cc4 of #ij-percent alcohol and digest #bd hours more1 filter1 and wash with #ij-percent alcohol4 ,the filtrate contains tannin1 caffein1 color1 and fat4 ,heat the filtrate to the boiling point and add a saturated solution of lead acetate4 ,if this is carefully done1 a caffetannate of lead will be precipitated containing #di percent of lead4 ,as soon as the precipitate has become flocculent1 collect on a tared filter1 wash with #ij-percent alcohol until free from lead1 wash with ether1 dry and weigh4 ,the precipitate multiplied by #j4eaeig gives the weight of the caffetannic acid4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,pharmacology ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,drink ,general physiological action--,effect on children--,effect on longevity--,behavior in the alimentary rgime--,place in dietary--,action on bacteria--,use in medicine--,physiological action of caffetannic acid--,of caffeol--,of caffein--,effect of caffein on mental and motor efficiency--,conclusions ,by ,charles ,w4 ,trigg ,industrial ,fellow of the ,mellon ,institute of ,industrial ,research1 ,pittsburgh1 #aiaf-aibj ,the published information regarding the effects of coffee drinking on the human system is so contradictory in its nature that it is hazardous to make many generalizations about the physiological behavior of coffee4 ,most of the investigations that have been conducted to date have been characterized by incompleteness and a failure to be sufficiently comprehensive to eliminate the element of individual idiosyncrasy from the results obtained4 ,accordingly1 it is possible to select statements from literature to the effect either that coffee is an elixir of life1 or even a poison4 ,this is a deplorable state of affairs1 not calculated to promote the dissemination of accurate knowledge among the consuming public1 but it may be partly excused upon the grounds that experimental apparatus has not always been at the level of perfection that it now occupies4 ,also1 to do justice to some of the able men who have interested themselves in this problem1 it should be said that some of their results were obtained in researches1 distinguished by painstaking accuracy1 which have effected the establishment of the major reactions of ingested coffee4 ,the ,physiological ,action of ,coffee ,drinking of coffee by mankind may be attributed to three causes3 the demand for1 and the pleasing effects of1 a hot drink 7a very small percentage of the coffee consumed is taken cold71 the pleasing reaction which its flavors excite on the gustatory nerve1 and the stimulating effect which it has upon the body4 ,the flavor is due largely to the volatile aromatic constituents1 caffeol1 which1 when isolated1 have a general depressant action on the system2 and the stimulation is caused by the caffein4 ,the general and specific actions of these individual components1 together with that of the hypothetical caffetannic acid1 are considered under separate headings4 ,coffee may be considered a member of the general class of adjuvant1 or auxiliary1 foods to which other beverages and condiments of negligible inherent food value belong4 ,its position on the average menu may be attributed largely to its palatability and comforting effects4 ,however1 the medicinal value of coffee in the dietary and per se must not be overlooked4 ,the ingestion of coffee infusion is always followed by evidences of stimulation4 ,it acts upon the nervous system as a powerful cerebro-spinal stimulant1 increasing mental activity and quickening the power of perception1 thus making the thoughts more precise and clear1 and intellectual work easier without any evident subsequent depression4 ,the muscles are caused to contract more vigorously1 increasing their working power without there being any secondary reaction leading to a diminished capacity for work4 ,its action upon the circulation is somewhat antagonistic2 for while it tends to increase the rate of the heart by acting directly on the heart muscle1 it tends to decrease it by stimulating the inhibitory center in the medulla4#ahh ,the effect on the kidneys is more marked1 the diuretic effect being shown by an increase in water1 soluble solids1 and of uric acid directly attributable to the caffein content of the coffee taken4 ,in the alimentary tract coffee seems to stimulate the oxyntic cells and slightly to increase the secretion of hydrochloric acid1 as well as to favor intestinal peristalsis4 ,it is difficult to accept reports of coffee accomplishing both a decrease in metabolism and an increase in body heat2 but if the production of heat by the demethylation of caffein to form uric acid and a possible repression of perspiration by coffee be considered1 the simultaneous occurrence of these two physiological reactions may be credited4 ,the disagreement of medical authorities over the physiological effects of coffee is quite pronounced4 ,this may be observed by a careful perusal of the following statements made by these men4 ,it will be noticed that the majority opinion is that coffee in moderation is not harmful4 ,just how much coffee a person may drink1 and still remain within the limits of moderation and temperance1 is dependent solely upon the individual constitution1 and should be decided from personal experience rather than by accepting an arbitrary standard set by some one who professes to be an authority on the matter4 ,a writer in the ,british ,homeopathic ,review#ahi says that the exciting effects of coffee upon the nervous system exhibit themselves in all its departments as a temporary exaltation4 ,the emotions are raised in pitch1 the fancies are lively and vivid1 benevolence is excited1 the religious sense is stimulated1 there is great loquacity4444 ,the intellectual powers are stimulated1 both memory and judgment are rendered more keen and unusual vivacity of verbal expression rules for a short time4 ,he continues3 ,hahnemann gives a characteristically careful account of the coffee headache4 ,if the quantity of coffee taken be immoderately great and the body be very excitable and quite unused to coffee1 there occurs a semilateral headache from the upper part of the parietal bone to the base of the brain4 ,the cerebral membranes of this side also seem to be painfully sensitive1 the hands and feet becoming cold1 and sweat appears on the brows and palms4 ,the disposition becomes irritable and intolerant1 anxiety1 trembling and restlessness are apparent4444 ,i have met with headaches of this type which yielded readily to coffee and with many more in which the indicated remedy failed to act until the use of coffee as a beverage was abandoned4 ,the eyes and ears suffer alike from the super-excitation of coffee4 ,there is a characteristic toothache associated with coffee4 ,in apparent contradiction of this opinion1 ,dr4 ,valentin ,nalpasse1#aij of the ,faculty of ,medicine of ,paris1 states3 ,when coffee is properly made and taken in moderation1 it is a most valuable drink4 ,it facilitates the digestion because it produces a local excitement4 ,its principal action gives clear and stable imaginative power to the brain4 ,by doing that1 it makes intellectual work easy1 and1 to a certain extent1 regulates the functions of the brain4 ,the thoughts become more precise and clear1 and mental combinations are formed with much greater rapidity4 ,under the influence of coffee1 the memory is sometimes surprisingly active1 and ideas and words flow with ease and elegance4444 ,many people abuse coffee without feeling any bad effect4 ,discussing the use and abuse of coffee1 ,i4,n4 ,love#aia says3 ,the world has in the infusion of coffee one of its most valuable beverages4 ,it is a prompt diffusible stimulant1 antiseptic and encourager of elimination4 ,in season it supports1 tides over danger1 helps the appropriate powers of the system1 whips up the flagging energies1 enhances the endurance2 but it is in no sense a food1 and for this reason it should be used temperately4 ,also ,dr4 ,jonathan ,hutchinson#aib makes the following weighty pronouncement3 ,in reference to my suggestion to give children tea and coffee4 ,i may explain that it is done advisedly4 ,there is probably no objection to their use even at early ages4 ,they arouse the dull1 calm the excitable1 prevent headaches1 and fit the brain for work4 ,they preserve the teeth1 keep them tight in their place1 strengthen the vocal chords1 and prevent sore throat4 ,to stigmatize these invaluable articles of diet as nerve stimulants is an erroneous expression1 for they undoubtedly have a right to rank as nerve nutrients4 ,but ,dr4 ,harvey ,wiley#aic comes forth with evidence on the other side1 saying3 ,the effects of the excessive use of coffee1 tea1 and other natural caffein beverages is well known4 ,although the caffein is combined in these beverages naturally1 and they are as a rule taken at meal times1 which mitigates the effects of the caffein1 they are recognized by every one as tending to produce sleeplessness1 and often indigestion1 stomach disorders1 and a condition which1 for lack of a better term1 is described as nervousness4444 ,the excessive drinking of tea and coffee is acknowledged to be injurious by practically all specialists4 ,dr4 ,v4,c4 ,vaughn1#aid of the ,university of ,michigan1 speaking of tea and coffee1 expresses this opinion3 ,i believe that caffein used as a beverage and in moderation not only is harmless to the majority of adults1 but is beneficial4 ,this verdict is upheld by the results of a symposium#aie conducted by the ,medical ,times1 in which a large majority of the medical experts participating1 among whom may be enumerated ,drs4 ,lockwood1 ,wood1 ,hollingworth1 ,robinson1 and ,barnes1 agreed that the drinking of coffee is not harmful per se1 but that over-indulgence is the real cause of any ill effects4 ,this is also true of any ingested material4 ,insomnia is a condition frequently attributed to coffee1 but that the authorities disagree on this ground is shown by ,wiley's#aif contention1 ,we know beyond doubt that the caffein 7in coffee7 makes a direct attack on the nerves and causes insomnia4 ,while ,woods ,hutchinson#aig observes3 ,oddly enough1 a cup of hot1 weak tea or coffee1 with plenty of cream and sugar1 will often help you to sleep1 for the grateful warmth and stimulus to the lining of the stomach1 drawing the blood into it and away from the head1 will produce more soothing effects than the small amount of caffein will produce stimulating and wakeful ones4 ,the writer has often had people remark to him that while black coffee sometimes kept them awake1 coffee with cream or sugar or both made them drowsy4 ,in the course of experiments conducted by ,montuori and ,pollitzer#aih it was found that coffee prepared by hot infusion when given by mouth or hypodermically with the addition of a small dose of alcohol proved an efficient means of combating the pernicious effects of low temperatures4 ,coffee prepared by boiling1 and tea1 showed negative effects4 ,the value of coffee as a strength-conserver1 and its function of increasing endurance1 morale1 and healthfulness1 was demonstrated by the great stress which the military authorities1 in the late and in previous wars1 placed upon furnishing the soldiers with plenty of good coffee1 particularly at times when they were under the greatest strain4 ,various articles#aii record this fact2 and these statements are further borne out by the data given below in the discussion of the physiological effects of caffein1 to which the majority of the stimulating effects of coffee may be attributed4 ,according to ,fauvel1#bjj with a healthy patient on a vegetable diet1 chocolate and coffee increase the excretion of purins1 diminishing the excretion of uric acid and apparently hindering the precipitation of uric acid in the organism4 ,this diminution1 however1 was not due to retention of uric acid in the organism4 ,habit-forming is one of the adjectives often used in describing coffee1 but it is a fact that coffee is much less likely than alcoholic liquors to cause ill effects4 ,a man rarely becomes a slave of coffee2 and excessive drinking of this beverage never produces a state of moral irresponsibility or leads to the commission of crime4 ,dr4 ,j4,w4 ,mallet1#bja in testimony given before a ,federal ,court1 stated that caffein and coffee were not habit-forming in the correct sense of the term4 ,his definition of the expression is that the habit formed must be a detrimental and injurious one--one which becomes so firmly fixed upon a person forming it that it is thrown off with great difficulty and with considerable suffering1 continuous exercise of the habit increasing the demand for the habit-forming drug4 ,it is well known that the desire ceases in a very short period of time after cessation of use of caffein-containing beverages1 so that in that sense1 coffee is not habit-forming4 ,illustration3 ,,men ,,and ,,women ,,laborers ,,picking ,,coffee ,,on ,a ,s,o ,,paulo ,,estate ,illustration3 ,,sacking ,,coffee ,,in ,a ,,warehouse ,,at ,,the ,,port ,,of ,,santos ,illustration3 ,,picking ,,and ,,sacking ,,coffee ,,in ,,brazil ,it has been shown by ,gourewitsch#bjb that the daily administration of coffee produces a certain degree of tolerance1 and that the doses must be increased to obtain toxic results4 ,harkness#bjc has been quoted as stating that taken in moderation2 coffee is one of the most wholesome beverages known4 ,it assists digestion1 exhilarates the spirits1 and counteracts the tendency to sleep4 ,carl ,v4 ,voit1#bjd the ,german physiological chemist1 says this about coffee3 ,the effect of coffee is that we are bothered less by unpleasant experiences and become more able to conquer difficulties2 therefore1 for the feasting rich1 it makes intestinal work after a meal less evident and drives away the deadly ennui2 for the student it is a means to keep wide awake and fresh2 for the worker it makes the day's fatigue more bearable4 ,dr4 ,brady#bje believes that the so-called harmfulness of coffee is mainly psychological1 as evidenced by his expression1 ,most of the prejudice which exists against coffee as a beverage is based upon nothing more than morbid fancy4 ,people of dyspeptic or neurotic temperament are fond of assuming that coffee must be bad because it is so good1 and accordingly1 denying themselves the pleasure of drinking it4 ,the recounting of evidence1 both pro and con1 relevant to the general effects of coffee could continue almost ad infinitum1 but the fairest unification of the various opinions is best quoted from ,woods ,hutchinson#bjf3 ,somewhere from #a to #c percent of the community are distinctly injured or poisoned by tea or coffee1 even small amounts producing burning of the stomach1 palpitation of the heart1 headache1 eruptions of the skin1 sensations of extreme nervousness1 and so on2 though the remaining #ig percent are not injured by them in any appreciable way if consumed in moderation4 ,so1 if one is personally satisfied that he belongs to the abnormal minority1 and has not been argued by fallacious reasoning into his belief that coffee injures him1 he should either reduce his consumption of coffee or let it alone4 ,even those most vitally interested in the commercial side of coffee will admit that this is the logical procedure4 ,effects of ,coffee on ,children ,the same sort of controversy has raged around the question of the advisability of giving coffee to children as has occurred regarding its general action4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,hutchinson#bjg advocates furnishing children with coffee1 while ,dr4 ,charlotte ,abbey#bjh is strongly against such a practise1 claiming that use of caffein-containing beverages before the attainment of full growth will weaken nerve power4 ,nalpasse#bji observes that until fully developed the young are immoderately excited by coffee2 and ,hawk#baj is of the opinion that to give such a stimulant to an active school-child is both logically and dietetically incorrect4 ,dr4 ,vaughn#baa advances this scientific argument against the drinking of coffee by children under seven years of age3 ,in proportion to body weight the young contain more of the xanthin bases than adults4 ,they are already laden with these physiological stimulants1 and the additional dose given in tea or coffee may be harmful4 ,in a study of the effects of coffee drinking upon #dfd school children1 ,c4,k4 ,taylor#bab found a slight difference in mental ability and behavior1 unfavorable to coffee4 ,about #bi percent of these children drank no coffee2 #df percent drank a cup a day2 #ab percent1 #b cups2 #h percent1 #c cups2 and the remainder1 #d or more cups a day4 ,the measurements of height1 weight1 and hand strength also showed a slight advantage in favor of the non-coffee drinkers4 ,if these results be taken as truly representative1 their indication is obvious4 ,however1 it seems desirable to repeat these experiments upon other groups2 at the same time noting carefully the factors of environment1 and other diet1 before any criterion is made4 ,as a refutation to this experimental evidence is the practical experience of the inhabitants of the ,island of ,groix1 off the ,brittany coast1 whose annual consumption of coffee is nearly #cj pounds per capita1 being ingested both as the roasted bean and as an infusion4 ,it is reported that many of the children are nourished almost entirely on coffee soup up to ten years of age1 yet the mentality and physique of the populace does not fall below that of others of the same stock and educational opportunities4#bac ,pertinent in this connection is ,hawk's#bad statement that young mothers should refrain from the use of coffee1 as caffein stimulates the action of the kidneys and tends to bring about a loss from the body of some of the salts necessary to the development of the unborn child as well as for the proper production of milk during the nursing period4 ,the caffein of coffee also increases the flow of milk1 but the milk produced is correspondingly dilute and a later decreased secretion may be expected4 ,furthermore1 some of the caffein of the coffee may pass into the mother's milk1 thus reaching the child1 so that the use of coffee during the nursing period is undesirable on this ground also4 ,naturally1 the question arises as to whether this arraignment is purely theoretical or based upon analytical and clinical data4 ,it is a difficult matter definitely to set an age below which coffee should not be drunk1 as the time of reaching maturity varies with climate and ancestral origin4 ,yet1 from a theoretical standpoint1 children before or during the adolescent period should be limited to the use of a rather small amount of tea and coffee as beverages1 as their poise and nerve control have not reached a stage of development sufficient to warrant the stimulation incident to the consumption of an appreciable quantity of caffein4 ,coffee ,drinking and ,longevity ,there are many who would have us believe that the use of coffee is only a means toward the end of quickly reaching the great beyond2 but it is known that the habitual coffee drinker generally enjoys good health1 and some of the longest-lived people have used it from their earliest youth without any apparent injury to their health4 ,nearly every one has an acquaintance who has lived to a ripe old age despite the use of coffee4 ,quoting ,metchnikoff#bae3 ,in some cases centenarians have been much addicted to the drinking of coffee4 ,the reader will recall ,voltaire's reply when his doctor described the grave harm that comes from the abuse of coffee1 which acts as a real poison4 ,well1 said ,voltaire1 ,i have been poisoning myself for nearly eighty years4 ,there are centenarians who have lived longer than ,voltaire and have drunk still more coffee4 ,elizabeth ,durieux1 a native of ,savoy1 reached the age of #aad4 ,her principal food was coffee1 of which she took daily as many as forty small cups4 ,she was jovial and a boon table companion1 and used black coffee in quantities that would have surprised an ,arab4 ,her coffee-pot was always on the fire1 like the tea-pot in an ,english cottage 7,lejoncourt1 p4 #hd2 ,chemin1 p4 #adg74 ,the entire matter resolves itself into one of individual tolerance1 resistivity1 and constitution4 ,numerous examples of young abstainers who have died and coffee drinkers who have still lived on can be found1 and vice versa1 the preponderance of instances being in neither direction4 ,bodies of persons killed by accident have been painstakingly examined for physiological changes attributable to coffee2 but no difference between those of coffee and of non-coffee drinkers 7ascertained by careful investigation of their life history7 could be discerned4#baf ,in the long run1 it is safe to say that the effect of coffee drinking upon the prolongation or shortening of life is neutral4 ,coffee in the ,alimentary ,tract ,when coffee is taken per os it passes directly to the stomach1 where its sole immediate action is to dilute the previous contents1 just as other ingested liquids do4 ,eventually the caffein content is absorbed by the system1 and from thence on a stimulation is apparent4 ,considerable conjecture has occurred over the difference in the effects of tea and coffee1 the most feasible explanation advanced being one appearing in the ,london ,lancet4#bag ,the caffein tannate of tea is precipitated by weak acids1 and the presumption is that it is precipitated by the gastric juice and1 therefore1 the caffein is probably not absorbed until it reaches the alkaline alimentary tract4 ,in the case of coffee1 however1 in whatever form the caffein may be present1 it is soluble in both alkaline and acid fluids1 and1 therefore1 the absorption of the alkaloid probably takes place in the stomach4 ,this theory1 if true1 goes far toward explaining the more rapid stimulation of coffee4 ,the statement has sometimes been made that milk or cream causes the coffee liquid to become coagulated when it comes into contact with the acids of the stomach4 ,this is true1 but does not carry with it the inference that indigestibility accompanies this coagulation4 ,milk and cream1 upon reaching the stomach1 are coagulated by the gastric juice2 but the casein product formed is not indigestible4 ,these liquids1 when added to coffee1 are partially acted upon by the small acid content of the brew1 so that the gastric juice action is not so pronounced1 for the coagulation was started before ingestion1 and the coagulable constituent1 casein1 is more dilute in the cup as consumed than it is in milk4 ,accordingly1 the particles formed by it in the stomach will be relatively smaller and more quickly and easily digested than milk per se4 ,it has been observed that coffee containing milk or cream is not as stimulating as black coffee4 ,the writer believes that this is probably due to mechanical inclusion of caffein in the casein and fat particles1 and also to some adsorption of the alkaloid by them4 ,this would materially retard the absorption of the caffein by the body1 spread the action over a longer period of time1 and hence decrease the maximum stimulation attained4 ,in a few instances1 a small fraction of one percent of coffee users1 there is a certain type of distress1 localized chiefly in the alimentary tract1 caused by coffee1 which can not be blamed upon the much-maligned caffein4 ,the irritating elements may be generally classified as compounds formed upon the addition of cream or milk to the coffee liquor1 volatile constituents1 and products formed by hydrolysis of the fibrous part of the grounds4 ,it may be generally postulated that the main causation of this discomfort is due to substances formed in the incorrect brewing of coffee1 the effect of which is accentuated by the addition of cream or milk1 when the condition of individual idiosyncrasy is present4 ,without enlarging upon his reason1 ,lorand#bah concludes that neither tea nor coffee is advisable for weak stomachs4 ,nalpasse1#bai however1 believes that coffee taken after meals makes the digestion more perfect and more rapid1 augmenting the secretions1 and that it agrees equally well with people inclined to embonpoint and heavy eaters whose digestion is slow and difficult4 ,thompson#bbj also observes that coffee drunk in moderation is a mild stimulant to gastric digestion4 ,eder#bba reported1 as the result of an inquiry into the action of coffee on the activity of the stomachs of ruminants1 that coffee infusions produced a transitory increase in the number and intensity of the movements of the paunch1 but that the influence exercised was very irregular4 ,an elaborate investigation of the action of tea and coffee on digestion in the stomach was made by ,fraser1#bbb in which he found that both retard peptic digestion1 the former to a greater degree than the latter4 ,the digestion of white of egg1 ham1 salt beef1 and roast beef was much less affected than that of lamb1 fowl1 or bread4 ,coffee seemed actually to aid the digestion of egg and ham4 ,he attributed the retarding effect to the tannic acid of the tea and the volatile constituents of the coffee--the caffein itself favoring digestion rather than otherwise4 ,tea increased the production of gas in all but salt foods1 whereas coffee did not4 ,coffee is1 therefore1 to be preferred in cases of flatulent dyspepsia4 ,hutchinson1 in his ,food and ,dietetics1 opines3 ,as regards the practical inferences to be drawn from experiences and observations1 it may be said that in health the disturbance of digestion produced by the infused beverages 7tea and coffee7 is negligible4 ,roberts1 indeed1 goes so far as to suggest that the slight slowing of digestion which they produce may be favored rather than otherwise1 as tending to compensate for too rapid digestibility which refinements of manufacture and preparation have made characteristic of modern foods4 ,regarding increase in secretory activity1 ,moore and ,allanston#bbc report that in their experience meat extracts1 tea1 caffein solution1 and coffee call forth a greater gastric secretion than does water1 while with milk the flow of gastric juice seems to be retarded4 ,cushing#bbd and others support this statement4 ,this action is partially explained by ,voit on the grounds that all tasty foods increase gastric secretion1 the action being partly psychological2 but ,cushing observed the same effects upon introducing coffee directly into the stomachs of animals4 ,in general1 a moderate amount of coffee stimulates appetite1 improves digestion and relieves the sense of plenitude in the stomach4 ,it increases intestinal peristalsis1 acts as a mild laxative1 and slightly stimulates secretion of bile4 ,excessive use1 however1 profoundly disturbs digestive function1 and promotes constipation and hemorrhoids4#bbe ,there is much evidence to support the view that neither tea1 coffee1 nor chicory in dilute solutions has any deleterious action on the digestive ferments1 although in strong solutions such an action may be manifest4#bbf ,after conducting exhaustive experiments with various types of coffee1 ,lehmann#bbg concluded that ordinary coffee is without effect on the digestion of the majority of sound persons1 and may be used with impunity4 ,coffee in the ,dietary--,food ,value ,there are three things to be considered in deciding upon the inclusion of a substance in the dietary--palatability1 digestibility without toxicity or disarrangement1 and calorific value4 ,coffee is as satisfactory from these viewpoints as any other food product4 ,the palatability of a well-made cup of good coffee needs no eulogizing2 it speaks for itself4 ,it adds enormously to the attractiveness of the meal1 and to our ability to eat with relish and appetite large amounts of solid foods1 without a subsequent uncomfortable feeling4 ,wiley#bbh says that the feeling of drowsiness after a full meal is a natural condition incidental to the proper conduct of digestion1 and that to drive away this natural feeling with coffee must be an interference with the normal condition4 ,however1 if by so doing1 we can increase our over-all efficiency without material harm to our digestive organs 7and we can and do71 the procedure has much in its favor both psychologically and dietetically4 ,the fact that coffee favors digestion without eventual disarrangement has been demonstrated above4 ,on the subject of the relative agreement with the constitution of foods of daily consumption1 ,dr4 ,english#bbi said3 ,it is well known that there is no species of diet which invariably suits all constitutions1 nor will that which is palatable and salutary at one time be equally palatable and salutary at another time to the same individual4 ,i think the most natural food provided for us is milk2 yet ,i will engage to show twenty instances where milk disagrees more than coffee4 ,further in this regard1 ,hutchinson#bcj considers that ninety percent of the dyspepsias attributed to coffee are due to malnutrition1 or to food simultaneously ingested1 no disease known to the medical profession being directly attributable to it4 ,no one cognizant of the facts will contend that a cup of black coffee has any direct food value2 but not so with the roasted bean4 ,this has quite an appreciable content of protein and fat1 both substances of high calorific value4 ,the inhabitants of the ,island of ,groix eat the whole roasted coffee bean in considerable quantity1 and seem to obtain considerable nourishment therefrom4 ,also1 the ,galla1 a wandering tribe of ,africa1 make large use of food balls1 about the size of billiard balls1 consisting of pulverized coffee held in shape with fat4 ,one ball is said to contain a day's ration2 and1 because of its food content and stimulating power1 serves to sustain them on long marches of days' duration4 ,when an infusion1 or decoction1 of roasted coffee is made1 about #a4be percent of the extracted matter is protein1 it being accompanied by traces of dextrin and sugar4 ,the same dearth of extraction of food materials occurs upon infusing coffee substitutes4 ,this small amount can have but little dietetic significance4 ,however1 upon addition of sugar and of milk or cream1 with their content of protein1 fat1 and lactose1 the calorific value of the cup of coffee rises4 ,lusk and ,gephart#bca give the food value of an ordinary restaurant cup of coffee as #aie4e calories1 and ,locke#bcb gives it as #aef4 ,mattei#bcc found that #h cc4 of an infusion of roasted ,mocha coffee of five-percent strength suppressed incipient polyneuritis in pigeons within a few hours' time4 ,their weight did not improve1 but otherwise they were completely restored to health4 ,however1 in from four to six weeks after the apparent cure1 the symptoms rapidly returned and the pigeons perished1 with symptoms of paralysis and cerebral complications4 ,the temporary cure was probably due to caffein stimulation and secondary actions of the volatile constituents of coffee1 which may be related to the vitamines2 for it is not likely that the vitamines would withstand the heat of roasting4 ,if ,b-vitamine does occur in roasted coffee1 it is present only in traces4#bcd ,the inclusion of coffee in the average dietary is warranted because of its evident worth as an aid to digestion and for its assimilating power1 thus earning its characterization as an adjuvant food4 ,action of ,coffee on ,bacteria ,the employment of coffee as an aid to sanitation has been but little considered4 ,coffee1 when freshly roasted and ground1 is deodorant1 antiseptic1 and germicidal1 probably due to the empyreumatic products developed during the process of roasting4 ,an infusion of #j4e percent inhibits the growth of many pathogenic organisms1 and those of #aj percent kill anthrax bacteria in three hours1 cholera spirilla in four hours1 and many other bacteria1 including those producing typhoid1 in two to six days4#bce ,the maintenance of a low rate of contraction of typhoid fever has often been attributed to drinking of coffee instead of water1 the action of the coffee being partly due to the bactericidal effect of the caffeol and partly to the boiling of the water before infusion4 ,the stimulating tendency of the caffein to sustain and to tide over those of low vitalities is also evidenced4 ,use of ,coffee in ,medicine ,coffee has been employed in medicinal practise as a direct specific1 as a preventive1 and as an antidote4 ,the ,united ,states ,dispensatory#bcf summarizes the uses of caffein and coffee as follows3 ,caffein is a valuable remedy in practical medicine as a cerebral and cardiac stimulant and as a diuretic4 ,in undue somnolence1 in nervous headache1 in narcotism1 also1 at times when the exigencies of life require excessively prolonged wakefulness1 caffein may be used as the most powerful agent known for producing wakefulness4 ,in a series of experiments1 ,j4 ,hughes ,bennett found that within narrow limits there is a direct physiological antagonism between caffein and morphine4 ,coffee and caffein in narcotic poisoning are of value as a means of keeping the patient awake1 and of stimulating the respiratory centres4 ,as a cardiac stimulant1 caffein may be used in any form of heart failure2 the indications for its use are those which call for the employment of digitalis4 ,it is superior to digitalis in never disagreeing with the stomach1 in having no distinctive cumulative tendency1 and in the promptness of its action4 ,it is pronouncedly inferior to digitalis in the power and certainty of its action1 and in the permanence of its influence once asserted4 ,as a diuretic it is superior2 it is very valuable in the treatment of cardiac dropsies1 and is often useful in chronic ,bright's disease when there is no irritation of the kidneys4 ,on account of its tendency to produce wakefulness1 it is usually better to mass the doses early in the day1 at least six hours being left between the last dose and the ordinary time for sleep4 ,from eight to fifteen grams 7of caffein7 may be given in the course of a day in severe cases4 ,if tried1 it would probably prove a useful drug in cases of sudden collapse from various causes4 ,good effects of coffee are recounted by ,thompson4#bcg ,it removes the sensation of fatigue in the muscles1 and increases their functional activity2 it allays hunger to a limited extent2 it strengthens the heart action2 it acts as a diuretic1 and increases the excretion of urea2 it has a mildly sudorific influence2 it counteracts nervous exhaustion and stimulates nerve centers4 ,it is used sometimes as a nervine in cases of migraine1 and there are many persons who can sustain prolonged mental fatigue and strain from anxiety and worry much better by the use of strong black coffee4 ,in low delirium1 or when the nervous system is overcome by the use of narcotics or by excessive hemorrhage1 strong black coffee is serviceable to keep the patient from falling into the drowsiness which soon merges into coma4 ,in such cases as much as half a pint of strong black coffee may be injected into the rectum4 ,strong coffee with a little lemon juice or brandy is often useful in overcoming a malarial chill or a paroxysm of asthma4 ,it is a useful temporary cardiac stimulant for children suffering collapse4 ,dr4 ,restrepo1#bch of ,medellin1 ,colombia1 claims to have cured many cases of chronic malaria and related diseases with infusion of green coffee1 after quinine had failed4 ,wallace#bci states that tincture of green coffee is a natural and efficacious specific for cholera1 and that she knows of more than a thousand eases of cholera and diarrhea which have been treated with it without an isolated case of failure4 ,landanabileo has been quoted as using raw coffee infusion in hepatic and nephritic diseases1 venal and hepatic colics1 and in diabetes4 ,in the ,civil ,war1 surgeons utilized coffee in allaying malarial fever and other maladies with which they had to contend1 often under the most trying conditions1 and with severely limited means of combating disease4#bdj ,its effect is to counteract the depressant action of low and miasmatic atmospheres1 opening the secretions which they have checked4 ,travelers from the colder climes soon find that the fragrant cup of coffee is a corrective to derangements of the liver resulting from climatic conditions4#bda ,dr4 ,guillasse1 of the ,french ,navy1 in a paper on typhoid fever1 says3 ,coffee has given us unhoped for satisfaction1 and after having dispensed it we find1 to our great surprise1 that its action is as prompt as it is decisive4 ,no sooner have our patients taken a few tablespoonfuls of it1 than their features become relaxed and they come to their senses4 ,the next day the improvement is such that we are tempted to look upon coffee as a specific against typhoid fever4 ,under its influence the stupor is dispelled1 and the patient arouses from the state of somnolency in which he has been since the invasion of the disease4 ,soon all the functions take their natural course1 and he enters upon convalescence4#bdb ,also it has been reported that in extreme cases of yellow fever1 coffee has been used most effectively by many physicians as the main reliance after all other well known remedies have been administered and failed4 ,according to ,lorand1#bdc the use of coffee in gout is strictly prohibited by ,umber and ,schittenhelm2 but he considered it a mistake absolutely to forbid coffee1 as1 when a person has good kidneys1 the small amount of uric acid furnished by the caffein can readily be eliminated4 ,a curious remedy for gout and rheumatism1 the efficacy of which the writer scouts1 is said to be#bdd--;a pint of hot1 strong1 black coffee1 which must be perfectly pure1 and seasoned with a teaspoonful of pure black pepper1 thoroughly mixed before drinking1 and the preparation taken just before going to bed4 ,if this has any value1 it is probably purely psychological in its function4 ,several writers#bde attribute amblyopia and other affections of the sight to coffee and chicory1 without giving much conclusive experimental data4 ,beer1#bdf a ,vienna oculist1 however1 held that the vapor from pure1 hot1 freshly-made coffee is beneficial to the eyes4 ,coffee and caffein are physiologically antagonistic to the common narcotics1 nicotine1 morphine1 opium1 alcohol1 etc41 and are frequently used as antidotes for these poisons4 ,binz found that dogs that have been stupified with alcohol could be awakened with coffee4 ,it may thus be prescribed for hard drinkers to counteract the baleful excitability produced by alcohol2 in fact1 many topers taper off after a long debauch with coffee containing small amounts of alcoholic beverages4 ,considering its ability to counteract the slow intoxication of tobacco1 it may be inferred that coffee is indispensable for hard smokers4 ,in general1 the medicinal value of coffee may be said to be directly attributable to its caffein content1 although its antiseptic properties are dependent upon the volatile aromatic constituents4 ,its function is to raise and to sustain vitalities which have been lowered by disease or drugs4 ,although some of the cures attributed to it are probably purely traditional2 still1 it must be admitted1 that by utilizing its stimulating qualities in many illnesses the patient may be carried past the danger point into convalescence4 ,physiological ,action of ,caffetannic ,acid ,it has been demonstrated in chapter ,,xvii that there is no definite compound caffetannic acid1 and that the heterogeneous material designated by this name does not possess the properties of tanning4 ,further substantiation of this contention1 and more evidence of the innocuous character of the tannin-like compounds in coffee1 are contained in the testimony of ,sollmann4#bdg ,tannins precipitate proteins1 gelatine1 and connective tissue1 and thus act as astringents1 styptics1 and antiseptics4 ,the different tannins are not equivalent in these respects4 ,some 7which are perhaps misnamed7 such as those of coffee and ipecac1 are practically non-precipitant4444 ,on the whole1 one may say that the small quantities of tannin ordinarily taken with the food and drink are not injurious1 but that large quantities 7excessive tea drinking7 are certainly deleterious4 ,the tannin of coffee is scarcely astringent1 and1 therefore1 lacks this action1 which is proven by the fact that it does not precipitate proteins4 ,it has been claimed that 'caffetannic acid' injures the stomach walls1 but there is no evidence that this is so4#bdh ,wiley1#bdi in reporting some of his experiments1 says3 ,apparently the efforts to saddle the injurious effects of coffee-drinking upon caffetannic acid in any form in which it may exist in the coffee-extract are not supported by these recent data4 ,the fact that tannins retard intestinal peristalsis1 whereas coffee promotes this digestive action1 lends further proof to the non-existence of tannin in coffee4 ,these statements by eminent authorities may be consolidated into the verity that there is no tannin1 in the true sense of the term1 in coffee2 and that the constituents of the coffee brew which have been so designated are physiologically harmless4 ,physiological ,action of ,caffeol ,the evidence regarding the physiological action of caffeol is contradictory in many cases4 ,j4 ,lehmann found in #ahec1 that the empyreumatic oil of coffee1 caffeone1 is active2 but more recent investigations have yielded results at variance with this4 ,hare and ,marshall#bej believe that they proved it to be active4 ,e4,t4 ,reichert1#bea however1 found it inactive in dogs1 excepting in so far that1 when given intravenously1 it mechanically interfered with the circulation4 ,with it ,binz#beb was able to produce in man only feeble nervous excitement1 with restlessness and increase in the rate and depth of respirations4 ,the general effects1 as summated by ,sollmann#bec are1 for small doses1 pleasant stimulation2 increased respiration2 increased heart rate1 but fall of blood pressure2 muscular restlessness2 insomnia2 perspiration2 congestion2 for large doses1 increased peristalsis and defecation2 depression of respiration and heart2 fall of blood pressure and temperature2 paralytic phenomena4 ,it is doubtful whether the quantities taken in the beverage cause any direct central stimulation4 ,investigations have also been conducted with the various known constituents of this coffee oil4 ,erdmann#bed found that in doses of between #j4e and #j4f gram per kilo of body weight1 furane-alcohol kills a rabbit by respiratory paralysis2 and that the symptoms of poisoning are a short primary excitement1 salivation1 diarrhea1 respiratory depression1 continuous fall of the body temperature1 and death from collapse with respiratory failure4 ,in man1 doses of from #j4f to #a gram of furane-alcohol increased respiratory activity without producing other symptoms4 ,however1 man is not as susceptible to these compounds as are the smaller animals4 ,but even if their relative susceptibility be assumed to be the same1 the lethal dose given the rabbit is equivalent to giving a #adj-pound man one dose containing the furane-alcohol content of over #e1jjj cups of coffee4 ,thus1 in view of the very apparent minuteness of the quantity of this compound present in one cup of coffee1 together with the fact that it is not cumulative in its physiological action1 the importance of its toxic properties becomes very inconsequential to even the most profuse and inveterate coffee drinkers4 ,burmann#bee reported the volatile principle to have a reducing action on the hemoglobin2 a depressing effect on the blood pressure2 a depressant action on the central nervous system1 disturbing the cardiac rhythm2 and an action on the respiratory centers1 causing dyspnea4 ,the report of ,sayre#bef regarding the minimum lethal dose of the concentrated combined active principles of coffee obtained from dry distillation is1 for frogs1 administered intraperitoneally and subcutaneously1 #j4jc cubic centimeters per gram of body weight2 for guinea pigs per stomach1 #g4j cc4 per kilogram of body weight1 and administered intravenously and intraperitoneally1 about #a4j cc4 per kilogram4 ,this evidence regarding the physiological action of caffeol can not in any wise be construed to indicate a harmfulness of coffee4 ,the percentage of these volatile substances in a cup of coffee infusion is so low as to be relatively negligible in its action4 ,and1 again1 the caffein content of the brew1 as will be seen1 tends to counteract any possible desultory effects of the caffeol4 ,general ,physiological ,action of ,caffein ,more attention has been given to the study of the physiological action of caffein than to that of the other individual constituents of coffee4 ,since certain of the effects of coffee drinking have been attributed to this alkaloid1 a brief presentment of the pharmacology of caffein will be given as an exposition of the many statements made regarding it4 ,according to the ,british ,pharmaceutical ,codex#beg3 ,caffein exerts three important actions3 7#a7 on the central nervous system3 7#b7 on muscles1 including cardiac3 and 7#c7 on the kidney4 ,the action on the central nervous system is mainly on that part of the brain connected with psychical functions4 ,it produces a condition of wakefulness and increased mental activity4 ,the interpretation of sensory impressions is more perfect and correct1 and thought becomes clearer and quicker4 ,with larger doses of caffein the action extends from the psychical areas to the motor area and to the cord1 and the patient becomes at first restless and noisy1 and later may show convulsive movements4 ,caffein facilitates the performance of all forms of physical work1 and actually increases the total work which can be obtained from muscle4 ,on the normal man1 however1 it is impossible to say how much of the action on the muscle is central and how much peripheral1 but1 as fatigue shows itself first by an action on the center1 it is probable that the action of caffein in diminishing fatigue is mainly central4 ,caffein accelerates the pulse and slightly raises blood pressure4 ,it has no action in any way resembling digitalis2 by increasing the irritability of the cardiac muscle1 its prolonged use rather tends to fatigue than to rest the heart4 ,caffein and its allies form a very important group of diuretics4 ,the urine is generally of a lower specific gravity than normal1 since it contains a lesser proportion of salt and urea2 but the total excretion of solids1 both as regards urea1 uric acid1 and salts1 is increased4 ,caffein1 by exciting the medulla1 produces an initial vaso-constriction of the kidneys1 which tends at first to retard the flow of urine4 ,so in recent years1 other drugs have been introduced1 allies of caffein1 which act like it on the kidneys1 but are without the stimulant action on the brain4 ,theobromine is such a drug4 ,another authority states that#beh3 ,one of the most constant symptoms produced in man by over-doses of caffein is excessive diuresis1 and experiments made upon the lower animals show that caffein acts as a diuretic not only by influencing the circulation1 but also by directly affecting the secreting cells1 the probabilities being in favor of the first of these theories of action4 ,according to ,schroeder1 not only the water but also the solids of the urine are increased4 ,the question whether caffein has an influence upon tissue changes and the consequent nitrogenous elimination can not be considered as distinctly answered1 though the most probable conclusion is that the action of caffein upon urea elimination and upon general nutrition is not direct or pronounced4 ,while the therapeutic dose of caffein is broken up in the body with the formation of methylxanthin1 which escapes with the urine1 the toxic dose is at least in part eliminated by the kidney unchanged4 ,the metabolism of the methyl purins1 of which group caffein is a member1 appears to vary with the quantity ingested4 ,the manner in which the methyl group is liberated by the cell protoplasm is said#bei to determine the amount of stimulus which the tissues receive from these substances4 ,the xanthin group is almost without any excitatory action1 and its metabolic end products are constant4 ,perhaps the variation in the excretions of unchanged methylpurins is dependent upon the amount of total reactive energy they invoke4 ,baldi#bfj found that caffein in small doses increases muscular excitability in dogs and frogs4 ,the spinal and muscular hyperic excitability produced by caffein is1 in his opinion1 due to the methyl groups attached to the xanthin nucleus4 ,fredericq#bfa states that caffein increases the irritability of the cardiac vagus and accelerates the appearance of pseudofatigue of the vagus which is produced by prolonged stimulation of the nerve4 ,the action of caffein on the mammalian heart has also been investigated by ,pilcher1#bfb who found that1 following the rapid intravenous injection of caffein1 there is an acute fall of blood pressure2 and with a maximal quantity of caffein1 #aj milligrams per kilogram1 the cardiac volume and the amplitude of the excursions are usually unchanged4 ,with larger quantities1 the volume progressively increases and the amplitude of the excursion decreases4 ,salant#bfc found that the intravenous injection of #ae to #be milligrams of caffein per kilogram in animals was followed by a fall of blood pressure amounting to #g to #ce percent in most cases1 which was transitory1 although in some animals it remained unchanged4 ,a moderate rise was rarely observed4 ,caffein aids the action of nitrates1 acetanilid1 ethyl alcohol and amyl alcohol1 and increases the toxicity of barium chloride4 ,in a very thorough study of the toxicity of caffein which he made with ,reiger1#bfd a greater toxicity of about #ae to #bj percent by subcutaneous injection than by mouth1 and but about one-half this when injected peritoneally1 was found4 ,intramuscularly the toxicity is #cj percent greater than subcutaneously4 ,in making the tests on animals1 they found that individuality1 season1 age1 species1 and certain pathological conditions caused variation in the toxic effect of the administered caffein4 ,low protein diet tends to decrease resistance to caffein in dogs1 and a milk or meat diet does the same for growing dogs4 ,caffein is not cumulative for the rabbit or dog4 ,as a result of experiments on the action of caffein on the bronchiospasm caused by peptone 7,witte71 silk peptone1 ,b-imidoazolyl-ethylamin1 curare1 vasodilation1 and mucarin1 ,pal#bfe concluded that caffein stimulates certain branches of the peripheral sympathetic and is thus enabled to widen the bronchi or remove bronchiospasm4 ,according to ,lapicque#bff1 caffein produces a change in the excitability of the medulla of the frog similar to that produced by raising the temperature of the nerve centers4 ,schrhoff#bfg has pointed out that the continued use of large quantities of caffein will produce cardiac irregularity and sleeplessness4 ,cochrane#bfh cited three cases where caffein was hypodermically administered in cases of acute indigestion1 etc41 and concluded that the cases prove that caffein1 or a compound containing it as a synergist1 does indirectly make the injection of morphia a safe proceeding1 and directly increases the force of the heart and arterial tension4 ,however1 ,wood#bfi found that medium doses of caffein do not produce any marked rise in blood pressure1 and cause a reduction in pulse rate4 ,he attributes the contradictory results which prior investigations gave1 to employment of unusually large doses and to inaccurate experimental methods4 ,caffein was found by ,nonnenbruch and ,szyszka#bgj to have a slight action toward accelerating the coagulation time of the blood1 being active over several hours4 ,it inhibits coagulation in vitrio4 ,its action in the body apparently rests on an increase of the fibrin ferment4 ,there is no reason to believe that the behavior is dependent on a toxic action1 but there is probably an action on the spleen2 for in several rabbits from which the spleen was removed1 no action was observed4 ,experiments conducted by ,levinthal#bga gave no positive information as to the formation of uric acid from caffein in the human organism4 ,the elimination of caffein has also been studied by ,salant and ,reiger#bgb1 who found that larger amounts of caffein are demethylated in carnivora than in herbivora1 and resistance to caffein is inversely as demethylation1 caffein being much more toxic in the former class4 ,in a similar investigation1 ,zenetz#bgc observed that caffein is very slightly eliminated from the system by the kidneys1 and that its action on the heart is cumulative2 therefore he concludes that it is contra-indicated in all renal diseases1 in arterio-sclerosis1 and in cardiac affections secondary to them4 ,the inaccuracy of these conclusions regarding the non-elimination of caffein and those of ,albanese1#bgd ,bondzynski and ,gottlieb#bge1 ,leven#bgf1 ,schurtzkwer#bgg1 and ,minkowski#bgh1 has been shown by ,mendel and ,wardell#bgi1 who point out that many of these experimenters worked with dogs1 in which the chief end-product of purin metabolism is not uric acid1 but allantoin4 ,they observe that the increase in excretion of uric acid after the addition of caffein to the diet seems to be proportional to the quantity of caffein taken1 and equivalent to from #aj to #ae percent of the ingested caffein4 ,the remainder of the caffein is probably eliminated as mono-methylpurins4 ,regarding the alleged cumulative action of caffein1 ,pletzer#bhj1 ,liebreich1#bha ,szekacs#bhb1 ,pawinski1#bhc and ,seifert#bhd all concluded from their investigations that the action of caffein is usually of brief duration1 and does not have a cumulative effect1 because of its rapid elimination2 so that there is no danger of intoxication4 ,dr4 ,oswald ,schmiedeberg says3 ,caffein is a means of refreshing bodily and mental activity1 so that this may be prolonged when the condition of fatigue has already begun to produce restraint1 and to call for more severe exertion of the will1 a state which1 as is well known1 is painful or disagreeable4 ,this advantageous effect1 in conditions of fatigue1 of small quantities of caffein1 as it is commonly taken in coffee or tea1 might1 however1 by continued use become injurious1 if it were in all cases necessarily exerted2 that is to say1 if by caffein the muscles and nerves were directly spurred on to increased activity4 ,this is not the case1 however1 and just in this lies the peculiarity of the effect in question4 ,the muscles and the simultaneously-acting nerves only under the influence of caffein respond more easily to the impulse of the will1 but do not develop spontaneous activity2 that is1 without the co-operation of the will4 ,the character of caffein action makes plain that these food materials do not injure the organism by their caffein content1 and do not by continued use cause any chronic form of illness4 ,according to ,dr4 ,hollingworth's#bhe deductions1 caffein is the only known stimulant that quickens the functions of the human body without a subsequent period of depression4 ,his explanation for this behavior is that caffein acts as a lubricator for the nervous system1 having an actual physical action whereby the nerves are enabled to do their work more easily4 ,other stimulants act on the nerves themselves1 causing a waste of energy1 and consequently1 according to nature's law1 a period of depression follows1 and the whole process tends to injure the human machine4 ,in not a single instance during his experiments at ,columbia ,university did depression follow the use of caffein4 ,of course1 caffein1 like any other alkaloid1 if used to excess will prove harmful1 due to the over-stimulation induced by it4 ,however1 taken in moderate quantities1 as in coffee and tea by normal persons1 the conclusions of ,hirsch#bhf may be taken as correct1 namely3 caffein is a mild stimulant1 without direct effect on the muscles1 the effect resulting from its own destruction and being temporary and transitory2 it is not a depressant either initially or eventually2 and is not habit-forming but a true stimulant1 as distinguished from sedatives and habit-forming drugs4 ,caffein and ,mental and ,motor ,efficiency ,the literature on the influence of caffein on fatigue has been summarized1 and the older experiments clearly pointed out1 by ,rivers#bhg4 ,a summary of the most important researches which have had as their object the determination of the influence of caffein on mental and motor processes has been made by ,hollingworth#bhh1 from whose monograph much of the following material has been taken4 ,increase in the force of muscular contractions was demonstrated in #ahib by ,de ,sarlo and ,barnardini#bhi for caffein and by ,kraepelin for tea4 ,these investigators used the dynamometer as a measure of the force of contraction2 however1 most of the subsequent work on motor processes has been by the ergographic method4 ,ugolino ,mosso#bij1 ,koch#bia4 ,rossi#bib1 ,sobieranski#bic1 ,hoch and ,kraepelin1#bid ,destre1#bie ,benedicenti1#bif ,schumberg1#big ,hellsten1#bih and ,joteyko1#bii have all observed a stimulating effect of caffein on ergographic performance4 ,only one investigation of those reported by ,rivers failed to find an appreciable effect1 that of ,oseretzkowsky and ,kraepelin1#cjj while ,fer#cja affirms that the effect is only an acceleration of fatigue4 ,in spite of the general agreement as to the presence of stimulation there is some dissension regarding whether only the height of the contractions or their number or both are affected4 ,as might be expected from the great diversity of methods employed1 the quantitative results also have varied considerably4 ,carefully controlled experiments by ,rivers and ,webber#cjb confirm in general the conclusion reached by all previous workers that caffein stimulates the capacity for muscular work2 and it is clear that this increase is not due to the various psychical factors of interest1 sensory stimulation1 and suggestion1 which the experiments were especially designed to exclude4 ,the greatest increase 444 falls1 however1 far short of that described by some previous workers1 such as ,mosso2 and it is probable that part of the effect described by these workers was due to the factors in question4 ,investigations of mental processes under the influence of caffein have been much less frequent1 most notable among which are those of ,dietl and ,vintschgau1#cjc ,dehio1#cjd ,kraepelin and ,hoch1#cje ,ach1#cjf ,langfeld1#cjg and ,rivers4#cjh ,kraepelin#cji observes3 ,we know that tea and coffee increase our mental efficiency in a definite way1 and we use these as a means of overcoming mental fatigue 444 ,in the morning these drinks remove the last traces of sleepiness and in the evening when we still have intellectual tasks to dispose of they aid in keeping us awake4 ,their use induces a greater briskness and clearness of thought1 after which secondary fatigue is either entirely absent or is very slight4 ,tendency toward habituation of the pyschic functions to caffein has been studied by ,wedemeyer#caj1 who found that in the regular administration of it in the course of four to five weeks there is a measurable weakening of its action on psychic processes4 ,rivers#caa1 who seems to have been the first to appreciate fully the genuine and practical importance of thoroughly controlling the psychological factors that are likely to play a rle in such experiments1 concludes that caffein increases the capacity for both muscular and mental work1 this stimulating action persisting for a considerable time after the substance has been taken without there being any evidence1 with moderate doses1 of reaction leading to diminished capacity for work1 the substance thus really diminishing and not merely obscuring the effects of fatigue4 ,,effect ,,of ,,caffein ,,on ,,mental ,,and ,,motor ,,processes ,schematic ,summary of ,all ,results ,st4,stimulation4 #j,no effect4 ,ret4,retardation4 ,,primary ,,effect ,small ,doses ,medium ,doses ,large ,doses ,secondary ,reaction ,action ,time ,hrs4 ,duration in ,hrs4 ,process ,tests ,motor speed #a4 ,tapping ,st4 ,st4 ,st4 ,none 4#ge-a4e #b-d ,coordination #b4 ,three-hole ,st4 #j ,ret4 ,none #a-a4e #c-d #c4 ,typewriting 7a7 ,speed ,st4 #j ,ret4 ,none ,results show 7b7 ,errors ,fewer for all ,none only in total doses days' work ,association #d4 ,color-naming ,st4 ,st4 ,st4 ,none #b-b4e #c-d #e4 ,opposites ,st4 ,st4 ,st4 ,none #b4e-c ,next day #f4 ,calculation ,st4 ,st4 ,st4 ,none #b4e ,next day ,choice #g4 ,discrimination reaction time ,ret4 #j ,st4 ,none #b-d ,next day #h4 ,cancellation ,ret4 8 ,st4 ,none #c-e ,no data #i4 ,s-,w illusion #j #j #j ,general #aj4 ,steadiness 8 ,unsteadiness ,none #a-c #c-d #aa4 ,sleep quality ,individual differences #ab4 ,sleep quantity depending on body weight #b 8 #ac4 ,general health and conditions of administration ,subsequent to these investigations was that of ,hollingworth#cab which is at once the most comprehensive1 carefully conducted1 and scientifically accurate one yet performed4 ,he employed an ample number of subjects in his experimentation2 and both his subjects1 and the assistants who recorded the observations1 were in no wise cognizant of the character or quantity of the dose of caffein administered1 the other experimental conditions being similarly rigorous and extensive4 ,the purpose of his study was to determine both qualitatively and quantitatively the effect of caffein on a wide range of mental and motor processes1 by studying the performance of a considerable number of individuals for a long period of time1 under controlled conditions2 to study the way in which this influence is modified by such factors as the age1 sex1 weight1 idiosyncrasy1 and previous caffein habits of the subjects1 and the degree to which it depends on the amount of the dose and the time and conditions of its administration2 and to investigate the influence of caffein on the general health1 quality and amount of sleep1 and food habits of the individual tested4 ,to obtain this information the chief tests employed were the steadiness1 tapping1 coordination1 typewriting1 color-naming1 calculations1 opposites1 cancellation1 and discrimination tests1 the familiar size-weight illusion1 quality and amount of sleep1 and general health and feeling of well-being4 ,a brief review of the results of these tests is given in the tabular summary4 ,from these ,hollingworth concluded that caffein influenced all the tests in a given group in much the same way4 ,the effect on motor processes comes quickly and is transient1 while the effect on higher mental processes comes more slowly and is more persistent4 ,whether this result is due to quicker reaction on the part of motor-nerve centers1 or whether it is due to a direct peripheral effect on the muscle tissue is uncertain1 but the indications are that caffein has a direct action on the muscle tissue1 and that this effect is fairly rapid in appearance4 ,the two principal factors which seem to modify the degree of caffein influence are body weight and presence of food in the stomach at the time of ingestion of the caffein4 ,in practically all of the tests the magnitude of the caffein influence varied inversely with the body weight1 and was most marked when taken on an empty stomach or without food substance4 ,this variance in action was also true for both the quality and amount of sleep1 and seemed to be accentuated when taken on successive days2 but it did not appear to depend on the age1 sex1 or previous caffein habits of the individual4 ,those who had given up the use of caffein-containing beverages during the experiment did not report any craving for the drinks as such1 but several expressed a feeling of annoyance at not having some sort of a warm drink for breakfast4 ,it is interesting to note that he also found a complete absence of any trace of secondary depression or of any sort of secondary reaction consequent upon the stimulation which was so strikingly present in many of the tests4 ,the production of an increased capacity for work was clearly demonstrated1 the same being a genuine drug effect1 and not merely the effect of excitement1 interest1 sensory stimulation1 expectation1 or suggestion4 ,however1 this study does not show whether this increased capacity comes from a new supply of energy introduced or rendered available by the drug action1 or whether energy already available comes to be employed more effectively1 or whether fatigue sensations are weakened and the individual's standard of performance thereby raised4 ,but they do show that from a standpoint of mental and productive physical efficiency the widespread consumption of caffeinic beverages1 even under circumstances in which and by individuals for whom the use of other drugs is stringently prohibited or decried1 is justified4 ,conclusion ,brief summarization of the information available on the pharmacology of coffee indicates that it should be used in moderation1 particularly by children1 the permissible quantity varying with the individual and ascertainable only through personal observation4 ,used in moderation1 it will prove a valuable stimulant increasing personal efficiency in mental and physical labor4 ,its action in the alimentary rgime is that of an adjuvant food1 aiding digestion1 favoring increased flow of the digestive juices1 promoting intestinal peristalsis1 and not tanning any portion of the digestive organs4 ,it reacts on the kidneys as a diuretic1 and increases the excretion of uric acid1 which1 however1 is not to be taken as evidence that it is harmful in gout4 ,coffee has been indicated as a specific for various diseases1 its functions therein being the raising and sustaining of low vitalities4 ,its effect upon longevity is virtually nil4 ,a small proportion of humans who are very nervous may find coffee undesirable2 but sensible consumption of coffee by the average1 normal1 non-neurasthenic person will not prove harmful but beneficial4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xix ,,the ,,commercial ,,coffees ,,of ,,the ,,world ,the geographical distribution of the coffees grown in ,north ,america1 ,central ,america1 ,south ,america1 the ,west ,india ,islands1 ,asia1 ,africa1 the ,pacific ,islands1 and the ,east ,indies--,a statistical study of the distribution of the principal kinds--,a commercial coffee chart of the world's leading growths1 with market names and general trade characteristics ,a study of the geographical distribution of the coffee tree shows that it is grown in well-defined tropical limits4 ,the coffee belt of the world lies between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn4 ,the principal coffee consuming countries are nearly all to be found in the north temperate zone1 between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle4 ,the leading commercial coffees of the world are listed in the accompanying commercial coffee chart1 which shows at a glance their general trade character4 ,the cultural methods of the producing countries are discussed in chapter ,,xx2 statistics in chapter ,,xxii2 and the trade characteristics1 in detail1 in chapter ,,xxiv1 which considers also countries and coffees not so important in a commercial sense4 ,mexico is the principal producing country in the northern part of the western continent1 and ,brazil in the southern part4 ,in ,africa1 the eastern coast furnishes the greater part of the supply2 while in ,asia1 the ,netherlands ,indies1 ,british ,india1 and ,arabia lead4 ,within the last two decades there has been an expansion of the production areas in ,south ,america1 ,africa1 and in southeastern ,asia2 and a contraction in ,british ,india and the ,netherlands ,indies4 ,the ,shifting ,coffee ,currents of the ,world ,seldom does the coffee drinker realize how the ends of the earth are drawn upon to bring the perfected beverage to his lips4 ,the trail that ends in his breakfast cup1 if followed back1 would be found to go a devious and winding way1 soon splitting up into half-a-dozen or more straggling branches that would lead to as many widely scattered regions4 ,if he could mount to a point where he could enjoy a bird's-eye view of these and a hundred kindred trails1 he would find an intricate criss-cross of streamlets and rivers of coffee forming a tangled pattern over the tropics and reaching out north and south to all civilized countries4 ,this would be a picture of the coffee trade of the world4 ,it would be a motion picture1 with the rivulets swelling larger at certain seasons1 but seldom drying up entirely at any time4 ,in the main the streamlets and rivers keep pretty much the same direction and volume one year after another1 but then there is also a quiet shifting of these currents4 ,some grow larger1 and others diminish gradually until they fade out entirely4 ,in one of the regions from which they take their source a tree disease may cause a decline2 in another1 a hurricane may lay the industry low at one quick stroke2 and in still another1 a rival crop may drain away the life-blood of capital4 ,but for the most part1 when times are normal1 the shift is gradual2 for international trade is conservative1 and likes to run where it finds a well-worn channel4 ,in recent times1 of course1 the big disturbing element in the coffee trade was the ,world ,war4 ,whole countries were cut out of the market1 shipping was drained away from every sea lane1 stocks were piled high in exporting ports1 prices were fixed1 imports were sharply restricted1 and the whole business of coffee trading was thrown out of joint4 ,to what extent has the world returned to normal in this trade8 ,were the stoppages in trade merely temporary suspensions1 or are they to prove permanent8 ,how are the old1 long-worn channels filling up again1 now that the dams have been taken away8 ,we are now far enough removed from the war to begin to answer these questions4 ,we find our answer in the export figures of the chief producing countries1 which for the most part are now available in detail for one or two post-war years4 ,these figures are given in the tables below2 and for comparison1 there are also given figures showing the distribution of exports in #aiac and in an earlier year near the beginning of the century4 ,these figures1 of course1 do not necessarily give an accurate index to normal trade2 as in any given year some abnormal happening1 such as an exceptionally large crop or a revolution1 may affect exports drastically as compared with years before and after4 ,but normally the proportions of a country's exports going to its various customers are fairly constant one year after another1 and can be taken for any given year as showing approximately the coffee currents of that period4 ,the figures following are for the calendar year unless the fiscal year is indicated4 ,where figures could not be obtained from the original statistical publications1 they have been supplied as far as possible from consular reports4 ,,brazil4 ,the war naturally increased the dependence of ,brazil on its chief customer1 and the proportion of the total crop coming to this country since the war has continued to be large4 ,shipments to ,united ,states ports in #aibj represented about fifty-four percent of the total exports4 ,figures for that year indicate also that ,france and ,belgium were working back to their normal trade2 but that ,spain1 ,great ,britain1 and the ,netherlands were taking much less coffee than in the year just before the war4 ,germany was buying strongly again1 her purchases of #gb1jjj1jjj pounds being about half as much as in #aiac4 ,shipments to ,italy were four times as heavy as in #aiac4 ,the natural return to normal was much interfered with by speculation and valorization4 ,brazil seems to have come through the cataclysmic period of the war in better style than might have been expected4 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,brazil #aijj #aiac #aibj ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,united ,states #eff1fhf1cde #fej1jga1ccg #hbf1dbe1cdj ,france #gh1djh1hfb #bdd1bie1bhb #bjc1fid1bab ,great ,britain #f1ddb1gci #cb1eei1gae #i1eig1cgh ,germany #bce1aca1hha #bdf1gfg1add #gb1aif1icd ,aus4-,hungary #ga1fif1eef #acd1die1caj ,netherlands #ajb1gaa1hhg #aif1afi1bdj #di1gfj1gfg ,italy #ag1eei1ajg #ca1cfd1fef #acb1edc1gih ,spain #hfh1fag #ad1djg1ijf #f1jeg1hcc ,belgium #da1ejj1fch #eh1heh1efb #db1cji1dfi ,other countries #ei1dcb1hhb #ade1hif1cbg #aha1gif1iai ------------- ------------- ------------- ,total #a1ahj1dci1ead #a1ged1hhe1dgi #a1ebd1chb1fej ,the #aijj figures are for the ports of ,rio1 ,santos1 ,bahia1 and ,victoria4 ,other countries in #aiac included ,argentina1 #cb1ida1ahb pounds2 ,sweden1 #bh1jde1gcg pounds2 ,cape ,colony1 #ae1icj1gca pounds2 ,denmark1 #f1beb1ica pounds4 ,in #aibj they included ,argentina1 #cg1gcf1dih pounds2 ,sweden1 #ea1jbf1eia pounds2 ,denmark1 #ah1gfd1dhc pounds2 ,cape ,colony1 #bf1icf1fec pounds4 ,,venezuela4 ,venezuela's coffee trade was deeply affected by the war2 both because the ,germans were prominent in the industry1 and because the regular shipping service to ,europe was discontinued4 ,large amounts of coffee were piled up at the ports and elsewhere2 and when the restrictions were swept away in #aiai1 an abnormal exportation resulted4 ,although ,germany had been one of the chief buyers before the war1 ,venezuela was by no means dependent on the ,german market4 ,in fact1 her combined shipments to ,france and the ,united ,states1 just before the war1 were three times as great as her exports to ,germany4 ,these two countries took two-thirds of her total exports in #aibj4 ,spain and the ,netherlands were also prominent buyers4 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,venezuela #aijf #aiac #aibj ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,united ,states #ce1gjd1cih #de1egj1bfh #dc1fgj1aia ,france #ba1gdh1cgj #df1dac1agd #d1fdg1igh ,germany #e1bgj1had #cb1bjc1igb #edf1cfc ,aus4-,hungary #bhi1hea #c1jae1gbc ,spain #c1acc1jab #g1cgb1hci #ae1baj1gef ,netherlands #bh1edi1ibj #b1ijc1hjf #a1hcf1bji ,italy #cae1bic #b1hje1idh #gai1hej ,great ,britain #djd1gbj #ih1gif #a1eah1age ,other countries #b1ffc1ejg #a1fca1adc #e1egg1aaj ------------- ------------- ------------- ,total #ih1jgi1hhe #adb1jae1ffi #gc1gbf1fcb ,,commercial ,,coffee ,,chart ,the ,world's ,leading ,growths1 with ,market ,names and ,general ,trade ,characteristics ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,grand ,division ,country ,principal,best ,known ,trade ,characteristics ,shipping ,market ,ports ,names ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,north ,mexico ,vera ,cruz,coatepec ,greenish to yellow ,america ,huatusco bean2 mild flavor4 ,orizaba ,central ,guatemala ,puerto ,cobn ,waxy1 bluish bean2 ,america ,barrios ,antigua mellow flavor4 ,salvador ,la ,santa ,ana ,smooth1 green bean2 ,libertad ,santa ,teclaneutral flavor4 ,costa ,puerto ,costa ,ricas,blue-greenish bean2 ,rica ,limon mild flavor4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,west ,haiti ,cape ,haiti ,blue bean2 rich1 ,indies ,haitien fairly acid2 sweet flavor4 ,santo ,santo ,santo ,flat1 greenish-yellow ,domingo ,domingo ,domingo bean2 strong flavor4 ,jamaica ,kingston ,blue ,bluish-green bean2 ,mountain rich1 full flavor4 ,porto ,ponce ,porto ,gray-blue bean2 ,rico ,ricans strong1 heavy flavor4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,south ,colombia ,savanilla,medellin ,greenish-yellow bean2 ,america ,manizales1 rich1 mellow flavor4 ,bogota ,bucaramanga ,venezuela ,la ,guaira,merida ,greenish-yellow bean2 ,maracaibo,cucuta mild1 mellow flavor4 ,caracas ,brazil ,santos ,santos ,small bean2 mild flavor4 ,rio de ,rio ,large bean2 strong ,janeiro cup4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,asia ,arabia ,aden ,mocha ,small1 short1 green to yellow bean2 unique1 mild flavor4 ,india ,madras ,mysore ,small to large1 ,calicut ,coorg blue-green bean2 7,kurg7 strong flavor4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,east ,india ,malay ,penang ,straits ,liberian and ,robusta ,islands ,states 7,geo't'n7 growths from ,singapore,liberian1 ,malaysia4 ,robusta ,sumatra ,padang ,mandheling ,large1 yellow to ,ankola brown bean2 heavy ,ayer body2 exquisite ,bangies flavor4 ,java ,batavia ,preanger ,small1 blue to ,cheribon1 yellow bean2 ,kroe light in cup4 ,celebes ,menado ,minahassa ,large1 yellow bean2 ,macassar aromatic cup4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,africa ,abyssinia ,jibuti ,harar ,large1 blue to yellow ,abyssinia bean2 very like ,mocha4 ,pacific ,hawaiian ,honolulu ,kona ,large1 blue1 flinty ,islands ,islands ,puna bean2 mildly acid4 ,philippines,manila ,manila ,yellow and brown large bean2 mild cup4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,colombia4 ,colombian statistics of foreign trade are issued very irregularly1 and no figures are available to afford comparison between pre-war and post-war trade4 ,the figures below1 however1 will show the comparative amounts of coffee going to the chief buying countries at different periods4 ,from these it will be seen that the countries mainly interested in the trade in ,colombian coffee are those prominent in the trade in other tropical ,american sections4 ,england1 ,france1 ,germany1 and the ,united ,states took the great bulk of the exports4 ,a consular report written after the outbreak of the war says3 ,prior to the war the ,united ,states took about seventy percent of ,colombia's coffee crop2 the remainder being about equally divided between ,england1 ,france1 and ,germany1 with ,england taking the largest share4 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,colombia,a 7,from ,barranquilla only7 #ahii #aije #aiaf ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,great ,britain #bb1egc1hbh #g1bfh1dbi #ddb1jbf ,france #f1hgc1gbb #dif1abj #a1fhe1ded ,germany #i1cdh1jbh #h1efh1aca ,united ,states #ag1iia1ejj #dc1eah1gjd #acd1bib1heh ,other countries #g1cif1che #bc1gec1fgh ---------- ---------- ----------- ,total #ef1ghg1jgh #fg1bdg1gfi #afj1agd1jaf ,a ,these figures are taken from a consular report1 which gave statistics only for the port of ,barranquilla and did not include the total shipments from that port4 ,shipments from ,cartagena1 the only other exporting port of any consequence1 amounted to #g1hcf1eje pounds1 destination not stated4 ,the ,barranquilla figures1 in the absence of official statistics1 can be taken as fairly representative of the total trade so far as destination is concerned4 ,they are for fiscal years1 ending ,june #cj4 ,other countries in #aiaf included ,italy1 #a1ace1acg pounds2 ,venezuela1 #bj1efd1cba pounds2 ,dutch ,west ,indies1 #djj1acb pounds4 ,,central ,,america4 ,the three largest producing countries of ,central ,america1 ,guatemala1 ,salvador1 and ,costa ,rica1 were all closely linked to ,germany by the coffee trade before the war4 ,german capital was heavily invested in coffee plantations2 ,german houses had branches in the principal cities2 and ,german ships regularly served the chief ports4 ,accordingly1 when the blockade became effective1 these countries were placed in a difficult position4 ,but fortunately for them1 a special effort had been made shortly before by ,pacific-coast interests in the ,united ,states to divert a part of the coffee trade to ,san ,francisco#cac ,the market to the east being shut off1 these countries turned naturally to the north4 ,this trade with the ,united ,states has apparently been firmly established1 and there has not yet been much of a return to ,german ports4 ,,guatemala4 ,of the three countries named1 ,guatemala was the most heavily involved in ,german trade4 ,in #aiac she sent to ,germany #ec1jjj1jjj pounds of coffee1 a fifth more than in #aijj4 ,her shipments of more than #aj1jjj1jjj pounds to the ,united ,kingdom were about the same as at the beginning of the century4 ,the war turned both these currents into ,united ,states ports1 and they continued to flow in that direction through #aibj4 ,the figures follow3 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,guatemala #aijj #aiac #aibj ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,germany #dd1daf1jfd #ec1bcb1iaj #deb1bjf ,united ,states #ad1jeg1abj #ba1ahh1ddd #gh1bbf1ejh ,united ,kingdom #aa1dfg1fhj #aj1fff1fjd #b1cda1bag ,other countries #c1jda1ehd #f1fda1icf #ac1ahe1fch ---------- ---------- ---------- ,total #gb1ihb1ddh #ia1gbi1hid #id1bje1efi ,other countries in #aiac included ,austria-,hungary1 #d1bje1djj pounds2 ,netherlands1 #djg1ijj pounds4 ,in #aibj1 they included ,netherlands1 #aj1cee1fbe pounds2 ,sweden1 #dbb1dba pounds2 ,norway1 #eg1djh pounds2 ,spain1 #ig1eai pounds2 ,france1 #bg1ief pounds4 ,,salvador4 ,salvador is one of the countries in which the publication of foreign-trade statistics has been irregular in the past1 and none is available to show the full trade in coffee at the beginning of the century4 ,a consular report gives figures for the first half of #aijj4 ,the most recent statistics show that the ,united ,states still holds much of the trade gained during the war1 although ,salvador is sending to ,scandinavian countries many millions of pounds of her coffee that came to the ,united ,states in war-time4 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,salvador #aijj 7#ast #f mos47 #aiac #aibj ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,united ,states #f1gjj1aja #aj1ggi1fee #df1bfb1bef ,france #bb1idh1gab #ae1iee1ibj #f1fhf1gad ,germany #f1fjg1hib #ab1abj1acc #hac1aff ,great ,britain #d1cif1dfe #c1dae1ahg #d1bbf1jfa ,italy #d1cbb1jjc #i1ech1igf ,aus4-,hungary #a1cce1fbf #c1eeg1dhb ,belgium #baj1hcd #e1ejh #c1ajd ,spain #bd1gii #cgg1gbi #cfd1bif ,other countries #c1ibj #g1aic1ajg #bd1eji1jga ---------- ---------- ---------- ,total #df1eej1ceb #fb1idc1fig #hb1hfd1ffh ,other countries in #aiac included ,norway1 #b1jgj1bbj pounds2 ,sweden1 #b1bch1ccb pounds2 ,netherlands1 #gch1fid pounds2 ,chile1 #fji1dda pounds2 ,russia1 #ie1fbe pounds2 ,denmark1 #adj1ffe pounds4 ,in #aibj1 they included ,norway1 #aj1gbf1cge pounds2 ,chile1 #a1ggb1cdf pounds2 ,netherlands1 #a1jga1fad pounds2 ,sweden1 #i1fce1idg pounds2 ,denmark1 #a1jfa1ggb pounds4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,flourishing ,,coffee ,,estate ,,in ,,chiapas1 ,,mexico ,illustration3 ,,laborers ,,bringing ,,in ,,the ,,day',s ,,pickings1 ,,near ,,bogota1 ,,colombia ,illustration3 ,,mild-,,coffee ,,culture ,,and ,,preparation ,,costa ,,rica4 ,english1 ,french1 and ,german capital was heavily invested in ,costa ,rica before the war1 and all three nations were interested in the coffee trade4 ,for many years ,england had maintained the lead as a coffee customer1 and shipments continued in large volume after the war4 ,the following figures are for the crop year ending ,september #cj3 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,costa ,,rica #aijc #aiac #aiba ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,united ,states #f1chh1bcf #a1fbe1hff #ad1acg1fje ,great ,britain #bg1gef1ffa #bc1dfd1hbg #ac1dah1ebg ,france #a1bda1haf #gda1edh #cac1ech ,germany #b1fgf1hda #b1eha1jee #cgf1fdi ,other countries #adg1ibe #bhh1eba #a1aee1jff ---------- ---------- ---------- ,total #ch1baa1dgi #bh1gja1hag #bi1dja1che ,in #aijj total shipments were #ce1dif1jee pounds1 of which #bj1ehg1gab pounds went to ,great ,britain2 #h1hgd1jad pounds to the ,united ,states2 and #c1ijd1eff pounds to ,germany4 ,other countries in #aijc included ,spain1 #di1ahi pounds2 ,italy1 #d1ajd pounds4 ,in #aiba1 they included ,netherlands1 #hcg1dif pounds2 ,spain1 #cjh1cjh pounds2 ,chile1 #i1bei pounds4 ,,mexico4 ,mexico has naturally sent most of her coffee across the border into the ,united ,states1 and she continued to do so during and after the war4 ,but she had worked up a very important trade with ,europe1 chiefly with ,germany2 and ,german capital1 and ,german planters and merchants were prominent in the industry4 ,france and ,england also were interested in the trade1 and purchased annually several million pounds4 ,during the war1 as shown by the exports in its final year1 this trade almost entirely ceased1 and the ,united ,states and ,spain remained as the only consumers of ,mexican coffee4 ,details of the after-war trade are not yet available in published statistics4 ,in the following table1 #aijj and #aiah are calendar years1 and #aiac is a fiscal year4 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,mexico #aijj #aiac #aiah ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,united ,states #bh1hhb1ied #bh1jab1fee #bc1haf1jdd ,germany #aj1jgd1jja #aj1dfa1chb ,aus4-,hungary #afc1icd #cj1hfd ,belgium #be1hee #ci1gbb ,spain #edf1acb #ahd1ida #f1ahd1did ,france #c1ibg1bid #d1dhb1jaa ,netherlands #bbj1fjg #df1bif ,great ,britain #c1hdh1fje #b1agj1ffi ,cuba #dfg1bja #cg1iba #aga1ebg ,italy #aeg1fec #cdg1geh ,other countries #fee1jgc ---------- ---------- ---------- ,total #dh1cad1bcf #df1dfi1bib #cj1agb1jfe ,in #aiac other countries included ,panama1 #cdb1aca pounds2 ,canada1 #bgf1efg pounds2 ,sweden1 #c1jgi pounds2 ,british ,honduras1 #cc1agi pounds2 ,denmark1 #aab pounds4 ,,jamaica4 ,the ,french1 more than any other peoples in ,europe1 have cultivated a taste for coffee from the ,west ,indies2 and ,france normally has led all other countries in shipments from the larger producing islands1 including ,jamaica1 although the island is a ,british possession4 ,in the year before the war1 ,france bought nearly #d1jjj1jjj pounds of ,jamaican coffee1 more than half the total production4 ,in the year #aijj-ja also she took about #d1jjj1jjj pounds1 leading all other countries4 ,this trade was very much cut down during the war1 but was not wiped out4 ,as shown in the figures for #aiah1 ,england largely took the place of ,france in that year1 and ,canada increased her purchases several hundred percent4 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,jamaica #aija 7fis4 yr47 #aiac #aiah ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,great ,britain #a1hdi1def #fga1ddj #f1iai1hjh ,canada #aji1ecf #bfc1hgb #a1hai1cbh ,united ,states #b1igf1eab #hjb1jcb #fdc1hhh ,france #c1ieh1cjd #c1gdc1bfd #gbi1abj ,aus4-,hungary #ajd1bgb #cjc1bif ,cuba #aad1hjj ,barbados #bbf1dfd #bf1iib ,other countries #ejh1gjd #ejg1bdh #ig1ddj ---------- ---------- ---------- ,total #i1fba1ehd #f1eag1faf #aj1bcf1egf ,other countries in #aija included ,british ,west ,indies1 #caf1eab pounds4 ,in #aiac1 they included ,netherlands1 #abe1baf pounds2 ,norway1 #bh1hif pounds2 ,sweden1 #gj1bbd pounds2 ,italy1 #df1eib pounds2 ,australia1 #ga1def pounds4 ,,haiti4 ,prior to the taking over of the administration of the customs of ,haiti by the ,united ,states1 detailed statistics of the exports are almost wholly lacking4 ,france took most of the annual production1 continuing a trade that dated back to old colonial times4 ,an ,american consular report says3 ,before the war there was no market for ,haitian coffee in the ,united ,states1 practically the entire crop going to ,europe1 with ,france as the largest consumer4 ,however1 there has been for some time past a determined effort made to create a demand in the ,united ,states1 and this is said to be meeting with ever-increasing success4 ,the actual success achieved can be measured by the following figures for the fiscal year ended ,september #cj1 #aibj3 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,haiti ,exported to ,pounds ,united ,states #bg1fdg1jgg ,france #bc1iba1jhc ,great ,britain #ci1ehc ,other countries #aj1cfb1cea ,total #fa1igj1jid ,these figures do not include #f1cbb1afg pounds of coffee triage1 or waste1 of which the ,united ,states took #b1jbh1ceb pounds2 ,france1 #a1dia1ejg pounds4 ,,dominican ,,republic4 ,the comparatively small production of the ,dominican ,republic was divided among the ,united ,states and three or four ,european countries before the war4 ,since the war the exports have been scattered among the former customers in varying amounts4 ,germany is again a buyer1 although her purchases have not come back to anything like the pre-war level4 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,the ,,dominican ,,republic #aijf #aiac #aibj ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,united ,states #efd1bia #ejf1def #ebi1hca ,france #efi1bae #a1bdh1dah #ded1afe ,germany #a1efb1aic #cbg1hdc #fi1bbd ,italy ,b #aie1bid #ea1edc ,cuba ,b #be1fbh #acb1efi ,great ,britain ,b #ffj #ed1aad ,other countries #bba1jbh #h1aed #gj1bbj ,total #b1iaf1gbg #b1cab1dec #a1cfa1fff ,b ,no shipments1 or included in other countries4 ,other countries in #aibj included only the ,netherlands4 ,,porto ,,rico4 ,in spite of several attempts on the part of ,porto-,rican planters to make their product popular in the markets of the ,united ,states1 the ,american consumer has never found the taste of that coffee to his liking4 ,the big market for the ,porto-,rican product has been ,cuba1 which has depended on her neighbor for most of her supply4 ,this demand takes a large part of the annual crop1 including the lower grades4 ,the better grades1 before the war1 went largely to ,europe1 mostly to the ,latin countries4 ,during the war1 the ,cuban market carried the ,porto-,rican planters through1 although shipments of considerable size continued to go to ,france and ,spain4 ,recovery of the pre-war trade with ,europe1 however1 has been slow1 ,spain being the only country to take over #a1jjj1jjj pounds in #aibj4 ,shipments to that country totaled #c1dgb1bjd pounds2 those to ,france1 #ijj1hfh pounds4 ,both countries increased their purchases considerably in #aiba4 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,porto ,,rico #aijj-ja 7fis4 yr47 #aiac #aiba ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,united ,states #bi1efe #fbh1hdc #baa1eca ,france #c1cdh1jbe #f1jbj1agj #a1fbe1jfe ,spain #b1eij1jif #f1hea1bce #e1gje1icb ,aus4-,hungary #chf1aeh #f1gbi1gbf ,germany #dic1hia #hgf1cae #cfc1iic ,belgium #i1ifd #be1hfg #bcd1jai ,italy #faa1jcc #c1dih1aeg #dc1dhd ,netherlands #h1hfj #dig1ich #be1aii ,sweden #cb1cij;,c #fcc1jdf #bff1eej ,cuba #d1fcc1ech #bc1agi1fij #ba1ace1cig ,other countries #ac1gbj #cic1ehf #cef1gji ,total #ab1aeg1bdj #di1ccd1egc #bi1ifg1hgi ,c ,includes ,norway4 ,,hawaii4 ,the war disarranged ,hawaii's coffee trade very little1 as she had for many years been shipping chiefly to continental ,united ,states4 ,recently a considerable trade with the ,philippines has developed4 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,hawaii #aija-jb 7fis4 yr47 #aiac #aiba ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,united ,states #a1jhb1iid #c1cic1jji #d1ahc1jdf ,canada #gg1ijj #aj1bjj #aa1cee ,japan #bd1aee #di1afg #bc1iej ,germany #b1ajj #a1fab ,philippines ,d #icb1fdj #gdg1gjj ,other countries #bc1cdi #di1agi #ac1jgj ,total #a1baj1dih #d1dce1hjg #d1igi1aba ,d ,no exports1 or included in other countries4 ,,aden4 ,lying on the edge of the war area and on the road to ,india1 ,aden felt the full force of the disarrangement of commercial traffic by the war4 ,ordinarily1 ,aden is not only the chief outlet for the coffee of the interior of ,arabia--the original ,mocha--but it is also the transhipping point for large amounts from ,africa and ,india4 ,the figures given below relate for the most part to this transhipped coffee4 ,exports of coffee from ,aden go chiefly to the ,united ,kingdom1 ,france1 and the ,united ,states1 and to other ports of ,arabia and ,africa4 ,before the war no great proportion went to the ,central ,powers4 ,the following figures apply to fiscal years ending ,march #ca3 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,aden #aija 7fis4 yr47 #aiad 7fis4 yr47 #aiba 7fis4 yr47 ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,great ,britain #a1efc1fcb #fif1igf #dff1ibh ,united ,states #b1dab1cfh #d1cjj1abh #b1ejg1cdd ,france #c1ghi1bif #b1ige1hdj #had1jaf ,egypt #a1jbd1egf #c1ajh1ccf ,arab4 ,gulf ,pts4 #hfj1afj #heb1cbj #fjf1eib ,germany #bdg1ahd #dfe1acf ,aus4-,hungary #cda1aeb #eec1ieb ,italy #aig1efh #haa1ffd #g1ejd ,br4 ,somaliland #bhj1bbd #bc1djh ,e ,africa #ccg1cdd #b1cij1fdj #bib1hhj ,other countries #a1aad1hdh #b1ejj1def #a1fei1ejd ,total #ab1afh1ceb #ae1egj1ebj #i1dfc1ajd ,e ,including adjacent islands1 but exclusive of ,british territory4 ,other countries in #aiad included ,australia1 #bbb1cbj pounds2 ,perim1 #adb1jaf pounds2 ,zanzibar1 #adh1hdh pounds2 ,mauritius1 #aed1fgb pounds2 ,seychelles1 #aaf1gjd pounds2 ,sweden1 #aah1gbj pounds2 ,norway1 #di1afh pounds2 ,russia1 #aif1ddh pounds4 ,in #aiba1 they included ,denmark1 #abj1fbd pounds2 ,spain1 #abd1bjh pounds2 ,massowah1 #daj1gjd pounds4 ,,british ,,india4 ,as ,india's trade before the war was chiefly with the mother country1 with ,france1 and with ,ceylon1 the return to normal has been rapid4 ,in the year following the war1 these three customers were again credited with the largest amounts exported from ,india1 except for shipments to ,greece1 which took little before the war4 ,the following figures are for the fiscal years ending ,march #ca3 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,british ,,india #aija 7fis4 yr47 #aiad 7fis4 yr47 #aibj7;fis4 yr47 ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,great ,britain #ae1fgh1gfh #aj1cdc1ecf #h1ach1add ,ceylon #a1jhh1ebh #a1dbh1aab #a1dbc1jgb ,france #h1dcj1jaf #aj1ibd1haf #i1bef1ceb ,belgium #fag1gib #a1jba1ffd ,germany #abf1efj #a1jcc1jhh #be1cab ,aus4-,hungary #abc1cab #a1ceh1hif #h1djj ,italy #bc1ifh #bb1fbd #cj1iab ,united ,states #ed1jif #af1egf ,turkey in ,asia #bcb1agf #eja1ihd #ihf1gbj ,f ,africa #aah1bgb #aac1cdd #fai1fif ,other countries #a1ajf1ghd #b1cfj1gcf #aj1jba1fdh ---------- ---------- ---------- ,total #bg1fjj1bgb #bi1ajh1hjj #cj1ebf1hcb ,f ,including adjacent islands4 ,other countries in #aiad included ,netherlands1 #bch1efj pounds2 ,australia1 #gdh1fjh pounds2 ,bahrein ,islands1 #geg1efh pounds4 ,in #aibj1 they included ,greece1 #f1dhg1cgf pounds2 ,australia1 #dha1aeb pounds2 ,bahrein ,islands1 #a1jha1fif pounds2 ,aden and dependencies1 #dei1ihd pounds2 other ,arabian ports1 #hij1agf pounds4 ,,dutch ,,east ,,indies4 ,the war played havoc with the coffee trade of the ,dutch ,east ,indies1 taking away shipping1 closing trade routes1 and causing immense quantities of coffee to pile up in the warehouses4 ,when the war ended1 this coffee was released2 and trade was consequently again abnormal1 although in the opposite direction from that it took during war years4 ,the #aibj figures indicate that the trade is working back into its old channels4 ,,coffee ,,exports ,,from ,,dutch ,,east ,,indies #aijj #aiac #aibj;,g ,exported to ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,netherlands #ha1dhi1jjj #cc1cbc1gdh;,h ,h#ej1jbh1hae ,great ,britain #hh1jjj #iha1bja #e1ihg1eih ,france #b1efj1jjj #i1jha1gae;,h #e1daj1ehb ,aus4-,hungary #a1aec1jjj #iif1ihh ,germany #ga1jjj #iig1gae;,h #ge1fii ,egypt #e1did1jjj #ajd1hfh #a1dah1cac ,united ,states #h1djh1jjj #e1fie1ahj #ag1bgd1ebb ,singapore #i1ieb1jjj #d1ghe1ehj #h1cdi1dae ,other countries #b1ife1jjj #g1hca1gcb #aj1dge1eji ----------- ---------- ----------- ,total #aab1ahj1jjj #fc1gih1gbg #ii1jbj1dec ,g ,these figures cover only ,java and ,madura4 ,h ,includes shipments for orders4 ,other countries in #aibj included1 ,norway1 #b1fjf1dba pounds2 ,sweden1 #gbh1ehj pounds2 ,australia1 #a1eec1die pounds2 ,british ,india1 #a1iab1eda pounds2 ,italy1 #a1ifd1aji pounds2 ,denmark1 #a1aia1fdc pounds2 ,belgium1 #aff1jib pounds4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,tree ,,in ,,bearing ,,at ,,the ,,governmental ,,experiment ,,station ,,at ,,lamoa1 ,,near ,,manila1 ,p4,i4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,cultivation ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,plant ,the early days of coffee culture in ,abyssinia and ,arabia--,coffee cultivation in general--,soil1 climate1 rainfall1 altitude1 propagation1 preparing the plantation1 shade and wind breaks1 fertilizing1 pruning1 catch crops1 pests1 and diseases--,how coffee is grown around the world--,cultivation in all the principal producing countries ,for the beginnings of coffee culture we must go back to the ,arabian colony of ,harar in ,abyssinia1 for here it was1 about the fifteenth century1 that the ,arabs1 having found the plant growing wild in the ,abyssinian highlands1 first gave it intensive cultivation4 ,the complete story of the early cultivation of coffee in the old and new worlds is told in chapter ,,ii1 which deals with the history of the propagation of the coffee plant4 ,la ,roque#cad was the first to tell how the plant was cultivated and the berries prepared for market in ,arabia1 where it was brought from ,abyssinia4 ,the ,arabs raised it from seed grown in nurseries1 transplanting it to plantations laid out in the foot-hills of the mountains1 to which they conducted the mountain streams by ingeniously constructed small channels to water the roots4 ,they built trenches three feet wide and five feet deep1 lining them with pebbles to cause the water to sink deep into the earth with which the trenches were filled1 to preserve the moisture from too rapid evaporation4 ,these were so constructed that the water could be turned off into other channels when the fruit began to ripen4 ,in plantations exposed to the south1 a kind of poplar tree was planted along the trenches to supply needful shade4 ,la ,roque noted that the coffee trees in ,yemen were planted in lines1 like the apple trees in ,normandy2 and that when they were much exposed to the sun1 the shade poplars were regularly introduced between the rows4 ,such cultivation as the plant received in early ,abyssinia and ,arabia was crude and primitive at best4 ,throughout the intervening centuries1 there has been little improvement in ,yemen2 but modern cultural methods obtain in the ,harar district in ,abyssinia4 ,like the ,arabs in ,yemen1 the ,harari cultivated in small gardens1 employing the same ingenious system of irrigation from mountain springs to water the roots of the plants at least once a week during the dry season4 ,in ,yemen and in ,abyssinia the ripened berries were sun-dried on beaten-earth barbecues4 ,the ,european planters who carried the cultivation of the bean to the ,far ,east and to ,america followed the best ,arabian practise1 changing1 and sometimes improving it1 in order to adapt it to local conditions4 ,coffee ,cultivation in ,general ,today the commercial growers of coffee on a large scale practise intensive cultivation methods1 giving the same care to preparing their plantations and maintaining their trees as do other growers of grains and fruits4 ,as in the more advanced methods of arboriculture1 every effort is made to obtain the maximum production of quality coffee consistent with the smallest outlay of money and labor4 ,experimental stations in various parts of the world are constantly working to improve methods and products1 and to develop types that will resist disease and adverse climatic conditions4 ,while cultivation methods in the different producing countries vary in detail of practise1 the principles are unchanging4 ,where methods do differ1 it is owing principally to local economic conditions1 such as the supply and cost of labor1 machinery1 fertilizers1 and similar essential factors4 ,illustration3 ,,implements ,,used ,,in ,,early ,,arabian ,,coffee ,,culture #a1 ,plow4 #b and #c1 ,mattocks4 #d1 ,hatchet and sickle4 ,top1 ,seeder ,implement ,,soil4 ,rocky ground that pulverizes easily--and1 if possible1 of volcanic origin--is best for coffee2 also1 soil rich in decomposed mold4 ,in ,brazil the best soil is known as terra roxa1 a topsoil of red clay three or four feet thick with a gravel subsoil4 ,,climate4 ,the natural habitat of the coffee tree 7all species7 is tropical ,africa1 where the climate is hot and humid1 and the soil rich and moist1 yet sufficiently friable to furnish well drained seed beds4 ,these conditions must be approximated when the tree is grown in other countries4 ,because the trees and fruit generally can not withstand frost1 they are restricted to regions where the mean annual temperature is about #gj ,f41 with an average minimum about #ee1 and an average maximum of about #hj4 ,where grown in regions subject to more or less frost1 as in the northernmost parts of ,brazil's coffee-producing district1 which lie almost within the south temperate zone1 the coffee trees are sometimes frosted1 as was the case in #aiah1 when about forty percent of the ,so ,paulo crop and trees suffered4 ,generally speaking1 the most suitable climate for coffee is a temperate one within the tropics2 however1 it has been successfully cultivated between latitudes #bh north and #ch south4 ,,rainfall4 ,although able to grow satisfactorily only on well drained land1 the coffee tree requires an abundance of water1 about seventy inches of rainfall annually1 and must have it supplied evenly throughout the year4 ,prolonged droughts are fatal2 while1 on the other hand1 too great a supply of water tends to develop the wood of the tree at the expense of the flowers and fruit1 especially in low-lying regions4 ,,altitude4 ,coffee is found growing in all altitudes1 from sea-level up to the frost-line1 which is about #f1jjj feet in the tropics4 ,robusta and liberica varieties of coffee do best in regions from sea-level up to #c1jjj feet1 while arabica flourishes better at the higher levels4 ,carvalho says that the coffee plant needs sun1 but that a few hours daily exposure is sufficient4 ,hilly ground has the advantage of offering the choice of a suitable exposure1 as the sun shines on it for only a part of the day4 ,whether it is the early morning or the afternoon sun that enables the plant to attain its optimum conditions is a question of locality4 ,illustration3 ,,cross ,,section ,,of ,,mountain ,,slope ,,in ,,yemen1 ,,arabia1 ,,showing ,,coffee ,,terraces ,these miniature plantations are found chiefly along the caravan route between ,hodeida and ,sanaa ,illustration3 ,,clearing ,,virgin ,,forest ,,for ,a ,,coffee ,,estate ,,in ,,mexico ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,nursery ,,under ,a ,,bamboo ,,roof ,,in ,,colombia ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,steps ,,in ,,coffee ,,growing ,in ,mexico1 ,romero tells us1 the highlands of ,soconusco have the advantage that the sun does not shine on the trees during the whole of the day4 ,on the higher slopes of the ,cordilleras--from #b1ejj feet above sea-level--clouds prevail during the summer season1 when the sun is hottest1 and are frequently present in the other seasons1 after ten o'clock in the morning4 ,these keep the trees from being exposed to the heat of the sun during the whole of the day4 ,perhaps to this circumstance is due the superior excellence of certain coffees grown in ,mexico1 ,colombia1 and ,sumatra at an altitude of #c1jjj feet to #d1jjj feet above sea-level4 ,richard ,spruce1 the botanist1 in his notes on ,south ,america1 as quoted by ,alfred ,russel ,wallace1#cae refers to a zone of the equatorial ,andes ranging between #d1jjj and #f1jjj feet altitude1 where the best flavored coffee is grown4 ,,propagation4 ,coffee trees are grown most generally from seeds selected from trees of known productivity and longevity2 although in some parts of the world propagation is done from shoots or cuttings4 ,the seed method is most general1 however1 the seeds being either propagated in nursery beds1 or planted at once in the spot where the mature tree is to stand4 ,in the latter case--called planting at stake--four or five seeds are planted1 much as corn is sown2 and after germination1 all but the strongest plant are removed4 ,where the nursery method is followed1 the choicest land of the plantation is chosen for its site2 and the seeds are planted in forcing beds1 sometimes called cold-frames4 ,when the plants are to be transplanted direct to the plantation1 the seeds are generally sown six inches apart and in rows separated by the same distance1 and are covered with only a slight sprinkling of earth4 ,when the plants are to be transferred from the first bed to another1 and then to the plantation1 the seeds are sown more thickly2 and the plants are pricked out as needed1 and set out in another forcing bed4 ,during the six to seven weeks required for the coffee seed to germinate1 the soil must be kept moist and shaded and thoroughly weeded4 ,if the trees are to be grown without shade1 the young plants are gradually exposed to the sun1 to harden them1 before they begin their existence in the plantation proper4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,tree ,,nursery1 ,,panajabal1 ,,pochuta1 ,,guatemala ,illustration3 ,,drying ,,grounds ,,and ,,factory ,,in ,,the ,,preanger ,,regency ,illustration3 ,,native ,,transport1 ,,field ,,to ,,factory1 ,,at ,,dramaga1 ,,near ,,buitenzorg ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,scenes ,,in ,,java1 ,,netherlands ,,east ,,indies ,considerable experimental work has been done in renewing trees by grafting1 notably in ,java2 but practically all commercial planters follow the seed method4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,growing ,,under ,,shade1 ,,porto ,,rico ,,preparing ,,the ,,plantation4 ,before transplanting time has come1 the plantation itself has been made ready to receive the young plants4 ,coffee plantations are generally laid out on heavily wooded and sloping lands1 most often in forests on mountainsides and plateaus1 where there is an abundance of water1 of which large quantities are used in cultivating the trees and in preparing the coffee beans for market4 ,the soil most suitable is friable1 sandy1 or even gravelly1 with an abundance of rocks to keep the soil comparatively cool and well drained1 as well as to supply a source of food by action of the weather4 ,the ideal soil is one that contains a large proportion of potassium and phosphoric acid2 and for that reason1 the general practise is to burn off the foliage and trees covering the land and to use the ashes as fertilizer4 ,in preparing the soil for the new plantation under the intensive cultivation method1 the surface of the land is lightly plowed1 and then followed up with thorough cultivation4 ,when transplanting time comes1 which is when the plant is about a year old1 and stands from twelve to eighteen inches high with its first pairs of primary branches1 the plants are set out in shallow holes at regular intervals of from eight to twelve1 or even fourteen1 feet apart4 ,this gives room for the root system to develop1 provides space for sunlight to reach each tree1 and makes for convenience in cultivating and harvesting4 ,liberica and robusta type trees require more room than arabica4 ,when set twelve feet apart1 which is the general practise1 with the same distance maintained between rows1 there are approximately four hundred and fifty trees to the acre4 ,in the triangle1 or hexagon1 system the trees are planted in the form of an equilateral triangle1 each tree being the same distance 7usually eight or nine feet7 from its six nearest neighbors4 ,this system permits of #fjj to #hjj trees per acre4 ,,shade ,,and ,,wind ,,breaks4 ,strong1 chilly winds and intensely hot sunlight are foes of coffee trees1 especially of the arabica variety4 ,accordingly1 in most countries it is customary to protect the plantation with wind-breaks consisting of rugged trees1 and to shade the coffee by growing trees of other kinds between the rows4 ,the shade trees serve also to check soil erosion2 and in the case of the leguminous kinds1 to furnish nutriment to the soil4 ,coffee does best in shade such as is afforded by the silk oak 7,grevillea robusta74 ,in ,shade in ,coffee ,culture 7,bulletin #be1 #aija1 division of botany1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture71 ,o4,f4 ,cook goes extensively into this subject4 ,the methods employed in the care of a coffee plantation do not differ materially from those followed by advanced orchardists in the colder fruit-belts of the world4 ,after the young plants have gained their start1 they are cultivated frequently1 principally to keep out the weeds1 to destroy pests1 and to aerate the earth4 ,the implements used range from crude hand-plows to horse-drawn cultivators4 ,,fertilizing4 ,comparatively little fertilizing is done on plantations established on virgin soil until the trees begin to bear1 which occurs when they are about three years of age4 ,because the coffee tree takes potash1 nitrogen1 and phosphoric acid from the soil1 the scheme of fertilizing is to restore these elements4 ,the materials used to replace the soil-constituents consist of stable manure1 leguminous plants1 coffee-tree prunings1 leaves1 certain weeds1 oil cake1 bone and fish meal1 guano1 wood ashes1 coffee pulp and parchment1 and such chemical fertilizers as superphosphate of lime1 basic slag1 sulphate of ammonia1 nitrate of lime1 sulphate of potash1 nitrate of potash1 and similar materials4 ,the relative values of these fertilizers depend largely upon local climate and soil conditions1 the supply1 the cost1 and other like factors4 ,the chemical fertilizers are coming into increasing use in the larger and more economically advanced producing countries4 ,brazil1 particularly1 is showing in late years a tendency toward their adoption to make up for the dwindling supply of the so-called natural manures4 ,as the coffee tree grows older1 it requires a larger supply of fertilizer4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,famous ,,boekit ,,gompong ,,estate1 ,,near ,,padang1 ,,on ,,sumatra',s ,,west ,,coast ,showing the healthy1 regular appearance of well-cultivated coffee bushes1 twenty-six years old4 ,also note the line of feathery bamboo wind-breaks ,,pruning4 ,on the larger plantations1 pruning is an important part of the cultivation processes4 ,if left to their own devices1 coffee trees sometimes grow as high as forty feet1 the strength being absorbed by the wood1 with a consequent scanty production of fruit4 ,to prevent this undesirable result1 and to facilitate picking1 the trees on the more modern plantations are pruned down to heights ranging from six to twelve feet4 ,except for pruning the roots when transplanting1 the tree is permitted to grow until after producing its first full crop before any cutting takes place4 ,then1 the branches are severely cut back2 and thereafter1 pruning is carried on annually4 ,topping and pruning begin between the first and the second years4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,estate ,,in ,,antioquia1 ,,colombia1 ,,showing ,,wind-,,breaks ,coffee trees as a rule produce full crops from the sixth to the fifteenth year1 although some trees have given a paying crop until twenty or thirty years old4 ,ordinarily the trees bear from one-half pound to eight pounds of coffee annually1 although there are accounts of twelve pounds being obtained per tree4 ,production is mostly governed by the cultivation given the tree1 and by climate1 soil1 and location4 ,when too old to bear profitable yields1 the trees on commercial plantations are cut down to the level of the ground2 and are renewed by permitting only the strongest sprout springing out of the stump to mature4 ,,catch ,,crops4 ,on some plantations it has become the practise to grow catch crops between the rows of coffee trees1 both as a means of obtaining additional revenue and to shade the young coffee plants4 ,corn1 beans1 cotton1 peanuts1 and similar plants are most generally used4 ,,pests ,,and ,,diseases4 ,the coffee tree1 its wood1 foliage1 and fruit1 have their enemies1 chief among which are insects1 fungi1 rodents 7the coffee rat71 birds1 squirrels1 and--according to ,rossignon--elephants1 buffalo1 and native cattle1 which have a special liking for the tender leaves of the coffee plant4 ,insects and fungi are the most bothersome pests on most plantations4 ,among the insects1 the several varieties of borers are the principal foes1 boring into the wood of the trunk and branches to lay larvae which sap the life from the tree4 ,there are scale insects whose excretion forms a black mold on the leaves and affects the nutrition by cutting off the sunlight4 ,numerous kinds of beetles1 caterpillars1 grasshoppers1 and crickets attack the coffee-tree leaves1 the so-called leaf-miner being especially troublesome4 ,the ,mediterranean fruit fly deposits larvae which destroy or lessen the worth of the coffee berry by tunneling within and eating the contents of the parchment4 ,the coffee-berry beetle and its grub also live within the coffee berry4 ,among the most destructive fungoid diseases is the so-called ,ceylon leaf disease1 which is caused by the ,hemileia vastatrix1 a fungus related to the wheat rust4 ,it was this disease which ruined the coffee industry in ,ceylon1 where it first appeared in #ahfi1 and since has been found in other coffee-producing regions of ,asia and ,africa4 ,america has a similar disease1 caused by the ,sphaerostilbe flavida1 that is equally destructive if not vigilantly guarded against4 7,see chapters ,,xv and ,,xvi47 ,the coffee-tree roots also are subject to attack4 ,there is the root disease1 prevalent in all countries1 and for which no cause has yet been definitely assigned1 although it has been determined that it is of a fungoid nature4 ,brazil1 and some other ,american coffee-producing countries1 have a serious disease caused by the eelworm1 and for that reason called the eelworm disease4 ,coffee planters combat pests and diseases principally with sprays1 as in other lines of advanced arboriculture4 ,it is a constant battle1 especially on the large commercial plantations1 and constitutes a large item on the expense sheet4 ,cultivation by ,countries ,coffee-cultivation methods vary somewhat in detail in the different producing countries4 ,the foregoing description covers the underlying principles in practise throughout the world2 while the following is intended to show the local variations in vogue in the principal countries of production1 together with brief descriptions of the main producing districts1 the altitudes1 character of soil1 climate1 and other factors that are peculiar to each country4 ,in general1 they are considered in the order of their relative importance as producing countries4 ,,brazil4 ,in ,brazil1 the ,giant of ,south ,america1 and the world's largest coffee producer1 the methods of cultivation naturally have reached a high point of development1 although the soil and the climate were not at first regarded as favorable4 ,the year #agbc is generally accepted as the date of the introduction of the coffee plant into ,brazil from ,french ,guiana4 ,coffee planting was slow in developing1 however1 until #agcb1 when the governor of the states of ,par and ,maranhao urged its cultivation4 ,sixteen years later1 there were #ag1jjj trees in ,par4 ,from that year on1 slow but steady progress was made2 and by #aggj1 an export trade had been begun from the port of ,par to countries in ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,,up-,,to-,,date ,,weeding ,,and ,,harrowing1 ,s,o ,,paulo ,the spread of the industry began about this time4 ,the coffee tree was introduced into the state of ,rio de ,janeiro in #aggj4 ,from there its cultivation was gradually extended into the states of ,so ,paulo1 ,mins ,geraes1 ,bahia1 and ,espirito ,santo1 which have become the great coffee-producing sections of ,brazil4 ,the cultivation of the plant did not become especially noteworthy until the third decade of the nineteenth century4 ,large crops were gathered in the season of #ahdb-dc2 and by the middle of the century1 the plantations were producing annually more than #b1jjj1jjj bags4 ,illustration3 ,photograph by ,courtesy of ,j4 ,aron ,co4 ,,general ,,view ,,of ,,fazenda ,,dumont1 ,,ribeirao ,,preto1 ,s,o ,,paulo1 ,,brazil ,brazil's commercial coffee-growing region has an estimated area of approximately #a1aeh1jjj square miles1 and extends from the river ,amazon to the southern border of the state of ,so ,paulo1 and from the ,atlantic coast to the western boundary of the state of ,matto ,grosso4 ,this area is larger than that section of the ,united ,states lying east of the ,mississippi ,river1 with ,texas added4 ,in every state of the republic1 from ,cear in the north to ,santa ,catharina in the south1 the coffee tree can be cultivated profitably2 and is1 in fact1 more or less grown in every state1 if only for domestic use4 ,however1 little attention is given to coffee-growing in the north1 except in the state of ,pernambuco1 which has only about #a1ejj1jjj trees1 as compared1 with the #gfd1jjj1jjj trees of ,so ,paulo in #aibb4 ,the chief coffee-growing plantations in ,brazil are situated on plateaus seldom less than #a1hjj feet above sea-level1 and ranging up to #d1jjj feet4 ,the mean annual temperature is approximately #gj ,f41 ranging from a mean of #fj4h in winter to a mean of #gb in summer4 ,the temperature has been known1 however1 to register #cb in winter and #ig4g in summer4 ,while coffee trees will grow in almost any part of ,brazil1 experience indicates that the two most fertile soils1 the terra roxa and the massape1 lie in the coffee belts4 ,the terra roxa is a dark red earth1 and is practically confined to ,so ,paulo1 and to it is due the predominant coffee productivity of that state4 ,massape is a yellow1 dark red--or even black--soil1 and occurs more or less contiguous to the terra roxa4 ,with a covering of loose sand1 it makes excellent coffee land4 ,brazil planters follow the nursery-propagated method of planting1 and cultivate1 prune1 and spray their trees liberally4 ,transplanting is done in the months from ,november to ,february4 ,coffee-growing profits have shown a decided falling off in ,brazil in recent years4 ,in #aijj it was not uncommon for a coffee estate to yield an annual profit of from #ajj to #bej percent4 ,ten years later the average returns did not exceed twelve percent4 ,illustration3 ,,fazenda ,,guatapara1 ,s,o ,,paulo1 ,,brazil1 ,,with #hjj1jjj ,,trees ,,in ,,bearing ,in ,brazil's coffee belt there are two seasons--the wet1 running from ,september to ,march2 and the dry1 running from ,april to ,august4 ,the coffee trees are in bloom from ,september to ,december4 ,the blossoms last about four days1 and are easily beaten off by light winds or rains4 ,if the rains or winds are violent1 the green berries may be similarly destroyed2 so that great damage may be caused by unseasonable rains and storms4 ,the harvest usually begins in ,april or ,may1 and extends well into the dry season4 ,even in the picking season1 heavy rains and strong winds--especially the latter--may do considerable damage2 for in ,brazil shade trees and wind-breaks are the exception4 ,approximately twenty-five percent of the ,so ,paulo plantations are cultivated by machinery4 ,a type of cultivator very common is similar to the small corn-plow used in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,planet ,junior1 manufactured by a well known ,united ,states agricultural-machinery firm1 is the most popular cultivator4 ,it is drawn by a small mule1 with a boy to lead it1 and a man to drive and to guide the plow4 ,the preponderance of the coffee over other industries in ,so ,paulo is shown in many ways4 ,a few years ago the registration of laborers in all industries was about #dej1jjj2 and of this total1 #dbj1jjj were employed in the production and transportation of coffee alone4 ,of the capital invested in all industries1 about eighty-five percent was in coffee production and commerce1 including the railroads that depended upon it directly4 ,an estimated value of #dhb1ejj1jjj was placed upon the plantations in the state1 including land1 machinery1 the residences of owners1 and laborers' quarters4 ,illustration3 ,copyright by ,brown ,dawson4 ,,picking ,,coffee ,,in ,s,o ,,paulo ,in all ,brazil1 there are approximately #a1bjj1jjj1jjj coffee trees4 ,the number of bearing coffee trees in ,so ,paulo alone increased from #gce1jjj1jjj in #aiad-ae to #hcd1jjj1jjj in #aiag-ah4 ,the crop in #aiag-ah was #a1fae1jjj1jjj pounds1 one of the largest on record4 ,in the agricultural year of #aibb-bc there were #gfd1ifi1ejj coffee trees in bearing in ,so ,paulo1 and in ,so ,paulo1 ,mins1 and ,parana1 #hbd1aid1ejj4 ,illustration3 ,photograph by ,courtesy of ,j4 ,aron ,co4 ,,intensive ,,cultivation ,,methods ,,in ,,the ,,ribeirao ,,preto ,,district1 ,s,o ,,paulo ,plantations having from #cjj1jjj to #djj1jjj trees are common4 ,one plantation near ,ribeirao ,preto has #e1jjj1jjj trees1 and requires an army of #f1jjj laborers to work it4 ,another planter owns thirty-two adjacent plantations containing1 in all1 from #g1ejj1jjj to #h1jjj1jjj coffee trees and gives employment to #h1jjj persons4 ,there are fifteen plantations having more than #a1jjj1jjj trees each1 and five of these have more than #b1jjj1jjj trees each4 ,in the municipality of ,ribeirao ,preto there were #cj1jjj1jjj trees in #aibb4 ,illustration3 ,photograph by ,courtesy of ,j4 ,aron ,co4 ,,private ,,railroad ,,on ,a ,s,o ,,paulo ,,coffee ,,fazenda ,showing coffee trees and laborers' houses in the middle distance at right ,the largest coffee plantations in the world are the ,fazendas ,dumont and the ,fazendas ,schmidt4 ,the ,fazendas ,dumont were valued1 in #aiae1 in cost of land and improvements1 at #e1ibj1jjg2 and since those figures were given out1 the value of the investment has much increased4 ,of the various ,fazendas ,schmidt1 the largest1 owned by ,colonel ,francisco ,schmidt1 in #aiah had #i1jjj1jjj trees with an annual yield of #bjj1jjj bags1 or #bf1djj1jjj pounds1 of coffee4 ,other large plantations in ,so ,paulo with a million or more trees1 are the ,companhia ,agricola ,fazenda ,dumont1 #b1dbj1jjj trees2 ,companhia ,so ,martinho1 #b1cjj1jjj trees2 ,companhia ,dumont1 #b1jjj1jjj trees2 ,so ,paulo ,coffee ,company1 #a1hfj1jjj trees2 ,christiana ,oxorio de ,oliveira1 #a1gij1jjj trees2 ,companhia ,guatapara1 #a1eej1jjj trees2 ,dr4 ,alfredo ,ellis1 #a1bga1jjj trees2 ,companhia ,agricola ,araqua1 #a1bjj1jjj trees2 ,companhia ,agricola ,ribeirao ,preto1 #a1ach1jjj trees2 ,rodriguez ,alves ,irmaos1 #a1jfj1jjj trees2 ,francisca ,silveira do ,val1 #a1jej1jjj trees2 ,luiza de ,oliveira ,azevedo1 #a1jde1jjj trees2 and the ,companhia ,caferia ,so ,paulo1 #a1jjj1jjj trees4 ,the average annual yield in ,so ,paulo is estimated at from #a1gej to #d1jjj pounds from a thousand trees1 while in exceptional instances it is said that as much as #f1jjj pounds per #a1jjj trees have been gathered4 ,differences in local climatic conditions1 in ages of trees1 in richness of soil1 and in the care exercised in cultivation1 are given as the reasons for the wide variation4 ,the oldest coffee-growing district in ,so ,paulo is ,campinas4 ,there are #acf others4 ,bahia coffee is not so carefully cultivated and harvested as the ,santos coffee4 ,the introduction of capital and modern methods would do much for ,bahia1 which has the advantage of a shorter haul to the ,new ,york and the ,european markets4 ,on the average1 something like seventy percent of the world's coffee crop is grown in ,brazil1 and two-thirds of this is produced in ,so ,paulo4 ,coffee culture in many districts of ,so ,paulo has been brought to the point of highest development2 and yet its product is essentially a quantity1 not a quality1 one4 ,,colombia4 ,in ,colombia1 coffee is the principal crop grown for export4 ,it is produced in nearly all departments at elevations ranging from #c1ejj feet to #f1ejj feet4 ,chief among the coffee-growing departments are ,antioquia 7capital1 ,medellin72 ,caldas 7capital1 ,manizales72 ,magdalena 7capital1 ,santa ,marta72 ,santander 7capital1 ,bucaramanga72 ,tolima 7capital1 ,ibague72 and the ,federal ,district 7capital1 ,bogota74 ,the department of ,cundinamarca produces a coffee that is counted one of the best of ,colombian grades4 ,the finest grades are grown in the foot-hills of the ,andes1 in altitudes from #c1ejj to #d1ejj feet above sea level4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,conducting ,,sluiceway ,,at ,,guatapara ,the running water carries the picked coffee berries to pulpers and washing tanks ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,picking ,,and ,,field ,,transport ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,culture ,,in ,s,o ,,paulo1 ,,brazil ,illustration3 ,a ,,near ,,view ,,of ,a ,,heavily ,,laden ,,coffee ,,tree ,,on ,a ,,bogota ,,plantation ,illustration3 ,,picking ,,coffee ,,on ,a ,,bogota ,,plantation ,methods of planting1 cultivation1 gathering1 and preparing the ,colombian coffee crop for the market are substantially those that are common in all coffee-producing countries1 although they differ in some small particulars4 ,about #gjj trees are usually planted to the acre1 and native trees furnish the necessary shade4 ,the average yield is one pound per tree per year4 ,while ,coffea arabica has been mostly cultivated in ,colombia1 as in the other countries of ,south ,america1 the liberica variety has not been neglected4 ,seeds of the liberica tree were planted here soon after #ahhj1 and were moderately successful4 ,since #aijj1 more attention has been given to liberica1 and attempts have been made to grow it upon banana and rubber plantations1 which seem to provide all the shade protection that is needed4 ,liberica coffee trees begin to bear in their third year4 ,from the fifth year1 when a crop of about #fej pounds to the acre can reasonably be expected1 the productiveness steadily increases until after fifteen or sixteen years1 when a maximum of over one thousand pounds an acre is attained4 ,antioquia is the largest coffee producing department in the republic1 and its coffee is of the highest grade grown4 ,medellin1 the capital1 where the business interests of the industry are concentrated1 is a handsome white city located on the banks of the ,aburra river1 in a picturesque valley that is overlooked by the high peaks of the ,andean range4 ,it is a town of about #hj1jjj inhabitants1 thriving as a manufacturing center1 abundant in modern improvements1 and is the center of a coffee production of #ejj1jjj bags known in the market as ,medellin and ,manizales4 ,another center in this coffee region is the town of ,manizales1 perched on the crest of the ,andean spurs to dominate the valley extending to ,medellin and the ,cauca valley to the ,pacific4 ,there-about many small coffee growers are settled1 and several hundred thousand bags of the beans pass through annually4 ,one of the interesting plantations of the country was started a few years ago in a remote region by an enterprising ,american investor4 ,it was located on the slopes of the ,sierra ,nevada mountains #c1jjj to #e1jjj feet above sea-level1 about twenty-five miles from the city of ,santa ,marta4 ,an extended acreage of forest-covered land was acquired1 about #fjj acres of which were cleared and either planted in coffee or reserved for pasturage and other kinds of agriculture4 ,when the plantation came to maturity1 it had nearly #cjj1jjj trees4 ,in #aiai1 there were #dbe1jjj trees producing #c1fjj hundred-weight of coffee4 ,a typical ,colombian plantation is the ,namay1 owned by one of the bankers of the ,banco de ,colombia of ,bogota4 ,it is located a good half day's travel by rail and horseback from the city1 about #e1jjj feet above the level of the sea4 ,there are #a1jjj acres in the plantation1 with #bej1jjj trees having an ultimate productive capacity of nearly #b1jjj bags a year4 ,during crop times1 which are from ,may to ,july1 about two hundred families are needed on an estate of this size4 ,,venezuela4 ,seeds of the coffee plant were brought into ,venezuela from ,martinique in #aghd by a priest who started a small plantation near ,caracas4 ,five years later1 the first export of the bean was made1 #bcc bags1 or about #cj1jjj pounds4 ,within fifty years1 production had increased to upward of #ej1jjj1jjj pounds annually2 and by the end of the nineteenth century1 to more than #ajj1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,situated between the equator and the twelfth parallel of north latitude1 in the world's coffee belt1 this country has an area equal to that of all the ,united ,states east of the ,mississippi river and north of the ,ohio and ,potomac rivers1 or greater than that of ,france1 ,germany1 and the ,netherlands combined--#eii1ecc square miles4 ,the chain of the ,maritime ,andes1 reaching eastward across ,colombia and ,venezuela1 approaches the ,caribbean coast in the latter country4 ,along the slopes and foot-hills of these mountains are produced some of the finest grades of ,south ,american coffee4 ,here the best coffee grows in the tierra templada and in the lower part of the tierra fria1 and is known as the caf de tierra fria1 or coffee of the cold1 or high1 land4 ,in these regions the equable climate1 the constant and adequate moisture1 the rich and well-drained soil1 and the protecting forest shade afford the conditions under which the plant grows and thrives best4 ,on the fertile lowland valleys nearer the coast grows the caf de tierra caliente1 or coffee of the hot land4 ,illustration3 ,,on ,,the ,,altamira ,,hacienda1 ,,venezuela ,the long pipe crossing the center of the picture is a water sluiceway bringing coffee down from the hills ,coffee growing has become the main agricultural pursuit of the country4 ,in #ahci it was estimated that there were #h1ijj acres of land planted in coffee1 and in #ahhh there were #afh1jjj1jjj coffee trees in the country on #cdf1jjj acres of land4 ,in the opening years of the twentieth century not far from #bej1jjj acres were devoted to this cultivation1 comprised in upward of #cc1jjj plantations4 ,the average yield per acre is about #bej pounds4 ,the trees are usually planted from two to two and a quarter meters apart1 and this gives about #hjj trees to the acre4 ,the triangle system is unknown4 ,illustration3 ,,carmen ,,hacienda1 ,,fronting ,,on ,,the ,,escalante ,,river1 ,,venezuela ,in this country1 the coffee tree bears its first crop when four or five years old4 ,the trees are not subject to unusual hazards from the attacks of injurious insects and animals or from serious parasitic diseases4 ,nature is kind to them1 and their only serious contention for existence arises from the luxuriant tropical vegetation by which they are surrounded4 ,on the whole their cultivation is comparatively easy4 ,on the best managed estates there are not more than #a1jjj trees to a fanegada--about one and three-quarters acres of land--and it is calculated that an average annual yield for such a fanegada should be about twenty quintals1 a little more than #b1jcb pounds of merchantable coffee4 ,it is to be noted1 however1 that the average yield per tree throughout ,venezuela is low--not more than four ounces4 ,there are no great coffee belts as in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,many districts are days' rides apart4 ,the plantations are isolated1 and there is lacking a co-operative spirit among the growers4 ,methods of cultivating and preparing the berry for the market are substantially those that prevail elsewhere in ,south ,america4 ,most plantations are handled in ordinary1 old-fashioned ways2 but the better estates employ machinery and methods of the most advanced and improved character at all points of their operation1 from the planting of the seed to the final marketing of the berry4 ,,java4 ,java1 the oldest coffee-producing country in which the tree is not indigenous1 was producing a high-grade coffee long before ,brazil1 ,colombia1 and ,venezuela entered the industry2 and it held its supremacy in the world's trade for many years before the younger ,american producing countries were able to surpass its annual output4 ,the first attempt to introduce the plant into ,java took place in #afif1 the seedlings being brought from ,malabar in ,india and planted at ,kadawoeng1 near ,batavia4 ,earthquake and flood soon destroyed the plants2 and in #afii ,henricus ,zwaardecroon brought the second lot of seedlings from ,malabar4 ,these became the progenitors of all the arabica coffees of the ,dutch ,east ,indies4 ,the industry grew1 and in #agaa the first ,java coffee was sold at public auction in ,amsterdam4 ,exports amounted to #aaf1ehg pounds in #agbj2 and in #agbd the ,amsterdam market sold #a1cif1dhf pounds of coffee from ,java4 ,from the early part of the nineteenth century up to #aije1 cultivation was carried on under a ,dutch government monopoly--excepting for the five years1 #ahaa-af1 when the ,british had control of the island4 ,the government monopoly was first established when ,marshal ,daendels1 acting for the crown of ,holland1 took control of the islands from the ,netherlands ,east ,india ,company4 ,before that time1 the princes of ,preanger had raised all the coffee under the provisions of a treaty made in the middle of the eighteenth century1 by which they paid an annual tribute in coffee to the company for the privilege of retaining their land revenues4 ,when the ,dutch government recovered the islands from the ,british1 the plantations1 which had been permitted to go to ruin1 were put in order again1 and the government system re-established4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,heavy ,,fruiting ,,of ,,coffea ,,robusta ,,in ,,java ,a modification of the first monopoly plan of the government was put into effect later in the rgime of ,governor ,van den ,bosch1 and was maintained until into the twentieth century4 ,under the ,daendels plan1 each native family was required to keep #ajjj coffee trees in bearing on village lands1 and to give to the government two-fifths of the crop1 delivered cleaned and sorted1 at the government store4 ,the natives retained the other three-fifths4 ,under the ,van den ,bosch system1 each family was required to raise and care for #fej trees and to deliver the crop cleaned and sorted to the government stores at a fixed price4 ,the government then sold the coffee at public auctions in ,batavia1 ,padang1 ,amsterdam1 or ,rotterdam4 ,this method of fostering the new industry resulted in government control of fully four-fifths of the area under the crop1 only the small balance being owned or worked independently by private enterprise4 ,for many years after the cultivation had been fully started1 this condition of the business persisted4 ,most of the privately-operated plantations had been in existence before the government had set up its monopoly system4 ,others were on the estates of native princes who1 in treating with the ,dutch1 had been able to retain some of their original sovereign rights4 ,while these plans worked well in encouraging the industry at the outset1 they were not conducive to the fullest possibilities in production4 ,forced labor on the government plantations was naturally apt to be slow1 careless1 and indifferent4 ,private ownership and operation bettered this somewhat1 the private estates being able to show annual yields of from one to two pounds per tree as compared with only a little more than one-half pound per tree on government-controlled estates4 ,in the course of time1 the system of private ownership gradually expanded beyond that of the government2 and before the end of the nineteenth century1 private owners were growing and exporting more coffee than did the ,javanese government4 ,the government withdrew from the coffee business in ,java in #aije1 and the last government auction was held in ,june of that year4 ,the monopoly in ,sumatra was given up in #aijh4 ,after that1 however1 coffee continued to be grown on government lands1 but in much less quantity than in the years immediately preceding4 ,the ,dutch government withdrew from all coffee cultivation in #aiah-ai4 ,according to statistics1 the ground under cultivation for all kinds of coffee in ,java and the other islands of the ,dutch ,east ,indies in #aiai was #adb1bgb acres1 of which #aab1ach acres were in ,java4 ,of this area1 #aaj1ijc acres were planted with robusta1 #ae1cad acres with arabica1 #d1idj with liberica1 and #aa1aae with other varieties4 ,there were more than #djj ,european-managed estates in #aiae1 covering a planted area of about #bji1jjj acres4 ,three hundred and thirty of these estates1 representing #afe1jjj acres1 were in ,java4 ,on that island production in #aijd was #dg1ibg1jjj pounds2 in #aije1 #ei1jib1jjj pounds2 in #aijf1 #ff1iec1jjj pounds2 in #aijg1 #ca1jdd1jjj pounds2 #aijh1 #ci1cdi1jjj pounds4 ,the total crop in #aiai for all the ,netherlands ,east ,indies was #ig1cfa1jjj pounds1 as against #adj1gfd1hjj pounds for #aiah4 ,intensive cultivation methods on the ,european-operated plantations in ,java have been practised for many years2 and the ,netherlands ,east ,indies government has long maintained experimental stations for the purpose of improving strains and cultivation methods4 ,illustration3 ,,road ,,through ,a ,,coffee ,,estate ,,in ,,east ,,java ,in some parts of the island1 especially in the highlands1 the climate and soil are ideal for coffee culture4 ,the robusta tree grows satisfactorily even at altitudes of less than #a1jjj feet in some regions2 but its bearing life is only about ten years1 as compared with the thirty years of the arabica at altitudes of from #c1jjj to #d1jjj feet4 ,the low-ground trees generally produce earlier and more abundantly4 ,on some of the highland plantations1 pruning is not practised to any great extent1 and the trees often reach thirty or forty feet in height4 ,this necessitates the use of ladders in picking2 but frequently the yield per tree has been from six to seven pounds4 ,illustration3 ,,native ,,picking ,,coffee1 ,,sumatra ,coffee is produced commercially in nearly every political district in ,java1 but the bulk of the yield is obtained from ,east ,java4 ,the names best known to ,european and ,american traders are those of the regencies of ,besoeki and ,pasoeroean2 because their coffees make up eighty-seven percent of ,java's production4 ,some of the other better known districts are3 ,preanger1 ,cheribon1 ,kadoe1 ,samarang1 ,soerabaya1 and ,tegal4 ,the arabica variety has practically been driven out of the districts below #c1ejj feet altitude by the leaf disease1 and has been succeeded by the more hardy robusta and liberica coffees and their hybrids4 ,illustrating the importance of robusta coffee1 ,netherlands ,east ,india government in a statement issued ,august1 #aiai1 estimated the area under cultivation on all islands as follows3 robusta1 eighty-four percent2 arabica1 five and one-half percent2 liberica1 four and one-half percent4 ,the balance1 six percent1 was made up of scores of other varieties1 among the most important being the canephora1 ,ugand1 baukobensis1 suakurensis1 ,quillou1 stenophylla1 and rood-bessige4 ,all of these are similar to robusta1 and are exported as robusta-achtigen 7robusta-like74 ,the liberica group includes the excelsa1 abeokuta1 ,dewevrei1 arnoldiana1 aruwimiensis1 and ,dybowskii4 ,illustration3 ,,palatial ,,bungalow ,,of ,,administrator1 ,,dramaga1 ,,in ,,the ,,preanger ,,district1 ,,java ,,sumatra4 ,practically all the coffee districts in ,sumatra are on the west coast1 where the plant was first propagated early in the eighteenth century4 ,padang1 the capital city1 is the headquarters for ,sumatra coffee4 ,with climate and soil similar to ,java1 the island of ,sumatra has the added advantage that its land is not coffee moe1 or coffee tired1 as is the case in parts of ,java4 ,some of the world's best coffees are still coming from ,sumatra2 and the island has possibilities that could make it an important factor in production4 ,sumatra produced #bhg1agi piculs of coffee in #aibj4 ,the total production of all the islands that year was #hjg1eia piculs4 ,illustration3 ,,old-,,time ,,sailing ,,vessel ,,loading ,,in ,,padang ,,roads ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,a ,,dutch ,,coffee-,,cleaning ,,factory1 ,,padang ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,scenes ,,in ,,sumatra1 ,,netherlands ,,east ,,indies ,illustration3 ,,administrator',s ,,bungalow ,,on ,,the ,,gadoeng ,,batoe ,,estate1 ,,sumatra ,the districts of ,ankola1 ,siboga1 ,ayer ,bangies1 ,mandheling1 ,palembang1 ,padang1 and ,benkoelen1 on the west coast1 have some of the largest estates on the island2 and their products are well known in international trade4 ,the east coast has recently gone in for heavy plantings of robusta4 ,as in ,java1 coffee for a century or more was cultivated under the government-monopoly scheme4 ,the compulsory system was given up in this island in #aijh1 three years after it was abandoned in ,java4 ,,other ,,east ,,indies4 ,coffee is grown in several of the other islands in the ,dutch ,east ,indian archipelago1 chiefly on the ,celebes1 ,bali1 ,lombok1 the ,moluccas1 and ,timor4 ,most of the estates are under native control1 and the methods of cultivation are not up to the standard of the ,european-owned plantations on the larger islands of ,java and ,sumatra4 ,the most important of these islands is ,celebes1 where the first coffee plant was introduced from ,java about #agej1 but where cultivation was not carried on to any great extent until about seventy-five years later4 ,in #ahbb the production amounted to #aj1jjj pounds2 in #aiag1 the yield was #a1cbb1cbh pounds4 ,,salvador4 ,coffee1 which is far and away the most important crop in ,salvador1 constitutes in value more than one-half the total exports4 ,it has been cultivated since about #aheb1 when plants were brought from ,havana2 but the development of the industry in its early years was not rapid4 ,the first large plantations were established in #ahgf in ,la ,paz1 and that department has become the leading coffee-producing section of the country4 ,the berry is grown in all districts that have altitudes of from #a1ejj to #d1jjj feet4 ,besides those of ,la ,paz1 the most productive plantations are in the departments of ,santa ,ana1 ,sonsonate1 ,san ,salvador1 ,san ,vincente1 ,san ,miguel1 ,santa ,tecla1 and ,ahuachapan4 ,in contrast with several of the adjoining ,central ,american republics1 native ,salvadoreans are the owners of most of the coffee farms1 very few having passed into the hands of foreigners4 ,the laborers are almost entirely native ,indians4 ,a considerable part of the work of cultivating and preparing the berry for the market is still done by hand2 but in recent years machinery has been set up on the large estates and for general use in the receiving centers4 ,illustration3 ,,well ,,cultivated ,,young ,,coffee ,,trees ,,in ,,blossom ,illustration3 ,,entrance ,,to ,a ,,finca ,,in ,,the ,,highlands ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,culture ,,in ,,guatemala ,it is estimated that now about #aff1jjj acres are under coffee1 nearly all the land in the country suitable for that purpose4 ,as in most other coffee-raising countries1 the trees begin bearing when they are two or three years old1 reach full maturity at the age of seven or eight years1 and continue to bear for about thirty years4 ,intensive cultivation and a more extensive use of fertilizers have been urged as necessary in order to increase the crop2 but1 so far1 with not much effect1 the importation of fertilizer being still very small4 ,crop gathering begins in the lowlands in ,november1 and gradually proceeds into the higher regions1 month by month1 until the picking in the highest altitudes is finished in the following ,march4 ,,guatemala4 ,guatemala began intensive coffee growing about #ahge4 ,coffee had been known in the country in a small way from about #ahej1 but now serious attention began to be given to its cultivation1 and it quickly advanced to an industrial position of importance4 ,within a generation it became the great staple crop of the country4 ,guatemala has an area of #dh1bej square miles1 about the size of the state of ,ohio4 ,its population is about #b1jjj1jjj4 ,three mountain ranges1 intersecting magnificent table lands1 traverse the country from north to south2 and there is the great coffee territory4 ,the table lands are from #b1ejj to #e1jjj feet above sea-level1 and have a temperate climate most agreeable to the coffee tree4 ,on the lower heights it is necessary to protect the young trees from the extreme heat of the sun2 and the banana is most approved for this purpose1 since it raises its own crop at the same time that it is giving shade to its companion tree4 ,on the higher levels the plantations need protection from the cold north winds that blow strongly across the country1 especially in ,december1 ,january1 and ,february4 ,the range of hills to the north is the best protection1 and generally is all sufficient4 ,when the weather becomes too severe1 heaps of rubbish mixed with pitch are thrown up to the north of the fields of coffee trees and set afire1 the resultant dense smoke driving down between rows of trees and saving them from the frost4 ,illustration3 ,,indians ,,picking ,,coffee1 ,,guatemala ,named in the order of their productivity1 the coffee districts are ,costa ,cuca1 ,costa ,grande1 ,barberena1 ,tumbador1 ,cobn1 ,costa de ,cucho1 ,chicacao1 ,xolhuitz1 ,pochuta1 ,malacatan1 ,san ,marcos1 ,chuva1 ,panan1 ,turgo1 ,escuintla1 ,san ,vincente1 ,pacaya1 ,antigua1 ,moran1 ,amatitlan1 ,sumatan1 ,palmar1 ,zunil1 and ,motagua4 ,estimates of coffee acreage vary4 ,one authority1 too conservatively1 perhaps1 puts the figure at #ade1jjj4 ,another estimate is #bfj1jjj acres4 ,under cultivation are from #gj1jjj1jjj to #ajj1jjj1jjj trees from which an annual crop averaging about #ge1jjj1jjj pounds is raised1 and the exceptional amounts of nearly #ij1jjj1jjj and #ig1jjj1jjj pounds have been harvested4 ,several plantations of size can be counted upon for an annual production of more than #a1jjj1jjj pounds each4 ,before the ,world ,war ,german interests dominated the coffee industry1 handling fully eighty percent of the crop1 and growing nearly half of it4 ,planting and cultivation methods in ,guatemala are about the same as those prevailing in other countries4 ,the trees are usually in flower in ,february1 ,march1 and ,april1 and the harvesting season extends from ,august to ,january4 ,all work on the plantation is done by ,indian laborers under a peonage system1 families working in companies3 wages are small1 but sufficient1 conditions of living being easy4 ,as elsewhere in these tropical and sub-tropical countries1 scarcity of labor is severely felt1 and is a grave obstacle to the development of the industry in a land that is regarded as particularly well adapted to it4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,coffee ,,planter',s ,,life ,,in ,,guatemala ,,is ,,one ,,of ,,pleasantness ,,and ,,peace ,,haiti4 ,haiti1 the magic isle of the ,indies1 has grown coffee almost from the beginning of the introduction of the tree into the western hemisphere4 ,its cultivation was started there about #agae1 but the trees were largely permitted to fall into a wild natural state1 and little attention was given to them or to the handling of the crop4 ,fertility of soil1 climate1 and moisture are favorable1 and the advancement of the industry has been retarded only by the political conditions of the negro republic and a general lack of industry and enterprise on the part of the people4 ,haiti is an island with three names4 ,haiti is used to describe the island as a whole1 and to denote the ,republic of ,haiti1 which occupies the western third of its area4 ,the island is also known as ,santo ,domingo1 and ,san ,domingo1 names likewise applied to the ,dominican ,republic which occupies the eastern two-thirds of the land unit4 ,plantations now existing in ,haiti have had1 with rare exceptions1 a life of more than ten or twenty years4 ,it is estimated that they cover about #abe1jjj acres1 with about #djj trees to the acre4 ,when the ,french acquired the island in #aghi1 the annual production was #hh1cfj1ejb pounds4 ,during the following century that amount was not approached in any year1 the nearest to it being #gb1fcg1gaf pounds in #ahge4 ,the lowest annual production was #bj1bhj1ehi pounds in #ahah4 ,the range during the hundred years1 #aghi-ahij1 was1 with the exceptions noted1 from #de1jjj1jjj to #ga1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,,mexico4 ,opinions differ as to the exact date when coffee was introduced into ,mexico4 ,it is said to have been transplanted there from the ,west ,indies near the end of the eighteenth century4 ,a story is current that a ,spaniard set out a few trees1 on trial1 in southern ,mexico1 in #ahjj1 and that his experiments started other ,mexican planters along the same line4 ,coffee was grown in the state of ,vera ,cruz early in the nineteenth century2 and the books of the ,vera ,cruz custom house record that #a1aja quintals of coffee were exported through that port during the years #ahjb1 #ahjc1 and #ahje4 ,in the ,coatepec district1 which eventually became famous in the annals of ,mexican coffee growing1 trees were planted about the year #ahjh4 ,local history says that seeds were brought from ,cuba by ,arias1 a partner of the house of ,pedro ,lopez1 owners of the large hacienda of ,orduna in ,coatepec4 ,the seeds were given to a priest1 ,andres ,dominguez1 who sowed them near ,teocelo4 ,when he had succeeded in starting seedlings1 he gave them away to other planters there-about4 ,the plants thrived1 and this was the beginning of coffee cultivation in that section of the country4 ,illustration3 ,,thirty-,,year-,,old ,,coffee ,,trees1 ,,la ,,esperanza1 ,,huatusco1 ,,mexico ,it was1 however1 nearly ten years later before the cultivation was on a scale approaching industrial and commercial importance4 ,about #ahaf or #ahah a ,spaniard1 named ,juan ,antonio ,gomez1 introduced the plant into the neighborhood of ,cordoba4 ,this city1 now on the line of the ,mexican and ,vera ,cruz ,railroad1 #bjj miles from ,mexico ,city1 and sixty miles from ,vera ,cruz1 is #b1ejj feet above sea-level1 and is situated in the most productive tropical region of the country4 ,having been started in ,coatepec and ,cordoba1 the industry was centered for a long time in the state of ,vera ,cruz4 ,for many years practically all the coffee grown commercially in ,mexico was produced in that state4 ,gradually the new pursuit spread to the mountains in the adjacent states of ,oaxaca and ,puebla1 where it was taken up by the ,indians almost entirely1 and is still followed by them1 but not on a large scale4 ,although cultivation is now widely distributed in most of the more southern states of the republic1 the principal coffee territory is still in ,vera ,cruz1 where lie the districts of ,cordoba1 ,orizaba1 ,huatusco1 and ,coatepec4 ,in the same region are the ,jalapa district1 and the mountains of ,puebla1 where a great deal of coffee is grown4 ,farther south are the ,oaxaca districts on the mountain slopes of the ,pacific coast1 and still farther south the districts of the state of ,chiapas4 ,planting in the ,pluma district in ,oaxaca was begun about fifty years ago1 and it now produces annually1 in good years1 nearly #a1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,the youngest district in this section is ,soconusco1 one of the most prolific in the republic1 having been developed within the last thirty years4 ,the region is near the border of ,guatemala1 and the coffee is held by many to possess some of the quality of the coffee of that country4 ,the influence of ,guatemalan methods has been felt also in its cultivation and handling1 especially in increasing plantation productiveness4 ,on the gulf slope of ,oaxaca1 there are plantations that annually produce #bbb1jjj to #eej1jjj pounds4 ,several ,united ,states companies have become interested in coffee growing in this state1 and their output in recent years has been put upon the market in ,st4 ,louis4 ,two principal varieties of coffee are recognized in ,mexico4 ,a sub-variety of ,coffea arabica is mostly cultivated4 ,this is an evergreen1 growing only from five to seven feet4 ,it flourishes well at different altitudes and in different climes1 from the temperate plains of ,puebla to the hot1 damp1 lower lands of ,vera ,cruz and ,oaxaca1 and other ,pacific-coast regions4 ,the range of elevation for it is from #a1ejj to #e1jjj feet1 and it is satisfied with a temperature as low as #ee or as high as #hj1 with plenty of natural humidity or with irrigation in the dry season4 ,the other variety is called the myrtle and is widely grown1 although not in large quantities4 ,it is distinguished from arabica by the larger leaf of the tree and by the smaller corolla of the flower4 ,it is a hardier plant than the arabica and will stand the higher temperature of low altitudes1 thriving at an elevation of from #ejj to #c1jjj feet above sea-level4 ,mostly it is cultivated in the ,cordoba district4 ,it is claimed by many that the ,mexican coffee of best quality is grown in the western regions of the table lands of ,colima and ,michoacan1 but only a small quantity of that is available for export4 ,the state of ,michoacan is especially favored by climate1 altitude1 soil1 and surroundings to produce coffee of exceptionally high grade1 and the ,uruapan is considered to be its best4 ,trees flower in ,january and ,march1 and in high altitudes as late as ,june or ,july4 ,berries appear in ,july and are ripe for gathering in ,october or ,november1 the picking season lasting until ,february4 ,trees begin to yield when two or three years old1 producing from two to four ounces4 ,they reach full production1 which is about one and a half pounds1 at the age of six or seven years1 though in the districts of ,chiapas1 ,michoacan1 ,oaxaca1 and ,puebla1 annual yields of three to five pounds per tree have been reported4 ,since the ,world ,war ,american buyers have shown greater interest in the ,tapachula coffee grown in ,chiapas4 ,illustration3 ,,mexican ,,coffee ,,picker1 ,,coatepec ,,district ,,porto ,,rico4 ,coffee culture in ,porto ,rico dates from #agee or even earlier1 having been introduced from the neighboring islands of ,martinique and ,haiti4 ,count ,o',reilly1 writing of the island in the eighteenth century1 mentions that the coffee exports for five years previous to #agfe amounted in value to #b1jgh4 ,old records show that in #aggj there was a crop of #gjj1jjj pounds and that seems to be the first evidence that the new industry was growing to any noticeable proportions4 ,for a hundred years1 at least1 only slow progress was made4 ,in #agfh the king1 of ,spain issued a royal decree exempting coffee growers on the island from the payment of taxes or charges for a period of five years2 but even that measure was not materially successful in stimulating interest and in developing cultivation4 ,porto ,rico is a good coffee-growing country2 soil1 climate1 and temperature are well adapted to the berry4 ,the coffee belt extends through the western half of the island1 beginning in the hills along the south coast around ,ponce1 and extending north through the center of the island almost to ,arecibo1 near the west end of the north coast4 ,but some coffee is grown in the other parts of the island1 in sixty-four of the sixty-eight municipalities4 ,mountain sections are considered to be superior4 ,the largest plantations are in the region which includes the municipalities of ,utuado1 ,adjuntas1 ,lares1 ,las ,marias1 ,yauco1 ,maricao1 ,san ,sebastian1 ,mayaguez1 ,ciales1 and ,ponce4 ,with the exception of ,ponce and ,mayaguez1 all these districts are back from the coast2 but insular roads of recent construction make them now easily accessible1 and there is no point on the island more than twenty miles distant from the sea4 ,illustration3 ,,receiving ,,and ,,measuring ,,the ,,ripe ,,berries ,,from ,,the ,,pickers1 ,,mexico ,from the ,sierra ,luquillo range1 which rises to a height of #a1ejj feet1 and from ,yauco1 ,utuado1 and ,lares1 come excellent coffees2 and1 on the whole1 these are considered to be the best coffee regions of the island4 ,a fine grade of coffee is also grown in the ,ciales district4 ,figures compiled by the ,treasury ,department of the insular government for the purpose of taxation showed that for the tax year #aiae-af there were #afg1acg acres of land planted to coffee and valued at #aj1cda1eib1 an average of #fa4hg per acre4 ,in #aiaj1 there were #aea1jjj acres planted in coffee4 ,in #aiaf there were more than #e1jjj separate coffee plantations4 ,originally the coffee trees of ,porto ,rico were all of the arabica variety4 ,in recent years numerous others have been introduced1 until in #aiag there were more than #b1ejj trees of new descriptions on the island4 ,the virgin land in the interior of the island is admirably adapted to the coffee tree1 and less labor is required to prepare it for plantation purposes than in many other coffee-growing countries4 ,it is cleared in the usual manner1 and the trees are planted about eight feet apart1 an average of #fhj trees to the acre4 ,the seeds are planted in ,february2 and if the seedlings are transplanted1 that is done when they are a year or a year and a half old4 ,the guama1 a big strong tree of dense foliage1 is used for a wind-break on the ridges2 and the guava1 for shade in the plantation4 ,plow cultivation is generally impossible on account of the lay of the land1 and only hoeing and spade work are done4 ,pruning is carefully attended to as the trees become full grown4 ,flowering is generally in ,february and ,march1 or even later4 ,heavy rains in ,april make a poor crop4 ,harvesting begins in ,september and extends into ,january1 during which time ten pickings are made4 ,illustration3 ,,single ,,porto ,,rico ,,coffee ,,tree ,,in ,,full ,,bearing1 ,,propped ,,up ,,with ,,stakes ,the average yield per acre is between #bjj and #cjj pounds2 but expert authority--,prof4 ,o4,f4 ,cook--in a statement made to the ,committee on ,insular ,affairs of the ,united ,states ,house of ,representatives1 in #aijj1 held that under better cultural methods the yield could be increased to #hjj or #ijj pounds per acre4 ,one estimator has calculated that an average plantation of #ajj acres had cost its owner at the end of six or seven years1 the bearing age1 about #ac1ajj with yields of #ge pounds per acre in the third and in the fourth years1 #djj pounds per acre in the fifth year1 and #ejj pounds in the sixth year1 the income from which would practically have met the cost to that time4 ,it is held by the same authority that an intensively cultivated1 well-situated farm of selected trees1 #hhj to the acre1 should yield some #hhj pounds of cleaned coffee to the acre4 ,,costa ,,rica4 ,costa ,rica ranks next to ,guatemala and ,salvador among the ,central ,american countries as a producer of coffee1 showing an average annual yield in recent years of #ce1jjj1jjj pounds as compared with ,guatemala's #hj1jjj1jjj and ,salvador's #ge1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,nicaragua has an average annual production of #cj1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,coffee was introduced into ,costa ,rica in the latter part of the eighteenth century2 one authority saying that the plants were brought from ,cuba in #aggi by a ,spanish voyager1 ,navarro1 and another saying that the first trees were planted several years later by ,padre ,carazo1 a ,spanish missionary coming from ,jamaica4 ,for more than a century six big coffee trees standing in a courtyard in the city of ,cartago were pointed out to visitors as the very trees that ,carazo had planted4 ,the coffee-producing districts are principally on the ,pacific slope and in the central plateaus of the interior4 ,plantations are located in the provinces of ,cartago1 ,tres ,rios1 ,san ,jos1 ,heredia1 and ,alajuela4 ,in the province of ,cartago are several extensive new estates on the slope to the ,atlantic coast4 ,the ,san ,jos and the ,cartago districts are considered by many to be the best naturally for the coffee tree4 ,the soil is an exceedingly rich black loam made up of continuous layers of volcanic ashes and dust from three to fifteen feet deep4 ,preferable altitudes for plantations range from #c1jjj to #d1ejj feet1 although a height of #e1jjj feet is not out of use and there are some estates that do fairly well on levels as low as #a1ejj feet4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,modern ,,idea ,,in ,,coffee ,,cultivation1 ,,costa ,,rica ,,india4 ,tradition has it that a ,moslem pilgrim in the seventeenth century brought from ,mecca to ,india the first coffee seeds known in that country4 ,they were planted near a temple on a hill in ,mysore called ,baba ,budan1 after the pilgrim2 and from there the cultivation of coffee gradually spread to neighboring districts4 ,aside from this legend1 nothing further is heard about coffee in ,india until the early part of the nineteenth century1 when its existence there was confirmed by the granting of a charter to ,fort ,gloster1 near ,calcutta1 authorizing that place to become a coffee plantation4 ,illustration3 ,,picking ,,costa ,,rica ,,coffee ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,estate ,,in ,,the ,,mountains ,,of ,,costa ,,rica ,planting was begun on the flat land of the plains1 but the trees did not thrive4 ,then the cultivation was extended to the hills in southern ,india1 especially in ,mysore1 where better success was achieved4 ,the first systematic plantation was established in #ahdj4 ,for the most part1 the production has always been confined to southern ,india in the elevated region near the southwestern coast4 ,the coffee district comprises the landward slopes of the ,western ,ghats1 from ,kanara to ,travancore4 ,about one-half of the coffee-producing area is in ,mysore2 and other plantations are in ,kurg 7,coorg71 the ,madras districts of ,malabar1 and in the ,nilgiri hills1 those regions having #hf percent of the whole area under cultivation4 ,some coffee is grown also in other districts in ,madras1 principally in ,madura1 ,salem1 and ,coimbator1 in ,cochin1 in ,travancore1 and1 on a restricted scale1 in ,burma1 ,assam1 and ,bombay4 ,the area returned as under coffee in #ahhe was #bcg1ddh acres2 in #ahif1 as #cjc1idd acres4 ,since then there has been a progressive decrease on account of damage from leaf diseases difficult to combat1 and by competition with ,brazilian coffee4 ,new land that had just been planted with coffee in plantations reported for #aiai-bj amounted to #g1jab acres2 while the area abandoned was #h1gbe acres1 representing a net decrease in cultivated area of #a1gac acres4 ,illustration3 ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view ,,of ,a ,,coffee ,,estate ,,in ,,mysore1 ,,india ,of the total area devoted to coffee cultivation 7#abf1iai acres71 #di percent was in ,mysore1 which yielded #ce percent of the total production2 while ,madras1 with #bc percent of the total area1 yielded #ch percent of the production4 ,the total production for the year #aibj-ba is reported as #bf1ijb1dga pounds4 ,yield varies throughout the country according to the methods of cultivation and the condition of the season4 ,on the best estates in a good season1 the yield per acre may be as high as #a1ajj or #a1bjj pounds1 and on poor estates it may not be over #bjj or #cjj pounds4 ,the arabica variety is chiefly cultivated4 ,the robusta and ,maragogipe have been tried1 but without much success4 ,a representative plantation is the ,santaverre in ,mysore1 comprising #djj acres1 at an elevation of from #d1jjj to #d1ejj feet1 where the coffee trees1 cultivated under shade1 produce from #ajj to #bej tons of coffee a year4 ,other prominent estates in ,mysore are ,cannon's ,baloor and ,mylemoney1 the ,hoskahn1 and the ,sumpigay ,khan4 ,,nicaragua4 ,coffee trees will grow well anywhere in ,nicaragua1 but the best locations have altitudes of from #b1jjj to #c1jjj feet above sea level4 ,at such elevations the yield varies from one pound to five pounds per tree annually2 but above or below those1 the average production diminishes to from one pound to one-half pound a tree4 ,lands most suitable for the berry are on the ,sierra de ,managua1 in ,diriambe1 ,san ,marcos1 and ,jinotega1 and about the base of the volcano ,monbacho near ,granada4 ,good land is also found on the island ,omotepe in ,lake ,nicaragua1 and around ,boaco in the department of ,chontales1 where cultivation was begun in #ahic4 ,there are also plantations in the vicinity of ,esteli and ,lomati in the department of ,neuva ,segovia4 ,the most extensive operations are in the departments of ,managua1 ,carazo1 ,matagalpa1 ,chontales1 and ,jinotega1 and from those regions the annual crop has attained to such quantity that it has become the chief agricultural product of the republic4 ,poor and costly means of transportation on the ,atlantic slope have operated to retard the development of the industry there1 even though conditions of climate are not unfavorable4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,growing ,,under ,,shade1 ,,ubban ,,estate1 ,,india ,,abyssinia4 ,in the absence of any conclusive evidence to the contrary1 the claim that coffee was first made known to modern man by the trees on the mountains of the northeastern part of the continent of ,africa may be accepted without reserve4 ,undoubtedly the plant grew wild all through tropical ,africa2 but its value as an addition to man's dietary was brought forth in ,abyssinia4 ,abyssinia1 while it may have given coffee to the world1 no longer figures as a prime factor in supplying the world1 and now exports only a limited quantity4 ,there are produced in the country two coffees known to the trade as ,harari and ,abyssinian1 the former being by far the more important4 ,the ,harari is the fruit of cultivated arabica trees grown in the province of ,harar1 and mostly in the neighborhood of the city of ,harar1 capital of the province4 ,the ,abyssianian is the fruit of wild arabica trees that grow mainly in the provinces of ,sidamo1 ,kaffa1 and ,guma4 ,the coffee of ,harar is known to the trade as ,mocha longberry or ,abyssinian longberry4 ,most of the plantations upon which it is raised are owned by the native ,hararis1 ,galla1 and ,abyssinians1 although there are a few ,greek1 ,german1 and ,french planters4 ,the trees are planted in rows about twelve or fifteen feet apart1 and comparatively little attention is given to cultivation4 ,crops average two a year1 and sometimes even five in two years4 ,the big yield is in ,december1 ,january1 and ,february4 ,the average crop is about seventy pounds1 and is mostly from small plots of from fifty to one hundred trees1 there being no very large plantations4 ,all the coffee is brought into the city of ,harar1 whence it is sent on mule-back to ,dire-,daoua on the ,franco-,ethiopian ,railway1 and from there by rail to ,jibuti4 ,some of it is exported directly from ,jibuti1 and the rest is forwarded to ,aden1 in ,arabia1 for re-exporting4 ,abyssinian1 or wild1 coffee is also known as ,kaffa coffee1 from one of the districts where it grows most abundantly in a state of nature4 ,this coffee has a smaller bean and is less rich in aroma and flavor than the ,harari2 but the trees grow in such profusion that the possible supply1 at the minimum of labor in gathering1 is practically unlimited4 ,it is said that in southwestern ,abyssinia there are immense forests of it that have never been encroached upon except at the outskirts1 where the natives lazily pick up the beans that have fallen to the ground4 ,it is shelled where it is found1 in the most primitive fashion1 and goes out in a dirty1 mixed condition4 ,formerly1 much of this ,kaffa coffee was sent to market through ,boromeda1 ,harar1 and ,dire-,daoua4 ,an average annual crop was about #f1jjj bags1 or #hjj1jjj pounds1 of which something more than one-half usually went through ,harar4 ,a customs and trading station has lately been established at ,gambela1 on the ,sobat ,river3 and with the development of this outlet1 there has been a substantial and increasing exploitation of the wild-coffee plants since #aiac4 ,large areas of land have been cleared1 with a view to cultivation1 and attention is being given to improved methods of harvesting and of preparing the coffee for the market4 ,at one time a fair amount of coffee from this region went to ,adis ,abeba on the backs of pack mules1 a journey of thirty-five or forty days1 and then was carried to ,jibuti1 nearly #ejj miles1 part of the way by rail4 ,now practically all of it goes to ,gambela1 thence by steamers to ,khartoum1 and by rail to the shipping-point at ,port ,sudan on the ,red ,sea4 ,,other ,,african ,,countries4 ,practically every part of ,africa seems to be suitable for coffee cultivation1 even ,united ,south ,africa1 in the southern part of the continent1 producing #adj1bab pounds in #aiah4 ,to name all the countries in which it is grown would be to list nearly all the political divisions of ,africa4 ,among the largest producers are the ,british ,east ,african ,protectorate1 #ah1gce1egb pounds in #aiah2 ,french ,somaliland1 #aa1bbb1gcf pounds in #aiag2 ,angola1 #aj1fee1icd pounds in #aiac2 ,uganda1 #i1iii1hde pounds in #aiah2 former ,german ,east ,africa1 #b1ccd1dej pounds in #aiac2 ,cape ,verde ,islands1 #a1ddb1iaj pounds in #aiaf2 ,madagascar1 #gjg1fgf pounds in #aiah2 ,liberia1 #gfa1cjj pounds in #aiag2 ,eritrea1 #gbh1hdj pounds in #aiah2 ,st4 ,thomas and ,prince's ,islands1 #dhd1cej pounds in #aiaf2 and the ,belgian ,congo1 #cge1jjj pounds in #aiag4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,galla ,,coffee ,,grower1 ,,and ,,his ,,helper1 ,,in ,,his ,,grove ,,of ,,young ,,trees ,,near ,,harar ,,angola4 ,coffee is ,angola's second product1 and there are large areas of wild-coffee trees4 ,with a production of nearly #aa1jjj1jjj pounds1 ,angola ranks about third in ,africa as a coffee-growing country4 ,the coffee is gathered and sold by the natives1 and there are also several ,european companies engaged in the coffee business4 ,the chief coffee belt extends from the ,quanza ,river northward to the ,kongo at an altitude of #a1ejj to #b1ejj feet4 ,in the ,cazengo valley the wild trees are so thick that thinning out is the only operation necessary to the plantation-owner4 ,when the trees become too tall1 they are simply cut off about two feet above ground2 and new shoots appear from the trunks the following season4 ,the largest coffee plantation1 owned by the ,companhia ,agricola de ,cazengo1 produced in #aiac1 a record year1 nearly #a1ejj tons4 ,,liberia4 ,coffee is native to ,liberia1 growing wild in the hinterland of the negro republic1 and in the natural state the trees often attain a height of from thirty to forty feet4 ,cultivated ,liberian coffee1 ,coffea liberica1 has become a staple of the civilized inhabitants of the country1 and is grown successfully in hot1 moist lowlands or on hills that are not much elevated4 ,on account of the size of the trees1 only about four hundred can be planted to the acre4 ,in recent years the native ,africans have been planting thousands of trees in the district of ,grand ,cape ,mount4 ,coffee is grown in all parts of the republic1 but chiefly in ,grand ,cape ,mount and ,montserrado4 ,,general ,,outlook ,,in ,,africa4 ,in the ,african countries under control of ,european governments much recent progress has been made in promoting coffee growing and in improving methods of cultivation4 ,british interests were reported in #aiai as having started a movement toward reviving interest in the coffee growing industry in the ,british possessions in ,africa4 ,the report stated that ,uganda1 in the ,east ,african ,protectorate1 had #ba1jjj acres under coffee cultivation1 with #af1jjj acres more in other parts of the ,protectorate1 and #a1cjj acres in ,nyasaland2 also that there is no hope of an immediate revival of the industry in ,natal1 where it was killed twenty years ago by various pests2 but it should certainly be established in the warmer parts of ,rhodesia2 and in the northern part of the ,transvaal an effort is being made to bring this form of enterprise into practical existence4 ,coffee growing possibilities in ,british ,east ,africa 7,kenya ,colony7 are alluring1 according to reports from planters in that region4 ,late in #aibj1 ,major ,c4,j4 ,ross1 a ,british government officer there1 said that ,british ,east ,africa is going to be one of the leading coffee countries of the world4 ,coffee grows wild in many parts of the ,protectorate1 but the natives are too lazy to pick even the wild berries4 ,on the more advanced plantations in all parts of ,africa the approved cultivation methods of other leading countries are carefully followed2 especial care being given to weeding and pruning1 because of the rank growth of the tropics4 ,on the whole1 however1 little attention is given to intensive methods4 ,,arabia4 ,whether the coffee tree was first discovered indigenous in the mountains of ,abyssinia1 or in the ,yemen district of ,arabia1 will probably always be a matter of contention4 ,many writers of ,europe and ,asia in the fifteenth century1 when coffee was first brought to the attention of the people of ,europe1 agree on ,arabia2 but there is good reason to believe the plant was brought to ,arabia from ,abyssinia in the sixth century4 ,once all the coffee of ,arabia went to the outside world through the port of ,mocha on the eastern coast of the ,red ,sea4 ,mocha1 which never raised any coffee1 is no longer of commercial importance2 but its name has been permanently attached to the coffee of this country4 ,mocha 7,moka1 or ,morkha7 coffee 7i4e4 ,coffea arabica7 is raised principally in the vilayet of ,yemen1 a district of southeastern ,arabia4 ,yemen extends from the north1 southerly along the line of the ,red ,sea1 nearly to the ,gulf of ,aden4 ,with the exception of a narrow strip of land along the shores of the ,red ,sea1 the ,strait of ,bab-el-,mandeb1 and the ,gulf of ,aden1 it is a rugged1 mountainous region1 in which innumerable small valleys at high elevations are irrigated by waters from the melting snows of the mountains4 ,coffee can be successfully grown in any part of ,yemen1 but its cultivation is confined to a few widely scattered districts1 and the acreage is not large4 ,the principal coffee regions are in the mountains between ,taiz and ,ibb1 and between ,ibb and ,yerim1 and ,yerim and ,sanaa1 on the caravan route from ,taiz to ,sanaa2 between ,zabeed and ,ibb1 on the route from ,taiz to ,zabeed2 between ,hajelah and ,menakha1 on the route from ,hodeida to ,sanaa1 and in the wild mountain ranges both to the north and south of that route2 between ,beit-el-,fakih and ,obal2 and between ,manakha and ,batham to the north of ,bajil4 ,the plant does best at elevations ranging from #c1ejj to #f1ejj feet4 ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,kaffa ,,coffee ,,trees ,,near ,,adis ,,abeba ,in the ,yemen district1 coffee is generally grown in small gardens4 ,large plantations1 as they exist in other coffee-growing countries1 are not seen in ,arabia4 ,many of these small farms may be parts of a large estate belonging to some rich tribal chief4 ,the native ,arabs do not use coffee in the way it is used elsewhere in the world4 ,they drink kisher1 a beverage brewed from the husks of the berry and not from the bean4 ,consequently1 the entire crop goes into export4 ,but bad conditions of trade routes1 political disturbances1 and small regional wars1 absence of good cultivation methods1 and heavy transit taxes imposed by the government1 have combined to restrict the production of ,yemen coffee4 ,land for the coffee gardens is selected on hill-slopes1 and is terraced with soil and small walls of stone until it reaches up like an amphitheater--often to a considerable height4 ,the soil is well fertilized4 ,for sowing1 the seeds are thoroughly dried in ashes1 and after being placed in the ground1 are carefully watched1 watered1 and shaded4 ,in about a year the shrub has grown to a height of twelve or more inches4 ,seedlings in that condition are set out in the gardens in rows1 about ten to thirteen feet apart4 ,the young trees receive moisture from neighboring wells or from irrigation ditches1 and are shaded by bananas4 ,at maturity the trees reach a height of ten or fifteen feet4 ,since they never lose all their leaves at one time1 they appear always green1 and bear at the same time flowers and fruits1 some of which are still green while others are ripe or approaching maturity4 ,thus1 in some districts1 the trees are considered to have two or even three crops a year4 ,all the trees begin to bear about the end of the third year4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,rare ,,picture ,,showing ,,mocha ,,coffee ,,growing ,,on ,,terraces ,,in ,,yemen1 ,,arabia ,,cuba4 ,coffee can be grown in practically every island of the ,west ,indies1 but owing to the state of civilization in many of the lesser islands1 little is produced for international trade1 excepting in ,jamaica1 ,guadeloupe1 ,haiti1 the ,dominican ,republic1 ,trinidad1 and ,tobago4 ,in past years a considerable quantity of good-quality coffee was produced in ,cuba1 the annual export in the decade of #ahdj averaging #ej1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,severe hurricanes1 adverse legislation1 the rise of coffee-growing in ,brazil1 the increase in cultivation of sugar and other more profitable crops1 practically eliminated ,cuba from the international coffee-export trade4 ,,martinique4 ,this is a name well known to coffee men1 the world over1 as the pioneer coffee-growing country of the western hemisphere4 ,gabriel de ,clieu introduced the coffee plant to the island in #agbc by bringing it through many hardships from ,france4 ,for a time1 coffee flourished there1 but now practically none is grown4 ,such coffee as bears the name ,martinique in modern trade centers is produced in ,guadeloupe1 and is only shipped through ,martinique4 ,,jamaica4 ,coffee was introduced into ,jamaica in #agcj2 and so highly was it regarded as a desirable addition to the agricultural resources of the island1 that the ,british ,parliament in #agcb passed a special act providing for the encouraging and fostering of its cultivation4 ,later1 it became one of the great staples of the country4 ,disastrous floods in #ahae1 and the gradual exhaustion of the best lands since then1 have brought about a decline of the industry1 which is now confined to a few estates in the ,blue ,mountains and to scattered settler or peasant cultivation in the same districts but at lower altitudes4 ,the tree was formerly grown at all altitudes1 from sea-level to #e1jjj feet2 but the best height for it is about #d1ejj feet4 ,four parishes lead in coffee producing3 ,manchester1 with an area of #e1jde acres2 ,st4 ,thomas1 with #b1cae acres2 ,clarendon1 with #b1agb acres2 ,st4 ,andrew1 with #a1ehd acres4 ,nine other parishes that raise coffee have less than #a1jjj acres each under cultivation4 ,there were #bd1hfe acres devoted to coffee in #aijj4 ,in addition1 it was estimated that there were #hj1jjj acres suitable for the cultivation1 nearly all being owned by the government4 ,illustration3 ,,picking ,,blue ,,mountain ,,berries1 ,,jamaica ,,dominican ,,republic4 ,coffee was once the leading staple in the ,dominican ,republic as in the adjoining ,haitian ,republic2 but in recent years cacao1 sugar1 and tobacco have become the predominating crops4 ,said to have the world's richest and most productive soil1 one-half of the republic's area is particularly suited to the cultivation of a good grade of coffee of the highland type4 ,but political and industrial conditions have made for neglect of its cultivation by efficient methods4 ,lack of suitable roads has also militated against the development of the coffee industry4 ,in spite of many drawbacks1 it is to be noted that1 from the beginning of the twentieth century1 the coffee-growing area has been gradually expanded until exports increased from less than #a1jjj1jjj pounds to #e1jbi1caf pounds in #aiah1 although in the next two years there was a recession in the total exports to #a1ceh1hbe pounds in #aibj4 ,the principal plantations are in the vicinity of the town of ,moca and in the districts of ,santiago1 ,bani1 and ,barahona4 ,generally speaking1 the methods of cultivation in the ,dominican ,republic are somewhat crude as compared with the practise in the larger countries of production in ,central ,america and ,south ,america4 ,,guadeloupe4 ,guadeloupe has an area of #fai square miles1 and about one-third of this area is under cultivation4 ,about #ae1jjj acres are in coffee1 giving employment to upward of #aj1jjj persons4 ,the average yield of a plantation of mature trees is about #ece pounds to the acre4 ,in the early years of the industry in ,guadeloupe1 production and export were considerable4 ,from old records it appears that in #aghd the exports amounted to #g1ejj1jjj pounds4 ,during the closing years of the eighteenth century the annual exports were from #f1ejj1jjj to #h1ejj1jjj pounds1 and in the beginning of the next century they registered about #f1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,toward the middle of the nineteenth century the growing of sugar cane overtopped that of coffee in profit1 and many planters abandoned coffee4 ,after #ahhd1 with the decadence of the sugar industry1 coffee was again favored1 the government giving substantial encouragement by paying bounties ranging from #ae to #ai per acre for all new coffee plantations4 ,in recent years1 considerable liberica and robusta have been planted in place of the exhausted arabica4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,pickers ,,returning ,,from ,,the ,,fields1 ,,guadeloupe ,,trinidad ,,and ,,tobago4 ,the islands of ,trinidad and ,tobago are small factors in international coffee trading4 ,coffee can be grown almost any place on the islands2 but its cultivation is confined principally to the districts of ,maracas1 ,aripo1 and ,north ,oropouche4 ,both the arabica and the liberica varieties are grown4 ,,honduras4 ,soil1 surface1 and climate in ,honduras1 as far as they relate to the cultivation of coffee1 are similar to those of the adjoining regions of ,central ,america4 ,the tree grows in the uplands of the interior1 thriving best at an altitude of from #a1ejj to #d1jjj feet4 ,scarcity of labor and insufficient means of transportation have been the chief obstacles in the way of the large development of the industry4 ,the departments of ,santa ,barbara1 ,copan1 ,cortez1 ,la ,paz1 ,choluteca1 and ,el ,paraiso have the principal plantations4 ,the ports of shipment are ,truxillo and ,puerto ,corts4 ,annual production in recent years has been about #e1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,in #ahhi the ,united ,states imported #c1cbb1ejb pounds1 but in #aiae its importations fell away to #ffe1iab pounds4 ,,british ,,honduras4 ,british ,honduras has never undertaken to raise coffee on a commercial scale despite the fact that conditions are not unfavorable to its cultivation4 ,it has failed to produce enough even for domestic consumption1 importing most of what it has needed4 ,annual production1 as recorded in recent years1 has been upward of #aj1jjj pounds4 ,illustration3 ,,three-,,year-,,old ,,coffee ,,trees ,,in ,,blossom1 ,,panama ,,panama4 ,panama presents a very favorable field for the growing of coffee4 ,the best district is situated in the uplands of the district of ,bugaba1 where vast areas of the best lands for coffee-growing exist1 and where climatic and other conditions are most favorable to its growth4 ,no shade is required in this country2 and the only cultivation consists of three or four cleanings a year to keep down the weeds1 as no plowing1 etc41 are necessary4 ,coffee matures from ,october to ,january4 ,water power being abundant1 it is used for running all machinery4 ,the annual output of the province of ,chiriqui1 which produces the bulk of the coffee1 is approximately #d1jjj sacks of #ajj pounds each2 all of which is produced in the ,boquete district at present1 as the coffee planted in the ,bugaba section is still young and unproductive4 ,the local supply does not meet the domestic demand2 and instead of exporting1 a great deal is imported from adjoining countries1 although1 there is a protective tariff of six dollars per hundred pounds4 ,,the ,,guianas4 ,coffee has had a precarious existence in the ,guianas4 ,plants are said to have been brought by ,dutch voyagers from ,amsterdam in #agah or #agbj4 ,they flourished in the new habitat to which they were introduced1 and in #agbe were carried from ,dutch ,guiana into the district of ,berbice in ,british ,guiana and into ,french ,guiana4 ,there the berry was a considerable success for a time2 ,berbice coffee especially acquiring a good reputation2 and when ,demerara was settled1 coffee became a staple of that region4 ,shortage of native labor1 and the difficulty of procuring cheap and capable workers from outside the country1 ultimately compelled the practical abandonment of the crop in all three sections1 ,dutch1 ,french1 and ,british4 ,in ,british ,guiana it is now grown mainly for domestic consumption1 and the same is true of ,french ,guiana1 which also imports4 ,from the time of its introduction1 about #agah1 until about #ahhj1 the only coffee grown in ,surinam1 or ,dutch ,guiana1 was the ,coffea arabica4 ,it was not a bountiful producer1 and with labor scarce and unreliable1 its cultivation was expensive4 ,therefore experiment was made with the liberica plant4 ,this proved to be very satisfactory1 growing luxuriantly1 producing abundantly1 and requiring minimum labor in care4 ,in #aiah some #af1jjj1jjj pounds were produced4 ,,ecuador4 ,though not of great commercial importance1 coffee in ,ecuador grows on both the mainland and on the adjacent islands4 ,the area planted to coffee is estimated at #cb1jjj acres having an aggregate of about #h1jjj1jjj trees4 ,the trees blossom in ,december1 and the picking season is through ,april1 ,may and ,june4 ,coffee ranks third in value among the exports of the country4 ,,peru4 ,although possessed of natural coffee land and climate1 little has been done to develop the industry in ,peru4 ,a finely flavored coffee grows at an altitude of #g1jjj feet1 while that grown in the lowlands along the ,pacific coast is not so desirable4 ,such small quantities as are grown are cultivated in the mountain districts of ,choquisongo1 ,cajamarca1 ,perene1 ,paucartambo1 ,chaucghamayo1 and ,huanace4 ,the ,pacific-coast district of ,paces-mayo also grows a not unimportant crop4 ,,bolivia4 ,comparatively little attention is given to coffee cultivation in ,bolivia4 ,agricultural methods are crude1 and are limited to cutting down weeds and undergrowth twice a year4 ,the coffee is planted in small patches1 or as hedges along the roads or around the fields of other crops4 ,the first crop is picked at the end of one and a half or two years4 ,the trees bear for fifteen to twenty years4 ,the average yield is from three to eight pounds per tree4 ,the best grades of coffee are grown at #b1jjj to #f1jjj feet above sea level4 ,coffee is cultivated in the departments of ,la ,paz1 ,cochabamba1 ,santa ,cruz1 ,el ,beni1 and ,chuquisca4 ,in the department of ,santa ,cruz there are plantations in the provinces of ,sara1 ,velasco1 ,chiquitos and ,cordillera4 ,in the ,yungas and the ,apolobamba districts of ,la ,paz1 its cultivation reaches the greatest importance1 but even there is not of large proportions4 ,,chile1 ,,paraguay1 ,,and ,,argentina4 ,coffee is of minor1 almost insignificant1 importance in the agriculture of ,chile1 ,paraguay1 and ,argentina4 ,in ,uruguay the climate is altogether unsuitable for it4 ,argentina and ,paraguay each have small growing districts4 ,in the first named1 only the provinces of ,salta and ,jujuy have1 at the latest reports1 a little more than #c1jjj acres under cultivation4 ,in ,paraguay some householders have grown coffee in their yards solely for their own use4 ,in the ,paraguayan district of ,altos1 north of ,asuncion1 a small group of plantations was started before the outbreak of the ,world ,war1 and produced about #cjj1jjj pounds of coffee in a year4 ,,ceylon4 ,coffee planting in ,ceylon was an important industry for a century1 until the so-called ,ceylon leaf disease attacked the plantations in #ahfi1 and a few years later had practically destroyed all the trees of the country4 ,although coffee raising has continued since then1 there has been1 especially since the beginning of the twentieth century1 a steady decline in acreage4 ,there were #d1hge acres under cultivation in #aijc1 #b1dcc acres in #aijg1 #a1chi in #aiab1 and #ida4e in #aiai4 ,only #b1bjj pounds were produced in #aiag4 ,however1 the climate and soil of ,ceylon seem adapted to coffee culture1 and the experimental stations at ,peradeniya and ,anuradhapura have been experimenting in recent years with robusta1 canephora1 ,ugand1 and a robusta hybrid for the purpose of reviving the industry in the country4 ,ceylon is one of the oldest coffee-growing countries1 the ,arabs having experimented with it there1 according to legend1 long before the ,portuguese seized the island in #aeje4 ,the ,dutch1 who gained control in #afeh1 continued the cultivation1 and in #afij introduced more systematic methods4 ,they sent a few pounds in #agba to ,amsterdam1 where the coffee brought a higher price than ,java or ,mocha4 ,however1 it was not until after the ,british occupied the island in #agif1 that coffee growing was carried on extensively4 ,the first ,british-owned upland plantation was started in #ahbe by ,sir ,edward ,barnes2 and for more than fifty years thereafter coffee was one of the island's leading products4 ,an orgy of speculation in coffee growing in ,ceylon1 in which #e1jjj1jjj sterling are said to have been invested1 culminated in #ahde in the bursting of the coffee bubble1 and hundreds were ruined4 ,the peak of the export trade was reached in #ahgc1 when #aaa1die1baf pounds of coffee were sent out of the country4 ,even then1 the plantations were suffering severely from the leaf disease1 which had appeared in #ahfi2 and by #ahhg1 the coffee tree had practically disappeared from ,ceylon4 ,ceylon's day in coffee was a cycle of fifty-odd years4 ,illustration3 ,,robusta ,,coffee ,,growing ,,on ,,the ,,suzannah ,,estate1 ,,cochin-,,china ,,french ,,indo-,,china4 ,coffee culture in ,french ,indo-,china is a comparatively small factor in international trade1 although production is on the increase1 particularly from those plantations planted to robusta1 liberica1 and excelsa varieties4 ,the average annual export for the five-year period ended with #aiah was #eaf1igh pounds1 nearly all of it going to ,france4 ,the first experiments with coffee growing were begun in #ahhg1 near ,hanoi in ,tonkin4 ,the seeds were of the arabica variety1 brought from ,runion1 and the production from the first years was distributed throughout the country to foster the industry4 ,eventually arabica was found unsuitable to the soil and climate1 and experiments were begun with robusta and other hardier types4 ,a survey of the industry of the country in #aiaf showed that the plant was being successfully grown in the provinces of ,tonkin1 ,anam1 and ,cochin-,china1 and that altogether there were about #a1jjj1jjj trees in bearing4 ,the plantations are mostly in the foot-hills of the mountain ranges or on the slopes1 although a few are located near the coast line at #a1jjj feet1 or even less1 above sea-level4 ,the larger and more successful plantations follow advanced methods of planting and cultivating1 while the government maintains experimental stations for the purpose of fostering the industry4 ,it is believed that ,french ,indo-,china in coming years will assume an important position in the coffee trade of the world1 particularly as a source of supply for ,france4 ,,federated ,,malay ,,states1 ,,including ,,straits ,,settlements4 ,rubber has been the chief cause of the decline of coffee industry in the ,federated ,malay ,states4 ,since the closing years of the nineteenth century coffee has been steadily on the downward path in acreage and production1 with the possible exception of parts of ,straits ,settlements1 which in #aiah exported1 mostly to ,england1 some #c1ejj1jjj pounds of good grade coffee4 ,the other sections of the federation shipped less than #a1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,in the early days1 planters of the ,malay ,peninsula knew little about proper methods of cultivating1 and depended mostly upon what they learned of the practises in ,ceylon1 which1 unfortunately for them1 were not at all suited to the ,malay country4 ,they secured their best crops from lowlands where peaty soil prevailed1 and eventually all the coffee grown on the peninsula came from such regions4 ,liberica is mostly favored1 and is grown with some success as an inter-crop with cocoanuts and rubber4 ,the robusta variety has also been introduced1 but does not seem to do as well as the liberica4 ,between #b1cjj and #b1fjj acres1 according to recent returns1 have been under coffee as a catch-crop with cocoanuts1 out of a total of #dj1jjj acres in cocoanut estates4 ,one planter has been reported as making quite a success with this method of inter-cropping for coffee1 but it is not generally approved4 ,there has been a general decline in acreage1 product1 and exports since the closing years of the nineteenth century1 until now the industry is regarded as practically at a stand-still and likely so to remain as long as rubber shall continue to hold the commercially high position to which it has attained4 ,unsatisfactory prices realized for the crop1 poor growth of the trees in some localities1 and the gradual weakening of the trees under rubber as they mature1 are offered as the principal explanations of this decrease in acreage4 ,nearly all the ,malay crop in recent years has been grown in ,selangor1 though ,negri ,sembilan1 ,pahang1 and ,perak continue as factors in the trade4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,trees ,,of ,,the ,,bourbon ,,variety1 ,,french ,,indo-,,china ,,australia4 ,although ,australia is a prospective coffee-growing country of large natural possibilities1 the ,australian ,year ,book for #aiba states that ,queensland is the one state in which experiments have been tried1 and that in #aiai-bj there were only twenty-four acres under cultivation4 ,queensland soils are of volcanic origin1 exceptionally rich1 and support trees that are vigorous and prolific with a bean of fine quality4 ,the arabica is chiefly cultivated1 and the trees can be successfully grown on the plains at sea-level as well as up to a height of #a1ejj or #b1jjj feet4 ,the trees mature earlier than in some other countries4 ,planted in ,january1 they frequently blossom in ,december of the next year1 or a month later1 and yield a small crop in ,july or ,august2 that is1 in about two years and a half from the time of planting4 ,the bean closely resembles the choice ,blue ,mountain coffee of ,jamaica4 ,for coffee cultivation the labor cost is almost prohibitive4 ,illustration3 ,,picking ,,coffee ,,on ,a ,,north ,,queensland ,,plantation ,as much as fifteen hundred-weight of beans per acre have been gathered from trees in ,north ,queensland2 and for years the average was ten hundred-weight per acre4 ,after thirty years of cultivation1 no signs of disease have appeared4 ,at late as #aibj1 the government was proposing to make advances of fourteen cents a pound upon coffee in the parchment to encourage the development of the industry to a point where it would be possible for local coffee growers to capture at least the bulk of the commonwealth's import coffee trade of #b1fje1bdj pounds4 ,coffee grows well in most all the islands of the ,pacific ,ocean1 and in some of them1 as in the ,philippines and ,hawaii1 the industry in past years1 reached considerable importance4 ,,hawaii4 ,coffee has been grown in ,hawaii since #ahbe1 from plants brought from ,brazil4 ,it has also been said that seed was brought by ,vancouver1 the ,british navigator1 on his ,pacific exploration voyage1 #agia-id4 ,not1 however1 until #ahde was an official record made of the crop1 which was then #bdh pounds4 ,the first plantations1 started on the low levels1 near the sea1 did not do well2 and it was not until the trees were planted at elevations of from #a1jjj to #c1jjj feet above sea-level that better returns were obtained4 ,coffee is grown on all the islands of the group1 but nowhere to any great extent except on ,hawaii1 which produces ninety-five percent of the entire crop4 ,next in importance1 though far behind1 is the island of ,oahu4 ,on ,hawaii there are four principal coffee districts1 ,kona1 ,hamakua1 ,puna1 and ,olaa4 ,about four-fifths of the total output of the islands is produced in ,kona4 ,at one time there were considerable coffee areas in ,maui and ,kauai1 but sugar cane eventually there took the place of coffee4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,in ,,blossom1 ,,captain ,,cook ,,coffee ,,company ,,estate1 ,,kealakekua1 ,,kona1 ,,hawaii ,the ,kona coffee district extends for many miles along the western slope of the island of ,hawaii and around famous ,kealakekua ,bay4 ,the soil is volcanic1 and even rocky2 but coffee trees flourish surprisingly well among the rocks1 and are said to bear a bean of superior quality4 ,coffee trees in ,kona are planted principally in the open1 though sometimes they are shaded by the native kukui trees4 ,they are grown from seed in nurseries2 and the seedlings1 when one year old1 are transplanted in regular lines nine feet apart4 ,in two years a small crop is gathered1 yielding from five to twelve bags of cleaned coffee per acre4 ,at three years of age the trees produce from eight to twenty bags of cleaned coffee per acre1 and from that time they are fully matured4 ,the ripening season is between ,september and ,january1 and there are two principal pickings4 ,many of the trees are classed as wild2 that is1 they are not topped1 and are cultivated in an irregular manner and are poorly cared for2 but they yield #gjj or #hjj pounds per acre4 ,the fruit ripens very uniformly1 and is picked easily and at slight expense4 ,it is calculated that in the ,hawaiian group more than #bej1jjj acres of good coffee land are available and about #bjj1jjj acres more of fair quality4 ,comparatively little of this possible acreage has been put to use4 ,according to the census of #ahhi1 there were then #f1dea acres devoted to coffee1 having1 young and old1 #c1bbe1gdc bearing trees4 ,the yield1 in that census year1 was #b1big1jjj pounds1 of which #b1aab1fej pounds were credited to ,hawaii1 the small remainder coming from ,maui1 ,oahu1 ,kauai1 and ,molokai4 ,a blight in #ahee-ef set back the industry1 many plantations being ruined and then given over to sugar cane4 ,after the blight had disappeared1 the plantations were re-established1 and prosperity continued for years4 ,following the ,american occupation of the islands in #ahih1 came another period of depression4 ,with the loss of the protective tariff that had existed1 prices fell to an unremunerativte figure2 and the more profitable sugar cane was taken up again4 ,after #aiab1 the increased demand for coffee1 with higher prices1 led again to hopes for the future of the industry4 ,planting was encouraged2 and it has been demonstrated that from lands well selected and intelligently cultivated it is possible to have a yield of from #a1bjj to #b1ajj pounds per acre4 ,improvements have also been made in pulping and milling facilities4 ,many of the plantations are cultivated by ,japanese labor4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,growing ,,under ,,shade1 ,,hamakua1 ,h4,i4 ,exports of coffee from ,hawaii to the principal countries of the world in #aibj were #b1egc1cjj pounds4 ,,philippine ,,islands4 ,spanish missionaries from ,mexico are said to have carried the coffee plant to the ,philippine ,islands in the latter part of the eighteenth century4 ,at first it was cultivated in the province of ,la ,laguna2 but afterward other provinces1 notably ,batangas and ,cavite1 took it up2 and in a short time the industry was one of the most important in the islands4 ,the coffee was of the arabica variety4 ,in the middle of the eighteenth century1 and after1 the industry had a position of importance2 several provinces produced profitable crops that contributed much to the wealth of the communities where the berry was cultivated4 ,in those days the city of ,yipa was an important trading center4 ,in the period of its prime ,philippine coffee enjoyed fine repute1 especially in ,spain1 ,great ,britain1 and ,china 7at ,hong ,kong71 those three countries being the largest consumers4 ,at one time--in #ahhc and #ahhd--the annual export was #af1jjj1jjj pounds1 which demonstrates the importance of the industry at the peak of its prosperity4 ,the leaf blight appeared on the island about #ahhi1 causing destruction from which there has not yet been complete recovery4 ,the export of #c1jhf pounds in #aiag shows the depths into which the industry had fallen4 ,the ,bureau of ,agriculture at ,manila announced in #aiae that an effort was to be made to re-habilitate the coffee industry of the islands4 ,nothing came of the effort1 which died a-borning4 ,since then1 several attempts to introduce disease-resisting varieties of coffee from ,java have failed because of lack of interest on the part of the natives4 ,despite the misfortunes that have overwhelmed it in the past and are now retarding its growth1 it is still believed that the industry in these islands may be re-habilitated4 ,conditions of soil and climate are favorable2 land and labor are cheap1 abundant1 and dependable3 railroads run into the best coffee regions1 and good cart roads are in process of construction4 ,some plantations of consequence are still in existence1 and serious consideration is being given to their development and to increasing their number4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,coffee ,,tree ,,thrives ,,in ,,the ,,lava ,,soil ,,of ,,south ,,kona1 ,,island ,,of ,,hawaii ,,guam4 ,coffee is one of the commonest wild plants on the little island of ,guam4 ,it grows around the houses like shade trees or flowering shrubs1 and nearly every family cultivates a small patch4 ,climate and soil are favorable to it2 and it flourishes1 with abundant crops1 from the sea-level to the tops of the highest hills4 ,the plants are set in straight rows1 from three and a half to seven feet apart1 and are shaded by banana trees or by cocoanut leaves stuck in the ground4 ,there is no production for export1 scarcely enough for home consumption4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,plantation ,,near ,,sagada1 ,,bontoc ,,province1 ,p4,i4 ,,other ,,pacific ,,islands4 ,other islands of the ,pacific do not loom large in coffee growing1 though ,new ,caledonia gives promise as a producer1 exporting #a1bdh1jbd pounds in #aiaf1 most of which was robusta4 ,tahiti produces a fair coffee1 but in no commercial quantity4 ,in the ,samoan group there are plantations1 small in number1 in size1 and in amount of production4 ,several islands of the ,fiji group are said to be well adapted to coffee1 but little is grown there and none for export4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,owner',s ,,residence ,,adjoining ,,drying ,,grounds ,,on ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,large ,,estates ,illustration3 ,,drying ,,grounds1 ,,fazenda ,,santa ,,adelaide1 ,,ribeirao ,,preto ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,preparation ,,in ,s,o ,,paulo1 ,,brazil ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,preparing ,,green ,,coffee ,,for ,,market ,early ,arabian methods of preparation--,how primitive devices were replaced by modern methods--,a chronological story of the development of scientific plantation machinery1 and the part played by ,british and ,american inventors--,the marvelous coffee package1 one of the most ingenious in all nature--,how coffee is harvested--,picking--,preparation by the dry and the wet methods--,pulping--,fermentation and washing--,drying--,hulling2 or peeling1 and polishing--,sizing1 or grading--,preparation methods of different countries ,la ,roque#caf1 in his description of the ancient coffee culture1 and the preparation methods as followed in ,yemen1 says that the berries were permitted to dry on the trees4 ,when the outer covering began to shrivel1 the trees were shaken1 causing the fully matured fruits to drop upon cloths spread to receive them4 ,they were next exposed to the sun on drying-mats1 after which they were husked by means of wooden or stone rollers4 ,the beans were given a further drying in the sun1 and then were submitted to a winnowing process1 for which large fans were used4 ,development of ,plantation ,machinery ,the primitive methods of the original ,arab planters were generally followed by the ,dutch pioneers1 and later by the ,french1 with slight modifications4 ,as the cultivation spread1 necessity for more effective methods of handling the ripened fruit mothered inventions that soon began to transform the whole aspect of the business4 ,probably the first notable advance was in curing1 when the ,west ,indian process1 or wet method1 of cleaning the berries was evolved4 ,about the time that ,brazil began the active cultivation of coffee1 ,william ,panter was granted the first ,english patent on a mill for husking coffee4 ,this was in #agge4 ,james ,henckel followed with an ,english patent1 granted in #ahjf1 on a coffee drier1 an invention communicated to him by a certain foreigner4 ,the first ,american to enter the lists was ,nathan ,reed of ,belfast1 ,me41 who in #ahbb was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee huller4 ,roswell ,abbey obtained a ,united ,states patent on a huller in #ahbe2 and ,zenos ,bronson1 of ,jasper ,county1 ,ga41 obtained one on another huller in #ahbi4 ,in the next few years many others followed4 ,john ,chester ,lyman1 in #ahcd1 was granted an ,english patent on a coffee huller employing circular wooden disks1 fitted with wire teeth4 ,isaac ,adams and ,thomas ,ditson of ,boston brought out improved hullers in #ahce2 and ,james ,meacock of ,kingston1 ,jamaica1 patented in ,england1 in #ahde1 a self-contained machine for pulping1 dressing1 and sorting coffee4 ,william ,mc,kinnon began1 in #ahdj1 the manufacture of coffee plantation machinery at the ,spring ,garden ,iron ,works1 founded by him in #agih in ,aberdeen1 ,scotland4 ,he died in #ahgc2 but the business continues as ,wm4 ,mc,kinnon ,co41 ,ltd4 ,about #ahej ,john ,walker1 one of the pioneer ,english inventors of coffee-plantation machinery1 brought out in ,ceylon his cylinder pulper for ,arabian coffee4 ,the pulping surface was made of copper1 and was pierced with a half-moon punch that raised the cut edges into half circles4 ,the next twenty years witnessed some of the most notable advances in the development of machinery for plantation treatment1 and served to introduce the inventions of several men whose names will ever be associated with the industry4 ,john ,gordon ,co4 began the manufacture in ,london of the line of plantation machinery still known around the world as ,gordon make in #ahej2 and ,john ,gordon was granted an ,english patent on his improved coffee pulper in #ahei4 ,robert ,bowman ,tennent obtained ,english 7#aheb7 and ,united ,states 7#ahec7 patents on a two-cylinder pulper4 ,george ,l4 ,squier began the manufacture of plantation machinery in ,buffalo1 ,n4,y41 in #aheg4 ,he was active in the business until #ahic1 and died in #aiaj4 ,the ,geo4 ,l4 ,squier ,manufacturing ,co4 still continues as one of the leading ,american manufacturers of coffee-plantation machinery4 ,marcus ,mason1 an ,american mechanical engineer in ,san ,jos1 ,costa ,rica1 invented 7#ahfj7 a coffee pulper and cleaner which became the foundation stone of the extensive plantation-machinery business of ,marcus ,mason ,co41 established in #ahgc at ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,illustration3 ,,walker',s ,,original ,,disk ,,pulper1 #ahfj ,much favored in ,ceylon and ,india ,john ,walker was granted 7#ahfj7 an ,english patent on a disk pulper in which the copper pulping surface was punched1 or knobbed1 by a blind punch that raised rows of oval knobs but did not pierce the sheet1 and so left no sharp edges4 ,during ,ceylon's fifty years of coffee production1 the ,walker machines played an important part in the industry4 ,they are still manufactured by ,walker1 ,sons ,co41 ,ltd41 of ,colombo1 and are sold to other producing countries4 ,alexius ,van ,gulpen began the manufacture of a green-coffee-grading machine at ,emmerich1 ,germany1 in #ahfj4 ,following ,newell's ,united ,states patents of #aheg-ei1 sixteen other patents were issued on various types of coffee-cleaning machines1 some designed for plantation use1 and some for treating the beans on arrival in the consuming countries4 ,james ,henry ,thompson1 of ,hoboken1 and ,john ,lidgerwood were granted1 in #ahfd1 an ,english patent on a coffee-hulling machine4 ,william ,van ,vleek ,lidgerwood1 ,american charg d'affaires at ,rio de ,janeiro1 was granted an ,english patent on a coffee hulling and cleaning machine in #ahff4 ,the name ,lidgerwood has long been familiar to coffee planters4 ,the ,lidgerwood ,manufacturing ,co41 ,ltd41 has its headquarters in ,london1 with factory in ,glasgow4 ,branch offices are maintained at ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,campinas1 and in other cities in coffee-growing countries4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,english ,,coffee ,,peeler ,largely used in ,india and ,ceylon ,probably the name most familiar to coffee men in connection with plantation methods is ,guardiola4 ,it first appears in the chronological record in #ahgb1 when ,j4 ,guardiola1 of ,chocola1 ,guatemala1 was granted several ,united ,states patents on machines for pulping and drying coffee4 ,since then1 ,guardiola has come to mean a definite type of rotary drying machine that--after the original patent expired--was manufactured by practically all the leading makers of plantation machinery4 ,jos ,guardiola obtained additional ,united ,states patents on coffee hullers in #ahhf4 ,illustration3 ,,group ,,of ,,english ,,cylinder ,,coffee-,,pulping ,,machines ,william ,van ,vleek ,lidgerwood1 ,morristown1 ,n4,j41 was granted an ,english patent on an improved coffee pulper in #ahge4 ,several important cleaning and grading machinery patents were granted by the ,united ,states 7#ahgf-ahgh7 to ,henry ,b4 ,stevens1 who assigned them to the ,geo4 ,l4 ,squier ,manufacturing ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4,y4 ,one of them was on a separator1 in which the coffee beans were discharged from the hopper in a thin stream upon an endless carrier1 or apron1 arranged at such an inclination that the round beans would roll by force of gravity down the apron1 while the flat beans would be carried to the top4 ,c4,f4 ,hargreaves1 of ,rio de ,janeiro1 was granted an ,english patent on machinery for hulling1 polishing1 and separating coffee1 in #ahgi4 ,the first ,german patent on a coffee drying apparatus was granted to ,henry ,scolfield1 of ,guatemala1 in #ahhj4 ,in #ahhe ,evaristo ,conrado ,engelberg of ,piracicaba1 ,so ,paulo1 ,brazil1 invented an improved coffee huller which1 three years later1 was patented in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,engelberg ,huller ,co4 of ,syracuse1 ,n4,y41 was organized the same year 7#ahhh7 to make and to sell ,engelberg machines4 ,walker ,sons ,co41 ,ltd41 began1 in #ahhf1 experimenting in ,ceylon with a ,liberian disk pulper that was not fully perfected until twelve years later4 ,another name1 that has since become almost as well known as ,guardiola1 appears in the record in #ahia4 ,it is that of ,o',krassa4 ,in that year ,r4,f4,e4 ,o',krassa of ,antigua1 ,guatemala1 was granted an ,english patent on a coffee pulper4 ,additional patents on washing1 hulling1 drying1 and separating machines were issued to ,mr4 ,o',krassa in ,england and in the ,united ,states in #aijj1 #aijh1 #aiaa1 #aiab1 and #aiac4 ,the ,fried4 ,krupp ,a4,g4 ,grusonwerk1 ,magdeburg-,buckau1 ,germany1 began the manufacture of coffee plantation machines about #ahib4 ,among others it builds coffee pulpers and hulling and polishing machines of the ,anderson 7,mexican7 and ,krull 7,brazilian7 types4 ,additional ,united ,states patents were granted in #ahie to ,marcus ,mason1 assignor to ,marcus ,mason ,co41 ,new ,york1 on machines for pulping and polishing coffee4 ,douglas ,gordon assigned patents on a coffee pulper and a coffee drier to ,marcus ,mason ,co4 in #aijd-je4 ,the names of ,jules ,smout1 a ,swiss1 and ,don ,roberto ,o',krassa1 of ,guatemala1 are well known to coffee planters the world over because of their combined peeling and polishing machines4 ,the ,huntley ,manufacturing ,co41 ,silver ,creek1 ,n4,y41 began in #ahif the manufacture of the ,monitor line of coffee-grading-and-cleaning machines4 ,the ,marvelous ,coffee ,package ,it is doubtful if in all nature there is a more cunningly devised food package than the fruit of the coffee tree4 ,it seems as if ,good ,mother ,nature had said3 ,this gift of ,heaven is too precious to put up in any ordinary parcel4 ,i shall design for it a casket worthy of its divine origin4 ,and the casket shall have an inner seal that shall safeguard it from enemies1 and that shall preserve its goodness for man until the day when1 transported over the deserts and across the seas1 it shall be broken open to be transmuted by the fires of friendship1 and made to yield up its aromatic nectar in the ,great ,drink of ,democracy4 ,to this end she caused to grow from the heart of the jasmine-like flower1 that first herald of its coming1 a marvelous berry which1 as it ripens1 turns first from green to yellow1 then to reddish1 to deep crimson1 and at last to a royal purple4 ,illustration3 ,,specimens ,,of ,,copper ,,covers ,,for ,,pulper ,,cylinders #a--;,for ,arabian coffee 7,coffea arabica74 #b--;,for ,liberian coffee 7,coffea liberica74 #c--;,also for ,arabian4 #d--;,for ,coffea canephora4 #e--;,for ,coffea robusta4 #f--;,for larger ,arabian1 and for ,coffea ,maragogipe4 ,the coffee fruit is very like a cherry1 though somewhat elongated and having in its upper end a small umbilicus4 ,but mark with what ingenuity the package has been constructed6 ,the outer wrapping is a thin1 gossamer-like skin which encloses a soft pulp1 sweetish to the taste1 but of a mucilaginous consistency4 ,this pulp in turn is wrapped about the inner-seal--called the parchment1 because of its tough texture4 ,the parchment encloses the magic bean in its last wrapping1 a delicate silver-colored skin1 not unlike fine spun silk or the sheerest of tissue papers4 ,and this last wrapping is so tenacious1 so true to its guardianship function1 that no amount of rough treatment can dislodge it altogether2 for portions of it cling to the bean even into the roasting and grinding processes4 ,illustration3 ,,drying ,,grounds1 ,,pulping ,,house1 ,,and ,,fermentation ,,vats1 ,,boa ,,vista4 ,,brazil ,illustration3 ,,pulping ,,house ,,and ,,fermentation ,,tanks1 ,,costa ,,rica ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,preparation ,,in ,,central ,,and ,,south ,,america ,illustration3 ,,granada ,,unpulped ,,coffee ,,separator ,shown in combination with a ,guatemala coffee pulper ,coffee is said to be in the husk1 or in the parchment1 when the whole fruit is dried2 and it is called hulled coffee when it has been deprived of its hull and peel4 ,the matter forming the fruit1 called the coffee berry1 covers two thin1 hard1 oval seed vessels held together1 one to the other1 by their flat sides4 ,these seed vessels1 when broken open1 contain the raw coffee beans of commerce4 ,they are usually of a roundish oval shape1 convex on the outside1 flat inside1 marked longitudinally in the center of the flat side with a deep incision1 and wrapped in the thin pellicle known as the silver skin4 ,when one of the two seeds aborts1 the remaining one acquires a greater size1 and fills the interior of the fruit1 which in that case1 of course1 has but one cellule4 ,this abortion is common in the arabica variety1 and produces a bean formerly called grag coffee1 but now more commonly known as peaberry1 or male berry4 ,the various coverings of the coffee beans are almost always removed on the plantations in the producing countries4 ,properly to prepare the raw beans1 it is necessary to remove the four coverings--the outer skin1 the sticky pulp1 the parchment1 or husk1 and the closely adhering silver skin4 ,there are two distinct methods of treating the coffee fruits1 or cherries4 ,one process1 the one that until recent years was in general use throughout the world1 and is still in many producing countries1 is known as the dry method4 ,the coffee prepared in this way is sometimes called common1 ordinary1 or natural1 to distinguish it from the product that has been cleaned by the wet or washed method4 ,the wet method1 or1 as it is sometimes designated1 the ,west ,indian process 7,w4,i4,p47 is practised on all the large modern plantations that have a sufficient supply of water4 ,in the wet process1 the first step is called pulping2 the second is fermentation and washing2 the third is drying2 the fourth is hulling or peeling2 and the last1 sizing or grading4 ,in the dry process1 the first step is drying2 the second hulling2 and the last1 sizing or grading4 ,illustration3 ,,hand-,,power ,,double-,,disk ,,pulper ,harvesting ,the coffee cherry ripens about six to seven months after the tree has flowered1 or blossomed2 and becomes a deep purplish-crimson color4 ,it is then ready for picking4 ,the ripening season varies throughout the world1 according to climate and altitude4 ,in the state of ,so ,paulo1 ,brazil1 the harvesting season lasts from ,may to ,september2 while in ,java1 where three crops are produced annually1 harvesting is almost a continuous process throughout the year4 ,in ,colombia the harvesting seasons are ,march and ,april1 and ,november and ,december4 ,in ,guatemala the crops are gathered from ,october through ,december2 in ,venezuela1 from ,november through ,march4 ,in ,mexico the coffee is harvested from ,november to ,january2 in ,haiti the harvest extends from ,november to ,march2 in ,arabia1 from ,september to ,march2 in ,abyssinia1 from ,september through ,november4 ,in ,uganda1 ,africa1 there are two main crops1 one ripening in ,march and the other in ,september1 and picking is carried on during practically every month except ,december and ,january4 ,in ,india the fruit is ready for harvesting from ,october to ,january4 ,illustration3 ,,tandem ,,coffee ,,pulper ,,of ,,english ,,make ,being a combination of a ,bon-,accord-,valencia pulper with a ,bon-,accord repassing machine ,picking ,the general practise throughout the world has been to hand-pick the fruit2 although in some countries the cherries are allowed to become fully ripe on the trees1 and to fall to the ground4 ,the introduction of the wet method of preparation1 indeed1 has made it largely unnecessary to hand-pick crops2 and the tendency seems to be away from this practise on the larger plantations4 ,if the berries are gathered promptly after dropping1 the beans are not injured1 and the cost of harvesting is reduced4 ,the picking season is a busy time on a large plantation4 ,all hands join in the work--men1 women and children2 for it must be rushed4 ,over-ripe berries shrink and dry up4 ,the pickers1 with baskets slung over their shoulders1 walk between the rows1 stripping the berries from the trees1 using ladders to reach the topmost branches1 and sometimes even taking immature fruit in their haste to expedite the work4 ,about thirty pounds is considered a fair day's work under good conditions4 ,as the baskets are filled1 they are emptied at a station in that particular unit of the plantation2 or1 in some cases1 directly into wagons that keep pace with the pickers4 ,the coffee is freed as much as possible of sticks1 leaves1 etc41 and is then conveyed to the preparation grounds4 ,a space of several acres is needed for the various preparation processes on the larger plantations2 the plant including concrete-surfaced drying grounds1 large fermentation tanks1 washing vats1 mills1 warehouses1 stables1 and even machine shops4 ,in ,mexico this place is known as the beneficio4 ,washed and ,unwashed ,coffee ,where water is plenty1 the ripe coffee cherries are fed by a stream of water into a pulping machine which breaks the outer skins1 permitting the pulpy matter enveloping the beans to be loosened and carried away in further washings4 ,it is this wet separation of the sticky pulp from the beans1 instead of allowing it to dry on them1 to be removed later with the parchment in the hulling operation1 that makes the distinction between washed and unwashed coffees4 ,where water is scarce the coffees are unwashed4 ,either method being well done1 does washing improve the strength and flavor8 ,opinions differ4 ,the soil1 altitude1 climatic influences1 and cultivation methods of a country give its coffee certain distinctive drinking qualities4 ,washing immensely improves the appearance of the bean2 it also reduces curing costs4 ,generally speaking1 washed coffees will always command a premium over coffees dried in the pulp4 ,illustration3 ,costa ,rica ,vertical ,coffee ,washer ,illustration3 ,continuous ,working ,horizontal ,coffee ,washer ,whether coffee is washed or not1 it has to be dried2 and there is a kind of fermentation that goes on during washing and drying1 about which coffee planters have differing ideas1 just as tea planters differ over the curing of tea leaves4 ,careful scientific study is needed to determine how much1 if any1 effect this fermentation has on the ultimate cup value4 ,preparation by the ,dry ,method ,the dry method of preparing the berries is not only the older method1 but is considered by some operators as providing a distinct advantage over the wet process1 since berries of different degrees of ripeness can be handled at the same time4 ,however1 the success of this method is dependent largely on the continuance of clear warm weather over quite a length of time1 which can not always be counted on4 ,in this process the berries are spread in a thin layer on open drying grounds1 or barbecues1 often having cement or brick surfaces4 ,the berries are turned over several times a day in order to permit the sun and wind thoroughly to dry all portions4 ,the sun-drying process lasts about three weeks2 and after the first three days of this period1 the berries must be protected from dews and rains by covering them with tarpaulins1 or by raking them into heaps under cover4 ,if the berries are not spread out1 they heat1 and the silver skin sticks to the coffee bean1 and frequently discolors it4 ,when thoroughly dry1 the berries are stored1 unless the husks 7outer skin and inner parchment7 are to be removed at once4 ,hot air1 steam1 and other artificial drying methods take the place of natural sun-drying on some plantations4 ,in the dry method1 the husks are removed either by hand 7threshing and pounding in a mortar1 on the smaller plantations7 or by specially constructed machinery1 known as hulling machines4 ,illustration3 ,cobn ,pulper in ,tachira1 ,venezuela ,the ,wet ,method--,pulping ,the wet method of preparation is the more modern form1 and is generally practised on the larger plantations that have a sufficient supply of water1 and enough money to instal the quite extensive amount of machinery and equipment required4 ,it is generally considered that washing results in a better grade of bean4 ,in this method the cherries are sometimes thrown into tanks full of water to soak about twenty-four hours1 so as to soften the outer skins and underlying pulp to a condition that will make them easily removable by the pulping machine--the idea being to rub away the pulp by friction without crushing the beans4 ,on the larger plantations1 however1 the coffee cherries are dumped into large concrete receiving tanks1 from which they are carried the same day by streams of running water directly into the hoppers of the pulping machines4 ,at least two score of different makes of pulping machines are in use in the various coffee-growing countries4 ,pulpers are made in various sizes1 from the small hand-operated machine to the large type driven by power2 and in two general styles--cylinder1 and disk4 ,the cylinder pulper1 the latest style--suggesting a huge nutmeg-grater--consists of a rotary cylinder surrounded with a copper or brass cover punched with bulbs4 ,these bulbs differ in shape according to the species1 or variety1 of coffee to be treated--arabica1 liberica1 robusta1 canephora1 or what not4 ,the cylinder rotates against a breast with pulping edges set at an angle4 ,the pulping is effected by the rubbing action of the copper cover against the edges1 or ribs1 of the breast4 ,the cherries are subjected to a rubbing and rolling motion1 in the course of which the two parchment-covered beans contained in the majority of the cherries become loosened4 ,the pulp itself is carried by the cover and is discharged through a pulp shoot1 while the pulped coffee is delivered through holes on the breast4 ,cylinder machines vary in capacity from #djj pounds 7hand power7 to #d1hjj pounds 7motive power7 per hour4 ,some cylinder pulpers are double1 being equipped with rotary screens or oscillating sieves1 that segregate the imperfectly pulped cherries so that they may be put through again4 ,pulpers are also equipped with attachments that automatically move the imperfectly pulped material over into a repassing machine for another rubbing4 ,others have attachments partially to crush the cherries before pulping4 ,the breasts in cylinder machines are usually made with removable steel ribs2 but in ,brazil1 ,nicaragua1 and other countries1 where1 owing to the short season and scarcity of labor1 the planters have to pick1 simultaneously1 green1 ripe1 and over-ripe 7dry7 cherries1 rubber breasts are used4 ,illustration3 ,,niagara ,,power ,,coffee ,,huller ,illustration3 ,,mckinnon',s ,,guardiola ,,coffee ,,drier ,illustration3 ,,the ,,squier-,,guardiola ,,coffee ,,drier1 ,,with ,,direct-,,fire ,,heater ,illustration3 ,,british ,,and ,,american ,,coffee ,,driers--,,guardiola ,,system ,there are numerous makes of coffee driers based upon the original invention of ,jos ,guardiola of ,chocola1 ,guatemala4 ,in the two illustrated above both direct-fire heat and steam heat may be utilized ,the disk pulper 7the earliest type1 having been in use more than seventy years7 is the style most generally used in the ,dutch ,east ,indies and in some parts of ,mexico4 ,the results are the same as those obtained with the cylindrical pulper4 ,the disk machine is made with one1 two1 three1 or four vertical iron disks1 according to the capacity desired4 ,the disks are covered on both sides with a copper plate of the same shape1 and punched with blind punches4 ,the pulping operation takes place between the rubbing action of the blind punches1 or bulbs1 on the copper plates and the lateral pulping bars fitted to the side cheeks4 ,as in the cylinder pulper1 the distance between the surface of the bulbs and the pulping bar may be adjusted to allow of any clearance that may be required1 according to the variety of coffee to be treated4 ,illustration3 ,,another ,,american ,,guardiola ,,drier ,disk pulpers vary in capacity from #a1bjj pounds to #ad1jjj pounds of ripe cherry coffee per hour4 ,they1 too1 are made in combinations employing cylindrical separators1 shaking sieves1 and repassing pulpers1 for completing the pulping of all unpulped or partially pulped cherries4 ,fermentation and ,washing ,the next step in the process consists in running the pulped cherries into cisterns1 or fermentation tanks1 filled with water1 for the purpose of removing such pulp as was not removed in the pulping machine4 ,the saccharine matter is loosened by fermentation in from twenty-four to thirty-two hours4 ,the mass is kept stirred up for a short time2 and1 in general practise1 the water is drawn off from above1 the light pulp floating at the top being removed at the same time4 ,the same tanks are often used for washing1 but a better practise is to have separate tanks4 ,some planters permit the pulped coffee to ferment in water4 ,this is called the wet fermentation process4 ,others drain off the water from the tanks and conduct the fermenting operation in a semi-dry state1 called the dry fermentation process4 ,the coffee bean1 when introduced into the fermentation tanks1 is enclosed in a parchment shell made slimy by its closely adhering saccharine coat4 ,after fermentation1 which not only loosens the remaining pulp but also softens the membranous covering1 the beans are given a final washing1 either in washing tanks or by being run through mechanical washers4 ,the type of washing machine generally used consists of a cylindrical tub having a vertical spindle fitted with a number of stirrers1 or arms1 which1 in rotating1 stir and lift up the parchment coffee4 ,in another type1 the cylinder is horizontal2 but the operation is similar4 ,drying ,the next step in preparation is drying4 ,the coffee1 which is still in the parchment1 but is now known as washed coffee1 is spread out thinly on a drying ground1 as in the dry method4 ,however1 if the weather is unsuitable or can not be depended upon to remain fair for the necessary length of time1 there are machines which can be used to dry the coffee satisfactorily4 ,on some plantations1 the drying is started in the open and finished by machine4 ,the machines dry the coffee in twenty-four hours1 while ten days are required by the sun4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,smout ,,peeler ,,and ,,polisher ,the object of the drying machine is to dry the parchment of the coffee so that it may be removed as readily as the skin on a peanut2 and this object is achieved in the most approved machines by keeping a hot current of air stirring through the beans4 ,one of the best-liked types1 the ,guardiola1 resembles the cylinder of a coffee-roasting machine4 ,it is made of perforated steel plates in cylinder form1 and is carried on a hollow shaft through which the hot air is circulated by a pressure fan4 ,the beans are rotated in the revolving cylinder2 and as the hot air strikes the wet coffee1 it creates a steam that passes out through the perforations of the cylinder4 ,within the cylinder are compartments equipped with winged plates1 or ribs1 that keep the coffee constantly stirred up to facilitate the drying process4 ,another favorite is the ,o',krassa4 ,it is constructed on the principle just described1 but differs in detail of construction from the ,guardiola1 and is able to dry its contents a few hours quicker4 ,hot air1 steam1 and electric heat are all employed in the various makes of coffee driers4 ,a temperature from #fe to #he centigrade is maintained during the drying process4 ,illustration3 ,o',,krassa',s ,,coffee ,,drier ,,combined ,,with ,,direct-,,fire ,,heater ,when thoroughly dry1 the parchment can be crumbled between the fingers1 and the bean within is too hard to be dented by finger nail or teeth4 ,hulling1 ,peeling1 and ,polishing ,the last step in the preparation process is called hulling or peeling1 both words accurately describing the purpose of the operation4 ,some husking machines for hulling or peeling parchment coffee are polishers as well4 ,this work may be done on the plantation or at the port of shipment just before the coffee is shipped abroad4 ,sometimes the coffee is exported in parchment1 and is cleaned in the country of consumption2 but practically all coffee entering the ,united ,states arrives without its parchment4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,smout ,,peeler ,,and ,,polisher1 ,,with ,,cylinder ,,open ,,showing ,,cone ,peeling machines1 more accurately named hullers1 work on the principle of rubbing the beans between a revolving inner cylinder and an outer covering of woven wire4 ,machines of this type vary in construction4 ,some have screw-like inner cylinders1 or turbines1 others having plain cone-shaped cores on which are knobs and ribs that rub the beans against one another and the outer shell4 ,practically all types have sieve or exhaust-fan attachments1 which draw the loosened parchment and silver skin into one compartment1 while the cleaned beans pass into another4 ,illustration3 ,,krull ,,hulling ,,machine 7,german7 ,illustration3 ,,anderson ,,hulling ,,machine 7,german7 ,illustration3 ,,eureka ,,separator ,,and ,,grader 7,american7 ,illustration3 ,,caracolillo 7,,peaberry7 ,,separator 7,american7 ,illustration3 ,,engelberg ,,huller ,,and ,,separator 7,american7 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,american ,,coffee ,,huller ,,and ,,polisher ,illustration3 ,,well ,,known ,,american ,,and ,,german ,,hulling ,,and ,,separating ,,machines ,polishers of various makes are sometimes used just to remove the silver skin and to give the beans a special polish4 ,some countries demand a highly polished coffee2 and to supply this demand1 the beans are sent through another huller having a phosphor-bronze cylinder and cone4 ,much ,guadeloupe coffee is prepared in this way1 and is known as caf bonifieur from the fact that the polishing machine is called in ,guadeloupe the bonifieur 7improver74 ,it is also called caf de luxe4 ,coffee that has not received the extra polish is described as habitant2 while coffee in the parchment is known as caf en parch4 ,extra polished coffee is much in demand in the ,london1 ,hamburg1 and other ,european markets4 ,a favorite machine for producing this kind of coffee is the ,smout combined peeler and polisher1 the invention of ,jules ,smout1 a ,swiss4 ,don ,roberto ,o',krassa also has produced a highly satisfactory combined peeler and polisher4 ,for hulling dry cherry coffee there are several excellent makes of machines4 ,in one style1 the hulling takes place between a rotating disk and the casing of the machine4 ,in another1 it takes place between a rotary drum covered with a steel plate punched with vertical bulbs1 and a chilled iron hulling-plate with pyramidal teeth cast on the plate4 ,both are adjustable to different varieties of coffee4 ,in still another type of machine1 the hulling takes place between steel ribs on an internal cylinder1 and an adjustable knife1 or hulling blade1 in front of the machine4 ,illustration3 ,,el ,,monarca ,,coffee ,,classifier ,sizing or ,grading ,the coffee bean is now clean1 the processes described in the foregoing having removed the outer skin1 the saccharine pulp1 the parchment1 and the silver skin4 ,this is the end of the cleaning operations2 but there are two more steps to be taken before the coffee is ready for the trade of the world--sizing and hand-sorting4 ,these two operations are of great importance2 since on them depends1 to a large extent1 the price the coffee will bring in the market4 ,illustration3 ,old rope-drive transmission on ,finca ,ona4 ,illustration3 ,hydro-electric power plant on ,finca ,ona4 ,,hydro-,,electric ,,installation ,,on ,a ,,guatemala ,,finca ,sizing1 or grading by sizes1 is done in modern commercial practise by machines that automatically separate and distribute the different beans according to size and form4 ,in principle1 the beans are carried across a series of sieves1 each with perforations varying in size from the others2 the beans passing through the holes of corresponding sizes4 ,the majority of the machines are constructed to separate the beans into five or more grades1 the principal grades being triage1 third flats1 second flats1 first flats1 and first and second peaberries4 ,some are designed to handle elephant and mother sizes4 ,the grades have local nomenclature in the various countries4 ,after grading1 the coffee is picked over by hand to remove the faulty and discolored beans that it is almost impossible to remove thoroughly by machine4 ,the higher grades of coffee are often double-picked2 that is1 picked over twice4 ,when this is done on a large scale1 the beans are generally placed on a belt1 or platform1 that moves at a regulated speed before a line of women and children1 who pick out the undesirable beans as they pass on the moving belt4 ,there are small machines of this type built for one person1 who operates the belt mechanism by means of a treadle4 ,preparation in the ,leading ,countries ,the foregoing description tells in general terms the story of the most approved methods of harvesting1 shelling1 and cleaning the coffee beans4 ,the following paragraphs will describe those features of the processes that are peculiar to the more important large producing countries and that differ in details or in essentials from the methods just outlined4 ,in the ,western ,hemisphere ,,brazil4 ,the operation of some of the large plantations in ,brazil1 a number of which have more than a million trees1 requires a large number and a great variety of preparation machines and equipment4 ,generally considered1 the ,state of ,so ,paulo is better equipped with approved machinery than any other commercial district in the world4 ,in ,brazil1 coffee plantations are known as fazendas1 and the proprietors as fazendeiros1 terms that are the equivalent of landed estates and landed proprietors4 ,practically every fazenda in ,brazil of any considerable commercial importance is equipped with the most modern of coffee-cleaning equipment4 ,some of the larger ones in the state of ,so ,paulo1 like the ,dumont and the ,schmidt estates1 are provided with private railways connecting the fazendas with the main railroad line some miles away1 and also have miniature railway systems running through the fazendas to move the coffee from one harvesting and cleaning operation to another4 ,the coffee is carried in small cars that are either pushed by a laborer or are drawn by horse or mule4 ,illustration3 ,,picking ,,coffee ,,on ,a ,,well ,,kept ,,fazenda ,illustration3 ,,manager',s ,,residence ,,on ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,big ,s,o ,,paulo ,,fazendas ,illustration3 ,photographs by ,courtesy of ,j4 ,aron ,co4 ,,drying ,,grounds ,,on ,a ,,modern ,,estate ,,in ,,ribeirao ,,preto ,illustration3 ,,making ,,brazil ,,coffee ,,ready ,,to ,,market ,some of the larger fazendas cover thousands of acres1 and have several millions of trees1 giving the impression of an unending forest stretching far away into the horizon4 ,here and there are openings in which buildings appear1 the largest group of structures usually consisting of those making up the cafezale1 or cleaning plant4 ,nearby1 stand the handsome palaces of the fazendeiros2 but not so close that the coffee princes and their households will be disturbed by the almost constant rumble of machinery and the voices of the workers4 ,illustration3 ,copyright by ,brown ,dawson4 ,,working ,,coffee ,,on ,,drying ,,flats1 ,s,o ,,paulo ,brazilian fazendeiros follow the methods described in the foregoing in preparing their coffee for market1 using the most modern of the equipment detailed under the story of the wet method of preparation4 ,on most of the fazendas the machinery is operated by steam or electricity1 the latter coming more and more into use each year in all parts of the coffee-growing region4 ,in some districts1 however1 far in the interior1 there are still to be found small plantations where primitive methods of cleaning are even now practised4 ,producing but a small quantity of coffee1 possibly for only local use1 the cherries may be freed of their parchment by macerating the husks by hand labor in a large mortar4 ,on still another plantation1 the old-time bucket-and-beam crusher perhaps may be in use4 ,this consists of a beam pivoted on an upright upon which it moves freely up and down4 ,on one end of the beam is an open bucket2 and on the other1 a heavy stone4 ,water runs into the bucket until its weight causes the stone end of the beam to rise4 ,when the bucket reaches the ground1 the water is emptied1 and the stone crashes down on the coffee cherries lying in a large mortar4 ,illustration3 ,,fermenting ,,and ,,washing ,,tanks ,,on ,a ,s,o ,,paulo ,,fazenda ,the workers on some of the largest ,brazilian fazendas would constitute the population of a small city--more than a thousand families often finding continuous employment in cultivating1 harvesting1 cleaning1 and transporting the coffee to market4 ,for the most part1 the workers are of ,italian extraction1 who have almost altogether superseded the ,indian and ,negro laborers of the early days4 ,the workers live on the fazendas in quarters provided by the fazendeiros1 and are paid a weekly or monthly wage for their services2 or they may enter upon a year's contract to cultivate the trees1 receiving extra pay for picking and other work4 ,brazil in the past has experimented with the slave system1 with government colonization1 with co-operative planting1 with the harvesting system1 and with the share system4 ,and some features of all these plans--except slavery1 which was abolished in #ahhh--;are still employed in various parts of the country1 although the wage system predominates4 ,illustration3 ,by ,courtesy of ,j4 ,aron ,co4 ,,drying ,,grounds ,,on ,,fazenda ,,schmidt1 ,,the ,,largest ,,in ,,brazil ,brazil has six gradings for its ,so ,paulo coffees1 which are also classified as ,bourbon ,santos1 ,flat ,bean ,santos1 and ,mocha-seed ,santos4 ,rio coffees are graded by the number of imperfections for ,new ,york1 and as washed and unwashed for ,havre4 7,see chapter ,,xxiv47 ,,colombia4 ,practically all the countries of the western hemisphere producing coffee in large quantities for export trade use the cleaning-and-grading machines specified in the first part of this chapter2 and the installation of the equipment is increasing as its advantages become better known4 ,in ,colombia1 now 7#aibb71 next to ,brazil the world's largest producer1 the wet method of preparing the coffee for market is most generally followed1 the drying processes often being a combination of sun and drying machines4 ,many plantations have their own hulling equipment2 but much of the crop goes in the cherry to local commercial centers where there are establishments that make a specialty of cleaning and grading the coffee4 ,the ,colombia coffee crop is gathered twice a year1 the principal one in ,march and ,april and the smaller one in ,november and ,december1 although some picking is done throughout the year4 ,for this labor native ,indian and negro women are preferred1 as they are more rapid1 skilful1 and careful in handling the trees4 ,contrary to the method in ,brazil1 where the tree at one handling is stripped of its entire bearings1 ripe and unripe fruit1 here only the fully ripened fruit is picked4 ,that necessitates going over the ground several times1 as the berries progressively ripen4 ,more time is consumed in this laborious operation1 but it is believed that thereby a better crop of more uniform grade is obtained and in the aggregate with less waste of time and effort4 ,colombian planters classify their coffees as caf trillado 7natural or sun-dried71 caf lavado 7washed71 caf en pergamino 7washed and dried in the parchment74 ,they grade them as excelso 7excellent71 fantasia 7excelso and extra71 extra 7extra71 primera1 7first71 segundo 7second71 caracol 7peaberry71 monstruo 7large and deformed71 consumo 7defective71 and casilla 7siftings74 ,illustration3 ,,preparing ,,colombian ,,coffee ,,for ,,the ,,market ,,venezuela4 ,venezuela employs both the dry and the wet methods of preparation1 producing both washed and commons and also1 like ,colombia1 has a large part of the coffee cleaned in the trading centers of the various coffee districts4 ,dry1 or unwashed1 coffees are known as trillado 7milled71 and compose the bulk of the country's output4 ,venezuela's plantation-working forces are largely natives of ,indian descent and negroes1 some of them coming during harvesting season from adjoining ,colombia and returning there after the picking is done4 ,the resident workers labor under a sort of peonage system which is tacitly recognized by both employee and employer1 although no laws of peonage or slavery have ever existed in ,venezuela4 ,under this system1 the laborers live in little colonies scattered over the haciendas1 as the coffee plantations are called in ,venezuela4 ,company stores keep them supplied with all their wants4 ,modern plantation machinery is very scarce2 the ancient method of hulling coffee in a circular trough where the dried berries are crushed by heavy wooden wheels drawn by oxen1 is still a common sight in ,venezuela4 ,in preparing washed coffees1 some planters ferment the pulped coffee under water 7wet fermentation process72 while others ferment without water 7dry fermentation74 ,illustration3 ,,this ,,old-,,fashioned ,,hulling ,,machine ,,is ,,operated ,,by ,,ox ,,power ,,in ,,venezuela ,the principal ports of shipments for ,venezuela coffees are ,la ,guaira1 ,puerto ,cabello1 and ,maracaibo4 ,caracas1 the capital1 is five miles in an air line from the port of ,la ,guaira2 but in ascending the three thousand feet of altitude to the city the railroad twists and turns among the mountains for a distance of twenty-four miles4 ,by rail or motor the trip is one of much charm and great beauty4 ,,salvador4 ,the planters in ,salvador favor the dry method of coffee preparation2 and the bulk of the crop is natural1 or unwashed4 ,,guatemala4 ,most ,guatemalas are prepared for market by the wet method4 ,the gathering of the crops furnishes employment for half the population4 ,german and ,american settlers have introduced the latest improvements in modern plantation machinery into ,guatemala4 ,,mexico4 ,in ,mexico coffee is harvested from ,november to ,january1 and large quantities are prepared by both the dry and the wet methods1 the latter being practised on the larger estates that have the necessary water supply and can afford the machinery4 ,here1 too1 one will find coffee being cleaned by the primitive hand-mortar and wind-winnowing method4 ,laborers are mostly half-breeds and ,indians4 ,chinese coolies have been tried and found satisfactory1 and some ,japanese are utilized1 though not largely4 ,illustration3 ,,street ,,car ,,coffee ,,transport ,,in ,,orizaba1 ,,mexico ,,haiti4 ,in ,haiti the picking season is from ,november to ,march4 ,in recent years better attention has been paid to cultural and preparation methods2 and the product is more favorably regarded commercially4 ,large quantities are shipped to ,france and ,belgium2 and much of that sent to the ,united ,states is reshipped to ,france1 ,belgium1 and ,germany1 where it is sorted by hand4 ,both dry and wet methods are employed in ,haiti4 ,,porto ,,rico4 ,here planters favor the wet method of coffee preparation4 ,the crop is gathered from ,august to ,december4 ,the coffees are graded as caracollilo 7peaberry71 primero 7hand-picked71 segundo 7second grade71 trillo 7low grade74 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,on ,,the ,,drying ,,floors ,,in ,,porto ,,rico ,,nicaragua4 ,the wet method of coffee preparation is mostly favored in ,nicaragua4 ,many of the large plantations are worked by colonies of ,americans and ,germans who are competent to apply the abundant natural water power of the country to the operation of modern coffee cleaning machinery4 ,,costa ,,rica4 ,costa ,rica was one of the first countries of the western world to use coffee cleaning machinery4 ,marcus ,mason1 an ,american mechanical engineer then managing an iron foundry in ,costa ,rica1 invented three machines that would respectively peel off the husk1 remove the parchment and pulp1 and winnow the light refuse from the beans4 ,the inventor gave his original demonstration to the planters of ,san ,jos in #ahfj1 and duplicates were installed on all the large plantations4 ,in the course of the next thirty years1 ,mason brought out other machines until he had developed a complete line that was largely used on coffee plantations in all parts of the world4 ,in the ,eastern ,hemisphere ,modern cleaning machinery and methods of preparation are employed to some extent in the large coffee-producing countries of the eastern hemisphere1 and do not differ materially from those of the western4 ,,arabia4 ,in ,arabia the fruit ripens in ,august or ,september1 and picking continues from then until the last fruits ripen late in the ,march following4 ,the cherries1 as they are picked1 are left to dry in the sun on the house-top terrace or on a floor of beaten earth4 ,when they have become partly dry1 they are hulled between two small stones1 one of which is stationary1 while the other is worked by the hand power of two men who rotate it quickly4 ,further drying of the hulled berry follows4 ,it is then put into bags of closely woven aloe fiber1 lined with matting made of palm leaves4 ,it is next sent to the local market at the foot of the mountain4 ,there1 on regular market days1 the ,turkish or ,arabian merchants1 or their representatives1 buy and dispatch their purchases by camel train to ,hodeida or ,aden4 ,the principal primary market in recent years has been the city of ,beit-el-,fakih4 ,illustration3 ,,raking ,,coffee ,,on ,,drying ,,floors--,,chuva ,,district1 ,,guatemala ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,drying ,,patios1 ,,hacienda ,,longa-,,espana1 ,,venezuela ,illustration3 ,,sun-,,drying ,,coffee ,,amid ,,scenes ,,of ,,rare ,,tropical ,,beauty ,in ,aden and ,hodeida the bean is submitted to further cleaning by the principal foreign export houses to whom it has come from the mountains in rather dirty condition4 ,indian women are the sole laborers employed in these cleaning houses4 ,first1 the coffee beans are separated from the dry empty husks by tossing the whole into the air from bamboo trays1 the workers deftly permitting the husks to fly off while the beans are caught again in the tray4 ,the beans are then surface-cleaned by passing them gently between two very primitive grindstones worked by men4 ,a third process is the complete clearing of the bean from the silver skin1 and it is then ready for the final hand picking4 ,women are called into service again1 and they pick out the refuse husks1 quaker or black1 beans1 green or immature beans1 white beans1 and broken beans1 leaving the good beans to be weighed and packed for shipment4 ,the cleaned beans are known as bun safi2 the husks become kisher4 ,some of the poorer beans also are sold1 principally to ,france and to ,egypt4 ,hand-power machinery is used to a slight extent2 but mostly the old-fashioned methods hold sway4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,drying ,,patio ,,on ,a ,,costa ,,rica ,,estate ,illustration3 ,photograph by ,r4,c4 ,wilhelm4 ,,early ,,guardiola ,,steam ,,drier1 ,,el ,,canida ,,plantation1 ,,costa ,,rica ,the ,yemen1 or ,arabian1 bale1 or package1 is unique4 ,it is made up of two fiber wrappers1 one inside the other4 ,the inside one is called attal or darouf4 ,it is made from cut and plaited leaves of nakhel douin or narghil1 a species of palm4 ,the outer covering1 called garair1 is a sack made of woven aloe fiber4 ,the ,bedouins weave these covers and bring them to the export merchants at ,aden and ,hodeida4 ,a ,mocha bundle contains one1 two1 or four fiber packages1 or bales4 ,when the bundle contains one bale it is known as a half2 when it contains two it is known as quarters2 and when it contains four it is known as eighths4 ,arabian coffee for ,boston used to be packed in quarters only2 for ,san ,francisco and ,new ,york1 in quarters and eighths4 ,the longberry ,abyssinian coffees were formerly packed in quarters only4 ,since the ,world ,war1 however1 there has been a scarcity of packing materials1 and packing in quarters and eighths has stopped4 ,now1 all ,mocha1 as well as ,harar1 coffee comes in halfs4 ,a half weighs eighty kilos1 or #agf pounds1 net--although a few exporters ship halfs of #afj pounds4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,women ,,cleaning ,,mocha ,,coffee ,,in ,,an ,,aden ,,warehouse ,there are four processes in cleaning ,mocha coffee4 ,in order to separate the dried beans from the broken hulls these women 7brought over from ,india7 toss the beans in the air1 very deftly permitting the empty hulls to fly off1 and catch the coffee beans on the bamboo trays4 ,then the coffee is passed between two primitive grindstones1 turned by men4 ,after this grinding process the beans are separated from the crushed outside hulls and the loose silver skins4 ,in the fourth process the ,indian women pick out by hand the remaining husks1 the quakers1 the immature beans1 the white beans and the broken beans4 ,being ,mohammedans1 their religion does not permit such little vanities as picture posing1 which explains why their faces are covered and turned away from the camera4 ,,abyssinia4 ,little machinery is used in the preparation of coffee in ,abyssinia2 none1 in preparing the coffee known as ,abyssinian1 which is the product of wild trees2 and only in a few instances in cleaning the ,harari coffee1 the fruit of cultivated trees4 ,both classes are raised mostly by natives1 who adhere to the old-time dry method of cleaning4 ,in ,harar1 the coffee is sometimes hulled in a wooden mortar2 but for the most part it is sent to the brokers in parchment1 and cleaned by primitive hand methods after its arrival in the trading centers4 ,,angola4 ,in ,angola the coffee harvest begins in ,june1 and it is often necessary for the government to lend native soldiers to the planters to aid in harvesting1 as the labor supply is insufficient4 ,after picking1 the beans are dried in the sun from fourteen to forty days1 depending upon the weather4 ,after drying1 they are brought to the hulling and winnowing machines4 ,there are now about twenty-four of these machines in the ,cazengo and ,golungo districts1 all manufactured in the ,united ,states and giving satisfactory results4 ,they are operated by natives4 ,a condition adversely affecting the trade has been the low price that ,angola coffee commands in ,european markets4 ,the cost of production per arroba 7thirty-three pounds7 on the ,cazengo plantations is #a4bc1 while ,lisbon market quotations average #a4ej1 leaving only twenty-seven cents for railway transport to ,loanda and ocean freight to ,lisbon4 ,it has been unprofitable to ship to other markets on account of the preferential export duties4 ,a part of the product is now shipped to ,hamburg1 where it is known as the ,cazengo brand4 ,next to ,mocha1 the ,cazengo coffee is the smallest bean that is to be found in the ,european markets4 ,illustration3 ,,cleaning ,,and ,,grading ,,coffee ,,by ,,machinery ,,in ,,aden ,,java ,,and ,,sumatra4 ,the coffee industry in ,java and ,sumatra1 as well as in the other coffee-producing regions of the ,dutch ,east ,indies1 was begun and fostered under the paternal care of the ,dutch government2 and for that reason1 machine-cleaning has always been a noteworthy factor in the marketing of these coffees4 ,since the government relinquished its control over the so-called government estates1 ,european operators have maintained the standard of preparation1 and have adopted new equipment as it was developed4 ,the majority of estates producing considerable quantities of coffee use the same types of machinery as their competitors in ,brazil and other western countries4 ,illustration3 ,,drying ,,coffee ,,in ,,the ,,sun ,,at ,,the ,,custom-,,house1 ,,harar1 ,,abyssinia ,in ,java1 free labor is generally employed2 while on the east coast of ,sumatra the work is done by contract1 the workers usually being bound for three years4 ,in both islands the laborers are mostly ,javanese coolies4 ,under the contract system1 the worker is subject to laws that compel him to work1 and prevent him from leaving the estate until the contract period expires4 ,under the free-labor system1 the laborer works as his whims dictate4 ,this forces the estate manager to cater to his workers1 and to build up an organization that will hold together4 ,as an example of the working of the latter system1 this outline--by ,john ,a4 ,fowler1 ,united ,states trade commissioner--of the organization of a leading estate in ,java will indicate the general practise in vogue3 ,the manager of this estate has had full control for twenty years and knows the adat 7tribal customs7 of his people and the individual peculiarities of the leaders4 ,this estate has been described as having one of the most perfect estate organizations in ,java4 ,it consists of two divisions of #c1ddi bouws 7about #f1jdh acres in all71 of which #b1ejj bouws are in rubber and coffee and #eej in sisal2 the remainder includes rice fields1 timber1 nurseries1 bamboo1 teak1 pastures1 villages1 roads1 canals1 etc4 ,the foreign staff is under the supervision of a general manager1 and consists of the following personnel3 ,a chief garden assistant of section #a1 who has under him four section assistants and a native staff2 a chief garden assistant of section #b1 who has under him three section assistants1 an apprentice assistant1 and a native staff2 a chief factory assistant1 who has under him an assistant machinist1 an apprentice assistant1 and a native staff2 and1 finally1 a bookkeeper4 ,the term garden means the area under cultivation4 ,the bookkeeper1 a man of mixed blood1 handles all the general accounting1 accumulating the reports sent in by the various assistants4 ,the two chief garden assistants are responsible to the manager for all work outside the factory except the construction of new buildings1 which is in charge of the chief factory assistant4 ,the two divisions of the estate are subdivided into seven agricultural sections1 each section being in full charge of an assistant4 ,a section may include coffee1 rubber1 sisal1 teak1 bamboo1 a coagulation station and nurseries4 ,the assistant's duties include the supervision of road building and repairs1 building repairs1 transportation1 paying the labor1 and the supervision of section accounts4 ,illustration3 ,,open-,,air ,,drying ,,grounds ,,on ,a ,,west ,,java ,,estate ,the beans are being turned by native ,sudanese men and women ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,a ,,modern ,,coffee ,,factory ,,in ,,east ,,java ,showing pulping machinery and fermentation tanks ,illustration3 ,,preparing ,,java ,,coffee ,,for ,,the ,,market ,the factory includes a water-power plant delivering1 through an ,american water wheel and by cable1 #bej horse-power to the main shafting1 an auxiliary steam plant of #aej horse-power as a reserve1 a rubber mill1 a coffee mill1 three sisal-stripping machines1 smoke-houses1 drying fields and houses for sisal1 drying floors and houses for coffee1 sorting rooms1 blacksmith shop1 machine shop1 brass-fitting foundry1 packing houses1 warehouses1 and other equipment4 ,the factory is in charge of a first assistant1 who is a machinist1 with a ,european staff consisting of a machinist and an apprentice assistant4 ,the chief garden assistant is paid #cej to #djj florins1 and the garden assistants start at #bjj florins per month1 with graduated yearly increases up to #cjj florins per month 7florin#j4dj74 ,the chief factory assistant receives #cjj florins1 and the machinist and bookkeeper #bej florins each4 ,the mandoer in charge of the air and kiln drying of coffee gets #be florins per month1 and the mandoer at the coffee mill #bj florins4 ,a woman mandoer in charge of the coffee sorters receives #j4ej florin per day and #j4ja florin each for sewing the bags4 ,this woman supervises all the sorters1 fixes their status1 and inspects their work4 ,unskilled labor 7male7 receives #j4dj florin per day in the coffee sheds1 and the women sorters are paid #j4ej florin per picul of #acf pounds1 measured before sorting4 ,these women are graded into three classes--those who can sort #a picul in a day1 those who can sort three-fourths of a picul1 and those who can sort but one-half of a picul in a day4 ,some of these women become very expert in sorting1 and the quality of the output of a factory is largely dependent on an ample supply of expert sorters4 ,many years are required to develop an adequate personnel for this department4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,transport ,,in ,,java ,illustration3 ,,the ,,world',s ,,coffee ,,tower ,,compared ,,with ,,the ,,eiffel ,,and ,,woolworth ,,towers ,the ,woolworth ,building1 the world's loftiest office structure is #gib feet high from street to top of tower2 its main section of #aea by #aif feet stretches up #chf feet1 and its volume equals a total of #ac1aaj1idb cubic feet4 ,but a tower made of the year's supply of bags of green coffee 7#acb pounds each7 would equal #gc1fdi1aae cubic feet1 or nearly six times the bulk of the ,woolworth ,building4 ,in the same proportions it would rise #a1chf feet1 with the lower section #bfj by #cdj feet and #fgj feet high4 ,its dimensions would be nearly double those of the ,woolworth ,building in every direction4 ,and the ,eiffel ,tower1 reaching up #a1jjj feet toward the sky would be lost in a tower made of a year's bags of coffee4 ,such a tower would stand #a1dbe feet high on a base area of #bcj feet square1 the size of the ,eiffel's first floor4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,the ,,production ,,and ,,consumption ,,of ,,coffee ,a statistical study of world production of coffee by countries--,per capita figures of the leading consuming countries--,coffee-consumption figures compared with tea-consumption figures in the ,united ,states and the ,united ,kingdom--,three centuries of coffee trading--,coffee drinking in the ,united ,states1 past and present--,reviewing the #aiba trade in the ,united ,states ,the world's yearly production of coffee is on the average considerably more than one million tons4 ,if this were all made up into the refreshing drink we get at our breakfast tables1 there would be enough to supply every inhabitant of the earth with some sixty cups a year1 representing a total of more than ninety billion cups4 ,in terms of pounds the annual world output amounts to about two and a quarter billions--an amount so large that if it were done up in the familiar one-pound paper packages2 and if these packages were laid end to end in a row2 they would form a line long enough to reach to the moon4 ,if this average yearly production were left in the sacks in which the coffee is shipped1 the total of #ag1ejj1jjj would be enough to form a broad six-foot pavement reaching entirely across the ,united ,states1 upon which a man could walk steadily for more than five months at the rate of twenty miles a day4 ,this vast amount of coffee comes very largely from the western hemisphere2 and about three-fourths of it1 from a single country4 ,the production1 shipment1 and preparation of this coffee1 directly and indirectly support millions of workers2 and many countries are entirely dependent on it for their prosperity and economic well-being4 ,during the crop year that ended ,june #cj1 #aiba1 this million-ton average was considerably exceeded1 though it did not approach the record yield of all time in the crop year #aijf-jg1 when the total amounted to almost #bd1jjj1jjj sacks2 or1 in round numbers1 #c1jjj1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,as indicated by the ,statistical ,record table1 on page #bgd1 ,brazil produces more than all the rest of the world put together4 ,coffee growing1 however1 is general throughout tropical countries1 and in most of them constitutes one of the leading industries4 ,yet in most cases1 the actual production of these countries can only be estimated1 as accurate figures1 showing the exact output1 are seldom kept4 ,but the contribution which each country makes to the total world traffic in coffee can be determined by its export figures1 which are obtainable in reasonably accurate and up-to-date form4 ,the table on page #bgf gives the coffee export figures1 in pounds1 for practically every country that produces coffee for sale outside its own borders4 ,figures are given for the latest available year1 and also for the average of the last five years for which statistics are to be obtained4 ,the figures are taken from official statistics1 from the publications of the ,international ,institute of ,agriculture of ,rome1 and from other authoritative sources4 ,,statistical ,,record ,,for ,,thirty-,,eight ,,years ,crops _/--------------------------------- ,fiscal ,rio and ,other ,total ,year ,santos ,countries 7,bags7 7,july #a to 7,bags7,i 7,bags7 ,june #cj7 #ahhc-hd #e1jdg1jjj #d1ebf1jjj #i1egc1jjj #ahhd-he #f1bjf1jjj #d1jjd1jjj #aj1baj1jjj #ahhe-hf #e1efe1jjj #c1eje1jjj #i1jgj1jjj #ahhf-hg #f1jgh1jjj #d1ajf1jjj #aj1ahd1jjj #ahhg-hh #c1jcc1jjj #c1bad1jjj #f1bdg1jjj #ahhh-hi #f1hbg1jjj #c1fgb1jjj #aj1dii1jjj #ahhi-ij #d1bfj1jjj #c1ife1jjj #h1bbe1jjj #ahij-ia #e1ceh1jjj #b1hhf1jjj #h1bdd1jjj #ahia-ib #g1cig1jjj #d1dec1jjj #aa1hej1jjj #ahib-ic #f1bjc1jjj #d1hhg1jjj #aa1jij1jjj #ahic-id #d1cji1jjj #e1cjg1jjj #i1faf1jjj #ahid-ie #f1fie1jjj #e1jfi1jjj #aa1gfd1jjj #ahie-if #e1dgf1jjj #d1ija1jjj #aj1cgg1jjj #ahif-ig #h1fhj1jjj #e1bch1jjj #ac1iah1jjj #ahig-ih #aj1dfb1jjj #e1eif1jjj #af1jeh1jjj #ahih-ii #h1gga1jjj #d1ihe1jjj #ac1gef1jjj #ahii-jj #h1iei1jjj #d1hdb1jjj #ac1hja1jjj #aijj-ja #aj1ibg1jjj #d1agc1jjj #ae1ajj1jjj #aija-jb #ae1dci1jjj #d1bif1jjj #ai1gce1jjj #aijb-jc #ab1cbd1jjj #d1cdj1jjj #af1ffd1jjj #aijc-jd #aj1djh1jjj #e1ege1jjj #ae1ihc1jjj #aijd-je #i1ifh1jjj #d1dhj1jjj #ad1ddh1jjj #aije-jf #aj1bbg1jjj #d1efe1jjj #ad1gib1jjj #aijf-jg #ai1fed1jjj #d1afj1jjj #bc1had1jjj #aijg-jh #aj1bhc1jjj #d1eea1jjj #ad1hcd1jjj #aijh-ji #ab1dai1jjj #d1dii1jjj #af1iah1jjj #aiji-aj #ad1idd1jjj #d1aha1jjj #ai1abe1jjj #aiaj-aa #aj1edh1jjj #c1igf1jjj #ad1ebd1jjj #aiaa-ab #ab1dia1jjj #d1iah1jjj #ag1dji1jjj #aiab-ac #aa1deh1jjj #d1iae1jjj #af1cgc1jjj #aiac-ad #ac1haf1jjj #e1gif1jjj #ai1fab1jjj #aiad-ae #ab1hfg1jjj #e1jai1jjj #ag1hhf1jjj #aiae-af #ad1iib1jjj #d1gfd1jjj #ai1gef1jjj #aiaf-ag #ab1aab1jjj #d1egi1jjj #af1fia1jjj #aiag-ah #ae1abg1jjj #c1gbj1jjj #ah1hdg1jjj #aiah-ai #i1adj1jjj #d1ejj1jjj #ac1fdj1jjj #aiai-bj #f1gjj1jjj #h1dfc1jjj #ae1afc1jjj #aibj-ba #ac1haf1jjj #f1dfg1jjj #bj1bhc1jjj ,deliveries _/--------------------------------- ,fiscal ,united ,year ,europe ,states ,total 7,july #a to 7,bags7 7,bags7 7,bags7 ,june #cj7 #ahhc-hd #f1ggd1jjj #b1fce1jjj #i1dji1jjj #ahhd-he #g1chh1jjj #c1afi1jjj #aj1eeg1jjj #ahhe-hf #g1aih1jjj #b1ich1jjj #aj1acf1jjj #ahhf-hg #g1cfc1jjj #b1fgb1jjj #aj1jce1jjj #ahhg-hh #e1hhh1jjj #b1afd1jjj #h1jeb1jjj #ahhh-hi #f1ehi1jjj #b1fei1jjj #i1bdi1jjj #ahhi-ij #f1gaf1jjj #b1gjd1jjj #i1dbj1jjj #ahij-ia #f1jdf1jjj #b1fgc1jjj #h1gai1jjj #ahia-ib #f1cib1jjj #d1dab1jjj #aj1hjd1jjj #ahib-ic #f1deg1jjj #d1chi1jjj #aj1ide1jjj #ahic-id #f1bgb1jjj #d1bih1jjj #aj1egj1jjj #ahid-ie #f1haf1jjj #d1cif1jjj #aa1bab1jjj #ahie-if #f1hjc1jjj #d1cci1jjj #aa1adb1jjj #ahif-ig #g1aee1jjj #e1jhj1jjj #ab1bdd1jjj #ahig-ih #h1ece1jjj #f1jcf1jjj #ad1ega1jjj #ahih-ii #g1gih1jjj #e1fhb1jjj #ac1dhj1jjj #ahii-jj #h1icg1jjj #f1jce1jjj #ad1igb1jjj #aijj-ja #h1dhf1jjj #e1hdc1jjj #ad1cbi1jjj #aija-jb #h1hec1jjj #f1ffc1jjj #ae1eaf1jjj #aijb-jc #i1aah1jjj #f1hdg1jjj #ae1iff1jjj #aijc-jd #i1bhj1jjj #f1hec1jjj #af1acc1jjj #aijd-je #i1dge1jjj #f1fhg1jjj #af1afc1jjj #aije-jf #i1icd1jjj #f1hjf1jjj #af1gda1jjj #aijf-jg #aj1ejb1jjj #g1jdb1jjj #ag1edd1jjj #aijg-jh #aj1dha1jjj #g1jdc1jjj #ag1ebe1jjj #aijh-ji #aa1abi1jjj #g1eai1jjj #ah1fdi1jjj #aiji-aj #aj1haa1jjj #g1bhg1jjj #ah1jih1jjj #aiaj-aa #aj1dib1jjj #g1jae1jjj #ag1ejg1jjj #aiaa-ab #aj1gab1jjj #f1gfb1jjj #ag1dgd1jjj #aiab-ac #aj1add1jjj #f1fge1jjj #af1hbj1jjj #aiac-ad #aa1jbg1jjj #g1ede1jjj #ah1egc1jjj #aiad-ae #ac1cfh1jjj #h1jaj1jjj #ba1cgh1jjj #aiae-af #aa1jej1jjj #h1hcd1jjj #ai1hhd1jjj #aiaf-ag #e1aga1jjj #i1jdf1jjj #ad1bag1jjj #aiag-ah #f1bji1jjj #h1fbd1jjj #ad1hcc1jjj #aiah-ai #f1jgc1jjj #h1iid1jjj #ae1jfg1jjj #aiai-bj #g1jdg1jjj #i1fhc1jjj #af1gcj1jjj #aibj-ba #f1cig1jjj #i1gja1jjj #af1jii1jjj ,spot ,fiscal ,visible ,quotations1 ,year ,supply ,rio ,no4 #g 7,july #a to ,july #a4 ,new ,york1 ,june #cj7 7,bags7 ,july #a4 #ahhc-hd #ahhd-he #e1cih1jjj #h-a_/d #ahhe-hf #e1jea1jjj #g-a_/h #ahhf-hg #c1ihe1jjj #h-a_/d #ahhg-hh #d1acd1jjj #af-g_/h #ahhh-hi #b1cbi1jjj #ac-a_/b #ahhi-ij #c1egi1jjj #ad-a_/b #ahij-ia #b1chd1jjj #ag-a_/b #ahia-ib #a1iji1jjj #ag-c_/h #ahib-ic #b1iee1jjj #ag-g_/h #ahic-id #c1ajj1jjj #af-e_/h #ahid-ie #b1adf1jjj #af-a_/b #ahie-if #c1aae1jjj #ae-c_/d #ahif-ig #b1ehh1jjj #ac #ahig-ih #c1ige1jjj #g-c_/h #ahih-ii #e1dce1jjj #f-a_/d #ahii-jj #f1bjj1jjj #f-a_/h #aijj-ja #e1hdj1jjj #h-ae_/af #aija-jb #f1hfg1jjj #f #aijb-jc #aa1bfa1jjj #e-a_/d #aijc-jd #aa1ijj1jjj #e-c_/af #aijd-je #ab1cfa1jjj #g-a_/h #aije-jf #aa1bfe1jjj #g-c_/d #aijf-jg #i1fcf1jjj #g-ae_/af #aijg-jh #af1djj1jjj #f-c_/h #aijh-ji #ad1abf1jjj #f-a_/d #aiji-aj #ab1hda1jjj #g-c_/d #aiaj-aa #ac1gai1jjj #h-c_/h #aiaa-ab #aa1jgj1jjj #ac-a_/h #aiab-ac #aa1jdh1jjj #ad-c_/d #aiac-ad #aj1bhe1jjj #i-e_/h #aiad-ae #aa1cjb1jjj #h-c_/d #aiae-af #g1ebc1jjj #g-a_/b #aiaf-ag #g1cbh1jjj #i-a_/h #aiag-ah #g1gic1jjj #i-a_/b #aiah-ai #h1ghc1jjj #h-a_/b #aiai-bj #g1agc1jjj #bb-a_/d #aibj-ba #f1iji1jjj #ac-a_/d ,i #a ,bag#acb4bg lbs4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,world',s ,,coffee ,,cup ,,and ,,the ,,world',s ,,largest ,,ship ,the statistical sharks talk of the #ag1eff1jjj bags1 or #b1cah1gab1jjj pounds of coffee that the world drinks every year2 but how many really appreciate what those huge figures mean8 ,for instance1 computing #dj cups of beverage to the pound1 there are more than #ij1jjj1jjj1jjj cups drunk annually1 or enough to fill a gigantic cup #d1jjj feet in diameter and #dj feet deep1 on which the ,majestic1 the world's largest ship1 would appear floating approximately as shown in the drawing4 ,for the most part1 these figures of exportation are the only ones available to indicate the actual coffee production in the countries named4 ,the following additional data1 however1 will serve to show the extent to which the coffee-raising industry has developed in most of these countries1 and in a few places of minor importance not named in the table3 ,,brazil4 ,the coffee industry of ,brazil1 which has furnished seventy percent of the world's coffee during the last ten years1 has developed in a century and a half4 ,brazilian soil first made the acquaintance of the coffee plant at ,par in #agbc4 ,a small export trade to ,europe had developed by #aggj1 the year when the first plantation was established in the state of ,rio de ,janeiro1 and from which the country's great industry really dates4 ,development at first was apparently slow1 as no exports are recorded until the beginning of the nineteenth century2 so that the history of ,brazil's coffee trade is a matter entirely of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries4 ,once started1 however1 the new line of export made rapid progress4 ,in #ahjj1 the amount of coffee exported was #agbj pounds1 contained in thirteen bags4 ,twenty years later1 #ab1hif1jjj pounds were shipped1 the number of bags being #ig1dih4 ,ten years later1 in #ahcj1 this amount had increased to #fd1jea1jjj pounds2 and in #ahdj1 to #acg1cjj1jjj pounds4 ,in #aheb-ec1 the receipts for shipment at the ports were double that amount1 #bhd1eib1jjj pounds2 in #ahfj-fa they were #dbj1dbj1jjj pounds2 in #ahgj-ga they had increased to #dbg1daf1jjj pounds2 in #ahhj-ha they were #gfd1ide1jjj pounds2 in #ahij-ia1 #gci1fed1jjj pounds2 and at the beginning of this century1 #aijj-ja1 they were #a1ejd1dbd1jjj pounds1 having passed the one billion-pound mark in #ahif-ig4 ,the highest point of coffee receipts in the country's history was reached in #aijf-jg with #b1fii1fdd1fid pounds2 and since that year1 the amount has staid at about one and one-half billion pounds4 ,further expansion in the last fifteen years has been closely regulated to prevent overproduction4 ,,exports ,,of ,,coffee ,,from ,,the ,,coffee-,,producing ,,countries ,,of ,,the ,,world ,country ,five-,year ,average ,south ,america3 ,year ,pounds ,pounds ,brazil #aibj #a1ebd1chb1fej #a1dfi1idi1ahj ,colombia #aibj #aij1ifa1iec;c #agb1hfb1aba ,venezuela #aibj #gc1gbf1fcb #aaj1agd1idf ,guiana1 ,br4 #aiag #bfg1cdd #beg1aeb ,guiana1 ,fr4 #aiah #a1ajj #igj ,guiana1 ,d4 #aiah #c1hef #ibc1fdd;d ,ecuador #aiai #c1gbi1dac #e1hdc1jcc ,peru #aiai #cgj1fee #dee1bab ,central ,america3 ,salvador #aibj #hb1hfd1ffh #gh1iec1cci ,nicaragua #aibj #ae1cde1cih #bc1bdc1hfe ,costa ,rica #aiba;a #bi1dja1fhc #bh1ffg1bfb ,guatemala #aibj #id1bje1efi #hh1bac1jhj ,honduras #aibj;b #a1jia1igg #fdf1egd ,mexico #aiah #cj1agb1jfe #dg1eee1ead;d ,west ,indies3 ,haiti #aibj;b #fa1igj1fid;e #ed1cjh1iei;d ,dominican ,republic #aibj #a1cfa1fff #c1dig1hff ,jamaica #aiai #h1bdf1fgb #g1iah1gha ,porto ,rico #aiba #bi1ifg1hgi;f #cj1jcc1dga;df ,trinidad ,tobago #aibj #gc1bja #ai1fci ,martinique #aiah #aj1ceh #ag1bai ,guadeloupe #aiah #b1add1hee #a1eid1adf ,dutch ,east ,indies #aibj #ii1jbj1dec;i #ajc1gja1big;h ,pacific ,islands3 ,br4 ,north ,borneo #aiah #a1ihd #f1fah ,new ,caledonia #aiaf #a1bdh1jbd #ghd1agf ,new ,hebrides #aiag #fbe1bbd #fjh1daj;g ,hawaii #aiba #d1igi1aba;f #d1bdd1dgi;df ,runion #aiah #c1ebg #bf1dee ,asia3 ,aden 7,arabia7 #aiba;b #i1dfc1ajd #aj1hcg1hic ,br4 ,india #aibj;b #cj1ebf1hcb #bc1gfg1gdd ,french ,indo-,china #aiah #gi1ade #eaf1igh ,africa3 ,eritrea #aiah #gbh1hdj #cae1fih ,somaliland1 ,fr4 #aiag #aa1bbb1gcf #i1cba1icj ,somaliland1 ,br4 #aiah #ddj1bgb #bcc1ijh ,somaliland1 ,it4 #aiah #c1gdg #c1cjf ,abyssinia #aiag #ag1cbd1bbc #ab1gdd1djf ,german ,east ,africa 7former7 #aiac #b1ccd1dej #b1fdi1jdg;d ,br4 ,east ,african ,protectorate #aiah #ah1gce1egb #h1cig1eda ,uganda #aiah #i1iii1hde #e1jgf1jia ,nyasaland #aiah #abb1gif #ib1eic ,mayotte 7including ,comoro ,is47#aiad #c1cjf #ffj ,madagascar #aiah #gjg1fgf #iha1jdg ,angola #aiac #aj1fee1icd #aj1dei1gbd ,belgian ,congo #aiai #cdg1ehh #ahf1dcb;h ,fr4 ,equatorial ,africa #aiaf #dh1jfj #dg1jdf ,nigeria #aiaf #c1ebg #ai1ahj ,ivory ,coast #aiah #ff1ceh #di1afb ,gold ,coast #aiag #ffj #bbj ,french ,guinea #aiah #a1cbj #a1cbj ,spanish ,guinea #aiah #h1aej #c1ifh;h ,st4 ,thomas ,prince's ,is4 #aiaf #dhd1cej #a1abe1ddh ,liberia #aiag #gfa1cjj ,cape ,verde ,islands #aiaf #a1ddb1iaj #a1ajj1jie a ,crop year4 b ,fiscal year4 c ,including small proportion of unhusked coffee4 d ,four-year average4 e ,not including #f1cbb1afg pounds triage or waste coffee4 f ,including shipments to continental ,united ,states4 g ,two-year average4 h ,three-year average4 i ,java and ,madura only ,it is estimated that the area in the coffee-growing section suitable for coffee raising covers #a1aeh1jjj square miles1 or more than one-third the area of continental ,united ,states4 ,the state of ,so ,paulo is the chief producing state1 and supplies practically half the world's annual output4 ,most of this ,so ,paulo coffee is exported through the port of ,santos1 which is consequently the leading coffee port of the world4 ,besides ,santos1 the ports of ,rio de ,janeiro and ,victoria are of much importance in the coffee trade1 although some twenty or thirty million pounds are exported each year through the port of ,bahia1 and smaller amounts through various other ports4 ,the crop year of ,brazil runs from ,july #a to ,june #cj1 the heaviest receipts for shipment coming as a rule in the months of ,august1 ,september1 and ,october of each year4 ,one-third of the season's crop is usually received at ports of shipment before the last of ,october1 sometimes as early as the latter part of ,september2 one-half comes in by the middle or last of ,november2 and two-thirds is usually received1 by the end of ,january4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #a--;,,coffee ,,exports1 #ahej-aibj ,this diagram shows the exports of the principal coffee-producing countries1 omitting ,brazil ,illustration3 ,no4 #ba--a ,,coffee ,,exports1 #aiaf-aibj ,this diagram shows the exports of the leading coffee countries 7except ,brazil7 in a period covering most of the ,world ,war ,,venezuela4 ,the coffee plant was introduced into ,venezuela in #aghd1 being brought from ,martinique2 and the first shipment abroad1 consisting of #bcc bags1 was made five years later4 ,by #ahcj-ca1 production had increased to #be1ded1jjj pounds2 and in the next twenty years1 it more than trebled1 amounting to #hc1gag1jjj pounds in #ahej-ea4 ,since then1 however1 the increase has been much more gradual4 ,in #ahha-hb1 #id1cfi1jjj pounds were produced2 and about the same amount1 #ie1agj1jjj pounds1 in #ahhi-ij4 ,twentieth-century production has apparently exceeded the hundred-million mark on the average1 although there are no definite statistics beyond export figures4 ,these showed #hf1iej1jjj pounds sent abroad in #aijd-je2 #ajc1dec1jjj pounds in #aijh-ji2 and #hh1aee1jjj pounds in #aiah2 the trade in the last-named year being cut down by war conditions4 ,in #aiai1 the extraordinary amount of #agi1dad1hae pounds was exported1 the high figure being due to the release of coffee stored from previous years4 ,it has been estimated that domestic consumption of coffee would amount to a maximum of #be1jjj1jjj pounds yearly1 but may be much less than that4 ,the ,united ,states and ,france have in the past been ,venezuela's best customers4 ,,colombia4 ,prior to #aiab1 the total production of coffee in ,colombia was around #hj1jjj1jjj pounds annually1 of which some #c1jjj1jjj or #d1jjj1jjj pounds were consumed in the country itself4 ,but in the last decade production has been advancing rapidly1 and the present production is the heaviest in the history of the country4 ,the industry has practically grown up in the last seventy years1 the exports for the decade #aheb-ec to #ahfa-fb averaging only about #idj1jjj pounds2 in the decade following1 about #e1gjj1jjj pounds2 and1 in the ten years from #ahgb-gc to #ahha-hb1 about #ab1fjj1jjj pounds1 according to an unofficial compilation4 ,exportations had advanced to about #dg1jjj1jjj pounds by #ahie2 and to #hj1jjj1jjj pounds by #aijf4 ,as large quantities of ,colombian coffee are shipped out through ,venezuela1 and because of the lack of detailed statistics in ,colombia1 the actual exportation each year is not easy to determine2 but the following figures1 obtained by a trade commissioner of the ,united ,states1 may be taken as a fairly accurate estimate of exports from #aijf to #aiah3 ,,columbian ,,coffee ,,exports ,year ,sacks 7#ach lbs47 #aijf #fje1gje #aijg #eda1cjj #aijh #egg1ijj #aiji #fgc1cej #aiaj #edc1jjj #aiaa #fja1fjj #aiab #hhh1hjj #aiac #igb1jjj #aiad #ihc1jjj #aiae #a1jgd1fjj #aiaf #a1aec1jjj #aiag #a1jic1jjj #aiah #a1ajb1jjj ,illustration3 ,no4 #c--;,,brazil',s ,,coffee ,,exports1 #ahej-aibj ,diagram based on #e-year averages with quantities given in millions of pounds ,,ecuador4 ,annual production in ,ecuador runs from #c1jjj1jjj to #h1jjj1jjj pounds1 most of which is exported4 ,the greater part of the production is sent to ,chile and the ,united ,states4 ,production has shown only a gradual increase since the middle of the nineteenth century1 when planters began to give some attention to coffee cultivation4 ,exports were about #hg1jjj pounds in #ahee2 #bif1jjj pounds in #ahgj2 and #ihe1jjj pounds in #ahgg4 ,by the beginning of the present century1 production had reached #f1bjd1jjj pounds2 in #aije1 it was estimated at #d1hfa1jjj pounds2 and in #aiaj1 at #h1fhb1jjj pounds4 ,exports in #aiab were #f1aja1gjj pounds2 and #g1fga1jjj pounds in #aiah2 but there was a falling off to #c1gbi1jjj pounds in #aiai4 ,several years ago it was estimated that the coffee trees numbered #h1jjj1jjj1 planted on #cb1jjj acres4 ,,peru4 ,coffee is one of the minor products of ,peru1 and the country does not occupy a place of importance in the international coffee trade4 ,the larger part of the production is apparently consumed in the country itself4 ,export figures indicate that the industry is steadily declining4 ,exports amounted to #b1bfg1jjj pounds in #aije2 to #a1fah1jjj pounds in #aijh2 and in the five years ending with #aiah1 exports averaged only #ebi1jjj pounds2 while figures for #aiai show that in that year they fell still lower1 to #cgj1jjj pounds4 ,production is mainly in the coast lands4 ,,british ,,guiana4 ,the ,guianas are the site of the first coffee planting on the continent of ,south ,america2 and according to some accounts1 the first in the ,new ,world4 ,the plants were brought first into ,dutch ,guiana1 but there was no planting in what is now ,british ,guiana 7then a ,dutch colony7 until #ageb4 ,twenty-six years later1 #f1jda1jjj pounds were sent to ,amsterdam from the two ports of ,demarara and ,berbice2 and after the colony fell into the hands of the ,english in #agif1 cultivation continued to increase4 ,exports amounted to #aj1hde1jjj pounds in #ahjc2 and to more than #bb1jjj1jjj pounds in #ahaj4 ,then there was a falling off1 and the production in #ahbh was #h1hic1ejj pounds and #c1cjh1jjj pounds in #ahcf4 ,in #ahdi ,british ,guiana exported only #aji1fjj pounds4 ,for a long period thereafter there was little production1 and practically no exportation2 exports in #aijg1 for instance1 amounting to only #afj pounds4 ,with the next year1 however1 a revival of exportation began1 and it has continued to grow since then4 ,in #aijh1 exports were #hh1gjj pounds2 and for the succeeding years1 up to #aiag1 the following amounts are recorded3 #aiji1 #if1ieb pounds2 #aiaj1 #ajh1cgh pounds2 #aiaa1 #acf1dbj pounds2 #aiab1 #add1hde pounds2 #aiac1 #hi1cgf pounds2 #aiad1 #bch1gfg pounds2 #aiae1 #agb1cbf pounds2 #aiaf1 #eja1ahc pounds2 #aiag1 #bfg1cdd pounds4 ,in the last-named year #d1iec acres were in coffee plantations4 ,,french ,,guiana4 ,this colony raises a small amount of coffee for local consumption1 and exports a few hundred pounds2 but it is really an importing and not an exporting colony4 ,coffee cultivation was never of much importance1 although in #agge some #gb1jjj pounds were exported4 ,one hundred and eighty thousand pounds were harvested in #ahfj2 and #acb1jjj pounds in #ahgj1 mostly for local consumption4 ,,dutch ,,guiana4 ,regular shipments of coffee from ,dutch ,guiana have been made for two centuries1 beginning--a few years after the plant was introduced--with a shipment of #f1dfa pounds to the mother country in #agbc4 ,seven years later1 #dgb1jjj pounds were shipped2 and in #agcb-cc exportation reached #a1bcb1jjj pounds4 ,exports were averaging #af1ijj1jjj pounds a year by #agfj2 and reached almost #bj1fjj1jjj pounds in #aggg4 ,at the beginning of the nineteenth century1 they amounted to about #ag1jjj1jjj pounds2 but a few years later fell off to some #g1jjj1jjj pounds1 where they remained until about #ahdj2 after which they began again to decline4 ,exportation had practically ceased by #ahge1 only #a1dbj pounds going out of the country1 although cultivation still continued1 as evidenced by a production of #hb1ceg pounds in that year4 ,in #ahij1 production was only #ae1gcf pounds1 and exports only #dgf pounds2 but since then there has been a considerable increase4 ,in #aijj1 production amounted to #dcc1jjj pounds1 and exports to #dbd1jjj pounds4 ,in #aijh1 #a1ajh1jjj pounds were grown1 of which #caj1jjj pounds were sent abroad2 and in #aiji1 the figures were #eeb1jjj pounds produced and #dje1jjj pounds exported4 ,no figures are available for production in recent years2 but the exportation of #a1fjj1jjj pounds in #aiag indicates that plantings have been steadily growing4 ,,other ,,south ,,american ,,countries4 ,of the other ,south ,american countries1 ,argentina1 ,chile1 and ,uruguay are coffee-importing countries2 and the coffee-raising industry of ,paraguay1 although more or less promising1 has yet to be developed4 ,in ,argentina1 a few hundred acres in the sub-tropical provinces of the north have been planted to coffee2 but coffee-growing will always necessarily remain a very minor industry4 ,many attempts have been made to establish the industry in ,paraguay1 where favorable conditions obtain1 but only a few planters have met with success4 ,their product has all been consumed locally4 ,bolivia has much land suitable for coffee raising2 and it is estimated that production has reached as high as #a1ejj1jjj pounds a year1 but transportation conditions are such as to hold back development for an indefinite time4 ,small amounts are now exported to ,chile4 ,,salvador4 ,coffee was introduced into ,salvador in #aheb1 and immediately began to spread over the country4 ,exports were valued at more than #ajj1jjj in #ahfe2 and by #ahgd-ge the amount exported had reached #h1ejj1jjj pounds4 ,the first large plantation was established in #ahgf2 and since then planting has continued1 until now practically all the available coffee land has been taken up4 ,the area in plantations has been estimated at #aff1jjj acres1 and the annual production at #ej1jjj1jjj to #ge1jjj1jjj pounds1 of which some #e1jjj1jjj pounds are consumed in the country4 ,since the beginning of the present century1 exports have in general shown a considerable increase1 the figures for #aija being #ej1aja1jjj pounds2 for #aije1 #fd1dhj1jjj pounds2 for #aiaj1 #fb1gfd1jjj pounds2 for #aiae1 #fg1acj1jjj pounds2 and for #aibj1 #hb1hfd1jjj pounds4 ,,guatemala4 ,cultivation of coffee in ,guatamala became of importance between #ahfj and #ahgj4 ,in #ahfj1 exports were only about #adj1jjj pounds2 by #ahfc1 they had increased to about #a1hjj1jjj pounds2 and by #ahgj1 to #g1eij1jjj pounds4 ,in #ahhj-ha1 they amounted to #bh1igf1jjj pounds2 and in #ahhc-hd1 to #dj1djf1jjj pounds4 ,twenty years later1 they had doubled4 ,in recent years1 exports have ranged between #ge1jjj1jjj and #ajj1jjj1jjj pounds2 the years from #aiji to #aiah showing the following results1 according to a consular report3 ,,guatemala',s ,,coffee ,,exports ,cleaned ,unshelled ,year 7pounds7 7pounds7 #aijj #ib1fci1hjj #bc1fed1fjj #aiaj #ej1gag1fjj #ai1fga1gjj #aiaa #fj1fhi1ejj #bj1iei1ejj #aiab #ad1cbi1hjj #fj1hcg1ejj #aiac #gj1gdi1ajj #bj1ihj1gjj #aiad #ga1acf1hjj #ad1iii1fjj #aiae #fi1fdi1ejj #i1hib1jjj #aiaf #he1jeg1jjj #c1jae1hjj #aiag #hi1bei1fjj #a1daj1bjj #aiah #gg1hdb1hjj #eaa1ejj ,,costa ,,rica4 ,coffee raising in ,costa ,rica dates from #aggi1 when the plant was introduced from ,cuba4 ,by #ahde1 the industry had grown sufficiently to permit an exportation of #g1hbc1jjj pounds2 and twenty years later1 #aa1adc1jjj pounds were shipped4 ,thereafter1 production increased rapidly2 so that in #ahgd1 the total exports were #cb1fgj1jjj pounds1 and in #ahhd they were more than #cf1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,in recent years1 the average production has been around #ce1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,for the crop years #aiaf-ag to #aibj-ba exports have been3 ,,costa ,,rica',s ,,coffee ,,exports ,year ,pounds #aiaf-ag #bg1jdd1eej #aiag-ah #be1bdf1gae #aiah-ai #cj1ghd1ahd #aiai-bj #cj1hfj1fcd #aibj-ba #bi1dja1fhc ,,nicaragua4 ,production of coffee in ,nicaragua began between #ahfj and #ahgj2 and in #ahge1 the yield was estimated at #a1fej1jjj pounds4 ,by #ahgi-hj1 this had increased to #c1egi1jjj pounds2 and by #ahhi-ij1 to #h1ecc1jjj pounds4 ,in #ahij-ia production was #aa1edj1jjj pounds2 and in #aijg-jh it was estimated at more than #bj1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,ten years later1 #be1jjj1jjj pounds were produced2 and the crop of #aiah-ai was estimated at about #cj1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,lack of transportation1 and excess of political troubles1 have been important factors in holding back development4 ,,honduras4 ,the coffee of ,honduras is of very good quality2 but production is small1 and the country is not an important factor in international trade4 ,exports usually run less than #a1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,the chief obstacle to expansion is said to be lack of transportation facilities4 ,,british ,,honduras4 ,this colony grows a little coffee for its own use1 but imports most of what it needs4 ,production had reached almost #ej1jjj pounds in #aijd2 but the present average is only about #aj1jjj pounds1 raised on scattering trees over about #a1jjj acres4 ,,panama4 ,a small amount of coffee1 of which occasionally as much as #bjj1jjj or #bej1jjj pounds a year are exported1 is raised in the uplands of ,panama1 or is gathered from wild trees4 ,the industry is not of great importance1 and the country imports considerable supplies1 mostly from the ,united ,states4 ,,mexico4 ,a very good grade of coffee is produced in ,mexico2 and it is said that there is sufficient area of good coffee land to take care of the demand of the world outside of that supplied by ,brazil4 ,production1 however1 is limited1 and to a large extent goes to satisfy home needs1 leaving only about #ej1jjj1jjj pounds for export4 ,in spite of much government encouragement in past years1 coffee cultivation has not made rapid progress1 when we remember that the country became acquainted with the plant as early as #agij4 ,not until about #ahgj did the country begin to become important in the list of coffee-exporters2 but by #ahgh-gi1 shipments amounted to about #ab1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,this steadily increased to #bi1djj1jjj pounds in #ahia-ib4 ,exports in recent years have averaged about #ej1jjj1jjj pounds2 but in #aiah were only #cj1jjj1jjj4 ,production has fluctuated greatly4 ,in the years preceding the troubled revolutionary period1 the total output was estimated as follows3 #aijg1 #de1jjj1jjj pounds2 #aijh1 #db1jjj1jjj pounds2 #aiji1 #ha1jjj1jjj pounds2 #aiaj1 #gj1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,in the ten years preceding #aijg1 production dropped as low as #bb1jjj1jjj pounds in #aijb2 and rose to #hh1ejj1jjj pounds in #aije4 ,next to the ,united ,states1 ,germany was the chief buyer of ,mexican coffee before the war2 although ,france and ,great ,britain also took several million pounds each4 ,,haiti4 ,for well over a century ,haiti has been shipping tens of millions of pounds of coffee annually2 and the product is the mainstay of the country's economic life4 ,in all that time1 however1 shipments have maintained much the same level4 ,the country has been a coffee producer from the early years of the eighteenth century1 when the plants began to spread from the original sprigs in ,guiana or ,martinique4 ,after half a century of growth1 exports had risen to #hh1cfj1jjj pounds in #aghi-ij1 a mark that has never again been reached4 ,since then1 exports have ranged between #dj1jjj1jjj and #hj1jjj1jjj pounds1 keeping close to the lower mark in recent years because of ,european conditions4 ,they were #ch1jjj1jjj pounds in #ahef2 #ee1gej1jjj pounds in #ahff2 and #eb1cjj1jjj pounds in #ahgf4 ,they had reached #hd1jbh1jjj pounds in #ahhg-hh2 but fell back to #fg1dcg1jjj pounds in #ahig-ih2 and ten years later1 were #fc1hdh1jjj pounds4 ,in #aiag-ah1 they were only about two-thirds that amount1 or #db1ajj1jjj pounds4 ,some #h1jjj1jjj pounds are consumed yearly in the country itself4 ,the coffee plantations cover about #abe1jjj acres4 ,,dominican ,,republic4 ,coffee production in the ,dominican ,republic ranges between #a1jjj1jjj and #e1jjj1jjj pounds1 exports in recent years averaging about #c1ejj1jjj pounds4 ,the quality of the coffee is good2 but the plantations are not well cared for4 ,until fifty years ago1 the industry was in a state of decline from a condition of former importance2 but it was revived1 and by #ahha it supplied #a1djj1jjj pounds for export4 ,the amount was #a1dhj1jjj pounds in #ahhh2 #c1iej1jjj pounds in #aijj2 #a1edj1jjj pounds in #aiji2 and #d1hgj1jjj pounds in #aiai4 ,blight1 and disturbed political conditions1 have hampered development4 ,in normal times1 ,europe takes most of the export4 ,,jamaica4 ,jamaica began to raise coffee about #agcj2 and from that time on there was a steady but slow increase in production4 ,shipments amounted to about #fj1jjj pounds in #ageb1 and to about #a1hjj1jjj pounds in #agge4 ,at the beginning of the new century1 in #ahjd1 exports of #bb1jjj1jjj pounds are recorded2 and in #ahad the figure was #cd1jde1jjj pounds4 ,then exports gradually fell off1 and in #ahfa were only #f1gjj1jjj pounds4 ,they were #aj1cej1jjj pounds in #ahgd2 and since then1 have not varied much from #i1jjj1jjj or #aj1jjj1jjj pounds a year4 ,they were #i1cfc1jjj pounds in #aijj2 #g1hhe1jjj pounds in #aiji2 and #h1bdf1jjj pounds in #aiai4 ,the acreage in coffee remains fairly constant1 being #bd1hfe in #aijj2 #bb1bge in #aiaa2 and #bj1bhj in #aiag4 ,it is said that there are #hj1jjj acres of good coffee land still uncultivated4 ,,porto ,,rico4 ,the cultivation of coffee in ,porto ,rico dates back to the middle of the eighteenth century2 but exportation does not seem to have been much more than a million pounds a year until the first years of the nineteenth century4 ,between #ahcg and #ahdj1 the average exportation was about #aj1jjj1jjj pounds2 and by #ahfe1 this had risen to #bd1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,ten years later1 it was #be1gjj1jjj pounds4 ,in recent years1 it has averaged about #cg1jjj1jjj pounds2 the #aiba figure1 including shipments to continental ,united ,states1 being #bi1ifh1jjj pounds4 ,production since #ahha has been between #cj1jjj1jjj and #ej1jjj1jjj pounds2 the heaviest being in #ahif when the total output was #fb1fbh1ccg pounds--the largest figure in the island's history4 ,the industry was greatly damaged by a disastrous storm in #aijj1 and was also adversely affected by the ,european ,war1 as a large part of ,porto ,rico's crop goes to ,europe4 ,porto ,rican coffee has not been popular in the ,united ,states1 which takes only limited amounts4 ,cuba is one of the island's best customers4 ,,guadeloupe4 ,coffee production in ,guadeloupe reached its highest point in the latter part of the eighteenth century1 when more than #h1jjj1jjj pounds were raised4 ,the figure was about #f1jjj1jjj in #ahjh2 but the output declined during the succeeding decades1 and forty years later was only #cge1jjj pounds4 ,the amount produced in #ahhe was #ihf1jjj pounds2 and there has been a gradual increase1 so that the crop has been large enough to permit the exportation of #a1jjj1jjj to #b1jjj1jjj pounds1 or more1 since the beginning of the present century4 ,exports in #aija were #a1ddi1jjj pounds2 in #aijh1 #b1bff1jjj pounds2 and in #aiah1 #b1add1jjj pounds4 ,,other ,,west ,,indian ,,islands4 ,some little coffee is gathered for home consumption in many other ,west ,indian islands1 but little is exported4 ,the island of ,martinique1 which is said to have seen the introduction of the coffee plant into the western hemisphere1 does not now raise enough for its own use4 ,cuba was formerly one of the important centers of production2 but for various reasons the industry declined1 and for many years the country has imported most of its coffee supply4 ,a century ago1 the plantations numbered #b1jfg2 and the annual exportation amounted to #ej1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,when the island became independent1 steps were taken to revive coffee planting2 and in #aijg there were #a1daa plantations and #c1ffb1hej trees1 producing #f1eie1gjj pounds of coffee4 ,the ,cubans1 however1 now find it convenient to obtain their coffee from the neighboring island of ,porto ,rico and from other sources2 and importations have remained around #bj1jjj1jjj pounds a year4 ,in ,trinidad and ,tobago1 exports have reached as high as #a1jjj1jjj pounds a year2 but in recent times they have fallen off heavily4 ,st4 ,vincent exported #dhe pounds in #aiag1 and ,grenada1 #bea pounds in #aiaf4 ,the ,leeward ,islands exported #a1dae pounds in #aiag1 and #b1idf pounds in #aiaf1 the acreage being #bgd1 the same as for many years past4 ,,arabia4 ,the home of the famous ,mocha coffee still produces considerable quantities of that variety1 although the output1 comparatively speaking1 is not large4 ,the chief district is the vilayet of ,yemen2 and the product reaches the outside world mainly through the port of ,aden1 although before the war much of this coffee was exported through ,hodeida4 ,the port of ,massowah1 in the last two or three years1 has been drawing some of the supply of ,mocha for export4 ,no statistics are available to show the production of ,mocha coffee2 but an estimate made by the oldest coffee merchant in ,aden places the average annual output at #de1jjj bags of #agf pounds each1 or #g1ibj1jjj pounds4 ,although this is the only district in the world that can produce the particular grade of coffee known as ,mocha1 there is little systematic cultivation1 and large areas of good coffee land are planted to other crops to provide food for the natives4 ,when transportation facilities are provided1 so that this food can be imported1 it is predicted that the output of ,mocha coffee will be doubled4 ,aden is a great transhipping port for coffee from ,asia and ,africa1 and more than half its exports are re-exports from points outside of ,arabia4 ,the following figures will show the proportion of ,arabian coffee coming into ,aden for export as compared with that from other producing sections3 ,,aden',s ,,coffee ,,receipts ,,for ,,re-,,export ,imports #aiaf-ag #aiag-ah #aiah-ai from 7pounds7 7pounds7 7pounds7 ,abyssinia 7via ,jibuti7 #d1ebi1bhj #f1agd1hif #d1ccg1gfj ,mocha and ,ghizan #c1eee1ajd #f1efb1geb #c1jge1jbd ,somaliland 7,british7 #cid1abh #cif1eib #bde1hdj ,straits ,settlements #fgb1bbd ,zanzibar and ,pemba #ib1eab #gie1cab #gfd1bhh ,all other countries #afb1jfd #cjg1ajd #cbc1faf --------- ---------- --------- ,total #i1dje1cab #ad1bcf1fef #h1gdf1ebh ,,british ,,india4 ,cultivation of coffee was begun systematically in ,india in #ahdj2 and twenty years later1 the country exported about #e1hfj1jjj pounds4 ,for the next eight years the exports remained at about that figure2 but in #ahei they amounted to #aa1fij1jjj pounds2 and by #ahfd they had doubled1 rising in that year to #bf1gde1jjj pounds4 ,they have continued at between #bj1jjj1jjj and #fj1jjj1jjj pounds ever since1 reaching their highest point in #ahgb with #ef1hag1jjj pounds4 ,in recent years1 production and exportation have declined2 the exports in #aibj being only #cj1ebf1hcb pounds4 ,the area under coffee has been between #bjj1jjj and #cjj1jjj acres for fifty years or more1 reaching its highest point in #ahif1 with #cjc1idd acres4 ,recently the area has been slowly decreasing4 ,,ceylon4 ,the island of ,ceylon was formerly one of the important producers of coffee2 and the industry was a flourishing one until about #ahfi1 when a disease appeared that in ten or fifteen years practically ruined the plantations4 ,production has gone on since then1 but at a steadily declining rate4 ,in late years1 the island has not produced enough for its own use1 and is now ranked as an importer rather than as an exporter4 ,it is said that systematic cultivation was carried on in ,ceylon by the ,dutch as early as #afij2 and shipments of #aj1jjj to #ij1jjj pounds a year were made all through the eighteenth century1 exports in one year1 #agda1 going as high as #cgj1jjj pounds4 ,the ,english took the island in #agie1 and thirty years later1 they began to expand cultivation4 ,exports had risen to #ab1djj1jjj pounds in #ahcf2 and they continued to increase to a high point of #aah1afj1jjj pounds in #ahgj2 but in the next thirty years they declined1 until they were only #a1adg1jjj pounds in #aijj4 ,the total acreage in coffee at one time reached as high as #cdj1jjj2 but as the coffee trees were affected by the leaf disease1 this land was turned to tea2 and in #aiag there were only #haj acres left in coffee4 ,,dutch ,,east ,,indies4 ,the year #afii saw the importation from the ,malabar coast of ,india to ,java of the coffee plants which were destined to be the progenitors of the tens of millions of trees that have made the ,dutch ,east ,indies famous for two hundred years4 ,twelve years afterward1 the first trickle of the stream of coffee that has continued to flow ever since found its way from ,java to ,holland1 in a shipment of #hid pounds4 ,about #baf1jjj pounds were exported in #agba2 and soon thereafter1 shipments rose into the millions of pounds4 ,from #agba to #agcj the ,netherlands ,east ,india ,co4 marketed #be1jdh1jjj pounds of ,java coffee in ,holland2 and in the decade following1 #cf1hde1jjj pounds4 ,shipments from ,java continued at about the latter rate until the close of the century1 although in the ten years #agga-hj they reached a total of #ea1cai1jjj pounds4 ,the total sales of ,java coffee in ,holland for the century were somewhat more than a quarter of a billion pounds1 which represented pretty closely the amount produced4 ,with the beginning of the nineteenth century1 coffee production soon became much heavier2 and in #ahbe ,java exported1 of her own production1 some #cf1ejj1jjj pounds1 besides #a1cfj1jjj pounds brought from neighboring islands to which the cultivation had spread4 ,in #ahee1 the amount was #afh1ajj1jjj pounds of ,java coffee1 and #d1jhj1jjj pounds of coffee from the other islands4 ,this is the highest record for the half-century following the beginning of the regular reports of exports in #ahbe4 ,from #ahge to #ahgi the average annual yield was #aeb1ahd1jjj pounds4 ,in #aijj1 production in ,java was #hd1ahd1jjj pounds2 in #aiaj1 it was #ca1eeb1jjj pounds1 and in #aiae it had jumped to #gc1ihd1jjj pounds4 ,on the west coast of ,sumatra coffee was regularly cultivated1 according to one account1 as early as #aghc2 but it was not until about #ahjj1 that exportation began1 with about #bgj1jjj pounds4 ,by #ahdj1 exports were averaging #aa1jjj1jjj to #ab1bej1jjj pounds per year4 ,official records of production date from #aheb1 in which year the figures were #af1gad1jjj pounds4 ,five years later the recorded yield was #be1ifj1jjj pounds1 the high-water mark of ,sumatra production4 ,the total output in #ahfj was #ba1djj1jjj pounds2 and #bb1bge1jjj pounds in #ahgj4 ,the average from #ahge to #ahgi was #ag1djh1jjj pounds2 and from #ahie to #ahii1 it was #g1ehi1jjj pounds4 ,the yield was #e1egf1jjj pounds in #aijj2 #a1cfj1jjj in #aiaj2 and #g1geb1jjj in #aiae4 ,in ,celebes1 the first plants were set out about #agej2 but seventy years later production was only some #aj1jjj pounds4 ,this soon increased to half a million pounds2 and from #ahce to #aheb the yield ran between #cdj1jjj and #a1gfh1jjj pounds4 ,from #ahge to #ahgi1 production averaged #b1agf1jjj pounds2 from #ahhe to #ahhi1 #b1gdg1jjj pounds2 and from #ahie to #ahii1 #gjg1jjj pounds4 ,in #aijj1 it was #fhj1jjj pounds2 in #aiaj1 #bgb1jjj pounds2 and in #aiae1 #bgb1jjj pounds4 ,planting under government control1 largely with forced labor1 has been the special feature of coffee cultivation in the ,dutch ,east ,indies4 ,at first the government exercised what was practically a monopoly2 but private planting was more and more permitted2 and in the latter part of the nineteenth century1 the amount of coffee produced on private plantations exceeded that raised by the government4 ,the government has now entirely given up the business of coffee production4 ,the total production of coffee in ,java1 ,sumatra1 and ,celebes1 in #aibj1 in piculs of #acf pounds1 was as follows3 ,,dutch ,,east ,,indies' ,,coffee ,,production ,kind of ,quantity ,produced in ,coffee ,java ,sumatra ,celebes ,total and ,bali 7piculs7 7piculs7 7piculs7 7piculs7 ,liberica #ad1igb #f1bdc #b1jgd #bc1bhi ,java #af1cab #bd1bia #gj1fba #aaa1bbd ,robusta #daa1bce #bef1fde #d1iih #fgb1hgh ------- ------- ------ ------- ,total #ddb1eai #bhg1agi #gg1fic #hjg1cia ,,straits ,,settlements4 ,trade in coffee is a transhipping trade1 ,singapore acting as a clearing center for large quantities of coffee from the neighboring islands4 ,in #aibj1 the imports were #be1iad1bfg pounds2 and the exports1 #bf1hef1jjj pounds4 ,,federated ,,malay ,,states4 ,the acreage in coffee in the ,federated ,malay ,states is steadily declining4 ,in #aijc1 coffee plantations covered #bb1gjj acres2 in #aiac1 #g1fie acres2 and in #aiaf1 #d1cab acres4 ,there was formerly a considerable export2 but apparently local production is now required for home consumption1 as in #aibj exports were practically nothing1 and about #i1hjj pounds were imported4 ,,british ,,north ,,borneo4 ,total exports of coffee have reached as high as #ej1jjj pounds1 which was the figure in #aijd2 but they are much less now2 being #e1igc pounds in #aiae2 #ae1aji pounds in #aiaf2 and #a1ihj pounds in #aiah4 ,,sarawak4 ,previous to #aiab1 the exportation of coffee from ,sarawak1 was #bj1jjj to #de1jjj pounds annually4 ,in #aiab1 a coffee estate of #cjj acres was abandoned1 and since that time there have been no exports4 ,,philippines4 ,coffee raising was formerly one of the chief industries of the ,philippines2 but it has now greatly declined1 partly because of the blight4 ,exports reached their highest point in #ahhc1 when #af1hje1jjj pounds were shipped4 ,since then1 they have fallen off steadily to nothing2 and the islands are now importers1 although still producing considerable for their own use4 ,the area still under cultivation in #aibj was #b1gjj acres2 and the production in that year was given as #b1gaj1jjj pounds1 as compared with #a1ehj1jjj pounds in #aiai1 and an average of #a1ejj1jjj pounds for the previous five years4 ,,guam4 ,coffee is a common plant on the island but is not systematically cultivated4 ,there is no exportation1 but a ,navy ,department report says that the possible export is not less than seventy-five tons annually4 ,,hawaii4 ,a certain amount of coffee has been produced in the ,hawaiian ,islands for many years1 exports being recorded as #di1jjj pounds in #ahfa2 as #deb1jjj pounds in #ahgj2 and as #adc1jjj pounds in #ahgg4 ,the trees grow on all the islands2 but nearly all the coffee produced is raised on ,hawaii4 ,the trees are not carefully cultivated2 but the coffee has an excellent flavor4 ,the amount of land planted to coffee is about #f1jjj acres4 ,the exports go mostly to continental ,united ,states4 ,the exports are increasing1 the figures up to #aiji ranging usually between #a1jjj1jjj and #b1jjj1jjj pounds1 and now usually running between #b1jjj1jjj and #e1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,including shipments to continental ,united ,states1 ,hawaii exported #e1gge1hbe pounds in #aiah2 #c1fdi1fgb pounds in #aiai2 #b1egc1cjj pounds in #aibj2 and #d1igi1aba pounds in #aiba4 ,,australia4 ,queensland is the only state of the ,commonwealth in which coffee growing has been at all extensively tried2 and here the results have1 up to the present time1 been far from satisfactory4 ,the total area devoted to this crop reached its highest point in the season #aija-jb when an area of #edg acres was recorded4 ,the area then continuously declined to #aijf-jg1 when it was as low as #bef acres4 ,in subsequent seasons the area fluctuated somewhat2 but1 on the whole1 with a downward tendency4 ,in #aiai-bj1 only #bd productive acres were recorded1 with a yield of #af1aja pounds4 ,the country is now listed among the consuming rather than the producing countries4 ,,abyssinia4 ,this country1 usually credited with being the original home of the coffee plant1 still has1 in its southern part1 vast forests of wild coffee whose extent is unknown1 but whose total production is believed to be immense4 ,it is of inferior grade1 and reaches the market as ,abyssinian coffee4 ,there is also a large district of coffee plantations producing a very good grade called ,harari1 which is considered almost1 if not quite1 the equal of the ,arabian ,mocha4 ,this is usually shipped to ,aden for re-export4 ,abyssinia's coffee reaches the outside world through three different gateways2 and as the neighboring countries1 through which the produce passes1 also produce coffee1 no accurate statistics are available to show the country's annual export4 ,the total probably ranges from #aj1jjj1jjj to #bj1jjj1jjj pounds a year4 ,coffee was shipped from ,abyssinia to the extent of #f1ggc1hjj pounds in #aiad1 over the ,franco-,ethiopian railroad2 #aj1jed1jjj pounds in #aiae2 and #i1jfd1jjj pounds in #aiaf4 ,export figures of the port of ,massowah include a large amount of ,abyssinian coffee1 but the proportion is unknown4 ,at this port #ajh1fhj pounds of coffee were exported in #aiad2 and #a1bba1hhj pounds in #aiae4 ,abyssinian coffee exported by way of the ,sudan amounted to #bcb1faf pounds in #aiad2 to #adj1dfa pounds in #aiae2 and to #d1afd1fjj pounds in #aiaf4 ,,british ,,east ,,african ,,protectorate4 ,the acreage in coffee has greatly increased in recent years4 ,it was estimated at #a1jjj acres in #aiaa2 and by #aiaf1 it had grown to #bb1bjj acres4 ,production1 as shown by the exports1 has likewise increased greatly2 and exports in recent years have averaged about #h1jjj1jjj pounds a year4 ,they were #aj1ihd1jjj pounds in #aiag2 and were #ah1gce1jjj pounds in #aiah4 ,,uganda ,,protectorate4 ,the acreage in coffee has been steadily increasing1 as shown by the following figures3 #aiaj1 #fig acres2 #aiad1 #ai1bgh acres2 #aiaf1 #bc1heg acres2 #aiag1 #bb1gde acres4 ,in #aiji1 #cc1ddj pounds of coffee were produced2 and by #aiah1 this had grown to #aj1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,the average for the five years1 #aiad-ah1 was #e1jgf1jjj pounds4 ,,nyasaland ,,protectorate4 ,twenty-five years ago1 this colony exported coffee in amounts ranging from #cjj1jjj to more than #b1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,production has now so declined1 that only #abb1jjj pounds were exported in #aiah2 and the average for recent years has been about #ib1jjj pounds4 ,the acreage in bearing in #aijc was #h1bcd2 and in #aiag it was #a1bcg4 ,,nigeria4 ,production has been falling off in recent years4 ,exports were #ce1jjj pounds in #ahif2 #eg1jjj pounds in #aija2 and #gj1jjj pounds in #aiji4 ,in #aiaf and #aiag1 however1 they were only about #c1jjj pounds4 ,,gold ,,coast4 ,this colony formerly produced considerable coffee1 exporting #adb1jjj pounds in #ahif4 ,there have been no exports in recent years1 except about #ddj pounds in #aiaf1 and #ffj pounds in #aiag4 ,,somaliland ,,protectorate4 ,exports of coffee were more than #g1ejj1jjj pounds in #ahig1 indicating a very extensive production4 ,but since then1 there has been a steady decline2 and in #aiah only about #ddj1jjj pounds were shipped4 ,,somali ,,coast 7,,french74 ,exports of coffee from this colony amounted to more than #e1jjj1jjj pounds in #aijb2 and since then1 they have remained fairly steadily at that figure1 showing considerable increase in late years4 ,total exports in #aiag were #aa1bjj1jjj pounds4 ,,italian ,,somaliland4 ,some coffee appears to be grown in this colony2 but exports have been inconsiderable for many years4 ,,sierra ,,leone4 ,production has been steadily declining for twenty years4 ,exports were #cc1cgf pounds in #aijc2 #ag1jif pounds in #aiac2 and #h1bbh pounds in #aiag4 ,,mauritius4 ,in former times this island was an important coffee producer1 exports in the early part of the nineteenth century running as high as #fjj1jjj pounds4 ,today there is practically no export1 and only about #cj acres are in bearing1 producing #d1jjj to #h1jjj pounds a year4 ,r,,union4 ,this island also was once a notable grower of coffee4 ,a century ago1 production was estimated as high as #aj1jjj1jjj pounds2 and this rate of output continued well through the nineteenth century4 ,in the present century1 production has fallen off2 and only about #ecj1jjj pounds were exported in #aiji4 ,the decrease has continued1 so that the average in recent years has been only about #be1jjj pounds4 ,coffee ,consumption ,of the million or more tons of coffee produced in the world each year1 practically all--with the exception of that which is used in the coffee-growing countries themselves--is consumed by the ,united ,states and western ,europe1 the ,british dominions1 and the non-producing countries of ,south ,america4 ,over that vast stretch of territory beginning with western ,russia1 and extending over almost the whole of ,asia1 coffee is very little known4 ,in the consuming regions mentioned1 moreover1 consumption is concentrated in a few countries1 which together account for some ninety percent of all the coffee that enters the world's markets4 ,these are1 the ,united ,states1 which now takes more than one-half1 and ,germany1 ,france1 ,spain1 ,italy1 ,holland1 ,belgium1 ,switzerland1 and ,scandinavia4 ,the ,united ,kingdom stands out conspicuously among the nations of western ,europe as a small consumer of coffee1 the per capita consumption in that country being only about two-thirds of a pound each year4 ,france and ,germany are by far the biggest coffee buyers of ,europe so far as actual quantity is concerned2 although some of the other countries mentioned drink much more coffee in proportion to the population4 ,the ,mediterranean countries and the ,balkans are of only secondary importance as coffee drinkers4 ,among the ,british dominions1 the ,union of ,south ,africa takes much the largest amount1 doubtless because of the ,dutch element in its population2 while ,canada1 ,australia1 and ,new ,zealand show the influence of the mother country1 consumption per head in the last two being no greater than in ,england4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #d--,,world',s ,,coffee ,,consumption1 #ahej-aibj ,diagram showing the relationship between the leading coffee-consuming countries ,in ,south ,america1 ,brazil1 ,bolivia1 and all the countries to the north1 are coffee producers4 ,of the southern countries1 ,argentina is the chief coffee buyer1 with ,chile second4 ,in the western hemisphere1 however1 the largest per capita coffee consumer is the island of ,cuba1 which raises some coffee of its own and imports heavily from its neighbors4 ,the list of coffee-consuming countries includes practically all those that do not raise coffee1 and also a few that have some coffee plantations1 but do not grow enough for their own use4 ,these countries are listed on page #bhg4 ,consumption figures can be determined with fair accuracy by the import figures2 although in some countries1 where there is a considerable transit trade1 it is necessary to deduct export from import figures to obtain actual consumption figures4 ,the import figures given are the latest available for each country named4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #e--;,,coffee ,,imports1 #aiaf-aibj ,in this diagram a comparison is drawn between the coffee imports of the leading consuming countries over a critical #e-year period ,,general ,,coffee ,,consumption ,,table ,country ,year ,imports ,exports ,consumption 7pounds7 7pounds7 7pounds7 ,united ,states #aiba;j #a1cde1cff1idck #da1hac1aigk #a1cjc1eec1gdf ,canada #aibal #ag1eag1cec #bj1cdi #ag1dig1jjd ,newfoundland #aibjl #df1hacm #df1hac ,united ,kingdom #aiba;j #cd1cfc1gbhm #cd1cfj1abh ,france #aiba;j #cbb1dai1hhd #a1aed1gfi #cba1bfe1aae ,spain #aibj #dh1eah1hed #e1jcc #dh1eac1hba ,portugal #aiai;j #f1ibf1ege #a1beh1bga #e1ffh1cjd ,belgium #aiba;j #aje1cfe1ehf #ba1eda1jdi #hc1hbd1ecg ,holland #aiba;j #ace1eff1idc #ff1efg1gjb #fi1iii1bda ,denmark #aiba;j #df1ega1ied #c1ddi1ecg #dc1abb1dag ,norway #aiba;j #bi1hce1edd #afi1iba #bi1ffe1fbc ,sweden #aiba;j #hi1ffj1gff #hi1ffj1gff ,finland #aiba;j #bg1ifh1cee #bg1ifh1cee ,russia #aiaf #i1hja1jad #i1hja1jad ,austria-,hungary #aiag #ag1iff1afg #ef1bag #ag1iji1iej 7former7 ,austria #aiban #e1abh1gha #gi1cfe #e1jdi1daf ,germany 7former7 #aiac #cga1acj1ebj #a1ghc1eba #cfi1cdf1iii ,germany 7present7 #aibao #afg1fge1beh #baj1ece #afg1dfd1gbc ,poland #aibj #g1fab1ebf #bf1gha #g1ehe1gde ,bulgaria #aiad #a1cjj1dic #a1cjj1dic ,rumania #aiai #e1acd1aih #ff1geg #e1jfg1dda ,greece #aibjp #ac1aah1fbf #ac1aah1fbf ,switzerland #aiba;j #ca1ehb1hgi #dg1fai #ca1ece1bfj ,italy #aibj #ff1eji1bee #ad1ccj #ff1did1ibe ,algeria #aibj #ag1bgc1jda #ag1bgc1jda ,tunis #aibj #c1deh1jah #c1deh1jah ,egypt #aiba;j #bj1ici1edb #bah1ich #bj1gbj1fjd ,union of ,s4 ,africa #aibj #bh1geb1ech #ied1ahaq #bg1gih1ceg ,northern ,rhodesia #aibj #dc1hhj #h1bfc #ce1fag ,southern ,rhodesia #aibj #cbe1ijj #aj1jfd #cae1hcf ,mozambique #aiai #aaa1fad #gh1igc #cb1fda ,ceylon #aibj #a1hec1ecg #b1bdj #a1hea1big ,china #aibj #fac1bag #big1ffc #cae1eed ,japan #aibj #fhd1hbf #fhd1hbf ,philippines #aibj #c1dge1ecj #bf #c1dge1ejd ,canary ,islands #aiag #ebi1ajd #ebi1ajd ,cyprus #aiah #dea1hhj #dea1hhj ,australia #aibjl #b1ejb1dbi #bfc1dcjr #b1bch1iii ,new ,zealand #aibj #cjd1gcg #ba1ajd #bhc1fcc ,cuba #aibjl #ci1ihc1jja #a1cje #ci1iha1fif ,martinique #aiah #cce1jii #aj1cfb #cbd1gcg ,panama #aibj #baf1ibc #eah #baf1dje ,argentina #aiai #cg1eda1jbj #cg1eda1jbj ,chile #aibj #ab1ceg1ibi #ab1ceg1ibi ,uruguay #aibap #d1hif1ejg #d1hif1ejg ,paraguay #aibj #bfb1gcg #bfb1gcg j ,preliminary figures4 k ,figures are for continental ,u4,s4 ,imports include both foreign coffee and coffee from our ,island possessions4 ,exports ,include both foreign and domestic exports from continental ,u4,s4 and also exports to our island possessions4 l ,fiscal year4 m ,entered for home consumption4 n ,first six months4 ,imports in #aibj were #f1jdb1hjh pounds2 exports #ic1jcd pounds4 o ,eight months1 ,may-,december4 p ,first eleven months4 q ,exports of foreign coffee4 ,domestic exports were #dh1dfc pounds4 r ,exports of foreign coffee4 ,domestic exports were #bjh1dde pounds4 ,on account of the very wide fluctuations in imports during the war and the period following the war1 per capita figures of consumption are of only relative value1 as they have naturally changed radically in recent years4 ,for the most part1 however1 the trade has about swung back to normal2 and per capita figures based on the amounts retained for consumption1 as given in the ,general ,coffee ,consumption ,table1 are fairly close to those for the years before the war4 ,as per capita calculations must take into account population as well as amounts of coffee consumed2 and as population figures are usually estimates1 the results arrived at by different authorities are likely to vary slightly1 although usually they are not far apart4 ,in figuring the per capita amounts in the table on page #bhh1 latest available estimates of population have been used4 ,the figures show that the following are the ten leading countries in the per capita consumption of coffee in pounds3 #a4 ,sweden #ae4be #f4 ,norway #aj4ie #b4 ,cuba #ac4gi #g4 ,holland #aj4bb #c4 ,denmark #ac4ai #h4 ,finland #h4be #d4 ,united ,states #ab4ji #i4 ,switzerland #h4ag #e4 ,belgium #aa4jf #aj4 ,france #g4gd ,the per capita consumption of the most important coffee-consuming countries1 based on the large table1 is given with the #aiac per capita figures for comparison3 ,,per ,,capita ,,coffee ,,consumption ,,table ,country ,year ,pounds ,pds41 #aiac ,united ,states #aiba #ab4ji #h4ijt ,canada #aibas #a4ic #b4agu ,newfoundland #aibjs #j4ai #j4ait ,united ,kingdom #aiba #j4gb #j4fat ,france #aiba #g4gd #f4da ,spain #aibj #b4cc #a4fd ,portugal #aiai #j4hf #a4af ,belgium #aiba #aa4jf #ab4bg ,holland #aiba #aj4bb #ah4hj ,denmark #aiba #ac4ai #ab4he ,norway #aiba #aj4ie #ab4bi ,sweden #aiba #ae4be #ac4da ,finland #aiba #h4be #h4he ,russia #aiaf #j4je #j4af ,austria-,hungary #aiag #j4cd #b4ed ,germany #aiba #d4aj #e4dc ,roumania #aiai #j4bi #a4jd ,greece #aibj #b4ig #a4ai ,switzerland #aiba #h4ag #f4dh ,italy #aibj #a4hd #a4gi ,egypt #aiba #a4ec #a4ae ,union of ,so4 ,africa #aibj #c4hjv #d4aiv ,ceylon #aibj #j4dc #j4cf ,china #aibj #j4jja #j4ja ,japan #aibj #j4ja #j4jjd ,cuba #aibjs #ac4gi #aj4jj ,argentina #aiai #d4dj #c4gd ,chile #aibj #c4jf #c4jd ,uruguay #aiba #c4fa w ,paraguay #aibj #j4bf w ,australia #aibjs #j4db #j4fd ,new ,zealand #aibj #j4bd #j4bi s ,fiscal year4 t ,fiscal year #aiac4 u ,fiscal year ending ,march #ca1 #aiad4 v ,including both white and colored population4 w ,not available4 ,tea and ,coffee in ,england and the ,u4 ,s4 ,the rise of the ,united ,states as a coffee consumer in the last century and a quarter has been marked1 not only by steadily increased imports as the population of the country increased1 but also by a steady growth in per capita consumption1 showing that the beverage has been continually advancing in favor with the ,american people4 ,today it stands at practically its highest point1 each individual man1 woman1 and child having more than #ab pounds a year1 enough for almost #ejj cups1 allotted to him as his portion4 ,this is four times as much as it was a hundred years ago2 and more than twice as much as it was in the years immediately following the ,civil ,war4 ,in general it is fifty percent more than the average in the twenty years preceding #ahig1 in which year a new high level of coffee consumption was apparently established1 the per capita figure for that year being #aj4ab pounds1 which has been approximately the average since then4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #f--,,world',s ,,consumption ,,of ,,tea ,,and ,,coffee ,diagram showing their relationship1 #ahfj-aibj ,since the advent of country-wide prohibition in the ,united ,states on ,july #a1 #aiai1 about two pounds more coffee per person1 or #hj to #ajj cups1 have been consumed than before4 ,part of this increase is doubtless to be charged to prohibition2 but it is yet too early to judge fairly as to the exact effect of bone-dry legislation on coffee drinking4 ,the continued growth in the use of coffee in the ,united ,states has been in decided contrast to the per capita consumption of tea1 which is less now than half a century ago4 ,in the ,united ,kingdom1 the reverse condition prevails4 ,tea drinking there steadily maintains a popularity which it has enjoyed for centuries2 while coffee apparently makes no advance in favor4 ,in this respect1 the country is sharply distinguished from its neighbors of western ,europe1 in many of which coffee drinking has been much heavier1 considering the population1 even than in the ,united ,states4 ,the contrast between the tastes of the two countries in beverages is shown clearly by the per capita figures of tea and coffee consumption for half a century1 as they appear in the table1 next column4 ,,tea ,,and ,,coffee ,,consumption ,,per ,,capita ,year ,united ,states ,united ,kingdom ,coffee ,tea ,coffee ,tea pounds pounds pounds pounds #ahff #d4if #a4ag #a4jb #c4db #ahfg #e4ja #a4ji #a4jd #c4fh #ahfh #f4eb 4#if #a4jj #c4eb #ahfi #f4de #a4jh 4#id #c4fc #ahgj #f4jj #a4aj 4#ih #c4ha #ahga #g4ia #a4ad 4#ig #c4ib #ahgb #g4bh #a4df 4#ih #d4ja #ahgc #f4hg #a4ec 4#ii #d4aa #ahgd #f4ei #a4bg 4#if #d4bc #ahge #g4jh #a4dd 4#ih #d4dd #ahgf #g4cc #a4ce 4#ii #d4ej #ahgg #f4id #a4bc 4#if #d4eb #ahgh #f4bd #a4cc 4#ig #d4ff #ahgi #g4db #a4ba 4#ii #d4fh #ahhj #h4gh #a4ci 4#ib #d4eg #ahha #h4be #a4ed 4#hi #d4eh #ahhb #h4cj #a4dg 4#hi #d4fi #ahhc #h4ia #a4cj 4#hi #d4hb #ahhd #i4bf #a4ji 4#ij #d4ij #ahhe #i4fj #a4ah 4#ia #e4jf #ahhf #i4cf #a4cg 4#hg #d4ib #ahhg #h4ec #a4di 4#hj #e4jb #ahhh #f4ha #a4di 4#hc #e4jc #ahhi #i4af #a4be 4#gf #d4ii #ahij #g4gg #a4cb 4#ge #e4ag #ahia #g4id #a4bh 4#gf #e4cf #ahib #i4ei #a4cf 4#gd #e4dc #ahic #h4bc #a4cb 4#fi #e4dj #ahid #h4ja #a4cd 4#fh #e4ea #ahie #i4bd #a4ci 4#gj #e4fe #ahif #h4jh #a4cb 4#fi #e4ge #ahig #aj4jd #a4ef 4#fh #e4gi #ahih #aa4ei 4#ic 4#fh #e4hc #ahii #aj4gb 4#ig 4#ga #e4ie #aijj #i4hd #a4ji 4#ga #f4jg #aija #aj4dc #a4ab 4#gf #f4af #aijb #ac4cb 4#ib 4#fh #f4jg #aijc #aj4hj #a4bg 4#ga #f4jd #aijd #aa4fg #a4ca 4#fh #f4jb #aije #aa4ih #a4ai 4#fg #f4jb #aijf #i4gb #a4jf 4#ff #f4bb #aijg #aa4ae 4#if 4#fg #f4bf #aijh #i4hb #a4jc 4#ff #f4bd #aiji #aa4dc #a4bd 4#fg #f4cg #aiaj #i4cc 4#hi 4#fe #f4ci #aiaa #i4bi #a4je 4#fb #f4dg #aiab #i4bf #a4jd 4#fa #f4di #aiac #h4ij 4#if 4#fa #f4fh #aiad #aj4ad 4#ia 4#fc #f4hi #aiae #aj4fb 4#ia 4#ga #f4hg #aiaf #aa4bj #a4jg 4#ff #f4ef #aiag #ab4ch 4#ii #a4jb #f4jc #aiah #aj4dc #a4dj #a4ai #f4ge #aiai #i4ac 4#hg 4#gf #h4dc #aibj #ab4gh 4#hd 4#gd #h4ea ,figures for all except most recent years are taken from the ,statistical ,abstract publications of the two countries4 ,for the ,united ,states the figures given apply to fiscal years ending ,june #cj1 and for the ,united ,kingdom to calendar years4 ,coffee ,consumption in ,europe ,on the continent of ,europe1 however1 coffee enjoys much the same sort of popularity that it does in the ,united ,states4 ,the leading continental coffee ports are ,hamburg1 ,bremen1 ,copenhagen1 ,amsterdam1 ,rotterdam1 ,antwerp1 ,havre1 ,bordeaux1 ,marseilles1 and ,trieste2 and the nationalities of these ports indicate pretty well the countries that consume the most coffee4 ,the northern ports are transhipping points for large quantities of coffee going to the ,scandinavian countries1 as well as importing ports for their own countries2 and these countries have been among the leading coffee drinkers1 per head of population1 for many decades4 ,norway1 for instance1 in #ahgf was consuming about #h4h pounds of coffee per person2 ,sweden1 #e pounds2 and ,denmark1 #e4b pounds4 ,the per capita consumption of various other countries at about the same period1 #ahge to #ahhj1 has been estimated as follows3 ,holland1 #ag4f pounds2 ,belgium1 #i4a pounds2 ,germany1 #e4a pounds2 ,austria-,hungary1 #b4b pounds2 ,switzerland1 #f4f pounds2 ,prance1 #c pounds2 ,spain1 #j4b pounds2 ,portugal1 #j4g pounds2 and ,greece1 #a4f pounds4 ,today1 the leading country of the world in point of per capita consumption is ,sweden 7#ae4be pounds72 but ,holland held that position for a long while4 ,during the ,world ,war the disturbance of trade currents1 and the high price of coffee1 greatly reduced the amount of coffee drinking2 and the ,dutch took to drinking tea in considerable quantities4 ,,france4 ,second only to the ,united ,states1 in the total amount of coffee consumed1 is ,france2 although that country before the war occupied third place1 being passed by ,germany4 ,havre is one of the great coffee ports of ,europe2 and has a coffee exchange organized in #ahhb1 only a short time after the ,exchange in ,new ,york began operations4 ,france draws on all the large producing regions for her coffee2 but is especially prominent in the trade in the ,west ,indies and the countries around the ,caribbean ,sea4 ,imports in #aiba 7preliminary7 amounted to #cbb1dai1hhd pounds2 exports to #a1aed1gfi pounds2 and net consumption1 to #cba1bfe1aae pounds4 ,,germany4 ,hamburg is one of the world's important coffee ports2 and in normal times coffee is brought there in vast amounts1 not only for shipment into the interior of ,germany1 but also for transhipment to ,scandinavia1 ,finland and ,russia4 ,up to the outbreak of the war1 ,germany was the chief coffee-drinking country of ,europe4 ,during the blockade1 the ,germans resorted to substitutes2 and after the war because of high prices1 there was still some consumption of them4 ,german coffee imports since the war have not quite climbed back to their former high mark2 and the per capita consumption1 judged by these figures is still somewhat low4 ,importations amounted to #ij1fjb1jjj pounds in #aibj4 ,the amount of total imports was #cga1acj1ebj pounds in #aiac2 total exports1 #a1ghc1eba pounds2 and net imports1 #cfi1cdf1iii pounds4 ,,netherlands4 ,netherlands is one of the oldest coffee countries of ,europe1 and for centuries has been a great transhipping agent1 distributing coffee from her ,east ,indian possessions and from ,america among her northern neighbors4 ,before sending these coffee shipments along1 however1 she kept back enough plentifully to supply her own people1 so that for many years before the war she led the world in per capita consumption4 ,as far back as #ahfg-gf1 coffee consumption was averaging more than #ac pounds per capita4 ,in the year before the war1 the average was #ah4h pounds4 ,the blockade1 and other abnormal conditions during the war1 threw the trade off2 and it is still sub-normal4 ,in #aibj the net imports were about #if1jjj1jjj pounds1 which would give a per capita consumption of about #ad pounds if it all went into consumption4 ,but part of it was probably stored for later exportation1 as indicated by the figures for #aiba1 which show heavy exports and a consequent lower figure for consumption4 ,eighty percent of the ,netherlands coffee trade is handled through ,amsterdam4 ,consumption of coffee is now slowly going back to normal1 but the change in source of imports--which before the war came largely from ,brazil but which war conditions turned heavily toward the ,east ,indies--is still in evidence4 ,per capita consumption of coffee in ,holland up to the outbreak of the war was as follows3 ,,coffee ,,consumption ,,per ,,capita ,,in ,,holland ,year ,pounds ,year ,pounds #ahdg-ef #i4f #aijg #ad4i #aheg-ff #g4a #aijh #ad4c #ahfg-gf #ac4c #aiji #af4g #ahgg-hf #af4g #aiaj #ae4g #ahhg-if #ab4h #aiaa #ae4h #ahig-aijf #af4g #aiab #ab4c #aijf #ag4b #aiac #ah4h ,,other ,,countries ,,of ,,europe4 ,denmark1 ,norway1 and ,sweden are all heavy coffee drinkers4 ,in #aiba ,sweden had the highest per capita consumption in the world1 #ae4be pounds4 ,before the war1 these three countries each consumed about as much per capita as the ,united ,states does today1 #ab to #ac pounds4 ,the #aiba imports for consumption#cag were as follows3 ,denmark1 #dc1abb1dag pounds2 ,norway1 #bi1ffe1fbc pounds2 ,sweden1 #hi1ffj1gff pounds4 ,austria-,hungary was formerly an important buyer of coffee1 large quantities coming into the country yearly through ,trieste4 ,imports in #aiac totaled #acj1iea1jjj pounds2 and in #aiab1 #abd1ebg1jjj pounds4 ,in #aiag the war cut down the total to #ag1iaj1jjj pounds net consumption4 ,finland shares with her neighbors of the ,baltic a strong taste for coffee1 importing1 in #aiba1 #bg1ifh1jjj pounds1 about #h4be pounds per capita4 ,in the same year1 ,belgium had a net importation of #hc1hbd1jjj pounds4 ,spain1 in #aibj1 consumed #dh1eac1hba pounds4 ,portugal1 in #aiai1 imported #f1ibf1ege pounds2 and exported #a1beh1bga pounds1 leaving #e1ffh1cjd pounds for home consumption4 ,coffee is not especially popular in the ,balkan ,states and ,italy2 importations into the last-named country in #aibj amounting to #ff1did1ibe pounds net4 ,switzerland is a steady coffee drinker1 consuming #ca1ece1bfj pounds in #aiba4 ,russia was never fond of coffee2 and her total imports in #aiag1 according to a compilation made under ,soviet auspices1 were only #d1dfd1jjj pounds4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,brokers ,,of ,,amsterdam1 #ahbj ,reproduced from an old print ,,other ,,countries4 ,the ,union of ,south ,africa1 in #aibj1 imported #bg1gih1jjj pounds net1 or about #c4h pounds per capita4 ,cuba purchased #ci1iha1fif pounds in the fiscal year #aibj2 ,argentina1 #cg1eda1jjj pounds in #aiai2 ,chile1 #ab1ceh1jjj pounds in #aibj2 ,australia1 #b1bci1jjj pounds in #aibj2 and ,new ,zealand1 #bhc1fcc pounds in that year4 ,three ,centuries of ,coffee ,trading ,the story of the development of the world's coffee trade is a story of about three centuries4 ,when ,columbus sailed for the new world1 the coffee plant was unknown even as near its original home as his native ,italy4 ,in its probable birthplace in southern ,abyssinia1 the natives had enjoyed its use for a long time1 and it had spread to southwestern ,arabia2 but the ,mediterranean knew nothing of it until after the beginning of the sixteenth century4 ,it then crept slowly along the coast of ,asia ,minor1 through ,syria1 ,damascus1 and ,aleppo1 until it reached ,constantinople about #aeed4 ,it became very popular2 coffee houses were opened1 and the first of many controversies arose4 ,but coffee made its way against all opposition1 and soon was firmly established in ,turkish territory4 ,in those deliberate times1 the next step westward1 from ,asia to ,europe1 was not taken for more than fifty years4 ,in general1 its introduction and establishment in ,europe occupied the whole of the seventeenth century4 ,the greatest pioneering work in coffee trading was done by the ,netherlands ,east ,india ,company1 which began operations in #afjb4 ,the enterprise not only promoted the spread of coffee growing in two hemispheres2 but it was active also in introducing the sale of the product in many ,european countries4 ,coffee reached ,venice about #afae1 and ,marseilles about #afdd4 ,the ,french began importing coffee in commercial quantities in #affj4 ,the ,dutch began to import ,mocha coffee regularly at ,amsterdam in #affc2 and by #afgi the ,french had developed a considerable trade in the berry between the ,levant and the cities of ,lyons and ,marseilles4 ,meanwhile1 the coffee drink had become fashionable in ,paris1 partly through its use by the ,turkish ambassador1 and the first ,parisian caf was opened in #afgb4 ,it is significant of its steady popularity since then that the name caf1 which is both ,french and ,spanish for coffee1 has come to mean a general eating or drinking place4 ,illustration3 ,,bill ,,of ,,public ,,sale ,,of ,,coffee1 ,,etc41 #agij ,reproduction of an advertisement by the ,dutch ,east ,india ,company ,active trading in coffee began in ,germany about #afgj1 and in ,sweden about #afgd4 ,trading in coffee in ,england followed swiftly upon the heels of the opening of the first coffee house in ,london in #afeb4 ,by #agjj1 the trade included not only exporting and importing merchants1 but wholesale and retail dealers2 the latter succeeding the apothecaries who1 up to then1 had enjoyed a kind of monopoly of the business4 ,trade and literary authorities#cah on coffee trading tell us that in the early days of the eighteenth century the chief supplies of coffee for ,england and western ,europe came from the ,east ,indies and ,arabia4 ,the ,arabian1 or--as it was more generally known--,turkey berry1 was bought first-hand by ,turkish merchants1 who were accustomed to travel inland in ,arabia ,felix1 and to contract with native growers4 ,it was moved thence by camel transport through ,judea to ,grand ,cairo1 via ,suez1 to be transhipped down the ,nile to ,alexandria1 then the great shipping port for ,asia and ,europe4 ,by #agbb1 #fj1jjj to #gj1jjj bales of ,turkish 7,arabian7 coffee a year were being received in ,england1 the sale price at ,grand ,cairo being fixed by the ,bashaw1 who valorized it according to the supply4 ,indian coffee1 which was also grown in ,arabia1 was brought to ,bettelfukere 7,beit-el-fakih7 in the mountains of southwestern ,arabia1 where ,english1 ,dutch1 and ,french factors went to buy it and to transport it on camels to ,moco 7,mocha71 whence it was shipped to ,europe around the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,in the beginning1 ,indian coffee was inferior to ,turkish coffee2 because it was the refuse1 or what remained after the ,turkish merchants had taken the best4 ,but after the ,european merchants began to make their own purchases at ,bettelfukere1 the character of the ,indian product as sold in the ,london and other ,european markets was vastly improved4 ,doubtless the long journey in sailing vessels over tropic seas made for better quality4 ,it was estimated that ,arabia in this way exported about a million bushels a year of ,turkish and ,indian coffee4 ,the coffee houses became the gathering places for wits1 fashionable people1 and brilliant and scholarly men1 to whom they afforded opportunity for endless gossip and discussion4 ,it was only natural that the lively interchange of ideas at these public clubs should generate liberal and radical opinions1 and that the constituted authorities should look askance at them4 ,indeed the consumption of coffee has been curiously associated with movements of political protest in its whole history1 at least up to the nineteenth century4 ,coffee has promoted clear thinking and right living wherever introduced4 ,it has gone hand in hand with the world's onward march toward democracy4 ,as already told in this work1 royal orders closed the coffee houses for short periods in ,constantinople and in ,london2 ,germany required a license for the sale of the beverage2 the ,french ,revolution was fomented in coffee-house meetings2 and the real cradle of ,american liberty is said to have been a coffee house in ,new ,york4 ,it is interesting also to note that1 while the consumption of coffee has been attended by these agitations for greater liberty for three centuries1 its production for three centuries1 in the ,dutch ,east ,indies1 in the ,west ,indies1 and in ,brazil1 was very largely in the hands of slaves or of forced labor4 ,since the spread of the use of coffee to western ,europe in the seventeenth century1 the development of the trade has been marked1 broadly speaking1 by two features3 7#a7 the shifting of the weight of production1 first to the ,west ,indies1 then to the ,east ,indies1 and then to ,brazil2 and 7#b7 the rise of the ,united ,states as the chief coffee consumer of the world4 ,until the close of the seventeenth century1 the little district in ,arabia1 whence the coffee beans had first made their way to ,europe1 continued to supply the whole world's trade4 ,but sprigs of coffee trees were beginning to go out from ,arabia to other promising lands1 both eastward and westward4 ,as previously related1 the year #afii was an important one in the history of this expansion1 as it was then that the ,dutch successfully introduced the coffee plant from ,arabia into ,java4 ,this started a ,far ,eastern industry1 whose importance continues to this day1 and also caused the mother country1 ,holland1 to take up the rle of one of the leading coffee traders of the world1 which she still holds4 ,holland1 in fact1 took to coffee from the very first4 ,it is claimed that the first samples were introduced into that country from ,mocha in #afaf--long before the beans were known in ,england or ,france--and that by #affc1 regular shipments were being made4 ,soon after the coffee culture became firmly established in ,java1 regular shipments to the mother country began1 the first of these being a consignment of #hid pounds in #agaa4 ,under the auspices of the ,netherlands ,east ,india ,co4 the system of cultivating coffee by forced labor was begun in the ,east ,indian colonies4 ,it flourished until well into the nineteenth century4 ,one result of this colonial production of coffee was to make ,holland the leading coffee consumer per capita of the world1 consumption in #aiac1 as recorded on page #bij1 having reached as high as #ah4h pounds4 ,it has long been one of the leading coffee traders1 importing and exporting in normal times before the war between #aej1jjj1jjj and #cjj1jjj1jjj pounds a year4 ,illustration3 ,,pre-,,war ,,average ,,annual ,,production ,,of ,,coffee ,,by ,,continents ,fiscal years3 #aiaj-aiad ,total pounds3 #b1caa1iag1bjj ,the introduction of the coffee plant into the new world took place between #agae and #agbc4 ,it quickly spread to the islands and the mainland washed by the ,caribbean4 ,the latter part of the eighteenth century saw tens of millions of pounds of coffee being shipped yearly to the mother countries of western ,europe2 and for decades1 the two great coffee trade currents of the world continued to run from the ,west ,indies to ,france1 ,england1 ,holland1 and ,germany2 and from the ,dutch ,east ,indies to ,holland4 ,these currents continued to flow until the disruption of world trade-routes by the ,world ,war2 but they had been pushed into positions of secondary importance by the establishing of two new currents1 running respectively from ,brazil to ,europe1 and from ,brazil to the ,united ,states1 which constituted the nineteenth century's contribution to the history of the world's coffee trade4 ,illustration3 ,,pre-,,war ,,average ,,annual ,,production ,,of ,,coffee ,,by ,,countries ,fiscal years3 #aiaj-aiad ,total pounds3 #b1caa1iag1bjj ,the chief feature of the twentieth century's developments has been the passing by the ,united ,states of the half-way mark in world consumption2 this country1 since the second year of the ,world ,war1 having taken more than all the rest of the world put together4 ,the world's chief coffee stream1 so to speak1 is now from ,santos and ,rio de ,janeiro to ,new ,york1 other lesser streams being from these ports to ,havre1 ,antwerp1 ,amsterdam1 and 7in normal times7 ,hamburg2 and from ,java to ,amsterdam and ,rotterdam4 ,it is said that a movement1 fostered by ,belgium and ,brazil1 is under way to have ,antwerp succeed ,hamburg as a coffee port4 ,the rise of ,brazil to the place of all-important source of the world's coffee was entirely a nineteenth century development4 ,when the coffee tree found its true home in southern ,brazil in #aggj1 it began at once to spread widely over the area of excellent soil2 but there was little exportation for thirty or forty years4 ,by the middle of the nineteenth century ,brazil was contributing twice as much to the world's commerce as her nearest competitor1 the ,dutch ,east ,indies1 exports in #aheb-ec being #b1cec1efc bags from ,brazil and #a1aij1edc bags from the ,dutch ,east ,indies4 ,the world's total that year was #d1efg1jjj bags1 so that ,brazilian coffee represented about one-half of the total4 ,this proportion was roughly maintained during the latter half of the nineteenth century1 but has gradually increased since then to its present three-fourths4 ,illustration3 ,,pre-,,war ,,average ,,annual ,,imports ,,of ,,coffee ,,into ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,by ,,continents ,fiscal years3 #aiaj-aiad ,total pounds3 #hii1cci1cbg ,the most important single event in the history of ,brazilian production was the carrying out of the valorization scheme1 by which the ,state of ,so ,paulo1 in #aijf and #aijg1 purchased #h1dgd1fbc bags of coffee1 and stored it in ,santos1 in ,new ,york1 and in certain ,european ports1 in order to stabilize the price in the face of very heavy production4 ,at the same time1 a law was passed limiting the exports to #aj1jjj1jjj bags per year4 ,this law has since been repealed4 ,the story of valorization is told more fully in chapter ,,xxxi4 ,the coffee thus purchased by the state was placed in the hands of an international committee1 which fed it into the world's markets at the rate of several hundred thousand bags a year4 ,good prices were realized for all coffee sold2 and the plan was successful1 not only financially1 but in the achievement of its main object1 the prevention of the ruin of planters through overproduction4 ,illustration3 ,,pre-,,war ,,average ,,annual ,,imports ,,of ,,coffee ,,into ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,by ,,countries ,fiscal years3 #aiaj-aiad ,total pounds3 #hii1cci1cbg ,another valorization campaign was launched by ,brazil in #aiah1 and a third in #aiba4 ,early in #aiah1 the ,so ,paulo government bought about #c1jjj1jjj bags4 ,subsequent events caused a sharp advance in prices1 and at one time it was said that the holdings showed a profit of #fj1jjj1jjj4 ,the ,brazil federal government appointed an official director of valorization1 ,count ,alexandre ,siciliano4 ,a federal loan of #i1jjj1jjj1 with #d1ece1jjj bags of valorized coffee as collateral1 was placed in ,london and ,new ,york in ,may1 #aibb4 ,european consumption during the last century has been marked by the growth of imports into ,france and ,germany2 these being the two leading coffee drinkers of the world1 aside from the ,united ,states4 ,germany held the lead in ,european consumption during the whole of the nineteenth century1 and also in this century until all imports were stopped by the ,allied navies2 although1 in actual imports1 ,holland for many years showed higher figures4 ,both ,holland and ,england have acted as distributers1 re-exporting each year most of the coffee which entered their ports4 ,in the last half-century1 the chief consumers1 in the order named1 have been ,germany1 ,france1 ,holland1 ,austria-,hungary1 and ,belgium4 ,however1 with the removal of the duty on coffee in the last-named country in #aijd1 imports trebled2 and ,belgium took third place4 ,the table at the top of this page shows the general trend of the trade for the last seventy years4 ,,trend ,,of ,,european ,,coffee ,,consumption ,,for ,,seventy ,,years ,year ,germany ,france ,holland ,aus4-,hung4 ,belgium 7pounds7 7pounds7 7pounds7 7pounds7 7pounds7 #ahec #ajd1jdi1jjj #dh1jie1jjj #df1afb1jjj #dd1gaf1jjj #da1bgj1jjj #ahfc #adf1ifi1jjj #hg1ebd1jjj #cj1bii1jjj #dd1iff1jjj #ci1cje1jjj #ahgc #bae1hbb1jjj #ih1hda1jjj #gi1efb1jjj #ga1aaa1jjj #di1hgd1jjj #ahhc #bea1gjf1jjj #aej1dfh1jjj #acj1chj1jjj #gd1ade1jjj #fb1hdf1jjj #ahic #bfi1cha1jjj #aeb1bjc1jjj #ge1efb1jjj #gi1dch1jjj #eb1jdf1jjj #aijc #djc1jgj1jjj #bdf1abb1jjj #gh1cbh1jjj #ajd1bjj1jjj #ea1hei1jjj #aiac #cfi1cdg1jjj #bed1ajb1jjj #aaf1gdi1jjj #acj1iea1jjj #ic1bej1jjj ,most of the coffee for these countries has for many years been supplied by ,brazil1 even ,holland bringing in several times as much from ,brazil as from the ,dutch ,east ,indies4 ,special features of the ,european trade have been the organization1 in #ahgc1 and successful operation1 in ,germany1 of the world's first international syndicate to control the coffee trade2 and the opening of coffee exchanges in ,havre in #ahhb1 in ,amsterdam and ,hamburg1 in #ahhg3 in ,antwerp1 ,london1 and ,rotterdam1 in #ahij2 and in ,trieste in #aije4 ,the advance of coffee consumption in the ,united ,states1 the chief coffee-consuming country in the world1 has taken place through about the same period as the advance of production in ,brazil1 the chief producing country2 but it has been far less rapid4 ,from #agij to #ahjj1 coffee imports for consumption ranged from #c1ejj1jjj to #cb1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,the figures in the next column show the net importations of coffee into this country since the beginning of the nineteenth century4 ,the chief source of supply1 of course1 has been ,brazil2 and the commercial and economic ties created by this immense coffee traffic has knit the two countries closely together4 ,brazil is probably more friendly to the ,united ,states than any other ,south ,american country1 as shown by her action in following this country into the ,world ,war against ,germany4 ,she also grants the ,united ,states certain tariff preferentials as a recognition of the continued policy of this country of admitting coffee free of duty4 ,the chief port of entry of coffee into the ,united ,states is ,new ,york1 which for decades has recorded entries amounting from sixty to ninety percent of the country's total4 ,since #aijb1 ,new ,orleans has shown a big advance1 and in #aiaj imported some thirty-five percent of the total4 ,the only other port of importance is ,san ,francisco1 where imports have been increasing in recent years because of the growth of the trade in ,central ,american coffee4 ,,coffee ,,imports1 ,,united ,,states1 ,,for #abj ,,years ,net ,imports ,year ,pounds ,year ,pounds #ahjjx #h1gib1dgb #aijf #hjd1hjh1eid #ahaax #ai1hja1bcj #aijg #ice1fgh1dab #ahbax #aa1hhf1jfc #aijh #hej1ihb1iai #ahcjx #ch1cfc1fhg #aiji #a1jjf1ige1jdg #ahdjx #hf1big1gfa #aiaj #hac1ddb1igb #ahej #abi1gia1dff #aiaa #hfi1dhi1ijb #ahfj #ahb1jdi1ebg #aiab #hhj1hch1ggf #ahgj #bca1agc1egd #aiac #hei1aff1fah #ahhj #ddj1abh1hch #aiad #iia1iec1hba #ahij #dij1afa1ijj #aiae #a1jea1gaf1jbc #aijj #gdh1hjj1gga #aiaf #a1aca1gcj1fgb #aija #hji1jcf1jbi #aiag #a1bfg1ige1bij #aijb #a1jef1eda1fcg #aiah #a1jhc1dhj1fbb #aijc #hfg1che1jfc #aiai #ifh1big1ffh #aijd #ifj1hgh1igg #aibj #a1cfd1beb1jgc #aije #iia1afj1bjg #aiba #a1cji1jaj1deb x ,fiscal year ending ,sept4 #cj2 all other years end ,june #cj4 ,throughout the century and a third of steady increase of importations of coffee1 ,congress has for the most part permitted its free entry2 as a rule1 resorting to taxation of the poor man's breakfast cup only when in need of revenue for war purposes4 ,at times1 the free entry has been qualified2 but for the most part1 coffee has been free from the burden of customs tariff4 ,the country's coffee trade before the ,civil ,war was without special incident2 but since that time1 the continued growth has brought about manipulations that have often resulted in highly dramatic crises2 organizations to exercise some sort of regulation in the trade2 the development of a trade in substitutes2 the advance of the sale of branded package coffee2 the institution of large advertising campaigns2 and other interesting features4 ,these are treated more in detail in chapters that follow4 ,illustration3 ,,pre-,,war ,,chart ,,of ,,coffee ,,imports ,quantity and value of net imports of coffee into the ,united ,states for the fiscal years #ahea to #aiad in five-year averages4 ,solid line represents quantity1 figures in million pounds on left side4 ,dotted line represents value1 figures in million dollars on right side ,coffee ,drinking in the ,united ,states ,is the ,united ,states using more coffee than formerly1 allowing for the increase in population8 ,of course there are sporadic increases1 in particular years and groups of years1 and they may indicate to the casual observer that our coffee drinking is mounting rapidly4 ,and then there is the steadily growing import figure1 double what it was within the memory of a man still young4 ,illustration3 ,,pre-,,war ,,consumption ,,and ,,price ,,chart ,import price and per capita consumption of coffee in the ,united ,states for the fiscal years #ahea to #aiad1 in five-year averages4 ,solid line represents import price per pound4 ,dotted line represents per capita consumption ,but the apparent growth in any given year is a matter of comparison with a nearby year1 and there are declines as well as jumps2 and1 as for the gradual growth1 it must always be remembered that1 according to the ,census ,bureau1 some #a1djj1jjj more people are born into this country every year1 or enter its ports1 than are removed by death or emigration4 ,at the present rate this increase would account for about #ag1jjj1jjj pounds more coffee each year than was consumed in the year before4 ,the question is3 ,do ,mr4 ,citizen1 or ,mrs4 ,citizen1 or the little ,citizens growing up into the coffee-drinking age1 pass his or her or their respective cups along for a second pouring where they used to be satisfied with one1 or do they take a cup in the evening as well as in the morning1 or do they perhaps have it served to them at an afternoon reception where they used to get something else8 ,in other words1 is the coffee habit becoming more intensive as well as more extensive8 ,there are plenty of very good reasons why it should have become so in the last twenty-five or thirty years2 for the improvements in distributing1 packing1 and preparing coffee have been many and notable4 ,it is a far cry these days from the times when the housewife snatched a couple of minutes amid a hundred other kitchen duties to set a pan over the fire to roast a handful of green coffee beans1 and then took two or three more minutes to pound or grind the crudely roasted product into coarse granules for boiling4 ,for a good many years1 the keenest wits of the coffee merchants1 not only of the ,united ,states but of ,europe as well1 have been at work to refine the beverage as it comes to the consumer's cup2 and their success has been striking4 ,now the consumer can have his favorite brand not only roasted but packed air-tight to preserve its flavor2 and made up1 moreover1 of growths brought from the four corners of the earth and blended to suit the most exacting taste4 ,he can buy it already ground1 or he can have it in the form of a soluble powder2 he can even get it with the caffein element ninety-nine percent removed4 ,it is preserved for his use in paper or tin or fiber boxes1 with wrappings whose attractive designs seem to add something in themselves to the quality4 ,instead of the old coffee pot1 black with long service1 he has modern shining percolators and filtration devices2 with a new one coming out every little while1 to challenge even these4 ,last but not least1 he is being educated to make it properly--tuition free4 ,it would be surprising1 with these and dozens of other refinements1 if a far better average cup of coffee were not produced than was served forty years ago1 and if the coffee drinker did not show his appreciation by coming back for more4 ,as a matter of fact1 the figures show that he does come back for more4 ,we do not refer to the figures of the last two years1 which indeed are higher than those for many preceding years1 but to the only averages that are of much significance in this connection2 namely1 those for periods of years going back half a century or more4 ,five-year averages back to the ,civil ,war show increasing per capita consumption for continental ,united ,states 7see table74 ,,five-,,year ,,per ,,capita ,,consumption ,,figures ,five-year ,per capita ,five-year ,per capita ,period ,pounds ,period ,pounds #ahfg-ga #f4ch #ahig-aija #aj4eb #ahgb-gf #g4jc #aijb-jf #aa4ej #ahgg-ha #g4ec #aijg-aa #aj4ba #ahhb-hf #i4ji #aiab-af #aj4jb #ahhg-ia #h4jg #aiag-ba #aa4ci #ahib-if #h4fc ,it will be seen that the gain has been a decided one1 fairly steady1 but not exactly uniform4 ,in the fifty years1 ,john ,doe has not quite come to the point where he hands up his cup for a second helping and keeps a meaningful silence4 ,instead1 he stipulates1 ,don't fill it quite full2 fill it about five-sixths as full as it was before4 ,that is a substantial gain1 and one that the next fifty years can hardly be expected to duplicate1 in spite of the efforts of our coffee advertisers1 our inventors1 and our vigorous importers and roasters4 ,the most striking feature of this fifty-year growth was the big step upward in #ahig1 when the per capita rose two pounds over the year before and established an average that has been pretty well maintained since4 ,something of the sort may have taken place again in #aibj1 when there was a three-pound jump over the year before4 ,it will be interesting to see whether this is merely a jump or a permanent rise2 whether our coffee trade has climbed to a hilltop or a plateau4 ,in this connection it should be noted that the government's per capita coffee figures apply only to continental ,united ,states1 and that in computing them all the various items of trade of the non-contiguous possessions 7not counting the ,philippines1 whose statistics are kept entirely separate from those of the ,united ,states proper7 are carefully taken into account4 ,but for the benefit of students of coffee figures it should be added that this method does not result in a final figure except for one year in ten4 ,the reason is that between censuses the population of the country is determined only by estimates2 and these estimates 7by the ,u4,s4 ,bureau of the ,census7 are based on the average increase in the preceding census decade4 ,the increase between #aiaj and #aibj1 for instance1 is divided by #abj1 the number of months in the period1 and this average monthly increase is assumed to be the same as that of the current year and of other years following #aibj4 ,until new figures are obtained in #aicj1 the monthly increase will continue to be estimated at the same rate as the increase from #aiaj to #aibj1 or about #aah1jjj4 ,this figure will be used in computing the per capita coffee consumption4 ,but when the #aicj figures are in1 it may be found that the estimates were too low or too high1 and the per capita figures for all intervening years will accordingly be subject to revision4 ,this will not amount to much1 probably five-hundredths of a pound at most2 but it is evident that between #aibj and #aicj all per capita consumption figures issued by the government are to be considered as provisional to that extent at least4 ,in the #aibj ,statistical ,abstract the government has revised its per capita coffee and tea figures to conform to actual instead of estimated population figures between #aiaj and #aibj1 with the result that these figures are slightly different from those published in previous editions of the ,abstract4 ,figures from #ahij to #aiaj have also been slightly changed1 as they were originally computed by using population figures as of ,june #a1 whereas it is desirable to have computations based on ,july #a estimates to make them conform to present per capita figures4 ,reviewing the #aiba ,trade in the ,united ,states ,according to the latest available foreign trade summaries issued by the government1 the ,united ,states bought more coffee in #aiba than in any previous calendar year of our history1 although the total imports did not quite reach the highest fiscal-year mark4 ,our purchases passed the #aibj mark by more than #dj1jjj1jjj pounds and were higher than those of two years ago by #c1ejj1jjj pounds4 ,but this record was made only in actual amounts shipped1 as the value of imported coffee was far below that of immediately preceding years4 ,coffee values1 however1 fell off less than the average values for all imports1 the decrease for coffee being forty-three percent and for the country's total imports fifty-two percent4 ,exports of coffee were somewhat less in quantity than in #aibj1 and about the same as in #aiai2 although the value1 like that of imports1 was considerably less than in either previous year4 ,re-exports of foreign coffee were considerably below the #aibj mark1 in both quantity and value1 and indeed were less than in several years4 ,the amount of tea re-exported to foreign countries was only about half that shipped out in #aibj1 showing a continuation of the tendency of the ,united ,states to discontinue its services as a middleman1 which raised the through traffic in tea several million pounds during the dislocation of shipping4 ,actual figures of amounts and values of gross coffee imports for the three calendar years1 #aiai-aiba1 have been as follows3 ,pounds ,value #aiba #a1cdj1igi1ggf #adb1hjh1gai #aibj #a1big1dci1caj #beb1dej1fea #aiai #a1ccg1efd1jfg #bfa1bgj1ajf ,this represents a gain of three and three-tenths percent over #aibj in quantity and of only about one-fifth of one percent over #aiai4 ,the decrease in value in #aiba was forty-three percent from the figures for #aibj and forty-five percent from those of #aiai4 ,domestic exports of coffee1 mostly from ,hawaii and ,porto ,rico1 amounted to #cd1egb1ifg pounds valued at #e1hie1fjf1 as compared with #cf1geg1ddc pounds valued at #i1hjc1egd in the calendar year #aibj1 or a decrease of six percent in quantity and forty percent in value4 ,in #aiai domestic exports were #cd1cea1eed pounds1 having a value of #h1haf1eha1 practically the same in quantity1 but showing a falling off of thirty-three percent in value4 ,re-exports of foreign coffee amounted to #cf1hjd1fhd pounds in #aiba1 having a value of #c1iaa1hdg1 a decline of twenty-five percent from the #di1add1fia pounds of #aibj and of fifty-four percent from the #ha1abi1fia pounds of #aiai2 whereas in point of value there was a decrease of fifty-six percent from #aibj1 which was #i1jcg1hhb1 and of eighty-eight percent from that of #aiai1 which was #af1hae1dfh4 ,the average value per pound of the imported coffee1 according to these figures1 works out at little more than half that of either #aibj or #aiai1 illustrating the precipitate drop of prices when the depression came on4 ,the pound value in #aiba was #aj4f;c42 for #aibj1 #ai4d;c42 and for #aiai1 #ai4e;c4 ,these values are derived from the valuations placed on shipments at the point of export1 the foreign valuation for which the much discussed ,american valuation is proposed as a substitute4 ,they accordingly do not take into account costs of freight1 insurance1 etc4 ,it is interesting to note that the average valuation of #aj4f;c4 a pound for coffee shipped during the calendar year is a substantial drop from the #ac4ab;c4 a pound that was the average for the fiscal year #aiba1 showing that the decline in values continued during the last half of the calendar year4 ,coffee imports in #aiba continued to run in about the same well-worn channels as in previous years1 according to the figures showing the trade with the producing countries4 ,the ,united ,states1 as heretofore1 drew almost its whole supply from its neighbors on this side of the globe2 the countries to the south furnishing ninety-seven percent of the total entering our ports4 ,the three chief countries of ,south ,america contributed eighty-five percent2 and the share of ,brazil alone was sixty-two and five-tenths percent4 ,brazil's progress to her normal pre-war position in our coffee trade is rather slow1 although she continues to show a gain in percentage each year4 ,formerly we obtained seventy percent to seventy-five percent of our coffee from that country2 but war conditions1 diverting nearly all of ,central ,america's production to our ports1 reduced the proportion to almost half4 ,in #aiai this had risen to fifty-nine percent1 in #aibj it was somewhat over sixty percent1 and in #aiba it attained a mark of sixty-two and five-tenths percent4 ,the actual amount shipped1 which was #hci1bab1chh pounds having a value of #gg1ahf1bga1 was about seven percent higher than in #aibj1 which was #ghe1haj1fhi pounds valued at #adh1gic1eic2 and about the same percent higher than that of #aiai--ghg1cab1bic pounds valued at #afj1jch1aif4 ,although the actual poundage showed an increase1 it will be noted that the value fell off almost one-half as compared with #aibj1 and more than one-half as compared with the year before4 ,the real feature of the year1 and perhaps the most interesting development in the coffee trade of this country in recent years1 is the steady advance of ,colombian coffee4 ,in the year before the war1 we obtained from our nearest ,south ,american neighbor #hg1agf1dgg pounds of coffee valued at #aa1cha1fge1 which was about ten percent of our total imports4 ,in #aiai1 the first year after the war1 this amount was almost doubled1 being #aej1dhc1hec pounds with a value of #cj1dbe1afb4 ,in #aibj1 there was a further increase to #aid1fhb1faf pounds valued at #da1eeg1ffi1 and in #aiba the high mark of #bdi1abc1cef pounds valued at #cg1cbb1cje was reached4 ,this was a gain of twenty-eight percent over #aibj shipments2 and1 although the value was less than in the year before1 the decrease was only ten percent in a year when the average fall in value was forty-three percent4 ,it will be news to many people interested in the coffee trade that the value of ,colombian coffee now imported into the ,united ,states is almost half the value of the ,brazilian coffee--#cg1jjj1jjj as compared with #gg1jjj1jjj4 ,the number of pounds imported is a little less than one-third the ,brazilian contribution2 but at the present rate of increase1 it will pass the half mark in a few years4 ,colombia and ,venezuela together now supply considerably more than half as much coffee as ,brazil in value1 and more than one-third as much in quantity4 ,the average value of ,colombian coffee in #aiba was about fifteen cents a pound1 as compared with eleven cents for ,venezuelan1 nine cents for ,brazilian1 ten cents for ,central ,american1 and ten and six-tenths cents for total coffee imports4 ,shipments from ,venezuela showed a drop in quantity of nine percent as compared with #aibj imports1 being #ei1ghc1cjc pounds valued at #f1gih1gji2 in #aibj they were #fe1igj1ied pounds valued at #ac1hjb1iie2 and in #aiai1 they were #aji1ggg1hca pounds valued at #bc1afc1jga4 ,the figures relating to imports from ,central ,america are of interest as showing to what extent we are continuing to hold the trade of the war years1 when nearly all coffee shipped from that region came to the ,united ,states4 ,although there has probably been a considerable swing back to the trade with ,europe1 the #aiba figures show that a large percent of the trade that this country gained during the war is being retained4 ,imports in #aiba were considerably lower than in #aibj or in #aiai1 but were still more than three times as heavy as in #aiac1 the last year of normal trade4 ,the displacement of ,central ,america's trade by the war1 and the extent to which it has so far returned to old channels1 are illustrated in the table of ,imports into the ,united ,states from ,central ,america in the last nine years on page #cja4 ,as ,germany was very prominent in pre-war trade1 it is likely that more and more coffee will be diverted from the ,united ,states as ,german imports gradually increase to their old level4 ,,imports ,,into ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,from ,,central ,,america ,year ,pounds ,value #aiac #cf1cbf1ddj #d1fce1cei #aiad #dd1hif1hef #e1dfe1hic #aiae #ga1cfa1bhh #h1jic1ecb #aiaf #aaa1bei1abe #ab1gge1iba #aiag #adh1jca1fdj #ae1gea1gfa #aiah #aie1bei1fbh #ai1bcd1aih #aiai #aca1fch1fie #ai1cge1agi #aibj #aei1bjd1cda #cj1chh1efg #aiba #aah1fjg1chb #ab1cjh1bej ,imports from ,mexico in #aiba were greater by thirty-eight percent than in #aibj1 but were less than in #aiai1 and were still much below the normal trade before the war4 ,the total was #bf1hie1jcd pounds having a value of #c1dge1abb1 as compared with #ai1eai1hfe pounds valued at #c1hgc1bag in the year before1 and with #bi1efg1dfi pounds valued at #e1dcd1hhd in #aiai4 ,the imports in #aiac were more than #dj1jjj1jjj pounds1 in #aiad more than #dc1jjj1jjj pounds1 and in #aiae more than #eb1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,west ,indian coffees showed a gradual settling back to pre-war figures1 which ranged from #c1jjj1jjj to #ab1jjj1jjj pounds annually1 but which in #aiah1 the last year of the war1 leaped to #eb1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,in #aiai they amounted to #db1jac1hda pounds valued at #g1ege1jea2 and in #aibj1 fell to #bi1bjd1fgd pounds valued at #e1gaa1iic4 ,in #aiba they continued to drop1 the total being #ae1cih1jgc pounds valued at #a1eah1ghd1 a decrease of forty-seven and three-tenths percent in quantity4 ,the year under review showed practically a return to normal for importations from ,aden1 which up to #aiag ran about #c1jjj1jjj pounds a year4 ,in that year the full effects of the war were felt in the ,aden district1 and shipments of coffee to this country dropped to #ahg1hag pounds4 ,they rose to #dcb1jjj pounds in #aiah2 and in #aiai1 to #fha1bij pounds valued at #ada1cia4 ,in #aibj there was a further rise to #hhi1fcc pounds valued at #bjj1eje2 and in #aiba they amounted to #b1gii1hbd pounds valued at #dgf1fgb4 ,but this trade is of little importance compared with that of the producing countries of this hemisphere1 being less than one percent of our total imports4 ,imports from the ,dutch ,east ,indies continued to decline1 being fifty-five percent less than in #aibj4 ,the total of #ab1dch1jaf pounds1 however1 valued at #a1gga1fjb1 is still two or three times the normal pre-war importations4 ,exports of coffee in #aiba--cc1chi1hje pounds of green coffee valued at #e1eij1cah and #a1ahc1afb pounds of roasted valued at #cje1bhh--were about the same as those of the year before in quantity1 although much lower in value4 ,the #aibj shipments were #cd1ghe1egd pounds valued at #i1bbc1iff of green coffee and #a1iga1hfi pounds of roasted valued at #egi1fjh4 ,in the re-export trade1 shipments of coffee were lower than in several years1 total amounts for #aiba1 #aibj1 and #aiai being #cf1hjd1fhd pounds1 #di1add1jia pounds1 and #ha1abi1fda pounds1 and total values #c1iaa1hdg1 #i1jcg1hhb1 and #af1hae1dfh4 ,,percentage ,,of ,,total ,,coffee ,,imports ,,into ,,united ,,states ,percentage of increase 77 or decrease 7-7 of #aiba imports compared #aiai #aibj #aiba with #aibj4 _/ _/ _/ ,from ,quantity ,value ,quantity ,value ,quantity ,value ,quantity ,value ,central ,america #i4hj #g4dj #ab4cj #ab4jj #h4hj #h4fj -#be4ej -#ej4jj ,mexico #b4bj #b4aj #a4ej #a4ej #b4jj #b4dj #cg4hj -#aj4cj ,west ,indies #c4aj #b4ij #b4bj #b4bj #a4aj #a4jj -#dg4cj -#gc4dj ,brazil #eh4hj #fa4cj #fj4ej #eh4ij #fb4ej #ed4jj #f4hj -#dh4aj ,colombia #aa4bj #aa4fj #ae4jj #af4dj #ah4ej #bf4aj #bh4jj -#aj4bj ,venezuela #h4bj #h4ij #e4aj #e4aj #d4dj #d4hj -#i4cj -#ej4gj ,aden #j4je #j4je #j4jg #j4jh #j4bj #j4cj #bad4hj #acg4gj ,dutch ,east ,indies #d4bj #c4hj #b4aj #b4jj #j4ij #a4bj -#ee4gj -#fe4dj ,other countries #b4de #a4ie #a4bc #a4eb #a4fj #a4fj 444 444 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ,total #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #c4dj -#dc4dj ,re-exports to ,france fell off from #af1gfj1igg pounds in #aibj to #aa1dbi1ieb in #aiba4 ,mexico took #c1bcf1bde pounds as compared with #i1hib1fci in the previous year1 and ,cuba also reduced her purchases from #f1cai1aje pounds to #b1hca1aji4 ,shipments to ,denmark1 #d1jii1djc pounds1 were practically the same as in #aibj1 #c1iea1aff pounds1 as were also those to ,germany1 #c1bjj1aeh pounds as compared with #b1iag1ggc in #aibj4 ,in the trade of the two coffee-exporting possessions of the ,united ,states1 ,hawaii and ,porto ,rico1 the #aiba figures show a considerable increase in shipments from ,hawaii to continental ,united ,states and to foreign countries1 while exports from ,porto ,rico fell off slightly4 ,hawaii in #aiba sent #hjc1ije pounds valued at #abc1cdg to foreign countries1 which compared with #fhg1eig pounds valued at #bjj1ahj in the year before1 and #d1ahc1jdf valued at #fej1jcf to continental ,united ,states1 as against #a1hhe1gjc pounds valued at #dgf1jcc in the previous year4 ,porto ,rico's crop1 as usual1 furnished the bulk of the domestic exports of the ,united ,states to foreign countries--#bi1edf1cdh pounds valued at #e1jbg1gda1 as against #aibj exports of #ca1cba1dae pounds valued at #h1dee1ijh4 ,shipments from ,porto ,rico to continental ,united ,states amounted to #baa1eca pounds valued at #ce1ghj1 as against #dah1abg pounds valued at #aah1ffc in #aibj4 ,following are the figures of re-exports of coffee by countries in the calendar year #aiba3 ,,re-,,exports ,,of ,,coffee ,,from ,,united ,,states1 #aiba ,country ,pounds ,belgium #b1gag1idi ,denmark #d1jii1djc ,france #aa1dbi1ieb ,germany #c1bjj1aeh ,greece #eci1icc ,netherlands #ibj1hee ,norway #bcg1aee ,sweden #a1ice1fda ,canada #a1jcg1fbh ,mexico #c1bcf1bde ,cuba #b1hca1aji ,other ,countries #d1fah1fef ---------- ,total #cf1hjd1fhd ,per capita consumption of coffee in continental ,united ,states showed a slight increase during the calendar year #aiba over that of #aibj1 the figure being #ab4ji pounds as against #aa4gj for the previous year4 ,this calendar-year figure compares with the fiscal-year figure of #ab4ba pounds1 indicating that imports during the last half of #aibj were somewhat heavier than during the last half of #aiba4 ,the various items for the two calendar years #aibj and #aiba are shown as follows3 #aiba #aibj ,calendar year1 ,calendar year1 7pounds7 7pounds7 7a7 ,total imports into ,u4,s4 #a1cdj1igi1ggf #a1big1dci1caj 7b7 ,imports into non-contiguous territory from foreign countries #g1daj #bg ------------- ------------- 7c7 7a7 minus 7b7 #a1cdj1igb1cff #a1big1dci1bhc 7d7 ,total exports from ,u4,s4 #cd1egb1ifg #cf1geg1ddc 7e7 ,exports from non-contiguous territory to foreign countries #cj1cfc1jih #cb1jbh1hcb ---------- ---------- 7f7 7d7 minus 7e7 #d1bji1hfi #d1gbh1faa 7g7 ,total re-exports from ,u4,s4 #cf1hjd1fhd #di1add1fia 7h7 ,re-exports from non-contiguous territory to foreign countries 444 #bj1jjh --------- ---------- 7i7 7g7 minus 7h7 #cf1hjd1fhd #di1abd1fhc 7j7 ,imports into continental ,u4,s4 from non-contiguous territory #d1cid1egg #b1cjc1hcj 7k7 ,exports to non-contiguous territory from continental ,u4,s4 #gih1fdd #igb1cjc ---------- --------- 7l7 7j7 minus 7k7 #c1eie1icc #a1cca1ebg ,net consumption1 continental ,u4,s43 7c7 minus 7f7 minus 7i7 plus 7l7 #a1cjc1eec1gdf #a1bdd1iag1eaf ,population1 ,july #a #ajg1hcc1bgi #ajf1dah1agj ,per capita consumption1 #aiba #ab4ji #aa4gj ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,how ,,green ,,coffees ,,are ,,bought ,,and ,,sold ,buying coffee in the producing countries--,transporting coffee to the consuming markets--,some record coffee cargoes shipped to the ,united ,states--,transport over seas--,java coffee ex-sailing vessels--,handling coffee at ,new ,york1 ,new ,orleans1 and ,san ,francisco--,the coffee exchanges of ,europe and the ,united ,states--,commission men and brokers--,trade and exchange contracts for delivery--,important rulings affecting coffee trading--,some well known green coffee marks ,in moving green coffee from the plantations to the consuming countries1 the shipments pass through much the same trade channels as other foreign-grown food products4 ,in general1 the coffee goes from planter to trader in the shipping ports2 thence to the exporter1 who sells it to an importer in the consuming country2 he in turn passing it on1 to a roaster1 to be prepared for consumption4 ,the system varies in some respects in the different countries1 according to the development of economic and transportation methods2 but1 broadly considered1 this is the general method4 ,buying ,coffee in the ,producing ,countries ,the marketing of coffee begins when the berries are swept up from the drying patios1 put in gunny sacks1 and sent to the ports of export to be sampled and shipped4 ,in ,brazil1 four-wheeled wagons drawn by six mules1 or two-wheeled carts carry it to the nearest railroad or river4 ,brazil1 as the world's largest producer of coffee1 has the most highly developed buying system4 ,coffee cultivation has been the chief agricultural pursuit in that country for many years2 and large amounts of government and private capital have been invested in growing1 transportation1 storage1 and ship-loading facilities1 particularly in the state of ,so ,paulo4 ,the usual method in ,brazil is for the fazendeiro 7coffee-grower7 or the commisario 7commission merchant7 to load his shipments of coffee at an interior railroad station4 ,if his consignee is in ,santos1 he generally deposits the bill of lading with a bank and draws a draft1 usually payable after thirty days1 against the consignee4 ,when the consignee accepts the draft1 he receives the bill of lading1 and is then permitted to put the coffee in a warehouse4 ,storing at ,santos ,at ,santos most of the storing is done in the steel warehouses of the ,city ,dock ,company1 a private corporation whose warehouses extend for three miles along the waterfront at one end of the town4 ,railroad switches lead to these warehouses1 so that the coffee is brought to storage in the same cars in which it was originally loaded up-country4 ,the warehouses are leased by commisarios4 ,there are also many old warehouses1 built of wood1 still operated in ,santos1 and to these the coffee is transferred from the railroad station either by mule carts or by automobile trucks4 ,at the receiving warehouses1 samples of each bag are taken2 the tester1 or sampler1 standing at the door with a sharp tool1 resembling a cheese-tester1 which he thrusts into the center of the bag as the men pass him with the bags of coffee on their heads1 removing a double handful of the contents4 ,the samples are divided into two parts2 one for the seller1 and one that the commisario retains until he has sold the consignment of coffee covered by that particular lot of samples4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,last ,,sample ,,before ,,export1 ,,santos ,the ,disappearing ,ensaccador ,in the old days it was the custom every morning for the ensaccadores1 or baggers1 and the exporters or their brokers1 to visit the commisarios' warehouses and to bargain for lots of coffee made up by the commisario4 ,in the ,santos market1 until recent years1 the ensaccador1 or coffee-bagger1 often stood between the commisario and exporter4 ,when ,american importing houses began to establish their own buying offices in the ,brazilian ports 7about #aiaj7 to deal direct with the fazendeiro and the commisario1 the gradual elimination of the ensaccador was begun4 ,today he has entirely disappeared from the ,santos market1 and is disappearing from ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,bahia1 and ,victoria4 ,coffee reaches ,santos in a mixed condition2 that is1 it has not been graded1 or separated according to its various qualities4 ,this is the work of the commisario1 who puts each shipment into lots in new official bags1 each of which bears a mark stating that the contents are ,so ,paulo growth4 ,if the coffee is offered for sale by the owner1 the commisario will then put it on the street1 the section of ,santos given over to coffee trading4 ,the commisario works with samples of the coffee he has to offer and only puts out one set at a time4 ,he names his asking price1 known locally as the pedido1 which is the maximum rate he expects to get1 but seldom receives4 ,a set of samples may be shown to twenty-five or thirty exporting houses in a day1 one at a time4 ,when the sample is in the hands of a firm for consideration1 no other exporter has the right to buy the lot even at the pedido price1 and the commisario can not accept other offers until he has refused the bid4 ,on the other hand1 if a house refuses to give up the samples1 it is understood that it is willing to pay the pedido price4 ,the firm first offering a price acceptable to the commisario's broker gets the lot1 even though other houses have offered the same price4 ,when a lot is sold1 the samples are turned over to the successful bidder1 and he then asks the commisario for larger samples for comparison with the first set4 ,illustration3 ,,stamping ,,bags ,,for ,,export1 ,,santos ,commisarios ,make as ,high as ,nine ,percent ,having sold the coffee of a given planter1 the commisario often gets as much as nine percent for his share of the transaction4 ,unless the bags have been furnished to the planter at a good rental1 the coffee must be transferred to the commisario's bags2 and for this the planter pays a commission4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,from ,,the ,,fazendas ,,is ,,delivered ,,at ,,the ,,commissarios' ,,warehouses ,,in ,,rio ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,a ,,santos ,,cleaning ,,and ,,grading ,,warehouse ,illustration3 ,,preparing ,,brazil ,,coffee ,,for ,,export ,illustration3 ,,grading ,,coffee ,,at ,,santos ,formerly the coffee1 being rebagged by the ensaccador1 was manipulated in what is called ligas2 that is1 mixing several neutral grades from various lots to create an artificial grade2 or1 more properly speaking1 a type1 desirable for trading on the ,new ,york market4 ,grading and ,testing in ,brazil ,having bought a lot of coffee1 the exporter's next step is to grade and to test it4 ,grading is generally done in the morning and late afternoon1 the hours from one to half-past four being devoted to making offers4 ,the afternoon grading is done by sight4 ,the morning examinations are more thorough1 some progressive exporting houses even cup-testing the samples4 ,samples are compared with house standards1 and with the requirements that have been cabled from the home office in the consuming country4 ,some of the coffee is roasted to obtain a standard by which all chops 7varieties7 are then graded and marked according to quality--fine1 good1 fair1 or poor4 ,quality is further classified by the numerals from two to eight1 which standards have been established on the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange1 and are described farther on in this chapter4 ,some traders also use the terms large or small bean2 fair1 good1 or poor roasters2 soft or hard bean2 light or dark2 and similar descriptive terms4 ,when a lot is ready for shipment overseas1 the commisario stamps each bag with his identifying mark1 to which the buyer or exporter adds his brand4 ,if the commisario is ordered before eleven in the morning to ship a lot of coffee1 he must be paid before three in the afternoon of the same day2 if he receives the order after eleven1 payment need not be made before three in the afternoon of the following day4 ,generally the terms of sale are full settlement in thirty days1 less discount at the rate of six percent per annum for the unexpired time1 if paid before the period of grace is up4 ,dispatching and ,capitazias ,the exporter collects his money by drawing a draft against his client on deposit of bill of lading1 cashing the draft through an exchange broker who deducts his brokerage fee4 ,the exporter must obtain a consular invoice1 a shipping permit from both federal and state authorities1 and pay an export tax1 before the coffee goes aboard the ship4 ,this process is known as dispatching1 while the dock company's charges are known as capitazias4 ,in practically all coffee-growing sections the small planter is helped financially by the owners of processing plants or by the exporting firms4 ,the larger planters may even obtain advances on their crops from the importing houses in ,new ,york1 ,havre1 ,hamburg1 or other foreign centers4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,test ,,by ,,cups1 ,,santos ,the ,exchange at ,santos ,a new coffee exchange began business at ,santos on ,may #a1 #aiag1 sitting with the ,coffee ,brokers ,board of ,control4 ,this ,board consists of five coffee brokers1 four elected annually at a general meeting of the brokers of ,santos1 and one chosen annually by the president of the state of ,so ,paulo4 ,among the duties of the ,board are the classification and valuation of coffee1 adjustment of differences1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,where ,,coffees ,,are ,,sight-,,graded ,,before ,,being ,,submitted ,,to ,,cup ,,tests ,illustration3 ,,hand ,,rand ,,building3 ,,first ,,floor1 ,,storage2 ,,second ,,floor1 ,,offices ,illustration3 ,,new ,,york ,,coffee ,,importers' ,,model ,,establishment ,,at ,,santos ,illustration3 ,,pack-,,mule ,,transport ,,in ,,venezuela ,transporting ,coffee to ,points of ,export ,transportation methods from plantation to shipside naturally vary with local topographical and economic conditions4 ,in ,venezuela1 the bulk of the coffee is transported by pack-mule from the plantations and shipping towns to the head of the railroad system1 and thence by rail to the ,catatumbo ,river1 where it is carried in small steamers down the river and across ,lake ,maracaibo to the city of ,maracaibo4 ,in ,colombia1 coffee is sent down the ,magdalena ,river aboard small steamers direct to the seaboard4 ,in ,central ,america1 transportation is one of the most serious problems facing the grower4 ,the roads are poor1 and in the rainy season are sometimes deep with mud2 so much so that it may require a week to drive a wagon-load of coffee to the railroad or the river shipping point4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee-,,carrying ,,cart1 ,,guatemala ,buying ,coffee in ,abyssinia ,coffee is generally grown in ,abyssinia by small farmers1 who mostly finance themselves and sell the crop to native brokers1 who in turn sell it to representatives of foreign houses in the larger trading centers4 ,trading methods between farmer and broker are not much more than the old system of barter4 ,in the southwestern section1 where the ,abyssinian coffee grows wild1 transport to the nearest trading center is by mule train1 and not infrequently by camel back4 ,in the ,harar district1 the women of the farmers living near ,harar the market center1 carry the coffee in long shallow baskets on their heads to the native brokers4 ,in the more remote places the coffee farmer waits for the broker to call on him4 ,from the town of ,harar the coffee is transported by mule or camel train to ,dire-,daoua1 whence it is shipped by rail to ,jibuti1 to be sent by direct steamers to ,europe1 or across the ,gulf of ,aden to ,aden in ,arabia4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee-,,laden ,,oxen ,,fording ,,stream1 ,,colombia ,ten different languages are spoken in ,harar4 ,in order successfully to engage in the coffee business there1 it is necessary either to become proficient in all these tongues1 or to engage some one who is4 ,illustration3 ,,transporting ,,coffee ,,by ,,muleback ,,in ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,cucuta1 ,,colombia ,illustration3 ,schooner from ,encontrados to ,maracaibo ,illustration3 ,one of the lake and river steamers ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,cargo ,,carriers ,,that ,,operate ,,on ,,lake ,,maracaibo ,,and ,,tributary ,,rivers ,illustration3 ,,donkey ,,transport ,,train ,,for ,,coffee ,,in ,,mexico ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,transport ,,in ,,mexico ,,and ,,south ,,america ,when the coffee is brought1 partially cleaned1 into ,harar by donkey or mule train1 it is first taken to the open air custom-house 7coffee exchange7 in the center of the town1 where a ten-percent duty 7in coffee7 is exacted by the local government1 and one ,abyssinian dollar 7fifty cents7 is added for every thirty-seven and a half pounds1 this latter being ,ras ,makonnen's share4 ,as soon as the native dealer has released to him what remains of his shipment1 he takes it out of the custom-house enclosure and disposes of it through the native brokers1 who have their little office booths stretching in a long line up the street just outside the custom-house entrance4 ,illustration3 ,,donkey ,,coffee ,,transport ,,on ,,the ,,way ,,from ,,harar ,,to ,,dire-,,daoua ,there1 a brokerage charge of one piaster per bag is paid by the buyer1 and the coffee then becomes the property of the ,european merchant4 ,in some cases it is put through a further cleaning process2 but usually it is shipped to ,jibuti or ,aden uncleaned4 ,arriving at ,jibuti1 there is a one-percent ad valorem duty to pay4 ,at ,aden1 there is another tax of one anna 7two cents7 to be paid to the ,british authorities4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,camels ,,in ,,the ,,custom-,,house1 ,,harar ,since #aiad1 however1 ,abyssinian coffee has been exported largely through the ,sudan1 a much shorter and less expensive trip than that to ,adis ,abeba and ,jibuti4 ,now the coffee is carried by pack-train to ,gambela on the ,sobat ,river2 and thence by river steamer to ,khartoum1 where it is loaded on railroad trains and sent to ,port ,sudan on the ,red ,sea4 ,buying ,coffee in ,arabia ,most of the coffee in ,arabia is grown in almost inaccessible mountain valleys by native ,arabs1 and is transported by camel caravan to ,aden or ,hodeida1 where it is sold to agents of foreign importing houses4 ,mocha1 once the principal exporting city for coffee1 was abandoned as a coffee port early in the nineteenth century1 chiefly because of the difficulty of keeping the roadstead of the harbor free from sandbars4 ,illustration3 ,,selling ,,coffee ,,at ,,aden ,,by ,,tapping ,,hands ,,under ,,cover ,in ,aden there is a kind of open-air coffee exchange 7as in ,harar7 where the camel trains unload their coffee from the interior4 ,the ,european coffee merchant does not frequent it1 but is represented by native brokers1 through whom all coffee business is transacted4 ,this native broker is an important person1 and one of the most picturesque characters in ,aden4 ,he receives a commission of one and a half percent from both buyer and seller4 ,certain grades of coffee are purchasable only in ,maria ,theresa dollars2 so a knowledge of exchange values is essential to the broker's calling4 ,illustration3 ,,packing ,,and ,,transporting ,,coffee ,,at ,,aden ,in making coffee sales1 the negotiations between buyer and seller are carried on by means of finger taps under a handkerchief4 ,the would-be purchaser reaches out his hand to the seller under cover of the cloth and makes his bid in the palm of the seller's hand by tapping his fingers4 ,the code is well understood by both4 ,its advantage lies in the fact that a possible purchaser is enabled to make his bid in the presence of other buyers without the latter knowing what he is offering4 ,buying ,coffee in ,netherlands ,india ,in the ,dutch ,east ,indies cultivation of ,coffea arabica has diminished1 the decay of the industry beginning when ,brazil and ,central ,america became the dominant factors in the green market4 ,not so many years ago coffee growing and coffee trading were virtually government monopolies4 ,under government control each native family was required to keep from six hundred to a thousand coffee trees in bearing1 and to sell two-fifths of the crop to the government4 ,it was also compulsory to deliver the coffee cleaned and sorted to the official godowns1 and to sell the crop at fixed prices--nine to twelve florins per picul previous to #ahgd1 although forty to fifty florins were offered in the open market4 ,later1 the price was advanced2 until about #aijj the government paid fifteen florins per picul for coffee in parchment4 ,all government coffee was sold at public auction in ,batavia and ,padang1 these sales being held four times a year in ,batavia and three times a year in ,padang4 ,coffee from private estates1 not under government control and operated by ,european corporations or individuals1 has now succeeded the government monopoly coffee4 ,private-estate crops are sold by public tender1 usually on or about ,january #bh of each year4 ,if the owners do not get the price they desire in ,batavia or ,padang1 the coffee is sent to ,amsterdam for disposal4 ,some coffees always are sent to ,holland2 because the directors of the company get a commission on all sales there1 and also because the coffees are prepared especially for the ,dutch market4 ,the ,hollander wants his coffee blue-green in color4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,camel ,,train ,,arriving ,,at ,,the ,,hodeida ,,custom-,,house ,,from ,,the ,,interior ,,of ,,yemen ,illustration3 ,,loading ,,by ,,the ,,old-,,style ,,hand-,,labor ,,method ,illustration3 ,,here ,,the ,,automatic ,,belt ,,pours ,,into ,,the ,,hold ,a ,,continuous ,,stream ,,of ,,bags ,,of ,,coffee ,illustration3 ,,old ,,and ,,new ,,methods ,,of ,,loading ,,coffee ,,at ,,santos ,loading ,coffee at ,santos ,in ,brazil1 when the coffee has been rebagged and marked by both the commisario and the exporter1 the coffee is again sampled4 ,these samples are compared with those by which the purchase was made2 and if right1 the bags are turned over to the dock-master1 who sets his laborers to work loading ship4 ,two methods are used at ,santos4 ,the old familiar style of hand labor is still in evidence--men of all nationalities1 but largely ,spaniards and ,portuguese1 take the bags on their heads and carry them in single file up the gangplanks and into the hold of the ship4 ,the dock company1 however1 operates a huge automatic loading machine1 or belt1 which saves a great deal of time and labor4 ,in other ,brazilian ports all loading is done by manual labor4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,coffee ,,freighter ,,on ,,the ,,cauca ,,river1 ,,colombia ,recently1 at the suggestion of the ,commercial ,association of ,santos1 the minister of transport of ,so ,paulo ordered that coffees destined for legitimate traders should be transported during four days of the week1 and those of a speculative nature during the remaining two days4 ,a premium of as much as five milreis a bag has been paid by speculators in order to obtain immediate transport4 ,shipping ,coffee from ,colombia ,as ,colombia ranks next to ,brazil in coffee1 a brief description of its transportation methods1 which are unique1 should be of interest to coffee shippers4 ,a goodly portion of ,colombia's coffee exports comes from the district around the little city of ,cucuta1 whose official name is ,san ,jos de ,cucuta4 ,it is the capital of ,north ,santander1 is situated in a beautiful valley of the ,colombian ,andes mountains that is watered by several rivers1 and is only about a half-hour's ride by motor from the ,venezuelan frontier4 ,due to its geographical position1 ,cucuta serves as the most convenient inland port and commercial center for most of the department of ,north ,santander4 ,for the same reason1 it is forced to depend on ,maracaibo as its seaport1 even though the ,venezuelan government has a number of annoying laws controlling the commerce thus conducted4 ,the ,colombian ports of ,baranquilla and ,cartagena on the ,atlantic are too distant from ,cucuta to be available2 and a large part of the traffic would have to be done on mule-back across one of the most formidable ranges of the ,colombian ,andes1 involving high cost and delay in transportation4 ,yet its frontier position makes it possible for ,cucuta to have important commercial relations with the neighboring republic of ,venezuela1 and to enjoy exceptional privileges from the ,colombian central government4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,steamers ,,on ,,the ,,magdalena1 ,,colombia ,a cargo of coffee leaving ,cucuta has to go through the following steps on its way to a foreign market3 #a4 ,from ,cucuta1 it travels thirty-five miles by railroad to ,puerto ,villamizar1 a ,colombian river port on the ,zulia river4 #b4 ,at ,puerto ,villamizar it is loaded into small1 flat-bottomed1 steel lighters that are taken to ,puerto ,encontrados by man power4 ,puerto ,encontrados1 belonging to ,venezuela1 is on the ,catatumbo river2 and the trip from ,villamizar takes from two to four days1 depending on the depth of water in the river4 ,during high water1 river steamers are also used1 and make the trip in less than a day4 #c4 ,at ,encontrados the cargo is loaded on river steamboats more or less of the ,mississippi river type1 which take it to ,maracaibo1 ,venezuela4 ,coffee is also carried to ,maracaibo by small sailing vessels4 #d4 ,at ,maracaibo it is taken by ocean vessel1 which either carries it direct to ,new ,york or to ,curaao1 ,dutch ,west ,indies1 where it is transhipped to steamers plying between ,new ,york and ,curaao4 ,it is obvious that the many transhipments that coffee coming from ,cucuta has to undergo greatly retard its arrival at a foreign port2 and a cargo sometimes takes a month or more to reach ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,and ,,new ,,methods ,,employed ,,in ,,loading ,,heavy ,,cargo ,,on ,,the ,,santa ,,cecilia ,coffee from ,cucuta is stored in the ,venezuelan custom-house1 from which it must be shipped for export within forty-five days1 or the shipper runs the risk of having it declared by the ,venezuelan government for consumo 7home consumption7 at a prohibitory tariff4 ,arrangements can be made at considerable cost to have the coffee taken to a private warehouse2 but it is no longer possible to make up the chops in ,maracaibo1 as was done formerly with all the ,cucutas4 ,the ,venezuelan customs will not even allow the ,maracaibo forwarding agent the same chops1 as a general rule4 ,special permission must be obtained to change any bags that are stained or damaged4 ,schooners from ,curaao have1 in the past1 carried a great deal of the ,colombian coffee to ,curaao4 ,port ,handling ,charges in ,brazil ,it is almost impossible to list all the various charges for the handling of coffee at the port of shipment in ,brazil1 the figures not being accessible to outsiders4 ,some figures1 such as warehouse charges and various forms of tax1 are obtainable1 however4 ,for every bag of coffee which is in warehouse over forty-eight hours from the time of its arrival from the railroad there is a charge of two hundred reis 7about five cents74 ,in ,so ,paulo there is an export tax of nine percent ad valorem levied by the state1 and in ,rio the state tax is eight and a half percent4 ,then there is a surtax of five francs per bag in ,santos1 and of three francs in ,rio1 which goes toward defraying the expenses of valorization4 ,for every bag of coffee that passes over the dock the dock company charges one hundred reis 7about two and a half cents74 ,some ,record ,coffee ,cargoes ,with its superior loading and shipping facilities ,brazil has been able to send extraordinarily large cargoes of coffee to the ,united ,states since the development of large modern freight-carrying steamships4 ,while #ge1jjj or #ij1jjj bag cargoes were of common occurrence just prior to the outbreak of the ,world ,war1 several shipments of more than #ajj1jjj bags were made in the years #aiae1 #aiaf1 and #aiag4 ,up to ,january1 #aiai1 the record was held by the steamship ,bjornstjerne ,bjornson which unloaded #acf1dbd bags at ,new ,york on ,november #ag1 #aiae4 ,other shipments of more than #ajj1jjj bags were by the ,rossetti 7,december1 #aijj71 #abe1iah bags2 the ,wascana 7,march #c1 #aiae71 #ajh1gha bags2 the ,wagama 7,october1 #aiaf71 #aje1fej bags2 the ,american 7,october #bc1 #aiaf71 #abd1bab bags2 the ,santa ,cecilia 7,november #b1 #aiaf71 #aje1ejj bags1 and the ,dakotan 7,january #f1 #aiag71 which carried #acf1chg bags4 ,transport ,overseas ,to bring green coffee to the consuming markets1 both steamships and sailing vessels are used1 although the latter have almost wholly given way to the speedier and more capacious modern steamers4 ,because of its large consumption1 a constant stream of vessels is always on the way to the markets of the ,united ,states4 ,the majority of these unload at ,new ,york1 which in #aibj received about fifty-nine percent of all the coffee imported into this country4 ,new ,orleans came next1 with about twenty-five percent2 and ,san ,francisco third1 with about twelve percent4 ,the approximate time consumed in transporting green coffee overseas from the principal producing countries to the ,united ,states by freight steamships is shown in the table in the next column4 ,in some cases1 that of ,guadeloupe1 for instance1 the vessels stop at a number of ports1 and this lengthens the time4 ,this is also true of vessels running on the west coast of ,central ,america and of those from ,aden4 ,during the ,world ,war1 one shipment of ,timor coffee consumed three and a half years coming from ,java to ,new ,york4 ,it was aboard the ,german steamship ,brisbane1 which cleared from ,batavia1 ,july #d1 #aiad1 and fearing capture1 took refuge in ,goa1 ,portuguese ,india1 where it lay until ,portugal joined the ,allies4 ,then the ,portuguese seized the vessel1 and turned it over to the ,british1 who moved it to ,bombay4 ,here the cargo was finally transhipped to the ,city of ,adelaide1 reaching ,new ,york in ,january1 #aiah1 three and a half years after the coffee left ,batavia4 ,,transportation ,,time ,,for ,,coffee,j ,rio de ,janeiro to ,new ,york #aa to #af days ,santos #ad to #ah ,bahia #ag ,victoria #ai ,maracaibo #aj ,puerto ,cabello #aj ,la ,guaira #h ,costa ,rica #aj ,salvador #ah ,mexico #i ,guatemala #aa 7,puerto ,barrios7 ,colombia #aj ,haiti #g ,porto ,rico #e ,guadeloupe #aj ,hawaii #bh 7via ,p4,c47 ,java #cj 7via ,suez7 ,sumatra #cj 7via ,suez7 ,singapore #ce 7via ,suez7 ,india #ce 7via ,suez7 ,aden #de 7via ,suez7 ,porto ,rico ,new ,orleans #g ,guadeloupe #aj ,haiti #g ,guatemala #h ,costa ,rica #g ,colombia #f ,mexico #d ,salvador #ae ,guatemala ,san ,francisco #aj ,costa ,rica #ah ,salvador #ad ,mexico #h ,hawaii #h ,singapore #cj ,india #cc ,j ,the ,american ,legion and the ,southern ,cross1 of the ,munson ,line1 make the journey from ,rio de ,janeiro to ,new ,york in eleven days4 ,these are freight-and-passenger vessels1 and have carried as many as #e1jjj bags of coffee at one time4 ,java ,coffee ,ex-,sailing ,ships ,up to #aiae it was the custom to ship considerable ,java coffee to ,new ,york in slow-going sailing vessels of the type in favor a hundred years ago4 ,java coffees ex-sailing ships always commanded a premium because of the natural sweating they experienced in transit4 ,attempts to imitate this natural sweating process by steam-heating the coffees that reached ,new ,york by the faster-going steamship lines1 and interference therewith by the pure-food authorities1 caused a falling off in the demand for light1 brown1 or extra brown ,dutch ,east ,indian growths2 and gradually the picturesque sailing vessels were seen no more in ,new ,york harbor4 ,at the end they were mostly ,norwegian barks of the type of the ,gaa ,paa4 ,it usually took from four to five months to make the trip from ,padang or ,batavia to ,new ,york4 ,crossing the ,equator twice1 first in the ,indian ,ocean1 then in the ,south ,atlantic1 the trip was more than equal to circumnavigating the earth in our latitude4 ,in the hold of the vessel the cargo underwent a sweating that gave to the coffee a rare shade of color and that1 in the opinion of coffee experts1 greatly enhanced its flavor and body4 ,the captain always received a handsome gratuity if the coffee turned extra brown4 ,illustration3 ,,unloading ,,java ,,coffee ,,from ,a ,,sailing ,,vessel ,,at ,a ,,brooklyn ,,dock ,the ship is the ,gaa ,paa1 which made the voyage from ,padang in five months in #aiab ,the demand for sweated1 or brown1 ,javas probably had its origin in the good old days when the ,american housewife bought her coffee green and roasted it herself in a skillet over a quick fire4 ,coffee slightly brown was looked upon with favor2 for every good housewife in those days knew that green coffee changed its color in aging1 and that of course aged coffee was best4 ,and so it came about that ,java coffees were preferably shipped in slow-going ,dutch sailing vessels1 because it was desirable to have a long voyage under the hot tropical sun suitably to sweat the coffee on its way to market and to have it a handsome brown on arrival4 ,the sweating frequently produced a musty flavor which1 if not too pronounced1 was highly prized by experts4 ,when the ship left ,padang or ,batavia the hatches were battened down1 not to be opened again until ,new ,york harbor was reached4 ,many of the old-style ,dutch sailing vessels were built somewhat after the pattern of the ,goed ,vrouw1 which ,irving tells us was a hundred feet long1 a hundred feet wide1 and a hundred feet high4 ,sometimes she sailed forward1 sometimes backward1 and sometimes sideways4 ,after dark1 the lights were put out1 all sail was taken in1 and all hands turned in for the night4 ,the last of the coffee-carrying sailing vessels to reach the ,united ,states was the bark ,padang1 which arrived in ,new ,york on ,christmas day1 #aiad4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bush ,,terminal ,,system ,,of ,,docks ,,and ,,warehouses ,much of the green coffee received in ,new ,york is discharged and stored here1 at one of the most modern waterfront and terminal developments in the world ,illustration3 ,,airplane ,,view ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,dock ,,company',s ,,piers ,,and ,,warehouses ,this is the ,fulton ,street section of the ,brooklyn waterfront1 where more than half the coffee received in ,new ,york is unloaded4 ,the storage warehouses are to be seen back of the piers ,illustration3 ,,receiving ,,piers ,,for ,,coffee ,,at ,,new ,,york ,handling ,coffee at ,new ,york ,the handling of the cargoes of coffee when they arrive at their destination is a source of wonder to the layman4 ,there is probably no better place to study the handling of coffee than in ,new ,york ,city--the world's largest coffee center4 ,millions of bags of coffee pass into consumption every year through its docks1 and scarcely a day goes by when there are not one or more ships discharging coffee upon the docks lining the ,brooklyn shore1 the center of the coffee-warehouse district for ,new ,york4 ,in #aiba1 the ,new ,york ,dock ,company alone had #aei bonded warehouses with a storage capacity of some #fe1jjj1jjj cubic feet2 and #cd piers1 the longest measuring #a1aic feet and containing more than #age1jjj square feet4 ,these piers have a total deck space of sixty-one and a half acres4 ,the wharfage distance is more than nine and a third miles4 ,more than twenty steamship lines berth their vessels there regularly1 and many of them are coffee ships4 ,the warehouses have direct connections with all the principal railway trunk lines running into the ,new ,york district2 and the whole property of the company stretches along the waterfront opposite lower ,manhattan for about two and one-half miles4 ,although coffee is admitted to the ,united ,states free of duty1 it is subject to practically the same formalities as dutiable goods4 ,before the cargo can be broken out1 a government permit to land and deliver must be placed in the hands of the customs inspector on the dock4 ,this done1 the ship's samples1 which consist of the samples sent by the exporter to the importer1 are taken to the ,united ,states appraiser's office for inspection1 and are then delivered to the importer's representative4 ,meanwhile the shipping documents covering the cargo1 including bills of lading and consular invoices1 have been sent to the post office for delivery to banks and bankers' agents1 who check and deliver them to the customs officers for entry4 ,the government requires that this entry shall be made within forty-eight hours of the vessel's arrival1 else the cargo will be stored in a ,united ,states bonded warehouse under what is known as general order which makes the consignee liable for storage and cartage charges4 ,illustration3 ,,unloading ,,coffee ,,at ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,covered ,,piers ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,dock ,,company ,when a coffee ship arrives in ,new ,york1 not much time is lost in discharging the cargo4 ,as soon as the vessel is securely moored to the pier1 and the government's permission to land and deliver is secured1 the hatches are removed1 the coffee is hauled out of the hold by block and tackle and swung off in slings to the pier1 where dock laborers carry the bags to their proper places4 ,if each cargo consisted of one consignment to a single importer1 and contained only one variety of coffee1 unloading would be a comparatively simple affair4 ,in general practise1 however1 the cargoes consist of a large number of consignments and a variety of grades1 necessitating a careful sorting as unloading progresses4 ,accordingly1 even before the unloading begins1 the dock is chalked off into squares1 each square having a number1 or symbol1 representing a particular consignment4 ,as the bags come up out of the hold1 the foreman of the laborers1 who has a key to the brand marks on the bags1 indicates where each bag is to be placed4 ,coffee to be reshipped1 either by lighter or rail1 is heaped in piles by itself until loaded on to the lighters or freight cars4 ,illustration3 ,,storing ,,coffee ,,by ,,marks ,,and ,,chops ,illustration3 ,,hoisting ,,coffee ,,into ,,the ,,storage ,,warehouses ,,adjoining ,,the ,,brooklyn ,,piers ,illustration3 ,,receiving ,,and ,,storing ,,coffee ,,at ,,new ,,york ,the next step is to transfer the cargo to the warehouse1 and to separate each consignment according to the various kinds of coffee making up the invoices4 ,when the importer gives his orders to store1 he sends also a list of the different kinds of coffees in his consignment1 called chops by the trade1 with directions how to divide the shipment4 ,to do this1 the floor of the warehouse is chalked off into squares1 as was done on the dock2 but now the numbers1 or symbols1 in each space indicate the chops in each invoice1 or consignment4 ,illustration3 ,,tester ,,at ,,work1 ,,bush ,,terminal1 ,,new ,,york ,illustration3 ,,loading ,,lighters1 ,,bush ,,docks1 ,,new ,,york ,the importer naturally is eager to sample the newly arrived coffee4 ,sampling is generally done by trained warehouse employees1 who are equipped with coffee triers1 sampling instruments resembling apple-corers1 which they thrust into the bags4 ,the instrument is hollow1 and the coffee flows into the hand of the sampler1 who places each sample in a paper bag which is marked to indicate the chop4 ,the total sample of each chop usually consists of about ten pounds of coffee1 which the importer compares with the exporter's sample4 ,when sampling for trade delivery1 about two-thirds of the bags in a chop are tried4 ,but when sampling for delivery on ,coffee ,exchange contract1 every bag must be tested1 and care taken that each chop is uniform in color1 kind1 and quality4 ,coffee for ,exchange delivery must be stored in a warehouse licensed by the ,exchange2 and the warehouseman is responsible for the uniformity of grade of each chop4 ,when approximately ninety percent of the cargo has been unloaded and stored1 the warehouse issues what has become known as the last bag notice4 ,in the majority of cases the coffee has been sold before arrival2 and on receipt of the last bag notice1 the importer can transfer ownership of the coffee and save interest4 ,in a cargo of #ge1jjj to #ajj1jjj bags of coffee that have been hurriedly loaded in the producing country and unloaded at destination in equal haste1 a small portion of the cargo is almost certain to be damaged4 ,generally the damage is slight4 ,if a bag is torn or stained1 the coffee is placed in a new bag4 ,if the contents have become mildewed1 the damaged portion is taken to a warehouse for reconditioning2 while the sound coffee is thoroughly aired to remove the odor and is then placed in a clean bag4 ,the reconditioned lot is put into a separate package and forwarded to the buyer with a reconditioning statement that shows what has been done4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,new ,,terminal ,,system ,,on ,,staten ,,island ,on the left are three piers of the ,pouch ,terminal at ,clifton2 on the right1 four of the ,american ,dock ,terminal at ,tompkinsville2 and between these are thirteen piers of the new ,municipal ,terminal ,bags that have become torn in transit1 and parts of their contents spilled1 are called slacks4 ,these are weighed as they arrive on the dock by a licensed public weigher2 and a sufficient quantity of the coffee remaining on the floor of the ship's hold is put into the bag to make it of the proper weight4 ,the expense of reconditioning and rebagging is generally borne by the marine insurance companies4 ,when the entire cargo is unloaded1 and the slacks and bad-order bags are weighed and marked1 the warehouseman tallies up the records of his clerks1 and renders a corrected chop list to the consignee4 ,illustration3 ,,motor ,,tractor ,,moving ,,coffee ,,at ,,the ,,bush ,,terminal ,,docks1 ,,brooklyn ,electric ,tractors and ,trailers ,another district along the water front of ,brooklyn where coffee is discharged in large quantities is that between ,thirty-third and ,forty-fourth ,streets1 south ,brooklyn1 occupied by the ,bush ,terminal ,stores4 ,this plant is laid out with railroad spurs on every pier1 so that its own transfer cars1 or the cars of the railroads running out of ,new ,york1 can be run into the sheds of the docks where coffee is being discharged from the ships4 ,the methods employed by the ,bush ,terminal are similar to those just described1 except that all the coffee is handled by electrically-manipulated cars or trucks1 in some instances the powerful little tractors hauling many trailers to various parts of the yards4 ,handling ,charges at ,new ,york ,before the ,world ,war1 it cost approximately one-half cent a bag to handle green coffee from the vessel to warehouse and in storage in ,new ,york4 ,the rate advanced nearly one hundred percent in the latter part of #aiai1 then dropped slightly1 although it is still 7#aibb7 above the pre-war price4 ,other handling charges are shown in the following tabulation3 ,,coffee ,,handling ,,charges ,,at ,,new ,,york ,pre-war prices ,present prices ,cents per bag ,cents per bag 7#acb lbs47 7#acb lbs47 ,storage #c to #d #e to #h ,labor #c to #d #e to #h ,sampling for damage #a #a ,cleaning #ce #bj ,dumping and mixing #aj #ae ,dumping and airing #aj #ae ,shoveling and airing #aj #ae ,transferring coffee from floor to floor #d #h ,marking #a #a ,labor at vessel #i per ,m #ab4ej to #ae per ,m ,the warehousemen in #aiai charged four cents per bag for loading into railroad cars4 ,this charge was discontinued in #aiba4 ,the cost of weighing increased from two and one-half cents per bag in #aiad to four and one-half cents in #aiai1 and then dropped to the present price of three to three and one-half cents4 ,other handling charges at the port of ,new ,york are3 ,,other ,,handling ,,charges1 #aibb ,cents per bag 7#acb lbs47 ,drawing samples1 each #aj lbs #ag to #bj ,grading for variation #d ,matching in #ab ,reducing or evening off slack #i ,transferring to new bag #aj ,trucking to weigher in store #c ,collecting and preparing sweepings #be ,delivering sample below ,canal ,street #ge ,each additional sample #aj to #ae ,new bags #ae ,old bags #f ,illustration3 ,,unloading ,,coffee ,,with ,,modern ,,conveyor1 ,,new ,,orleans ,a plan intended to cut down handling costs in ,new ,york1 and to expedite deliveries1 was inaugurated by the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association at the beginning of #aibj4 ,the ,association formed a freight-forwarding bureau1 and invited members to have their coffee shipments handled through the bureau4 ,the charges for forwarding direct importations are two cents per bag4 ,cartage charges vary from six to eighteen cents per hundred pounds4 ,claims are handled without charge4 ,the ,seven ,stages of ,transportation ,the foregoing story has taken the reader through the seven most direct routes that lead from the plantation to the roaster3 first1 from the patio to the railroad or river2 then to the city of export2 into the warehouses there2 then into the steamers2 out of them1 and upon the wharf at the port of destination2 from the wharf into the warehouses2 and1 finally1 from the warehouses to the roasting rooms4 ,it will be understood that in some instances where the plantation is hidden away in the mountains1 it is necessary to relay the coffee2 and again1 at this end1 the coffee is very often transhipped4 ,in such cases1 more handlings are required4 ,illustration3 ,,unloading ,a ,,coffee ,,ship ,,by ,,block ,,and ,,tackle ,,at ,,the ,,port ,,of ,,new ,,orleans ,illustration3 ,,in ,,foreground--,,loading ,,coffee ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,an ,,automatic ,,traveling-,,belt ,,conveyor1 ,,on ,,government ,,barges ,,for ,,st4 ,,louis ,illustration3 ,,coffee-,,handling ,,scenes ,,on ,,the ,,wharves ,,at ,,new ,,orleans ,handling ,coffee at ,new ,orleans ,coffee ships are unloaded in ,new ,orleans1 the second coffee port in the ,united ,states1 in about the same general manner as in ,new ,york1 with the important exception that the block-and-tackle system for transferring the bags from the ship to the dock has been largely supplanted by the automatic traveling-belt conveyor system4 ,another notable feature is ,new ,orleans' steel-roofed piers1 whereon the coffee can be stored until ready for shipment to the interior4 ,because of the class of labor--mostly negro--employed in unloading ships1 ,new ,orleans has found it expedient to retain the old flag system to indicate the part of the pier where each mark of coffee is to be piled as taken from the vessel4 ,these little flags vary in shape1 color and printed pattern1 each representing a particular lot of coffee1 and they are firmly fixed at the part of the pier where those bags should be stacked4 ,trained checkers read the marks on the bags as the laborers carry them past1 and tell the carrier where the bag should be placed4 ,to the illiterate laborers the checker's cries of blue check1 green ball1 red heart1 black hand1 and the like1 are more understandable than such indications as letters or numbers4 ,illustration3 ,,showing ,,how ,,coffee ,,is ,,stored ,,under ,,steel-,,covered ,,sheds ,,at ,,new ,,orleans ,handling ,coffee at ,san ,francisco ,san ,francisco ranks third in the list of ,united ,states coffee ports1 having received its greatest development in the four years of the ,world ,war1 when the flow of ,central ,american coffees was largely diverted from ,hamburg to the ,californian port4 ,in the course of these four years1 the annual volume of coffee imports increased from some #chj1jjj bags to more than #a1jjj1jjj bags in #aiah4 ,the bulk of these importations came from ,central ,america1 though some came from ,hawaii1 ,india1 and ,brazil and other ,south ,american countries4 ,because of its improved unloading and distributing facilities1 ,san ,francisco claims to be able to handle a cargo of coffee more rapidly than either ,new ,york or ,new ,orleans4 ,handling ,central ,american coffees in ,san ,francisco is distinctly different from the business in ,brazil4 ,in order to secure the ,central ,american planter's crops1 the importers find it necessary to finance his operations to a large extent4 ,consequently1 the ,central ,american trade is not a simple matter of buying and selling1 but an intricate financial operation on the part of the ,san ,francisco importers4 ,practically all the coffee coming in is either on consignment1 or is already sold to established coffee-importing houses4 ,brokers do not deal direct with the exporters2 and practically none of the roasters now import direct4 ,illustration3 ,,discharging ,,coffee ,,from ,a ,,steamer ,,just ,,arrived ,,from ,,central ,,america ,illustration3 ,,how ,a ,,large ,,cargo ,,of ,,coffee ,,is ,,handled ,,on ,,the ,,pier ,,as ,,it ,,is ,,unloaded ,,from ,,the ,,ship ,illustration3 ,,unloading ,,and ,,storing ,,coffee ,,at ,,san ,,francisco ,in recent years ,san ,francisco has adopted the practise of buying a large part of her coffee on the to arrive basis2 that is the purchase has been made before the coffee is shipped from the producing country1 or while in transit4 ,this practise applies1 of course1 only to well known marks and standard grades4 ,coffee that has not been sold before arrival in ,san ,francisco is generally sampled on the docks during unloading1 although this is sometimes postponed until the consignment is in the warehouse4 ,it is then graded and priced1 and is offered for sale by samples through brokers4 ,san ,francisco is better equipped with modern unloading machinery and other apparatus than either ,new ,orleans or ,new ,york1 even more liberal use being made there than in ,new ,orleans of the automatic-belt conveyors both for transferring the bags from the ships to the docks and for stacking them in high tiers on the pier4 ,another notable feature of the modern coffee docks is that the newer ones are of steel and concrete and1 as in ,new ,orleans1 are covered to protect the coffee from wind and storm4 ,europe's ,great ,coffee ,markets ,europe has three great coffee-trading markets--,havre1 ,hamburg1 and ,antwerp4 ,rotterdam and ,amsterdam are also important coffee centers1 but rank far below the others named4 ,in point of volume of stocks1 ,havre led the world before the war2 while in respect to commercial transactions1 it ranked second1 with ,new ,york first4 ,in pre-war days1 the largest part of the world's visible supply of coffee was stored in the ,havre bonded warehouses1 being available for shipment to any part of ,europe on short notice1 or even to the ,united ,states in emergencies4 ,even during the ,world ,war1 this ,french port remained a powerful factor in international coffee trading4 ,coffee trading in ,havre1 both exchange and spot transactions1 follows about the same general lines as in ,new ,york and the other great coffee markets4 ,coffee futures are dealt in on the ,havre ,bourse4 ,green coffee is sold in ,london by auction in ,mincing ,lane4 ,on arrival1 it is stored in bonded warehouses1 and is released for domestic use only when customs duty at the rate of four and one-half pence per pound has been paid4 ,the bulk of the coffee comes in parchment on consignment2 and before sale1 it must be hulled and sorted in the milling establishments1 most of which are on the banks of the ,thames4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,modern ,,devices ,,used ,,in ,,san ,,francisco ,,for ,,handling ,,green ,,coffee ,the auctions are held four times a week1 usually on ,tuesday1 ,wednesday1 ,thursday1 and ,friday4 ,the sales are advertised in the market papers--chief among which is the ,public ,ledger--and also by the auctioneers1 who issue catalogs of their offerings4 ,a few hours before the beginning of the sale1 samples are laid out for inspection by prospective buyers1 who may cup-test them if they desire4 ,the actual selling is done by competitive cash bidding1 the highest bidder becoming the owner4 ,two classes of brokers do the bidding1 one for home trade and the other for exporters4 ,home trade takes about a tenth of the coffee1 the remainder being sold for export4 ,if the coffee is bought for re-export1 it can be transferred to the shipping port1 still in bond1 and shipped out of the country without paying duty4 ,during the ,world ,war1 auctions were held about twice a week2 but after the signing of the armistice in ,november #aiah1 the ,london traders resumed the four times a week practise4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,auction ,,samples ,,on ,,display ,,at ,,amsterdam ,illustration3 ,,green ,,coffee ,,stored ,,on ,,the ,,docks ,,at ,,havre1 ,,france ,illustration3 ,,handling ,,green ,,coffee ,,at ,,two ,,european ,,ports ,coffee ,exchanges and ,trading ,methods ,green-coffee buyers in the large importing centers of the ,united ,states and ,europe recognize two distinct markets in their operations4 ,one of these is called the spot market2 because the importers1 brokers1 jobbers1 and roasters trading there deal in actual coffee in warehouses in the consuming country4 ,in ,new ,york the spot market is located in the district of lower ,wall ,street1 which includes a block or two each side on ,front and ,water ,streets4 ,here1 coffee importers1 coffee roasters1 coffee dealers1 and coffee brokers conduct their street sales4 ,the other market is designated as the futures market2 and the trading is not concerned with actual coffee1 but with the purchase or sale of contracts for future delivery of coffee that may still be on the trees in the producing country4 ,futures1 or options as they are frequently called1 are dealt in only on a coffee exchange4 ,the principal exchanges are in ,new ,york1 ,havre1 and ,hamburg4 ,new ,orleans and ,san ,francisco exchange dealers trade on their local boards of trade4 ,coffee-exchange contracts are dealt in just like stocks and bonds4 ,they are settled by the payment of the difference1 or margin2 and the option of delivering actual coffee is seldom exercised4 ,generally1 the operations are either in the nature of ordinary speculation on margin or for the legitimate purpose of effecting hedges against holdings or short sales of actual coffees4 ,the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange--the most important in the world1 because of the volume of its business--deals in all coffees from ,north1 ,south1 and ,central ,america1 the ,west ,indies and the ,east ,indies 7except those of the ,robusta variety7 and uses ,type ,no4 #g as the basis for all ,exchange quotations4 ,all other types are judged in relation to it4 ,in determining the number of a type1 the coffee is graded by the number of imperfections contained in it4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,york ,,coffee ,,and ,,sugar ,,exchange ,the building fronts on ,hanover ,square and extends through to ,beaver ,street4 ,the exchange rooms are indicated by the arched windows on the second floor4 ,the rest of the building is devoted to offices4 ,the exchange was founded in #ahha1 and was the first national coffee trading organization in the world4 ,these imperfections are black beans1 broken beans1 shells1 immature beans 7quakers71 stones1 and pods4 ,for counting the imperfections1 the black bean has been taken as the basis unit1 and all imperfections1 no matter what they may be1 are calculated in terms of black beans1 according to a scale1 which is practically as follows3 ,,black-,,bean ,,scale #c shells equal #a black bean #e quakers equal #a #e broken beans equal #a #a pod equals #a #a medium size stone equals #a #b small stones equal #a #a large stone equals #b to #c ,illustration3 ,,the ,,coffee ,,pit ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,coffee ,,and ,,sugar ,,exchange ,by this scale a coffee containing no imperfections would be classified as ,type ,no4 #a4 ,the test is made on one-pound samples4 ,if a sample shows six black beans1 or equivalent imperfections1 it is graded as ,no4 #b2 if thirteen black beans1 as ,no4 #c2 if twenty-nine black beans1 as ,no4 #d2 if sixty black beans1 as ,no4 #e2 if one hundred and ten black beans1 as ,no4 #f1 and if more than one hundred and ten black beans1 as ,no4 #g or ,no4 #h4 ,these two are graded by comparison with recognized exchange types4 ,coffees grading lower than ,no4 #h are not admissible to this country4 ,the quotation relationship of other types with the basic ,rio ,no4 #g is shown in the table below4 ,by this scale one can determine that when ,rio ,no4 #g is quoted at #ag4aj1 ,rio ,no4 #b is #ah4fj1 ,santos ,no4 #c1 #ai4aj1 and ,bogota ,no4 #e1 #ah4aj4 ,the quotations are on the pound and cents basis4 ,,scale ,,of ,,quotation ,,relationship ,,brazilian ,,coffee-- ,,santos ,,coffee ,,other ,,kinds--,,not ,,not ,,santos ,,brazilian ,type ,type ,type ,no4 #a--ahj points above ,no4 #a--bfj points above ,no4 #a--cjj points above ,no4 #b--aej points above ,no4 #b--bcj points above ,no4 #b--bej points above ,no4 #c--abj points above ,no4 #c--bjj points above ,no4 #c--bjj points above ,no4 #d---ij points above ,no4 #d--aej points above ,no4 #d--aej points above ,no4 #e---fj points above ,no4 #e--ajj points above ,no4 #e--ajj points above ,no4 #f---cj points above ,no4 #f-- #ej points above ,no4 #f--ej points above ,no4 #g---;,basis ,no4 #g--;,basis ,no4 #g--;,basis ,no4 #h---ej points below ,no4 #h--ej points below ,no4 #h--ej points below ,a point is the hundredth part of a cent ,in the spot market1 a trader may also buy or sell coffee to arrive2 that is1 a consignment that is aboard ship on the way to the market4 ,coffee is shipped to ,new ,york either on a consignment basis and sold for a commission1 or it may have been bought in the shipping port and be already the property of an importer4 ,when shipped on consignment1 a wholesaler usually buys on the in-store contract1 which provides that the purchaser must take delivery at the warehouse1 though he is generally given a month's storage privilege before removal of the coffee4 ,the practise among ,new ,york importers at present is to buy coffee on either the basis of ,f4,o4,b4 delivery steamer at loading port1 or delivery ,c4 ,f4 7cost and freight71 or ,c4,i4,f4 7cost1 insurance1 and freight71 port of destination4 ,payment is made by letter of credit drawn on a ,new ,york or ,london bank1 entitling the exporter to draw at ninety days' sight against the shipping documents1 so that the shipment will be in the hands of the purchaser long before the draft is made4 ,frequently a jobber acts as his own importer of ,brazil coffee1 buying direct from the exporter without utilizing the agency of a broker or a regular importing firm4 ,brazil coffee is bought with the stipulation that differences between samples and the coffee actually delivered may be adjusted either on ,brazil grading1 half difference1 or full difference2 and with the further provision that1 if the delivery is a full type higher or lower than specified in the contract1 the entire shipment may be rejected4 ,under the ,brazil grading provision1 the buyer must accept delivery if the coffee is better than the next lower type1 even though not up to the type ordered2 and if the coffee is of a higher type than contracted for1 he need not pay premium for it4 ,in buying on the half difference or full difference basis1 the buyer is entitled to payment for half the difference or the full difference1 respectively1 for any undergrading1 or must pay the seller accordingly if there is any overgrading4 ,when a buyer specifies special features of description1 in addition to type1 some sellers protect themselves against claims for difference on this score by inserting in the contract a clause to the effect that the description is given in good faith1 but is not guaranteed by the seller4 ,illustration3 ,,two ,,of ,,the ,,coffee ,,exchange ,,blackboards ,the one on the right is a record of transactions in the coffee pit4 ,as soon as a trade is made1 it is noted in the proper column on the lower part1 the entry showing the time of the transaction1 the number of #bej-pound bag lots1 and the price4 ,the left-hand board gives ,santos and ,rio future quotations4 ,for a detailed description of these and other exchange quotation boards1 see page #deg ,how the ,new ,york ,exchange ,functions ,when the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange was incorporated in #ahha1 its charter stated its purposes to be to provide1 regulate and maintain a suitable building1 room or rooms for the purchase and sales of coffees and other similar grocery articles in the city of ,new ,york1 to adjust controversies between members1 to inculcate and establish just and equitable principles in the trade1 to establish and maintain uniformity in its rules1 regulations and usages1 to adopt standards of classification1 to acquire1 preserve and disseminate useful and valuable business information1 and generally to promote the above mentioned trade in the city of ,new ,york1 increase its amount1 and augment the facilities with which it may be conducted4 ,in the promotion of trade at ,new ,york the ,exchange has been highly successful4 ,from time to time it has been criticized2 and1 more than once1 coffee traders in the ,east and in the ,west have raised a question as to its value to non-speculating members4 ,there are those who believe it serves a useful purpose1 and others who call it a huge pool room4 ,to say that1 on the whole1 it is not of benefit to the trade would be untrue4 ,as one of its champions pointed out in #aiad1 when it shut down for a period of four months on account of the ,world ,war3 ,the ability to discount the future is a necessity1 and demands the facilities that a unit of centralization like the ,exchange affords4 ,there is no difference between a purchase of coffee and one of a future month on options4 ,the experience gained here and abroad demonstrates that any check placed upon such dealings is detrimental1 with far-reaching effects upon the whole body of the trade4 ,unquestionably the ,exchange is a powerful factor as a regulator of extremes in the market4 ,the experience gained in ,germany1 where an embargo was placed upon transactions in futures1 is illuminating4 ,the disastrous effects were so plain that the authorities were forced to abandon their objections and permit a resumption of the business along the old lines4 ,but a good thing can be abused1 and the opportunity to gamble in options availed of by so many is the increment that disturbs the legitimacy of the market and creates the opposition to the whole proposition4 ,when the ,exchange is ready to insist that every transaction in futures must be a legitimate one1 and that every trader under its jurisdiction using the facilities of the ,exchange is made to realize that any operations that are purely of a gambling nature will subject him to severe discipline1 then the ,coffee ,exchange will begin to stem the tide of an ever-growing opposition by the general public4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,coffee ,,afloat ,,blackboard ,the ,new ,york ,state legislative committee on speculations in securities and commodities had the following to say on the ,coffee ,exchange in its report to ,governor ,charles ,e4 ,hughes in #aiji3 ,it the ,coffee ,exchange was established in order to supply a daily market where coffee could be bought and sold and to fix quotations therefor1 in distinction from the former method of alternate glut and scarcity1 with wide variations in price--in short1 to create stability and certainty in trading in an important article of commerce4 ,this it has accomplished2 and it has made ,new ,york the most important primary coffee market in the ,united ,states4 ,but there has been recently introduced a non-commercial factor known as valorization1 a governmental scheme of ,brazil1 by which the public treasury has assumed to purchase and hold a certain percentage of the coffee grown there1 in order to prevent a decline of the price4 ,this has created abnormal conditions in the coffee trade4 ,all transactions must be reported by the seller to the superintendent of the ,exchange1 with an exact statement of the time and terms of delivery4 ,the record shows that the average annual sales in the past five years have been in excess of #af1jjj1jjj bags of #acj pounds each4 ,contracts may be transferred or offset by voluntary clearings by groups of members4 ,there is no general clearing system4#cai ,there is a commendable rule providing that1 in case of a corner1 the officials may fix a settlement price for contracts to avoid disastrous failures4 ,the original initiation fee was #bej4 ,seats on the ,exchange once sold for as low as #aaj4 ,in ,january1 #aiaf1 there was a sale at #c1jjj2 in ,october1 #aiaf1 there was a sale for #e1jjj2 in ,april1 #aiba1 three seats were sold for #e1ejj each2 but the record price of #h1fjj was paid in #aiai4 ,seats are now 7#aibb7 worth about #f1jjj4 ,the ,exchange includes in its membership #cbc brokers1 importers1 dealers1 and roasters4 ,membership is passed upon by a committee on membership2 but any one twenty-one years old1 resident or non-resident1 of good character and commercial standing1 is eligible when proposed and seconded by ,exchange members4 ,the committee refers the application with its recommendation to the board of managers1 which takes a ballot4 ,the adverse vote of one-third of all votes cast rejects4 ,the ,exchange elects annually a president1 a vice-president1 and a treasurer1 who perform the usual duties of ,exchange officers4 ,the real governing body is the board of managers1 consisting of the president1 vice-president1 treasurer1 and twelve other members4 ,this governing board1 meeting monthly1 appoints the necessary subordinate officers and employees1 and fixes their compensation1 and may summon before them any officer or member for any purpose whatsoever4 ,it appoints the secretary of the ,exchange from among its own number1 a superintendent of the ,exchange1 and the numerous committees which are in active charge of specified activities4 ,it also licenses the necessary coffee graders1 warehousemen1 weighmasters1 and samplers of the ,exchange4 ,a brief discussion of the duties of the superintendent and the various committees will help to explain the methods of the ,exchange market4 ,the superintendent1 under the direction of the board of managers1 has charge of the details of its work and of that of the various committees4 ,he keeps all the books and documents of the ,exchange2 collects and pays over to the treasurer all moneys due the ,exchange not otherwise provided for2 receives1 deposits1 and pays over all margins on coffee contracts2 has active charge of the ,exchange rooms and the bulletin board2 and manages and appoints1 with the consent of the board of managers1 the assistants needed to perform the details of the work under his charge4 ,one of the functions of the ,exchange is to grade and to classify coffee1 in which it takes every possible precaution4 ,the rules provide for eight standard grades2 and only licensed graders are permitted to pass upon the product handled on the ,exchange4 ,there are twenty-five of these graders2 one of whom is appointed as a supervisor of types1 to provide fresh standards and to maintain them as nearly as possible on an equality4 ,when these standards are approved by the board and the ,exchange1 they remain in force for a year4 ,when coffee is received at a licensed warehouse1 two official graders are chosen1 one by the buyer and one by the seller4 ,these graders receive four cents a bag if employed by a member2 and eight cents a bag1 if employed by a non-member4 ,if the graders disagree1 their differences are referred to the board of coffee arbitrators1 consisting of ten experts appointed by the board of managers4 ,the superintendent selects by lot three of these arbitrators1 who decide on the basis of the samples submitted1 but will not make a decision lowering the grade below that of the lowest submitted nor higher than the highest4 ,if the disputants do not change the grading to come within the arbitrators' findings1 the samples are sent to the entire board of arbitrators1 exclusive of those who may have been the original graders1 and final decision is made by majority vote4 ,as soon as the coffee is graded1 a certificate is issued stating the grades1 and bearing the signatures of the superintendent and graders4 ,this certificate is conclusive evidence of the grade as far as the parties involved are concerned1 for the subsequent twelve months4 ,the buyer receives the original1 and the seller a duplicate4 ,the rules provide that weights decided upon at the initial delivery are good during the life of the grading certificate for re-delivery1 with definite allowances to the receiver1 on re-delivery1 of a quarter of a pound a bag a month1 instead of having to re-weigh and re-sample for every separate delivery1 as formerly4 ,as claims and trade controversies occasionally arise1 the ,exchange has provided means for their peaceful settlement4 ,the board of managers elects annually an arbitration committee of five members1 who swear to decide disputes fairly4 ,this is the only committee on the ,exchange that has power to adjudicate disputes between members and non-members2 and its services must be sought by the disputants1 who must agree to abide by its decision4 ,an adjudication committee of seven is annually chosen from the membership by the managers1 to adjust all claims and controversies between members arising out of any merchandise transaction1 if notice in writing of such claim or controversy1 and of the intention to demand an adjudication thereon1 be served by either party thereto within ten days from the ascertainment thereof4 ,within three days of the serving of this notice1 each disputant selects an ,exchange member as his adjudicator2 and these two name the third1 who must be a member of the adjudicating committee4 ,even this decision may be appealed to the board of managers1 which1 if it finds the grounds of appeal good 7as decided by majority vote71 appoints an appeal committee of five1 of whom three must be members of the board4 ,this last committee's decision is final4 ,no new testimony bearing on the case may be introduced after the case has been closed by the adjudicators4 ,arbitration is voluntary with both parties2 while adjudication is compulsory upon the application of either4 ,another committee of trade importance is the spot quotation committee of five ,exchange members4 ,each day at two o'clock1 except on ,saturday1 when it meets at #aa3de1 this committee by a majority vote establishes the official daily market quotation of ,no4 #g coffee4 ,there is likewise a committee on quotations of futures4 ,this committee of five meets daily immediately after the first call and at the close of the ,exchange and reports to the superintendent the tone and price of the contract market1 to be posted on the blackboard and transmitted to other ,exchanges and commercial bodies4 ,a committee of five on trade and statistics has the important function of reporting to the board as to regulations for the purchase1 sale1 transportation and custody of merchandise1 and it attempts to establish uniformity in such matters between different markets4 ,it has charge also of all matters pertaining to the supply of newspapers1 market reports1 telegraphic and statistical information for the use of the ,exchange4 ,in the early #hj's the ,exchange abolished the old method of keeping coffee statistics1 and the basis then adopted has since been accepted by all the large coffee markets of the world4 ,the minimum rates of commission on coffee per contract of #bej bags1 for members of the ,exchange residing in the ,united ,states1 are based upon a price as follows1 quoting from the ,exchange bylaws adopted ,june #h1 #aibj3 ,,coffee ,,exchange ,,commission ,,rates 7,per contract of #bej bags7 ,floor ,commission brokerage for buying for buying or selling or selling ,below #aj cents #f4be #a4ej #aj cents up to #ai4ii cents #g4ej #a4ge #bj cents and above #aj4jj #b4jj ,for non-members residing within the ,united ,states1 double the above rates of commission shall be charged4 ,for members and non-members residing outside of the ,united ,states a commission of #b4ej shall be charged in addition to the above rates4 ,whenever before thirty minutes after the close of the exchange a member gives to another member for clearance purchases and sales of contracts corresponding in all respects except as to price1 made during the day by himself or for his account when present on the floor of the ,exchange1 a charge for each contract shall be made equal to the corresponding floor brokerage rate for buying and selling1 in addition to any floor brokerage incurred4 ,members procuring business for other members may1 by agreement1 be entitled to one-half the commission rates for non-members prescribed in this ,section1 less the corresponding brokerage charge1 whether paid or not4 ,when a transferable notice is given or received by a customer in fulfillment of a contract the brokerage in that case shall be not less than one-half of the corresponding buying or selling commission prescribed in ,section #ajc4 ,other committees are the finance committee 7two7 to audit bills and claims against the ,exchange1 to direct deposits and investments1 and to audit the monthly and yearly accounts of the treasurer2 a law committee 7three71 to deal with matters of legislation2 a membership and floor committee 7five72 and a nominating committee 7five74 ,organized as above outlined1 and with a well established code of trade rules1 the ,exchange annually transacts a large number of sales in a business-like way4 ,there is considerable trading in future contracts2 and a standard form has been adopted by the ,exchange4 ,no future contracts are valid unless they are made in the following form3 ,,brazilian ,,coffee--,,not ,,santos ,office of ,new ,york #ai ,sold for ,m ,to ,m ,thirty-two thousand five hundred pounds in about #bej bags coffee1 growth of ,north1 ,south or ,central ,america1 ,west ,indies or ,east ,indies1 excepting coffee known as ,robusta1 and also any coffee of new or unknown growth1 deliverable from licensed warehouse in the port of ,new ,york1 between the first and last days of next1 inclusive4 ,the delivery within such time to be at seller's option1 upon a notice to buyer of either five1 six or seven days1 as may be prescribed by the trade rules4 ,the coffee to be of any grade1 from ,no4 #h to ,no4 #a inclusive 7no coffee to grade below ,no4 #h7 provided the average grade of ,brazilian coffees shall not be above ,no4 #c4 ,nothing in this contract1 however1 shall be construed as prohibiting a delivery averaging above ,no4 #c at the ,no4 #c grade4 ,at the rate of cents per pound for ,no4 #g1 with additions or deductions for other grades according to the rates of the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange1 ,inc41 existing on the afternoon of the day previous to the date of the notice of delivery4 ,either party to have the right to call for margins as the variations of the market for like deliveries may warrant1 which margins shall be kept good4 ,this contract is made in view of1 and in all respect subject to the rules and conditions established by the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange1 ,inc41 and in full accordance with section #ajb of the bylaws4 ,brokers ,across the face is the following3 ,for and in consideration of one dollar to in hand paid1 receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged1 accept this contract with all its obligations and conditions4 ,all deliveries on such future contracts must be made from licensed warehouses4 ,there is a separate to arrive contract2 but this likewise requires delivery at a licensed warehouse1 unless the buyer and the seller have a mutual understanding to deliver the coffee from dock or ex-ship4 ,margins to protect the contract may be called for by either party4 ,the largest deposit for margins was made in #aijd1 when #bb1ffa1gaj was deposited with the superintendent as required by the ,exchange rules4 ,the basic grade in a future sale is ,no4 #g2 but variations are provided as follows3 #cj points for ,rio1 ,victoria1 and ,bahia of all grades between #g and #a1 and of #ej points between #g and #h2 #ej points is allowed on ,santos and all other coffees except between grades #a and #b and #b and #c ,santos1 which are allowed #cj points4 ,thus the buyer and the seller when entering upon a transaction know exactly what the difference will be between the standard ,no4 #g and the coffee that can be delivered4 ,the right to deliver any grade in a future transaction has done much to lessen the probability of corners in coffee2 but this protection is further given by the stringent rule that the maximum fluctuations on the ,exchange can be only two cents a pound on coffee in one day and one cent on sugar4 ,if greater changes should threaten1 the ,exchange operations would automatically cease4 ,false or fictitious sales are prohibited1 and all contracts must be reported to the superintendent4 ,all contracts are binding and call for actual delivery4 ,the future contract1 besides being used for the delivery of coffee during stated months in the future at a given price1 is also used for hedging purposes4 ,as in the grain and cotton markets1 dealers protect themselves against price fluctuations by hedging in the future market4 ,importers1 for instance1 when purchasing coffee abroad1 frequently sell an equal amount for future delivery on the ,exchange4 ,when the time for delivery arrives1 it is simply a question of calculation of the market conditions whether it is more advantageous to repurchase the sales made as a hedge1 or as a kind of insurance to protect themselves against loss1 and free the coffee so engaged1 or to make delivery of the coffee as it comes in4 ,the board of managers has power to close the ,exchange or to suspend trading on such days or parts of days as would in their judgment be for the ,exchange's best interest4 ,the ,clearing ,association is a recent outgrowth of the ,exchange1 and is composed exclusively of ,exchange members4 ,every member has to bring his contracts up to market closing every night1 either by making a deposit with the ,association to cover his balances1 or by withdrawing in case he should be over4 ,members deposit #ae1jjj at the time of joining as a guaranty fund2 and if the surplus is not sufficient to take care of balances1 the bylaws provide for the levying of assessments4 ,the daily quotations on the coffee exchanges of ,new ,york1 ,havre1 and 7before the war7 of ,hamburg1 determined to a large extent the price of green coffee the world over4 ,the prices prevailing on the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange are studied by coffee traders in all countries1 the fluctuations being reflected in foreign markets as the reports come from the ,united ,states4 ,quotations are cabled from one great market to another2 and as each must heed those of the others to some extent1 the coffee trade thus obtains a world price1 and the effect on supply and demand is universal rather than local1 as would be the case if quotations were not exchanged4 ,in #aiba the ,exchange adopted an amendment to the trade rules1 and abolished the one day transferable notice for both coffee and sugar4 ,foreign ,coffee ,quotations ,brazil coffee cable quotations are the market prices1 in ,rio or ,santos1 of ten kilograms of coffee1 the price being stated in milreis1 the monetary unit of ,brazil money4 ,the basic grade of coffee at ,rio is the ,no4 #g of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange2 and at ,santos1 the international standard of good average 7g4 a47 ,santos4 ,one kilogram 7often written kilo1 or abbreviated to ,k47 is equal to two and one-fifth pounds2 and the ten-kilogram standard of quantity is1 therefore1 equivalent to twenty-two pounds1 or just one-sixth of a standard ,brazil bag4 ,the money value is not so simple1 since ,brazilian paper currency is unstable2 and the milreis quotation means nothing unless it is considered in connection with the rate of exchange for the same day1 i4e41 the current gold value of the milreis4 ,this gold value is always given with the daily quotations from ,brazil1 and is expressed in ,british pence4 ,the par value of the milreis 7#ajjj reis7 is #ed4f cents 7gold7 of ,united ,states money2 but its present actual value is only about #ae cents1 and it has been as low as #aa-a_/d cents4 ,our dollar sign is used to denote milreis1 placing it after the whole number1 and before the fractional part expressed in one-thousandths4 ,thus1 #h-a_/d milreis would be written #hbej ,,rs4 ,suppose1 for example1 a ,rio quotation is given at #hdjj1 with exchange at #g-a_/b d4 ,this means that #bb pounds of coffee have a gold value of #fc ,british pence 7#h4d #g-a_/b #fc4j71 or #e_/c1 as the ,englishman would write it1 which is equal to #a4bg-a_/b1 making the coffee worth #e4h cents per pound4 ,of course the person familiar with ,brazil quotations will not need to make this reduction to the pound-cent term in order to understand the figures4 ,they will have a proper relative meaning to him in their original form2 and it must not be overlooked that it is in this form only that they express correctly the value of the coffee in ,brazil4 ,it may make a great difference to the ,brazilian planter or exporter whether an increased gold value of his coffee arises through a higher milreis bid or an appreciated exchange1 simply on account of local currency considerations4 ,that is to say1 the purchasing power of a milreis in ,brazil will not necessarily vary exactly as the rate of exchange on ,london4 ,london quotations are made in shillings and pence1 on one hundred-weight 7cwt7 of coffee4 ,this cwt is not #ajj pounds but #aab pounds1 one twentieth of the ,english ton 7our long ton7 of #b1bdj pounds4 ,and in all ,english coffee statistics the coffee quantities are expressed in this ton4 ,a ,london quotation of #cj_/i 7#cj shillings and #i pence7 for example1 is equivalent to #g4dd for #aab pounds of coffee1 or #f4fd cents per pound at the normal rate of exchange1 #d4hj to #d4hf the pound sterling4 ,at ,havre1 the coffee price is given in francs1 on a quantity of #ej kilograms4 ,this is #aaj pounds and almost as much1 therefore1 as the ,british cwt4 ,in normal times the franc is equal to #ai4c cents4 ,a ,french quotation of #cg-a_/b1 for instance1 means1 therefore1 #g4ai for #aaj pounds of coffee1 or #f4ec cents per pound4 ,the ,hamburg quotation 7formerly from ,brazil per fifty kilos7 is made on one pound ,german1 equal to #a_/b kilogram1 and is expressed in pfennigs4 ,one pfennig is one-hundredth of a mark1 and the mark once was equal to #bc4h cents4 ,a ,german quotation of1 say1 #ca1 means1 therefore1 #g4ch cents 7#ca 4#bch #g4cgh7 for #a4a pounds1 or #f4ga cents per pound4 ,three ,kinds of ,brokers ,in the coffee trade there are three kinds of brokers--floor1 spot1 and cost and freight4 ,floor brokers are those who buy and sell options on the ,coffee ,exchange for a fixed consideration per lot of #bej bags4 ,the coffee commission rate put into effect ,june #h1 #aibj1 for round term 7buying and selling7 by the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange was as follows3 ,,commission ,,rate ,,on #bej ,,bags 7,for ,round ,term--,buying and ,selling7 ,up to #aj to #i4ii;c #ai4ii;c #bj;c up per lb4 per lb4 per lb4 ,members #ab4ej #ae4jj #bj4jj ,non-members #be4jj #cj4jj #dj4jj ,foreign members #ag4ej #bj4jj #be4jj ,foreign non-members #cj4jj #ce4jj #de4jj ,floor brokerage-- ,buying or selling #a4ej #a4ge #b4jj ,there is at present 7#aibb7 a stamp tax of two cents on each hundred dollars value1 or fraction thereof1 figured on each separate lot4 ,illustration3 ,,sun-,,curing ,,the ,,washed ,,green ,,beans ,,on ,,cement ,,drying ,,patios ,illustration3 ,,near ,,view ,,of ,,heavily ,,laden ,,trees ,,ready ,,for ,,the ,,pickers ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,coffee ,,scenes ,,in ,,costa ,,rica ,spot brokers are those who deal in actual coffee1 selling from jobber to jobber1 or representing out-of-town houses2 the seller paying a commission of about fifteen cents a bag in small lots1 and half of one percent in large lots4 ,cost and freight brokers represent ,brazilian accounts1 and generally receive a brokerage of one and one-quarter percent4 ,on out-of-town business1 they usually split the commission with the out-of-town or local brokers4 ,the out-of-town brokers sometimes1 however1 deal direct with the importer4 ,all brokers except floor brokers are sometimes called street brokers4 ,most of the large ,new ,york1 ,new ,orleans1 and ,san ,francisco brokerage houses also do a commission business1 handling one or more ,brazilian or other coffee-producing-country accounts4 ,important ,rulings ,affecting ,coffee ,trading ,the ,united ,states have no coffee law as they have a tea law--prescribing purity1 quality and fitness for consumption--but buyers and sellers of green coffees are required to observe certain well defined federal rules and regulations relating specifically to coffee4 ,up to the year #aijf1 when the ,pure ,food and ,drugs ,act became law1 the green coffee trade was practically unhampered2 and several irregularities developed1 calling into existence federal laws that were designed to protect the consumer against trade abuses1 and at the same time to raise the standards of coffee trading4 ,under these regulations it is illegal to import into this country a coffee that grades below a ,no4 #h ,exchange type1 which generally contains a large proportion of sour or damaged beans1 known in the trade as black jack1 or damaged coffee1 as found in skimmings4 ,black jack is a term applied to coffee that has turned black during the process of curing1 or in the hold of a ship during transportation2 or it may be due to a blighting disease4 ,another ruling is intended to prevent the sale of artificially sweated coffee1 which has been submitted to a steaming process to give the beans the extra-brown appearance of high grade ,east ,indian and ,mocha coffees which have been naturally sweated in the holds of sailing vessels during the long journey to ,american ports4 ,up to the time that the ,pure ,food and ,drugs ,act went into effect1 artificial sweating was resorted to by some coffee firms2 and out of that practise grew a suit#cbj that resulted in a federal court decision sustaining the ,pure ,food ,act1 and classifying the practise as adulteration and misbranding4 ,the ,act also is intended to prevent the sale of coffees under trade names that do not properly belong to them4 ,for example1 only coffees grown on the island of ,java can properly be labeled and sold as ,javas2 coffees from ,sumatra1 ,timor1 etc41 must be sold under their respective names4 ,food ,inspection ,decision ,no4 #hb1 which limited the use of the term ,java to coffee grown on the island of ,java1 was sustained in a service and regulatory announcement issued in ,january1 #aiaf4 ,likewise the name ,mocha may be used only for coffees of ,arabia4 ,before the pure-food law was enacted1 it was frequently the custom to mix ,bourbon ,santos with ,mocha and to sell the blend as ,mocha4 ,also1 ,abyssinian coffees were generally known in the trade as ,longberry ,mocha1 or just straight ,mocha2 and ,sumatra growths were practically always sold as ,javas4 ,traders used the names of ,mocha and ,java because of the high value placed upon these coffees by consumers1 who1 before ,brazil dominated the market1 had practically no other names for coffee4 ,one of the most celebrated coffee cases under the ,pure ,food ,act was tried in ,chicago1 ,february1 #aiab4 ,the question was1 whether in view of the long-standing trade custom1 it was still proper to call an ,abyssinian coffee 7,longberry ,mocha7 ,mocha4 ,the defendant was charged with misbranding1 because he sold as ,java and ,mocha a coffee containing ,abyssinian coffee4 ,the court decided that the product should be called ,abyssinian ,mocha2#cba but since then1 general acceptance has obtained of the government's viewpoint as expressed in ,f4,i4,d4 ,no4 #ia1 which was that only coffee grown in the province of ,yemen in ,arabia could properly be known as ,mocha coffee4 ,another important ruling1 concerning coffee buyers and sellers1 prohibits the importation of green coffees coated with lead chromate1 ,prussian blue1 and other substances1 to give the beans a more stylish appearance than they have normally4 ,such polished coffees find great favor in the ,european markets1 but are now denied admittance here4 ,the ,board of ,food and ,drug ,inspection decided in #aiaj against a trade custom that had prevailed until then of calling ,mins coffee ,santos when shipped through ,santos1 instead of ,rio4#cbb ,for years a practise obtained of rebagging certain ,central ,american growths in ,new ,york4 ,in this way ,bucaramangas frequently were transformed into ,bogotas1 ,rios became ,santos1 ,bahias and ,victorias were sold as ,rios1 and the misbranding of peaberry was quite common4 ,a celebrated case grew out of an attempt by a ,new ,york coffee importer and broker to continue one of these practises after the ,pure ,food ,act made it a criminal offense4 ,the defendants1 who were found guilty of conspiracy1 and who were fined three thousand dollars each1 mixed1 re-packed and sold under the name ,p4,a4,l4 ,bogota1 a well known ,colombian mark1 eighty-four bags of washed ,caracas coffee4#cbc ,after an exchange of views with the ,united ,states ,board of ,food and ,drug ,inspection1 the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange decided that1 after ,june #a1 #aiab1 it would abolish all grades of coffee under the ,exchange type ,no4 #h4 ,the practise in ,holland of grading ,santos coffees--by selecting beans most like ,java beans1 and polishing and coloring them to add verisimilitude--known as manipulated ,java1 became such a nuisance in #aiab that ,united ,states consuls refused to certify invoices to the ,united ,states unless accompanied by a declaration that the produce was pure ,java1 neither mixed with other kinds nor counterfeited4 ,the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,chemistry ruled in ,february1 #aiba1 that ,coffea robusta could not be sold as ,java coffee1 or under any form of labeling which tended either directly or indirectly to create the impression that it was ,coffea arabica1 so long and favorably known as ,java coffee4 ,this was in line with the ,department of ,agriculture's previous definition that coffee was the seed of the ,coffea arabica or ,coffea liberica1 and that ,java coffee was ,coffea arabica from ,java4 ,coffea robusta was barred from deliveries on the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange in #aiab4 ,during the greater part of the year #aiah1 the ,united ,states government assumed virtually full control of coffee trading4 ,it was a war-time measure1 and was intended to prevent speculation in coffee contracts and freight rates1 to cut down the number of vessels carrying coffee to this country so as to provide more ships for transporting food and soldiers to ,europe1 and to put the coffee merchants on rations during the stress of war4 ,on ,february #d1 #aiah1 importers and dealers were placed under license2 and two days later1 rules were issued through the ,food ,administration fixing the maximum price for coffee for the spot month in the futures markets at eight and a half cents1 prohibiting dealers from taking more than normal pre-war profits1 or holding supplies in excess of ninety days' requirements1 and greatly limiting resales4 ,on ,may #h1 the ,united ,states ,shipping ,board fixed the official freight rate from ,rio de ,janeiro to ,new ,york at one dollar and fifty cents per bag1 which1 without control1 had risen to as high as four dollars and more1 as compared with the ordinary rate of thirty-five cents before the war4 ,on ,january #ab1 #aiai1 two months after the armistice was signed1 the rules were withdrawn1 and the coffee trade was left to carry on its business under its own direction4 ,some ,well ,known ,green ,coffee ,marks ,practically every bag of good quality green coffee is imprinted with a brand which indicates by whom it was shipped4 ,these imprints are known in the trade as green coffee marks4 ,many of them1 through long usage1 have become celebrated in international trade4 ,one of the most famous was ,,hlog4 ,this stood for ,heaven's ,light ,our ,guide1 and was owned by ,john ,o',donohue's ,sons4 ,for many years it was used on ,mocha coffee1 but it is now out of existence4 ,other well-known ,mocha marks are ,m ,r 7,maurice ,ries7 with the figure of a camel1 a star1 or deer's head between the letters2 ,l ,f or ,l ,b 7,livierato ,frres72 ,c ,f or ,c ,b 7,caracanda ,frres74 ,bogota marks includes ,,pal 7in triangle7 ,bogota 7,p4,a4 ,lopez ,co472 ,camelia2 ,pinzon ,co42 ,salazar2 ,,aol 7in triangle7 ,bogota2 and ,carmencita ,manizales ,excelso 7,steinwender1 ,stoffregen ,co474 ,illustration3 ,,some ,,well ,,known ,,green-,,coffee ,,marks ,among the best known ,medellin marks are ,,fac ,h 7,f4,a4 ,correa ,sons73 ,,pec ,c 7,pedro ,estrado ,co472 ,,lmt ,c 7,louis ,m4 ,torro ,co472 ,a ,c 7,a4 ,angel ,co472 ,e ,c ,s ,medellin ,excelso 7,eppens1 ,smith ,co472 ,balzacbro ,medellin ,excelso 7,balzac ,bros472 ,la ,rambla 7,banco ,lopez72 and ,don ,carlos ,medellin ,excelso 7,steinwender1 ,stoffregen ,co474 ,caracas marks show ,j ,p ,p ,h 7,juan ,pablo ,perez ,sons72 ,,hlb ,c 7,h4,l4 ,boulton ,co472 ,,fst ,c 7,filipe ,s4 ,toledo ,co472 ,,jlg 7,j4,l4 ,garrondona72 and many others4 ,kolster 7,kolster ,co47 is a well known ,puerto ,cabello mark4 ,maracaibos bear numerous marks1 chief among which are3 ,m ,c 7,menda ,co472 ,cogollo 7,cogollo ,co472 ,fossi 7,fossi ,co472 ,b ,m ,c 7,breur4 ,moller ,co472 ,b ,c 7,blohm ,co472 ,,fst ,c 7,filipe ,s4 ,toledo ,co472 ,v ,d ,r ,c 7,van ,dessel1 ,rodo ,co472 and ,j ,e ,c ,c over ,r ,g ,e 7,j4,e4 ,carret ,co474 ,a prominent ,mexican mark is ,p ,a ,n 7,rafael del ,castillo ,co474 ,brazil coffee is usually marked merely with the initials of the firm or bank financing the shipment4 ,some representative ,brazilian marks are3 ,aronco 7in rectangle7 ,brazil2 ,j ,a ,co 7in rectangle7 ,brazil ,rosebud2 ,j ,a ,co 7in rectangle7 ,brazil ,bourbona--all used by ,j4 ,aron ,company2 ,s ,s ,c 7in circle7 ,rio2 ,s ,s ,c 7in triangle7 ,santos2 both used by ,steinwender1 ,stoffregen ,co42 ,sions ,m_/,m ,bourbns 7,sion ,co472 and ,nossack ,v ,s ,s ,c 7in swastika71 used by ,nossack ,co4 ,there are hundreds of other marks4 ,in most countries they change so often that one rarely stands out above the rest4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,green ,,and ,,roasted ,,coffee ,,characteristics ,the trade values1 bean characteristics1 and cup merits of the leading coffees of commerce1 with a ,complete ,reference ,table of the ,principal ,kinds of ,coffee ,grown in the ,world--,appearance1 aroma1 and flavor in cup-testing--,how experts test coffee--,a typical sample-roasting and cup-testing outfit ,more than a hundred different kinds of coffee are bought and sold in the ,united ,states4 ,all of them belong to the same botanical genus1 and practically all to the same species1 the ,coffea arabica2 but each has distinguishing characteristics which determine its commercial value in the eyes of the importers1 roasters1 and distributers4 ,the ,american trade deals almost exclusively in ,coffea arabica1 although in the latter years of the ,world ,war increasing quantities of robusta and liberica growths were imported1 largely because of the scarcity of ,brazilian stocks and the improvement in the preparation methods1 especially in the case of robustas4 ,considerable quantities of robusta grades were sold in the ,united ,states before #aiab1 but trading in them fell off when the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange prohibited their delivery on ,exchange contracts after ,march #a1 #aiab4 ,all coffees used in the ,united ,states are divided into two general groups1 ,brazils and ,milds4 ,brazils comprise those coffees grown in ,so ,paulo1 ,mins ,geraes1 ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,bahia1 ,victoria1 and other ,brazilian states4 ,the ,milds include all coffees grown elsewhere4 ,in #aiba ,brazils made up about three-fourths of the world's total consumption4 ,they are regarded by ,american traders as the price coffees1 while ,milds are considered as the quality grades4 ,brazil coffees are classified into four great groups1 which bear the names of the ports through which they are exported2 ,santos1 ,rio1 ,victoria1 and ,bahia4 ,santos coffee is grown principally in the state of ,so ,paulo2 ,rio1 in the state of ,rio de ,janeiro and the state of ,mins ,geraes2 ,victoria1 in the state of ,espirito ,santo2 and ,bahia in the state of ,bahia4 ,all of these groups are further subdivided according to their bean characteristics and the districts in which they are produced4 ,brazil ,coffee ,characteristics ,,santos4 ,santos coffees1 considered as a whole1 have the distinction of being the best grown in ,brazil4 ,rios rank next1 ,victorias coming third in favor1 and ,bahias fourth4 ,of the ,santos growths the best is that known in the trade as ,bourbon1 produced by trees grown from ,mocha seed 7,coffea arabica7 brought originally from the ,french island colony of ,bourbon 7now ,runion7 in the ,indian ,ocean4 ,the true ,bourbon is obtained from the first few crops of ,mocha seed4 ,after the third or fourth year of bearing1 the fruit gradually changes in form1 yielding in the sixth year the flat-shaped beans which are sold under the trade name of ,flat ,bean ,santos4 ,by that time1 the coffee has lost most of its ,bourbon characteristics4 ,the true ,bourbon of the first and second crops is a small bean1 and resembles the ,mocha1 but makes a much handsomer roast with fewer quakers4 ,the ,bourbons grown in the ,campinas district often have a red center4 ,illustration3 ,coffee ,map of ,brazil ,showing the ,principal ,coffee-,producing ,states and ,shipping ,ports ,copyright #aibb by ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal ,co4 ,as regards flavor1 a good ,bourbon ,santos is considered the best coffee for its price1 and is the most satisfactory low-cost blending coffee to be obtained4 ,it is used with practically any of the high-priced coffees to reduce the cost of the blend4 ,when properly made1 this coffee produces a drink that is smooth and palatable1 without tang or special character1 and is suitable to the average taste4 ,when aged1 ,bourbon ,santos decreases in acidity1 and increases somewhat in size of bean4 ,the ,santos coffee described as ,flat ,bean usually has a smooth surface1 varying in size from small to large bean1 and in color from a pale yellow to a pale green4 ,the cup has a good and smooth body of neutral character1 and the bean can be used straight or in a blend with practically any ,mild coffee4 ,another ,santos growth1 known in the trade as ,harsh ,santos1 grows near the boundary between ,so ,paulo and ,mins ,geraes4 ,it often has some of the ,rio characteristics1 and commands a lower price than other ,santos coffees4 ,some trade authorities are of the opinion that ,santos coffees are an exception to the rule that most green coffees improve with age4 ,they argue that careful cup-testing will reveal that a new crop ,santos is to be preferred to an old crop4 ,,rios4 ,rio coffee is not generally liked in the ,united ,states1 though in former years it had some following even in the better trade4 ,the demand for all grades of ,rios has been decreasing1 ,santos taking their place in the ,united ,states4 ,rio coffee has a peculiar1 rank flavor4 ,it has a heavy1 pungent1 and harsh taste which traders do not consider of value either in straight coffee or in blends4 ,however1 its low price recommends it to some packers1 and it is often found in the cheapest brands of package coffees and also in many compounds4 ,in color1 the bean runs from light green to dark green2 but when it is stored for any length of time--a common practise in the past--the color changes to a golden yellow2 and the coffee is then known as golden ,rio4 ,the bean also expands with age4 ,illustration3 ,,bourbon ,,santos ,,beans--,,roasted ,all ,rio coffee is described by the name ,rio2 but the ,american trade recognizes eight different grades1 designated by numerals from one to eight4 ,these grades are determined by standards adopted by the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange1 and are classified by the number of imperfections found in the chops exported4 ,no4 #a ,rio contains no imperfections1 such as black beans1 shells1 stones1 broken beans1 pods or immature beans 7quakers74 ,such a chop is rarely found4 ,no4 #b has six imperfections4 ,no4 #c has thirteen4 ,no4 #d has twenty-nine1 ,no4 #e has sixty1 ,no4 #f has one hundred and ten1 ,no4 #g has two hundred1 and ,no4 #h has about four hundred1 although on the ,exchange these last two are graded by standard types4 ,illustration3 ,,flat ,,and ,,bourbon ,,santos ,,beans--,,roasted ,,victorias4 ,up to about the year #aiag1 ,victoria coffees were held in even less favor by ,american traders than were ,rios4 ,as a rule the bean was large and punky1 of a dark brown or dingy color1 and its flavor was described as muddy4 ,then1 the coffee growers began to introduce modern machinery for handling the crops1 with the result that the character of the produce has been much improved1 and the demand for it has been steadily growing4 ,many roasters who formerly used ,rios straight for their lower grades1 have changed to ,victorias1 not only to improve the appearance of the roast1 but to soften the harsh drinking qualities of the low-grade ,rios4 ,illustration3 ,,rio ,,beans--,,roasted ,,bahias4 ,until recent years ,bahia coffee has been decidedly unpopular in the ,united ,states1 largely because of its peculiar smoky flavor1 due to drying the coffee by means of wood fires1 instead of by the usual sun method4 ,this practise has been abandoned2 ,bahia coffee has shown a marked improvement in quality2 and importations into the ,united ,states have increased4 ,the ,bahia coffee produced in the ,chapada district is considered to be the best of the group4 ,the bean is light-colored and of fair size4 ,other types are ,caravella and ,nazareth1 both of which are below the standards demanded by the majority of the ,american trade4 ,illustration3 ,coffee ,map of ,so ,paulo1 ,mins1 and ,rio ,,maragogipe4 ,this is a variety of ,coffea arabica first observed growing near the town of ,maragogipe on ,all ,saints ,bay1 county of ,maragogipe1 ,bahia1 ,brazil1 where it is called ,coffea indigena4 ,the green bean is of huge size1 and varies in color from green to dingy brown4 ,it is the largest of all coffee beans1 and makes an elephantine roast1 free from quakers1 but woody and generally disagreeable in the cup4 ,however1 ,dr4 ,p4,j4,s4 ,cramer of the ,netherlands government's experimental garden in ,bangelan1 ,java1 regards it very highly1 referring to it as the finest coffee known1 and as having a highly developed1 splendid flavor4 ,this coffee is now found in practically all the producing countries1 and shows the characteristics of the other coffees produced in the same soil4 ,the ,characteristics of ,mild ,coffees ,among the ,mild coffees there is a much greater variation in characteristics than is found among the ,brazilian growths4 ,this is due to the differences in climate1 altitude1 and soil1 as well as in the cultural1 processing1 storage1 and transportation methods employed in the widely separated countries in which ,milds are produced4 ,mild coffees generally have more body1 more acidity1 and a much finer aroma than ,brazils2 and from the standpoint of quality they are far more desirable in the cup4 ,as a rule they have also better appearance1 or style1 both in the green and in the roast1 due to the fact that greater care is exercised in picking and preparing the higher grades4 ,milds are important for blending purposes1 most of them possessing distinctive individual characteristics1 which increase their value as blending coffees4 ,not ,all ,coffees ,improve with ,age ,although it has long been held that green coffee improves with age1 and there is little doubt that this is true in so far as roasting merits are concerned2 the question has been raised among coffee experts as to whether age improves the drinking qualities of all coffees alike4 ,rio coffees should improve with age1 as they are naturally strong and earthy4 ,age might be expected to soften and to mellow them and others having like characteristics4 ,if1 however1 the coffee is mild in cup quality in the first instance1 then it may be asked if age does not weaken it so that in time it must become quite insipid4 ,several years ago1 a ,new ,york coffee expert pointed out that this was what happened to ,santos coffees4 ,the new crop1 he said1 was always a more pleasant and enjoyable drink than the old crop1 because it was a more pronounced mild coffee in the cup4 ,,mexicans4 ,considering those coffees grown nearest the ,american market first1 we come to the coffees of ,mexico4 ,all coffees grown in this republic are known as ,mexicans4 ,they are further divided according to the states and districts in which they are produced1 and as to whether they are prepared according to the wet or the dry method4 ,the types best known in the ,american market are ,coatepec1 ,huatusco1 ,orizaba1 ,cordoba1 ,oaxaca1 and ,jalapa4 ,the lesser known are the ,uruapan1 ,michoacan1 ,colima1 ,chiapas1 ,triunfo1 ,tapachula1 ,sierra1 ,tabasco1 ,tampico1 and ,coatzacoalcos4 ,some of these are rarely seen in the markets of the ,united ,states4 ,the coffee most cultivated in ,mexico is supposed to have come from ,mocha seed4 ,of this species is the ,oaxaca coffee1 which is valued because of its sharp acidity and excellent flavor1 two qualities that make it desirable for blending4 ,the bean of the ,sierra ,oaxaca 7common unwashed7 is not large1 nor is the appearance stylish4 ,the ,pluma ,oaxaca 7washed7 coffee1 however1 is a fancy bean and good for blending purposes4 ,coatepec coffees are among the finest grown in ,mexico1 and take rank with the world's best grades4 ,they are quite acidy1 but have a desirable flavor2 and when blended with coffees like ,bourbon ,santos1 make a satisfactory cup4 ,the ,orizaba1 ,huatusco1 and ,jalapa growths resemble ,coatepecs1 of which they are neighbors in the state of ,vera ,cruz4 ,they are thin in body but are stylish roasters1 and have a good cup qualities4 ,as a class they do not possess the heavy body and acidity of genuine ,coatepecs4 ,some ,huatuscos are exceptions4 ,orizaba is superior to ,jalapa4 ,chiapas and ,tapachula coffees are generally more like ,guatemalan growths than any others produced in ,mexico1 which is natural in view of the proximity of the districts to the northern boundary of ,guatemala4 ,the ,sierra1 ,tampico1 ,tabasco1 and ,coatzacoalcos coffees are uncertain in quality2 mostly they are low grade1 some of them frequently possessing a groundy1 flat1 or ,rioy flavor4 ,illustration3 ,mild ,coffee ,map--,no4 #a ,showing the ,mild ,coffee-,producing ,countries of the ,western ,hemisphere ,copyright #aibb by ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal ,co4 ,cordoba coffees lack the acidity and tang of the ,oaxacas1 but make a handsome roast4 ,they are considered too neutral to form the basis of a blend1 but can be used to balance the tang of other grades4 ,,central ,,americans4 ,central ,american coffee is the general trade name applied to the growths produced in ,guatemala1 ,honduras1 ,salvador1 ,nicaragua1 ,costa ,rica1 and ,panama1 the countries comprising ,central ,america4 ,,guatemala4 ,this country sends the largest quantity to the ,united ,states1 and also produces the best average grades of the ,central ,american districts4 ,guatemalas are mostly washed and are very stylish4 ,the bean has a waxy1 bluish color4 ,it splits open when roasting and shows a white center4 ,low-grown ,guatemalas are thin in the cup1 but the coffees grown in the mountainous districts of ,cobn and ,antigua are quite acidy and heavy in body4 ,some ,cobns border on bitterness because of the extreme acidity4 ,the ,antiguas are medium1 flinty beans2 while ,cobns are larger4 ,both grades are spicy and aromatic in the cup1 and are particularly good blenders4 ,properly roasted to a light cinnamon color1 and blended with a high-grade combination1 ,cobns make one of the most serviceable coffees on the ,american market4 ,guatemalas are generally classified as noted in the ,complete ,reference ,table4 ,illustration3 ,,mexican ,,beans--,,roasted ,illustration3 ,,guatemala ,,beans--,,roasted ,,honduras4 ,while the upland coffee of ,honduras is of good quality1 the general run of the country's production seldom brings as high a price as ,santos of equal grade4 ,nearly all ,honduras coffee consists of small1 round berries1 bluish green in color4 ,very little of this growth comes to the ,united ,states2 the bulk of the exports going to ,europe1 where it commands a high price1 especially in ,france4 ,,salvador4 ,salvador coffee is inferior to ,guatemala's product1 grade for grade4 ,only a small proportion is washed2 and the bulk of the crops is naturals2 that is1 unwashed4 ,the bean is large and of fair average roast4 ,the washed grades are fancy roasters1 with very thin cup4 ,the largest part of the production goes to ,europe2 some twenty-five percent of the exports are brought into the ,united ,states through ,san ,francisco4 ,,nicaragua4 ,the ordinary run of ,nicaragua coffee 7the naturals7 is looked upon in the ,united ,states as being of low quality1 though the washed coffees from the ,matagalpa district have plenty of acid in the cup and usually are fine roasters4 ,matagalpa beans are large and blue-tinged4 ,germany1 ,great ,britain1 and ,france take about all the ,honduras coffee exported1 only about six percent of the total coming to the ,united ,states4 ,these coffees are described more in detail in the ,complete ,reference ,table4 ,,costa ,,rica4 ,good grades of ,costa ,rican coffee1 such as are grown in the ,cartago1 ,san ,jos1 ,alajuela1 and ,grecia districts at high altitudes1 are highly esteemed by blenders4 ,they are characterized by their fine flavor1 rich body1 and sharp acidity4 ,it is frequently declared that some of these coffees are often acidy enough to sour cream if used straight4 ,due to careless methods of handling1 sour or hidey beans are sometimes found in chops of ,costa ,ricans from the lowlands4 ,,panama4 ,panama grows coffee only for domestic use1 and consequently it is little known in foreign markets4 ,the bean is of average size and tends toward green in color4 ,in the cup it has a heavy body and a strong flavor4 ,the coffee grown in ,boquette ,valley is considered to be of fine quality1 due no doubt to the care given in cultivation by the ,american and ,english planters there4 ,south ,america ,,colombians4 ,colombia produces some of the world's finest coffees1 of which the best known are ,medellins1 ,manizales1 ,bogotas1 ,bucaramangas1 ,tolimas1 and ,cucutas4 ,old-crop ,colombians of the higher grades1 when mellowed with age1 have many of the characteristics of the best ,east ,indian coffees1 and in style and cup are difficult to distinguish from the ,mandhelings and the ,ankolas of ,sumatra4 ,such coffees are scarce on the ,american market1 practically all the shipments coming to the ,united ,states being new crop and lacking some of the qualities of the mellowed beans4 ,compared with ,santos coffee1 good grade ,colombians give one-fourth more liquor to a given strength with better flavor and aroma4 ,they are classed and graded as noted in the ,complete ,reference ,table4 ,medellins are a fancy mountain-grown coffee1 and are esteemed for their good qualities4 ,the beans vary in size1 and the color ranges from light to dark green1 making a rather rough roast4 ,in the cup they have a fine1 rich1 distinctive flavor1 and in the ,american grading are regarded as the best of the ,colombian commercial growths4 ,manizales rank next to ,medellins1 and have nearly the same characteristics4 ,illustration3 ,,bogota 7,,colombia7 ,,beans--,,roasted ,bogotas of good grade are noted for their acidity1 body1 and flavor4 ,when the acidity is tempered with age1 the coffee can be drunk straight which can not be done with many other growths4 ,the ,bogota green bean ranges from a blue-green bean to a fancy yellow4 ,it is long1 and generally has a sharp turn in one end of the center stripe4 ,it is a smooth roaster1 and has a rich mellow flavor4 ,bucaramangas1 grown in the district of that name1 are regarded favorably in the ,american markets as good commercial coffees for blending purposes2 the naturals have heavy body1 but lack acidity and decided flavor1 and are much used to give back-bone to blends4 ,the fancies sometimes push the superior ,east ,indian growths hard for first place4 ,tolimas are considered a good grade average coffee1 and are characterized by a fair-sized bean1 attractive style1 and good cup quality4 ,cucuta coffees1 though grown in ,colombia1 are generally classified among the ,maracaibos of ,venezuela1 because they are mostly shipped from that port4 ,they are described1 accordingly1 with the ,venezuelan coffees4 ,,venezuela4 ,the coffees of ,venezuela are generally grouped under the heads of ,caracas1 ,puerto ,cabello1 and ,maracaibo1 the names of the ports through which they are exported4 ,each group is further subdivided by the names of the districts in which the principal plantations lie4 ,la ,guaira coffee includes that produced in the vicinity of ,caracas and ,cumana4 ,caracas coffee is one of the best known in the ,american market4 ,the washed ,caracas is in steady demand in ,france and ,spain4 ,the bean is bluish in color1 somewhat short1 and of a uniform size4 ,the liquor has a rather light body4 ,some light-blue washed ,caracas coffees are very desirable1 and have a peculiar flavor that is quite pleasant to the educated palate4 ,caracas chops rarely hold their style for any length of time1 as the owners usually are not willing to dry properly and thoroughly before milling4 ,when1 however1 the price is right1 ,american buyers will use some ,caracas chops instead of ,bogotas4 ,at equal prices the latter have the preference1 as they have more body in the cup4 ,puerto ,cabello and ,cumana coffees are valued just below ,caracas4 ,they are grown at a lower altitude1 and are somewhat inferior in flavor4 ,not less than one-third of ,puerto ,cabello coffees come across the thirty-mile gulf to the westward from the port of ,tucacas1 in a little steamer called the ,barquisimento1 which is famous all along the coast as the cocktail shaker4 ,c4,h4 ,stewart#cbd solemnly asserts that ,barky can do the shimmy when lying at anchor in quiet waters4 ,illustration3 ,,maracaibo ,,beans--,,roasted ,merida and ,tachira coffees are considered the best of the ,maracaibo grades1 ,tovars and ,trujillos being classed as lower in trade value4 ,though ,cucuta coffee is grown in the ,colombian district of that name1 it is largely shipped through ,maracaibo2 and hence is classed among the ,maracaibo types4 ,it ranks with ,meridas and fine grade ,boconos1 and somewhat resembles the ,java bean in form and roast1 but is decidedly different in the cup4 ,washed ,cucutas are noted for their large size1 roughness1 and waxy color4 ,they make a good-appearing roast1 splitting open1 and showing irregular white centers4 ,new-crop beans are sometimes sharply acid1 though they mellow with age and gain in body4 ,until recent years1 ,tachira coffee was always sold as ,cucuta2 but now there is a tendency to ship it under the name ,tachira-,venezuela1 while true ,cucuta is marked ,cucuta-,colombia4 ,tachiras closely resemble the true ,cucutas1 grade for grade4 ,up to about #aije the coffees grown near ,salazar1 in ,colombia1 came to market under the name of ,salazar2 but since then1 they have been included among the ,cucuta grades and are sold under that name4 ,the state of ,tachira lies next to the ,colombian boundary1 and its mountains produce much fine washed coffee4 ,this has size and fair style1 as a rule1 but does not possess cup qualities to make it much sought4 ,it ages well and1 being of good body1 the old crops1 other things being equal1 frequently bring a tidy premium4 ,the ,rubio section of ,tachira produces the best of its washed coffees4 ,here are several of the largest and best-equipped estates in all ,venezuela4 ,washed when fresh1 the coffees from these estates are usually sold somewhat under the fancy ,caracas2 but the trillados of the ,tachira rank with the best of the country1 owing to their large bean1 solid color1 and good quality4 ,they roast well1 and cup with good body1 though not much character4 ,good ,tachira trillados are sold on the same basis as the ,cucutas1 which they resemble4 ,the ,meridas are raised at higher altitudes than ,cucutas1 and good grades are sought for their peculiarly delicate flavor--which is neither acidy nor bitter--and heavy body4 ,they rank as the best by far of the ,maracaibo type4 ,the bean is high-grown1 of medium size1 and roundish4 ,it is well knit1 and brings the highest price while it still holds its bluish style1 as it then retains its delicate aroma and character4 ,the trillados of ,merida run unevenly4 ,tovars rank between ,trujillos and ,tachiras4 ,they are fair to good body without acidity2 make a duller roast than ,cucutas1 but contain fewer quakers4 ,they are used for blending with ,bourbon ,santos4 ,boconos are light in color and body4 ,they are of two classes2 one a round1 small to medium1 bean2 and the other larger and softer4 ,their flavor is rather neutral1 and they are frequently used as fillers in blends4 ,trujillos lack acidity and make a dull1 rough roast1 unless aged4 ,they are blended with ,bourbon ,santos to make a low-priced palatable coffee4 ,some coffees of merit are produced at ,santa ,ana1 ,monte ,carmelo1 and ,bocono in ,trujillo4 ,other ,south ,american ,countries ,the coffees from other ,south ,american countries1 even where there is an appreciable production1 are not important factors in international trade4 ,the coffee of ,ecuador1 shipped through the port of ,guayaquil1 goes mostly to ,chile1 a comparatively small quantity being exported to the ,united ,states4 ,the bean is small to medium in size1 pea-green in color1 and not desirable in the cup4 ,the coffee is about equal to low-grade ,brazil1 and is used principally as a filler4 ,peru produces an ever-lessening quantity of coffee1 the bulk of the exports in pre-war years going to ,germany1 ,chile1 and the ,united ,kingdom4 ,it is a low-altitude growth1 and is considered poor grade4 ,the bean ranges from medium to bold in size1 and from bluish to yellow in color4 ,bolivia is an unimportant factor in the international coffee trade1 most of its exports going to ,chile4 ,the chief variety produced is called the ,yunga1 which is considered to be of superior quality2 but only a small quantity is grown4 ,guiana's coffee trade is insignificant4 ,the three best-known types are the ,surinam1 ,demerara1 and ,cayenne1 named after the ports through which they are shipped4 ,the ,west ,indies ,coffee either is1 or can be1 grown practically everywhere in the ,west ,indies2 but the chief producing districts are found on the islands of ,porto ,rico1 ,haiti 7and ,santo ,domingo71 ,jamaica1 ,guadeloupe1 and ,curaao4 ,coffees coming from these islands are generally known by the name of the country of production1 and may be further identified by the names of the districts in which they are grown4 ,,porto ,,rico4 ,since the ,united ,states took possession of ,porto ,rico1 soil experts have endeavored to raise the quality of the coffee grown there1 especially the lower grades1 which had peculiarly wild characteristics4 ,today1 the superior grades of ,porto ,rican coffees rank among the best growths known to the trade4 ,the bean is large1 uniform1 and stylish2 ranging in color from a light gray-blue to a dark green-blue4 ,some of these are artificially colored for foreign markets4 ,the coffee roasts well1 and has a heavy body1 similar to the fanciest ,mexicans and ,colombians4 ,its cup is not as rich1 but it makes a good blend4 ,porto ,rican coffees command a higher price in ,france than in the ,united ,states1 which accounts for the larger proportion of exports to ,europe1 excepting when the ,french market was cut off during the ,world ,war4 ,,jamaica4 ,jamaica produces two distinct types of coffee1 the highland and the lowland growths4 ,among the first-named is the celebrated ,blue ,mountain coffee1 which has a well developed pale blue-green bean that makes a good-appearing roast and a pleasantly aromatic cup4 ,it is frequently compared with the fancy ,cobns of ,guatemala4 ,the lowland coffee is a poorer grade1 and consists largely of a mixture of different growths produced on the plains4 ,it is a fair-sized bean1 green to yellow in the natural1 and blue-green when washed4 ,in the cup it has a grassy flavor1 but is flat when drunk with cream4 ,it is used chiefly as a filler in blends1 and for ,french roasts4 ,,haiti ,,and ,,santo ,,domingo4 ,the coffees of these two republics have like characteristics1 being grown on the same island and in about the same climatic and soil conditions4 ,careless cultivation and preparation methods are responsible for the generally poor quality of these coffees4 ,when properly grown and cured1 they rank well with high-grade washed varieties1 and have a rich1 fairly acid flavor in the cup4 ,the bean is blue-green1 and makes a handsome roast4 ,,guadeloupe4 ,guadeloupe coffee is distinguishable by its green1 long1 and slightly thick bean1 covered by a pellicle of whitish silvery color1 which separates from the bean in the roast4 ,it has excellent cup qualities4 ,,martinique4 ,this island formerly produced a coffee closely resembling the ,guadeloupe2 but no coffee is now grown there1 though some ,guadeloupe growths are shipped from ,martinique1 and bear its name4 ,,other ,,west ,,indian ,,islands4 ,among the other ,west ,indian islands producing small quantities of coffee are ,cuba1 ,trinidad1 ,dominica1 ,barbados1 and ,curaao4 ,the growths are generally good quality1 bearing a close resemblance to one another4 ,in the past1 ,cuba produced a fine grade2 but the industry is now practically extinct4 ,asia ,,arabia4 ,for many generations ,mocha coffee has been recognized throughout the world as the best coffee obtainable2 and until the pure food law went into effect in the ,united ,states1 other high-grade coffees were frequently sold by ,american firms under the name of ,mocha4 ,now1 only coffees grown in ,arabia are entitled to that valuable trade name4 ,they grow in a small area in the mountainous regions of the southwestern portion of the ,arabian peninsula1 in the province of ,yemen1 and are known locally by the names of the districts in which they are produced4 ,commercially they are graded as follows3 ,mocha ,extra1 for all extra qualities2 ,mocha ,no4 #a1 consisting of only perfect berries2 ,no4 #a-;,a1 containing some dust1 but otherwise free of imperfections2 ,no4 #b1 showing a few broken beans and quakers2 ,no4 #c1 having a heavier percentage of brokens and quakers and also some dust4 ,illustration3 ,,mocha ,,beans--,,roasted ,mocha beans are very small1 hard1 roundish1 and irregular in form and size4 ,in color1 they shade from olive green to pale yellow1 the bulk being olive green4 ,the roast is poor and uneven2 but the coffee's virtues are shown in the cup4 ,it has a distinctive winy flavor1 and is heavy with acidity--two qualities which make a straight ,mocha brew especially valuable as an after-dinner coffee1 and also esteemed for blending with fancy1 mild1 washed types1 particularly ,east ,indian growths4 ,as in other countries1 the coffees grown on the highlands in ,yemen are better than the lowland growths4 ,as a rule1 the low altitude bean is larger and more oblong than that grown in the highlands1 due to its quicker development in the regions where the rainfall1 though not great1 is more abundant4 ,while ,mocha coffees are known commercially by grade numbers1 the planters and ,arabian traders also designate them by the name of the district or province in which each is grown4 ,among the better grades thus labeled are1 the ,yaffey1 the ,anezi1 the ,mattari1 the ,sanani1 the ,sharki1 and the ,haimi-,harazi4 ,for the poorer grades1 these names are used3 ,remi1 ,bourai1 ,shami1 ,yemeni1 and ,maidi4 ,of these varieties1 the ,mattari1 a hard and regular bean1 pale yellow in color1 commands the highest price1 with the ,yaffey a close second4 ,harazi coffee heads the market for quantity coupled with general average of quality4 ,,indian ,,and ,,ceylon4 ,coffees from ,india and ,ceylon are marketed almost exclusively in ,london1 little reaching the ,american trade4 ,of the ,indian growths1 ,malabars1 grown on the western slope of the ,ghaut mountains1 are classed commercially as the best4 ,the bean is rather small and blue-green in color4 ,in the cup it has a distinctive strong flavor and deep color4 ,mysore coffee ranks next in favor on the ,english market4 ,it is mountain grown1 and the bean is large and blue-green in color4 ,tellicherry is another good grade coffee1 closely resembling ,malabar4 ,coorg 7,kurg7 coffee is an inferior growth4 ,it is lowland type1 and in the cup is thin and flat4 ,the bean is large and flat1 and tends toward dark green in color4 ,travancore is another lowland growth1 ranking about with ,coorg1 and has the same general characteristics4 ,see the ,complete ,reference ,table for details4 ,ceylon1 although it once was one of the world's most important producers1 has been losing ground as a coffee-producing country since #ahij4 ,ceylon coffees are classified commercially as native1 plantation1 and mountain4 ,the native is a poor-grade1 lowland growth1 with large flat bean and low cup quality4 ,the plantation1 so named because more carefully cultivated on highland plantations1 is a stylish roaster1 and gives a rich flavor and strong fragrance in the cup4 ,the mountain1 grown at high altitudes1 is a small1 steel-blue bean1 and is considered by ,british traders as equal to the best varieties grown anywhere4 ,it was formerly shipped to ,aden to be mixed with ,mocha4 ,illustration3 ,coffee ,map of ,africa and ,arabia ,showing the ,principal ,coffee-,producing ,countries on the ,continent and ,adjacent ,islands4 ,copyright #aibb by ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal ,co4 ,,french ,,indo-,,china4 ,the coffee of ,french ,indo-,china is highly prized in ,france1 where the bulk of the exports goes4 ,the coffee tree grows well in the provinces of ,tonkin1 ,annam1 ,cambodia1 and ,cochin-,china4 ,tonkin is the largest producer1 and grows the best varieties4 ,in the cup1 ,tonkin coffee is thought by ,french traders to compare favorably with ,mocha4 ,of the several varieties of ,coffea arabica grown in ,indo-,china1 the ,grand ,bourbon1 ,bourbon rond1 and the ,bourbon ,le ,roy1 are the best known4 ,the first-named is a large bean of good quality2 the second is a small1 round bean of superior grade2 and the third is a still smaller bean of fair cup quality4 ,illustration3 ,,java 7,washed7 ,illustration3 ,,sumatra 7,mandheling7 ,illustration3 ,,arabian 7,mocha7 ,illustration3 ,,colombian 7,bogota7 ,illustration3 ,,guatemala 7,washed7 ,illustration3 ,,mexican 7,washed7 ,illustration3 ,,costa ,,rica 7,washed7 ,illustration3 ,,santos 7,peaberry7 ,illustration3 ,,venezuela 7,maracaibo7 ,illustration3 ,,santos 7,flat ,bean7 ,illustration3 ,,santos 7,bourbon7 ,illustration3 ,,rio 7,natural7 ,illustration3 ,,principal ,,varieties ,,of ,,green ,,coffee ,,beans1 ,,natural ,,size ,,and ,,color ,africa ,,abyssinia4 ,the coffee grown in ,abyssinia is classified commercially into two varieties3 ,harari1 which is grown principally in the district around ,harar2 and ,abyssinian1 produced mainly in the provinces of ,kaffa1 ,sidamo1 and ,guma4 ,harari coffee is the fruit of cultivated trees2 while ,abyssinian comes from wild trees4 ,the first-named produces a long and well-shaped berry1 and is often referred to as ,longberry ,harari4 ,the bean is larger than the ,mocha1 but similar in general appearance4 ,its color shades from blue-green to yellow4 ,good grades of ,harari have cup characteristics resembling ,mocha1 and by some are preferred to ,mocha1 because of their winier cup flavor4 ,the ,abyssinian coffee is considered much inferior to ,harari2 and chops generally contain many imperfections4 ,the bean is dark gray in color4 ,little ,abyssinian coffee comes to the ,united ,states4 ,many other ,african countries produce coffee2 but little of it ever reaches the ,north ,american market4 ,uganda1 in ,british ,east ,africa1 grows a good grade of robusta coffee which is valued on the ,london market4 ,liberian coffee1 grown on the west coast1 used to be mixed with ,bourbon ,santos to some extent2 but it is generally considered low grade1 although it makes a handsome1 elephantine roast4 ,the product of ,guinea is a very small bean1 half-way between a peaberry and a flat bean1 and has a dingy brown color4 ,it is considered worthless as a drink4 ,a medium-sized1 strong-flavored bean that is rich in the cup1 is grown in the ,african ,congo district4 ,in ,angola a fair quantity of coffee is produced4 ,in the cup it has a strong and pungent flavor1 but lacks smoothness and aroma4 ,zanzibar produces a pleasing coffee in very limited quantities4 ,the bean is medium size1 and regular in shape4 ,mozambique's coffee is greenish in color1 of medium size1 and mellow4 ,the production is small4 ,madagascar produces an insignificant quantity for export1 although the coffee is considered fair average1 with rich flavor1 and considerable fragrance4 ,bourbon coffee1 grown on the island of ,runion1 commands a high price in the ,french market1 where practically all exports go4 ,it is a small1 flinty bean1 and gives a rich cup and fragrance4 ,illustration3 ,,washed ,,java ,,beans--,,roasted ,east ,indian ,islands ,some of the coffees from the ,east ,indian islands rank among the best in the world1 particularly those from ,sumatra4 ,east ,india coffees are distinguished by their smooth1 heavy body in the cup1 the fancy grades giving an almost syrupy richness4 ,,java4 ,java coffees are generally of a smaller bean than those from ,sumatra1 and are not considered as high grade4 ,the bulk of the new-crop growths have a grassy flavor which most people find unpleasant when drunk straight4 ,under the old culture system1 coffee was bought by the government1 and held in godowns from two to three years1 until it had become mellow with age4 ,in late years1 this system has been abandoned2 and the planters now sell their product as they please1 and in most cases without mellowing1 excepting as they age during the long sea voyage from ,batavia to destination4 ,before the advent of large fleets of steamers in the ,east ,indian trade1 the coffee was brought to ,america in sailing vessels that required from three to four months for the trip4 ,during the voyage1 the coffee went through a sweating process which turned the beans from a light green to a dark brown1 and considerably enhanced their cup values4 ,the sweating was due to the coffee being loaded while moist1 and then practically sealed in the vessel's hold during all its trip through the tropical seas4 ,as a consequence1 the cargo steamed and foamed2 and as a rule1 part of the coffee became moldy1 the damage seldom extending more than an inch or two into the mats4 ,sweated coffees commanded from three to five cents more than those that came in pale4 ,illustration3 ,mild ,coffee ,map--,no4 #b ,showing the ,mild ,coffee-,producing ,countries of ,asia1 ,netherlands ,india1 and ,australasia ,copyright1 #aibb by ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal ,co4 ,before the ,java coffee trade began to decline in the latter part of the nineteenth century1 ,coffea arabica was grown abundantly throughout the island4 ,each residency had numerous estates1 and their names were given to the coffees produced4 ,the best coffees came from ,preanger1 ,cheribon1 ,buitenzorg1 and ,batavia1 ranking in merit in the order named4 ,all ,java coffees are known commercially either as private growth1 or as blue bean washed1 the former being cured by either the washing or the dry hulling method1 while the latter are washed4 ,private growths are usually a pale yellow1 the bean being short and round and slightly convex4 ,it makes a handsome even roast1 showing a full white stripe4 ,the washed variety is a pale blue-green1 the bean closely resembling the private growth in form and roast4 ,these coffees have a distinctive character in the cup that is much different from any other coffee grown4 ,their liquor is thin4 ,all the better known coffees of ,java1 which are designated by the districts in which they are grown1 are listed in the ,complete ,reference ,table4 ,coffee from few of the many districts comes to the ,north ,american market4 ,among those that are sold in the ,united ,states are the ,kadoe and ,semarang1 both of which are small1 yellowish green2 and the ,malang1 a green1 hard bean which makes a better roast than ,kadoe and ,semarang1 but is inferior to them in the cup4 ,,sumatra4 ,sumatra has the reputation of producing some of the finest and highest-priced coffees in the world1 such as ,mandheling1 ,ankola1 ,ayer ,bangies1 ,padang ,interior1 and ,palembang4 ,mandheling coffee is a large1 brownish bean which roasts dull1 but is generally free from quakers4 ,it is very heavy in body1 and has a unique flavor that easily distinguishes it from any other growth4 ,the ,ankola bean is shorter and better-appearing than ,mandheling1 but otherwise bears a close resemblance4 ,its flavor is only slightly under ,mandheling2 and1 like that coffee1 is recommended for blending with the best grades of ,mocha4 ,while the ,ayer ,bangies bean is somewhat larger than the other two just mentioned1 it is not so dark brown in color1 and is not quite so heavy in body2 the flavor is very delicate4 ,these three growths are known in the trade as the ,fancies and are considered the best of ,sumatra's production4 ,the ,sumatra coffee best known to the ,american trade is the ,padang ,interior1 which is shipped through the port of ,padang on ,sumatra's west coast4 ,the bean is irregular in form and color1 and makes a dull roast4 ,however1 the flavor is good1 although it lacks the richness of the ,fancies4 ,another celebrated coffee grown on the west coast is the ,boekit ,gompong1 grown on the estate of that name near ,padang4 ,it is a high-grade coffee1 making a handsome roast1 and possessing a delicate flavor4 ,the foregoing coffees are produced on what were formerly termed government estates1 and during the heyday of government control were sold by auction and came mostly to the ,united ,states4 ,among the private estate coffees1 ,corinchies take first rank for quality1 some traders saying that they are the best in international commerce4 ,they closely resemble ,ankolas1 but range a cent or two lower in price4 ,next in order of merit is ,timor coffee1 grown on the island of that name4 ,it is not as attractive in appearance1 roast1 or cup quality as the ,corinchie4 ,a grade below ,timors is ,boengie coffee1 which is seldom seen on the ,north ,american market4 ,kroe coffee is better known and more widely used in the ,united ,states4 ,the bean is large1 but has an attractive appearance4 ,kroes are of heavy body1 of somewhat groundy flavor when new crop1 and are good roasters and blenders4 ,other ,east ,indian coffees are ,teagals1 ,balis1 and ,macassars1 all of which are second-rate growths as compared with the bulk of ,sumatras1 grade for grade4 ,the ,macassars are produced in the district of that name on island of ,celebes4 ,the best coffee grown in ,celebes comes from the province of ,menado1 and is known by that name4 ,it is thought to be of a superior quality1 and commands a high price in ,europe4 ,the ,pacific ,islands ,the ,philippine ,islands have not figured in international coffee trade since #ahib1 although in preceding years the ,philippines exported several million pounds of an average good grade of coffee4 ,while coffee is one of the shade trees used by householders in ,guam1 none of the fruit is exported4 ,coffee production is an unimportant industry in ,samoa1 ,australia1 ,new ,guinea1 ,new ,caledonia1 and other ,pacific islands1 and none is grown for export4 ,,hawaii4 ,since the beginning of the twentieth century the ,hawaiian islands have taken a position of increasing importance1 shipping some two million pounds of good quality coffee to the ,united ,states1 their biggest customer4 ,coffee grows to some extent on all the islands of the group1 but fully ninety-five percent is raised in the districts of ,kona1 ,puna1 and ,hamakua on the main island of ,hawaii4 ,all ,hawaiian coffee is high grade2 and is generally large bean1 blue-green in color when new crop1 and yellow-brown when aged4 ,it makes a handsome roast1 and has a fine flavor that is smooth and not too acid4 ,it blends well with any high-grade mild coffee4 ,kona coffee1 grown in the district of that name1 commands the highest price4 ,old-crop ,kona coffee is said by some trade authorities to be equal to either ,mocha or ,old ,government ,java4 ,appearance1 ,aroma1 and ,flavor in ,cup-,testing ,before the beginning of the twentieth century1 practically all the coffees bought and sold in the ,united ,states were judged for merit simply by the appearance of the green or of the roasted bean4 ,since that time1 the importance of testing the drinking qualities has become generally recognized2 and today every progressive coffee buyer has his sample-roasting and testing outfit with which to carry out painstaking cup tests4 ,both buyers and sellers use the cup test1 the former to determine the merits of the coffee he is buying1 and the latter to ascertain the proper value of the chop under consideration4 ,frequently a test is made to fix the relative desirability of various growths considered as a whole1 using composite samples that are supposed to give representation to an entire crop4 ,the first step in testing coffee is to compare the appearance of the green bean of a chop with a sample of known standard value for that particular kind of coffee4 ,the next step is to compare the appearance when roasted4 ,then comes the appearance and aroma test1 when it is ground2 and finally1 the most difficult of all1 the trial of the flavor and aroma of the liquid4 ,naturally the tester gives much care to proper roasting of the samples to be examined4 ,he recognizes several different kinds of roasts which he terms the light1 the medium1 the dark1 the ,italian1 and the ,french roasts1 all of which vary in the shadings of color1 and each of which gives a different taste in the cup4 ,the careful tester watches the roast closely to see whether the beans acquire a dull or bright finish1 and to note also if there are many quakers1 or off-color beans4 ,when the proper roasting point is reached1 he smells the beans while still hot to determine their aroma4 ,in some growths and grades1 he will frequently smell of them as they cool off1 because the character changes as the heat leaves them1 as in the case of many ,maracaibo grades4 ,after roasting1 the actual cup-testing begins4 ,two methods are employed1 the blind cup test1 in which there is no clue to the identity of the kind of coffee in the cup2 and the open test1 in which the tester knows beforehand the particular coffee he is to examine4 ,the former is most generally employed by buyers and sellers2 although a large number of experts who do not let their knowledge interfere with their judgment1 use the open method4 ,in both systems the amount of ground coffee placed in the cup is carefully weighed so that the strength will be standard4 ,generally1 the cups are marked on the bottom for identification after the examination4 ,before pouring on the hot water to make the brew1 the aroma of the freshly ground coffee is carefully noted to see if it is up to standard4 ,in pouring the water1 care is exercised to keep the temperature constant in the cups1 so that the strength in all will be equal4 ,when the water is poured directly on the grounds1 a crust or scum is formed4 ,before this crust breaks1 the tester sniffs the aroma given off2 this is called the wet-smell1 or crust1 test1 and is considered of great importance4 ,of course1 the taste of the brew is the most important test4 ,equal amounts of coffee are sipped from each cup1 the tester holding each sip in his mouth only long enough to get the full strength of the flavor4 ,he spits out the coffee into a large brass cuspidor which is designed for the purpose4 ,the expert never swallows the liquor4 ,cup-testing calls for keenly developed senses of sight1 smell1 and taste1 and the faculty for remembering delicate shadings in each sense4 ,by sight1 the coffee man judges the size1 shape1 and color of the green and roasted bean1 which are important factors in determining commercial values4 ,he can tell also whether the coffee is of the washed or unwashed variety1 and whether it contains many imperfections such as quakers1 pods1 stones1 brokens1 off-colored beans1 and the like4 ,by his sense of smell of the roast and of the brew1 he gauges the strength of the aroma1 which also enters into the valuation calculation4 ,his palate tells him many things about a coffee brew--if the drink has body and is smooth1 rich1 acidy1 or mellow2 if it is winy1 neutral1 harsh1 or ,rioy2 if it is musty1 groundy1 woody1 or grassy2 or if it is rank1 hidey 7sour71 muddy1 or bitter4 ,these are trade designations of the different shades of flavor to be found in the various coffees coming to the ,north ,american market2 and each has an influence on the price at which they will be sold4 ,the up-to-date cup-tester requires special equipment to get the best results4 ,a typical installation consists of a gas sample-roasting outfit1 employing at least a single cylinder holding about six ounces of coffee1 and perhaps a battery of a dozen or more2 an electric grinding mill2 a testing table1 with a top that can be revolved by hand2 a pair of accurately adjusted balance scales2 one or more brass kettles2 a gas stove for heating water2 sample pans2 many china or glass cups2 silver spoons2 and a brass cuspidor that stands waist high and is shaped like an hour glass4 ,since the ,world ,war1 there have been some notable changes in the buying of coffees1 particularly in ,european markets4 ,for example1 the old idea of buying fancy coffees at fancy prices is probably gone for good in ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,sample-,,roasting ,,and ,,cup-,,testing ,,outfit ,in the middle of the picture is a standard revolving table 7#c-a_/b feet in diameter71 with scale mounted over the center1 and with a ,mitchell ,tray for holding one cup independent of the table-top movement4 ,there are two cuspidors1 a double kettle outfit1 a #f-;cylinder sample roaster and a motor-driven sample grinder2 also a set of sample separator sieves in the overhead rack1 a bag sampler 7lying on the lower shelf of the counter71 and some coffee crushers 7one on the end of the counter and one on the revolving table7 ,,complete ,,reference ,,table ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,kinds ,,of ,,coffee ,,grown ,,in ,,the ,,world ,together with ,their ,trade ,values and ,cup ,characteristics t1 indicates town or trading center2 m n1 market name2 d1 district or state4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,grand ,division ,country ,shipping ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics ,gradings ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,north ,america ,mexico ,vera ,cruz ,mexicans ,in general3 on ,gulf of ,mex4 ,mexicans are mild or mellow4 ,the green beans are greenish to yellow 7when aged7 and of large size4 ,the washed coffees make a handsome roast1 showing pronounced white central stripe4 ,in the cup they have a full rich body1 fine acidity1 and a wonderful bouquet4 ,vera ,cruz1 d ,acid1 of ,coatepec1 m n excellent heavy 7pro41 and rich co-at-e-pec7 flavor2fine for blending4 ,huatusco1 t ,fine appearing 7pro41 washed coffee2 wha-toos-co7 next to ,coatepec for acid and blending qualities4 ,orizaba1 t ,regarded as next to ,huatusco2 good cup quality4 ,jalapa1 t ,stylish 7pro41 roaster2 ha-lap-a7 frequently light body4 ,cordoba1 t ,neutral1 smooth in flavor1 without acid tang2 good body4 ,puerto ,mexico ,tabasco1 d ,of uncertain on ,gulf of ,mex4 m n character2 many ,coatzacoalcos1of them ,rioy1 t m n flat1 and groundy4 ,unsatisfactory in the cup4 ,salina ,cruz ,chiapas1 d ,resembles on ,pacific ,soconusco1 t1,guatemala m n ,coatzacoalcos or coffees2 7,puerto ,mexico7 ,tapachula1 smooth in on ,gulf of ,mex4 t1 m n character1 and without decided tang4 ,oaxaca1 d1 m n,small bean2 t 7pr41 excellent wah-hock-ah7quality1 sharply ,sierra ,oaxacaacid1 fine 7common - flavor1 but not unwashed7 stylish in ,pluma ,oaxaca appearance4 7hidalgo- ,the ,pluma is a washed7 very fancy bean coffee1 also acid and fine for blending4 ,acapulco ,guerrero1 d ,inferior in on ,pacific ,sierra1 m n quality2 low growth and woody4 ,manzanillo ,michoacan1 d ,a superior on ,pacific ,unrapan1 t coffee1 but not produced in commercial quantity4 ,do4 ,colima1 d1 m n,very like t ,uruapan4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,grand ,division ,country ,shipping ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics ,gradings ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,north ,america ,mexico ,vera ,cruz ,puebla1 d ,low-grade 7,cont'd7 7,cont'd7 ,sierra1 m n mountain coffee4 ,tampico ,tamaulipas1 d ,an inferior ,tampico1 m n grade4 t ,tepic ,so called ,mexican ,mocha4 ,raised for local consumption4 ,not a commercial factor4 ------------------------------- ,classes for all ,mexicans #a4 ,commons 7customary or natural74 #b4 ,washed 7,w4,i4,p47 #c4 ,caracolillo 7peaberry47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,central ,america,guatemala ,puerto ,barrios ,guatemala ,in general3 and ,livingston ,guatemalas are on ,caribbean mild or mellow and mostly washed4 ,the green beans are greenish to yellow 7when aged71 and of large size4 ,the mountain-grown coffees make a handsome roast1 are of full heavy body and excellent cup quality4 ,the lower-altitude coffees are light in cup1 but flavory4 ,ocos1 ,cobn1 t m n,waxy1 bluish ,champerico1 and bean2 handsome ,san ,jos uniform roast on ,pacific with white center4 ,heavy body1 fine acidity4 ,belize ,alta ,verapaz1 ,gray-blue bean2 7,br4 ,honduras7 d fine mellow ,sehenaju1 t flavor4 ,see ,belize4 ,antigua1 d ,medium flinty ,costa ,cuca1 d bean2 lighter in ,costa ,grande1 dbody2 flavory1 ,barberena1 d acid4 ,tumbador1 d ,classes for ,costa de ,cucho,all ,guatemalas ,chicacao ,most ,guatemalas ,xolhuitz1 d are washed and ,pochuta may be ,malacatan1 dclassified as ,san ,marcos1 d follows3 ,chuva1 d #a4 ,small flinty ,escuintla1 d bean1 extremely ,san ,vincente1 dacid and flavory1 ,pacaya1 d produced in the ,moran1 d highest altitudes ,amatitlan1 d of the ,antigua1 ,palmar1 d ,moran1 and ,motagua1 d ,amatitlan districts4 #b4 ,waxy1 bluish bean1 flinty1 but large roast2 heavy body with fine acidity4 ,produced in the mountainous regions of the ,cobn1 ,costa ,cuca1 ,tumbador1 and ,chuva districts4 #c4 ,waxy1 bluish bean1 handsome uniform roast1 heavy-bodied but non-acid coffees produced in almost every district of the republic at an altiture of from #b1jjj to #c1jjj feet4 #d4 ,stylish1 green bean1 handsome large uniform roast1 very white center1 mild cupping coffees produced practically everywhere in the republic at an altitude of from #a1ejj to #b1ejj feet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,grand ,division ,country ,shipping ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics ,gradings ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,central ,america,guatemala #e4 ,the lower altitudes of the 7,cont'd7 7,cont'd7 various districts produce either medium bean1 neutral cupping1 colory coffees1 or the ,bourbon type of small bean1 greenish coffee4 ------------------------------ ,british ,belize ,belize1 m n ,a ,cobn coffee ,honduras from the ,honduras ,alta ,verapaz district in ,guatemala4 ,trujillo and ,honduras ,in general3 ,puerto ,corts ,santa ,barbara,honduras coffees on ,caribbean d are small1 ,copan1 d rounded1 and ,cortez d bluish-green4 ,amapala ,la ,paz1 d ,they are of a on ,pacific ,choluteca1 d hard flinty ,el ,paraiso1 dcharacter2 make a fair roast and are neutral in flavor4 ,while the upland grades are of good quality1 the run of the country's production seldom brings as high a price as ,santos of equal grade4 ,salvador ,acajutla ,salvador ,in general3 ,la ,union ,usulutan1 d ,salvador's ,la ,libertad ,la ,libertad1 coffees are d mostly inferior ,santa ,ana1 d in quality to ,santa ,tecla1 those of d ,guatemala4 ,the ,la ,paz1 d bulk of the crop ,ahuachapan1 dis natural ,juayua1 d unwashed4 ,green ,santiago de beans are smooth ,maria1 d and handsome and ,sonsonate1 d make a cinnamon ,san ,miguel1 droast4 ,flavor is ,san ,salvador1neutral4 ,useful d as a filler4 ,the ,san ,vincente1washed coffee is d a fancy roaster1 ,cuscatlan1 d with a very thin ,morazan1 d cup4 ,cabanas1 d ,chalatenango1,classes and d ,gradings for ,all ,la ,union1 d ,salvadors3 ,washed #a4 ,flinty1 colory1 greenish to bluish bean1 fine white centered roasters1 extremely stylish coffees with full-bodied cup --------------merit4 #b4 ,grayish green to bluish green neutral-cupping coffees4 ,unwashed #a4 ,screened1 large bean1 fine roaster4 #b4 ,average run1 unscreened1 so-called ,current ,unwashed4 ,all unwashed coffees vary greatly in cup merit1 much the same as with ,santos coffees4 ------------------------------ ,nicaragua ,corinto ,nicaragua ,in general3 ,the on ,pacific washed coffees of ,nicaragua have merit1 and are fine roasters2 but the naturals1 comprising the bulk of the crop1 are of ordinary quality4 ,san ,juan del ,matagalpa1 d ,large1 handsome1 ,norte blue1 washed bean 7,greytown7 making fancy on ,caribbean roast with plenty of acid in the cup4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,grand ,division ,country ,shipping ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics ,gradings ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,central ,america,nicaragua ,jinotega1 d 7,cont'd7 7,cont'd7 ,los ,pueblos1 d ,los ,altos1 d -------------- ,classes for ,all ,nicaraguas3 #a4 ,large1 handsome1 pale greenish to blue1 washed coffee of the ,matagalpa district1 often showing fancy roast and acidly full-bodied cup4 #b4 ,washed coffees of the lower regions2 small in size1 but greenish1 colory1 fine roasters and neutral cupping4 #c4 ,unwashed coffee 7bulk of the output7 the merit of which depends entirely on the respective crop4 ,often a large proportion of the crop is mild cupping and as desirable as any other unwashed coffee2 while another crop may produce a large quantity of ,rio-flavored coffees4 ------------------------------- ,costa ,rica ,puerto ,limon ,costa ,rica ,in general3 ,the on ,caribbean ,cartago1 d high-altitude ,punta ,arenas ,san ,jos d coffees of ,costa on ,pacific ,alajuela1 d ,rica are ,grecia1 d blue-greenish1 ,tres ,rios1 d large1 rich in ,heredia1 d body1 of fine1 mild flavor1 sharply acid1 and superior for blending purposes4 ,these coffees are famous for their fine preparation and careful screening4 ,the lower regions produce coffees of more neutral-cupping qualities4 ,panama ,panama ,city ,panama ,in general3 ,the ,chiriqui1 d green bean is of ,boquete1 m n average size1 greenish in color4 ,in the cup it has a heavy body and a strong flavor4 ,grown chiefly for domestic consumption4 ,not a commercial factor4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,west ,indies ,cuba ,havana ,cuba ,in general3 7,greater ,santiago ,oriente1 d ,cuban coffee is ,antilles7 ,guatanamo1 t of good quality4 ,santa ,clara1 ,the bean is of d medium size1 ,pinar del ,riolight green1 and d makes a uniform ,vuelta ,abajaroast4 ,the flavor m n resembles the fine washed coffees of ,santo ,domingo4 ,not commercially important4 ,haiti ,port au ,prince ,haiti ,in general3 ,the ,cap ,haitien ,st4 ,marc1 d ,haitian washed ,gonaive1 d coffee is a blue ,cap ,haitien1 bean and makes an d attractive roast4 ,jacmel1 d ,it has a rich1 ,les ,cayes1 d fairly acid1 ,jeremie1 d mildly-sweet flavor2 of average quality4 ,the naturals are used extensively for ,french roasts4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,west ,indies ,santo ,santo ,domingo ,santo ,domingo ,in general3 ,santo 7,greater ,domingo ,porto ,plata ,cape1 m n ,domingo coffee is ,antilles7 ,mocha1 d a large1 flat1 7,cont'd7 ,santiago1 d pointed1 ,porto ,plata1 d greenish-yellow ,bani1 d bean4 ,the ,barahona1 d high-grown washed is of good body and fair flavor4 ,the low grade is strong1 approaching ,rio in flavor4 ,the natural coffees are used extensively for ,french roasts4 ,jamaica ,kingston ,jamaica ,in general3 7,british7 ,classes3 ,jamaica coffee is ,blue ,mountain bluish-green when 7high-grown7 washed1 and green ,settlers' to yellow when 7ordinary1 or patio-dried4 ,the plain-grown7 washed high-grown makes a fancy roast1 and is rich1 full and mellow in the cup4 ,the ordinary plain-grown makes a bright roast1 and has a fairly good cup quality4 ,the naturals are used extensively for ,french roasts4 ,porto ,rico ,san ,juan ,porto ,rico ,in general3 ,porto 7,u4,s47 ,ponce ,sierra ,rico coffee ,mayaguez ,luquillo1 is a large1 ,arecibo m n handsome1 washed ,aguadilla ,yauco1 d1 t bean1 light m n gray-blue to dark ,ciales1 d t greenish blue in ,cayey1 d t color1 and makes ,utuado1 d t a fancy roast without quakers4 ,lares1 d t ,strong or heavy ,moca1 d t body2 peculiar ,adjuntas1 d flavor similar t to a washed ,las ,larias1 d ,caracas1 but t smoother4 ,maricao1 d t ,san ,sebastian ,classes for ,all d ,porto ,ricos ,mayaguez1 d t ,caracolillo1 a round ,ponce1 d t bean peaberry2 ,primero1 a superior grade of good size and color1 usually hand-picked2 ,segundo1 second grade1 inferior to ,primero in size and color2 ,trillo1 lowest grade1 sold locally4 7,lesser ,british ,west ,antilles7 ,indies ,antigua ,saint ,john ,antigua ,in general3 ,while ,dominica ,portsmouth ,dominica the quantity grown 7,soufrire7 is small1 the ,barbados ,bridgetown ,barbados coffee is of good ,trinidad ,port of ,spain ,trinidad quality1 and ,tobago ,scarborough ,tobago includes ten different varieties4 ,that grown in ,barbados is similar to that of ,martinique1 but a larger bean4 ,this group is not an important commercial factor4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,west ,indies ,guadeloupe ,pointe--,pitre,guadeloupe ,in general3 ,the 7,lesser 7,french7 ,classes3 ,guadeloupe coffee ,antilles7 #a4 ,bonifieur1 bean is glossy1 7,cont'd7 or ,caf ,lustre hard1 long1 and 7glossy7 has an even green #b4 ,habitant1 color1 somewhat or ,caf plus grayish4 ,it is of ,pellicule excellent quality4 7with ,the ,saints ,bean is pellicles7 superior4 ,the ,ordinary is a smaller1 rounder1 curved bean4 ,guadeloupe coffees are mostly sold as ,martinique4 ,martinique ,fort-de-,france,martinique ,in general3 ,the 7,french7 ,grades3 ,martinique bean is ,fine ,green green1 long1 ,common ,green somewhat thick1 and ,good ,commercial is usually shipped ,common in the silver skin4 ,picked ,it is of fine ,common quality1 but commercially unimportant4 ,guadeloupe coffees are not infrequently sold as ,martinique4 ,curaao ,willemstad ,curaao ,in general3 ,the 7,dutch7 ,curaao coffee bean is small1 of light color and flavor4 ,it makes a bright cinnamon roast2 useful as a filler4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,south ,america,colombia ,puerto ,colombians1 m ,in general3 ,the ,colombia n ,colombian coffee 7,savanilla7 bean is greenish1 ,barranquilla yellow1 and brown1 ,cartagena depending on age1 ,santa ,marta and is rich and on ,atlantic mild in the cup4 ,the fancy grades ,buenaventura compare favorably ,tumaco with the world's on the best growths4 ,they ,pacific produce one-quarter more liquor of given strength than ,santos coffees1 and possess much finer flavor and aroma4 ,antioquia1 d ,light to dark green2 ,medellin1 t handsome roasters2 m n not as smooth as some ,central ,american types1 but best of ,colombians2 fine flavor and body4 ,caldas1 d ,similar to ,medellins ,manizales1 in cup quality1 but t m n not as heavy-bodied or as acid4 ,jerico ,a favorably regarded ,colombian4 ,magdalena1 d ,full1 solid1 blue1 ,santa ,marta1 washed bean1 making t m n a fancy roast1 but too acid to be used straight4 ,cundinamarca1 ,the green bean is d blue-green to fancy ,bogota1 t yellow and ,java m n brown1 depending on age2 long1 with a sharp turn in one end of the center stripe4 ,it makes ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,south ,america,colombia a smooth roast4 ,the 7,cont'd7 7,cont'd74 fancy has a rich1 mellow flavor4 ,cauca1 t ,sometimes sold as m n imitation ,bogota or ,bucaramanga2 but inferior in appearance1 roast1 and drink4 ,santander1 d ,large bean1 spongy ,bucaramanga and open1 making a t m n dull ,java-style roast4 ,the naturals lack acidity and flavor2 but have a heavy body4 ,the fancies are almost the equals of fine ,javas and ,sumatras4 ,cucuta1 t ,attractive in style m n and cup4 7,see ,venezuela47 ,ocana1 t ,sometimes sold as an ,savanilla1 imitation ,bogota or m n ,bucaramanga2 but inferior in appearance and cup4 ,tolima1 d ,fair size bean1 ,ibague1 t attractive in ,honda1 t style and cup4 ,classes for ,all ,colombians3 ,caf ,trillado 7natural or sun dried71 ,caf ,lavado 7washed74 ,gradings for ,all ,colombians3 ,excelso 7excellent71 fantasia 7excelso and extra71 extra 7extra71 primera 7first71 segunda 7second71 caracol 7peaberry71 monstruo 7large and deformed71 consumo 7defective71 pasilla 7siftings74 ---------------------------------- ,venezuela ,la ,guaira ,venezuela ,in general3 ,the ,puerto ,cabello coffee of ,venezuela ,maracaibo is greenish-yellow to yellow2 large bean1 ranging next to ,santos in quality and price4 ,it is mild or mellow in the cup4 ,the unwashed1 or trillado1 comprises the bulk of the crop4 ,caracas1 d ,short1 bluish bean1 uniform in color1 and making a light cinnamon roast1 but containing quakers4 ,the natural has a fair cup quality4 ,the washed gives the best results in roast and cup4 ,puerto ,the washed is a ,cabello1 d handsome bean1 but inferior in flavor to ,caracas4 ,the unwashed is flinty2 fair roast1 no special merit in cup4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,south ,america,venezuela ,cumana1 d ,valued just below 7,cont'd7 7,cont'd7 ,caracas4 ,coro1 d ,valued a trifle below ,rio of the same grade4 ,trujillo1 d ,a low grade1 making m n a dull rough roast4 ,santa ,ana ,light in color and body4 ,monte ,carmelo ,light in color and body4 ,bocono ,light in color and body2 neutral flavor4 ,two classes4 ,merida1 d ,the best of the m n ,maracaibos4 ,the washed makes a good roast1 and has a peculiar delicate flavor much prized by experts4 ,it ranks among the world's best4 ,tovar1 m n ,ranks between ,trujillos and ,tachiras4 ,fair to good body2 without acidity4 ,used as filler in blends4 ,tachira1 m ,formerly sold as n ,cucuta1 7,san ,cristobal7 to which it is nearest in quality1 appearance1 and flavor4 ,cucuta1 t ,grown in ,colombia4 m n ,resembles ,java bean ,salazar1 m in form and roast4 n ,the natural makes a full roast4 ,the washed is a stylish1 large bean1 a beautiful roaster1 splitting open with irregular white center2 sharply acid in the cup4 ,angostura ,a small bean1 light in color and body1 without much weight or character4 ,carupano ,a low grade valued at about the same as a ,brazil coffee of similar grade4 ,british ,georgetown ,demerara1 m ,in general3 ,not a ,guiana n commercial factor4 ,dutch ,guiana,paramaribo ,surinam1 m ,in general3 ,the 7,surinam7 n production is limited and commercially unimportant4 ,french ,cayenne ,cayenne1 m ,in general3 ,guiana n ,similar to 7,cayenne7 ,martinique4 ,the production is limited and commercially unimportant4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,south ,brazil ,brazils1 m n ,in general3 ,the ,american coffees of ,brazil1 7,cont'd7 which are generally known in the trade as ,brazils 7to distinguish them from ,milds1 the higher grades71 are the price coffees of the world4 ,brazil produces about #gj of the world's supply4 ,santos ,so ,paulo1 d ,the largest coffee district1 producing between #ej and #fj of the world's supply4 ,classes3 ,bourbon1 ,small bean1 ,santos m n resembling ,mocha1 but making a handsomer roast with fewer quakers4 ,in color it varies from dark to light green1 and from yellow to a pale straw1 often with a red center4 ,true ,bourbons are first crop beans4 ,in the cup they are smooth and palatable without tang4 ,flat ,bean ,smooth surface1 ,santos m n small to large1 pale green and greenish-yellow to pale yellow4 ,it is a sixth year crop of ,bourbon ,santos4 ,good full smooth body4 ,used straight and in combination with all milds4 ,mocha-,seed ,a grade of ,bourbon ,santos m n designed as a substitute for true ,mocha on the ,european markets4 ,campinas1 d ,the oldest coffee t district in ,so ,paulo4 ,there are #acf others4 ,gradings for ,all ,so ,paulo3 #a--;,fine #d--,regular #b--,superior #e--,ordinary #c--;,good #f--;,escalba ---------------------------------- ,rio de ,mins ,geraes ,various shades of ,janeriro ,rio1 m n green1 medium to large4 ,peculiar pungent flavor and aroma4 ,gradings for ,all ,rios3 7,n4,y4 ,coffee ,exchange7 #a--,no imperfections #b--f imperfections #c--ac imperfections #d--bj imperfections #e--fj imperfections #f--aaj imperfections #g--;,about #bjj imperfections #h--;,about #djj imperfections 7,on ,havre ,exchange7 ,washed--,inferior and ordinary ,unwashed--,superior1 #ast good1 #ast regular1 #ast ordinary1 #bnd good1 #bnd ordinary4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,south ,america,brazil ,victoria ,espirito ,santo ,large1 dingy-green 7,cont'd7 7,cont'd7 d or brown bean ,victoria1 t making a roast free ,capitania1 m from quakers but n but muddy in the cup4 ,bahia ,bahia1 d1 t1 ,low grade1 having a m n peculiar smoky flavor4 ,chapada1 t ,light-colored1 m n fair-sized bean2 attractive roast1 but no cup character4 ,caravellas1 t ,similar to ,chapada4 m n ,nazareth1 t ,small bean1 fair m n roast1 undesirable cup4 ,maragogipe1 ,a variety of t m n ,coffea arabica2 large bean1 elephantine roast1 woody in the cup4 ,cear ,cear1 t ,small1 flinty1 green ,cuaruaru1 m bean2 value like n ,santos of the same grade4 ,ecuador ,guayaquil ,ecuador ,in general3 ,the ,ecuador coffee bean is small1 pea-green in color1 and not high grade4 ,it resembles ,cear1 and when old makes a bright roast4 ,it is poor in cup quality and useful only as a filler4 ,not an important commercial factor4 ,peru ,callao ,peru ,in general3 ,the ,mollendo ,choquisongo1 d green coffee bean ,cajamarca1 d of ,peru ranges from ,perene1 d medium to bold in ,paucartambo1 d size1 and from ,chauchamayo1 d bluish to yellow in ,huanuaco1 d color4 ,the highland ,pacasmayo1 d variety has been compared with the high-grade ,mexicans1 but the lowland growths are not favorably regarded4 ,unimportant commercially4 ,bolivia ,bolivia ,in general3 ,la ,paz1 d ,bolivia's coffee1 ,apolobamba1 though of superior t quality and ,yungas1 m sometimes compared n favorably with ,cochabamba1 d ,arabian growths1 is ,santa ,cruz1 d an unimportant ,sara factor in ,velasco international ,chiquitos coffee trading4 ,cordillera ,el ,beni1 d ,chuquisca1 d ,argentina ,argentina ,in general3 ,salta1 d ,argentina's coffee ,jujuy1 d is grown chiefly for home consumption4 ,unimportant commercially4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,south ,america,paraguay ,paraguay ,in general3 7,cont'd7 ,altos1 d ,paraguay's coffee ,asuncion1 d is all marketed in ,asuncion1 where it is sold as ,brazilian coffee4 ,it is commercially important4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,asia ,arabia ,aden ,mocha ,in general3 ,hodeida ,arabian1 or ,mocha1 ,maidi beans are very ,leheya small1 hard1 round irregular in form and size2 in color1 olive green shading off to pale yellow4 ,the roast is poor and irregular4 ,in the cup they have a unique acid character1 heavy body2 in flavor1 smooth and delicious4 ,yemen ,marttari1 d ,from the ,beni-,mattar 7,mohtari7 country2 the best2 a yellow-green translucent bean4 ,yaffey1 d ,from the ,yaffey country near ,taiz2 second best4 ,sharki1 d ,a long light yellow 7,shergi7 bean1 from the east1 ,esh ,shark a superior ,mocha with a rich full body4 ,sanani1 d ,from the ,sanaa region2 a green bean4 ,a grade lower than ,sharki4 ,haimi-,harazi1 ,a quality green bean d from a mountain 7,hemi or near ,mattari4 ,heimah7 ,anezi1 d ,from the ,el ,anz 7,anisi7 country4 ,pale yellow and very hard4 ,sharsh1 d ,superior qualities ,menakha1 d of the above due ,hifash1 d to different methods of curing4 ,remi1 d ,a poorer grade1 7,reimah7 reddish bean1 from ,djebel ,remi4 ,bourai1 d ,a poorer grade from 7,bura7 ,djebel ,boura4 ,shami1 d ,a poorer grade from from the north2 ,esh ,sham4 ,yemeni1 d ,a poorer grade from 7,taizi7 the south2 ,el ,yemen4 ,maidi1 d ,a poorer grade from the port of ,maidi4 ,abyssinia ,formerly known as 7,africa7 ,longberry ,mocha1 but still shipped through ,aden via ,jibuti4 ,see ,africa--,abyssinia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,asia ,arabia ,gradings for ,all ,mochas3 ,mocha 7,cont'd7 7,cont'd7 ,extra--,for all extra qualities as ,yaffey1 ,anezi1 ,matari1 ,sharki4 ,mocha ,no4 #a--;,for ,anezi1 ,matari1 ,sharki2 only perfect berries4 ,no4 #a;,a1 same as ,no4 #a1 but with some dust4 ,mocha ,no4 #b--,some broken and quakers4 ,mocha ,no4 #c--;,broken1 quakers and dust4 ,magrache--,triage or screenings4 ---------------------------------- ,india ,madras ,indias1 m n ,in general3 ,the ,calicut ,indian coffee bean ,mangalore is small to large ,tellicherry and blue-green in ,tuticorin color4 ,in the cup ,bombay it has a distinctive strong flavor and deep color4 ,mysore1 d ,mountain-grown1 ,mysore1 t large1 blue-green bean1 heavy body4 ,madras1 d ,small bean1 solid ,malabar1 m and meaty2 handsome n 7,wynaad7 roast1 peculiar rich flavor4 ,nilgiri1 d ,small to large bean ,nilgiris1 m with slight acidity n in the cup2 plantation ,ceylon character4 ,madura1 d ,no marked 7,palni ,hills7 characteristics4 ,salem1 d ,same as ,nilgiris4 7,shevaroys7 ,coimbatore1 d ,same as ,nilgiris4 ,tellicherry1 ,a good grade d resembling ,malabar2 somewhat similar ,nilgiris4 ,coorg 7or ,a large1 flat1 dark ,kurg71 d green bean1 thin in the cup2 a lowland variety4 ,travancore1 d ,similar to ,nilgiris4 ,cochin1 d ,a native cherry4 ,cochin1 m n ,bombay1 d ,commercially ,kanara unimportant4 ,bengal1 d ,commercially ,chittagong unimportant4 ,assam ,commercially unimportant4 ,south ,sylhet ,commercially unimportant4 ,burma ,rangoon ,burma ,large spongy bean2 ,tavoy1 d grassy cup4 ,not a commercial factor4 ,classes for ,all ,indias3 #a--,native cherry 7sun dried and then hulled7 #b--,plantation 7washed7 ,sizes3 ,nos4 #a1 #b and #c2 ,peaberry and ,triage ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,asia ,ceylon ,colombo ,ceylon ,in general3 7,cont'd7 ,gampola1 d ,ceylon's coffees ,dumbara1 d are no longer the ,kotmale1 d commercial factor ,pussellawa1 d they were before the coffee blight practically destroyed the industry4 ,those left1 however1 still retain much of their original character1 the hill-grown washed being unique in appearance and flavor4 ,in the old days they were classed as native1 or plain-grown1 plantation1 mountain1 and ,liberian4 ,malay ,states,penang ,straits ,in general3 ,the 7,british7 7,georgetown7 ,liberian1 m coffee from the ,singapore n ,malay ,states is ,straits mostly ,liberian ,robusta1 m and ,robusta and is n not important commercially1 although the ,robusta variety promises to become an important factor4 ,perak1 d ,most important of the ,federated ,states coffees4 ,selangor1 d ,native state coffee4 ,negri- ,nine states ,sembilan1 d ,federation district coffees4 ,bali1 d m ,from the island in n ,netherlands ,east ,indies 7,see p4 #cgd47 ,timor1 d ,from the island in m n ,netherlands ,east ,indies 7,see p4 #cgd47 ,french ,haiphong ,indo-,china1 m ,in general3 ,the ,indo-,china n coffees of ,french ,tonkin ,indo-,china1 while ,annam comparatively new1 ,cambodia give promise2 but ,cochin-,china as yet are not commercially important4 ,the original arabica plantings have been succeeded by liberica and robusta growths4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,malay ,sunda ,east ,indies1 ,in general3 ,archipelago ,islands m n ,included in this group are the best-known coffees from ,sumatra1 ,java1 ,timor1 ,celebes1 etc4 ,netherlands ,east ,indies ,sumatra ,padang ,sumatra ,in general3 ,kroe 7,west ,included among the ,coast7 coffees of ,sumatra ,batavia 7,java7 are several that are conceded to be the finest the world produces4 ,the green beans are large1 uniform1 and vary in color from pale straw to deep mahogany4 ,they have a smooth1 heavy body1 the ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,malay ,netherlands ,padang fancies possessing ,archipelago ,east ,indies,kroe 7,west an almost syrupy 7,cont'd7 ,sumatra ,coast7 richness4 ,they are 7,cont'd7 ,batavia 7,java7 graded as ,private ,estate 7washed or dry hulled7 and ,blue ,bean 7washed74 ,padang1 d ,the best coffee in t the world2 also ,mandheling1 m the highest priced4 n ,formerly a ,government coffee4 ,yellow to brown1 large-sized bean2 dully roast1 but free from quakers4 ,it is of heavy body1 exquisite flavor and aroma4 ,ankola1 m n ,formerly a ,government coffee4 ,large fat bean1 making a dull roast4 ,second only to ,mandhelings2 it has a heavy body and rich1 musty flavor4 ,siboga1 m n ,a harder bean ,ankola2 sometimes called ,private ,estate ,ankola4 ,ayer ,bangies1 ,formerly a m n ,government coffee4 ,large even bean1 with ,mandheling and ,ankola2 of a delicate flavor but not much body4 ,corinchie1 m ,formerly a native n cultivation4 ,the bean is large1 handsome1 brown in color4 ,it makes an attractive roast4 ,good body1 plenty of bitter acid1 delicious flavor4 ,interior1 m ,formerly all n ,government coffee4 ,the true type of ,old ,government ,java4 ,poor roast1 good cup4 ,painan ,formerly a ,government coffee4 ,mixed green and brown beans2 poor roast4 ,heavy body1 pungent flavor4 ,grades next to ,inferior4 ,kroe1 t m ,formerly a native n cultivated coffee4 ,large even bean1 fine roast1 heavy body1 somewhat groundy flavor4 ,lahat1 t ,former native m n cultivation4 ,smaller than ,kroe2 good roaster1 flat cup4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,malay ,netherlands ,padang ,palembang1 t ,former ,private ,archipelago ,east ,indies,kroe 7,west m n ,estates4 ,smaller 7,cont'd7 ,sumatra ,coast7 than the ,padang 7,cont'd7 ,batavia 7,java7 bean2 light color1 strong cup4 ,indrapoera1 ,former ,private t m n ,estates4 ,an inferior grade of ,sumatra4 ,benkoelen1 ,formerly a native t m n cultivation4 ,good roast and cup4 ,libaya1 m n ,formerly a native cultivation4 ,boekit ,gompong1 ,formerly a ,private m n ,estate4 ,a perfect coffee1 of heavier body than ,mandheling1 good roast2 very delicate flavor4 ,kagoe ,kaleh1 ,formerly a ,private m n ,estate4 ,batang ,baros1 ,formerly a ,private m n ,estate4 ,telok ,goenoeng1 ,formerly a ,private m n ,estate4 ,aker ,gedang1 ,formerly a ,private m n ,estate4 ,small bean1 good roast1 fine flavor4 ,soerian1 m ,formerly a ,private n ,estate4 ,large bean1 fine roast1 good cup4 ,ranks next to ,boekit ,gompong4 ,liki1 m n ,formerly a ,private ,estate4 ,fine roast1 light cup4 ,it ranks next to ,soerian4 ,loebor ,sampir1 ,formerly a ,private m n ,estate4 ,soengei1 m ,former ,private n ,estate4 ,landei1 m n ,former ,private ,estate4 ,ramboetan1 m ,former ,private n ,estate4 ,gadoeng ,batoe1 ,former ,private m n ,estate4 ,merapi1 m n ,formerly a ,private ,estate4 ,large bean1 good roast1 good cup4 ,si ,barasap1 m ,formerly a ,private n ,estate4 ,laboe ,raya1 m ,formerly a ,private n ,estate4 ,large bean1 good roast1 good cup4 ,balawan-,deli ,east ,coast ,these coffees are ,panai ,deli1 d comparatively new4 ,bintangmariah1 ,they partake of the d qualities common to ,oelakmedan1 d the general run of ,panai1 d ,sumatras without distinguishing characteristics4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,malay ,netherlands ,batavia ,java1 m n ,in general3 ,java ,archipelago ,east ,indies coffees do not 7,cont'd7 7,cont'd7 compare with ,java ,sumatras in quality4 ,they are smaller in the bean1 with a grassy flavor in the cup4 ,blue to pale yellow1 short round bean4 ,the washed makes a good smooth roast1 light in the cup4 ,preager1 d ,best of the ,java growths4 ,cheribon1 d ,ranks next to ,preanger4 ,kadoe1 d ,small yellowish-green shelly bean2 light in cup4 ,semarang1 d ,ranks next to ,kadoe in roast and cup quality4 ,malang1 d ,hard green bean2 better roaster than the above1 but inferior in cup quality4 ,bantam1 t ,medium-sized m n yellowish bean4 ,buitenzorg1 ,one of the best of t m n the ,javas4 ,krawang1 t ,irregular bean2 fair m n roaster2 fair cup4 ,tegal1 t ,one of the best of m n the ,java growths4 ,banjoemas1 t ,medium-sized bean2 m n creamy and fragrant in the cup4 ,pekalongan1 ,with characteristics t m n like ,pasuruan4 ,baquilan1 t ,no marked m n characteristics4 ,japara1 t ,bean light in weight m n and color2 cup neutral4 ,surakarta1 t ,large bean1 handsome m n roast1 creamy body1 aromatic flavor in the cup4 ,jokjakarta1 ,similar to t m n ,surakarta4 ,madiun1 t ,yellow bean1 light m n in weight and body1 but good cup4 ,rembang1 t ,similar to ,kadoe4 m n ,surabaya1 t ,similar to ,kadoe4 m n ,kediri1 t ,small hard bean2 m n good drinker4 ,pasurauan1 t ,brown1 uniform m n bean2 fragrant in cup4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,malay ,netherlands ,batavia ,probolingo1 ,small hard bean3 ,archipelago ,east ,indies t m n poor roast4 7,cont'd7 ,java 7,cont'd7 ,bejreki1 t ,bold yellow bean2 m n full body and flavor4 ,banjoewangi1 ,heavy bean2 rich t m n flavor4 ,pamanukin1 t ,a ,liberian growth4 m n ,robusta1 m ,small1 n yellowish-green1 round bean2 quality approximately that of middling ,arabian1 ranking a little under good average ,santos4 ,natural1 poor roast4 ,washed1 good roast4 ,fair cup4 ,bali 7,dutch7,singaraja ,bali1 m n ,fair-size bean of 7,boeleleng7 little merit4 ,poor roast4 ,timor ,kupang ,timor1 m n ,medium bean of good 7,dutch quality4 ,portuguese7 ,celebes ,celebes1 m ,in general3 ,with the 7,dutch7 n exception of the ,minahassa product1 the coffees grown in the ,celebes have little merit and are of inconsiderable importance4 ,menado ,minahassa1 ,large1 deep-yellow m n bean1 making a handsome roast1 and having an aromatic cup4 ,macassar ,boengie1 ,inferior in m n appearance1 but fair roast and cup quality4 ,bonthain ,bontbain1 ,medium1 flat1 m n reddish bean1 poor roast2 undesirable cup4 ,sindjai1 ,not commercially m n important4 ,moluccas ,ternate ,boengie1 ,superior to the ,java 7,dutch7 m n arabica4 ,borneo ,british ,sandakan ,borneo1 ,in general3 ,the ,north m n coffees of ,borneo ,sarawak ,kuching ,borneo1 m n are mostly ,liberian ,dutch ,banjermasin ,borneo1 m n growths and are not a trade factor4 ,new ,guinea ,ternate ,new ,guinea1 ,in general3 ,these 7,dutch7 7,moluccas7 m n coffees are of the ,dorey mild variety1 but the production is commercially unimportant4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,melanesia ,new ,noumea ,new ,caledonia ,a fair ,robusta ,caledonia ,la ,foa coffee1 but 7,france7 commercially unimportant4 ,new ,hebrides 7,great ,britain and ,france7 ,efate ,vila ,new ,hebrides ,a fair coffee1 but not a trade factor4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,micronesia ,samoan ,islands ,tutuila ,pago ,pago ,samoa ,commercially 7,u4,s47 unimportant4 ,fiji 7,british7 ,vita ,levu ,suva ,fiji ,medium-sized green bean2 grassy cup4 ,not a trade factor4 ,tonga 7,friendly ,islands7 ,tongatabu ,nukualofa ,tonga ,for local consumption only4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,philippine ,luzon ,manila ,manila ,in general3 ,islands ,la ,laguna1 d ,manila1 or 7,u4,s47 ,batangas1 d ,philippine1 coffee ,cavite1 d is not an important ,benguet1 d trade factor4 ,the ,lepanto1 d bean is medium ,bontoc1 d size1 grayish-green in color1 having fine aroma and excellent flavor4 ,it compares favorably with ,costa ,rica and ,guatemala4 ,panay ,iloilo ,panay ,no marked characteristics4 ,cebu ,cebu ,cebu ,no marked characteristics4 ,palawan ,puerto ,palawan ,no marked ,princessa characteristics4 ,mindanao ,zamboanga ,zamboanga ,large bean2 thin liquor4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,marianas or ,guam 7,u4,s47 ,apra ,guam ,no production for ,ladrone export4 ,islands ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,oceania ,hawaiian ,honolulu ,hawaiian1 ,in general3 ,polynesia ,islands 7,oahua7 m n ,hawaiian coffee is 7,u4,s47 ,hilo a large bean1 ,kailua blue-green to yellow-brown in color2 handsome roaster1 fine smooth flavor4 ,kona1 d ,large1 blue1 flinty bean1 mildly acid2 striking character4 ,puna1 d ,quality good but quantity small4 ,olaa1 d ,quality good but quantity small4 ,hamakua1 d ,quality good but quantity small4 ,maui1 d ,production small4 ,oahu1 d ,production small4 ,kauai1 d ,production small4 ,society ,papeete ,tahiti ,a fair coffee1 but ,islands not a trade factor4 7,french7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,australia ,queensland ,cairns ,queensland ,in general3 ,the ,mackay ,mackay1 d coffee is from ,brisbane ,ceylon or ,coorg seed and is for local consumption4 ,not a commercial factor4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,africa ,egypt ,alexandria ,egyptian1 ,in general3 m n ,coffees from the upper ,nile region1 ,kaffa ,land1 ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan1 and ,nubia are generally spoken of as ,egyptians4 ,they have some ,mocha characteristics1 but are not important commercially4 ,anglo- ,suakin ,nubian1 m ,small1 flinty1 ,egyptian ,alexandria n pale-green1 oval ,sudan 7,egypt7 bean2 heavy body2 rich flavor4 ,berber1 d ,some superior drinking coffees come from this district4 ,eritrea ,massowah ,abyssinian1 ,the coffee is of the 7,italy7 m n ,abyssinian type1 but the output is not an important trade factor4 ,somaliland ,french ,jibuti ,harar1 d1 t ,these coffees are ,abyssinian1 not grown in ,french m n ,somaliland1 but come from ,abyssinia to ,jibuti and ,aden for export to ,europe and ,america4 ,see ,abyssinia4 ,british ,berbera ,harar1 d1 t ,grown1 as above1 in ,zeila ,abyssinian1 ,abyssinia4 m n ,italian ,mukdishu ,benadir1 ,abyssinian type1 but d m n not an important trade factor4 ,abyssinia ,jibuti 7,french ,harar1 d1 t ,in general3 ,the ,somaliland7 ,abyssinian1 ,harari coffee is ,zeila m n more carefully cultivated and cured than the ,abyssinian1 which is its inferior4 ,berbera ,harar1 d1 t ,the original ,mocha 7,british ,harari1 m n ,longberry4 ,large1 ,somaliland7 long blue-green to yellow bean4 ,massowah 7,graded ,no4 #a or ,no4 7,eritrea7 #b1 according to size7 roasting with ,aden 7,arabia7 few quakers1 similar to ,mocha1 having an excellent flavor but not quite so delicate4 ,dire-,daoua1 t ,railway trading center for ,harari and ,abyssinian coffees4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,africa ,abyssinia ,abyssinia ,the native coffee 7,cont'd7 7,cont'd7 ,kaffa1 d grown wild in this 7,gomara7 district has little commercial importance4 ,the bean is dark gray1 and it has a groundy flavor4 ,bonga1 t ,trading center for ,abyssinia4 ,jimma1 d ,trading center for ,jiren1 t ,abyssinia4 ,shoa1 d ,mostly ,abyssinian ,adis-,abeba1 t growths are exported from this trading center to ,harar or ,dire-,daoua4 ,kenya ,mombasa ,nairobi1 d ,having ,mysore ,colony t characteristics 7,formerly ,kikuyu with a touch of ,british ,kyambu ,mocha flavor4 ,east ,africa7 ,uganda ,mombasa ,uganda ,greenish-gray to ,protectorate ,bunganda1 d light-brown 7,british7 ,robusta4 ,poor to fairly good liquor4 ,zanzibar ,zanzibar ,zanzibar ,medium-sized bean2 ,protectorate full body1 pleasing 7,british7 flavor4 ,tanganyika ,dar-es-,salaam ,east ,africa1 ,not a commercial ,territory m n factor4 7formerly or ,german ,east ,tanganyika1 ,africa7 m n ,nyasaland ,chinde ,nyasaland ,some high-grown and ,protectorate7,portuguese ,shire ,highlands1of fine quality4 ,not 7,british7 ,east ,africa7 d a commercial factor4 ,blantyre1 d ,rhodesia ,beira ,rhodesia ,for local 7,british7 7,portuguese consumption4 ,east ,africa7 ,not a trade factor4 ,portuguese ,mozambique ,mozambique ,medium-sized ,east ,africa greenish bean1 heavy body2 mild and mellow in the cup4 ,natal ,durban ,natal ,large1 light-brown 7,british7 ,liberian growth4 ,not a trade factor4 ,angola ,loanda ,angola ,medium-size bean1 7,portugal7 brownish color1 strong in the cup4 ,encoje1 d1 ,light weight1 dark m n brown ,robusta2 strong in the cup4 ,belgian ,banana ,congo1 m n ,in general3 ,the ,congo ,equator1 d coffees of the ,aruwimi1 d ,belgian ,congo are ,bangala1 d mostly ,liberian and ,lake ,leopold1 ,robusta growths4 d ,there is produced a medium-sized bean1 making a handsome roast and having a rich cup4 ,french ,loango ,loango1 d1 ,formerly ,encoje ,congo ,libreville m n from ,angola4 ,inferior to ,liberian4 ,grand ,country ,shipping ,state1 or ,trade ,values ,division ,ports ,district1 and ,cup ,market ,names ,characteristics and ,gradings ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,africa ,nigeria ,lagos ,nigeria ,commercially 7,cont'd7 7,british7 unimportant4 ,gold ,coast ,accra ,gold ,coast ,not a commercial 7,british7 factor4 ,liberia ,monrovia ,liberian1 m ,large1 brown bean2 n big1 handsome roaster2 strong in cup4 ,sierra ,leone,freetown ,sierra ,leone ,c4 stenophylla1 a 7,british7 native growth4 ,not a trade factor4 ,french ,konakry ,guinea1 m n ,commercially ,guinea unimportant4 ,portuguese ,bissao ,guinea1 m n ,commercially ,guinea unimportant4 ,comoro ,maroni ,comoro1 m n ,a wild natural ,islands caffein-free coffee 7,french7 7,c4 humboltiana72 also found in ,madagascar4 ,not a commercial factor4 ,madagascar ,tamatave ,madagascar ,light-green 7,french7 liberica and robusta bean2 full rich flavor4 ,runion1 ,st4 ,denis ,bourbon1 m ,nearest to ,mocha in formerly n character 7q4 v474 ,bourbon ,round and pointed 7,french7 bean1 pale green or pale yellow4 ,not a trade factor4 ,mauritius ,port ,louis ,mauritius ,similar to ,bourbon4 7,british7 ,medium light green1 full body1 mild and mellow flavor4 ,not a trade factor4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,factory ,,preparation ,,of ,,roasted ,,coffee ,coffee roasting as a business--,wholesale coffee-roasting machinery--,separating1 milling1 and mixing or blending green coffee1 and roasting by coal1 coke1 gas1 and electricity--,facts about coffee roasting--,cost of roasting--,green-coffee shrinkage table--,dry and wet roasts--,on roasting coffee efficiently--,a typical coal roaster--,cooling and stoning--,finishing or glazing--,blending roasted coffees--,blends for restaurants--,grinding and packaging--,coffee additions and fillers--,treated coffees1 and dry extracts ,the coffee bean is not ready for beverage purposes until it has been properly manufactured1 that is1 roasted1 or cooked4 ,only in this way can all the stimulating1 flavoring1 and aromatic principles concealed in the minute cells of the bean be extracted at one time4 ,an infusion from green coffee has a decidedly unpleasant taste and hardly any color4 ,likewise1 an underdone roast has a disagreeable grassy flavor2 while an overdone roast gives a charred taste that is unpalatable to the average citizen of the ,united ,states4 ,coffee ,roasting as a ,business ,in spite of the generally admitted fact that freshly roasted coffee makes the best infusion1 most of the coffee used today is not roasted at or near the place where it is brewed1 but in factories that are provided with special equipment for the roasting of coffee in a wholesale way4 ,the reasons for this are various1 partly relating to the mere economy of buying and manufacturing on a large scale1 and partly relating to the trained skill that is needed both for selecting suitable green coffees to make a satisfactory blend1 and for the roasting work itself4 ,the proportion of consumers 7including restaurants and hotels7 who roast their own coffee is so small as to be negligible1 at least in the ,united ,states4 ,the average person who buys coffee today1 for brewing use1 never sees green coffee at all1 unless as an educational exhibit in some dealer's display window4 ,the reasons just mentioned1 which have made coffee roasting a real business1 all tend1 of course1 to make the roasting establishments of large size2 but this tendency is offset by the problem of distributing the roasting coffee so that it will reach the ultimate consumer in good condition4 ,roasting enterprises on a comparatively small scale 7not by consumers1 but by sufficiently expert dealers7 would probably be much more numerous on account of the fresh-roast argument1 except for the fact that coffee-roasting machines can not be installed so easily as the grinding mills1 meat-choppers1 and slicing machines1 that find extended use in small stores4 ,the steam1 smoke1 and chaff given off by the coffee as it is roasted must be disposed of by an outdoor connection1 without annoying the neighbors or creating a fire hazard4 ,from these general remarks1 it can easily be seen that the size of individual roasting establishments will vary greatly1 according to the skill of the proprietor in meeting the disadvantages of working on either the smallest or the largest scale4 ,a wholesale plant may be considered to be one in which coffee is roasted in batches of one bag or more at a time2 and with this definition1 nearly all the roasting in the ,united ,states is done in a wholesale way4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,modern ,,gas ,,coffee-,,roasting ,,plant ,,with ,a ,,capacity ,,of #a1jjj ,,bags ,a ,,day ,general view of the roasting room of the ,jewel ,tea ,co41 ,hoboken1 ,n4,j4 ,the equipment consists of twelve ,jubilee gas machines in four groups2 each group having a smoke-suction fan1 and a drag conveyor over the three feed hoppers4 ,to the left is a line of flexible-arm cooler cars ,for many years the regular factory machines have been of a size suitable for roasting two bags of coffee at a time2 but roasters of larger size have recently come into considerable use4 ,plants treating from fifty to a hundred and fifty bags per day are the most common2 but the daily capacity runs up to a thousand bags or more4 ,the minimum cost of equipping a plant is somewhere between five thousand dollars and ten thousand dollars4 ,the individual machines are of standard construction2 but the arrangement in a particular building1 especially for the larger plants1 is worked out with great care and with numerous special features1 so that the goods can be handled from start to finish with minimum expense for floor space1 labor1 power1 etc4 ,the practical coffee roaster locates his roasting room in the top floor of his factory building1 where light and ventilation are generally best4 ,he usually has a large skylight in the roof1 directly over the roasting equipment4 ,in addition to the advantage as regards good light and the convenient discharge of smoke1 steam1 and odors1 through the roof1 the top-story location makes it possible to send the roasted coffee by gravity through the various bins which may be needed in connection with subsequent operations1 such as grinding1 and for temporary storage before the final packaging and shipping4 ,wholesale ,coffee-,roasting ,machinery ,the indispensable coffee operations are roasting and cooling2 and in practically all ,united ,states plants the cooling is followed by stoning4 ,this is an air-suction operation that effects1 aided by gravity1 the removal of any stones or other hard material that would damage the grinding mill4 ,the best commercial cleaning and grading of the green coffee has usually left in every bag a few small stones4 ,these can be got rid of better after the coffee is roasted2 because it is then not only lighter1 but more bulky4 ,illustration3 ,,milling-,,machine ,,connections ,,for ,a ,,two-,,roaster ,,plant ,besides these three operations of roasting1 cooling1 and stoning1 the plant may have machinery for treating the coffee both before it is roasted and after it leaves the stoner4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,sixteen-,,cylinder ,,coal ,,roasting ,,plant ,,in ,a ,,new ,,york ,,factory ,this is a view of the roasting room of ,b4 ,fischer ,co4 and shows a battery of ,burns coal roasters ,treatment of the green coffee in roasting establishments is of less importance now than in years gone by2 first1 because most coffees now come to market more perfectly graded and cleaned than formerly2 and second1 because the whole-bean appearance of the coffee has become of less account1 as wholesale grinding operations have increased4 ,nevertheless1 many plants consider it highly important to have a separator for grading the coffee closely as regards the size of the beans--and particularly for the separation of round beans1 or peaberry--as well as milling machinery for making the coffee as clean as possible before it is roasted4 ,one green coffee operation that has lost none of its old-time importance1 but on the contrary is more needed as the plants increase in size1 is the mixing of different varieties of coffee--in proportions that have been decided on by sample tests--so as to get a uniform blend4 ,the mixer does not blend the various coffees any more surely than a good roaster cylinder will do it1 but treats batches of much larger size4 ,this means saving a great amount of labor that would be necessary for putting the desired quantity of component coffees into each individual roaster4 ,a proper installation of green coffee machinery requires various bins of ample capacity1 and bucket elevators by which the coffee can be sent without manual labor from one operation to another4 ,in modern plants1 all the bins and elevators are constructed of metal4 ,the separator1 with its bins and elevator1 may be installed independently of the rest of the plant1 the graded coffee being all bagged up again and treated as new raw stock--some of it to be held for later use1 or perhaps sold again unroasted4 ,the milling machine and the mixer1 however1 are usually so placed and connected that the coffee can be sent from one to the other1 and to the roaster feed hoppers1 without any manual labor4 ,when the roaster sells his product in package form ready for the consumer1 he will have a packaging department in which are grinding1 weighing1 labeling1 and packing machines and equipment4 ,in some of the more progressive plants1 particularly in the ,united ,states1 all the packing units are incorporated in one machine1 so that the different steps in the work are carried on automatically and in one continuous operation4 ,illustration3 ,,green-,,coffee-,,mixer ,,connections ,to operate at full capacity1 without using the story above as well as below the mixer1 requires a bucket elevator and three bins1 each holding a full mixing batch4 ,the above diagram explains this setting4 ,the mixed coffee in the discharge bin is either drawn out into bags or sent by an elevator to a milling machine or direct to the coffee roasters4 ,a batch ready for mixing can always be accumulated in the feed bin while the previous batch is being mixed or discharged4 ,the fan is usually hung to the ceiling over the mixer as indicated1 and connected to the suction box by a #a-;in4 round pipe4 ,the fan outlet can be carried directly out-of-doors2 but the dusty discharge is objectionable in most installations1 and this pipe is usually carried to a dust collector from the top of which the roof outlet is connected4 ,the efficient roaster-executive equips his entire plant with approved labor-saving devices4 ,in the better establishments1 the coffee is carried along by mechanical conveyors through all the operations from the first cleaning machine to the final packaging4 ,separating ,as already mentioned1 a machine frequently found in wholesale plants is the separator1 or grader4 ,this apparatus1 which is the same in principle in all countries1 but varies in size and form according to local requirements1 consists of a series of perforated screens4 ,the perforations differ in size2 and as the coffee is shaken on them1 the small beans drop through the holes1 the larger ones passing across the screen and dropping into a receptacle or chute ready for the next operation4 ,the screens are made to grade the beans into large and small peaberry2 large1 medium1 and small flat beans2 brokens2 and other commercial sizes4 ,the average separator will grade fifteen to twenty bags of coffee in an hour4 ,illustration3 ,green-coffee-milling machine having a capacity of forty bags of green coffee per hour2 with sifter1 feed-pipe suction1 and a final separate suction at the discharge hopper ,illustration3 ,green-coffee separator without fan2 with feed elevator1 discharge chutes1 and motor drive4 ,view of right-hand side and feed end ,illustration3 ,,green-,,coffee ,,separating ,,and ,,milling ,,machines ,milling ,milling machines1 for cleaning the green coffee1 operate on practically the same principle the world over1 varying in capacity and details of construction4 ,a popular type used in the ,united ,states has two metal cylinders1 one set within the other1 and revolving in opposite directions4 ,the inner cylinder is ribbed with flanges1 and the outer one is lined with wire cloth4 ,as these cylinders revolve1 the beans pass between them rubbing against themselves and the rough sides of the cylinders4 ,this action serves to remove dirt and other foreign matter that may be clinging to the beans1 and also gives them an attractive polish4 ,an exhaust fan sucks away the dirt milled off in the process4 ,this type of machine will mill about forty bags of green coffee in an hour4 ,mixing or ,blending ,green ,coffee ,most roasters blend the different types of coffee while green4 ,some blend them after they have been roasted separately4 ,when blended before roasting1 the coffees are mixed by a machine built especially for that purpose4 ,the mixing machine in general use in all countries consists of a large metal cylinder which1 in wholesale operations1 is revolved by the factory's general power plant or by a separate motor4 ,the cylinder is equipped on the inside with sets of reverse-screw mixing flanges that tumble the beans around until they are thoroughly blended2 and there is usually a fan attachment to remove dust4 ,this operation serves also to smooth down and to polish the surfaces of the beans1 which adds to the style of the coffee when roasted4 ,the average blending machine will mix from ten to twenty bags of coffee at a time4 ,the actual mixing requires less than five minutes1 but a longer period is needed for feeding and discharging4 ,this is the last of the so-called green-coffee operations4 ,the next step is roasting4 ,roasting by ,coal1 ,coke1 ,gas1 and ,electricity ,coffee is roasted commercially in cylinder or ball receptacles revolving in heated chambers1 the degree of heat reaching about #dbj ,fahr4 ,the cylinder type of roaster is invariably used in the ,united ,states2 while both the cylinder and the ball types are popular in ,england1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,holland1 and other foreign countries4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,english ,,four-,,machine ,,gas ,,coffee-,,roasting ,,plant ,the equipment includes three ,morewood indirect-flame1 and one quick direct-flame machines ,each roasterman has his own opinion about the fuel that gives the best result1 and throughout the world the choice lies between anthracite coal1 coke1 and gas2 though hard wood is frequently used in countries where other fuels are not available or not economical4 ,electric heat has been tried for commercial roasting in ,germany 7#aijf71 in ,england 7#aiji71 and in the ,united ,states 7#aiah72 but the experimenters have always found the cost of electric fuel to be prohibitive in competition with coal and gas4 ,an electric roaster was demonstrated at the ,food ,conservation ,show in ,new ,york1 in #aiah1 at a time when the federal government was urging the necessity of conserving coal as a war economy measure4 ,the inventor claimed that his machine would reduce roasting cost1 improve the flavor and the aroma1 and maintain a constant and easily controlled heat4 ,he declared also that when roasted in his devices1 less coffee was required for brewing4 ,an expert coffee-roasting-machinery man who has been working on the development of a practical electric roaster says that if it were possible to bake the coffee in an oven1 just as the baker does his bread1 the fuel cost would then compare favorably with that of gas or coal4 ,it is because the heat chamber must have an exhaust to release the chaff and smoke that the use of electricity to replace the heat loss proves prohibitive when compared with coal or gas4 ,in all types of coal and coke burning roasters1 the cylinders are heated by a fire underneath2 while in gas roasters1 the flame may be underneath or within the cylinder itself4 ,roasters in which the heat is within the cylinder are known as direct-flame or inner-heated machines4 ,all three systems are used in the ,united ,states and ,europe4 ,facts ,about ,coffee ,roasting ,the modern commercial roasting outfit is as near fool-proof as human genius has been able to devise4 ,the more advanced types are almost automatic in operation1 and are designed to insure uniformity of roasts4 ,in such machines the green coffee is conveyed to the roasting cylinder by means of bucket elevators1 which pour the beans into a feed hopper4 ,from the feed hopper1 the coffee is dumped through the opening in the front head-piece into the cylinder4 ,the cylinder is perforated1 and has inside flanges which keep tossing the coffee about while the cylinder revolves1 so that the coffee will not burn during the roasting process4 ,illustration3 ,,german ,,gas ,,coffee-,,roasting ,,plant ,,equipped ,,with ,,ideal-,,rapid ,,machines ,to roast coffee by coal or coke usually requires from twenty-five to thirty minutes1 depending on the moisture-content of the beans2 whether they are spongy or flinty2 whether a light1 medium1 or dark roast is desired2 and on the skill of the operator4 ,gas roasting requires from fifteen to twenty minutes4 ,the quicker the roast1 the better the coffee1 is the opinion of many trade leaders1 one of whom#cbe says3 ,it is a growing belief that in roasts of short duration the largest percentage of the aromatic properties is retained4 ,a slow roast has the effect of baking and does not give full development2 also1 slow roasts seldom produce bright roasts1 and they usually make the coffee hard instead of brittle1 even when the color standard has been attained4 ,illustration3 ,,french ,,gas ,,coffee-,,roasting ,,plant ,,equipped ,,with ,,moderne ,,machines ,while coffees of widely varying degrees of moisture require somewhat different treatment1 the consensus of opinion is that the best results are obtained from a slow fire at the beginning1 until some of the moisture has been driven off1 when the stronger application of heat may be given for development4 ,an intense heat in the beginning often results in tipping1 or charring1 the little germ at the end1 the most sensitive part of the bean4 ,scorched beans have been caught at some point in the cylinder1 often in a bent flange4 ,burning on one face1 sometimes called kissing the cheeks1 is caused by the too rapid revolution of the cylinder1 so that some of the coffee carries over4 ,in the best practise1 crowding of cylinders is avoided2 many roasters making it a rule not to exceed ninety percent of the rated capacity of the cylinder4 ,those operating gas roasters may effect a fuel economy by running a low grade coffee in the cylinder after the last roast has been drawn and the gas extinguished2 five minutes' revolution absorbs the heat and drives off a proportion of moisture4 ,the coffee1 which may then be left in the cylinder1 requires less time and fuel in the morning1 and the roast is finished while the cylinder is warming up4 ,double roasting brightens a roast1 but is a detriment to the cup quality4 ,a dull roasting coffee may be improved by revolving the green coffee in a cylinder without heat for twenty minutes1 which has the effect of milling4 ,the use of a small amount of water upon roasts gives better control by checking the roast at the proper point--the crucial time of its greatest heat2 also1 it swells and brightens the coffee1 and tends to close the outer pores4 ,while the addition of water is open to abuse1 few roasters have soaked their coffees enough to offset the natural shrinkage as much as three or four percent4 ,such practise would result greatly to the detriment of the cup quality4 ,there is no universal standard for the degree to which coffee should be roasted4 ,in the ,united ,states1 there are demands for all degrees2 from the light roast1 in favor in ,england1 to the extremely dark roast in vogue in ,france1 ,italy1 ,brazil1 ,turkey1 and in the producing countries4 ,the ,north ,american trade recognizes these different roasts3 light1 cinnamon1 medium1 high1 city1 full city1 ,french1 and ,italian4 ,the city roast is a dark bean1 while full city is a few degrees darker4 ,in the ,french roast1 the bean is cooked until the natural oil appears on the surface2 and in the ,italian1 it is roasted to the point of actual carbonization1 so that it can be easily powdered4 ,germany likes a roast similar to the ,french type2 while ,scandinavia prefers the high ,italian roast4 ,in the ,united ,states1 the lighter roast is favored on the ,pacific coast2 the darkest1 in the ,south2 and a medium-colored roast1 in the ,eastern states4 ,the cinnamon roast is most favored by the trade in ,boston4 ,while coffee roasting in the ,united ,states usually takes from fifteen to thirty minutes1 depending on the fuel and the machine employed1 manufacturers of gas machines on the ,german market claim to roast it in superior fashion in from three and a half to ten minutes4#cbf ,this subject is discussed more in detail in chapter ,,xxxiv4 ,coffee loses weight during the roasting process1 the loss varying according to the degree of roasting and the nature of the bean4 ,coffee roasters figure1 however1 that the average loss is sixteen percent of the weight of the green bean4 ,it has been estimated that one hundred pounds of coffee in the cherry produces twenty-five pounds in the parchment2 that one hundred pounds in parchment produces eighty-four pounds of cleaned coffee2 and that one hundred pounds of cleaned coffee produces eighty-four pounds roasted4 ,illustration3 ,,jumbo ,,coffee ,,roaster1 ,,in ,,the ,,arbuckle ,,coffee-,,roasting ,,plant1 ,,new ,,york ,there are four of these machines4 ,the cylinders are twelve feet in diameter1 six feet deep1 and can roast #e1jjj pounds of coffee every half-hour4 ,the hard-coal brick furnace is seen at the left1 from which a blower forces the heated air through a pipe into the revolving cylinder of coffee4 ,the coffee is fed from above and is emptied into the cooling pans beneath ,illustration3 ,,an ,,eight-,,cylinder ,,gas ,,coffee-,,roasting ,,plant ,a view of ,reid1 ,murdoch ,co4's roasting room1 ,chicago1 equipped with ,monitor machines ,during the roasting process the coffee undergoes a great chemical change4 ,after it has been in the cylinder a short time1 the color of the bean becomes a yellowish brown1 which gradually deepens as it cooks4 ,likewise1 as the beans become heated1 they shrivel up until about half done1 or at the developing point4 ,at this stage1 they begin to swell1 and then pop open1 increasing fifty percent in bulk4#cbg ,this is when the experienced roasterman turns on all the heat he can command to finish the roasting as quickly as possible4 ,dry and ,wet ,roasts ,at frequent intervals1 he thrusts his trier--an instrument shaped somewhat like an elongated spoon--into the cylinder1 and takes out a sample of coffee to compare with his type sample4 ,when the coffee is done1 he shuts off the heat and checks the cooking by reducing the temperature of the coffee and of the cylinder as quickly as can be done4 ,in the wet roast method he will spray the coffee1 while the cylinder is still revolving1 with three to four quarts of water to every #acj pounds of coffee4 ,in the dry method he depends altogether upon his cooling apparatus4 ,roasters generally are not in favor of the excessive watering of coffee in and after the roasting process for the purpose of reducing shrinkage4 ,heading the coffee1 or checking the roast before turning it out of the roasting cylinder1 is quite another matter and is considered legitimate4 ,where coffees are watered in the cylinder at the close of the roast to reduce the shrinkage1 it is possible to get back only about four percent of the shrinkage by such treatment and the practise is frowned upon by the best roasters4 ,generally speaking1 water is turned into the roasting cylinder to quench the roast4 ,the amount varies with the style of machine1 whether gas or coal4 ,usually the water turns to steam1 and the result is not an absorption of the water but a momentary checking of the roast with a tendency to swell and to brighten the coffee4 ,this is1 comparatively speaking1 a dry roast1 but not an absolutely dry roast4 ,it is doubtful if more than one percent of ,american coffee roasters employ an absolutely dry roast--it does not give satisfactory results4 ,the word has been abused for advertising purposes4 ,of course1 a dry roasted coffee is a better article for making a satisfactory beverage than one that has been soaked with water2 but the word dry must be given a definite meaning1 which the trade generally will agree to uphold1 if it is to have any real meaning or value to the consumer4 ,until some standard for roasted coffee shall be established1 it is to be feared the term dry roast will continue to be used for coffee roasted by almost any other process4 ,illustration3 ,,upper-,,story ,,view ,,of ,a ,,jubilee ,,plant1 ,,showing ,,roaster1 ,,cooler1 ,,and ,,stoner ,,equipment ,the parts under roasting-room floor are shown in the illustration below ,illustration3 ,,lower-,,story ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,same ,,plant ,,from ,,about ,,the ,,same ,,angle ,showing connection from floor hopper to stoner on the left1 and suspended bucket-elevator boot with four-bag dump hopper on the right ,illustration3 ,,complete ,,gas ,,coffee-,,plant ,,installation ,the ,bureau of ,chemistry held a hearing in #aiad at ,washington1 at which the question of a ruling on watering coffees was discussed4 ,the trade was well represented1 but no agreement was reached4 ,it was deemed inadvisable to make a definite rule on the watering of coffee2 because the water content can not be controlled1 as the bean starts to absorb moisture as soon as it leaves the roaster4 ,on ,roasting ,coffee ,efficiently ,a4,l4 ,burns1 ,new ,york1 is well qualified to speak on this subject4 ,he says3 ,roasting coffee is not so difficult a matter as is often claimed by operators and experts who seek thus to magnify their importance2 but it is nevertheless a process about which a great deal may be learned in the school of practical experience4 ,with one of our modern machines anybody with ordinary intelligence and nerve can take off a roast after one trial which would pass muster in many establishments1 but that same person applying himself to the roasting job for a week will either be turning out vastly better roasts or will have demonstrated that he never can excel as a roasterman4 ,modern coffee roasting machines provide for easy control of the heat 7from coal1 coke1 or gas fuel71 for constantly mixing the coffee in such a manner that the heat is transmitted uniformly to the entire batch1 for carrying away all steam and smoke rapidly1 for easy testing of the progress of the roast1 and for immediate discharge when desired4 ,the operator's problem therefore is the regulation of the heat and deciding just when the desired roasting has been accomplished4 ,if all coffees were alike1 roasting would soon be almost automatic4 ,in some plants most of the work is on one uniform grade or blend4 ,but coffees which vary greatly in moisture-content1 in flinty or spongy nature1 and in various other characteristics1 will puzzle the operator until he establishes a personal acquaintance with them in various combinations in repeated roasting operations4 ,the roasterman therefore must be able to observe closely1 to draw sensible conclusions1 and to remember what he learns4 ,roasting coffee is work of a sort which anybody can do1 which a few people can do really well1 and no one so well but that further improvement is possible4 ,there is no absolute standard of what the best roasting results are4 ,some dealers want the coffee beans swelled up to the bursting point1 while others would object to so showy a development4 ,some care nothing at all about appearance as compared with cup value1 while others insist on a bright style even at some sacrifice of quality4 ,business judgment must decide what goods can be sold most profitably4 ,the loss of coffee in weight in the roasting operation1 or shrinkage as it is called1 is a matter which offers opportunities for false claims of advantage in roasting processes4 ,anybody can see that if just as good roasted coffee could be produced with a lessened shrinkage there would be a chance for a decided increase in profits4 ,it is a sort of finding-money proposition which always turns out to be too good to be true4 ,the purpose of roasting coffee is to produce an article entirely different from green coffee1 which is accomplished mainly by driving out moisture4 ,if coffee is roasted thoroughly1 inside as well as outside1 so as to give the greatest roasted coffee value1 it must sustain a proper loss in weight which there is no legitimate way to avoid4 ,the amount of shrinkage varies a great deal with the kind of coffee and its age1 also with the kind of roasting desired4 ,adding a little water to the coffee at the end of the operation has the advantage of checking the roast at the desired point and helping to swell and brighten the coffee1 but it is a practice which is sometimes abused by soaking the coffee with water so as to reduce the shrinkage4 ,this is done either dishonestly1 to steal coffee which belongs to somebody else1 or foolishly2 for the heavier coffee has a lessened cup value which more than counterbalances the apparent gain4 ,illustration3 ,,burns ,,jubilee ,,gas ,,roaster ,a ,typical ,coal ,roaster ,a typical ,united ,states coal roaster is shown in the accompanying cut4 ,it is the latest form of that type of ,burns machine which requires a brickwork setting4 ,the picture shows the roaster ready to operate1 except for smoke pipe and power connections4 ,illustration3 ,,burns ,,coal ,,roaster ,,with ,,brickwork ,,setting ,the front of the machine shown has a cast-iron plate having brackets which support the cylinder front bearing1 and double fire doors below for the furnace and the ash pit4 ,the movable part of the roaster is hidden by the front head1 a heavy casting which stands still except when moved by hand through a half-turn for feeding and discharging4 ,the cylinder is driven by gears at the back1 revolving constantly at uniform speed4 ,the inside of the cylinder is arranged with reverse-spiral flanges which mix the coffee perfectly and make uneven roasting impossible2 and they discharge promptly every grain of coffee when the front-head opening is turned to the lower position4 ,the roaster is generally operated with coal fuel1 but can be used with gas by installing a suitable burner under the cylinder4 ,illustration3 ,,open ,,perforated ,,cylinder ,,with ,,flexible ,,back ,,head ,,cost ,,card ,,for ,,roasters ,showing the value added to the cost of green coffee by roasting ,by ,a4,c4 ,aborn ,,basis3 #af percent ,shrinkage4 #c_/d cent a pound for ,roasting4 ,cost ,green1 ,cost ,roasted1 ,cents per ,lb4 ,cents per ,lb4 #e #f4he #e-a_/h #f4ii #e-a_/d #g4ad #e-c_/h #g4bi #e-a_/b #g4dd #e-e_/h #g4ei #e-c_/d #g4gd #e-g_/h #g4hi #f #h4jd #f-a_/h #h4ai #f-a_/d #h4cc #f-c_/h #h4dh #f-a_/b #h4fc #f-e_/h #h4gh #f-c_/d #h4ic #f-g_/h #i4jh #g #i4bc #g-a_/h #i4cg #g-a_/d #i4eb #g-c_/h #i4fg #g-a_/b #i4hb #g-e_/h #i4ig #g-c_/d #aj4ab #g-g_/h #aj4bg #h #aj4db #h-a_/h #aj4eg #h-a_/d #aj4ga #h-c_/h #aj4hf #h-a_/b #aa4ja #h-e_/h #aa4af #h-c_/d #aa4ca #h-g_/h #aa4df #i #aa4fa #i-a_/h #aa4gf #i-a_/d #aa4ij #i-c_/h #ab4je #i-a_/b #ab4bj #i-e_/h #ab4ce #i-c_/d #ab4ej #i-g_/h #ab4fe #aj #ab4hj #aj-a_/h #ab4ie #aj-a_/d #ac4aj #aj-c_/h #ac4bd #aj-a_/b #ac4ci #aj-e_/h #ac4ed #aj-c_/d #ac4fi #aj-g_/h #ac4hd #aa #ac4ii #aa-a_/h #ad4ad #aa-a_/d #ad4bi #aa-c_/h #ad4dc #aa-a_/b #ad4eh #aa-e_/h #ad4gc #aa-c_/d #ad4hh #aa-g_/h #ae4jc #ab #ae4ah #ab-a_/h #ae4cc #ab-a_/d #ae4dh #ab-c_/h #ae4fc #ab-a_/b #ae4gg #ab-e_/h #ae4ib #ab-c_/d #af4jg #ab-g_/h #af4bb #ac #af4cg #ac-a_/h #af4eb #ac-a_/d #af4fg #ac-c_/h #af4hb #ac-a_/b #af4ig #ac-e_/h #ag4aa #ac-c_/d #ag4bf #ac-g_/h #ag4da #ad #ag4ef #ad-a_/h #ag4ga #ad-a_/d #ag4hf #ad-c_/h #ah4ja #ad-a_/b #ah4ae #ad-e_/h #ah4cj #ad-c_/d #ah4de #ad-g_/h #ah4fj #ae #ah4ge #ae-a_/h #ah4ij #ae-a_/d #ai4je #ae-c_/h #ai4bj #ae-a_/b #ai4ce #ae-e_/h #ai4di #ae-c_/d #ai4fd #ae-g_/h #ai4gi #af #ai4id #af-a_/h #bj4ji #af-a_/d #bj4bd #af-c_/h #bj4ci #af-a_/b #bj4ed #af-e_/h #bj4fh #af-c_/d #bj4hc #af-g_/h #bj4ih #ag #ba4ac #ag-a_/h #ba4bh #ag-a_/d #ba4dc #ag-c_/h #ba4eh #ag-a_/b #ba4gc #ag-e_/h #ba4hg #ag-c_/d #bb4jb #ag-g_/h #bb4ag #ah #bb4cb #ah-a_/h #bb4dg #ah-a_/d #bb4fb #ah-c_/h #bb4gg #ah-a_/b #bb4ib #ah-e_/h #bc4jg #ah-c_/d #bc4ba #ah-g_/h #bc4cf #ai #bc4ea #ai-a_/h #bc4ff #ai-a_/d #bc4ha #ai-c_/h #bc4if #ai-a_/b #bd4aa #ai-e_/h #bd4bf #ai-c_/d #bd4dj #ai-g_/h #bd4ee #bj #bd4gj #bj-a_/h #bd4he #bj-a_/d #be4jj #bj-c_/h #be4ae #bj-a_/b #be4cj #bj-e_/h #be4de #bj-c_/d #be4fj #bj-g_/h #be4ge #ba #be4hi #ba-a_/h #bf4jd #ba-a_/d #bf4ai #ba-c_/h #bf4cd #ba-a_/b #bf4di #ba-e_/h #bf4fd #ba-c_/d #bf4gi #ba-g_/h #bf4ic #bb #bg4jh #bb-a_/h #bg4bc #bb-a_/d #bg4ch #bb-c_/h #bg4ec #bb-a_/b #bg4fh #bb-e_/h #bg4hc #bb-c_/d #bg4ih #bb-g_/h #bh4ac #bc #bh4bg #bc-a_/h #bh4db #bc-a_/d #bh4eg #bc-c_/h #bh4gb #bc-a_/b #bh4hg #bc-e_/h #bi4jb #bc-c_/d #bi4ag #bc-g_/h #bi4cb #bd #bi4df #bd-a_/h #bi4fa #bd-a_/d #bi4gf #bd-c_/h #bi4ia #bd-a_/b #cj4jf #bd-e_/h #cj4ba #bd-c_/d #cj4cf #bd-g_/h #cj4ea #be #cj4fe #be-a_/h #cj4hj #be-a_/d #cj4ie #be-c_/h #ca4aj #be-a_/b #ca4be #be-e_/h #ca4dj #be-c_/d #ca4ee #be-g_/h #ca4gj #bf #ca4he #bf-a_/h #ca4ii #bf-a_/d #cb4ad #bf-c_/h #cb4bi #bf-a_/b #cb4dd #bf-e_/h #cb4ei #bf-c_/d #cb4gd #bf-g_/h #cb4hi #bg #cc4jd #bg-a_/h #cc4ah #bg-a_/d #cc4cc #bg-c_/h #cc4dh #bg-a_/b #cc4fc #bg-e_/h #cc4gh #bg-c_/d #cc4ic #bg-g_/h #cd4jh #bh #cd4bc #bh-a_/h #cd4ch #bh-a_/d #cd4eb #bh-c_/h #cd4fg #bh-a_/b #cd4hb #bh-e_/h #cd4ig #bh-c_/d #ce4ab #bh-g_/h #ce4bg #bi #ce4db #bi-a_/h #ce4eg #bi-a_/d #ce4ga #bi-c_/h #ce4hf #bi-a_/b #cf4ja #bi-e_/h #cf4af #bi-c_/d #cf4ca #bi-g_/h #cf4df #cj #cf4fa #cj-a_/h #cf4gf #cj-a_/d #cf4ij #cj-c_/h #cg4je #cj-a_/b #cg4bj #cj-e_/h #cg4ce #cj-c_/d #cg4ej #cj-g_/h #cg4fe #ca #cg4hj #ca-a_/h #cg4ie #ca-a_/d #ch4aj #ca-c_/h #ch4bd #ca-a_/b #ch4ci #ca-e_/h #ch4ed #ca-c_/d #ch4fi #ca-g_/h #ch4hd #cb #ch4ij #cb-a_/h #ci4ad #cb-a_/d #ci4bi #cb-c_/h #ci4dc #cb-a_/b #ci4eh #cb-e_/h #ci4gc #cb-c_/d #ci4hh #cb-g_/h #dj4jc ,,factory ,,preparation ,a ,,green ,,coffee ,,shrinkage ,,table ,showing shrinkage in roasting of raw coffee in quantities from sixty pounds up to three hundred pounds1 and at six different shrinkage percentages ,compiled by ,r4,c4 ,wilhelm1 ,new ,york ,,raw #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #fj #eb-c_/d 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#aic-a_/b #aia-a_/d #ahi #ahf-c_/d #bbf #aii #aif-a_/b #aid-a_/d #aib #ahi-c_/d #ahg-a_/b #bbg #aii-c_/d #aig-a_/b #aie-a_/d #aic #aij-c_/d #ahh-a_/b #bbh #bjj-c_/d #aih-a_/d #aif #aic-c_/d #aia-a_/b #ahi-a_/d #bbi #bja-a_/b #aii-a_/d #aig #aid-c_/d #aib-a_/d #aij #bcj #bjb-a_/b #bjj #aih #aie-a_/b #aic-a_/b #aia #bca #bjc-a_/d #bja #aih-c_/d #aif-a_/b #aid-a_/d #aib #bcb #bjd #bjb #aii-a_/b #aig #aie #aib-a_/b #bcc #bje #bjb-c_/d #bjj-a_/d #aih #aie-c_/d #aic-a_/d #bcd #bjf #bjc-a_/b #bja #aii #aif-a_/b #aid #bce #bjf-c_/d #bjd-a_/b #bjb #aii-c_/d #aig-a_/b #aie #bcf #bjg-a_/b #bje #bjc #bjj-a_/b #aih #aif #bcg #bjh-a_/b #bjf-a_/d #bjc-c_/d #bja-a_/b #aii #aif-c_/d #bch #bji-a_/b #bjg #bjd-a_/b #bjb-a_/d #bjj #aig-a_/b #bci #baj-a_/d #bjh #bje-a_/b #bjc-a_/d #bjj-c_/d #aih-a_/d #bdj #baa #bjh-c_/d #bjf-a_/d #bjd #bja-a_/b #aii #bda #bab #bji-c_/d #bjg-a_/d #bjd-c_/d #bjb-a_/b #bjj #bdb #bac #baj-a_/b #bjh #bje-c_/d #bjc #bja #bdc #bac-c_/d #baa-a_/b #bji #bjf-a_/b #bjd #bja-c_/d #bdd #bad-c_/d #bab-a_/d #baj #bjg-a_/d #bje #bjb-a_/b #bde #bae-a_/b #bac #baj-c_/d #bjh-a_/d #bje-c_/d #bjc-a_/d #bdf #baf-a_/b #bad #baa-a_/b #bji #bjf-a_/b #bjd #bdg #bag-a_/d #bae #bab-a_/b #baj #bjg-a_/b #bje #bdh #bah #baf #bac #baa #bjh #bjf #bdi #bai #baf-c_/d #bad-a_/b #baa-a_/b #bji-a_/d #bjg #bej #bbj #bag-a_/b #bae #bab-a_/b #baj #bjg-a_/b #bea #bba #bah-a_/d #bae-c_/d #bac-a_/d #baj-c_/d #bjh-a_/d #beb #bbb #bai #baf-c_/d #bad #bab #bji #bec #bbb-a_/b #bbj #bag-a_/b #bae #bab-a_/b #baj #bed #bbc-a_/b #bba #bah-a_/b #baf #bac-a_/d #baa #bee #bbd-a_/d #bbb #bai-c_/d #baf-c_/d #bad-a_/d #baa-a_/b #bef #bbe #bbc #bbj #bah #bae #bab #beg #bbf #bbc-c_/d #bba #bah-c_/d #baf #bac #beh #bbg #bbd-a_/b #bbb #bai-a_/b #baf-c_/d #bad #bei #bbh #bbe-a_/d #bbb-c_/d #bbj-a_/d #bag-a_/b #bae #bfj #bbi #bbf #bbd #bba #bah #baf #bfa #bbi-c_/d #bbg #bbe #bbb #bai #baf-c_/d #bfb #bcj-a_/b #bbh #bbe-a_/b #bbb-c_/d #bbj #bag-a_/b #bfc #bca-a_/b #bbi #bbf-a_/d #bbc-a_/b #bba #bah-a_/d #bfd #bcb #bcj #bbg #bbd #bbb #bai #bfe #bcc #bcj-c_/d #bbh #bbe #bbb-c_/d #bbj #bff #bcd #bca-a_/b #bbh-c_/d #bbf #bbc-a_/b #bbj-c_/d #bfg #bce #bcb-a_/d #bbi-a_/b #bbg #bbd-a_/d #bba-a_/b #bfh #bcf #bcc #bcj-a_/b #bbh #bbe #bbb #bfi #bcf-c_/d #bcd #bca-a_/d #bbh-a_/b #bbf #bbc-a_/d #bgj #bcg-a_/b #bce #bcb #bbi-a_/b #bbf-c_/d #bbd #bga #bch-a_/b #bce-c_/d #bcc #bcj-a_/d #bbg-a_/b #bbe #bgb #bci #bcg #bcd #bca #bbh #bbf #bgc #bdj #bcg-c_/d #bcd-c_/d #bcb #bbi #bbf-c_/d #bgd #bda #bch-a_/b #bce-a_/b #bcc #bcj #bbg-a_/b #bge #bdb #bci-a_/d #bcf-a_/b #bcc-c_/d #bca #bbh-a_/d #bgf #bdc #bdj #bcg-a_/d #bcd-a_/b #bcb #bbi #bgg #bdc-c_/d #bda #bch-a_/d #bce-a_/b #bcb-c_/d #bcj #bgh #bdd-a_/b #bdb #bci #bcf-a_/b #bcc-a_/b #bcj-c_/d #bgi #bde-a_/b #bdc #bdj #bcg #bcd-a_/b #bca-a_/b #bhj #bdf-a_/b #bdc-c_/d #bda #bch #bce-a_/d #bcb-a_/b #bha #bdg-a_/d #bdd-a_/b #bda-c_/d #bch-c_/d #bcf #bcc-a_/d #bhb #bdh #bde-a_/b #bdb-a_/b #bci-a_/b #bcg #bcd #bhc #bdi #bdf-a_/d #bdc-a_/d #bdj-a_/b #bcg-c_/d #bce #bhd #bej #bdg #bdd #bda-a_/b #bch-a_/b #bce-c_/d #bhe #bej-c_/d #bdh #bde #bdb-a_/d #bci-a_/d #bcf-a_/b #bhf #bea-a_/b #bdi #bdf #bdc #bdj #bcg-a_/b #bhg #beb-a_/b #bdi-c_/d #bdf-c_/d #bdd #bda #bch-a_/d #bhh #bec-a_/b #bej-a_/b #bdg-a_/b #bde #bdb #bci #bhi #bed-a_/d #bea-a_/b #bdh-a_/b #bde-c_/d #bdb-c_/d #bci-c_/d #bij #bee #beb-a_/b #bdi-a_/b #bdf-a_/b #bdc-a_/b #bdj-c_/d #bia #bef #bec-a_/d #bej-a_/d #bdg-a_/d #bdd-a_/b #bda-a_/b #bib #beg #bed #bea #bdh #bde-a_/b #bdb-a_/b #bic #beg-c_/d #bee #beb #bdi #bdf-a_/d #bdc-a_/d #bid #beh-a_/b #bef #bec #bej #bdg #bdd #bie #bei-a_/b #bef-c_/d #bec-c_/d #bej-c_/d #bdg-c_/d #bdd-c_/d #bif #bfj-a_/b #beg-a_/b #bed-a_/b #bea-a_/b #bdh-a_/b #bde-a_/b #big #bfa-a_/d #beh-a_/b #bee-a_/b #beb-a_/b #bdi-a_/b #bdf-a_/b #bih #bfb #bei-a_/d #bef-a_/b #bec-a_/b #bej-a_/b #bdg-a_/b #bii #bfc #bfj #beg-a_/d #bed-a_/d #bea-a_/d #bdh-a_/d ,illustration3 ,,trying ,,the ,,roast ,cooling and ,stoning ,coffee which leaves the roaster beautifully uniform in appearance1 says ,a4,l4 ,burns1 may lose all uniformity by delayed or inadequate cooling4 ,separated beans of coffee will cool off by themselves2 but when heaped together1 the inner part of the mass will get hotter and even take fire4444 ,coffee must be spread over a considerable surface1 or all kept moving1 and have at the same time a lot of air forced through it4 ,otherwise1 there will be some darkening and over-development of part of the coffee1 and a loss of the uniformity which is the first requirement of good roasting4 ,illustration3 ,,monitor ,,gas ,,roaster ,illustration3 ,a ,,group ,,of ,,roasting-,,room ,,accessories ,the cooling apparatus consists of a movable1 box-like metal car which can be brought up to the front of the roaster to the revolving cylinders4 ,the car has a perforated false bottom1 to which is attached a powerful exhaust-fan system that sucks the heat out of the coffee4 ,in large plants1 utilizing two or more floors1 the tilting-type cooling car is favored4 ,this car permits instant discharge through an opening in the floor into a receiving tank suspended from the ceiling below and connected with the stoning apparatus4 ,recently1 a flexible-arm cooler has been invented that provides full fan suction to a cooler car at all points in its track travel from the roaster to the emptying position4 ,illustration3 ,,dumping ,,the ,,roast ,,in ,a ,,coal ,,roasting ,,plant ,the roasted coffee is being turned into the cooling car1 equipped with a swinging flexarm that keeps it always in connection with a suspended header pipe2 the cooling being started as soon as the coffee leaves the roaster4 ,the cooled coffee1 by tipping the box1 goes into a floor hopper ,the stoner1 an essential part of the modern roasting plant1 has for its function the removal of stones and other foreign matter of which the green-coffee operations have failed to get rid4 ,the stoner is usually built in direct combination with the cooling equipment1 and does its work by means of a gravity separation in an upward-moving column of air4 ,the coffee passes into the suction boot of the stoner1 either directly from the cooler box or from a floor hopper into which the cooler dumps1 and is carried up the stoner pipe1 or riser1 by an air current of ample power which can be accurately regulated4 ,this insures the carrying up of coffee only1 the stones remaining at the bottom of the machine and being dumped at intervals into a pan underneath4 ,the coffee1 passing up the riser pipe1 is delivered into a large stoner hopper which is usually hung to the ceiling of the roasting room4 ,the correct construction of this hopper is of great importance1 as the coffee must be deposited completely without breakage1 and the air must pass on through the suction fan carrying nothing except bits of loose chaff4 ,a different type of cooler is in the form of an upright cylinder1 consisting of two metal perforated drums1 one set within the other4 ,the inner drum is sufficiently small to allow the coffee to move freely between the drums4 ,inside the smaller one is an exhaust pipe which draws the heat and chaff out of the coffee4 ,this device is recommended for use only in connection with wet roasted coffee4 ,still another type consists of a single perforated cylinder set horizontal with the floor1 and revolving alongside of an exhaust box which sucks out the heat and chaff as the coffee is tumbled about in the cylinder4 ,a rocking type1 that is not generally employed1 is constructed on the principle of the screen used by housebuilders to separate coarse sand from the fine1 and is pivoted at the middle so that it can be rocked end to end4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,four-,,bag ,,coffee ,,finisher ,finishing or ,glazing ,finishing whole-bean roasted coffee1 by giving it a friction polish while it is still moist1 using a glaze solution or water only1 is a practise not harmful if the proper solutions are employed4 ,roasted coffee dulls in ordinary handling1 and it is claimed that coating not only improves its appearance1 but serves also to preserve the natural flavor and aroma of the bean4 ,a machine having flat-sided wooden cylinders with ventilated heads1 and operated two-thirds full of coffee so as to get an effective rolling motion1 is generally employed4 ,coatings composed of sugar and eggs are popular1 but their use should be stated on the label4 ,coffee roasters are divided on this question of coffee-coating4 ,the best thought of the trade is undoubtedly opposed to the practise when it is done to conceal inferiority or abnormally to reduce shrinkage4 ,some ,new ,york coffee roasters1 who made a thorough investigation of the matter1 found coating coffee with a wholesome material not injurious and the coated coffee better in the cup4 ,dr4 ,harvey ,w4 ,wiley found1 in the celebrated ,ohio case against ,arbuckle ,brothers1 that coating coffee with sugar and eggs produced beneficial results1 and that the coating preserved the bean4 ,the ,bureau of ,chemistry has never issued any ruling on the subject of coating coffee4 ,blending ,roasted ,coffee ,after cooling and stoning1 unless it is to be polished or glazed1 the coffee is ready for grinding and packing if it has been blended in the green state4 ,otherwise1 the next step will be to mix the different varieties before grinding1 although some packers blend the different kinds after they have been ground4 ,to mix whole-bean roasted coffee without hurting its appearance is rather difficult1 and there is no regular machine for such work4 ,illustration3 ,,burns ,,sample-,,coffee ,,roaster ,rarely is a single kind of coffee drunk straight4 ,the common practise in all countries is to mix different varieties having opposing characteristics so as to obtain a smoother beverage4 ,this is called blending1 a process that has attained the standing of an art in the ,united ,states4 ,most package coffees are blends4 ,in addition to other qualities1 the practical coffee blender must have a natural aptitude for the work4 ,he must also have long experience before he becomes proficient1 and must be acquainted with the different properties of all the coffees grown1 or at least of those that come to his market4 ,furthermore1 he must know the variations in characteristics of current crops2 for in most coffees no two crops are equal in trade values4 ,innumerable blends are possible with more than a hundred different coffees to draw upon4 ,a blend may consist of two or more kinds of coffee1 but the general practise is to employ several kinds2 so that1 if at any time one can not be obtained1 its absence from the blend will not be so noticeable as would be the case if only two or three kinds were used4 ,in blending coffees1 consideration is given first to the shades of flavor in the cup and next to price4 ,the blender describes flavors as1 acidy1 bitter1 smooth1 neutral1 flat1 wild1 grassy1 groundy1 sour1 fermented1 and hidey2 and he mixes the coffees accordingly to obtain the desired taste in the cup4 ,naturally the wild1 sour1 groundy1 fermented1 and hidey kinds are avoided as much as possible4 ,coffees with a ,rio flavor are used only in the cheaper blends4 ,generally speaking1 a properly balanced blend should have a full rich body as a basis2 and to this should be added a growth to give it some acid character1 and one to give it increased aroma4 ,personal preference is the determining factor in making up a blend4 ,some blenders prefer a coffee with plenty of acid taste2 while others choose the non-acid cup4 ,for the first-named kind1 the blender will mix together the coffees that have an acidy characteristic2 while for a non-acidy blend1 he will mix an acidy growth with one having a neutral flavor4 ,illustration3 ,,lambert ,,economic ,,coffee-,,roasting ,,outfit ,,for ,,coal ,,fire ,this is a self-contained plant for one or two bags1 and comprises a roaster1 rotary cooler1 elevator feed hopper1 electric motor1 and stoning and chaffing attachments4 ,it may be equipped for gas ,coffees can be divided into four great classes1 the neutral-flavored1 the sweet1 the acidy1 and the bitter4 ,all ,east ,indian coffees1 except ,ceylons1 ,malabars1 and the other ,hindoostan growths1 are classified as bitter1 as are old brown ,bucaramangas1 brown ,bogotas1 and brown ,santos4 ,the acid coffees are generally the new-crop washed varieties of the western hemisphere1 such as ,mexicans1 ,costa ,ricas1 ,bogotas1 ,caracas1 ,guatemalas1 ,santos1 etc4 ,however1 the acidity may be toned down by age so that they become sweet or sweet-bitter4 ,red ,santos is generally a sweet coffee1 and is prized by blenders4 ,high-grade washed ,santo ,domingo and ,haiti coffees are sweet both when new crop and when aged4 ,practical coffee blenders do not mix two new-crop acid coffees1 or two old-crop bitter kinds1 unless their bitterness or acidity is counteracted by coffees with opposite flavors4 ,one blender insists that every blend should contain three coffees4 ,illustration3 ,,challenge ,,pulverizer ,some ,bourbon and flat-beaned ,santos coffees are better when new1 and some are better when old2 but a blend of fine old-crop coffee with a snappy new-crop coffee gives a better result than either separately4 ,a new-crop ,bourbon and an old yellow flat bean make a better blend than a new-crop flat bean and an old-crop ,bourbon4 ,probably the very best result in a low-priced blend may be obtained by using one-half old-crop ,bourbon ,santos with one-half new-crop ,haiti or ,santo ,domingo of the cheaper grades4 ,typical low-priced coffee blends in the ,united ,states may be made up of a good ,santos1 possibly a ,bourbon1 and some low-cost ,mexican1 ,central ,american1 ,colombian1 or ,venezuelan coffee1 the ,santos counteracting these acidy ,milds4 ,going next higher in the scale of price1 fancy old ,bourbon ,santos is used with one-third fancy old ,cucuta or a good ,trujillo4 ,for a blend costing about five cents more a pound retail1 one-third fancy old ,cucuta or ,merida is blended with fancy old ,bourbon ,santos4 ,illustration3 ,,monitor ,,coffee-,,granulating ,,machine ,the highest-priced blend may contain two-thirds of a fine private estate ,sumatra and one-third ,mocha or ,longberry ,harari4 ,illustration3 ,,coles ,,no4 #bb ,,grinding ,,mill ,alfred ,w4 ,mc,cann1 while advertising manager for ,francis ,h4 ,leggett ,co41 ,new ,york1 in #aiaj1 evolved a new coffee distinction based on the argument that certain coffees like ,mochas1 ,mexicans1 ,bourbons1 and ,costa ,ricas were developed in the cup through the action on them of cream or milk2 while others1 such as ,bogotas1 ,javas1 ,maracaibos1 etc41 flattened out when cream or milk was added4 ,he argued1 accordingly1 that breakfast coffees should be made up from the former1 but that the latter should not be used except for after-dinner coffees1 to be drunk black4#cbh ,william ,b4 ,harris1 then coffee expert for the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 took issue with ,mr4 ,mc,cann1 claiming that if a coffee is watery and lacks body1 it will not take kindly to milk or cream1 not because the chemical action of milk or cream flattens it out1 but because there is nothing there in the first place4 ,the strength of the brew being equal1 all coffees will take cream or milk1 ,mr4 ,harris held4#cbi ,illustration3 ,,burns ,,no4 #ab ,,grinding ,,mill ,designed for hotel and restaurant trade ,illustration3 ,,monitor ,,steel-,,cut ,,grinder1 ,,separator1 ,,and ,,chaffer ,m4,j4 ,mc,garty said in #aiae that he had tried out many coffees in the cup1 and could not see that adding milk made any difference4 ,however1 he found that sometimes a line of coffees will contain a sample that flattens out at the drinking point 7the point where the boiling water has cooled to permit of its being drunk72 and he thought this was what ,mr4 ,mc,cann had in mind1 as1 by adding milk to such a coffee1 it was brought back to the drinking point4 ,in other words1 it was ,mr4 ,mc,garty's opinion that1 in blending coffees1 those coffees which hold their own from the start1 or boiling point1 until they become cold1 or even improve right through1 are more desirable for blending purposes2 and that those that are best at the drinking point should be given the preference4#ccj ,coffee ,blends for ,restaurants ,william ,b4 ,harris#cca believes that the coffee of prime importance in preparing restaurant blends is ,bogota4 ,he advises the use of a full-bodied ,bogota and an acid ,bourbon ,santos in the proportion of three-fourths ,bogota to one-fourth ,santos4 ,blends may also be made up from combinations of ,bogota1 ,mexicans1 and ,guatemalas4 ,according to ,mr4 ,harris1 the average blend of good coffee when made up1 two and one-half pounds of coffee to five gallons of water1 will produce a liquor of good color and strength4 ,for many hotels1 however1 this may not answer1 as it is not heavy enough4 ,more coffee must then be used1 or ten percent of chicory added4 ,a blend with chicory can be made by using two-thirds ,bogota1 one-third ,bourbon ,santos1 and ten percent chicory4 ,no steward1 hotel man1 or restaurant man should1 however1 advertise coffee on his menu1 and then serve a drink employing chicory2 because1 while there is no federal law against such a practise1 there are state laws against it4 ,chicory is all right in its place2 and many prefer a drink made from coffee and chicory2 but such a drink can not properly be called coffee4 ,hotel men should purchase their coffee in the bean1 and do their own grinding4 ,then they need never have cause to complain that their coffee man deceived them1 or that some salesman misled them4 ,the hotel steward wishing to furnish his patrons with a heavy-bodied coffee1 particularly a black after-dinner coffee1 without chicory1 will use three1 four1 or even four and one-half pounds of ground coffee to five gallons of water4 ,with so wide a choice of coffees to choose from1 a coffee blender can make up many combinations to meet the demands of his trade4 ,probably no two blenders use exactly the same varieties in exactly the same proportions to make up a blend to sell at the same price4 ,however1 they all follow the same general principles laid down in the foregoing flavor classification of the world's coffees4 ,grinding and ,packaging ,coffee ,illustration3 ,,johnson ,,carton-,,filling1 ,,weighing1 ,,and ,,sealing ,,machine ,unless the coffee is to be sold in the bean1 it is sent to the grinding and packing department1 to be further prepared for the consumer4 ,since the federal food law has been in effect1 the public has gained confidence in ground and bean coffee in packages2 and today a large part of the coffee consumed in the ,united ,states is sold in one and two pound cartons and cans1 already blended and ready for brewing4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,ideal ,,steel-,,cut ,,mill ,a progressive coffee-packing house may have three different styles of grinding machines2 one called the granulator for turning out the so-called steel-cut coffee2 the second1 a pulverizer for making a really fine grind2 and the third1 a grinding mill for general factory work and producing a medium-ground coffee4 ,commercial coffee-grinding machines are alike in principle in all countries1 the beans being crushed or broken between toothed or corrugated metal or stone members1 one revolving and the other being stationary4 ,while all grinding machines are alike in principle1 they may vary in capacity and design4 ,the average granulator will turn out about five hundred pounds of steel-cut coffee in an hour2 the pulverizer1 from seventy-five to two hundred pounds2 and the average grinding mill from five hundred to six hundred pounds4 ,some types of grinding machines have chaff-removing attachments to remove1 by air suction1 the chaff from the coffee as it is being ground4 ,a large number of trade terms for designating different grinds of coffee are used in the ,united ,states1 some of them meaning the same thing1 while similar names are sometimes contradictory4 ,a canvass of the leading ,american coffee packers in #aiagccb discovered that there were fifteen terms in use1 and that there were thirty-four different meanings attached to them4 ,for the term fine there were five different definitions2 medium had five2 coarse1 seven2 pulverized1 four2 steel-cut1 seven2 ground1 two2 powdered1 one2 percolator1 two2 steel-cut-chaff-removed1 one2 ,turkish ground1 one2 while granulated1 ,greek ground1 extra fine1 standard1 and regular were not defined4 ,the term steel-cut is generally understood to mean that in the grinding process the chaff has been removed and an approximate uniformity of granules has been obtained by sifting4 ,the term does not necessarily mean that the grinding mills have steel burrs4 ,in fact1 most firms employ burrs made of cast-iron or of a composition metal known as burr metal1 because of its combined hardness and toughness4 ,the steel-cut idea is another of those sophistries for which ,american advertising methods have been largely responsible in the development of the package-coffee business in the ,united ,states4 ,the term steel-cut lost all its value as an advertising catchword for the original user when every other dealer began to use it1 no matter how the ground coffee was produced4 ,when the public has been taught that coffee should be steel-cut1 it is hard to sell it ground coffee unless it is called steel-cut2 although a truer education of the consumer would have caused him to insist on buying whole bean coffee to be ground at home4 ,illustration3 ,,smyser ,,package-,,making-,,and-,,filling ,,machine ,,at ,,the ,,arbuckle ,,plant1 ,,new ,,york ,this machine was invented by ,henry ,e4 ,smyser of ,philadelphia1 who secured the first patent in #ahhj1 but it has been much improved by the ,arbuckle engineers4 ,the half shown on the left makes the one-pound paper bags complete1 including the separate lining of parchment1 fills the bag1 automatically inserts a premium list at the same time1 packs it down1 seals it1 and delivers it on a short conveyor to the other half 7shown on the right7 where the package is wrapped in the outside glassine paper and pushed out on a table for the girls to put into shipping cases ,steel-cut coffee1 that is1 a medium-ground coffee with the chaff blown out1 does not compare in cup test with coffee that has been more scientifically ground and not given the chaff removal treatment that is largely associated in the public mind with the idea of the steel-cut process4 ,illustration3 ,,machine ,,for ,,automatically ,,packing ,,coffee ,,in ,,cartons ,five distinct operations are performed by the units comprising this ,pneumatic installation1 viz41 carton-feeding1 bottom-sealing1 lining1 weighing and top-sealing ,according to the results of the trade canvass previously referred to1 it would appear that the terms most suited to convey the right idea of the different grades of grinding1 and likely to be acceptable to the greatest number1 would be coarse 7for boiling1 and including all the coarser grades72 medium 7for coffee made in the ordinary pot1 including the so-called steel-cut72 fine 7like granulated sugar1 and used for percolators72 very fine 7like cornmeal1 and used for drip or filtration methods72 powdered 7like flour1 and used for ,turkish coffee74 ,coffee begins to lose its strength immediately after roasting1 the rate of loss increasing rapidly after grinding4 ,in a test carried out by a ,michigan coffee packer1#ccc it was discovered that a mixture of a very fine with a coarse grind gives the best results in the cup4 ,it was also determined that coarse ground coffee loses its strength more rapidly than the medium ground2 while the latter deteriorates more quickly than a fine ground2 and so on1 down the scale4 ,his conclusions were that the most satisfactory grind for putting into packages that are likely to stand for some time before being consumed is a mixture consisting of about ninety percent finely ground coffee and ten percent coarse4 ,his theory is that the fine grind supplies sufficiently high body extraction2 the coarse1 the needful flavor and aroma4 ,on this irregular grind a ,united ,states patent 7,no4 #ad1ebj7 has been granted1 in which the inventor claims that the ninety percent of fine eliminates the interstices--that allow too free ventilation in a coarse ground coffee--and consequently prevents the loss of the highly volatile constituents of the ten percent of coarse-ground particles1 and at the same time gives a full-body extraction4 ,making and ,filling ,containers ,as stated before1 a large proportion of the coffee sold in the ,united ,states is put up into packages1 ready for brewing4 ,such containers are grouped under the name of the material of which they are made2 such as tin1 fiber1 cardboard1 paper1 wood1 and combinations of these materials1 such as a fiber can with tin top and bottom4 ,generally1 coffee containers are lined with chemically treated paper or foil to keep in the aroma and flavor1 and to keep out moisture and contaminating odors4 ,as the package business grew in the ,united ,states1 the machinery manufacturers kept pace2 until now there are machines that1 in one continuous operation1 open up a flat paper carton1 seal the bottom fold1 line the carton with a protecting paper1 weigh the coffee as it comes down from an overhead hopper into the carton1 fold the top and seal it1 and then wrap the whole package in a waxed or paraffined paper1 delivering the package ready for shipment without having been touched by a human hand from the first operation to the last4 ,such a machine can put out fifteen to eighteen thousand packages a day4 ,another type of machine automatically manufactures two and three-ply paper cans such as are used widely for cereal packages4 ,it winds the ribbons of heavy paper in a spiral shape1 automatically gluing the papers together to make a can that will not permit its contents to leak out4 ,the machine turns out its product in long cylinders1 like mailing tubes1 which are cut into the desired lengths to make the cans4 ,the paper or tin tops and bottoms are stamped out on a punch press4 ,coffee cans are generally filled by hand2 that is1 the can is placed under the spout of an automatic filling and weighing machine by an operator who slips on the cover when the can is properly filled4 ,the weighing machine has a hopper which lets the coffee down into a device that gauges the correct amount1 say a pound or two pounds1 and then pours it into the can4 ,the machine weighs the can and its contents1 and if they do not show the exact predetermined weight1 the device automatically operates to supply the necessary quantity4 ,after weighing1 the can is carried on a traveling belt to the labeling machine1 where the label is automatically applied and glued4 ,then the can is put through a drying compartment to make the label stick quickly4 ,illustration3 ,,complete ,,coffee-,,cartoning ,,outfit ,,in ,,operation ,the girl is feeding the flats into an ,improved ,johnson bottom-sealer4 ,the carton travels to a ,scott weigher on the right and thence to the top-sealer on the left ,paper bags are filled much the same way as the tin and the fiber cans4 ,in fact1 some packers fill their paper and fiber cartons by the same system2 although the tendency among the largest companies is to instal the complete automatic packaging equipment1 because of its speed and economy in packaging4 ,frequently1 the weighing machines are used in filling wooden and fiber drums holding twenty-five1 fifty1 and one hundred pounds of coffee1 to be sold in bulk to the retailer4 ,illustration3 ,,three ,,types ,,of ,,automatic ,,coffee-,,weighing ,,machines ,left--,duplex net weigher4 ,center--,pneumatic cross-weight machine4 ,right--,scott net weigher ,coffee ,additions and ,fillers ,in all large coffee-consuming countries1 coffee additions and fillers have always been used4 ,large numbers of ,french1 ,italian1 ,dutch1 and ,german consumers insist on having chicory with their coffee1 just as do many ,southerners in the ,united ,states4 ,the chief commercial reason for using coffee additions and fillers is to keep down the cost of blends4 ,for this purpose1 chicory and many kinds of cooked cereals are most generally used2 while frequently roasted and ground peas1 beans1 and other vegetables that will not impair the flavor or aroma of the brew1 are employed in foreign countries4 ,before ,parliament passed the ,adulterant ,act1 some ,british coffee men used as fillers cacao husks1 acorns1 figs1 and lupins1 in addition to chicory and the other favorite fillers4 ,up to the year #aijg1 when the ,united ,states ,food and ,drugs ,act became effective1 chicory and cereal additions were widely used by coffee packers and retailers in this country4 ,with the enforcement of the law requiring the label of a package to state when a filler is employed1 the use of additions gradually fell off in most sections4 ,in botanical description and chemical composition chicory1 the most favored addition1 has no relationship with coffee4 ,when roasted and ground1 it resembles coffee in appearance2 but it has an entirely different flavor4 ,however1 many coffee-drinkers prefer their beverage when this alien flavor has been added to it4 ,treated ,coffees and ,dry ,extracts ,the manufacture of prepared1 or refined1 coffees has become an important branch of the business in the ,united ,states and ,europe4 ,prepared coffees can be divided into two general groups3 treated coffees1 from which the caffein has been removed to some degree2 and dry coffee extracts 7soluble coffee71 which are readily dissolved in a cup of hot or cold water4 ,to decaffeinate coffee1 the most common practise is to make the green beans soft by steaming under pressure1 and then to apply benzol or chloroform or alcohol to the softened coffee to dissolve and to extract the caffein4 ,afterward1 the extracting solvents are driven out of the coffee by re-steaming4 ,however1 chemists have not yet been able to expel all the caffein in treating coffee commercially1 the best efforts resulting in from #j4c to #j4jg percent remaining4 ,after treatment1 the coffee beans are then roasted1 packed1 and sold like ordinary coffee4 ,illustration3 ,,vacuum ,,drum ,,drier ,vacuum drum drier1 ,no4 #a size2 diameter of drum1 #ab inches2 length1 #bj inches2 used for converting coffee extract and other liquids into dry powder form4 ,this is the smallest size1 and was developed for drying smaller quantities of liquids than could be handled economically in the larger sizes4 ,to provide accessibility of the interior for cleansing1 the outer casing may be moved back on the track of the bedplate 7as shown in the cut71 so that free access may be had to the drum and interior of the casing4 ,,rapid-,,circulation ,,evaporator ,used to concentrate coffee extracts and other liquids4 ,the tubes are easily reached through the open door for cleansing4 ,interior of the vapor body is reached through a manhole4 ,,rear ,,view ,,of ,,drum ,,drier ,vacuum drum dryer4 ,no4 #a size2 rear view1 showing outer casing rolled back from the drum4 ,,cross-,,section ,,of ,,vacuum ,,drier ,this shows the interior arrangement and principle of operation4 ,the drawing represents a larger size than the photograph1 and while the arrangement of some parts is slightly different1 the principle of operation is the same4 ,,units ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,soluble ,,coffee ,in manufacturing dry coffee extract in the form of a powder that is readily soluble in water1 the general method is to extract the drinking properties from ground roasted coffee by means of water1 and to evaporate the resulting liquid until only the coffee powder is left4 ,several methods have been developed and patented to prevent the valuable flavor elements from being evaporated with the water4 ,a typical dry-coffee-extract-making equipment consists of a battery of percolators1 or leachers1 a vacuum evaporating device1 and a vacuum drier4 ,the leachers do not differ materially from the ordinary restaurant percolators1 a battery usually including from three to seven units1 each charge of water going through all the percolations4 ,the resulting heavy liquid then goes to the evaporator to be concentrated into a thick liquor4 ,the evaporator consists of a horizontal cylindrical vapor compartment connected with an inclined cylindrical steam chest in which are numerous tubes1 or flues1 that occupy almost the whole chest4 ,these tubes are heated by steam4 ,the coffee liquor is passed through the tubes at high speed and thrown with great force against a baffle plate at the opening to the vapor chest4 ,the vapor passes around the baffle plate to a separator4 ,the liquor drops to the lower part of the steam-chest 7which is free from tubes71 and is ready to be drawn out for the next process1 the drying4 ,at this stage1 the extract is a heavily concentrated syrup and is ready to be converted into powder4 ,this is done in the vacuum drier1 which consists of a hollow revolving drum surrounded by a tightly sealed cast-iron casing4 ,the drum is heated by steam injected into its interior1 and is revolved in a high vacuum4 ,in operation1 a coating of coffee liquor is applied automatically1 by means of a special device1 to the outside of the drum4 ,the liquor is taken by gravity from the reservoir containing the liquid supply and is forced upward by means of a pump into the liquid supply pan1 directly under the drum1 with sufficient pressure to cause the liquid to adhere to the drum1 the excess liquor overflowing from the pan into the reservoir4 ,the coating on the drum is controlled or regulated by a spreader4 ,the heat and the vacuum reduce the extract to a dry powder in less than one revolution of the drum4 ,as the drum completes three-quarters of a turn1 a scraper knife removes the coffee powder1 which is delivered to a receiver below the drum4 ,modern vacuum-drum driers have a capacity of from twenty-five to five hundred pounds of dry soluble coffee per hour4 ,c4,w4 ,trigg and ,w4,a4 ,hamor were granted a patent in the ,united ,states in #aiai on a new process for making an aromatized coffee extract4 ,in this process1 the caffeol of the coffee is volatilized and is then brought into contact with an absorbing medium such as is used in the extraction of perfumes4 ,the absorbing medium is then treated with a solvent of the caffeol1 and the solution is separated from the petrolatum4 ,then the coffee solution is concentrated to an extract by evaporation2 after which1 the extract and the caffeol are combined into a soluble coffee4 ,five additional patents were granted on this same process in #aiba4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,wholesale ,,merchandising ,,of ,,coffee ,how coffees are sold at wholesale--,the wholesale salesman's place in merchandising--,some coffee costs analyzed--,handy coffee-selling chart--,terms and credits--,about package coffees--,various types of coffee containers--,coffee package labels--,coffee package economies--,practical grocer helps--,coffee sampling--,premium method of sales promotion ,coffee is sold at wholesale in the ,united ,states chiefly by about #d1jjj wholesale grocers1 who handle also many other items of food2 and by roasters1 who make a specialty of preparing the green coffee for consumption1 and who feature either bulk or trade-marked package goods4 ,much the largest proportion of the wholesale coffee trade today is made up of roasted coffees1 though some wholesalers still sell the green bean to retail distributers who do their own roasting4 ,most of the roasted coffee sold is ground2 although in some parts of the ,united ,states there is at present a growing consumer demand for coffee in the bean4 ,of the coffee sold in trade-marked packages in #aiai in the ,united ,states1 about seventy-five percent was ground ready for brewing4 ,the larger wholesale houses generally confine their operations to the section of the country in which they are located1 but some of the biggest coffee-packing firms seek national distribution4 ,in both cases1 branch houses are usually established at strategic points to facilitate the serving of retail customers with freshly roasted coffee at all times4 ,in recent years1 too1 it has become a general practise for the home offices1 or main headquarters1 to advertise their product in magazines1 newspapers1 street cars1 and by mail and on billboards2 while the branches solicit trade in their territories by means of traveling salesmen1 local newspaper advertisements1 booklets1 circulars1 and demonstrations at food shows4 ,the ,wholesale ,salesman ,the traveling salesman is probably the most effective agency in securing the retailer's orders for coffee4 ,a good coffee salesman not only sells coffee1 but he teaches his customer how he can best build up and hold his coffee trade4 ,he acquaints the retailer with all the talking points about the coffee he handles1 how to feature it in store displays and advertisements1 how to stage demonstrations and to work up special sales4 ,if he is a good salesman1 he does not permit the merchant to buy more coffee than he can dispose of while it is still fresh4 ,and he shows the dealer the folly of handling too many brands of package coffees4 ,if he sells coffee in bulk1 the efficient salesman has also a sound working knowledge of blending principles1 and is able to suggest the kinds of coffee to blend to suit the particular requirements of each grocer's trade4 ,in short1 he takes an intelligent interest in his customer's business1 and co-operates with him in building up a local coffee trade4 ,some ,coffee ,costs ,analyzed ,in estimating the price at which he must sell his coffee to make a fair profit1 the wholesale coffee merchant has many items of expense to consider4 ,to the cost of the green coffee he must add3 the cost of transportation to his plant2 the loss in shrinkage in roasting1 which ranges from fifteen to twenty percent2 packaging costs1 if he is a packer2 the items of expense in doing business1 such as wages and salaries1 advertising1 buying and selling1 freight1 express1 warehouse and cartage1 postage and office supplies1 telephone and telegraph1 credit and collection2 and the fixed overhead charges for interest1 heat1 light1 power1 insurance1 taxes1 repairs1 equipment1 depreciation1 losses from bad debts1 and miscellaneous items4#ccd ,the average loss for bad debts among grocers in #aiaf was #j4jc percent of the total sales1 according to the director of business research1 ,harvard ,university1 who estimated also that the common figure for credit and collection expense was #j4jf percent4 ,the total cost of doing business has been estimated as ranging between twelve and twenty percent of the total annual sales1 so that a bag of green coffee costing #af in ,new ,york or ,new ,orleans costs the coffee packer in the ,middle ,west from #bb4cc to #bd4ef1 according to the expense of carrying on his business4 ,terms and ,credits ,wholesale coffee trade contract terms and credits are not dissimilar from those in other lines of commerce4 ,the wholesaler helps the retailer finance his business to the extent of granting him thirty to sixty days in which to pay his bill1 offering him a cash discount if the invoice is paid within ten days of date of sale4 ,until recent years1 these terms were frequently abused1 the customer demanding much longer credits and often taking a ten-day cash discount after thirty or more days had elapsed4 ,this abuse was particularly prevalent from #aijg to #aiac1 when coffee prices were low and competition was especially keen4#cce ,in addition1 the retailers often demanded special deliveries of supplies1 which added to the wholesalers' costs2 and some retailers refused to pay the cost of cartage from the cars to their stores4 ,with the coming of high prices after the close of the ,world ,war1 the wholesalers showed a tendency to tighten up their credit and discount terms1 the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association especially recommending thirty days' credit1 or at most sixty days1 and a maximum cash discount rate of two percent4 ,another trade abuse which has been corrected almost altogether was the practise of selling coffee to be billed as shipped2 that is1 the wholesaler held coffee on order1 and billed only when delivered1 even though several weeks or months had passed before shipment4 ,about ,package ,coffees ,since the beginning of the twentieth century1 the sale of coffee in packages has increased steadily until now 7#aibb7 this form of distribution competes strongly with bulk coffee sales4 ,while bulk coffee is still preferred in some eastern sections of the ,united ,states1 coffee packers are making deep inroads there1 to the extent that practically all high and medium grade retailers feature package coffees1 either under their own brand name1 or that of a coffee specialty house4 ,the prime requisite for success in any package coffee is the composition of the blend4 ,one of the leaders in the field1 which we will call ,y1 is said to be composed of ,bogota1 ,bourbon ,santos1 and ,mexican4 ,in ,march1 #aibb1 it was being sold at retail in ,new ,york for #db cents4 ,a competing brand1 which we will call ,z1 is said to be a blend of ,bogota and ,bourbon ,santos4 ,it was being sold at retail in ,new ,york1 at the same period for the same price4 ,simultaneously1 in the retail stores of a well known chain system1 a bulk blend composed of sixty percent ,bourbon ,santos and forty percent ,bogota was to be had loose for #bi cents4 ,the second important factor that contributes to package coffee success is the container4 ,it must be of such a character as will best preserve the freshness--the flavor and the aroma of the coffee--until it reaches the consumer4 ,package coffee has not yet won universal favor4 ,some of the arguments used against it are3 that the price is generally higher than the same grade in bulk2 that it leads to price-cutting by stores that can afford to sell it at about cost as a leader for other articles2 that the margin of profit is frequently too close for some retailers3 that when the market advances1 some packers change their blends to keep down cost and to maintain the advertised price2 and that1 when packed ground1 there is a rapid loss of flavor1 aroma1 and strength4 ,illustration3 ,,coal ,,roasting ,,plant ,,in ,a ,,new ,,york ,,factory ,,the ,,roasted ,,beans ,,have ,,just ,,been ,,dumped ,,into ,,the ,,cooler ,,box ,,coffee-,,selling ,,chart ,,by ,a4,j4 ,,dannemiller ,showing ,prices to ,be ,obtained to ,realize ,certain ,percents on ,sales of ,roasted ,coffee ,cost ,roasted ,packed #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #d #d4dd #d4ej #d4ee #d4fa #d4fg #d4gb #d4gg #d4hb #d-a_/b #e4jj #e4jf #e4ab #e4ah #e4bd #e4cj #e4cf #e4dc #e #e4ee #e4fb #e4fh #e4ge #e4hb #e4hi #e4if #f4jc #e-a_/b #f4aa #f4ah #f4be #f4cc #f4da #f4di #f4eg #f4fe #f #f4fg #f4gd #f4ha #f4hi #f4ig #g4jf #g4ae #g4bd #f-a_/b #g4bc #g4ca #g4ch #g4dg #g4ee #g4hd #g4gd #g4hd #g #g4gh #g4hg #g4ie #h4je #h4ae #h4be #h4ce #h4de #g-a_/b #h4cd #h4dc #h4eb #h4fb #h4gb #h4hc #h4ic #i4jd #h #h4hi #h4ii #i4ji #i4bj #i4ca #i4db #i4ec #i4fe #h-a_/b #i4de #i4ee #i4ff #i4gg #i4hg #i4ii #aj4ab #aj4be #i #aj4jj #aj4ab #aj4bc #aj4ce #aj4dg #aj4ei #aj4gb #aj4he #i-a_/b #aj4ef #aj4fh #aj4hj #aj4ib #aa4jd #aa4ag #aa4ca #aa4de #aj #aa4aa #aa4bd #aa4cg #aa4di #aa4fc #aa4gg #aa4ij #ab4je #aj-a_/b #aa4ff #aa4ha #aa4ic #ab4jg #ab4ba #ab4cf #ab4di #ab4fe #aa #ab4bb #ab4cg #ab4ej #ab4fd #ab4he #ab4ie #ac4jh #ac4bf #aa-a_/b #ab4gg #ab4ic #ac4jg #ac4ba #ac4cg #ac4ed #ac4fh #ac4hf #ab #ac4cc #ac4di #ac4fd #ac4gi #ac4ie #ad4ab #ad4bh #ad4df #ab-a_/b #ac4hi #ad4je #ad4ba #ad4cg #ad4ec #ad4ga #ad4hh #ae4jf #ac #ad4dd #ad4fb #ad4gh #ad4ic #ae4aa #ae4cj #ae4dg #ae4ff #ac-a_/b #ae4jj #ae4ah #ae4cc #ae4ea #ae4fi #ae4hh #af4jg #af4bg #ad #ae4ee #ae4gc #ae4ij #af4jh #af4bh #af4dh #af4fg #af4hd #ad-a_/b #af4aa #af4bi #af4dh #af4fe #af4hf #ag4je #ag4bf #ag4dg #ae #af4ff #af4he #ag4je #ag4bc #ag4dd #ag4fe #ag4he #ah4jg #ae-a_/b #ag4bc #ag4dc #ag4fa #ag4hj #ah4jc #ah4bb #ah4de #ah4fg #af #ag4gh #ag4ih #ah4ah #ah4ch #ah4fj #ah4hc #ai4je #ai4bh #af-a_/b #ah4cc #ah4ed #ah4ge #ah4ig #ai4ah #ai4da #ai4fd #ai4hh #ag #ah4hi #ai4aj #ai4cc #ai4eb #ai4gf #bj4ja #bj4bd #bj4dh #ag-a_/b #ai4dd #ai4ff #ai4hi #bj4aj #bj4ce #bj4ei #bj4hc #ba4jh #ah #bj4jj #bj4bb #bj4de #bj4fg #bj4ic #ba4ah #ba4dc #ba4fi #ah-a_/b #bj4ee #bj4gi #ba4jb #ba4bd #ba4ea #ba4gg #bb4jb #bb4bi #ai #ba4aa #ba4ce #ba4ei #ba4hd #bb4ji #bb4cf #bb4fb #bb4ij #ai-a_/b #ba4ff #ba4ia #bb4af #bb4da #bb4fh #bb4ie #bc4ba #bc4ej #bj #bb4bb #bb4dg #bb4gc #bb4ii #bc4be #bc4ed #bc4ha #bd4aa #bj-a_/b #bb4gg #bc4jc #bc4cj #bc4ee #bc4hc #bd4ad #bd4dj #bd4gj #ba #bc4cc #bc4fj #bc4hg #bd4ad #bd4db #bd4gj #be4jj #be4cj #ba-a_/b #bc4hh #bd4af #bd4dc #bd4ga #be4jj #be4bi #be4ei #be4ij #bb #bd4dd #bd4gb #be4jj #be4bh #be4eh #be4ib #bf4ai #bf4ea #bb-a_/b #bd4ii #be4bi #be4eg #be4he #bf4af #bf4dg #bf4gh #bg4ab #bc #be4ee #be4he #bf4ad #bf4db #bf4gd #bg4jf #bg4ch #bg4ga #bc-a_/b #bf4aa #bf4da #bf4gj #bg4jj #bg4cb #bg4ff #bg4ig #bh4cb #bd #bf4fg #bf4ig #bg4bf #bg4eh #bg4ij #bh4bd #bh4eg #bh4ib #bd-a_/b #bg4bb #bg4ed #bg4hd #bh4ae #bh4di #bh4hc #bi4af #bi4eb #be #bg4gh #bh4ji #bh4da #bh4gc #bi4jg #bi4da #bi4gf #cj4ab ,cost ,roasted ,packed #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #d #d4hh #d4id #e4jj #e4jg #e4ac #e4bj #e4bf #e4cc #d-a_/b #e4di #e4eg #e4fc #e4gj #e4gg #e4hd #e4ia #f4jj #e #f4aj #f4ah #f4be #f4cc #f4db #f4ej #f4ee #f4fh #e-a_/b #f4gb #f4hj #f4hh #f4ig #g4jf #g4ae #g4bd #g4cc #f #g4cc #g4db #g4ej #g4fj #g4gj #g4hj #g4ij #h4jj #f-a_/b #g4id #h4jc #h4ac #h4bd #h4cc #h4de #h4ef #h4fg #g #h4ed #h4fe #h4ge #h4hf #h4if #i4ji #i4ba #i4cc #g-a_/b #i4ae #i4bf #i4cj #i4ej #i4fc #i4ge #i4hg #aj4jj #h #i4gf #i4hh #aj4jj #aj4ac #aj4bf #aj4ci #aj4ec #aj4fg #h-a_/b #aj4cg #aj4dj #aj4fc #aj4gf #aj4ij #aa4jd #aa4ai #aa4cc #i #aj4ih #aa4ab #aa4be #aa4dj #aa4ed #aa4gj #aa4he #ab4jj #i-a_/b #aa4ei #aa4gc #aa4hh #ab4jc #ab4ah #ab4cd #ab4ea #ab4fg #aj #ab4bj #ab4cd #ab4ej #ab4ff #ab4hb #ab4ih #ac4af #ac4cc #aj-a_/b #ab4ha #ab4ie #ac4ab #ac4bi #ac4df #ac4fc #ac4ha #ad4jj #aa #ac4dc #ac4eg #ac4ge #ac4ic #ad4aj #ad4bh #ad4dg #ad4fg #aa-a_/b #ad4jc #ad4ai #ad4ch #ad4ef #ad4gd #ad4ic #ae4ac #ae4cc #ab #ad4fe #ad4ha #ae4jj #ae4ai #ae4ch #ae4eh #ae4gi #af4jj #ab-a_/b #ae4bd #ae4dc #ae4fc #ae4hc #af4jb #af4bc #af4de #af4fg #ac #ae4he #af4je #af4be #af4de #af4fg #af4hg #ag4aj #ag4cc #ac-a_/b #af4df #af4fg #af4hh #ag4jh #ag4ca #ag4ec #ag4gf #ah4jj #ad #ag4jg #ag4bh #ag4ej #ag4gb #ag4ie #ah4ag #ah4dj #ah4fg #ad-a_/b #ag4fh #ag4ij #ah4ac #ah4ce #ah4ei #ah4hc #ai4jg #ai4cc #ae #ah4bi #ah4ea #ah4ge #ah4ih #ai4bc #ai4dh #ai4gd #bj4jj #ae-a_/b #ah4ij #ai4ac #ai4ch #ai4fa #ai4hg #bj4ab #bj4ci #bj4fg #af #ai4ea #ai4ge #bj4jj #bj4be #bj4ea #bj4gg #ba4je #ba4cc #af-a_/b #bj4ab #bj4ch #bj4fc #bj4hh #ba4af #ba4db #ba4gj #bb4jj #ag #bj4gc #ba4ii #ba4be #ba4ea #ba4gh #bb4jg #bb4cf #bb4fg #ag-a_/b #ba4cd #ba4fj #bb4hh #bb4ae #bb4dc #bb4gb #bc4jc #bc4cc #ah #ba4ie #bb4bb #bb4ej #bb4gh #bc4je #bc4cg #bc4fh #bd4jj #ah-a_/b #bb4ef #bb4hd #bc4ac #bc4db #bc4gj #bd4jb #bd4cd #bd4fg #ai #bc4ag #bc4de #bc4ge #bd4je #bd4cd #bd4fg #be4jj #be4cc #ai-a_/b #bc4gh #bd4jg #bd4ch #bd4fh #bd4ii #be4cb #be4ff #bf4jj #bj #bd4ci #bd4fh #be4jj #be4ca #be4fd #be4ig #bf4cb #bf4fg #bj-a_/b #be4jj #be4cj #be4fc #be4id #bf4bh #bf4fa #bf4ig #bg4cc #ba #be4fb #be4ib #bf4be #bf4eh #bf4ib #bg4bf #bg4fc #bh4jj #ba-a_/b #bf4bb #bf4ed #bf4hh #bg4bb #bg4ef #bg4ia #bh4bh #bh4fg #bb #bf4hc #bg4af #bg4ej #bg4hf #bh4aj #bh4ef #bh4id #bi4cc #bb-a_/b #bg4dd #bg4gh #bh4ac #bh4dh #bh4he #bi4bb #bi4fa #cj4jj #bc #bh4jf #bh4ch #bh4ge #bi4aa #bi4dh #bi4hf #cj4bf #cj4fg #bc-a_/b #bh4ff #bi4jj #bi4ch #bi4gf #cj4ab #cj4ea #cj4ib #ca4cc #bd #bi4bg #bi4fb #cj4jj #cj4ch #cj4gg #ca4ag #ca4eh #cb4jj #bd-a_/b #bi4hh #cj4bd #cj4fc #ca4jb #ca4da #ca4ha #cb4bd #cb4fg #be #cj4di #cj4hf #ca4be #ca4fe #cb4je #cb4dg #cb4ij #cc4cc ,,note1 ,,for ,,example3 ,coffee costing #ac4ej per #ajj pounds 7see first column71 to realize #ag on sales1 must bring #af4bg2 which really represents #ba on cost ,friends of package coffees point to the saving in time in handling in the store2 to the fact that the contents of a package are not contaminated by odors or dirt2 that the blends are prepared by experts and are always uniform2 that the coffee is always properly roasted2 and1 in the case of package ground coffee1 properly ground2 that the brand names are widely and consistently advertised2 and that the retailer has the benefit of the packer's co-operation in building up sales campaigns1 by means of booklets and local advertising4 ,various ,types of ,coffee ,containers ,five types of containers are used for packing coffee1 namely1 cardboard cartons1 paper bags1 fiber or paper cans1 tin cans1 and composite 7tin and fiber7 cans and packages4 ,fiber packages include paraffin-lined as well as those that have been chemically treated with other water-proof and flavor-retaining substances4 ,the carton is popular1 because it takes up less room in storage and in shipment to the packing plant1 and also because the label can be printed directly on the package4 ,another economy feature is its adaptability to the automatic packaging machine1 which transforms it from a flat sheet into a wrapped and sealed package of coffee4 ,moisture-proof and flavor-retaining inner liners and outside wrappers are generally used to prevent rapid deterioration of the coffee's strength and aroma4 ,paper bags are the least expensive containers to be obtained2 and when lined with foil or prepared paper1 they are considered to be satisfactory4 ,like the carton1 the label can be printed directly on the bag4 ,they also lend themselves to close packing in shipping cases4 ,another popular type of container is the paper1 or fiber1 can which is made of fiber board with a slip cover4 ,fiber cans are also made with tin tops and bottoms1 the metal parts supplying a measure of rigidity to the package4 ,these composite packages are made round1 square1 oblong1 or cylindrical4 ,paraffined containers are characterized by an outer covering of glossy paraffin1 and are made in various shapes4 ,in some makes1 the paraffin is forced into the pores of the paper base1 making for added flavor-retaining and moisture-proof properties4 ,in this type of package the label may also be printed direct on the package4 ,in recent years1 vacuum packed coffee has won great favor1 first in the ,west and latterly in the ,east4 ,tin cans are used4 ,vacuum sealing machines close the containers at the rate of forty to fifty a minute4 ,private tests by responsible coffee men are said to have shown that coffee in the bean or ground1 when vacuum packed1 retains its freshness for a longer period than when packed by any other method4 ,labels ,coffee packers must give due attention to certain well defined laws bearing on package labels4 ,before the ,federal ,pure ,food ,act went into effect on ,january #a1 #aijg1 many coffee labels bore the magic names of ,mocha and ,java1 when in fact neither of those two celebrated coffees were used in the blend4 ,even mixtures containing a large percentage of chicory1 or other addition1 were labeled ,pure ,mocha and ,java ,coffee4 ,the enactment of the pure food law ended this practise1 making it compulsory that the label should state either the actual coffees used in the blend1 or a brand name1 together with the name of either the packer or the distributer4 ,when chicory or other addition is used1 the fact must be stated in clear type directly following the brand name4 ,the reading matter on the label should contain facts only1 and should not bear extravagant claims of superior quality or of methods of preparing or packing that have not been followed4 ,coffee ,packaging ,economies ,during the ,united ,states' participation in the ,world ,war1 tin became practically unobtainable1 and coffee packers turned to paper and fiber containers as substitutes in packaging nearly all grades4 ,in this war period1 commercial economy became a fetish in the business world2 and coffee packers worked to save not only material1 but shipping space1 labor1 and time4 ,paper and fiber containers proved to be not only practical but economical packages4 ,because of their war-time experience1 many packers changed permanently to square and oblong containers4 ,they found these containers could be packed solid in shipping cases1 leaving no unfilled space between packages as is the case with cylindrical cans2 also1 smaller shipping cases could be used4 ,as a further measure of economy1 several packers changed from the square knocked-down paper or fiber carton to the oblong carton that is made up1 filled1 and sealed by automatic machinery from a flat1 printed sheet of cardboard4 ,this type of container is generally lined or wrapped with a moisture-proof and flavor-retaining paper4 ,there has been a tendency in recent years to standardize coffee packages as a means of working out packaging and shipping economies4 ,one of the leading ,american proponents#ccf of standardization said3 ,one of the first arguments raised against standardization is that it eliminates individuality1 and individuality is one of the big guns covering the front line trenches in the war of competition4 ,the folly of recommending that every one-pound coffee carton1 for instance1 should be of exactly the same size and shape is immediately apparent2 but let us not confuse such unification with standardization4 ,assuming that a pound of coffee may be safely contained in seventy-two cubic inches1 we find that a carton three inches thick by four inches wide by six inches high will serve our purpose2 and1 as an illustration of extremes1 a carton three inches thick by three inches wide by eight inches high1 or one carton two inches thick by six inches wide by six inches high1 will each have exactly the same cubical contents4 ,in fact1 there is an almost infinite variety of combinations of dimensions which will contain substantially seventy-two cubic inches4 ,as an example of how coffee packages can be standardized this authority cites the following sizes of flat-sheet containers and their respective dimensions and capacities3 ,,thick ,,and ,,wide ,,high ,,contents ,size ,inches ,inches ,cubic ,ins4 #a lb4 #b-e_/h by #d-a_/b #f-a_/d #gc4hc #a_/b lb4 #b-a_/d by #c-a_/h #e-a_/d #cf4ia #a_/d lb4 #a-i_/af by #b-e_/h #d-a_/b #ah4df ,illustration3 ,,various ,,types ,,of ,,coffee ,,containers ,,this ,,group ,,of ,,leading ,,trade-,,marked ,,coffees ,,illustrates ,,the ,,wide ,,variance ,,in ,,styles ,,of ,,containers ,,used ,,by ,,coffee-,,roasters4 ,,the ,,packages ,,shown ,,are ,,as ,,follows3 #a--;,double carton4 #b1 #c--;,cartons4 #d--;,fiber sides1 tin top and bottom1 friction cover4 #e--,vacuum tin can4 #f--;,fancy paper bag4 #g--,machine-wrapped paper package4 #h--;,fancy paper bag4 #i--;,carton with patented opening and closing device4 #aj--,wrapped paper package4 #aa--,tin can with slip cover4 #ab--;,all-fiber can with slip cover4 #ac--,tin can with slip cover4 #ad--,lithographed tin can with friction cover4 #ae1 #af--,tin cans with slip covers4 #ag--,squat tin can4 #ah--,napa-can4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba--,vacuum tin cans4 ,the advantages claimed for these packages are that each is well proportioned and makes a good selling appearance2 each bears a direct relation to the other two2 and all may be handled with uniformly good results on the same set of standardized packaging machinery4 ,one size of shipping case1 instead of three1 may be used to hold exactly the same number of pounds of coffee1 regardless of whether shipped in one-pound1 half-pound1 or quarter-pound cartons4 ,for smaller dealer assortments1 any two1 or all three sizes also exactly fit the following standard shipping cases3 ,for #cf lbs41 #ac-g_/h by #af-a_/b by #ab-c_/d high ,for #ed lbs41 #ac-g_/h by #af-a_/b by #ai-a_/h high ,this standardization of packages and shipping containers results in a lower cost of containers and a smaller stock to carry1 with attendant reductions in details in purchasing and billing departments1 in inventories1 and in many other overhead expense factors4 ,practical ,grocer ,helps ,wholesale coffee merchandising does not properly end with the delivery of a shipment of coffee to a retailer4 ,the progressive wholesaler knows that it is to his best interest to help that grocer sell his coffee as quickly as possible2 to make a good profit on a quick turn-over2 and to dispose of it before the coffee has deteriorated4 ,practical co-operation between wholesaler and retailer is one of the most important factors in coffee merchandising4 ,in these days of keen and unremitting competition1 neither agency can stand alone for long4 ,the progressive wholesaler does not sell a retailer a poorer quality of coffee for any particular grade than his trade calls for1 and he does not load him up with more than can be disposed of while still fresh4 ,he gauges the capacity and facilities of each retail customer1 and then gives him practical help to keep the stock moving4 ,the packer of branded coffees helps by advertising to the consumer in magazines and newspapers1 always featuring the name of his brands2 and he supplies the grocer with educational pamphlets and booklets on the growing1 preparation1 and merits of coffee in general1 with an added fillip about the desirability of his particular brand4 ,through his salesmen the packer shows the grocer how to display the coffee on the counter and in the window1 and often supplies him with placards and cut-outs featuring his brand4 ,he co-operates in staging special coffee demonstrations in the store2 instructs the retailer in the importance of teaching his clerks how to talk and to sell coffee intelligently2 and how to prepare advertising copy for his local newspaper1 so as to get the fullest measure of profit from the wholesaler's national or sectional advertising4 ,coffee ,sampling ,the sampling method of creating a demand for merchandise has been tried in the wholesale coffee trade1 only to be abandoned by the majority of packers4 ,with other and more satisfactory ways of creating consumer interest1 promiscuous sampling was found to be too expensive1 in view of the comparatively small returns4 ,one indictment against sampling is that it does not make any more impression on the average person than does an advertisement that appears only once1 and is then abandoned4 ,wideawake merchants have learned that the public's memory is exceedingly short2 and that they must keep hammering with advertisements to establish and to maintain a demand for their products4 ,it would seem that the logical place for sampling is in the retailer's store1 especially in connection with demonstrations4 ,many progressive grocers stimulate interest in their coffees by serving1 on special demonstration days1 small cups of freshly brewed coffee1 giving the customer a small sample of the brand or blend used1 to be taken home to see if the same pleasing results can be obtained there also4 ,generally this form of sampling1 when properly conducted1 has shown a larger percentage of returns than any other method4 ,premium ,method of ,sales ,promotion ,for many years1 the premium method of sales promotion has been an important factor in wholesale coffee merchandising1 as well as in retail distribution4 ,the premium system has been characterized as a form of advertising2 and many coffee packers and wholesalers prefer to spend their advertising appropriations in that way rather than in transitory printed advertisements in newspapers and general magazines4 ,while certain forms of the system have been legislated out of existence in some states1 friends of the plan claim that it is a true profit-sharing method which blesses both him that gives and him that takes2 and that it is an advanced and legitimate means of promoting business1 when properly conducted4 ,they assert that it is a system of sales promotion whereby the advertising expense1 plus a large percentage of the profits of the business stimulated thereby1 is automatically returned to the dealer buyer1 without increasing cost or lowering the quality of the product so advertised2 that it eliminates advertising waste by producing a given volume of sales for a given expenditure of money2 that it reduces the cost of advertising by prompting a continuous series of purchases at one advertising expense2 that it promotes cash payments and discourages credit business4 ,premium users claim that the force of a printed advertisement is often spent in stimulating the first purchase2 while to secure a premium1 the purchaser must continue to buy the commodity carrying the premium1 or trade with the giver of the premium until merchandise of a stipulated value or quantity has been purchased4 ,in general practise1 the premium-giving coffee packer or wholesaler may either offer the retailer an inducement in the form of a desirable store fixture1 household article1 or item for his personal use2 or he may offer it to the consumer through the retailer4 ,the methods of giving the premium are numerous4 ,to the retailer he may give the article outright with each purchase of a stipulated quantity of his coffee2 or he may offer it as a prize to the retail distributer selling the most coffee in a certain period in a specified territory4 ,frequently the premium is of such value that the wholesaler can not give it with any quantity of coffee a distributer can dispose of in a short time2 so he issues coupons or certificates with each purchase1 permitting the retailer to redeem the premium when he has saved the required number4 ,or1 the retailer may get the premium with the first purchase by paying the difference in cash4 ,in giving premiums to consumers1 the wholesaler follows the same general plan used with retailers1 except that in most cases the coupons are packed with the coffee and are redeemable at the retailer's store4 ,sometimes1 however1 the consumer sends the coupons or certificates to the wholesaler1 getting the premium direct from him4 ,in another phase of the premium system1 the retailer works independently of the wholesaler1 buying and giving away his own premiums to promote or to hold trade for his store4 ,this phase is explained in the chapter on retail coffee merchandising4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,luhrs1 ,,of ,,poughkeepsie1 ,n4,y41 ,,features ,,freshly ,,roasted ,,coffee ,,in ,,his ,,window ,smoke from the roasters is blown into street through the coffee pot hanging over the door ,illustration3 ,,johnson1 ,,of ,,red ,,oak1 ,,iowa1 ,,roasts ,,before ,,the ,,customer ,showing a ,royal roasting and grinding equipment ,illustration3 ,,fresh ,,roasted-,,coffee ,,idea ,,in ,,retail ,,merchandising ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,retail ,,merchandising ,,of ,,roasted ,,coffee ,how coffees are sold at retail--,the place of the grocer1 the tea and coffee dealer1 the chain store1 and the wagon-route distributer in the scheme of distribution--,starting in the retail coffee business--,small roasters for retail dealers--,model coffee departments--,creating a coffee trade--,meeting competition--,splitting nickels--,figuring costs and profits--,a credit policy for retailers--,premiums ,coffee is sold at retail in the ,united ,states through seven distinct channels of trade2 the independent retail grocers 7about #cej1jjj7 handling about forty percent of the #a1cjj1jjj1jjj pounds sold annually2 and the other sixty percent being sold by chain stores1 mail-order houses1 house-to-house wagon-route distributers1 specialty tea and coffee stores1 department stores1 and drug stores4 ,since the beginning of the twentieth century1 the independent grocers' monopoly in retail coffee-merchandising has been dwindling at a rate that has seriously alarmed those interests and their friends4 ,b4,c4 ,casanas of ,new ,orleans1 addressing a convention of the ,national ,association of ,retail ,grocers in the ,united ,states1 in #aiaf1 said that the wholesale coffee roasters of the country had invested in their business #fj1jjj1jjj2 and that #ace1jjj1jjj worth of roasted coffee was sold by them every year4 ,considering the methods of merchandising1 the seven retail distributing agencies may be grouped into three distinct classes4 ,the first class would comprise the independent grocer1 the chain store1 the department store1 the drug store1 and the specialty store1 all of which maintain stores where the consumer comes to buy4 ,the second class takes in the mail-order house1 which solicits orders and delivers its coffee by mail1 and sometimes by freight or express4 ,the third class covers the wagon-route dealer1 who goes from house to house seeking trade1 and delivers his coffee on order at regular periods direct to the consumer in the home4 ,as an inducement to contracting for large quantities to be delivered in weekly or bi-weekly periods1 the house-to-house dealer generally gives some household article1 or the like1 as a premium to establish good-will and to retain the trade of his customers4 ,new impetus was given to the method of selling coffee by mail when the parcel post system was adopted by the federal government in #aiab2 and since then this plan has become an important factor in retail coffee-merchandising4 ,generally1 the mail-order houses confine their sales efforts to agricultural districts and small towns1 soliciting trade by catalogs1 by circular letters1 and by advertisements in local newspapers1 and in magazines which circulate chiefly among dwellers in rural districts4 ,the majority of wagon-route distributers depend upon the lure of their premiums1 and on personal calls1 to develop and to hold their coffee trade4 ,the leading wagon-route companies1 sometimes called premium houses1 maintain offices and plants in large cities adjacent to the territories to which they confine their sales efforts4 ,at strategic points1 they have district agents who engage the wagon men that do the actual soliciting of orders and that deliver the coffee4 ,all wagon-route companies handle other products besides coffee1 specializing in tea1 spices1 extracts1 and such household goods as soap1 perfumes1 and other toilet requisites that promise a quick sale and frequent re-orders4 ,some of their competitors complain that they handle only the more profitable lines1 leaving the independent local grocer to supply the housekeeper with the items on which the margin of profit is comparatively small4 ,wagon-route coffee-retailing began to make itself felt seriously about the year #aijj4 ,at first1 the premiums usually consisted of a cup and saucer with the first order1 the customer being led to continue buying until at least a full set of dishes had been acquired4 ,later1 the range of premiums was expanded2 until today the wagon man offers several hundred different articles that can be used in the home or for personal wear or adornment4 ,practically all the leading wagon-route concerns favor the advance premium method2 that is1 a special canvasser induces a consumer to contract for a large quantity of coffee and other products in return for receiving the premium at once1 though the coffee is delivered only as the customer wants it1 generally two pounds every two weeks4 ,the wagon man delivers the coffee1 and is usually held responsible for the customer fulfilling the agreement1 and is expected to secure repeat orders with other premiums4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,premium ,,tea ,,and ,,coffee ,,dealer',s ,,display ,,room ,this is the headquarters store of the ,geo4 ,f4 ,hellick ,co41 ,easton1 ,pa41 a successful wagon coffee distributer4 ,the premium merchandise is shown in the foreground3 the sales counter1 coffee mill1 and display of teas1 coffees1 extracts1 spices1 etc41 being in the right background ,the importance of the wagon-route plan of coffee-retailing is shown by the fact that in #aiba there were six hundred houses of this kind in the ,united ,states2 and it was estimated that they distributed eight percent of the total amount of the coffee consumed in the country4 ,the biggest company was capitalized at #af1jjj1jjj1 and operated eleven hundred wagons4 ,most of the wagon-route concerns were operating in the central states1 practically one-third of them covering the states of ,illinois1 ,wisconsin1 ,indiana1 and ,iowa4 ,pennsylvania is also a wagon-route-dealer center4 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,chain-,,store ,,interior ,,equipment ,this is the ,atlantic ,pacific ,co4's store in ,rhinebeck1 ,new ,york4 ,there are nearly #e1jjj other stores like it in the ,united ,states ,the premium wagon-route distributers have an organization called the ,national ,retail ,tea and ,coffee ,merchants' ,association4 ,it is composed of #abf members--all of whom use premiums--who operate over two thousand wagons4 ,the largest single wagon-route operator is the ,jewel ,tea ,company of ,chicago4 ,the members of this organization claimed to have served more than #b1jjj1jjj families in #aibj4 ,in the chain-store system of merchandising we see the opposite extreme of coffee retailing4 ,the wagon-route man features his delivery service2 while in the chain-store plan1 all customers must pay cash and carry home their parcels4 ,though the earliest established chain stores gave premiums1 the practise has now been generally abandoned4 ,roasting1 blending1 and packing coffee in a large central plant1 the chain-store operator advertises that he can sell coffee at a price lower than his competitors4 ,as a rule1 only one grade of coffee is offered for sale4 ,while it is generally a good medium value1 many consumers prefer better quality and go to the independent grocer for it4 ,others patronize the grocer because of his convenient delivery service1 and because he gives credit on purchases4 ,chain-store organizations seem to be growing rapidly1 however2 the largest of the chains1 the ,great ,atlantic ,pacific ,tea ,co41 reporting in #aiba that it had nearly five thousand branches throughout the country1 which sell #dj1jjj1jjj pounds of coffee annually4 ,this chain has a capitalization of #ab1jjj1jjj1 and in #aibj sold #bbe1jjj1jjj worth of groceries1 as compared with #aed1gah1abd in the preceding year4 ,this company opens about five hundred new stores every year4 ,the chain-store men are organized in the ,national ,chain ,store ,grocers ,association1 having thirty members1 representing #ab1jjj stores1 operating in eighteen states4 ,it is estimated that there are fifty responsible chain-store grocery organizations in the ,united ,states1 representing about #cj1jjj stores4 ,the chain-store grocer turns his stock over from twelve to twenty-five times a year1 sells for cash1 makes no deliveries1 and claims to save the consumer an average of fifteen percent in buying4 ,these stores do business on a net margin not exceeding three percent on sales1 as against the average retail grocer's thirty percent1 while their average gross cost of doing business has been stated as between thirteen and one-half percent 7lowest7 and eighteen and one-half percent 7highest74 ,according to ,alfred ,h4 ,beckmann1 secretary-treasurer of the ,national ,chain ,store ,grocers' ,association1#ccg ,public appreciation of the chain grocery store is rapidly growing4 ,ten years ago it was estimated that chain stores in what is known as the ,metropolitan district of ,new ,york did about #ab-a_/b percent of the volume of business in their line1 while today it is estimated at about fifty percent4 ,it is estimated that the fifty-odd chain store organizations in the ,united ,states distribute through their #cj1jjj stores #bgj1jjj1jjj pounds of coffee a year1 or about twenty percent of the total amount consumed in the ,united ,states4 ,starting in the ,retail ,coffee ,business ,when taking up the retail merchandising of coffee1 the practical grocer learns all he can about the popular grades to be had in the principal markets1 and how the coffees are grown1 roasted1 blended1 and ground4 ,he also ascertains the best methods of brewing1 testing out each grade and kind on his own table1 if he does not have testing facilities in his store4 ,he studies the relative trade values of different varieties of coffee1 and the requirements of his particular clientle4 ,an interesting analysis of some #bej grocery stores in the ,united ,states#cch made in #aiai1 showed that twenty-nine percent of the dealers bought all their coffee from wholesale grocers1 forty-eight percent exclusively from roasters and specialty wholesalers1 ten percent got over one-half of their coffee from wholesale grocers1 and thirteen percent bought less than one-half from the wholesale grocery houses4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,familiar ,a ,p ,,store ,,front ,illustration3 ,,layout ,,for ,,coffee ,,and ,,tea ,,department ,there are two fundamental plans on which a retailer builds a successful coffee business--by buying coffee already roasted1 and by buying it green and roasting it in the store4 ,each plan has its advantages2 but its practicability depends upon conditions in different localities4 ,beyond acquiring a general talking knowledge about coffees1 the retailer buying his stocks roasted in bulk or package form does not generally need the intimate knowledge of his goods required by the grocer who roasts his own coffee4 ,if he grinds the coffee for his customers he must know the type of grind best suited to the way the coffee is to be brewed1 and must be able to tell the best brewing method4 ,the practical grocer who makes up his own blend is acquainted with blending principles and methods4 ,while he can not expect to be as expert as the large wholesale blender1 he should know that green coffees are generally classified by blenders in five great divisions2 7#a7 ,brazils1 including ,santos1 ,bourbon and flat bean1 ,rios1 ,victorias1 and ,bahias2 7#b7 ,washed milds1 embracing1 as of the most commercial value1 ,bogotas1 ,bucaramangas1 ,guatemalas1 ,mexicans1 ,costa ,ricans1 ,maracaibos1 and ,meridas2 7#c7 ,unwashed milds1 such as ,maracaibos1 ,bucaramangas1 ,la ,guairas1 and ,mexicans2 7#d7 ,javas1 ,sumatras1 and ,padangs2 7#e7 ,mocha1 and ,harari4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,retail ,,coffee-,,roasting ,,stations ,,in ,,southern ,,california ,illustration3 ,,close-,,up ,,of ,,the ,,miniature ,,manufacturing ,,plant1 ,,showing ,,the ,,roasting ,,and ,,grinding ,,equipment ,illustration3 ,,applying ,,the ,,specialist ,,idea ,,to ,,coffee ,,merchandising ,the ,pacific ,stores ,co41 ,los ,angeles1 cutting out deliveries1 premiums1 and solicitors1 has built up a business of more than #ajj bags of coffee daily1 selling direct to the consumer in a chain of #ajj booths patterned after the country-roadside gasoline stations2 each one having its own roaster ,illustration3 ,,self-,,contained ,,monitor ,,gas ,,roaster1 ,,cooler1 ,,and ,,stoner ,it has been found by experience that a good assortment for the average retailer to carry consists of ,santos1 because of price2 a natural unwashed ,maracaibo or ,bucaramanga1 because of full body and general blending values2 and a washed coffee1 preferably a ,bogota1 which gives quality and character to a blend4 ,in stocking up with these coffees1 the practical merchant avoids ,santos with a strong or ,rioy flavor1 bitter or hidey ,maracaibos1 and acidy or thin ,bogotas4#cci ,a grocer equipped with these coffees has the ,santos for his low-priced seller4 ,for his medium grade he blends ,santos and ,maracaibo1 half-and-half4 ,the next higher grade is made up of one-third each of the three coffees2 while the best blend consists either of half-and-half ,bogota and ,maracaibo1 or three-quarters ,bogota and one-quarter ,maracaibo4 ,the chief advantage of these three coffees is that they blend well in any way they are mixed2 and the dealer with a little experience1 and working with the two necessary ideas in mind--satisfactory coffee and price--can make up various combinations4 ,in view of the fact that the ,united ,states imports coffee from more than a hundred different sections of the world1 and that there are wide variations in flavor among the coffees produced in each of the hundred1 it is easy to understand that the blender has an almost unlimited supply from which to make up a blend with a distinctive individuality4 ,practically all coffee importers1 and most wholesalers1 are thoroughly acquainted with the relative trade values of the different coffees1 and help their customers make up desirable blends4 ,small ,roasters for ,retail ,dealers ,while the wholesale coffee roaster is obliged to instal a large and somewhat complex equipment1 the retailer must use a small1 compact1 self-contained unit that does not take up much space in his store1 and that is easily operated4 ,retail roasting machines are constructed on the same general principle as the wholesale roaster4 ,the roasting cylinder is generally revolved by electric power1 and the heat is derived from gas or gasoline fuel4 ,cooling is by air suction in a box attached to the roaster4 ,the capacities of the machines range from ten to three hundred pounds1 the operating cost running from approximately eight cents per hundred pounds for gas fuel and ten cents for electric power4 ,the roasters cost from three hundred dollars for the smaller sizes1 to fifteen hundred for the one-bag type2 and to two thousand or three thousand dollars for the two-bag type4 ,one coffee-roaster-machinery manufacturer has recently brought out a gas-fired1 electrically operated fifty-pound miniature coffee-roasting plant designed for retail stores1 which comprises a roaster1 a rotary cooler1 and a stoning device1 that sells for six hundred and fifty dollars4 ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,gas ,,coffee ,,roaster ,,for ,,retail ,,stores ,retail coffee roasting is similar to the wholesale operation4 ,when the cylinder has become heated1 the green coffee is run in and allowed to roast in the revolving cylinder for about half an hour4 ,if the coffee is the average green kind1 the full heat may be applied at once2 but if old and dry1 a lesser degree is used4 ,when the roast begins to snap1 the flame is turned lower to allow the beans to cook through evenly2 and when nearly done1 it is almost extinguished4 ,during the operation1 the roasterman1 who may be the proprietor or a clerk delegated to the work1 frequently samples the coffee by taking out a small quantity with his trier and comparing the color of the roast with a type sample4 ,when the colors match exactly1 the coffee is dumped automatically into the cooler box just below the cylinder opening2 and when sufficiently cooled off1 is ready for grinding to order4 ,a large number of retailers roast coffee in their stores2 and the most successful find that besides being able to make a feature of freshly roasted coffee1 they can save money and increase their sales4 ,one progressive grocer found that he was able to get eighty-eight pounds of roasted coffee out of one hundred pounds of green coffee1 as compared with the wholesaler's eighty-four pounds2 that he could buy green coffee at a closer price than roasted2 and that it cost him less for labor1 fuel1 overhead1 and similar items1 than it did the wholesale roaster to turn out a roast4#cdj ,illustration3 ,,burns ,,half-,,bag ,,gas ,,roasting1 ,,cooling1 ,,and ,,stoning ,,outfit ,illustration3 ,,lambert ,,junior ,,gas ,,roasting1 ,,cooling1 ,,and ,,stoning ,,outfit ,,for ,,retail ,,stores 7,capacity fifty pounds7 ,a chain of coffee specialty stores in which the coffee is roasted fresh every day was started in ,california about the year #aiaf2 and according to reports1 it met with almost instant success4 ,in this system1 the proprietor buys the green coffee in large quantities1 and it is roasted in each of his specialty stores1 which are located in public markets1 store windows1 and alongside heavily traveled highways4 ,the roasting machinery is invariably set up in front of the store where passers-by can easily see it in operation--and also smell the coffee roasting4 ,four years after starting the first store1 there were fifty in operation along the ,pacific ,coast1 doing an annual business of about #fjj1jjj1 some units taking in more than #g1jjj a month4 ,model ,coffee ,departments ,authorities generally agree that a well laid out coffee department not only increases a grocer's coffee business1 but speeds up sales in other departments as well4 ,coffee lovers1 and they are legion in the ,united ,states1 are inclined to shop around for a coffee that suits their taste2 and when they have found the store that sells it1 they buy their other groceries there also4 ,another argument advanced in favor of a coffee department is that coffee pays more money into the retailer's cash drawer than any other grocery item4#cda ,most successful retail coffee merchandisers establish the coffee department near the entrance to the store1 where it can be seen through a window by passers-by1 especially if there is an ornamental roasting and grinding equipment4 ,it has been found that a department situated at the left of the entrance is almost certain to draw attention because people are inclined to glance in that direction first4 ,some merchants1 having the space1 erect attractive booths1 designed somewhat like the familiar food-show booths1 directly in front of the door1 after the fashion of department stores when holding a special sale on a certain article4 ,such a booth is generally used for demonstration purposes1 and is decorated with signs and possibly with bunting4 ,a permanent department is usually less ornamental1 but still attractive4 ,in telling how he made a success of his department1 one ,american grocer said that he was careful that his fixtures were not so ornamental as to draw attention from the goods4 ,while the decorations were always attractive1 they were subordinated sufficiently to form a background for his coffee display4 ,illustration3 ,,faulder ,,and ,,simplex ,,gas ,,roasters ,,in ,,an ,,english ,,factory ,the ,faulder 7on the left7 is a #bh-lb4 indirect machine and the ,simplex 7also #bh lbs4 capacity7 is of the direct-flame1 quick-roaster type ,the most popular layout is the conventional counter system behind which the clerk stands to serve the customer on the other side4 ,there are many advocates of the counter that is built into the shelving1 believing that the closer the customers are brought to the coffee1 the more they will be inclined to buy4 ,this system also makes for cleanliness1 doing away with the possibility of the runway behind the counter becoming a catch-all for dirt1 torn paper1 bits of wood1 and the like4 ,illustration3 ,,illustrating ,,the ,,coffee ,,roasters ,,used ,,by ,,the ,,shop-,,keepers ,,of ,,france ,these machines are of the ball-cylinder type1 and use gas as fuel2 the cylinder is revolved by electric power4 ,invariably they stand where they can be seen from the street ,the modern coffee department has counters divided into compartments having glass fronts4 ,this type serves both as a storage place for coffee and for display purposes4 ,the top of the counter is used for wrapping up parcels1 etc41 and also for displaying bulk and package coffees4 ,in the well regulated store1 the counter top is never used for storage1 all stock being kept on shelves or in the counter's compartments4 ,good merchants find that cleanliness pays2 and that a littered up store drives away desirable custom4 ,the wise proprietor never allows a clerk to weigh out coffee after handling cheese1 onions1 and other odorous articles1 without first thoroughly washing his hands4 ,he knows that few food products in his store will more quickly absorb undesirable odors and flavors than coffee2 and consequently he is careful to protect his coffee from contamination4 ,in the better stores1 the proprietor will either take charge of the coffee department himself1 or will delegate a competent man who will do nothing else4 ,the wide-awake retail coffee roaster always features his roasting machine1 which is generally highly ornamental and draws attention even when not in use4 ,some progressive merchants plan to roast coffee at noon time and at night1 when homeward-bound passers-by are hungry and are particularly susceptible to the pungent aroma of roasting coffee4 ,it is a quite common plan for the retail roaster to arrange the exhaust of the machine so that the full strength of the odor is blown into the street4 ,creating a ,coffee ,trade ,because of steady sales and quick profits1 there is keener competition in retail coffee-merchandising than in other food products4 ,but1 all things being equal1 any intelligent person can create and hold a profitable trade if he follows approved business methods--and works4 ,the best practise among coffee merchants shows that the prime essential is good coffee1 freshly roasted and ground4 ,after that comes intelligent and unremitting sales-promotion work4 ,illustration3 ,,small ,,german ,,roasters ,on the left is a hand roaster for wood or coal fuel2 on the right is a gas machine4 ,the many ingenious trade-building plans worked out successfully by grocers in all parts of the country are too numerous to describe in a book of this character2 but the methods cited in the following1 all of which have been tested in actual working conditions1 will serve to indicate the fundamentals of good retail coffee-sales promotion4 ,among the chief sales-winning methods are demonstrations in the store1 at local food shows1 and at church socials1 picnics or functions1 judicious sampling either in person or by mail1 personal canvassing from house to house1 circularizing by mail1 linking up window displays with current happenings1 local newspaper and outdoor poster advertising1 and selling coffee by telephone4 ,most of the foregoing plans are worked intermittently4 ,the telephone1 however1 is a most important sales factor and should be employed constantly and consistently4#cdb ,many successful stores consider the telephone1 properly used1 the greatest single sales-help in retail coffee-merchandising4 ,illustration3 ,,popular ,,french ,,retail ,,roaster ,employing coal1 charcoal1 or wood fuel ,one grocer had such faith in this method that he paid half the annual telephone rental for a large number of his best-paying customers4 ,another large merchandiser put in an individual telephone for each of his salesmen1 who called up his regular customers each day to suggest articles for that day's order1 always of course mentioning their superior brand of coffee4 ,telephoning is the next step to personal contact2 and if tactfully done1 is considered to be even more advantageous1 because of the time it saves both the customer and the store keeper4 ,illustration3 ,,uno ,,cabinet ,,gas ,,roaster ,,with ,,cooling ,,unit ,a popular ,english type ,coffee demonstrations in stores are easily arranged1 in most cases4 ,the main consideration is fresh coffee of good quality served daintily and hot4 ,lacking a coffee urn1 some grocers make their brews in large-size home-service coffee-making devices4 ,those most advanced in the correct method of brewing use the drip process4 ,it is generally agreed that demonstrations should not be held too often4 ,they not only cut into profits1 but lose much of their advertising value4 ,food-show demonstrations require more elaborate equipment1 consisting of a decorated booth1 educational booklets1 posters1 and exhibits of different kinds of coffee1 both green and roasted1 whole bean and ground4 ,generally1 coffee packers co-operate with retail demonstrators by supplying gratis the coffee to be brewed1 if the names of their brands are suitably displayed4 ,they supply also posters1 signs1 samples1 and booklets for free distribution4 ,window displays form one of the best means of advertising at the command of the average grocer1 and one of the least expensive4 ,a popular coffee display consists of a series of educational windows1 starting with green beans in the bags in which they are shipped from the growing country4 ,generally the bags1 mats1 or bundles are obtained from the wholesale house1 and are filled almost to the top with some inexpensive stuffing1 the green coffee being spread over the top to give the appearance of a full bag4 ,pictures showing how the coffee is grown1 harvested1 prepared1 and shipped1 are frequently used in such a display4 ,the next exhibit consists of whole roasted coffee spread thickly over the window floor to create the impression of bulk1 accompanied by a few pans of green coffee by way of contrast1 and with pictures showing scenes in coffee roasting plants4 ,a barrel1 lined with blue paper1 and lying on its side with roasted coffee beans spilling out1 serves as a centerpiece for such a display4 ,following this1 comes a coffee package window1 accompanied by pictures showing how coffee is roasted1 ground1 and packed4 ,this completes the series2 but there are many variations that have proved successful as trade builders4 ,illustration3 ,,educational ,,window ,,exhibit ,this window won first prize for the western district in the #b1jjj window-trimming contest of ,national ,coffee ,week in #aibj4 ,action was furnished by a small electric pump1 which kept a steady stream of coffee flowing from a coffee pot into the coffee cup ,meeting ,competition ,since the advent of the wagon-route distributer and the chain store1 the independent retail grocer has been faced with the problem of how to regain at least a fair measure of the coffee trade he has lost4 ,the grocer is not only concerned about his profits on coffee sales1 but on other goods as well2 for a trade investigation has shown that a large percentage of the regular customers of the retailer are held to the store by their purchases of coffee and tea4 ,this means that if coffees and teas are bought from the wagon-route distributer and the chain store1 the balance of a family's order is shopped around4 ,to meet this competition1 the best authorities agree that the independent grocer should feature coffee in every practical way1 such as soliciting coffee trade from each customer that enters the store2 give up offering coffee on a price basis1 and make up his own blends from good quality growths2 perhaps make up his own brand and push it at every opportunity2 display coffee artistically1 with frequent changes of layouts2 and have occasional store demonstrations4 ,he should see that the coffee is roasted properly1 and that it is always fresh2 that the selling effort is not expended on the lowest-priced blend1 but on a grade that can be recommended for cup merit4 ,this should be a leader1 but a lower-price coffee could be carried to suit the trade that buys on price4 ,persistent efforts should be made to educate the last-named class of customers to use the better grades1 which in the end are cheaper and give better satisfaction4 ,in short1 the grocer should work consistently to establish a vogue for his leader blend on the basis of merit4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,better-,,class ,,american ,,grocery ,,interior ,showing the coffee bins in orderly array1 and the electric coffee grinder ,profits and ,costs ,because of its influence on other grocery items1 coffee can often be sold at a close margin of profit1 particularly if a competitor's store or wagons are cutting into a grocer's neighborhood trade4 ,twenty-five percent is recommended as a reasonable gross profit on coffee in most cases1 although some grocers make less1 and not a few make more2 the range being usually from twenty to thirty-nine percent4 ,the independent dealer should meet chain-store competition in coffee on a price basis1 making a special on a superior grade and figuring to get not more than three cents profit per pound1 like his competitor4 ,a bag of roasted coffee will bring back three dollars gain1 and the cash to pay for another--and the grocer has kept his customers1 ninety percent of whom1 theoretically1 will have bought their other food supplies from him4 ,as a matter of fact1 in the last year of the ,world ,war retailers showed a tendency to demand cash on sales of all grocery items4 ,this practise reduces the cost of operation and allows the storekeeper to reduce his prices4 ,a large number of grocers charge a small percentage of the total sale for credit privileges1 and five or ten cents for each delivery below a certain total value of the purchase price of the articles to be delivered4 ,as a result1 they have been able to meet chain-store competition4 ,collective buying has also been a factor in offsetting the inroads of the chains4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,prize-,,winning ,,window ,,display ,this unusual display of coffee-flavored eatables won first prize for the southern district in the ,national ,coffee ,week window-trimming contest4 ,the cakes1 pies1 tarts1 and other pastries which constituted the main feature rested in a bed of green coffee4 ,the customer's interest was cleverly attracted to the dealer's brand by a pyramid of large coffee cans in the center background and by two miniature dining-room sets4 ,splitting ,nickels ,one of the reasons advanced for the loss of coffee trade by retail grocers is that they price their blends in round numbers1 that is #bj1 #be1 #cj1 or #dj cents2 while their competitors split nickels1 selling their product at #ah1 #bc1 #bh1 or #ch cents4 ,most of the retail enterprises in other lines of trade have built up their business on the penny-change plan2 and many coffee men believe this should become the universal merchandising method among retail distributers of coffee4#cdc ,one of the leading advocates of splitting nickels has worked out a chart to show how coffee should be priced to make predetermined profits4 7,see next page47 ,,table ,,showing ,,profit ,,percentage ,,on ,,sales ,if ,your ,coffee ,and ,you ,sell ,at ,costs #be;c4 #bf;c4 #bg;c4 #bh;c4 #bi;c4 #cj;c4 #ca;c4 #cb;c4 #cc;c4 #bj;c4 #bj #bc #bf #bh #ca #cc #ce #cg #ci #bj-a_/b;c4 #ah #ba #bd #bf #bi #ca #cc #ce #cg #ba;c4 #af #ai #bb #be #bg #cj #cb #cd #cf #ba-a_/b;c4 #ad #ag #bj #bc #be #bh #cj #cb #cd #bb;c4 #ab #ae #ah #ba #bd #bf #bi #ca #cc #bb-a_/b;c4 #aj #ac #af #ai #bb #be #bg #bi #ca #bc;c4 #h #aa #ad #ag #bj #bc #be #bh #cj #bc-a_/b;c4 #f #i #ac #af #ai #ba #bd #bf #bh #bd;c4 #d #g #aa #ad #ag #bj #bb #be #bg #bd-a_/b;c4 #b #e #i #ab #ae #ah #ba #bc #be #be;c4 #j #c #g #aj #ac #af #ai #ba #bd #be-a_/b;c4 #b #e #h #ab #ae #ag #bj #bb #bf;c4 #j #c #g #aj #ac #af #ah #ba #bf-a_/b;c4 #a #e #h #aa #ad #ag #ai #bg;c4 #j #c #f #aj #ab #ae #ah #bg-a_/b;c4 #a #e #h #aa #ad #af #bh;c4 #j #c #f #i #ab #ae ,figuring ,costs and ,profits ,while the cost of conducting a retail grocery business naturally varies according to local conditions and the size of the enterprise1 an investigation among some #bej stores in small and large cities made in #aiai by the ,bureau of ,business ,research1 ,harvard ,university1 showed that the average cost was fourteen percent2 that the net profit averaged two and three-tenths percent2 and that stock was turned about seven times a year4 ,gross profits ran from ten and one-half percent to twenty-six and four-one-hundredths percent of the net sales1 the most typical figure being sixteen and nine-tenths percent4 ,sales cost formed the largest single item of expense1 varying from three and forty-one hundredths to nine and ninety-four hundredths percent1 with the bulk of figures showing around one and eight-tenths percent4 ,according to advanced business practise the cost of doing business should be based on these fourteen points3 #a4 ,charge interest on the net amount of the total investment at the beginning of the business year1 exclusive of real estate4 #b4 ,charge rental on real estate or buildings at a rate equal to that which would be received if renting or leasing to others4 #c4 ,charge1 in addition to what is paid for hired help1 an amount equal to what the proprietor's services would be worth to others2 also treat in like manner the services of any member of the family employed in the business and not on the regular payroll4 #d4 ,charge depreciation on all goods carried over on which a less price may have to be made because of damage or any other cause4 #e4 ,charge depreciation on buildings1 tools1 fixtures1 or anything else suffering from age or wear and tear4 #f4 ,charge donations and subscriptions paid4 #g4 ,charge all fixed expenses1 such as taxes1 insurance1 water1 lights1 fuel1 etc4 #h4 ,charge all incidental expenses1 such as drayage1 postage1 office supplies1 livery expenses of horses and wagons1 telegrams and telephones1 advertising1 canvassing1 etc4 #i4 ,charge losses of every character1 including goods stolen1 or sent out and not charged1 allowances made customers1 all debts1 etc4 #aj4 ,charge collection expense4 #aa4 ,charge any other expense not enumerated above4 #ab4 ,when it is ascertained what the sum of all the foregoing items amounts to1 prove it by the books1 which will give the total expense for the year2 divide this figure by the total of sales1 and it will show the percent which it has cost to do business4 #ac4 ,take this percent and deduct it from the price of any article sold1 then subtract from the remainder what it cost 7invoice price and freight71 and the result will show the net profit or loss on the article4 #ad4 ,go over the selling prices of the various articles and see what are profits2 then get busy in putting your selling figures on a profitable basis and talk it over with your competitor as well4 ,a ,credit ,policy for ,retailers ,while the minor factors governing a credit policy for retailers vary with local conditions1 the fundamental principles are alike everywhere1 and should have the thoughtful consideration of all retail distributers of coffee4 ,after a retail grocery store experience of twenty-five years1 a past president of the ,national ,association of ,retail ,grocers of the ,united ,states#cdd found that a grocer should insist upon references and a thorough investigation of every new applicant for credit1 refusing the privilege when the prospective customer hesitates to give the needed information2 that he should arrange a date for periodical payments1 explaining that this is necessary so that the storekeeper can arrange to meet his own bills1 which will enable him to discount his invoices and to sell his goods cheaper2 that statements of accounts should be sent out promptly and never a few days late2 that he should insist on payment in full when due1 requesting the customer to call if an extension of time is asked2 that he should not let the customers decide when they will pay bills1 bearing in mind that the possible loss of a few customers who do not pay promptly is offset by the advantages of cash when promised2 that he should never abandon the hope of collecting an old account1 but should try the method of sending statements only to the surest customers1 sending a clerk for the collection of all other accounts2 that he should personally examine all uncollected accounts every month1 insisting on a reason for failure to pay2 that he should study his customers and not trust those who give a bad impression2 that he should have the courage to say ,no when necessary2 not to be satisfied with merely a financial rating on a credit applicant1 but to ascertain his general reputation and character2 and to help to eliminate the dead beats by giving careful attention to all requests received from other retailers for credit information4 ,premiums for ,retailers ,house-to-house dealers are the largest users of premiums among coffee distributers4 ,most of them operate under what is known as the advance-premium method4 ,the plan followed by house-to-house dealers until about #aiaj was to issue checks redeemable in premiums after a certain amount of tea1 coffee1 or other products had been purchased4 ,this practise has not been entirely abandoned2 but in most instances1 the premium is now handed to the consumer in advance of the initial purchase1 in consideration of the buyer's promise to use a stipulated quantity of tea1 coffee1 or other merchandise4 ,the driver of the wagon generally carries a portfolio illustrating numerous premium items redeemable through the purchase of varying amounts of merchandise4 ,many retail coffee stores also employ premiums1 using both the old-style and advance methods4 ,this type of store1 however1 is being supplanted by the chain grocery store4 ,some independent retail grocers use premiums to a limited extent4 ,these usually carry a small line of premiums1 featuring a piece of kitchenware1 or other inexpensive item1 with bulk coffee4 ,it is significant that one of the largest chain-store organizations in the ,united ,states--the ,great ,atlantic ,pacific ,tea ,company--uses few premiums today1 although its business was founded on the premium idea4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,americanized ,,english ,,grocer',s ,,shop ,ernest ,carter's store at ,st4 ,albans1 ,england1 operated under the name of ,thomas ,oakley ,co41 has a distinctly ,american atmosphere1 accounted for by the fact that the fittings were supplied by an ,american manufacturer1 the ,walker ,bin ,co41 of ,penn ,yan1 ,n4,y4 ,the tea and coffee department is shown in the foreground4 ,the coffee is roasted in the window ,trading stamps1 which are sold to grocers and other merchants by firms making a specialty of this form of premium-giving are little used nowadays4 ,the average retail grocer is antagonistic to trading stamps1 as a result of the methods of certain unscrupulous stamp-dealers4 ,legislation against trading stamps is in effect in many states4 ,illustration3 ,,some ,,package ,,coffees ,,that ,,advertising ,,has ,,made ,,famous ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,a ,,short ,,history ,,of ,,coffee ,,advertising ,early coffee advertising--,the first coffee advertisement in #aehg was frank propaganda for the legitimate use of coffee--,the first printed advertisement in ,english--,the first newspaper advertisement--,early advertisements in colonial ,america--,evolution of advertising--,package coffee advertising--,advertising to the trade--,advertising by means of newspapers1 magazines1 billboards1 electric signs1 motion pictures1 demonstrations1 and by samples--,advertising for retailers--,advertising by government propaganda--,the ,joint ,coffee ,trade publicity campaign in the ,united ,states--,coffee advertising efficiency ,in a work of this character the chapter on advertising must of necessity be in story form4 ,it may tell what has been accomplished in advertising coffee1 and perhaps point the way to greater achievement4 ,in so far as possible1 the story is supplemented by illustrations1 which here tell the story even better than words4 ,advertising to the trade or the consumer calls for expert advice4 ,there are successful trade journalists who are competent to supply such advertising counsel2 and new-comers in the field should consult them first4 ,these men are in the best position to suggest the means for successful accomplishment4 ,they know the men who are best qualified to render assistance for all media1 and are glad to recommend those who can be most helpful4 ,jarvis ,a4 ,wood has said that advertising is causing another to know1 to remember1 and to do4 ,if we agree with this excellent definition1 then the first coffee advertisers were the early physicians and writers who told their fellows something about the berry and the beverage made from it4 ,rhazes and ,avicenna told the story in ,latin1 and appear to have recommended a coffee decoction as a stomachic1 as far back as the tenth century4 ,many other early physicians refer to it4 ,thus it was that coffee was solemnly introduced to the consumer as a medicine4 ,the first step made by the berry from the cabinets of the curious1 where it was known as an exotic seed1 was into the apothecaries' shops1 where it was sold and advertised as a drug4 ,next1 the coffee drink was advertised and sold by lemonade venders2 then by the proprietors of the coffee houses and cafs2 and finally the coffee merchant sold and advertised the green and roasted bean4 ,rauwolf told the ,germans about it in #aehb2 ,abd-al-,kdir wrote his famous ,argument in favor of the legitimate use of coffee in ,arabic about #aehg2 ,alpini carried the news to ,italy in #aeib2 ,english travelers wrote about the beverage in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries2 ,french ,orientalists described it about the same time2 and ,america learned about it long before the green beans were offered for sale in ,boston in #afgj4 ,because of its frank propaganda character1 ,abd-al-,kdir's manuscript may rightly be called the earliest advertisement for coffee4 ,the author was a lawyer-theologian1 a follower of ,mahomet1 and as such was eager to convince his contemporaries that coffee drinking was not incompatible with the prophet's law4 ,soon the news of the day became the advertising of the morrow4 ,in #afeb appeared the first printed advertisement for coffee in ,english4 ,it was in the form of a shop-bill1 or handbill1 issued by ,pasqua ,rose from the first ,london coffee house in ,st4 ,michael's ,alley1 ,cornhill2 and the original is preserved in the ,british ,museum4 ,it is pictured on page #ee1 chapter ,x1 and is worthy of close examination4 ,it reads3 ,the ,vertue of the ,,coffee ,drink ,first publiquely made and sold in ,england1 by ,pasqua ,rose4 ,the ,grain or ,berry called ,coffee1 groweth upon little ,trees1 only in the ,deserts of ,arabia4 ,it is brought from thence1 and drunk generally throughout all the ,grand ,seigniors ,dominions4 ,it is a simple innocent thing1 composed into a ,drink1 by being dryed in an ,oven1 and ground to ,powder1 and boiled up with ,spring water1 and about half a pint of it to be drunk1 fasting an hour before1 and not ,eating an hour after1 and to be taken as hot as possibly can be endured2 the which will never fetch the skin off the mouth1 or raise any ,blisters1 by reason of that ,heat4 ,the ,turks drink at meals and other times1 is usually ,water1 and their ,dyet consists much of ,fruit1 the ,crudities whereof are very much corrected by this ,drink4 ,the quality of this ,drink is cold and ,dry2 and though it be a ,dryer1 yet ,it neither heats1 nor inflames more then hot ,posset4 ,it so closeth the ,orifice of the ,stomack1 and fortifies the heat within1 that it's very good to help digestion1 and therefore of great use to be taken about #c or #d a ,clock afternoon1 as well as in the morning4 ,it much quickens the ,spirits1 and makes the ,heart ,lightsome4 ,it is good against sore ,eys1 and the better if you hold your ,head over it1 and take in the ,steem that way4 ,it suppresseth ,fumes exceedingly1 and therefore good against the ,head-ach1 and will very much stop any ,defluxion of ,rheums1 that distil from the ,head upon the ,stomack1 and so prevent and help ,consumptions2 and the ,cough of the ,lungs4 ,it is excellent to prevent and cure the ,dropsy1 ,gout1 and ,scurvy4 ,it is known by experience to be better than any other ,drying ,drink for ,people in years1 or ,children that have any running humors upon them1 as the ,kings ,evil1c4 ,it is very good to prevent ,mis-carryings in ,child-bearing ,women4 ,it is a most excellent ,remedy against the ,spleen1 ,hypocondriack ,winds1 or the like4 ,it will prevent ,drowsiness1 and make one fit for business1 if one have occasion to ,watch2 and therefore you are not to ,drink of it after ,supper1 unless you intend to be watchful1 for it will hinder sleep for #c or #d hours4 ,it is observed that in ,turkey1 where this is generally drunk1 that they are not trobled with the ,stone1 ,gout1 ,dropsie1 or ,scurvey1 and that their ,skins are exceedingly cleer and white4 ,it is neither ,laxative nor ,restringent4 ,made and sold in ,st4 ,michaels ,alley in ,cornhill1 by ,pasqua ,rose1 at the ,signe of his own ,head4 ,the noteworthy thing about this advertisement is1 that in comparison with the best copy of today1 it has high merit4 ,for this early advertisement seems to have embodied in it superbly well those qualifications which modern advertising experts agree are essential requirements for success--measured in terms of sales to the consumer4 ,we shall return to it later4 ,the first newspaper advertisement for coffee appeared in the form of a reader in the issue of ,the ,publick ,adviser1 ,london1 for the week of ,tuesday1 ,may #ai1 to ,tuesday1 ,may #bf1 #afeg4 ,the ,publick ,adviser was a weekly pamphlet partaking of the nature of a commercial news-letter4 ,the advertisement was sandwiched between a reader advertising a doctor of physick and one for an artificer1 the latter being a ladies' hair-dresser4 ,it was as follows3 ,in ,bartholomew ,lane on the back side of the ,old ,exchange1 the drink called ,coffee1 7which is a very wholesom and ,physical drink1 having many excellent vertues1 closes the ,orifice of the ,stomack1 fortifies the heat within1 helpeth ,digestion1 quickneth the ,spirits1 maketh the heart lightsom1 is good against ,eye-sores1 ,coughs1 or ,colds1 ,rhumes1 ,consumptions1 ,head-ach1 ,dropsie1 ,gout1 ,scurvy1 ,kings ,evil1 and many others is to be sold both in the morning1 and at three of the clock in the afternoon47 ,about the time that ,pascal opened the first coffee house in ,paris in #afgb1 the ,paris shop-keepers began to advertise coffee by broadsides4 ,a good example is the following1#cde the text of which closely resembles the original by ,pasqua ,rose3 ,the most excellent ,virtue of the ,berry called ,coffee4 ,coffee is a ,berry which only grows in the desert of ,arabia1 from whence it is transported into all the ,dominions of the ,grand ,seigniour1 which being drunk dries up all the cold and moist humours1 disperses the wind1 fortifies the ,liver1 eases the dropsie by its purifying quality1 'tis a ,sovereign medicine against the itch1 and corruptions of the blood1 refreshes the heart1 and the vital beating thereof1 it relieves those that have pains in their ,stomach1 and cannot eat2 ,it is good also against the indispositions of the brain1 cold1 moist1 and heavy1 the steam which rises out of it is good against the ,rheums of the eyes1 and drumming in the ears3 ',tis excellent also against the shortness of the breath1 against ,rheums which trouble the ,liver1 and the pains of the ,spleen2 ,it is an extraordinary ease against the ,worms3 ,after having eat or drunk too much3 ,nothing is better for those that eat much ,fruit4 ,the daily use hereof in a little while will manifest the aforesaid effect to those1 that being indisposed shall use it from time to time4 ,the following are typical ,london trade advertisements of #affb and #affc4 ,the first is from the ,kingdom's ,intelligencer of ,june #e1 #affb1 and reads as follows3 ,at the ,exchange ,ally from ,cornhill into ,lumber ,street neer the ,conduit1 at the ,musick-,room belonging to the ,palsgrave's ,hall1 is sold by retayle the right coffee powder2 likewise that termed the ,turkey ,berry1 well cleansed at #cj;d4 per pound 444 the ,east ,india berry 7so called7 of the best sorts at #bj;d4 per pound1 of which at present in divers places there is very bad1 which the ignorant for cheapness do buy1 and is the chief cause of the now bad coffee drunk in many plaies 7sic74 ,the ,intelligencer for ,december #ba1 #affc1 contained the following advertisement3 ,there is a ,parcel of ,coffee-,berry to be put to publique sale upon ,wednesday1 the #bc1 instant1 at #f a clock in the evening at the ,globe ,coffee-house at the end of ,st4 ,bartholomew ,lane1 over against the ,north ,gate of the ,royall ,exchange4444 ,and if any desire to be further informed they may repair to ,mr4 ,brigg1 ,publique ,notary at the said ,globe ,coffee-house4 ,dufour's treatise on ,the ,manner of ,making ,coffee1 ,tea and ,chocolate1 published in ,lyons1 #afhd1 was generally regarded as propaganda for the beverage2 and1 indeed1 it proved an excellent advertisement1 being quickly translated into ,english and several other languages4 ,in #afia we find advertised in the ,livre ,commode of ,paris a portable coffee-making outfit to fit the pocket4 ,the first coffee periodical1 ,the ,new and ,curious ,coffee ,house1 was issued at ,leipzig by ,theophilo ,georgi in #agjg1 being a kind of house organ for what was1 perhaps1 the first kaffee-klatsch2 the publisher-proprietor1 however1 admitted that the idea of making his coffee salon a resort for the literati was obtained from ,italy4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,newspaper ,,advertisement ,,solely ,,for ,,coffee ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,new ,york ,daily ,advertiser1 ,february #i1 #agij ,in chapter ,x we have described a number of broadsides1 handbills1 and pamphlets having to do with the introduction of the coffee drink into ,london between #afeb and #afge4 ,the advertising student would do well to refer to them because they serve to show how completely the true merits of the beverage were lost sight of by those who urged its more fantastic claims4 ,it is interesting to note1 however1 that this early copy was of a high order of typographical excellence2 indeed1 the display letter used for the word coffee is often like that found in copy in the ,united ,states two hundred and fifty years after4 ,also1 it should be noted that apt 'illustration's' artful aid was first employed in #afgd4 ,again1 note this curious contrast4 ,two hundred and sixty-nine years ago all the resources of advertising were being laid under contribution to make propaganda for coffee as the great cure for many ailments of which nowadays the enemies of coffee would have us believe coffee is the cause6 ,those who have possessed themselves of the facts about coffee know that both arguments are equally fantastic4 ,coffee was mentioned in shop-keepers' announcements appearing in the ,boston ,news ,letter as early as #agad1 and in other newspapers of the colonies during the eighteenth century1 usually being offered for sale at retail with strange companions4 ,in #agdh tea1 coffee1 indigo1 nutmegs1 sugar1 etc41 were advertised for sale at a shop in ,dock ,square1 ,boston4 ,the following advertisement from the ,columbian ,centinel1 ,boston1 ,april #bf1 #agid1 is typical3 ,,groceries ,,at ,,no4 #dd ,,cornhill ,norton and ,holyoke ,respectfully inform their friends and the publick1 that they have for sale1 at their ,shop1 ,no4 #dd ,cornhill1 formerly the ,post-,office4 ,a ,,general ,,assortment ,,of ,,groceries among which are the following articles3 ,teas1 ,spices1 ,coffee1 ,cotton1 ,indigo1 ,starch1 ,chocolate1 ,raisins1 ,figs1 ,almonds1 and ,olives2 ,west ,india ,rum1 best ,french ,brandy1 excellent ,cherry ,wine1 pure as imported1 etc41 etc41 all which they will sell as low as any store in ,boston4 ,any article not liked will be taken again1 and the money returned4 ,it appears that the first advertisement dealing with coffee alone was published in the ,new ,york ,daily ,advertiser for ,february #i1 #agij2 and this was primarily an advertisement of a wholesale coffee roasting factory rather than an advertisement of coffee per se4 ,this advertisement1 and a later one published in ,loudon's ,new ,york ,packet for ,january #a1 #agia1 also of a coffee manufactory1 are reproduced herewith4 ,not until package coffee began to come into vogue in the sixties was there any change in the stereotyped business-card form followed by all dealers in coffee4 ,and even then the monotony was varied only by inserting the brand name1 such as ,osborn's ,celebrated ,prepared ,java ,coffee4 ,put up only by ,lewis ,a4 ,osborn2 ,government coffee in tin foil pound papers put out by ,taber ,place's ,rubia ,mills4 ,evolution of ,coffee ,advertising ,real progress in coffee advertising1 as in publicity for other lines of trade and industry1 began in the ,united ,states4 ,here too1 it has been brought to its lowest degradation and to its highest efficiency4 ,the entire process has taken something less than fifty years4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,coffee ,,advertising ,,in ,,united ,,states ,printed in the ,new ,york ,packet1 ,january #a1 #agia ,the first step forward was the picture handbill4 ,the handbill1 or dodger1 had been common enough in ,england and on the ,continent1 where1 for upward of two hundred years it had served as an advertising medium1 in company with the more robust broadside1 and in competition with the pamphlet and newspaper4 ,it remained for ,america1 however1 to glorify the handbill by means of colored pictures2 and one of the earliest and best specimens of the picture handbill is the ,arbuckle circular here illustrated4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,handbill ,,in ,,colors ,,for ,,package ,,coffee ,,about #ahgb ,soon the handbill copy began to appear in the newspapers1 but mostly without the illustrations4 ,later newspaper developments were to introduce more of the picture element1 decorative border1 and design4 ,the ideas of ,european artists were freely drawn upon1 but put to so utilitarian uses that their originators would scarce have recognized them4 ,in the ,ladies ,home ,journal for ,december1 #ahhh1 the ,great ,london ,tea ,company1 ,boston1 an early mail-order house1 advertised1 ,we have made a specialty since #ahgg of giving premiums to those who buy tea and coffee in large quantities4 ,in the same issue1 there was an advertisement of ,seal ,brand and ,crusade ,brand coffee by ,chase ,sanborn1 ,boston4 ,dilworth ,bros41 ,pittsburgh1 were also among the early users of magazine space4 ,the menace of the cereal coffee-substitute evil had grown to such proportions at the beginning of the twentieth century1 that the coffee men began to be concerned about it4 ,misleading and untruthful substitute copy was freely accepted by nearly all media4 ,the package labels were as bad1 if not worse4 ,with the advent of the pure food law of #aijf1 the cereal label abuse was reformed2 but not until the truth in advertising movement became a power to be reckoned with1 nearly ten years later1 were the coffee men granted a substantial measure of protection in the magazines and newspapers4 ,meanwhile1 many coffee men1 lacking organization and a knowledge of the facts about coffee1 unwittingly played into the hands of the substitute-fakers by publishing unfortunate defensive copy which made confusion worse confounded in the consumer's mind4 ,illustration3 ,,reverse ,,side ,,of ,,the ,,arbuckle ,,handbill 7,,in ,,colors7 ,,of #ahgb ,illustration3 ,a ,,st4 ,,louis ,,handbill ,,of #ahed ,at one time there were nearly one hundred coffee-substitute concerns engaged in a bitter1 untruthful campaign directed against coffee4 ,the most conspicuous offender employed the principle of auto-suggestion and found a goodly number of pseudo-physicians and bright advertising minds that were quite willing to prostitute their finest talents to aid him in attacking an honorable business4 ,illustration3 ,,advertising-,,card ,,copy1 #ahgc ,in one year #a1gfe1jjj was spent in traducing the national beverage4 ,the burden of the cereal-faker's song was that coffee was the cause of all the ills that flesh is heir to1 and that by stopping its use for ten days and substituting his panacea1 these ills would vanish4 ,of course1 there were many people 7but they were the minority7 who knew that the caffein content of coffee was a pure1 safe stimulant that did not destroy the nerve cells like such false stimulants as alcohol1 morphine1 etc42 and that while too much could be ingested from abuse of any beverage containing it1 nature always effected a cure when the abuse was stopped4 ,however1 there was undoubtedly created in the public mind a suspicion1 that threatened to develop into a prejudice1 and that affected otherwise sane and normal people1 that perhaps coffee was not good for them4 ,then came the winter of the coffee men's discontent4 ,floundering about in a veritable slough of cereal slush1 without secure foothold or a true sense of direction1 coffee advertising went miserably astray when its writers began to assure the public that their brands were guiltless of the crimes charged in the cereal men's indictment4 ,in this1 of course1 they unwittingly aided and abetted the cereal fakers4 ,for example1 one roaster-packer advertised1 ,the harmful ingredient in coffee is the tannin-bearing chaff1 which our roasting and grinding process completely removes4 ,scientific research has since proved the fallacy of this idea4 ,illustration3 ,,handbill ,,copy ,,of ,,the ,,seventies ,illustration3 ,,box-,,end ,,sticker1 #ahcc ,another roaster said1 if coffee works havoc with your nerves and digestion1 it is because you are not using a fresh roasted1 thoroughly cleaned1 correctly cured coffee4 ,our method of preparing gives you the strength and aroma without its nerve-destroying qualities4 ,a well known coffee packer advertised1 ,our coffee is free from the dust and bitter tannin--the only injurious property in coffee4 ,still another packer informed the consumer that by a very special steel cutting process he sliced the coffee beans so that the little cells containing the volatile oil 7the food product7 are not broken4 ,a prominent ,chicago packer put out a new brand of coffee which he claimed was non-intoxicating1 poisonless1 and the only pure coffee4 ,a ,new ,yorker1 not to be out-done1 brought out a coffee that he said contained all the stimulative properties of the original coffee berries1 but with every trace of acid removed1 every undesirable element eliminated4 ,also1 he added for good measure1 this coffee may be used freely without harming the digestive organs or impairing the nervous system4 ,and one package-coffee man became so exercised over cereal competition that he brought out a grain coffee of his own1 which he actually advertised as the nearest approach to coffee ever put on the market1 having all the merits without any objectionable features1 strengthening without stimulating1 satisfying without shattering the nerves4 ,and so history again repeated itself in ,america4 ,five hundred years after the first religious persecution of the drink in ,arabia1 we find it being persecuted by commercial zealots in the ,united ,states4 ,and even in the house of its friends1 coffee was being stabbed in the back4 ,the coffee merchants themselves presented the spectacle of knocking it by inference and innuendo4 ,something had to be done4 ,as cereal drinks1 standing on their own feet1 the coffee substitutes would have attracted little notice4 ,it was only by trading on the allegation that they were substitutes for coffee that they made any headway4 ,the original offender sold his product as coffee1 which was an untruth1 as he later admitted there was not a bean of coffee in it4 ,he boldly advertised3 ,blank coffee for persons who can't digest ordinary coffee4 ,when it became no longer possible to perpetrate an untruth on the package label1 there still remained the newspapers and billboards4 ,for years before fake-advertising laws and an outraged public opinion made recourse to these no longer possible1 it was a common practise to use the newspapers and billboards to promote the idea that here was a different coffee2 and in this way to create a demand for a package1 which1 when purchased1 was found to tell a different story4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,chase ,,sanborn ,,advertisement1 #ahhh ,as printed in ,harper's and ,scribner's ,magazines ,as late as #aiaa1 one of our most respected ,new ,york dailies was carrying an advertisement calling the product coffee1 although fairness demands it be recorded that the coffee part of the announcement was stricken out when ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal called the attention of the publisher to its misleading character4 ,this trade paper1 from its start1 had been urging the coffee men to organize for defense4 ,the agitation bore fruit at last1 first in the starting of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 and later in the inception of the movement that resulted in the international advertising campaign for coffee now in progress in the ,united ,states4 ,meanwhile1 the cereal coffee-substitute had been thoroughly discredited by governmental analysis1 although even today newspaper publishers are to be found here and there who are willing to take a chance with public opinion and who will admit to their advertising columns such misleading statements for the substitute1 as it has a coffee-like flavor4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,goldberg ,,cartoon1 #aiaj ,illustration3 ,,newspaper ,,copy ,,used ,,by ,,chase ,,and ,,sanborn ,,about #aijj ,in the ,united ,states today1 coffee advertising has reached a high plane of copy excellence4 ,our coffee advertisers lead all nations4 ,the educational work started by ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 fostered by the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 and developed by the ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee1 has laid low many of the bugaboos raised by the cereal sinners4 ,the coffee men1 however1 have left considerable room for improvement4 ,there are still some who are given to making exaggerated claims in their publicity1 who make reflections upon competitors in a way to destroy public confidence in coffee1 and who display an ignorance of1 or a lack of confidence in1 their product by continuing to claim that their brands do not contain what they assert are injurious or worthless constituents4 ,it is to be hoped that in time these abuses will yield to the further enlightening influence of the trade press1 and of the organizations that are continually working for trade betterment4 ,before the international coffee campaign started in #aiai1 the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association promoted two national coffee weeks1 one in #aiad and another in #aiae1 wherein excellent groundwork was done for the big joint coffee trade propaganda that followed4 ,some original research also was done along lines of proper grinding and correct coffee brewing4 ,a better-coffee-making committee1 under the direction of ,edward ,aborn of ,new ,york1 rendered yeoman's service to the cause4 ,much educational work was done in schools and colleges1 among newspaper editors1 and in the trade4 ,this campaign was the first co-operative publicity for coffee4 ,among other things1 it put a nation-wide emphasis on iced coffee as a delectable summer drink and1 for the first time1 stressed the correct making of the beverage by drip and filtration methods instead of by boiling1 which had long been one of the most crying evils of the business4 ,illustration3 ,,chart ,,showing ,,money ,,spent ,,on ,,advertising ,,coffee ,,and ,,substitutes ,only advertisements printed in magazines and periodicals are considered in making this calculation ,package ,coffee ,advertising ,coffee advertising began to take on a distinctive character with the introduction of ,ariosa by ,john ,arbuckle in #ahgc4 ,some of the early publicity for this pioneer package coffee appears typographically crude1 judged by modern standards2 but the copy itself has all the needful punch1 and many of the arguments are just as applicable today as they were a half-century ago4 ,take the handbill copy illustrated4 ,it was done in three colors1 and the argument was new and most convincing4 ,the reverse side copy is also extremely effective4 ,note the expert-roaster argument and coffee-making directions2 some of these may still be found in current coffee advertising4 ,most of the original ,arbuckle advertising was by means of circulars or broadsides1 although some newspaper space was employed4 ,premiums were first used by ,john ,arbuckle as an advertising sales adjunct1 and they proved a big factor in putting ,ariosa on the map4 ,mr4 ,arbuckle created the kind of word-of-mouth publicity for his goods that is the most difficult achievement in the business of advertising4 ,it caused so deep and lasting an impression1 that in some sections it has persisted through at least five decades4 ,the advertising moral is3 ,get people to talk your brand4 ,since the death of its founder1 the ,arbuckle copy has been changed to fit modern conditions4 ,that it has kept pace with all the forward movements in business and advertising is evident from the specimens which help to illustrate this chapter4 ,a significant change is to be noted in the fact that1 for the first time in its history1 the greatest coffee business in the world has adopted a policy of advertising to the trade as well as to the consumer1 thus giving its publicity a well rounded character which it formerly lacked4 ,the evolution of other notable package coffees is also shown by illustration4 ,several concerns blazed new trails that have since been picked up and followed by competing brands4 ,illustration3 ,,charts ,,showing ,,per ,,capita ,,consumption ,,and ,,coffee ,,and ,,substitute ,,advertising ,among the many long-established advertised package-coffee successes may be mentioned3 ,arbuckle's ,yuban and ,ariosa2 ,mc,laughlin's ,,xxxx2 ,chase ,sanborn's ,seal ,brand2 ,dwinell-,wright's ,white ,house2 ,weir's ,red ,ribbon2 ,b4 ,fischer ,company's ,hotel ,astor2 ,brownell ,field's ,autocrat2 ,bour's ,old ,master2 ,scull's ,boscul2 ,seeman ,brothers' ,white ,rose2 ,blanke's ,faust2 ,baker's ,barrington ,hall2 ,woolson ,spice ,company's ,golden ,sun2 ,international ,coffee ,company's ,old ,homestead2 ,kroneberger's ,old ,reserve2 ,western ,grocer ,company's ,chocolate ,cream2 ,leggett's ,nabob2 ,clossett ,dever's ,golden ,west2 ,r4,c4 ,williams' ,royal ,scarlet2 ,merchants ,coffee ,company's ,alameda2 ,widlar ,company's ,c4,w4 brand2 ,meyer ,bros4' ,old ,judge2 ,nash-,smith ,tea and ,coffee ,company's ,wedding ,breakfast2 ,j4,a4 ,folger ,company's ,golden ,gate2 ,ennis ,hanley ,blackburn ,coffee ,company's ,golden ,wedding2 ,m4,j4 ,brandenstein ,company's ,m4,j4,b42 ,hills ,brothers' ,red ,can1 the ,young ,griffin ,coffee ,company's ,franco-,american1 and the ,cheek-,neal ,coffee ,company's ,maxwell ,house4 ,it was estimated that the amount of money spent by the larger coffee roasters upon all forms of publicity in the ,united ,states in #aibj was about #c1jjj1jjj4 ,charts prepared by ,charles ,coolidge ,parlin of the division of commercial research of the ,curtis ,publishing ,company1 and checked by the ,publishers' ,information ,bureau1 show the advertising for coffee and for coffee substitutes in thirty leading publications from #aiaa to #aibj2 and compare the advertising for coffee and coffee substitutes in #aibj with a chart of per capita consumption4 ,it should be noted that the figures exclude all other forms of advertising1 such as newspapers1 bill-posting1 street-car signs1 electric signs1 and so forth4 ,experience has proven that a package coffee1 to be successful1 must have back of it expert knowledge on buying1 blending1 roasting1 and packing1 as well as an efficient sales force4 ,these things are essential3 7#a7 a quality product2 7#b7 a good trade-mark name and label2 7#c7 an efficient package4 ,with these1 an intelligently planned and carefully executed advertising and sales campaign will spell success4 ,such a campaign comprehends advertising directed to the dealer and to the consumer4 ,it may include all the approved forms of publicity1 such as newspapers1 magazines1 billboards1 electric signs1 motion pictures1 demonstrations1 and samples4 ,one phase of trade advertising which should not be overlooked is dealer helps4 ,the extent to which the roaster-packer1 or the promoter of a new package coffee1 should utilize the various advertising media or go into dealer helps must1 of course1 depend upon the size of the advertising appropriation4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,effective ,,cut-,,out ,many roaster-packers supply grocers handling their coffee with dealer helps in the shape of weather-proof metal signs for outside display1 display racks1 store and window display signs1 cut-outs1 blotters1 consumer booklets1 newspaper electros1 stereopticon slides1 moving pictures1 demonstrations1 samples1 etc4 ,dealer selling schemes based on points have also been found helpful in promoting sales4 ,advertising to the ,trade ,until a comparatively recent date1 the green coffee importer1 selling the roasting trade1 has not realized the need of advertising4 ,he has inclined to the belief that he did not need to advertise1 because1 in most instances1 green coffee is not sold by the mark2 and1 to a certain extent1 price has been the determining factor4 ,during late years1 however1 many green coffee firms have come to realize that there is a good-will element that enters into the equation which can be fostered by the intelligent use of advertising space in the coffee roaster's trade journal4 ,also1 a few importers are now featuring trade marks in their advertising1 thus building up a tangible trade-mark asset in addition to good will4 ,for a number of years the green coffee trade used the business card type of advertisement2 but some are now utilizing a more up-to-date style of copy1 as typified by the advertisements of ,leon ,israel ,brothers and ,w4,r4 ,grace ,company4 ,specimens of other green coffee advertising of the better kind are here reproduced4 ,advertising campaigns in behalf of package coffees can not be fully effective without the proper use of trade publications4 ,advertising in the dealer's paper has many advantages4 ,it is good missionary work for the salesman4 ,it creates confidence in the mind of the dealer4 ,it is an excellent means for demonstrating to the retailer that he is being considered in the scheme of distribution--that no attempt is being made to force the goods upon him through consumer advertising alone4 ,trade-paper advertising also offers the packer the opportunity to acquaint the dealer with the selling points in favor of the brand advertised1 thus saving the time of the salesman4 ,an increasing number of coffee packers are now using the advertising columns of trade papers1 and some typical advertisements are reproduced herewith4 ,advertising by ,various ,mediums ,billboard and other outdoor advertising1 also car cards1 are being used to a considerable extent for coffee publicity4 ,painted outdoor signs have been the back-bone of one middle-west roaster's campaign for a number of years4 ,both car cards and billboards are growing in popularity because they enable the coffee packer to reproduce his package in its natural colors and permit also of striking displays4 ,such firms as ,arbuckle ,brothers1 ,new ,york2 ,dayton ,spice ,mills1 ,dayton1 ,ohio2 ,w4,f4 ,m,c,laughlin ,company1 ,chicago2 the ,puhl-,webb ,company1 ,chicago2 the ,bour ,company1 ,toledo2 ,b4 ,fischer ,company1 ,new ,york2 and the ,cheek-,neal ,coffee ,company1 ,nashville and ,new ,york1 are consistent users of this character of advertising4 ,electric signs also have proved effective for coffee advertising4 ,reproductions of some characteristic outdoor and car-card advertisements are to be found in these pages4 ,motion pictures are a comparatively new development in coffee advertising4 ,one of the first coffee roasters to adopt this plan of publicity was ,s4,h4 ,holstad ,company1 ,minneapolis4 ,the film used depicted the cultivation and preparation of coffee for the market1 also the complete roasting and packaging operations4 ,the ,a4,j4 ,deer ,company1 manufacturers of coffee mills and roasters1 ,hornell1 ,n4,y41 was another pioneer in the use of coffee films4 ,jabez ,burns ,sons1 coffee-machinery manufacturers1 followed with an educational coffee picture4 ,the ,national ,packaging ,machinery ,company1 of ,boston1 is another concern that has utilized films for advertising purposes1 showing its machines in operation in a coffee-packing plant4 ,many roasters made use of the coffee film produced by the ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee4 ,in using advertising films1 it is customary for the roaster to arrange for a showing at one or more theaters4 ,the advertising in the local papers features the coffee brands1 also the name of the local dealer1 the latter being furnished with tickets which he distributes among his retail customers4 ,there are several concerns making a business of supplying commercial films and of getting distribution for them4 ,another form of theater publicity is that of the advertising slide--stereopticon views thrown upon the screen between feature pictures4 ,many packers find these are effective for cultivating the dealer1 it being customary to show the brand name1 together with that of the local distributer4 ,advertising for ,retailers ,when retailers analyze the people to whom they sell coffee1 they usually find three types4 ,first1 there is the woman who thinks she is an expert judge of coffee1 but who is unable to find anything to suit her cultivated taste4 ,then there is the new housewife1 possibly a bride of a few months1 who knows very little about coffee1 but wants to find a good blend that both she and her husband will like4 ,the third is the most acceptable class1 the satisfied people who have found coffee that delights them1 day after day4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,coffee ,,is ,,advertised ,,to ,,the ,,trade ,left to right1 good examples of green coffee publicity--center1 well-arranged package-coffee copy ,w4 ,harry ,longe1 a ,texas retailer1 has prepared the following ready made copy appeals for the three classes4 ,to ,mrs4 ,know-it-all-about-,coffee1 this style has been found effective3 ,,improve ,,the ,,coffee ,,and ,,you ,,improve ,,the ,,meal ,the corner of the table that holds the coffee urn is the balancing point of your dinner4 ,if the coffee is a little off for some reason or other--probably it's the coffee's own fault--things don't seem as good as they might2 but when it is up to taste the meal is a pleasure from start to finish4 ,if the balancing point is giving you trouble1 let ,,any ,,blend ,coffee properly regulate it for you4 #ce cents1 three pounds for #a4 ,,any ,,tea ,,coffee ,,company ,for the good lady who is anxious to find a suitable blend of coffee1 and who desires information1 this is a good appeal3 ,a ,,successful ,,selection ,of the coffee that goes into the every-morning cup will arrive on the day when ,,any ,,blend is first purchased4 ,many homes have been without such a success now for a long time1 but1 of course1 they didn't know of ,,any ,,blend--and even now it is hard to really know ,,any ,,blend till you try it4 ,that is why we seem to insist that you ask for an introduction by ordering a pound4 ,,any ,,blend ,,tea ,,coffee ,,company ,taking both classes and dealing with them alike3 ,,blended ,,to ,,balance ,is a good descriptive phrase of ,,any ,,blend coffee1 for care is taken in the preparation that the strength does not overpower the flavor4 ,the aim of the blender is to get an acceptable and delightful drinking quality4 ,he has been more than successful1 as you will see when you try ,,any ,,blend1 #ce cents1 three pounds for #a4 ,,any ,,tea ,,coffee ,,company ,the satisfied class1 of course1 is not averse to making a change1 and it is well1 occasionally1 for the dealer to let his own satisfied customers know he still believes in his goods4 ,the argument might take this form3 ,a ,,service ,,that ,,saves ,is the serving of ,,any ,,blend1 when coffee is desired4 ,,any ,,blend saves many things4 ,it saves worry1 for it is always uniform in flavor and strength4 ,it saves time1 for when you order ,,any ,,blend we grind it just as fine or just as coarse as your percolator or pot demands4 ,,any ,,blend also saves expense1 because there is no waste1 as you know just how much to use1 every time1 to make a certain number of cups4 #ce cents1 three pounds for #a4 ,,any ,,tea ,,coffee ,,company ,again1 possible new customers may listen to this appeal3 ,,to ,,prove ,,your ,,approval ,of ,,any ,,blend coffee1 you are asked to try just one pound4 ,we know you will like it1 for it is blended and roasted and ground as an exceptional coffee should be1 with the care that a good coffee demands4 ,prove to yourself that you approve of this method of preparing coffee4 #ce cents1 three pounds for #a4 ,,any ,,tea ,,coffee ,,company ,in some households the cook is permitted to do the ordering1 and usually the cook does not read the daily papers with an eye for coffee ads4 ,to reach this individual through her mistress3 ,,can ,,you ,,name ,,your ,,coffee8 ,or is it one of those many unknown brands that comes from the store at the order of your cook8 ,let the cook do the ordering1 for you are lucky if you have one you can rely upon1 but tell her you prefer ,,any ,,blend to the ,no-,name ,blend you may now be using4 ,,any ,,blend has one distinct advantage over all others2 ,it ,is freshly roasted4 ,tell the kitchen-lady1 now1 to order ,,any ,,blend4 ,,any ,,tea ,,coffee ,,company ,advertising by ,government ,propaganda ,advertising coffee by government propaganda has been indulged in with more or less success by the ,british government in behalf of certain of its colonial possessions2 by the ,french and the ,dutch2 by ,porto ,rico1 ,costa ,rica1 ,guatemala1 and ,brazil4 ,the markets most cultivated have been ,italy1 ,france1 ,england1 ,russia1 ,japan1 and the ,united ,states4 ,great ,britain began the development of coffee cultivation in its colonies in #agcj4 ,parliament first reduced the inland duties4 ,in many ways it has since sought to encourage ,british-grown coffee1 building up a favoritism for it that is still reflected in ,mincing ,lane quotations4 ,the ,netherlands government did the same thing for ,java and ,sumatra2 and ,france rendered a similar service to her own colonies4 ,since ,porto ,rico became a part of the ,united ,states1 several attempts have been made by the island government and the planters to popularize ,porto ,rico coffee in the ,united ,states4 ,scott ,truxtun opened a government agency in ,new ,york in #aije4 ,acting upon the counsel and advice of the author1 he prosecuted for several years a vigorous campaign in behalf of the ,porto ,rico ,planters' ,protective ,association4 ,the method followed for coffee was to appoint official brokers1 and to certify the genuineness of the product4 ,owing to insufficient funds and the number of different products for which publicity was sought1 the coffee campaign was only moderately successful4 ,mortimer ,remington1 formerly with the ,j4 ,walter ,thompson ,company1 a ,new ,york advertising agency1 was appointed in #aiab commercial agent for the ,porto ,rico ,association1 composed of island producers and merchants4 ,some effective advertising in behalf of ,porto ,rico coffee was done in the metropolitan district1 where a number of high-class grocers were prevailed upon to stock the product1 which was packed under seal of the association4 ,as before1 however1 the other products handled--including cigars1 grape-fruit1 pineapples1 etc4--handicapped the work on coffee1 and the enterprise was abandoned4 ,subsequent efforts by the ,washington government to assist the ,porto ,ricans in evolving a practical plan to extend their coffee market in the ,united ,states came to naught because of too much politics4 ,beginning with the ,panama-,pacific ,exposition in ,san ,francisco in #aiae1 the government of ,guatemala started a propaganda for its coffee in the ,united ,states2 as the ,european market1 which had up till then absorbed seventy-five percent of its product1 was closed to it1 owing to the ,world ,war4 ,e4,h4 ,o',brien1 a coffee broker of ,san ,francisco1 directed the publicity4 ,some full pages were used in newspapers1 but the main efforts were directed at the coffee-roasting trade4 ,the campaign1 so far as it went1 was highly successful4 ,costa ,rica also gave special encouragement to coffee-trade interests that offered to expand the ,united ,states market for ,costa ,rica coffee during the ,world ,war4 ,for many years ,colombia has been talking of making propaganda here for its coffee1 but thus far nothing of a constructive character has been done4 ,so ,paulo began in #aijh to make propaganda for its coffee by subsidizing companies and individuals in consuming countries to promote consumption of the ,brazil product4 ,a contract was entered into between the state of ,so ,paulo and the coffee firms of ,e4 ,johnston ,company and ,joseph ,travers ,son1 of ,london1 to exploit ,brazil coffee in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,similar contracts were made with coffee firms in other ,european countries1 notably in ,italy and ,france4 ,the subsidies were for five years and took the form of cash and coffee4 ,the ,english company was known as the ,state of ,so ,paulo 7,brazil7 ,pure ,coffee ,company1 ,ltd4 ,fifty thousand pounds sterling was granted this enterprise1 which roasted and packed a brand known as ,fazenda2 promoted demonstrations at grocers' expositions2 and advertised in somewhat limited fashion4 ,the general effect upon the consumption of coffee in ,england was negligible1 however1 although at one time some five thousand grocers were said to have stocked the ,fazenda brand4 ,a feature of this propaganda was the use of the ,tricolator 7an ,american device since better known in the ,united ,states7 to insure correct making of the beverage1 ,brazil also made propaganda for its coffee in ,japan1 in #aiae1 as part of certain undertakings involving the immigration of ,japanese laborers to ,brazil4 ,the ,comit ,franais du ,caf was formed in ,paris in ,july1 #aiba1 to co-operate with ,brazil in an enterprise designed to increase the consumption of coffee in ,france4 ,the chief fault in most of the coffee propagandas here and abroad has been the doubtful practise of subsidizing particular coffee concerns instead of spending the funds in a manner designed to distribute the benefits among the trade as a whole4 ,this mistake1 and local politics in the producing countries1 have made for ultimate failure4 ,a notable exception is the latest propaganda for ,brazil coffee in the ,united ,states1 where all the various interests1 the the ,so ,paulo government1 the growers1 exporters1 importers1 roasters1 jobbers1 and dealers1 have co-operated in a plan of campaign to advertise coffee per se1 and not to secure special privilege to any individual1 house1 or group4 ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,campaign ,twenty years ago the author began an agitation for co-operative advertising1 by the coffee trade4 ,he suggested as a slogan1 ,tell the truth about coffee2 and it is gratifying to find that many of his original ideas have been embodied in the present joint coffee trade publicity campaign1 now in its fourth year4 ,illustration3 ,,theodore ,,langgaard ,,de ,,menezes ,the coffee roasters at first were slow to respond to the co-operative advertising suggestion1 because in those days competition was more unenlightened than now1 and therefore more ruthless4 ,it needed organization to bring the trade to a better understanding of the benefits certain to be shared by all when their individual interests were pooled in a common cause4 ,leaders of the best thought in the trade1 however1 were quick to realize that only by united effort was it possible to achieve real progress2 and when it was suggested that the first step was to organize the roasting trade1 the idea took so firm a hold that it only needed some one to start it to bring together in one combination the keenest minds in the business4 ,the coffee roasters organized their national association in #aiaa4 ,the author of this work urged that co-operative advertising based upon scientific research should be done by the roasters themselves independently of the growers2 but it was found impracticable to unite diverging interests on such an issue1 and so the leaders of the movement bent all their energies toward promoting a campaign that would be backed jointly by growers and distributers1 since both would receive equal benefit from any resulting increase in consumption4 ,brazil1 the source of nearly three-quarters of the world's coffee1 was the logical ally2 and an appeal was made to the planters of that country4 ,a party of ten leading ,united ,states roasters and importers visited ,brazil in #aiab at the invitation of the federal government4 ,in ,brazil1 as in the ,united ,states1 progress resulted from organization4 ,the planters of the state of ,so ,paulo1 who produce more than one-half of all coffee used in the ,united ,states1 were the first to appreciate the propaganda idea4 ,after their attempts to interest the national government failed1 the ,so ,paulo coffee men founded the ,sociedade ,promotora da ,defesa do caf 7,society to ,promote the ,defense of ,coffee71 and persuaded their state legislature to pass a law taxing every bag of coffee shipped from the plantations of that state in a period of four years4 ,this tax1 amounting to one hundred reis per bag of #acb pounds1 or about two and one-half cents ,united ,states money at even exchange rates1 is collected by the railroads from the shippers1 and turned over to the ,sociedade4 ,the ,brazilian ,society sent to the ,united ,states a special envoy1 ,theodore ,langgaard de ,menezes1 to conclude arrangements2 and on ,march #d1 #aiah1 in ,new ,york1 the pact was signed whereby ,so ,paulo was to contribute to the publicity campaign in the ,united ,states approximately #ifj1jjj at the rate of #bdj1jjj a year for four years2 and the members of the trade in the ,united ,states were to contribute altogether #aej1jjjcdf4 ,the success of the negotiations was due to the skilful management of ,ross ,w4 ,weir in the ,united ,states1 and to the superior salesmanship of ,louis ,r4 ,gray1 the ,arbuckle representative in ,brazil4 ,illustration3 ,,joint ,,coffee ,,trade ,,publicity ,,committee ,,in ,,united ,,states ,supervision of the advertising in the ,united ,states was delegated to five men1 representing both the importing and roasting branches of the trade1 and designated as the ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee of the ,united ,states4 ,three of these committeemen1 ,ross ,w4 ,weir1 of ,new ,york2 ,f4,j4 ,ach1 of ,dayton1 ,ohio2 and ,george ,s4 ,wright1 of ,boston1 are roasters2 and two1 ,william ,bayne1 ,jr41 and ,c4,h4 ,stoffregen1 both of ,new ,york1 are importers and jobbers1 or green-coffee men4 ,the committee organized with ,mr4 ,weir as chairman1 ,mr4 ,wright as treasurer1 and ,mr4 ,stoffregen as secretary4 ,at the invitation of the committee1 ,c4,w4 ,brand of ,cleveland1 then president of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 attended committee meetings1 and assisted in determining the policies of the campaign4 ,headquarters were established at #gd ,wall ,street1 in the heart of the ,new ,york coffee district1 with ,felix ,coste as secretary-manager1 and ,allan ,p4 ,ames as publicity director4 ,n4,w4 ,ayer ,son1 advertising agents of ,philadelphia1 who had engineered the plan of campaign from the start of the movement in the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 handle the advertising account4 ,illustration3 ,,chart ,,showing ,,plan ,,of ,,advertising ,,campaign ,so ,paulo's contribution to the advertising fund is sent in monthly instalments to the ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee under an agreement that it shall be expended only for magazine and newspaper space4 ,illustration3 ,,joint-,,committee ,,magazine ,,and ,,newspaper ,,copy1 #aiai ,illustration3 ,,copy ,,that ,,stressed ,,the ,,healthfulness ,,of ,,coffee1 #aiai-aibj ,supplementing this ,brazilian contribution1 is the fund raised by voluntary subscriptions from the coffee trade of the ,united ,states on the basis of one cent per bag handled annually4 ,this ,american fund is used for the expenses of administration1 for educational advertising outside of magazine and newspaper space1 and for various kinds of trade promotion and dealer stimulation4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,joint ,,committee',s ,,house ,,organ ,the first advertising appeared in ,april1 #aiai1 in #cjf leading newspapers in #ahb large cities1 with a total circulation of more than #af1jjj1jjj4 ,the cities chosen represented all the centers of wholesale coffee distribution4 ,magazine advertising began in ,june of the same year1 using twenty-one periodicals1 all of national circulation4 ,this list has been changed from time to time to meet the special needs of the campaign4 ,more than fifty grocery-trade magazines have carried the committee's dealer advertising1 although not all of these have been used continuously4 ,every part of the country was represented on the trade-paper list4 ,full pages have been run each month in nine of the leading national medical journals4 ,these advertisements were written by a physician of national reputation4 ,under the caption1 ,the ,case for ,coffee1 these advertisements have discussed the properties of coffee from the physiological standpoint1 and have asked the doctors to judge it fairly4 ,from the start the committee's advertising has been broadly educational4 ,the properties of coffee have been discussed2 charges against coffee have been answered4 ,the housekeeper has been told how to get the best results from the coffee she buys2 hotel and restaurant proprietors have been reminded that many of them owe their prosperity largely to a reputation for serving good coffee2 new uses have been exploited for coffee1 as a flavoring agent for desserts and other sweets2 employers have been taught the important service good coffee may render in increasing the comfort and efficiency of their working forces4 ,illustration3 ,,introductory ,,medical-,,journal ,,copy ,magazine and newspaper advertising is only the nucleus of the campaign4 ,the effect of such white space publicity is increased by simultaneous efforts to merchandise the campaign1 to stimulate the interest of the wholesale and retail trade1 to encourage private-brand advertising1 and to reach the consumer by other kinds of publicity recognized as essential factors in a well rounded national advertising effort4 ,these activities may be summarized as follows3 ,illustration3 ,,telling ,,the ,,doctors ,,the ,,truth ,,about ,,coffee1 #aibj ,,information ,,service4 ,this department answers inquiries and supplies material for household editors1 and for newspaper and magazine writers4 ,through a national clipping service1 it keeps in touch with all published matter relating to coffee4 ,its special duty is to answer attacks on coffee and the coffee trade4 ,merchants and dealers make it a practise1 when they find misleading articles or editorials in their local newspapers1 to send clippings to the committee's headquarters to be handled there as the situation warrants4 ,,scientific ,,coffee ,,research4 ,twenty-two thousand1 five hundred dollars of the ,american fund have been appropriated thus far for scientific coffee research at the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology4 ,the reports of this research will be distributed to the coffee trade throughout the country1 and should prove valuable in all branches of coffee merchandising4 ,the findings will be distributed by the committee to schools and colleges1 and to consumers through national advertising4 ,illustration3 ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,joint ,,committee',s ,,attractive ,,booklets ,,the ,,coffee ,,club4 ,this organization was established for the purpose of educating the consumer through constructive team work by the roasters' and jobbers' salesman and the retail dealer4 ,under this plan1 the committee has distributed #ej1jjj transparent signs for dealers' windows1 and #e1jjj bronze coffee-club buttons for coffee salesmen4 ,by reference to the ,coffee ,club in national magazine and newspaper advertising1 the retailer is given a chance to tie up with the campaign4 ,membership in the club is limited to those who are contributing to the publicity fund1 and to their salesmen and customers4 ,the club publishes a monthly bulletin in newspaper form1 giving the news of the campaign4 ,this has a circulation of #bg1jjj among wholesalers1 salesman1 and dealers4 ,illustration3 ,,more ,,medical ,,journal ,,copy1 #aibj ,,booklets4 ,the committee has published six booklets1 which have reached a total circulation of more than one and a half million copies4 ,these booklets are sold at cost to the coffee trade4 ,the committee reports that1 on an average1 one hundred requests for them are received daily at its office from consumers in different parts of the country1 and that the booklets are the means of a constant campaign of education in ,american homes and schools4 ,,brand ,,advertising4 ,the committee is constantly making efforts to increase the amount of private advertising by coffee roasters1 and it estimates that brand advertising has increased at least three hundred percent since the national campaign began4 ,reproductions of the committee's advertisements1 proofs of advertising electrotypes1 and copy suggestions are circulated in advance to all roasters and to a large number of retailers1 by means of the monthly organ1 ,the ,coffee ,club4 ,,coffee ,,week4 ,during the week of ,march #bi to ,april #d1 #aibj1 the committee organized and financed the third national coffee week1 which was observed by retailers throughout the country4 ,the feature of this week was a window-trimming contest for which prizes of #b1jjj were distributed among several hundred grocers4 ,the contest resulted in displays of coffee in nearly #aj1jjj grocery windows1 and greatly increased the sale and consumption of coffee during this period4 ,,motion ,,pictures4 ,the ,united ,states fund financed the production and distribution of a coffee motion picture1 #abh prints of which were sold to roasters1 who exhibited them throughout the country4 ,this picture was shown during coffee week to more than six hundred theater audiences1 and it remains in the possession of the trade as an active advertising medium4 ,illustration3 ,,specimens ,,of ,,the #aiba ,,magazine ,,and ,,newspaper ,,copy ,illustration3 ,,educating ,,the ,,doctor ,,in ,,the ,,facts ,,about ,,coffee1 #aibb ,,new ,,uses ,,for ,,coffee4 ,an important factor in increasing consumption has been the promotion of new uses for coffee4 ,in winter1 this has taken the form or recipes and suggestions for coffee as a flavoring agent2 and in warm weather1 there has been a publicity drive for iced coffee4 ,propaganda ,results ,the joint coffee trade publicity campaign is progressive4 ,new features are being developed1 and plans are laid well in advance4 ,it is expected that the reports of the scientific research will furnish fresh material for both direct and indirect advertising4 ,one of the interesting prospects is a school exhibit1 demand for which has been revealed by requests from a large number of teachers1 principals1 and school superintendents4 ,efforts to increase the popularity of a product as widely used as coffee suggest almost unlimited opportunities4 ,the campaign has brought into co-operation producers in one country1 and manufacturers and distributers in another country1 several thousand miles apart4 ,its international character1 and also the fact that it deals with a product of almost universal use1 may account for the attention this campaign has received1 not only in the ,united ,states1 but in every country where advertising is a business factor4 ,this kind of coffee publicity has given the consumer a better knowledge of coffee1 and broken down much of the prejudice against coffee that rested upon popular misunderstanding of its physiological effects4 ,as best evidence of its sincere wish to give the public the whole truth about coffee1 the committee points to the fact that a portion of its funds is being used to finance the scientific investigation at the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology4 ,felix ,coste1 the secretary-manager of the campaign1 spends much of his time traveling about the country and addressing gatherings of coffee wholesalers and dealers4 ,by this means1 and by continuous circularization and correspondence1 the trade is kept constantly in touch with the developments of the campaign4 ,illustration3 ,,magazine ,,and ,,newspaper ,,advertising ,,copy1 ,,spring ,,of #aibb ,illustration3 ,,private ,,brand ,,coffee ,,advertising ,,in #aiba ,report from #gg ,advertisers ,although ,brazil is the only coffee-producing country at present co-operating1 the advertising has treated all coffees alike4 ,efforts are being made to have the coffee growers of other countries contribute on a basis proportionate to the benefit they derive4 ,support from all the coffee countries on the same scale as that on which the producers of ,so ,paulo are contributing would almost double the size of the fund4 ,illustration3 ,,specimen ,,of ,,early ,,yuban ,,copy ,coffee ,advertising ,efficiency ,reverting to the original advertisement for coffee in ,english1 when we compare it with the latest examples of advertising art1 it is of the same order of merit4 ,but ,pasqua ,rose had no advertising experts to advise him and no precedents to follow4 ,pasqua ,rose was a native of ,smyrna1 who was brought to ,london by a ,mr4 ,edwards1 a dealer in ,turkish merchandise1 to whom he acted as a sort of personal servant4 ,one of his principal duties was the preparation of ,mr4 ,edwards' morning drink of ,turkish coffee4 ,but the novelty thereof1 history tells us1 drawing too much company to him1 he ,mr4 ,edwards allowed his said servant1 with another of his son-in-law1 to sell it publicly4 ,so it came about that ,pasqua ,rose set up a coffee house in ,st4 ,michael's ,alley1 ,cornhill4 ,and since ,pasqua ,rose's idea1 naturally1 was to acquaint the ,london public with the virtues and delectable qualities of the product of which his prospective customers were naturally uniformed1 he put into his advertisement those facts and arguments which he felt would be most likely to attract attention1 to excite interest1 and to convince4 ,if the reader will glance at ,rose's advertisement1 which is reproduced on page #ee1 he will be struck with the well-nigh irresistible charm of his unaffected1 straightforward bid for patronage4 ,having no advertising fetishes to warp his judgment1 he told an interesting story in a natural manner1 carrying conviction4 ,it matters not that some of the virtues attributed to the drink have since been disallowed4 ,he believed them to be true4 ,few there were in those days who knew the real truth about coffee4 ,even his typography1 unstudied from the standpoint of modern display1 is attractive1 appropriate1 and exceedingly pleasant to the eye4 ,and since at that time there was no cereal substitute or other bugaboos to contend against1 and to hinder him from doing the simple1 obvious thing in advertising1 he did that very thing--and did it exceedingly well4 ,illustration3 ,,historical ,,association ,,in ,,advertising ,illustration3 ,,package-,,coffee ,,advertising ,,in #aibb ,specimens of newspaper copy used by some of the most enterprising package-coffee advertisers1 ,east and ,west ,in fact1 in the historic advertisement1 ,pasqua ,rose set an example and established a copy standard which had a very beneficial effect on all the coffee advertising of that early date4 ,this will be evident from a glance at the accompanying exhibits of other early advertisements4 ,it was not until the days of so-called modern advertising that coffee publicity reached low-water mark in efficiency and value4 ,in these dark days most coffee advertisers ignored the principles discovered and applied in other lines of grocery merchandising4 ,instead of telling their public how good their product was1 they actually followed the opposite course1 and warned the public against the dangers of coffee drinking6 ,instead of saying to the public1 ,coffee has many virtues1 and our brand is one of the best examples1 their text said in effect1 ,coffee has many deleterious properties2 some1 or most1 of which have been eliminated in our particular brand4 ,they were1 for the most part1 apostles of negation4 ,illustration3 ,,emphasizing ,,the ,,social-,,distinction ,,argument ,illustration3 ,,drawing ,,upon ,,history ,,for ,,social-,,intercourse ,,atmosphere ,hopeful signs1 however1 are multiplying that this condition of things in the coffee industry has passed1 and that the practise of telling the coffee story with certitude will soon become general4 ,we may well applaud the publicity work of all coffee advertisers who follow where ,pasqua ,rose led--those who tell the public how good coffee is to drink and how much good it does you if you drink it4 ,considering the advertising and typographical resources available to the modern advertiser1 it certainly should be possible for this message to be conveyed to the public with at least some of the charm of the first coffee message4 ,one of the most notable examples of how to advertise coffee well is that set by ,yuban coffee4 ,unquestionably1 ,yuban is doing in a thoroughly up-to-date and appropriate fashion what ,pasqua ,rose started out to do in #afeb4 ,the effect on those who give only a superficial glance at a ,yuban advertisement is to arouse a keen desire to enjoy a cup of ,yuban coffee4 ,to induce such a state of mind is1 of course1 the object of all good advertising4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,electric ,,sign ,,that ,,impressed ,,chicago ,there were #d1jjj bulbs in this advertisement1 which measured #ej x #ee feet4 ,the rental was #c1ejj a month ,yuban advertisements have utilized two vital principles in influencing the minds of consumers4 ,in the first place1 they have made a cup of coffee seem to be a very delectable drink4 ,in the second place1 they have made the serving of a cup of coffee seem to be of the greatest social value4 ,one does not see in a ,yuban advertisement any reference to the removal of caffein1 or to ,yuban's freedom from defects common to other coffees4 ,there is no reference to the ill effects of drinking ordinary coffee4 ,yuban wastes no valuable space in unselling coffee4 ,instead1 the whole intent1 effectively carried out1 is to paint an enticing picture by descriptive phraseology1 typographic manner1 and illustrative treatment4 ,until ,yuban came1 those of us in the coffee trade who had given the matter thought had often wondered why1 with the wealth of material available to writers of coffee advertisements1 so little had been done to make the product alluring--why so little had been done to give atmosphere to the product4 ,so many interesting things may be said about the history of coffee2 the spread of the industry through various countries2 how ,brazil came to be the coffee-producing country of the world2 how coffee is cultivated1 harvested1 and shipped2 how it is stored1 roasted1 handled1 delivered--in short1 the entire process by which coffee reaches the breakfast table from the plantations of the tropics4 ,yuban made effective use of this material4 ,simply to tell these things in an interesting1 natural1 convincing way makes coffee appear as a healthful1 delicious drink2 whereas the negative1 defensive sort of advertising1 that plays into the hands of the substitutes1 puts coffee in the wrong light4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,three ,,well ,,known ,,brands ,,of ,,coffee ,,have ,,been ,,advertised ,,outdoors ,illustration3 ,,attention-,,attracting ,,car ,,cards1 ,,spring ,,of #aibb ,illustration3 ,,effective ,,iced-,,coffee ,,copy--,,adaptable ,,for ,,any ,,brand ,when one reads ,yuban advertisements1 they are seen to be an entirely acceptable and appropriate presentation of coffee merit and thoroughly in accord with the principles of good advertising1 as exemplified in all other lines of trade4 ,the wonder grows why so many coffee advertisers have been content to remain in the defensive1 controversial position into which the alarmist coffee-substitute advertising has jockeyed them4 ,the ,yuban advertisements are not without their faults2 errors of historical facts can be found in them2 definitions are sometimes mixed2 some of the drawings might be better2 but1 in the main1 the copy is convincing and praiseworthy4 ,in ,yuban advertisements the things that have been so long left undone have now been done in a masterful way4 ,if we refer to the accompanying illustrations1 we can see how effectively the public is being led to realize and believe in3 #a4 ,the intrinsic desirability of coffee--the actual pleasure to be derived from the act of partaking of it4 #b4 ,that it is delightful medium for social intercourse--part of the essential equipment for an intimate chat or more general assemblage of friends4 #c4 ,that its proper service is a badge of social distinction--the mark of a successful hostess4 ,these three thoughts1 dominant in ,yuban advertising1 should be woven into the fabric of all coffee advertising4 ,for with these three thoughts1 ,arbuckle ,brothers have blazed the trail for the right thing in coffee advertising4 ,the ,yuban case has been so largely dwelt upon here because it sets so bright and shining an example4 ,much that is praiseworthy in it and more along the same lines is true of ,white ,house1 ,hotel ,astor1 and ,seal ,brand2 but the copy shown will illustrate this better than any comment4 ,illustration3 ,,european ,,advertising ,,novelty ,,in ,,new ,,york ,the absence of visible wheels aroused much curiosity in this slow-moving vehicle ,illustration3 ,,coenties ,,slip1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,in ,,the ,,days ,,of ,,sailing ,,vessels ,many coffee ships from the ,west ,indies1 ,arabia and the ,dutch ,east ,indies unloaded their cargoes here--,from a copper-plate etching by ,f4 ,lee ,hunter ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,the ,,coffee ,,trade ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,the coffee business started by ,dorothy ,jones of ,boston--,some early sales--,taxes imposed by ,congress in war and peace--,the first coffee plantation-machine1 coffee-roaster1 coffee-grinder1 and coffee-pot patents--,early trade marks for coffee--,beginnings of the coffee urn1 the coffee container1 and the soluble-coffee business--,statistics of distribution of coffee-roasting establishments in the trade from the eighteenth century to the twentieth ,it appears from the best evidence obtainable that the coffee trade of the ,united ,states was started by a woman1 one ,dorothy ,jones of ,boston4 ,at least1 ,dorothy ,jones was the first person in the colonies to whom a license was issued1 in #afgj1 to sell coffee4 ,it is not clear whether she sold the product in the green bean1 roasted1 garbled 7ground71 or ungarbled4 ,soon after the introduction of the coffee drink into the ,new ,england1 ,new ,york1 and ,pennsylvania colonies1 trading began in the raw product4 ,william ,penn bought his green coffee supplies in the ,new ,york market in #afhc1 paying for them at the rate of #d4fh a pound4 ,benjamin ,franklin engaged in the retail coffee business in ,philadelphia1 in #agdj1 as a kind of side line to his printing business4 ,tea1 coffee1 indigo1 nutmegs1 sugar etc4 were being advertised for sale in #agdh at a shop in ,boston1 under the vendue-room in ,dock-,square4 ,coffee was also to be had in that year at the shop of ,ebenezer ,lowell in ,king ,street1 and at the ,sign of the ,four ,sugar ,loaves near the head of ,long ,wharf4 ,during the sway of the coffee houses1 coffee fell from #d4fh a pound to #dj cents a pound in #agej1 and to #bb cents a pound just before the ,revolution4 ,as the war came on1 however1 dealers began to force up prices on a dwindling market4 ,the situation became so serious that in ,january1 #aggf1 the ,philadelphia ,commission of ,inspection issued a fair-price list1 setting an arbitrary price of eleven pence per pound on coffee in bag lots4 ,persons found violating this price were to be exposed to public view as sordid vultures preying on the vitals of the country4 ,despite this threat1 ,j4 ,peters in ,bethlehem1 ,pennsylvania1 wrote to a ,philadelphia friend1 ,i cannot purchase any coffee without taking1 too1 one bill a tierce of ,claret ,sour1 and at #f4h per gall4444 ,i have been trying day for day1 never could get a grain of ,coffee so as to sell it at the limited price these six weeks4 ,it may be bought1 but at #be_/ per lb4 ,the important part played by the coffee houses of colonial ,america1 beginning with the establishment of the ,london coffee house in ,boston1 in #afhi1 the ,king's ,arms in ,new ,york in #afif1 and ,ye coffee house in ,philadelphia in #agjj1 has been related4 ,females of ye olde ,boston1 staging in #aggg a coffee party which rivaled in a small way the famous ,tea ,party in #aggc1 personally chastised a profiteer hoarder of foodstuffs1 and confiscated some of his stock1 according to a letter from ,abigail ,adams to her distinguished husband1 later second president of the ,united ,states4 ,writing at ,boston1 under date of ,july #ca1 #aggg1 ,abigail wrote to ,john1 then attending the ,continental ,congress at ,philadelphia3 ,there is a great scarcity of sugar and coffee1 articles which the female part of the state is very loath to give up1 especially whilst they consider the great scarcity occasioned by the merchants having secreted a large quantity4 ,it is rumored that an eminent stingy merchant1 who is a bachelor1 had a hogshead of coffee in his store1 which he refused to sell under #f shillings per pound4 ,a number of females--some say a hundred1 some say more--assembled with a cart and trunk1 marched down to the warehouse1 and demanded the keys4 ,upon his finding no quarter1 he delivered the keys1 and they then opened the warehouse1 hoisted out the coffee themselves1 put it into a trunk1 and drove off4 ,a large concourse of men stood amazed1 silent spectators of the whole transaction4 ,in #aghc-hd the ,congress of the ,united ,states considered the imposition of a duty on seven classes of goods consumed by the rich or in general use2 liquors1 sugars1 teas1 coffees1 cocoa1 molasses and pepper2 the tax to be determined by the yearly imports4 ,at that time there was being imported twelve times as much ,bohea tea as of all others1 but tea consumption was only one-twelfth pound per capita4 ,total tea imports were #cbe1jjj pounds4 ,low as was the importation of tea1 says ,john ,bach ,mc,master1 that of coffee was lower still by a third4 ,indeed1 it was scarcely used outside of the great cities4 ,the average annual coffee imports at that period were #bjj4jjj pounds4 ,governor ,bowdoin of ,massachusetts introduced chicory into the ,united ,states in #aghe4 ,the first import duty1 of two and one-half cents a pound1 was levied on coffee by the ,united ,states in #aghi4 ,the principal sources of supply up to that time were the ,dutch ,east ,indies1 ,arabia1 ,haiti1 and ,jamaica2 and most of the business was in the hands of ,dutch and ,english traders4 ,what is thought to be the first wholesale coffee-roasting plant in ,america began operations at #d ,great ,dock 7now ,pearl7 ,street1 ,new ,york1 early in #agij4 ,in that same year the first ,american advertisement for coffee appeared in the ,new ,york ,daily ,advertiser4 ,a second coffee manufactory started up at #bcb ,queen 7also ,pearl7 ,street1 ,new ,york1 late in #agij4 ,in the same year1 #agij1 the government increased the import duty on coffee to four cents a pound4 ,in #agid the tax was raised to five cents a pound4 ,in ,george ,washington's household account book for #agic appears an entry showing a purchase of coffee from ,benjamin ,dorsay1 a ,philadelphia grocer1 for eight dollars4 ,the quantity is not given4 ,about #ahjd ,captain ,joseph ,ropes in the ship ,recovery1 of ,salem1 ,mass41 brought from ,mocha the first cargo of coffee and other ,east ,indian produce in an ,american bottom4 ,the first cargo of ,brazil coffee1 consisting of #a1ebb bags1 was received at ,salem1 ,mass41 per ship ,marquis de ,someruelas in #ahji4 ,brazil's total production that year was less than #cj1jjj bags2 but by #ahga more than #b1jjj1jjj bags were exported4 ,java coffee could be bought on the ,amsterdam market in #ahaj for #db to #df cents4 ,by #ahab1 there had been an advance to #a4jh per pound4 ,holland1 not ,brazil1 ruled the world's coffee markets in those days4 ,when the war of #ahab made necessary more revenue1 imports of coffee were taxed ten cents a pound4 ,a war-time fever of speculation in tea and coffee followed1 and by #ahad prices to the consumer had advanced to such an extent 7coffee was #de cents a pound7 that the citizens of ,philadelphia formed a non-consumption association1 each member pledging himself not to pay more than #be cents a pound for coffee and not to consume tea that wasn't already in the country4 ,the coffee duty was reduced in #ahaf to five cents a pound2 in #ahcj1 to two cents2 in #ahca1 to one cent2 and in #ahcb coffee was placed on the free list4 ,it remained there until #ahfa1 when a duty of four cents a pound was again imposed as a war-revenue measure4 ,this was increased to five cents in #ahfb4 ,it was reduced to three cents in #ahga2 and the duty was repealed in #ahgb4 ,coffee has remained on the free list ever since4 ,the manufacture of machinery required in the coffee business began in the eighteenth century4 ,the first coffee-grinder patent in the ,united ,states was issued to ,thomas ,bruff1 ,sr41 in #agih4 ,the first ,united ,states patent on an improvement on a roaster was issued to ,peregrine ,williamson of ,baltimore in #ahbj4 ,the first ,united ,states patent on a coffee-plantation machine1 a coffee huller1 was granted to ,nathan ,reed of ,belfast1 ,me41 in #ahbb4 ,the first ,united ,states coffee-maker patent was issued to ,lewis ,martelley of ,new ,york1 in #ahbe4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,united ,,states ,,coffee-,,grinder ,,patent ,charles ,parker1 of ,meriden1 ,conn41 began work on the original ,parker coffee mill in #ahbh4 ,a complete ,english coffee roasting and grinding plant was installed in ,new ,york ,city by ,james ,wild in #ahcc-cd4 ,about #ahdj1 ,central ,america began making shipments of coffee to the ,united ,states4 ,james ,carter1 of ,boston1 was granted 7#ahdf7 a ,united ,states patent on an improved form of cylindrical coffee roaster1 which subsequently was largely adopted by the trade in the ,united ,states1 being popularly known as the ,carter pull-out4 ,illustration3 ,,carter',s ,,pull-,,out ,,roaster ,,patent ,the ,geo4 ,l4 ,squier ,manufacturing ,co4 of ,buffalo began in #aheg the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery4 ,marcus ,mason invented his first pulper in #ahfj2 but the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery under the firm name of ,marcus ,mason ,co4 did not begin in the ,united ,states until #ahgc4 ,the first paper-bag factory in the ,united ,states to make bags for loose coffee1 began operations in ,brooklyn in #ahfb4 ,the first ground-coffee package was put on the ,new ,york market about #ahfj-fc by ,lewis ,a4 ,osborn4 ,it was known as ,osborn's ,celebrated ,prepared ,java ,coffee and was later exploited by ,thomas ,reid as ,osborn's ,old ,government ,java4 ,in #ahfd1 ,jabez ,burns was granted a patent on the ,burns roaster which was to revolutionize the coffee-roasting business4 ,in #ahfe1 ,john ,arbuckle brought out in ,pittsburgh the first roasted coffee in individual packages like peanuts1 the forerunner of the ,ariosa package4 ,in #ahfi1 ,b4,g4 ,arnold started the first big speculation in coffee and for ten years thereafter he was absolute dictator of the ,american coffee trade4 ,in #ahfi1 three ,united ,states patents on a copper coffee urn lined with block tin were granted to lie ,moneuse and ,l4 ,duparquet of ,new ,york4 ,in #ahgj1 ,john ,gulick ,baker1 one of the founders of the ,enterprise ,manufacturing ,company of ,pennsylvania1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee grinder which subsequently became one of the most popular store mills4 ,the first trade mark registered for coffee or coffee essence bears the number #dbe1 with date ,august #bb1 #ahga1 first use #ahgj1 and is in the name of ,butler1 ,earhart ,co41 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,the words essence of coffee appeared on the label4 ,the next coffee mark was registered by ,butler1 ,earhart ,co41 ,october #c1 #ahga1 number #dee1 first use1 #ahgj4 ,it consists of the word ,buckeye with a branch of the buckeye 7horse-chestnut7 tree4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,registered ,,trade ,,mark ,,for ,,coffee1 #ahga ,the next registration for coffee was in the name of ,john ,ashcroft of ,brooklyn4 ,it is numbered #ecc1 and the date is ,november #bh1 #ahga4 ,it consists of an anchor and chain enclosing a star4 ,ashcroft registered also a design of a coffee pot with the words ,mocha ,steam1 ,january #b1 #ahgb4 ,today there are nearly three thousand registered trade-mark names used for coffee on file in the ,united ,states ,patent ,office in ,washington4 ,in #ahgc1 ,ariosa1 the first successful national brand of package coffee1 was launched in ,pittsburg by ,john ,arbuckle4 ,in the same year1 #ahgc1 the first ,united ,states patent on a coffee substitute was issued to ,e4 ,dugdale of ,griffin1 ,ga4 ,in #ahgh1 ,chase ,sanborn1 the ,boston coffee roasters1 were the first to pack and to ship roasted coffee in sealed cans4 ,a lead seal was used for the large packages of bulk coffee2 the smaller sizes being sealed by the label1 which was made to cover the body of the can and to reach up over the slip cover1 so as to make a sealed package1 to open which the label must be broken4 ,in #ahgh1 ,jabez ,burns1 the coffee-machinery man1 founded the ,spice ,mill1 the first publication in ,america devoted to the coffee and spice trades4 ,in #ahgi1 ,charles ,halstead brought out the first metal coffee pot with a china interior4 ,in #ahhj1 ,henry ,e4 ,smyser1 of ,philadelphia1 invented a package-making-and-filling machine for coffee1 the forerunner of the weighing-and-packing machine1 the control of which later on by ,john ,arbuckle led to the coffee-sugar war with the ,havemeyers4 ,smyser was superintendent at the plant of the ,weikel ,smith ,spice ,company1 ,philadelphia4 ,other patents on weighing and package-making machines were granted him in #ahhd1 #ahhh1 and #ahia4 ,in #ahib1 he began to assign his patents to ,arbuckle ,brothers1 some fifteen in all being granted him from #ahib to #ahih4 ,he died in #ahii4 ,the year #ahhj was notable for the many failures in the ,american coffee trade1 as a result of syndicate planting and speculative buying of coffees in ,brazil1 ,mexico1 and ,central ,america4 ,in #ahha1 ,steele ,price1 of ,chicago1 were the first to introduce to the trade all-paper cans1 made of strawboard1 for coffee4 ,in #ahha1 the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange was incorporated1 beginning business the year following at ,beaver and ,pearl ,streets4 ,in #ahhe1 the property of the ,exchange was transferred to the ,coffee ,exchange of the ,city of ,new ,york1 incorporated by special charter4 ,in #ahhd1 the ,chicago ,liquid ,sack ,company brought out the first combination paper and tin-end containers for coffee4 ,the year #ahhg-hh was marked by a big boom in coffee1 the total sales on the ,coffee ,exchange amounting to #dg1hfh1gej bags4 ,between ,july #ahhf and ,june #ahhg prices advanced #a1dhe points4 ,in #ahhh1 the ,engelberg ,huller ,company of ,syracuse1 ,new ,york1 began the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,original ,,arbuckle ,,coffee ,,packages ,in #ahia1 the ,new ,england ,automatic ,weighing ,machine ,company1 ,boston1 ,mass4 began the manufacture of machines to weigh coffee into cartons and other packages2 and in #ahid1 installed in the ,chase ,sanborn plant at ,boston the first automatic weighing machine in the coffee trade4 ,the ,new ,england concern was subsequently 7#aija7 succeeded by the ,automatic ,weighing ,machine ,company of ,newark1 ,n4,j4 ,in #ahic1 the first direct-flame gas coffee roaster in ,america 7,tupholme's ,english machine7 was installed by ,f4,t4 ,holmes at the plant of the ,potter-,parlin ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,in #ahic1 ,cirilo ,mingo1 of ,new ,orleans1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a method of aging green coffee to give it the characteristics of green coffee stored in a confined space for a long period4 ,the operation consisted in placing layers of green coffee between dry and wet empty coffee bags1 and permitting the beans to absorb eight to ten percent of the moisture in a period extending from six to sixteen hours4 ,this was one of the earliest efforts to mature and age green coffee in the ,united ,states4 ,in #ahid1 the business of the ,pneumatic ,scale ,corporation1 ,norfolk ,downs1 ,mass41 had its start in ,quincy1 ,mass4 where the first pneumatic weighing machine was installed by the ,purity ,dried ,fruits ,cleansing ,company4 ,in #ahie1 the ,electric ,scale ,company was organized to build the machines1 the subsequent development of this line of packaging machinery for coffee being directed by the ,pneumatic ,scale ,corporation1 ,ltd41 which succeeded it4 ,in #ahie1 ,adolph ,kraut introduced the ,german-made grease-proof lined paper bags for coffee to the ,american coffee trade4 ,that same year1 ,thomas ,m4 ,royal1 of ,philadelphia1 began the manufacture in the ,united ,states of a fancy duplex-lined paper bag for coffee4 ,in #ahif1 natural gas was first used in the ,united ,states as a fuel for roasting coffee4 ,in #ahig1 ,joseph ,lambert1 ,vermont1 first introduced to the coffee trade a self-contained coffee roasting outfit without the brick setting required until then4 ,in #ahig1 the ,enterprise ,manufacturing ,company of ,pennsylvania was the first regularly to employ an electric motor to drive a coffee mill4 ,the overproduction of coffee began to be so serious a question by #ahih1 that ,j4,d4 ,olavarria1 a distinguished ,venzuelan1 proposed a plan for the restriction of coffee cultivation and the regulation of coffee exports from countries suffering from overproduction4 ,in this same year1 the bears forced ,rio #g's down to four and one-half cents on the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange4 ,in #ahih1 ,edward ,norton1 of ,new ,york1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a vacuum process for canning foods1 subsequently applied to coffee4 ,others followed4 ,hills ,brothers1 of ,san ,francisco1 were the first to pack coffee in a vacuum1 under the ,norton patents1 in #aijj4 ,m4,j4 ,brandenstein ,company1 of ,san ,francisco1 began to pack coffee in vacuum cans in #aiad4 ,vacuum sealing machines to pack coffee under the ,norton patents are now made by the ,perfect ,vacuum ,canning ,company of ,new ,york4 ,about #ahii1 ,dr4 ,sartori ,kato of ,tokio1 who had invented a soluble tea in ,japan1 came to ,chicago and produced a soluble coffee 7introduced to the consumer in #aija7 on which he was granted a patent in #aijc4 ,in #aijf1 ,g4 ,washington of ,new ,york1 an ,american chemist living in ,guatemala ,city1 produced a refined soluble coffee which was put on the ,united ,states market three years later4 ,the full story of soluble coffee in ,america is told in chapter ,,xxxi4 7,see page #ech47 ,the first gear-driven electric coffee mill was introduced to the trade by the ,enterprise ,manufacturing ,company of ,pennsylvania in #aijj4 ,in #aija1 there appeared in ,new ,york the first issue of ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 devoted to the interests of the tea and coffee trades4 ,in #aijj-ja1 ,santos permanently displaced ,rio as the world's largest source of supply4 ,in #aija1 the ,american ,can ,company began the manufacture and sale of tin coffee cans in the ,united ,states4 ,in this year ,landers1 ,frary ,clark's ,universal coffee percolator was granted a ,united ,states patent2 and ,joseph ,lambert1 of ,marshall1 ,mich41 brought out one of the earliest machines to employ gas as a fuel for the indirect roasting of coffee4 ,it was in #aija1 also1 that ,f4,t4 ,holmes joined the ,huntley ,manufacturing ,company1 of ,silver ,creek1 ,n4,y41 which began to build the ,monitor gas-fired direct-flame coffee roasters4 ,in #aijb1 the ,coles ,manufacturing ,company 7,braun ,company1 successor7 and ,henry ,troemner1 of ,philadelphia1 began the manufacture and sale of gear-driven electric coffee grinders4 ,as a result of the agitation for some way to deal with the overproduction of coffee1 the ,pan-,american ,congress1 meeting in ,mexico ,city in #aijb1 called an international coffee congress for ,new ,york in the fall of that same year4 ,it met from ,october #a to ,october #cj2 but at the close1 the problem seemed no nearer solution than at the beginning4 ,in #aijf1 ,brazil produced its record-breaking crop of #bj1jjj1jjj bags1 and the state of ,so ,paulo inaugurated a plan to valorize coffee4 ,in #aijb1 the first fancy duplex paper bag made by machinery from a roll of paper was produced by the ,union ,bag ,paper ,corporation4 ,it was of sulphite fiber inside1 and glassine outside2 a style afterward reversed1 so as to have the glassine the inner tube4 ,in #aijb1 the ,jagenberg ,machine ,company1 ,inc4 7absorbed by the ,pneumatic ,scale ,corporation in #aiba7 began the introduction to the trade of the ,united ,states of a line of ,german-made automatic packaging-and-labeling machines for coffee4 ,subsequently1 the ,johnson ,automatic ,sealer ,company1 ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 became well known as manufacturers of a line of automatic adjustable carton-sealing1 wax-wrapping machines1 package conveyors1 and automatic scales4 ,among other automatic weighers that have figured in the development of the coffee business1 mention should be made of ,the ,national ,packaging ,machinery ,company's ,scott machine1 of ,e4,d4 ,anderson's ,triumph1 and of ,hoepner's ,unit ,system4 ,in #aijc1 as a result of overproduction in ,brazil1 ,santos #d's dropped to three and fifty-five hundredths cents on the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange1 the lowest price ever recorded for coffee4 ,in #aijc1 also1 there was granted the first ,united ,states patent on an electric coffee-roaster1 the patentee being ,george ,c4 ,lester of ,new ,york4 ,in #aijd1 green coffee prices on the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange were forced up to eleven and eighty-five hundredths cents by a speculative clique led by ,d4,j4 ,sully4 ,in #aije1 the ,a4,j4 ,deer ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 7now of ,hornell1 ,n4,y47 began the sale of its ,royal electric coffee mills direct to dealers on the instalment plan1 revolutionizing the former practise of selling coffee mills through hardware jobbers4 ,in #aije1 ,f4,a4 ,cauchois introduced to the trade his ,private ,estate coffee maker1 a filtration device employing ,japanese filter paper4 ,finley ,acker1 of ,philadelphia1 obtained a patent the same year on a side-perforation percolator employing porous or bibulous paper as a filtering medium4 ,in #aijf1 ,h4,d4 ,kelly1 of ,kansas ,city1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on an urn coffee machine employing a coffee extractor in which the ground coffee was continually agitated before percolation by a vacuum process4 ,in #aijg1 ,p4,e4 ,edtbauer 7,mrs4 ,e4 ,edtbauer71 of ,chicago1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a duplex automatic weighing machine1 the first simple1 fast1 accurate and moderate-priced machine for weighing coffee4 ,eight others followed up to #aibj4 ,in #aijg1 the new ,pure ,food and ,drugs ,act came into force in the ,united ,states1 making it obligatory to label all coffees correctly and causing many trade practises to be altered or thrown into the discard4 ,the most important rulings that followed are referred to in more detail in chapter ,,xxiii1 telling how green coffees are bought and sold4 ,in #aijh1 the ,porto ,rico coffee planters1 presented a memorial to the ,congress asking for a protective tariff of six cents a pound on all foreign coffees4 ,hawaii and the ,philippines1 also were to have benefited by the protection asked for4 ,the ,congress failed to grant the planters' prayer4 ,this appeal for protection was repeated in #aiba1 when the ,congress was asked to place a duty of five cents a pound on all foreign coffees4 ,in #aijh1 ,j4,c4 ,prims1 of ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a corrugated cylinder improvement for a gas and coal coffee roaster of fifty to one hundred and thirty pounds capacity designed for retail stores4 ,this machine was acquired the year following by the ,a4,j4 ,deer ,company1 and was re-introduced to the trade as the ,royal roaster4 ,in #aijh1 ,brazil's valorization-of-coffee enterprise was saved from disaster by a combination of bankers and the ,brazil ,government4 ,a loan of #ge1jjj1jjj was placed1 through ,hermann ,sielcken of ,new ,york1 with banking houses in ,england1 ,germany1 ,france1 ,belgium1 and ,america4 ,the complete story of this undertaking is told in chapter ,,xxxi4 ,in #aiji1 ,ludwig ,roselius brought to ,america from ,germany the caffein-free coffee which for several years had been manufactured and sold in ,bremen under the ,myer1 ,roselius1 and ,wimmer patent4 ,in #aiaj1 the product was first sold here by ,merck ,company under the name of ,dekafa1 later ,dekofa1 and in #aiad1 by the ,kaffee ,hag ,corporation as ,kaffee ,hag4 ,in #aiaa all-fiber parchment-lined ,damptite cans for coffee were introduced to the trade by the ,american ,can ,company4 ,as a result of preliminary meetings of ,mississippi ,valley coffee roasters held in ,st4 ,louis in ,may and ,june1 #aiaa1 when the ,coffee ,roasters ,traffic and ,pure ,food ,association was organized1 a national association under the same name was started in ,chicago1 ,november #af-ag1 #aiaa4 ,the complete story of the growth of this most important coffee trade organization in the ,united ,states is told in the next chapter4 ,in #aiab1 the ,united ,states government1 after having examined into the valorization enterprise1 brought suit against ,hermann ,sielcken1 et al41 to force the sale of valorized coffee stocks held in this country under the valorization agreement4 ,in ,october1 #aiad1 the first national coffee week to advertise coffee was promoted by the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association4 ,merchants ,coffee ,house ,memorial ,on ,may #bc1 #aiad1 the ,lower ,wall ,street ,business ,men's ,association unveiled a bronze memorial tablet set in the wall of the nine-story office building occupied by the ,federal ,refining ,company on the southeast corner of ,wall and ,water ,streets1 the former site of the ,merchants' coffee house4 ,this is the building where ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal had its offices for nine years before moving to #gi ,wall ,street4 ,illustration3 ,,merchants ,,coffee ,,house ,,tablet ,bronze marker1 placed ,may #bc1 #aiad1 on the building occupying the site of the old coffee house ,seth ,low1 introduced by ,william ,bayne1 ,jr41 president of the ,lower ,wall ,street ,business ,men's ,association1 gave an interesting sketch of the history of the coffee house4 ,abram ,wakeman1 secretary of the association1 spoke1 followed by ,wilberforce ,eames1 of the ,american history division of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,after the flag that veiled the memorial tablet had been drawn aside1 attention was called to a bronze chest which was hermetically sealed1 and in which had been placed papers and other documents reflecting the life of ,new ,york today4 ,the chest was given over to the keeping of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 with the understanding that it was not to be opened until #aigd1 which will be the two-hundredth anniversary of the union of the ,colonies4 ,it was from the ,merchants' coffee house that the letter of ,may #bc1 #aggd1 was written in reply to the ,committee of ,correspondence in ,boston4 ,the letter suggested a ,congress of ,deputies from the ,colonies1 and called for a virtuous and spirited ,union4 ,the coffee house is consequently regarded as the birthplace of the ,union4 ,recent ,activities ,a second national coffee week was held in ,october1 #aiae1 under the auspices of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters' ,association4 ,in #aiaf1 the ,coffee ,exchange of the ,city of ,new ,york changed its name to the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange1 to admit of sugar trading4 ,in #aiaf1 the ,national ,paper ,can ,company of ,milwaukee first introduced to the trade its new hermetically sealed all-paper can for coffee4 ,in #aiaf1 ,jules ,le ,page1 ,darlington1 ,ind41 was granted two ,united ,states patents on cutting rolls to cut and not grind or crush corn1 wheat1 or coffee4 ,this idea was incorporated in the ,ideal steel cut coffee mill subsequently marketed by the ,b4,f4 ,gump ,company1 ,chicago4 ,in #aiah1 the ,world ,war caused the ,united ,states government to place coffee importers1 brokers1 jobbers1 roasters1 and wholesalers under a war-time licensing system to control imports and prices4 ,in #aiah1 ,john ,e4 ,king1 of ,detroit1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on an irregular grind of coffee consisting of coarsely grinding ten percent of the product and finely grinding ninety percent4 ,the most notable event of the year #aiai was the inauguration by the ,brazil planters1 in co-operation with an ,american joint coffee trade publicity committee1 of the million-dollar campaign to advertise coffee in the ,united ,states4 ,in #aiai1 as a result of frost damage1 and of an orgy of speculation in ,brazil1 prices for green coffee on the ,new ,york ,exchange were forced to the highest levels since #ahgj2 and a new high record was established for futures1 twenty-four and sixty-five hundredths cents for ,july contracts4 ,in #aiai1 ,floyd ,w4 ,robison1 of ,detroit1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a process for aging green coffee by treating it with micro-organisms1 the product being known as ,cultured coffee4 ,in the spring of #aibj1 there was held the third national coffee week1 this time under the auspices of the ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,green ,,and ,,roasted ,,coffee ,,business ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,a brief history of the growth of coffee trading--,notable firms and personalities that have played important parts in green coffee in the principal coffee centers--,green coffee trade organizations--,growth of the wholesale coffee-roasting trade1 and names of those who have made history in it--,the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association--,statistics of distribution of coffee-roasting establishments in the ,united ,states ,coffee trading in the ,american colonies probably had its beginnings about the middle of the seventeenth century4 ,tea seems to have preceded coffee as an article of merchandise4 ,several merchants in the ,new ,england and ,new ,york settlements imported small quantities of coffee with other foodstuffs toward the close of the seventeenth century4 ,the early supplies of the green bean were brought from the ,dutch ,east ,indies1 ,arabia1 ,haiti1 and ,jamaica4 ,about #aghg1 the ,french opened ,mauritius and ,bourbon to ,american ships1 which then began to bring back coffee and tea to the ,atlantic-coast cities4 ,mocha coffee was being imported direct in ,american bottoms about #ahjd4 ,coffee from ,brazil was first imported by the ,united ,states in #ahji4 ,central ,america began shipping coffee to the ,united ,states in #ahdj4 ,the total coffee imports in #ahgf were #cci1ghi1bdf pounds1 valued at #ef1ghh1iig1 and received chiefly from ,brazil1 ,haiti1 ,british and ,dutch ,east ,indies1 the ,west ,indies1 and ,mexico4 ,new ,york early became the leading green-coffee market of the country4 ,there was a number of large importing merchants in ,new ,york in #agfj1 nearly all of whom brought in coffee4 ,among them were ,isaac and ,nicholas ,gouverneur1 ,robert ,murray1 ,walter and ,samuel ,franklin1 ,john and ,henry ,cruger1 the ,livingstons1 the ,beekmans1 ,lott ,low1 ,philip ,cuyler1 ,anthony ,van ,dam1 ,hugh and ,alexander ,wallace1 ,leonard and ,anthony ,lispenard1 ,theophylact ,bache1 and ,william ,walton4 ,some early green-coffee prices per pound were as follows3 #afhc--ahs4 #i;d42 #agdc--es42 #agdf--es42 #aggd--is42 #aghacdg--ifs4 ,o4,t42 #aghb--bs4 #a;d4 ,o4,t42 #aghc--as42 #aghi--aj cents4 ,leading ,new ,york coffee importers in #aghf were ,henry ,sheaff1 on the dock between ,burling ,slip and the ,fly ,market2 ,john ,rooney1 #bf ,cherry ,street2 ,william ,eccles1 #aj ,hunters ,key2 ,ludlow ,goold1 #dg ,wall ,street2 ,scriba1 ,schroppel ,starmen1 #ag ,queen ,street2 and ,william ,taylor1 ,crane ,wharf4 ,the wholesale coffee roaster appeared about #agij2 and from that time the separation between the green-coffee trader and the coffee roaster became more marked4 ,in #agid the principal green-coffee importers in ,new ,york were3 ,lawrence ,van ,zandt2 ,d4 ,smith ,co41 #cbc ,pearl ,street2 ,gilchrist ,dickinson1 #ag ,taylor's ,wharf2 ,armstrong ,barnewall1 #abi ,water ,street2 ,william ,bowne1 #bfe ,pearl ,street2 ,stephen ,cole ,son1 #bf ,ferry ,street2 ,j4,s4 ,de ,lessert ,co41 #abc ,front ,street2 ,joseph ,thebaud1 #bfb ,pearl ,street2 ,nathaniel ,cooper ,co41 #ch ,little ,dock ,street2 ,coll4 ,m',gregor1 #bh ,wall ,street2 ,david ,wagstaff1 #acg ,front ,street2 ,conkling ,lloyd1 #ae ,taylor's ,wharf2 and ,s4,b4 ,garrick1 ,westphal ,co41 #dc ,cherry ,street4 ,illustration3 ,hermann ,sielcken ,b4,g4 ,arnold ,f4,b4 ,arnold ,joseph ,purcell ,,some ,,departed ,,dominant ,,figures ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,green ,,coffee ,,trade ,the leading ,new ,york coffee importers in #ahdh were ,henry and ,william ,delafield1 #ajh ,front ,street2 and ,des ,arts ,henser1 #gh ,water ,street4 ,there were seven leading ,new ,york coffee importers in #ahed1 as follows3 ,aymar ,co41 #cd ,south ,street2 ,henry ,coit ,son1 #dc ,south ,street2 ,henry ,delafield1 #abi ,pearl ,street2 ,howland ,aspinwall1 #ed ,south ,street2 ,mason ,thompson1 #cc ,pearl ,street2 ,j4,l4 ,phipps ,co41 #ai ,cliff ,street2 and ,moses ,taylor ,co41 #dd ,south ,street4 ,following the so-called consortium of #ahfh1 the ramifications of which centered in ,frankfort-on-the-,main--its speculations finally ending in disaster to many--the green-coffee trade was in a precarious condition until well into the eighties4 ,previously1 says a contemporary writer1 it had been the safest and prettiest of all colonial produce4 ,about #ahfh1 iron steamers began to be freely availed of as carriers of coffee2 and later on1 the telegraph became a factor1 rendering the business more exciting and expensive4 ,coffee consumption in the ,united ,states had1 moreover1 increased from one pound per capita in #agij to nine pounds per capita in #ahhb4 #ahib-ic the biggest figure in the world's coffee trade was ,george ,kaltenbach1 a ,german living in ,paris1 whose resources were estimated at twelve million to fifteen million dollars1 and whose holdings at one time were said to be one million bags4 ,he was reported to have made #a1ejj1jjj on his coffee corner4 ,in ,september1 #ahib1 he bested a bull clique and forced prices down to twelve cents4 ,aided by three other ,european operators1 he then started a bull syndicate1 and put the price up to seventeen cents4 ,the story of this corner1 and of other notable coffee booms and panics1 is told in more detail in chapter ,,xxxi4 ,early ,days of the ,green ,coffee ,business4 ,for a long time ,new ,york was the only important entry port for green coffee4 ,before the rise of ,new ,orleans and ,san ,francisco1 many inland coffee roasters and grocers had their own buyers in the ,new ,york market4 ,the coffee district that still clings about lower ,wall ,street is rich in memories of by-gone merchants who once were big factors in the trade1 and whose names1 in many instances1 have been handed down from generation to generation in the businesses that have survived them4 ,any reference to the early days of the green-coffee importing1 jobbing1 and brokerage business in ,new ,york would not be complete without mention of a few of the pioneers3 ,p4,c4 ,meehan is eighty-four years old at the time of writing 7#aibb7 and is dean of the ,new ,york green-coffee trade4 ,with ,james ,h4 ,briggs he formed the firm of ,briggs ,meehan4 ,this later became ,meehan ,schramm1 with ,arnold ,schramm4 ,the latter withdrew1 and the firm became ,creighton1 ,morrison ,meehan4 ,finally1 ,mr4 ,meehan established the present firm of ,p4,c4 ,meehan ,co4 ,illustration3 ,james ,h4 ,taylor ,h4 ,simmonds ,edwin ,h4 ,peck ,p4,c4 ,meehan ,,their ,,association ,,with ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,green ,,coffee ,,trade ,,dates ,,back ,,nearly ,,fifty ,,years ,when ,mr4 ,schramm withdrew from the firm of ,meehan ,schramm he founded the house of ,arnold ,schramm1 ,inc4 ,upon his retirement1 this was succeeded by ,sprague ,rhodes1 the firm being composed of ,benjamin ,rhodes and ,irvin ,a4 ,sprague4 ,next oldest to ,p4,c4 ,meehan in the ,new ,york green-coffee trade is ,clarence ,creighton1 who started with ,youngs ,amman1 later ,c4 ,amman ,co41 then ,waite1 ,creighton ,morrison1 then ,creighton1 ,morrison ,meehan4 ,upon the breaking up of this firm1 ,mr4 ,creighton formed a partnership with ,james ,ashland1 under the name of ,creighton ,ashland4 ,he later operated alone1 and died ,august #ae1 #aibb4 ,james ,h4 ,taylor is another old-timer who is still active4 ,he began with ,t4,t4 ,barr ,co4 ,later1 with ,f4,t4 ,sherman1 he formed the firm of ,sherman ,taylor4 ,when ,mr4 ,sherman withdrew1 the firm became ,james ,h4 ,taylor ,co4 ,mr4 ,taylor is now with ,minford1 ,lueder ,co4 ,he has been five years president1 eleven years treasurer1 and twenty-six years on the board of governors of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange4 ,one of the most honored names in the green coffee trade of ,new ,york is that of ,peck4 ,edwin ,h4 ,peck began1 at the age of seventeen years1 with ,hart ,howell1 butter and cheese merchants4 ,he then went in the same business for himself4 ,four years later1 he abandoned this to go into the coffee brokerage business with his brother1 ,walter ,j4 ,peck4 ,in about five years1 the brothers branched into the coffee importing and jobbing business under the firm name of ,edwin ,h4 ,peck ,co4 ,later it was changed to the present style of ,e4,h4 ,w4 ,j4 ,peck4 ,since the death of ,walter ,j4 ,peck in #aiji1 ,edwin ,h4 has conducted the business4 ,the latter was a member of the board of governors of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange for twelve years1 and has been an important factor in the upbuilding of that institution4 ,william ,d4 ,mackey began with ,small ,bros4 ,co4 ,he then went into partnership with ,c4,k4 ,small as ,mackey ,small4 ,later1 he formed the firm of ,arnold1 ,mackey ,co4 with ,francis ,b4 ,arnold4 ,the latter dropped out1 and the firm became ,mackey ,co4 ,he is now operating alone4 ,mr4 ,mackey was another of the incorporators of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange4 ,alexander ,h4 ,purcell1 a brother of ,joseph ,purcell1 entered the employ of ,bowie ,dash ,co4 as a boy4 ,from there he went to ,williams1 ,russell ,co41 then to the ,union ,coffee ,co41 and later to ,hard ,rand4 ,he is now head of the firm of ,alex4 ,h4 ,purcell ,co4 ,robert ,c4 ,stewart first became known with ,booth ,linsley4 ,he later went with ,joseph ,j4 ,o',donohue ,sons1 leaving there to establish the present firm of ,r4,c4 ,stewart ,co4 ,another old-timer1 ,joseph ,d4 ,pickslay1 may be seen at his desk in ,williams1 ,russell ,co4's office every day1 although ,frank ,williams1 who began with ,winthrop ,g4 ,ray ,co41 and ,frank ,c4 ,russell1 both of ,williams1 ,chapin ,russell1 and then of ,williams1 ,russell ,co41 have passed on4 ,fred ,p4 ,gordon1 now head of ,fred ,p4 ,gordon ,co41 was formerly with ,williams1 ,russell ,co4 ,the ,mitchell brothers1 ,william ,l4 and ,george1 forming the firm of ,mitchell ,bros41 have been familiar ,front ,street figures for many years4 ,a4 ,wakeman1 the historian of the coffee trade1 as he is often called1 began with ,olendorf1 ,case ,gillespie4 ,later he went with ,thompson ,bowers1 and then became a member of the firm of ,baiz ,wakeman4 ,he is now in business alone4 ,for thirty-eight years ,mr4 ,wakeman has been secretary of the ,lower ,wall ,street ,business ,men's ,association4 ,he is the author of ,history and ,reminiscences of ,lower ,wall ,street and ,vicinity4 ,h4 ,simmonds1 of ,simmonds ,bayne2 later1 of ,simmonds ,newton2 then1 of the ,brazil ,coffee ,co42 and finally1 of ,h4 ,simmonds ,co41 is at the time of writing one of the oldest coffee merchants on ,front ,street1 having been in business in ,baltimore and ,new ,york for more than fifty years4 ,he has a desk in the office of his son1 ,w4 ,lee ,simmonds1 of ,w4 ,lee ,simmonds ,co4 ,bayne is another well known ,front ,street name4 ,the firm of ,william ,bayne ,co4 was established by ,william ,bayne1 ,sr41 in ,baltimore4 ,the business was moved to ,new ,york about #ahhe4 ,the founder's three sons1 ,william1 ,jr41 ,daniel ,k41 and ,l4 ,p41 entered the employ of the firm in ,baltimore1 and moved with it to ,new ,york4 ,daniel ,k4 ,bayne became associated with ,henry ,sheldon ,co41 and later was a member of ,simmonds ,bayne4 ,he then returned to ,william ,bayne ,co4 and was senior partner at the time of his death in #aiae4 ,william ,bayne1 ,jr41 for many years one of the governors and a past-president and vice-president of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange1 and his brother1 ,l4,p4 ,bayne1 now conduct the business4 ,john ,t4 ,foley1 now of the ,commercial ,coffee ,co41 began with ,kirkland ,bros4 ,from there he went to ,ezra ,wheeler ,co41 then to ,h4,w4 ,banks ,co41 ,thompson1 ,shortridge ,co41 and ,william ,hosmer ,bennett ,son4 ,joshua ,walker formed a partnership with ,james ,stewart as ,stewart ,walker4 ,since the retirement of ,mr4 ,stewart some years ago1 ,mr4 ,walker has been in business alone4 ,three other veterans of the trade are still in the harness3 ,louis ,seligsberg1 formerly of ,wolf ,seligsberg1 is now alone2 ,henry ,schaefer has been at the head of ,s4 ,gruner ,co4 since the death of ,siegfried ,gruner2 ,col4 ,william ,p4 ,roome1 who operated for some time as ,wm4 ,p4 ,roome ,co41 is now head of the coffee department of ,acker1 ,merrall ,condit ,co4 ,illustration3 ,o4,g4 ,kimball ,boston ,james ,c4 ,russell ,new ,york ,james ,w4 ,phyfe ,new ,york ,c4,e4 ,bickford ,san ,francisco ,,green ,,coffee ,,trade ,,builders ,,who ,,have ,,passed ,,on ,gregory ,b4 ,livierato1 who founded the business of ,livierato ,bros4 at ,port ,said1 with branches at ,aden and ,marseilles1 and later at ,hodeida and ,harar1 entered the green coffee trade of ,new ,york in #ahee1 although his ,l ,f ,mocha marks had been introduced here many years before4 ,he remained here for eighteen years1 returned to his home in ,cephalonia1 ,greece1 in #aijd1 and died there in #aije4 ,his nephew1 ,b4,a4 ,livierato1 then assumed charge of the ,new ,york coffee business1 which in #aiac became the ,livierato-,kidde ,co41 with ,b4,a4 ,livierato and ,frank ,kidde4 ,benjamin ,green ,arnold1 one-time coffee king1 first became well known as a member of ,arnold1 ,sturgess ,co41 afterward ,b4,g4 ,arnold ,co4 ,mr4 ,arnold was one of the incorporators1 and the first president1 of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange4 ,francis ,b4 ,arnold1 with ,arnold1 ,sturgess ,co41 later of ,arnold1 ,mackey ,co41 afterward ,arnold1 ,dorr ,co41 was a son of ,benjamin ,greene ,arnold2 and to him and to ,major ,john ,r4 ,mc,nulty belongs a great part of the credit for the organization of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange4 ,major ,mc,nulty was with ,minford1 ,thompson ,co41 and then formed the firm of ,j4,r4 ,mc,nulty ,co4 ,bowie ,dash1 a member of the famous ,arnold-,kimball-,dash triumvirate1 began with ,scott ,meiser1 later ,scott1 ,meiser ,co41 then ,scott ,dash1 afterward ,scott1 ,dash ,co41 and finally ,bowie ,dash ,co4 ,other well known men with this last company were ,l4,f4 ,mason1 ,a4,c4 ,foster1 ,s4,l4 ,swazey1 ,l4,j4 ,purdy1 and ,john ,b4 ,overton4 ,then there were3 ,rufus ,g4 ,story2 ,thomas ,minford1 ,francis ,skiddy1 and ,george ,j4 ,nevers1 of ,skiddy1 ,minford ,co42 ,w4,d4 ,thompson1 of ,minford1 ,thompson ,co41 later ,l4,w4 ,minford ,co41 afterward ,minford1 ,lueder ,co41 ,thompson1 ,shortridge ,co41 later ,thompson ,bros41 then ,thompson ,davis2 ,john ,randall1 with ,l4,w4 ,minford ,co41 later1 with ,j4,c4 ,runkle ,co42 ,eugene and ,james ,o',sullivan of ,eugene ,o ',sullivan ,co4 ,the following names figured prominently in the trade's early history3 ,charles ,maguire1 of ,james ,h4 ,taylor ,co42 ,george ,f4 ,gilman1 organizer of the ,great ,american ,tea ,co4 and of the ,great ,atlantic ,pacific ,tea ,co42 ,h4,w4 ,banks1 of ,reeve1 ,case ,banks1 afterward of ,stanton1 ,sheldon ,co41 later ,sheldon1 ,banks ,co41 and then of ,h4,w4 ,banks ,co42 ,henry ,sheldon1 of ,stanton1 ,sheldon ,co41 later ,sheldon1 ,banks ,co42 and then ,henry ,sheldon ,co42 ,william ,mc,cready1 with ,small ,bros4 ,co41 later with ,h4,w4 ,banks ,co41 and then with ,b4,h4 ,howell1 ,son ,co41 ,c4,r4 ,blakeman1 with ,gross1 ,march ,co41 afterward with ,wm4 ,scott's ,sons ,co42 ,william ,scott1 of ,william ,scott ,sons1 later ,wm4 ,scott's ,sons ,co41 including ,george ,w4 ,vanderhoef1 who later succeeded to the business under the name of ,george ,w4 ,vanderhoef ,co42 ,christopher and ,leander ,s4 ,risley1 of ,c4 ,risley ,co42 and ,charles ,naphew1 with ,c4 ,risley ,co41 later with ,edwin ,h4 ,peck ,co4 ,illustration3 ,william ,bayne ,new ,york ,george ,w4 ,crossman ,new ,york ,george ,westfeldt ,new ,orleans ,wm4 ,h4 ,bennett ,new ,york ,,their ,,race ,,is ,,run1 ,,their ,,course ,,is ,,done ,another group of old-timers includes3 ,william ,newbold1 with ,ezra ,wheeler ,co41 later alone2 ,augustus ,ireland1 with ,ezra ,wheeler ,co42 ,j4,m4 ,edwards1 of ,edwards ,maddux1 later of ,j4,m4 ,edwards ,co42 ,frank ,m4 ,anthony1 of ,j4,m4 ,edwards ,co42 ,h4 ,clay ,maddux1 one of the incorporators of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange1 of ,edwards ,maddux2 ,baron ,thomsen1 of ,thomsen ,co42 ,gustave ,amsinck1 of ,g4 ,amsinck ,co42 ,james ,n4 ,jarvie1 with ,small ,bros4 ,co41 later of ,arbuckle ,bros42 ,john ,c4 ,lloyd1 of ,john ,c4 ,lloyd ,co41 afterward with ,arbuckle ,bros42 ,john ,small1 of ,smalls ,bacon1 later ,small ,bros4 ,co42 ,williamson ,bacon1 of ,smalls ,bacon1 afterward of ,williamson ,bacon ,co42 ,c4,k4 ,small1 of ,mackey ,small1 ,anson ,wales ,hard and ,george ,rand1 of ,hard ,rand2 ,joseph ,purcell1 first of ,w4,j4 ,porter ,co41 and then of ,hard ,rand2 ,henry ,f4 ,mc,creery1 with ,o',shaughnessy ,sorley1 later of ,hard ,rand2 ,william ,sorley and ,john ,w4 ,o',shaughnessy1 of ,o',shaughnessy ,sorley1 ,mr4 ,o',shaughnessy later forming ,john ,w4 ,o',shaughnessy ,co41 and ,mr4 ,sorley going to ,hard ,rand4 ,mr4 ,sorley was one of the incorporators of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange4 ,illustration3 #aab ,,front ,,street1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,in #ahgi ,a group of old-time green coffee men1 including ,r4 ,c4 ,stewart1 ,j4,d4 ,pickslay1 ,frank ,williams1 ,charles ,p4 ,chapin1 and ,fred ,p4 ,gordon ,special mention should be made of3 ,kirkland von ,sacks2 ,a4 ,kirkland1 one of the incorporators of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange1 with ,small ,bros4 ,co41 then with ,w4,j4 ,kirkland as ,kirkland ,bros41 and1 upon the dissolution of that firm1 with ,f4,h4 ,leggett ,co42 ,thomas ,rutter ,co42 ,teacle ,wallace ,lewis1 with ,rowland1 ,humphreys ,co41 later head of the coffee department of ,carter1 ,macy ,co41 and still later1 head of ,t4,w4 ,lewis ,co42 ,abraham ,sanger1 of ,sanger1 ,beers ,fisher1 later ,sanger ,wells2 ,j4,w4 ,wilson ,co42 ,dykes ,wilson2 ,peter1 ,john1 and ,joseph ,j4 ,o',donohue1 of ,john ,o',donohue's ,sons2 ,joseph ,j4 ,o',donohue ,sons2 ,otis ,w4 ,booth1 of ,booth ,linsley2 ,a4,g4 ,hildreth2 ,james ,h4 ,kirby1 of ,b4,g4 ,arnold ,co41 later of ,kirby1 ,halstead ,chapin1 afterward ,kirby ,halstead2 ,major ,henry ,d4 ,tyler2 ,thomas ,h4 ,messenger ,co42 ,harvey ,h4 ,palmer1 of ,h4,h4 ,palmer ,co42 ,b4 ,o4 ,bowers1 of ,wilson ,bowers1 later ,thompson ,bowers2 and ,august ,haeussler1 first with ,c4 ,risley ,co41 then with ,j4 ,h4 ,labaree ,co41 and finally with the green coffee department of ,geo4 ,h4 ,mc,fadden ,brother4 ,john ,hanley1 with ,carey ,co41 later of ,hanley ,kinsella1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,robert ,c4 ,hewitt1 ,jr41 who wrote one of the early books on coffee 7,coffee1 its ,history1 ,cultivation1 and ,uses1 #ahgb71 of ,hewitt ,phyfe1 later ,jas4 ,w4 ,phyfe ,co42 ,james ,w4 ,phyfe of ,hewitt ,phyfe1 later ,jas4 ,w4 ,phyfe ,co42 ,daniel ,a4 ,shaw1 of ,jas4 ,w4 ,phyfe ,co42 ,b4 ,lahey1 of ,jas4 ,w4 ,phyfe ,co42 and ,winthrop ,g4 ,ray ,co4 ,these names1 too1 will live long in green coffee history3 ,reid1 ,murdock ,fischer1 ,new ,york and ,chicago2 ,charles ,a4 and ,watts ,miller1 and ,david ,palmer1 of ,d4,j4 ,ely ,co41 formerly ,d4,j4 ,z4,s4 ,ely ,co41 ,new ,york and ,baltimore2 ,harry ,miller1 with ,d4,j4 ,ely ,co41 later of ,miller ,walbridge2 ,augustus ,walbridge1 of ,smith ,walbridge1 afterward ,augustus ,m4 ,walbridge1 ,inc42 ,clarence ,smith1 of ,m4,v4,r4 ,smith's ,sons1 later of ,smith ,walbridge2 ,stevens1 ,armstrong ,hartshorn1 later ,stevens ,armstrong1 then ,stevens ,bros4 ,co41 and finally ,reamer1 ,turner ,co41 including ,abraham ,reamer1 ,sr41 and ,william ,f4 ,turner4 ,illustration3 ,,at #hg ,,wall ,,street1 ,n4,y41 ,,years ,,ago ,among the green coffee men in this picture are ,clarence ,creighton1 ,john ,enright1 ,chris ,arndt1 ,w4 ,lee ,simmonds1 ,john ,ashlin1 ,f4 ,loderose1 ,julius ,steinwender1 and ,clinton ,whiting ,illustration3 ,,wall ,,and ,,front ,,streets1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,spring ,,of #aibb ,looking up ,wall ,street from the ,east ,river4 ,the first cross street is ,front2 beyond are to be seen the ,munson1 ,stock ,exchange1 and ,bankers' ,trust ,company's buildings1 with ,trinity ,church marking the ,broadway gateway ,other familiar old-time names were3 ,george ,w4 ,pritchard1 of ,george ,w4 ,pritchard ,sons2 ,dayton ,co42 ,dimond ,lally1 later ,dimond ,gardes2 ,arthur ,w4 ,brown2 ,robert ,russell1 of ,russell ,co42 ,j4 ,f4 ,pupke and ,thomas ,reid1 of ,pupke ,reid1 later ,eppens1 ,smith ,wiemann1 afterward ,eppens1 ,smith ,co41 with ,william ,h4 and ,frederick ,p4 ,eppens2 ,joseph ,a4 ,o',brien1 with ,pupke ,reid1 and later in business for himself2 ,r4,p4 ,mc,bride1 of the ,union ,pacific ,tea ,co42 ,ripley ,ropes2 ,saportas ,bros42 ,mayer ,bros4 ,co4 of ,hamburg1 with ,moses ,g4 ,hanauer1 manager1 and ,d4,k4 ,young and ,herman ,hanauer1 salesmen2 ,h4,m4 ,humphreys1 with ,j4,w4 ,doane ,co41 later with ,arbuckle ,bros42 ,henry ,nordlinger1 of ,henry ,nordlinger ,co42 ,charles ,campbell1 of ,w4,r4 ,grace ,co42 ,d4,a4 ,de,lima1 of ,d4,a4 ,j4 ,de,lima1 later ,d4,a4 ,de,lima ,co42 ,henry ,kunhardt and ,george ,f4 ,kuhlke1 of ,kunhardt ,co42 ,boulton1 ,bliss ,dallett1 later ,bliss1 ,dallett ,co41 general managers of the ,red ,d line of steamships2 ,prendergast ,bros42 ,w4,h4 and ,george ,w4 ,crossman1 of ,w4,h4 ,crossman ,bros41 later ,crossman ,sielcken1 with ,hermann ,sielcken1 afterward ,sorenson ,nielson2 ,f4 ,probst ,co42 ,h4 ,h4 ,swift ,co42 ,j4,l4 ,phipps ,co42 ,james ,bennett and ,joseph ,becker1 of ,bennett ,becker2 and ,arnold1 ,hines ,co4 7,diamond ,a ,mocha71 later ,arnold1 ,cheney ,company4 ,honorable mention should be accorded3 ,samuel ,wilde 7,old ,dutch ,mills72 ,john ,phoenix1 with ,husted1 ,ferguson ,titus1 later of ,j4,w4 ,phoenix ,co42 ,h4,k4 ,thurber1 of ,h4,k4 ,f4,b4 ,thurber ,co42 ,michael ,barnicle1 with ,walter ,storm1 later ,storm1 ,smith ,co41 then ,abbey1 ,freeman ,co41 then with ,husted1 ,wetmore ,titus1 and finally alone2 ,august ,stumpp1 of ,august ,stumpp ,co42 ,j4,k4 and ,e4,b4 ,place2 ,beards ,cummings1 later ,beards ,cottrell1 then ,s4,s4 ,beard ,co42 ,philip and ,henry ,dater1 of ,philip ,dater ,co42 ,hugh ,edwards1 of ,edwards ,raworth2 ,william ,bennett1 of ,wm4 ,hosmer ,bennett ,son2 ,kalman ,haas1 of ,haas ,bros42 ,j4,c4 ,runkle ,co42 ,thomas ,t4 ,barr and ,fred ,t4 ,sherman1 of ,barr1 ,lally ,co41 later ,t4,t4 ,barr ,co42 ,henry ,hentz ,co42 ,elmenhorst ,co42 ,a4,s4 ,lascelles ,co42 ,d4 ,henderson 7,harry7 and ,john ,wells1 of ,wells ,bros42 ,g4 ,weyl ,co41 later ,norton1 ,weyl ,beven1 and then ,weyl ,norton2 ,warren ,co42 ,j4,h4 ,labaree ,co42 ,schultz ,ruckgaber2 ,henry ,eyre2 ,rowland1 ,terry ,humphreys1 later ,rowland ,humphreys2 ,bentley1 ,benton ,co42 ,winter ,smilie2 ,weston ,gray2 ,john ,s4 ,wright1 one of the incorporators of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange1 of ,wright1 ,hard ,co42 ,watjen1 ,toel ,co42 ,a4 ,behrens ,co42 ,steve ,matheson1 of ,s4 ,matheson1 ,jr4 ,co42 ,c4 ,wessels ,bros41 later ,wessels1 ,kulenkampff ,co41 and finally ,fromm ,co42 ,julius ,steinwender1 of ,steinwender1 ,stoffregen ,co42 ,leon ,israel1 of ,leon ,israel ,bros42 ,herklotz1 ,corn ,co42 ,ponfold1 ,schuyler ,co42 ,maitland1 ,phelps ,co41 later ,maitland1 ,coppell ,co42 ,f4,h4 ,leggett1 of ,f4,h4 ,leggett ,co42 ,carhart ,brother2 ,george ,w4 ,flanders1 of ,george ,w4 ,flanders ,co42 ,jonas ,p4 ,o',brien2 ,george ,s4 ,wallen1 of ,george ,s4 ,wallen ,co42 ,charles ,f4 ,blake1 of ,blake ,bullard2 and ,martin ,j4 ,glynn1 of ,mc,donald ,glynn1 later ,martin ,j4 ,glynn ,co41 who had their office at ,front ,street and ,old ,slip for twenty-five years4 ,three other names closely associated with the early days of the ,new ,york green-coffee trade were3 ,glover1 ,force ,co41 later ,waterbury ,force1 then ,w4,h4 ,force ,co41 and finally ,w4,s4 ,force ,co41 weighers and forwarders2 ,daniel ,reeve1 of ,reeve ,van ,riper1 mixers and hullers2 and ,john ,h4 ,draper ,co41 auctioneers4 ,growth of the ,leading ,coffee ,ports ,twenty-two years ago1 when the century opened1 ,new ,york passed over her docks a total of #fgf1jjj1jjj pounds of coffee1 which represented eighty-six percent of the total for the country4 ,in #aibj1 juggling the figures a little1 she imported #gfg1jjj1jjj pounds1 which was fifty-nine percent of the total4 ,while she was thus practically marking time1 she watched ,new ,orleans run wild with an increase from #dd1jjj1jjj pounds to #chj1jjj1jjj pounds1 or #gfc percent gain2 this meaning also the supplying of twenty-nine percent of the country's demands instead of five percent1 while ,san ,francisco in the same time jumped from #bd1jjj1jjj pounds to #acg1jjj1jjj pounds1 or #dgj percent gain1 her share of the total trade now being ten percent instead of three percent in #aijj4 ,these gains1 however1 have not all been made at the expense of the city on the ,hudson4 ,in #aijj1 ,baltimore was a close rival of ,new ,orleans and was far ahead of all other ports except ,new ,york2 but a decline in her imports began about #aijc1 and was so swift1 that five years later her imports were almost negligible4 ,illustration3 ,,looking ,,south ,,from ,,wall ,,street ,,into ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,the ,,green ,,coffee ,,district ,on the left-hand corner is ,hard ,rand's1 opposite ,leon ,israel ,bros4' building1 and beyond are many other leading green coffee firms4 ,illustration3 ,,looking ,,north ,,from ,,wall ,,street4 ,,here ,a ,,few ,,well ,,known ,,coffee ,,firms ,,are ,,located ,the trend of the trade is south from ,wall ,st4 rather than north ,illustration3 ,,front ,,street1 ,,new ,,york',s ,,green ,,coffee ,,district1 ,,in #aibb ,,imports ,,of ,,coffee ,,at ,,leading ,,ports ,,of ,,entry ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,new ,york ,new ,orleans ,san ,francisco ,total ,imports ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds ,pounds #aijj #fgf1bbg1bfi #dd1cce1gag #bd1efb1egh #ghg1iia1iaa #aiac #eed1ega1ddi #bfc1chb1ifb #cf1jfg1jgc #hfc1acj1geg #aiad #fcc1djj1bji #cjh1jjh1ade #df1gba1hbd #a1jja1ebh1cag #aiae #geh1afj1acc #cjg1hfh1icb #de1hdd1jfj #a1aah1fij1ebd #aiaf #had1cid1jgd #cjh1eac1bij #ga1cdf1ghh #a1bja1ajd1dhe #aiag #icb1jih1aac #bgd1ihi1fib #ig1hba1jfi #a1cai1hgj1hjb #aiah #ggi1jbe1gha #bai1ccj1dfa #acd1gbi1jai #a1adc1hij1hhi #aiah,k #geg1gaj1jja #adf1fba1heg #acj1agh1bhh #a1jeb1bja1eja #aiai,k #hjd1agg1ddf #cef1fjh1dgg #afj1dbf1dfg #a1ccc1efd1jfg #aibj,k #gfg1bdb1fcf #chj1bic1gja #acg1jdc1bha #a1big1dci1caj #aiba,k #gij1eei1iai #cca1jcf1ggj #aci1jfi1bhf #a1cdj1igi1ggf ,k ,calendar years4 ,all others fiscal years4 ,new ,orleans began her advance at about the same time that ,baltimore began to fall off1 so that her rise to a place of importance as a coffee port has been practically coincident with the twentieth century4 ,her first big step upward was in #aija1 from #dd1jjj1jjj to #gb1jjj1jjj pounds1 and was followed by another the next year to #aae1jjj1jjj4 ,thereafter there was a steady gain to #bac1jjj1jjj pounds in #aijf and to #cja1jjj1jjj pounds in #aiaj1 and after that wide fluctuations1 especially during the war4 ,in #aiah1 doubtless because of the draining of shipping to the ,north ,atlantic service1 there was a heavy slump2 but immediately after the war1 in the calendar year #aiai1 there was a big jump to a record mark1 up to that time1 of #cef1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,this was followed by the record of #chj1jjj1jjj pounds in the calendar year #aibj1 although the #aiba figure of #cca1jcf1ggj shows a falling off of nearly #ej1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,san ,francisco's growth1 on the other hand1 is of recent occurrence4 ,the story is told farther along in this chapter1 how the city was definitely placed on the coffee map by the provision of adequate shipping facilities to ,central ,america4 ,the outbreak of the war in ,europe1 however1 which loosened the grip of ,european nations on the coffee crops of ,central ,america1 was the prime cause of ,san ,francisco's rise in the coffee world1 affording her an opportunity of which she had the enterprise to take full advantage4 ,in #aiac1 her imports were only about #cf1jjj1jjj pounds1 at which mark they had stood for many years4 ,there was only a slight gain until #aiaf1 when #ga1jjj1jjj pounds were recorded2 but this increased to #ig1jjj1jjj pounds in #aiag1 to #acd1jjj1jjj pounds in #aiah 7fiscal year71 and to #afj1jjj1jjj pounds in the calendar year #aiai4 ,in #aibj1 there was a falling off to #acg1jjj1jjj pounds1 and it may be that the high figure reached the year before represents about the maximum that her natural market1 the ,pacific-coast region1 can well absorb4 ,for the benefit of those who like to do their own interpreting of figures1 we present in the table at the top of this page the official record for recent years4 ,the leading importers of ,brazil coffee direct to ,new ,york and ,baltimore in #ahid1 as compiled by ,william ,h4 ,force ,co41 were as follows4 ,included in this list are a number of names well known in the green and roasted coffee trades of other cities3 ,,direct ,,importers ,,of ,,brazil ,,coffee ,new ,york1 #ahid ,bags ,arbuckle ,bros4 #fhh1gbf ,w4,h4 ,crossman ,bro4 #cee1hfd ,hard ,rand4 #cde1eda ,w4,f4 ,mc,laughlin ,co4 #bbg1ice ,j4,w4 ,doane ,co4 #bjg1agj ,steinwender1 ,stoffregen ,co4 #acb1dhb ,j4,l4 ,phipps ,co4 #ed1fag ,dannemillers ,co4 #di1ddi ,e4 ,levering ,co4 #dg1cbb ,aug4 ,stumpp4 #dd1iei ,thomson ,taylor ,spice ,co4 #dd1jag ,g4 ,amsinck ,co4 #ch1cej ,e4,h4 ,w4,j4 ,peck4 #cc1bgh ,j4,h4 ,labaree ,co4 #cb1jga ,fitch ,howland4 #ca1eae ,shinkle1 ,wilson ,kreis ,co4 #be1iea ,c4,d4 ,lathrop ,co4 #bc1bfc ,taylor ,levering4 #ba1eja ,heinrich ,haase4 #ah1igf ,william ,t4 ,levering4 #ah1gif ,t4,g4 ,lurman ,co4 #ah1jag ,elmenhorst ,co4 #af1bba ,sprague1 ,warner ,co4 #ad1hef ,sorver1 ,damon ,co4 #ad1fge ,sutton ,vansant #ac1ieg ,john ,o',donohue's ,sons #ac1fha ,hoffman1 ,lee ,co4 #ac1eih ,s4,r4 ,alexander #ab1hje ,eppens1 ,smith ,wiemann ,co4 #ab1gai ,baker ,young #aa1ijf ,hanley ,kinsella ,c4 ,s4 ,co4 #aa1cah ,durand ,kasper ,co4 #aa1abd ,wm4 ,schotten ,co4 #aa1jje ,c4,g4 ,bullard ,co4 #aj1fec ,h4,w4 ,banks ,co4 #aj1cea ,ellis ,bros4 #aj1bhb ,jacob ,baiz #i1adf ,a4 ,lueder ,co4 #h1dib ,c4,f4 ,pitt ,sons #h1bfb ,g4,f4 ,gillman #g1ibg ,bell1 ,conrad ,co4 #f1ebh ,n4 ,martin ,co4 #f1ejg ,j4,b4 ,o',donohue ,co4 #f1ajb ,steele1 ,wedeles ,co4 #e1gjj ,g4,o4 ,gordon #e1eej ,sherman ,bros4 ,co4 #d1iih ,f4 ,mac,veagh ,co4 #d1gfc ,benedict ,co4 #d1gag ,chase ,sanborn #d1eje ,west ,melchers #d1ejj ,mokaska ,mfg4 ,co4 #d1jac ,haebler ,co4 #d1jjj ,robt4 ,crooks ,co4 #c1eji ,m4,m4 ,levy ,co4 #c1jcg ,j4,a4 ,tolman ,co4 #c1jjd ,tracy ,avery ,co4 #c1jjj ,wells ,bros4 #b1hjj ,kirby1 ,halsted ,chapin ,co4 #b1ged ,w4,m4 ,hoyt ,co4 #b1beb ,gt4 ,a4 ,p4 ,tea ,co4 #b1bej ,foote ,knevals #b1jjj ,l4,w4 ,minford ,co4 #a1hjj ,wm4 ,bayne ,co4 #a1gee ,indiana ,coffee ,co4 #a1fej ,w4,k4 ,carson ,co4 #a1eja ,miller1 ,smith ,co4 #a1ejj ,rufus ,woods #a1dih ,j4,g4 ,flint #a1cde ,davenport ,morris #a1bej ,canada #a1adj ,westfeldt ,bros4 #a1jjj ,edw4 ,westen ,t4 ,s4 ,co4 #hjj ,corbin1 ,may ,co4 #gej ,f4 ,cannon ,co4 #fah ,adam ,roth ,gro4 ,co4 #ejj ,scudder1 ,gale ,gro4 ,co4 #ejj ,j4,h4 ,taylor ,co4 #ejj ,wm4 ,b4 ,willson #ejj ,dwinell1 ,wright ,co4 #ejj ,swift1 ,billings ,co4 #ejj ,new ,orleans ,coffee ,co4 #ejj ,b4 ,fischer ,co4 #dja ,smith ,schipper #cjj ,ulman1 ,lewis ,co4 #bha ,ridenour1 ,baker ,gro4 ,co4 #bej ,w4,h4 ,minor #bej ,nave ,mc,cord ,merc4 ,co4 #bjb ,skiddy1 ,minford ,co4 #aif ,rossbach ,bro4 #ahd ,l4 ,wolff #adi ,reimers ,meyer #ej ,w4,f4 ,jackson #e --------- ,total #b1gia1fdb ,,direct ,,importers ,,of ,,brazil ,,coffee ,baltimore1 #ahid ,bags ,e4 ,levering ,co4 #dj1ife ,t4,g4 ,lurman ,co4 #bi1cbe ,c4,m4 ,stewart ,co4 #be1dii ,thornton ,rollins #ba1dcf ,william ,t4 ,levering #ae1hhd ,steinwender1 ,stoffregen #ab1heb ,w4,b4 ,willson #aa1edj ,hoffman1 ,lee ,co4 #h1iec ,rufus ,woods #h1jbj ,p4,t4 ,george ,co4 #g1dfc ,taylor ,levering #f1ddj ,benedict ,co4 #e1dcd ,brazil ,trading ,co4 #b1fff ,c4,f4 ,pitt ,sons #b1eje ,j4,w4 ,doane ,co4 #b1ejj ,enterprise ,coffee ,co4 #a1haa ,h4,m4 ,wagner ,co4 #ejd ,c4,d4 ,lathrop ,co4 #ejc ,mokaska ,manufacturing ,co4 #ejj ,hanley ,kinsella ,c4 ,s4 ,co4 #ejj ,shinkle1 ,wilson ,kreis ,co4 #djd ,g4 ,amsinck ,co4 #djj ,indiana ,coffee ,co4 #bea ------- ,total #bjf1cee ,early ,days of ,green ,coffee in ,new ,orleans ,the history of ,new ,orleans as a coffee port may be considered as beginning with the transfer of ,louisiana by ,napoleon ,bonaparte to the ,united ,states in #ahjc4 ,in this year1 according to ,martin's ,history of ,louisiana1 ,new ,orleans imported #adch bags of coffee of #acb pounds each4 ,in the latter part of the eighteenth century1 settlers in large numbers had crossed the ,allegheny ,mountains from the ,atlantic states into the valley of the ,ohio ,river2 and their crops of grain and provisions were exported by means of cheaply constructed rafts and boats1 which were floated down the river to ,new ,orleans1 where they were generally broken up and sold for use as lumber and firewood--there being1 at that time1 no power available for propelling them back against the current of the river4 ,from #ahjc until #ahbj1 on account of the difficulty of navigating upstream1 ,new ,orleans imports did not increase as rapidly as exports4 ,in #ahad1 however1 the first crude steamboat had begun to carry freight on the river2 and by #ahbj1 the supremacy of ,new ,orleans as the gateway of the ,mississippi ,valley had been for the time established by this new means of transportation4 ,the coffee-importing business flourished2 and1 from its modest beginning in #ahjc1 grew to #eca1bcf bags in #aheg4 ,by this time1 however1 ,new ,orleans had begun to feel the competition of the ,erie ,canal1 and of the systems of east and west railroad lines which had been in the course of active construction during the preceding fifteen years4 ,the railroad systems which had as their ports ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 and ,baltimore1 entered upon a desperate war of freight rates1 each in the endeavor to establish the supremacy of its own port4 ,as the building of railroads had been entirely east and west1 and no large amount of capital had been invested in north and south lines1 much of the business of the valley was diverted to the ,atlantic ports1 apparently never to return to ,new ,orleans4 ,in #ahfb1 on account of the blockade of the port1 not a bag of coffee was imported through ,new ,orleans1 and practically none came in until the year #ahff1 when the small amount of #ee1jjj bags was the total for the year4 ,at about this time1 ,boston and ,philadelphia became negligible importing quantities2 the business of ,baltimore continued to be quite prosperous2 and ,new ,york rapidly increased her imports and took the commanding position4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,orleans ,,coffee ,,district ,new ,orleans had increased her coffee imports to #bej1jjj bags in #ahga1 and the yearly imports continued at about this figure until the last decade of the century1 when the business began to expand4 ,the imports had reached a total of #ccg1jjj bags in #ahic-ahid2 and of #cgc1jjj in #ahif-ig4 ,this was the beginning of a new era1 and the coffee business of ,new ,orleans entered upon the period of its greatest growth4 ,imports were #ead1jjj bags in #aijj-ja1 and were slightly more than twice that by #aijc-jd4 ,in #aiji-aj the imports had again doubled1 and had reached a total for the twelve months ending ,july #a1 #aiji1 of slightly more than #b1jjj1jjj bags2 while the figures for the calendar year #aiji totaled #b1ejj1jjj bags4 ,borino ,bro41 #gg ,gravier ,street1 were the largest importers of coffee in ,new ,orleans in #ahfi4 ,the principal importers in #ahhj were ,p4 ,poursine ,co41 ,westfeldt ,bros41 ,dymond ,gardes1 ,schmidt ,ziegler1 ,j4,l4 ,phipps ,co41 ,geo4 ,o4 ,gordon ,co41 and ,smith ,bros4 ,shipments were by sailing vessels1 a full cargo being about #ejjj bags4 ,fancy grades1 like ,golden ,rios1 washed and peaberries1 were shipped in double bags4 ,musty coffees were common1 and every bag in a cargo was sampled for must4 ,s4 ,jackson was first to issue regular manifests4 ,with the entry of steamers into the coffee transport business1 ,new ,orleans was placed at a disadvantage as steamer rates were about twenty cents a bag higher to ,new ,orleans than to ,new ,york1 and imports were limited4 ,the subsequent revival of the business was due largely to ,hard ,rand4 ,being unable to obtain steamer rates equal to those quoted in ,new ,york1 ,hard ,rand chartered steamers for ,new ,orleans2 and soon the trade began to offer cost and freight to ,new ,orleans1 and the business grew from about #cej1jjj bags of green coffee per annum to #b1ejj1jjj bags4 ,one of the best remembered names in the green coffee trade of ,new ,orleans is that of ,charles ,dittman 7#ahdh-aibj71 who for nearly fifty years was one of the leading coffee commission merchants of the country4 ,mr4 ,dittman entered the coffee business with ,napier ,co41 representing ,e4 ,johnston ,co41 of ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,in #ahge1 upon the death of ,mr4 ,napier1 the firm changed to ,johnston1 ,gordon ,co41 later to ,g4,o4 ,gordon1 and in #ahhf to the ,charles ,dittmann ,co4 ,since his death in #aibj1 the business has been continued by ,f4,v4 ,allain and ,charles ,dittmann1 ,jr4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,green ,,coffee ,,district ,,of ,,new ,,orleans ,most of the buildings shown here are occupied by green coffee importing houses4 ,the one on the right with the balconies is the old ,board of ,trade ,building ,green ,coffee in ,san ,francisco ,in the early days of the green coffee business in ,san ,francisco these names stood out as most important among the coffee importers3 ,hellmann ,bros4 ,co41 ,montealegre ,co41 ,e4,l4,g4,s4 ,steele ,co41 and ,urruella ,urioste4 ,from their many friends in ,central ,america1 they1 and others in their line1 obtained small consignments that were bought by the roasters according to their immediate needs4 ,often as many as five or six buyers would share in a parcel of fifty bags1 as they were not in the custom of filling up the larder for days of want4 ,there always seemed to be sufficient for every one1 and bull movements and corners had not then become the vogue4 ,just as today1 the mainstays of the early ,san ,francisco trade were coffees produced in ,costa ,rica1 ,salvador1 and ,guatemala1 although some were brought from the ,colima district of ,mexico4 ,the broker had a comparatively easy job in selling his wares4 ,samples of the lots would be given to him in carefully sealed glass bottles1 and usually the buyer would trust his discerning eye to judge correctly the quality of the goods1 not even taking the trouble to uncork the bottle4 ,size1 color1 and imperfections would be his criterion4 ,the leading coffee importers at ,san ,francisco in #ahge were ,b4,e4 ,auger ,co41 #dji ,battery2 ,s4,a4 ,carit ,co41 #dje ,front ,street2 ,hellmann ,bros4 ,co41 #ebe ,front ,street2 ,adolphe ,low ,co41 #bjh ,california ,street2 ,s4,c4 ,merrill ,co41 #bjd ,california ,street2 ,parrott ,co41 #cjf ,california ,street2 and ,urruella ,urioste1 #dje ,front ,street4 ,the annual consumption of green coffee in ,san ,francisco in the early eighties was estimated at #ajj1jjj bags4 ,a marked change in the coffee business of ,san ,francisco was brought about by the discovery that the differences in the taste of coffees could not be accurately detected from their color or from the size of bean4 ,to ,clarence ,e4 ,bickford belongs the credit of having discovered the cup qualities of high-grown ,central ,american coffees4 ,he was employed at the time by a broker named ,hockhofler1 and probably did not realize what far-reaching effect his discovery would have on the future of ,san ,francisco's coffee trade2 but no other factor has contributed so much to its growth4 ,when the roasters began to examine coffees for their taste1 values were of course revolutionized4 ,antiguas1 and other high-grown coffees1 that had theretofore been penalized for the small size of bean1 soon brought a premium1 and have ever since been in great demand4 ,it goes without saying that the new classification was of material assistance to the roasters in bettering their output1 as blending was then put on a scientific basis4 ,about the middle of the nineties ,san ,francisco began to function as a distributing center1 and shipments were made from there to ,st4 ,louis and ,cincinnati4 ,the selection of coffees on their cup merit was undoubtedly a factor of considerable importance in creating new outlets2 although it is generally conceded that the winning personality of ,c4,e4 ,bickford helped considerably4 ,mr4 ,bickford1 by this time1 had succeeded his former employer4 ,he served the trade by living up to the best standards of business practise until his death in #aijh2 when the institution he founded was continued by ,e4,h4 ,o',brien under the name of ,c4,e4 ,bickford ,co4 ,illustration3 ,,california ,,street1 ,,the ,,coffee-,,trading ,,center ,,of ,,san ,,francisco ,san ,francisco imported #age1bic bags of coffee in #aijj4 ,imports had grown to #bef1ahc bags by #aijf2 and the following were the leading importers1 as taken from a compilation by ,c4,e4 ,bickford ,co43 ,,importers ,,of ,,coffee ,,by ,,sea ,san ,francisco1 #aijf ,bags ,haas ,bros4 #ch1idg ,otis1 ,mc,allister ,co4 #cd1cdb ,jno4 ,t4 ,wright #ba1gda ,geo4 ,a4 ,moore ,co4 #ag1hea ,castle ,bros4 #ag1cig ,lastreto ,co4 #ae1fji ,bloom ,bros4 #ad1cgb ,w4,r4 ,grace ,co4 #ad1adc ,baruch ,co4 #i1djj ,schwartz ,bros4 #g1caj ,dieckmann ,co4 #f1iha ,h4 ,hackfeld ,co41 ,ltd4 #d1dff ,m4,j4 ,brandenstein ,co4 #d1bha ,urioste ,co4 #d1jha ,goldtree1 ,liebes ,co4 #c1ifb ,j4,z4 ,posadas4 #c1iej ,mohns-,frese ,com4 ,co4 #c1gad ,welch ,co4 #c1che ,thannhauser ,co4 #c1cbh ,e4 ,mejia #b1ife ,hind1 ,rolph ,co4 #b1had ,hellmann ,bros4 ,co4 #b1agj ,parrott ,co4 #b1acg ,j4,a4 ,folger ,co4 #b1jid ,s4,l4 ,jones ,co4 #b1jdb ,ariza ,lombard #a1acc ,hamberger-,polhemus ,co4 #a1jif ,theo4 ,h4 ,davies ,co41 ,ltd4 #iee ,livierato ,frres #ibg ,j4,d4 ,spreckels ,bros4 ,co4 #hbh ,mc,carthy ,bros4 #gie ,w4 ,loaiza ,co4 #fdb ,wm4 ,halla #eia ,h4,w4 ,burmester #ehb ,williams1 ,dimond ,co4 #cii ,m4 ,phillips ,co4 #cha ,alexander ,baldwin #ceh ,london1 ,paris ,am4 ,bank1 ,ltd4 #ccc ,p4,j4 ,knudsen ,co4 #cji ,ballou ,cosgrove #cjj ,m4 ,schweitzer ,co4 #cjj ,johnson-,locke ,merc4 ,co4 #bgj ,the ,lewin-,meyer ,co4 #bej ,sperry ,flour ,co4 #bca ,canadian ,bank of ,commerce #bjj ,porto ,rico ,coffee ,co4 #adh ,mc,chesney ,sons #ade ,bowring ,co4 #ade ,china ,java ,export ,co4 #adj ,john ,weissman #abf ,montealegre ,co4 #abj ,w4,h4 ,miller #aji ,maldonado ,co4 #aje ,de ,fremery ,co4 #ajj ,sundries #fhc ------- ,total #bef1ahc ,illustration3 ,,bird',s ,,eye ,,view ,,of ,,san ,,francisco',s ,,coffee ,,district ,the imports of green coffee at ,san ,francisco in #aiad-ae amounted to about #djj1jjj bags4 ,the beginning of the ,world ,war was almost coincidental with an energetic campaign waged by ,san ,francisco coffee interests to popularize ,central ,american coffees1 and particularly ,guatemalas1 in this country4 ,the time was well chosen1 as the world's exposition at ,san ,francisco offered a good opportunity to acquaint the public with the fine qualities of ,guatemala growths4 ,furthermore1 it was necessary to create new markets for these coffees1 which in former years had been very extensively used in ,europe4 ,figures show that ,san ,francisco's efforts were crowned with success4 ,in #aiaf1 the importation increased by fifty percent2 and in #aiag1 importations were double those of #aiae4 ,in #aiah1 a total of nearly #a1jjj1jjj bags was reached2 and this mark was passed by almost #bjj1jjj in #aiai4 ,in #aibj1 #iga1efg bags were imported4 ,the origin of ,san ,francisco's fight for control of ,central ,american coffee dates back to the years #aijh to #aiaj1 when the ,german ,kosmos ,line was fighting the ,pacific ,mail for the ,central and ,south ,american shipping business4 ,w4,r4 ,grace ,co41 at that time1 were already the heaviest shippers of ,american merchandise to the ,latin-,american countries2 and while their own steamers were not touching at ,central ,american ports1 they were handling merchandise from the ,united ,states and nitrates from the ,south ,american countries in their own bottoms1 and were also engaged as general carriers for that trade4 ,the fight directed by the ,kosmos ,line against the ,pacific ,mail1 which at that time was under the control of the ,southern ,pacific ,company1 was accordingly directed against the ,grace interests also1 so far as ,south ,american countries were concerned4 ,the fight was long and bitter1 and costly to both sides4 ,at times1 the contenders offered to take freight1 not only without charge1 but to pay the shipper a premium for the privilege of carrying his freight4 ,differences were finally settled in conference2 but the experience taught the ,american interests that they could survive in any territory only if at all times they were able to provide their own cargoes for their own boats1 as had been accomplished with nitrate in ,south ,america4 ,j4,h4 ,rosseter1 the ,grace manager1 who later became well known as director of operations of the ,united ,states ,shipping ,board during the war1 undertook an extended trip to ,central ,america in #aiab to study the situation at close range4 ,there was only one product of ,central ,america that was available in cargo quantities1 namely coffee2 and naturally his attention was drawn to the possibility of carrying coffee to ,san ,francisco to provide return cargoes for ships of the ,pacific ,mail1 or associated lines1 carrying merchandise for the ,central ,american countries4 ,while in ,guatemala1 ,mr4 ,rosseter outlined a future policy in regard to ,central ,american coffees2 the basis being his firm determination that coffees grown in ,central ,america1 and logically and geographically tributary to ,san ,francisco distribution1 should come to ,san ,francisco in largely increasing quantities4 ,up to that time ,san ,francisco had received1 on an average1 only #bjj1jjj bags of ,central ,american coffee annually for the ten preceding years2 while ,europe had received about #a1ejj1jjj bags a year4 ,the quantity necessary to make ,san ,francisco a factor would call for an importation1 on an average1 of #gej1jjj bags--a quantity almost four times as large as then established4 ,this was an extremely ambitious undertaking1 considering the conditions then prevailing in ,central ,america4 ,european countries were firmly entrenched in the coffee business in ,central ,america1 with ,germany leading in ,guatemala1 ,france in ,salvador and ,nicaragua1 ,england and ,france contending for superiority in ,costa ,rica1 and the ,united ,states getting only the leavings4 ,the ,european countries held their position in the ,central ,american ,coffee trade by liberal financing1 and a thorough knowledge of the varying qualities of coffee produced on the different plantations4 ,san ,francisco1 the only important port in the ,united ,states dealing in ,central ,american coffees1 had neither strong financial entrenchment in ,central ,america nor expert knowledge of coffee quality4 ,year after year1 ,san ,francisco merchants had depended on consignments chosen by the consignors4 ,this rendered quality selection of coffees by the importers impossible4 ,rosseter1 being primarily a steamship man1 tackled the proposition from the standpoint of transportation1 figuring that if he could establish and maintain preferential steamer service to ,san ,francisco1 and steady freight rates1 a great step would be accomplished toward the desired end4 ,this led to his interest in the ,pacific ,mail ,company1 of which the final outcome was his present position as vice-president of the reorganized ,pacific ,mail ,company4 ,in that capacity he maintained1 practically throughout the entire period of the ,world ,war1 freight rates on coffee from ,central ,america to ,san ,francisco that gave that ,pacific port an immediate and definite advantage4 ,this gave merchants in ,san ,francisco the chance to build up a steady trade1 and prevented other ports in the ,united ,states from entering into serious competition with ,san ,francisco as a distributing point for ,central ,american coffees4 ,the view taken by ,rosseter was as far-sighted as it was broad4 ,he argued that with the end of the war there would be no strength in a scattering distribution of ,central ,american coffees by ,new ,york1 ,new ,orleans1 and ,san ,francisco2 and the only promise of maintenance of the business for the ,united ,states would be in maintaining unity of distribution in one port of the ,united ,states1 namely ,san ,francisco4 ,the first year open to ,european competition after the war showed that ,san ,francisco was well able to maintain its lead in ,central ,american coffees4 ,today1 the mortgages formerly held by ,european merchants on the native coffee plantations1 and the control thereby of the produce of these plantations1 are in the hands of ,american merchants2 and what is more1 out of general merchandising and importing by merchants of ,san ,francisco there have developed expert coffee departments in all of the larger houses4 ,the years of the war brought the product of virtually all plantations in ,central ,america to the intimate knowledge of these expert coffee departments2 and today the advantage that ,europe formerly had--of knowing exactly what a specific plantation produced--is possessed by ,san ,francisco merchants4 ,this is no small advantage when we consider that in ,guatemala and ,costa ,rica1 qualities vary from plantation to plantation1 and that often on adjoining plantations there is from three to five cents a pound difference in quality1 from the standpoint of cup merit4 ,one can not buy coffee in ,central ,america as in ,brazil1 as these countries are not highly organized commercially1 and the importers here are forced to assume the rle of the ,brazilian commisario and banker4 ,the crop has to be financed from six to nine months before it is brought to the port2 and the securities covering such advances are at best of questionable value1 on account of political insecurity1 and the ever-threatening earthquakes1 and the uncertainty of the elements4 ,distribution of the coffee after it has been brought to ,san ,francisco also involves many difficulties1 notwithstanding that the demand is good4 ,this will be better realized when we consider that the ,pacific coast1 from ,alaska to ,mexico1 and eastward as far as the ,rocky ,mountains1 embraces a population of about #h1jjj1jjj1 whose annual consumption is estimated at #djj1jjj bags2 and that1 as already stated1 treble that quantity was imported to ,san ,francisco in #aiai4 ,in #aijj1 ninety-nine firms were engaged in the green coffee importing business 7some were roasters also7 in ,new ,york2 six in ,philadelphia2 twenty-eight in ,san ,francisco2 twelve in ,new ,orleans4 ,in #aibj1 there were two hundred and sixteen in ,new ,york2 thirty-one in ,san ,francisco2 fifteen in ,new ,orleans4 ,green ,coffee ,trade ,organizations ,previous to the organization of the roasters1 the only kind of coffee organization in this country of more than local importance was the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange1 which came into existence in #ahha1 the organization meeting being held in the offices of ,b4,g4 ,arnold ,co41 at #aff ,pearl ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,exchange was incorporated ,december #g1 #ahha1 the incorporators being ,benjamin ,green ,arnold1 ,francis ,b4 ,arnold1 ,william ,d4 ,mackey1 ,john ,s4 ,wright1 ,william ,sorley1 ,joseph ,a4 ,o',brien1 ,h4 ,clay ,maddux1 ,c4 ,mc,culloch ,beecher1 ,geo4 ,w4 ,flanders1 and ,john ,r4 ,mc,nulty4 ,b4,g4 ,arnold was the first president4 ,soon afterward1 rooms were rented and fitted up for trading purposes at #ace ,pearl ,street1 at the junction of ,beaver and ,pearl ,streets1 and only two blocks away from the more pretentious structure now housing the ,coffee ,exchange4 ,actual trading operations did not begin until ,march #g1 #ahhb4 ,the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange was the world's first coffee-trade organization of national proportions4 ,havre's exchange was inaugurated in #ahhb1 under the name of the ,coffee ,terminal ,market4 ,five years later1 coffee exchanges were opened in ,amsterdam and ,hamburg2 while the exchanges of ,london1 ,antwerp1 and ,rotterdam did not come into existence until the year #ahij4 ,the exchange in ,trieste1 ,italy1 was organized in #aije2 while the ,coffee ,trade ,association of ,london was started in #aiaf4 ,the first exchange in ,santos was started in #aiad4 ,the success of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange led to its imitation in other coffee ports of the ,united ,states4 ,baltimore started a similar organization1 early in #ahhc1 under the name of the ,baltimore ,coffee ,exchange2 but after a short existence1 it petered out4 ,new ,orleans organized a green coffee trading association in #ahhi1 as a coffee committee of the ,board of ,trade4 ,it is still active4 ,the ,green ,coffee ,association of ,new ,orleans1 ,inc41 which is distinct from the ,coffee ,committee1 was established ,january #g1 #aibj4 ,san ,francisco did not have a trading exchange until #aiah1 in which year the ,green ,coffee ,association of the ,san ,francisco ,chamber of ,commerce began operations4 ,growth of the ,coffee-,roasting ,trade ,the wholesale coffee roasting business in the ,united ,states seems to have started in the closing years of the eighteenth century4 ,in ,february1 #agij1 a new coffee manufactory began business at #d ,great ,dock ,street1 ,new ,york1 and the proprietor announced that he had provided himself at considerable expense with the proper utensils to burn1 grind and classify coffee on the ,european plan4 ,he sold the freshly roasted product in pots of various sizes from one to twenty weight1 well packed down1 either for sea or family use so as to keep good for twelve months4 ,a second roasting plant started up at #bcb ,queen ,street1 ,new ,york1 nearly opposite the governor's house1 toward the close of #agij4 ,this second coffee roasting plant was known in #agid as the ,city ,coffee ,works4 ,james ,thompson operated a coffee manufactory at #be ,thames ,street in #agie4 ,in this year there was also the ,old ,ground ,coffee ,works in ,pearl ,street1 formerly ,hanover ,square1 three doors below the bank at number #aaj1 operating two mills1 one pair ,french burr stones but no orders were accepted here for less than six pounds1 at two pence advanced from the roasting loss4 ,other coffee manufactories followed in the large towns of the new states2 and1 always1 the coffee was treated on the ,european plan4 ,this meant that it was burnt over a slow coal fire1 making every grain a copper color and ridding it all of dust and chaff4 ,there was usually a difference in price of three to four pence a pound between the green and roasted product4 ,packages of roasted coffee under the half-dozen weight were sold in ,new ,york in #agia for two shillings and three pence per pound1 allowance being made for grocers at a distance4 ,in those days1 the favorite container was a narrow-mouthed pot or jar of any size4 ,this was the first crude coffee package4 ,in retailing the product1 cornucopias made of newspapers1 or any other convenient wrapping1 were first employed2 but1 with the introduction of paper bags in the early sixties1 the housekeeper soon became educated to this more sanitary form of carry package1 and its permanence was quickly assured4 ,the following were listed in ,longworth's ,almanack as coffee roasters in ,new ,york in #ahje3 ,john ,applegate2 ,cornelius ,cooper2 ,benjamin ,cutler1 #ajd ,division ,street2 ,george ,defendorf1 #hc ,chapel ,street2 ,william ,green2 ,cornelius ,hassey1 #ad ,augustus ,street2 ,joseph ,m',ginley1 #bh ,moore ,street2 ,john ,w4 ,shaw1 #dc ,oliver ,street2 ,john ,sweeney1 ,mulberry ,street2 ,patience ,thompson1 #bc ,thames ,street4 ,elijah ,withington came from ,boston to ,new ,york in #ahad4 ,he set up a coffee roaster in an alley behind the ,city ,hall and engaged a big1 raw-boned ,irishman to run it4 ,this was the beginning of a coffee roasting business that has continued until the present day4 ,withington dealt in ,padang interiors1 ,jamaica1 and ,west ,indian coffees1 and numbered many society folk among his customers4 ,withington's business removed to #g ,dutch ,street in #ahbi3 and the firm became ,withington ,pine in #ahcj4 ,the roasted coffee business in ,new ,york had grown to such proportions in #ahcc and gave such promise1 that ,james ,wild considered it a good investment to bring over from ,england for his new coffee manufactory in ,new ,york a complete power machinery equipment for roasting and grinding coffee4 ,there was also an engine to run it4 ,it was set up in ,wooster ,street opposite the present ,washington ,square4 ,samuel ,wilde1 son of ,joseph ,wilde1 of ,dorchester1 ,mass41 came to ,new ,york about #ahdj to make his fortune4 ,he was a young man with vision2 and first applied himself with diligence to the hardware and looking-glass business4 ,when he found that most of his customers were theaters and saloons1 his religious scruples bade him abandon it1 which he did4 ,meanwhile1 in #ahdd1 ,withington's pioneer roasting enterprise had admitted ,norman ,francis and ,amos ,s4 ,welch as general partners1 and ,samuel and ,charles ,c4 ,colgate as special partners1 under the style of ,withington1 ,francis ,welch4 ,it so continued until #ahdh1 when ,samuel ,wilde--who had selected the coffee business as more honorable than the one in which he started--was admitted1 and the firm became ,withington ,wilde4 ,mr4 ,withington retired in #ahea1 and ,samuel ,wilde associated with him in the business his sons ,joseph and ,samuel1 ,jr41 the title becoming ,samuel ,wilde ,sons4 ,samuel ,wilde1 ,sr41 died in #ahfb4 ,the title then became ,samuel ,wilde's ,sons4 ,joseph ,wilde died in #ahgh1 and ,samuel ,wilde1 ,jr4 in #ahij1 the business being left to and continuing with a younger brother1 ,john1 from #ahgh to #ahid1 when ,john's son1 ,herbert ,w4 ,wilde1 became a member of the firm1 which continues the old title at #dff ,greenwich ,street1 as ,samuel ,wilde's ,sons ,company1 having been incorporated in #aijb4 ,john ,wilde died in #aiad4 ,another grandson of ,samuel ,wilde is ,william ,b4 ,harris1 who engaged in the coffee roasting business in ,front ,street from #aijd to #aiag4 ,from #aijh to #aiah he acted as coffee expert for the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,william ,b4 ,harris is a son of ,samuel ,l4 ,harris1 who married a daughter of ,samuel ,wilde1 and who for a number of years was connected with ,samuel ,wilde's ,sons4 ,illustration3 ,,pioneers ,,in ,,the ,,roasted ,,coffee ,,business ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,city ,with approximate dates of their entry into the trade ,although a number of roasters and grinders for family use were patented in the ,united ,states in the first half of the nineteenth century1 the coffee merchants depended almost entirely on ,english manufacturers for their wholesale equipment until #ahdf1 when ,james ,w4 ,carter of ,boston brought out his pull-out roaster4 ,this machine1 and others like it1 encouraged the development of the coffee-roasting business1 so that when the ,civil ,war came1 coffee manufactories were well scattered over the country4 ,the demand for something better in coffee-machinery equipment was answered by ,jabez ,burns with his machine for filling and discharging without moving the roasting cylinder from the fire4 ,among the early grocery concerns in ,new ,york that were also coffee roasters were3 ,r4,c4 ,williams ,co41 starting as ,mott ,williams in #ahaa1 changing to ,r4,s4 ,williams ,co4 in #ahba1 to ,williams ,potter in #ahea1 and to its present title in #ahhb2 ,acker1 ,merrall ,condit ,co41 founded in #ahbj2 ,park ,tilford1 founded in #ahdj2 ,austin1 ,nichols ,co41 founded in #ahee2 and ,francis ,h4 ,leggett ,co41 founded in #ahgj4 ,there were twenty-one coffee roasters and spice factors in ,new ,york in #ahdh4 ,among them were3 ,beard ,cummings4 #bha ,front ,street2 ,henry ,b4 ,blair1 #abi ,washington ,street2 ,colgate ,gilbert1 #ic ,fulton ,street2 ,wright ,gillies1 #bcf ,washington ,street2 and ,withington1 ,wilde ,welch1 #g ,dutch ,street4 ,in this year1 two coffee importers1 fourteen tea importers1 and forty-one tea dealers were listed in the ,city ,directory4 ,the ,directory for #ahed listed twenty-seven coffee roasters and spice factors1 among them1 in addition to the above1 being ,peter ,haulenbeek1 #cbh ,washington ,street2 ,levi ,rowley1 #ajb ,west ,street2 ,william ,j4 ,stitt1 #aei ,washington ,street2 and ,george ,w4 ,wright1 #gi ,front ,street4 ,in those days not all the wholesale coffee factors were roasters2 there was much trade roasting by a few large plants4 ,while the coffee-roasting business of ,samuel ,wilde's ,sons appears to be the oldest in ,new ,york1 having descended in a practically unbroken line from #ahad1 several others continued considerably past the half-century mark1 and among them special mention should be accorded to3 ,levi ,rowley's ,star ,mills1 dating back to #ahbc2 ,beard ,cummings1 #ahcd2 ,wright ,gillies ,bro41 #ahdj2 ,loudon ,son1 the ,metropolitan ,mills1 #ahec2 and the ,eppens ,smith ,co41 present day successors of ,thomas ,reid's ,globe ,mills of #ahee4 ,the ,star ,mills in ,duane ,street became a real factor in the wholesale coffee-roasting business on ,manhattan ,island about #ahbc4 ,at a later date1 ,levi ,rowley secured control1 and under his able direction the business flourished4 ,benedict ,gaffney bought the ,star ,mills from ,rowley in #ahhe4 ,a few years later the firm became ,benedict ,thomas1 then ,thomas ,turner1 and finally the ,r4,g4 ,thomas ,co4 ,r4,g4 ,thomas sold the equipment in #aibj1 ending the manufacturing end of the business just about a century from the time it started4 ,mr4 ,thomas is now with ,russell ,co4 ,before being identified with the ,star ,mills1 he was for twenty years with ,packard ,james1 #abc ,maiden ,lane4 ,while still a lad of nineteen1 ,wright ,gillies came from a ,newburgh farm in #ahch1 and obtained a clerkship in a tea store in ,chatham ,street1 now ,chambers and ,duane ,street4 ,he branched out for himself in the tea and coffee business at #bcb ,washington ,street in #ahdj1 removing in #ahdc to #bcf1 which had a courtyard where he installed a horse-power coffee roaster4 ,in the same building1 over the store1 lived ,thomas ,mc,nell and his wife4 ,mr4 ,mc,nell afterward became a member of the firm of ,smith ,mc,nell1 proprietors of the ,washington ,street hotel and restaurant1 for many years one of ,new ,york ,city's landmarks4 ,the coffee business1 thus started by ,wright ,gillies1 is still conducted1 as the ,gillies ,coffee ,co41 by the same family and at practically the same location2 and it is interesting to note that the roasting room still has the original arrangement1 partly below the street level but with the machinery in view from the sidewalk4 ,this arrangement was characteristic of the old roasting establishments4 ,illustration3 ,,group ,,of ,,old-,,time ,,new ,,york ,,coffee ,,roasters1 #ahib ,standing1 left to right1 ,w4,h4 ,eppens1 ,fred ,reid1 unknown1 ,julius ,a4 ,eppens1 ,fred ,eppens4 ,seated1 left to right1 ,john ,f4 ,pupke1 ,thomas ,reid1 ,henry ,mayo1 ,fred ,akers1 ,alexander ,kirkland ,james ,w4 ,gillies1 a younger brother1 came from ,newburgh in #ahdh to assist in the enterprise4 ,young ,gillies superintended the horse-power roaster and drove the light spring delivery cart4 ,soon the firm became ,wright ,gillies ,bro4 ,fires visited the business in #ahdi and in #aheh2 but each time it arose the stronger for the experience4 ,wright ,gillies retired in #ahhd1 and ,james ,w4 ,gillies assumed entire charge under the name of the ,gillies ,coffee ,co4 ,he continued active until his death in #ahii4 ,the business was incorporated by his children under the same name in #aijf4 ,edwin ,j4 ,gillies1 son of ,james ,w4 ,gillies1 started a separate coffee business at #bde ,washington ,street1 in #ahhb4 ,in #ahhc he admitted as a partner ,james ,h4 ,schmelzel1 a fellow ,columbia alumnus4 ,the enterprise was successful for many years1 being incorporated under the title of ,edwin ,j4 ,gillies ,co41 ,inc4 ,it was consolidated in #aiae with the business of ,ross ,w4 ,weir ,co41 #fj ,front ,street1 ,edwin ,j4 ,gillies becoming a vice-president 7with ,l4 ,s4 ,cooper also vice-president7 of the corporation of ,ross ,w4 ,weir1 ,inc4 ,burns ,brown started in the coffee roasting business in #ahec in an old building at the corner of ,washington and ,chambers ,streets for which they paid an annual rental of one thousand dollars4 ,this was the beginning of the ,metropolitan ,mills1 opposite to the present location of ,loudon ,son1 #aha ,chambers ,street1 the latest successors to the business4 ,burns ,brown continued for two years1 when they failed1 and ,wright ,gillies ,bro4 succeeded1 and put in ,ebenezer ,welsh as manager4 ,later1 ,wright ,gillies ,co4 sold out the plant to ,capt4 ,edward ,c4 ,russell1 who associated with him his son-in-law1 ,edward ,a4 ,phelps1 ,jr4 ,at the dissolution of this partnership in #ahgj1 the firm became ,trusdell ,phelps4 ,mr4 ,phelps succeeded ,trusdell1 and sold out to ,loudon ,stellwag in #ahgg4 ,they were succeeded by ,loudon ,johnson in #ahgi1 and this firm continued until #aiaj1 when ,james ,d4 ,johnson retired1 and the firm of ,loudon ,son took charge4 ,these were ,j4 ,carlyle ,loudon and his son1 ,howard ,c4 ,loudon1 who died in #aiaa4 ,the firm name of ,loudon ,son continues4 ,one of the most vigorous personalities of the sixties1 and one whose influence extended well into this generation1 was ,thomas ,reid4 ,born in ,bridgeport1 ,england1 he came to the ,united ,states as a boy1 and started his business career as a grocer's clerk in ,brooklyn4 ,within three months after landing1 he bought out his employer4 ,he entered the wholesale coffee-roasting business at #aje ,murray ,street1 ,new ,york1 in #ahee1 in partnership with a ,mr4 ,townsend under the style of the ,globe ,mills1 which were the predecessors of the ,eppens ,smith ,co4 now in ,warren ,street4 ,jabez ,burns1 inventor of the ,burns coffee roaster1 before this a teamster for ,henry ,blair1 was at one time bookkeeper for the ,globe ,mills4 ,in #ahfd1 ,mr4 ,burns sold to the ,globe ,mills the first roasters of his manufacture--two one-bag1 four-foot machines that were given a place alongside of four of the old-style ,carter pull-outs4 ,mr4 ,townsend died the first year of the ,globe ,mills' existence2 and ,thomas ,reid continued without a partner until #ahfc1 when he became associated with ,john ,f4 ,pupke1 as ,pupke ,reid4 ,the business was then at #bfi ,washington ,street4 ,thomas ,reid was resourceful and enterprising2 also he had vision4 ,he saw the day of package coffee coming1 and nearly beat ,john ,arbuckle to it4 ,as early as #ahfa we find him advertising in the ,city ,directory1 spices put up in every variety of package4 ,lewis ,a4 ,osborn1 #fi ,warren ,street1 ,new ,york1 and #ha-hc ,south ,water ,street1 ,chicago1 was advertising ,osborn's ,celebrated ,prepared ,java ,coffee--put up only by ,lewis ,a4 ,osborn in #ahfc-fd4 ,thomas ,reid appears to have acquired this brand and to have begun its exploitation as ,osborn's ,old ,government ,java1 a ground package coffee1 and certainly one of the earliest package coffees4 ,however1 this brand never attained the national vogue achieved by ,john ,arbuckle's package coffee1 which first appeared in #ahfe1 although the name ,ariosa was not given it until #ahgc4 ,between #ahee and #ahfe there were only half-a-dozen wholesale coffee roasters on ,manhattan ,island1 and ,thomas ,reid was their leader4 ,much of his work was roasting for the trade1 and this undoubtedly interfered with the logical development of his package-coffee ideas4 ,the firm became ,pupke1 ,reid ,phelps in #ahhb4 ,in #ahhe1 it became the original ,eppens-,smith ,co42 later1 the ,eppens1 ,smith ,wiemann ,co41 and lastly1 the ,eppens ,smith ,co4 ,thomas ,reid was vice-president of the ,eppens1 ,smith ,wiemann ,co41 and continued in that position until his death in #aijb4 ,julius ,eppens is the present head of the business4 ,other package coffees of the sixties were ,government coffee put out by ,taber ,place's ,rubia ,mills1 #cec-cee ,washington ,street1 in tin foil pound papers1 and ,l4 ,bruckmann ,co4's ,london ,club1 packed at #ajg ,warren ,street4 ,another old-time ,new ,york coffee-roasting business is that of ,samuel ,s4 ,beard ,co4 ,this business was founded in #ahcd on ,front ,street by ,eli ,beard 7father of ,samuel ,s4 ,beard17 and ,w4,a4 ,cummings as ,beard ,cummings4 ,in #ahgb1 the firm moved to ,duane ,street1 where it was joined by ,messrs4 ,s4,s4 ,beard and ,cottrell1 and the new firm became ,beards ,cottrell4 ,mr4 ,cottrell retired in #ahhc1 and the firm became ,samuel ,s4 ,beard ,co4 ,upon the death of ,s4,s4 ,beard in #aije1 ,james ,h4 ,murray1 who had been with the concern for many years1 became head of the house4 ,mr4 ,murray died six months later4 ,the business moved in #aiac to #ib ,front ,street1 where it continues as a stock company1 with ,j4,r4 ,westfal as manager4 ,austin ,c4 ,fitzpatrick1 well known among ,new ,york coffee roasters1 is a graduate of the ,thomas ,reid school1 having entered the business of this pioneer roaster in #ahfe4 ,he was western salesman for ,pupke ,reid until #ahga1 when he became associated with ,rufus ,g4 ,story under the firm name of ,r4 ,g4 ,story ,co4 ,later1 he formed a partnership with ,howard ,e4 ,case1 buying out the old house of ,beard ,howell4 ,when ,mr4 ,case retired in #ahhg1 the firm became ,a4,c4 ,fitzpatrick ,co4 ,this title continued for twelve years1 when the ,knickerbocker ,mills were taken over1 and the business was incorporated as the ,knickerbocker ,mills ,co41 with ,mr4 ,fitzpatrick as president4 ,the ,knickerbocker ,mills1 acquired by the corporation1 had been founded in #ahdb and were for more than forty years at #aed-aef ,chambers ,street4 ,the business is now at #aif-aih ,chambers ,street4 ,illustration3 ,,julius ,a4 ,,eppens1 ,,new ,,york ,many of the pioneers in the coffee roasting business of this country were men who came from the ,british ,isles and ,germany4 ,a notable figure from the latter country was ,benedickt ,fischer1 who knew coffee in ,germany before coming to ,new ,york in his nineteenth year4 ,he started at #cbc-cbi ,greenwich ,street1 near ,duane ,street1 in #ahei4 ,his first roaster was a primitive affair built under the ,e4,j4 ,hyde patent by the ,coffee ,roaster ,mill ,manufacturing ,co4 of ,philadelphia4 ,it was turned by hand by ,fischer and his helper4 ,this was about #ahfb4 ,in #ahfd1 the business required larger quarters1 and was removed to the corner of ,duane and ,greenwich ,streets4 ,a new plant was erected at the corner of ,beach and ,greenwich ,streets in #ahid1 and the present plant was erected at the corner of ,franklin and ,greenwich ,streets in #aijf4 ,upon the death of ,benedickt ,fischer in #aijc1 the business passed under the control of ,william ,h4 ,fischer1 son of ,benedickt1 and ,benedickt's son-in-law1 ,charles ,e4 ,diefenthaler1 for many years associated with the house4 ,at present1 the company is a corporation1 with ,c4,e4 ,diefenthaler1 president2 ,t4,f4 ,diefenthaler1 vice-president and treasurer2 and ,t4,o4 ,budenbach1 secretary4 ,bowie ,dash1 a commanding figure in the ,new ,york green coffee trade1 founded the ,holland ,coffee ,co41 roasters1 in #ahhe4 ,he placed ,h4 ,bartow in charge4 ,mr4 ,dash himself was never active in the affairs of the company4 ,j4 ,bowie ,dash1 son of ,bowie ,dash1 entered the ,holland ,coffee ,co4 as a boy4 ,bowie ,dash died in #ahid4 ,mr4 ,bartow left ,the ,holland ,coffee ,co4 in #ahig and ,j4 ,bowie ,dash became president4 ,he sold the company in #aiag to ,s4,b4 ,morrison1 who consolidated it with his ,esperanza ,coffee ,co4 ,the business is still conducted as the ,holland ,coffee ,co41 with ,mr4 ,morrison as president1 at #afb ,front ,street4 ,george ,fisher was a well known coffee roaster of the sixties4 ,he began in the old ,hope ,mills1 #ga ,fulton ,street1 and1 at the age of thirty1 entered into partnership with ,d4,c4 ,ripley1 establishing the ,hudson ,mills4 ,the firm became ,sanger1 ,beers ,fisher in #ahfh2 ,mr4 ,fisher retired in #ahhb2 and died in #ahif4 ,peter ,haulenbeek began work as delivery boy in a grocery store4 ,he entered the coffee business in the sixties in the employ of ,wright ,gillies1 and went into the wholesale coffee-roasting trade under his own name at #agj ,duane ,street in #ahgf4 ,his son1 ,john ,w4 ,haulenbeek1 ,sr41 came into his father's business in #ahhg4 ,peter ,haulenbeek died ,january #ae1 #ahid1 and the firm name was changed to ,john ,w4 ,haulenbeek ,co4 ,the business remained in the same building up to #aiaf1 when it was moved to its present location at #cic ,greenwich ,street4 ,john ,w4 ,haulenbeek1 ,jr41 of the third generation1 is now active in the business4 ,a leading figure in the sixties was ,james ,brown1 who started as an engineer1 rose to a partnership1 and retired after the ,civil ,war1 a wealthy man4 ,he was a partner with ,thomas ,reid in the old ,globe ,mills4 ,he was also associated with ,b4 ,fischer in the firm of ,fischer1 ,kirby ,brown1 and established the firm of ,brown ,scott in ,duane ,street1 where ,peter ,haulenbeek succeeded to the business4 ,afterward1 he continued in the firms of ,brown ,jones and ,bisland ,brown1 and died in #ahih4 ,van ,loan1 ,maguire ,gaffney was a formidable combination in the coffee-roasting business in its day4 ,thomas ,van ,loan was for thirty years a partner in the firm of ,w4,j4 ,stitt ,co4 7,william ,j4 ,stitt was in business at #agc ,washington ,street in the fifties74 ,joseph ,maguire was a practical spice grinder4 ,hugh ,gaffney was with ,brown ,scott until the firm retired in #ahgi1 and for ten years thereafter he traveled for ,b4 ,fischer ,co4 ,then he became a member of the firm of ,benedict ,gaffney4 ,ill health caused his temporary retirement2 but he returned to the business in #ahig when he organized the firm of ,van ,loan1 ,maguire ,gaffney4 ,joseph ,maguire died in #aijd4 ,illustration3 ,,thomas ,,van ,,loan1 ,,new ,,york ,mr4 ,gaffney died on ,march #bj1 #aiab1 and the name of the business was changed to ,van ,loan ,co41 with ,thomas ,van ,loan as the head of the business1 under which name and management it still continues at #fd ,north ,moore ,street4 ,o',donohue is a well known name in the development of both the green and roasted coffee trade of ,new ,york ,city4 ,john ,o',donohue was a leader in the green coffee business in #ahcj4 ,it was ,john ,o',donohue's ,sons in #ahgc4 ,john ,b4 ,o',donohue1 son of ,peter ,o',donohue and grandson of the original ,john1 after leaving ,john ,o',donohue's ,sons1 formed a partnership with ,robert ,c4 ,stewart 7the present head of ,r4,c4 ,stewart ,co47 to engage in the green coffee jobbing business as ,o',donohue ,stewart4 ,this partnership was dissolved in #ahic4 ,for a few years1 ,john ,o',donohue was associated with the coffee-roasting firm of ,wing ,bros4 ,hart4 ,about #ahih1 he formed the ,o',donohue ,coffee ,co4 at #bhd ,front ,street4 ,in #aiaj1 this was consolidated with the ,potter ,coffee ,co4 and ,bennett1 ,sloan ,co4 to form the ,potter1 ,sloan1 ,o',donohue ,co4 ,the firm dissolved in #aiae4 ,ellis ,m4 ,potter came to ,new ,york from the ,potter-,parlin ,spice ,mills in ,cincinnati4 ,mr4 ,o',donohue died in #aiah4 ,in the seventies ,frederick ,akers was proprietor of the oldest and best known trade roasting establishment in ,new ,york4 ,the plant was known as the ,atlas ,mills1 and was at #ag ,jay ,street4 ,mr4 ,akers died in #aija4 ,the same year1 ,william ,j4 ,morrison and ,walter ,b4 ,boinest1 former employees of ,akers1 formed a partnership to carry on the same kind of business at #dac ,greenwich ,street4 ,it is still at that address under the name of ,morrison ,boinest ,co4 ,col4 ,william ,p4 ,roome1 a ,chesterfieldian figure among ,new ,york coffee roasters1 came into the trade in #ahgf1 when he established the firm of ,william ,p4 ,roome ,co41 with ,t4,l4 ,vickers as partner4 ,in the ,civil ,war that had preceded1 young ,roome 7he was then nineteen7 had distinguished himself as a conspicuous hero of the ,sixth ,army ,corps1 having entered the service as a second lieutenant in the ,sixty-fifth ,new ,york ,volunteers4 ,william ,p4 ,roome ,co4 first engaged in the importation of tea1 but they added coffee to the business in #ahhi4 ,col4 ,roome disposed of it in #aijc to assume charge of the tea and coffee department of the ,acker1 ,merrall ,condit ,company1 a position which he still holds4 ,frederick ,a4 ,cauchois1 another picturesque figure among ,new ,york coffee roasters1 entered the trade as a clerk in the ,new ,york office of ,chase ,sanborn in #ahge4 ,after further tutelage under ,frank ,williams in the coffee brokerage business1 he bought the old ,fulton ,mills 7,colgate ,gilbert ,co41 #ahdh71 in ,fulton ,street1 where he did some of the most original advertising for coffee that the trade has seen4 ,his ,private ,estate coffee in little burlap bags1 his donkey train that carried the bags of green coffee through the streets of the metropolis1 his system of delivering fresh coffee daily to the grocery trade1 and his ,japanese paper filter device to insure the proper making of the coffee1 made him famous4 ,he brought something of the spirit of the old ,english coffee house to ,america1 and incorporated it in ,keen's ,chop ,house in ,new ,york4 ,he died in #aiah4 ,the business of ,russell ,co4 was founded by ,robert ,s4 ,russell ,frank ,smith at #ajg ,water ,street in #ahge4 ,in #ahie1 ,s4,l4 ,davis1 one of the present owners1 formerly with ,merrit ,ronaldson1 became a partner4 ,in #aijj1 ,frank ,c4 ,russell1 son of the senior member1 was admitted to a partnership2 and upon the death of his father in #aijd1 he and ,mr4 ,davis became owners of the business4 ,ross ,w4 ,weir1 who1 in addition to being a successful ,new ,york coffee roaster1 has also attained prominence as president of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association and chairman of the ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee1 handling the million dollar coffee advertising campaign1 was born in ,new ,york in #ahei1 the son of ,j4,b4 ,weir1 one of the pioneer forty-niners1 who at one time was engaged in the export commission business in ,san ,francisco4 ,mr4 ,weir began his business career as a general utility boy in the jobbing grocery house of ,s4,h4 ,williamson1 #cf ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 in #ahge4 ,then he was a clerk for ,park ,tilford1 office man with ,arbuckle ,bros1 and with ,geo4 ,c4 ,chase ,co41 tea importers1 for two years1 afterward being admitted to a junior partnership4 ,in #ahhf1 the firm of ,ross ,w4 ,weir ,co4 was formed to engage in the roasting of coffee and importing and jobbing of teas at #aje ,front ,street4 ,in #ahhg1 the business was removed to #eh-fj ,front ,street4 ,when the corporation of ,ross ,w4 ,weir1 ,inc4 was formed in #aiae to take over the business of ,e4,j4 ,gillies ,co4 ,inc41 ,mr4 ,weir became president and treasurer of the combined organization4 ,illustration3 ,,col4 ,,william ,p4 ,,roome1 ,,new ,,york ,pioneer ,wholesale ,coffee ,roasters ,a reference to other pioneers in the wholesale coffee-roasting trade may not be amiss here1 even though it involves a repetition of some names that have been given special mention in the case of ,new ,york4 ,in the list that follows are included the most prominent firms and the best known names that helped make roasted coffee history in the ,united ,states in the nineteenth century1 particularly from #ahde to #aijj3 ,,new ,,york4 ,the most prominent firms in the business in ,new ,york in the sixties were3 ,thomas ,reid ,co41 ,globe ,mills2 ,geo4 ,a4 ,merwin ,co42 ,levi ,rowley1 ,star ,mills2 ,a4,b4 ,thorn2 ,fischer ,lehmann1 later ,fischer ,thurber1 and ,fischer1 ,kirby ,brown2 ,knickerbocker ,cooke2 ,a4,d4 ,thurber2 ,wm4 ,j4 ,stitt ,co42 ,samuel ,wilde's ,sons4 ,in the seventies1 in addition to most of the above list1 there were3 ,pupke ,reid2 ,arbuckle ,bros42 ,edward ,a4 ,phelps1 ,jr42 ,bonnett1 ,schenck ,earle2 ,fischer ,lansing2 ,j4,g4 ,worth2 ,jackson ,co42 ,charles ,conway2 ,neidlinger ,schmidt2 ,james ,l4 ,arcularius2 ,s4,m4 ,beard1 ,sons ,co42 ,h4,k4 ,thurber ,co42 ,wright ,gillies ,bro42 ,bennett ,becker2 ,great ,american ,tea ,co42 ,brown ,scott4 ,between #ahgf and #aijj the following well known names appeared in the trade3 ,frederick ,akers2 ,eppens-,smith ,co41 afterward ,eppens1 ,smith ,wiemann ,co41 and later ,eppens ,smith ,co42 ,b4 ,fischer ,co42 ,r4,p4 ,mc,bride2 ,fitzpatrick ,case1 afterward ,a4,c4 ,fitzpatrick ,co42 ,great ,atlantic ,pacific ,tea ,co42 ,loudon ,johnson2 ,edwin ,scott2 ,peter ,haulenbeek1 afterward ,haulenbeek ,mitchell1 and ,haulenbeek ,roasting ,milling ,co42 ,joseph ,stiner ,co42 ,austin1 ,nichols ,co42 ,bennett1 ,sloan ,co42 ,gillies ,coffee ,co42 ,benedict ,gaffney1 afterward ,van ,loan1 ,maguire ,gaffney2 ,ross ,w4 ,weir ,co42 ,union ,pacific ,tea ,co42 ,hillis ,plantation ,co42 ,edwin ,j4 ,gillies ,co42 ,jones ,bros42 ,holland ,coffee ,co42 ,samuel ,crooks ,co42 ,benedict ,thomas4 ,illustration3 ,,pioneer ,,coffee ,,roasters ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,and ,,eastern ,,united ,,states #a--,w4,f4 ,mc,laughlin1 ,chicago2 #b--;,j4,g4 ,flint1 ,milwaukee2 #c--;,frank ,j4 ,geiger1 ,indianapolis2 #d--,samuel ,mahood1 ,pittsburgh2 #e--;,henry ,a4 ,stephens1 ,cleveland2 #f--,w4,h4 ,harrison1 ,cincinnati2 #g--;,albert ,a4 ,sprague1 ,chicago2 #h--;,d4,y4 ,harrison1 ,cincinnati2 #i--,william ,grossman1 ,milwaukee2 #aj--;,edward ,canby1 ,dayton2 #aa--,thomas ,j4 ,boardman1 ,hartford2 #ab--;,francis ,widlar1 ,cleveland2 #ac--,o4,w4 ,pierce1 ,sr41 ,lafayette4 ,ind42 #ad--;,a4,m4 ,thomson ,chicago2 #ae--,samuel ,young1 ,pittsburgh2 #af--;,alvin ,m4 ,woolson1 ,toledo2 #ag--,martin ,hayward1 ,boston2 #ah--;,george ,c4 ,wright1 ,boston2 #ai--,william ,boardman1 ,hartford2 #bj--;,james ,s4 ,sanborn1 ,boston2 #ba--;,james ,heekin1 ,cincinnati2 #bb--;,james ,f4 ,dwinell1 ,boston2 #bc--;,caleb ,chase1 ,boston ,,boston4 ,among the pioneers in the coffee-roasting business in ,boston were3 ,n4 ,berry ,sons2 ,blanchard ,bro42 ,carter1 ,mann ,co42 ,noah ,davis ,co42 ,dyer ,co42 ,e4 ,emerson2 ,flint ,bros4 ,co42 ,j4,t4 ,n4 ,glines2 ,hayward ,co42 ,geo4 ,w4 ,higgins ,co42 ,hill1 ,dwinell ,co42 ,h4,b4 ,newhall2 ,richardson ,lane2 ,n4 ,robinson ,co42 ,russell ,fessenden2 ,stickney ,poor2 ,e4,h4 ,swett2 the ,tremont ,coffee ,spice ,mills2 ,swain1 ,earle ,co42 and the ,martin ,l4 ,hall ,co4 ,between #ahgf and #aijj these names were among those added3 ,shapleigh ,coffee ,co42 ,gilman ,l4 ,parker2 ,w4,s4 ,quinby ,co42 ,thomas ,wood ,co4 ,dwinell ,co4 and ,hayward ,co4 both engaged in the coffee roasting business about #ahde4 ,in #ahgf1 they1 ,james ,f4 ,dwinell1 ,martin ,hayward1 and his brother-in-law ,george ,c4 ,wright1 joined hands under the name of ,dwinell1 ,hayward ,co4 ,in #ahid1 ,mr4 ,hayward having previously retired1 the name of the firm was changed to ,dwinell1 ,wright ,co4 ,mr4 ,dwinell died in #ahih2 and in #ahii1 ,mr4 ,wright formed a ,massachusetts corporation under the present name1 ,dwinell-,wright ,co4 ,george ,c4 ,wright died1 #aiaj1 and his son1 ,george ,s4 ,wright1 who had been treasurer1 became president4 ,a grandson1 ,warren ,m4 ,wright1 and a nephew1 ,g4 ,e4 ,crampton1 together with ,r4,o4 ,miller and ,charles ,h4 ,holland1 are active in the present conduct of the business4 ,caleb ,chase with ,messrs4 ,carr and ,raymond founded the firm of ,carr1 ,chase ,raymond at #cb ,broad ,street in #ahfd4 ,the name was changed to ,chase1 ,raymond ,ayer in #ahga4 ,james ,s4 ,sanborn1 who had formerly been in the coffee and spice trade at ,lewiston1 ,me41 with a branch office in ,boston1 combined with ,caleb ,chase to form ,chase ,sanborn in #ahgh4 ,charles ,d4 ,sias was admitted to the firm in #ahhb4 ,a ,montreal office was opened in #ahhd4 ,charles ,e4 ,sanborn1 son of ,james ,s41 was admitted in #ahhh4 ,james ,s4 ,sanborn died in #aijc1 and ,charles ,e4 ,sanborn died two years later4 ,charles ,d4 ,sias died in #aiac4 ,swain1 ,earle ,co4 were established about #ahfh4 ,in the same year1 ,byron ,t4 ,thayer entered the employ of the firm as a bookkeeper4 ,he was taken into partnership in #ahhd1 and upon the death of ,mr4 ,earle1 became managing partner4 ,in #aiae1 he was the sole surviving partner of the company4 ,he died in the latter part of #aiba2 and the business was absorbed by ,alexander ,h4 ,bill ,co4 in ,january1 #aibb4 ,,philadelphia4 ,the following were the most prominent ,philadelphia coffee roasters in #ahfa3 ,grever ,bro42 ,henry ,hinkle2 ,william ,johnston2 ,george ,kelly2 ,thornley ,ryan2 ,thornley ,bro42 ,vankorn1 ,guggenheimer ,co42 ,d4,j4 ,chapman2 ,bohler ,weikel2 ,charles ,kroberger2 and ,james ,r4 ,webb ,son4 ,later came3 ,robert ,j4 ,rule ,bro42 ,g4 ,boyd ,co42 ,nutrio ,mfg4 ,co42 ,c4,j4 ,fell ,bro42 ,r4,r4 ,a4 ,deverall2 ,c4 ,thomas2 ,william ,h4 ,cheetham1 ,jr42 ,hill ,thornley2 ,george ,ogden ,co42 ,weikel ,smith2 and ,alexander ,sheppard4 ,between #ahgf and #aijj these names appear2 ,henry ,a4 ,fry ,co42 ,robert ,smith ,sons2 ,b4,s4 ,janney1 ,jr4 ,co42 and ,weikel ,smith ,spice ,co4 ,robert ,smith came as a country lad to ,philadelphia1 and drove a wagon for ,jesse ,thornley1 a coffee roaster4 ,in a few years1 he had secured an interest in the firm2 and in #ahfj1 the name was changed to ,thornley ,smith4 ,mr4 ,thornley died in #ahgb1 and ,mr4 ,smith bought out the ,thornley interests and traded as ,robert ,smith until #ahhi4 ,in that year1 he admitted his eldest son1 ,robert ,a4 ,smith1 into the firm1 which became ,robert ,smith ,son4 ,william ,t41 another son1 was admitted in #ahhi1 the firm name being changed again to ,robert ,smith ,sons4 ,robert ,smith1 ,sr41 retired in #aijb4 ,in the same year his youngest son1 ,george ,h4 ,smith1 was admitted to the firm1 and it became ,robert ,smith's ,sons1 the active members being ,william ,t4 and ,george ,h4 ,smith4 ,james ,r4 ,webb established the coffee roasting business of ,james ,r4 ,webb ,son in #ahcc4 ,it was taken over by ,alexander ,sheppard in #ahgj4 ,later it became ,alex4 ,sheppard ,sons1 ,inc4 ,mr4 ,sheppard died in #aiaf1 and the business has been conducted by a corporation in which his four children are the principal stockholders4 ,,chicago4 ,some pioneers in the ,chicago trade were3 ,alfred ,h4 ,blackall2 ,excelsior ,mills 7,downer ,co472 ,huntoon ,towner2 ,w4,f4 ,mc,laughlin2 ,knowles1 ,cloyes ,co42 ,thomson ,taylor2 ,h4,f4 ,griswold2 ,g4,m4 ,hall2 ,john ,l4 ,davies ,co42 ,bell1 ,conrad ,webster2 ,sprague1 ,warner ,co42 ,lee ,murbach2 ,a4 ,stephens ,co42 and ,whiting1 ,goeble ,co4 ,in the period between #ahgf and #aijj the following became well known3 ,sprague1 ,warner ,griswold2 ,reid1 ,murdoch ,fischer2 ,e4,b4 ,millar ,spice ,co42 ,wm4 ,m4 ,hoyt ,co42 ,franklin ,mac,veagh ,co42 ,sherman ,bros4 ,co42 ,h4,c4 ,c4 ,durand2 ,a4,h4 ,pratt2 ,mc,neil ,higgins ,co42 ,j4,h4 ,bell ,co42 ,j4,h4 ,conrad ,co42 ,steele-,wedeles ,co42 ,krag-,reynolds ,co42 ,arbuckle ,bros41 and ,puhl-,webb ,co4 ,h4,c4 ,durand organized the wholesale grocery house of ,durand ,co4 in #ahea4 ,calvin ,durand entered the firm in #ahgi1 and the name was changed to ,h4,c4 ,c4 ,durand4 ,adam ,j4 ,kaspar began to work in a retail grocery4 ,in #ahge1 he went with the wholesale grocery firm of ,james ,forsythe ,co4 and two years later with ,h4,c4 ,c4 ,durand4 ,in #ahid1 the name was changed to ,durand ,kasper4 ,h4,c4 ,durand died in #aija1 and ,calvin ,durand died in #aiaa4 ,durand ,kasper merged1 #aiba1 with ,henry ,horner ,co4 and ,mc,neil ,higgins into the ,wholesale ,grocers ,corporation4 ,samuel ,a4 ,downer founded the ,excelsior ,mills 7,downer ,co47 in #ahec4 ,sidney ,o4 ,blair entered the employ of the company in #ahga4 ,e4,b4 ,millar ,co4 took over the business in #ahgh1 incorporating under that name in #ahhb4 ,mr4 ,blair retired in #aiac1 and ,w4,s4 ,rice was elected president4 ,he died in #aiah1 and ,mr4 ,blair was re-elected president2 with ,w4,c4 ,shope1 vice-president2 and ,c4,s4 ,mauran1 secretary and treasurer4 ,in the spring of #ahfb1 ,albert ,a4 ,sprague came to ,chicago from ,vermont4 ,with ,z4 ,b4 ,stetson he formed the firm of ,sprague ,stetson1 wholesale grocers4 ,mr4 ,stetson retired the following year1 and a new partnership was formed with ,ezra ,j4 ,warner1 under the name of ,sprague ,warner4 ,in #ahfd1 ,o4,s4,a4 ,sprague1 a young brother of the senior partner1 was admitted to the firm1 which was reorganized under the style of ,sprague1 ,warner ,co4 ,under this name it has since continued4 ,about the year #ahgf1 machinery was installed1 and the roasting of coffee began4 ,oscar ,remmer entered the employ of the company in #ahgh at the age of #af1 and became manager of the mill department in #ahie4 ,in #aiab1 he was made a member of the board of directors1 and was elected vice-president in #aiai4 ,o4,s4,a4 ,sprague died in #aiji1 ,ezra ,j4 ,warner ,sr4 in #aiaj1 and ,albert ,a4 ,sprague in #aiae4 ,in #ahfe1 ,a4,m4 ,thomson1 at that time a salesman for ,a4,h4 ,blackall1 owner of the ,american ,mills1 arranged with a ,mr4 ,berg and a ,mr4 ,davis to go in the coffee-roasting business with him as ,berg1 ,thomson ,davis4 ,after a year1 however1 the name became ,a4,m4 ,thomson4 ,james ,thomson1 a brother1 came into the firm in #ahfh1 and it was then called ,a4,m4 ,james ,thomson4 ,a year later1 it became ,a4,m4 ,thomson again4 ,in #ahgb1 immediately after the fire1 ,mr4 ,taylor1 a member of the firm of ,whiting ,taylor1 joined ,mr4 ,thomson under the firm name of ,thomson ,taylor4 ,they continued the business under this name about ten years1 until it was incorporated in #ahhc under the name of ,thomson ,taylor ,spice ,co4 ,among the wholesale grocers who became stockholders at that time was ,w4,s4 ,warfield1 of ,quincy1 ,ill41 who1 in #aija1 with his son1 ,john ,d4 ,warfield1 bought most of ,mr4 ,thomson's holdings and obtained a controlling interest4 ,the name was changed in #aibj to the ,thomson ,taylor ,co4 ,william ,f4 ,mc,laughlin founded the firm of ,w4,f4 ,mc,laughlin ,co4 in #ahfe4 ,he died in #aije2 and the business was incorporated with his son1 ,george ,d41 as president1 and another son1 ,frederick1 as secretary and treasurer4 ,the ,puhl-,webb ,company1 founded1 #ahhb1 as a partnership by ,thomas ,j4 ,webb and ,john ,puhl1 was incorporated in #ahif4 ,,st4 ,,louis4 ,the following were among the pioneer coffee firms of ,st4 ,louis1 dating back to the #ahfj-gj decade3 ,james ,h4 ,forbes2 ,flint1 ,evans ,co42 ,wm4 ,schotten ,co42 ,fred ,w4 ,meyer2 ,h4 ,j4 ,menown2 ,cavanaugh1 ,rearick ,co42 and ,frederick ,a4 ,churchill ,co4 ,from #ahgf to #aijj there were added3 ,nash1 ,smith ,co42 ,fink ,nasse ,co42 ,hanley ,kinsella ,coffee ,spice ,co42 ,flugel ,popp2 ,c4,f4 ,blanke ,tea ,coffee ,co42 ,steinwender1 ,stoffregen ,co42 ,david ,g4 ,evans ,co42 and the ,aroma ,coffee ,spice ,co4 ,david ,nicholson established a tea and coffee business under the name of the ,franklin ,tea ,warehouse in #ahec4 ,a year later1 ,james ,h4 ,forbes1 born in ,kinross1 ,scotland1 bought out ,nicholson4 ,in #aheg1 ,a4,e4 ,forbes1 his son1 came into the store after school hours1 and was admitted to partnership in #ahgj4 ,the retail end of the business was dropped in #ahhj4 ,robert ,m41 the younger son of ,james ,h41 was taken into the firm a few years after ,a4,e4 ,forbes4 ,james ,h4 ,forbes died in #ahij1 and the business has since been carried on by his sons as the ,james ,h4 ,forbes ,tea ,coffee ,co4 ,james ,h4 ,forbes installed the first ,burns roaster in ,st4 ,louis1 and always claimed to have been the first man to roast coffee in the middle west4 ,william ,schotten began his roasting business in #ahfb1 although he had been in the grocery business since #ahdg4 ,a short time later1 a brother1 ,christian ,schotten1 came to the ,united ,states from ,germany and was admitted to partnership1 the firm becoming ,william ,schotten ,bro4 ,christian died in #ahff1 and a brother-in-law1 ,henry ,verborg1 was admitted1 the name being changed to ,william ,schotten ,co4 ,william died in #ahgd1 and the business devolved upon his eldest son1 ,hubertus4 ,in #ahgh1 another son1 ,julius ,j41 was taken in at the age of #ag4 ,hubertus died in #ahig1 and ,julius became manager and sole proprietor4 ,he died in #aiai4 ,since that time1 his son1 ,jerome ,j41 has carried on the business1 which continues under the name of the ,wm4 ,schotten ,coffee ,co4 ,the firm of ,david ,g4 ,evans ,co4 was founded in #ahef by ,david ,g4 ,evans under the style of ,flint1 ,evans ,co41 changed in #ahgj to ,david ,g4 ,evans ,co4 ,david ,g4 ,evans died in #aiaf1 and the name of the company was changed in #aiag1 to the ,david ,g4 ,evans ,coffee ,co41 with ,gwynne ,evans1 a son of ,david ,g41 as president of the corporation4 ,the ,george ,nash ,grocery ,co4 bought the ,eagle ,coffee and ,spice ,mills from the estate of ,mathew ,hunt in #ahgj4 ,about this time ,michael ,e4 ,smith1 who had been with the concern for a number of years1 was made a partner4 ,the firm was incorporated in #ahhg as the ,nash-,smith ,tea ,coffee ,co4 ,george ,nash1 ,sr41 died in #aiaj4 ,,cincinnati4 ,among the pioneer coffee roasters in ,cincinnati were3 ,john ,c4 ,appenzeller2 ,blook ,varwig2 ,j4 ,brock2 ,cincinnati ,spice ,mills2 ,eagle ,spice ,mills2 ,harrison ,wilson2 ,parker ,dixon2 ,kilgour ,taylor2 ,j4,m4 ,krout2 ,succop ,lips2 and ,h4,r4 ,droste4 ,after the centennial year and previous to #aijj1 the following names were added3 ,potter ,parlin2 ,james ,heekin ,co42 ,flugel ,popp2 ,utter1 ,adams ,ellen2 ,j4 ,henry ,koenig ,co42 ,f4,w4 ,hinz2 and the ,woolson ,spice ,co4 ,d4,y4 ,harrison1 then thirty-five years old1 came from ,newark1 ,n4,j41 and settled in ,cincinnati in #ahdc1 opening a coffee roasting business as ,harrison ,wilson4 ,he used an old pull-out roaster with first a negro1 and then a horse-power tread-mill1 for power4 ,a few years later1 ,w4,h4 ,harrison1 a son of the founder1 was admitted to the firm1 the name at that time being ,parker ,harrison4 ,d4,y4 ,harrison died in #ahgb4 ,fire totally destroyed the plant in #ahge4 ,w4,h4 ,harrison then formed a partnership with ,j4,w4 ,utter1 and started in again4 ,he sold out to his partner in #ahhc and went in business for himself as ,w4,h4 ,harrison ,co4 ,d4,y4 ,harrison is said to have been the first man to roast coffee west of ,pittsburg4 ,the ,heekin ,company was established in #ahgj by ,james ,heekin and ,barney ,corbett as a partnership under the name of ,corbett ,heekin4 ,in a short time1 ,corbett died2 and the name of the firm was then changed to ,james ,heekin ,co4 ,alexander ,stuart was admitted to the partnership about #ahhc1 and retired four years later4 ,james ,j4 ,heekin1 older son of ,james ,heekin1 was admitted to partnership in #ahib4 ,charles ,lewis1 after twenty years' experience in the coffee trade in ,louisville1 ,cincinnati1 and ,new ,york1 was admitted to the firm in #ahie4 ,james ,heekin died in #aijd4 ,upon his death1 a corporation was formed under the name of the ,james ,heekin ,company1 with ,charles ,lewis as president1 continuing until he retired in #aiai4 ,in this year a new corporation1 called the ,heekin ,company1 was formed1 taking over the business of the ,james ,heekin ,co4 and the ,heekin ,spice ,co41 the latter having been organized in #ahii4 ,james ,j4 ,heekin was chosen president of the new company1 with ,albert ,e4 ,heekin1 vice-president2 and ,robert ,e4 ,heekin1 secretary and general manager4 ,illustration3 ,,pioneer ,,coffee ,,roasters ,,of ,,the ,,southern ,,and ,,western ,,united ,,states #a--;,j4,b4 ,sinnot1 ,new ,orleans2 #b--;,julius ,j4 ,schotten1 ,st4 ,louis2 #c--;,charles ,stoffregen1 ,st4 ,louis2 #d--,w4,t4 ,jones1 ,new ,orleans2 #e--;,j4,a4 ,folger4 jr41 ,san ,francisco2 #f--,m4,e4 ,smith1 ,st4 ,louis2 #g--;,a4,e4 ,forbes1 ,st4 ,louis2 #h--;,david ,g4 ,evans1 ,st4 ,louis2 #i--,w4,j4 ,kinsella1 ,st4 ,louis2 #aj--;,james ,h4 ,forbes1 ,st4 ,louis2 #aa--;,j4,a4 ,folger1 ,sr41 ,san ,francisco2 #ab--;,joseph ,closset1 ,portland1 ,ore42 #ac--;,j4 ,zinsmeister1 ,louisville2 #ad--,wm4 ,schotten1 ,st4 ,louis2 #ae--;,a4 ,schilling1 ,san ,francisco2 #af--,m4,j4 ,brandenstein1 ,san ,francisco2 #ag--;,j4,o4 ,cheek1 ,nashville2 #ah--;,a4,h4 ,devers1 ,portland1 ,ore4 ,,louisville4 ,pioneers in this early center of coffee roasting in the south were3 ,thornton ,hawkins2 ,charles ,j4 ,bouche2 ,h4,n4 ,gage2 ,a4 ,engelhard2 and ,jacob ,zinsmeister4 ,r4,j4 ,thornton ,co4 were founded in #ahcg by ,richard ,j4 ,thornton and ,thomas ,hawkins1 as ,thornton ,hawkins4 ,thornton died in #ahfj4 ,his interests remained1 but the firm changed to ,hawkins ,thornton4 ,hawkins died in #ahgg1 and ,mrs4 ,thornton1 having purchased the ,hawkins interest1 ran the business as ,r4,j4 ,thornton ,co4 until her death in #ahhe4 ,john ,hayes1 her son-in-law1 then bought the company2 and when he died in #aijd1 his widow ran the business with ,thomas ,a4 ,crawford as manager4 ,mrs4 ,hayes1 the last of the ,thornton family1 died in #aiai1 and her interests were sold to ,crawford and ,r4,h4 ,dorn1 an old employee4 ,the firm first roasted coffee about #ahdf4 ,it is interesting to note that the plant has occupied the present site since its founding1 eighty-four years ago4 ,albert ,engelhard1 ,sr41 founded in #ahee a wholesale grocery house which later became ,a4 ,engelhard ,sons1 ,inc4 ,in #ahgi1 ,george2 in #ahhb1 ,victor ,h42 and in #ahhc1 ,albert1 ,jr42 all sons of the founder1 entered the business4 ,upon moving into larger quarters in #ahij1 all of the sons were taken in as partners4 ,albert ,engelhard1 ,sr41 retired in #ahib1 and the management was assumed by ,victor ,h4 ,the business increased rapidly1 and in #ahig the firm moved to its present location4 ,incorporated in #aija1 the wholesale grocery end was abandoned in #aijc1 and the concern became a strictly coffee1 tea1 and spice house4 ,victor ,h4 ,engelhard died in #aiah2 and his sons1 ,victor1 ,jr41 and ,r4,w4 ,engelhard1 who had been in the business for several years1 assumed active management4 ,victor ,engelhard1 ,sr41 was prominent in coffee affairs and in the early work of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association4 ,jacob ,zinsmeister1 of ,j4 ,zinsmeister ,sons1 was another old-time ,louisville coffee man4 ,before he started roasting1 he was a big factor in the green coffee trade4 ,the business was established in #ahff at ,new ,albany1 ,ind41 by ,frank ,zinsmeister1 ,sr41 but was later moved to ,louisville4 ,jacob ,zinsmeister was taken into the business in #ahgb1 and the name was changed to ,frank ,zinsmeister ,son4 ,he is still active in business1 although he has turned the management over to his three sons4 ,,new ,,orleans4 ,men and firms active in early coffee roasting in ,new ,orleans were3 ,shaw's ,louisiana ,coffee and ,spice ,mills2 ,ruliff1 ,clark ,co42 ,r4 ,poursini ,co42 and ,smith ,mc,kenna4 ,between #ahgf and #aijj were added3 ,new ,orleans ,coffee ,co42 ,smith ,bros4 ,co42 ,southern ,coffee ,polishing ,mills2 and ,cage ,drew4 ,smith ,bros4 ,co4 were organized in #ahfc as ,smith ,mc,kenna4 ,mr4 ,mc,kenna died in #ahgb1 and the firm name was changed to ,smith ,bros4 ,co4 ,the two ,smith brothers died in #ahia1 and #ahib4 ,about #aijj1 the name became ,smith ,bros4 ,co41 ,ltd41 and ,j4,b4 ,sinnot1 who had been employed for a number of years by the firm1 gained control4 ,the company failed in #aiac4 ,mr4 ,sinnot then entered the coffee brokerage business1 in which he remained until his death in #aiag4 ,born in ,new ,orleans in #ahfe1 ,daniel ,h4 ,hoffman started work as a sample clerk in the office of ,e4,p4 ,cottraux1 who was at that time the only coffee broker in ,new ,orleans4 ,in #ahhg1 ,mr4 ,hoffman started in business for himself4 ,in #ahid1 he opened the ,southern ,coffee ,polishing ,mills1 which have since become the ,southern ,coffee ,mills1 ,inc4 ,w4,t4 ,jones1 for many years in business as a coffee broker in ,keokuk1 ,iowa1 founded the ,new ,orleans ,coffee ,co4 in #ahij4 ,he died in #aiai4 ,r4,h4 ,cage and ,j4,c4 ,drew organized in #ahih the firm of ,cage ,drew4 ,in #aijj1 they established the ,louisiana ,coffee ,mills1 under the name and style of ,cage1 ,drew ,co41 ,ltd4 ,ben ,c4 ,casanas joined the ,new ,orleans ,coffee ,co4 as a city salesman1 and later became a road salesman4 ,he withdrew in #aija to organize the ,merchants ,coffee ,co4 of ,new ,orleans1 ,ltd4 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,pioneer coffee roasters in ,san ,francisco were3 ,j4,a4 ,folger ,co42 ,charles ,berhard2 ,h4 ,gates2 ,d4 ,ghirardelli ,co42 ,e4 ,loeven ,co42 ,marden ,myrick2 ,maine ,eckerenkotter2 ,g4 ,venard2 and ,charles ,zwick4 ,between #ahgf and #aijj the following were added3 ,a4 ,schilling ,co42 ,w4,h4 ,miner2 ,siegfried ,brandenstein2 ,george ,w4 ,caswell4 ,j4,a4 ,folger ,co4 were established in #ahej as ,wm4 ,h4 ,bovee ,co4 ,a few years later1 the name became ,marden ,folger1 ,mr4 ,folger having been connected with the old firm4 ,in the early sixties the name was changed to ,j4,a4 ,folger ,co4 ,two employees were taken into the firm in #ahgh4 ,these were ,a4 ,schilling and a ,mr4 ,lamb4 ,the company was now called ,folger1 ,schilling ,co4 ,this partnership was dissolved in #ahha1 and the business continued as ,j4 ,a4 ,folger ,co4 ,mr4 ,folger died in #ahij1 and the firm was then incorporated under the same name4 ,shortly after ,folger1 ,schilling ,co4 was dissolved1 ,a4 ,schilling and ,george ,volkman formed the firm of ,a4 ,schilling ,co4 ,mr4 ,schilling began his career as an office boy with ,j4,a4 ,folger in #ahga4 ,m4,j4 ,brandenstein and ,john ,c4 ,siegfried formed a co-partnership under the name of ,siegfried ,brandenstein in #ahhj4 ,mr4 ,brandenstein bought out his partner in #ahid1 and took in his brothers1 ,manfred and ,edward1 the firm name becoming ,m4 ,j4 ,brandenstein ,co4 ,george ,w4 ,caswell started in the retail tea and coffee business in ,san ,francisco under his own name in #ahhe4 ,in #ahih1 the business became wholesale only4 ,it was incorporated in #aija as the ,george ,w4 ,caswell ,co4 ,the company took over the brands and travelling organization of ,lievre1 ,frick ,co41 which went into a dissolution of partnership in #aijb4 ,,milwaukee4 ,prominent among early coffee roasters of ,milwaukee were3 ,w4 ,j4 ,g4 ,flint2 ,james ,ryan ,co42 ,j4,b4 ,reynolds2 ,jewett ,sherman2 and ,c4,e4 ,andrews ,co4 ,later we find added the ,wm4 ,grossman ,co4 ,j4,g4 ,flint and ,wyman ,flint founded the business known as ,w4 ,j4,g4 ,flint in #aheh4 ,j4,g4 ,flint bought out his brother in #ahhj and continued as the ,j4,g4 ,flint ,co41 owner of the ,star ,coffee and ,spice ,mills4 ,he died in #ahif4 ,the business was incorporated in #aija as the ,j4,g4 ,flint ,co41 with ,w4,k4 ,flint1 a son of ,j4,g41 as president4 ,the ,jewett ,sherman ,co4 took control in #aiaa4 ,professor ,milo ,p4 ,jewett1 ,professor ,s4,s4 ,sherman1 and his brother1 ,william ,sherman1 founded the firm of ,jewett1 ,sherman ,co4 in #ahfg1 and continued under that name until #ahge1 when it was incorporated as ,jewett ,sherman ,co41 with ,milo ,p4 ,jewett as president1 and ,henry ,b4 ,sherman1 secretary and treasurer4 ,professor ,s4,s4 ,sherman and his sons1 ,fred and ,henry ,b41 sold out their interests in #ahgh and formed a new business in ,chicago under the name of ,sherman ,bros4 ,co4 ,william ,m4 ,sherman then became president of ,jewett ,sherman ,co41 and ,charles ,a4 ,murdock1 a nephew of ,s4,s4 and ,william ,sherman1 was made secretary and treasurer4 ,mr4 ,murdock withdrew in #ahha and established the ,c4,a4 ,murdock ,mfg4 ,co4 in ,kansas ,city4 ,in that same year1 ,william ,h4 ,sherman1 another nephew1 became a stockholder and one of the directors of ,jewett ,sherman ,co4 ,dr4 ,lewis ,sherman succeeded his father as president of the company in #ahia1 and served in that capacity until his death in #aiae1 when he was succeeded by his son1 ,lewis ,sherman1 who is president of the company at the present time 7#aibb74 ,john ,horter1 who is now secretary1 joined the business in #ahgg4 ,william ,grossman started in the wholesale grocery business in #ahhf4 ,john and ,henry ,dahlman were admitted to partnership in #ahhi4 ,about three years later1 the latter closed out his interests to ,j4,f4,w4 ,imbusch4 ,the present corporation was established in #ahib as ,wm4 ,grossman ,co4 ,the firm was incorporated ,august #a1 #aiaf1 as the ,wm4 ,grossman ,co41 with ,wm4 ,grossman as president1 ,george ,a4 ,grossman as vice-president1 and ,paul ,e4 ,apel as secretary and treasurer4 ,another old-time coffee man of ,milwaukee was ,charles ,a4 ,clark1 who had been in the coffee business for nearly twenty years before he organized the present business of ,clark ,host ,co4 ,,toledo4 ,the pioneer roasting firms here seem to have been3 ,warren ,bedwell2 and ,j4,b4 ,baldy ,co4 ,later1 after #ahgf1 we find added the ,bour ,company1 and the ,woolson ,spice ,co4 ,the latter company was founded in #ahhb by ,a4,m4 ,woolson1 who up to that time had conducted a successful retail grocery business for several years4 ,the ,woolson ,spice ,co4 was sold to ,h4,o4 ,havemeyer of ,new ,york in #ahif1 the reputed sale price being #b1jjj1jjj4 ,a4,m4 ,woolson retired from business at that time4 ,upon the death of ,mr4 ,havemeyer1 the company passed into the hands of ,hermann ,sielcken2 and when he died1 an ,american company secured control4 ,illustration3 ,,ground ,,coffee ,,price ,,list ,,of #ahfb ,the ,bour ,company was incorporated in #ahib1 following a partnership which had succeeded to a small business concern under the name of the ,eagle ,spice ,company4 ,the principal stockholders were3 ,j4,m4 ,bour1 ,f4,g4 ,kendrick1 and ,albro ,blodgett4 ,mr4 ,blodgett bought the ,bour interests in #aiji and with ,s4,w4 ,beckley1 who had been sales manager for a number of years1 acquired practically all the other outside interests4 ,the name was changed in #aiba to the ,blodgett-,beckley ,co41 the officers being ,albro ,blodgett1 president1 ,s4,w4 ,beckley1 vice-president and manager1 and ,henry ,p4 ,blodgett1 secretary and treasurer4 ,,cleveland4 ,pioneers in ,cleveland were3 ,smith ,curtis2 ,a4 ,stephens ,sons2 ,john ,h4 ,ganse2 and ,w4,d4 ,drake ,co4 ,in #ahgj1 we find ,edwards1 ,townsend ,co42 ,knight1 ,eberman ,co42 ,talbot1 ,winslow ,co42 ,williams ,tait2 and ,lemmon ,son1 added4 ,beards ,cummings1 coffee roasters of ,new ,york ,city1 established a branch in ,cleveland under the management of ,alvan ,stephens in #ahee4 ,later1 ,stephens took over the business for himself and changed the name to ,frisbie ,stephens4 ,in #ahfa ,alvan's sons1 ,henry ,a4 and ,samuel ,r41 were admitted and the firm became ,a4 ,stephens ,sons4 ,alvan ,stephens died in #ahgc1 and ,samuel moved to ,chicago to open a branch4 ,he died in #ahgh4 ,henry ,a4 continued the business until #ahha1 when ,francis ,widlar was admitted to partnership1 and the name was changed to ,stephens ,widlar4 ,henry ,a4 ,stephens died in #ahig1 and ,a4,l4 ,somers1 ,h4,h4 ,hewitt1 and ,d4,d4 ,hudson1 all old employees1 were admitted1 and the firm name was changed to ,f4 ,widlar ,co4 ,carl ,w4 ,brand1 a nephew of ,francis ,widlar1 joined the company in #ahih4 ,upon the death of his uncle1 the business was incorporated as the ,widlar ,co41 and ,mr4 ,brand became president in #aiaj4 ,,pittsburgh4 ,next to ,new ,york1 ,pittsburg was one of the first cities to forge to the front as a coffee-roasting center4 ,these are the firms that were among the leaders in the period between #ahfj and #ahgj3 ,arbuckles ,co42 ,w4,t4 ,bown ,bro42 ,dilworth ,bros42 ,rinehart ,stevens2 ,t4,c4 ,jenkins ,bro42 ,carter ,bros4 ,co42 ,j4,s4 ,dilworth ,co42 ,jesse ,h4 ,lippincott2 ,shields ,boucher2 and ,haworth ,dewhurst4 ,samuel ,young1 ,samuel ,mahood1 and ,e4 ,b4 ,mahood formed a partnership as ,young1 ,mahood ,co4 in #ahgi4 ,e4,b4 ,mahood withdrew in #ahij4 ,samuel ,mahood retired in #aijf1 and the company was incorporated as the ,young-,mahood ,company1 with ,samuel ,young as president1 and ,w4 ,james ,mahood as vice-president and general manager4 ,,portland1 ,,oregon4 ,early roasters in the trade of this city were3 ,j4,f4 ,jones2 ,h4 ,c4 ,hudson ,co42 ,marden ,folger2 ,verdier ,closset2 and ,closset ,devers4 ,joseph and ,emile ,closset formed a partnership as ,closset ,bros1 in #ahhj4 ,a4,h4 ,devers1 who had been a salesman with ,folger1 ,schilling ,co41 ,san ,francisco1 and later with ,a4 ,schilling ,co41 bought out ,emile ,closset in #ahhc1 and the firm became ,closset ,devers4 ,joseph ,closset died in #aiae4 ,,baltimore4 ,pioneer roasters in ,baltimore were3 ,joseph ,braas2 ,daniel ,many2 ,george ,pearson2 ,sylvester ,ruth2 and ,john ,g4 ,siegman4 ,these were quickly followed by ,barclay ,hasson2 ,zoller ,little2 ,benjamin ,berry2 ,jesse ,lazear2 and others4 ,later1 after #ahgf1 came3 ,e4 ,levering ,co42 the ,enterprise ,coffee ,co42 ,c4,d4 ,kenny2 ,j4,w4 ,laughlin ,co41 now ,le ,morgan ,coffee ,co42 and the ,saxon ,coffee ,company4 ,,detroit4 ,in ,detroit in #ahfj-gj were3 ,evans ,walker2 ,farrington1 ,campbell ,co42 ,a4,r4 ,w4,f4 ,linn2 ,j4,h4 ,riggs2 and ,palmer1 ,warner ,co4 ,after #ahgf were added ,sinclair1 ,evans ,elliot2 ,huber ,stendel2 and ,j4,a4 ,parent ,co4 ,,other ,,cities4 ,names of pioneer roasters of other towns in #ahfj and #ahgj were3 ,george ,boardman1 ,albany1 ,n4,y42 ,chubuck ,saunders1 ,binghamton1 ,n4,y42 ,george ,w4 ,hayward1 and ,p4,j4 ,ferris1 ,buffalo1 ,n4,y42 ,lorimore ,bros41 and ,george ,r4 ,forrester1 ,elmira1 ,n4,y42 ,hatch ,jenks1 ,jamestown1 ,n4,y42 ,n4,b4 ,beede1 ,newburgh1 ,n4,y42 ,a4,f4 ,booth1 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4,y42 ,ethridge1 ,tuller ,co41 ,rome1 ,n4,y42 ,m4,n4 ,van ,zandt ,co41 ,l4,b4 ,eddy ,co41 and ,c4,t4 ,moore1 ,rochester1 ,n4,y42 ,ostrander1 ,loomis ,co41 and ,jacob ,crouse ,co41 ,syracuse1 ,n4,y42 ,c4,h4 ,garrison1 ,troy1 ,n4,y42 ,hinchman ,howard1 and ,j4 ,griffiths ,co41 ,utica1 ,n4,y42 ,b4,f4 ,hoopes1 ,bloomington1 ,ill42 ,c4,p4 ,farrell1 and ,charles ,richards1 ,peoria1 ,ill42 ,slemmons ,conkling1 ,springfield1 ,ill42 ,henry ,wales1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn42 ,a4,b4 ,gillett1 ,wm4 ,boardman ,sons1 ,hartford ,steam ,coffee ,spice ,mills1 and ,park1 ,fellowes ,co41 ,hartford1 ,conn42 ,benj4 ,peck ,kellum1 and ,steele ,emery1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn42 ,w4,s4 ,scull ,co41 ,camden1 ,n4,j42 ,theo4 ,f4 ,johnson ,co41 and the ,pioneer ,mills1 ,newark1 ,n4,j42 ,charles ,a4 ,dunham1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4,j42 ,james ,ronan and ,wm4 ,dolton ,co41 ,trenton1 ,n4,j42 ,butler1 ,earhart ,co41 ,columbus1 ,ohio2 ,c4,a4 ,trentman ,bro41 and ,j4,d4 ,beach ,co41 ,dayton1 ,ohio2 ,w4 ,s4 ,stevens1 and ,f4,c4 ,dietz1 ,zanesville1 ,ohio2 ,j4,e4 ,tone1 ,des ,moines1 ,iowa2 ,h4,p4 ,hess1 ,cornell ,smith1 and ,e4 ,warne1 ,easton1 ,pa42 ,e4,s4 ,forster1 ,erie1 ,pa42 ,haehnlen ,bros41 ,harrisburg1 ,pa42 ,d4,g4 ,yuengling1 ,pottsville1 ,pa42 ,a4 ,g4 ,zilmore ,co41 ,scranton1 ,pa42 ,granger ,co41 ,titusville1 ,pa42 ,huestis ,hamilton1 and ,b4 ,trentman ,son1 ,ft4 ,wayne1 ,ind42 ,s4 ,hamill ,co41 ,keokuk1 ,ia42 ,h4,h4 ,lee1 and ,maguire ,gillespie1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind42 ,joseph ,strong1 ,terre ,haute1 ,ind42 ,curtis ,burnham1 ,leavenworth1 ,kan42 ,yates ,dudley1 ,lexington1 ,ky42 ,a4 ,turner1 ,wheeling1 ,w4 ,va42 ,granger ,hodge1 and ,nathaniel ,crocker1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn42 ,w4,w4 ,totten ,bro41 ,nashville1 ,tenn42 ,henry ,burns1 ,savannah1 ,ga42 ,a4 ,mc,farland1 ,springfield1 ,mass42 ,alexander ,wills ,co41 ,montreal1 ,canada2 and ,peter ,hendershot1 ,st4 ,catherine1 ,canada4 ,between #ahgf and #aijj1 many other names came into prominence1 and among them mention should be made of3 ,h4 ,hulman1 ,terre ,haute1 ,ind42 ,a4,b4 ,gates ,co41 and ,schnull ,krag1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind42 ,o4,w4 ,pierce ,co41 and ,geiger-,tinney ,co41 ,lafayette1 ,ind42 ,twitchell1 ,champlin ,co41 ,portland1 ,me42 ,nave-,mc,cord ,mfg4 ,co41 ,mokaska ,mfg4 ,co41 and the ,midland ,spice ,co41 ,st4 ,joseph1 ,mo42 ,beaham-,moffatt ,mfg4 ,co41 and ,c4,a4 ,murdock ,co41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo42 ,clarke ,bros4 ,co41 ,t4 ,s4 ,grigor ,co41 ,consolidated ,coffee ,co41 and ,mc,cord1 ,brady ,co41 ,omaha1 ,neb42 ,dayton ,spice ,mills ,co41 and ,canby1 ,ach ,canby1 ,dayton1 ,ohio2 ,ohio ,coffee ,spice ,co41 and ,butler1 ,crawford ,co41 ,columbus1 ,ohio2 ,bacon1 ,stickney ,co41 ,albany1 ,n4,y42 ,charles ,r4 ,groff ,co41 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn42 ,john ,g4 ,schuler1 ,covington1 ,ky42 ,j4,w4 ,thomas ,son1 ,nashville1 ,tenn42 ,geo4 ,f4 ,hanley ,co41 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal42 ,c4,s4 ,morey ,mercantile ,co41 ,denver1 ,col42 and ,w4,g4 ,lown ,coffee ,co41 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,william ,boardman1 founder of ,wm4 ,boardman ,sons ,co41 ,hartford1 ,conn41 began roasting coffee at ,wethersfield in #ahda with a hand-power roaster1 using wood for fuel4 ,he moved his plant to ,hartford in #ahej4 ,in the same year1 his son ,thomas ,j41 after serving a fifteen-year apprenticeship in a country store1 entered his father's employ4 ,three years later1 he and his brother1 ,william ,f4,j4 ,boardman1 were admitted to the firm1 the name being changed to ,wm4 ,boardman ,sons4 ,howard ,f4 ,boardman1 a son of ,thomas ,j41 began working in the business in #ahhj1 and was admitted to partnership in #ahhh4 ,the same year1 the founder died and ,william ,f4,j4 retired4 ,the business has since been conducted by ,thomas ,j4 and ,howard ,f4 ,boardman4 ,the company was incorporated in #ahih1 and ,john ,pepion was admitted4 ,the president of the company1 ,thomas ,j4 ,boardman1 is at the time of writing ninety years old4 ,he still takes a very active interest in the business1 and his cup sense is as acute as ever4 ,the ,o4,w4 ,pierce ,company1 ,lafayette1 ,ind4 was founded in #ahdg by ,oliver ,webster ,pierce1 ,sr4 ,except for three years in the fifties1 when the firm was known as ,reynolds1 ,hatcher ,pierce1 it has been known as the ,o4,w4 ,pierce ,company since it was established4 ,the company was incorporated in #aije with ,o4,w4 ,pierce1 ,jr4 as its head4 ,the senior ,mr4 ,pierce died in #aiba4 ,the firm first roasted coffee in #ahia4 ,prior to that time it had been in the wholesale grocery business4 ,the ,william ,s4 ,scull ,co41 ,camden1 ,n4,j41 was established in #aheh by ,william ,s4 ,scull1 whose father had been in the retail tea and coffee business4 ,william ,scull died in #aiaf4 ,h4 ,newmark founded ,h4 ,newmark ,co4 in ,los ,angeles in #ahfe4 ,he retired in #ahhf1 and ,maurice ,h4 ,newmark was made a full partner4 ,the present name is ,m4,a4 ,newmark ,co4 ,in #ahfh1 ,major ,david ,b4 ,hamill entered1 as junior partner1 the firm of ,s4 ,hamill ,co41 ,keokuk1 ,iowa1 of which his father1 ,smith ,hamill1 was the head4 ,smith ,hamill died in #ahij1 and ,david ,b4 became head of the firm4 ,he died in #aiaf4 ,william ,tackaberry was a junior partner in the firm of ,s4 ,hamill ,co41 ,keokuk1 ,iowa4 ,he began a business of his own in the same city in #ahfh4 ,ten years later1 he moved the company to ,sioux ,city1 and continued there as the ,wm4 ,tackaberry ,co4 ,joel ,o4 ,cheek began traveling for the wholesale grocery house of ,webb1 ,hughes ,co41 ,nashville1 ,tenn41 in #ahgc4 ,later1 he was admitted to partnership1 the firm becoming ,webb1 ,cheek ,co41 and then ,cheek1 ,norton ,neal4 ,he formed the ,nashville ,coffee ,mfg4 ,co41 in #ahii4 ,it was merged in #aija into the ,cheek-,neal ,coffee ,co4 ,jekiel and ,isaac ,e4 ,tone began the business of ,tone ,bros4 at ,des ,moines1 ,iowa1 in ,march1 #ahgc1 with one roaster and one spice mill4 ,the business was incorporated in #ahig4 ,jekiel ,tone died in #aijj1 and ,isaac ,e4 ,tone in #aiaf4 ,the business is now 7#aibb7 carried on by ,w4,e4 and ,jay ,e4 ,tone4 ,edward ,canby began business in ,dayton1 ,ohio1 in #ahge1 succeeding the firm of ,j4,d4 ,beach ,co4 ,he retired in #ahhf1 and the business was left in charge of ,frank ,l4 ,canby and ,p4,j4 ,ach4 ,the latter had entered the employ of ,canby in #ahgg4 ,he secured an interest in the business in #ahhb1 and became a partner in #ahij4 ,when the company was incorporated as ,canby1 ,ach ,canby in #aijd1 he was elected president4 ,mr4 ,ach has been very prominent in the affairs of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association since its organization4 ,frank ,j4 ,geiger began in the tea1 coffee1 and spice business in ,lafayette1 ,ind41 under the name of ,culver ,geiger4 ,mr4 ,culver1 who had never been active1 died in #ahhi1 and in #ahib the ,geiger-,tinney ,company was formed with ,f4,j4 ,geiger as president4 ,the plant was moved to ,indianapolis in #aija with ,william ,l4 ,horn as vice-president1 and ,henry ,c4 ,tinney as secretary and treasurer4 ,the name was changed to the ,geiger-,fishback ,co4 in #aiab1 and ,mr4 ,geiger retired4 ,frank ,s4 ,fishback acquired all the stock of the company in #aiah1 and the name was changed to the ,fishback ,co4 with ,f4,s4 ,fishback1 president2 ,john ,s4 ,fishback1 treasurer2 and ,f4 ,c4 ,fishback1 secretary4 ,s4 ,holstad joined the ,thomson ,taylor ,spice ,co of ,chicago in #ahib4 ,he left in #aija and went to ,minneapolis1 where he became a member of the firm of ,atwood ,hoisted4 ,he withdrew in #aijh to form the firm of ,s4 ,holstad ,co41 with ,charles ,ekelund and ,alexander ,w4 ,kreiser as partners4 ,after the withdrawal of ,mr4 ,holstad from ,atwood ,holstad1 ,mr4 ,atwood continued as ,atwood ,co4 ,f4,p4 ,atha began work as a coffee salesman with ,holman ,co41 ,terre ,haute1 ,ind4 ,he went to ,san ,francisco in #ahii and entered the employ of ,j4,a4 ,folger ,co41 and introduced ,folger products east of the ,rockies4 ,he opened the ,kansas ,city branch in #aijg2 and a year later1 he was admitted to the firm and made vice-president and general manager4 ,the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association ,the first effort to organize the coffee roasters of the ,united ,states dates back to #ahhe1 when several ,st4 ,louis coffee roasters came together in a kind of gentlemen's agreement not to cut the price of roasting green coffee1 which had declined1 owing to ruthless competition1 from #a4jj to #aj cents a bag4 ,the various parties to the agreement posted #ejj checks each as forfeits1 not to violate the price as fixed4 ,after one year1 a check was cashed2 but the principal claimed his lapse was clerical and not in violation of the agreement4 ,however1 as a result of the argument that followed1 the organization was disbanded4 ,illustration3 ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,organization ,,convention ,,of ,,the ,,national ,,coffee ,,roasters ,,association1 ,,st4 ,,louis1 ,,may #bf1 #aiaa ,reading from left to right3 ,w4,b4 ,johnson1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,w4,t4 ,jones1 ,new ,orleans2 ,george ,schulte1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,c4,f4 ,blanke1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,ben ,casanas1 ,new ,orleans2 ,carl ,stoffregen1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,edward ,d4 ,hanly1 ,kansas ,city2 ,h4,c4 ,grote1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,james ,menown1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,frank ,p4 ,atha1 ,kansas ,city2 ,henry ,petring1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,j4,m4 ,mc,fadden1 ,dubuque1 ,iowa2 ,joseph ,maury1 ,memphis2 ,t4,f4 ,halligan1 ,davenport2 ,f4,j4 ,ach1 ,dayton2 ,carl ,brand1 ,cleveland2 ,wm4 ,fisher1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,m4,h4 ,gasser1 ,toledo2 ,julius ,j4 ,schotten1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,e4,w4 ,bockman1 ,paducah1 ,ky42 ,louis ,christopherson1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,felix ,coste1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,w4,e4 ,tone1 ,des ,moines2 ,robert ,meyer1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,fred ,roth1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,m4,e4 ,smith4 ,st4 ,louis2 ,j4,b4 ,dubrouilett1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,floyd ,norwine1 ,st4 ,louis ,as early as #aijj1 leaders of the trade's best thought began to urge the need of a national organization among coffee roasters4 ,as a result of informal meetings between men like ,robert ,m4 ,forbes1 ,julius ,j4 ,schotten1 ,robert ,meyer1 and ,messrs4 ,roth and ,homeyer1 around the luncheon table in ,st4 ,louis1 to discuss trade abuses and bring about better trade co-operation1 the subject of a ,st4 ,louis organization of coffee roasters began to be agitated about #aijf4 ,it was not until four years later1 however1 that the idea took definite form4 ,on ,september #ad1 #aiaj1 the ,traffic ,association of ,st4 ,louis ,coffee ,importers was organized1 starting out with a membership of ten firms1 its chief object being to obtain an adjustment of freight rates to and from ,st4 ,louis as advantageous as those prevailing for ,chicago and ,new ,york4 ,this association--of which ,robert ,meyer was the first president1 and ,h4,l4 ,homeyer1 vice-president1 ,j4,s4 ,hartman1 secretary1 and ,g4,h4 ,petring1 treasurer--was the forerunner of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,traffic and ,pure ,food ,association organized in #aiaa and now known as the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association4 ,at the organization meeting of the national association twenty-six coffee-roasting establishments in the ,mississippi ,valley were represented at the conference held ,may #bf-bg in the ,planters ,hotel1 ,st4 ,louis4 ,the objects of the new body were announced in the constitution1 as3 ,first3 ,to foster and promote a feeling of fellowship and good will among its members1 and on broad and equitable lines to advance the welfare of the coffee trade and the consumer4 ,second3 ,to eliminate or minimize abuses1 methods and practises inimical to the proper conduct of business4 ,third3 ,to assist in the enactment and enforcement of uniform pure food laws which in their operations shall deal justly and equitably with the rights of the consumer and the trade4 ,the association started with these officers3 ,julius ,j4 ,schotten1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,president2 ,m4,h4 ,gasser1 ,toledo1 vice-president2 ,w4,e4 ,tone1 ,des ,moines1 treasurer1 and ,w4,j4,h4 ,bown1 ,st4 ,louis1 secretary4 ,meanwhile1 as a result of an agitation started by ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 a meeting of ,new ,york and eastern coffee roasters was called at the ,fulton ,club1 ,new ,york1 ,october #bg1 #aiaa1 to discuss plans for a national organization4 ,m4 ,h4 ,gasser attended this meeting1 and told of the plan of the western roasters to organize such an organization at a meeting called for ,chicago the following month4 ,the promoters of the eastern organization subsequently abandoned their efforts in favor of the western group4 ,illustration3 ,,robert ,,meyer1 ,,st4 ,,louis ,first president of the ,coffee ,roasters' original organization ,at the first convention of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,traffic and ,pure ,food ,association1 held in ,chicago1 ,november #af-ag1 #aiaa1 all the foregoing officers were retained1 the office of second vice-president was created1 and ,frank ,r4 ,seelye was selected to fill it4 ,that the organization idea was popular among the roasters was evident from the fact that at the close of the convention it was announced that the membership was then seventy-one firms in cities as far east as ,virginia and as far west as ,kansas ,city4 ,the convention demonstrated that the association was really a national organization1 which quieted suspicions prevalent in some quarters of the trade in the east that it was chiefly a ,mississippi ,valley unit4 ,the first convention is remembered principally because of ,hermann ,sielcken's defense of the ,brazil coffee valorization plan1 which was then the big question of the coffee trade4 ,the titles of some of the other addresses will serve to indicate how the scope of the association had enlarged since its organization a few months before3 ,an ,attack on ,valorization by ,thomas ,j4 ,webb1 of ,chicago2 ,uniform ,food ,laws1 by ,w4,t4 ,jones1 of ,new ,orleans2 ,penny-,change ,systems1 by ,r4,w4 ,mc,creery1 of ,marshalltown1 ,ia2 ,traffic and ,freight ,abuses1 by ,w4,e4 ,tone1 of ,des ,moines2 ,transportation ,problems1 by ,carl ,h4 ,stoffregen1 ,st4 ,louis2 ,coffee ,publicity1 by ,f4,h4 ,henrici1 of ,chicago2 ,coffee ,roasters' ,costs and ,accounting1 by ,f4,j4 ,ach1 ,chicago4 ,the first convention proved a success1 and attracted attention4 ,the second annual convention1 held in ,new ,york1 ,november #ac-ae1 #aiab1 showed that the association had grown to a membership of #ace firms located in all parts of the country1 and that its influence had extended throughout the whole trade4 ,valorization continued to be a much discussed subject4 ,hermann ,sielcken and others again defending it in speeches2 but the majority of the association seemed opposed to the scheme4 ,probably the most important feature of the convention was the report of the committee of nine men who had visited ,brazil to investigate conditions there and to interest the ,brazilian coffee growers in an advertising campaign4 ,an address on this subject was made by the editor of ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 in which he suggested a plan for propaganda and advocated scientific research to find out the truth about coffee4 ,the election of officers resulted in the selection of ,f4,j4 ,ach1 ,dayton1 as president2 ,frank ,r4 ,seelye1 ,chicago1 first vice-president2 ,ross ,w4 ,weir1 ,new ,york1 second vice-president2 and ,robert ,meyer1 ,st4 ,louis1 treasurer4 ,the #aiab convention changed the name of the association to the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 dropping the words ,traffic and ,pure ,food from the original title4 ,illustration3 ,,julius ,j4 ,,schotten--#aiaa-ab ,illustration3 ,f4,j4 ,,ach--#aiab-ad ,illustration3 ,,ross ,w4 ,,weir--#aiad-af ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,frank ,r4 ,,seelye--#aiaf-ag ,illustration3 ,,ben ,c4 ,,casanas--#aiag-ah ,illustration3 ,,carl ,w4 ,,brand--#aiah-ba ,illustration3 ,,former ,,presidents1 ,,national ,,coffee ,,roasters ,,association ,the third convention1 which was held ,november #ab-ad1 #aiac1 in ,cincinnati1 demonstrated that the scope of usefulness of the association was still growing1 as shown by the resolutions which approved better coffee-making publicity2 favored a national coffee day2 urged the appointment of inspectors at ports of entry to prevent the importation of green coffee under government standard ,no4 #h2 condemned the excessive watering of coffee and all coffee coatings2 and provided for the appointment of an agent to visit ,brazil to furnish members with reliable reports on crop flowering4 ,f4,j4 ,ach was re-elected president2 ,ross ,w4 ,weir succeeded ,f4,r4 ,seelye as first vice-president2 ,w4,t4 ,jones succeeded ,mr4 ,weir as second vice-president1 and ,robert ,meyer was retained as treasurer4 ,secretary ,g4,w4 ,toms1 who had been appointed in ,april1 #aiac1 reported that the association had made a net gain of thirteen members1 bringing the total up to #add4 ,the membership of the association had been increased by twenty names when the fourth annual convention was opened in ,new ,orleans1 ,november #af-ai1 #aiad1 making the total #afd4 ,better coffee making1 roasting economies1 a national coffee week1 and improved methods of handling green coffee in ports and warehouses1 were the principal topics considered at the #aiad meeting4 ,as a result of the discussions1 the association went on record in its resolutions as being against the misbranding of both green and roasted coffee2 favored the creation of a ,united ,states board of coffee experts2 and the establishment of an association trade-mark bureau4 ,for the ensuing year ,ross ,w4 ,weir1 ,new ,york1 was chosen president2 ,j4,o4 ,cheek1 ,nashville1 first vice-president2 ,t4,f4 ,halligan1 ,davenport1 second vice-president2 and ,w4,t4 ,morley1 ,worcester1 treasurer4 ,the decision to get together on a comprehensive national publicity campaign in the interest of coffee was the outstanding feature of the fifth annual convention1 which was held in ,st4 ,louis1 ,november #h-aa1 #aiae1 in the same room in the ,planters ,hotel in which the association was organized in #aiaa4 ,from a body of twenty-six roasters1 the association had grown in five years to a membership of #bja firms and individuals4 ,among the more important things done at this convention was the decision to undertake a practical publicity plan to advertise coffee2 the adoption of a uniform cost-and-freight contract2 the proposal to prepare educational matter on coffee for the schools2 and the recommendation to employ a chemist to carry on research work4 ,there were spirited discussions also on gas1 coal1 and coke as roasting fuels2 on the best way to get retailer co-operation1 and whether it was advisable to continue the national coffee week idea4 ,president ,weir1 ,vice-,presidents ,cheek and ,halligan1 and ,treasurer ,morley were re-elected4 ,the sixth annual convention1 held in ,atlantic ,city1 ,november #ad-ag1 #aiaf1 placed emphasis on research into grinding and brewing2 on plans for doing something practical to help grocers regain their lost coffee trade2 and on an investigation into the scientific costs of roasting4 ,the admittance of green coffee and allied interests into the association was also discussed1 and it was resolved to make the subject an order of business for special consideration at the next convention4 ,at this meeting ,frank ,r4 ,seelye1 ,chicago1 was elected president2 ,ben ,c4 ,casanas1 ,new ,orleans1 first vice-president2 ,j4,m4 ,mc,fadden1 ,dubuque1 second vice-president2 and ,m4,h4 ,gasser1 ,toledo1 treasurer4 ,the membership was reported as being #bjd1 showing a net increase of three during the year4 ,the seventh convention1 held in ,chicago1 ,november #ad-ae1 #aiag1 came when the first movement of ,american soldiers to ,european battlefields was begun1 and patriotism was the keynote of the meeting4 ,because of the stress of the times1 the program was cut to two days1 instead of the three days of former meetings4 ,the outstanding features of the convention were3 the decision not to admit green coffee men to the association2 the decision to establish a permanent headquarters2 the announcement that ,brazil was then collecting funds for its part in the national advertising campaign2 and the proposal by ,john ,e4 ,king1 ,detroit1 that the term lead number be used instead of caffetannic acid1 which he asserted was a misnomer4 ,the executive committee was authorized to employ a secretary-manager4 ,the shorter terms and credits idea was endorsed by the association4 ,these officers were elected for the next year2 ,ben ,c4 ,casanas1 ,new ,orleans1 president2 ,s4,h4 ,holstad1 ,minneapolis1 first vice-president2 ,edward ,aborn1 ,new ,york1 second vice-president2 ,m4,h4 ,gasser1 ,toledo1 treasurer4 ,the influenza epidemic1 which swept the country the latter part of #aiah1 caused the postponement of many business and public gatherings1 and the eighth annual roasters convention did not assemble until ,december #e-f1 in ,cleveland--at only ten days' notice4 ,unlike previous occasions1 this was in reality a combined convention of all roasted and green coffee men in the trade1 both association members and non-members4 ,no regular program was followed1 the meeting being somewhat in the character of a trade conference4 ,the salient features of the convention were the decisions3 to double the annual dues1 in order to provide for a paid secretary-manager and to establish permanent headquarters2 to organize a spice grinders' section2 and to ask the government to remove all restrictions on coffee trading4 ,the ,food ,administration's coffee regulations came in for severe criticism4 ,the election of officers resulted in ,carl ,w4 ,brand1 ,cleveland1 becoming president2 ,robert ,m4 ,forbes1 ,st4 ,louis1 first vice-president2 ,j4,a4 ,folger1 ,san ,francisco1 second vice-president2 and ,lewis ,sherman1 ,milwaukee1 treasurer4 ,the ninth convention of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association was of greater import to all branches of the coffee trade than any that had preceded it4 ,the results of the meeting showed the association had gone far since the organization meeting in ,st4 ,louis in #aiaa4 ,as in #aiaf1 the convention was held in ,atlantic ,city1 ,november #ab-ad1 #aiai1 and drew delegates from as far west as ,san ,francisco and ,seattle4 ,the most important subjects before the meeting were the reports of the ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee1 read by ,ross ,w4 ,weir1 chairman1 and ,felix ,coste1 secretary-manager4 ,the committee had been organized during the year to carry on the national coffee-advertising campaign1 and announced at the convention its publicity plans for the next year1 which included a national coffee week1 a national showing of the committee's coffee film1 and the issuance of several educational booklets4 ,other outstanding features included the description of how the association planned to conduct a research into the cost of doing a wholesale coffee-roasting business1 the investigation to be made by ,columbia ,university2 addresses attacking the meat packers' invasion of the coffee roasting and distributing field2 a paper1 and discussions1 on shorter terms and uniform discounts2 the recommendation to employ a traveling field secretary who would hold periodical meetings with local branches2 and the condemnation of guaranteeing prices against decline and giving advance notices of changes of prices4 ,the convention unanimously agreed to the re-election of ,president ,brand1 ,vice-,presidents ,forbes and ,folger1 and ,treasurer ,sherman4 ,the tenth annual meeting was held in ,st4 ,louis1 ,november #aj-ab1 #aibj4 ,scientific cost finding1 short terms and discounts1 the national advertising campaign1 the activities of the ,n4,c4,r4,a4 freight-forwarding bureau1 and laboratory-research were the main topics of this years' gathering4 ,the membership was reported to be #caj4 ,a feature of the meeting was the first industrial exhibit by twenty-five supply houses4 ,among the things accomplished were3 ,the recommendation that members co-operate in determining the invisible supply of coffee in the ,united ,states at stated periods2 increasing annual dues from #ej to #fj for members having #ej1jjj or less capitalization1 and from #ajj to #abj for firms having more than #ej1jjj capital2 restricting membership to purely wholesale coffee roasters and distributers2 and offering co-operation to hotel-men and restaurant-keepers in standardizing and improving their coffee beverages4 ,the ,st4 ,louis meeting was notable in violating association precedent by unanimously electing ,carl ,w4 ,brand president for the third consecutive term4 ,other officers were3 ,j4,a4 ,folger1 ,san ,francisco1 first vice-president1 ,r4,o4 ,miller1 ,chicago1 second vice-president2 ,charles ,a4 ,clark1 ,milwaukee1 treasurer4 ,the eleventh annual meeting1 held in ,new ,york1 ,november #a-c1 #aiba1 set the high-water mark of the organization's record of achievement4 ,this convention took the first definite steps toward the amalgamation of the green and roasted coffee interests in one association4 ,brazil sent a delegation of coffee men to invite a similar delegation to pay a return visit to ,brazil4 ,it was announced also that ,so ,paulo was about to double its tax contribution to the national advertising campaign4 ,among other things done1 were3 the appropriation of #aejj to work out a uniform cost-accounting system for roasters2 the recommendation that coffee importers insist upon the use of ,american ships by ,brazilian exporters2 the formulation of a cost-and-freight arbitration contract for use with ,so ,paulo exporters2 the formation of a new membership class roasting up to #fjjj bags a year2 and the decision to make a national campaign to put the selling of coffee on a uniform thirty-days credit1 two percent cash in ten days basis4 ,professor ,s4,c4 ,prescott1 reporting on the research work being done at the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology1 said a better brew of coffee could be obtained at a temperature of #ahe degrees than at the boiling point2 that glass1 china1 or enameled-ware pots were to be preferred1 and that the filtration method is superior to that employed in the pumping percolator4 ,illustration3 ,,joel ,o4 ,,cheek1 ,,nashville ,president of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 #aibb ,the ,industrial ,exposition included displays by twenty-eight manufacturers of machinery and supplies1 and was voted a success4 ,many of the exhibits were of a distinctly educational character4 ,the following officers were elected for #aiba-bb3 ,president1 ,joel ,o4 ,cheek1 ,nashville1 ,tenn42 first vice-president1 ,webster ,jones1 ,san ,francisco2 second vice-president1 ,joseph ,e4 ,maury1 ,memphis1 ,tenn42 treasurer1 ,frank ,ennis1 ,kansas ,city4 ,coffee ,roaster ,statistics ,as might be expected1 considering the leading place that ,new ,york holds as a port of entry for coffee1 the roasting and grinding of coffee is more important in the eastern section of the country than in any other4 ,but there are many establishments for preparing coffee scattered throughout the south and the middle west1 and the business has grown to considerable proportions on the ,pacific coast4 ,new ,york state leads in number of establishments and is followed by ,pennsylvania1 ,california1 ,missouri1 ,ohio1 and ,illinois4 ,the chief southern state is ,texas1 followed by ,louisiana and ,kentucky1 although ,maryland and ,louisiana lead in value of product4 ,missouri has more plants than any other state in the middle west1 and is followed by ,illinois1 though the capital invested and the value of the output are much greater in the latter than in the former4 ,,coffee ,,and ,,spice ,,roasting ,,and ,,grinding ,,establishments--,,census ,,of #aiad ,value of ,states ,number ,capital product ,alabama #h #aee1jjj #cca1jjj ,california #dc #c1fai1jjj #i1ehd1jjj ,colorado #i #dde1jjj #a1afh1jjj ,connecticut #g #acf1jjj #dce1jjj ,dist4 of ,col4 #e #bid1jjj #dbh1jjj ,florida #ai #bai1jjj #fig1jjj ,georgia #f #hj1jjj #afi1jjj ,illinois #cd #h1aei1jjj #bb1jde1jjj ,indiana #ab #ida1jjj #a1gij1jjj ,iowa #ad #a1geb1jjj #c1hjd1jjj ,kansas #f #add1jjj #cif1jjj ,kentucky #ag #eda1jjj #a1efa1jjj ,louisiana #ag #a1feg1jjj #d1bda1jjj ,maryland #ad #a1fdc1jjj #d1cic1jjj ,massachusetts #ba #c1fgh1jjj #h1fge1jjj ,michigan #af #ejb1jjj #a1fah1jjj ,minnesota #aa #a1eca1jjj #d1gbi1jjj ,mississippi #e #bg1jjj #id1jjj ,missouri #cg #f1aeb1jjj #ad1bii1jjj ,nebraska #f #dje1jjj #a1bfb1jjj ,new ,jersey #ag #hbh1jjj #c1dea1jjj ,new ,york #acf #i1iaj1jjj #ca1fge1jjj ,ohio #ce #f1egh1jjj #ac1cab1jjj ,oklahoma #f #aia1jjj #geg1jjj ,oregon #i #geg1jjj #b1jej1jjj ,pennsylvania #gg #b1ded1jjj #f1ifg1jjj ,tennessee #g #dfe1jjj #a1fdh1jjj ,texas #cf #igj1jjj #c1cbf1jjj ,virginia #i #dac1jjj #a1acg1jjj ,washington #be #a1jbc1jjj #b1bcg1jjj ,west ,virginia #c #gc1jjj #ga1jjj ,wisconsin #h #cfb1jjj #hji1jjj ,other states #ba #dib1jjj #a1eij1jjj ,total #fif #ef1eif1jjj #aej1gdi1jjj ,the distribution of the business of preparing coffee is shown by the figures of the ,census ,bureau1 which reports for #aiad a total of #fif establishments under the designation ,coffee and spice1 roasting and grinding4 ,it was found to be necessary to adopt this classification inasmuch as most establishments handle both coffee and spices4 ,of the #fif1 however1 #feh had coffee as their principal product1 and the figures may thus be taken as indicating fairly well the general distribution of the coffee-manufacturing industry4 ,these figures1 for the various states1 are shown on page #eae4 ,preliminary figures for the #aiai census show that the value of the product almost doubled in the five years #aiad-ai1 amounting to #cjd1gdj1jjj in #aiai1 while the number of establishments increased from #fif to #gid1 of which #gfi specialize in coffee4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,some ,,big ,,men ,,and ,,notable ,,achievements ,b4,g4 ,arnold1 the first1 and ,hermann ,sielcken1 the last of the ,american coffee kings--,john ,arbuckle1 the original package-coffee man--,jabez ,burns1 the man who revolutionized the roasted coffee business by his contributions as inventor1 manufacturer1 and writer--,coffee-trade booms and panics--,brazil's first valorization enterprise--,war-time government control of coffee--,the story of soluble coffee ,in the history of the coffee trade of the ,united ,states1 several names stand out because of sensational accomplishments1 and because of notable contributions made to the development of the industry4 ,in green coffee1 we have ,b4,g4 ,arnold1 the first1 and ,hermann ,sielcken the last1 of the coffee kings2 in the roasting business1 there was ,john ,arbuckle1 the original national-package-coffee man2 and in the coffee-roasting machinery business1 ,jabez ,burns1 inventor1 manufacturer1 and writer4 ,the ,first ,coffee ,king ,benjamin ,green ,arnold came to ,new ,york from ,rhode ,island in #ahcf and took a job as accountant with an east-side grocer4 ,he was thrifty1 industrious1 and kept his own counsel4 ,he was a born financial leader4 ,fifteen years later he was made a junior partner in the firm4 ,by #ahfh1 the bookkeeper of #ahcf was the head of the business1 with a line of credit amounting to half a million dollars--a notable achievement in those days4 ,mr4 ,arnold embarked upon his big speculation in coffee in #ahfi4 ,for ten years he maintained his mastery of the market1 and in that time amassed a fortune4 ,it is related that one year's operations of this daring trader yielded his firm a profit of a million and a quarter of dollars4 ,illustration3 ,,benjamin ,,green ,,arnold ,b4,g4 ,arnold was the first president of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange4 ,he was one of the founders of the ,down ,town ,association in #ahgh4 ,the president of the ,united ,states was his friend1 and a guest at his luxurious home4 ,but the high-price levels to which ,arnold had forced the coffee market started a coffee-planting fever in the countries of production4 ,almost before he knew it1 there was an overproduction that swamped the market and forced down prices with so amazing rapidity that panic seized upon the traders4 ,few that were caught in that memorable coffee maelstrom survived financially4 ,arnold himself was a victim1 but such was the man's character that his failure was regarded by many as a public misfortune4 ,some men differed with him as to the wisdom of promoting a coffee corner1 and protested that it was against public policy2 but ,arnold's personal integrity was never questioned1 and his mercantile ability and honorable business dealings won for him an affectionate regard that continued after his fortune had been swept away4 ,after the collapse of the coffee corner1 ,mr4 ,arnold resumed business with his son1 ,f4,b4 ,arnold4 ,he died in ,new ,york1 ,december #aj1 #ahid1 in his eighty-second year4 ,the son died in ,rome in #aijf4 ,the business which the father founded1 however1 continues today as ,arnold1 ,dorr ,co41 one of the most honored and respected names in ,front ,street4 ,hermann ,sielcken1 the ,last ,coffee ,king ,if ,b4,g4 ,arnold was first coffee king1 ,hermann ,sielcken was last1 for it is unlikely that ever again1 in the ,united ,states1 will it be possible for one man to achieve so absolute a dictatorship of the green coffee business4 ,there never was a coffee romance like that of ,hermann ,sielcken's4 ,coming to ,america a poor boy in #ahfi1 forty-five years later1 he left it many times a millionaire4 ,for a time1 he ruled the coffee markets of the world with a kind of autocracy such as the trade had never seen before and probably will not see again4 ,and when1 just before the outbreak of the ,world ,war1 he returned to ,germany for the annual visit to his ,baden-,baden estate1 from which he was destined never again to sally forth to deeds of financial prowess1 his subsequent involuntary retirement found him a huge commercial success1 where ,b4,g4 ,arnold was a colossal failure4 ,it was the ,world ,war and a lingering illness that1 at the end1 stopped ,hermann ,sielcken4 ,but1 though he had to admit himself bested by the fortunes of war1 he was still undefeated in the world of commerce4 ,he died in his native ,germany in #aiag1 the most commanding1 and the most cordially disliked1 figure ever produced by the coffee trade4 ,hermann ,sielcken was born in ,hamburg in #ahdg1 and so was seventy years old when he died at ,baden-,baden1 ,october #h1 #aiag4 ,he was the son of a small baker in ,hamburg2 and before he was twenty-one1 he went to ,costa ,rica to work for a ,german firm there4 ,he did not like ,costa ,rica1 and within a year he went to ,san ,francisco1 where1 with a knowledge of ,english already acquired1 he got a job as a shipping clerk4 ,this was in #ahfi4 ,a wool concern engaged him as buyer1 and for about six years he covered the territory between the ,rockies and the ,pacific1 buying wool4 ,on one of these trips he was in a stage-coach wreck in ,oregon and nearly lost his life4 ,he received injuries affecting his back from which he never fully recovered1 and which caused the stooped posture which marked his carriage through life thereafter4 ,when he recovered1 he came to ,new ,york seeking employment1 and obtained a clerical position with ,l4 ,strauss ,sons1 importers of crockery and glassware4 ,in #ahhj1 married ,josephine ,chabert1 whose father kept a restaurant in ,park ,place4 ,sielcken had learned ,spanish in ,costa ,rica1 and this knowledge aided him to a place with ,w4,h4 ,crossman ,bro4 7,w4,h4 and ,george ,w4 ,crossman7 merchandise commission merchants in ,broad ,street4 ,he was sent to ,south ,america to solicit consignments for the ,crossmans1 and was surprisingly successful4 ,for six or eight months every ,south ,american mail brought orders to the house4 ,then1 as the story goes1 his reports suddenly ceased4 ,weeks and months passed1 and the firm heard nothing from him4 ,the ,crossmans speculated concerning his fate4 ,it was thought he might have caught a fever and died4 ,it was almost impossible to trace him2 at the same time it distressed them to lose so promising a representative4 ,giving up all hope of hearing from him again1 they began to look around for some one to take his place4 ,then1 one morning1 he walked into the office and said1 ,how do you do8 just as if he had left them only the evening before4 ,the members of the firm questioned him eagerly4 ,he answered some of their questions2 but most of them he did not4 ,then he laid a package on the table4 ,illustration3 ,,hermann ,,sielcken ,gentlemen1 he said1 ,i have given a large amount of business to you1 far more than you expected1 as the result of my trip4 ,i have a lot more business which ,i can give to you4 ,it's all in black and white in the papers in this package4 ,i think any person who has worked as hard as ,i have1 and so well1 deserves a partnership in this firm4 ,if you want these orders1 you may have them4 ,they represent a big profit to you4 ,good work deserves proper reward4 ,look these papers over1 and then tell me if you want me to continue with you as a member of this firm4 ,after the ,crossmans had looked those papers over they had no doubt of the advisability of taking ,sielcken into partnership4 ,he was admitted as a junior in #ahha-hb and became a full partner in #ahhe4 ,for more than twenty years ,hermann ,sielcken was the human dynamo that pushed the firm forward into a place of world prominence4 ,he was the best informed man on coffee in two continents2 and when1 in #aijd1 the firm name was changed to ,crossman ,sielcken--,w4,h4 ,crossman having died ten years before--he was well prepared to assert his rights as king of the trade4 ,he proved his kingship by his masterful handling of valorization three years later4 ,sielcken was many times credited with working corners in coffee2 but he would never admit that a corner was possible in anything that came out of the ground2 and to the end1 he was insistent in his denials of ever having cornered coffee4 ,as a daring trader1 he won his spurs in a sensational tilt with the ,arbuckles in the bull campaign of #ahhg4 ,because of this1 he became one of the most feared and hated men in the ,coffee ,exchange4 ,for a while1 coffee did not offer enough play for his tremendous energy and ambition4 ,he embarked in various enterprises--among them1 the steel industry and railroads4 ,no one was too big for ,sielcken to cross lances with4 ,he bested ,john ,w4 ,gates in a titanic fight1 in ,american ,steel and ,wire4 ,he quarreled with ,e4,h4 ,harriman and ,george ,j4 ,gould over the possession of the ,kansas ,city1 ,pittsburgh1 and ,gulf ,railroad1 now known as the ,kansas ,city ,southern1 and1 backed by a syndicate of ,hollanders1 obtained control4 ,while still busy with the ,kansas ,city ,southern enterprise ,sielcken began work on the coffee valorization scheme that he carried to a successful conclusion in spite of the law of supply and demand and the interference of the ,congress of the ,united ,states4 ,valorization by the ,so ,paulo government1 and by coffee merchants1 having proved a failure2 ,sielcken showed how it could be done with all the ,american coffee merchants eliminated--except himself4 ,in this way1 he secured for himself the opportunity he had long been seeking--the chance to bestride the coffee trade like a colossus4 ,the story is told farther along in this chapter4 ,when his partner1 ,george ,w4 ,crossman1 died in #aiac1 it was discovered that the two men had a remarkable contract4 ,each had made a will giving one million dollars to the other4 ,then ,sielcken bought his late partner's interest in the firm for #e1aff1iia4 ,his first wife having died at ,mariahalden1 his home in ,baden-,baden1 seven years before1 ,sielcken married at ,tessin1 ,germany1 in #aiac1 ,mrs4 ,clara ,wendroth1 a widow with two children1 and the daughter of the late ,paul ,isenberg1 a wealthy sugar planter of the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,at that time the coffee king was dividing his time between the ,waldorf-,astoria1 ,new ,york1 which he called his ,american home1 and his wonderful estate in the fatherland4 ,this latter was a two-hundred-acre private park containing four villas and a marvelous bath-house for guests besides the main villa2 a rose-garden in which were cultivated one hundred sixty-eight varieties on some twenty thousand bushes2 a special greenhouse for orchids2 and landscaped grounds calling for the service of six professional gardeners and forty assistants4 ,here he delighted to entertain his friends4 ,frequently1 there were fifteen to twenty of them for dinner on the garden terrace2 and1 as the moon came up through the tall hemlocks and shone through the majestic pines brought from ,oregon1 a full military band from ,heidelberg1 adown the hillside among the rose trees1 mingled its music with the dinner discussions4 ,there was nothing at that dinner table but peace and harmony1 although every language in ,europe was spoken2 for ,sielcken knew them all from his youth4 ,sometimes he entertained his guests with stories of his ,california life1 and sometimes with those of shipwrecks in ,south ,america4 ,all the post-telegraph boys in ,baden knew every foot of the sharply winding road up the ,yburg ,strasse to ,villa ,mariahalden2 and the guests therein have counted more than eighty cables received1 and more than thirty sent in a single day4 ,and those daily cable messages were to and from all quarters of the globe1 and to and from the master1 who handled them all1 without even a secretary or typewriter4 ,nowhere in the entire establishment was there even an appearance of business1 except as the messages came and went on the highway4 ,sielcken manifested his greatest delight in showing his friends his orchids1 his roses1 his pigeons1 his trout1 and his trees4 ,like ,napoleon1 this merchant prince required only five hours sleep4 ,it was his custom to go to bed at one and to be up at six4 ,did he wish to know anything that the cables did not bring him1 he jumped into his eighty-horse-power ,mercedes with a party of guests and was off with the sunrise1 down the ,rhine ,valley1 on his way to ,paris or ,hamburg2 and before one realized that he was gone1 he was back again4 ,in #aiac1 ,sielcken admitted to partnership in his firm two employees of long service1 ,john ,s4 ,sorenson and ,thorlief ,s4,b4 ,nielsen4 ,he went to ,germany in #aiad1 shortly before the beginning of the ,world ,war1 and remained at ,mariahalden until he died in #aiag4 ,sielcken never would believe that war was possible until it had actually started4 ,up to the last moment in ,july1 #aiad1 he was cabling his ,new ,york partner that there would probably be no hostilities4 ,he lost a bet of a thousand pounds made with a visiting ,brazilian friend a few days before war was declared4 ,the guest believed war inevitable and won4 ,a few days before ,sielcken's death the old firm was dissolved under the ,trading with the ,enemy ,act1 being succeeded by the firm of ,sorenson ,nielsen4 ,the former had been with the business thirty-four years1 and the latter thirty-two years4 ,the alien property custodian took over ,sielcken's interest for the duration of the war4 ,rumors in #aiae that the ,german government was extorting large sums of money from ,sielcken brought denials from his associates here4 ,after the war1 it was confirmed that no such extortions took place4 ,sielcken always claimed ,american citizenship4 ,there was a widely circulated story1 never proved1 that he tore up his citizenship papers in #aiab when the ,united ,states government began its suit to force the sale of coffee stocks held here under the valorization agreement4 ,the ,supreme ,court of ,california in #aiba decided that he was a citizen1 and his interests and those of his widow1 amounting to #d1jjj1jjj1 held by the alien property custodian1 were thereupon released to his heirs4 ,it appeared in evidence that he took out his citizenship papers in ,san ,francisco in #ahgc-gd1 but lost them in a shipwreck off the coast of ,brazil in #ahgf4 ,the ,san ,francisco fire destroyed the other records2 but under act of legislature re-establishing them1 the citizenship claim was declared valid4 ,hermann ,sielcken never liked the title of coffee king4 ,he was once asked about this appellation1 and turned smartly upon the interviewer4 ,nonsense1 he said4 ,i am no king4 ,i don't like the term1 because ,i never heard of a 'king' who did not fail4 ,sielcken had no use for titles4 ,t4,s4,b4 ,nielsen says that at a dinner party in ,germany in #aiae he heard ,sielcken explain to a large number of guests that the ,united ,states was the best country because there a man was appraised at his real value4 ,what he did1 and how he lived1 counted--not birth or titles4 ,while his greatest achievement was1 of course1 the valorization enterprise1 he played a not unimportant rle in the ,havemeyer-,arbuckle sugar-trust fight4 ,he aided the late ,henry ,o4 ,havemeyer to secure control of the ,woolson ,spice ,co4 of ,toledo in #ahif1 so as to enable the ,havemeyer's to retaliate with ,lion brand coffee for the ,arbuckles' entrance into the sugar business4 ,the ,woolson ,spice ,co4 sold the ,lion brand in the middle west1 and the ,american ,coffee ,co4 sold it in the east4 ,that was the beginning of a losing price-war that lasted ten years4 ,at the end1 ,sielcken took over the ,woolson property at a price considerably lower than originally paid for it4 ,in #aiai1 the ,woolson ,spice ,co4 brought suit against the ,sielcken estate1 alleging a loss of #icb1jjj on valorization coffee sold to it by ,sielcken just after the federal government began its suit in #aiab to break up the valorization pool in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,woolson ,spice ,co4 paid the market price1 as did the rest of the buyers of valorization coffee2 but it was charged that ,sielcken1 as managing partner of ,crossman ,sielcken1 sold the coffee to the ,woolson ,spice ,co41 of which he was president1 at artificially enhanced prices and in quantities far in excess of its legitimate needs1 concealing his knowledge that before the plaintiff could use the coffee1 the price would decline4 ,sielcken collected for the coffee sold #c1bah1fff4 ,when the ,united ,states government crossed lances with ,sielcken in #aiab over the valorization scheme1 it looked for a time as if he would be unhorsed4 ,but men and governments were all the same to ,sielcken2 and at the end of the fight it was discovered that not only was he undefeated--for the government never pressed its suit to conclusion--but that his prestige as king and master mind of the coffee trade had gained immeasurably by the adventure4 ,hermann ,sielcken typified ,german efficiency raised to the nth power4 ,he was a colossus of commerce with the military alertness of a ,bismarck4 ,his mental processes were profound1 and his vision was far-reaching4 ,he was a resourceful trader1 an austere friend1 a shrewd and uncompromising foe4 ,physically1 he was a big man with a bull neck and black1 piercing eyes4 ,his policy in coffee was one of blood and iron4 ,he brooked no interference with his plans1 and he was ruthless in his methods of dealing with men and governments4 ,usually silent and uncommunicative1 occasionally he exploded under stress2 and when he did so1 there was no mincing of words4 ,he knew no fear4 ,newspaper criticism annoyed him but little2 and he had a kind of contempt for the fourth estate as a whole1 although he knew how to use it when it suited his purpose4 ,he avoided the limelight1 and never courted publicity for himself4 ,socially he was a princely host2 but few knew him intimately1 except perhaps in his native ,germany4 ,sielcken's widow was married in ,new ,york1 ,february #aa1 #aibb1 to ,joseph ,m4 ,schwartz1 the ,russian baritone of the ,chicago ,opera ,company4 ,the ,story of ,john ,arbuckle ,john ,arbuckle1 for nearly fifty years the honored dean of the ,american coffee trade1 pioneer package-coffee man1 some time coffee king1 sugar merchant1 philanthropist1 and typical ,american1 came from fine1 rugged ,scotch stock4 ,he was the son of a well-to-do ,scottish woolen-mill owner in ,allegheny1 ,pa41 where he was born1 ,july #aa1 #ahci4 ,he often said he was raised on skim milk4 ,he received a common school education in ,pittsburgh and ,allegheny4 ,he and ,henry ,phipps1 the coke and steel head1 are said to have occupied adjoining desks in one of the public schools1 ,andrew ,carnegie being at that time in another grade of the same school4 ,he had a strong bent for science and machinery2 and1 although he chose the coffee instead of the steel business for his career1 the basis of his success was invention4 ,he also attended ,washington and ,jefferson ,college at ,washington1 ,pennsylvania4#cdh ,the ,arbuckle business was founded at ,pittsburg1 in #ahei1 when ,charles ,arbuckle1 his uncle ,duncan ,mc,donald1 and their friend ,william ,roseburg1 organized the wholesale grocery firm of ,mc,donald ,arbuckle4 ,one year later ,john ,arbuckle1 the younger brother of ,charles ,arbuckle1 was admitted to the firm1 and the firm name was changed to ,mc,donald ,arbuckles4 ,mc,donald and ,roseburg retired from the firm a few years later1 leaving the business in the hands of the two youthful1 hopeful1 and energetic brothers1 who under the firm name of ,arbuckles ,co41 soon made their firm one of the important wholesale grocery houses in ,pennsylvania4 ,although little thinking at the time that their greatest success was to be achieved in coffee1 and that a new idea of one of the partners--that of marketing roasted coffee in original packages--would make their name familiar in every hamlet in the country1 yet the first two entries in the original day-book of ,mc,donald ,arbuckles record purchases of coffee4 ,prior to the sixties1 coffee was not generally sold roasted or ground1 ready for the coffee pot4 ,except in the big cities1 most housewives bought their coffee green1 and roasted it in their kitchen stoves as needed4 ,john ,arbuckle1 having become impressed with the wasteful methods and unsatisfactory results of this kitchen roasting1 had already begun his studies of roasting and packaging problems1 studies that he never gave up4 ,how1 first to roast coffee scientifically1 and then to preserve its freshness in the interval between the roaster and the coffee pot1 continued to be an absorbing study until his death4 ,the range of his work may be illustrated by reference to his first and his last patents4 ,in #ahfh1 he patented a process of glazing coffee1 which had for its object the preservation of the flavor and aroma of coffee by sealing the pores of the coffee bean4 ,thirty-five years later1 he patented a huge coffee roaster in which1 more closely than in any other roaster1 he felt he could approach his ideal of roasting coffee--that ideal being to hold the coffee beans in suspension in superheated air during the entire roasting process1 and not to allow them to come in contact with a heated iron surface4 ,by #ahfe1 ,john ,arbuckle had satisfied himself that a carefully roasted coffee1 packed while still warm in small individual containers1 would measurably overcome the objections to selling loose coffee in a roasted state4 ,so in that year 7#ahfe71 although not without the misgivings of his elder brother1 and even in the face of the ridicule of competitors1 who derided the plan of selling roasted coffee in little paper bags like peanuts1 ,arbuckles ,co4 introduced the new idea1 namely1 roasted coffee in original packages4 ,the story of the development of that simple idea1 which soon spread from coast to coast1 and of how it laid the foundations of a great fortune1 is one of the romances of ,american business4 ,although ,osborn's ,celebrated ,prepared ,java ,coffee1 a ground-coffee package1 first put on the ,new ,york market by ,lewis ,a4 ,osborn1 and later exploited by ,thomas ,reid in the early sixties1 appears to have been the original package coffee1 much of the fame attached to the name of ,arbuckle comes from its association with the ,ariosa coffee package1 which was the first successful national brand of package coffee4 ,it was launched in #ahgc4 ,the ,ariosa premium list 7premiums have been a feature of the ,arbuckle business since #ahie7 includes a hundred articles4 ,almost anything from a pair of suspenders or a toothbrush1 to clocks1 wringers1 and corsets may be obtained in exchange for ,ariosa coupons4 ,the common belief that the name ,ariosa was made up from the words ,rio and ,santos 7said to be the component parts of the original blend7 is erroneous4 ,it was arbitrarily coined1 though it is not known what considerations prompted it4 ,one story has it that the ,a stands for ,arbuckle1 the rio for ,rio1 and the sa for ,south ,america4 ,early in the seventies1 the great business opportunities of ,new ,york ,city had attracted the two brothers1 and a branch was established in ,new ,york in charge of ,john ,arbuckle1 the main business in ,pittsburg being left in the care of his brother ,charles4 ,the growth of the ,new ,york branch soon made it necessary for ,charles ,arbuckle to leave the ,pittsburg business in charge of trusted employees1 and to come to ,new ,york4 ,in time1 the coffee business of the ,new ,york house overshadowed the grocery lines2 and the latter were abandoned there1 so that the entire energy of the firm in ,new ,york might be devoted to the coffee business1 which thenceforth was operated under the firm name of ,arbuckle ,bros4 ,the ,arbuckle coffee business1 which began with a single roaster in #ahfe1 had eighty-five machines running in ,pittsburg and ,new ,york in #ahha4 ,charles ,arbuckle died in #ahia1 and ,john ,arbuckle admitted as partners his nephew1 ,william ,arbuckle ,jamison1 and two employees1 ,william ,v4,r4 ,smith and ,james ,n4 ,jarvie1 the business continuing under the former name of ,arbuckle ,bros4 ,the most important step taken by the firm while thus constituted was its entrance into the sugar refining business in #ahif4 ,that entrance had to be forced against the bitterest opposition of a so-called sugar trust1 and brought on a war signalized by the most ruthless cutting of prices of both coffee and sugar4 ,this war was costly to both sides2 but when it had ended1 ,arbuckle ,bros4 remained unshaken in the preeminence of their package-coffee business and had acquired also great publicity and a fine trade in refined sugar4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,arbuckle ,arbuckles were always large consumers of sugar in connection with their coffee glaze1 and having introduced the package sugar idea with their customers some years before1 they at last made up their minds to refine for their own needs and thus to save the profits paid to the ,havemeyers4 ,it is generally conceded that ,john ,arbuckle's shrewdness and business sagacity in having previously acquired the ,smyser patents on a weighing and packing machine1 and his control of it1 really led to the coffee-sugar war4 ,this packing machine1 said the ,spice ,mill1 when ,henry ,e4 ,smyser died in #ahii1 puts him ,smyser with the greatest inventors of our day4 ,the sugar trust met the ,arbuckle challenge by invading the coffee-roasting field4 ,this they accomplished by securing a controlling interest for #b1jjj1jjj in one of the largest competing roasting plants in the country1 that of the ,woolson ,spice ,co41 of ,toledo1 ,ohio1 that had in the ,lion brand1 a ready-made package coffee wherewith to fight ,ariosa4 ,the re-organization of the ,woolson ,spice ,co4 in #ahig1 when ,a4 ,m4 ,woolson was relieved of the office of president1 disclosed1 among others1 the names of ,hermann ,sielcken in close juxtaposition to that of ,h4,o4 ,havemeyer on the board of directors4 ,both men helped to make coffee-trade history4 ,the trade found the coffee-sugar war the all-absorbing topic for several years4 ,hot debates were held on the question as to whether1 on one hand1 the ,arbuckles had the right to enter the sugar-refining business and1 on the other1 as to whether the sugar-trust had a right to retaliate4 ,the answer seemed to be yes in both instances4 ,in two years1 ,john ,arbuckle's model sugar refinery in ,brooklyn was turning out package sugar at the rate of five thousand barrels a day4 ,the ,woolson ,spice ,co4 was credited with spending unheard-of sums of money in advertising ,lion brand coffee4 ,the eastern newspaper displays alone exceeded anything ever before attempted in this line4 ,however1 many people are of the opinion that it was a tactical error on the part of the sugar interests to spend so much money advertising a ,rio coffee in the central and ,new ,england states1 while ,john ,arbuckle was confining his activities to the south and the west1 where there already existed a ,rio taste among consumers4 ,the legal fight which the ,arbuckles carried on with the ,havemeyers for the control of the sugar business in this celebrated coffee-sugar war is said to have cost millions on both sides4 ,eventually1 the ,havemeyers were glad to be relieved of their coffee interests1 but ,john ,arbuckle continued to sell both coffee and sugar4 ,mr4 ,arbuckle married ,miss ,mary ,alice ,kerr in ,pittsburg1 in #ahfh4 ,she died in #aijg4 ,his many charities included boat trips for children1 luxurious farm vacations for tired wage-earners1 boat-raising and life-saving schemes1 a low-priced home for working girls and men on an old full-rigged ship lying off a ,new ,york dock1 which he called his ,deep ,sea ,hotel1 and a vacation enterprise for young men and young women at ,new ,paltz1 ,n4,y41 which was known as the ,mary and ,john ,arbuckle ,farm4 ,a magazine for children1 called ,sunshine1 was another benevolent enterprise of his4 ,when ,john ,arbuckle died at his ,brooklyn home1 ,march #bg1 #aiab1 he had been ill only four days4 ,the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange closed at two o'clock the day following1 after adopting appropriate resolutions and appointing a committee to attend the funeral4 ,his estate in ,new ,york was valued at #cc1jjj1jjj4 ,w4,v4,r4 ,smith and ,james ,n4 ,jarvie retired from the firm in #aijf2 and ,john ,arbuckle and his nephew ,w4,a4 ,jamison continued it as sole owners and partners until ,mr4 ,arbuckle's death in #aiab4 ,mr4 ,arbuckle died childless and a widower1 leaving as his only heirs his two sisters1 ,mrs4 ,catherine ,arbuckle ,jamison and ,miss ,christina ,arbuckle4 ,mrs4 ,jamison is the widow of the late ,robert ,jamison1 who had been a prominent drygoods merchant in ,pittsburg4 ,william ,a4 ,jamison is her eldest and only living son4 ,following the death of ,john ,arbuckle1 a new partnership was formed in which ,mrs4 ,jamison1 ,miss ,arbuckle1 and ,mr4 ,jamison became the partners and owners1 and that partnership1 without change of name1 continues4 ,probably there is no other mercantile establishment of similar size in the country that is carried on as a partnership1 and none which after more than sixty years is so exclusively owned by members of the immediate family of its founders4 ,the ,arbuckle business1 as it is today1 is ,john ,arbuckle's best monument4 ,all that it is he foresaw2 for behind those keen1 penetrating eyes1 there was wonderful vision4 ,simple in his tastes2 democratic in his dress1 in his habits and his speech2 he was one of the most approachable of our first captains of industry4 ,many of the younger generation in the coffee business have found inspiration in contemplating ,john ,arbuckle's achievements4 ,as represented in what has been called the world's greatest coffee business1 these include other package coffees1 such as ,yuban1 ,arbuckle's ,breakfast1 ,arbuckle's ,drinksum1 and ,arbuckle's ,certified ,java and ,mocha4 ,the pioneer ,ariosa brand is still being sold2 although it is interesting to note that the demand for ground ,ariosa is increasing1 marking the swing of the pendulum of public taste away from the original bean package to the so-called steel-cut1 or ground1 coffee package4 ,will it swing back again1 some day8 ,many coffee men believe it will4 ,if it does1 good old ,ariosa1 with its coating of sugar and eggs1 will no doubt be on the job to meet it4 ,yuban was launched in the fall of #aiac4 ,it is a high-grade package coffee1 whereas ,ariosa is popular-priced4 ,in addition to the package coffee business1 ,arbuckle ,bros4 have many other activities4 ,they deal in green coffee as well as roasted coffee in bulk4 ,the wholesale grocery business in ,pittsburg continues under the old name of ,arbuckles ,co42 while in ,chicago1 ,arbuckle ,bros4 have a branch equipped with a coffee-roasting-and-packaging plant1 also spice-grinding and extract-manufacturing plants1 and do a large business in teas4 ,a branch in ,kansas ,city distributes the products manufactured in ,new ,york and ,chicago4 ,in ,brazil1 offices are maintained at ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,santos1 and ,victoria1 as ,arbuckle ,co4 ,in ,mexico1 ,arbuckle ,bros4 are established at ,jalapa1 with branches at ,cordoba and ,coatepec4 ,in season1 the warehouses and hulling plants at those points employ as many as #fej hands preparing ,mexican coffee for shipment to ,new ,york4 ,arbuckle ,bros4 are direct importers of green coffee on a large scale1 and are known also as heavy buyers on the street4 ,the roasting capacity of their ,brooklyn plant is from #h1jjj to #i1jjj bags per day4 ,the cylinder equipment of twenty-four ,burns roasters is supplemented by four ,jumbo roasters of ,arbuckle build1 each capable of roasting thirty-five bags at one time4 ,the ,ariosa package business grew from the smallest beginnings to more than #hjj1jjj packages per day4 ,individual brands have not held their lead of late years2 but the volume of package-coffee business is greater than ever4 ,many jobbers now pack brands of their own1 besides handling the ,arbuckle brands4 ,distribution of roasted coffees outside ,chicago and ,kansas ,city is accomplished through the medium of more than one hundred stock depots in as many different cities of the ,united ,states4 ,to operate the world's greatest coffee business is no small undertaking2 and when this is coupled with an important sugar-refining business and a waterfront warehouse-and-terminal business1 plenty of room is needed4 ,so we find the plant along the ,brooklyn waterfront occupying an area of a dozen city blocks4 ,an idea of the extent and diversity of the activities of the plant may be gained from a brief reference to the utilities1 and the trades1 and even the professions1 that are required to make the wheels go round4 ,to ship more than one hundred cars of coffee and sugar in a single day calls for shipping facilities that could be had only by organizing a railroad and waterfront terminal1 known as ,jay ,street ,terminal1 equipped with freight station1 locomotives1 tugboats1 steam lighters1 car floats1 and barges4 ,city deliveries of coffee and sugar call for a fleet of thirty-five large motor trucks that are housed in the firm's own garage and kept in repair in their own shops4 ,although motor trucks are fast replacing the faithful horse2 and the time will never come again when ,arbuckle ,bros4 will boast of their stable of nearly two hundred horses that were generally acknowledged to be the finest string of draft horses in the city1 some fifty or sixty of their faithful animals still are in harness2 and so the stable1 with blacksmith shop1 harness shop1 and wagon-repair shops1 are serving their respective purposes1 though on a reduced scale4 ,a printing shop vibrates with the whirr of mammoth printing presses turning out thousands upon thousands of coffee-wrappers and circulars2 and doubtless it will be news to many that the first three-color printing press ever built was expressly designed and built for ,arbuckle ,bros4 ,then there is a sunny first-aid hospital on top of the ,pearl ,street warehouse where a physician is ever ready to relieve sudden illness and accidental injuries4 ,on the eleventh floor there is a huge dining room where the ,brooklyn clerical forces get their noonday lunches4 ,this feeding of the inner man 7and woman7 is matched by the power-house where twenty-six large steam boilers must be fed their quota of coal4 ,in the winter months1 when ,warmth must come for the workers as well as power for the wheels1 the coal consumption runs up as high as four hundred tons per day4 ,the barrel factory1 with a daily capacity of #f1hjj sugar barrels1 is located about a mile away1 where barrel staves and heads are received from the firm's own stave mill in ,virginia1 made from logs cut on their own timber lands in ,virginia and ,north ,carolina4 ,a more self-contained plant would be hard to imagine1 and so we find that even the last activity in its operations--that of washing and drying the emptied sugar bags--is also provided for4 ,that this is some laundry goes without saying1 when it is recalled that in the busy sugar season the firm dumps from eight to ten thousand bags of raw sugar per day1 and that these bags are washed and dried daily as emptied4 ,a huge rotary drier of the firm's own design does the work of about three miles of clothes lines4 ,even after the coffees have been sold and paid for1 there still remains an important task1 and that is to redeem the signature coupons which the consumers cut from the packages and return for premiums4 ,lest some regard this as an insignificant phase of the business1 it may be stated that in a single year the premium department has received over one hundred and eight million coupons calling for more than four million premiums4 ,these premiums included #hah1ibh handkerchiefs2 #bfa1jjj pairs of lace curtains2 #bch1gch shears2 and #ahe1ibj ,torrey razors4 ,finger rings are perennial favorites1 and so insistent is the demand for the rings offered as premiums1 that ,arbuckle ,bros4 are regarded as the largest distributors of finger rings in the world4 ,one of their premium rings is a wedding ring2 and if all the rings of this pattern serve their intended purpose1 it is estimated that the firm has assisted at eighty thousand weddings in a year4 ,turning from the utilities at the plant to the trades and professions represented1 other than the trained sugar and coffee workers1 the following are constantly employed3 physicians1 chemists1 mechanical engineers1 civil engineers1 electrical engineers1 railroad engineers and brakemen1 steamboat captains and engineers1 chauffeurs1 teamsters1 wagon-makers1 harness-makers1 machinists1 draughtsmen1 blacksmiths1 tinsmiths1 coppersmiths1 coopers1 carpenters1 masons1 painters1 plumbers1 riggers1 typesetters and pressmen1 and last but not least1 the chef and table waiters4 ,one of the most remarkable things about the growth of this business enterprise is that it is not the result of buying out1 or consolidating with1 competitors2 but has resulted from a steady wholesome growth along conservative business lines4 ,consolidations are often desirable and effective2 but when a great business has been built without any such consolidations1 the conclusion is inevitable that somewhere in the establishment there must have been a corresponding amount of wisdom1 foresight1 energy1 and honorable business dealing4 ,those were the things for which ,john ,arbuckle stood firm1 and for which he will always be remembered4 ,jabez ,burns1 ,inventor1 ,manufacturer1 ,writer ,jabez ,burns was a person of real importance to the ,american coffee trade from #ahfd1 when he began to manufacture his improved roaster1 until his death1 at the age of sixty-two1 in #ahhh4 ,his success depended more on unusual character than unusual ability1 although he was really gifted as regards mechanical invention4 ,he loved to acquire practical information1 and arrived confidently at common-sense conclusions2 and he exercised a wide and helpful influence1 because he liked to give expression to opinions that he considered sound and useful4 ,mr4 ,burns was born in ,london in #ahbf4 ,the family moved soon after to ,dundee1 ,scotland1 and came to ,new ,york in #ahdd4 ,they were people of small means and independent thinking4 ,the father1 ,william ,g4 ,burns1 had been more interested in the ,chartist social movement than in any settled business activity4 ,an uncle1 also named ,jabez ,burns1 became a popular ,baptist preacher in ,london4 ,the first winter in ,america found youthful ,jabez teaching a country school at ,summit1 ,n4,j4 ,then he began in ,new ,york 7#ahdd-de7 as teamster for ,henry ,blair1 a prosperous coffee merchant who attended a little ,disciples church in lower ,sixth ,avenue where many ,scottish families congregated4 ,there also ,burns met ,agnes ,brown1 daughter of a ,paisley weaver1 and married her in #ahdg4 ,a brave young pair they were1 who found all sorts of odd riches--just as if a fast-growing family could somehow make up for a slow-growing income4 ,there were hopes1 too1 that the contrivances ,burns kept inventing might bring wealth2 and some extra money did come from the sale of early patents1 including one in #aheh for the ,burns ,addometer1 a primitive adding machine4 ,but ,mr4 ,burns had continued regularly in the employ of coffee and spice firms1 and at one time he was bookkeeper for ,thomas ,reid's ,globe ,mills4 ,he advanced slowly1 because he lacked real trading talent2 but he was learning all about the handling of goods1 from purchase to final delivery2 and when he quit bookkeeping for the old ,globe ,mills1 and began to build his patent roaster1 he could advise clients reliably about every factory detail4 ,he was soon looked on as an authority4 ,he wrote some articles for the ,american ,grocer1 a series on ,food ,adulteration being reprinted2 and in #ahgh1 he began the quarterly publication of his thirty-two-page ,spice ,mill1 which soon became a monthly1 and gained the interested attention of practically the entire coffee and spice trade4 ,through the columns of this paper1 in circulars1 by letters1 and in a pocket volume called the ,spice ,mill ,companion1 he distributed information on coffee1 spices1 and baking powder1 and gave valuable advice to beginners in the coffee-roasting business4 ,not a few coffee roasters were started on the way to fortune by the counsel of ,jabez ,burns4 ,he died in ,new ,york1 ,september #af1 #ahhh4 ,jabez ,burns founded the business of ,jabez ,burns ,sons in #ahfd1 beginning the manufacture of his patent coffee roaster at #ajg ,warren ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,since then1 there have been four removals4 ,in ,december1 #aijh1 the business moved to its present uptown location1 at the northwest corner of ,eleventh ,avenue and ,forty-third ,street1 occupying a six-story building which was doubled in size in #aiag4 ,this ,burns factory has been referred to as the unique coffee-machinery workshop1 the greatest establishment of its kind in the ,united ,states4 ,upon the death of its founder the business was continued2 first1 as the firm of ,jabez ,burns ,sons1 composed of his sons1 ,jabez1 ,robert1 and ,a4 ,lincoln ,burns2 and later1 in #aijf1 incorporated as ,jabez ,burns ,sons1 ,inc41 with ,robert ,burns as president1 ,jabez ,burns as vice-president1 and ,a4 ,lincoln ,burns as secretary and treasurer4 ,jabez ,burns died ,august #f1 #aijh4 ,the present officers are3 ,robert ,burns1 president2 ,a4 ,lincoln ,burns1 vice-president2 ,william ,g4 ,burns1 general manager2 and ,c4,h4 ,maclachlan1 secretary and treasurer4 ,illustration3 ,,jabez ,,burns ,a4 ,lincoln ,burns succeeded his father as editor of the ,spice ,mill4 ,william ,h4 ,ukers was made editor in #aijb1 and he continued until #aijd1 when he left to assume editorial direction of ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal4 ,coffee-,trade ,booms and ,panics ,in the last fifty years there have been many spectacular attempts to corner the coffee market in ,europe and the ,united ,states4 ,the first notable occurrence of this kind did not originate in the trade itself4 ,it took place in #ahgc1 and was known as the ,jay ,cooke panic1 being brought about by the famous panic of that name in the stock market4 ,as a result of the ,jay ,cooke failure1 it was impossible to obtain money from the banks4 ,hence buyers were forced to keep out of the coffee market2 and as a consequence1 the price for ,rios dropped from twenty-four cents to fifteen cents in the course of the trading period of one day#cdi4 ,another interesting development during that year was of foreign origin4 ,a coffee syndicate was organized in ,europe1 financed by the powerful ,german ,trading ,company of ,frankfort1 with agencies in ,london1 ,rotterdam1 ,antwerp1 and ,brazil4 ,for more than eight years this proved to be a highly successful undertaking1 largely controlling the principal producing and consuming markets4 ,as far as the ,american coffee trade is concerned1 the first sensational upheaval took place in #ahhj-ha4 ,this period witnessed the collapse of the first great coffee trade combination in this country--the so-called syndicate1 comprising ,o4,g4 ,kimball1 ,b4,g4 ,arnold1 and ,bowie ,dash1 sometimes known as the trinity4 ,the period of high coffee prices1 commencing in #ahgj1 had greatly stimulated production in many ,mild-coffee producing countries1 as well as in ,brazil1 and as a consequence the syndicate found its burden becoming extremely heavy early in #ahhj4 ,in ,january of that year our visible supply amounted roughly to #gfg1jjj bags4 ,while this was reduced to about #gdj1jjj bags in ,july1 the latter likewise proved to be decidedly burdensome1 especially as another liberal crop was beginning to move in producing countries4 ,the excessive volume of supplies was especially marked1 because distributing trade during the summer was strikingly dull1 as the majority of buyers were holding off1 in view of the prospective liberal new crops4 ,at that time ,java coffee was a big item in ,american markets1 whereas ,santos was just about beginning to be a factor4 ,the syndicate found that it had its hands full supporting the ,brazil grades1 and hence had to let the ,javas go4 ,as a result1 the latter1 which had sold at twenty-four and three-quarters cents in ,january1 #ahhj1 fell to nineteen and one-half cents in ,july1 to eighteen cents in ,november and to sixteen cents in ,december4 ,as a matter of fact1 the syndicate was practically the only buyer of ,brazil coffee during the fall of #ahhj2 and as a consequence1 ,rios1 which had started the year at fourteen and one-half to sixteen and one-quarter cents1 were down to twelve and three-quarters cents in ,december1 #ahhj1 and had dropped nine and one-half cents when the break in the market culminated in ,june1 #ahha4 ,the first whispers of financial troubles growing out of these adverse conditions were heard in ,october1 #ahhj2 and on the #bgth of that month the first failure was announced--that of ,c4 ,risley ,co41 with liabilities placed at #hjj1jjj and assets at #djj1jjj4 ,this firm had been doing business in the local market for about thirty years4 ,the efforts of the receivers to dispose of this company's large stock naturally served to accelerate the decline2 and the final impetus came on ,december #f1 when the ,new ,york trade heard of the death1 two days previously1 of ,o4,g4 ,kimball1 of ,boston1 one of the most prominent merchants there4 ,this precipitated the big crash of ,december #g1 when ,b4,g4 ,arnold ,co41 the largest ,new ,york firm1 suspended with estimated liabilities of #gej1jjj to #a1jjj1jjj4 ,the official statement later placed the liabilities at #b1aeg1iad1 and assets at #a1djj1jjj1 of which #hhd1aih were secured4 ,within three days this failure was followed by the suspension of ,bowie ,dash ,co41 with liabilities estimated at #a1djj1jjj4 ,for weeks thereafter there was virtually no market4 ,with all of these distress holdings pressing for liquidation1 buyers1 as was natural1 were extremely timid4 ,in the meantime1 the import arrivals showed further enlargement at various southern ports1 as well as at ,new ,york4 ,total arrivals at this port during #ahha were almost #ab1djj1jjj pounds heavier than for the preceding year4 ,the growing importance of ,santos as a market factor was demonstrated by the fact that shipments from there in #ahha were #a1aih1fbe bags1 compared with about #fbh1ijj bags in #ahgf-gg4 ,according to the best informed members of the trade at that time1 the losses sustained by the various firms that were forced to the wall aggregated between #e1jjj1jjj and #g1jjj1jjj4 ,the utterly demoralized conditions prevailing while this collapse was in progress1 and the practical elimination of a market in the true sense of the word1 furnished the principal impetus for the organization of the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange4 ,at that time1 the ,havre market was the only one with an exchange4 ,the local body was organized in ,december1 #ahha1 and started business in ,march1 #ahhb4 ,the ,cable ,break of #ahhd ,the second noteworthy movement1 embracing an advance of four to four and one-half cents and a recession of slightly more than three cents1 covered a period of about eight months shortly after the ,exchange was organized4 ,various local and out-of-town firms were interested in the bulge which carried ,rio coffee in this market from about seven cents in ,july1 #ahhc1 up to eleven and one-half cents late in ,november4 ,by the middle of ,december1 the price had fallen to nine and one-quarter cents1 the final break to eight and one-quarter cents occurring late in ,march of the following year4 ,at that time1 there was no direct cable communication with ,brazil2 and as a result of a temporary break in the roundabout service by way of ,portugal1 the ,new ,york and ,baltimore agents of the ,brazilian syndicate were unable to put up additional margins in this market1 and their accounts were closed out4 ,this happened on a ,saturday2 and by the following ,monday1 partial cable remittances arrived and all accounts were settled in full with interest from ,saturday to ,monday4 ,the ,great ,boom ,what is generally described as the great boom of the coffee trade occurred in #ahhf-hg1 and had its inception in unsatisfactory crop news from ,brazil4 ,the crop of #ahhg-ahhh1 it was estimated1 would be extremely small2 and it turned out to be only #c1jcc1jjj bags4 ,these advices and low estimates led to the formation of a bull clique1 comprising operators in ,new ,york1 ,chicago1 ,new ,orleans1 ,brazil1 and ,europe1 who set a price of twenty-five cents for ,december contracts as their goal4 ,toward the end of ,june1 #ahhf1 when this campaign started1 ,no4 #g ,rio in ,new ,york was worth about seven and one-half cents1 with ,june contracts on the ,exchange quoted at seven and sixty-five hundredths cents4 ,with ,brazilian crop news still more discouraging1 the advance thereafter was almost continuous1 and on ,june #a1 #ahhg1 ,december contracts sold at twenty-two and one-quarter cents--a new high price record1 that was not exceeded for thirty-two years1 when twenty-four and sixty-five hundredths cents were paid for ,july contracts in ,june1 #aiai4 ,after reaching twenty-two and one-quarter cents1 prices suffered an abrupt reversal4 ,ten days later the closing price for ,december was twenty-one and four-tenth cents4 ,then the real crash began4 ,on ,saturday1 ,june #aa1 the panic started with another claim of cable trouble2 and in the short session1 ,december coffee broke from twenty and fifteen-hundredths to eighteen and sixty-five hundredths cents1 closing at a loss for the day of #bge points4 ,the first sale of ,december on ,monday was at seventeen and four-tenths cents1 or #abe points lower2 and after numerous erratic variations1 the price broke to sixteen cents1 a drop of six and one-quarter cents in less than two weeks4 ,business on that day was of enormous volume1 in round numbers #dab1jjj bags2 and approximately #a1ejj1jjj was put up in margins4 ,for the next three days the decline was temporarily halted1 and ,december1 at one time1 was up three and one-quarter cents from the bottom 7nineteen and one-quarter cents74 ,on ,june #ag1 another battle commenced1 ,december dropping back to seventeen cents4 ,then came a rally to eighteen and one-tenth cents1 a drop to sixteen and one-half cents2 another rally to eighteen and one-tenth1 and1 on ,june #bd1 another break to the previous low level of sixteen cents for ,december4 ,this sharp reversal in less than a month was traceable largely to more favorable news from ,brazil1 the #ahhh-hi crop being estimated at #f1hbg1jjj bags4 ,following a rally to nineteen and six-tenths cents during the next month 7,july1 #ahhg71 the pendulum again swung downward4 ,the climax came with the culmination of the ,european fiasco of the spring of #ahhh4 ,reports were received that various ,european coffee firms had failed2 and future contracts in the ,american market sold as low as nine cents in ,march4 ,a ,famous ,european ,bull ,campaign ,the next campaign of interest lasted more than two and a half years4 ,in ,september1 #ahia1 there was a corner in the local market which forced the ,september price up to seventeen and one-quarter cents4 ,george ,kaltenbach1 a wealthy speculator living in ,paris1 combining with three operators in ,havre1 ,hamburg1 and ,antwerp1 succeeded in breaking the corner1 forcing the price down to ten and eight-tenths cents4 ,they then changed to the bull side1 buying heavily in all markets of the world4 ,this was continued until early in #ahic1 bringing the price back to fifteen cents4 ,although his associates then returned to the bear side1 ,kaltenbach kept on buying2 and aided by bad crop reports from ,brazil1 he worked the price up as high as seventeen and seven-tenths cents4 ,at one time it was said that his profits were more than one million dollars4 ,the collapse of this deal occurred in ,may1 #ahic1 involving thirty firms in ,hamburg1 ,havre1 and ,rotterdam4 ,as ,kaltenbach could not keep his large ,new ,york holdings margined1 they were thrown on the market1 bringing about a sharp break1 and causing the failure of his ,new ,york agents1 ,t4,m4 ,barr ,co4 ,the present era of large crops began in #ahid1 ,brazil's production for #ahid-ie being placed at #f1fie1jjj bags4 ,nevertheless1 ,guzman ,blanco1 a former president of ,venezuela1 then living in ,paris1 and said to be worth about #bj1jjj1jjj1 attempted to run a corner in ,april1 #ahie4 ,he bought #bjj1jjj bags of spot coffee in ,havre warehouses and accumulated a big line of futures in various markets4 ,assisted by reports of cholera in ,rio and some reduction in ,brazilian crops1 he enjoyed temporary success1 the price of ,rio #gs in ,new ,york rising to fifteen and one-half cents in ,october1 #ahie4 ,thereafter1 there was an almost continuous decline4 ,in the spring of #ahih1 a vigorous bear campaign was conducted1 largely in the form of market letters2 and by ,november1 ,rio #gs here had dropped to four and one-half cents4 ,the ,bubonic ,plague ,boom ,the so-called bubonic plague boom halted this prolonged downward movement for a time in #ahii-aijj4 ,the boom derived its name from the outbreak of bubonic plague in ,brazil1 as a result of which the ports of that country were quarantined4 ,in addition1 ,brazilian steamers arriving at ,new ,york were placed in quarantine2 and the impossibility of unloading their cargoes caused a temporary shortage4 ,as a result1 prices rose from four and one-quarter cents in ,september1 #ahii1 to eight and one-quarter cents in ,july1 #aijj4 ,the quarantine being lifted1 the bears again became aggressive2 and by ,april1 #aija1 they had forced the price back to five cents4 ,there was another short-lived attempt to establish a corner in ,september1 #aija4 ,receipts at ,rio and ,santos had been running light1 encouraging a local clique embracing ,skiddy1 ,minford ,company2 ,w4,h4 ,crossman ,bro42 and ,gruner ,company1 to endeavor to gain control4 ,the arrivals at ,brazilian ports suddenly increased to the largest volume ever known up to that time2 and1 with vigorous opposition from operators in ,havre1 the corner here was speedily broken4 ,the opening of the new century witnessed the beginning of another new coffee era1 ,santos permanently displacing ,rio as the world's largest source of supply4 ,the figures for #aijj-ja were3 ,santos1 #b1ide1jjj bags2 ,rio1 #b1dac1jjj bags4 ,huge crops then became a regular thing in ,brazil4 ,that of #aija-jb was far in excess of estimates1 being #ae1jjj1jjj bags2 while #bj1jjj1jjj bags were produced in #aijb-jc4 ,as a result1 the world's coffee trade became completely demoralized for the time being4 ,in ,august1 #aijb1 contracts for ,july1 #aijc1 delivery sold at six and one-tenths cents4 ,by ,june1 #aijc1 they had fallen to three and fifty-five hundredths cents1 the lowest price ever recorded for coffee4 ,the ,southern ,boom ,as is invariably the case when prices reach extreme levels1 either high or low1 the pendulum swung back rapidly in the other direction4 ,based on the unprecedentedly low prices1 the so-called cotton crowd started what was generally known as the southern boom4 ,various cotton traders in ,new ,york and the ,south1 under the leadership of ,d4,j4 ,sully1 the one-time cotton king1 and ably assisted by prominent local coffee firms1 became extremely active on the buying side2 and by ,february1 #aijd1 they had forced the price up to eleven and eighty-five hundredths cents4 ,this figure1 the highest since #ahif1 was reached on ,february #b1 which proved to be another day of enormous speculative dealings1 involving roundly #dfb1jjj bags4 ,this marked another turning point2 the three succeeding days of record-breaking operations on the ,exchange witnessing a break of roughly two cents4 ,mr4 ,sully went on a vacation on ,february #c1 and the ,sielcken interests sold on a large scale4 ,business for that day was placed at #eee1jjj bags1 closing prices being about one-half cent lower4 ,this brought on enormous liquidation by western bulls on the following day1 approximately #ejj1jjj bags4 ,as a result1 prices lost twenty-five to sixty-five points on a turn-over of about #fdb1jjj bags4 ,all records for business were smashed on the following day1 ,february #e4 ,the official record was #fhi1jjj bags1 but trade estimates made it more than #a1jjj1jjj bags4 ,on that day1 southern interests liquidated heavily1 causing net losses of eighty to ninety points4 ,doubtless the break would have been more severe had it not been for buying by the ,sielcken people and several other strong interests at and below seven and one-quarter cents for ,september contracts4 ,the ,story of ,valorization ,the valorization1 or equalization1 of coffee originated in ,brazil4 ,when the original plan was threatened with disaster1 ,hermann ,sielcken stepped in and saved the ,brazil planters from ruin2 the ,brazil government from possible revolution2 and1 incidentally1 won for himself and those who were his partners in the enterprise much unenviable notoriety4 ,the principle of valorization is generally conceded to be economically unsound1 because it encourages overproduction4 ,and valorization in ,brazil would have been a failure1 had it not been for a fortuitous combination of short crops1 ,hermann ,sielcken's genius1 and the ,world ,war4 ,because of the lessons learned in this experience1 ,brazil's subsequent valorization enterprises have run more smoothly4 ,a rapidly increasing world demand1 a wonderfully fertile soil1 and cheap labor kept the ,brazil coffee industry in a flourishing condition nearly to the close of #ahhi4 ,coffee consumption was increasing1 especially in the ,united ,states4 ,by ,april #ahij1 the average import price per pound of ,rio ,no4 #g in this country was nineteen cents2 and ,brazil was supplying only about half our needs4 ,virgin soil was still available in ,brazil1 and immigration furnished all the needful labor4 ,easy profits led to increased investment and careless methods4 ,her planters were drunk with prosperity4 ,for six years1 nearly all the three million inhabitants of ,so ,paulo1 ,brazil's largest coffee producing state1 entirely gave up planting corn1 rice1 beans1 everything they needed4 ,they bought them because coffee was so immensely profitable that they put all their labor in coffee4 ,brazil had been going through a period of low exchange4 ,paper money fell below par4 ,the exaggerated issues of it1 which provoked the collapse of exchange1 suddenly endowed ,brazil with an abundant circulation of money4 ,production was enormously stimulated4 ,new undertakings sprang up on every hand4 ,armies of agricultural laborers were recruited in ,europe and shipped into the coffee districts4 ,and then1 to make the story short1 supply passed demand1 surplus stocks began to appear1 prices began to fall1 and fell until they dropped below the cost of production4 ,it was in #ahif-ig1 when the new trees came into bearing by the tens and hundreds of thousands1 that ,so ,paulo's folly began to tell4 ,by ,october of that year the price of ,rio ,no4 #g in ,new ,york had fallen to about seven cents4 ,the decline continued1 until1 in #aijc1 it hung around five cents4 ,then began the winter of ,so ,paulo's discontent4 ,too late1 the state government tried by taxing new coffee estates1 to force the planters to raise crops to supply their own necessities4 ,the times grew harder4 ,mortgages held by large coffee houses and bankers were being foreclosed4 ,the industry was passing into ,european hands4 ,the smaller planters were becoming desperate2 and desperation is only a step from revolution4 ,the government of the state of ,so ,paulo knew this2 and to save the state1 it finally promised it would buy the next coffee crop1 and would hold it for the planters at such a price as would be necessary to continue the industry4 ,the protagonists of this plan to valorize coffee were ,dr4 ,jorge ,tibiri1 ,dr4 ,augusto ,ramos1 and ,dr4 ,albuquerque ,lins4 ,during all the period covering ,so ,paulo's rise and fall in coffee1 the financial genius who was to lead her again into the land of plenty had been quietly acquiring a knowledge of her problems--also1 the ability to make money out of their solution4 ,valorization was undertaken to save the coffee industry4 ,its intent was good1 even if the theory was bad4 ,the scheme was not new1 and there were no encouraging precedents to augur its success4 ,the situation was desperate and seemed to justify the trial of a desperate remedy4 ,so ,paulo attempted to carry the load2 but her resources were insufficient4 ,the bumper world crop of #ai1jij1jjj bags in #aija-jb was followed1 in #aijf-jg1 with another extraordinary yield of #bd1cjg1jjj bags1 of which ,brazil alone produced #bj1aib1jjj bags4 ,to make good its promise to the planters1 ready cash was needed2 and so the ,so ,paulo government sent a special commissioner to ,europe to get it4 ,for sixty years the ,rothschilds had acted as ,brazil's bankers4 ,the commissioner went to the ,rothschilds first4 ,he was flatly refused4 ,after that1 he was turned down by practically every bank on the continent4 ,it looked as if the bankers had entered into a gentlemen's agreement to make it unanimous4 ,then the commissioner bethought himself of the coffee merchants2 and that thought naturally suggested ,hermann ,sielcken1 who1 singularly enough1 happened to be conveniently resting at nearby ,baden-,baden4 ,in ,august1 #aijf1 the commissioner waited upon ,mr4 ,sielcken and begged his aid4 ,it was ,sielcken's hour of triumph4 ,for years he had been soliciting ,brazil4 ,now the tables were turned1 and ,brazil was asking favors of ,sielcken4 ,the rest of the story is best told by ,robert ,sloss1 who wrote it for ,world's ,work from information furnished by trade authorities--and even by ,mr4 ,sielcken1 himself1 in various speeches1 newspaper articles1 and on the witness stand4 ,it is presented here with certain minor corrections by the author3 ,well1 what do you want me to do8 asked ,hermann ,sielcken of the commissioner from the state of ,so ,paulo4 ,we want you to finance for us five to eight million bags of coffee1 said the commissioner blandly4 ,here was an adventure4 ,here was a proposition to lift bodily out of the market half as much coffee as the world's total production had averaged for the ten preceding years when prices had been so low4 ,presumably1 if this were done1 prices would be doubled4 ,but ,hermann ,sielcken shook his head4 ,no1 he said1 there is not the slightest chance for it1 not the slightest4 ,and then he pointed out that there would be no financial assistance coming from anywhere if the ,so ,paulo planters kept on raising such ridiculously large crops of coffee4 ,the commissioner assured him that the prospect was for smaller crops in future4 ,hermann ,sielcken was not so sure about it ,at a price low enough1 he mused1 ,i might be able to raise funds to pay eighty percent on a value of seven cents a pound for ,rio ,no4 #e4 ,the commissioner was dismayed4 ,his government had already promised to take coffee from the planters at about a cent a pound above the market1 and the market then stood at nearly eight cents4 ,the government would have to dig to make up the difference4 ,hermann ,sielcken's terms were the best that could be got1 however1 and the commissioner accepted them4 ,from that time forth ,hermann ,sielcken was the head of the movement4 ,he approached a few large coffee merchants1 including his former rivals1 ,arbuckle ,brothers1 and drew up a contract4 ,the merchants agreed to advance eighty percent of the sum required to buy two million bags of coffee at seven cents a pound4 ,if the market went above seven cents1 the government was to make no purchases4 ,if it fell below seven cents1 the government was to make good the difference to the merchants by cable4 ,before the season was well advanced the unexpected happened4 ,brazil was reaping the largest coffee harvest in the history of the world4 ,the two million bags of coffee purchased by the government were as a drop in a bucket4 ,financed by ,hermann ,sielcken1 ,schroeder1 the great ,london banker1 and a few prominent ,european merchants1 the government was forced to buy almost nine million bags4 ,toward the end of #aijg1 the government had lifted half of the world's visible supply of coffee1 but the market stood only a trifle above six cents a pound4 ,the government was practically bankrupt4 ,hermann ,sielcken now enlisted the ,rothschilds on his side1 and shifted the financial burden from the shoulders of the coffee merchants to those of the ,paris bankers and their ,american associates4 ,then the ,rothschilds imposed their conditions on the government of ,brazil4 ,a national law was passed determining a heavy penalty for any one who planted a new coffee tree in ,brazil4 ,the government guaranteed that not more than mine million bags of the next coffee crop and not more than ten million bags of any succeeding crop should be exported4 ,by the end of #aiaa1 the coffee market stood well above thirteen cents4 ,here was a rise of more than one hundred percent in two years1 more than sixty percent in six months4 ,evidently1 valorization coffee in the hands of the bankers' committee had become a gilt-edged security4 ,but how8 ,during the five crop years since the plan was launched on the heights above ,baden1 nearly #ij1jjj1jjj bags of coffee had been raised in the world4 ,the bankers' committee still held #e1ajh1jjj bags of this4 ,at the highest estimate1 consumption had exceeded production by only #d1jjj1jjj bags4 ,here was a shortage of only a little more than ten percent in supply as against demand1 so far as crops go4 ,yet there had been a rise of more than one hundred percent in two years in the price of coffee on the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange4444 ,upon the merchant's ability to deliver coffee on the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange depends the price of coffee in the world4 ,that explains why the bankers' committee from the beginning refused absolutely to sell valorization coffee on the public exchanges of the world4 ,in ,europe1 they put it up at auction2 and when it didn't go1 it was bought in for them4 ,in ,america1 they announced in a printed circular that valorization coffee would be sold only on condition that the purchaser would not deliver it on the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange4 ,hermann ,sielcken absolutely refused to sell coffee to the merchants on the ,exchange4 ,arbuckle ,brothers kept on buying coffee heavily1 as if they would corner the market4 ,they resold the coffee1 however1 at private sales1 exacting a written contract from the buyer that he would not deliver the coffee on the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange1 or resell it to any one that would so deliver it4 ,the ,coffee ,exchange began an investigation1 but nothing ever came of it4 ,shortly after the valorization committee had apparently cleared up #be1jjj1jjj in one year1 the restriction as to the delivery of valorization coffee on the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange was officially removed4 ,yet neither from ,hermann ,sielcken nor from ,arbuckle ,brothers1 it is charged1 could one buy any coffee to deliver for that purpose4 ,in #aiaa1 coffee rose to sixteen cents per pound4 ,at the end1 it was found that the committee's holdings had been marketed at the various sales on a basis1 for ,santos #ds1 from eight and five-eighths cents minimum1 to the final sale here forced by the ,united ,states government1 at which time the price realized was sixteen and three-quarter cents for ,santos #ds1 and fourteen cents for ,rio #gs4 ,the one fly in the valorization ointment was ,senator ,g4,w4 ,norris1 of ,nebraska1 who early in #aiaa called for a congressional investigation of the operations of the valorization syndicate1 which he said was costing the ,american people #ce1jjj1jjj a year4 ,the attorney-general was instructed to report as to whether or not there was a coffee trust4 ,it was a leisurely investigation1 which encountered many snags placed in its way by those who believed it would be against international policy to question too closely the participation of the ,brazil government in the enterprise4 ,politics played no inconsiderable part in the investigation1 which dragged along until ,may #ah1 #aiab1 when an action was begun in the ,federal ,district ,court for the southern district of ,new ,york1 alleging conspiracy in restraint of trade on the part of ,hermann ,sielcken2 ,bruno ,schroeder1 of ,j4 ,henry ,schroeder ,co42 ,edouard ,bunge2 the ,vicomte des ,touches2 ,dr4 ,paulo da ,silva ,prado2 ,theodor ,wille2 the ,socit ,generale2 and the ,new ,york ,dock ,co42 also praying for injunction and receivership of the valorization coffee then stored in the ,united ,states1 and amounting to #gdf1eci bags4 ,the injunction was denied4 ,immediately thereafter1 rumors began to circulate that the government's coffee suit would never be tried4 ,the ,brazilian ambassador threatened diplomatic interference1 and ,attorney-,general ,wickersham let it be known that a friendly settlement might be effected4 ,sielcken boldly challenged the authorities to prosecute the case1 and even seemed to invite criminal proceedings against himself4 ,saving the government's face1 and ,brazil's face1 at one and the same time1 proved to be a long and tedious process4 ,meanwhile1 ,senator ,norris introduced in ,congress a bill designed to give the government power to seize importations of coffee when restraint of trade was proved4 ,it was vigorously opposed by many prominent green-coffee men and roasters2 but in ,february1 #aiac1 it became enacted into a law4 ,it effectively killed all future valorization schemes in so far as direct participation by this country is concerned4 ,about ,december #a1 #aiab1 ,attorney-,general ,wickersham accepted good-faith assurances from ,mr4 ,sielcken's attorney--who represented also the ,brazil government--and agreed that if the valorization coffee stored here was sold to bona-fide purchasers before ,april #a1 #aiac1 the government's suit would be dismissed4 ,in ,may1 #aiac1 the attorney-general of the new ,wilson administration1 which came into office in ,march of that year1 issued a statement saying that1 good-faith assurances having been received from the ,brazil government that the understanding was fulfilled in letter and spirit before the date set by the previous attorney-general1 and the entire amount of coffee disposed of to eighty dealers in thirty-three cities1 the suit would be dismissed4 ,in the ,united ,states ,senate about the same time1 ,senator ,norris renewed his attack on the international coffee trust4 ,he charged that the coffee sale was not as represented1 but merely a transfer1 and called upon the ,department of ,justice for the facts1 with names of the alleged purchasers4 ,attorney-,general ,mc,reynolds1 on ,may #g1 #aiac1 declined to send to the ,senate the official correspondence in regard to the ,brazil coffee-valorization matter1 because it was incompatible with the public interests4 ,he did1 however1 send other papers on the subject4 ,the secretary of state sent copies of some correspondence2 but the documents were not made public4 ,this ended the matter1 although ,senator ,norris called for a congressional investigation1 charging that the attorney-general had been handed a gold brick4 ,sielcken contented himself with remarking that the suit was a mistake in the first place1 and that it was a foregone conclusion the government would be defeated4 ,also1 he offered #e1jjj to any one who could explain the ,norris bill4 ,valorization1 then1 was started by the state of ,so ,paulo in #aije1 when a law was passed authorizing the state to enter into an agreement with the other ,brazil states and the federal government for the adoption of measures which would assure the valorization of coffee and facilitate a propaganda abroad for increased consumption4 ,the states of ,so ,paulo1 ,mins ,geraes1 and ,rio de ,janeiro proposed1 early in #aijf1 to withdraw from the markets such quantities of coffee as would keep down exports and maintain profitable prices4 ,the plan comprehended the interested states borrowing about #ge1jjj1jjj from ,european and ,united ,states bankers with which to buy up the surplus coffee4 ,to take care of interest and amortization1 a tax of three francs per bag of #acb pounds 7about #eg cents7 was to be levied on all coffee exports1 collectable at ,santos and ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,further coffee-planting was to be checked by enforcing the law which carried a tax sufficiently high to operate toward restriction4 ,when it was understood that ,brazil's federal government would not endorse the plan in toto1 it was abandoned by ,rio de ,janeiro and ,mins ,geraes4 ,however1 the state of ,so ,paulo in the course of the next two years borrowed some #cj1jjj1jj on its own account for valorization purposes1 obtaining half the amount direct from foreign banking interests1 and the remainder1 through the ,brazilian federal government1 from ,london sources4 ,this first valorization was abandoned in favor of the ,sielcken plan1 which the federal government ratified in ,july1 #aijh4 ,by this new plan ,so ,paulo borrowed #ge1jjj1jjj from the syndicate composed of ,american1 ,english1 ,german1 ,french1 and ,belgian bankers4 ,out of this it repaid the #cj1jjj1jjj loan4 ,the #aijh loan was to expire in ten years1 in #aiai4 ,under the plan of the new loan1 it was agreed that certain amounts of the valorized coffee should be stored as collateral in warehouses in ,new ,york and ,europe in charge of a committee of seven1 who were authorized to sell the coffee in the market in specified quantities and at prices that would not disturb the price of other coffees4 ,the composition of the committee was as follows3 ,dr4 ,francisco ,ferreira ,ramos1 of ,so ,paulo and ,antwerp2 who was succeeded by ,dr4 ,paulo da ,silva ,prado2 the ,vicomte des ,touches1 of ,havre2 the ,socit ,generale1 of ,paris2 the firm of ,theodor ,wille1 of ,hamburg2 ,hermann ,sielcken1 of ,new ,york2 ,edouard ,bunge1 of ,antwerp2 and ,baron ,bruno ,schroeder1 of ,j4 ,henry ,schroeder ,co41 of ,london4 ,brazil agreed to purchase #aj1jjj1jjj bags and to hold them off the market until conditions warranted their sale4 ,it was also agreed that the total exports of unvalorized stocks from ,brazil would be restricted to #aj1jjj1jjj bags for #aijg-jh1 and to #aj1ejj1jjj bags for #aiji-aj4 ,in addition1 a surtax of five francs gold per bag 7#if-a_/d cents7 was placed on every bag exported to pay carrying charges4 ,the management of the government's holdings was placed in the hands of the international committee4 ,this committee issued bonds which were quickly subscribed for2 and because of its efficient handling of its huge holdings1 prices held steady in spite of the record-breaking ,brazilian crop of nearly #bj1aib1jjj bags in #aijf-jg1 and a later one in #aiji-aj of about #ae1jjj1jjj bags4 ,indeed1 there was an advance of about ten dollars a bag between #aijd and #aiaa4 ,valorization had the effect of stabilizing the ,brazil market1 and giving the planters and allied interests the assistance they needed to ward off the disaster that threatened them through overproduction4 ,the ,united ,states government action in #aiab forced the sale of the valorized stocks held in this country1 and the ,congress passed the law making it impossible again to offer for sale in ,america stocks of coffee held under similar valorization agreements4 ,the coffee situation became so serious in #aiac1 that ,so ,paulo again entered the money market for another loan1 borrowing #cg1ejj1jjj through the good offices of the ,brazilian federal government1 following this up two years later with another loan of #ba1jjj1jjj4 ,according to a semi-official statement issued in ,brazil early in #aiai1 the status of valorization at that time was that the first loan of #ge1jjj1jjj of #aijh1 had been entirely liquidated1 and the two later loans were greatly reduced4 ,at the same time1 it was announced by the president of the state of ,so ,paulo that the surtax of five frances would be withdrawn as soon as the liquidation of the loans had been completed4 ,this surtax1 however1 is still in effect4 ,in #aiai1 the ,so ,paulo government proposed advancing the pauta1 or export duty1 very materially4 ,a strong protest was made by all the exporters2 and a compromise was at last effected by which the proposed increase in the pauta was canceled1 and the existing surtax of five francs per bag continued as an offset4 ,the valorization project just described was the second of its kind1 a former attempt having proved a failure4 ,at that time 7#ahgj71 the ,brazilian government had been a large purchaser of ,rio coffee1 buying it in lieu of exchange1 as it had large remittances to make4 ,the coffee was sold through ,g4 ,amsinck ,co41 and it is believed that heavy losses were sustained4 ,since the ,sielcken valorization enterprise1 the ,brazilian government has promoted two more valorizations1 one in #aiah1 another early in #aibb4 ,war-,time ,government ,control of ,coffee ,the board of managers of the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange1 ,inc41 had realized1 late in #aiag1 that war-time government control of coffee trading was likely in view of the government's activities in other commodities4 ,to guard against the danger of a sudden announcement of such action1 the president of the ,exchange was empowered from month to month1 at each meeting of the board1 to suspend trading at any time that conditions warranted2 so that1 when ,president ,wilson announced1 on ,january #ca1 #aiah1 that all dealers in green coffees were to be licensed1 the ,exchange was fully prepared4 ,trading was suspended pending further information1 and owing to the farsightedness of the board of managers1 all danger of a panic in the market was averted4 ,by #aiag1 the allies had stopped shipments of coffee to ,germany through neighbors who had been her sole source of supply4 ,stocks in all the producing countries were accumulating1 and ,so ,paulo had embarked on another valorization scheme to protect her planters4 ,the markets of ,europe were entirely controlled by the governments2 and the ,united ,states was practically the only free and open market4 ,the market here was steady and without particular animation1 and showed none until the end of ,november1 #aiag4 ,at that time1 speculation activities1 steamer scarcity1 and the steady advance in freights1 became decided influences in the market2 and prices began to advance4 ,freights on shipments from ,brazil had advanced from one dollar and twenty cents per bag early in the year to unheard-of prices2 and1 before the bubble burst1 had reached as high as four dollars per bag4 ,with this steadily advancing freight1 speculation in coffee became more active2 and prices naturally began to rise4 ,the relative cheapness of coffee compared with all other commodities2 the fact that coffee here had shown very little advance2 the prospect of an early peace2 the large ,european demand to follow2 were favorite bull arguments4 ,the market became excited2 speculative buying was general1 every one1 apparently1 wanted to buy coffee2 and twenty cents per pound for ,santos #ds in the near future was a common prediction4 ,the ,united ,states food administrator had shown his antipathy to uncontrolled exchange operations by his action on sugar1 wheat1 corn1 and other commodities1 dealt in on the exchanges2 consequently1 the proclamation of ,president ,wilson regarding coffee was not a surprise to those who had been watching the situation closely1 especially as on ,january #cj1 #aiah 7the day before the proclamation7 the president of the ,coffee ,exchange was summoned by telegraph to appear in ,washington to discuss ways for a proper control of the article1 and the best means to bring about such control4 ,as a result of this summons1 a committee of the entire trade1 representing the ,exchange1 the green-coffee dealers and importers1 the roasters1 and the brokers1 was appointed by the ,exchange to confer with the food administrator at once1 in order to work out a plan whereby the business could be kept going4 ,after a long conference1 rules agreed upon were approved that became the basis on which business was conducted until the withdrawal of all regulations regarding coffee in ,january1 #aiai4 ,much trade criticism followed the publication of some of these rules4 ,george ,w4 ,lawrence1 president of the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange1 was called to ,washington on ,february #bh1 #aiah1 to take charge of a newly created coffee division under ,theodore ,f4 ,whitmarsh1 chief of the distribution division of the food administration4 ,in this position he rendered a signal service to the trade and to his country4 ,although subjected to a cross-fire of criticism from many green and roasted coffee interests1 he never wavered in the performance of his full duty2 and his good judgment1 tact1 and loyalty to ,american ideals1 won for him a high place in the regard of all those who had the best interests of the country at heart4 ,he was ably assisted in his work by ,walter ,f4 ,blake1 of ,williams1 ,russell ,company1 ,new ,york2 and by ,f4,t4 ,nutt1 ,jr41 treasurer of the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange4 ,a coffee advisory board was appointed in ,june #aiah1 to serve as a go-between for the trade and the food administration4 ,those who served on this committee were3 ,henry ,schaefer1 of ,s4 ,gruner ,co41 ,new ,york1 chairman2 ,carl ,h4 ,stoffregen1 of ,steinwender1 ,stoffregen ,co41 ,new ,york1 secretary2 and ,william ,bayne1 ,jr41 of ,william ,bayne ,co41 ,new ,york2 ,s4,h4 ,dorr1 of ,arnold1 ,dorr ,co41 ,new ,york2 ,a4 ,schierenberg1 of ,corn1 ,schwarz ,co41 ,new ,york2 ,leon ,israel1 of ,leon ,israel ,bro41 ,new ,york2 ,joseph ,purcell1 of ,hard ,rand1 ,new ,york2 ,b4,f4 ,peabody1 of ,t4 ,barbour ,brown ,co41 ,new ,york2 ,j4,d4 ,pickslay1 of ,williams1 ,russell ,co41 ,new ,york2 ,charles ,l4 ,meehan1 of ,p4,c4 ,meehan ,co41 ,new ,york2 ,b4,c4 ,casanas1 of ,merchants ,coffee ,co41 ,new ,orleans2 ,john ,r4 ,moir1 of ,chase ,sanborn1 ,boston2 and ,b4 ,meyer1 of ,stewart1 ,carnal ,co41 ,new ,orleans4 ,others in the trade who served the food administration during the period of the ,world ,war were ,george ,e4 ,lichty1 president of the ,black ,hawk ,coffee ,spice ,co41 ,waterloo1 ,iowa2 and ,theodore ,f4 ,whitmarsh1 vice-president and treasurer of ,francis ,h4 ,leggett ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,the visible supply of coffee for the ,united ,states on ,january #a1 #aiah1 was #b1hhg1cjh bags4 ,the world's visible supply was given as #aj1jab1jjj bags2 but to be added to this were more than #c1jjj1jjj bags held by the ,so ,paulo government4 ,thus there was little reason to fear a coffee shortage4 ,that coffee should be permitted1 with this large amount in view1 to run wild as to price1 was certainly not the intention of the food administrator1 whose purpose was to keep foods moving to the ,united ,states forces and allies1 and as far as possible1 to keep reasonable prices for the ,united ,states consumers4 ,steadily advancing prices of foods meant increasing cost of labor1 general unrest1 and a difficult situation to meet at a period when the situation as a whole was most critical4 ,trouble for the coffee trade was imminent early in #aiah1 when the shipping board1 backed by experts1 decided1 or attempted to decide1 that coffee was not a food product2 that no vessels could be had for its transportation2 and that it must be put on the list of prohibited or restricted commodities4 ,mr4 ,hoover1 however1 insisted that coffee was a very necessary essential1 and that tonnage must be provided for an amount sufficient at all times to keep the visible supply for the ,united ,states up to at least #a1ejj1jjj bags of ,brazil coffee2 and this figure was ultimately accepted and carried out by the shipping board4 ,these figures1 based on the deliveries of the two preceding years1 and with dealers limited to ninety days stock in the country1 were deemed ample to care for all requirements4 ,it was figured that by ,november #a1 #aiah1 the freight situation would be relieved to such an extent by the new vessels building1 that the amount could be increased should it be found necessary4 ,the food administration1 through the war trade board1 offered steamer room to importers of record of the years #aiaf-ag at #a4gj per bag4 ,the first few vessels were promptly filled on a basis of nine and one-quarter to nine and five-eighths cents1 c4 f41 for ,santos #ds1 well described4 ,about the same time1 our army and navy were able to buy at eight to eight and three-eighths cents f4o4b4 ,santos1 for shipment by their own vessels4 ,after the first few vessels offered by the ,war ,trade ,board were filled1 the trade became indifferent4 ,the warehouses in ,brazil were loaded with stocks2 vessels to carry coffee were assured buyers at a fixed rate 7profits limited72 and1 as there was no apparent reason for an advance1 buyers were willing to let the producing countries carry the stock4 ,the last week in ,june brought very cold weather in ,so ,paulo1 and cables reported heavy frost4 ,the news was not taken seriously by the trade at large4 ,frost news from ,brazil was no novelty1 and in the past had always been looked upon as a regular and seasonable method of bulling the market4 ,this year1 however1 the frost was a fact1 and the market began to move upward with surprising speed4 ,reports of the damage to the trees varied from forty to eighty percent4 ,quotations from ,santos advanced two cents per pound in as many days4 ,united ,states buyers were not disposed to follow the advance2 offerings of steamer room were declined2 and boats booked for coffee1 owing to the lack of cargoes1 were transferred elsewhere4 ,meanwhile the market continued to advance rapidly4 ,the allies were holding the enemy1 and peace prospects were brighter4 ,from ,september #a to ,november #ae1 the records of the food administration showed very small purchases4 ,the buyers did not believe in the frost4 ,with the news of the armistice1 ,brazil markets went wild2 and ,santos #ds1 which had sold at eight and one-quarter cents in ,may1 were quoted at twenty and one-half cents by ,december #aj4 ,the food administration had decided1 on ,february #f1 #aiah1 after consulting the committee appointed by the ,exchange1 and on their advice and recommendation1 to permit trading in futures on the following plan3 a fixed maximum price of eight and one-half cents per pound for the spot month1 with a carrying charge not to exceed fifteen points per pound for delivery for each succeeding month4 ,thus the price for ,march delivery was fixed at eight and one-half cents1 while ,july delivery could be sold at nine and one-tenths cents2 but when ,july arrived1 it became the spot month1 and eight and one-half cents was the maximum at which it could be sold4 ,this rule effectively stopped speculation1 but failed to work out satisfactorily to the trade4 ,experience proved that a maximum fixed price at which coffee could be traded in would have produced much better results4 ,business on the ,exchange followed its usual course1 and the customary hedging of purchases was done by dealers4 ,the indifference of buyers1 already referred to1 had resulted in a heavy decrease of the ,united ,states visible supply2 and it had shrunk to #b1dde1jjj bags on ,september #a2 to #b1agc1jih bags on ,october #a2 to #a1heg1bfj bags on ,november #a4 ,included in these amounts were at least #ejj1jjj bags1 held in ,new ,york by foreign owners1 which could not be sold2 and of the balance left1 there was undoubtedly a liberal amount sold against on the ,exchange for future delivery4 ,by ,october1 the situation had become acute4 ,dealers who had classified themselves as jobbers or importers had gone into the retail classification in order to evade the limitations of profit allowed jobbers1 and were limiting their sales to lots of twenty-five bags or fewer4 ,dealers who had legitimately hedged their holdings were unable to buy in4 ,the ,exchange officials showed no disposition to relieve the situation2 and as all prices had reached the maximum price for every month permitted1 the food administration1 on ,november #a1 #aiah1 ordered the liquidation of all contracts outstanding1 bought or sold1 by not later than ,november #i4 ,this was done2 and the coffee covered by such contracts was released to the trade4 ,the regulations governing transactions on the ,exchange were withdrawn on ,december #e1 #aiah2 and1 after a long argument1 the ,exchange decided to re-open for trading on ,december #bf1 #aiah4 ,opening transactions amounted to #be1jjj bags on a basis of seventeen and one-half cents per pound or nine cents over the prices at which contracts had been liquidated4 ,on ,december #bh the price had declined to fifteen and one-half cents4 ,in the opinion of many of our best merchants1 the ,exchange should have been closed during the war1 as it failed to be of any real service4 ,that it was operating at a fixed price for the spot month only1 made it of no value to the trade during this period4 ,of its loyalty to the government1 and its evident desire to assist there can be no question2 but its cheerful acceptance of the burdens laid upon it proved largely futile4 ,the action of the food administration in confining the coffee business solely to licensed dealers and to a fixed profit on actual cost2 in limiting dealers to ninety days stock2 and in prohibiting resales1 was the cause of much unjust criticism4 ,the regulations were based on the general rules of the food administration1 and applied to coffee quite as equitably as did the regulations governing other food commodities under control and license4 ,as a matter of fact1 they were much less rigorous in some ways than the regulations applying to many other articles4 ,for example1 ninety days stock based on sales for #aiaf-ag was allowed on coffee4 ,there was no other article on the food list to which this liberality was permitted4 ,a forty to sixty days stock would probably be found to be the maximum permitted to be carried of other food products4 ,the general proclamation of the food administration of ,november #a1 #aiag1 declared3 ,these general and special rules and regulations are promulgated by the ,president to accomplish three principal objects1 viz3 #ast1 to limit the prices charged by every licensee to a reasonable amount over expenses and forbid the acquisition of speculative profits from a rising market2 #b;d1 to keep all food commodities moving in as direct a line as possible and with as little delay as practicable to the consumer2 #c;d1 to limit as far as practicable contracts for future delivery and dealing in future contracts4 ,from the foregoing it will be apparent that a profit to be allowed based on market value for coffees was an impossibility1 unless this law had been altered to allow all licensees of other commodities to share4 ,coffee profits were fixed by the food administration on the advice of1 and with acceptance by1 the coffee committee4 ,they started too low2 and were made more liberal1 when the first figures were shown to be impossible4 ,george ,w4 ,lawrence reports a conversation that he had with the food administrator on this particular subject1 and that was characteristic of his broadness4 ,mr4 ,hoover said1 ,the coffee dealers are complaining of the profits permitted them4 ,i want them satisfied2 and if the profits are not reasonable1 ,i shall put them where they will be4 ,this war is not going to last always2 and at its conclusion ,i want every ,american merchant in a position to be able to continue his business and be no worse off than when the war started4 ,resales were prohibited1 or limited to one transaction1 in order to prevent an accumulation of profits1 that1 added to each transfer1 would result ultimately in higher prices to the consumer4 ,the fixing of profit based on cost1 and not on market or replacement value1 is a thing that is impossible in normal times4 ,carried to the last degree1 it would mean ruination2 for no provision is made for declines in the market1 and resulting losses4 ,as a war measure it was inevitable1 and so endured4 ,in normal times it is like trying to make water run uphill4 ,with a united people1 it worked2 but one can not have a ,world ,war always to unite the people4 ,it has been said that government regulation of coffees caused a large increase in price to the consumer4 ,this would be hard to prove4 ,the trade1 generally1 that refused to buy at ten to twelve cents per pound because it did not1 or would not believe the reports of frost damage1 and thought prices too high1 was frantically bidding up to twenty and twenty-two cents for #ds in ,march and ,april1 #aiai4 ,according to the ideas of some enthusiasts1 fifty cents was not an impossibility4 ,naturally such a bubble must burst eventually4 ,government control had nothing to do with such natural conditions as frost1 or as the buyers' indifference4 ,expansion and inflation were in the air1 and had to run their course4 ,the year #aibj brought the aftermath2 and in the deflation1 coffee1 with all other commodities1 went down to prices far below its intrinsic value4 ,the expected ,european demand did not materialize2 the interior buyer was overloaded with stock2 and the losses of the coffee trade in #aibj will1 it is to be hoped1 never be repeated4 ,the ,story of ,soluble ,coffee ,for nearly two decades1 many coffee men and chemists have been seeking a soluble coffee1 or dried coffee extract1 that would simplify the preparation of the beverage4 ,thus far1 all the products that have appeared on the market are somewhat deficient in aroma and in the more delicate flavors of coffee4 ,a satisfying average cup of coffee can be prepared from the better brands2 the chief advantages of which are rapidity of preparation1 absence of any grounds1 and uniformity of drink4 ,considerable progress has been made in certain directions2 enough to warrant telling here1 though briefly1 the story of soluble coffee to date4 ,some there are among trade experts and coffee connoisseurs who maintain soluble coffee is an ignis fatuus2 that it can never be manufactured without destroying the aromatic principle2 that at best it is a delusion and a snare4 ,certainly1 many absurd claims have been made for some of the soluble coffees on the market4 ,however1 there are others that are not without their merits2 and the story of their introduction to the trade and the consuming public is entertaining and instructive4 ,dr4 ,sartori ,kato1 a ,japanese chemist1 of ,tokio1 brought a soluble tea to ,chicago about #ahii4 ,it was not a commercial success2 but it served to bring him in touch with some coffee men and chemists1 for whom he produced a soluble coffee in the same year4 ,a company was organized to promote the product4 ,it was called the ,kato ,coffee ,co41 and included1 in addition to ,dr4 ,kato2 ,fillip ,kreissel1 a chemist2 ,w4,r4 ,ruffner1 a green-coffee broker2 and ,i4,d4 ,richheimer1 a coffee roaster4 ,kato's soluble coffee was first sold to the public at the ,pan-,american ,exposition in #aija4 ,the first quantity order was received from ,captain ,baldwin and by him used with satisfaction on the ,ziegler ,arctic expedition4 ,united ,states patents on a coffee concentrate1 and process for making the same 7soluble coffee71 were granted to ,sartori ,kato of ,chicago1 assignor to the ,kato ,coffee ,co41 of the same place1 on ,august #aa1 #aijc4 ,g4 ,washington1 who was born in ,belgium of ,english parents1 and who was living temporarily in ,guatemala ,city1 invented about #aijf1 a soluble coffee that was made ready for the market in #aiji4 ,the ,george ,washington ,coffee ,refining ,co4 was organized in #aiaj to put the ,washington product on the market1 which it did first under the name1 ,red ,e coffee4 ,this was later changed to ,g4 ,washington's ,prepared ,coffee1 as an alternative to ,washington's ,coffee ,extract1 a name which was favorably regarded by all except certain authorities at the national capital4 ,associated with ,mr4 ,washington at the start of the enterprise were3 ,e4 ,van ,etten1 former vice-president of the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad2 ,w4,j4 ,arkell2 ,bartlett ,arkell1 of the ,beechnut ,packing ,co42 ,c4,m4 ,warner1 of the ,warner ,sugar ,refining ,co42 and ,charles ,e4 ,proctor1 of the ,singer ,sewing ,machine ,co4 ,the ,g4 ,washington ,coffee ,refining ,company has its coffee-roasting and preparing plant in ,brooklyn2 but its process is a secret one1 and has never been patented4 ,f4 ,lehnhoff ,wyld1 who was the ,washingtons' family physician when they lived in ,guatemala ,city1 and with whom ,mr4 ,washington had discussed his work in soluble coffee1 duplicated the ,washington product in #aiac2 and1 with ,e4,t4 ,cabarrus1 he organized the ,socit du ,caf ,soluble ,belna1 ,brussels1 ,belgium1 to put on the ,european market a refined soluble coffee under the brand name ,belna4 ,eight or ten ,united ,states patents have been granted on soluble coffees that have never been applied commercially4 ,nowhere has soluble coffee met with such success as in the ,united ,states1 where a number of brands followed the ,kato and ,g4 ,washington products4 ,among them1 mention should be made of the ,c4,f4 ,blanke ,tea ,coffee ,company's ,magic ,cup1 afterward ,fairy ,cup1 and later1 ,faust brand1 brought out in #aiab2 the ,baker ,importing ,co4's ,barrington ,hall ,soluble ,coffee1 brought out in #aiag2 and the ,charles ,g4 ,hires ,co4's brand1 introduced to the trade in #aiah4 ,it was the ,world ,war that brought soluble coffee to the front4 ,e4,f4 ,holbrook1 formerly in charge of the coffee section1 subsistence division1 ,united ,states ,war ,department1 said1 ,the use of mustard gas by the ,germans made it one of the most important articles of subsistence used by the army4 ,early in the war1 soluble coffee was added to the reserve ration1 three-quarters of an ounce being considered at first the proper amount per ration4 ,after trying to put it up in sticks1 tablets1 capsules1 and other forms1 it was determined that the best method was to pack it in envelopes4 ,a month before the signing of the armistice1 the ,new ,york depot was notified that after ,january #a1 #aiai1 the requirements of soluble coffee were to be #be1jjj pounds per day in addition to quantities packed in reserve rations1 bringing the total daily output to #db1ejj pounds per day4 ,arrangements were made to have the total output of the ,new ,york zone1 #dj1jjj pounds per day1 packed in quarter-ounce envelopes1 twenty-four to a sealed can4 ,i4,d4 ,richheimer1 promoter of the original soluble coffee of ,kato and the ,kato patent1 organized the ,soluble ,coffee ,co4 of ,america in #aiah1 to supply soluble coffee to the ,american army overseas4 ,after the armistice1 the company began licensing other merchants under the ,kato patent or offering to process the merchants' own coffee for them if desired4 ,william ,a4 ,hamor and ,charles ,w4 ,trigg1 ,pittsburgh1 assignors to ,john ,e4 ,king1 ,detroit1 were granted a ,united ,states patent in #aiai on a process for making a new soluble coffee4 ,their process consists in bringing the volatilized caffeol in contact with a petrolatum1 or absorbing medium1 where it is held until needed for combination with the evaporated coffee extract4 ,the ,king ,coffee ,products ,corp4 of ,detroit was organized in #aibj to manufacture this product1 known as ,minute coffee1 and a coffee base for soft drinks1 the latter being marketed under the name of ,coffee ,pep4 ,mr4 ,king had believed for many years that soluble coffee was destined to solve many of the vexations of the coffee business1 and had been experimenting with the idea since #aijf4 ,to facilitate his investigations1 he established a fellowship at the ,mellon ,institute of ,industrial ,research1 ,pittsburgh1 in #aiad1 in charge of ,charles ,w4 ,trigg4 ,this chemically controlled research evolved a product which1 after passing through the laboratory stage1 was placed upon a small unit plan basis1 and then patented4 ,five additional patents on the product were granted ,messrs4 ,trigg and ,david ,s4 ,pratt in #aiba2 and all were assigned to ,john ,e4 ,king4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,the ,,earliest ,,coffee ,,manuscript1 #aehg ,pages from the ,arabian writing by ,abd-al-,kdir1 photographed for this work in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,a ,,history ,,of ,,coffee ,,in ,,literature ,the romance of coffee1 and its influence on the discourse1 poetry1 history1 drama1 philosophic writing1 and fiction of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and on the writers of today--,coffee quips and anecdotes ,any study of the literature of coffee comprehends a survey of selections from the best thought of civilized nations1 from the time of ,rhazes 7#hej-ibb7 to ,francis ,saltus4 ,we have seen in chapter ,,iii how ,rhazes1 the physician-philosopher1 appears to have been the first writer to mention coffee2 and was followed by other great physicians1 like ,bengiazlah1 a contemporary1 and ,avicenna 7#ihj-ajcg74 ,then arose many legends about coffee1 that served as inspiration for ,arabian1 ,french1 ,italian1 and ,english poets4 ,sheik ,gemaleddin1 mufti of ,mocha1 is said to have discovered the virtues of coffee about #aded1 and to have promoted the use of the drink in ,arabia4 ,knowledge of the new beverage was given to ,europeans by the botanists ,rauwolf and ,alpini toward the close of the sixteenth century4 ,the first authentic account of the origin of coffee was written by ,abd-al-,kdir in #aehg4 ,it is the famous ,arabian manuscript commending the use of coffee1 preserved in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris1 and catalogued as ,arabe1 #deij4 ,its title written in ,arabic is as follows3 ,arabic #d #c #b #a which is pronounced 7reading right to left73 omdat as safwa fi hall al kahwa #a #b #c #d or2 in the literary style3 omdatu s safwati fi hallu 'l kahwati which means--literally1 7the corresponding words being underlined and numbered7 ,the maintenance of purity as #a #b regards the legitimacy of coffee4 #c #d or1 more freely1 ,argument in favor of the legitimate use of coffee4 ,arabic kahwa1 is the ,arabic word for coffee4 ,the author is ,abd-al-,kdir ibn ,mohammad al ,ansri al ,jazari al ,hanbali4 ,that is1 he was named ,abd-al-,kdir1 son of ,mohammed4 ,abd-al-,kdir means slave of the strong one 7i4e41 of ,god72 while al ,ansri means that he was a descendant of the ,ansri 7i4e41 helpers71 the people of ,medina who received and protected the ,prophet ,mohammed after his flight from ,mecca2 al ,jazari means that he was a man of ,mesopotamia2 and al ,hanbali that in law and theology he belonged to the well known sect1 or school1 of the ,hanbalites1 so called after the great jurist and writer1 ,ahmad ibn ,hanbal1 who died at ,bagdad ,a4,h4 #bda 7,a4,d4 #hee74 ,the ,hanbalites are one of the four great sects of the ,sunni ,mohammedans4 ,abd-al-,kdir ibn ,mohammed lived in the tenth century of the ,hegira--the sixteenth of our era--and wrote his book in #iif ,a4,h41 or #aehg ,a4,d4 ,coffee had then been in common use since about #adej ,a4,d4 in ,arabia4 ,it was not in use in the time of the ,prophet1 who died in #fcb ,a4,d42 but he had forbidden the drink of strong liquors which affect the brain1 and hence it was argued that coffee1 as a stimulant1 was unlawful4 ,even today1 the community of the ,wahabis1 very powerful in ,arabia a hundred years ago1 and still dominant in part of it1 do not permit the use of coffee4 ,abd-al-,kdir's book is thought to have been based on an earlier writing by ,shihb-ad-,dn ,ahmad ibn ,abd-al-,ghafr al ,maliki1 as he refers to the latter on the third page of his manuscript2 but if so1 this previous work does not appear to have been preserved4 ,la ,roque says ,shihb-ad-,dn was an ,arabian historian who supplied the main part of ,abd-al-,kdir's story4 ,la ,roque refers also to a ,turkish historian4 ,research by the author has failed to disclose anything about ,shihb-ad-,dn save his name 7al ,maliki means that he belonged to the ,malikites1 another of the four great ,sunni sects71 and that he wrote about a hundred years before ,abd-al-,kdir4 ,no copy of his writings is known to exist4 ,the illustrations show the title page of ,abd-al-,kdir's manuscript1 the first page1 the third page1 and the fly leaf of the cover1 the latter containing an inscription in ,latin made at the time the manuscript was first received or classified4 ,it reads3 ,omdat al safouat fl hall al cahuat4 ,de usu legitimo et licito potionis quae vulgo ,caf nuncupatur4 ,authore ,abdalcader ,ben ,mohammed al ,ansri4 ,constat hic liber capitibus septem1 et ab authore editus est anno hegirae #iif quo anno centum et viginti anni effluxerant ex quo huius potionis usus in ,arabia felice invaluerat ,the translation of the ,latin is3 ,concerning the legitimate and lawful use of the drink commonly known as caf by ,abdalcader ,ben ,mohammed al ,ansri4 ,the book is composed in seven chapters and was brought out by the author in the year of the ,hegira #iif at which time a hundred and twenty years had passed since the use of this drink had become firmly established in ,arabia ,felix4 ,coffee in ,poetry ,the ,abd-al-,kdir work immortalized coffee4 ,it is in seven chapters4 ,the first treats of the etymology and significance of the word cahouah 7kahwa71 the nature and properties of the bean1 where the drink was first used1 and describes its virtues4 ,the other chapters have to do largely with the church dispute in ,mecca in #aeaa1 answer the religious objectors to coffee1 and conclude with a collection of ,arabic verses composed during the ,mecca controversy by the best poets of the time4 ,de ,nointel1 ambassador from the court of ,louis ,,xiv to the ,ottoman ,porte1 brought back with him to ,paris from ,constantinople the ,abd-al-,kdir manuscript1 and another by ,bichivili1 one of the three general treasurers of the ,ottoman ,empire4 ,the latter work is of a later date than the ,abd-al-,kdir manuscript1 and is concerned chiefly with the history of the introduction of coffee into ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,damascus1 ,aleppo1 and ,constantinople4 ,the following are two of the earliest ,arabic poems in praise of coffee4 ,they are about the period of the first coffee persecution in ,mecca 7#aeaa71 and are typical of the best thought of the day3 ,,in ,,praise ,,of ,,coffee ,translation from the ,arabic ,o ,coffee6 ,thou dost dispel all cares1 thou art the object of desire to the scholar4 ,this is the beverage of the friends of ,god2 it gives health to those in its service who strive after wisdom4 ,prepared from the simple shell of the berry1 it has the odor of musk and the color of ink4 ,the intelligent man who empties these cups of foaming coffee1 he alone knows truth4 ,may ,god deprive of this drink the foolish man who condemns it with incurable obstinacy4 ,coffee is our gold4 ,wherever it is served1 one enjoys the society of the noblest and most generous men4 ,o drink6 ,as harmless as pure milk1 which differs from it only in its blackness4 ,here is another1 rhymed version of the same poem3 ,,in ,,praise ,,of ,,coffee ,translation from the ,arabic ,o coffee6 ,doved and fragrant drink1 thou drivest care away1 ,the object thou of that man's wish who studies night and day4 ,thou soothest him1 thou giv'st him health1 and ,god doth favor those ,who walk straight on in wisdom's way1 nor seek their own repose4 ,fragrant as musk thy berry is1 yet black as ink in sooth6 ,and he who sips thy fragrant cup can only know the truth4 ,insensate they who1 tasting not1 yet vilify its use2 ,for when they thirst and seek its help1 ,god will the gift refuse4 ,oh1 coffee is our wealth6 for see1 where'er on earth it grows1 ,men live whose aims are noble1 true virtues who disclose4 ,,coffee ,,companionship ,translation from the ,arabic ,come and enjoy the company of coffee in the places of its habitation2 for the ,divine ,goodness envelops those who partake of its feast4 ,there the elegance of the rugs1 the sweetness of life1 the society of the guests1 all give a picture of the abode of the blest4 ,it is a wine which no sorrow could resist when the cup-bearer presents thee with the cup which contains it4 ,it is not long since ,aden saw thy birth4 ,if thou doubtest this1 see the freshness of youth shining on the faces of thy children4 ,grief is not found within its habitations4 ,trouble yields humbly to its power4 ,it is the beverage of the children of ,god1 it is the source of health4 ,it is the stream in which we wash away our sorrows4 ,it is the fire which consumes our griefs4 ,whoever has once known the chafing-dish which prepares this beverage1 will feel only aversion for wine and liquor from casks4 ,delicious beverage1 its color is the seal of its purity4 ,reason pronounces favorably on the lawfulness of it4 ,drink of it confidently1 and give not ear to the speech of the foolish1 who condemn it without reason4 ,during the period of the second religious persecution of coffee in the latter part of the sixteenth century1 other ,arabian poets sang the praises of coffee4 ,the learned ,fakr-,eddin-,aboubeckr ben ,abid ,iesi wrote a book entitled ,the ,triumph of ,coffee1 and the poet-sheikh ,sherif-,eddin-,omar-ben-,faredh sang of it in harmonious verse1 wherein1 discoursing of his mistress1 he could find no more flattering comparison than coffee4 ,he exclaims1 ,she has made me drink1 in long draughts1 the fever1 or1 rather1 the coffee of love6 ,the numerous contributions by early travelers to the literature of coffee have been mentioned in chronological order in the history chapters4 ,after ,rauwolf and ,alpini1 there were ,sir ,antony ,sherley1 ,parry1 ,biddulph1 ,captain ,john ,smith1 ,sir ,george ,sandys1 ,sir ,thomas ,herbert1 and ,sir ,henry ,blount in ,england2 ,tavernier1 ,thvenot1 ,bernier1 ,p4 de la ,roque1 and ,galland in ,france2 ,delia ,valle in ,italy2 ,olearius and ,niebhur in ,germany2 ,nieuhoff in ,holland1 and others4 ,francis ,bacon wrote about coffee in his ,hist4 ,vitae et ,mortis and ,sylva ,sylvarum1 #afbc-bg4 ,burton referred to it in his ,anatomy of ,melancholy in #afcb4 ,parkinson described it in his ,theatrum ,botanicum in #afdj4 ,in #afeb1 ,pasqua ,rose published his famous handbill in ,london1 a literary effort as well as a splendid first advertisement4 ,faustus ,nairon 7,banesius7 produced in ,rome1 in #afga1 the first printed treatise devoted solely to coffee4 ,the same year ,dufour brought out the first treatise in ,french4 ,this he followed in #afhd with his work1 ,the manner of making coffee1 tea1 and chocolate4 ,john ,ray extolled the virtues of coffee in his ,universal ,botany of ,plants1 published in ,london in #afhf4 ,galland translated the ,abd-al-,kdir manuscript into ,french in #afii1 and ,jean ,la ,roque published his ,voyage de l',arabie ,heureuse in ,paris in #agae4 ,excerpts from nearly all these works appear in various chapters of this work4 ,leonardus ,ferdinandus ,meisner published a ,latin treatise on coffee1 tea1 and chocolate in #agba4 ,dr4 ,james ,douglas published in ,london 7#agbg7 his ,arbor yemensis fructum cof ferens1 or a description and history of the ,coffee ,tree4 ,this work laid under contribution many of the ,italian1 ,german1 ,french1 and ,english scholars mentioned above2 and the author mentioned as other sources of information3 ,dr4 ,quincy1 ,pechey1 ,gaudron1 de ,fontenelle1 ,professor ,boerhaave1 ,figueroa1 ,chabraeus1 ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 ,langius1 and ,du ,mont4 ,in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 the poets and dramatists of ,france1 ,italy1 and ,england found a plentiful supply in what had already been written on coffee2 to say nothing of the inspiration offered by the drink itself1 and by the society of the cafs of the period4 ,french poets1 familiar with ,latin1 first took coffee as the subject of their verse4 ,vanire sang its praises in the eighth book of his ,praedium rusticum2 and ,fellon1 a ,jesuit professor of ,trinity ,college1 ,lyons1 wrote a didactic poem called1 ,faba ,arabica1 ,carmen1 which is included in the ,poemata didascalica of d',olivet4 ,abb ,guillaume ,massieu's ,carmen ,caffaeum1 composed in #agah1 has been referred to in chapter ,,iii4 ,it was read at the ,academy of ,inscriptions4 ,one of the panegyrists of this author1 de ,boze1 in his ,elog de ,massieu1 says that if ,horace and ,virgil had known of coffee1 the poem might easily have been attributed to them2 and ,thery1 who translated it into ,french1 says it is a pearl of elegance in a rare jewel case4 ,the following translation of the poem from the ,latin original was made for this work3 ,,coffee ,a ,poem by ,guillaume ,massieu of the ,french ,academy 7,a literal prose translation from the original ,latin in the ,british ,museum47 ,how coffee first came to our shores1 ,what the nature of the divine drink is1 what its use1 ,how it brings ready aid to man against every kind of evils1 ,i shall here begin to tell in simple verse4 ,you soft-spoken men1 who have often tried the sweetness of this drink1 ,if it has never deceived your wishes or mocked your hopes ,with its empty results1 be propitious and lend a willing ear to our song4 ,and may you1 ,o ,phoebus1 kindly be present1 to acknowledge ,as your gift the power of herbs and healthful plants1 and to ,dispel sad diseases from our bodies2 for they say you are ,the author of this blessing1 and may you spread your ,gifts among peoples1 and everywhere far and wide throughout the entire world4 ,across ,libya afar1 and the seven mouths of the swollen ,nile1 ,where ,asia most joyfully spreads in immense fields ,rich in various resources and filled with fragrant woods1 ,a region extends4 ,the ,sabeans of old inhabited it4 ,i believe indeed ,nature1 that best parent of all things1 ,loved this place more than all others with a tender love4 ,here the air of ,heaven always breathes more mildly4 ,the sun has a gentler power2 here are flowers of a different clime2 ,and the earth with fertile bosom brings forth various fruits1 ,cinnamon1 casia1 myrrh1 and fragrant thyme4 ,amid the resources and gifts of this blessed land1 ,turned to the sun and the warm south winds1 ,a tree spontaneously lifts itself into the upper air4 ,growing nowhere else1 and unknown in earlier centuries1 ,by no means great in size1 it stretches not far its ,spreading branches1 nor lifts a lofty top to heaven2 ,but lowly1 after the manner of myrtle or pliant broom1 ,it rises from the ground4 ,many a nut bends its rich branches4 ,small1 like a bean1 dark and dull in color1 ,marked by a slight groove in the centre of its hull4 ,to transplant this growth to our own fields ,many have tried1 and to cultivate it with great care4 ,in vain2 for the plant has not responded to the zeal ,and desires of the planters1 and has rendered vain their long labor2 ,before day the root of the tender herb has withered away4 ,either this has happened through fault of climate1 or grudging ,earth refuses to furnish fit nourishment to the foreign plant4 ,therefore come thou1 whoever shall be possesed by a love for coffee1 ,do not regret having brought the healthful bean from the far ,remote world of ,arabia2 for this is its bountiful mother country4 ,the soothing draught first flowed from those regions through other ,peoples2 thence through all ,europe and ,asia1 and next made its way through the entire world4 ,therefore1 what you shall know to be sufficient for your needs1 ,do you prepare long beforehand2 let it be your care to have collected ,yearly a copious store1 and providently fill small granaries1 ,as of yore the farmer1 early mindful and provident of the future1 ,collected crops from his fields and garnered them in his barns1 ,and turned his attention to the coming year4 ,none the less1 meanwhile1 must the utensils for coffee be cared for4 ,let not vessels suited for drinking the beverage be lacking1 ,and a pot1 whose narrow neck should be topped by a small cover ,and whose body should swell gradually into an oblong shape4 ,when these things shall have been provided by you1 let your ,next care be to roast well the beans with flames1 and to grind them when roasted4 ,nor should the hammer cease to crush them with many a blow1 ,until they lay aside their hardness1 and when thoroughly ground1 ,become fine powder2 which forthwith pack either in a bag or a box made for such uses4 ,and wrap it in leather1 and smear it over with soft wax1 lest ,narrow chinks be open1 or hidden channels4 ,unless you prevent these1 by a secret path gradually small ,particles and whatever of value exists1 and the entire strength1 ,would leave1 wasting into empty air4 ,illustration3 ,,camel ,,transport ,,between ,,harar ,,and ,,dire-,,daoua1 ,,abyssinia ,illustration3 ,,sun-,,drying ,,in ,,la ,,laguna1 ,,philippine ,,islands ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,scenes ,,in ,,the ,,near ,,and ,,the ,,far ,,east ,there is also a hollow machine1 like a small tower1 which they ,call a mill1 in which you can bruise the useful fruit of the ,roasted bean and crush it with frequent rubbing2 ,a revolving pivot in the middle1 on an easy wheel turning1 ,twists its metal joints on a creaking stem4 ,the top of the wheel1 you know1 is pierced with an ivory handle ,which will have to be turned by hand1 through a thousand revolutions1 ,and through a thousand circles it moves the pivot4 ,when you put a kernel in1 you will turn the handle with quick hand-- ,no delay--and you will wonder how the crackling kernel is ,with much grinding quickly reduced to a powder4 ,once only the lower compartment receives on its kindly bosom ,the crushed grains1 which are placed in the very depths of the box4 ,but why do we linger over these less important matters8 ,greater things call us4 ,then is it time to drain the sweet ,draught1 either under the new light of the early sun ,in the morning1 when an empty stomach demands food2 ,or1 when1 after the splendid feasts of a magnificent table ,the overburdened stomach suffers from too heavy load1 and ,unequal to the demands made upon it1 seeks the aid of external heat4 ,then come1 when now the pot grows ruddy in the fire ,crackling beneath1 and you shall behold the liquid1 swelling ,with mingled powdered coffee1 now bubble around the brim1 ,draw it from the fire4 ,unless you should do this1 the force of ,the water would break forth suddenly1 overflowing1 and would ,sprinkle the beverage on the fire beneath4 ,therefore1 let no such accident disturb your joys4 ,you should keep watch carefully when the water no longer ,restrains itself and bubbles with the heat2 then return ,the pot to the fire thrice and four times1 until the powdered ,coffee steams in the midst of the fire and blends thoroughly with the surrounding water4 ,this soothing drink ought to be boiled with skill1 to be drunk ,with art--not in the way men are wont to drink other beverages--,and with reason2 for when you shall have taken it steaming from ,a quick fire1 and gradually all the dregs have settled to the ,very bottom1 you shall not drink it impatiently at one gulp4 ,but rather1 sip it little by little1 and between draughts ,contrive pleasant delays2 and sipping1 drain it in long draughts1 ,so long as it is still hot and burns the palate4 ,for then it is better1 then it permeates our inmost bones1 and ,penetrating within to the center of our vitals and our marrow1 ,it pervades all our body with its vivifying strength4 ,often even merely inhaling the odor with their nostrils1 men ,have welcomed it1 when it has bubbled up from the bottom1 ,more refreshing than the breeze4 ,so much pleasure is there in a delicious odor4 ,and now there remains awaiting us the other part of our task1 ,to make known the secret strength of the divine draught4 ,but who could hope to understand this wonderful blessing ,or to be able to pursue so great a miracle in verse8 ,for really1 when coffee has quietly glided into your body1 ,taking itself within1 it sheds a vital warmth through your ,limbs1 and inspires joyous strength in your heart4 ,then if ,there is anything undigested1 with fire's help1 it heats the ,hidden channels1 and loosens the thin pores1 through which the ,useless moisture exudes1 and seeds of diseases flee from all your veins4 ,wherefore come1 ,o you who have a care for your health6 ,you1 whose triple chin hangs on your breast1 ,who drag your heavy stomach of great bulk1 ,it is fitting for you1 first of all1 to indulge in the warm ,beverage2 for indeed it will dry the hideous flow of moisture ,which oppresses your limbs1 and sends forth streams of perspiration from your whole body4 ,and in a short time1 the swelling of your fat belly will ,gradually begin to decrease1 and it will lighten your members1 now oppressed by their heavy weight4 ,o happy peoples1 on whom ,titan1 rising1 looks with his first light6 ,here1 a rather free use of wine has never done harm4 ,law and religion forbid us to quaff the flowing wine4 ,here one lives on coffee4 ,here1 then1 flourishing with joyous strength ,one pursues life and knows not what diseases are1 ,nor that child of ,bacchus and companion of high living--,gout2 ,nor what innumerable diseases through this union are ready to attack our world4 ,yet1 indeed1 the soothing power of this invigorating drink ,drives sad cares from the heart1 and exhilarates the spirits4 ,i have seen a man1 when he had not yet drained a mighty ,draught of this sweet nectar1 walk silently with slow gait1 ,his brow sad1 and forehead rough with forbidding wrinkles4 ,this same man who had hardly bathed his throat with the sweet ,drink--no delay--clouds fled from his wrinkled brow2 and ,he took pleasure in teasing all with his witty sayings4 ,nor yet did he pursue any one with bitter laughter4 ,for this ,harmless drink inspires no desire of offending1 the venom ,is lacking1 and pleasant laughter without bitterness pleases4 ,and in the entire ,east this custom of coffee drinking ,has been accepted4 ,and1 now1 ,france2 you adopt the foreign custom1 ,so that public shops1 one after the other1 are opened for ,drinking ,coffee4 ,a hanging sign of either ivy or laurel invites the passers-by4 ,hither in crowds from the entire city they assemble1 and ,while away the time in pleasant drinking4 ,and when once the feelings have grown warm1 acted upon by ,the gentle heat1 then good-humored laughter1 and pleasant ,arguments increase4 ,general gaiety ensues1 the places about resound with joyous applause4 ,but never does the liquid imbibed overpower weary minds1 but ,rather1 if ever slumber presses their heavy eyes and dulls ,the brain2 and their strength1 blunted1 grows torpid in the ,body1 coffee puts sleep to flight from the eyes1 and slothful inactivity from the whole frame4 ,therefore to absorb the sweet draught would be an advantage ,for those whom a great deal of long-continued labor awaits ,and those who need to extend their study far into the night4 ,and here ,i shall make known who taught the use of this pleasant ,drink2 for its virtue1 unknown1 has lain hidden through many ,years2 and reviewing1 ,i shall relate the matter from the very beginning4 ,an ,arab shepherd was driving his young goats to the well-known ,pastures4 ,they were wandering through lonely wastes and cropping ,the grasses1 when a tree heavy with many berries--never seen before--met their eyes4 ,at once1 as they were able to reach the low branches1 they began ,to pull off the leaves with many a nibble1 and to pluck the tender ,growth4 ,its bitterness attracts4 ,the shepherd1 not knowing this1 ,was meanwhile singing on the soft grass and telling the story of his loves to the woods4 ,but when the evening star1 rising1 warned him to leave the field1 ,and he led back his well-fed flock to their stalls1 he perceived ,that the beasts did not close their eyes in sweet sleep1 but ,joyous beyond their wont1 with wonderful delight throughout the ,whole night jumped about with wanton leaps4 ,trembling with sudden ,fear1 the shepherd stood amazed2 and crazed by the sound1 he ,thought these things were being done through some wicked trick of a neighbor1 or by magic art4 ,not far from here a holy band of brethren had built their ,humble home in a remote valley2 their lot it was to chant ,praises of ,god1 and to load his altars with fitting gifts4 ,although throughout the night the deep-toned bell resounded ,with great din1 and summoned them to the sacred temple1 often ,the coming of dawn found them lingering on their couches1 ,having forgotten to rise in the middle of the night4 ,so great was their love of sleep6 ,in charge of the sacred temple1 revered and obeyed by his ,willing brethren1 was the master1 an aged man1 a heavy mass of white hair on head and chin4 ,the shepherd1 hastening1 came to him and told him the story1 ,imploring his aid4 ,the old man smiled to himself2 but ,he agreed to go1 and investigate the hidden cause of the miracle4 ,when he has come to the hills1 he observes the lambs1 together ,with their mothers1 gnawing the berries of an unknown plant1 ,and cries1 ,this is the cause of the trouble6 ,and saying no ,more1 he at once picks the smooth fruit from the heavily-laden ,tree1 and carries it home1 places it1 when washed1 in pure ,water1 cooking it over the fire1 and fearlessly drinks a large ,cup of it4 ,forthwith a warmth pervades his veins1 a living ,force is diffused through his limbs1 and weariness is dispelled from his aged body4 ,then1 at length1 the old man exulting in the blessing thus found1 ,rejoices1 and kindly shares with all his brothers4 ,they eagerly ,at early night-fall1 indulge in pleasant banquets and drain great bowls4 ,no longer is it hard for them to break off sweet sleep and to leave their soft beds as formerly4 ,o fortunate ones6 whose hearts the sweet draught has often ,bathed4 ,no sluggish torpor holds their minds1 they briskly ,rise for their prescribed duties and rejoice to outstrip the rays of the first light4 ,you also1 whose care it is to feed minds with divine eloquence ,and to terrify with your words the souls of the guilty1 you also ,should indulge in the pleasant drink2 for1 as you know1 it ,strengthens weakness4 ,keen vigor is gained for the limbs from ,this source1 and spreads through the whole body4 ,from this source1 ,too1 shall come new strength and new power to your voice4 ,you also1 whom oft harmful vapors harass1 whose sick brain the dangerous vertigo shakes1 ,ah1 come6 ,in this sweet liquid is a ready medicine ,and none other better to calm undue agitation4 ,apollo planted this power for himself1 they say1 ,the story is worthy to be sung4 ,once a disease most deadly to life assailed the disciples of ,apollo's ,mount4 ,it spread far and wide1 and attacked the brain itself4 ,already all the people of genius were suffering with this ,disease2 and the arts1 deserted1 were languishing along with ,the workers4 ,some even pretended to have the disease1 and ,assuming feigned suffering1 gave themselves over to an idle life4 ,unpleasing work grew distasteful1 and deadly inertia increased ,everywhere4 ,it pleased all1 now released from work and labors1 ,to indulge in care-free quiet4 ,apollo1 full of indignation1 did not endure longer that the deadly ,contagion of such easy ruin should creep over them thus4 ,and1 ,that he might take away from seers all means of deception1 he ,enticed from the rich bosom of the earth this friendly plant1 ,than which no other is more ready either to refresh for work the ,mind wearied by long studies1 or to sooth troublesome sorrows of the head4 ,o plant1 given to the human race by the gift of the ,gods6 ,no other out of the entire list of plants has ever vied with you4 ,on your account sailors sail from our shores ,and fearlessly conquer the threatening winds1 sandbanks and ,dreadful rocks4 ,with your nourishing growth you surpass dittany1 ,ambrosia1 and fragrant panacea4 ,grim diseases flee from you4 ,to ,you trusting health clings as a companion1 and also the merry ,crowd1 conversation1 amusing jokes1 and sweet whisperings4 ,the poet ,belighi toward the close of the sixteenth century composed a poem1 which1 freely translated1 runs3 ,in ,damascus1 in ,aleppo1 in great ,cairo1 ,at every turn is to be found ,that mild fruit which gives so beloved a drink1 ,before coming to court to triumph4 ,there this seditious disturber of the world1 ,has1 by its unparalleled virtue1 ,supplanted all wines from this blessed day4 ,jacques ,delille 7#agch-ahac7 the didactic poet of nature1 in chant vi of his ,three ,reigns of ,nature1 thus apostrophizes the divine nectar and describes its preparation3 ,,divine ,,coffee ,translation from the ,french ,a liquid there is to the poet most dear1 ',t was lacking to ,virgil1 adored by ,voltaire1 ',t is thou1 divine coffee1 for thine is the art1 ,without turning the head yet to gladden the heart4 ,and thus though my palate be dulled by age1 ,with joy ,i partake of thy dear beverage4 ,how glad ,i prepare me thy nectar most precious1 ,no soul shall usurp me a rite so delicious2 ,on the ambient flame when the black charcoal burns1 ,the gold of thy bean to rare ebony turns1 ,i alone1 'gainst the cone1 wrought with fierce iron teeth4 ,make thy fruitage cry out with its bitter-sweet breath2 ,till charmed with such perfume1 with care ,i entrust ,to the pot on my hearth the rare spice-laden dust3 ,first to calm1 then excite1 till it seethingly whirls1 ,with an eye all attention ,i gaze till it boils4 ,at last now the liquid comes slow to repose2 ,in the hot1 smoking vessel its wealth ,i depose1 ,my cup and thy nectar2 from wild reeds expressed1 ,america's honey my table has blest2 ,all is ready2 ,japan's gay enamel invites-- ,and the tribute of two worlds thy prestige unites3 ,come1 ,nectar divine1 inspire thou me1 ,i wish but ,antigone1 dessert and thee2 ,for scarce have ,i tasted thy odorous steam1 ,when quick from thy clime1 soothing warmths round me stream1 ,attentive my thoughts rise and flow light as air1 ,awaking my senses and soothing my care4 ,ideas that but late moved so dull and depressed1 ,behold1 they come smiling in rich garments dressed6 ,some genius awakes me1 my course is begun2 ,for ,i drink with each drop a bright ray of the sun4 ,maumenet addressed to ,galland the following verses3 ,if slumber1 friend1 too near1 with some late glass should creep-- ,dull1 poppy-perfumed sleep-- ,if a too fumous wine confounds at length thy brain-- ,take coffee then--this juice divine ,shall banish sleep and steam of vap'rous wine1 ,and with its timely aid fresh vigor thou shalt find4 ,castel1 in his poem1 ,les ,plantes 7,the ,plants7 could not omit the coffee trees of the tropics4 ,he thus addressed them in #ahaa3 ,bright plants1 the favorites of ,phoebus1 ,in these climes the rarest virtues offer1 ,delicious ,mocha1 thy sap1 enchantress1 ,awakens genius1 outvalues ,parnasse6 ,in a collection of the ,songs of ,brittany in the ,brest library there are many stanzas in praise of coffee4 ,a ,breton poet has composed a little piece of ninety-six verses in which he describes the powerful attraction that coffee has for women and the possible effects on domestic happiness4 ,the first time that coffee was used in ,brittany1 says an old song of that country1 only the nobility drank it1 and now all the common people are using it1 yet the greater part of them have not even bread4 ,a ,french poet of the eighteenth century produced the following3 ,,lines ,,on ,,coffee ,translation from the ,french ,good coffee is more than a savory cup1 ,its aroma has power to dry liquor up4 ,by coffee you get upon leaving the table ,a mind full of wisdom1 thoughts lucid1 nerves stable2 ,and odd tho' it be1 't is none the less true1 ,coffee's aid to digestion permits dining anew4 ,and what 's very true1 tho' few people know it1 ,fine coffee 's the basis of every fine poet2 ,for many a writer as windy as ,boreas ,has been vastly improved by the drink ever glorious4 ,coffee brightens the dullness of heavy philosophy1 ,and opens the science of mighty geometry4 ,our law-makers1 too1 when the nectar imbibing1 ,plan wondrous reforms1 quite beyond the describing2 ,the odor of coffee they delight in inhaling1 ,and promise the country to alter laws ailing4 ,from the brow of the scholar coffee chases the wrinkles1 ,and mirth in his eyes like a firefly twinkles2 ,and he1 who before was but a hack of old ,homer1 ,becomes an original1 and that 's no misnomer4 ,observe the astronomer who 's straining his eyes ,in watching the planets which soar thro' the skies2 ,alas1 all those bright bodies seem hopelessly far ,till coffee discloses his own guiding star4 ,but greatest of wonders that coffee effects ,is to aid the news-editor as he little expects2 ,coffee whispers the secrets of hidden diplomacy1 ,hints rumors of wars and of scandals so racy4 ,inspiration by coffee must be nigh unto magic1 ,for it conjures up facts that are certainly tragic2 ,and for a few pennies1 coffee's small price per cup1 ,ye editor's able to swallow the ,universe up4 ,esmnard celebrated ,captain de ,clieu's romantic voyage to ,martinique with the coffee plants from the ,jardin des ,plantes1 in some admirable verses quoted in chapter ,,ii4 ,among other notable poetic flights in praise of coffee produced in ,france mention should be made of3 ,l',elog du ,caf 7,eulogy of ,coffee7 a song in twenty-four couplets1 ,paris1 ,jacques ,estienne1 #agaa2 ,le ,caf 7,coffee71 a fragment from the fourth chant 7song7 of ,la ,grandeur de ,dieu dans les merveilles de la ,nature 7,the ,grandeur of ,god in the ,wonders of ,nature7 ,marseilles2 ,le ,caf1 extract from the fourth gastronomic song1 by ,berchoux2 ,a ,mon ,caf 7,to ,my ,coffee71 stanzas written by ,ducis2 ,le ,caf1 anonymous stanzas inserted in the ,macedoine ,poetique1 #ahbd2 a poem in ,latin in the ,abb ,olivier's collection2 ,le ,bouquet ,blanc et le ,bouquet ,noir1 poesie en quatre chants2 ,le ,caf1 ,c4,d4 ,mery1 #ahcg2 ,elog du ,caf1 ,s4 ,melaye1 #aheb4 ,many ,italian poets have sung the praises of coffee4 ,l4 ,barotti wrote his poem1 ,il ,caff in #afha4 ,giuseppe ,parini 7#agbi-agii71 ,italy's great satirical and lyric poet and critic of the eighteenth century1 in ,il ,giorno 7,the ,day71 gives a delightful pen picture of the manners and customs of ,milan's polite society of the period4 ,william ,dean ,howells quotes as follows from these poems 7his own translation7 in his ,modern ,italian ,poets4 ,the feast is over1 and the lady signals to the cavalier that it is time to leave the table3 ,spring to thy feet ,the first of all1 and1 drawing near thy lady1 ,remove her chair and offer her thy hand1 ,and lead her to the other room1 nor suffer longer ,that the stale reek of viands shall offend ,her delicate sense4 ,thee with the rest invites ,the grateful odor of the coffee1 where ,it smokes upon a smaller table hid ,and graced with ,indian webs4 ,the redolent gums ,that meanwhile burn1 sweeten and purify ,the heavy atmosphere1 and banish thence ,all lingering traces of the feast4 ,ye sick ,and poor1 whom misery or whom hope1 perchance6 ,has guided in the noonday to these doors4 ,tumultuous1 naked1 and unsightly throng1 ,with mutilated limbs and squalid faces1 ,in litters and on crutches from afar ,comfort yourselves1 and with expanded nostrils ,drink in the nectar of the feast divine ,that favourable zephyrs waft to you2 ,but do not dare besiege these noble precincts1 ,importunately offering her that reigns ,within your loathsome spectacle of woe6 ,and now1 sir1 't is your office to prepare ,the tiny cup that then shall minister1 ,slow sipped1 its liquor to thy lady's lips2 ,and now bethink thee whether she prefer ,the boiling beverage much or little tempered ,with sweet2 or if1 perchance1 she likes it best1 ,as doth the barbarous spouse1 then when she sits ,upon brocades of ,persia1 with light fingers1 ,the bearded visage of her lord caressing4 ,this is from ,il ,mezzogiorno 7,noon74 ,the other three poems1 rounding out ,the ,day1 are ,il ,mattino 7,morning71 ,il ,vespre 7,evening71 and ,la ,notte 7,night74 ,in ,il ,mattino1 ,parini sings3 ,should dreary hypochondria's woes oppress thee1 ,should round thy charming limbs in too great measure ,thy flesh increase1 then with thy lips do honor ,to that clear beverage1 made from the well-bronzed1 ,the smoking1 ardent beans ,aleppo sends thee1 ,and distant ,mocha too1 a thousand ship-loads2 ,when slowly sipped it knows no rival4 ,belli's ,il ,caff supplies a partial bibliography of the ,italian literature on coffee4 ,there are many poems1 some of them put to music4 ,as late as #aiba1 there were published in ,bologna some advertising verses on coffee by ,g4,b4 ,zecchini with music by ,cesare ,cantino4 ,pope ,leo ,,xiii1 in his ,horatian poem on ,frugality composed in his eighty-eighth year1 thus verses his appreciation of coffee3 ,last comes the beverage of the ,orient shore1 ,mocha1 far off1 the fragrant berries bore4 ,taste the dark fluid with a dainty lip1 ,digestion waits on pleasure as you sip4 ,peter ,altenberg1 a ,vienna poet1 thus celebrated the cafs of his native city3 ,,to ,,the ,,coffee ,,house6 ,when you are worried1 have trouble of one sort or another--to the coffee house6 ,when she did not keep her appointment1 for one reason or other--to the coffee house6 ,when your shoes are torn and dilapidated--coffee house6 ,when your income is four hundred crowns and you spend five hundred--coffee house6 ,you are a chair warmer in some office1 while your ambition led you to seek professional honors--coffee house6 ,you could not find a mate to suit you--coffee house6 ,you feel like committing suicide--coffee house6 ,you hate and despise human beings1 and at the same time you can not be happy without them--coffee house6 ,you compose a poem which you can not inflict upon friends you meet in the street--coffee house6 ,when your coal scuttle is empty1 and your gas ration exhausted--coffee house6 ,when you need money for cigarettes1 you touch the head waiter in the--coffee house6 ,when you are locked out and haven't the money to pay for unlocking the house door--coffee house6 ,when you acquire a new flame1 and intend provoking the old one1 you take the new one to the old one's--coffee house6 ,when you feel like hiding you dive into a--coffee house6 ,when you want to be seen in a new suit--coffee house6 ,when you can not get anything on trust anywhere else--coffee house6 ,english poets from ,milton to ,keats celebrated coffee4 ,milton 7#afjh-afgd7 in his ,comus thus acclaimed the beverage3 ,one sip of this ,will bathe the drooping spirits in delight ,beyond the bliss of dreams4 ,alexander ,pope1 poet and satirist 7#afhh-agdd71 has the oft-quoted lines3 ,coffee which makes the politician wise1 ,and see through all things with his half-shut eyes4 ,in ,carruthers' ,life of ,pope1 we read that this poet inhaled the steam of coffee in order to obtain relief from the headaches to which he was subject4 ,we can well understand the inspiration which called forth from him the following lines when he was not yet twenty3 ,as long as ,mocha's happy tree shall grow1 ,while berries crackle1 or while mills shall go2 ,while smoking streams from silver spouts shall glide1 ,or ,china's earth receive the sable tide1 ,while coffee shall to ,british nymphs be dear1 ,while fragrant steams the bended head shall cheer1 ,or grateful bitters shall delight the taste1 ,so long her honors1 name and praise shall last4 ,pope's famous ,rape of the ,lock grew out of coffee-house gossip4 ,the poem contains the passage on coffee already quoted3 ,for lo6 the board with cups and spoons is crowned2 ,the berries crackle and the mill turns round2 ,on shining altars of ,japan they raise ,the silver lamp3 the fiery spirits blaze3 ,from silver spouts the grateful liquors glide1 ,while ,china's earth receives the smoking tide4 ,at once they gratify their scent and taste4 ,and frequent cups prolong the rich repast ,straight hover round the fair her airy band2 ,some1 as she sipped1 the fuming liquor fanned3 ,some o'er her lap their careful plumes displayed1 ,trembling1 and conscious of the rich brocade4 ,coffee 7which makes the politician wise1 ,and see through all things with his half-shut eyes47 ,sent up in vapors to the baron's brain ,new stratagems1 the radiant lock to gain4 ,pope often broke the slumbers of his servant at night by calling him to prepare a cup of coffee2 but for regular serving1 it was his custom to grind and to prepare it upon the table4 ,william ,cowper's fine tribute to the cups that cheer but not inebriate1 a phrase which he is said to have borrowed from ,bishop ,berkeley1 was addressed to tea and not to coffee1 to which it has not infrequently been wrongfully attributed4 ,it is one of the most pleasing pictures in ,the ,task4 ,cowper refers to coffee but once in his writings4 ,in his ,pity for ,poor ,africans he expresses himself as shocked at the ignorance of slaves3 ,i pity them greatly1 but ,i must be mum ,for how could we do without sugar and rum8 ,especially sugar1 so needful we see2 ,what6 ,give up our desserts1 our coffee and tea8 thus contenting himself1 like many others1 with words of pity where more active protest might sacrifice his personal ease and comfort4 ,leigh ,hunt 7#aghd-ahei71 and ,john ,keats 7#agie-ahcd71 were worshippers at the shrine of coffee2 while ,charles ,lamb1 famous poet1 essayist1 humorist1 and critic1 has celebrated in verse the exploit of ,captain de ,clieu in the following delightful verses3 ,,the ,,coffee ,,slips ,whene'er ,i fragrant coffee drink1 ,i on the generous ,frenchman think1 ,whose noble perseverance bore ,the tree to ,martinico's shore4 ,while yet her colony was new1 ,her island products but a few2 ,two shoots from off a coffee tree ,he carried with him o'er the sea4 ,each little tender coffee slip ,he waters daily in the ship4 ,and as he tends his embryo trees4 ,feels he is raising 'midst the seas ,coffee groves1 whose ample shade ,shall screen the dark ,creolian maid4 ,but soon1 alas6 ,his darling pleasure ,in watching this his precious treasure ,is like to fade--for water fails ,on board the ship in which he sails4 ,now all the reservoirs are shut4 ,the crew on short allowance put2 ,so small a drop is each man's share4 ,few leavings you may think there are ,to water these poor coffee plants-- ,but he supplies their grasping wants1 ,even from his own dry parched lips ,he spares it for his coffee slips4 ,water he gives his nurslings first1 ,ere he allays his own deep thirst1 ,lest1 if he first the water sip1 ,he bear too far his eager lip4 ,he sees them droop for want of more2 ,yet when they reach the destined shore1 ,with pride the heroic gardener sees ,a living sap still in his trees4 ,the islanders his praise resound2 ,coffee plantations rise around2 ,and ,martinico loads her ships ,with produce from those dear-saved slips4 ,in ,john ,keats' amusing fantasy1 ,cap and ,bells1 the ,emperor ,elfinan greets ,hum1 the great soothsayer1 and offers him refreshment3 ,you may have sherry in silver1 hock in gold1 or glass'd champagne 444 what cup will you drain8 ,commander of the ,faithful6 answered ,hum1 ,in preference to these1 ,i'll merely taste ,a thimble-full of old ,jamaica rum4 ,a simple boon1 said ,elfinan2 thou mayst ,have ,nantz1 with which my morning coffee's laced4 ,but ,hum accepts the glass of ,nantz1 without the coffee1 made racy with the third part of the least drop of crme de citron1 crystal clear4 ,numerous broadsides printed in ,london1 #affj to #afge1 have been referred to in chapter ,x4 ,few of them possess real literary merit4 ,coffee and ,crumpets has been much quoted4 ,it was published in ,fraser's ,magazine1 in #ahcg4 ,its author calls himself ,launcelot ,littledo4 ,the poem is quite long1 and only those portions are printed here that refer particularly to ,yemen's fragrant berry3 ,,coffee ,,and ,,crumpets ,by ,launcelot ,littledo of ,pump ,court1 ,temple1 ,barrister-at-law4 ,there's ten o'clock6 ,from ,hampstead to the ,tower ,the bells are chanting forth a lusty carol2 ,wrangling1 with iron tongues1 about the hour1 ,like fifty drunken fishwives at a quarrel2 ,cautious policemen shun the coming shower2 ,thompson and ,fearon tap another barrel2 ,dissolve frigus1 lignum super foco4 ,large reponens4 ,now1 come ,orinoco6 ,to puff away an hour1 and drink a cup1 ,a brimming breakfast-cup of ruddy ,mocha-- ,clear1 luscious1 dark1 like eyes that lighten up ,the raven hair1 fair cheek1 and bella boca ,of ,florence maidens4 ,i can never sup ,of perigourd1 but 7guai a chi la tocca67 ,i'm doomed to indigestion4 ,so to settle ,this strife eternal1--,betty1 bring the kettle6 ,coffee6 oh1 ,coffee6 ,faith1 it is surprising4 ',mid all the poets1 good1 and bad1 and worse4 ,who've scribbled 7,hock or ,chian eulogizing7 ,post and papyrus with ,immortal verse-- ,melodiously similitudinising ,in ,sapphics languid or ,alcaics terse ,no one1 my little brown ,arabian berry14 ,hath sung thy praises--'tis surprising6 very6 ,were ,i a poet now1 whose ready rhymes4 ,like ,tommy ,moore's1 came tripping to their places-- ,reeling along a merry troll of chimes1 ,with careless truth1--a dance of fuddled ,graces2 ,hear it--,gazette1 ,post1 ,herald1 ,standard1 ,times1 ,i'd write an epic6 ,coffee for its basis2 ,sweet as e'er warbled forth from cockney throttles ,since ,bob ,montgomery's or ,amos ,cottle's4 ,thou sleepy-eyed ,chinese--enticing siren1 ,pekoe6 the ,muse hath said in praise of thee1 ,that cheers but not inebriates2 and ,byron ,hath called thy sister ,queen of ,tears1 ,bohea6 ,and he1 ,anacreon of ,rome's age of iron1 ,says1 how untruly ,quis non potius te4 ,while coffee1 thou--bill-plastered gables say1 ,art like old ,cupid1 roasted every day4 ,i love1 upon a rainy night1 as this is1 ,when rarely and more rare the coaches rattle ,from street to street1 to sip thy fragrant kisses2 ,while from the ,strand remote some drunken battle ,far-faintly echoes1 and the kettle hisses ,upon the glowing hob4 ,no tittle-tattle ,to make a single thought of mine an alien ,from thee1 my coffee-pot1 my fount ,castalian4 ,the many intervening verses cover an unhappy termination to an otherwise delightful ball4 ,he is sitting with his charming ,mary1 about to ask her to be his bride1 when the unfortunate overturning of a glass of red wine into her white satin gown1 at the same time overthrows all his dreams of bliss1 for the shrew displaces the angel he adored1 and he resigns himself to the life of a man in chambers4 ',tis thus ,i sit and sip1 and sip and think4 ,and think and sip again1 and dip in ,fraser1 ,a health1 ,king ,oliver6 to thee ,i drink3 ,long may the public have thee to amaze her4 ,like ,figaro1 thou makest one's eyelids wink1 ,twirling on practised palm thy polished razor-- ,true ,horace temper1 smoothed on attic strop2 ,ah6 thou couldst faire la barbe a tout l',europe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,come1 ,oliver1 and tell us what the news is2 ,an easy chair awaits thee--come and fill 't4 ,come1 ,i invoke thee1 as they do the muses1 ,and thou shalt choose thy tipple as thou wilt4 ,and if thy lips my sober cup refuses1 ,for ruddier drops the purple grape has spilt1 ,we can sing1 sipping in alternate verses1 ,thy drink and mine1 like ,corydon and ,thyrsis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fill the bowl1 but not with wine4 ,potent port1 or fiery sherry2 ,for this milder cup of mine ,crush me ,yemen's fragrant berry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gentle is the grape's deep cluster1 ,but the wine's a wayward child2 ,nectar this6 of meeker lustre-- ,this the cup that draws it mild4 ,deeply drink its streams divine-- ,fill the cup1 but not with wine4 ,prior and ,montague inserted the following poetic vignette in their ,city ,mouse and ,country ,mouse1 written in burlesque of ,dryden's ,hind and ,panther3 ,then on they jogg'd2 and since an hour of talk ,might cut a banter on the tedious walk1 ,as ,i remember1 said the sober mouse1 ,i've heard much talk of the ,wits' ,coffee-house2 ,thither1 says ,brindle1 thou shalt go and see ,priests supping coffee1 sparks and poets tea2 ,here rugged frieze1 there quality well drest1 ,these baffling the grand ,senior1 those the ,test1 ,and there shrewd guesses made1 and reasons given1 ,that human laws were never made in heaven2 ,but1 above all1 what shall oblige thy sight1 ,and fill thy eyeballs with a vast delight1 ,is the poetic judge of sacred wit1 ,who does i' th' darkness of his glory sit2 ,and as the moon who first receives the light1 ,with which she makes these nether regions bright1 ,so does he shine1 reflecting from afar ,the rays he borrowed from a better star2 ,for rules1 which from ,corneille and ,rapin flow1 ,admired by all the scribbling herd below1 ,from ,french tradition while he does dispense ,unerring truths1 't is schism1 a damned offense1 ,to question his1 or trust your private sense4 ,geoffrey ,sephton1 an ,english poet and novelist1 many years resident in ,vienna1 whose fantastic stories and fairy tales are well known in ,europe1 has written the following sonnets on coffee3 ,,to ,,the ,,mighty ,,monarch1 ,,king ,,kauhee#cej ,by ,geoffrey ,sephton ,i ,away with opiates6 ,tantalising snares ,to dull the brain with phantoms that are not4 ,let no such drugs the subtle senses rot ,with visions stealing softly unawares ,into the chambers of the soul4 ,nightmares ,ride in their wake1 the spirits to besot4 ,seek surer means1 to banish haunting cares3 ,place on the board the steaming ,coffee-pot6 ,o'er luscious fruit1 dessert and sparkling flask1 ,let proudly rule as ,king the ,great ,kauhee1 ,for he gives joy divine to all that ask1 ,together with his spouse1 sweet ,eau de ,vie ,oh1 let us 'neath his sovran pleasure bask4 ,come1 raise the fragrant cup and bend the knee6 ,,ii ,o great ,kauhee1 thou democratic ,lord1 ,born 'neath the tropic sun and bronzed to splendour ,in lands of ,wealth and ,wisdom1 who can render ,such service to the wandering ,human ,horde ,as thou at every proud or humble board8 ,beside the honest workman's homely fender1 ',mid dainty dames and damsels sweetly tender1 ,in china1 gold and silver1 have we poured ,thy praise and sweetness1 ,oriental ,king4 ,oh1 how we love to hear the kettle sing ,in joy at thy approach1 embodying ,the bitter1 sweet and creamy sides of life2 ,friend of the ,people1 ,enemy of ,strife1 ,sons of the ,earth have born thee labouring4 ,in ,america1 too1 poets have sung in praise of coffee4 ,the somewhat doubtful kind that mother used to make is celebrated in ,james ,whitcomb ,riley's classic poem3 ,,like ,,his ,,mother ,,used ,,to ,,make#cea ,uncle ,jake's ,place1 ,st4 ,jo41 ,mo41 #ahgd4 ,i was born in ,indiany1 says a stranger1 lank and slim1 ,as us fellers in the restaurant was kindo' guyin' him1 ,and ,uncle ,jake was slidin' him another punkin pie ,and a' extry cup o' coffee1 with a twinkle in his eye-- ,i was born in ,indiany--more'n forty years ago-- ,and ,i hain't ben back in twenty--and ,i'm work-in' back'ards slow2 ,but ,i've et in ever' restarunt twixt here and ,santy ,fee1 ,and ,i want to state this coffee tastes like gittin' home1 to me6 ,pour us out another4 ,daddy1 says the feller1 warmin' up1 ,a-speakin' crost a saucerful1 as ,uncle tuk his cup-- ,when ,i see yer sign out yander1 he went on1 to ,uncle ,jake-- ',come in and git some coffee like yer mother used to make'-- ,i thought of my old mother1 and the ,posey county farm1 ,and me a little kid again1 a-hangin' in her arm1 ,as she set the pot a-bilin'1 broke the eggs and poured 'em in-- ,and the feller kindo' halted1 with a trimble in his chin2 ,and ,uncle ,jake he fetched the feller's coffee back1 and stood ,as solemn1 fer a minute1 as a' undertaker would2 ,then he sorto' turned and tiptoed to'rds the kitchen door--and next1 ,here comes his old wife out with him1 a-rubbin' of her specs-- ,and she rushes fer the stranger1 and she hollers out1 ,it's him6-- ,thank ,god we've met him comin'6--,don't you know yer mother1 ,jim8 ,and the feller1 as he grabbed her1 says1--,you bet ,i hain't forgot-- ,but1 wipin' of his eyes1 says he1 yer coffee's mighty hot6 ,one of the most delightful coffee poems in ,english is ,francis ,saltus' 7d4 #ahhi7 sonnet on the voluptuous berry1 as found in ,flasks and ,flagons3 ,,coffee ,voluptuous berry6 ,where may mortals find ,nectars divine that can with thee compare1 ,when1 having dined1 we sip thy essence rare1 ,and feel towards wit and repartee inclined8 ,thou wert of sneering1 cynical ,voltaire1 ,the only friend2 thy power urged ,balzac's mind ,to glorious effort2 surely ,heaven designed ,thy devotees superior joys to share4 ,whene'er ,i breathe thy fumes1 'mid ,summer stars1 ,the ,orient's splendent pomps my vision greet4 ,damascus1 with its myriad minarets1 gleams6 ,i see thee1 smoking1 in immense bazaars1 ,or yet1 in dim seraglios1 at the feet ,of blond ,sultanas1 pale with amorous dreams6 ,arthur ,gray1 in ,over the ,black ,coffee 7#aijb7 has made the following contribution to the poetry of coffee1 with an unfortunate reflection on tea1 which might well have been omitted3 ,,coffee ,o1 boiling1 bubbling1 berry1 bean6 ,thou consort of the kitchen queen-- ,browned and ground of every feature1 ,the only aromatic creature1 ,for which we long1 for which we feel1 ,the breath of morn1 the perfumed meal4 ,for what is tea8 ,it can but mean1 ,merely the mildest go-between4 ,insipid sobriety of thought and mind ,it cuts no figure--we can find-- ,save peaceful essays1 gentle walks1 ,purring cats1 old ladies' talks-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,but coffee6 can other tales unfold4 ,its history's written round and bold-- ,brave buccaneers upon the ,spanish ,main1 ,the army's march across the lenght'ning plain1 ,the lone prospector wandering o'er the hill1 ,the hunter's camp1 thy fragrance all distill4 ,so here's a health to coffee6 ,coffee hot6 ,a morning toast6 ,bring on another pot4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal published in #aiji the following excellent stanzas by ,william ,a4 ,price3 ,,an ,,ode ,,to ,,coffee ,oh1 thou most fragrant1 aromatic joy1 impugned1 abused1 and often stormed against1 ,and yet containing all the blissfulness that in a tiny cup could be condensed6 ,give thy contemners calm1 imperial scorn-- ,for thou wilt reign through ages yet unborn6 ,some ancient ,arab1 so the legend tells1 first found thee--may his memory be blest6 ,the world-wide sign of brotherhood today1 the binding tie between the ,east and ,west6 ,good coffee pleases in a ,persian dell1 ,and ,blackfeet ,indians make it more than well4 ,the lonely traveler in the desert range1 if thou art with him1 smiles at eventide-- ,the sailor1 as thy perfume bubbles forth1 laughs at the ocean as it rages wide-- ,and where the camps of fighting men are found ,thy fragrance hovers o'er each battleground4 ,use1 not abuse1 the good things of this life--that is a motto from the ,prophet's days1 ,and1 dealing with thee thus1 we ne'er shall come to troublous times or parting of the ways4 ,comfort and solace both endure with thee1 ,rich1 royal berry of the coffee tree6 ,the ,new ,york ,tribune published in #aiae the following lines by ,louis ,untermeyer1 which were subsequently included in his ---- and ,other ,poets4#ceb ,,gilbert ,k4 ,,chesterton ,,rises ,,to ,,the ,,toast ,,of ,,coffee ,strong wine it is a mocker2 strong wine it is a beast4 ,it grips you when it starts to rise2 it is the ,fabled ,yeast4 ,you should not offer ale or beer from hops that are freshly picked1 ,nor even ,benedictine to tempt a benedict4 ,for wine has a spell like the lure of hell1 and the devil has mixed the brew2 ,and the friends of ale are a sort of pale and weary1 witless crew-- ,and the taste of beer is a sort of a queer and undecided brown-- ,but1 comrades1 ,i give you coffee--drink it up1 drink it down4 ,with a fol-de-rol-dol and a fol-de-rol-dee1 etc4 ,oh1 cocoa's the drink for an elderly don who lives with an elderly niece2 ,and tea is the drink for studios and loud and violent peace-- ,and brandy's the drink that spoils the clothes when the bottle breaks in the trunk2 ,but coffee's the drink that is drunken by men who will never be drunk4 ,so1 gentlemen1 up with the festive cup1 where ,mocha and ,java unite2 ,it clears the head when things are said too brilliant to be bright6 ,it keeps the stars from the golden bars and the lips of the tipsy town2 ,so1 here's to strong1 black coffee--drink it up1 drink it down6 ,with a fol-de-rol-dol and a fol-de-rol-dee1 etc4 ,the ,american breakfast cup is celebrated in up-to-date ,american style in the following by ,helen ,rowland in the ,new ,york ,evening ,world3 ,,what ,,every ,,wife ,,knows ,give me a man who drinks good1 hot1 dark1 strong coffee for breakfast6 ,a man who smokes a good1 dark1 fat cigar after dinner6 ,you may marry your milk-faddist1 or your anti-coffee crank1 as you will6 ,but ,i know the magic of the coffee pot6 ,let me make my ,husband's coffee--and ,i care not who makes eyes at him6 ,give me two matches a day-- ,one to start the coffee with1 at breakfast1 and one for his cigar1 after dinner6 ,and ,i defy all the houris in ,christendom to light a new flame in his heart6 ,oh1 sweet supernal coffee-pot6 ,gentle panacea of domestic troubles1 ,faithful author of that sweet nepenthe which deadens all the ills that married folks are heir to4 ,cheery1 glittering1 soul-soothing1 warmed hearted1 inanimate friend6 ,what wife can fail to admit the peace and serenity she owes to you8 ,to you1 who stand between her and all her early morning troubles-- ,between her and the before-breakfast grouch-- ,between her and the morning-after headache-- ,between her and the cold-gray-dawn scrutiny8 ,to you1 who supply the golden nectar that stimulates the jaded masculine soul1 ,soothes the shaky masculine nerves1 stirs the fagged masculine mind1 inspires the slow masculine sentiment1 ,and starts the sluggish blood a-flowing and the whole day right6 ,what is it1 ,i ask you1 when he comes down to breakfast dry of mouth1 and touchy of temper-- ,that gives him pause1 and silences that scintillating barb of sarcasm on the tip of his tongue1 ,with which he meant to impale you8 ,it is the sweet aroma of the coffee-pot--the thrilling thought of that first delicious sip6 ,what is it1 on the morning after the club dance1 ,that hides your weary1 little1 washed-out face and straggling1 uncurled coiffure from his critical eyes8 ,it is the generous coffee-pot1 standing like a guardian angel between you and him6 ,and in those many vital psychological moments1 during the honeymoon1 which decide for or against the romance and happiness of all the rest of married life-- ,those critical before-breakfast moments when temperament meets temperament1 and will meets won't-- ,what is it that halts you on the brink of tragedy1 ,and distracts you from the temptation to answer back8 ,it is the absorbing anxiety of watching the coffee boil6 ,what is it that warms his veins and soothes your nerves1 ,and turns all the world suddenly from a dismal gray vale of disappointment to a bright rosy garden of hope-- ,and starts another day gliding smoothly along like a new motor car8 ,what is it that will do more to transform a man from a fiend into an angel than baptism in the ,river ,jordan8 ,it is the first cup of coffee in the morning6 ,coffee in ,dramatic ,literature ,coffee was first dramatized1 so to speak1 in ,england1 where we read that ,charles ,,ii and the ,duke of ,yorke attended the first performance of ,tarugo's ,wiles1 or the ,coffee ,house1 a comedy1 in #affg1 which ,samuel ,pepys described as the most ridiculous and insipid play ,i ever saw in my life4 ,the author was ,thomas ,st4 ,serf4 ,the piece opens in a lively manner1 with a request on the part of its fashionable hero for a change of clothes4 ,accordingly1 ,tarugo puts off his vest1 hat1 perriwig1 and sword1 and serves the guests to coffee1 while the apprentice acts his part as a gentleman customer4 ,presently other customers of all trades and professions come dropping into the coffee house4 ,these are not always polite to the supposed coffee-man2 one complains of his coffee being nothing but warm water boyl'd with burnt beans1 while another desires him to bring chocolette that's prepar'd with water1 for ,i hate that which is encouraged with eggs4 ,the pedantry and nonsense uttered by a schollar character is1 perhaps1 an unfair specimen of coffee-house talk2 it is especially to be noticed that none of the guests ventures upon the dangerous ground of politics4 ,in the end1 the coffee-master grows tired of his clownish visitors1 saying plainly1 ,this rudeness becomes a suburb tavern rather than my coffee house2 and with the assistance of his servants he thrusts 'em all out of doors1 after the schollars and customers pay4 ,in #afid1 there was published ,jean ,baptiste ,rosseau's comedy1 ,le ,caff1 which appears to have been acted only once in ,paris1 although a later ,english dramatist says it met with great applause in the ,french capital4 ,le ,caff was written in ,laurent's caf1 which was frequented by ,fontenelle1 ,houdard de la ,motte1 ,dauchet1 the abb ,alary ,boindin1 and others4 ,voltaire said that this work of a young man without any experience either of the world of letters or of the theater seems to herald a new genius4 ,about this time it was the fashion for the coffee-house keepers of ,paris1 and the waiters1 to wear ,armenian costumes2 for ,pascal had builded better than he knew4 ,in ,la ,foire ,saint-,germain1 a comedy by ,dancourt1 played in #afif1 one of the principal characters is old ,lorange1 a coffee merchant clothed as an ,armenian4 ,in scene #e1 he says to ,mlle4 ,mousset1 a seller of house dresses that he has been a naturalized ,armenian for three weeks4 ,mrs4 ,susannah ,centlivre 7#affg8-agbc71 in her comedy1 ,a ,bold ,stroke for a ,wife1 produced about #agai1 has a scene laid in ,jonathan's coffee house about that period4 ,while the stock jobbers are talking in the first scene of act ,,ii1 the coffee boys are crying1 ,fresh ,coffee1 gentlemen1 fresh coffee8444 ,bohea tea1 gentlemen8 ,henry ,fielding 7#agjg-aged7 published ,the ,coffee-,house ,politician1 or ,justice caught in his own trap1 a comedy1 in #agcj4 ,the ,coffee ,house1 a dramatick ,piece by ,james ,miller1 was performed at the ,theater ,royal in ,drury ,lane in #agcg4 ,the interior of ,dick's coffee house figured as an engraved frontispiece to the published version of the play4 ,the author states in the preface that this piece is partly taken from a comedy of one act written many years ago in ,french by the famous ,rosseau1 called ',le ,caff'1 which met with great applause in ,paris4 ,the coffee house in the play is conducted by the ,widow ,notable1 who has a pretty daughter for whom1 like all good mothers1 she is anxious to arrange a suitable marriage4 ,in the first scene1 an acrimonious conversation takes place between ,puzzle1 the ,politician1 and ,bays1 the poet1 in which squabble the ,pert ,beau and the ,solemn ,beau1 and other habitus of the place take part4 ,puzzle discovers that a comedian and other players are in the room1 and insists that they be ejected or forbidden the house4 ,the ,widow is justly incensed1 and indignantly replies3 ,forbid the ,players my ,house1 ,sir6 ,why1 ,sir1 ,i get more by them in a ,week than ,i do by you in seven ,years4 ,you come here and hold a paper in your hand for an ,hour1 disturb the whole ,company with your ,politics1 call for ,pen and ,ink1 ,paper and ,wax1 beg a ,pipe of ,tobacco1 burn out half a ,candle1 eat half a ,pound of ,sugar1 and then go away1 and pay ,two-pence for a ,dish of ,coffee4 ,i could soon shut up my doors1 if ,i had not some other good ,people to make amends for what ,i lose by such as you1 ,sir4 ,all join the ,widow in scoffing and jeering1 and exit the highly discomfited ,puzzle4 ,the pretty little ,kitty tricks her mother with the aid of the ,player1 and marries the man of her choice1 but is forgiven when he is found to be a gentleman of the ,temple4 ,the play is in one act and has several songs4 ,the last is one of five stanzas1 with music set by ,mr4 ,caret3 ,,song ,what ,pleasures a ,coffee-,house daily bestows6 ,to read and hear how the ,world merrily goes2 ,to laugh1 sing and prattle of ,this1 ,that1 and ,t' other2 ,and be flatter'd and ogl'd and kiss'd too1 like ,mother4 ,here the ,rake1 after ,roving and ,tipling all ,night1 ,for his ,groat in the ,morning may set his ,head right4 ,and the ,beau1 who ne'er fouls his ,white fingers with ,brass1 ,may have his ,sixpen' worth of--,stare in the ,glass4 ,the ,doctor1 who'd always be ready to kill1 ,may ev'ry ,day here take his ,stand1 if he will2 ,and the soldier1 who'd bluster and challenge secure1 ,may draw boldly here1 for--we'll hold him he's sure4 ,the ,lawyer1 who's always in quest of his ,prey1 ,may find fools here to feed upon every ,day2 ,and the sage ,politician1 in ,coffee-,grounds known1 ,may point out the ,fate of each ,crown but--his own4 ,then1 ,gallants1 since ev'rything here you may find ,that pleasures the ,fancy or profits the ,mind1 ,come all1 and take each a full ,dish of ,delight1 ,and crowd up our ,coffee-,house every night4 ,illustration3 ,,song ,,from ,,the ,,coffee ,,house ,john ,timbs tells us this play met with great opposition on its representation1 owing to its being stated that the characters were intended for a particular family 7that of ,mrs4 ,yarrow and her daughter7 who kept ,dick's1 the coffee-house which the artist had inadvertently selected as the frontispiece4 ,it appears1 ,timbs continues1 that the landlady and her daughter were the reigning toast of the ,templars1 who then frequented ,dick's2 and took the matter up so strongly that they united to condemn the farce on the night of its production2 they succeeded1 and even extended their resentment to everything suspected to be this author's 7the ,rev4 ,james ,miller7 for a considerable time after4 ,carlo ,goldoni1 who has been called the ,molire of ,italy1 wrote ,la ,bottega di ,caff1 7,the ,coffee ,house71 a naturalistic comedy of bourgeois ,venice1 satirizing scandal and gambling1 in #agej4 ,the scene is a ,venetian coffee house 7probably ,florian's71 where several actions take place simultaneously4 ,among several remarkable studies is one of a prattling slanderer1 ,don ,marzio1 which ranks as one of the finest bits of original character drawing the stage has ever seen4 ,the play was produced in ,english by the ,chicago ,theatre ,society in #aiab4 ,chatfield-,taylor#cec thinks ,voltaire probably imitated ,la ,bottega di ,caff in his ,le ,caf1 ou l',ecossaise4 ,goldoni was a lover of coffee1 a regular frequenter of the coffee houses of his time1 from which he drew much in the way of inspiration4 ,pietro ,longhi1 called the ,venetian ,hogarth1 in one of his pictures presenting life and manners in ,venice during the years of her decadence1 shows ,goldoni as a visitor in a caf of the period1 with a female mendicant soliciting alms4 ,it is in the collection of ,professor ,italico ,brass4 ,goldoni1 in the comedy ,the ,persian ,wife1 gives us a glimpse of coffee making in the middle of the eighteenth century4 ,he puts these words into the mouth of ,curcuma1 the slave3 ,here is the coffee1 ladies1 coffee native of ,arabia1 ,and carried by the caravans into ,ispahan4 ,the coffee of ,arabia is certainly always the best4 ,while putting forth its leaves on one side1 upon the other the flowers appear2 ,born of a rich soil1 it wishes shade1 or but little sun4 ,planted every three years is this little tree in the surface of the soil4 ,the fruit1 though truly very small1 ,should yet grow large enough to become somewhat green4 ,later1 when used1 it should be freshly ground4 ,kept in a warm and dry place and jealously guarded4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but a small quantity is needed to prepare it4 ,put in the desired quantity and do not spill it over the fire2 ,heat it till the foam rises1 then let it subside again away from the fire2 ,do this seven times at least1 and coffee is made in a moment4 ,in #agfj there appeared in ,france ,le ,caf1 ou l',ecossaise1 comdie1 which purported to have been written by a ,mr4 ,hume1 an ,englishman1 and to have been translated into ,french4 ,it was in reality the work of ,voltaire1 who had brought out another play1 ,socrates1 in the same manner a short time before4 ,le ,caf1 was translated into ,english the same year under the title ,the ,coffee ,house1 or ,fair ,fugitive4 ,the title page says the play is written by ,mr4 ,voltaire and translated from the ,french4 ,it is a comedy in five acts4 ,the principal characters are3 ,fabrice1 a good-natured man and the keeper of the coffee house2 ,constantia1 the fair fugitive2 ,sir ,william ,woodville1 a gentleman of distinction under misfortune2 ,belmont1 in love with ,constantia1 a man of fortune and interest2 ,freeport1 a merchant and an epitome of ,english manners2 ,scandal1 a sharper2 and ,lady ,alton1 in love with ,belmont4 ,il ,caff di ,campagna1 a play with music by ,galuppi1 appeared in ,italy in #agfb4 ,another ,italian play1 a comedy called ,la ,caffettira da ,spirito was produced in #ahjg4 ,hamilton1 a play by ,mary ,p4 ,hamlin and ,george ,arliss1 the latter also playing the title rle1 was produced in ,america by ,george ,c4 ,tyler in #aiah4 ,the first-act scene is laid in the ,exchange coffee house of ,philadelphia1 during the period of ,washington's first administration4 ,among the characters introduced in this scene are ,james ,monroe1 ,count ,tallyrand1 ,general ,philip ,schuyler1 and ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,the authors very faithfully reproduce the atmosphere of the coffee house of ,washington's time4 ,as ,tallyrand remarks1 ,everybody comes to see everybody at the ,exchange ,coffee ,house4444 ,it is club1 restaurant1 merchants' exchange1 everything4 ,the ,autocrat of the ,coffee ,stall1 a play in one act1 by ,harold ,chapin1 was published in ,new ,york in #aiba4 ,coffee and ,literature in ,general ,an interesting book might be written on the transformation that tea and coffee have wrought in the tastes of famous literary men4 ,and of the two stimulants1 coffee seems to have furnished greater refreshment and inspiration to most4 ,however1 both beverages have made civilization their debtor in that they weaned so many fine minds from the heavy wines and spirits in which they once indulged4 ,voltaire and ,balzac were the most ardent devotees of coffee among the ,french literati4 ,sir ,james ,mackintosh 7#agfe-ahcb71 the ,scottish philosopher and statesman1 was so fond of coffee that he used to assert that the powers of a man's mind would generally be found to be proportional to the quantity of that stimulant which he drank4 ,his brilliant schoolmate and friend1 ,robert ,hall 7#agfd-ahca71 the ,baptist minister and pulpit orator1 preferred tea1 of which he sometimes drank a dozen cups4 ,cowper2 ,parson and ,parr1 the famous ,greek scholars2 ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson2 and ,william ,hazlitt1 the writer and critic1 were great tea drinkers2 but ,burton1 ,dean ,swift1 ,addison1 ,steele1 ,leigh ,hunt1 and many others1 celebrated coffee4 ,dr4 ,charles ,b4 ,reed1 professor in the medical school of ,northwestern ,university1 says that coffee may be considered as a type of substance that fosters genius4 ,history seems to bear him out4 ,coffee's essential qualities are so well defined1 says ,dr4 ,reed1 that one critic has claimed the ability to trace throughout the works of ,voltaire those portions that came from coffee's inspiration4 ,tea and coffee promote a harmony of the creative faculties that permits the mental concentration necessary to produce the masterpieces of art and literature4 ,voltaire 7#afid-aggh7 the king of wits1 was also king of coffee drinkers4 ,even in his old age he was said to have consumed fifty cups daily4 ,to the abstemious ,balzac 7#agii-ahej7 coffee was both food and drink4 ,in ,frederick ,lawton's ,balzac we read3 ,balzac worked hard4 ,his habit was to go to bed at six in the evening1 sleep till twelve1 and1 after1 to rise and write for nearly twelve hours at a stretch1 imbibing coffee as a stimulant through these spells of composition4 ,in his ,treatise on ,modern ,stimulants1 ,balzac thus describes his reaction to his most beloved stimulant3 ,this coffee falls into your stomach1 and straightway there is a general commotion4 ,ideas begin to move like the battalions of the ,grand ,army on the battlefield1 and the battle takes place4 ,things remembered arrive at full gallop1 ensign to the wind4 ,the light cavalry of comparisons deliver a magnificent deploying charge1 the artillery of logic hurry up with their train and ammunition1 the shafts of wit start up like sharpshooters4 ,similes arise1 the paper is covered with ink2 for the struggle commences and is concluded with torrents of black water1 just as a battle with powder4 ,when ,balzac tells how ,doctor ,minoret1 ,ursule ,minoret's guardian1 used to regale his friends with a cup of ,moka1 mixed with ,bourbon and ,martinique1 which the ,doctor insisted on personally preparing in a silver coffee pot1 it is his own custom that he is detailing4 ,his ,bourbon he bought only in the rue ,mont ,blanc 7now the chauss d',antin72 the ,martinique1 in the rue des ,vielles ,audriettes2 the ,mocha1 at a grocer's in the rue de l',universit4 ,it was half a day's journey to fetch them4 ,there have been notable contributions to the general literature of coffee by ,french1 ,italian1 ,english1 and ,american writers4 ,space does not permit of more than passing mention of some of them4 ,the reactions of the early ,french and ,english writers have been touched upon in the chapters on the coffee houses of old ,london and the early ,parisian coffee houses1 and in the history chapters dealing with the evolution of coffee drinking and coffee manners and customs4 ,after ,dufour1 ,galland1 and ,la ,roque in ,france1 there were ,count ,rumford1 ,john ,timbs1 ,douglas ,ellis1 and ,robinson in ,england2 ,jardin and ,franklin in ,france2 ,belli in ,italy2 ,hewitt1 ,thurber1 and ,walsh in ,america4 ,mention has been made of coffee references in the works of ,aubrey1 ,burton1 ,addison1 ,steele1 ,bacon1 and ,d',israeli4 ,brillat-,savarin 7#agee-ahbf7 the great ,french epicure1 knew coffee as few men before him or since4 ,in his historical elegy1 contained in ,gastronomy as a ,fine ,art1 or the ,science of ,good ,living1 he exclaims3 ,you crossed and mitred abbots and bishops who dispensed the favors of ,heaven1 and you the dreaded templars who armed yourselves for the extermination of the ,saracens1 you knew nothing of the sweet restoring influence of our modern chocolate1 nor of the thought-inspiring bean of ,arabia--how ,i pity you6 ,o4 de ,gourcuff's ,de la ,caf1 ptre attribu ,senec1 is deserving of honorable mention4 ,an early ,french writer pays this tribute to the inspirational effects of coffee3 ,it is a beverage eminently agreeable1 inspiring and wholesome4 ,it is at once a stimulant1 a cephalic1 a febrifuge1 a digestive1 and an anti-soporific2 it chases away sleep1 which is the enemy of labor2 it invokes the imagination1 without which there can be no happy inspiration4 ,it expels the gout1 that enemy of pleasure1 although to pleasure gout owes its birth2 it facilitates digestion1 without which there can be no true happiness4 ,it disposes to gaiety1 without which there is neither pleasure nor enjoyment2 it gives wit to those who already have it1 and it even provides wit 7for some hours at least7 to those who usually have it not4 ,thank heaven for ,coffee1 for see how many blessings are concentrated in the infusion of a small berry4 ,what other beverage in the world can compare with it8 ,coffee1 at once a pleasure and a medicine2 ,coffee1 which nourishes at the same moment the mind1 body and imagination4 ,hail to thee6 ,inspirer of men of letters1 best digestive of the gourmand4 ,nectar of all men4 ,in ,bologna1 #afia1 ,angelo ,rambaldi published ,ambrosia arabica1 caff discorso4 ,this work is divided into eighteen sections1 and describes the origin1 cultivation1 and roasting of the bean1 as well as telling how to prepare the beverage4 ,during the time that ,milan was under ,spanish rule1 ,cesare ,beccaria directed and edited a publication entitled ,il ,caff1 which was published from ,june #d1 #agfd1 to ,may1 #agff1 edited in ,brescia by ,giammaria ,rizzardi and undertaken by a little society of friends1 according to the salutatory4 ,besides the ,marchese ,beccaria1 other editors and contributors were ,pietro and ,alexander ,verri1 ,baillon1 ,visconti1 ,colpani1 ,longhi1 ,albertenghi1 ,frisi1 and ,secchi4 ,the same periodical1 with the same editorial staff1 was published also in ,venice in the ,typografia ,pizzolato4 ,another publication called ,il ,caff1 devoted to arts1 letters1 and science1 was published in ,venice in #ahej-eb4 ,still another1 having the same name1 a national weekly journal1 was published in ,milan1 #ahhd-hi4 ,an almanac1 having the title ,il ,caff1 was published in ,milan in #ahbi4 ,a weekly paper1 called ,il ,caff ,pedrocchi1 was published in ,padua in #ahdf-dh4 ,it was devoted to art1 literature and politics4 ,a publication called ,coffee and ,surrogates 7tea1 chocolate1 saffron1 pepper1 and other stimulants7 was founded by ,professor ,pietro ,polli1 in ,milan1 in #ahhe2 but was short-lived4 ,an early ,english magazine 7#agca7 contains an account of divination by coffee-grounds4 ,the writer pays an unexpected visit1 and surprised the lady and her company in close cabal over their coffee1 the interest very intent upon one whom1 by her address and intelligence1 he guessed was a tire woman1 to which she added the secret of divining by coffee grounds4 ,she was then in full inspiration1 and with much solemnity observing the atoms around the cup2 on the one hand sat a widow1 on the other a maiden lady4 ,they assured me that every cast of the cup is a picture of all one's life to come1 and every transaction and circumstance is delineated with the exactest certainty4 ,the advertisement used by this seer is quite interesting3 ,an advise is hereby given that there has lately arrived in this city 7,dublin7 the famous ,mrs4 ,cherry1 the only gentlewoman truly learned in the occult science of tossing of coffee grounds2 who has with uninterrupted success for some time past practiced to the general satisfaction of her female visitants4 ,her hours are after prayers are done at ,st4 ,peter's ,church1 until dinner4 7,n4,b4 ,she never requires more than #a oz4 of coffee from a single gentlewoman1 and so proportioned for a second or third person1 but not to exceed that number at any one time47 ,if the one ounce of coffee represented her payment for reading the future1 the charge could not be considered exorbitant6 ,english writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were noticeably affected by coffee1 and the coffee-houses of the times have been immortalized by them2 and in many instances they themselves were immortalized by the coffee houses and their frequenters4 ,in the chapters already referred to and at the close of this chapter1 will be found stories1 quips1 and anecdotes1 in which occur many names that are now famous in art and literature4 ,modern journalism dates from the publication1 ,april #ab1 #agji1 of the ,tatler1 whose editor was ,sir ,richard ,steele 7#afgb-agbi7 the ,irish dramatist and essayist4 ,he received his inspiration from the coffee houses2 and his readers were the men that knew them best4 ,in the first issue he announced3 ,all accounts of gallantry1 pleasure and entertainment shall be under the article of ,white's ,coffee ,house2 poetry under that of ,will's ,coffee ,house2 learning under the title of ,grecian2 foreign and domestic news you will have from ,st4 ,james's ,coffee ,house1 and what else ,i shall on any other subject offer shall be dated from my own apartment4 ,steele's ,tatler was issued three times weekly until #agaa1 when it suspended to be succeeded by the ,spectator1 whose principal contributor was ,joseph ,addison 7#afgb-agai71 the essayist and poet1 and ,steele's school-fellow4 ,sir ,richard ,steele immortalized the ,don and ,don ,saltero's coffee house in old ,chelsea in ,no4 #cd of the ,tatler1 wherein he tells us of the necessity of traveling to know the world1 by his journey for fresh air1 no farther than the village of ,chelsea1 of which he fancied that he could give an immediate description--from the five fields1 where the the robbers lie in wait1 to the coffee house1 where the literati sit in council4 ,but he found1 even in a place so near town as this1 that there were enormities and persons of eminence1 whom he before knew nothing of4 ,the coffee house was almost absorbed by the museum1 ,steele says3 ,when ,i came into the coffee-house1 ,i had not time to salute the company1 before my eyes were diverted by ten thousand gimcracks round the room1 and on the ceiling4 ,when my first astonishment was over1 comes to me a sage of thin and meagre countenance1 which aspect made me doubt whether reading or fretting had made it so philosophic2 but ,i very soon perceived him to be that sort which the ancients call gingivistee1 in our language tooth-drawers4 ,i immediately had a respect for the man2 for these practical philosophers go upon a very practical hypothesis1 not to cure1 but to take away the part affected4 ,my love of mankind made me very benevolent to ,mr4 ,salter1 for such is the name of this eminent barber and antiquary4 ,the ,don was famous for his punch1 and for his skill on the fiddle4 ,he drew teeth also1 and wrote verses2 he described his museum in several stanzas1 one of which is3 ,monsters of all sorts are seen3 ,strange things in nature as they grew so2 ,some relicks of the ,sheba ,queen1 ,and fragments of the fam'd ,bob ,crusoe4 ,steele then plunges into a deep thought why barbers should go farther in hitting the ridiculous than any other set of men2 and maintains that ,don ,saltero is descended in a right line1 not from ,john ,tradescant1 as he himself asserts1 but from the memorable companion of the ,knight of ,mancha4 ,steele certifies to all the worthy citizens who travel to see the ,don's rarities1 that his double-barreled pistols1 targets1 coats of mail1 his sclopeta 7hand-culverin7 and sword of ,toledo1 were left to his ancestor by the said ,don ,quixote2 and by his ancestor to all his progeny down to ,saltero4 ,though ,steele thus goes far in favor of ,don ,saltero's great merit1 he objects to his imposing several names 7without his license7 on the collection he has made1 to the abuse of the good people of ,england2 one of which is particularly calculated to deceive religious persons1 to the great scandal of the well-disposed and may introduce heterodox opinions4 7,among the curiosities presented by ,admiral ,munden was a coffin1 containing the body or relics of a ,spanish saint1 who had wrought miracles47 ,says ,steele3 ,he shows you a straw hat1 which ,i know to be made by ,madge ,peskad1 within three miles of ,bedford2 and tells you ,it is ,pontius ,pilate's wife's chambermaid's sister's hat4 ,to my knowledge of this very hat1 it may be added that the covering of straw was never used among the ,jews1 since it was demanded of them to make bricks without it4 ,therefore1 this is nothing but1 under the specious pretense of learning and antiquities1 to impose upon the world4 ,there are other things which ,i can not tolerate among his rarities1 as1 the china figure of the lady in the glass-case2 the ,italian engine1 for the imprisonment of those who go abroad with it2 both of which ,i hereby order to be taken down1 or else he may expect to have his letters patent for making punch superseded1 be debarred wearing his muff next winter1 or ever coming to ,london without his wife4 ,babillard says that ,salter had an old grey muff1 and that1 by wearing it up to his nose1 he was distinguishable at the distance of a quarter of a mile4 ,his wife was none of the best1 being much addicted to scolding2 and ,salter1 who liked his glass1 if he could make a trip to ,london by himself1 was in no haste to return4 ,don ,saltero's proved very attractive as an exhibition1 and drew crowds to the coffee house4 ,a catalog was published of which were printed more than forty editions4 ,smollett1 the novelist1 was among the donors4 ,the catalog1 in #agfj1 comprehended the following rarities3 ,tigers' tusks2 the ,pope's candle2 the skeleton of a ,guinea-pig2 a fly-cap monkey1 a piece of the true ,cross2 the ,four ,evangelists' heads cut out on a cherry stone2 the ,king of ,morocco's tobacco-pipe2 ,mary ,queen of ,scots' pincushion2 ,queen ,elizabeth's prayer-book2 a pair of ,nun's stockings2 ,job's ears1 which grew on a tree2 a frog in a tobacco stopper2 and five hundred more odd relics6 ,the ,don had a rival1 as appears by ,a ,catalogue of the ,rarities to be seen at ,adam's1 at the ,royal ,swan1 in ,kingsland-road1 leading from ,shoreditch ,church1 #agef4 ,mr4 ,adams exhibited1 for the entertainment of the curious3 ,miss ,jenny ,cameron's shoes2 ,adam's eldest daughter's hat2 the heart of the famous ,bess ,adams1 that was hanged at ,tyburn with ,lawyer ,carr1 ,january #ah1 #agcf-cg2 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh's tobacco pipe2 ,vicar of ,bray's clogs2 engine to shell green peas with2 teeth that grew in a fish's belly2 ,black ,jack's ribs2 the very comb that ,abraham combed his son ,isaac and ,jacob's head with2 ,wat ,tyler's spurs2 rope that cured ,captain ,lowry of the head-ach1 ear-ach1 tooth-ach1 and belly-ach2 ,adam's key of the fore and back door of the ,garden of ,eden1 etc41 etc4 ,these are only a few out of five hundred other equally marvellous exhibits4 ,the success of ,don ,saltero in attracting visitors to his coffee house1 induced the proprietor of the ,chelsea bunhouse to make a similar collection of rarities1 to attract customers for his buns2 and to some extent it was successful4 ,in the first number of the ,spectator1 ,addison says3 ,there is no place of general resort wherein ,i do not often make my appearance4 ,sometimes ,i am seen thrusting my head into a round of politicians at ,will's1 and listening with great attention to the narratives that are made in those little circular audiences4 ,sometimes ,i smoke a pipe at ,child's1 and while ,i seem attentive to nothing but the ,postman1 overhear the conversation of every table in the room4 ,i appear on ,sunday nights at ,st4 ,james' coffee house1 and sometimes join the little committee of politics in the inner room as one who comes there to hear and improve4 ,my face is likewise very well known at the ,grecian1 the ,cocoa ,tree1 and in the theatres both of ,drury ,lane and the ,hay ,market4 ,i have been taken for a merchant upon the ,exchange for above these ten years1 and sometimes pass for a ,jew in the assembly of stock jobbers at ,jonathan's2 in short1 wherever ,i see a cluster of people1 ,i always mix with them1 though ,i never open my lips1 but in my own club4 ,in the second number he tells that3 ,i am now settled with a widow woman1 who has a great many children and complies with my humor in everything4 ,i do not remember that we have exchanged a word together for these five years2 my coffee comes into my chamber every morning without asking for it1 if ,i want fire ,i point to the chimney1 if water1 to my basin2 upon which my landlady nods as much as to say she takes my meaning1 and immediately obeys my signals4 ,three of ,addison's papers in the ,spectator 7,nos4 #djb1 #dha1 and #efh7 are humorously descriptive of the coffee houses of the period4 ,no4 #djc opens with the remark that3 ,the courts of two countries do not so much differ from one another1 as the ,court and the ,city1 in their peculiar ways of life and conversation4 ,in short1 the inhabitants of ,st4 ,james1 notwithstanding they live under the same laws1 and speak the same language1 are a distinct people from those of ,cheapside1 who are likewise removed from those of the ,temple on the one side1 and those of ,smithfleld on the other1 by several climates and degrees in their way of thinking and conversing together4 ,for this reason1 the author takes a ramble through ,london and ,westminster1 to gather the opinions of his ingenious countrymen upon a current report of the king of ,france's death4 ,i know the faces of all the principal politicians within the bills of mortality2 and as every coffee-house has some particular statesman belonging to it1 who is the mouth of the street where he lives1 ,i always take care to place myself near him1 in order to know his judgment on the present posture of affairs4 ,and1 as ,i foresaw the above report would produce a new face of things in ,europe1 and many curious speculations in our ,british coffee-houses1 ,i was very desirous to learn the thoughts of our most eminent politicians on that occasion4 ,that ,i might begin as near the fountain-head as possible1 ,i first of all called in at ,st4 ,james's1 where ,i found the whole outward room in a buzz of politics2 the speculations were but very indifferent towards the door1 but grew finer as you advanced to the upper end of the room1 and were so much improved by a knot of theorists1 who sat in the inner room1 within the steams of the coffee-pot1 that ,i there heard the whole ,spanish monarchy disposed of1 and all the line of ,bourbons provided for in less than a quarter of an hour4 ,i afterwards called in at ,giles's1 where ,i saw a board of ,french gentlemen sitting upon the life and death of their grand monarque4 ,those among them who had espoused the ,whig interest very positively affirmed that he had departed this life about a week since1 and therefore1 proceeded without any further delay to the release of their friends in the galleys1 and to their own re-establishment2 but1 finding they could not agree among themselves1 ,i proceeded on my intended progress4 ,upon my arrival at ,jenny ,man's ,i saw an alert young fellow that cocked his hat upon a friend of his1 who entered just at the same time with myself1 and accosted him after the following manner3 ,well1 ,jack1 the old prig is dead at last4 ,sharp's the word4 ,now or never1 boy4 ,up to the walls of ,paris1 directly2 with several other deep reflections of the same nature4 ,i met with very little variation in the politics between ,charing ,cross and ,covent ,garden4 ,and1 upon my going into ,will's1 ,i found their discourse was gone off1 from the death of the ,french ,king1 to that of ,monsieur ,boileau1 ,racine1 ,corneille1 and several other poets1 whom they regretted on this occasion as persons who would have obliged the world with very noble elegies on the death of so great a prince1 and so eminent a patron of learning4 ,at a coffee-house near the ,temple1 ,i found a couple of young gentlemen engaged very smartly in a dispute on the succession to the ,spanish monarchy4 ,one of them seemed to have been retained as advocate for the ,duke of ,anjou1 the other for his ,imperial ,majesty4 ,they were both for regarding the title to that kingdom by the statute laws of ,england2 but finding them going out of my depth1 ,i pressed forward to ,paul's ,churchyard1 where ,i listened with great attention to a learned man1 who gave the company an account of the deplorable state of ,france during the minority of the deceased king4 ,i then turned on my right hand into ,fish-street1 where the chief politician of that quarter1 upon hearing the news1 7after having taken a pipe of tobacco1 and ruminated for some time7 ,if1 says he1 the ,king of ,france is certainly dead1 we shall have plenty of mackerel this season3 our fishery will not be disturbed by privateers1 as it has been for these ten years past4 ,he afterwards considered how the death of this great man would affect our pilchards1 and by several other remarks infused a general joy into his whole audience4 ,i afterwards entered a by-coffee-house that stood at the upper end of a narrow lane1 where ,i met with a ,nonjuror engaged very warmly with a laceman who was the great support of a neighboring conventicle4 ,the matter in debate was whether the late ,french ,king was most like ,augustus ,caesar1 or ,nero4 ,the controversy was carried on with great heat on both sides1 and as each of them looked upon me very frequently during the course of their debate1 ,i was under some apprehension that they would appeal to me1 and therefore laid down my penny at the bar and made the best of my way to ,cheapside4 ,i here gazed upon the signs for some time before ,i found one to my purpose4 ,the first object ,i met in the coffee-room was a person who expressed a great grief for the death of the ,french ,king2 but upon his explaining himself1 ,i found his sorrow did not arise from the loss of the monarch1 but for his having sold out of the ,bank about three days before he heard the news of it4 ,upon which a haberdasher1 who was the oracle of the coffee-house1 and had his circle of admirers about him1 called several to witness that he had declared his opinion1 above a week before1 that the ,french ,king was certainly dead2 to which he added1 that considering the late advices we had received from ,france1 it was impossible that it could be otherwise4 ,as he was laying these together1 and debating to his hearers with great authority1 there came a gentlemen from ,garraway's1 who told us that there were several letters from ,france just come in1 with advice that the ,king was in good health1 and was gone out a hunting the very morning the post came away2 upon which the haberdasher stole off his hat that hung upon a wooden peg by him1 and retired to his shop with great confusion4 ,this intelligence put a stop to my travels1 which ,i had prosecuted with so much satisfaction2 not being a little pleased to hear so many different opinions upon so great an event1 and to observe how naturally1 upon such a piece of news1 every one is apt to consider it to his particular interest and advantage4 ,johnson wrote in his ,life of ,addison concerning the ,tatler and the ,spectator that they were3 ,published at a time when two parties1 loud1 restless and violent1 each with plausible declarations1 and both perhaps without any distinct determination of its views1 were agitating the nation2 to minds heated with political contest they supplied cooler and more inoffensive reflections4444 ,they had a perceptible influence on the conversation of the time1 and taught the frolic and the gay to unite merriment with decency1 effects which they can never wholly lose4 ,harold ,routh in the ,cambridge ,history of ,literature1 speaking of the ,spectator1 says3 ,it surpassed the ,tatler in style and in thought4 ,it gave expression to the power of commerce4 ,for more than a century traders had been characterized as dishonest and avaricious1 because playwrights and pamphleteers generally wrote for the leisure classes1 and were themselves too poor to have any but unpleasant relations with men of business4 ,now merchants were becoming ambassadors of civilization1 and had developed intellect so as to control distant and1 as it seemed1 mysterious sources of wealth2 by a stroke of the pen and largely through the coffee houses they had come to know their own importance and power4 ,samuel ,pepys 7#afcc-agjc7 was very fond of good eating1 and almost daily entries were made in his ,diary of dinner delicacies that he had enjoyed4 ,one dinner1 that he considered a great success1 was served to eight persons1 and consisted of oysters1 a hash of rabbits1 a lamb1 a rare chine of beef2 next a great dish of roasting fowl 7cost me about #cj s47 a tart1 then fruit and cheese4 ,my dinner was noble enough 444 ,i believe this day's feast will cost me near #e pounds4 ,but it will be noted that coffee was not mentioned as a part of the menu4 ,he makes countless references to visits paid to this and that coffee house1 but records only one instance of actually drinking coffee3 ,up betimes to my office1 and thence at seven o'clock to ,sir ,g4 ,carteret1 and there with ,sir ,j4 ,minnes made an end of his accounts1 but staid not to dinner my ,lady having made us drink our morning draft there of several wines1 but ,i drank nothing but some of her coffee1 which was poorly made1 with a little sugar in it4 ,this note which he considered worthy of record was certainly not inspired by the excellence of the good lady's matutinal coffee4 ,william ,cobbett 7#agfb-ahce7 the ,english-,american politician1 reformer1 and writer on economics1 denounced coffee as slops2 but he was one of a remarkably small minority4 ,before his day1 one of ,england's greatest satirists1 ,dean ,swift1 7#affg-agde7 led a long roll of literary men who were devotees of coffee4 ,swift's writings are full of references to coffee2 and his letters from ,stella came to him under cover1 at the ,st4 ,james coffee house4 ,there is scarcely a letter to ,esther 7,vanessa7 ,vanhomrigh which does not contain a significant reference to coffee1 by which the course of their friendship and clandestine meetings may be traced4 ,in one dated ,august #ac1 #agbj1 written while traveling from place to place in ,ireland1 he says3 ,we live here in a very dull town1 every valuable creature absent1 and ,cad says he is weary of it1 and would rather prefer his coffee on the barrenest mountain in ,wales than be king here4 ,a fig for partridges and quails1 ,ye dainties ,i know nothing of ye2 ,but on the highest mount in ,wales1 ,would choose in peace to drink my coffee4 ,in another letter1 about two years later1 replying to one in which ,vanessa has reproached him and begged him to write her soon1 he advises3 ,the best maxim ,i know in life1 is to drink your coffee when you can1 and when you cannot1 to be easy without it2 while you continue to be splenetic1 count upon it ,i will always preach4 ,thus much ,i sympathize with you1 that ,i am not cheerful enough to write1 for1 ,i believe1 coffee once a week is necessary1 and you know very well that coffee makes us severe1 and grave1 and philosophical4 ,these various references to coffee are thought to have been based upon an incident in the early days of their friendship1 when on the occasion of the ,vanhomrigh family journeying from ,dublin to ,london1 ,vanessa accidentally spilt her coffee in the chimney-place at a certain inn1 which ,swift considered a premonition of their growing friendship4 ,writing from ,clogher1 ,swift reminds ,vanessa3 ,remember that riches are nine parts in ten of all that is good in life1 and health is the tenth--drinking coffee comes long after1 and yet it is the eleventh1 but without the two former you cannot drink it right4 ,in another letter he writes facetiously1 in memory of her playful badinage3 ,i long to drink a dish of coffee in the sluttery and hear you dun me for a secret1 and ,drink your coffee2 why don't you drink your coffee8 ,leigh ,hunt had very pleasant things to say about coffee1 giving to it the charm of appeal to the imagination1 which he said one never finds in tea4 ,for example3 ,coffee1 like tea1 used to form a refreshment by itself1 some hours after dinner2 it is now taken as a digester1 right upon that meal or the wine1 and sometimes does not even close it2 or the digester itself is digested by a liquor of some sort called a ,chasse-,caf coffee-chaser4 ,we like coffee better than tea for taste1 but tea for a constancy4 ,to be perfect in point of relish 7we do not say of wholesomeness7 coffee should be strong and hot1 with little milk and sugar4 ,it has been drunk after this mode in some parts of ,europe1 but the public have nowhere1 we believe1 adopted it4 ,the favorite way of taking it at a meal1 abroad1 is with a great superfluity of milk--very properly called1 in ,france caf au lait 7coffee to the milk74 ,one of the pleasures we receive in drinking coffee is that1 being the universal drink in the ,east1 it reminds of that region of the ,arabian ,nights as smoking does for the same reason2 though neither of these refreshments1 which are identified with ,oriental manners1 is to be found in that enchanting work4 ,they had not been discovered when it was written2 the drink then was sherbet4 ,one can hardly fancy what a ,turk or a ,persian could have done without coffee and a pipe1 any more than the ,english ladies and gentlemen1 before the civil wars1 without tea for breakfast4 ,in his old age1 ,immanuel ,kant1 the great metaphysician1 became extremely fond of coffee2 and ,thomas de ,quincey relates a little incident showing ,kant's great eagerness for the after-dinner cup4 ,at the beginning of the last year of his life1 he fell into a custom of taking1 immediately after dinner1 a cup of coffee1 especially on those days when it happened that ,i was of his party4 ,and such was the importance that he attached to his little pleasure that he would even make a memorandum beforehand1 in the blank paper book that ,i had given him1 that on the next day ,i was to dine with him1 and consequently that there was to be coffee4 ,sometimes in the interest of conversation1 the coffee was forgotten1 but not for long4 ,he would remember and with the querulousness of old age and infirm health would demand that coffee be brought upon the spot4 ,arrangements had always been made in advance1 however2 the coffee was ground1 and the water was boiling3 and in the very moment the word was given1 the servant shot in like an arrow and plunged the coffee into the water4 ,all that remained1 therefore1 was to give it time to boil up4 ,but this trifling delay seemed unendurable to ,kant4 ,if it were said1 ,dear ,professor1 the coffee will be brought up in a moment1 he would say1 ,will be6 ,there's the rub1 that it only will be4 ,then he would quiet himself with a stoical air1 and say1 ,well1 one can die after all2 it is but dying2 and in the next world1 thank ,god1 there is no drinking of coffee and consequently no waiting for it4 ,when at length the servant's steps were heard upon the stairs1 he would turn round to us1 and joyfully call out3 ,land1 land6 my dear friends1 ,i see land4 ,thackeray 7#ahaa-ahfc7 must have suffered many tea and coffee disappointments4 ,in the ,kickleburys on the ,rhine he asks3 ,why do they always put mud into coffee aboard steamers8 ,why does the tea generally taste of boiled boots8 ,in ,arthur's1 ,a4 ,neil ,lyons has preserved for all time the atmosphere of the ,london coffee stall4 ,i would not1 he says1 exchange a night at ,arthur's for a week with the brainiest circle in ,london4 ,the book is a collection of short stories4 ,as already recorded1 ,harold ,chapin dramatized this picturesque ,london institution in ,the ,autocrat of the ,coffee ,stall4 ,in ,general ,horace ,porter's ,campaigning with ,grant1 we have three distinct coffee incidents within fifty-odd pages2 or explicitly1 see pages #dg1 #ef1 #aja2 where1 deep in the fiercest snarls of ,the ,wilderness campaign we are treated to3 ,general ,grant1 slowly sipping his coffee 444 a full ration of that soothing army beverage4444 ,the general made rather a singular meal preparatory to so exhausting a day as that which was to follow4 ,he took a cucumber1 sliced it1 poured some vinegar over it1 and partook of nothing else except a cup of strong coffee4444 ,the general seemed in excellent spirits1 and was even inclined to be jocose4 ,he said to me1 ,we have just had our coffee1 and you will find some left for you4 444 ,i drank it with the relish of a shipwrecked mariner4 ,one of the first immediate supplies ,general ,sherman desired from ,wilmington1 on reaching ,fayetteville and lines of communication in ,march1 #ahfe1 was1 expressly1 coffee2 does he not say so himself1 on page #big of the second volume of his ,memoirs8 ,still more expressly1 towards the close of his ,memoirs1 and among final recommendations1 the fruit of his experiences in that whole vast war1 ,general ,sherman says this for coffee3 ,coffee has become almost indispensable1 though many substitutes were found for it1 such as ,indian corn1 roasted1 ground and boiled as coffee1 the sweet potato1 and the seed of the okra plant prepared in the same way4 ,all these were used by the people of the ,south1 who for years could procure no coffee1 but ,i noticed that the women always begged of us real coffee1 which seemed to satisfy a natural yearning or craving more powerful than can be accounted for on the theory of habit4 ,therefore ,i would always advise that the coffee and sugar ration be carried along1 even at the expense of bread1 for which there are many substitutes4 ,george ,agnew ,chamberlain's novel ,home contains a vivid description of coffee-making on an old plantation1 and could only have been written by a devoted lover of this drink4 ,gerry ,lansing1 the ,american1 has escaped drowning in the river1 and is now lost in the ,brazilian forest4 ,he finds his way at last to an old plantation house3 ,a stove was built into the masonry1 and a cavernous oven gaped from the massive wall4 ,at the stove was an old negress1 making coffee with shaky deliberation4444 ,the girl and the wrinkled old woman made him sit down at the table1 and then placed before him crisp rusks of mandioc flour and steaming coffee whose splendid aroma triumphed over the sordidness of the scene and through the nostrils reached the palate with anticipatory touch4 ,it was sweetened with dark1 pungent syrup and was served black in a capacious bowl1 as though one could not drink too deeply of the elixir of life4 ,gerry ate ravenously and sipped the coffee1 at first sparingly1 then greedily4444 ,gerry set down the empty bowl with a sigh4 ,the rusks had been delicious4 ,before the coffee the name of nectar dwindled to impotency4 ,its elixir rioted in his veins4 ,in the ,rosary1 ,florence ,l4 ,barclay has a ,scotch woman tell how she makes coffee4 ,she says3 ,use a jug--it is not what you make it in2 it is how ye make it4 ,it all hangs upon the word fresh--freshly roasted--freshly ground--water freshly boiled4 ,and never touch it with metal4 ,pop it into an earthenware jug1 pour in your boiling water straight upon it1 stir it with a wooden spoon1 set it on the hob ten minutes to settle2 the grounds will all go to the bottom1 though you might not think it1 and you pour it out1 fragrant1 strong and clear4 ,but the secret is1 fresh1 fresh1 fresh1 and don't stint your coffee4 ,cyrus ,townsend ,brady's ,the ,corner in ,coffee is a thrilling romance of the ,new ,york coffee market4 ,coffee1 ,du ,barry1 and ,louis ,,xv figure in one scene of the story of ,the ,moat with the ,crimson ,stains1 as told by ,elizabeth ,w4 ,champney in her ,romance of the ,bourbon ,chateaux4#ced ,it tells of the ,german apprentice ,riesener1 who assisted his master ,oeben in designing for ,louis ,,xv a beautiful desk with a secret drawer1 which it took ten years of unremitting industry to execute4 ,at the end1 ,riesener was to be accepted by his master as a partner and a son-in-law4 ,little ,victoire1 who loved to sit in a punt and trail her doll in the waters of the ,bievre to see to what color its frock would be changed by the dyes of the ,gobelin factory1 was then only five1 and ,madam ,oeben twenty-three4 ,as the years rolled by1 ,riesener grew to love the mother and not the daughter1 who1 meanwhile1 shot up into a slim girl1 not of her mother's beauty1 but of a loveliness all her own4 ,then there was a quarrel because the young apprentice thought the master should have resented the suggestion of ,m4 ,duplessis that his wife pose in the nude for the statuettes which were to hold the sconces on the king's desk2 and ,riesener left in a fine youthful frenzy1 vowing he would never return while the matre lived4 ,the latter1 unable to complete the masterpiece which he loved more than anything else on earth1 sought death1 and perished in the crimson waters of the ,bievre4 ,the matre had no enemies1 but his quarrel with ,riesener caused a fear to spring up in the widow's heart that the apprentice might have been guilty of his murder1 so she refused to see him when1 hearing of his master's death1 he returned1 stricken with remorse1 to finish the desk4 ,on it were the statuettes modeled in perfect likeness of ,mlle4 de ,vaubernier1 a wily little milliner of ,riesener's bohemian set who had taken this way to bring herself to the attention of ,louis ,,xv4 ,the ruse was successful2 and after the acceptance of the desk1 there was installed a new matresse en titre1 the notorious ,madame ,du ,barry1 erstwhile the pretty milliner1 ,mlle4 de ,vaubernier4 ,later1 ,madame ,du ,barry sent for the now famous ebeniste 7cabinet maker72 and1 when her negro page ,zamore admitted him1 he found ,his ,majesty ,louis ,,xv kneeling in front of the fireplace1 making coffee for her while she laughed at him for scalding his fingers4 ,he had been summoned to show the king the mechanism of the secret drawer1 so cunningly concealed in the king's desk that no one could find it4 ,but ,riesener knew not the secret of his master1 who had died without revealing it4 ,then the red revolution came2 and when the pretty pavilion at ,louveciennes was sacked1 and its costly furniture hurled down the cliff to the ,seine1 the king's desk1 shattered almost beyond repair1 was carried to the ,gobelins' factory and presented to ,mme4 ,oeben in recognition of her husband's workmanship4 ,then the secret compartment was found to have been disclosed1 and ,riesener was absolved by a letter therein1 from the matre1 who intimated he was about to end it all because of paralysis4 ,riesener marries the widow and all ends happily4 ,james ,lane ,allen1 in ,the ,kentucky ,warbler1 tells a tale of the ,blue ,grass country and of a young hero who wanders after a bird's note to find romance and the key to his own locked nature4 ,here is an incident from his first forest adventure3 ,there was one tree he curiously looked around for1 positive that he should not be blind to it if fortunate enough to set his eyes on one--the coffee tree4 ,that is1 he felt sure he'd recognize it if it yielded coffee ready to drink1 of which never in his life had they given him enough4 ,not once throughout his long troubled experience as to being fed had he been allowed as much coffee as he craved4 ,once1 when younger1 he had heard some one say that the only tree in all the ,american forests that bore the name of ,kentucky was the ,kentucky coffee tree1 and he had instantly conceived a desire to pay a visit in secret to that corner of the woods4 ,to take his cup and a few lumps of sugar and sit under the boughs and catch the coffee as it dripped down4444 ,no one to hold him back 444 as much as he wanted at last4444 ,the ,kentucky coffee tree--his favorite in ,nature6 ,john ,kendrick ,bangs relates1 in ,coffee and ,repartee#cee1 some amusing skirmishes indulged in at the boarding-house table1 between the ,idiot and the guests1 where coffee served the purpose of enlivening the tilt3 ,can't ,i give you another cup of coffee8 asked the landlady of the ,school ,master4 ,you may1 returned the ,school ,master1 pained at the lady's grammar1 but too courteous to call attention to it save by the emphasis with which he spoke the word may4 ,said the ,idiot3 ,you may fill my cup too1 ,mrs4 ,smithers4 ,the coffee is all gone1 returned the landlady1 with a snap4 ,then1 ,mary1 said the ,idiot1 gracefully turning to the maid1 you may give me a glass of ice water4 ,it is quite as warm1 after all1 as the coffee and not quite so weak4 ,one other little skit remains at the expense of ,mrs4 ,smithers' coffee4 ,at the breakfast table1 where the air1 as usual1 is charged with repartee1 ,mr4 ,whitechoker1 the minister1 says to his landlady3 ,mrs4 ,smithers1 ,i'll have a dash of hot water in my coffee1 this morning4 ,then with a glance toward the ,idiot1 he added1 ,i think it looks like rain4 ,referring to the coffee1 ,mr4 ,whitechoker8 queried the ,idiot4444 ,ah1--,i don't quite follow you1 replied the ,minister with some annoyance4 ,you said something looked like rain1 and ,i asked you if the thing referred to was the coffee1 for ,i was disposed to agree with you1 said the ,idiot4 ,i am sure1 put in ,mrs4 ,smithers1 that a gentleman of ,mr4 ,whitechoker's refinement would not make any such insinuation1 sir4 ,he is not the man to quarrel with what is set before him4 ,i must ask your pardon1 ,madam1 returned the ,idiot politely4 ,i hope ,i am not the man to quarrel with my food1 either4 ,indeed1 ,i make it a rule to avoid unpleasantness of all sorts1 particularly with the weak1 under which category ,i find your coffee4 ,coffee ,quips and ,anecdotes ,coffee literature is full of quips and anecdotes4 ,probably the most famous coffee quip is that of ,mme4 de ,svign1 who1 as already told in chapter ,,xi1 was wrongfully credited with saying1 ,racine and coffee will pass4 ,it was ,voltaire in his preface to ,irene who thus accused the amiable letter-writer2 and she1 being dead1 could not deny it4 ,that ,mme4 de ,svign was at one time a coffee drinker is apparent from this quotation from one of her letters3 ,the cavalier believes that coffee gives him warmth1 and ,i at the same time1 foolish as you know me1 do not take it any longer4 ,la ,roque called the beverage the ,king of ,perfumes1 whose charm was enriched when vanilla was added4 ,emile ,souvestre 7#ahjf-ahed7 said3 ,coffee keeps1 so to say1 the balance between bodily and spiritual nourishment4 ,isid ,bourdon said3 ,the discovery of coffee has enlarged the realm of illusion and given more promise to hope4 ,an old ,bourbon proverb says3 ,to an old man a cup of coffee is like the door post of an old house--it sustains and strengthens him4 ,jardin says that in the ,antilles1 instead of orange blossoms1 the brides carry a spray of coffee blossoms2 and when a woman remains unmarried1 they say she has lost her coffee branch4 ,we say in ,france1 that she has coiff ,sainte-,catherine4 ,fontenelle and ,voltaire have both been quoted as authors of the famous reply to the remark that coffee was a slow poison3 ,i think it must be1 for ,i've been drinking it for eighty-five years and am not dead yet4 ,in ,meidinger's ,german ,grammar the slow-poison bon mot is attributed to ,fontenelle4 ,it seems reasonable to give ,fontenelle credit for this bon mot4 ,voltaire died at eighty-four4 ,fontenelle lived to be nearly a hundred years4 ,of his cheerfulness at an advanced age an anecdote is related4 ,in conversation1 one day1 a lady a few years younger than ,fontenelle playfully remarked1 ,monsieur1 you and ,i stay here so long1 methinks ,death has forgotten us4 ,hush6 ,speak in a whisper1 madame1 replied ,fontenelle1 tant mieux6 7so much the better67 don't remind him of us4 ,flaubert1 ,hugo1 ,baudelaire1 ,paul de ,kock1 ,thophile ,gautier1 ,alfred de ,musset1 ,zola1 ,coppe1 ,george ,sand1 ,guy de ,maupassant1 and ,sarah ,bernhardt1 all have been credited with many clever or witty sallies about coffee4 ,prince ,talleyrand 7#aged-ahci71 the ,french diplomat and wit1 has given us the cleverest summing up of the ideal cup of coffee4 ,he said it should be ,noir comme le diable1 chaud comme l'enfer1 pur comme un ange1 doux comme l'amour4 ,or in ,english1 black as the devil1 hot as hell1 pure as an angel1 sweet as love4 ,this quip has been wrongfully attributed to ,brillat-,savarin4 ,talleyrand said also3 ,a cup of coffee lightly tempered with good milk detracts nothing from your intellect2 on the contrary1 your stomach is freed by it1 and no longer distresses your brain2 it will not hamper your mind with troubles1 but give freedom to its working4 ,suave molecules of ,mocha stir up your blood1 without causing excessive heat2 the organ of thought receives from it a feeling of sympathy2 work becomes easier1 and you will sit down without distress to your principal repast1 which will restore your body1 and afford you a calm delicious night4 ,among coffee drinkers a high place must be given to ,prince ,bismarck 7#ahae-ahih74 ,he liked coffee unadulterated4 ,while with the ,prussian army in ,france1 he one day entered a country inn and asked the host if he had any chicory in the house4 ,he had4 ,bismarck said3 ,well1 bring it to me2 all you have4 ,the man obeyed1 and handed ,bismarck a canister full of chicory4 ,are you sure this is all you have8 demanded the chancellor4 ,yes1 my lord1 every grain4 ,then1 said ,bismarck1 keeping the canister by him1 go now and make me a pot of coffee4 ,this same story has been related of ,franois ,paul ,jules ,grvy 7#ahjg-ahia71 president of ,france1 #ahgi-ahhg4 ,according to the ,french story1 ,grvy never took wine1 even at dinner4 ,he was1 however1 passionately fond of coffee4 ,to be certain of having his favorite beverage of the best quality1 he always1 when he could1 prepared it himself4 ,once he was invited1 with a friend1 ,m4 ,bethmont1 to a hunting party by ,m4 ,menier1 the celebrated manufacturer of chocolate1 at ,noisiel4 ,it happened that ,m4 ,grvy and ,m4 ,bethmont lost themselves in the forest4 ,trying to find their way out1 they stumbled upon a little wine house1 and stopped for a rest4 ,they asked for something to drink4 ,m4 ,bethmont found his wine excellent2 but1 as usual1 ,grvy would not drink4 ,he wanted coffee1 but he was afraid of the decoction which would be brought him4 ,he got a good cup1 however1 and this is how he managed it3 ,have you any chicory8 he said to the man4 ,yes1 sir4 ,bring me some4 ,soon the proprietor returned with a small can of chicory4 ,is that all you have8 asked ,grvy4 ,we have a little more4 ,bring me the rest4 ,when he came again1 with another can of chicory1 ,grvy said3 ,you have no more8 ,no1 sir4 ,very well4 ,now go and make me a cup of coffee4 ,as already told1 ,louis ,,xv had a great passion for coffee1 which he made himself4 ,lenormand1 the head gardener at ,versailles1 raised six pounds of coffee a year which was for the exclusive use of the king4 ,the king's fondness for coffee and for ,mme4 ,du ,barry gave rise to a celebrated anecdote of ,louveciennes which was accepted as true by many serious writers4 ,it is told in this fashion by ,mairobert in a pamphlet scandalizing ,du ,barry in #aggf3 ,his ,majesty loves to make his own coffee and to forsake the cares of the government4 ,one day the coffee pot was on the fire and1 his ,majesty being occupied with something else1 the coffee boiled over4 ,oh ,france1 take care6 ,your coffee f---- le camp6 cried the beautiful favorite4 ,charles ,vatel has denied this story4 ,it is related of ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau that once when he was walking in the ,tuileries he caught the aroma of roasting coffee4 ,turning to his companion1 ,bernardino de ,saint-,pierre1 he said1 ,ah1 that is a perfume in which ,i delight2 when they roast coffee near my house1 ,i hasten to open the door to take in all the aroma4 ,and such was the passion for coffee of this philosopher of ,geneva that when he died1 he just missed doing it with a cup of coffee in his hand4 ,barthez1 confidential physician of ,napoleon the first1 drank a great deal of it1 freely1 calling it the intellectual drink4 ,bonaparte1 himself1 said3 ,strong coffee1 and plenty1 awakens me4 ,it gives me a warmth1 an unusual force1 a pain that is not without pleasure4 ,i would rather suffer than be senseless4 ,edward ,r4 ,emerson#cef tells the following story of the ,caf ,procope4 ,one day while ,m4 ,saint-,foix was seated at his usual table in this caf an officer of the king's body-guard entered1 sat down1 and ordered a cup of coffee1 with milk and a roll1 adding1 ,it will serve me for a dinner4 ,at this1 ,saint-,foix remarked aloud that a cup of coffee1 with milk and a roll1 was a confoundedly poor dinner4 ,the officer remonstrated4 ,saint-,foix reiterated his remark1 adding that nothing he could say to the contrary would convince him that it was not a confoundedly poor dinner4 ,thereupon a challenge was given and accepted1 and the whole company present adjourned as spectators to a duel which ended by ,saint-,foix receiving a wound in the arm4 ,that is all very well1 said the wounded combatant2 but ,i call you to witness1 gentlemen1 that ,i am still profoundly convinced that a cup of coffee1 with milk and a roll1 is a confoundedly poor dinner4 ,at this moment the principals were arrested and carried before the ,duke de ,noailles1 in whose presence ,saint-,foix1 without waiting to be questioned1 said3 ,monseigneur1 ,i had not the slightest intention of offending this gallant officer who1 ,i doubt not1 is an honorable man2 but your excellency can never prevent my asserting that a cup of coffee1 with milk and a roll1 is a confoundedly poor dinner4 ,why1 so it is1 said the ,duke4 ,then ,i am not in the wrong1 persisted ,saint-,foix2 and a cup of coffee--at these words magistrates1 delinquents1 and auditory burst into a roar of laughter1 and the antagonists forthwith became warm friends4 ,boswell in his ,life of ,johnson tells a story of an old chevalier de ,malte1 of ancienne noblesse1 but in low circumstances1 who was in a coffee house in ,paris1 where was also ,julien1 the great manufacturer at ,gobelins1 of fine tapestry1 so much distinguished for the figures and the colours4 ,the chevalier's carriage was very old4 ,says ,julien with a plebeian insolence1 ',i think1 sir1 you had better have your carriage new painted4' ,the chevalier looked at him with indignant contempt1 and answered3 ',well1 sir1 you may take it home and dye it4' ,all the coffee house rejoiced at ,julien's confusion4 ,sydney ,smith 7#agga-ahde7 the ,english clergyman and humorist1 once said3 ,if you want to improve your understanding1 drink coffee2 it is the intellectual beverage4 ,our own ,william ,dean ,howells pays the beverage this tribute3 ,this coffee intoxicates without exciting1 soothes you softly out of dull sobriety1 making you think and talk of all the pleasant things that ever happened to you4 ,the wife of the president of the ,united ,states prefers coffee to tea4 ,afternoon guests at the ,white ,house may be refreshed1 if they choose1 by a sip of tea4 ,but while tea is on tap for callers1 ,mrs4 ,harding always has coffee for those who1 like herself1 prefer it4 ,old ,london ,coffee-,house ,anecdotes ,a good-sized volume might be compiled of the many anecdotes that have been written about habitus of the ,london coffee houses of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries4 ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,johnson',s ,,seat ,,at ,,the ,,cheshire ,,cheese ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson 7#agji-aghd71 the lexicographer1 was one of the most constant frequenters of the coffee houses of his day4 ,his big1 awkward figure was a familiar sight as he went about attended by his satellite1 young ,james ,boswell1 who was to write about him for the delight of future generations in his marvelous ,life of ,johnson4 ,the intellectual and moral peculiarities of the man found a natural expression in the coffee house4 ,johnson was fifty-four and ,boswell only twenty-three when the two first met in ,tom ,davies' book-shop in ,covent ,garden4 ,the story is told by ,boswell with great particularity and characteristic naivet3 ,mr4 ,davies mentioned my name1 and respectfully introduced me to him4 ,i was much agitated1 and recollecting his prejudice against the ,scotch1 of which ,i had heard so much1 ,i said to ,davies1 ,don't tell him where ,i come from4 ,from ,scotland1 cried ,davies roguishly4 ,mr4 ,johnson1 said ,i1 ,i do indeed come from ,scotland1 but ,i cannot help it4 ,i am willing to flatter myself that ,i meant this as a light pleasantry to sooth and conciliate him1 and not as a humiliating abasement at the expense of my country4 ,but however that might be1 this speech was somewhat unlucky1 for with that quickness of wit for which he was so remarkable1 he seized the expression1 come from ,scotland6 which ,i used ,in the sense of being of that country2 and1 as if ,i had come away from it1 or left it1 he retorted1 ,that1 sir1 ,i find is what a great many of your countrymen cannot help4 ,nothing daunted1 however1 ,boswell within a week called upon ,johnson in his chambers4 ,this time the doctor urged him to tarry4 ,three weeks later he said to him1 ,come to me as often as you can4 ,within a fortnight thereafter ,boswell was giving the great man a sketch of his own life and ,johnson was exclaiming1 ,give me your hand2 ,i have taken a liking to you4 ,illustration3 ,,original ,,coffee ,,room1 ,,old ,,cock ,,tavern ,when people began to ask1 ,who is this ,scotch cur at ,johnson's heels8 ,goldsmith replied3 ,he is not a cur2 he is only a bur4 ,tom ,davies flung him at ,johnson in sport1 and he has the faculty of sticking4 ,thus began one of the strangest friendships1 out of which developed the most delightful biography in all literature4 ,boswell's taste for literary adventures1 and ,johnson's literary vagrancy met in a companionship that found much satisfaction in the bohemianism of the inns and coffee houses of old ,london4 ,boswell thus describes the eccentric doctor's outlook on this mode of living3 ,we dined today at an excellent inn at ,chapel-,house1 where ,mr4 ,johnson commented on ,english coffee houses and inns remarking that the ,english triumphed over the ,french in one respect1 in that the ,french had no perfection of tavern life4 ,there is no private house1 7said he7 in which people can enjoy themselves so well1 as at a capital tavern4 ,let there be ever so great plenty of good things1 ever so much grandeur1 ever so much elegance1 ever so much desire that everybody should be easy2 in the nature of things it cannot be3 there must always be some degree of care and anxiety4 ,the master of the house is anxious to entertain his guests2 the guests are anxious to be agreeable to him2 and no man1 but a very impudent dog indeed1 can as freely command what is in another man's house1 as if it were his own4 ,whereas1 at a tavern1 there is a general freedom from anxiety4 ,you are sure you are welcome3 and the more noise you make1 the more trouble you give1 the more good things you call for1 the welcomer you are4 ,no servants will attend you with the alacrity which waiters do1 who are incited by the prospect of an immediate reward in proportion as they please4 ,no1 ,sir1 there is nothing which has yet been contrived by man1 by which so much happiness is produced as by a good tavern or inn4 ,he then repeated1 with great emotion1 ,shenstone's lines3 ,whoe'er has travell'd life's dull round1 ,where'er his stages may have been1 ,may sigh to think he still has found ,his warmest welcome at an inn4 ,patient delving into ,johnsoniana is rewarded with many anecdotes about the mad doctor philosopher and his faithful reporter who delighted in translating his genius to the world4 ,boswell was a wine-bibber1 but ,johnson confessed to being a hardened and shameless tea drinker4 ,when ,boswell twigged him for abstaining from the stronger drink1 the doctor replied3 ,sir1 ,i have no objection to a man's drinking wine if he can do it in moderation4 ,i find myself apt to go to excess in it and therefore1 after having been for some time without it1 on account of illness1 ,i thought it better not to return to it4 ,another time he said of tea3 ,what a delightful beverage must that be that pleases all palates at a time when they can take nothing else at breakfast4 ,illustration3 ,,fireplace ,,in ,,the ,,coffee ,,room ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,cock ,,tavern ,illustration3 ,,morning ,,gossip ,,in ,,the ,,coffee ,,room ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,cock ,,tavern ,in his early days ,johnson had ,david ,garrick as an unwilling pupil4 ,after the actor had become famous and his prosperity had turned his head1 he was wont to put the table in a roar by mimicking the doctor's grimaces4 ,there is a story that on the occasion of a certain dinner party where both were guests1 ,garrick indulged in a coarse jest on the great man's table manners4 ,after the merriment had subsided1 ,doctor ,johnson arose solemnly and said3 ,gentlemen1 you must doubtless suppose from the extreme familiarity with which ,mr4 ,garrick has thought fit to treat me that ,i am an acquaintance of his2 but ,i can assure you that until ,i met him here1 ,i never saw him but once before--and then ,i paid five shillings for the sight4 ,a certain sycophant1 thinking to curry favor with ,johnson1 took to laughing loud and long at everything he said4 ,johnson's patience at last became exhausted1 and after a particularly objectionable outburst1 he turned upon the boor with3 ,pray sir1 what is the matter8 ,i hope ,i have not said anything which you can comprehend6 ,because of his physical and mental disabilities ,dr4 ,johnson was not a good social animal4 ,nevertheless1 when it pleased his humor1 he could be the cavalier1 for his mind overcame every impediment4 ,it is related of him that once when a lady who was showing him around her garden expressed her regret at being unable to bring a particular flower to perfection1 he arose gallantly to the occasion by taking her hand and remarking3 ,then1 madam1 permit me to bring perfection to the flower6 ,again1 when ,mrs4 ,siddons1 the great ,english tragedienne1 called upon him in his chambers and the servant did not promptly bring her a chair1 his quick wit made capital of the incident by the remark3 ,you see1 madam1 wherever you go there are no seats to be had6 ,john ,thomas ,smith in his ,antiquarian ,rambles in the ,streets of ,london 7#ahdf71 tells an amusing incident in the life of ,sir ,george ,etherege1 the playright1 who having run up a bill at ,locket's ordinary1 a coffee house much frequented by dramatists of the period1 and finding himself unable to pay1 began to absent himself from the place4 ,mrs4 ,locket thereupon sent a man to dun and to threaten him with prosecution if he did not pay4 ,sir ,george sent back word that if she stirred a step in the matter he would kiss her4 ,on receiving this answer1 the good lady1 much exasperated1 called for her hood and scarf1 and told her husband1 who interposed1 that she would see if there was any fellow alive who would have the impudence-- ,prithee6 my dear1 don't be so rash1 said her husband2 there is no telling what a man may do in his passion4 ,richard ,savage1 the ,english poet and friend of ,johnson1 who included him in his famous ,lives of the ,poets1 was arrested for the murder of ,james ,sinclair after a drunken brawl in ,robinson's coffee house in #agbg4 ,he was found guilty1 but narrowly escaped the death penalty by the intercession of the countess of ,hertford4 ,a feature of his trial was the extraordinary charge to the jury of ,judge ,page1 who for his hard words and his love of hanging1 is damned to everlasting fame in the verse of ,pope4 ,the charge was3 ,gentlemen of the jury6 ,you are to consider that ,mr4 ,savage is a very great man1 a much greater man than you or ,i1 gentlemen of the jury2 that he wears very fine clothes1 much finer than you or ,i1 gentlemen of the jury2 that he has an abundance of money in his pocket1 much more money than you or ,i1 gentlemen of the jury2 but1 gentlemen of the jury1 is it not a very hard case1 gentlemen of the jury1 that ,mr4 ,savage should therefore kill you or me1 gentlemen of the jury8 ,albert ,v4 ,lally#ceg has made a collection of old coffee-house anecdotes4 ,among them are the following3 ,the story is told of how ,sir ,richard ,steele in ,button's ,coffee ,house was once made the umpire in an amusing difference between two unnamed disputants4 ,these two were arguing about religion1 when one of them said3 ,i wonder1 sir1 you should talk of religion1 when ,i'll hold you five guineas you can't say the ,lord's prayer4 ,done1 said the other1 and ,sir ,richard ,steele shall hold the stakes4 ,the money being deposited the gentleman began with1 ,i believe in ,god1 and so went right through the creed4 ,well1 said the other when he had finished1 ,i didn't think he could have done it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is another story of a famous judge1 ,sir ,nicholas ,bacon1 who was importuned by a criminal to spare his life on account of kinship4 ,how so1 demanded the judge4 ,because my name is ,hog and yours is ,bacon2 and hog and bacon are so near akin that they cannot be separated4 ,ay1 responded the judge dryly1 but you and ,i cannot yet be kindred1 for hog is not bacon until it is well hanged4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on another occasion a nervous barrister1 pleading before this same judge1 began with repeated references to his unfortunate client4 ,go on1 sir1 said the judge1 so far the ,court is with you4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of ,jonathan ,swift it is related that a gentleman who had sought to persuade him to accept an invitation to dinner said1 in way of special inducement1 ,i'll send you my bill of fare4 ,send me rather your bill of company1 retorted ,swift1 showing his appreciation of the truth that not that which is eaten1 but those who eat1 form the more important part of a good dinner4 ,on the occasion when the dreadful ,judge ,jeffreys was trying ,compton1 bishop of ,london1 before the ,court of ,high ,commission1 that prelate1 as ,campbell relates in his ,lives of the ,lord ,chancellors1 complained of having no copy of the indictment4 ,jeffreys replied to this excuse that all the coffee houses had it for a penny4 ,the case being resumed after the lapse of a week1 the bishop again protested that he was unprepared1 owing to his continued difficulty in obtaining a copy of the necessary document4 ,jeffreys was obliged once more to adjourn the case1 and in so doing offered this bantering apology3 ,my lord1 said he1 in telling you our commission was to be seen in every coffee house1 ,i did not speak with any design to reflect on your lordship1 as if you were a haunter of coffee houses4 ,i abhor the thoughts of it6 ,as the ,judge had once been distinctly opposed to the party and principles which he went to such a length in supporting1 so had he formerly owed something to the very institution against which his last blow was directed4 ,roger ,north relates 7and ,campbell repeats the story7 that1 after he was called to the bar1 he used to sit in coffee houses and order his man to come and tell him that company attended him at his chamber2 at which he would huff and say1 'let them stay a little1 ,i will come presently1' and thus made a show of business4 ,john ,timbs1 in his ,clubs and ,club ,life in ,london1 has a host of anecdotes and stories of the old ,london coffee houses1 among them the following3 ,garraway's noted coffee-house1 situated in ,change-alley1 ,cornhill1 had a threefold celebrity2 tea was first sold in ,england here2 it was a place of great resort in the time of the ,south ,sea ,bubble2 and was later a place of great mercantile transactions4 ,the original proprietor was ,thomas ,garway1 tobacconist and coffee-man1 the first who retailed tea1 recommending it as a cure of all disorders4 ,illustration3 ,,his ,,warmest ,,welcome ,,at ,,an ,,inn ,the ,george ,inn of today has retained a portion of its old galleries1 the original of which completely surrounded the courtyard in typical ,dickens ,inn style4 ,the visitor can imagine ,mr4 ,pickwick emerging from the door of one of the bedrooms and calling into the yard to ,sam ,weller4 ,in the old-fashioned coffee room on the ground floor one may still lunch and dine enclosed in high bench seats ,ogilby1 the compiler of the ,britannia1 had his standing lottery of books at ,mr4 ,garway's ,coffee-house from ,april #g1 #afgc1 till wholly drawn off4 ,and1 in the ,journey through ,england1 #agbb1 ,garraway's1 ,robins's1 and ,joe's are described as the three celebrated coffee-houses3 ,in the first1 the ,people of ,quality1 who have business in the ,city1 and the most considerable and wealthy citizens frequent4 ,in the second the ,foreign ,banquiers1 and often even ,foreign ,ministers4 ,and in the third1 the buyers and sellers of stock4 ,wines were sold at ,garraway's in #afgc1 by the candle1 that is1 by auction1 while an inch of candle burns4 ,in the ,tatler1 ,no4 #adg1 we read3 ,upon my coming home last night1 ,i found a very handsome present of ,french wine1 left for me1 as a taste of #baf hogshead1 which are to be put on sale at #bj a hogshead1 at ,garraway's ,coffee-house1 in ,exchange alley etc4 ,the sale by candle is not1 however1 by candlelight1 but during the day4 ,at the commencement of the sale1 when the auctioneer has read a description of the property1 and the conditions on which it is to be disposed of1 a piece of candle1 usually an inch long1 is lighted1 and he who is the last bidder at the time the light goes out is declared the purchaser4 ,swift1 in his ,ballad on the ,south ,sea ,scheme1 #agba1 did not forget ,garraway's3 ,there is a gulf1 where thousands fell1 ,here all the bold adventurers came1 ,a narrow sound1 though deep as hell1 ',change alley is the dreadful name4 ,subscribers here by thousands float1 ,and jostle one another down1 ,each paddling in his leaky boat1 ,and here they fish for gold and drown4 ,now buried in the depths below1 ,now mounted up to heaven again1 ,they reel and stagger to and fro1 ,at their wits' end1 like drunken men4 ,meantime secure on ,garway cliffs1 ,a savage race1 by shipwrecks fed1 ,lie waiting for the founder'd skiffs1 ,and strip the bodies of the dead4 ,dr4 ,jno4 ,radcliff1 who was a rash speculator in the ,south ,sea ,scheme1 was usually planted at a table at ,garraway's about ,exchange time1 to watch the turn of the market2 and here he was seated when the footman of his powerful rival1 ,dr4 ,edward ,hannes1 came into ,garraway's and inquired by way of a puff1 if ,dr4 ,h4 was there4 ,dr4 ,radcliff1 who was surrounded with several apothecaries and chirurgeons that flocked about him1 cried out1 ,dr4 ,hannes is not here1 and desired to know who wants him8 ,the fellow's reply was1 such a lord and such a lord2 but he was taken up with the dry rebuke1 ,no1 no1 friend1 you are mistaken2 the ,doctor wants those lords4 ,one of ,radcliff's ventures was five thousand guineas upon one ,south ,sea project4 ,when he was told at ,garraway's that 'twas all lost1 ,why1 said he1 'tis but going up five thousand pair of stairs more4 ,this answer1 says ,tom ,brown1 deserved a statue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,jonathan's ,coffee-house was another ,change-alley coffee-house1 which is described in the ,tatler1 ,no4 #ch1 as the general mart of stock-jobbers1 and the ,spectator1 ,no4 #a1 tells us that he sometimes passes for a ,jew in the assembly of stock-jobbers at ,jonathan's4 ,this was their rendezvous1 where gambling of all sorts was carried on1 notwithstanding a former prohibition against the assemblage of the jobbers1 issued by the ,city of ,london1 which prohibition continued unrepealed until #ahbe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,spectator1 ,no4 #af1 notices some gay frequenters of the ,rainbow ,coffee-house in ,fleet ,street3 ,i have received a letter desiring me to be very satirical upon the little muff that is now in fashion2 another informs me of a pair of silver garters buckled below the knee1 that have been lately seen at the ,rainbow ,coffee-house in ,fleet ,street4 ,mr4 ,moncrieff1 the dramatist1 used to tell that about #aghj1 this house was kept by his grandfather1 ,alexander ,moncrieff1 when it retained its original title of ,the ,rainbow ,coffee-house4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nando's ,coffee-house at the east corner of ,inner ,temple-lane1 ,no4 #ag1 ,fleet-,street1 by some confused with ,groom's house1 ,no4 #af1 was the favourite haunt of ,lord ,thurlow before he dashed into law practice4 ,at this coffee-house a large attendance of professional loungers was attracted by the fame of the punch and the charms of the landlady1 which1 with the small wits1 were duly admired by and at the bar4 ,one evening1 the famous cause of ,douglas v4 the ,duke of ,hamilton was the topic of discussion1 when ,thurlow being present1 it was suggested1 half in earnest1 to appoint him junior counsel1 which was done4 ,this employment brought him acquaintance with the ,duchess of ,queensberry1 who saw at once the value of a man like ,thurlow1 and recommended ,lord ,bute to secure him by a silk gown4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dick's ,coffee-house1 at ,no4 #h1 ,fleet-street1 7south side1 near ,temple ,bar7 was originally ,richard's1 named from ,richard ,torner1 or ,turner1 to whom the house was let in #afhj4 ,richard's was frequented by ,cowper1 when he lived in the ,temple4 ,in his own account of his insanity1 ,cowper tells us3 ,at breakfast ,i read the newspaper1 and in it a letter1 which1 the further ,i perused it1 the more closely engaged my attention4 ,i cannot now recollect the purport of it2 but before ,i had finished it1 it appeared demonstratively true to me that it was a libel or satire upon me4 ,the author appeared to be acquainted with my purpose of self-destruction1 and to have written that letter on purpose to secure and hasten the execution of it4 ,my mind1 probably1 at this time began to be disordered2 however it was1 ,i was certainly given to a strong delusion4 ,i said within myself1 ',your cruelty shall be gratified2 you shall have your revenge1' and flinging down the paper in a fit of strong passion1 ,i rushed hastily out of the room2 directing my way towards the fields1 where ,i intended to find some house to die in2 or1 if not1 determined to poison myself in a ditch1 where ,i could meet with one sufficiently retired4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lloyd's ,coffee-house was one of the earliest establishments of its kind2 it is referred to in a poem printed in the year #agjj1 called the ,wealthy ,shopkeeper1 or ,charitable ,christian3 ,now to ,lloyd's ,coffee-house he never fails1 ,to read the letters1 and attend the sales4 ,in #agaj1 ,steele 7,tatler1 ,no4 #bdf7 dates from ,lloyd's his ,petition on ,coffee-house ,orators and ,newsvendors4 ,and ,addison1 in ,spectator1 ,april #bc1 #agaa1 relates this droll incident3 ,about a week since there happened to me a very odd accident1 by reason of one of these my papers of minutes which ,i had accidentally dropped at ,lloyd's ,coffee-house1 where the auctions are usually kept4 ,before ,i missed it1 there were a cluster of people who had found it1 and were diverting themselves with it at one end of the coffee-house4 ,it had raised so much laughter among them before ,i observed what they were about1 that ,i had not the courage to own it4 ,the boy of the coffee-house1 when they had done with it1 carried it about in his hand1 asking everybody if they had dropped a written paper2 but nobody challenging it1 he was ordered by those merry gentlemen who had before perused it1 to get up into the auction pulpit1 and read it to the whole room1 that if anybody would own it they might4 ,the boy accordingly mounted the pulpit1 and with a very audible voice read what proved to be minutes1 which made the whole coffee-house very merry2 some of them concluded it was written by a madman1 and others by somebody that had been taking notes out of the ,spectator4 ,after it was read1 and the boy was coming put of the pulpit1 the ,spectator reached his arm out1 and desired the boy to given it him2 which was done according4 ,this drew the whole eyes of the company upon the ,spectator2 but after casting a cursory glance over it1 he shook his head twice or thrice at the reading of it1 twisted it into a kind of match1 and lighted his pipe with it4 ',my profound silence1' says the ,spectator1 'together with the steadiness of my countenance1 and the gravity of my behaviour during the whole transaction1 raised a very loud laugh on all sides of me2 but as ,i had escaped all suspicion of being the author1 ,i was very well satisfied1 and applying myself to my pipe and the ,postman1 took no further notice of anything that passed about me4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,smyrna ,coffee-house in ,pall ,mall1 was1 in the reign of ,queen ,anne1 famous for that cluster of wise-heads found sitting every evening from the left side of the fire to the door4 ,the following announcement in the ,tatler1 ,no4 #gh1 is amusing3 ,this is to give notice to all ingenious gentlemen in and about the cities of ,london and ,westminster1 who have a mind to be instructed in the noble sciences of music1 poetry and politics1 that they repair to the ,smyrna ,coffee-house1 in ,pall ,mall1 betwixt the hours of eight and ten at night1 where they may be instructed gratis1 with elaborate essays 'by word of mouth'1 on all or any of the above-mentioned arts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,james's ,coffee-house was the famous ,whig coffee-house from the time of ,queen ,anne till late in the reign of ,george ,,iii4 ,it was the last house but one on the southwest corner of ,st4 ,james's street1 and is thus mentioned in ,no4 #a of the ,tatler3 ,foreign and ,domestic ,news you will have from ,st4 ,james's ,coffee-house4 ,it occurs also in the passage quoted previously from the ,spectator4 ,the ,st4 ,james's was much frequented by ,swift2 letters for him were left here4 ,in his ,journal to ,stella he says3 ,i met ,mr4 ,harley1 and he asked me how long ,i had learnt the trick of writing to myself8 ,he had seen your letter through the glass case at the ,coffee-house1 and would swear it was my hand4 ,elliott1 who kept the coffee-house1 was1 on occasions1 placed on a friendly footing with his guests4 ,swift1 in his ,journal to ,stella1 ,november #ai1 #agaj1 records an odd instance of this familiarity3 ,this evening ,i christened our coffee-man ,elliott's child2 when the rogue had a most noble supper1 and ,steele and ,i sat amongst some scurvy company over a bowl of punch4 ,in the first advertisement of ,lady ,mary ,wortley ,montagu's ,town ,eclogues1 they are stated to have been read over at the ,st4 ,james's ,coffee-house1 when they were considered by the general voice to be productions of a ,lady of ,quality4 ,from the proximity of the house to ,st4 ,james's ,palace1 it was much frequented by the ,guards2 and we read of its being no uncommon circumstance to see ,dr4 ,joseph ,warton at breakfast in the ,st4 ,james's ,coffee-house1 surrounded by officers of the ,guards1 who listened with the utmost attention and pleasure to his remarks4 ,to show the order and regularity observed at the ,st4 ,james's1 we may quote the following advertisement1 appended to the ,tatler4 ,no4 #be2 ,to prevent all mistakes that may happen among gentlemen of the other end of the town1 who come but once a week to ,st4 ,james's ,coffee-house1 either by miscalling the servants1 or requiring such things from them as are not properly within their respective provinces1 this is to give notice that ,kidney1 keeper of the book-debts of the outlying customers1 and observer of those who go off without paying1 having resigned that employment1 is succeeded by ,john ,sowton2 to whose place of enterer of messages and first coffee-grinder1 ,william ,bird is promoted2 and ,samuel ,burdock comes as shoe-cleaner in the room of the said ,bird4 ,but the ,st4 ,james's is more memorable as the house where originated ,goldsmith's celebrated poem1 ,retaliation4 ,the poet belonged to a temporary association of men of talent1 some of them members of the ,club1 who dined together occasionally here4 ,at these dinners he was generally the last to arrive4 ,on one occasion1 when he was later than usual1 a whim seized the company to write epitaphs on him as the late ,dr4 ,goldsmith1 and several were thrown off in a playful vein4 ,the only one extant was written by ,garrick1 and has been preserved1 very probably1 by its pungency3 ,here lies poet ,goldsmith1 for shortness called ,noll2 ,he wrote like an angel1 but talked like poor ,poll4 ,goldsmith did not relish the sarcasm1 especially coming from such a quarter2 and1 by way of retaliation1 he produced the famous poem1 of which ,cumberland has left a very interesting account1 but which ,mr4 ,forster1 in his ,life of ,goldsmith1 states to be pure romance4 ,the poem itself1 however1 with what was prefixed to it when published1 sufficiently explains its own origin4 ,what had formerly been abrupt and strange in ,goldsmith's manners1 had now so visibly increased1 as to become matter of increased sport to such as were ignorant of its cause2 and a proposition made at one of the dinners1 when he was absent1 to write a series of epitaphs upon him 7his country dialect and his awkward person7 was agreed to1 and put in practice by several of the guests4 ,the active aggressors appear to have been ,garrick1 ,doctor ,bernard1 ,richard ,burke1 and ,caleb ,whitefoord4 ,cumberland says he1 too1 wrote an epitaph2 but it was complimentary and grave1 and hence the grateful return he received4 ,mr4 ,forster considers ,garrick's epitaph to indicate the tone of all4 ,this1 with the rest1 was read to ,goldsmith when he next appeared at the ,st4 ,james's ,coffee-house1 where ,cumberland1 however1 says he never again met his friends4 ,but the ,doctor was called on for ,retaliation1 says the friend who published the poem with that name1 and at their next meeting produced the following1 which ,i think adds one leaf to his immortal wreath4 ',retaliation'1 says ,sir ,walter ,scott1 had the effect of placing the author on a more equal footing with his ,society than he had ever before assumed4 ,cumberland's account differs from the version formerly received1 which intimates that the epitaphs were written before ,goldsmith arrived3 whereas the pun1 the late ,dr4 ,goldsmith appears to have suggested the writing of the epitaphs4 ,in the ,retaliation1 ,goldsmith has not spared the characters and failings of his associates1 but has drawn them with satire1 at once pungent and good-humoured4 ,garrick is smartly chastised2 ,burke1 the ,dinner-bell of the ,house of ,commons1 is not let off2 and of all the more distinguished names of the ,club1 ,thomson1 ,cumberland1 and ,reynolds alone escape the lash of the satirist4 ,the former is not mentioned1 and the two latter are even dismissed with unqualified and affectionate applause4 ,still we quote ,cumberland's account of the ,retaliation which is very amusing from the closely circumstantial manner in which the incidents are narrated1 although they have so little relationship to truth3 ,it was upon a proposal started by ,edmund ,burke1 that a party of friends who had dined together at ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds's and my house1 should meet at the ,st4 ,james's ,coffee-house1 which accordingly took place1 and was repeated occasionally with much festivity and good fellowship4 ,dr4 ,bernard1 ,dean of ,derry2 a very amiable and old friend of mine1 ,dr4 ,douglas1 since ,bishop of ,salisbury2 ,johnson1 ,david ,garrick1 ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds1 ,oliver ,goldsmith1 ,edmund and ,richard ,burke1 ,hickey1 with two or three others1 constituted our party4 ,at one of these meetings1 an idea was suggested of extemporary epitaphs upon the parties present2 pen and ink were called for1 and ,garrick1 offhand1 wrote an epitaph with a good deal of humour1 upon poor ,goldsmith1 who was the first in jest1 as he proved to be in reality1 that we committed to the grave4 ,the ,dean also gave him an epitaph1 and ,sir ,joshua illuminated the ,dean's verses with a sketch of his bust in pen and ink1 inimitably caricatured4 ,neither ,johnson nor ,burke wrote anything1 and when ,i perceived that ,oliver was rather sore1 and seemed to watch me with that kind of attention which indicated his expectation of something in the same kind of burlesque with theirs2 ,i thought it time to press the joke no further1 and wrote a few couplets at a side-table1 which1 when ,i had finished1 and was called upon by the company to exhibit1 ,goldsmith1 with much agitation1 besought me to spare him2 and ,i was about to tear them1 when ,johnson wrested them out of my hand1 and in a loud voice read them at the table4 ,i have now lost recollection of them1 and1 in fact1 they were little worth remembering2 but as they were serious and complimentary1 the effect upon ,goldsmith was the more pleasing for being so entirely unexpected4 ,the concluding line1 which was the only one ,i can call to mind1 was3 ,all mourn the poet1 ,i lament the man4 ,this ,i recollect1 because he repeated it several times1 and seemed much gratified by it4 ,at our next meeting he produced his epitaphs 444 and this was the last time he ever enjoyed the company of his friends4 99 99 99 99 99 ,will's ,coffee-house1 the predecessor of ,button's1 and even more celebrated than that coffee-house1 was kept by ,william ,urwin4 ,it first had the title of the ,red ,cow1 then of the ,rose1 and1 we believe1 is the same house alluded to in the pleasant story in the second number of the ,tatler4 ,supper and friends expect we at the ,rose4 ,dean ,lockier has left this life-like picture of his interview with the presiding genius 7,dryden7 at ,will's4 ,i was about seventeen when ,i first came up to town1 says the ,dean1 an odd-looking boy1 with short rough hair1 and that sort of awkwardness which one always brings up at first out of the country with one4 ,however1 in spite of my bashfulness and appearance1 ,i used1 now and then1 to thrust myself into ,will's to have the pleasure of seeing the most celebrated wits of that time1 who then resorted thither4 ,the second time that ever ,i was there1 ,mr4 ,dryden was speaking of his own things1 as he frequently did1 especially of such as had been lately published4 ',if anything of mine is good1' says he1 ''tis ',mac-,flecno'1 and ,i value myself the more upon it1 because it is the first piece of ridicule written in heroics4' ,on hearing this ,i plucked up my spirit so far as to say1 in a voice but just loud enough to be heard1 'that ,mac-,flecno was a very fine poem1 but that ,i had not imagined it to be the first that was ever writ that way4' ,on this1 ,dryden turned short upon me1 as surprised at my interposing2 asked me how long ',i had been a dealer in poetry'2 and added1 with a smile1 ',pray1 ,sir1 what is it that you did imagine to have been writ so before8'--,i named ,boileau's ',lutrin' and ,tassoni's ',secchia ,rapita1' which ,i had read1 and knew ,dryden had borrowed some strokes from each4 '',tis true1' said ,dryden1 ',i had forgot them4' ,a little after1 ,dryden went out1 and in going1 spoke to me again1 and desired me to come and see him the next day4 ,i was highly delighted with the invitation2 went to see him accordingly2 and was well acquainted with him after1 as long as he lived4 99 99 99 99 99 ,will's ,coffee-house was the open market for libels and lampoons1 the latter named from the established burden formerly sung to them3 ,lampone1 lampone1 camerada lampone4 ,there was a drunken fellow1 named ,julian1 who was a characterless frequenter of ,will's1 and ,sir ,walter ,scott has given this account of him and his vocation3 ,upon the general practice of writing lampoons1 and the necessity of finding some mode of dispersing them1 which should diffuse the scandal widely while the authors remained concealed1 was founded the self-erected office of ,julian1 ,secretary1 as he called himself1 to the ,muses4 ,this person attended ,will's1 the ,wits' ,coffee-house1 as it was called2 and dispersed among the crowds who frequented that place of gay resort copies of the lampoons which had been privately communicated to him by their authors4 ',he is described1' says ,mr4 ,malone1 'as a very drunken fellow1 and at one time was confined for a libel4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,tom ,brown describes 'a ,wit and a ,beau set up with little or no expense4 ,a pair of red stockings and a swordknot set up one1 and peeping once a day in at ,will's1 and two or three second-hand sayings1 the other4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,pepys1 one night1 going to fetch home his wife1 stopped in ,covent ,garden1 at the ,great ,coffee-house there1 as he called ,will's1 where he never was before3 ,where1 he adds1 ,dryden1 the poet 7,i knew at ,cambridge71 and all the ,wits of the town1 and ,harris the player1 and ,mr4 ,hoole of our ,college4 ,and had ,i had time then1 or could at other times1 it will be good coming thither1 for there1 ,i perceive1 is very witty and pleasant discourse4 ,but ,i could not tarry1 and1 as it was late1 they were all ready to go away4 ,addison passed each day alike1 and much in the manner that ,dryden did4 ,dryden employed his mornings in writing1 dined en famille1 and then went to ,will's1 only he came home earlier o' nights4 ,pope1 when very young1 was impressed with such veneration for ,dryden1 that he persuaded some friends to take him to ,will's ,coffee-house1 and was delighted that he could say that he had seen ,dryden4 ,sir ,charles ,wogan1 too1 brought up ,pope from the ,forest of ,windsor1 to dress a la mode1 and introduce at ,will's ,coffee-house4 ,pope afterwards described ,dryden as a plump man with a down look1 and not very conversible1 and ,cibber could tell no more but that he remembered him a decent old man1 arbiter of critical disputes at ,will's4 ,prior sings of-- ,the younger ,stiles1 ,whom ,dryden pedagogues at ,will's6 ,most of the hostile criticism on his ,plays1 which ,dryden has noticed in his various ,prefaces1 appear to have been made at his favourite haunt1 ,will's ,coffee-house4 ,dryden is generally said to have been returning from ,will's to his house in ,gerard ,street1 when he was cudgelled in ,rose ,street by three persons hired for the purpose by ,wilmot1 ,earl of ,rochester1 in the winter of #afgi4 ,the assault1 or the ,rose-alley ,ambuscade1 certainly took place2 but it is not so certain that ,dryden was on his way from ,will's1 and he then lived in ,long-acre1 not ,gerard ,street4 ,it is worthy of remark that ,swift was accustomed to speak disparagingly of ,will's1 as in his ,rhapsody on ,poetry3 ,be sure at ,will's the following day ,lie snug1 and hear what critics say2 ,and if you find the general vogue ,pronounces you a stupid rogue1 ,damns all your thoughts as low and little2 ,sit still1 and swallow down your spittle4 ,swift thought little of the frequenters of ,will's3 he used to say1 the worst conversation he ever heard in his life was at ,will's ,coffee-house1 where the wits 7as they were called7 used formerly to assemble2 that is to say1 five or six men who had writ plays or at least prologues1 or had a share in a miscellany1 came thither1 and entertained one another with their trifling composures1 in so important an air as if they had been the noblest efforts of human nature1 or that the fate of kingdoms depended on them4 ,in the first number of the ,tatler1 poetry is promised under the article of ,will's ,coffee-house4 ,the place1 however1 changed after ,dryden's time3 you used to see songs1 epigrams1 and satires in the hands of every man you met1 you have now only a pack of cards2 and instead of the cavils about the turn of the expression1 the elegance of the style1 and the like1 the learned now dispute only about the truth of the game4 ,in old times1 we used to sit upon a play here1 after it was acted1 but now the entertainment's turned another way4 ,the ,spectator is sometimes seen thrusting his head into a round of politicians at ,will's1 and listening with great attention to the narratives that are made in these little circular audiences4 ,then1 we have as an instance of no one member of human society but that would have some little pretension for some degree in it1 like him who came to ,will's ,coffee-house upon the merit of having writ a posie of a ring4 ,and1 ,robin1 the porter who waits at ,will's1 is the best man in town for carrying a billet3 the fellow has a thin body1 swift step1 demure looks1 sufficient sense1 and knows the town4 ,after ,dryden's death1 in #agja1 ,will's continued for about ten years to be still the ,wits' ,coffee-house1 as we see by ,ned ,ward's account1 and by the ,journey through ,england in #agbb4 ,pope entered with keen relish into society1 and courted the correspondence of the town wits and coffee-house critics4 ,among his early friends was ,mr4 ,henry ,cromwell1 one of the cousinry of the ,protector's family3 he was a bachelor1 and spent most of his time in ,london2 he had some pretensions to scholarship and literature1 having translated several of ,ovid's ,elegies1 for ,tonson's ,miscellany4 ,with ,wycherly1 ,gay1 ,dennis1 the popular actors and actresses of the day1 and with all the frequenters of ,will's1 ,cromwell was familiar4 ,he had done more than take a pinch out of ,dryden's snuff-box1 which was a point of high ambition and honor at ,will's2 he had quarrelled with him about a frail poetess1 ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,thomas1 whom ,dryden had christened ,corinna1 and who was also known as ,sappho4 ,gay characterized this literary and eccentric beau as ,honest1 hatless ,cromwell1 with red breeches3 it being his custom to carry his hat in his hand when walking with ladies4 ,what with ladies and literature1 rehearsals and reviews1 and critical attention to the quality of his coffee and ,brazil snuff1 ,henry ,cromwell's time was fully occupied in town4 ,cromwell was a dangerous acquaintance for ,pope at the age of sixteen or seventeen1 but he was a very agreeable one4 ,most of ,pope's letters to his friends are addressed to him at the ,blue ,hall1 in ,great ,wild-street1 near ,drury ,lane1 and others to ,widow ,hambledon's ,coffee-house1 at the end of ,princes-street1 near ,drury-lane1 ,london4 ,cromwell made one visit to ,binfield2 on his return to ,london1 ,pope wrote to him1 referring to the ladies in particular1 and to his favorite coffee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,will's was the great resort for the wits of ,dryden's time1 after whose death it was transferred to ,button's4 ,pope describes the houses as opposite each other1 in ,russell-street1 ,covent ,garden1 where ,addison established ,daniel ,button1 in a new house1 about #agab2 and his fame1 after the production of ,cato1 drew many of the ,whigs thither4 ,button had been servant to the ,countess of ,warwick4 ,the house is more correctly described as over against ,tom's1 near the middle of the south side of the street4 ,addison was the great patron of ,button's2 but it is said that when he suffered any vexation from his ,countess1 he withdrew from ,button's house4 ,his chief companions1 before he married ,lady ,warwick1 were ,steele1 ,budgell1 ,philips1 ,carey1 ,davenant1 and ,colonell ,brett4 ,he used to breakfast with one or other of them in ,st4 ,james's-place1 dine at taverns with them1 then to ,button's1 and then to some tavern again1 for supper in the evening2 and this was the usual round of his life1 as ,pope tells us in ,spencer's ,anecdotes1 where ,pope also says3 ,addison usually studied all the morning1 then met his party at ,button's1 dined there1 and stayed five or six hours2 and sometimes far into the night4 ,i was of the company for about a year1 but found it too much for me2 it hurt my health1 and so ,i quitted it4 ,again3 ,there had been a coldness between me and ,mr4 ,addison for some time1 and we had not been in company together for a good while anywhere but at ,button's ,coffee-house1 where ,i used to see him almost every day4 ,here ,pope is reported to have said of ,patrick1 the lexicographer1 that a dictionary-maker might know the meaning of one word1 but not of two put together4 ,button's was the receiving house for contributions to ,the ,guardian1 for which purpose was put up a lion's head letter box1 in imitation of the celebrated lion at ,venice1 as humorously announced4 ,thus3 ,n4,b4--,mr4 ,ironside has1 within five weeks last past1 muzzled three lions1 gorged five1 and killed one4 ,on ,monday next the skin of the dead one will be hung up1 in terrorem1 at ,button's ,coffee-house4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i intend to publish once every week the roarings of the ,lion1 and hope to make him roar so loud as to be heard over all the ,british nation4 ,i have1 ,i know not how1 been drawn into tattle of myself1 more majorum1 almost the length of a whole ,guardian4 ,i shall therefore fill up the remaining part of it with what still relates to my own person1 and my correspondents4 ,now ,i would have them all know that on the #bjth instant1 it is my intention to erect a ,lion's ,head1 in imitation of those ,i have described in ,venice1 through which all the private commonwealth is said to pass4 ,this head is to open a most wide and voracious mouth1 which shall take in such letters and papers as are conveyed to me by my correspondents1 it being my resolution to have a particular regard to all such matters as come to my hands through the mouth of the ,lion4 ,there will be under it a box1 of which the key will be in my own custody1 to receive such papers as are dropped into it4 ,whatever the ,lion swallows ,i shall digest for the use of the publick4 ,this head requires some time to finish1 the workmen being resolved to give it several masterly touches1 and to represent it as ravenous as possible4 ,it will be set up in ,button's ,coffee-house1 in ,covent ,garden1 who is directed to show the way to the ,lion's ,head1 and to instruct any young author how to convey his works into the mouth of it with safety and secrecy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think myself obliged to acquaint the publick1 that the ,lion's ,head1 of which ,i advertised them about a fortnight ago1 is now erected at ,button's ,coffee-house1 in ,russell-street1 ,covent ,garden1 where it opens its mouth at all hours for the reception of such intelligence as shall be thrown into it4 ,it is reckoned an excellent piece of workmanship1 and was designed by a great hand in imitation of the antique ,egyptian lion1 the face of it being compounded out of that of a lion and a wizard4 ,the features are strong and well furrowed4 ,the whiskers are admired by all that have seen them4 ,it is planted on the western side of the ,coffee-house1 holding its paws under the chin1 upon a box1 which contains everything that he swallows4 ,he is1 indeed1 a proper emblem of knowledge and action1 being all head and paws4 99 99 99 99 99 ,being obliged1 at present1 to attend a particular affair of my own1 ,i do empower my printer to look into the arcana of the ,lion1 and select out of them such as may be of publick utility2 and ,mr4 ,button is hereby authorized and commanded to give my said printer free ingress and egress to the lion1 without any hindrance1 let1 or molestation whatsoever1 until such time as he shall receive orders to the contrary4 ,and1 for so doing1 this shall be his warrant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my ,lion1 whose jaws are at all times open to intelligence1 informs me that there are a few enormous weapons still in being2 but that they are to be met with only in gaming houses and some of the obscure retreats of lovers1 in and about ,drury-lane and ,covent ,garden4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this memorable ,lion's ,head was tolerably well carved3 through the mouth the letters were dropped into a till at ,button's2 and beneath were inscribed these two lines from ,martial3 ,cervantur magnis isti ,cervicibus ungues2 ,non nisi delicta pascitur ille fera4 ,the head was designed by ,hogarth1 and is etched in ,ireland's ,illustrations4 ,lord ,chesterfield is said to have once offered for the ,head fifty guineas4 ,from ,button's it was removed to the ,shakspeare's ,head ,tavern1 under the ,piazza1 kept by a person named ,tomkyns2 and in #agea1 was1 for a short time1 placed in the ,bedford ,coffee-house immediately adjoining the ,shakspeare1 and there employed as a letter-box by ,dr4 ,john ,hill1 for his ,inspector4 ,in #agfi1 ,tomkyns was succeeded by his waiter1 ,campbell1 as proprietor of the tavern and lion's head1 and by him the latter was retained until ,november #h1 #ahjd1 when it was purchased by ,mr4 ,charles ,richardson1 of ,richardson's ,hotel1 for #ag #ajs41 who also possessed the original sign of the ,shakspeare's ,head4 ,after ,mr4 ,richardson's death in #ahbg1 the ,lion's ,head devolved to his son1 of whom it was bought by the ,duke of ,bedford1 and deposited at ,woburn ,abbey1 where it still remains4 ,pope was subjected to much annoyance and insult at ,button's4 ,sir ,samuel ,garth wrote to ,gay1 that everybody was pleased with ,pope's ,translation1 but a few at ,button's2 to which ,gay adds1 to ,pope1 ,i am confirmed that at ,button's your character is made very free with1 as to morals1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,alexander ,,pope ,,at ,,button',s ,,coffee ,,house--#agcj ,from a drawing by ,hogarth4 ,the man opposite the seated figure is thought to be ,pope ,cibber1 in a letter to ,pope1 says3 ,when you used to pass your hours at ,button's1 you were even there remarkable for your satirical itch of provocation2 scarce was there a gentleman of any pretension to wit1 whom your unguarded temper had not fallen upon in some biting epigram1 among which you once caught a pastoral ,tartar1 whose resentment1 that your punishment might be proportionate to the smart of your poetry1 had stuck up a birchen rod in the room1 to be ready whenever you might come within reach of it2 and at this rate you writ and rallied and writ on1 till you rhymed yourself quite out of the coffee-house4 ,the pastoral ,tartar was ,ambrose ,philips1 who1 says ,johnson1 hung up a rod at ,button's1 with which he threatened to chastise ,pope4 ,pope1 in a letter to ,crags1 thus explains the affair3 ,mr4 ,philips did express himself with much indignation against me one evening at ,button's ,coffee-house 7as ,i was told71 saying that ,i was entered into a cabal with ,dean ,swift and others1 to write against the ,whig interest1 and in particular to undermine his own reputation and that of his friends1 ,steele and ,addison2 but ,mr4 ,philips never opened his lips to my face1 on this or any like occasion1 though ,i was almost every night in the same room with him1 nor ever offered me any indecorum4 ,mr4 ,addison came to me a night or two after ,philips had talked in this idle manner1 and assured me of his disbelief of what had been said1 of the friendship we should always maintain1 and desired ,i would say nothing further of it4 ,my ,lord ,halifax did me the honour to stir in this matter1 by speaking to several people to obviate a false aspersion1 which might have done me no small prejudice with one party4 ,however1 ,philips did all he could secretly to continue to report with the ,hanover ,club1 and kept in his hands the subscriptions paid for me to him1 as secretary to that ,club4 ,the heads of it have since given him to understand1 that they take it ill2 but 7upon the terms ,i ought to be with such a man7 ,i would not ask him for this money1 but commissioned one of the players1 his equals1 to receive it4 ,this is the whole matter2 but as to the secret grounds of this malignity1 they will make a very pleasant history when we meet4 ,another account says that the rod was hung up at the bar of ,button's1 and that ,pope avoided it by remaining at home--his usual custom4 ,philips was known for his courage and superior dexterity with the sword2 he afterwards became justice of the peace1 and used to mention ,pope1 whenever he could get a man in authority to listen to him1 as an enemy to the ,government4 ,at ,button's the leading company1 particularly ,addison and ,steele1 met in large flowing flaxen wigs4 ,sir ,godfrey ,kneller1 too1 was a frequenter4 ,the master died in #agca1 when in the ,daily ,advertiser1 ,october #e appeared the following3 ,on ,sunday morning1 died1 after three days' illness1 ,mr4 ,button1 who formerly kept ,button's ,coffee-house1 in ,russell-street1 ,covent ,garden3 a very noted house for wits1 being the place where the ,lyon produced the famous ,tatlers and ,spectators1 written by the late ,mr4 ,secretary ,addison and ,sir ,richard ,steele1 ,knt41 which works will transmit their names with honour to posterity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among other wits who frequented ,button's were ,swift1 ,arbuthnot1 ,savage1 ,budgell1 ,martin ,folkes1 and ,drs4 ,garth and ,armstrong4 ,in #agbj1 ,hogarth mentions four drawings in ,indian ink of the characters at ,button's ,coffee-house4 ,in these were sketches of ,arbuthnot1 ,addison1 ,pope 7as it is conjectured7 and a certain ,count ,viviani1 identified years afterwards by ,horace ,walpole1 when the drawings came under his notice4 ,they subsequently came into ,ireland's possession4 ,jemmy ,maclaine1 or ,m',clean1 the fashionable highwayman1 was a frequent visitor at ,button's4 ,mr4 ,john ,taylor1 of the ,sun newspaper1 describes ,maclaine as a tall1 showy1 good-looking man4 ,a ,mr4 ,donaldson told ,taylor that1 observing ,maclaine paid particular attention to the barmaid of the ,coffee-house1 the daughter of the landlord1 he gave a hint to the father of ,maclaine's dubious character4 ,the father cautioned the daughter against the highwayman's addresses1 and imprudently told her by whose advice he put her on her guard2 she as imprudently told ,maclaine4 ,the next time ,donaldson visited the coffee-room1 and sitting in one of the boxes1 ,maclaine entered1 and in a loud tone said1 ,mr4 ,donaldson1 ,i wish to spake to you in a private room4 ,mr4 ,d4 being unarmed1 and naturally afraid of being alone with such a man1 said1 in answer1 that as nothing could pass between them that he did not wish the whole world to know1 he begged leave to decline the invitation4 ,very well1 said ,maclaine1 as he left the room1 we shall meet again4 ,a day or two after1 as ,mr4 ,donaldson was walking near ,richmond1 in the evening1 he saw ,maclaine on horseback2 but fortunately1 at that moment1 a gentleman's carriage appeared in view1 when ,maclaine immediately turned his horse towards the carriage1 and ,donaldson hurried into the protection of ,richmond as fast as he could4 ,but for the appearance of the carriage1 which presented better prey1 it is possible that ,maclaine would have shot ,mr4 ,donaldson immediately4 ,maclaine's father was an ,irish ,dean2 his brother was a ,calvinist minister in great esteem at the ,hague4 ,maclaine himself had been a grocer in ,welbeck-street1 but losing a wife that he loved extremely1 and by whom he had one little girl1 he quitted his business with two hundred pounds in his pockets which he soon spent1 and then took to the road with only one companion1 ,plunket1 a journeyman apothecary4 ,maclaine was taken in the autumn of #agej1 by selling a laced waistcoat to a pawnbroker in ,monmouth-street1 who happened to carry it to the very man who had just sold the lace4 ,maclaine impeached his companion1 ,plunket1 but he was not taken4 ,the former got into verse3 ,gray1 in his ,long ,story1 sings3 ,a sudden fit of ague shook him2 ,he stood as mute as poor ,m',lean4 ,button's subsequently became a private house1 and here ,mrs4 ,inchbald lodged1 probably1 after the death of her sister1 for whose support she practised such noble and generous self-denial4 ,mrs4 ,inchbald's income was now #agb a year1 and we are told that she now went to reside in a boarding-house1 where she enjoyed more of the comforts of life4 ,phillips1 the publisher1 offered her a thousand pounds for her ,memoirs1 which she declined4 ,she died in a boarding-house at ,kensington1 on the #ast of ,august1 #ahba1 leaving about #f1jjj judiciously divided amongst her relatives4 ,her simple and parsimonious habits were very strange4 ,last ,thursday1 she writes1 ,i finished scouring my bedroom1 while a coach with a coronet and two footmen waited at my door to take me an airing4 ,one of the most agreeable memories connected with ,button's1 says ,leigh ,hunt1 is that of ,garth1 a man whom1 for the sprightliness and generosity of his nature1 it is a pleasure to name4 ,he was one of the most amiable and intelligent of a most amiable and intelligent class of men--the physicians4 ,it was just after ,queen ,anne's accession that ,swift made acquaintance with the leaders of the wits at ,button's4 ,ambrose ,philips refers to him as the strange clergyman whom the frequenters of the ,coffee-house had observed for some days4 ,he knew no one1 no one knew him4 ,he would lay his hat down on a table1 and walk up and down at a brisk pace for half an hour without speaking to any one1 or seeming to pay attention to anything that was going forward4 ,then he would snatch up his hat1 pay his money at the bar1 and walk off1 without having opened his lips4 ,the frequenters of the room had christened him the mad parson4 ,one evening1 as ,mr4 ,addison and the rest were observing him1 they saw him cast his eyes several times upon a gentleman in boots1 who seemed to be just come out of the country4 ,at last1 ,swift advanced towards this bucolic gentleman1 as if intending to address him4 ,they were all eager to hear what the dumb parson had to say1 and immediately quitted their seats to get near him4 ,swift went up to the country gentleman1 and in a very abrupt manner1 without any previous salute1 asked him1 ,pray1 ,sir1 do you know any good weather in the world8 ,after staring a little at the singularity of ,swift's manner and the oddity of the question1 the gentleman answered1 ,yes1 ,sir1 ,i thank ,god ,i remember a great deal of good weather in my time4--,that is more1 replied ,swift1 than ,i can say2 ,i never remember any weather that was not too hot or too cold1 too wet or too dry2 but1 however ,god ,almighty contrives it1 at the end of the year 'tis all very well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sir ,walter ,scott gives1 upon the authority of ,dr4 ,wall1 of ,worcester1 who had it from ,dr4 ,arbuthnot himself1 the following anecdote--less coarse than the version generally told4 ,swift was seated by the fire at ,button's2 there was sand on the floor of the coffee-room1 and ,arbuthnot1 with a design to play upon this original figure1 offered him a letter1 which he had been just addressing1 saying at the same time1 ,there--sand that--,i have got no sand1 answered ,swift1 but ,i can help you to a little gravel4 ,this he said so significantly1 that ,arbuthnot hastily snatched back his letter1 to save it from the fate of the capital of ,lilliput4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tom's ,coffee-house in ,birchin-lane1 ,cornhill1 though in the main a mercantile resort1 acquired some celebrity from its having been frequented by ,garrick1 who1 to keep up an interest in the ,city1 appeared here about twice in a winter at ',change time1 when it was the rendezvous of young merchants4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hawkins says3 ,after all that has been said of ,mr4 ,garrick1 envy must own that he owed his celebrity to his merit2 and yet1 of that himself so diffident1 that he practiced sundry little but innocent arts1 to insure the favour of the public3 yet1 he did more4 ,when a rising actor complained to ,mrs4 ,garrick that the newspapers abused him1 the widow replied1 ,you should write your own criticisms2 ,david always did4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one evening1 ,murphy was at ,tom's1 when ,colley ,cibber was playing at whist1 with an old general for his partner4 ,as the cards were dealt to him1 he took up every one in turn1 and expressed his disappointment at each indifferent one4 ,in the progress of the game he did not follow suit1 and his partner said1 ,what6 have you not a spade1 ,mr4 ,cibber8 ,the latter1 looking at his cards1 answered1 ,oh yes1 a thousand2 which drew a very peevish comment from the general4 ,on which1 ,cibber1 who was shockingly addicted to swearing1 replied1 ,don't be angry1 for--,i can play ten times worse if ,i like4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the celebrated ,bedford ,coffee-house1 in ,covent ,garden1 once attracted so much attention as to have published1 ,memoirs of the ,bedford ,coffee-house1 two editions1 #agea and #agfc4 ,it stood under the ,piazza1 in ,covent ,garden1 in the northwest corner1 near the entrance to the theatre1 and has long ceased to exist4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the ,connoisseur1 ,no4 #a1 #aged1 we are assured that this ,coffee-house is every night crowded with men of parts4 ,almost every one you meet is a polite scholar and a wit4 ,jokes and bon-mots are echoed from box to box3 every branch of literature is critically examined1 and the merit of every production of the press1 or performance of the theatres1 weighed and determined4 ,and in the above-named ,memoirs we read that this spot has been signalized for many years as the emporium of wit1 the seat of criticism1 and the standard of taste4--,names of those who frequented the house3 ,foote1 ,mr4 ,fielding1 ,mr4 ,woodward1 ,mr4 ,leone1 ,mr4 ,murphy1 ,mopsy1 ,dr4 ,arne4 ,dr4 ,arne was the only man in a suit of velvet in the dog-days4 ,stacie kept the ,bedford when ,john and ,henry ,fielding1 ,hogarth1 ,churchill1 ,woodward1 ,lloyd1 ,dr4 ,goldsmith and many others met there and held a gossiping shilling rubber club4 ,henry ,fielding was a very smart fellow4 ,the ,inspector appears to have given rise to this reign of the ,bedford1 when there was placed here the ,lion from ,button's1 which proved so serviceable to ,steele1 and once more fixed the dominion of wit in ,covent ,garden4 ,the reign of wit and pleasantry did not1 however1 cease at the ,bedford at the demise of the ,inspector4 ,a race of punsters next succeeded4 ,a particular box was allotted to this occasion1 out of hearing of the lady of the bar1 that the double entendres1 which were sometimes very indelicate1 might not offend her4 ,the ,bedford was beset with scandalous nuisances1 of which the following letter1 from ,arthur ,murphy to ,garrick1 ,april #aj1 #agfh1 presents a pretty picture3 ,tiger ,roach 7who used to bully at the ,bedford ,coffee-house because his name was ,roach7 is set up by ,wilke's friends to burlesque ,luttrel and his pretensions4 ,i own ,i do not know a more ridiculous circumstance than to be a joint candidate with the ,tiger4 ,o',brien used to take him off very pleasantly1 and perhaps you may1 from his representation1 have some idea of this important wight4 ,he used to sit with a half-starved look1 a black patch upon his cheek1 pale with the idea of murder1 or with rank cowardice1 a quivering lip1 and a downcast eye4 ,in that manner he used to sit at a table all alone1 and his soliloquy1 interrupted now and then with faint attempts to throw off a little saliva1 was to the following effect3--',hut6 hut6 a mercer's 'prentice with a bag-wig2--d---- n my s---- l1 if ,i would not skiver a dozen of them like larks6 ,hut6 hut6 ,i don't understand such airs6--,i'd cudgel him back1 breast and belly1 for three skips of a louse6--,how do you do1 ,pat8 ,hut6 hut6 ,god's blood--,larry1 ,i'm glad to see you2 ',prentices6 a fine thing indeed6--,hut6 hut6 ,how do you do1 ,dominick6--,d---- n my s---- l1 what's here to do6' ,these were the meditations of this agreeable youth4 ,from one of these reveries he started up one night1 when ,i was there1 called a ,mr4 ,bagnell out of the room1 and most heroically stabbed him in the dark1 the other having no weapon to defend himself with4 ,in this career1 the ,tiger persisted1 till at length a ,mr4 ,lennard brandished a whip over his head1 and stood in a menacing attitude1 commanding him to ask pardon directly4 ,the ,tiger shrank from the danger1 and with a faint voice pronounced--',hut6 what signifies it between you and me8 ,well6 well6 ,i ask your pardon4' ',speak louder1 ,sir2 ,i don't hear a word you say4' ,and indeed he was so very tall1 that it seemed as if the sound1 sent feebly from below1 could not ascend to such a height4 ,this is the hero who is to figure at ,brentford4 99 99 99 99 99 ,foote's favourite coffee-house was the ,bedford4 ,he was also a constant frequenter of ,tom's1 and took a lead in the ,club held there1 and already described4 ,dr4 ,barrowby1 the well-known newsmonger of the ,bedford1 and the satirical critic of the day1 has left this whole-length sketch of ,foote3 ,one evening 7he says7 he saw a young man extravagantly dressed out in a frock suit of green and silver lace1 bag-wig1 sword1 bouquet1 and point ruffles1 enter the room 7at the ,bedford71 and immediately join the critical circle at the upper end4 ,nobody recognized him2 but such was the ease of his bearing1 and the point of humor and remark with which he at once took up the conversation1 that his presence seemed to disconcert no one1 and a sort of pleased buzz of 'who is he8' was still going round the room unanswered1 when a handsome carriage stopped at the door2 he rose1 and quitted the room1 and the servants announced that his name was ,foote1 and that he was a young gentleman of family and fortune1 a student of the ,inner ,temple1 and that the carriage had called for him on its way to the assembly of a lady of fashion4 ,dr4 ,barrowby once turned the laugh against ,foote at the ,bedford1 when he was ostentatiously showing his gold repeater1 with the remark--',why1 my watch does not go6' ',it soon will go1' quietly remarked the ,doctor4 ,young ,collins1 the poet1 who came to town in #agdd to seek his fortune1 made his way to the ,bedford1 where ,foote was supreme among the wits and critics4 ,like ,foote1 ,collins was fond of fine clothes1 and walked about with a feather in his hat1 very unlike a young man who had not a single guinea he could call his own4 ,a letter of the time tells us that ,collins was an acceptable companion everywhere2 and among the gentlemen who loved him for a genius1 may be reckoned the ,doctors ,armstrong1 ,barrowby1 ,hill1 ,messrs4 ,quin1 ,garrick1 and ,foote1 who frequently took his opinions upon their pieces before they were seen by the public4 ,he was particularly noticed by the geniuses who frequented the ,bedford and ,slaughter's ,coffee-houses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ten years later 7#aged7 we find ,foote again supreme in his critical corner at the ,bedford4 ,the regular frequenters of the room strove to get admitted to his party at supper2 and others got as near as they could to the table1 as the only humor flowed from ,foote's tongue4 ,the ,bedford was now in its highest repute4 ,foote and ,garrick often met at the ,bedford1 and many and sharp were their encounters4 ,they were the two great rivals of the day4 ,foote usually attacked1 and ,garrick1 who had many weak points1 was mostly the sufferer4 ,garrick1 in early life1 had been in the wine trade1 and had supplied the ,bedford with wine2 he was thus described by ,foote as living in ,durham-yard1 with three quarts of vinegar in the cellar1 calling himself a wine-merchant4 ,how ,foote must have abused the ,bedford wine of this period6 ,one night1 ,foote came into the ,bedford1 where ,garrick was seated1 and there gave him an account of a most wonderful actor he had just seen4 ,garrick was on the tenters of suspense1 and there ,foote kept him a full hour4 ,foote brought the attack to a close by asking ,garrick what he thought of ,mr4 ,pitt's histrionic talents1 when ,garrick1 glad of the release1 declared that if ,pitt had chosen the stage1 he might have been the first actor upon it4 ,another night1 ,garrick and ,foote were about to leave the ,bedford together1 when the latter1 in paying the bill1 dropped a guinea2 and not finding it at once1 said1 ,where on earth can it be gone to8--,gone to the devil1 ,i think1 replied ,garrick1 who had assisted in the search4--,well said1 ,david6 was ,foote's reply1 let you alone for making a guinea go further than anybody else4 ,churchill's quarrel with ,hogarth began at the shilling rubber club1 in the parlour of the ,bedford2 when ,hogarth used some very insulting language towards ,churchill1 who resented it in the ,epistle4 ,this quarrel showed more venom than wit4 ,never1 says ,walpole1 did two angry men of their abilities throw mud with less dexterity4 ,woodward1 the comedian1 mostly lived at the ,bedford1 was intimate with ,stacie1 the landlord1 and gave him his 7,w4's7 portrait1 with a mask in his hand1 one of the early pictures by ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds4 ,stacie played an excellent game at whist4 ,one morning about two o'clock1 one of the waiters awoke him to tell him that a nobleman had knocked him up1 and had desired him to call his master to play a rubber with him for one hundred guineas4 ,stacie got up1 dressed himself1 won the money1 and was in bed and asleep1 all within an hour4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after ,macklin had retired from the stage1 in #aged1 he opened that portion of the ,piazza-houses1 in ,covent ,garden1 afterwards known as the ,tavistock ,hotel4 ,here he fitted up a large coffee-room1 a theatre for oratory1 and other apartments4 ,to a three-shilling ordinary he added a shilling lecture1 or ,school of ,oratory and ,criticism2 he presided at the dinner table1 and carved for the company2 after which he played a sort of ,oracle of ,eloquence4 ,fielding has happily sketched him in his ,voyage to ,lisbon3 ,unfortunately for the fishmongers of ,london1 the ,dory only resides in the ,devonshire seas2 for could any of this company only convey one to the ,temple of luxury under the piazza1 where ,macklin1 the high priest1 daily serves up his rich offerings1 great would be the reward of that fishmonger4 ,in the ,lecture1 ,macklin undertook to make each of his audience an orator1 by teaching him how to speak4 ,he invited hints and discussions2 the novelty of the scheme attracted the curiosity of numbers2 and this curiosity he still further excited by a very uncommon controversy which now subsisted1 either in imagination or reality1 between him and ,foote1 who abused one another very openly--,squire ,sammy1 having for his purpose engaged the ,little ,theatre in the ,haymarket4 ,besides this personal attack1 various subjects were debated here in the manner of the ,robin ,hood ,society1 which filled the ,orator's pocket1 and proved his rhetoric of some value4 ,here is one of his combats with ,foote4 ,the subject was ,duelling ,in ,ireland1 which ,macklin had illustrated as far as the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,foote cried1 ,order2 he had a question to put4 ,well1 ,sir1 said ,macklin1 what have you to say on this subject1 ,i think1 ,sir said ,foote1 this matter might be settled in a few words4 ,what o'clock is it1 ,sir8 ,macklin could not possibly see what the clock had to do with a dissertation upon ,duelling1 but gruffly reported the hour to be half-past nine4 ,very well1 said ,foote1 about this time of the night every gentleman in ,ireland that can possibly afford it is in his third bottle of claret1 and therefore in a fair way of getting drunk2 and from drunkenness proceeds quarrelling1 and from quarrelling1 duelling1 and so there's an end of the chapter4 ,the company were much obliged to ,foote for his interference1 the hour being considered2 though ,macklin did not relish this abridgment4 ,the success of ,foote's fun upon ,macklin's ,lectures1 led him to establish a summer entertainment of his own at the ,haymarket4 ,he took up ,macklin's notion of applying ,greek tragedy to modern subjects1 and the squib was so successful that ,foote cleared by it #ejj in five nights1 while the great ,piazza ,coffee-room in ,covent ,garden was shut up1 and ,macklin in the ,gazette as a bankrupt4 ,but when the great plan of ,mr4 ,macklin proved abortive1 when as he said in a former prologue1 upon a nearly similar occasion-- ,from scheming1 fretting1 famine and despair4 ,we saw to grace restor'd an exiled player2 when the town was sated with the seemingly-concocted quarrel between the two theatrical geniuses1 ,macklin locked his doors1 all animosity was laid aside1 and they came and shook hands at the ,bedford2 the group resumed their appearance1 and1 with a new master1 a new set of customers was seen4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tom ,king's ,coffee-house was one of the old night-houses of ,covent ,garden ,market2 it was a rude shed immediately beneath the portico of ,st4 ,paul's ,church1 and was one well known to all gentlemen to whom beds are unknown4 ,fielding in one of his ,prologues says3 ,what rake is ignorant of ,king's ,coffee-house8 ,it is in the background of ,hogarth's print of ,morning where the prim maiden lady1 walking to church1 is soured with seeing two fuddled beaux from ,king's ,coffee-house caressing two frail women4 ,at the door there is a drunken row1 in which swords and cudgels are the weapons#ceh4 ,harwood's ,alumni ,etonenses1 p4 #bci1 in the account of the ,boys elected from ,eton to ,king's ,college1 contains this entry3 ,a4,d4 #agac1 ,thomas ,king1 born at ,west ,ashton1 in ,wiltshire1 went away scholar in apprehension that his fellowship would be denied him2 and afterwards kept that ,coffee-house in ,covent ,garden1 which was called by his own name4 ,moll ,king was landlady after ,tom's death3 she was witty1 and her house was much frequented1 though it was little better than a shed4 ,noblemen and the first beaux1 said ,stacie1 after leaving ,court would go to her house in full dress1 with swords and bags1 and in rich brocaded silk coats1 and walked and conversed with persons of every description4 ,she would serve chimney-sweepers1 gardeners1 and the market-people in common with her lords of the highest rank4 ,mr4 ,apreece1 a tall thin man in rich dress1 was her constant customer4 ,he was called ,cadwallader by the frequenters of ,moll's4 ,it is not surprising that ,moll was often fined for keeping a disorderly house4 ,at length1 she retired from business--and the pillory--to ,hempstead1 where she lived on her ill-earned gains1 but paid for a pew in church1 and was charitable at appointed seasons1 and died in peace in #agdg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,piazza ,coffee-house at the northeastern angle of ,covent ,garden ,piazza1 appears to have originated with ,macklin's2 for we read in an advertisement in the ,publick ,adviser1 ,march #e1 #agef2 ,the ,great ,piazza ,coffee-room1 in ,covent ,garden4 ,the ,piazza was much frequented by ,sheridan2 and here is located the well-known anecdote told of his coolness during the burning of ,drury-lane ,theatre1 in #ahji4 ,it is said that as he sat at the ,piazza1 during the fire1 taking some refreshment1 a friend of his having remarked on the philosophical calmness with which he bore his misfortune1 ,sheridan replied3 ,a man may surely be allowed to take a glass of wine by his own fireside4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sheridan and ,john ,kemble often dined together at the ,piazza1 to be handy to the theatre4 ,during ,kemble's management1 ,sheridan had occasion to make a complaint1 which brought a nervous letter from ,kemble1 to which ,sheridan's reply is amusing enough4 ,thus1 he writes3 that the management of a theatre is a situation capable of becoming troublesome1 is information which ,i do not want1 and a discovery which ,i thought you made long ago4 ,sheridan then treats ,kemble's letter as a nervous flight1 not to be noticed seriously1 adding his anxiety for the interest of the theatre1 and alluding to ,kemble's touchiness and reserve2 and thus concludes3 ,if there is anything amiss in your mind not arising from the troublesomeness of your situation1 it is childish and unmanly not to disclose it4 ,the frankness with which ,i have dealt towards you entitles me to expect that you should have done so4 ,but ,i have no reason to believe this to be the case2 and attributing your letter to a disorder which ,i know ought not to be indulged1 ,i prescribe that thou shalt keep thine appointment at the ,piazza ,coffee-house1 tomorrow at five1 and1 taking four bottles of claret instead of three1 to which in sound health you might stint yourself1 forget that you ever wrote the letter1 as ,i shall that ,i ever received it4 ,r4,b4 ,sheridan4 ,the ,piazza facade1 and interior1 were of ,gothic design4 ,when the house was demolished1 in its place was built the ,floral ,hall1 after the ,crystal ,palace model4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,chapter ,coffee-house was a literary place of resort in ,paternoster ,row1 more especially in connection with the ,wittinagemot of the last century4 ,a very interesting account of the ,chapter1 at a later period 7#ahdh7 is given by ,mrs4 ,gaskell4 ,goldsmith frequented the ,chapter1 and always occupied one place1 which for many years after was the seat of literary honor there4 ,there are leather tokens of the ,chapter ,coffee-house in existence4 99 99 99 99 99 ,child's ,coffee-house1 in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 was one of the ,spectator's houses4 ,sometimes1 he says1 ,i smoke a pipe at ,child's and whilst ,i seem attentive to nothing but the ,postman1 overhear the conversation of every table in the room4 ,it was much frequented by the clergy2 for the ,spectator1 ,no4 #fji1 notices the mistake of a country gentleman in taking all persons in scarfs for ,doctors of ,divinity1 since only a scarf of the first magnitude entitles him to the appellation of ,doctor from his landlady and the ,boy at ,child's4 ,child's was the resort of ,dr4 ,mead1 and other professional men of eminence4 ,the ,fellows of the ,royal ,society came here4 ,whiston relates that ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 ,dr4 ,halley and he were once at ,child's when ,dr4 ,h4 asked him1 ,w41 why he was not a member of the ,royal ,society8 ,whiston answered1 because they durst not choose a heretic4 ,upon which ,dr4 ,h4 said1 if ,sir ,hans ,sloane would propose him1 ,w41 he1 ,dr4 ,h41 would second it1 which was done accordingly4 ,the propinquity of ,child's to the ,cathedral and ,doctors' ,commons1 made it the resort of the clergy1 and ecclesiastical loungers4 ,in that respect1 ,child's was superseded by the ,chapter1 in ,paternoster ,row4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,london ,coffee-house was established previous to the year #agca1 for we find of it the following advertisement3 ,may1 #agca4 ,whereas1 it is customery for ,coffee-houses and other ,public-houses1 to take #hs4 for a quart of ,arrack1 and #fs4 for a quart of ,brandy or ,rum1 made into ,punch3 ,this is to give notice1 ,that ,james ,ashley has opened on ,ludgate ,hill1 the ,london ,coffee-house1 ,punch-house1 ,dorchester ,beer and ,welsh ,ale ,warehouse1 where the finest and best old ,arrack1 ,rum and ,french ,brandy is made into ,punch1 with the other of the finest ,ingredients--viz41 ,a quart of ,arrack made into ,punch for six shillings2 and so in proportion to the smallest quantity1 which is half-a-quartern for fourpence half-penny4 ,a quart of ,rum or ,brandy made into ,punch for four shillings2 and so in proportion to the smallest quantity1 which is half-a-quartern for fourpence half-penny2 and gentlemen may have it as soon made as a gill of ,wine can be drawn4 ,the premises occupied a ,roman site2 for1 in #ahjj1 in the rear of the house1 in a bastion of the ,city ,wall1 was found a sepulchral monument dedicated to ,claudina ,martina by her husband1 a provincial ,roman soldier2 here also were found a fragment of a statue of ,hercules and a female head4 ,in front of the ,coffee-house immediately west of ,st4 ,martin's ,church1 stood ,ludgate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,london ,coffee-house was noted for its publishers' sales of stock and copyrights4 ,it was within the rules of the ,fleet prison2 and in the ,coffee-house were locked up for the night such juries from the ,old ,bailey ,sessions1 as could not agree upon verdicts4 ,the house was long kept by the grandfather and father of ,mr4 ,john ,leech1 the celebrated artist4 ,a singular incident occurred at the ,london ,coffee-house1 many years since3 ,mr4 ,brayley1 the topographer1 was present at a party here1 when ,mr4 ,broadhurst1 the famous tenor1 by singing a high note1 caused a wine-glass on the table to break1 the bowl being separated from the stem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from ,the ,kingdom's ,intelligencer1 a weekly paper1 published by authority1 in #affb1 we learn that there had just been opened a new coffee-house1 with the sign of the ,turk's ,head1 where was sold by retail the right coffee-powder1 from #ds4 to #fs4 #h;d4 per pound2 that pounded in a mortar1 #bs2 ,east ,indian berry1 #as4 #f;d42 and the right ,turkie berry1 well garbled1 at #cs4 ,the ungarbled for lesse1 with directions how to use the same4 ,also ,chocolate at #bs4 #f;d4 per pound2 the perfumed from #ds4 to #ajs42 also1 ,sherbets made in ,turkie1 of lemons1 roses and violets perfumed2 and ,tea1 or ,chaa1 according to its goodness4 ,the house seal is ,morat the ,great4 ,gentlemen customers and acquaintances are 7the next ,new ,year's ,day7 invited to the sign of the ,great ,turk at this new ,coffee-house1 where ,coffee will be on free cost4 ,morat figures as a tyrant in ,dryden's ,aurung ,zebe4 ,there is a token of this house1 with the sultan's head1 in the ,beaufoy collection#cei4 ,another token in the same collection1 is of unusual excellence1 probably by ,john ,roettier4 ,it has on the obverse1 ,morat ye ,great ,men did mee call1--,sultan's head2 reverse1 ,where eare ,i came ,i conquered all4--,in the field1 ,coffee1 ,tobacco1 ,sherbet1 ,tea1 ,chocolate1 retail in ,exchange ,alee4 ,the word ,tea1 says ,mr4 ,burn1 occurs on no other tokens than those issued from 'the ,great ,turk' ,coffee-house1 in ,exchange alley2 in one of its advertisements1 #affb1 tea is from #fs4 to #fjs4 a pound4 ,competition arose4 ,one ,constantine ,jennings in ,threadneedle-street1 over against ,st4 ,christopher's ,church1 advertised that coffee1 chocolate1 sherbet1 and tea1 the right ,turkey berry1 may be had as cheap and as good of him as is anywhere to be had for money2 and that people may there be taught to prepare the said liquors gratis4 ,pepys1 in his ,diary1 tells1 ,september #be1 #affi1 of his sending for a cup of ,tea1 a ,china ,drink1 he had not before tasted4 ,henry ,bennet1 ,earl of ,arlington1 about #afff1 introduced tea at ,court4 ,and1 in his ,sir ,charles ,sedley's ,mulberry ,garden1 we are told that he who wished to be considered a man of fashion always drank wine-and-water at dinner1 and a dish of tea afterwards4 ,these details are condensed from ,mr4 ,burn's excellent ,beaufoy ,catalogue1 #bnd edition1 #ahee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,gerard-street1 ,soho1 also1 was another ,turk's ,head ,coffee-house1 where was held a ,turk's ,head ,society2 in #aggg1 we find ,gibbon writing to ,garrick3 ,at this time of year 7,august #ad7 the ,society of the ,turk's ,head can no longer be addressed as a corporate body1 and most of the individual members are probably dispersed3 ,adam ,smith1 in ,scotland2 ,burke in the shades of ,beaconsfield2 ,fox1 the ,lord or the devil knows where4 ,the place was a kind of headquarters for the ,loyal ,association during the ,rebellion of #agde4 ,here was founded ,the ,literary ,club and a select body for the ,protection and ,encouragement of ,art4 ,another ,society of ,artists met in ,peter's-court1 ,st4 ,martin's-lane1 from the year #agci to #agfi4 ,after continued squabbles1 which lasted for many years1 the principal artists met together at the ,turk's ,head1 where many others having joined them1 they petitioned the ,king 7,george ,,iii7 to become patron of a ,royal ,academy of ,art4 ,his ,majesty consented2 and the new ,society took a room in ,pall ,mall1 opposite to ,market-lane1 where they remained until the ,king1 in the year #agga1 granted them apartments in ,old ,somerset ,house4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,turk's ,head ,coffee-house1 ,no4 #adb1 in the ,strand1 was a favourite supping-house with ,dr4 ,johnson and ,boswell1 in whose ,life of ,johnson are several entries1 commencing with #agfc--;,at night1 ,mr4 ,johnson and ,i supped in a private room at the ,turk's ,head ,coffee-house1 in the ,strand2 ',i encourage this house1' said he1 'for the mistress of it is a good civil woman1 and has not much business'4 ,another entry is--,we concluded the day at the ,turk's ,head ,coffee-house very socially4 ,and1 ,august #c1 #afgc--,we had our last social meeting at the ,turk's ,head ,coffee-house1 before my setting out for foreign parts4 ,the name was afterwards changed to ,the ,turk's ,head1 ,canada and ,bath ,coffee-house1 and was a well frequented tavern and hotel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at the ,turk's ,head1 or ,miles's ,coffee-house1 ,new ,palace-yard1 ,westminster1 the noted ,rota ,club met1 founded by ,harrington1 in #afei2 where was a large oval table1 with a passage in the middle1 for ,miles to deliver his coffee4#cfj 99 99 99 99 99 ,for many years previous to the streets of ,london being completely paved1 ,slaughter's ,coffee-house was called ,the ,coffee-house on the ,pavement4 ,besides being the resort of artists1 ,old ,slaughter's was the house of call for ,frenchmen4 ,st4 ,martin's-lane was long one of the headquarters of the artists of the last century4 ,in the time of ,benjamin ,west1 says ,j4,t4 ,smith1 and before the formation of the ,royal ,academy1 ,greek-street1 ,st4 ,martin's-lane1 and ,gerard-street1 was their only colony4 ,old ,slaughter's ,coffee-house1 in ,st4 ,martin's-lane1 was their grand resort in the evenings1 and ,hogarth was a constant visitor4 ,he lived at the ,golden ,head1 on the eastern side of ,leicester ,fields1 in the northern half of the ,sabloniere ,hotel4 ,the head he cut out himself from pieces of cork1 glued and bound together2 it was placed over the street-door4 ,at this time1 young ,benjamin ,west was living in chambers1 in ,bedford-street1 ,covent ,garden1 and had there set up his easel2 he was married in #agfe1 at ,st4 ,martin's ,church4 ,roubiliac was often to be found at ,slaughter's in early life2 probably before he gained the patronage of ,sir ,edward ,walpole1 through finding and returning to the baronet the pocket-book of bank-notes which the young maker of monuments had picked up in ,vauxhall ,gardens4 ,sir ,edward1 to remunerate his integrity1 and his skill1 of which he showed specimens1 promised to patronize ,roubiliac through life1 and he faithfully performed this promise4 ,young ,gainsborough1 who spent three years amid the works of the painters in ,st4 ,martin's-lane1 ,hayman1 and ,cipriani1 who were all eminently convival1 were1 in all probability1 frequenters of ,slaughter's4 ,smith tells us that ,quin and ,hayman were inseparable friends1 and so convival1 that they seldom parted till daylight4 ,mr4 ,cunningham relates that here1 in early life1 ,wilkie would enjoy a small dinner at a small cost4 ,i have been told by an old frequenter of the house1 that ,wilkie was always the last dropper-in for dinner1 and that he was never seen to dine in the house by daylight4 ,the truth is1 he slaved at his art at home till the last glimpse of daylight had disappeared4 ,haydon was accustomed1 in the early days of his fitful career1 to dine here with ,wilkie4 ,in his ,autobiography1 in the year #ahjh1 ,haydon writes3 ,this period of our lives was one of great happiness2 painting all day1 then dining at the ,old ,slaughter ,chop-house1 then going to the ,academy until eight to fill up the evening1 then going home to tea--that blessing of a studious man--talking over respective exploits1 what he1 ,wilkie1 had been doing and what ,i had been doing1 and1 then frequently to relieve our minds fatigued by their eight and twelve hours' work1 giving vent to the most extraordinary absurdities4 ,often have we made rhymes on odd names1 and shouted with laughter at each new line that was added4 ,sometimes lazily inclined after a good dinner1 we have lounged about1 near ,drury ,lane or ,covent ,garden1 hesitating whether to go in1 and often have ,i 7knowing first that there was nothing ,i wished to see7 assumed a virtue ,i did not possess1 and pretending moral superiority1 preached to ,wilkie on the weakness of not resisting such temptations for the sake of our art and our duty1 and marched him off to his studies1 when he was longing to see ,mother ,goose4 ,j4,t4 ,smith refers to ,old ,slaughter's as formerly the rendezvous of ,pope1 ,dryden and other wits1 and much frequented by several eminently clever men of his day4 ,thither came ,ware1 the architect1 who1 when a little sickly boy1 was apprenticed to a chimney-sweeper1 and was seen chalking the street-front of ,whitehall1 by a gentleman who purchased the remainder of the boy's time2 gave him an excellent education2 then sent him to ,italy1 and1 upon his return1 employed him1 and introduced him to his friends as an architect4 ,ware was heard to tell this story while he was sitting to ,roubiliac for his bust4 ,ware built ,chesterfield ,house and several other noble mansions1 and compiled a ,palladio1 in folio3 he retained the soot in his skin to the day of his death4 ,he was very intimate with ,roubiliac1 who was an opposite eastern neighbour of ,old ,slaughter's4 ,another architect1 ,gwynn1 who competed with ,mylne for designing and building ,blackfriars ,bridge1 was also a frequent visitor at ,old ,slaughter's1 as was ,gravelot1 who kept a drawing-school in the ,strand1 nearly opposite to ,southampton-street4 ,hudson1 who painted the ,dilettanti portraits2 ,m',ardell1 the mezzotinto-scraper2 and ,luke ,sullivan1 the engraver of ,hogarth's ,march to ,finchley1 also frequented ,old ,slaughter's2 likewise ,theodore ,gardell1 the portrait painter1 who was executed for the murder of his landlady3 and ,old ,moser1 keeper of the ,drawing ,academy in ,peter's-court4 ,parry1 the ,welsh harper1 though totally blind1 was one of the first draught-players in ,england1 and occasionally played with the frequenters of ,old ,slaughter's2 and here in consequence of a bet4 ,roubiliac introduced ,nathaniel ,smith 7father of ,john ,thomas71 to play at draughts with ,parry2 the game lasted about half an hour2 ,parry was much agitated1 and ,smith proposed to give in2 but as there were bets depending1 it was played out1 and ,smith won4 ,this victory brought ,smith numerous challenges2 and the dons of the ,barn1 a public-house1 in ,st4 ,martin's-lane1 nearly opposite the church1 invited him to become a member2 but ,smith declined4 ,the ,barn1 for many years1 was frequented by all the noted players of chess and draughts2 and it was there that they often decided games of the first importance1 played between persons of the highest rank4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,grecian ,coffee-house1 ,devereux-court1 ,strand1 7closed in #ahdc7 was named from ,constantine1 of ,threadneedle street1 the ,grecian who kept it4 ,in the ,tatler announcement1 all accounts of learning are to be under the title of the ,grecian2 and1 in the ,tatler1 ,no4 #f3 ,while other parts of the town are amused with the present actions 7,marlborough's7 we generally spend the evening at this table 7at the ,grecian7 in inquiries into antiquity1 and think anything new1 which gives us new knowledge4 ,thus1 we are making a very pleasant entertainment to ourselves in putting the actions of ,homer's ,iliad into an exact journal4 ,the ,spectator's face was very well known at the ,grecian1 a coffee-house adjacent to the law4 ,occasionally it was the scene of learned discussion4 ,thus ,dr4 ,king relates that one evening1 two gentlemen1 who were constant companions1 were disputing here1 concerning the accent of a ,greek word4 ,this dispute was carried to such a length1 that the two friends thought proper to determine it with their swords2 for this purpose they stepped into ,devereux-court1 where one of them 7,dr4 ,king thinks his name was ,fitzgerald7 was run through the body1 and died on the spot4 ,the ,grecian was ,foote's morning lounge4 ,it was handy1 too1 for the young ,templar1 ,goldsmith1 and often did it echo with ,oliver's boisterous mirth2 for it had become the favourite resort of the ,irish and ,lancashire ,templars1 whom he delighted in collecting around him1 in entertaining with a cordial and unostentatious hospitality1 and in occasionally amusing with his flute1 or with whist1 neither of which he played very well6 ,here ,goldsmith occasionally wound up his ,shoemaker's ,holiday with supper4 ,it was at the ,grecian that ,fleetwood ,shephard told this memorable story to ,dr4 ,tancred ,robinson1 who gave ,richardson permission to repeat it4 ,the ,earle of ,dorset was in ,little ,britain1 beating about for books to his taste3 there was ',paradise ,lost'4 ,he was surprised with some passages he struck upon1 dipping here and there and bought it2 the bookseller begged him to speak in his favour1 if he liked it1 for they lay on his hands as waste paper4444 ,shephard was present4 ,my ,lord took it home1 read it1 and sent it to ,dryden1 who in a short time returned it4 ',this man1' says ,dryden1 'cuts us all out1 and the ancients1 too6' 99 99 99 99 99 ,george's ,coffee-house1 ,no4 #bac1 ,strand1 near ,temple ,bar1 was a noted resort in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries4 ,when it was a coffee-house1 one day1 there came in ,sir ,james ,lowther1 who after changing a piece of silver with the coffee-woman1 and paying twopence for his dish of coffee1 was helped into his chariot1 for he was very lame and infirm1 and went home3 some little time afterwards1 he returned to the same coffee-house1 on purpose to acquaint the woman who kept it1 that she had given him a bad half-penny1 and demanded another in exchange for it4 ,sir ,james had about #dj1jjj per annum4 ,shenstone1 who found the warmest welcome at an inn1 found ,george's to be economical4 ,what do you think1 he writes1 must be my expense1 who love to pry into everything of the kind8 ,why1 truly one shilling4 ,my company goes to ,george's ,coffee-house1 where1 for that small subscription ,i read all pamphlets under a three shillings' dimension2 and indeed1 any larger would not be fit for coffee-house perusal4 ,shenstone relates that ,lord ,oxford was at ,george's1 when the mob1 that were carrying his ,lordship in effigy1 came into the box where he was1 to beg money of him1 amongst others2 this story ,horace ,walpole contradicts1 adding that he supposes ,shenstone thought that after ,lord ,oxford quitted his place he went to the coffee-house to learn news4 ,arthur ,murphy frequented ,george's1 where the town wits met every evening4 ,lloyd1 the law-student1 sings3 ,by law let others toil to gain renown6 ,florio's a gentleman1 a man o' the town4 ,he nor courts clients1 or the law regarding1 ,hurries from ,nando's down to ,covent ,garden4 ,yet1 he's a scholar2 mark him in the pit1 ,with critic catcall sound the stops of wit6 ,supreme at ,george's1 he harangues the throng1 ,censor of style1 from tragedy to song4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,percy ,coffee-house1 ,rathbone-place1 ,oxford-street1 no longer exists2 but it will be kept in recollection for its having given name to one of the most popular publications of its class1 namely1 the ,percy ,anecdotes1 by ,sholto and ,reuben ,percy1 ,brothers of the ,benedictine ,monastery of ,mont ,benger1 in forty-four parts1 commencing in #ahbj4 ,so said the title pages1 but the names and the locality were suppos4 ,reuben ,percy was ,thomas ,byerly1 who died in #ahbd2 he was the brother of ,sir ,john ,byerley1 and the first editor of the ,mirror1 commenced by ,john ,limbird1 in #ahbb4 ,sholto ,percy was ,joseph ,clinton ,robertson1 who died in #aheb2 he was the projector of the ,mechanics' ,magazine1 which he edited from its commencement to his death4 ,the name of the collection of ,anecdotes was not taken1 as at the time supposed1 from the popularity of the ,percy ,reliques1 but from the ,percy ,coffee-house1 where ,byerley and ,robertson were accustomed to meet to talk over their joint work4 ,the idea was1 however1 claimed by ,sir ,richard ,phillips1 who stoutly maintained that it originated in a suggestion made by him to ,dr4 ,tilloch and ,mr4 ,mayne1 to cut the anecdotes from the many years' files of the ,star newspaper1 of which ,dr4 ,tilloch was the editor2 and ,mr4 ,byerley assistant editor2 and to the latter overhearing the suggestion1 ,sir ,richard contested1 might the ,percy ,anecdotes be traced4 ,they were very successful1 and a large sum was realised by the work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,peele's ,coffee-house1 ,nos4 #agg and #agh1 ,fleet-street1 east corner of ,fetter-lane1 was one of the coffee-houses of the ,johnsonian period2 and here was long preserved a portrait of ,dr4 ,johnson1 on the keystone of a chimney-piece1 stated to have been painted by ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds4 ,peele's was noted for files of newspapers from these dates3 ,gazette1 #agei2 ,times1 #aghj2 ,morning ,chronicle1 #aggc2 ,morning ,post1 #aggc2 ,morning ,herald1 #aghd2 ,morning ,advertiser1 #agid2 and the evening papers from their commencement4 ,the house is now a tavern4 ,coffee ,literature and ,ideals ,the bibliography at the end of this work will serve to indicate the nature and extent of the general literature of coffee4 ,not that it is complete or nearly so2 it would require twice the space to include mention of all the fugitive bits of verse1 essays1 and miscellaneous writings in newspapers1 and periodicals1 dealing with the poetry and romance1 history1 chemistry1 and physiological effects of coffee4 ,only the early works1 and the more notable contributions of the last three centuries1 are included in the bibliography2 but there is sufficient to enable the student to analyze the lines of general progress4 ,a study of the literature of coffee shows that the ,french really internationalized the beverage4 ,the ,english and ,italians followed4 ,with the advent of the newspaper press1 coffee literature began to suffer from its competition4 ,the complexities of modern life suggest that coffee drinking in perfection1 the esthetics1 and a new literature of coffee may once more become the pleasure of a small caste4 ,are the real pleasures of life1 the things truly worth while1 only to the swift--the most efficient8 ,who shall say8 ,are not some of us1 particularly in ,america1 rather prone to glorify the gospel of work to such an extent that we are in danger of losing the ability to understand or to enjoy anything else8 ,granted that this is so1 coffee1 already recognized as the most grateful lubricant known to the human machine1 is destined to play another part of increasing importance in our national life as a kind of national shock-absorber as well4 ,but its rle is something more than this1 surely4 ,when life is drab1 it takes away its grayness4 ,when life is sad1 it brings us solace4 ,when life is dull1 it brings us new inspiration4 ,when we are a-weary1 it brings us comfort and good cheer4 ,the lure of coffee lies in its appeal to our finer sensibilities2 and signs are not wanting that that pursuit of the long1 sweet happiness that every one is seeking will lead some of us 7even in big bustling ,america7 into footpaths that end in places where coffee will offer much of its pristine inspiration and charm4 ,it probably will not be a coffee house anything like that of the long ago1 but perhaps it will be a kind of modernized coffee club4 ,why not8 ,illustration3 ,a ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ,,holland1 ,,about #afej ,after the etching by ,j4 ,beauvarlet from a painting by ,adriaen ,van ,ostade 7#afaj-afge71 which is said to be the earliest picture of a coffee house in western ,europe ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,coffee ,,in ,,relation ,,to ,,the ,,fine ,,arts ,how coffee and coffee drinking have been celebrated in painting1 engraving1 sculpture1 caricature1 lithography1 and music--,epics1 rhapsodies1 and cantatas in praise of coffee--,beautiful specimens of the art of the potter and the silversmith as shown in the coffee service of various periods in the world's history--,some historical relics ,coffee has inspired the imagination of many poets1 musicians1 and painters4 ,in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries those whose genius was dedicated to the fine arts seem to have fallen under its spell and to have produced much of great beauty that has endured4 ,to the painters1 engravers1 and caricaturists of that period we are particularly indebted for pictures that have added greatly to our knowledge of early coffee customs and manners4 ,adriaen ,van ,ostade 7#afaj-afhe71 the ,dutch genre painter and etcher1 pupil of ,frans ,hals1 in his ,dutch ,coffee ,house 7#afej71 shows the genesis of the coffee house of western ,europe about the time it still partook of some of the tavern characteristics4 ,coffee is being served to a group in the foreground4 ,it is believed to be the oldest existing picture of a coffee house4 ,the illustration is after the etching by ,j4 ,beauvarlet in the graphic collection at ,munich4 ,william ,hogarth 7#afig-agfd71 the famous ,english painter and engraver of satirical subjects1 chose the coffee houses of his time for the scenes of a number of his social caricatures4 ,in his series1 ,four ,times of the ,day1 which throws a vivid light on the street life of ,london of the period of #agch1 we are shown ,covent ,garden at #g3ee ,a4,m4 by the clock on ,st4 ,paul's ,church4 ,a prim maiden lady 7said to have been sketched from an elderly relation of the artist1 who cut him out of her will7 on her way home from early service1 accompanied by a shivering foot-boy1 is scandalized by the spectacle presented by some roystering blades issuing from ,tom ,king's notorious coffee house to the right4 ,the beaux are forcing their attentions upon the more comely of the market women in the foreground4 ,tom ,king was a scholar at ,eton before he began his ignoble career4 ,at the date of this picture1 it is thought he had been succeeded by his widow1 ,moll ,king1 also of scandalous repute4 ,scene ,,vi of the ,rake's ,progress by ,hogarth is laid at the club in ,white's chocolate 7coffee7 house1 which ,dr4 ,swift described as the common rendezvous of infamous sharpers and noble cullies4 ,the rake has lost all his recently acquired wealth1 pulls off his wig and flings himself upon the floor in a paroxysm of fury and execration4 ,in allusion to the burning of ,white's in #agcc1 flames are seen bursting from the wainscot1 but the pre-occupied gamblers take no heed1 even of the watchman crying ,fire6 ,to the left is seated a highwayman1 with horse pistol and black mask in a skirt pocket of his coat4 ,he is so engrossed in his thoughts that he does not notice the boy at his side offering a glass of liquor on a tray4 ,the scene well depicts the low estate to which ,white's had fallen4 ,it recalls a bit of dialogue from ,farquhar's ,beaux' ,stratagem 7act ,,iii1 scene #b71 where ,aimwell says to ,gibbet1 who is a highwayman3 ,pray1 sir1 ha'nt ,i seen your face at ,will's ,coffee ,house8 ,yes sir1 and at ,white's1 too1 answers the highwayman4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,club ,,at ,,white',s ,,coffee ,,house1 #agcc ,from a painting in the series1 ,the ,rake's ,progress1 by ,william ,hogarth ,after the fire1 the club and chocolate house were removed to ,gaunt's coffee house4 ,the removal was thus announced in the ,daily ,post of ,may #c3 ,this is to acquaint all noblemen and gentlemen that ,mr4 ,arthur having had the misfortune to be burnt out of ,white's ,chocolate ,house is removed to ,gaunt's ,coffee ,house1 next the ,st4 ,james ,coffee ,house in ,st4 ,james ,street1 where he humbly begs they will favour him with their company as usual4 ,alessandro ,longhi 7#agcc-ahac7 the ,italian painter and engraver1 called the ,venetian ,hogarth1 in one of his pictures presenting life and manners in ,venice during the years of her decadence1 shows ,goldoni1 the dramatist1 as a visitor in a caf of the period1 with a female mendicant soliciting alms4 ,in the ,louvre at ,paris hangs the ,petit ,djeuner by ,franois ,boucher 7#agjc-aggj71 famous court painter of ,louis ,,xv4 ,it shows a ,french breakfast-room of the period of #agdd1 and is interesting because it illustrates the introduction of coffee into the home2 it shows also the coffee service of the time4 ,in ,van ,loo's portrait of ,madame de ,pompadour1 second mistress and political adviser of ,louis ,,xv of ,france1 the coffee service of a later period of the eighteenth century appears4 ,the ,nubian servant is shown offering the marquise a demi-tasse which has just been poured from the covered oriental pot which succeeded the original ,arabian-,turkish boiler1 and was much in vogue at the time4 ,coffee and ,madame du ,barry 7or would it be more polite to say ,madame du ,barry and coffee87 inspired the celebrated painting of ,madame de ,pompadour's successor in the affections of ,louis the well beloved4 ,this is entitled ,madame du ,barry at ,versailles1 and in the ,versailles catalog it is described as painted by ,decreuse after ,drouais4 ,decreuse was a pupil of ,gros1 and painted many of the historical portraits at ,versailles4 ,illustration3 ,,tom ,,king',s ,,coffee ,,house ,,is ,,covent ,,garden1 #agch ,from a printing in the series1 ,four ,times of the ,day1 by ,william ,hogarth ,malcolm ,c4 ,salaman1 in his ,french ,color ,prints of the ,,xviii ,century1 referring to ,dagoty's print of this picture1 done in #agga1 says1 the original has been attributed to ,franois ,hubert ,drouais1 but there can be little doubt that the original portraiture was from the hand of the engraver 7,dagoty71 as the style is far inferior to ,drouais4 ,he thus describes it3 ,here we see the last of ,louis ,,xv's mistresses1 sitting in her bedroom in that alluring retreat of hers at ,louveciennes1 near the woods of ,marly1 as she takes her cup of coffee from her pet attendant1 the little negro boy1 ,zamore1 as the ,prince de ,conti had named him1 all brave in red and gold4 ,doubtless she is expecting the morning visit of the ,king1 no longer the handsome young gallant1 but old and leaden-eyed1 and puffy-cheeked2 and perhaps it will be on this very morning that she will wheedle ,louis1 in a moment of extravagant badinage1 into appointing the negro boy to be ,governor of the ,chateau and ,pavilion of ,louveciennes at a handsome salary1 just as1 on another day1 she playfully teased the jaded old sensualist into decorating with the cordon bleu her cuisinire when it was triumphantly revealed to him that the dinner he had been praising with enthusiastic gusto was1 after all1 the work of a woman cook1 the very possibility of which he had contemptuously doubted4 ,but as we look at these two1 the royal mistress and her little black favorite1 we forget the well beloved and his voluptuous pleasures and indulgences1 for in the shadows we see another picture1 some twenty years on1 when the proud unconscionable beauty1 no longer reine de la main gauche1 stands before the dreaded ,tribunal of the ,terror1 while ,zamore1 the treacherous1 ungrateful negro1 dismissed from his service at ,louveciennes and now devoted to the committee of public safety1 and one of her implacable accusers1 sends her shrieking to the guillotine4 ,illustration3 ,,petit ,d,,jeuner1 ,,by ,,boucher ,showing the home coffee service of the period of #agdd ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,service ,,in ,,the ,,home ,,of ,,madame ,,de ,,pompadour--,,painting ,,by ,,van ,,loo ,the introduction of the coffee house into ,europe was memorialized by ,franz ,schams1 the genre painter1 pupil of the ,vienna ,academy1 in a beautiful picture entitled ,the ,first ,coffee ,house in ,vienna1 #afhd1 owned by the ,austrian ,art ,society4 ,a lithographic reproduction was executed by the artist and printed by ,joseph ,stoufs in ,vienna4 ,there are several specimens in the ,united ,states2 and the illustration printed on page #dh has been made from one of these in the possession of the author4 ,the picture shows the interior of the ,blue ,bottle1 where ,kolschitzky opened the first coffee house in ,vienna4 ,the hero-proprietor stands in the foreground pouring a cup of the beverage from an oriental coffee pot1 and another is suspended from the coffee-house sign that hangs over the fireplace4 ,in the fire alcove a woman is pounding coffee in a mortar4 ,men and women in the costumes of the period are being served coffee by a ,vienna mdchen4 ,illustration3 ,,madame ,,du ,,barry ,,and ,,her ,,slave ,,boy ,,zamore--,,painting ,,by ,,decreuse ,the painters ,marilhat1 ,descamps1 and de ,tournemine have pictured caf scenes2 the first in his ,caf sur une route de ,syrie1 which was shown at the ,salon of #ahdd2 the second in his ,caf ,turc1 which figured at the ,exposition of #ahee2 and the third in his ,caf en ,asia ,mineure1 which received honors at the ,salon of #ahei1 and attracted attention at the ,universal ,exposition of #ahfg4 ,a decorative panel designed for the buffet at the ,paris ,opera ,house by ,s4 ,mazerolles was shown at the ,exposition of #ahgh4 ,a ,french artist1 ,jacquand1 has painted two charming compositions2 one representing the reading room1 and the other the interior1 of a caf4 ,many ,german artists have shown coffee manners and customs in pictures that are now hanging in well known ,european galleries4 ,among others1 mention should be made of ,c4 ,schmidt's ,the ,sweets ,shop of ,josty in ,berlin1 #ahde2 ,milde's ,pastor ,rautenberg and ,his ,family at the ,coffee ,table1 #ahcc2 and his ,manager ,classen and ,his ,family at the ,afternoon ,coffee ,table1 #ahdj2 ,adolph ,menzel's ,parisian ,boulevard ,caf1 #ahgj2 ,hugo ,meith's ,saturday ,afternoon at the ,coffee ,table2 ,john ,philipp's ,old ,woman with ,coffee ,cup2 ,friedrich ,walle's ,afternoon ,coffee in the ,court ,gardens at ,munich2 ,paul ,meyerheim's ,oriental ,coffee ,house2 and ,peter ,philippi's 7,dusseldorf7 ,kaffeebesuch4 ,at the ,exposition des ,beaux ,arts1 ,salon of #ahha1 there was shown ,p4,a4 ,ruffio's picture1 ,le caf vient au secours de la ,muse 7,coffee comes to the aid of the ,muse71 in which the graceful form of an oriental ewer appears4 ,the ,coffee ,house at ,cairo1 a canvas by ,jean ,lon ,grme 7#ahbd-aijd7 that hangs in the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york1 has been much admired4 ,it shows the interior of a typical oriental coffee house with two men near a furnace at the left preparing the beverage2 a man seated on a wicker basket about to smoke a hooka2 a dervish dancing2 and several persons seated against the wall in the background4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,house ,,at ,,cairo--,,painting ,,by ,g,r,,me ,,in ,,the ,,metropolitan ,,museum1 ,,new ,,york ,the ,new ,york ,historical ,society acquired in #aijg from ,miss ,margaret ,a4 ,ingram an oil painting of the ,tontine ,coffee ,house4 ,it was painted in ,philadelphia by ,francis ,guy1 and was sold at a raffle1 after having been admired by ,president ,john ,adams4 ,it shows lower ,wall ,street in #agif-ahjj1 with the ,tontine coffee house on the northwest corner of ,wall and ,water ,streets1 where its more famous predecessor1 the ,merchants coffee house1 was located before it moved to quarters diagonally opposite4 ,charles ,p4 ,gruppe's 7b4 #ahfj7 painting showing ,general ,washington's ,official ,welcome to ,new ,york by ,city and ,state ,officials at the ,merchants ,coffee ,house1 ,april #bc1 #aghi1 just one week before his inauguration as first president of the ,united ,states1 is a colorful canvas that has been much praised for its atmosphere and historical associations4 ,it is the property of the author4 ,the art museums and libraries of every country contain many beautiful water-colors1 engravings1 prints1 drawings1 and lithographs1 whose creators found inspiration in coffee4 ,space permits the mention of only a few4 ,t4,h4 ,shepherd has preserved for us ,button's1 afterward the ,caledonien coffee house1 ,great ,russell ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 in a water-color drawing of #aheg2 ,tom's coffee house1 #ag ,great ,russell ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 #aheg2 ,slaughter's coffee house in ,st4 ,martin's ,lane1 #ahda2 also1 in #aheg1 the ,lion's ,head at ,button's1 put up by ,addison and now the property of the ,duke of ,bedford at ,woburn4 ,illustration3 ,,kaffeebesuch ,from the painting by ,peter ,philippi ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,comes ,,to ,,the ,,aid ,,of ,,the ,,muse ,from the painting by ,ruffio ,hogarth figures in the ,sam ,ireland collection with several original drawings of frequenters of ,button's in #agcj4 ,thomas ,rowlandson 7#agef-ahbg7 the great ,english caricaturist and illustrator1 has given us several fine pictures of ,english coffee-house life4 ,his ,mad ,dog in a ,coffee ,house presents a lively scene2 and his water-color of ,the ,french ,coffee ,house is one of the best pictures we have of the ,french coffee house in ,london as it looked during the latter half of the eighteenth century4 ,during the campaign in ,france in #ahad1 ,napoleon arrived one day1 unheralded1 in a country presbytery1 where the good cur was quietly turning his hand coffee-roaster4 ,the emperor asked him1 ,what are you doing there1 abb8 ,sire1 replied the priest1 ,i am doing like you4 ,i am burning the colonial fodder4 ,charlet 7#agib-ahde7 made a lithograph of the incident4 ,several ,french poet-musicians resorted to music to celebrate coffee4 ,brittany has its own songs in praise of coffee1 as have other ,french provinces4 ,there are many epics1 rhapsodies1 and cantatas--and even a comic opera by ,meilhat1 music by ,deffes1 bearing the title1 ,le ,caf du ,roi1 produced at the ,thtre ,lyrique1 ,november #af1 #ahfa4 ,illustration3 ,,mad ,,dog ,,in ,a ,,coffee ,,house--,,caricature ,,by ,,rowlandson ,fuzelier wrote1 in honor of coffee1 a cantata1 set to music by ,bernier4 ,this is the burden of the poet's song3 ,ah coffee1 what climes yet unknown1 ,ignore the clear fires that thy vapors inspire6 ,thou countest1 in thy vast empire ,those realms that ,bacchus' reign disown4 ,favored liquid1 which fills all my soul with delights1 ,thy enchantments to life happy hours persuade1 ,we vanquish e'en sleep by thy fortunate aid1 ,thou hast rescued the hours sleep would rob from our nights4 ,favored liquid which fills all my soul with delights1 ,thy enchantments to life happy hours persuade4 ,oh liquid that ,i love1 ,triumphant stream of sable1 ,e'en for the gods above1 ,drive nectar from the table4 ,make thou relentless war ,on treacherous juices sly1 ,let earth taste and adore ,the sweet calm of the sky4 ,oh liquid that ,i love1 ,triumphant stream of sable1 ,e'en for the gods above1 ,drive nectar from the table4 ,during the early vogue of the caf in ,paris1 a chanson1 entitled ,coffee1 reproduced here1 was set to music with accompaniment for the piano by ,m4,h4 ,colet1 a professor of harmony at the ,conservatoire4 ,printed in the form of a placard1 and put up in cafs1 it received the approbation of1 and was signed by1 de ,voyer d',argenson1 at that time 7#agaa7 lieutenant of police4 ,the poetry is not irreproachable4 ,it can hardly be attributed to any of the well known poets of the time2 but rather to one of those bohemian rimesters that wrote all too abundantly on all sorts of subjects4 ,it is the development of a theory concerning the properties of coffee and the best method of making it4 ,it is interesting to note that the uses of advertising were known and appreciated in ,paris in #agaa2 for in the chanson there appears the name and address of one ,vilain1 a merchant1 rue des ,lombards1 who was evidently in fashion at that period4 ,the translation of the stanza reproduced is as follows3 ,,coffee--,a ,,chanson ,if you1 with mind untroubled1 ,would flourish1 day by day1 ,let each day of the seven ,find coffee on your tray4 ,it will your frame preserve from every malady1 ,its virtues drive afar1 la6 la6 ,migrain and dread catarrh--ha6 ha6 ,dull cold and lethargy4 ,the most notable contribution to the music of coffee1 if one may be permitted the expression1 is the ,coffee ,cantata of ,johann ,sebastian ,bach 7#afhe-agej7 the ,german organist and the most modern composer of the first half of the eighteenth century4 ,he hymned the religious sentiment of protestant ,germany2 and in his ,coffee ,cantata he tells in music the protest of the fair sex against the libels of the enemies of the beverage1 who at the time were actively urging in ,germany that it should be forbidden women1 because its use made for sterility6 ,later on1 the government surrounded the manufacture1 sale1 and use of coffee with many obnoxious restrictions1 as told in chapter ,,viii4 ,illustration3 ,,napoleon ,,and ,,the ,,cur--,,lithograph ,,by ,,charlet ,bach's ,coffee ,cantata is ,no4 #baa of the ,secular ,cantatas1 and was published in ,leipzig in #agcb4 ,in ,german it is known as ,schweigt stille1 plaudert nicht 7,be silent1 do not talk74 ,it is written for soprano1 tenor1 and bass solos and orchestra4 ,bach used as his text a poem by ,piccander4 ,the cantata is really a sort of one-act operetta--a jocose production representing the efforts of a stern parent to check his daughter's propensities in coffee drinking1 the new fashioned habit4 ,one seldom thinks of ,bach as a humorist2 but the music here is written in a mock-heroic vein1 the recitatives and arias having a merry flavor1 hinting at what the master might have done in light opera4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee--,a ,,chanson2 ,,music ,,by ,,colet1 #agaa ,the libretto shows the father ,schlendrian1 or ,slowpoke1 trying by various threats to dissuade his daughter from further indulgence in the new vice1 and1 in the end1 succeeding by threatening to deprive her of a husband4 ,but his victory is only temporary4 ,when the mother and the grandmother indulge in coffee1 asks the final trio1 who can blame the daughter8 ,bach uses the spelling coffee--not kaffee4 ,the cantata was sung as recently as ,december #ah1 #aiba1 at a concert in ,new ,york by the ,society of the ,friends of ,music1 directed by ,arthur ,bodanzky4 ,lieschen1 or ,betty1 the daughter1 has a delightful aria1 beginning1 ,ah1 how sweet coffee tastes--lovelier than a thousand kisses1 sweeter far than muscatel wine6 the opening bars of which are reproduced on page #eih4 ,as the text is not long1 it is printed here in its entirety4 ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,kolschitzky ,,in ,,vienna ,,characters ,,messenger ,,and ,,narrator ,tenor ,,slowpoke ,bass ,,betty1 ,,daughter ,,to ,,slowpoke ,soprano ,,tenor 7,recitative73 ,be silent1 do not talk1 but notice what will happen6 ,here comes old ,slowpoke with his daughter ,betty4 ,he's grumbling like a common bear--just listen to what he says4 7,enter ,,slowpoke muttering73 ,what vexatious things one's children are6 ,a hundred thousand naughty ways6 ,what ,i tell my daughter ,betty might as well be told to the moon6 7,enter ,,betty47 ,,slowpoke 7,recitative73 ,you naughty child1 you mischievous girl1 oh when can ,i have my way--give up your coffee6 ,,betty3 ,dear father1 do not be so strict6 ,if ,i can't have my little demi-tasse of coffee three times a day1 ,i'm just like a dried up piece of roast goat6 ,,betty 7,aria73 ,ah6 ,how sweet coffee tastes6 ,lovelier than a thousand kisses1 sweeter far than muscatel wine6 ,i must have my coffee1 and if any one wishes to please me1 let him present me with--coffee6 ,,slowpoke 7,recitative73 ,if you won't give up coffee1 young lady1 ,i won't let you go to any wedding feasts--,i won't even let you go walking6 ,,betty3 ,o yes6 ,do let me have my coffee6 ,,slowpoke3 ,what a little monkey you are1 anyway6 ,i will not let you have any whale-bone skirts of the present fashionable size6 ,,betty3 ,oh1 ,i can easily fix that6 ,,slowpoke3 ,but ,i won't let you stand at the window and watch the new styles6 ,,betty3 ,that doesn't bother me1 either4 ,but be good and let me have my coffee6 ,,slowpoke3 ,but from my hands you'll get no silver or gold ribbon for your hair6 ,,betty3 ,oh well6 so long as ,i have what does satisfy me6 ,,slowpoke3 ,you wretched ,betty1 you6 ,you won't give in to me8 ,,slowpoke 7,air73 ,oh these girls--what obstinate dispositions they do have6 ,they certainly are not easy to manage6 ,but if one hits the right spot--oh well1 one may succeed6 ,,slowpoke1 with an air of being sure of success this time 7,recitative73 ,now please do what father says4 ,,betty3 ,in everything1 except about coffee4 ,,slowpoke3 ,well1 then1 you must make up your mind to do without a husband4 ,,betty3 ,oh--yes8 ,father1 a husband8 ,,slowpoke3 ,i swear you can't have him-- ,,betty3 ,till ,i give up coffee8 ,oh well--coffee--let it be forgotten--dear father--,i will not drink--none6 ,,slowpoke3 ,then you can have one6 ,,betty 7,aria73 ,today1 dear father--do it today4 7,he goes out47 ,ah1 a husband6 ,really this suits me exactly6 ,when they know ,i must have coffee1 why1 before ,i go to bed to-night ,i can have a valiant lover6 7,goes out47 ,,tenor 7,recitative73 ,now go hunt up old ,slowpoke1 and just watch him get a husband for his daughter--for ,betty is secretly making it known that no wooer may come to the house1 unless he promises me himself1 and has it put in the marriage contract that he will allow me to make coffee whenever ,i will6 ,illustration3 ,,ah1 ,,how ,,sweet ,,coffee ,,tastes--,,lovelier ,,than ,a ,,thousand ,,kisses1 ,,sweeter ,,far ,,than ,,muscatel ,,wine6 ,opening bars of ,betty's aria in ,bach's ,coffee ,cantata1 #agcb 7,enter ,,slowpoke and ,,betty1 singing--as chorus--with ,,tenor47 ,,trio3 ,the cat will not give up the mouse1 old maids continue coffee-sisters6--the mother loves her drink of coffee--grandma1 too1 is a coffee fiend--who now will blame the daughter6 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,most ,,beautiful ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ,,the ,,world ,the ,caff ,pedrocchi in ,padua1 ,italy1 empire period1 erected by the poor lemonade vendor and coffee seller1 ,antonio ,pedrocchi4 ,research has discovered only one piece of sculpture associated with coffee--the statue of the ,austrian hero ,kolschitzky1 the patron saint of the ,vienna coffee houses4 ,it graces the second-floor corner of a house in the ,favoriten ,strasse1 where it was erected in his honor by the ,coffee ,makers' ,guild of ,vienna4 ,the great brother-heart is shown in the attitude of pouring coffee into cups on a tray from an oriental service pot4 ,the celebrated ,caff ,pedrocchi1 the center of life in the city of ,padua1 ,italy1 in the early part of the nineteenth century1 is one of the most beautiful buildings erected in ,italy4 ,its use is apparent at first glance4 ,it was begun in #ahaf1 opened ,june #i1 #ahca1 and completed in #ahdb4 ,antonio ,pedrocchi 7#aggf-aheb71 an obscure ,paduan coffee-house keeper1 tormented by a desire for glory1 conceived the idea of building the most beautiful coffee house in the world1 and carried it out4 ,artists and craftsmen of all ages since the discovery of coffee have brought their genius into play to fashion various forms of apparatus associated with the preparation of the coffee drink4 ,coffee roasters and grinders have been made of brass1 silver1 and gold2 coffee mortars1 of bronze2 and coffee making and serving pots1 of beautiful copper1 pewter1 pottery1 porcelain1 and silver designs4 ,in the ,peter collection in the ,united ,states ,national ,museum there is to be seen a fine specimen of the ,bagdad coffee pot made of beaten copper and used for making and serving2 also1 a beautiful ,turkish coffee set4 ,in the ,metropolitan ,museum in ,new ,york there are some beautiful specimens of ,persian and ,egyptian ewers in faience1 probably used for coffee service4 ,also1 in ,american and continental museums are to be seen many examples of seventeenth-century ,german1 ,dutch1 and ,english bronze mortars and pestles used for braying coffee beans to make coffee powder4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,grinder ,,set ,,with ,,jewels ,in the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york ,a very beautiful specimen of the oriental coffee grinder1 made of brass and teakwood1 set with red and green glass jewels1 and inlaid in the teakwood with ivory and brass1 is at the ,metropolitan4 ,this is of ,indo-,persian design of the nineteenth century4 ,the ,metropolitan ,museum shows also many specimens of pewter coffee pots used in ,india1 ,germany1 ,holland1 ,belgium1 ,france1 ,russia1 and ,england in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries4 ,one can guess at the luxuriousness of the coffee pots in use in ,france throughout the eighteenth century by noting that from ,march #bj1 #aged1 to ,april #af1 #agee1 ,louis ,,xv bought no fewer than three gold coffee pots of ,lazare ,duvaux4 ,they had carved branches1 and were supplied with chafing dishes of burnished steel and lamps for spirits of wine4 ,they cost1 respectively1 #a1iej1 #a1ecf1 and #b1djj francs4 ,in the inventory of ,marie-,josephe de ,saxe1 ,dauphine of ,france1 we note1 too1 a two cup coffee pot of gold with its chafing dish for spirits of wine in a leather case4 ,the ,italian wrought-iron coffee roaster of the seventeenth century was often a work of art4 ,the specimen illustrated is rich in decorative motifs associated with the best in ,florentine art4 ,madame de ,pompadour's inventory disclosed a gold coffee mill1 carved in colored gold to represent the branches of a coffee tree4 ,the art of gold1 which sought to embellish everything1 did not disdain these homely utensils2 and one may see at the ,cluny ,museum in ,paris1 among many mills of graceful form1 a coffee mill of engraved iron dating from the eighteenth century1 upon which are represented the four seasons4 ,we are told1 however1 that it graced the sale after the death of ,mme4 de ,pompadour1 which1 of course1 makes it much more valuable4 ,illustration3 ,,italian ,,wrought-,,iron ,,coffee ,,roaster ,courtesy of ,edison ,monthly ,the tea pot1 coffee pot and chocolate pot first used in ,england closely resembled each other in form1 says ,charles ,james ,jackson in his ,illustrated ,history of ,english ,plate1 each being circular in plan1 tapering towards the top1 and having its handle fixed at a right angle with the spout4 ,illustration3 ,tea ,pot1 #afgj ,coffee ,pot1 #afha ,coffee ,pot1 #afhi ,,seventeenth-,,century ,,tea ,,pots ,,and ,,coffee ,,pots ,he says further3 ,the earliest examples were of oriental ware and the form of these was adopted by the ,english plate workers as a model for others of silver4 ,it apparently was not until after both tea and coffee had been used for several years in this country ,england that the tea pot was made proportionately less in height and greater in diameter than the coffee pot4 ,this distinction1 which was probably due to copying the forms of ,chinese porcelain tea pots1 was afterwards maintained1 and to the present day the difference between the tea pot and the coffee pot continued to be mainly one of height4 ,the coffee pot illustrated 7#afha7 formerly belonged to the ,east ,india ,company1 and is preserved in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum4 ,it is almost identical with a tea pot 7#afgj7 in the same museum1 except that its straight spout is fixed nearer to the base1 as is its leather-covered handle1 which1 with the sockets into which it fits1 forms a long recurving scroll fixed opposite to and in line with the spout4 ,its cover1 which is hinged to the upper handle socket1 is high like that of the #afgj tea-pot2 but instead of the straight outline of that cover1 this is slightly waved and surmounted by a somewhat flat button-shaped knob4 ,engraved on the body is a shield of arms1 a chevron between three crosses fleury1 surrounded by tied feathers4 ,the inscription is1 ,the ,guift of ,richard ,sterne ,eq to ye ,honorable ,east ,india ,compa4 ,this pot is nine and three-quarters inches in height by four and seven-eighths inches in diameter at the base2 it bears the ,london hall-marks of #afha-hb and the maker's mark ,g4,g4 in a shaped shield1 thought by ,jackson to be ,george ,garthorne's mark4 ,the #afhi coffee pot illustrated is the property of ,king ,george ,v4 ,it bears the ,london hall-marks of #afhi-ij1 and the mark of ,francis ,garthorne4 ,its tall1 round body tapers toward the top1 and has applied moldings on the base and rim4 ,its spout is straight and tapers upward to the level of the rim of the pot4 ,its handle is of ebony1 crescent-shaped1 and riveted into two sockets fixed at a right angle with the spout4 ,the lid is a high cone surmounted by a small vase-shaped finial1 and is hinged to the upper socket of the handle4 ,on no part of the pot is there any ornamentation other than the royal cipher of ,king ,william ,,iii and ,queen ,mary1 which is engraved on the reverse side of the body4 ,this example1 which measures nine inches in height to the top of its cover1 resembles very closely in form the ,east ,india ,company's tea-pot just referred to2 but as teapots with much lower bodies appear to have come into fashion before #afhi1 this pot was probably used as a coffee pot from the first4 ,the #afib coffee pot of lantern shape is the property of ,h4,d4 ,ellis1 and has its spout curved upward at the top1 being furnished with a small1 hinged flap and a scroll-shaped thumb-piece attached to the rim of the cover4 ,the body and cover were originally quite plain1 the embossing and chasing with symmetrical rococo decoration being added later1 probably about #agdj4 ,jackson says the wooden handle is not the original one1 which was probably ,c-shaped4 ,the pot bears the usual ,london hall-marks for the year #afib and the maker's mark is ,g ,g upon a shaped shield1 a mark recorded upon the copper plate belonging to the ,goldsmiths' company1 which ,mr4 ,cripps thinks was that of ,george ,garthorne4 ,the characteristics of this lantern shaped coffee pot are3 #a4 ,the straight sides1 so rapidly tapering from the base upward that in a height of only six inches the base diameter of four and three-eighths inches tapers to a diameter of no more than two and one-half inches at the rim4 #b4 ,the nearly straight spout1 furnished with a flap or shutter4 #c4 ,the true cone of the lid4 #d4 ,the thumb-piece1 which is a familiar feature upon the tankards of the period4 #e4 ,the handle fixed at right angles to the spout4 ,illustration3 ,,lantern ,,coffee ,,pot1 #afib ,illustration3 ,,folkingham ,,pot1 #agae-af ,mr4 ,ellis1 in a paper before the ,society of ,antiquaries#cfa on the earliest form of coffee pot1 says3 ,if coffee was first introduced into this country by the ,turkey merchants1 nothing is more probable than that those who first brought the berry1 brought also the vessel in which it was to be served4 ,such a vessel would be the ,turkish ewer whose shape is familiar to us1 the same today as two hundred years ago1 for in the ,east things are slow to change4 ,and throughout the reign of the second ,charles1 so long as the extended use of coffee in the houses of the people was retarded by the opposition of the ,women of ,england1 and by the scarcely less powerful influence of the ,king's ,court1 the small requirements of a mere handful of coffee-houses would be easily met by the importation of ,turkish vessels4 ,reference to the coffee-house keepers' tokens in the ,beaufoy collection in the ,guildhall ,museum shows that many of the traders of #affj-afge adopted as their trade sign a hand pouring coffee from a pot4 ,this pot is invariably of the ,turkish ewer pattern4 ,it is true that there is nothing to show that the ,turks themselves ever served coffee from the ewer1 but it is scarcely conceivable that the ,english coffee-house keepers should have adopted as their trade sign1 their pictorial advertisement1 so to speak1 a vessel which had no connection with the commodity in which they dealt1 and which would convey no meaning associated with coffee to the public4 ,but as soon as the extended use of the beverage created a demand which stimulated a home manufacture of coffee-pots1 a new departure is apparent4 ,the undulating outlines beloved by the ,orientals1 bowed as their scimitars1 curvilinear as their graceful flowing script1 do not commend themselves to the more severe ,western taste of the period which had then declared its preference for sweet simplicity in silversmiths' work1 such as we see in the basons1 cups1 and especially the flat-topped tankards of that day4 ,the beauty of the straight line had asserted its power1 and fashion felt its sway4 ,such was the feeling that produced the coffee-pot of #afib1 the straight lines of which continued in vogue until the middle of the following century1 when a reaction in favour of bulbous bodies and serpentine spouts set in4 ,illustration3 ,,wastell ,,pot1 #agbj-ba ,some of the more notable of the coffee-house-keepers' tokens in the ,guildhall ,museum were photographed for this work4 ,they are described and illustrated in chapter ,x4 ,there are illustrated other silver coffee pots in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 by ,folkingham 7#agae-af71 and by ,wastell 7#agbj-ba71 the latter pot being octagonal4 ,there is illustrated also a design in tiles that were let into the wall of an ancient coffee house in ,brick ,lane1 ,spitalfields1 known as the ,dish of ,coffee ,boy in the catalog of the collection of ,london antiquities in the ,guildhall ,museum4 ,mr4 ,ellis thinks this belongs to a period a little earlier1 but certainly not later1 than #afib2 the coffee pot represented being exactly of the lantern shape4 ,it is an oblong sign of glazed ,delft tiles1 decorated in blue1 brown1 and yellow1 representing a youth pouring coffee4 ,upon a table1 by his side1 are a gazette1 two pipes1 a bowl1 a bottle1 and a mug2 above1 on a scroll1 is1 dish of coffee boy4 ,illustration3 ,,dish ,,of ,,coffee ,,boy ,,design ,,in ,,delft ,,tiles #afib ,modifications of the lantern began to appear with great rapidity in ,england4 ,in the coffee pot of ,chinese porcelain1 illustrated1 probably made in ,china from an ,english model a few years later than the #afib pot1 ,mr4 ,ellis observes that the spout has already lost its straightness1 the extreme taper of the body is diminished1 and the lid betrays the first tendency to depart from the straightness of the cone to the curved outline of the dome4 ,he adds3 ,these variations rapidly intensified1 and at the commencement of the eighteenth century we find the body still less tapering and the lid has become a perfect dome4 ,as we approach the end of ,queen ,anne's reign the thumb piece disappears and the handle is no longer set on at right angles to the spout4 ,through the reign of ,george ,i but little modification took place1 save that the taper of the body became less and less4 ,in the ,second ,george's time we find the taper has almost entirely disappeared1 so that the sides are nearly parallel1 while the dome of the lid has been flattened down to a very low elevation above the rim4 ,in the second quarter of the eighteenth century the pear shaped coffee pot was the vogue4 ,in the earlier years of ,george ,,iii1 when many new and beautiful designs in silversmiths' work were created1 a complete revolution in coffee-pots takes place1 and the flowing outlines of the new pattern recall the form of the ,turkish ewer1 which had been discarded nearly one hundred years previously4 ,illustration3 ,,chinese ,,porcelain ,,coffee ,,pot ,late seventeenth century ,the evolution is shown by illustrations of ,lord ,swaythling's pot of #agca2 the coffee jug of #agcf2 the ,vincent pot of #agch2 the ,viscountess ,wolseley's coffee pot of copper plated with silver2 the ,irish coffee pot of #agfj2 and the silver coffee pots of #aggc-gf and of #aggi-hj 7see illustrations on pages #fjd1 #fje and #fjg74 ,illustration3 ,vincent ,pot1 ,hall-marked1 ,london1 #agch ,lord ,swaythling's ,pot1 #agca ,,silver ,,coffee ,,pots1 ,,early ,,eighteenth ,,century ,from ,jackson's ,illustrated ,history of ,english ,plate ,there are illustrated in this connection specimens of coffee pots in stoneware by ,elers 7#agjj71 and in salt glaze by ,astbury1 and another of the period about #agbe4 ,these are in the department of ,british and medieval antiquities of the ,british ,museum1 where are to be seen also some beautiful specimens of coffee-service pots in ,whieldon ware1 and in ,wedgwood's jasper ware4 ,illustration3 ,,irish ,,coffee ,,pot1 #agfj ,hall-marked ,dublin2 the property of ,col4 ,moore-,brabazon ,illustration3 ,,viscountess ,,wolseley',s ,,coffee ,,pot ,illustration3 ,a ,,scofield ,,pot ,,of #aggi-hj ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,jug1 #agcf ,illustration3 ,,silver ,,coffee ,,pots ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century ,illustration3 ,,salt-,,glaze ,,pot ,by ,john ,astbury ,illustration3 ,,elers ,,ware ,,coffee ,,pot ,stoneware1 about #agjj ,illustration3 ,,salt-,,glaze ,,pot ,about #agbe ,illustration3 ,,pots ,,in ,,pottery ,,and ,,porcelain #ah,,th ,,to #bj,,th ,,centuries #a--,staffordshire2 #b--;,english1 eighteen to twentieth centuries2 #c--;,english1 blue printed ware1 eighteenth to nineteenth centuries2 #d--,leeds1 #agfj-agij2 #e--,staffordshire1 nineteenth to twentieth centuries ,illustrated1 too1 are some beautiful examples of the art of the potter1 applied to coffee service1 as found in the ,metropolitan ,museum1 where they have been brought from many countries4 ,included are ,leeds and ,staffordshire examples of the eighteenth1 nineteenth1 and twentieth centuries2 a ,sino-,lowestoft pot of the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries2 an ,italian 7capodimonte7 pot of the eighteenth century2 ,german pots of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries2 a ,vienna coffee pot of the eighteenth century2 a ,french 7,la ,seine7 coffee pot of #aggd-agic1 a ,svres pot of #agib-ahjd2 and a ,spanish eighteenth-century coffee pot decorated in copper luster4 ,at the ,metropolitan may be seen also ,hatfield and ,sheffield-plate pots of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries2 and many examples of silver tea and coffee service and coffee pots by ,american silversmiths4 ,illustration3 ,,silver ,,coffee ,,pots1 ,,late ,,eighteenth ,,century ,left1 #aggf-gg4 ,right1 #aggc-d4 ,silver tea pots and coffee pots were few in ,america before the middle of the eighteenth century4 ,early coffee-pot examples were tapering and cylindrical in form1 and later matched the tea pots with swelling drums1 molded bases1 decorated spouts1 and molded lids with finials4 ,from notes by ,r4,t4 ,haines ,halsey and ,john ,h4 ,buck1 collected by ,florence ,n4 ,levy and woven into an introduction to the ,metropolitan ,museum's art exhibition catalog for the ,hudson-,fulton celebration of #aiji1 we learn that3 ,the first silver made in ,new ,england was probably fashioned by ,english or ,scotch emigrants who had served their time abroad4 ,they were followed by craftsmen who were either born here1 or1 like ,john ,hull1 arriving at an early age1 learned their trade on this side4 ,in ,england it was required that every master goldsmith should have his mark and set it upon his work after it was assayed and marked with the king's mark 7hall-mark7 testifying to the fineness of the metal4 ,illustration3 ,sino-,lowestoft1 ,eighteenth ,to ,nineteenth ,centuries ,illustration3 ,,italian ,,capodimonte1 ,,eighteenth ,,century ,illustration3 ,,la ,,seine1 #aggd ,s,,vres1 #agib ,,german ,,pots1 ,,eighteenth ,,century ,illustration3 ,,porcelain ,,pots ,,in ,,the ,,metropolitan ,,museum1 ,,new ,,york ,the ,colonial silversmiths marked their wares with their initials1 with or without emblems1 placed in shields1 circles1 etc41 without any guide as to place of manufacture or date4 ,after about #agbe it was the custom to use the surname1 with or without an initial1 and sometimes the full name4 ,since the establishment of the ,united ,states the name of the town was often added and also the letters ,d or ,c in a circle1 probably meaning dollar or coin1 showing the standard or coin from which the wares were made4 ,in the ,new ,york colony there were evolved silver tea pots of a unique design1 that was not used elsewhere in the colonies4 ,mr4 ,halsey says they were used indiscriminately for both tea and coffee4 ,in style they followed1 to a certain extent1 the squat pear-shaped tea pots of the period of #agag-ah in ,england1 but had greater height and capacity4 ,the colonial silversmiths wrought many beautiful designs in coffee1 tea1 and chocolate pots4 ,fine specimens are to be seen in the ,halsey and ,clearwater loan collections in the ,metropolitan ,museum4 ,included in the ,clearwater collection is a coffee pot by ,pygan ,adams 7#agab-aggf72 and recently1 there was added a coffee pot by ,ephraim ,brasher1 whose name appears in the ,new ,york ,city ,directory from #aghf to #ahje4 ,he was a member of the ,gold and ,silversmiths' ,society1 and he made the die for the famous gold doubloon1 known by his name1 a specimen of which recently sold in ,philadelphia for #d1jjj4 ,his brother1 ,abraham ,brasher1 who was an officer in the continental army1 wrote many popular ballads of the ,revolutionary period1 and was a constant contributor to the newspapers4 ,illustration3 ,,vienna ,,coffee ,,pot1 #ahcj ,in the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art ,illustration3 ,,spanish ,,coffee ,,pot1 ,,eighteenth ,,century ,in the ,metropolitan ,museum ,judge ,clearwater's collection of colonial silver in the ,metropolitan ,museum1 to which he is constantly adding1 is a magnificent one2 and the coffee pot is worthy of it4 ,it is thirteen and one-half inches high1 weighs forty-four ounces1 exclusive of the ebony handle1 has a curved body and splayed base1 with a godrooned band to the base and a similar edge to the cover4 ,the spout is elaborate and curved2 the cover has an urn-shaped finial2 and there is a decoration of an engraved medallion surrounded by a wreath with a ribbon forming a true lover's knot4 ,illustration3 ,by ,samuel ,minott ,by ,charles ,hatfield ,by ,pygan ,adams ,halsey ,collection ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art ,clearwater ,collection ,illustration3 ,london ,pot1 #aggc-gd ,by ,jacob ,hurd ,by ,paul ,revere ,,from ,,francis ,,hill ,,bigelow',s ,,historic ,,silver ,,of ,,the ,,colonies ,illustration3 ,,english ,,sheffield ,,plate ,,coffee ,,pots ,,and ,,coffee ,,urn1 ,,eighteenth ,,century ,illustration3 ,,silver ,,coffee ,,pots ,,in ,,american ,,collections ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,pot ,,by ,,wm4 ,,shaw ,,and ,,wm4 ,,priest ,made for ,peter ,faneuil 7about #agea-eb71 who gave to ,boston ,faneuil ,hall1 called the cradle of ,american liberty ,illustration3 ,,pot ,,of ,,sheffield ,,plate1 #ah,,th ,,century ,in the ,metropolitan ,museum ,illustration3 ,,silver ,,pot ,,by ,,ephraim ,,brasher ,in the ,clearwater ,collection1 ,metropolitan ,museum ,in the ,halsey collection is shown a silver coffee pot by ,samuel ,minott1 and several beautiful specimens of the handiwork of ,paul ,revere1 whose name is more often connected with the famous midnight ride than with the art of the silversmith4 ,of all the ,american silversmiths1 ,paul ,revere was the most interesting4 ,not only was he a silversmith of renown1 but a patriot1 soldier1 grand master ,mason1 confidential agent of the state of ,massachusetts ,bay1 engraver1 picture-frame designer1 and die-sinker4 ,he was born in ,boston in #agce1 and died in #ahah4 ,he was the most famous of all the ,boston silversmiths1 although he is more widely known as a patriot4 ,he was the third of a family of twelve children1 and early entered his father's shop4 ,when only nineteen1 his father died2 but he was able to carry on the business4 ,the engraving on his silver bears witness to his ability4 ,he engraved also on copper1 and made many political cartoons4 ,he joined the expedition against the ,french at ,crown ,point1 and in the war of the ,revolution was a lieutenant-colonel of artillery4 ,after the close of the war1 he resumed his business of a goldsmith and silversmith in #aghc4 ,decidedly a man of action1 he well played many parts2 and in all his manifold undertakings achieved brilliant success4 ,there clings1 therefore1 to the articles of silver made by him an element of romantic and patriotic association which endears them to those who possess them4 ,illustration3 ,,french ,,silver ,,coffee ,,pot ,grand ,prize1 ,union ,centrale1 #ahhf4 ,revere had a real talent that enabled him to impart an unwonted elegance to his work1 and he was famous as an engraver of the beautiful crests1 armorial designs1 and floral wreaths that adorn much of his work4 ,his tea pots and coffee pots are unusually beautiful4 ,revere coffee pots are to be seen in the ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts as well as in the ,metropolitan ,museum in ,new ,york4 ,the ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts has also a coffee pot made by ,william ,shaw and ,william ,priest in #agea-eb for ,peter ,faneuil1 the wealthiest ,bostonian of his time1 who gave to ,boston ,faneuil ,hall1 ,new ,england's cradle of ,american liberty4 ,among other ,american silversmiths who produced striking designs in coffee pots1 mention should be made of ,g4 ,aiken 7#ahae72 ,garrett ,eoff 7,new ,york1 #aghe-ahej72 ,charles ,faris 7who worked in ,boston about #agij72 ,jacob ,hurd 7#agjb-ageh1 known in ,boston as ,captain ,hurd72 ,john ,mc,mullin 7mentioned in the ,philadelphia ,directory for #agif72 ,james ,musgrave 7mentioned in ,philadelphia directories of #agig1 #ahjh1 and #ahaa72 ,myer ,myers 7admitted as freeman1 ,new ,york1 #agdf2 active until #agij2 president of the ,new ,york ,silversmiths ,society1 #aghf72 and ,anthony ,rasch 7who is known to have worked in ,philadelphia1 #ahae74 ,in the museums of the many historical societies throughout the ,united ,states are to be seen interesting specimens of coffee pots in pewter1 ,britannia metal1 and tin ware1 as well as in pottery1 porcelain1 and silver4 ,some of these are illustrated4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,green ,,dragon ,,tavern ,,coffee ,,urn ,as in other branches of art during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 the ,united ,states were indebted to ,england1 ,holland1 and ,france for much of the early pottery and porcelain4 ,elers1 ,astbury1 ,whieldon1 ,wedgwood1 their imitators1 and the later ,staffordshire potters1 flooded the ,american market with their wares4 ,porcelain was not made in this country previous to the nineteenth century4 ,decorative pottery was made here1 however1 from an early period4 ,britannia ware began to take the place of pewter in #ahbe2 and the introduction of japanned tin ware and pottery gradually caused the manufacture of pewter to be abandoned4 ,illustration3 ,by an unknown silversmith ,by ,paul ,revere ,by ,paul ,revere ,,coffee ,,pots ,,by ,,american ,,silversmiths ,illustration3 ,,twentieth-,,century ,,american ,,coffee ,,service ,the ,portsmouth ,pattern1 by the ,gorham ,co4 ,an interesting relic is in the collection of the ,bostonian ,society4 ,it is a coffee urn of ,sheffield ware1 formerly in the ,green ,dragon tavern1 which stood on ,union ,street from #afig to #ahcb1 and was a famous meeting place of the patriots of the ,revolution4 ,it is globular in form1 and rests on a base2 and inside is still to be seen the cylindrical piece of iron which1 when heated1 kept the delectable liquid contents of the urn hot until imbibed by the frequenters of the tavern4 ,the iron bar was set in a zinc or tin jacket to keep such fireplace ashes as still clung to it from coming in contact with the coffee1 which was probably brewed in a stew kettle before being poured into the urn for serving4 ,the ,green ,dragon tavern site1 now occupied by a business structure1 is owned by the ,st4 ,andrew's ,lodge of ,freemasons of ,boston2 and at a recent gathering of the lodge on ,st4 ,andrew's ,day1 the urn was exhibited to the assembled brethren4 ,when the contents of the tavern were sold1 the urn was bought by ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,harrington1 who then kept a famous boarding-house on ,pearl ,street1 in a building owned by the ,quincy family4 ,the house was razed in #ahdg1 and was replaced by the ,quincy ,block2 and ,mrs4 ,harrington removed to ,high ,street1 and from there to ,chauncey ,place4 ,some of the prominent men of ,boston boarded with her for many years4 ,at her death1 the urn was given to her daughter1 ,mrs4 ,john ,r4 ,bradford4 ,it was presented to the society by ,miss ,phebe ,c4 ,bradford1 of ,boston1 granddaughter of ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,harrington4 ,a somewhat similar urn1 made of pewter1 is in the ,museum of the ,maine ,historical ,society of ,portland1 ,me42 another in the ,museum of the ,essex ,institute at ,salem1 ,mass4 ,among the many treasured relics of ,abraham ,lincoln is an old ,britannia coffee pot from which he was regularly served while a boarder with the ,rutledge family at the ,rutledge inn in ,new ,salem 7now ,menard71 ,ill4 ,it was a valued utensil1 and ,lincoln is said to have been very fond of it4 ,it is illustrated on page #fij4 ,the pot is now the property of the ,old ,salem ,lincoln ,league1 of ,petersburg1 ,ill41 and was donated to it1 with other relics1 by ,mrs4 ,saunders1 of ,sisquoc1 ,cal41 the only surviving child of ,james and ,mary ,ann ,rutledge4 ,mrs4 ,rutledge carefully preserved this and other relics of ,new ,salem days2 and shortly before her death in #ahgh1 she gave them into the keeping of her daughter1 ,mrs4 ,saunders1 advising her to preserve them until such time as a permanent home for them would be provided by a grateful people back at ,new ,salem1 where they were associated with the immortal ,lincoln and his tragic romance with her daughter ,ann4 ,illustration3 ,,turkish ,,coffee ,,set1 ,,peter ,,collection1 ,,united ,,states ,,national ,,museum1 ,,washington ,,chapter ,,xxxiv ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,coffee ,,apparatus ,showing the development of coffee-roasting1 coffee-grinding1 coffee-making1 and coffee-serving devices from the earliest time to the present day--,the original coffee grinder1 the first coffee roaster1 and the first coffee pot--,the original ,french drip pot1 the ,de ,belloy percolator--,count ,rumford's improvement--,how the commercial coffee roaster was developed--,the evolution of filtration devices--,the old ,carter pull-out roaster--,trade customs in ,new ,york and ,st4 ,louis in the sixties and seventies--,the story of the evolution of the ,burns roaster--,how the gas roaster was developed in ,france1 ,great ,britain1 and the ,united ,states ,a book could be written on the subject of this chapter4 ,we shall have to be content to touch briefly upon the important developments in the devices employed4 ,the changes that have taken place in the preparation of the drink itself will be discussed in chapter ,,xxxvi4 ,in the beginning1 that is1 in ,ethiopia1 about #hjj ,a4,d41 coffee was looked upon as a food4 ,the whole ripe berries1 beans and hulls1 were crushed1 and molded into food balls held in shape with fat4 ,later1 the dried berries were so treated4 ,so the primitive stone mortar and pestle were the original coffee grinder4 ,the dried hulls and the green beans were first roasted1 some time between #abjj and #acjj1 in crude burnt clay dishes or in stone vessels1 over open fires4 ,these were the original roasting utensils4 ,next1 the coffee beans were ground between little mill-stones1 one turning above the other4 ,then came the mill used by the ,greeks and ,romans for grain4 ,this mill consisted of two conical mill stones1 one hollow and fitted over the other1 specimens of which have been found in ,pompeii4 ,the idea is the same as that employed in the most modern metal grinder4 ,between #adjj and #aejj1 individual earthenware and metal coffee-roasting plates appeared4 ,these were circular1 from four to six inches in diameter1 about #a_/af inch thick1 slightly concave and pierced with small holes1 something like the modern kitchen skimmer4 ,they were used in ,turkey and ,persia for roasting a few beans at a time over braziers 7open pans1 or basins1 for holding live coals74 ,the braziers were usually mounted on feet and richly ornamented4 ,about the same time we notice the first appearance of the familiar ,turkish pocket cylinder coffee mill and the original ,turkish ibrik1 or coffee boiler1 made of metal4 ,little drinking cups of ,chinese porcelain completed the service4 ,the original coffee boiler was not unlike the ,english ale mug with no cover1 smaller at the top than at the bottom1 fitted with a grooved lip for pouring1 and a long straight handle4 ,they were made of brass1 and in sizes to hold from one to six tiny cupfuls4 ,a later improvement was of the ewer design1 with bulbous body1 collar top1 and cover4 ,the ,turkish coffee grinder seems to have suggested the individual cylinder roaster which later 7#afej7 became common1 and from which developed the huge modern cylinder commercial roasting machines4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,oldest ,,coffee ,,grinder ,ancient ,egyptian mortar and pestle1 probably used for pounding coffee ,the individual coffee service of early civilization first employed crude clay bowls or dishes for drinking2 but as early as #acej1 ,persian1 ,egyptian1 and ,turkish ewers1 made of pottery1 were used for serving4 ,in the seventeenth century1 ewers of similar pattern1 but made of metal1 were the favorite coffee-serving devices in oriental countries and in western ,europe4 ,between #adbh and #addh1 a spice grinder standing on four legs was invented2 and this was later used for grinding coffee4 ,the drawer to receive the ground coffee was added in the eighteenth century4 ,between #aejj and #afjj1 shallow iron dippers with long handles and foot-rests1 designed to stand in open fires1 were used in ,bagdad1 and by the ,arabs in ,mesopotamia1 for roasting coffee4 ,these roasters had handles about thirty-four inches long1 and the bowls were eight inches in diameter4 ,they were accompanied by a metal stirrer 7spatula7 for turning the beans4 ,illustration3 ,,grain ,,mill ,,of ,,greeks ,,and ,,romans ,also used for grinding coffee ,another type of roaster was developed about #afjj4 ,it was in the shape of an iron spider on legs1 and was designed1 like that just described1 to sit in open fires4 ,at this period pewter serving pots were first used4 ,between #afjj and #afcb1 mortars and pestles of wood1 iron1 brass1 and bronze came into common use in ,europe for braying the roasted beans4 ,for several centuries1 coffee connoisseurs held that pounding the beans in a mortar was superior to grinding in the most efficient mill4 ,peregrine ,white's parents brought to ,america on the ,mayflower1 in #afbj1 a wooden mortar and pestle that were used for braying coffee to make coffee powder4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,coffee ,,roaster1 ,,about #adjj ,when ,la ,roque speaks of his father bringing back to ,marseilles from ,constantinople in #afdd the instruments for making coffee1 he undoubtedly refers to the individual devices which at that time in the ,orient included the roaster plate1 the cylinder grinder1 the small long-handled boiler1 and fenjeyns 7findjans71 the little porcelain drinking cups4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,cylinder ,,roaster1 ,,about #afej ,when ,bernier visited ,grand ,cairo about the middle of the seventeenth century1 in all the city's thousand-odd coffee houses he found but two persons who understood the art of roasting the bean4 ,about #afej1 there was developed the individual cylinder coffee roaster made of metal1 usually tin plate or tinned copper1 suggested by the original ,turkish pocket grinder4 ,this was designed for use over open fires in braziers4 ,there appeared about this time also a combined making-and-serving metal pot which was undoubtedly the original of the common type of pot that we know today4 ,there appeared in ,england about #affj1 ,elford's white iron machine 7sheet iron coated with tin7 which was turned on a spit by a jack4#cfb ,this was simply a larger size of the individual cylinder roaster1 and was designed for family or commercial use4 ,modifications were developed by the ,french and ,dutch4 ,in the seventeenth century the ,italians produced some beautiful designs in wrought-iron coffee roasters4 ,illustration3 ,,historical ,,relics ,,in ,,the ,,peter ,,collection1 ,,united ,,states ,,national ,,museum #a--;,bagdad coffee-roasting pan and stirrer4 #b--;,iron mortar and pestle used for pounding coffee4 #c--;,coffee mill used by ,general and ,mrs4 ,washington4 #d--;,coffee-roasting pan used at ,mt4 ,vernon4 #e--;,bagdad coffee pot with crow-bill spout ,before the advent of the ,elford machine1 and indeed1 for two centuries thereafter1 it was the common practise in the home to roast coffee in uncovered earthenware tart dishes1 old pudding pans1 and fry pans4 ,before the time of the modern kitchen stove1 it was usually done over charcoal fires without flame4 ,the improved ,turkish combination coffee grinder with folding handle and cup receptacle for the beans1 used for grinding1 boiling1 and drinking1 was first made in ,damascus in #affe4 ,about this period1 the ,turkish coffee set1 including the long-handled boiler and the porcelain drinking cups in brass holders1 also came into vogue4 ,in #affe1 ,nicholas ,book1 living at the ,sign of the ,frying ,pan in ,st4 ,tulies street1 ,london1 advertised that he was the only known man for making of mills for grinding of coffee powder1 which mills are sold by him from forty to forty-five shillings the mill4 ,by combining the long-handle idea contained in the ,bagdad roaster with that of the original cylinder roaster1 the ,dutch perfected a small1 closed1 sheet-iron cylinder-roaster with a long handle that permitted its being held and turned in open fire places4 ,from #afgj1 and well into the middle of the nineteenth century1 this type of family roaster enjoyed great favor in ,holland1 ,france1 ,england1 and the ,united ,states1 more especially in the country districts4 ,the museums of ,europe and the ,united ,states contain many specimens4 ,the iron cylinder measured about five inches in diameter1 and was from six to eight inches long1 being attached to a three or four foot iron rod provided with a wooden handle4 ,the green coffee was put into the cylinder through a sliding door4 ,balancing the roaster over the blaze by resting the end of the iron rod projecting from the far end of the roasting cylinder in a hook of the usual fireplace crane1 the housekeeper was wont slowly to revolve the cylinder until the beans had turned the proper color4 ,illustration3 ,,turkish ,,coffee ,,mill ,a fine specimen in the ,peter collection1 ,united ,states ,national ,museum ,portable coffee-making outfits to fit the pocket were much in vogue in ,france in #afia4 ,these included a roaster1 a grinder1 a lamp1 the oil1 cups1 saucers1 spoons1 coffee1 and sugar4 ,the roaster was first made of tin plate or tinned copper2 but for the aristocracy silver and gold were used4 ,in #aged1 a white-silver coffee roaster eight inches long and four inches in diameter was mentioned among the deliveries made to the army of the king at ,versailles4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,french ,,wall ,,and ,,table ,,grinders ,left1 seventeenth-century coffee grinder in the ,muse de la ,porte de ,hal--,center1 wall mill1 eighteenth century--,right1 iron mill1 eighteenth century ,humphrey ,broadbent1 the ,london coffee man wrote in #agbb3 ,i hold it best to roast coffee berries in an iron vessel full of little holes1 made to turn on a spit over a charcoal fire1 keeping them continually turning1 and sometimes shaking them that they do not burn1 and when they are taken out of the vessel1 spread 'em on some tin or iron plate 'till the vehemency of the heat is vanished2 ,i would recommend to every family to roast their own coffee1 for then they will be almost secure from having any damaged berries1 or any art to increase the weight1 which is very injurious to the drinkers of coffee4 ,most persons of distinction in ,holland roast their own berries4 ,illustration3 ,,bronze ,,and ,,brass ,,mortars ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century ,,used ,,for ,,making ,,coffee ,,powder ,left1 bronze 7,germany7--,center1 brass 7,england7--,right1 bronze 7,holland1 #afcb7 ,between #agjj and #ahjj1 there was developed a type of small portable household stove to burn coke or charcoal1 made of iron and fitted with horizontal revolving cylinders for coffee roasting4 ,these were provided with iron handles for turning4 ,a modification of this type of roaster under a three-sided hood1 and standing on three legs1 was designed to sit on the hearth of open fireplaces1 close to the fire or in the smoldering ashes4 ,because of its greater capacity1 it was probably used in the inns and coffee houses for roasting large batches4 ,still another type1 which made its appearance late in the eighteenth century1 was the sheet-iron roaster suspended at the top of a tall1 iron1 box-like compartment1 or stove1 in which the fire was built4 ,this1 too1 was designed to roast coffee in comparatively large quantities4 ,in some examples it was provided with legs4 ,great silver coffee pots 7with all the utensils belonging to them of the same metal7 were first used by ,pascal at ,st4-,germain's fair in ,paris in #afgb4 ,it remained for the ,english and ,american silversmiths to produce the most beautiful forms of silver coffee pots2 and there are some notable collections of these in ,england and the ,united ,states4 ,the oriental serving pot was nearly always of metal1 tall1 and1 in old models1 of graceful curve1 with a slightly twisted ornamental beak in the form of an ,s1 attached below the middle of the vessel4 ,a handle ornamented in the same way formed a decorative balance4 ,in #afib1 the lantern straight-line coffee serving pot with true cone lid1 thumb-piece1 and handle fixed at right angle to the spout1 was introduced into ,england1 succeeding the curved oriental serving pot4 ,in #agjj1 coffee pots made of cheaper metals1 like tin and ,britannia ware1 began to appear on the home tables of the people4 ,in #agja1 silver coffee pots appeared in ,england having perfect domes and bodies less tapering4 ,between #agjj and #ahjj1 silver1 gold1 and delicate porcelain serving pots were the vogue among ,european royalty4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,american ,,coffee ,,roasters ,both the cast-iron spiders and the long-handled roasters were used in open fireplaces previous to #aggj ,in #agjd1 ,bull's machine for roasting coffee was patented in ,england4 ,this probably marks the first use of coal for commercial roasting4 ,in #agaj1 the popular coffee roaster in ,french homes was a dish of varnished earthenware4 ,this same year a novelty was introduced in ,france in the shape of a fustian 7linen7 bag for infusing ground coffee4 ,by #agad1 the thumb-piece on ,english serving pots had disappeared1 and the handle was no longer set at a right angle to the spout4 ,english coffee-pot bodies showed a further modification in #agbe1 the taper becoming less and less4 ,coffee grinders were so common in ,france in #agbj that they were to be had for a dollar and twenty cents each4 ,their development by the ,french had been rapid from the original spice grinder4 ,at first1 they were known as coffee mills2 but in the eighteenth century1 roasters came to be known by that name4 ,they were made of iron1 retaining the same principle of the horizontal mill-stones--one of which is fixed while the other moves--that the ancients employed for grinding wheat4 ,they were squat1 box-shaped affairs1 having in the center a shank of iron that revolved upon a fixed1 corrugated iron plate4 ,there was also the style that fastened to the wall4 ,at first1 the drawer to receive ground coffee was missing1 but this was supplied in later types4 ,before its invention1 the ground coffee was received in a sack of greased leather1 or in one treated on the outside with beeswax--probably the original of the duplex paper bag for conserving the flavor4 ,illustration3 ,,roaster ,,with ,,three-,,sided ,,hood ,it succeeded the cast-iron spider1 and was suspended from a crane1 or stood in the embers ,illustration3 ,,roasting1 ,,making1 ,,and ,,serving ,,devices ,early seventeenth century1 as pictured by ,dufour ,the ,french brought their innate artistic talents to bear upon coffee grinders1 just as they did upon roasters and serving pots4 ,in many instances they made the outer parts of silver and of gold4 ,by #agej1 the straight-line serving pot in ,england had begun to yield to the reactionary movement in art favoring bulbous bodies and serpentine spouts4 ,about #agfj1 ,french inventors began to devote themselves to improvements in coffee-making devices4 ,donmartin1 a ,paris tinsmith1 in #agfc1 invented an urn pot that employed a flannel sack for infusing4 ,another infusion device1 produced the same year by ,l',ain1 also a tinsmith of ,paris1 was known as a diligence4 ,a complete revolution in the style of ,english serving pots took place in #aggj1 with a return to the flowing lines of the ,turkish ewer2 and between #ahjj and #aijj1 there was a gradual return to the style of serving pot having the handle at a right angle to the spout4 ,illustration3 ,,english ,,and ,,french ,,coffee ,,grinders ,nineteenth century ,in #aggi1 ,richard ,dearman was granted an ,english patent on a new method of making mills for grinding coffee4 ,in #agih1 the first ,american patent on an improved coffee grinding mill was granted to ,thomas ,bruff1 ,sr4 ,it was a wall mill1 fitted with iron plates1 in which the coffee was ground between two circular nuts1 three inches broad and having coarse teeth around their centers and fine shallow teeth at the edges4 ,de ,belloy's 7or ,du ,belloy's7 coffee pot appeared in ,paris about #ahjj4 ,it was first made of tin2 but later1 of porcelain and silver--the original ,french drip pot4 ,this device was never patented2 but it appears to have furnished the inspiration for many inventors in ,france1 ,england1 and the ,united ,states4 ,the first ,french patent on a coffee maker was granted to ,denobe1 ,henrion1 and ,rouch in #ahjb4 ,it was for a pharmacological-chemical coffee-making device by infusion4 ,charles ,wyatt obtained a patent the same year in ,london on an apparatus for distilling coffee4 ,the ,de ,belloy pot is illustrated on page #fbb4 ,in #ahjf1 ,hadrot was granted a ,french patent on a device for filtering coffee without boiling and bathed in air4 ,this use of the word filtering was misleading1 as it was many times after in ,french1 ,english1 and ,american patent nomenclature1 where it often meant percolation or something quite different from filtration4 ,true percolation means to drip through fine interstices of china or metal4 ,filtration means to drip through a porous substance1 usually cloth or paper4 ,de ,belloy's pot was a percolator4 ,so was ,hadrot's4 ,the improvement on which ,hadrot got his patent was to replace the white iron filter 7sic7 used in ordinary filtering pots by a filter composed of hard tin and bismuth and to use a rammer of the same metal1 pierced with holes4 ,the rammer was designed to press down and to smooth out the powdered coffee in an even and uniform fashion4 ,it also1 says ,hadrot in his specification1 stops the derangement which boiling water poured from a height can produce4 ,it is held by its stem a half inch from the surface of the powder so that it receives only the action of the water which it divides and facilitates thus the extraction which it must produce in each of the particles4 ,illustration3 ,,eighteenth-,,century ,,roaster ,essex ,institute1 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,a coffee percolator was invented in ,paris about #ahjf by ,benjamin ,thompson1 ,f4,r4,s41 an ,american-,british scientist1 philanthropist1 and administrator4 ,he was known as ,count ,rumford1 a title bestowed on him by the ,pope4 ,rumford's invention was first given to the public in ,london in #ahab4 ,he has gained great credit for his device1 because of an elaborate essay that he wrote on it in ,paris under the title of ,the excellent qualities of coffee and the art of making it in the highest perfection1 and that he caused to be published in ,london in #ahab4 ,it was a simple percolator pot provided with a hot-water jacket1 and was a real improvement on the ,french drip or percolator coffee pot invented by ,de ,belloy1 but not at all unlike ,hadrot's patented device4 ,count ,rumford1 however1 was a picturesque character1 and a good advertiser4 ,he is generally credited with the invention of the coffee percolator2 but examination of his device shows that1 strictly speaking1 the ,de ,belloy pot was just as much a percolator1 and apparently antedated it by about six years4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,original ,,french ,,drip ,,pot ,cafetire la ,de ,belloy ,de ,belloy employed the principle of having the boiling water drip through the ground coffee when held in suspension by a perforated metal or porcelain grid4 ,this is true percolation4 ,hadrot did the same thing with the improvements noted above4 ,count ,rumford in his essay admits that this method of making coffee was not new1 but claims his improvement was4 ,this was to provide a rammer for compressing the ground coffee in the upper or percolating device into a definite thickness1 this being accomplished by providing the perforated circular tin disk water-spreader that rested on the ground coffee with four projections1 or feet1 that kept the spreader within half an inch of the grid holding the powder in suspension and free from agitation4 ,his argument was that two-thirds of an inch of ground coffee should be leveled and compressed into a half-inch thickness before the boiling water was introduced4 ,practically the same result was achieved in the ,de ,belloy and ,hadrot pots1 also provided with water-spreaders and pluggers1 but the same mathematical exactitude in the matter of the depth of the ground coffee before the percolation started was not assured4 ,de ,belloy's spreader did not have the projections on the under side upon which ,count ,rumford laid such stress4 ,then there was the hot-water jacket1 which was an improvement on ,hadrot's hot air bath4 ,inventors that followed ,rumford have made light of the importance that he attached to scientific accuracy in coffee-making2 but it is interesting to note how many of the features of the ,de ,belloy1 ,hadrot1 and ,rumford pots have been retained in the modern complex coffee machines1 and in most of the filtration devices4 ,illustration3 ,,belgian1 ,,russian1 ,,and ,,french ,,pewter ,,serving ,,pots ,these are in the ,metropolitan ,museum and are of nineteenth century design ,french inventors continued to apply themselves to coffee-roasting and coffee-making problems1 and many new ideas were evolved4 ,some of these were improved upon by the ,dutch1 the ,germans1 and the ,italians2 but the best work in the line of improvements that have survived the test of time was done in ,england and the ,united ,states4 ,in #ahae1 ,sen was granted a ,french patent on a device to make coffee without boiling4 ,in #ahai1 ,laurens produced the original of the percolation device in which the boiling water is raised by a tube and sprayed over the ground coffee4 ,the same year ,morize1 a ,paris tinsmith and lamp-maker1 followed with a reversible1 double drip pot which was the pioneer of all the reversible filtration pots of ,europe and ,america4 ,gaudet1 another tinsmith1 in #ahbj1 patented an improvement on the percolator idea1 that employed a cloth filter4 ,by #ahbe1 the pumping percolator1 working by steam pressure and by partial vacuum1 was much used in ,france1 ,holland1 ,germany1 and ,austria4 ,meanwhile1 it was common practise to roast coffee in ,england in an iron pan or in hollow cylinders made of sheet iron2 while in ,italy1 the practise was to roast it in glass flasks1 which were fitted with loose corks4 ,the flasks were held over clear fires of burning coals and continually agitated4 ,anthony ,schick was granted an ,english patent in #ahab1 on a method1 or process1 for roasting coffee2 but as he never filed his specifications1 we shall probably never know what the process was4 ,the custom of the day in ,england was to pound the roasted beans in a mortar1 or to grind them in a ,french mill4 ,illustration3 ,,count ,,rumford',s ,,percolator ,in #ahbb1 ,louis ,bernard ,rabaut was granted an ,english patent in which the ,french drip process was reversed by using steam pressure to force the boiling water upward through the coffee mass4 ,casseneuve1 a ,paris tinsmith1 seems to have patented practically the same idea in ,france in #ahbd4 ,casseneuve employed a paper filter in his machine4 ,in ,america1 a ,united ,states patent was granted in #ahac to ,alexander ,duncan ,moore of ,new ,haven on a mill for grinding and pounding coffee4 ,this was followed by a patent granted to ,increase ,wilson1 of ,new ,london1 in #ahah1 on a steel mill for grinding coffee4 ,illustration3 ,,pewter ,,pots ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,and ,,eighteenth ,,centuries ,left to right1 they are ,german1 ,flemish1 ,english1 and ,dutch specimens in the ,metropolitan ,museum ,illustration3 ,,patent ,,drawings ,,of ,,early ,,french ,,coffee ,,makers ,left1 drip pot of #ahjf--,next two1 ,durant's inner-tube pot1 #ahbg--,next 7fourth71 ,gandais' first practicable percolator1 #ahbg--,right1 ,grandin ,crepeaux' percolator1 #ahcb ,in #ahae1 ,archibald ,kenrich was granted a patent in ,england on mills for grinding coffee4 ,the coffee biggin1 said to have been invented by a ,mr4 ,biggin1 came into common use in ,england for making coffee about #ahag4 ,it was usually an earthenware pot4 ,at first it had in the upper part a metal strainer like the ,french drip pots4 ,suspended from the rim in later models there was a flannel or muslin bag to hold the ground coffee1 through which the boiling water was poured1 the bag serving as a filter4 ,the idea was an adaptation of the ,french fustian infusion bag of #agaa1 and of other early ,french drip and filtration devices1 and it attained great popularity4 ,any coffee pot with such a bag fitted into its mouth came to be spoken of as a coffee biggin4 ,later1 there was evolved the metal pot with a wire strainer substituted for the cloth bag4 ,the coffee biggin still retains its popularity in ,england4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,french ,,filtration ,,devices ,left1 ,casseneuve's filter-paper machine1 #ahbd--;,center1 ,gaudet's cloth-filter pot1 #ahbj--,right1 ,raparlier's percolator ,while ,french inventors were busy with coffee makers1 ,english and ,american inventors were studying means to improve the roasting of the beans4 ,peregrine ,williamson1 of ,baltimore1 was granted the first patent in the ,united ,states for an improvement on a coffee roaster in #ahbj4 ,in #ahbd1 ,richard ,evans was granted a patent in ,england for a commercial method of roasting coffee1 comprising a cylindrical sheet-iron roaster fitted with improved flanges for mixing2 a hollow tube and trier for sampling coffee while roasting2 and a means for turning the roaster completely over to empty it4 ,the next year1 #ahbe1 the first coffee-pot patent in the ,united ,states was granted to ,lewis ,martelley of ,new ,york4 ,it marked the first ,american attempt to perfect an arrangement to condense the steam and the essential oils and to return them to the infusion4 ,in #ahch1 ,antoni ,bencini1 of ,milton1 ,n4,c41 was granted a similar patent in the ,united ,states4 ,rowland1 in #ahdd1 and ,waite and ,sener1 in their ,old ,dominion pot of #ahef1 tried for the same result1 namely1 the condensation of the steam in upper chambers4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,american ,,coffee-,,maker ,,patents ,left1 ,waite ,sener's ,old ,dominion pot--,right1 ,bencini's steam condenser ,the ,french meantime focused on coffee makers2 and in #ahbg1 ,jacques ,augustin ,gandais1 a manufacturer of plated jewelry in ,paris1 produced a really practicable pumping percolator4 ,this machine had the ascending steam tube on the exterior4 ,the same year1 #ahbg1 ,nicholas ,felix ,durant1 a manufacturer in ,chalons-sur-,marne1 was granted a ,french patent on a percolator employing for the first time an inner tube for spraying the boiling water over the ground coffee4 ,in #ahbh1 ,charles ,parker1 of ,meriden1 ,conn41 began work on the original ,parker coffee mill1 which later was to bring him fame and fortune4 ,the next year1 #ahbi1 the first ,french patent on a coffee mill was issued to ,colaux ,cie4 of ,molsheim4 ,that same year1 #ahbi1 the tablissements ,lauzaune1 ,paris1 began to make hand-turned iron-cylinder coffee-roasting machines4 ,in #ahca1 ,david ,selden was granted a patent in ,england for a coffee-grinding mill having cones of cast-iron4 ,the first ,parker coffee-grinder patent for a household coffee and spice mill was issued in the ,united ,states in #ahcb to ,edmund ,parker and ,herman ,m4 ,white of ,meriden1 ,conn4 ,the ,charles ,parker ,company's business was founded the same year4 ,in #ahcb and #ahcc1 ,united ,states patents were issued to ,ammi ,clark1 of ,berlin1 ,conn41 also on improved coffee and spice mills for home use4 ,amos ,ransom1 ,hartford1 ,conn41 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee roaster in #ahcc4 ,the ,english began exporting coffee-roasting and coffee-grinding machinery to the ,united ,states in #ahcc-cd4 ,illustration3 ,,french ,,coffee ,,makers1 ,,nineteenth ,,century #a1 #b--;,improved ,french drip pots4 #c--,persian design4 #d--;,de ,belloy pot4 #e--,russian reversible pot4 #f--,new filter machine4 #g--;,glass filter pot4 #h--,syphon machine4 #i--,vienna ,incomparable4 #aj--;,double glass balloon device ,illustration3 ,,first ,,english ,,commercial ,,coffee-,,roaster ,,patent1 #ahbd ,fig4 #a--;,end elevation4 ,fig4 #b--;,front sectional view4 ,fig4 #c--;,front elevation1 showing how the roasting cylinder was turned completely over to empty4 ,fig4 #d--,the examiner1 or trier4 ,fig4 #e--,tube 7,j7 to be inserted in ,h of ,fig4 #f to prevent escape of aroma ,it was not until #ahcf that the first ,french patent was issued on a combined coffee-roaster-and-grinder to ,franois ,rn ,lacoux of ,paris4 ,the roaster was made of porcelain1 because the inventor believed that metal imparted a bad taste to the beans while roasting4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,french ,,coffee-,,roasting ,,machines #a--;,delephine's coke machine4 #b--;,bernard's machine1 #ahda4 #c--;,circlet for same4 #d--,postulart's gas machine ,in #ahci1 ,james ,vardy and ,moritz ,platow were granted an ,english patent on a kind of urn percolator employing the vacuum process of coffee making1 the upper vessel being made of glass4 ,the first ,french patent on a glass coffee-making device1 using the same principle1 was granted to ,madame ,vassieux1 of ,lyons1 in #ahdb4 ,these were the forerunners of the double glass balloons for making coffee which later on1 in the early part of the twentieth century1 attained much vogue in the ,united ,states4 ,they were very popular in ,europe until the latter part of the nineteenth century4 ,in #ahci1 ,john ,rittenhouse1 of ,philadelphia1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a cast-iron mill designed to handle the problem of nails and stones in grinding coffee4 ,his improvement was intended to prevent injury to the grinding teeth by stopping the machine4 ,in #ahdj1 ,abel ,stillman1 ,poland1 ,n4,y41 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a family coffee roaster having a mica window to enable the operator to observe the coffee while roasting4 7,see #aj1 page #fcj47 ,in #ahda1 ,william ,ward ,andrews was granted an ,english patent on an improved coffee pot employing a pump to force the boiling water upward through the coffee1 which was contained in a perforated cylinder screwed to the bottom of the pot4 ,this was ,rabaut's idea of nineteen years before4 ,we find it again repeated in the ,united ,states in a machine which appeared on the ,new ,york market in #aijf4 ,illustration3 ,,battery ,,of ,,carter ,,pull-,,out ,,machines ,,in ,,an ,,early ,,american ,,plant ,in #ahda1 ,claude ,marie ,victor ,bernard1 of ,paris1 was granted a ,french patent on a coffee roaster1 which was an improvement designed to bring the roasting cylinder and the fire in closer contact4 ,this was accomplished1 to quote the quaint language of the inventor1 by applying movable legs and by superimposing a sheet iron circlet around the edge of the furnace to get double the quantity of heat and it presents so much advantage that it has seemed to me worthy of being patented4 7,see #d1 page #fbg47 ,but the ,french were only toying with the roaster1 because roasting in ,france was not yet a separate branch of business1 as it had become in ,england and the ,united ,states1 where keen minds were already at work on the purely commercial coffee-roasting machine4 ,the application of intensive thought in this direction was destined to bear fruit in ,america in #ahdf1 and in ,england in #ahdg4 ,french inventive genius continued to occupy itself with coffee making1 and in the invention of ,edward ,loysel de ,santais1 of ,paris1 in #ahdc1 produced the first of the ideas that were later incorporated in the hydrostatic percolator for making two thousand cups of coffee an hour#cfc at the exposition of #ahee1 and that has since been improved upon by the ,italians in their rapid-filter machines4 ,it should be noted that ,loysel's #b1jjj cups were probably demi-tasses4 ,the modern ,italian rapid-filter machine produces about #a1jjj large coffee cups per hour4 ,james ,w4 ,carter1 of ,boston1 was granted a ,united ,states patent in #ahdf on his pull-out roaster2 and this was the machine most generally employed for trade roasting in ,america for the next twenty years4 ,carter did not claim to have invented the combination of cylindrical roaster and furnace2 but he did claim priority for the combination1 with the furnace and roasting vessel1 of the air space1 or chamber1 surrounding it1 the same being for the purpose of preventing the too rapid escape of heat from the furnace when the air chamber's induction and eduction air openings or passages are closed4 ,the ,carter pull-out1 was so called because the roasting cylinder of sheet iron was pulled out from the furnace on a shaft supported by standards1 to be emptied or to be refilled from sliding doors in its sides4 ,it was in use for many years in such old-time plants as that of ,dwinell-,wright ,company1 #be ,haverhill ,street4 ,boston2 by ,james ,h4 ,forbes and ,william ,schotten in ,st4 ,louis2 and by ,d4,y4 ,harrison in ,cincinnati4 ,the picture of a roasting room with ,carter machines in operation1 reproduced here1 recalled to ,george ,s4 ,wright1 the present head of the ,dwinell-,wright ,company's business1 the scene as he saw it so many times when1 as a boy of ten or twelve1 he occasionally spent a day in his father's factory4 ,the only difference ,i notice1 he wrote the author1 is that1 according to my recollection1 there was no cooler box to receive the roasted coffee1 which was dumped on the floor where it was spread out three or four inches deep with iron rakes and sprinkled with a watering pot4 ,the contact of water and hot coffee caused so much steam that the roasting room was in a dense fog for several minutes after each batch of coffee was drawn from the fire4 ,a4,e4 ,forbes also thus recalled the ,carter machine in his father's factory in ,st4 ,louis in #ahec1 when he used to help after school2 and sometimes ran the roasters1 after #aheg3 ,it was barrel shaped1 having a slide the full length of one side to fill and empty4 ,a heavy shaft ran through the centre1 resting on the wall of the furnace at the rear end and on an upright about eight feet from the front wall4 ,the fire was about sixteen to eighteen inches below the cylinder and of soft coal4 ,the cylinder was not perforated1 the theory being to keep the vapors from escaping4#cfd ,this of course was erroneous4 ,the color of the smoke bursting from the edge of the slide was our medium of telling when the roasting process was nearing completion1 and often the cylinder was pulled out and opened for inspection several times before that point was reached4 ,when just right1 the belt was shifted to a loose pulley1 stopping the cylinder1 which1 was pulled off the fire4 ,a handle was attached to the shaft1 the slide drawn1 and the coffee was dumped into a wooden tray which had to be shoved under the cylinder4 ,the coffee was stirred around in the tray until cool enough to sack4 ,the roaster man had to be a husky in those days to pick up a sack of ,rio weighing about one hundred1 sixty to one hundred1 seventy-five pounds 7not a hundred1 thirty-two pounds1 as now7 and to empty it in the cylinder4 ,we had no overhead hoppers4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,english ,,and ,,american ,,coffee ,,roasters #a1 #b--;,english charcoal machines4 #c1 #e1 #h--;,american coal-stove roasters4 #d--,remington's wheel-of-buckets 7,american7 roaster1 #ahda4 #f--,wood's roaster4 #g--;,hyde's stove roaster4 #i--,reversible stove roaster4 #aj--;,abel ,stillman's stove roaster ,later we built in the rear and put in two cylinders of the ,chris ,abele type1 having stationary fronts and filling and emptying from the front end4 ,we still used soft coal1 with the fire sixteen to eighteen inches under the cylinder4 ,we had other machines made locally from the ,carter pattern4 ,the idea of the tight cylinder was to keep out smoke1 as well as to keep in the aroma4 ,i think we were the first to use perforations1 because ,i remember old ,jabez ,burns coming along after we put in one of his machines and remarking on it4444 ,we had a kind of mechanical genius for engineer at that time 7he also did the roasting7 and he conceived the idea that we ought to get rid of the moisture in the roasting coffee because it would cook quicker4 ,when the holes clogged up1 he put in loose pieces of wire bent at the ends which shook as the cylinder revolved and kept the holes open4 ,another thing1 he put a hole in the cylinder head and a stopper with a string on it so he could get out a few grains at a time to note the progress of the roasting--but he judged mostly by the smoke4 ,the cooling box was as ,i have described it1 but later we put in a perforated false bottom which let out some chaff and small stones4 ,on our first watering1 we pulled out the slide and dashed in a bucket of water1 then closed the slide and let it revolve outside the furnace4 ,this was hard on the cylinder1 so later we used the sprinkling can and put on water sparingly4 ,once we had a party that wanted to put in a soapstone lined roaster1 and another near us named ,salzgerber patented a superheated-steam roaster which was shaped like our modern milk bottle4 ,this was covered with asbestos and worked on a central bearing so it could be depressed for emptying and elevated for filling4 ,it did good work4 ,mr4 ,forbes' recollections of the early days of roasting and selling coffee at retail in ,st4 ,louis are so illuminating1 and paint so interesting a picture of the period that they are printed here to illustrate the conditions that prevailed generally at the time when the commercial roasting machine of the ,united ,states was being developed into the modern type4 ,he says further3 ,selling roasted coffee was uphill work1 as every one roasted coffee in the kitchen oven4 ,people were buying1 say1 at twenty cents4 ,our asking twenty-five cents roasted called for a lot of explanation about shrinkage1 tight cylinders so the strength and flavor could not get away1 etc42 while1 when they roasted a pound in the oven the flavor scented the whole house1 thus losing so much strength to say nothing of the unevenness of their roasts--part raw1 part roasted1 producing an unpleasant taste4 ,an occasional burned roast at home helped some4 ,they tell of a man who1 going out in the back yard and kicking over a clod by accident1 uncovered some burned coffee4 ,he called to his wife and wanted an explanation4 ,she acknowledged she had burnt it1 and hid it so he would not scold4 ,he said1 ,we had better buy it roasted in the future and avoid such accidents4 ,we roasted in the cellar4 ,we had an elaborately polished ,reed ,mann engine in one window1 two brass hoppered mills in the other1 and our boiler was under the sidewalk4 ,we had a mahogany-top counter1 oil paintings on the wall1 and bin fronts of ,chinamen1 etc41 done by the celebrated artist1 ,mat ,hastings 7now dead72 so you see we started right4 ,the fight we had to introduce roasted coffee was fierce4 ,our argument was on the saving of fuel1 labor1 temper1 scorched faces1 and anything we could think of4 ,we talked only three coffees1 ,rio1 ,java1 and ,mocha4 ,when ,santos began to come1 it was hard to change them over from the rank ,rio flavor to the more mild ,santos4 ,the latter they claimed did not have the rough taste4 ,they missed it and longed for the wild tang of the ,rio4 ,we did not import1 but bought in ,new ,orleans and from several local wholesale grocers4 ,no one delivered4 ,shipments were f4o4b4 ,st4 ,louis4 ,draying and packages were extra4 ,coffee was not cleaned or stoned1 but was sold as it came from the sack4 ,however1 we did not use any very low grades then4 ,if any one complained of the stones hurting their mills1 we advised them to buy ground coffee1 showing how it kept better ground as it was packed tight1 whereas the roasted was looser and the air could get through it4 ,it was fully a year or more before we began to sell in quantities to make it profitable4 ,in roasting for others1 we got a cent per pound2 and after awhile1 that became so much a business it paid all our expenses4 ,we were the first to roast coffee by steam power west of the ,mississippi and east of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,the tea department helped us to hold out until coffee got its hold on the public2 for in those days every one used tea and insisted on having it good4 ,price was no object4 ,how different now6 ,five years later 7#ahfb7 ,j4 ,nevison1 an ,englishman1 drifted into town and opened at #he ,north ,fourth ,street4 ,he got out a very bombastic circular which caused us to put out the one ,i enclose 7illustration1 page #dcf74 ,then came a party named ,childs2 and after him1 ,hugh ,menown1 grand-uncle of the present ,menown1 of ,menown ,gregory2 and ,mat ,hunt2 all passed over to the ,great ,majority4 ,after the ,civil ,war they multiplied pretty fast1 coming and going until now we have nineteen roasting establishments in the city4 ,the late ,julius ,j4 ,schotten also wrote the author as follows concerning the days of the ,carter roaster and of the wholesale coffee-roasting business founded by ,william ,schotten in #ahfb3 ,in the early days1 every wholesale grocer was selling coffee2 the wholesale grocer controlled ninety percent of the trade in the country4 ,it did not pay the coffee roaster to have men on the road selling coffee in those days4 ,such being the case1 seventy-five percent of the roasting done by the coffee roasters was job roasting1 at one cent a pound4 ,in the beginning there were only two kinds of roasted coffee known to the trade in this section of the country 7,st4 ,louis7 and of course one of these brands was ,rio--the other2 ,java4 ,the former was a genuine ,rio1 but the ,java was mostly ,jamaica coffee4 ,roasted coffee then was packed 7for city trade7 in five and ten pound packages1 and this size package seemed to supply the wants of the ordinary grocer for a week4 ,occasionally a twenty-five pound package1 and in a few instances as much as fifty pounds of one grade was sold at a time4 ,the class of customers the coffee roasters sold in those days were the smaller merchants2 the larger stores1 having their ideas as to quality1 bought their coffees green4 ,as they had very little sale for the roasted1 they would send a half-sack1 and sometimes a whole sack to have it roasted4 ,it took a number of years to induce the larger grocers1 and even the average grocers1 to purchase their coffee already roasted4 ,coffees were roasted in the old style1 pull-out roaster cylinder4 ,that is to say1 it was necessary to stop the roaster and to pull out the cylinder to sample the coffee in order to know when to take the coffee off the fire4 ,when the coffee was ready to take off1 the cylinder was pulled out its entire length4 ,it was then turned over and a slide nine inches wide1 running the full length of the cylinder1 was opened and the contents were dumped in the cooling box4 ,when the coffee reached the cooling box1 it took two men with hoes or wooden shovels to stir and turn it until it was properly cooled1 there being no cooling arrangements then as we have nowadays4 ,at that time there were no stoning or separating machines2 and as a bag of the ordinary green ,jamaica coffee contained from three to five pounds of stones and sticks1 it was necessary to hand-pick the coffee after it was roasted4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,foreign ,,and ,,american ,,coffee-,,making ,,devices #a--;,english adaptation of ,french boiler4 #b--;,english coffee biggin4 #c--;,improved ,rumford percolator4 #d--;,jones's exterior-tube percolator4 #e--,parker's steam-fountain coffee maker4 #f--,platow's filterer4 #g--;,brain's ,vacuum1 or pneumatic filter4 #h--;,beart's percolator4 #i--;,american coffee biggin4 #aj--;cloth-bag drip pot4 #aa--,vienna coffee pot4 #ab--,le ,brun's cafetire4 #ac--,reversible ,potsdam cafetire4 #ad1 #ae--;,gen4 ,hutchinson's percolator and urn4 #af--;,etruscan biggin ,after ,carter1 the next ,united ,states coffee-roaster patent was granted to ,j4,r4 ,remington1 of ,baltimore1 on a roaster employing a wheel of buckets to move the green coffee beans singly through a charcoal heated trough4 ,it never became a commercial success4 7,see #d1 page #fcj47 ,in #ahdg-dh1 ,william and ,elizabeth ,dakin were granted patents in ,england on an apparatus for cleaning and roasting coffee and for making decoctions4 ,the roaster specification covered a gold1 silver1 platinum1 or alloy-lined roasting cylinder and traversing carriage on an overhead railway to move the roaster in and out of the roasting oven2 and the decoction specification covered an arrangement for twisting a cloth-bag ground-coffee-container in a coffee biggin1 or applied a screw motion to a disk within a perforated cylinder containing the ground coffee1 so as to squeeze the liquid out of the grounds after infusion had taken place4 ,the roaster has survived1 but the coffee maker was not so fortunate4 ,the ,dakin idea was that coffee was injuriously affected by coming in contact with iron during the roasting process4 ,the roasting cylinder was enclosed in an oven instead of being directly exposed to the furnace heat4 ,the apparatus was provided also with a taster1 or sampler1 the first of its kind1 to enable the operator to examine the roasting berries without stopping the machine4 ,as will be seen by referring to the picture of the model shown1 the apparatus was ingenious and not without considerable merit4 ,dakin ,co4 are still in existence in ,london1 operating a machine very like the original model4 ,in #ahdh1 ,thomas ,john ,knowlys was granted a patent in ,england on a perforated roasting cylinder coated with enamel4 ,it is to be noted in passing that this idea of handling the green bean with extreme delicacy1 evidently obtained from the ,french1 was never taken seriously in the ,united ,states1 whose inventors chose to handle it with rough courage4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,dakin ,,roasting ,,machine ,,of #ahdh ,the first ,english patent on a coffee grinder was granted to ,luke ,herbert in #ahdh4 ,in #ahdi1 ,apoleoni ,pierre ,preterre1 of ,havre1 was granted an ,english patent on a coffee roaster mounted on a weighing apparatus to indicate loss of weight in roasting and automatically stop the roasting process4 ,at the same time he secured an ,english patent on a vacuum percolator1 not unlike ,durant's of #ahbg4 ,in #ahdi also1 ,thomas ,r4 ,wood1 of ,cincinnati1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a spherical coffee roaster for use on kitchen stoves4 ,it attained considerable popularity among housewives who preferred to do their own roasting4 7,see #f1 page #fcj47 ,in #aheb1 ,edward ,gee secured a patent in ,england on a coffee roaster fitted with inclined flanges for turning the beans while roasting4 ,c4,w4 ,van ,vliet1 of ,fishkill ,landing1 ,n4,y41 was granted a ,united ,states patent in #ahee on a household coffee mill employing upper breaking and lower grinding cones4 ,he assigned it to ,charles ,parker of ,meriden1 ,conn4 ,in #ahfj-fa several ,united ,states patents were granted ,john and ,edmund ,parker on coffee grinders for home use4 ,in #ahfb1 ,e4,j4 ,hyde1 of ,philadelphia1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a combined coffee-roaster and stove fitted with a crane on which the roasting cylinder was revolved and swung out horizontally for emptying and refilling4 ,this machine proved to be a commercial success4 ,benedickt ,fischer used one in his first roasting plant in ,new ,york4 ,it is still being manufactured by the ,bramhall ,deane ,company of ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,globular ,,stove ,,roaster ,,of #ahfj ,illustration3 ,,hyde',s ,,combined ,,roaster ,,and ,,stove ,in #ahfd1 ,jabez ,burns1 of ,new ,york1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on the original ,burns coffee roaster1 the first machine which did not have to be moved away from the fire for discharging the roasted coffee1 and one that marked a distinct advance in the manufacture of coffee-roasting apparatus4 ,it was a closed iron cylinder set in brickwork4 7,see illustration1 page #fce47 ,jabez ,burns had been a student of coffee roasting in ,new ,york for twenty years before he produced the machine that was to revolutionize the coffee business of the ,united ,states4 ,he had brought with him from ,england a knowledge of the trade in that country1 where he first began his business training by selling ,java coffee at fourteen cents and ,sumatra at eleven cents to hotels1 boarding-houses1 and private families4 ,up to the time of the ,civil ,war1 the contrivances employed for roasting coffee in every case necessitated the removal of the roasting apparatus--whether pan1 globe1 or cylinder--from the fire4 ,the process of causing coffee to discharge from the end of the roasting cylinder at the pleasure of the operator while the cylinder was still in motion was new2 and the double set of flanges to produce this effect1 and at the same time1 during the process of roasting1 to keep the coffee equally distributed from end to end of the cylinder1 was new4 ,some one suggested this last improvement was simply an ,archimedean screw placed in a cylinder1 but ,mr4 ,burns replied3 ,it is a double screw1 a thing never suggested by the ,archimedean screw4 ,it is1 in fact1 a double right and left augur1 one within the other1 firmly secured together and also to the shell or cylinder1 and when the cylinder revolves the desired result is obtained--the idea being entirely original4 ,mr4 ,burns had watched the development of the coffee business from the time when the preparation of coffee was largely confined to the home1 where the approved roasting implements were hot stones1 or tiles1 iron plates1 skillets1 and frying pans4 ,some of these were still in use twenty years after he produced his first machine2 and he often said that coffee evenly roasted by such methods was just as good as if done by the best mechanical device ever invented4 ,he also said3 ,coffee can be roasted in very simple machinery4 ,some of the best we ever saw was done in a corn popper4 ,patent portable roasters are almost as numerous as rat traps or churns4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,original ,,burns ,,roaster1 #ahfd ,he early saw the practise of domestic roasting falling into disuse1 as it was becoming possible to supply the consumer with roasted coffee for only a trifle more than in the green state1 with all the labor and annoyance of roasting done away with--a talking point that ,john ,arbuckle was quick to seize upon in his first ,ariosa advertising4 ,in almost every town of any size there were concerns engaged in the roasting business4 ,within a few years1 ,burns machines were placed in all the principal roasting centers4 ,pupke ,reid in ,new ,york2 ,flint1 ,evans ,co41 and ,james ,h4 ,forbes in ,st4 ,louis2 ,arbuckles ,co41 in ,pittsburgh2 the ,weikel ,smith ,spice ,co4 in ,philadelphia2 ,theodore ,f4 ,johnson ,co41 in ,newark2 ,evans ,walker in ,detroit2 ,w4 ,j4,g4 ,flint in ,milwaukee2 and ,parker ,harrison in ,cincinnati1 were among his first customers4 ,it is said that in #ahde there were facilities in and around ,new ,york to roast as much coffee as was then consumed in ,great ,britain4 ,steam power was being extensively used1 and the roasting was done here for a large part of the country4 ,the habit was to buy roasted coffee from the coffee and spice mills by the bag or larger quantity for country consumption2 and the grocers and small tea stores1 for local consumption1 bought from twenty-five pounds upward at a time4 ,this method cheapened the roasting of coffee to half a cent a pound2 and then good profits could be made1 for everything was cheap in those days4 ,even at that1 it would have been impossible for each tea dealer to have roasted his own coffee for several times the amount1 so the practise was generally adhered to all over the country4 ,jabez ,burns wrote in #ahgd3 ,it is preposterous to suppose that household roasting will be continued long in any part of this country1 if coffee properly prepared can be had4 ,this is demonstrated by the remarkable advances made in ,pittsburgh and other places1 where only a few years ago the sales were chiefly in green coffee4 ,now the amount roasted in ,pittsburgh alone by those who make a business of it1 exceeds the entire consumption of coffee of any kind in the ,united ,states fifty years ago4 ,it will never pay for small stores to roast if the large manufactories will do the work well1 and if they will not1 small dealers will add proper machinery1 and will eventually become strong competing dealers4 ,by doing the work with proper care they will not only secure a reputation with large sales for themselves1 but will command the roasting for other parties4 ,until the ,burns roaster appeared1 coffee roasters were usually cylinders that revolved upon an axis2 the other devices that were tried were not successful4 ,jabez ,burns thus describes the first roaster he ever saw at ,hull1 ,england3 ,it consisted of a furnace1 open at the top1 and a perforated cylinder with a slide door4 ,the axis1 or shaft1 of the cylinder had bearings on a frame which passed outside the furnace1 while the cylinder went down into the fire pit1 the top of which could be covered over4 ,in this position it could be turned by means of a crank on the end of a shaft ,the only means of testing was by the escape of the steam or aroma1 whichever predominated1 passing out through the perforations at the top2 but so expert was the operator and so quick to detect the aroma1 that he seldom had to return the cylinder to the fire to produce a satisfactory roast4 ,this man roasted fifty pounds or less in a batch for a number of retail stores4 ,globes1 consisting of two hemispheres1 made of cast-iron and so arranged that they opened to fill and discharge1 but operated substantially as above1 only with the method of lowering into the fire changed somewhat1 ,i have seen in use in ,scotland in #ahdj4 ,they were called ,french roasters4 ,in this country a few years ago the use of the long sheet-iron cylinder was almost universal1 varying only in the method of placing the cylinder over the fire--some sideways on a track1 others endwise1 sliding on a long shaft or by turning on a crane1 in either case causing considerable labor and loss of time1 which often resulted in the hands of the inexperienced in more or less spoiling the batch of coffee4 ,from his expert knowledge of coffee and coffee-roasting problems1 ,jabez ,burns quickly rose to a commanding position in the industry4 ,he was a trade teacher and a trade builder4 ,he had very definite ideas on roasting4 ,he said3 ,the object of roasting is not attained until all the moisture 7water of vegetation7 is driven off4 ,roast properly--uniformly and sufficiently--and you will get all the aroma there is in the bean4 ,coffees of various kinds can not be roasted to a uniform color4 ,some will be of a light shade when sufficiently roasted while others will have to be roasted dark to develop the aroma4 ,therefore1 appearance alone is not a proper test4 ,aroma-saving devices have had their day4 ,coffee is of no use unless the aroma is fully developed1 and the more it is developed by roasting the better it is4 ,what passes off in the roasting process can not be saved and is so small that if all of it in the country could be collected and freed of all foreign matter1 it would not weigh an ounce4 ,roast coffee over a slow fire so that it will be an hour before it has the color of roasted coffee1 and1 in contrast1 produce in another batch of like quantity the same color in thirty minutes1 and it will be found for all intended purposes1 either to grind1 sell or drink1 that the latter will be1 beyond all comparison1 the best4 ,coffee should be roasted uniform and as quickly as possible1 only it must not be scorched or spotted1 otherwise it will have a bitter burned taste4 ,if roasted properly it will very considerably increase its bulk and will be plump1 swelled out and crisp2 easily crushed in the hand or between the fingers4 ,in his ,spice ,mill ,companion1 published in #ahgi1 ,jabez ,burns said further in regard to roasting3 ,all coffees do not roast alike2 some will be a bright light color when done1 and others will be dark before done4 ,there are two infallible rules1 which if properly appreciated and tried will prove to be practically useful4 ,one is1 when the aroma is sufficiently developed to produce a sharp1 cutting1 but aromatic sensation in the nose4 ,those who practice that way do not need to see the roast4 ,the other rule is that when a berry is broken it is crisp and uniform in color inside and out4 ,those who are accustomed to this method may be good coffee roasters1 albeit they may not have any nose at all4 ,but we must state in this connection1 that a man who has no smell and is color blind is not a fit candidate for the coffee roasting profession2 and1 moreover1 we affirm that any person who can not roast coffee1 so far as judgment is concerned1 after a few trials1 will never make a good operator4 ,illustration3 ,,burns ,,granulating ,,mill1 #ahgb-gd ,in #ahfg1 ,jabez ,burns was granted a ,united ,states patent on an improved coffee cooler1 mixer1 and grinding mill1 or granulator4 ,another granulator patent was issued to him in #ahgb4 ,mr4 ,burns had also given the subject of cooling coffees considerable study1 and his cooler was the result4 ,he argued that it was necessary to cool quickly4 ,before his day1 various methods had been employed1 such as placing the coffee in revolving drums covered with wire cloth4 ,sometimes a draft of cold air was applied to the cooling drums1 and the dirt and chaff blown through the wire cloth4 ,it was also customary in wholesale establishments to blow cold air up through a perforated bottom1 and this had been found effective when properly applied4 ,the ,burns idea was to cool by means of suction1 causing a downward draft through the coffee and wire-cloth bottomed box1 which was found to be more uniform and efficient for cooling purposes1 as well as in controlling smoke1 heat1 and dust1 which by this means could be blown out of the roasting room by any convenient outlet4 ,on the subject of grinding1 likewise1 ,mr4 ,burns had reached some definite conclusions4 ,the ,french and ,english lap and wall mills1 the ,english steel mills1 and the ,swift mills were all used in the ,united ,states4 ,troemner's1 the ,enterprise1 and others--to be mentioned later in chronological order--were extending their use in a retail way2 but ,jabez ,burns confined his attention to a practicable mill for wholesale grinding establishments4 ,for manufacturing purposes1 burstone mills were for many years exclusively employed1 especially one first known as the ,prentiss ,page1 and later as the ,page mill4 ,there was a time when all the coffee establishments in ,new ,york sent their coffee to ,prentiss ,page to be ground4 ,some of the places roasted by hand1 others by horse power2 and if by steam1 it was limited1 and they did not have enough to spare for grinding4 ,with the march of improvement1 burstone mills went into the discard4 ,the difficulty lay in finding men experienced in stone dressing to run them2 and the demand grew for a better style of grinding than could be done in a mill out of face and balance4 ,this demand was met in an altogether different style of machine1 which for twenty-five years was well known as the ,barbor mill4 ,it was for improvements on this mill that ,jabez ,burns in #ahfg1 #ahgb1 and #ahgd obtained his granulator patents4 ,the mill comprised cutters in the form of an iron roller running in near contact with a concave1 also of iron1 and a revolving cylinder provided with sieves1 or screens1 that received the ground material1 rolled it over the wire surface1 sifting out the fine and discharging the coarse automatically into the cutter1 to be again manipulated until it was fine enough to pass through the meshes of the screen4 ,jabez ,burns patented an improved form of his roaster in #ahha1 and a sample-coffee roaster in #ahhc1 before he died in #ahhh2 and since that time his sons1 who continue the business1 have perfected a number of improvements and brought out new machines which will be referred to in chronological order4 ,james ,h4 ,nason1 of ,franklin1 ,mass41 was granted a ,united ,states patent in #ahfe on a percolator with fluid joints4 ,p4,h4 ,vanderweyde1 of ,philadelphia1 was granted ,united ,states patents in #ahff on a percolator and a continuous coffee-filtering machine4 ,raparlier was granted a ,french patent on a pocket coffee-making device in #ahfg4 ,in later years1 his invention became very popular among ,french coffee drinkers4 ,it was one of the early practicable forms of double-glass-globe filtration devices4 ,e4,b4 ,manning of ,middletown1 ,conn41 was granted his first patent on a tea and coffee pot in #ahfh4 ,others followed in #ahgj and #ahgf4 ,in the latter year1 ,john ,bowman brought out the valve-type percolator which subsequently attained great favor in ,american households4 ,thomas ,smith ,son 7,elkington ,company1 ,ltd41 successors7 began to manufacture at ,glasgow1 ,scotland1 about #ahgj1 the ,napierian vacuum coffee machine which had been invented in #ahdj--;but never patented--by ,robert ,napier of the celebrated firm of ,clyde shipbuilders4 ,this machine makes coffee by distillation and filtration4 ,it employs a metal globe1 and a brewer from which the coffee is syphoned over into the globe through a tube1 around the strainer-end of which1 as it rests in the coffee liquid in the brewer1 there is tied a filter cloth4 ,it is still being manufactured by ,elkington ,company4 ,illustration3 ,,napier',s ,,vacuum ,,machine1 #ahdj ,thomas ,page1 a ,new ,york millwright1 began the manufacture of a pull-out coffee roaster similar to the old ,carter machine1 in #ahfh4 ,later1 ,chris ,abele1 who was foreman in the ,page shop1 succeeded to the business2 and in #ahhb1 he was granted a ,united ,states patent on an improvement on a coffee roaster similar to the original ,burns machine 7the patent had then expired7 which he marketed under the name of ,knickerbocker4 ,german ,coffee ,machinery ,the ,germans first began to show an active interest in coffee machinery in #ahfj4 ,in that year1 ,alexius ,van ,gulpen1 of ,emmerich1 produced a green-coffee grader2 and later 7#ahfh71 in partnership with ,j4,h4 ,lensing and ,theodore von ,gimborn1 began the manufacture of coffee-roasting machines4 ,from this start there developed in ,emmerich quite an industry in coffee-machinery building4 ,in #ahgj1 ,alexius ,van ,gulpen introduced to the ,german trade a globular coffee roaster employing wood and coke as fuel and having perforations and an exhauster4 ,van ,gulpen and von ,gimborn are the two names most often met with in the development of ,german coffee-roasting machinery4 ,the first recorded ,german patent on a coffee roaster was issued to ,g4 ,tubermann's ,son in #ahgg1 for a coffee burner with vertically adjusted stirring works4 ,german patents were issued in #ahgh to ,r4 ,muhlberg1 of ,taucha1 for coffee roasters with movable partitions and screw-shaped declining walls4 ,six roaster patents were issued to other inventors in #ahgh-gi4 ,peter ,pearson1 of ,manchester1 took out a ,german patent on a coffee-roasting apparatus in #ahhj4 ,fleury ,barker1 of ,london1 were granted a coffee-roaster patent in ,germany in #ahha4 ,after #ahgj1 ,van ,gulpen devoted himself to the cylinder type of roaster1 on which he obtained several patents4 ,the partnership between ,messrs4 ,van ,gulpen1 ,lensing and von ,gimborn was dissolved in #aijf4 ,they were succeeded by the ,emmericher ,maschinenfabrik und ,eissengiesserei1 and ,van ,gulpen ,co4 ,van ,gulpen died in #aibj4 ,among his inventions were a circular air fan to supply fresh air to the beans while roasting2 a fire-dampening device2 roasting and cooling exhausters2 and a withdrawable mixer remaining inside the cylinder during the roasting process1 but designed to be withdrawn at the end1 discharging the contents with a jerk into a circular cooler4 ,these improvements are featured in ,van ,gulpen ,co4's latest ,meteor machine4 ,they make also the ,typhoon and ,comet machines1 and a line of globular roasters4 ,a dozen coffee-roaster patents were issued in ,germany in #ahhj-hb4 ,among them was one to the ,emmerich ,machine ,factory and ,iron ,foundry1 ,van ,gulpen1 ,lensing von ,gimborn1 ,emmerich1 in #ahhb4 ,illustration3 ,,german ,,gas ,,and ,,coal ,,roasting ,,machines ,left1 ,perfekt gas roaster--,right1 ,probat coal roaster ,numerous coffee-cooling1 coffee-grinding1 and coffee-making devices were patented in ,germany from #ahgg to #ahhe2 among them ,newstadt's coffee-extract machine in #ahhb1 safety attachments1 rapid filters1 ,vienna coffee makers1 etc4 ,the first ,vienna coffee maker seems to have been patented in ,germany in #ahgi4 ,the ,emmerich ,machine ,factory and ,iron ,foundry acquired certain ,danish and ,austrian coffee-roaster patents in #ahha1 and in #ahib it was granted a ,german patent on a ball roaster4 ,in the eighties this concern began the manufacture of a closed ball1 or globular1 roaster with gas-heater attachment4 ,it acquired1 in #ahhi1 the rights for ,germany to manufacture gas roasters under the ,dutch ,henneman patents of #ahhh4 ,in #ahib1 ,theodore von ,gimborn was granted ,french and ,english patents on a coffee roaster employing a naked gas flame in a rotary cylinder4 ,in #ahig1 the ,emmericher concern was granted a ,german patent on an automatic circular tipping cooler with power drive4 ,today1 this factory features the ,probat and ,perfekt roasters1 but manufactures a general line of cylinder and ball machines for coal1 coke1 and gas4 ,among others engaged in the manufacture of coffee machines in ,germany are ,g4 ,w4 ,barth1 ,ludwigsburg1 and ,ferd4 ,gothot1 ,mulheim on ,rhur4 ,the latter manufactures a coke or gas heated quick-roaster known as the ,ideal-,rapid1 and a smaller hand-power machine1 of the same type1 called ,favour4 ,illustration3 ,,other ,,german ,,coffee ,,roasters ,left1 globular machine--,right1 ,meteor quick-roasting outfit ,american1 ,french1 and ,british ,machines ,in #ahfi1 lie ,moneuse and ,l4 ,duparquet1 of ,new ,york1 were granted three ,united ,states patents on a coffee pot or urn made of sheet copper and lined with pure sheet block tin4 ,these patents were the foundation of the successful coffee-urn business afterward built up under the name of the ,duparquet1 ,huot ,moneuse ,co4 ,thomas ,smith ,son 7,elkington ,co41 ,ltd41 successors7 began1 in #ahgj1 the manufacture of the ,napierian coffee-making machine at ,glasgow1 ,scotland4 ,this was a device for making coffee by distillation1 employing a metal globe syphon and brewer with filter cloth4 ,the principle was subsequently used in the ,napier-,list steam coffee machine for ships and institutions1 patented in ,england in #ahia4 ,john ,gulick ,baker1 of ,philadelphia1 one of the founders of the ,enterprise ,manufacturing ,co4 of ,pennsylvania1 was granted a ,united ,states patent in #ahgj1 on a coffee grinder introduced to the trade as the ,enterprise ,champion ,no4 #a store mill4 ,another ,baker patent was granted in #ahgc1 and this became known as the ,enterprise ,champion ,globe ,no4 #j4 ,these mills were the pioneer machines for store use4 ,in #ahgj1 ,delphine1 ,sr41 of ,marourme1 ,france1 was granted a ,french patent on a tubular coffee roaster which turned over a flame4 ,in the sixties and seventies1 ,french inventors became quite active on coffee-roaster improvements4 ,many patents were granted1 and quite a few were for practical small-capacity machines that have survived1 and are in use today in ,france and on the continent4 ,some supplied inspiration for inventors in neighboring countries4 ,among the more notable names1 mention should be made of ,martin1 of ,st4 ,quentin1 who produced a sheet-iron cylinder roaster with interior gatherer in #ahfj2 ,marchand1 of ,paris1 fan roaster with movable fire box1 #ahff and #ahfi2 ,lauzaune1 ,paris1 rocking system of roasting coffee in a round stove1 #ahgc2 ,ittel's glass sphere1 ,lyons1 #ahgd2 and ,marchand and ,hignette1 ,paris1 #ahgg1 a ball coffee roaster4 ,evolution of the ,gas ,roaster ,according to the patent records1 ,roure1 of ,marseilles1 appears to have produced the original gas coffee roaster in #ahgg4 ,the evolution of the gas roasting-machine was as follows3 ,in #ahgi1 ,h4 ,faulder1 of ,stockport1 ,england1 obtained an ,english patent on an external air-blast burner applied to a cylinder gas machine1 which is still being manufactured by the ,grocers ,engineering and ,whitmee1 ,ltd41 of ,london4 ,fleury and ,barker1 of ,london1 followed with another ,english gas machine in #ahhj1 the heat being supplied from gas jets over the roasting cylinder4 ,in #ahha1 ,peter ,pearson1 of ,manchester1 produced a gas roaster which consisted of a wire-gauze cylinder revolving under a metal plate heated by gas4 ,illustration3 ,,original ,,enterprise ,,mill ,beeston ,tupholme1 of ,london1 was granted an ,english patent in #ahhg1 on a direct-flame gas roaster which he assigned to ,joseph ,baker ,sons4 ,karel ,f4 ,henneman1 the ,hague1 ,netherlands1 took out his first patent on the ,henneman direct-flame gas roaster in ,spain in #ahhh2 and the following year1 he obtained patents in ,belgium1 ,france1 and ,england4 ,his ,united ,states patents were granted in #ahic-ie4 ,postulart secured a patent in ,france for a gas coffee roaster in #ahhh4 ,the ,germans also began1 in the eighties1 to take the quick gas coffee roaster seriously4 ,in #ahhi1 ,carl ,alexander ,otto1 of ,dresden1 secured a ,german patent on a spiral tubular machine to roast coffee in three and a half minutes4 ,it was first manufactured and sold by ,max ,thurmer1 of ,dresden1 in #ahia-ic4 ,illustration3 ,,max ,,thurmer',s ,,quick ,,gas ,,roaster ,illustration3 ,,loading ,,coffee ,,on ,,zamboeks ,,at ,,hodeida ,these boats then transfer their cargoes to steamships lying in the roads ,illustration3 ,,picturesque ,,camel ,,and ,,bullock ,,carts ,used for local coffee transport in ,aden and ,hodeida ,illustration3 ,,primitive ,,transportation ,,methods ,,in ,,arabia ,the subject of quick roasting has greatly agitated ,german and ,french coffee men4 ,otto found that coffee roasted in small quantities 7say fifty grams7 on a sample-roaster produced a finer flavor and aroma than that roasted in the big machines4 ,he set out to produce a machine that would roast continuous small quantities in the shortest time4 ,he built the first commercial machine under his patent in #ahic4 ,it was shown at the ,international ,food ,exhibition in ,dresden in #ahid4 ,the latest type manufactured by ,max ,thurmer1 ,dresden1 in which firm ,otto is a partner1 has a spiral five meters long and an hourly production of about #dej pounds4 ,the ,thurmer machine1 as it is called1 has been sold to the trade since #aiad4 ,quick roasting is gone in for quite extensively in ,germany1 even in the big trade-roasting plants1 where machines to roast in ten to seventeen minutes are common4 ,natural1 slow cooling is most necessary with quick roasting1 according to ,thurmer4 ,on the other hand1 ,a4 ,mottant1 of ,paris1 who also manufactures a line of quick gas-roasting machines1 called ,magic1 argues that quick cooling is essential after quick roasting4 ,three of the ,mottant machines are illustrated on pages #fdb and #fdd4 ,other quick-roasting machines of ,german make are the ,combinator1 ,tornado1 and ,rekord4 ,in a lecture before the ,society of ,medical ,officers of ,health1 ,london1 ,october #bd1 #aiab1 ,william ,lawton demonstrated to the satisfaction of his audience that coffee could be roasted in #c minutes1 using a perforated gas-roaster of his own invention4#cfe ,the first direct-flame gas coffee roaster in ,america was installed in the plant of the ,potter-,parlin ,co41 ,new ,york1 by ,f4,t4 ,holmes1 in #ahic4 ,this was ,tupholme's machine1 patented in ,england in #ahhg1 and in the ,united ,states in #ahif-ig4 ,the ,potter-,parlin ,co4 subsequently placed the ,tupholme machines throughout the ,united ,states on a daily rental basis1 limiting its leases to one firm in a city1 having obtained the exclusive ,american rights from the ,waygood1 ,tupholme ,co41 now the ,grocers ,engineering and ,whitmee1 ,ltd4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,english ,,gas ,,coffee-,,roasting ,,plant ,the machines are the ,morewood 7,improved ,faulder7 sliding-burner indirect type ,natural gas was first used in the ,united ,states as fuel for roasting coffee in #ahif1 when it was introduced under coal roasting cylinders in ,pennsylvania and ,indiana by improvised gas burners4 ,illustration3 ,,french ,,globular ,,roaster ,edwin ,crawley and ,w4,t4 ,johnston1 ,newport1 ,ky41 assignors to the ,potter-,parlin ,co41 ,new ,york1 were granted four ,united ,states patents on gas coffee-roasting machines4 ,in #ahig1 a special gas burner1 not to be confused with the direct-flame machine1 was first attached to a regular ,burns roaster in the ,united ,states1 and was made the basis of application for a patent4 ,in #ahig-ii1 ,david ,b4 ,fraser1 of ,new ,york1 began to market in the ,united ,states a central-heated gas-fuel machine with an inner wire-cloth cylinder to keep the coffee from dropping into the flame1 developed under ,united ,states patents granted to ,carl ,h4 ,duehring1 of ,hoboken1 in #ahig1 and to ,d4,b4 ,fraser in #ahii4 ,m4,f4 ,hamsley1 of ,brooklyn1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on an improved direct-flame gas roaster in #ahih4 ,ellis ,m4 ,potter1 ,new ,york1 was granted in #ahii1 a ,united ,states patent on an improved direct-flame gas roaster in which the flame was spread over a large area to avoid scorching and to insure a more thorough and uniform roast4 ,in the ,tupholme machine1 the gas flame entered at one end1 and the smoke and flame went out through a stack on top4 ,in the ,potter machine1 the stack was put on the end opposite the gas intake1 with a fan to pull the flame all the way through4 ,the ,burns direct-flame gas roaster1 with patented swing-gate head for feeding and discharging1 was introduced to the trade in #aijj4 ,the ,burns gas sample-roaster followed4 ,in #aija1 ,joseph ,lambert1 of ,marshall1 ,mich41 introduced to the trade one of the earliest indirect gas roasting machines4 ,in #aija1 also1 ,t4,c4 ,morewood1 of ,brentford1 ,england1 was granted an ,english patent on a gas roaster fitted with a sliding burner and a removable sampling tube4 ,this machine is now being made by the ,grocers ,engineering and ,whitmee1 ,ltd4 ,in the same year1 #aija1 ,f4,t4 ,holmes1 formerly with the ,potter-,parlin ,co41 joined the ,huntley ,manufacturing ,co41 ,silver ,creek1 ,n4,y41 which then began to build the ,monitor direct-flame gas coffee roaster4 ,mr4 ,holmes still further improved the ,tupholme idea by putting gas burners in both ends of the roasting cylinder1 with the pipes bent down so as to cause the gas flame to go first to the bottom and then up to the stack on top4 ,this improvement was never patented4 ,illustration3 ,,sirocco ,,machine 7,,french7 ,the ,henneman direct-flame gas roaster was introduced to the ,united ,states trade in #aije1 by ,c4,a4 ,cross ,co41 wholesale grocers1 of ,fitchburg1 ,mass4 ,it was marketed here seven years1 but was never a great success4 ,illustration3 ,,english ,,roasting ,,and ,,grinding ,,equipment ,showing one #afh-pound ,simplex gas roaster1 with a ,rapid disk grinding machine having a capacity of #cjj to #djj pounds per hour ,in #aijf1 ,f4,t4 ,holmes was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee roaster which he assigned to the ,huntley ,manufacturing ,co4 ,j4,c4 ,prims1 of ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 was granted a ,united ,states patent in #aijh1 on a corrugated cylinder improvement for a gas and coal roaster designed for retail stores4 ,the ,a4,j4 ,deer ,co41 ,hornell1 ,n4,y41 acquired this machine in #aiji1 and began to market it as the ,royal coffee roaster4 ,an improvement patented in #aiae by ,j4,c4 ,prims was assigned to the ,a4,j4 ,deer ,co4 ,in #aiae1 and again in #aiai1 ,jabez ,burns ,sons1 ,new ,york1 patented their ,jubilee roaster1 an inner-heated machine in which the gas is burned inside a revolving cylinder in a combustion chamber protected from direct coffee contact4 ,the heat is deflected downward and then passes upward through the coffee4 ,in #aiai1 ,william ,fullard 7d4 #aiba71 of ,philadelphia1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a heated fresh air system roaster1 in which the fresh air is forced by an electric fan through a pipe to a set of coils over gas1 coal1 or oil flame4 ,at the top of the coils is a manifold1 the hot air being forced through small holes to circulate in and around a regulation perforated roasting cylinder2 the vapors and spent air are then drawn into an overhead exhaust pipe that connects with a pipe provided with a fresh-air intake1 the idea being to return them to the roasting cylinder after being mixed with fresh air and heated in the coils as before4 ,this patent has not been successfully marketed at the time of writing4 ,the purpose is to roast by heated air not mixed with any furnace gases4 ,whether this can be done with sufficient fuel economy1 and whether coffee thus roasted would have any greater value1 are questions that are raised by the coffee experts4 ,coffee-,grinding and ,coffee-,making ,chronology ,to return to our coffee-grinding and coffee-making chronology1 it is to be noted that in #ahge-gf-gh1 ,turner ,strowbridge1 of ,new ,brighton1 ,pa41 was granted three ,united ,states patents on a box coffee mill1 first made by ,logan ,strowbridge1 later the ,logan ,strowbridge ,iron ,company1 the latter being succeeded by the ,wrightsville ,hardware ,co4 in #aijf4 ,illustration3 ,,magic ,,gas ,,machine 7,,french7 ,in #ahgh1 a ,united ,states patent was issued to ,rudolphus ,l4 ,webb1 assignor to ,landers1 ,frary ,clark1 ,new ,britain1 ,conn41 on an improved box coffee grinder for home use4 ,in #ahgh1 and in #ahhj1 ,united ,states patents were issued to ,john ,c4 ,dell of ,philadelphia on a store coffee mill4 ,in #ahgi1 and in #ahhj1 ,united ,states patents were issued to ,orson ,w4 ,stowe1 of the ,peck1 ,stowe ,wilcox ,co41 ,southington1 ,conn41 on a household coffee mill4 ,in #ahgi1 ,charles ,halstead1 of ,new ,york1 was granted the first ,united ,states patent on a metal coffee pot having a china interior4 ,it was an infuser for home use4 ,in #ahhj1 coffee pots1 with tops having muslin bottoms for clarifying and straining1 were first made in the ,united ,states by the ,duparquet1 ,huot ,moneuse ,co41 of ,new ,york4 ,the name ,hungerford first appears in the ,united ,states patent records in #ahhj-ha1 in connection with patents granted to ,g4,w4 and ,g4,s4 ,hungerford on machines for cleaning1 scouring1 and polishing coffee4 ,in #ahhb1 the ,hungerfords1 father and son1 brought out a roaster4 ,this machine and the one patented by ,chris ,abele1 of ,new ,york1 already referred to1 were constructions resulting from the expiration of the original ,burns patent of #ahfd4 ,in #ahha1 ,jabez ,burns patented the improved ,burns roaster1 comprising a turn-over front head serving for both feeding and discharging4 ,additional ,united ,states coffee-roaster patents were issued to ,g4,w4 ,hungerford in #ahhg-hi4 ,in the latter year1 ,david ,fraser1 who came to the ,united ,states from ,glasgow in #ahhf1 established the ,hungerford ,co41 succeeding the business of the ,hungerfords1 and later being granted certain ,united ,states patents1 already mentioned4 ,in #aiaj1 the ,hungerford ,co4 business was discontinued in ,new ,york2 and ,david ,b4 ,fraser moved to ,jersey ,city1 where he continued to operate as the ,fraser ,manufacturing ,co4 ,this business was discontinued in #aiah4 ,chris ,abele was an active competitor of the ,hungerfords and of the ,fraser ,manufacturing ,co42 and his ,knickerbocker roaster was sold over a wide territory4 ,he died in #aiaj2 and his son-in-law1 ,gottfried ,bay1 succeeded to the business4 ,illustration3 ,,burns ,,jubilee ,,gas ,,machine ,in #ahha1 the ,morgan ,brothers1 ,edgar ,h4 and ,charles1 began the manufacture of household coffee mills1 the business being acquired in #ahhe by the ,arcade ,manufacturing ,co41 of ,freeport1 ,ill4 ,the latter concern brought out the first pound coffee mill in #ahhi4 ,its mills became very popular in the ,united ,states4 ,in #aijj1 ,charles ,morgan was granted a ,united ,states patent on a glass-jar coffee mill1 with removable glass measuring cup4 ,illustration3 ,,double ,,aromatic ,,gas ,,roasting ,,outfit 7,,french7 ,in #ahha1 ,harvey ,ricker1 of ,brooklyn1 later of ,minneapolis1 introduced to the trade in the ,united ,states a minute coffee pot and urn known as the ,boss1 the name being subsequently changed to ,minute4 ,he improved and patented the device in #aija as the ,half-,minute coffee pot4 ,it is a filtration device employing a cotton sack with a thickened bottom4 ,in #ahhb1 ,chris ,abele1 of ,new ,york1 patented an improvement on the old-style ,burns roaster1 with openings cut in the front plate4 ,it was known as the ,knickerbocker4 ,as already noted1 the machine was a competitor of the ,hungerford machine patented the same year4 ,in #ahhb1 a ,german patent was granted to ,emil ,newstadt1 of ,berlin1 on one of the earliest coffee-extract machines4 ,in #ahhc1 ,jabez ,burns was granted a ,united ,states patent on his improved sample-coffee roaster4 ,in #ahhd1 the ,star coffee pot1 later known as the ,marion ,harland1 was introduced to the trade4 ,it employed a wire-gauze drip device1 called a filter1 which was fitted to a metal pot4 ,it was extensively advertised and attained considerable popularity4 ,the same year1 ,finley ,acker1 of ,philadelphia1 brought out an improved coffee pot for family trade4 ,later1 he produced his ,mo-,kof-,fee pot and an individual porcelain drip pot for testing-table use4 ,in #ahhe1 ,f4,a4 ,cauchois1 ,new ,york1 brought out an improved porcelain-lined urn4 ,in #ahhg-hh1 the ,etruscan coffee pot was invented and put on the market by the ,etruscan ,coffee ,pot ,co41 of ,philadelphia4 ,it employed a muslin cylinder with metal ends and a mechanism for combining agitation1 distillation and infusion4 ,it was not unlike the ,dakin device of #ahdh1 previously mentioned4 ,in #ahij1 ,a4 ,mottant1 ,bar-le-,duc1 ,france1 began to manufacture a line of coffee-roasting machinery which included vertical ball-and-cylinder machines1 using wood1 coal1 coke1 or gas for fuel4 ,his best known makes are ,magic and ,sirocco 7see page #fdb74 ,before #ahie1 the commercial roaster was little used in ,france4 ,since then1 the industry has developed1 but without displacing the smaller roaster for family use4 ,ball roasters are popular with shop-keepers1 especially the variety manufactured by the tablissements ,lauzaune at ,paris1 and known as ,aromatic1 being equipped with electric motors4 ,this firm builds also a larger machine known as ,moderne4 ,other makes of roasters that have attained prominence in ,france are the ,lambert1 equipped with a steam condenser2 ,van den ,brouck's1 having the roasting cylinder lined with wire gauze2 and ,resson's machine for wholesale plants4 ,the ,french led off with glass-cylinder roasters for home use in the early seventies4 ,they are still popular4 ,one of the developments of the last decade was known as the ,bijou1 and was operated by clock work4 ,a similar automatic machine1 made of glass1 was manufactured and sold in ,new ,york in #aijh under the name of the ,home roaster4 ,as late as #aiad1 an ,american inventor produced a home roaster for use in a stove hole4 ,this device had a stirrer in the cover to be rotated by hand4 ,a similar device was sold in #aiag under the name ,savo4 ,home roasting1 however1 has become a lost art in ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,lambert',s ,,victory ,,gas ,,machine ,in #ahig1 ,joseph ,lambert1 of ,vermont1 began the manufacture and sale in ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 of the ,lambert self-contained coffee roaster without the brick setting then required for coffee-roasting machines4 ,in #aijj1 he was joined by ,a4,p4 ,grohens4 ,in #aija1 the ,lambert ,food and ,machinery ,co4 was organized4 ,in #aijd1 the company was reorganized4 ,since then1 many improvements have been made under ,mr4 ,grohens' direction4 ,the ,lambert gas roaster1 one of the first machines employing gas as fuel for indirect roasting1 dates back to #aija1 as previously mentioned4 ,the ,economic roaster is ,mr4 ,grohens' latest development for coal or coke fuel4 ,it is a compact self-contained equipment operating in connection with a new-type rotary cooler4 ,he has also recently 7#aibb7 brought out a gas-fired1 electrically operated #fjj-pound ,victory roaster and a fifty-pound miniature coffee-roasting plant designed for retail stores4 ,in #ahig1 the ,enterprise ,manufacturing ,co4 of ,pennsylvania was the first regularly to employ electric motors for driving commercial coffee mills by means of belt-and-pulley attachments4 ,in #ahih1 the ,hobart ,manufacturing ,co41 of ,troy1 ,ohio1 introduced to the trade another early coffee grinder connected with an electric motor and driven by belt-and-pulley attachment4 ,in #aijj1 the first gear-driven electric coffee grinder was put on the market by the ,enterprise ,manufacturing ,co4 of ,pennsylvania4 ,in #aijb1 the ,coles ,manufacturing ,co41 7,braun ,co41 successor7 and ,henry ,troemner1 of ,philadelphia1 began the manufacture and sale of gear-driven electric coffee grinders4 ,in #aije1 the ,a4,j4 ,deer ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4,y41 7now at ,hornell1 ,n4,y47 began to sell its ,royal electric coffee mills direct to dealers on the instalment plan1 revolutionizing the former practise of selling coffee mills through hardware jobbers4 ,in #aije1 ,h4,l4 ,johnston was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee mill4 ,he assigned the patent to the ,hobart ,manufacturing ,co4 ,in #aijj1 ,charles ,lewis was granted a ,united ,states patent on an improved reversible filtration coffee pot known as the ,kin-,hee4 ,this pot has since been further improved1 and the patent rights sold in several foreign countries4 ,it employs a filter cloth in place of the metal or china strainer used in the ,french drip pot4 ,in #aija1 ,landers1 ,frary ,clark's improved ,universal percolator was patented in the ,united ,states4 ,this pot has proved to be one of the most popular percolators on the ,american market4 ,this firm brought out the ,universal ,cafenoira1 a double glass filtration device1 in #aiaf4 ,it is covered by design and structural patents issued in #aiaf and #aiag4 ,in #aijj1 the ,burns swing-gate sample-roasting outfit was patented in the ,united ,states4 ,in #aija1 ,robert ,burns1 of ,new ,york1 was granted two ,united ,states patents on a coffee roaster and cooler4 ,in #aija1 ,freidrich ,kuchelmeister1 ,brux1 ,austria-,hungary1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee roaster having a double-walled drum1 the inner being of wire gauze1 and the outer of solid iron1 designed to prevent scorching of the beans4 ,in #aijb1 ,w4,m4 ,still ,sons1 ,london1 were granted an ,english patent on a steam coffee-making machine employing twelve ounces of coffee to the gallon4 ,in #aijb1 ,t4,k4 ,baker1 of ,minneapolis1 was granted two ,united ,states patents on a cloth-filter coffee-making device4 ,in #aijc1 ,a4,e4 ,bronson1 ,jr41 assignor to the ,bronson-,walton ,company1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee mill4 ,in #aijc1 ,john ,arbuckle was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee-roasting apparatus employing a fan to force the hot fire gases into the roasting cylinder4 ,from this was developed the ,jumbo roaster1 now used in the ,arbuckle plant1 which roasts ten thousand pounds an hour4 ,electric ,coffee-,roasting ,in #aijc1 ,george ,c4 ,lester1 of ,new ,york1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on an electric coffee roaster1 that is1 a machine to roast by electric heat4 ,there were two cylinders1 the inner being of wire gauze1 and the outer of copper and asbestos4 ,between the two1 four electric heaters were placed4 ,there was demonstrated in ,germany1 in #aijf1 an electric coffee roaster employing a number of resistance coils1 consisting of strips of ,krupp metal two and one-half mm4 thick1 five mm4 broad1 and thirteen and one-half mm4 long1 wound on porcelain tubes1 which transmitted the heat to the air within the roasting cylinder4 ,analysis showed that coffee electrically roasted contained more substances soluble in water than that roasted by coke1 as well as considerably more material soluble in ether4 ,this machine was invented by ,captain ,carl ,moegling about #aijj4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,electric ,,coffee ,,mills ,another electric-fuel-machine patent was granted in the ,united ,states to ,robert ,h4 ,talbutt1 of ,baltimore1 in #aiaa4 ,this machine had the electric heater in the center of the roasting cylinder4 ,an electrically heated machine called the ,ben ,franklin was demonstrated in ,new ,york in #aiah4 ,in #aiai1 ,everett ,t4 ,shortt1 ,dallas1 ,tex41 was granted a ,united ,states patent on an electrical roaster4 ,up to the present writing1 no great progress has been made in the ,united ,states with the roasting of coffee by electric heat4 ,the ,phoenix ,electrical ,heating ,co4 manufactured1 and the ,uno ,company1 ,ltd41 of ,london1 marketed an electrically heated roaster as far back as #aiji4 ,the machine was not altogether satisfactory1 even to the makers2 and the ,uno ,company is now 7#aibb7 experimenting with a new type of electric roaster which it expects will remedy the defects of the early machine4 ,the #aiji roaster was made of two concentric cylinders revolving around a set of fixed heating elements1 consisting of a series of spiral wires held in position on fireproof clay insulators1 these wires being assembled1 insulated1 and brought out through the fixed center to a terminal1 or a set of terminals1 at one end4 ,in this way1 no contact brushes or rings were needed4 ,the machine had a sampling device at one end which threw out a few berries each time it was operated4 ,it was not possible to return these sample berries4 ,such an arrangement appeared necessary1 however1 unless one was prepared to have the heating element on the outside of the machine and to pick up the current by means of rings or brushes4 ,when the operator became accustomed to the coffee he was roasting1 this was not a matter of great moment1 because in ,england1 at least1 the average coffee roaster does not require a testing sample until he is about ready to turn out and to cool the roast4 ,illustration3 ,,english ,,electric-,,fuel ,,roaster ,the ,uno machine had a capacity of seven pounds1 and the time occupied in roasting was from eight to ten minutes1 depending on whether the roaster had been freshly switched on or had been running for a few minutes4 ,the wattage was #e1ebj4 ,the consumption per hundred-weight was under thirteen units4 ,the makers gave1 as the most economical pressure on which to work1 #bbj to #bdj volts4 ,the machine was operated for eighteen months in the show window of a ,london retail grocer4 ,in #aiba1 a ,united ,states patent was granted to ,mark ,t4 ,seymour1 ,stowe1 ,n4,y41 on an electric coffee and peanut roaster1 which has the heating element embedded in a cement-lined cylinder that contains a roasting cage4 ,in #aiba1 ,fred ,j4 ,kuhlemeir and ,ralph ,j4 ,quelle1 of ,burlington1 ,ia41 were granted a ,united ,states patent on a small household coffee roaster electrically equipped1 and roasting by electric heat4 ,other ,machinery ,patents ,in #aijc1 ,luigi ,giacomini1 of ,florence1 ,italy1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a process for roasting coffee4 ,illustration3 ,,ben ,,franklin ,,electric ,,coffee ,,roaster ,in #aije1 ,a4,a4 ,warner1 assignor to ,landers1 ,frary ,clark1 ,new ,britain1 ,conn41 was granted two ,united ,states patents on a coffee mill4 ,in #aijf1 ,ludwig ,schmidt1 assignor to the ,essmueller ,mill ,furnishing ,co41 ,st4 ,louis1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee roaster4 ,this company and the ,reuter-,jones ,manufacturing ,co41 also of ,st4 ,louis1 were making machines similar to the original ,burns model4 ,the ,reuter-,jones ,manufacturing ,co41 in #aiaj1 brought out a self-contained gas roaster called the ,st4 ,louis1 ,jr4 ,in #aiac1 at a receiver's sale1 ,a4,p4 ,grohens1 of the ,lambert ,machine ,co41 acquired all the machinery and patent rights of the ,reuter-,jones ,manufacturing ,company4 ,in #aijd1 ,j4,w4 ,chapman and ,g4,w4 ,kooman1 assignors to ,manning1 ,bowman ,co41 ,meriden1 ,conn41 were granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee or tea pot4 ,the same year1 ,george ,e4 ,savage and ,g4,w4 ,hope were granted two ,united ,states patents on coffee or tea pots1 also assigned to ,manning1 ,bowman ,co4 ,in #aijd1 ,sigmund ,sternau1 ,j4,p4 ,steppe1 and ,l4 ,strassberger1 assignors to ,s4 ,sternau ,co41 ,new ,york1 were granted a ,united ,states patent on a percolator4 ,six others were granted to ,charles ,nelson1 and assigned to ,s4 ,sternau ,co41 in #aiab and #aiac1 for a percolator1 the manufacture and sale of which were discontinued in #aiae4 ,in #aije1 a celebrated case was decided in ,kansas ,city involving litigation between ,william ,e4 ,baker1 of ,baker ,co41 ,minneapolis1 and the ,f4,a4 ,duncombe ,manufacturing ,co41 of ,st4 ,joseph1 ,mo41 over ,mr4 ,baker's patent rights in a machine to produce steel-cut coffee4 ,the suit was brought in #aijc1 and ,mr4 ,baker contended that his patent gave him the exclusive right to the uniformity of granules by means of the sharply dressed mechanism and by the use of a fan for blowing away the silver skins1 produced by his machine2 while the defendant said he obtained the same result 7steel-cut coffee7 by grading the granules through screens or sieves4 ,the defense was that ,mr4 ,baker's process was not a discovery2 because1 grinding coffee was as old as the world's knowledge1 and winnowing the chaff was equally ancient4 ,the lower court dismissed the bill1 because the patents sued upon are devoid of patentable invention2 and the ,united ,states ,court of ,appeals confirmed the decision4 ,illustration3 ,,enterprise ,,hand ,,store ,,mill ,in #aije1 ,frederick ,a4 ,cauchois1 of ,new ,york1 brought out his ,private ,estate coffee maker1 a clever combination of the ,french drip and filter processes1 employing a thin layer of ,japanese paper as a filtering agent4 ,the same year1 ,finley ,acker1 of ,philadelphia1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a percolator employing two cylinders1 perforated on the sides1 with a sheet of percolator paper placed between them to act as a filtering medium4 ,in #aijf1 ,george ,savage and ,j4,w4 ,chapman1 assignors to ,manning1 ,bowman ,co4 of ,meriden1 ,conn41 were granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee percolator4 ,in #aijf1 ,alonzo ,a4 ,warner1 assignor to ,landers1 ,frary ,clark1 ,new ,britain1 ,conn41 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee percolator4 ,in #aijf1 ,h4,d4 ,kelly1 ,kansas ,city1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on the ,kellum ,automatic coffee urn1 employing a coffee extractor in which ground coffee is continually agitated before percolation by a vacuum process4 ,sixteen patents followed4 ,illustration3 ,,latest ,,types ,,of ,,electrically ,,driven ,,store ,,mills ,in #aijg1 ,desiderio ,pavoni1 of ,milan1 ,italy1 was granted a patent in ,italy for an improvement on the ,bezzara system for preparing and serving coffee as a rapid infusion of a single cup1 first introduced in #aijc-aijd4 ,it is known as the ,ideale urn1 and makes #aej cups per hour4 ,among other ,italian rapid coffee-making machines which1 with this one1 have attained considerable prominence in ,europe and ,south ,america1 mention should be made of ,la ,victoria ,arduino made by ,pier ,teresio ,arduino1 of ,turin1 ,italy1 introduced in #aiji1 that makes #ajjj cups per hour4 ,it was patented in the ,united ,states in #aibj4 ,there are1 also1 ,l',italiana ,sovereign ,filter ,machine 7#addj cups per hour7 made by ,bossi1 ,vernetti ,bartolini1 ,turin1 7subsequently merged with ,la ,victoria ,arduino-,societa ,anonima72 and ,jos ,baro's ,express1 ,buenos ,aires1 making #fjj cups an hour4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,ideale ,,machine 7,,center7 ,,makes #aej ,,cups ,,of ,,coffee ,,an ,,hour4 ,,the ,,machine ,,at ,,the ,,left ,,makes #a1jjj ,,cups ,,an ,,hour ,a ,,machine ,,of ,,the ,,type ,,of ,,the ,,one ,,at ,,the ,,right ,,will ,,produce ,,from #a1ddj ,,to #a1hjj ,,cups ,,of ,,coffee ,,an ,,hour ,,types ,,of ,,italian ,,rapid ,,coffee-,,making ,,machines ,in #aijh1 ,a4,e4 ,white1 ,chicago1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee urn4 ,he assigned it to the ,james ,heekin ,co41 of ,cincinnati4 ,in #aijh1 ,i4,d4 ,richheimer1 ,chicago1 introduced his ,tricolator to the trade and the consumer4 ,this is an aluminum device to fit any coffee pot1 combining ,french drip and filtration ideas1 with ,japanese paper as the filtration medium4 ,in #aijh1 an improved type of ,burns roaster was patented in the ,united ,states4 ,the improvement consisted of an open perforated cylinder with flexible back-head and balanced front bearing4 ,the following year1 the ,burns tilting sample-roaster for gas or electric heating units was patented4 ,in #aiji1 ,frederick ,a4 ,cauchois1 of ,new ,york1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee urn fitted with a centrifugal pump for repouring4 ,in #aiji1 ,c4,f4 ,blanke1 of ,st4 ,louis1 was granted two ,united ,states patents on a china coffee pot with a cloth filter1 the sides tightly1 and the bottom loosely1 woven4 ,in #aiaa1 ,edward ,aborn1 of ,new ,york1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on his ,make-,right coffee-filter device4 ,this was later incorporated with improvements in a ,tru-,bru coffee pot1 on which he was granted another patent in #aibj4 ,in #aiab1 ,john ,e4 ,king1 of ,detroit1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on an improved coffee percolator for restaurants1 employing a sheet of filter paper on a ring in a metal basket2 the ring to be removed once the filter paper was in position on the perforated bottom plate of the percolator basket4 ,in #aiac1 ,f4,f4 ,wear1 ,los ,angeles1 perfected a coffee-making device in which a metal perforated clamp was employed to apply a filter paper to the under-side of an ,english earthenware adaptation of the ,french drip pot4 ,in #aiab1 ,william ,lawton demonstrated in ,london a gas coffee roaster of his own invention1 by means of which he roasted coffee in suspension to a light brown color in three minutes4 ,illustration3 ,,showing ,,how ,,the ,,italian ,,rapid ,,coffee ,,machine ,,works ,left1 putting coffee in the filter--,center1 applying filter to faucet--,right1 turning on water and steam to make the drink ,herbert ,l4 ,johnston1 assignor to the ,hobart ,electric ,manufacturing ,co41 ,troy1 ,ohio1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a machine for refining coffee in #aiac4 ,in #aiad1 the ,phylax coffee maker1 embodying an improvement on the ,french drip principle1 was introduced to the trade4 ,the process was demonstrated by ,benjamin ,h4 ,calkin1 of ,detroit1 in #aiba1 as an art of brewing coffee4 ,illustration3 ,,la ,,victoria ,,arduino ,,mignonne ,an electric rapid coffee maker ,in #aiad1 ,robert ,burns1 assignor to ,jabez ,burns ,sons1 ,new ,york1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee-granulating mill4 ,in #aiad-ae1 ,herbert ,galt1 of ,chicago1 was granted three ,united ,states patents on the ,gait coffee pot1 made of aluminum1 and having two parts1 a removable cylinder employing the ,french drip principle1 and the containing pot4 ,in #aiae1 the ,burns ,jubilee 7inner-heated7 gas coffee roaster was patented in the ,united ,states and put on the market4 ,in #aiae1 the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association ,home coffee mill1 employing an improved set screw operating on a cog-and ratchet principle1 was introduced to the trade4 ,in #aiaf1 a ,united ,states patent was granted to ,i4,d4 ,richheimer1 ,chicago1 for an infuser improvement on his ,tricolator4 ,in #aiaf1 ,saul ,blickman1 assignor to ,s4 ,blickman1 ,new ,york1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on an apparatus for making and dispensing coffee4 ,in #aiaf1 ,orville ,w4 ,chamberlain1 ,new ,orleans1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on an automatic drip coffee pot4 ,in #aiaf1 ,jules ,le ,page1 ,darlington1 ,ind41 obtained two ,united ,states patents on cutting rolls to cut--and not to grind or crush--corn1 wheat1 or coffee4 ,these were subsequently incorporated in the ,ideal steel-cut coffee mill and marketed to the trade by the ,b4,f4 ,gump ,co41 ,chicago4 ,in #aiag1 ,richard ,a4 ,greene and ,william ,g4 ,burns1 assignors to ,jabez ,burns ,sons1 ,new ,york1 were granted patents in the ,united ,states on the ,burns flexible-arm cooler 7for roasted batches7 providing full fan-suction to a cooler box at all points in its track travel4 ,in #aiai1 ,joseph ,f4 ,smart1 assignor to ,landers1 ,frary ,clark1 ,new ,britain1 ,conn41 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a percolator4 ,in #aiai1 ,charles ,morgan1 assignor to the ,arcade ,manufacturing ,co41 ,freeport1 ,ill41 was granted a ,united ,states patent on an improved grinding mill4 ,in #aiai1 ,edward ,f4 ,schnuck1 assignor to ,jabez ,burns ,sons1 ,new ,york1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on an improvement for a gas coffee roaster4 ,in #aibj1 he was granted a ,united ,states patent on an improved process of twice cutting coffee and removing the chaff after each cutting4 ,in #aibj1 ,natale de ,mattei1 of ,turin1 ,italy1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a rapid coffee-filtering machine4 ,in #aibj1 ,frederick ,h4 ,muller1 of ,chicago1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on an art of making coffee1 and on an improved apparatus for hotels and restaurants1 which comprised a series of superposed metal containers1 or cartridges1 of ground coffee placed in a perforated bucket designed to rest in a coffee urn1 the cartridges being lifted out as the boiling water poured on them sinks with the drawing off of the decoction at the faucet4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,n4,c4,r4,a4 ,,home ,,coffee ,,mill ,illustration3 ,,the ,,manthey-,,zorn ,,rapid ,,coffee ,,infuser ,,and ,,dispenser ,in #aibj1 ,alfredo ,m4 ,salazar1 of ,new ,york1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee urn in which the coffee is made at the time of serving by using steam pressure to force the boiling water through ground coffee held in a cloth sack attached to the faucet4 ,in #aibj1 ,william ,h4 ,bruning1 ,evansville1 ,ind41 was granted a ,united ,states patent on an improved ,french drip pot made of aluminum and provided with a vacuum jacket in the dripper section1 and a hot-water jacket in the serving portion1 to keep the beverage hot4 ,in #aiba1 the ,manthey-,zorn ,laboratories ,co41 of ,cleveland1 brought out a rapid coffee-infuser and dispenser employing in the infuser a centrifugal to make an extract in thirty-eight seconds1 and designed to deliver a gallon of concentrated liquid1 or coffee base1 every three minutes4 ,the dispenser automatically combines the coffee base with boiling water in a differential faucet in the proportion desired1 usually one of base to four of water4 ,the dispenser serves #fjj cups per hour4 ,an additional faucet may be added which will double the capacity4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,tricolette1 ,a ,,paper-,,filter ,,device ,,for ,a ,,single ,,cup ,above2 ,in position on cup--,below2 opened1 showing parts ,among foreign coffee makers applying the ,french drip principle1 the ,vienna coffee-making machine1 known in the ,united ,states as the ,bohemian coffee pot1 has met with much favor in this country4 ,elsewhere it is known as the ,carlsbad4 ,it is made of china1 and the ,european manufacturer has a patent on the porcelain strainer1 or grid1 which is provided with slits that are very fine on the inner side but that widen on the outer side to permit careful straining and to facilitate cleaning4 ,some of the latest developments in coffee apparatus were shown at the industrial exposition at the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 held in ,new ,york1 ,november #a-c1 #aiba4 ,among items of distinction not heretofore included in this work1 mention should be made of3 an ,american-,french coffee biggin1 being a ,french drip pot made of ,american porcelain and fitted with a muslin strainer2 a glass urn-liner1 intended to supplant the porcelain liner2 and an electric repouring pump1 designed to be attached to any type of coffee urn4 ,careful research of the records of the ,united ,states patent office discloses that the number of patents relating to coffee apparatus and coffee preparations1 issued from #aghi to #aiba1 is as follows3 ,,united ,,states ,,coffee ,,patents ,devices ,patents ,coffee ,mills #ahe ,coffee-roasting devices1 and improvements thereon #cab ,coffee-making devices #hce ,coffee-cleaning1 hulling1 drying1 polishing1 and plantation machinery in general #age ,miscellaneous patents 7for coating1 glazing1 treated coffees1 substitutes1 etc47 #cjj ,total #a1hjg ,it must be borne in mind that there was a number of patents granted on machines that were intended for1 and used for1 coffee1 but that did not mention coffee in the specifications4 ,many coffee driers were listed as grain driers1 for instance4 ,also1 many excellent devices have been made that were never patented4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxxv ,,world',s ,,coffee ,,manners ,,and ,,customs ,how coffee is roasted1 prepared1 and served in all the leading civilized countries--,the ,arabian coffee ceremony--,the present-day coffee houses of ,turkey--,twentieth-century improvements in ,europe and the ,united ,states ,coffee manners and customs have shown little change in the ,orient in the six hundred-odd years since the coffee drink was discovered by ,sheik ,omar in ,arabia4 ,as a beverage for western peoples1 however1 and more particularly in ,america1 there have been many improvements in making and serving it4 ,a brief survey of the coffee conventions and coffee service in the principal countries where coffee has become a fixed item in the dietary is presented here1 with a view to show how different peoples have adapted the universal drink to their national needs and preferences4 ,to proceed in alphabetical order1 and beginning with ,africa1 coffee drinking is indulged in largely in ,abyssinia1 ,algeria1 ,egypt1 ,portuguese ,east ,africa1 and the ,union of ,south ,africa4 ,coffee ,manners and ,customs in ,africa ,in ,abyssinia and ,somaliland1 among the native population1 the most primitive methods of coffee making still obtain4 ,here the wandering ,galla still mix their pulverized coffee beans with fats as a food ration1 and others of the native tribes favor the kisher1 or beverage made from the toasted coffee hulls4 ,an hour's boiling produces a straw-colored decoction1 of a slightly sweetish taste4 ,where the ,arabian customs have taken root1 the drink is prepared from the roasted beans after the ,arabian and ,turkish method4 ,the white inhabitants usually prepare and serve the beverage as in the homeland2 so that it is possible to obtain it after the ,english1 ,french1 ,german1 ,greek1 or ,italian styles4 ,adaptations of the ,french sidewalk caf1 and of the ,turkish coffee house1 may be seen in the larger towns4 ,in the equatorial provinces of ,egypt1 and in ,uganda1 the natives eat the raw berries2 or first cook them in boiling water1 dry them in the sun1 and then eat them4 ,it is a custom to exchange coffee beans in friendly greeting4 ,individual earthen vessels for making coffee1 painted red and yellow1 are made by some of the native tribes in ,abyssinia1 and usually accompany disciples of ,islam when they journey to ,mecca1 where the vessels find a ready sale among the pilgrims1 most of whom are coffee-devotees4 ,turkish and ,arabian coffee customs prevail in ,algeria and ,egypt1 modified to some extent by ,european contact4 ,the ,moorish cafs of ,cairo1 ,tunis1 and ,algiers have furnished inspiration and copy for writers1 artists1 and travelers for several centuries4 ,they change little with the years4 ,the mazagran--sweetened cold coffee to which water or ice has been added--originated in ,algeria4 ,it probably took its name from the fortress of the same name reserved to ,france by the treaty of the ,tafna in #ahcg4 ,it is said that the ,french colonial troops were first served with a drink made from coffee syrup and cold water on marches near ,mazagran1 formerly spelled ,masagran4 ,upon their return to the ,french capital1 they introduced the idea1 with the added fillip of service in tall glasses1 in their favorite cafs1 where it became known as caf mazagran4 ,variants are coffee syrup with seltzer1 and with hot water4 ,this fashion of serving coffee in glasses1 says ,jardin1 has no raison d'tre1 and nothing can justify abandoning the cup for coffee4 ,illustration3 ,,moorish ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ,,algiers ,in the principal streets and public squares of any town in ,algeria it is a common sight to find a group of ,arabs squatting about a portable stove1 and a table on which cups are in readiness to receive the boiling coffee4 ,the thirsty ,arab approaches the dealer1 and for a modest sum he gets his drink and goes his way2 unless he prefers to go inside the caf1 where he may get several drinks and linger over them1 sitting on a mat with his legs crossed and smoking his chibouque4 ,indeed1 this is a typical scene throughout the ,near ,east1 where sheds or coffee tents--sketches of the more pretentious coffee houses--coffee shops1 and itinerant coffee-venders are to be met at almost every turn4 ,in an unpublished work1 ,baron ,antoine ,rousseau and ,th4 ,roland de ,bussy have the following description of a typical ,moorish caf at ,algiers3 ,we entered without ceremony into a narrow deep cave1 decorated with the name of the caf4 ,on the right and on the left1 along its length1 were two benches covered with mats2 notched cups1 tongs1 a box of brown sugar1 all placed near a small stove1 completed the furniture of the place4 ,in the evening1 the dim light from a lamp hanging from the ceiling shows the indistinct figures of a double row of natives listening to the nasal cadences of a band who play a pizzicato accompaniment on small three-stringed violins4 ,here1 as in ,europe1 the cafs are the providential rendezvous for idlers and gossips1 exchanges for real-estate brokers and players at cards4 ,europeans recently arrived frequent them particularly4 ,some go only to satisfy their curiosity2 others out of an inborn scorn for the customs of civilization4 ,they go to sleep as ,frenchmen1 they awake ,mohammedans6 ,their love for ,turkish art only leads them to haunt the native shops and to affect oriental poses4 ,if we quit for a moment the interior of the city to follow between two hedgerows of mastics or aloes1 one of those capricious paths which lead one1 now up to the summit of a hill1 now to the depths of some ravine1 very soon the tones of a rustic flute1 the modulations of the ,djou-wak1 will betray some cool and peaceful retreat1 some rustic caf1 easily recognized by its facade1 pierced with large openings4 ,to my eyes1 nothing equals the charm of these little buildings scattered here and there along the edges of a stream1 sheltered under the thick foliage1 and constantly enlivened by the coming and going of the husbandmen of the neighborhood4 ,certain old ,moors from the neighboring districts1 fleeing the noises of the city1 are the faithful habitus of these agreeable retreats4 ,here they instal themselves at dawn1 and know how to enjoy every moment of their day with tales of their travels and youthful adventures1 and many a legend for which their imagination takes all the responsibility4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ,,cairo ,illustration3 ,,hulling ,,coffee ,,in ,,aden1 ,,arabia ,grme's painting of the ,coffee ,house at ,cairo1 which hangs in the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art1 ,new ,york1 gives one a good idea of the atmosphere of the ,egyptian caf4 ,the preparation and service is modified ,turkish-,arabian4 ,the coffee is ground to a powder1 boiled in an ibrik with the addition of sugar1 and served frothing in small cups4 ,story-tellers1 singers1 and dancers furnish amusement as of yore4 ,the ,oriental customs have not changed much in this respect4 ,trolley cars1 victorias1 and taxis may have replaced the donkeys in the new sections of the larger ,egyptian cities2 but in old ,alexandria and ,cairo1 the approach to the native coffee house is as dirty and as odorous as ever4 ,coffee is always served in all business transactions4 ,nowadays1 the ,egyptian women chew gum and the men smoke cigarettes1 ,french department stores offer bargain sales1 and the hotels advertise tea dances2 but the ,egyptian coffee drink is still the tiny cup of coffee grounds and sugar that it was three hundred years ago1 when sugar was first used to sweeten coffee in ,cairo4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,service ,,at ,a ,,barber ,,shop ,,in ,,cairo ,in ,portuguese ,east ,africa1 the natives prepare and drink coffee after the approved ,african native fashion1 but the white population follows ,european customs4 ,in the ,union of ,south ,africa1 ,dutch and ,english customs prevail in making and serving the beverage4 ,manners and ,customs in ,asia ,arabia the ,happy deserves to be called the ,blest1 if only for its gift of coffee to the world4 ,here it was that the virtues of the drink were first made known2 here the plant first received intensive cultivation4 ,after centuries of habitual use of the beverage1 we find the ,arabs1 now as then1 one of the strongest and noblest races of the world1 mentally superior to most of them1 generally healthy1 and growing old so gracefully that the faculties of the mind seldom give way sooner than those of the body4 ,they are an ever living earnest of the healthfulness of coffee4 ,the ,arabs are proverbially hospitable2 and the symbol of their hospitality for a thousand years has been the great drink of democracy--coffee4 ,their very houses are built around the cup of human brotherhood4 ,william ,wallace1#cff writing on ,arabian philosophy1 manners1 and customs1 says3 ,the principal feature of an ,arab house is the kahwah or coffee room4 ,it is a large apartment spread with mats1 and sometimes furnished with carpets and a few cushions4 ,at one end is a small furnace or fireplace for preparing coffee4 ,in this room the men congregate2 here guests are received1 and even lodged2 women rarely enter it1 except at times when strangers are unlikely to be present4 ,some of these apartments are very spacious and supported by pillars2 one wall is usually built transversely to the compass direction of the ,ka'ba 7sacred shrine of ,mecca74 ,it serves to facilitate the performance of prayer by those who may happen to be in the kahwah at the appointed times4 ,several rounds of coffee1 without milk or sugar1 but sometimes flavored with cardamom seeds1 are served to the guest at first welcome2 and coffee may be had at all hours between meals1 or whenever the occasion demands it4 ,always the beans are freshly roasted1 pounded1 and boiled4 ,the ,arabs average twenty-five to thirty cups 7findjans7 a day4 ,everywhere in ,arabia there are to be found cafs where the beverage may be bought4 ,illustration3 ,,ships ,,of ,,the ,,desert ,,laden ,,with ,,coffee1 ,,arabia ,those of the lower classes are thronged throughout the day4 ,in front1 there is generally a porch or bench where one may sit4 ,the rooms1 benches1 and little chairs lack the cleanliness and elegance of the one-time luxurious caffinets of cities like ,damascus and ,constantinople1 but the drink is the same4 ,there is not in all ,yemen a single market town or hamlet where one does not find upon some simple hut the legend1 ,shed for drinking coffee4 ,the ,arab drinks water before taking coffee1 but never after it4 ,once in ,syria1 says a traveler1 ,i was recognized as a foreigner because ,i asked for water just after ,i had taken my coffee4 ',if you belonged here'1 said the waiter1 'you would not spoil the taste of coffee in your mouth by washing it away with water4' ,it is an adventure to partake of coffee prepared in the open1 at a roadside inn1 or khan1 in ,arabia by an araba1 or diligence driver4 ,he takes from his saddle-bag the ever-present coffee kit1 containing his supply of green beans1 of which he roasts just sufficient on a little perforated iron plate over an open fire1 deftly taking off the beans1 one at a time1 as they turn the right color4 ,then he pounds them in a mortar1 boils his water in the long1 straight-handled open boiler1 or ibrik 7a sort of brass mug or jezveh71 tosses in the coffee powder1 moving the vessel back and forth from the fire as it boils up to the rim2 and1 after repeating this maneuver three times1 pours the contents foaming merrily into the little egg-like serving cups4 ,cafe sultan1 or kisher1 the original decoction1 made from dried and toasted coffee hulls1 is still being drunk in parts of ,arabia and ,turkey4 ,coffee in ,arabia is part of the ritual of business1 as in other ,oriental countries4 ,shop-keepers serve it to the customer before the argument starts4 ,recently1 a ,new ,york barber got some valuable publicity because he regaled his customers with tea and music4 ,it was old stuff4 ,the ,arabian and ,turkish barber shops have been serving coffee1 tobacco1 and sweetmeats to their customers for centuries4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,arabian ,,coffee ,,house ,for a faithful description of the ancient coffee ceremony of the ,arabs1 which1 with slight modification1 is still observed in ,arabian homes1 we turn to ,palgrave4 ,first he describes the dwelling and then the ceremony3 ,the ,k'hawah was a large oblong hall1 about twenty feet in height1 fifty in length1 and sixteen1 or thereabouts1 in breadth2 the walls were coloured in a rudely decorative manner with brown and white wash1 and sunk here and there into small triangular recesses1 destined to the reception of books1 though of these ,ghafil at least had no over-abundance1 lamps1 and other such like objects4 ,the roof of timber1 and flat2 the floor was strewed with fine clean sand1 and garnished all round alongside of the walls with long strips of carpet1 upon which cushions1 covered with faded silk1 were disposed at suitable intervals4 ,in poorer houses felt rugs usually take the place of carpets4 ,in one corner1 namely1 that furthest removed from the door1 stood a small fireplace1 or1 to speak more exactly1 furnace1 formed of a large square block of granite1 or some other hard stone1 about twenty inches each way2 this is hollowed inwardly into a deep funnel1 open above1 and communicating below with a small horizontal tube or pipe-hole1 through which the air passes1 bellows-driven1 to the lighted charcoal piled up on a grating about half-way inside the cone4 ,in this manner the fuel is soon brought to a white heat1 and the water in the coffee-pot placed upon the funnel's mouth is readily brought to boil4 ,the system of coffee furnaces is universal in ,djowf and ,djebel ,shomer1 but in ,nejed itself1 and indeed in whatever other yet more distant regions of ,arabia ,i visited to the south and east1 the furnace is replaced by an open fireplace hollowed in the ground floor1 with a raised stone border1 and dog-irons for the fuel1 and so forth1 like what may be yet seen in ,spain4 ,this diversity of arrangement1 so far as ,arabia is concerned1 is due to the greater abundance of firewood in the south1 whereby the inhabitants are enabled to light up on a larger scale2 whereas throughout the ,djowf and ,djebel ,shomer wood is very scarce1 and the only fuel at hand is bad charcoal1 often brought from a considerable distance1 and carefully husbanded4 ,illustration3 ,,brewing ,,the ,,guest',s ,,coffee ,,in ,a ,,mohammedan ,,home ,this corner of the ,k'hawah is also the place of distinction whence honour and coffee radiate by progressive degrees round the apartment1 and hereabouts accordingly sits the master of the house himself1 or the guests whom he more especially delighteth to honour4 ,on the broad edge of the furnace or fireplace1 as the case may be1 stands an ostentatious range of copper coffee-pots1 varying in size and form4 ,here in the ,djowf their make resembles that in vogue at ,damascus2 but in ,nejed and the eastern districts they are of a different and much more ornamental fashioning1 very tall and slender1 with several ornamental circles and mouldings in elegant relief1 besides boasting long beak-shaped spouts and high steeples for covers4 ,the number of these utensils is often extravagantly great4 ,i have seen a dozen at a time in a row by one fireside1 though coffee-making requires1 in fact1 only three at most4 ,here in the ,djowf five or six are considered to be the thing2 for the south this number must be doubled2 all this to indicate the riches and munificence of their owner1 by implying the frequency of his guests and the large amount of coffee that he is in consequence obliged to have made for them4 ,behind this stove sits1 at least in wealthy houses1 a black slave1 whose name is generally a diminutive in token of familiarity or affection2 in the present case it was ,soweylim1 the diminutive of ,salim4 ,his occupation is to make and pour out the coffee2 where there is no slave in the family1 the master of the premises himself1 or perhaps one of his sons1 performs that hospitable duty2 rather a tedious one1 as we shall soon see4 ,we enter4 ,on passing the threshold it is proper to say1 ,bismillah1 i4e41 in the name of ,god2 not to do so would be looked on as a bad augury alike for him who enters and for those within4 ,the visitor next advances in silence1 till on coming about half-way across the room1 he gives to all present1 but looking specially at the master of the house1 the customary ,es-salamu'aleykum1 or ,peace be with you1 literally1 on you4 ,all this while every one else in the room has kept his place1 motionless1 and without saying a word4 ,but on receiving the salaam of etiquette1 the master of the house rises1 and if a strict ,wahhabee1 or at any rate desirous of seeming such1 replies with the full-length traditionary formula4 ,w' 'aleykumu-s-salamu1 w'rahmat' ,ullahi w'baraktuh1 which is1 as every one knows1 ,and with 7or1 on7 you be peace1 and the mercy of ,god1 and his blessings4 ,but should he happen to be of anti-,wahhabee tendencies the odds are that he will say ,marhaba1 or ,ahlan w' sahlan1 i4e41 welcome or worthy1 and pleasurable1 or the like2 for of such phrases there is an infinite1 but elegant variety4 ,all present follow the example thus given1 by rising and saluting4 ,the guest then goes up to the master of the house1 who has also made a step or two forwards1 and places his open hand in the palm of his host's1 but without grasping or shaking1 which would hardly pass for decorous1 and at the same time each repeats once more his greeting1 followed by the set phrases of polite enquiry1 ,how are you8 ,how goes the world with you8 and so forth1 all in a tone of great interest1 and to be gone over three or four times1 till one or other has the discretion to say ,el hamdu l'illah1 ,praise be to ,god1 or1 in equivalent value1 all right1 and this is a signal for a seasonable diversion to the ceremonious interrogatory4 ,the guest then1 after a little contest of courtesy1 takes his seat in the honoured post by the fireplace1 after an apologetical salutation to the black slave on the one side1 and to his nearest neighbour on the other4 ,the best cushions and newest looking carpets have been of course prepared for his honoured weight4 ,shoes or sandals1 for in truth the latter alone are used in ,arabia1 are slipped off on the sand just before reaching the carpet1 and there they remain on the floor close by4 ,but the riding stick or wand1 the inseparable companion of every true ,arab1 whether ,bedouin or townsman1 rich or poor1 gentle or simple1 is to be retained in the hand1 and will serve for playing with during the pauses of conversation1 like the fan of our great-grandmothers in their days of conquest4 ,without delay ,soweylim begins his preparations for coffee4 ,these open by about five minutes of blowing with the bellows and arranging the charcoal till a sufficient heat has been produced4 ,next he places the largest of the coffee-pots1 a huge machine1 and about two-thirds full of clear water1 close by the edge of the glowing coal-pit1 that its contents may become gradually warm while other operations are in progress4 ,he then takes a dirty knotted rag out of a niche in the wall close by1 and having untied it1 empties out of it three or four handfuls of unroasted coffee1 the which he places on a little trencher of platted grass1 and picks carefully out any blackened grains1 or other non-homologous substances1 commonly to be found intermixed with the berries when purchased in gross2 then1 after much cleansing and shaking1 he pours the grain so cleansed into a large open iron ladle1 and places it over the mouth of the funnel1 at the same time blowing the bellows and stirring the grains gently round and round till they crackle1 redden1 and smoke a little1 but carefully withdrawing them from the heat long before they turn black or charred1 after the erroneous fashion of ,turkey and ,europe2 after which he puts them to cool a moment on the grass platter4 ,he then sets the warm water in the large coffee-pot over the fire aperture1 that it may be ready boiling at the right moment1 and draws in close between his own trouserless legs a large stone mortar1 with a narrow pit in the middle1 just enough to admit the large stone pestle of a foot long and an inch and a half thick1 which he now takes in hand4 ,next1 pouring the half-roasted berries into the mortar1 he proceeds to pound them1 striking right into the narrow hollow with wonderful dexterity1 nor ever missing his blow till the beans are smashed1 but not reduced into powder4 ,he then scoops them out1 now reduced to a sort of coarse reddish grit1 very unlike the fine charcoal dust which passes in some countries for coffee1 and out of which every particle of real aroma has long since been burnt or ground4 ,after all these operations1 each performed with as intense a seriousness and deliberate nicety as if the welfare of the entire ,djowf depended on it1 he takes a smaller coffee-pot in hand1 fills it more than half with hot water from the larger vessel1 and then shaking the pounded coffee into it1 sets it on the fire to boil1 occasionally stirring it with a small stick as the water rises to check the ebullition and prevent overflowing4 ,nor is the boiling stage to be long or vehement3 on the contrary1 it is and should be as light as possible4 ,in the interim he takes out of another rag-knot a few aromatic seeds called heyl1 an ,indian product1 but of whose scientific name ,i regret to be wholly ignorant1 or a little saffron1 and after slightly pounding these ingredients1 throws them into the simmering coffee to improve its flavour1 for such an additional spicing is held indispensable in ,arabia though often omitted elsewhere in the ,east4 ,sugar would be a totally unheard of profanation4 ,last of all1 he strains off the liquor through some fibres of the inner palm-bark placed for that purpose in the jug-spout1 and gets ready the tray of delicate parti-coloured grass1 and the small coffee cups ready for pouring out4 ,all these preliminaries have taken up a good half-hour4 ,meantime we have become engaged in active conversation with our host and his friends4 ,but our ,sherarat guide1 ,suleyman1 like a true ,bedouin1 feels too awkward when among townsfolk to venture on the upper places1 though repeatedly invited1 and accordingly has squatted down on the sand near the entrance4 ,many of ,ghafil's relations are present2 their silver-decorated swords proclaim the importance of the family4 ,others1 too1 have come to receive us1 for our arrival1 announced beforehand by those we had met at the entrance pass1 is a sort of event in the town2 the dress of some betokens poverty1 others are better clad1 but all have a very polite and decorous manner4 ,many a question is asked about our native land and town1 that is to say1 ,syria and ,damascus1 conformably to the disguise already adopted1 and which it was highly important to keep well up2 then follow enquiries regarding our journey1 our business1 what we have brought with us1 about our medicines1 our goods and wares1 etc41 etc4 ,from the very first it is easy for us to perceive that patients and purchasers are likely to abound4 ,very few travelling merchants1 if any1 visit the ,djowf at this time of year1 for one must be mad1 or next door to it1 to rush into the vast desert around during the heats of ,june and ,july2 ,i for one have certainly no intention of doing it again4 ,hence we had small danger of competitors1 and found the market almost at our absolute disposal4 ,but before a quarter of an hour has passed1 and while blacky is still roasting or pounding his coffee1 a tall thin lad1 ,ghafil's eldest son1 appears1 charged with a large circular dish1 grass-platted like the rest1 and throws it with a graceful jerk on the sandy floor close before us4 ,he then produces a large wooden bowl full of dates1 bearing in the midst of the heap a cup full of melted butter2 all this he places on the circular mat1 and says1 ,semmoo1 literally1 pronounce the ,name1 of ,god1 understood2 this means set to work at it4 ,hereon the master of the house quits his place by the fireside and seats himself on the sand opposite to us2 we draw nearer to the dish1 and four or five others1 after some respectful coyness1 join the circle4 ,every one then picks out a date or two from the juicy half-amalgamated mass1 dips them into the butter1 and thus goes on eating till he has had enough1 when he rises and washes his hands4 ,by this time the coffee is ready1 and ,soweylim begins his round1 the coffee-pot in one hand2 the tray and cups on the other4 ,the first pouring out he must in etiquette drink himself1 by way of a practical assurance that there is no death in the pot2 the guests are next served1 beginning with those next the honourable fireside2 the master of the house receives his cup last of all4 ,to refuse would be a positive and unpardonable insult2 but one has not much to swallow at a time1 for the coffee-cups1 or finjans1 are about the size of a large egg-shell at most1 and are never more than half-filled4 ,this is considered essential to good breeding1 and a brimmer would here imply exactly the reverse of what it does in ,europe2 why it should be so ,i hardly know1 unless perhaps the rareness of cup-stands or zarfs 7see ,lane's ,modern ,egyptians7 in ,arabia1 though these implements are universal in ,egypt and ,syria1 might render an over-full cup inconveniently hot for the fingers that must grasp it without medium4 ,be that as it may1 fill the cup for your enemy is an adage common to all1 ,bedouins or townsmen1 throughout the ,peninsula4 ,the beverage itself is singularly aromatic and refreshing1 a real tonic1 and very different from the black mud sucked by the ,levantine1 or the watery roast-bean preparations of ,france4 ,when the slave or freeman1 according to circumstances1 presents you with a cup1 he never fails to accompany it with a ,semm'1 say the name of ,god1 nor must you take it without answering ,bismillah4 ,when all have been thus served1 a second round is poured out1 but in inverse order1 for the host this time drinks first1 and the guests last4 ,on special occasions1 a first reception1 for instance1 the ruddy liquor is a third time handed round2 nay1 a fourth cup is sometimes added4 ,but all these put together do not come up to one-fourth of what a ,european imbibes in a single draught at breakfast4 ,illustration3 ,,native ,,caf1 ,,harar1 ,,abyssinia ,illustration3 ,,early ,,manner ,,of ,,serving ,,coffee1 ,,tea ,,and ,,chocolate ,from a drawing in ,dufour's ,traits ,nouveaux et ,curieux du ,caf1 du ,the et du ,chocolat ,for a more recent pen picture of coffee manners and customs in ,arabia1 we turn to ,charles ,m4 ,daughty's ,travels in ,arabia ,deserta#cfg3 ,hirfa ever demanded of her husband towards which part should the house be built4 ,dress the face4 ,zeyd would answer1 to this part1 showing her with his hands the south1 for if his booth's face be all day turned to the hot sun there will come in fewer young loitering and parasitical fellows that would be his coffee-drinkers4 ,since the sheukh1 or heads1 alone receive their tribes' surra1 it is not much that they should be to the arms of his coffee-hosts4 ,i have seen ,zeyd avoid them as he saw them approach1 or even rise ungraciously upon such men's presenting themselves 7the half of every booth1 namely the men's side1 is at all times open1 and any enter there that will1 in the free desert71 and they murmuring he tells them1 wellah1 his affairs do call him forth1 adieu2 he must away to the mejlis2 go they and seek the coffee elsewhere4 ,but were there any sheykh with them1 a coffee lord1 ,zeyd could not honestly choose but abide and serve them with coffee2 and if he be absent himself1 yet any sheykhly man coming to a sheykh's tent1 coffee must be made for him1 except he gently protest billah1 he would not drink4 ,hirfa1 a sheykh's daughter and his nigh kinswoman1 was a faithful mate to ,zeyd in all his sparing policy4 ,our menzil now standing1 the men step over to ,zeyd's coffee-fire1 if the sheykh be not gone forth to the mejlis to drink his mid-day cup there4 ,a few gathered sticks are flung down beside the hearth2 with flint and steel one stoops and strikes fire in tinder1 he blows and cherishes those seeds of the cheerful flame in some dry camel-dung1 sets the burning shred under dry straws1 and powders over more dry camel-dung4 ,as the fire kindles1 the sheykh reaches for his delll1 coffee pots1 which are carried in the fatya1 coffee-gear basket2 this people of a nomad life bestow each thing of theirs in a proper beyt2 it would otherwise be lost in their daily removings4 ,one rises to go to fill up the pots at the water-skins1 or a bowl of water is handed over the curtain from the woman's side2 the pot at the fire1 ,hirfa reaches over her little palm-ful of green coffee berries4444 ,these are roasted and brayed2 as all is boiling he sets out his little cups1 fenjeyl 7for fenjeyn74 ,when1 with a pleasant gravity1 he has unbuckled his gutia or cup-box1 we see the nomad has not above three or four fenjeyns1 wrapt in a rusty clout1 with which he scours them busily1 as if this should make his cups clean4 ,the roasted beans are pounded amongst ,arabs with a magnanimous rattle--and 7as all their labor7 rhythmical--in brass of the town1 or an old wooden mortar1 gaily studded with nails1 the work of some nomad smith4 ,the water bubbling in the small delll1 he casts in his fine coffee powder1 el-bunn1 and withdraws the pot to simmer a moment4 ,from a knot in his kerchief he takes then a head of cloves1 a piece of cinnamon or other spice1 bahar1 and braying these he casts their dust in after4 ,soon he pours out some hot drops to essay his coffee2 if the taste be to his liking1 making dexterously a nest of all the cups in his hand1 with pleasant clattering1 he is ready to pour out for all the company1 and begins upon his right hand2 and first1 if such be present1 to any considerable sheykh and principal persons4 ,the fenjeyn kahwah is but four sips2 to fill it up to a guest1 as in the northern towns1 were among ,bedouins an injury1 and of such bitter meaning1 ,this drink thou and depart4 ,illustration3 ,,nubian ,,slave ,,girl ,,with ,,coffee ,,service1 ,,persia ,then is often seen a contention in courtesy amongst them1 especially in any greater assemblies1 who shall drink first4 ,some man that receives the fenjeyn in his turn will not drink yet--he proffers it to one sitting in order under him1 as to the more honourable2 but the other putting off with his hand will answer ebbeden1 ,nay1 it shall never be1 by ,ullah6 but do thou drink4 ,thus licensed1 the humble man is despatched in three sips1 and hands up his empty fenjeyn4 ,but if he have much insisted1 by this he opens his willingness to be reconciled with one not his friend4 ,that neighbor1 seeing the company of coffee-drinkers watching him1 may with an honest grace receive the cup1 and let it seem not willingly2 but an hard man will sometimes rebut the other's gentle proffer4 ,some may have taken lower seats than becoming their sheykhly blood1 of which the nomads are jealous2 entering untimely1 they sat down out of order1 sooner than trouble all the company4 ,a sheykh1 coming late and any business going forward1 will often sit far out in the assembly2 and show himself a popular person in this kind of honourable humility4 ,the more inward in the booth is the higher place2 where also is1 with the sheykhs1 the seat of a stranger4 ,to sit in the loose circuit without and before the tent1 is for the common sort4 ,a tribesman arriving presents himself at that part or a little lower1 where in the eyes of all men his pretension will be well allowed2 and in such observances of good nurture1 is a nomad man's honour among his tribesmen4 ,and this is nigh all that serves the nomad for a conscience1 namely1 that which men will hold of him4 ,a poor person1 approaching from behind1 stands obscurely1 wrapped in his tattered mantle1 with grave ceremonial1 until those sitting indolently before him in the sand shall vouchsafe to take notice of him2 then they rise unwillingly1 and giving back enlarge the coffee-circle to receive him4 ,but if there arrive a sheykh1 a coffee-host1 a richard amongst them of a few cattle1 all the coxcomb companions within will hail him with their pleasant adulation taad henneyi1 ,step thou up hither4 ,the astute ,fukara sheukh surpass all men in their coffee-drinking courtesy1 and ,zeyd himself was more than any large of this gentlemen-like imposture3 he was full of swaggering complacence and compliments to an humbler person4 ,with what suavity could he encourage1 and gently too compel a man1 and rising himself yield him parcel of another man's room6 ,in such fashions ,zeyd showed himself a bountiful great man1 who indeed was the greatest niggard4 ,the cups are drunk twice about1 each one sipping after other's lips without misliking2 to the great coffee sheykhs the cup may be filled more times1 but this is an adulation of the coffee-server4 ,there are some of the ,fukara sheukh so delicate ,sybarites that of those three bitter sips1 to draw out all their joyance1 twisting1 turning1 and tossing again the cup1 they could make ten4 ,the coffee-service ended1 the grounds are poured out from the small into the great store-pot that is reserved full of warm water2 with the bitter lye the nomads will make their next bever1 and think they spare coffee4 ,here is an ,arabian recipe#cfh for making coffee as given by ,kadhi ,hodhat1 the best informed man of his time3 ,tadj-,eddin-,aid-,almaknab-ben-,yacoub- ,mekki ,molki1 chief of all the cantons of ,hedjaz1 7,may ,god have mercy on him67 ,i learned it when once in his company at the time of the ,holy ,feasts4444 ,he informed me that nothing is more beneficial than to drink cold water before coffee1 because it lessens the dryness of the coffee and thus taken it does not cause insomnia to the same degree4 ,the poet did not forget to explain this manner of taking coffee3 ,as with art 'tis prepared1 one should drink it with art4 ,the mere commonplace drinks one absorbs with free heart2 ,but this--once with care from the bright flame removed1 ,and the lime set aside that its value has proved-- ,take it first in deep draughts1 meditative and slow1 ,quit it now1 now resume1 thus imbibe with gusto2 ,while charming the palate it burns yet enchants1 ,in the hour of its triumph the virtue it grants ,penetrates every tissue2 its powers condense4 ,circulate cheering warmths1 bring new life to each sense4 ,from the cauldron profound spiced aromas unseen ,mount to tease and delight your olfactories keen1 ,the while you inhale with felicity fraught1 ,the enchanting perfume that a zephyr has brought4 ,illustration3 ,,persian ,,coffee ,,service1 #agcg ,gone are the luxurious and magnificent coffee houses of ,constantinople 7if they ever existed--at least as we understand luxury and magnificence7 which first brought the beverage world-wide fame2 such caffinets as the one pictured by ,thomas ,allom and described by the ,rev4 ,robert ,walsh1 in ,constantinople1 ,illustrated3 ,the caffinet1 or coffee-house1 is something more splendid1 and the ,turk expends all his notions of finery and elegance on this1 his favorite place of indulgence4 ,the edifice is generally decorated in a very gorgeous manner1 supported on pillars1 and open in front4 ,it is surrounded on the inside by a raised platform1 covered with mats or cushions1 on which the ,turks sit cross-legged4 ,on one side are musicians1 generally ,greeks1 with mandolins and tambourines1 accompanying singers1 whose melody consists in vociferation2 and the loud and obstreperous concert forms a strong contrast to the stillness and taciturnity of ,turkish meetings4 ,on the opposite side are men1 generally of a respectable class1 some of whom are found here every day1 and all day long1 dozing under the double influence of coffee and tobacco4 ,the coffee is served in very small cups1 not larger than egg-cups1 grounds and all1 without cream or sugar1 and so black1 thick1 and bitter that it has been aptly compared to stewed soot4 ,besides the ordinary chibouk for tobacco1 there is another implement1 called narghillai1 used for smoking in a caffinet1 of a more elaborate construction4 ,it consists of a glass vase1 filled with water1 and often scented with distilled rose or other flowers4 ,this is surmounted with a silver or brazen head1 from which issues a long flexible tube2 a pipe-bowl is placed on the top1 and so constructed that the smoke is drawn1 and comes bubbling up through the water1 cool and fragrant to the mouth4 ,a peculiar kind of tobacco1 grown at ,shiraz in ,persia1 and resembling small pieces of cut leather1 is used with this instrument4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,a ,,turkish ,,coffee ,,house ,certainly there never was any such thing as a coffee-house architecture4 ,it may be that up to the time of ,abdul ,hamid1 when money was more plentiful than it has been for the past fifty years1 there were coffee houses more comfortably appointed than now exist4 ,the coffee house in a modernized form is1 however1 quite as numerous in ,turkey as in the days of ,amurath ,,iii and the notorious ,kuprili4 ,h4,g4 ,dwight#cfi writing on the present day ,turkish coffee house1 says3 ,illustration3 ,,roasting ,,coffee ,,before ,a ,,caf1 ,,turkey ,there are thoroughfares in any ,turkish city that carry on almost no other form of traffic4 ,there is no quarter so miserable or so remote as to be without one or two4 ,they are the clubs of the poorer classes4 ,men of a street1 a trade1 a province1 or a nationality--for a ,turkish coffee-house may also be ,albanian1 ,armenian1 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 ,kurd1 almost anything you please--meet regularly when their work is done1 at coffee-houses kept by their own people4 ,so much are the humbler coffee-houses frequented by a fixed clientle that a student of types or dialects may realize for himself how truly they used to be called ,schools of ,knowledge4 ,the arrangement of a ,turkish coffee-house is of the simplest4 ,the essential is that the place should provide the beverage for which it exists and room for enjoying the same4 ,a sketch of a coffee-shop may often be seen on the street1 in a scrap of shade or sunshine according to the season1 where a stool or two invite the passer-by to a moment of contemplation4 ,larger establishments1 though they are rarely very large1 are most often installed in a room longer than it is wide1 having as many windows as possible at the street end and what we would call the bar at the other4 ,it is a bar that always makes me regret ,i do not etch1 with its pleasing curves1 its high lights of brass and porcelain striking out of deep shadow1 and its usually picturesque kahvehji4 ,you do not stand at it4 ,you sit on one of the benches running down the sides of the room4 ,they are more or less comfortably cushioned1 though sometimes higher and broader than a foreigner finds to his taste4 ,in that case you slip off your shoes1 if you would do as the ,romans do1 and tuck your feet up under you4 ,a table stands in front of you to hold your coffee--and often in summer an aromatic pot of basil to keep the flies away4 ,chairs or stools are scattered about4 ,decorative ,arabic texts1 sometimes wonderful prints1 adorn the walls4 ,there may even be hanging rugs and china to entertain your eyes4 ,and there you are4 ,the habit of the coffee-house is one that requires a certain leisure4 ,you must not bolt coffee as you bolt the fire-waters of the ,west1 without ceremony1 in retreats withdrawn from the public eye4 ,being a less violent and a less shameful passion1 ,i suppose1 it is indulged in with more of the humanities4 ,the etiquette of the coffee-house1 of those coffee-houses which have not been too much infected by ,europe1 is one of their most characteristic features4 ,something like it prevails in ,italy1 where you tip your hat on entering and leaving a caff4 ,in ,turkey1 however1 ,i have seen a new-comer salute one after another each person in a crowded coffee-room1 once on entering the door and again after taking his seat1 and be so saluted in return--either by putting the right hand to the heart and uttering the greeting ,merhabah1 or by making the temennah1 that triple sweep of the hand which is the most graceful of salutes4 ,i have also seen an entire company rise upon the entrance of an old man1 and yield him the corner of honor4 ,such courtesies take time4 ,then you must wait for your coffee to be made4 ,to this end coffee1 roasted fresh as required by turning in an iron cylinder over a fire of sticks and ground to the fineness of powder in a brass mill1 is put into a small uncovered brass pot with a long handle4 ,there it is boiled to a froth three times on a charcoal brazier1 with or without sugar as you prefer4 ,but to desecrate it by the admixture of milk is an unheard of sacrilege4 ,some kahvehjis replace the pot in the embers with a smart rap in order to settle the grounds4 ,you in the meanwhile smoke4 ,that also takes time1 particularly if you drink a narguileh1 as the ,turks say4 ,this is familiar enough in the ,west to require no great description4 ,it is a big carafe with a metal top for holding tobacco and a long coil of leather tube for inhaling the water-cooled fumes thereof4 ,the effect is wonderfully soothing and innocent at first1 though wonderfully deadly in the end to the novice4 ,the tobacco used is not the ordinary weed1 but a much coarser and stronger one called tunbeki1 which comes from ,persia4 ,the same sort of tobacco used to be smoked a great deal in shallow red earthenware pipes with long mouthpieces4 ,they are now chiefly seen in antiquity shops4 ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,a ,,turkish ,,caffinet1 ,,early ,,nineteenth ,,century--,,after ,,allan ,when your coffee is ready it is poured into an after-dinner coffee-cup or into a miniature bowl1 and brought to you on a tray with a glass of water4 ,a foreigner can almost always be spotted by the manner in which he finally partakes of these refreshments4 ,a ,turk sips his water first1 partly to prepare the way for the coffee1 but also because he is a connoisseur of the former liquid as other men are of stronger ones4 ,and he lifts his coffee-cup by the saucer1 whether it possess a handle or no1 managing the two together in a dexterous way of his own4 ,the current price for all this1 not including the water-pipe1 is ten paras--a trifle over a cent--for which the kahvehji will cry you ,blessing4 ,more pretentious establishments charge twenty paras1 while a giddy few rise to a piaster--not quite five cents--or a piaster and a half4 ,that1 however1 begins to look like extortion4 ,and mark that you do not tip the waiter4 ,i have often been surprised to be charged no more than the tariff1 although ,i gave a larger piece to be changed and it was perfectly evident that ,i was a foreigner4 ,that is an experience which rarely befalls a traveller among his own coreligionaries4 ,it has even happened to me1 which is rarer still1 to be charged nothing at all1 nay1 to be steadfastly refused when ,i persisted in attempting to pay1 simply because ,i was a foreigner1 and therefore a guest4 ,there is no reason1 however1 why you should go away when you have had your coffee--or your glass of tea--and your smoke4 ,on the contrary1 there are reasons why you should stay1 particularly if you happen into the coffee-house not too long after sunset4 ,then coffee-houses of the most local color are at their best4 ,earlier in the day their clients are likely to be at work4 ,later they will have disappeared altogether4 ,for ,constantinople has not quite forgotten the habits of the tent4 ,stamboul1 except during the holy month of ,ramazan1 is a deserted city at night4 ,but just after dark it is full of a life which an outsider is often content simply to watch through the lighted windows of coffee-rooms4 ,these are also barber-shops1 where men have shaved not only their chins1 but different parts of their heads according to their countries4 ,in them likewise checkers1 the ,persian backgammon1 and various games of long narrow cards are played4 ,they say that ,bridge came from ,constantinople4 ,indeed1 ,i believe a club of ,pera claims the honor of having communicated that passion to the ,western ,world4 ,but ,i must confess that ,i have yet to see an open hand in a coffee-house of the people4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,making ,,in ,,turkey ,one of the pleasantest forms of amusement to be obtained in coffee-houses is unfortunately getting to be one of the rarest4 ,it is that afforded by itinerant story-tellers1 who still carry on in the ,east the tradition of the troubadours4 ,the stories they tell are more or less on the order of the ,arabian ,nights1 though perhaps even less suitable for mixed companies--which for the rest are never found in coffee-shops4 ,these men are sometimes wonderfully clever at character monologue or dialogue4 ,they collect their pay at a crucial moment of the action1 refusing to continue until the audience has testified to the sincerity of its interest by some token more substantial4 ,music is much more common4 ,there are those1 to be sure1 who find no music in the sounds poured forth oftenest by a gramophone1 often by a pair of gypsies with a flaring pipe and two small gourd drums1 and sometimes by an orchestra so-called of the fine lute--a company of musicians on a railed dais who sing long songs while they play on stringed instruments of strange curves4 ,for myself ,i know too little of music to tell what relation the recurrent cadences of those songs and their broken rhythms may bear to the antique modes4 ,but ,i can listen1 as long as musicians will perform1 to those infinite repetitions1 that insistent sounding of the minor key4 ,it pleases me to fancy there a music come from far away--from unknown river gorges1 from camp-fires glimmering on great plains4 ,does not such darkness breathe through it1 such melancholy1 such haunting of elusive airs8 ,there are flashes too of light1 of song1 the playing of shepherd's pipes1 the swoop of horsemen and sudden outcries of savagery4 ,but the note to which it all comes back is the monotone of a primitive life1 like the day-long beat of camel bells4 ,and more than all1 it is the mood of ,asia1 so rarely penetrated1 which is neither lightness or despair4 ,illustration3 ,,street ,,coffee ,,vender ,,in ,,the ,,levant1 #agad ,there are seasons in the year when these various forms of entertainment abound more than at others1 as ,ramazan and the two ,bairams4 ,throughout the month of ,ramazan the purely ,turkish coffee-houses are closed in the daytime1 since the pleasures which they minister may not then be indulged in2 but they are open all night4 ,it is during that one month of the year that ,karaghieuz1 the ,turkish shadow-show1 may be seen in a few of the larger coffee-shops4 ,the ,bairams are two festivals of three and four days respectively1 the former of which celebrates the close of ,ramazan1 while the latter corresponds in certain respects to the ,jewish ,passover4 ,dancing is a particular feature of the coffee-houses in ,bairam4 ,the ,kurds1 who carry the burdens of ,constantinople on their backs1 are above all other men given to this form of exercise--though the ,lazzes1 the boatmen1 vie with them4 ,one of these dark tribesmen plays a little violin like a pochelle1 or two of them perform on a pipe and a big drum1 while the others dance round them in a circle1 sometimes till they drop from fatigue4 ,the weird music and the picturesque costumes and movements of the dancers make the spectacle one to be remembered4 ,christian coffee-houses also have their own festal seasons4 ,these coincide in general with the festivals of the church4 ,but every quarter has its patron saint1 the saint of the local church or of the local holy well1 whose feast is celebrated by a three-day panayiri4 ,the street is dressed with flags and strings of colored paper1 tables and chairs line the sidewalk1 and libations are poured forth in honor of the holy person commemorated4 ,for this reason1 and because of the more volatile character of the ,greek1 the general note of his merrymaking is louder than that of the ,turk4 ,one may even see the scandalous spectacle of men and women dancing together at a ,greek panayiri4 ,the instrument which sets the key of these orgies is the lanterna1 a species of hand-organ peculiar to ,constantinople4 ,it is a hand-piano rather1 of a loud and cheerful voice1 whose ,eurasian harmonies are enlivened by a frequent clash of bells4 ,what first made coffee-houses suspicious to those in authority1 however1 is their true resource--the advantages they offer for meeting one's kind1 for social converse and the contemplation of life4 ,hence it must be that they have so happy a tact for locality4 ,they seek shade1 pleasant corners1 open squares1 the prospect of water or wide landscapes4 ,in ,constantinople they enjoy an infinite choice of site1 so huge is the extent of that city1 so broken by hill and sea1 so varied in its spectacle of life4 ,the commonest type of city coffee-room looks out upon the passing world from under a grape-vine or a climbing wistaria4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,coffee ,,house ,,in ,,syria--,,after ,,jardin ,coffee-houses of distinction are to be found also in the ,place of the ,pines overlooking the ,marble ,sea1 on ,giant's ,mountain1 in the ,landing ,place of the ,man-slayer1 and along the rivers that flow into the ,golden ,horn4 ,originally the ,turkish method of preparing coffee was the ,arabian method1 and it is so described by ,mr4 ,fellows in his ,excursions through ,asia ,minor3 ,each cup is made separately1 the little saucepan or ladle in which it is prepared being about an inch wide and two deep2 this is more than half filled with coffee1 finely pounded with a pestle and mortar1 and then filled up with water2 after being placed for a few seconds on the fire1 the contents are poured1 or rather shaken1 out 7being much thicker than chocolate7 without the addition of cream or sugar1 into a china cup of the size and shape of half an egg-shell1 which is inclosed in one of ornamented metal for convenience of holding in the hand4 ,later1 the ,turks sought to improve the method by adding sugar 7a concession to the ,european sweet tooth7 during the boiling process4 ,the improved ,turkish recipe is as follows3 ,first boil the water4 ,for two cups of the beverage add three lumps of sugar and return the boiler to the fire4 ,add two teaspoonfuls of powdered coffee1 stirring well and let the pot boil up four times4 ,between each boiling the pot is to be removed from the fire and the bottom tapped gently until the froth on the top subsides4 ,after the last boiling pour the coffee first into one cup and then the other1 so as to evenly divide the froth4 ,in ,syria and ,palestine the ,turkish-,arabian methods are followed4 ,the brazen dippers1 or ibriks1 are used for boiling4 ,illustration3 ,,cafetan ,oriental coffee-house keeper's costume ,in the ,near ,east1 coffee manners and customs are much the same today as they were fifty or even one hundred years ago4 ,witness ,damascus4 ,the following pen picture of the cafs in this ancient city was written in #ahcf to accompany the drawing by ,bartlett and ,purser1 which is reproduced here2 but it might have been written in #aibb1 so slight have been the changes in the setting or the spirit of the original coffee house that ,shemsi first brought to ,constantinople from ,damascus in #aeed4cgj ,illustration3 ,,street ,,coffee ,,service ,,in ,,constantinople ,the ,cafs of the kind represented in the plate are1 perhaps1 the greatest luxury that a stranger finds in ,damascus4 ,gardens1 kiosques1 fountains1 and groves are abundant around every ,eastern capital3 but ,cafs on the very bosom of a rapid river1 and bathed by its waves1 are peculiar to this ancient city3 they are formed so as to exclude the rays of the sun1 while they admit the breeze2 the light roof is supported by slender rows of pillars1 and the building is quite open on every side4 ,a few of these houses are situated in the skirts of the town1 on one of the streams1 where the eye rests on the luxuriant vegetation of garden and wood3 others are in the heart of the city3 a flight of steps conducts to them from the sultry street1 and it is delightful to pass in a few moments from the noisy1 shadeless thoroughfare1 where you see only mean gateways and the gable-ends of edifices1 to a cool1 grateful1 calm place of rest and refreshment1 where you can muse and meditate in ease and luxury1 and feel at every moment the rich breeze from the river4 ,in two or three instances1 a light wooden bridge leads to the platform1 close to which1 and almost out of it1 one or two large and noble trees lift the canopy of their spreading branches and leaves1 more welcome at noonday than the roofs of fretted gold in the ,arabian ,nights4 ,the high pavilion roof and the pillars are all constructed of wood3 the floor is of wood1 and sometimes of earth1 and is regularly watered1 and raised only a few inches above the level of the stream1 which rushes by at the feet of the customer1 which it almost bathes1 as he sips his coffee or sherbet4 ,innumerable small seats cover the floor1 and you take one of these1 and place it in the position you like best4 ,perhaps you wish to sit apart from the crowd1 just under the shadow of the tree1 or in some favourite corner where you can smoke1 and contemplate the motley guests1 formed into calm and solemn groups1 who wish to hold no communion with the ,giaour4 ,there is ample food here for the observer of character1 costume and pretension3 the tradesman1 the mechanic1 the soldier1 the gentleman1 the dandy1 the grave old man1 looking wise on the past and dimly on the future3 the hadge1 in his green turban1 vain of his journey to ,mecca1 and drawing a long bow in his tales and adventures3 the long straight pipe1 the hookah with its soft curling tube and glass vase1 are in request3 but the poorer argille is most commonly used4 ,from sunrise to set1 these houses are never empty3 we were accustomed to visit one of them early every morning1 before breakfast1 and very many persons were already there3 yet this balmy hour of prime was the most silent and solitary of the whole day2 it was the coolest also3 the rising sun was glancing redly on the waters3 there was as yet no heat in the air1 and the little cup of ,mocha coffee and the pipe were handed by an attendant as soon as the stranger was seated4 ,his favourite ,caf was the one represented in the plate3 the river is the ,barrada1 the ancient ,pharpar4 ,never was the sound of many waters so pleasant to the ear as in ,damascus3 the air is filled with the sound1 with which no clash of tongues1 rolling of wheels1 march of footman or horsemen1 mingle3 the numerous groups who love to resort here are silent half the time2 and when they do converse1 their voice is often low1 like that of a familiar spirit1 or in short grave sentences that pass quickly from the ear4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,riverside ,,caf ,,in ,,damascus1 ,,nineteenth ,,century ,after ,bartlett and ,purser ,yet much1 very much of the excitement of the life of the ,turk in this city1 is absorbed in these coffee-houses3 they are his opera1 his theatre1 his conversazione3 soon after his eyes are unclosed from sleep1 he thinks of his ,caf1 and forthwith bends his way there3 during the day he looks forward to pass the evening on the loved floor1 to look on the waters1 on the stars above1 and on the faces of his friends2 and at the moonlight falling on all4 ,mahomet committed a grievous error in the omission of coffee-houses1 in a future state3 had he ever seen those of ,damascus1 he would surely have given them a place on his rivers of ,paradise1 persuaded that true believers must feel a melancholy void without them4 ,there is no ornament or richness about these houses3 no sofas1 mirrors1 or drapery1 save that afforded by a few evergreens and creepers3 the famous silks and damasks of ,damascus have no place here2 all is plain and homely2 yet no ,parisian ,caf1 with its beautiful mirrors1 gilding1 and luxuriousness1 is so welcome to the imagination and senses of the traveller4 ,after wandering many days over dry1 and stony1 and desert places1 where the lip thirsted for the stream1 is it not delicious to sit at the brink of a wild1 impetuous torrent1 to gaze on its white foam and breaking waves1 till you can almost feel their gush in every nerve and fibre1 and can bathe your very soul in them4 ,and while you slowly smoke your pipe of purest tobacco1 the sands of the desert1 and their burning sun1 rise again before you1 when you prayed for even the shadow of a cloud on your way4 ,the banks are in some parts covered with wood1 whose soft green verdure contrasts beautifully with the clear torrent1 and almost droops into its bosom4 ,near the coffee-houses are one or two cataracts several feet high1 and the perpetual sound of their fall1 and the coolness they spread around1 are exquisite luxuries--in the heat of day1 or in the dimness of evening4 ,there are two or three ,cafs constructed somewhat differently from those just described3 a low gallery divides the platform from the tide2 fountains play on the floor1 which is furnished with very plain sofas and cushions2 and music and dancing always abound1 of the most unrefined description4 ,the only intellectual gratification in these places is afforded by the ,arab story-tellers1 among whom are a few eminent and clever men3 soon after his entrance1 a group begins to form around the gifted man1 who1 after a suitable pause1 to collect hearers or whet their expectations1 begins his story4 ,it is a picturesque sight--of the ,arab with his wild and graceful gestures1 and his auditory1 hushed into deep and child-like attention1 seated at the edge of the rushing tide1 while the narrator moves from side to side1 and each accent of his distinct and musical voice is heard throughout the ,caf4 ,the building directly opposite is another house1 of a similar kind in every respect ,there are a few small ,cafs1 more select as to company1 where the ,turkish gentlemen often go1 form dinner parties1 and spend the day4 ,night is the propitious season to visit these places3 the glare of the sun1 glancing on the waters1 is passed away2 the company is then most numerous1 for it is their favourite hour2 the lamps1 suspended from the slender pillars1 are lighted2 the ,turks1 in the various and brilliant colours of their costume1 crowd the platform1 some standing moveless as the pillars beside them1 their long pipe in their hand--noble specimens of humanity1 if intellect breathed within3 some reclining against the rails1 others seated in groups1 or solitary as if buried in lonely thoughts sublime2 while the rush of the falling waters is sweeter music than that of the pipe and the guitar1 that faintly strive to be heard4 ,the cataract in the plate is a very fine one2 on its foam the moonlight was lovely3 we passed many an hour here on such a night1 the clear waters of the ,pharpar1 as they rolled on1 reflecting each pillar1 each ,damascene slowly moving by in his waving garments4 ,the glare of the lamps mingled strangely with the moonlight1 that rested with a soft and vivid glory on the waters1 and fell beneath pillar and roof on the picturesque groups within4 ,the slender brass coffee grinders sometimes serve as a combination utensil in the equipment of the ,turkish officer4 ,frequently they are made of silver4 ,they might be called collapsible1 convertible coffee kits1 as they are made to serve as a combination coffee pot1 mill1 can1 and cup4 ,the green or roasted beans are kept in the lower section4 ,it takes but a minute to unscrew the apparatus4 ,to make a cup of coffee1 the beans are dumped out and three or four of them are put in the middle section4 ,the steel crank is fitted over the squared rod projecting from the middle section1 which revolves1 setting in motion the grinding apparatus inside4 ,the ground coffee falls into the bottom section1 and water is added4 ,the pot is placed on the fire1 and the contents brought to a boil4 ,the coffee pot serves as a cup4 ,the process requires but a few minutes4 ,the cup is rinsed out1 the beans replaced1 the utensils put together1 the whole thing is slipped into the officer's tunic1 and he goes on1 refreshed4 ,in ,persia1 where tea is mostly drunk1 the ,turkish-,arabian methods of making coffee are followed4 ,in ,ceylon and ,india1 the same applies to the native population1 but the whites follow the ,european practise4 ,in ,india1 many people look upon coffee as just a bonne bouche--a chaser4 ,a well known ,english tea firm has had some success in ,india with a tinned ,french coffee1 which is a blend of ,indian coffee and chicory4 ,european methods obtain in making coffee in ,china and ,japan1 and in the ,french and ,dutch colonies4 ,when traveling in the ,far ,east one of the greatest hardships the coffee lover is called upon to endure is the ,european bottled coffee extract1 which so often supplies lazy chefs with the makings of a most forbidding cup of coffee4 ,in ,java1 a favorite method is to make a strong extract by the ,french drip process and then to use a spoonful of the extract to a cup of hot milk--a good drink when the extract is freshly made for each service4 ,coffee ,making in ,europe ,in ,europe1 the coffee drink was first sold by lemonade venders4 ,in ,florence those who sold coffee1 chocolate1 and other beverages were not called caffetiri 7coffee sellers7 but limonji 7lemonade venders74 ,pascal's first ,paris coffee shop served other drinks as well as coffee2 and ,procope's caf began as a lemonade shop4 ,it was only when coffee1 which was an afterthought1 began to lead the other beverages1 that he gave the name caf to his whole refreshment place4 ,today1 nearly every country in ,europe can supply the two extremes of coffee making4 ,in ,paris and ,vienna1 one may find it brewed and served in its highest perfection2 but here too it is frequently found as badly done as in ,england1 and that is saying a good deal4 ,the principal difficulty seems to be in the chicory flavor1 for which long years of use has cultivated a taste1 with most people4 ,now coffee-and-chicory is not at all a bad drink2 indeed the author confesses to have developed a certain liking for it after a time in ,france--but it is not coffee4 ,in ,europe1 chicory is not regarded as an adulterant--it is an addition1 or modifier1 if you please4 ,and so many people have acquired a coffee-and-chicory taste1 that it is doubtful if they would appreciate a real cup of coffee should they ever meet it4 ,this1 of course1 is a generalization2 and like all generalizations1 is dangerous1 for it is possible to obtain good coffee1 properly made1 in any ,european country1 even ,england1 in the homes of the people1 but seldom in the hotels or restaurants4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,al ,,fresco ,,in ,,jerusalem ,,austria4 ,coffee is made in ,austria after the ,french style1 usually by the drip method or in the pumping percolator device1 commonly called the ,vienna coffee machine4 ,the restaurants employ a large-size urn fitted with a combination metal sieve and cloth sack4 ,after the ground coffee has infused for about six minutes1 a screw device raises the metal sieve1 the pressure forcing the liquid through the cloth sack containing the ground coffee4 ,vienna cafs are famous1 but the ,world ,war has dimmed their glory4 ,it used to be said that their equal could not be found for general excellence and moderate prices4 ,from half-past eight to ten in the morning1 large numbers of people were wont to breakfast in them on a cup of coffee or tea1 with a roll and butter4 ,mlang is with milk2 brown coffee is darker1 and a schwarzer is without milk4 ,in all the cafs the visitor may obtain coffee1 tea1 liqueurs1 ices1 bottled beer1 ham1 eggs1 etc4 ,the ,caf ,schrangl in the ,graben is typical4 ,then there are the dairies1 with coffee1 a unique institution4 ,in the ,prater 7public park7 there are many interesting cafs4 ,charles ,j4 ,rosebault says in the ,new ,york ,times3 ,the caf of ,vienna has been imitated all over the world--but the result has never failed to be an imitation4 ,the nearest approach to the genuine in my experience was the upstairs room of the old ,fleischman ,caf in ,new ,york4 ,that was because the average ,new ,yorker knew it not and it remained sacred to the internationalists3 the musicians1 artists1 writers1 and other ,bohemians to whom had been intrusted the secret of its existence4 ,it is the spirit that counts1 and it was the spirit of its frequenters that made the ,vienna caf4 ,it was everyman's club1 and everywoman's1 too1 where one went to relax and forget all the worries of existence1 to look over papers and magazines from all parts of the world and printed in every known language1 to play chess or skat or taracq1 to chat with friends and to drink the inimitable ,viennese coffee1 the fragrance of which can no more be described than the perfume of last year's violets4 ,the caf was filled after the noon meal1 when busy men took their coffee and smoked2 again around five o'clock1 when all the world and his wife paraded along the ,graben and the ,karntner ,strasse1 and then dropped into a favorite caf for coffee or chocolate and cakes--horns and crescents of delicious dough filled with jam or1 possibly1 the wonderful ,kugelhupf1 in comparison with which our sponge is like unto lead2 finally in the evening1 when there were family parties and those returning from theatres and concerts and opera4 ,illustration3 ,photograph by ,burton ,holmes ,,the ,,caf ,,schrangl ,,in ,,the ,,graben1 ,,vienna1 ,,the ,,city ,,that ,,coffee ,,made ,,famous ,while the caf life of ,vienna has been nearly killed by the ,world ,war1 it is to be hoped that time will restore at least something of its former glory4 ,in spite of the stories of plundering bands of ,bolshevists that in the latter part of #aiba wrecked some of the better known places1 we read that ,oscar ,straus1 composer of ,the ,chocolate ,soldier1 is living in comparative luxury in ,vienna1 and spends most of his time in the cafs1 where he is to be found usually from two until five in the afternoon and from eleven o'clock at night until some early hour of the morning surrounded by musicians of lesser note and wealth1 whom1 to a degree1 he supports2 also with him being many of the leading composers1 librettists1 actors1 actresses1 and singers of ,vienna4 ,for ,vienna coffee1 the liquor is usually made in a pumping percolator or by the drip process4 ,in normal times it is served two parts coffee to one of hot milk topped with whipped cream4 ,during #aiad-ah and the recent post-war period1 however1 the sparkling crown of delicious whipped cream gave way to condensed milk1 and saccharine took the place of sugar4 ,,belgium4 ,in ,belgium1 the ,french drip method is most generally employed4 ,chicory is freely used as a modifier4 ,the greatest coffee drinker among reigning monarchs is said to be the ,king of the ,belgians4 ,his majesty takes a cup of coffee before breakfast1 after breakfast1 at his noonday meal1 in the afternoon1 after dinner1 and again in the evening4 ,,british ,,isles4 ,in the ,british ,isles coffee is still being boiled2 although the infusion1 true percolation 7drip71 and filtration methods have many advocates4 ,a favorite device is the earthenware jug with or without the cotton sack that makes it a coffee biggin4 ,when used without the sack1 the best practise is first to warm the jug4 ,for each pint of liquor1 one ounce 7three dessert-spoonfuls7 of freshly ground coffee is put in the pot4 ,upon it is poured freshly boiling water--three-fourths of the amount required4 ,after stirring with a wooden spoon1 the remainder of the water is poured in1 and the pot is returned to the hob to infuse1 and to settle for from three to five minutes4 ,some stir it a second time before the final settling4 ,the best trade authorities stress home-grinding1 and are opposed to boiling the beverage4 ,they advocate also its use as a breakfast beverage1 after lunch1 and after the evening meal4 ,from an ,american point of view1 the principal defects in the ,english method of making coffee lie in the roasting1 handling1 and brewing4 ,it has been charged that the beans are not properly cooked in the first place1 and that they are too often stale before being ground4 ,the ,english run to a light or cinnamon roast1 whereas the best ,american practise requires a medium1 high1 or city roast4 ,a fairly high shade of brown is favored on the ,south ,downs with a light shade for ,lancashire1 the ,west ,riding of ,yorkshire1 and the south of ,scotland4 ,the trade demands1 for the most part1 a ripe chestnut brown4 ,wholesale roasting is done by gas and coke machines2 while retail dealers use mostly a small type of inner-heated gas machine4 ,the large gas machines 7with capacities running from twenty-five to seven hundred pounds7 have external air-blast burners1 direct and indirect burners1 sliding burners1 etc4 ,the best known are the ,faulder and ,moorewood machines4 ,in the ,uno1 a popular retail machine1 roasting seven to fourteen pounds at a time1 the coffee beans are placed in the space between outer and inner concentric cylinders1 one made of perforated steel1 and the other of wire gauze1 revolving together4 ,a gas flame of the ,bunsen type burns inside the inner cylinder1 its heat traversing the outer1 or coffee cylinder1 while the fumes are driven off through the open ends4 ,the roasting coffee may be viewed through a mica or wire-gauze panel inserted in the wall of the outer cylinder4 ,the ,faulder machine has an external flame1 a capacity of from seven to fourteen pounds2 and there are quick gas machines1 with capacities ranging from three pounds to two hundred and twenty-four pounds1 for the retail trade4 ,illustration3 ,,favorite ,,english ,,coffee-,,making ,,method ,illustration3 ,a ,,caf ,,of ,,ye ,,mecca ,,company1 ,,london ,in recent years there has been a marked improvement in ,english coffee roasting1 due to the intelligent study brought to bear upon the subject by leaders of the trade's thought1 and by the retail distributer1 who1 in the person of the retail grocer1 is1 generally speaking1 better educated to his business than the retail grocer in any other country4 ,years ago1 it was the practise to use butter or lard to improve the appearance of the bean in roasting2 but this is not so common as formerly4 ,the ,british consumer1 however1 will need much instruction before the national character of the beverage shows a uniform improvement4 ,while the coffee may be more carefully roasted1 better cooked than it was formerly1 it is still remaining too long unsold after roasting1 or else it is being ground too long a time before making4 ,these abuses are1 however1 being corrected2 and the consumer is everywhere being urged to buy his coffee freshly roasted and to have it freshly ground4 ,another factor has undoubtedly contributed to give ,england a bad name among lovers of good coffee1 and that is certain tinned coffees1 composed of ground coffee and chicory1 mixtures that attained some vogue for a time as ,french coffee4 ,they found favor1 perhaps1 because they were easily handled4 ,package coffees have not been developed in ,england as in ,america2 but there is a more or less limited field for them1 and there are several good brands of absolutely pure coffee on the market4 ,the demi-tasse is a popular drink after luncheon1 after dinner1 and even during the day1 especially in the cities4 ,in ,london1 there are cafs that make a specialty of it2 places like ,peel's1 ,groom's1 and the ,caf ,nero in the city2 also the shops of the ,london ,caf ,co41 and ,ye ,mecca ,co4 ,while1 in the home1 it is customary to steep the coffee2 in hotels and restaurants some form of percolating apparatus1 extractor1 or steam machine is employed4 ,there are the ,criterion 7employing a drip tray for making coffee in the ,etzenberger style72 ,fountain2 ,platow2 ,syphon 7,napier72 and ,verithing extractors1 put out by ,sumerling ,co4 of ,london2 and the well-known ,j4 ,s4 rapid coffee-making machine1 having an infuser1 and producing coffee by steam pressure1 manufactured by ,w4,m4 ,still ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,american visitors complain that coffee in ,england is too thick and syrupy for their liking4 ,coffee in restaurants is served white 7with milk71 or black1 in earthen1 stoneware1 or silver pots4 ,in chain restaurants1 like ,lyons' or the ,a4,b4,c41 there is to be found on the tariff1 hot milk with a dash of coffee4 ,illustration3 ,,groom',s ,,coffee ,,house1 ,,fleet ,,street1 ,,london ,illustration3 ,,caf ,,monico1 ,,piccadilly ,,circus1 ,,london ,as to the boiling method1 this is already generally discredited in the countries of western ,europe4 ,the steeping method so much favored in ,england may be responsible for some of the unkind things said about ,english coffee2 because it undoubtedly leads to the abuse of over-infusion1 so that the net result is as bad as boiling4 ,the vast majority of the ,english people are1 however1 confirmed tea drinkers1 and it is extremely doubtful if this national habit1 ingrained through centuries of use of the cup that cheers at breakfast and at tea time in the afternoon can ever be changed4 ,as already mentioned in this work1 the ,london coffee houses of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries gave way to a type of coffee house whose mainstay was its food rather than its drink4 ,in time1 these too began to yield to the changing influences of a civilization that demanded modern hotels1 luxurious tea lounges1 smart restaurants1 chain shops1 tea rooms1 and cafs with and without coffee4 ,a certain type of coffee shop1 with rough boarded stalls1 sanded floors and private rooms1 frequented by lower class workingmen1 were to be found in ,england for a time2 but because of their doubtful character1 they were closed up by the police4 ,among other places in ,london where coffee may be had in ,english or continental style1 mention should be made of the ,caf ,monico1 a good place to drop in for a coffee and liqueur1 and one of the pioneers of the modern restaurant2 ,gatti's1 where caf filtr1 or coffee produced by the filtration method1 is a specialty2 the cosmopolitan ,savoy with its popular tea lounge 7teas1 sixty cents72 the ,piccadilly ,hotel1 with its ,louis ,,xiv restaurant catering to refined and luxurious tastes2 the ,waldorf ,hotel1 with its ,american clientle and its palm court 7teas1 thirty-six cents72 the ,cecil1 with its palm court and tea balcony1 also having a special attraction for ,americans2 ,lyons' ,popular ,caf 7iced coffee1 twelve cents72 the ,trocadero with its special ,indian curries prepared by native cooks once each week2 the ,temple ,bar restaurant1 an attractive refectory owned by the semi-philanthropic ,trust-,houses1 ,ltd41 which runs some two hundred similar establishments throughout the country1 serving alcoholic drinks but stressing non-intoxicating beverages1 among them special ,mocha at six and eight cents a cup2 ,slater's1 ,ltd41 catering mostly to business folk in the city1 there being about a score of restaurants and tea rooms under this name with retail shops attached2 the ,british ,tea ,table ,association1 like ,slater's1 a grown-up sister of the olden bun shop of ,queen ,victoria's day2 and the ,kardomah chain of cafs1 where one is reasonably sure to get a satisfying cup of coffee and a cake4 ,illustration3 ,,gatti',s1 ,,in ,,the ,,strand1 ,,london ,illustration3 ,,tea ,,lounge ,,of ,,hotel ,,savoy1 ,,london ,supplementing the above1 ,charles ,cooper1 some time editor of the ,epicure and ,the ,table1 has prepared for this work some notes on the evolution of the old-time ,london coffee houses into the present-day tea rooms1 tea lounges1 cafs1 and restaurants for all comers4 ,mr4 ,cooper says of the transformation3 ,the old-fashioned ,london coffee-house that flourished forty to fifty years ago has within the past thirty years been completely extinguished by the modern tea rooms4 ,these old-fashioned establishments were mainly situated in and about the ,strand and ,fleet ,street1 the neighborhood of the ,inns of ,court1 etc4 ,they did not sacrifice much to outside show and decoration4 ,they were divided into boxes or pews1 and were generally speaking clean and well ordered2 the prices were moderate1 and the fare simple but superlatively good4 ,there is nothing to equal it now4 ,chops were cooked in the grill4 ,the tea and coffee were of the best2 the hams were ,york hams and the bacon the best ,wiltshire2 they were the last places where real buttered toast was made4 ,the art is now lost4 ,they catered exclusively to men2 and their clientle consisted of journalists1 artists1 actors1 men from the ,inns of ,court1 students1 et al4 ,a man living in chambers could breakfast comfortably at one of these places1 and read all the morning papers at his ease4 ,the most westerly perhaps of the old houses was ,stone's in ,panton ,street1 ,haymarket1 which has recently been sold4 ,groom's in ,fleet ,street1 where a good cup of coffee may still be had1 is principally frequented by barristers about the luncheon hour4 ,they are usually men who lunch lightly4 ,the tea rooms1 as ,i have said1 have killed the coffee houses4 ,at the time the latter flourished1 there were no facilities in ,london for a woman1 unattended by a man1 to obtain refreshment beyond a weak cup of tea at a few confectioners'4 ,it mattered the less in the days when the girl clerk had not come into being4 ,when the field of women's employment widened1 fresh requirements were created which the coffee shops did not meet4 ,illustration3 ,,lyons' ,,popular ,,caf1 ,,piccadilly--,,one ,,of ,,many ,,operated ,,under ,,that ,,name ,illustration3 ,,palm ,,court ,,in ,,the ,,waldorf ,,hotel--,a ,,popular ,,resort ,,for ,,american ,,travelers ,illustration3 ,,two ,,popular ,,places ,,for ,,coffee ,,in ,,london ,the tea room pioneers in ,london were the ,arated ,bread ,company1 familiarly known as the ,a4,b4,c4 ,i think that coffee palaces in provincial industrial centers had been started2 but as part of a temperance propaganda1 to counteract the attractions of the public house4 ,the ,arated ,bread ,company was founded about the middle of the past century for the manufacture and sale of bread made under the patent arated process of ,dr4 ,daugleish4 ,the shops were opened for the sale of bread to the public for home consumption2 but to give people an opportunity of testing it1 facilities were provided for obtaining a cup of tea1 and bread and butter1 on the premises4 ,this subsidiary object became in a short time the most important part of the company's business4 ,it multiplied its shops1 enlarged its bill of fare to include cooked foods2 and while1 nowadays1 the ,a4,b4,c4 and its rivals cater to many thousands daily1 ,i doubt if anybody ever buys a loaf to take home4 ,the ,a4,b4,c4 has many competitors1 similar shops having been started by ,lyons1 ,lipton1 ,slaters4 ,express ,dairy ,company1 ,cabin1 ,pioneer ,cafs1 and others4 ,ex uno disce omnes4 ,illustration3 ,,temple ,,bar ,,restaurant1 ,,london ,the fare in all these places is much alike1 as are the general equipment1 prices1 and class of customers4 ,they cater for a cheap class of business4 ,in the busy centers they are frequented mostly by young men and girl clerks and shop assistants1 by women in town1 shopping1 and such-like custom4 ,young employees can get a modest mid-day meal at a price to suit a shallow pocket4 ,before the war1 the ruling price for a cup of tea1 and a roll and butter1 was fourpence1 and the general tariff in proportion4 ,nowadays1 the war has run up prices at least fifty percent4 ,during the worst times of food control the fare was very scanty and very unappetizing4 ,as a rule1 it is plain and wholesome1 with no pretense of being recherch4 ,tea is almost always very good2 coffee not on the same level4 ,their tea rooms are all places designed for small1 quick meals2 and are in no sense lounges4 ,illustration3 ,,tea ,,balcony ,,in ,,the ,,hotel ,,cecil1 ,,london ,lyons have refreshment-houses of different grades4 ,the ,popular ,caf is a cut above the tea rooms1 and so are the ,corner ,houses4 ,two years ago1 the ,a4,b4,c4 amalgamated with ,buzard's1 an old established confectioner's in ,oxford ,street--a famous cake-house4 ,the ,monico and ,gatti's appeal to a quite different class from that catered to by the tea shops1 although perhaps not to what ,mrs4 ,boffin would call the highfliers of fashion who frequent the lounges of the fashionable hotels4 ,gatti's original caf was under the arches of ,charing ,cross station4 ,illustration3 ,,slater',s1 ,a ,,better-,,class ,,chain ,,shop1 ,,london ,i may add about the ,savoy that it was an outcome of the successful ,gilbert and ,sullivan operas of the seventies1 ,d',oyly ,carte having expended some of his profits on building the hotel on a piece of waste ground by the ,savoy ,theatre4 ,he brought over ,m4 ,ritz from ,monte ,carlo to manage the hotel and restaurant1 and ,escoffier1 the greatest chef of the day1 to preside over the cuisine4 ,they made the ,savoy famous for its dinners1 and it has always maintained a high reputation1 although ,escoffier1 who has now retired1 ruled later at the ,carlton2 and ,ritz1 at the hotel in ,piccadilly which bears his name4 ,,bulgaria4 ,in ,bulgaria1 ,arabian-,turkish methods of making coffee prevail4 ,the accompanying illustration shows a group in a caravan of the faithful on the annual pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,the venerable ,moslem1 who is ambitious of becoming a hadji1 is attended by his guards1 distinguished by their fantastic dress2 their glittering golden-hafted hanjars1 stuck in their shawl girdles2 and their silver-mounted pistols2 the grave turban replaced by a many-tasseled cap4 ,their accommodation is the stable of a khan1 or serai1 shared with their camel4 ,their refreshment is coffee1 thick1 black and bitter1 served by the khanji in tiny egg-shaped cups4 ,illustration3 ,,st4 ,,james',s ,,restaurant1 ,,piccadilly1 ,,london ,in ,,denmark and ,,finland coffee is made and served after the ,french and ,german fashion4 ,,france4 ,were it not for the almost inevitable high roast and frequently the disconcerting chicory addition1 coffee in ,france might be an unalloyed delight--at least this is how it appears to ,american eyes4 ,one seldom1 if ever1 finds coffee improperly brewed in ,france--it is never boiled4 ,second only to the ,united ,states1 ,france consumes about two million bags of coffee annually4 ,the varieties include coffee from the ,east ,indies2 ,mocha2 ,haitian 7a great favorite72 ,central ,american2 ,colombian2 and ,brazils4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,a4,b4,c4 ,,shop1 ,,london ,illustration3 ,,halt ,,of ,,caravaners ,,at ,a ,,serai1 ,,bulgaria ,although there are many wholesale and retail coffee roasters in ,france1 home roasting persists1 particularly in the country districts4 ,the little sheet-iron cylinder roasters1 that are hand-turned over an iron box holding the charcoal fire1 find a ready sale even in the modern department stores of the big cities4 ,in any village or city in ,france it is a common sight on a pleasant day to find the householder turning his roaster on the curb in front of his home4 ,emmet ,g4 ,beeson1 in ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal gives us this vignette of rural coffee roasting in the south of ,france3 ,in a certain town in the south of ,france ,i saw an old man with an outfit a little larger than the home variety1 a machine with a capacity of about ten pounds4 ,instead of a cylinder in which to roast his coffee1 he had perched on a sheet-iron frame a hollow round ball made of sheet iron4 ,in the top of this ball there was a little slide which was opened by the means of a metal tool4 ,in the sheet-iron frame he had kindled his charcoal fire4 ,directly in front of his roaster was a home-made cooling pan1 the sides of which were of wood1 the bottom covered with a fine grade of wire screening4 ,on this particular afternoon1 the old man had taken up his place on the curb2 and a big black cat had taken advantage of the warmth offered by the charcoal fire and was curled up1 sleeping peacefully in the pan nearest the fire4 ,the old man paid no attention to the cat1 but went on rotating his ball of coffee and puffing away pensively on his cigarette4 ,when his coffee had become blackened and burned1 and blackened and burned it was1 he stopped rotating the ball1 opened the slide in the top1 turned it over1 and the hot1 burned coffee rolled out1 and much to his delight1 on the sleeping cat1 which leaped out of the pan and scampered up the street and into a hole under an old building4 ,i afterward learned that this old fellow made a business of going about the town gathering up coffee from the houses along the way and roasting it at a few sous per kilo1 much the same fashion as a scissors grinder plies his trade in an ,american town4 ,illustration3 ,,caf ,,de ,,la ,,paix1 ,,where ,,paris ,,drinks ,,its ,,coffee ,,outdoors ,quite a few grocers roast their own coffee in crude devices much like those described above2 but the large coffee roasters are gradually eliminating this sort of procedure4 ,there are at ,havre several roasters1 but only two of importance2 one does a business of about two hundred and fifty bags a day1 and the next largest has a capacity of about one hundred and sixty bags a day4 ,in ,paris1 there are many coffee roasters1 some quite large1 comparatively speaking1 one having a capacity of about seven hundred and fifty bags a day4 ,shop-keepers in ,paris and other large cities roast their coffee fresh daily4 ,the machines used are of the ball or cylinder type1 employing gas fuel and turned by electric power4 ,invariably they stand where they may be seen from the street4 ,sample-roasters1 or testing tables1 in ,france are conspicuous by their absence4 ,inquiry regarding this subject discloses that coffee is sold on description2 and when the ,french trader is asked1 ,how do you know your delivery is up to description so far as cup quality is concerned8 he answers that this is arrived at from the general appearance and the smell of the coffee in the green4 ,perhaps one reason for the laxity in buying cup quality may be explained by the fact that coffee is roasted very high1 in fact it is burned almost to a charred state2 and unless the coffee is unusually bad in character1 the burned taste eliminates any foreign flavor it may have4 ,illustration3 ,,sidewalk ,,annex1 ,,caf ,,de ,,la ,,paix1 ,,paris1 ,,with ,,opera ,,house ,,in ,,background--,,summer ,,of #aiah ,the fact that coffee was1 and still is1 quite generally sold to the consumer green1 accounts for ,central ,american coffees taking first place4 ,style takes preference over everything else when it comes to selling to a ,frenchman4 ,to the ,american coffee merchant it seems that the ,french are carrying their artistic tastes to an unreasonable extreme when they apply them to coffee2 for coffee is grown to drink and not to look at4 ,since the coming of the large coffee roaster1 who delivers roasted coffee right down the line to the consumer1 ,santos has come in for its share of the business4 ,the roasters are getting good results out of ,santos blends1 up to fifty percent and sixty percent with ,west ,indian and ,central ,american coffees4 ,rio is as much in disfavor in ,france as it is in the ,united ,states1 perhaps more so4 ,in ,brittany the demand is for peaberry coffee1 no matter of what variety4 ,this comes about from the fact that the people of this section of the country still do a great deal of their roasting at home1 and have become accustomed to the use of peaberry coffee because they do not have the improved hand roasters1 and still do a great deal of their roasting in pans in the ovens of their stoves4 ,the peaberry coffee rolls about so nicely in the pan that they get a much more uniform roast4 ,nearly all the coffee is ground at home1 which is not a bad practise for the consumer2 but perhaps works hardship on the dealer1 who can mix some grade grinders into his blends without doing them any material harm4 ,where coffee mills are used in the stores1 they are of the ,strong-,arm family and of an ancient heritage4 ,to get a growl out of the grocer in ,france1 buy a kilo of coffee and ask him to grind it4 ,package coffee and proprietary brands have not come into their own to the extent that they have in the ,united ,states1 although there are at present two firms in ,paris which have started in this business and are advertising extensively on billboards1 in street cars1 and in the subways4 ,however1 most coffee is still sold in bulk4 ,the butter1 egg1 and cheese stores of ,france do a very large business in coffee4 ,prior to the war and high prices1 there were some very large firms doing a premium business in coffee1 tea1 spices1 etc4 ,they still exist1 and have a very fine trade2 but since the high prices of coffees and premiums1 the business has gone down very materially4 ,they operate by the wagon-route and solicitor method1 just as some of our ,american companies do4 ,one very large firm in ,paris has been in this business for more than thirty years1 operating branches and wagons in every town1 village1 and hamlet in ,france4 ,illustration3 ,,caf ,,de ,,la ,r,,gence1 ,,paris1 ,,showing ,,the ,,typical ,,continental ,,arrangement ,,of ,,seats ,the consumption of coffee is increasing very materially in ,france2 some say1 on account of the high price of wine1 others hold that coffee is simply growing in favor with the people4 ,among the masses1 ,french breakfast consists of a bowl or cup of caf au lait1 or half a cup or bowl of strong black coffee and chicory1 and half a cup of hot milk1 and a yard of bread4 ,the workingman turns his bread on end and inserts it into his bowl of coffee1 allowing it to soak up as much of the liquid as possible4 ,then he proceeds to suck this concoction into his system4 ,his approval is demonstrated by the amount of noise he makes in the operation4 ,among the better classes1 the breakfast is the same1 caf au lait1 with rolls and butter1 and sometimes fruit4 ,the brew is prepared by the drip1 or true percolator1 method or by filtration4 ,boiling milk is poured into the cup from a pot held in one hand together with the brewed coffee from a pot held in the other1 providing a simultaneous mixture4 ,the proportions vary from half-and-half to one part coffee and three parts milk4 ,sometimes1 the service is by pouring into the cup a little coffee then the same quantity of milk and alternating in this way until the cup is filled4 ,coffee is never drunk with any meal but breakfast1 but is invariably served en demi-tasse after the noon and the evening meals4 ,in the home1 the usual thing after luncheon or dinner is to go into the salon and have your demi-tasse and liqueur and cigarettes before a cosy grate fire4 ,a ,frenchman's idea of after-dinner coffee is a brew that is unusually thick and black1 and he invariably takes with it his liqueur1 no matter if he has had a cocktail for an appetizer1 a bottle of red wine with his meat course1 and a bottle of white wine with the salad and dessert course4 ,when the demi-tasse comes along1 with it must be served his cordial in the shape of cognac1 benedictine1 or crme de menthe4 ,he can not conceive of a man not taking a little alcohol with his after-dinner coffee1 as an aid1 he says1 to digestion4 ,in ,normandy1 there prevails a custom in connection with coffee drinking that is unique4 ,they produce in this province great quantities of what is known as cidre1 made from a particular variety of apple grown there--in other words1 just plain hard cider4 ,however1 they distil this hard cider1 and from the distillation they get a drink called calvados4 ,illustration3 ,,caf ,,de ,,la ,r,,gence ,,in #aibb ,the man from ,normandy takes half a cup of coffee1 and fills the cup with calvados1 sweetened with sugar1 and drinks it with seeming relish4 ,ice-cold coffee will almost sizzle when calvados is poured into it4 ,it tastes like a corkscrew1 and one drink has the same effect as a crack on the head with a hammer4 ,from the toddling age up1 the ,norman takes his calvados and coffee4 ,in the south of ,france they make a concoction from the residue of grapes4 ,they boil the residue down in water1 and get a drink called marc2 and it is used in much the same way as the ,norman in the north uses calvados4 ,then there is also the very popular summertime drink known as mazagran1 which in that region means seltzer water and cold coffee1 or what ,americans might call a coffee highball4 ,making coffee in ,france has been1 and always will be1 by the drip and the filtration methods4 ,the large hotels and cafs follow these methods almost entirely1 and so does the housewife4 ,when company comes1 and something unusual in coffee is to be served1 ,mr4 ,beeson says he has known the cook to drip the coffee1 using a spoonful of hot water at a time1 pouring it over tightly packed1 finely ground coffee1 allowing the water to percolate through to extract every particle of oil4 ,they use more ground coffee in bulk than they get liquid in the cup1 and sometimes spend an hour producing four or five demi-tasses4 ,it is needless to say that it is more like molasses than coffee when ready for drinking4 ,it is not unusual in some parts of ,france to save the coffee grounds for a second or even a third infusion1 but this is not considered good practise4 ,von ,liebig's idea of correct coffee making has been adapted to ,french practise in some instances after this fashion3 put used coffee grounds in the bottom chamber of a drip coffee pot4 ,put freshly ground coffee in the upper chamber4 ,pour on boiling water4 ,the theory is that the old coffee furnishes body and strength1 and the fresh coffee the aroma4 ,the cafs that line the boulevards of ,paris and the larger cities of ,france all serve coffee1 either plain or with milk1 and almost always with liqueur4 ,the coffee house in ,france may be said to be the wine house2 or the wine house may be said to be the coffee house4 ,they are inseparable4 ,in the smallest or the largest of these establishments coffee can be had at any time of day or night4 ,the proprietor of a very large caf in ,paris says his coffee sales during the day almost equal his wine sales4 ,the ,french1 young or old1 take a great deal of pleasure in sitting out on the sidewalk in front of a caf1 sipping coffee or liqueur4 ,here they love to idle away the time just watching the passing show4 ,in ,paris1 there are hundreds of these cafs lining the boulevards1 where one may sit for hours before the small tables reading the newspapers1 writing letters1 or merely idling4 ,in the morning1 from eight to eleven1 employees1 men-about-town1 tourists1 and provincials throng the cafs for caf au lait4 ,the waiters are coldly polite4 ,they bring the papers1 and brush the table--twice for caf crme 7milk71 and three times for caf complet 7with bread and butter74 ,in the afternoon1 caf means a small cup or glass of caf noir1 or caf nature4 ,it is double the usual amount of coffee dripped by percolator or filtration device1 the process consuming eight to ten minutes4 ,some understand caf noir to mean equal parts of coffee and brandy with sugar and vanilla to taste4 ,when caf noir is mixed with an equal quantity of cognac alone it becomes caf gloria4 ,caf mazagran is also much in demand in the summertime4 ,the coffee base is made as for caf noir1 and it is served in a tall glass with water to dilute it to one's taste4 ,few of the cafs that made ,paris famous in the eighteenth century survive4 ,among those that are notable for their coffee service are the ,caf de la ,paix2 the ,caf de la ,rgence1 founded in #agah2 and the ,caf ,prvost1 noted also for chocolate after the theater4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,biard ,,caf,s ,there are about #bjj of these coffee and wine shops in ,paris4 ,they are frequented mostly by laborers1 clerks1 and midinettes ,illustration3 ,,restaurant ,,procope1 #aibb ,successor to the famous ,cave of #afhi ,,germany4 ,germany originated the afternoon coffee function known as the kaffee-klatsch4 ,even today1 the ,german family's reunion takes place around the coffee table on ,sunday afternoons4 ,in summer1 when weather permits1 the family will take a walk into the suburbs1 and stop at a garden where coffee is sold in pots4 ,the proprietor furnishes the coffee1 the cups1 the spoons and1 in normal times1 the sugar1 two pieces to each cup2 and the patrons bring their own cake4 ,they put one piece of sugar into each cup and take the other pieces home to the canary bird1 meaning the sugar bowl in the pantry4 ,cheaper coffee is served in some gardens1 which conspicuously display large signs at the entrance1 saying3 ,families may cook their own coffee in this place4 ,in such a garden1 the patron merely buys the hot water from the proprietor1 furnishing the ground coffee and cake himself4 ,while waiting for the coffee to brew1 he may listen to the band and watch the children play under the trees4 ,french or ,vienna drip pots are used for brewing4 ,every city in ,germany has its cafs1 spacious places where patrons sit around small tables1 drinking coffee1 with or without turned or unturned1 steaming or iced1 sweetened or unsweetened1 depending on the sugar supply2 nibble1 at the same time1 a piece of cake or pastry1 selected from a glass pyramid2 talk1 flirt1 malign1 yawn1 read1 and smoke4 ,cafs are1 in fact1 public reading rooms4 ,some places keep hundreds of daily and weekly newspapers and magazines on file for the use of patrons4 ,if the customer buys only one cup of coffee1 he may keep his seat for hours1 and read one newspaper after another4 ,three of the four corners of ,berlin's most important street crossing are occupied by cafs4 ,this is where ,unter den ,linden and ,friedrichstrasse meet4 ,on the southwest corner there is ,kranzler's staid old caf1 a very respectable place1 where the lower hall is even reserved for non-smokers4 ,on the southeast corner is ,caf ,bauer1 known the world over4 ,however1 it has seen better days4 ,it has been outdistanced by competitors4 ,on the northeast corner is the ,victoria1 a new-style place1 very bright1 and less staid4 ,there no room is reserved for non-smokers1 for most of the ladies1 if they do not themselves smoke1 will light the cigars for their escorts4 ,around the ,potsdamer ,platz there is a number of cafs4 ,josty's is perhaps the most frequented in ,berlin4 ,it is the best liked on account of the trees and terraces in front4 ,farther to the west1 on ,kuerfuerstendamm1 there are dozens of large cafs4 ,illustration3 ,,morning ,,coffee ,,in ,,front ,,of ,a ,,boulevard ,,caf1 ,,paris1 ,,with ,a ,,british ,,background ,illustration3 ,,interior1 ,,caf ,,bauer1 ,,berlin ,some of the cafs are meeting-places for certain professions and trades4 ,the ,admiral's caf1 in ,friedrichstrasse1 for instance1 is the artistes' exchange4 ,all the stage folk and stars of the tanbark meet there every day4 ,chorus girls1 tumblers1 ladies of the flying trapeze1 contortionists1 and bareback riders are to be found there1 discussing their grievances1 denouncing their managers1 swapping their diamonds1 and recounting former triumphs4 ,cinema-makers come also to pick out a cast for a new film play4 ,there one can pick out a full cast every minute4 ,then there is the ,caf des ,westens in ,kuerfuerstendamm1 the old one1 where dreamers and poets congregate4 ,it is called also ,caf ,groessenwahn1 which means that persons suffering from an exaggerated ego are conspicuous by their presence and their long hair4 ,at almost every table one may find a poet who has written a play that is bound to enrich its author and any man of means who will put up the money to build a new theater in which to produce it4 ,saxony and ,thuringia are proverbial hotbeds of coffee lovers4 ,it is said that in ,saxony there are more coffee drinkers to the square inch and more cups to the single coffee bean than anywhere else upon earth4 ,the ,saxons like their coffee1 but seem to be afraid it may be too strong for them4 ,so1 when over their cups1 they always make certain they can see bottom before raising the steaming bowl to the lip4 ,von ,liebig's method of making coffee1 whereby three-fourths of the quantity to be used is first boiled for ten or fifteen minutes1 and the remainder added for a six-minute steeping or infusion1 is religiously followed by some housekeepers4 ,von ,liebig advocated coating the bean with sugar4 ,in some families1 fats1 eggs1 and egg-shells are used to settle and to clarify the beverage4 ,illustration3 ,,caf ,,bauer1 ,,unter ,,den ,,linden1 ,,berlin ,coffee in ,germany is better cooked 7roasted7 and more scientifically prepared than in many other ,european countries4 ,in recent years1 during the ,world ,war and since1 however1 there has been an amazing increase in the use of coffee substitutes1 so that the ,german cup of coffee is not the pure delight it was once4 ,,greece4 ,coffee is the most popular and most extensively used non-alcoholic beverage in ,greece1 as it is throughout the ,near ,east4 ,its annual per capita consumption there is about two pounds1 two-thirds of the supply coming via ,austria and ,france1 ,brazil furnishing direct the bulk of the remaining third4 ,coffee is given a high or city roast1 and is used almost entirely in powdered form4 ,it is prepared for consumption principally in the ,turkish demi-tasse way4 ,finely ground coffee is used even in making ordinary table1 or breakfast1 coffee4 ,in private houses the cylindrical brass hand-grinders1 manufactured in ,constantinople1 are mostly used4 ,in many of the coffee houses in the villages and country towns throughout ,greece and the ,levant1 a heavy iron pestle1 wielded by a strong man1 is employed to pulverize the grains in a heavy stone or marble mortar2 while the poorer homes use a small brass pestle and mortar1 also manufactured in ,turkey4 ,in his ,the ,greeks of the ,present ,day#cga1 ,edmond ,franois ,valentin ,about says3 ,the coffee which is drunk in all the ,greek houses rather astonishes the travellers who have neither seen ,turkey nor ,algeria4 ,one is surprised at finding food in a cup in which one expected drink4 ,yet you get accustomed to this coffee-broth and end by finding it more savoury1 lighter1 more perfumed1 and especially more wholesome1 than the extract of coffee you drink in ,france4 ,then ,about gives the recipe of his servant ,petros1 who is the first man in ,athens for coffee3 ,the grain is roasted without burning it2 it is reduced to an impalpable powder1 either in a mortar or in a very close-grained mill4 ,water is set on the fire till it boils up2 it is taken off to throw in a spoonful of coffee1 and a spoonful of pounded sugar for each cup it is intended to make2 it is carefully mixed2 the coffee pot is replaced on the fire until the contents seem ready to boil over2 it is taken off1 and set on again2 lastly it is quickly poured into the cups4 ,some coffee drinkers have this preparation boiled as many as five times4 ,petros makes a rule of not putting his coffee more than three times on the fire4 ,he takes care in filling the cups to divide impartially the coloured froth which rises above the coffee pot2 it is the kaimaki of the coffee4 ,a cup without kaimaki is disgraced4 ,when the coffee is poured out you are at liberty to drink it boiling and muddy1 or cold and clear4 ,real amateurs drink it without waiting4 ,those who allow the sediment to settle down1 do not do so from contempt1 for they afterwards collect it with the little finger and eat it carefully4 ,thus prepared1 coffee may be taken without inconvenience ten times a day3 five cups of ,french coffee could not be drunk with impunity every day4 ,it is because the coffee of the ,turks and the ,greeks is a diluted tonic1 and ours is a concentrated tonic4 ,i have met at ,paris many people who took their coffee without sugar1 to imitate the ,orientals4 ,i think ,i ought to give them notice1 between ourselves1 that in the great coffee-houses of ,athens1 sugar is always presented with the coffee2 in the khans and second-rate coffee-houses1 it is served already sugared2 and that at ,smyrna and ,constantinople1 it has everywhere been brought to me sugared4 ,illustration3 ,,kranzler',s1 ,,unter ,,den ,,linden1 ,,berlin ,,italy4 ,in ,italy coffee is roasted in a wholesale and retail way as well as in the home4 ,french1 ,german1 ,dutch1 and ,italian machines are used4 ,the full city1 or ,italian1 roast is favored4 ,there are cafs as in ,france and other continental countries1 and the drink is prepared in the ,french fashion4 ,for restaurants and hotels1 rapid filtering machines1 first developed by the ,french and ,italians1 are used4 ,in the homes1 percolators and filtration devices are employed4 ,the ,de ,mattia ,brothers have a process designed to conserve the aroma in roasting4 ,the ,italians pay particular attention to the temperature in roasting and in the cooling operation4 ,there is considerable glazing1 and many coffee additions are used4 ,like the ,french1 the ,italians make much of caf au lait for breakfast4 ,at dinner1 the caf noir is served4 ,cafs of the ,french school are to be found along the ,corso in ,rome1 the ,toledo in ,naples1 in the ,galleria ,vittorio ,emanuel and the ,piazza del ,duomo in ,milan1 and in the arcades surrounding the ,piazza de ,san ,marco in ,venice1 where ,florian's still flourishes4 ,,netherlands4 ,in the ,netherlands1 too1 the ,french caf is a delightful feature of the life of the larger cities4 ,the ,dutch roast coffee properly1 and make it well4 ,the service is in individual pots1 or in demi-tasses on a silver1 nickle1 or brass tray1 and accompanied by a miniature pitcher containing just enough cream 7usually whipped71 a small dish about the size of an individual butter plate holding three squares of sugar1 and a slender glass of water4 ,this service is universal2 the glass of water always goes with the coffee4 ,it is the one sure way for ,americans to get a drink of water4 ,it is the custom in ,holland to repair to some open-air caf or indoor coffee house for the after-dinner cup of coffee4 ,one seldom takes his coffee in the place where he has his dinner4 ,these cafs are many1 and some are elaborately designed and furnished4 ,one of the most interesting is the ,st4 ,joris at the ,hague1 furnished in the old ,dutch style4 ,the approved way of making coffee in ,holland is the ,french drip method4 ,,norway ,,and ,,sweden4 ,french and ,german influences mark the roasting1 grinding1 preparing1 and serving of coffee in ,norway and ,sweden4 ,generally speaking1 not so much chicory is used1 and a great deal of whipped cream is employed4 ,in ,norway1 the boiling method has many followers4 ,a big 7open7 copper kettle is used4 ,this is filled with water1 and the coffee is dumped in and boiled4 ,in the poorer-class country homes1 the copper kettle is brought to the table and set upon a wooden plate4 ,the coffee is served directly from the kettle in cups4 ,in better-class homes1 the coffee is poured from the kettle into silver coffee pots in the kitchen1 and the silver coffee pots are brought to the table4 ,the only thing approaching coffee houses are the coffee rooms which are to be found in ,christiania4 ,these are small one-room affairs in which the plainer sorts of foods1 such as porridge1 may be purchased with the coffee4 ,they are cheap1 and are largely frequented by the poorer class of students1 who use them as places in which to study while they drink their coffee4 ,in ,,russia and ,,switzerland1 ,french and ,german methods obtain4 ,russia1 however1 drinks more tea than coffee1 which by the masses is prepared in ,turkish fashion1 when obtainable4 ,usually1 the coffee is only a cheap substitute4 ,the so-called caf la ,russe of the aristocracy1 is strong black coffee flavored with lemon4 ,another ,russian recipe calls for the coffee to be placed in a large punch bowl1 and covered with a layer of finely chopped apples and pears2 then cognac is poured over the mass1 and a match applied4 ,,roumania and ,,servia drink coffee prepared after either the ,turkish or the ,french style1 depending on the class of the drinker and where it is served4 ,substitutes are numerous4 ,in ,,spain and ,,portugal the ,french type of caf flourishes as in ,italy4 ,in ,madrid1 some delightful cafs are to be found around the ,puerto del ,sol1 where coffee and chocolate are the favorite drinks4 ,the coffee is made by the drip process1 and is served in ,french fashion4 ,coffee ,manners and ,customs in ,north ,america ,the introduction of coffee and tea into ,north ,america effected a great change in the meal-time beverages of the people4 ,malt beverages had been succeeded by alcoholic spirits and by cider4 ,these in turn were supplanted by tea and coffee4 ,,canada4 ,in ,canada1 we find both ,french and ,english influences at work in the preparation and serving of the beverage2 ,yankee ideas also have entered from across the border4 ,some years back 7about #aiaj7 ,a4 ,mc,gill1 chief chemist of the ,canadian ,inland ,revenue ,department1 suggested an improvement upon ,baron von ,liebig's method1 whereby ,canadians might obtain an ideal cup of coffee4 ,it was to combine two well-known methods4 ,one was to boil a quantity of ground coffee to get a maximum of body or soluble matter4 ,the other was to percolate a similar quantity to get the needed caffeol4 ,by combining the decoction and the infusion1 a finished beverage rich in body and aroma might be had4 ,most ,canadians continue to drink tea1 however1 although coffee consumption is increasing4 ,,mexico4 ,in ,mexico1 the natives have a custom peculiarly their own4 ,the roasted beans are pounded to a powder in a cloth bag which is then immersed in a pot of boiling water and milk4 ,the vaquero1 however1 pours boiling water on the powdered coffee in his drinking cup1 and sweetens it with a brown sugar stick4 ,among the upper classes in ,mexico the following interesting method obtains for making coffee3 ,roast one pound until the beans are brown inside4 ,mix with the roasted coffee one teaspoonful of butter1 one of sugar1 and a little brandy4 ,cover with a thick cloth4 ,cool for one hour2 then grind4 ,boil one quart of water4 ,when boiling1 put in the coffee and remove from fire immediately4 ,let it stand a few hours1 and strain through a flannel bag1 and keep in a stone jar until required for use2 then heat quantity required4 ,illustration3 ,,sidewalk ,,caf1 ,,lisbon ,,united ,,states4 ,in no country has there been so marked an improvement in coffee making as in the ,united ,states4 ,although in many parts1 the national beverage is still indifferently prepared1 the progress made in recent years has been so great that the friends of coffee are hopeful that before long it may be said truly that coffee making in ,america is a national honor and no longer the national disgrace that it was in the past4 ,illustration3 ,,these ,,coffee ,,pots ,,are ,,widely ,,used ,,in ,,sweden ,,for ,,boiling ,,coffee ,left1 copper pot with wooden handle and iron legs designed to stand in the coals--,center1 glass-globe pot1 for stove use1 enclosed in felt-lined brass cosey--,right1 hand-made hammered-brass kettle for stove use ,already1 in the more progressive homes1 and in the best hotels and restaurants1 the coffee is uniformly good1 and the service all that it should be4 ,the ,american breakfast cup is a food-beverage because of the additions of milk or cream and sugar2 and unlike ,europe1 this same generous cup serves again as a necessary part of the noonday and evening meals for most people4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,coffee ,,room ,,of ,,the ,,hotel ,,adolphus1 ,,dallas1 ,,texas ,illustration3 ,,day-,,and-,,night ,,coffee ,,room1 ,,rice ,,hotel1 ,,houston1 ,,texas ,illustration3 ,,hotel ,,bars ,,replaced ,,by ,,coffee ,,rooms ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,one effect of prohibition has been to lead many hotels to feature their coffee service1 bringing back the modern type of coffee room illustrated above ,the important and indispensable part that sugar plays in the make-up of the ,american cup of coffee was ably set forth by ,fred ,mason1#cgb vice-president of the ,american ,sugar ,refining ,co41 when he said3 ,the coffee cup and the sugar bowl are inseparable table companions4 ,most of us did not realize this until the war came1 with its attendant restrictions on everything we did1 and we found that the sugar bowl had disappeared from all public eating places4 ,no longer could we make an unlimited number of trips to the sugar bowl to sweeten our coffee2 but we had to be content with what was doled out to us with scrupulous care--a quantity so small at times that it gave only a hint of sweetness to our national beverage4 ,then it was that we really appreciated how indispensable the proper amount of sugar was to a good1 savory cup of coffee1 and we missed it as much as we would seasoning from certain cooked foods4 ,secretly we consoled ourselves with the promise that if the day ever came when sugar bowls made their appearance once more1 filled temptingly with the sweet granules that were gone but not forgotten1 we should put an extra lump or an additional spoonful of sugar into our coffee to help us forget the joyless war days4 ,since sugar is so necessary to our enjoyment of this popular beverage1 it is obvious that a considerable part of all the sugar we consume must find its way into the national coffee cup4 ,the stupendous amount of #dj1jjj1jjj1jjj cups of coffee is consumed in this country each year4 ,taking two teaspoonfuls or two lumps as a fair average per cup1 we find that about #hjj1jjj1jjj pounds of sugar1 almost one-tenth of our total annual consumption1 are required to sweeten ,uncle ,sam's coffee cup4 ,this is specially significant when one considers that1 with the single exception of ,australia1 the ,united ,states consumes more sugar per capita than any country on earth4 ,sugar adds high food value to the stimulative virtues of coffee4 ,the beverage itself stimulates the mental and physical powers1 while the sugar it contains is fuel for the body and furnishes it with energy4 ,sugar is such a concentrated food that the amount used by the average person in two cups of coffee is enough to furnish the system with more energy than could be derived from #dj oysters on the half-shell4 ,since prohibition1 the average citizen is drinking one hundred more cups of coffee a year than he did in the old days2 and a good part of the increase is attributed to newly formed habits of drinking coffee between meals1 at soda fountains1 in tea and coffee shops1 at hotels1 and even in the homes4 ,in other words1 the increase is due to coffee drinking that directly takes the place of malt and spirituous liquors4 ,there have come into being the hotel coffee room2 the custom of afternoon coffee drinking2 and free coffee-service in many factories1 stores1 and offices4 ,in colonial days1 must or ale first gave way to tea1 and then to coffee as a breakfast beverage4 ,the ,boston tea party clinched the case for coffee2 but in the meantime1 coffee was more or less of an after-dinner function1 or a between-meals drink1 as in ,europe4 ,in ,washington's time1 dinner was usually served at three o'clock in the afternoon1 and at informal dinner parties the company sat till sunset--then coffee4 ,in the early part of the nineteenth century1 coffee became firmly intrenched as the one great ,american breakfast beverage2 and its security in this position would seem to be unassailable for all time4 ,today1 all classes in the ,united ,states begin and end the day with coffee4 ,in the home1 it is prepared by boiling1 infusion or steeping1 percolation1 and filtration2 in the hotels and restaurants1 by infusion1 percolation1 and filtration4 ,the best practise favors true percolation 7,french drip71 or filtration4 ,steeping coffee in ,american homes 7an ,english heirloom7 is usually performed in a china or earthenware jug4 ,the ground coffee has boiling water poured upon it until the jug is half full4 ,the infusion is stirred briskly4 ,next1 the jug is filled by pouring in the remainder of the boiling water1 the infusion is again stirred1 then permitted to settle1 and finally is poured through a strainer or filter cloth before serving4 ,when a pumping percolator or a double glass filtration device is used1 the water may be cold or boiling at the beginning as the maker prefers4 ,some wet the coffee with cold water before starting the brewing process4 ,for genuine percolator1 or drip coffee1 ,french and ,austrian china drip pots are mostly employed4 ,the latest filtration devices are described in chapter ,,xxxiv4 ,the ,creole1 or ,french market1 coffee for which ,new ,orleans has long been famous is made from a concentrated coffee extract prepared in a drip pot4 ,first1 the ground coffee has poured over it sufficient boiling water thoroughly to dampen it1 after which further additions of boiling water1 a tablespoonful at a time1 are poured upon it at five minute intervals4 ,the resulting extract is kept in a tightly corked bottle for making caf au lait or caf noir as required4 ,a variant of the ,creole method is to brown three tablespoonfuls of sugar in a pan1 to add a cup of water1 and to allow it to simmer until the sugar is dissolved2 to pour this liquid over ground coffee in a drip pot1 to add boiling water as required1 and to serve black or with cream or hot milk1 as desired4 ,in ,new ,orleans1 coffee is often served at the bedside upon waking1 as a kind of early breakfast function4 ,the ,philadelphia ,centennial ,exposition of #ahgf served to introduce the ,vienna caf to ,america4 ,fleischmann's ,vienna ,caf and ,bakery was a feature of our first international exposition4 ,afterward1 it was transferred to ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 where for many years it continued to serve excellent coffee in ,vienna style next door to ,grace ,church4 ,the opportunity is still waiting for the courageous soul who will bring back to our larger cities this ,vienna caf or some ,americanized form of the continental or sidewalk caf1 making a specialty of tea1 coffee1 and chocolate4 ,the old ,astor ,house was famous for its coffee for many years1 as was also ,dorlon's from #ahdj to #aibb4 ,members of the family of the late ,colonel ,roosevelt began to promote a ,brazil coffee-house enterprise in ,new ,york in #aiai4 ,it was first called ,caf ,paulista1 but it is now known as the ,double ,r coffee house1 or ,club of ,south ,america1 with a ,brazil branch in the #dj's and an ,argentine branch on ,lexington ,avenue4 ,coffee is made and served in ,brazilian style2 that is1 full city roast1 pulverized grind1 filtration made2 service1 black or with hot milk4 ,sandwiches1 cakes1 and crullers are also to be had4 ,one of ,new ,york's newest clubs is known as the ,coffee ,house4 ,it is in ,west ,forty-fifth ,street1 and has been in existence since ,december1 #aiae1 when it was opened with an informal dinner1 at which the late ,joseph ,h4 ,choate1 one of the original members1 outlined the purpose and policies of the club4 ,the founders of the ,coffee ,house were convinced--as the result of the high dues and constantly increasing formality and discipline in the social clubs in ,new ,york--that there was need here for a moderate-priced eating and meeting place1 which should be run in the simplest possible way and with the least possible expense4 ,at the beginning of its career1 the club framed1 adopted1 and has since lived up to1 a most informal constitution3 ,no officers1 no liveries1 no tips1 no set speeches1 no charge accounts1 no ,,rules4 ,the membership is made up1 for the most part1 of painters1 writers1 sculptors1 architects1 actors1 and members of other professions4 ,members are expected to pay cash for all orders4 ,there are no proposals of candidates for membership4 ,the club invites to join it those whom it believes to be in sympathy with the ideals of its founders4 ,the method of preparing coffee for individual service in the ,waldorf-,astoria1 ,new ,york1 which has been adopted by many first-class hotels and restaurants that do not serve urn-made coffee exclusively1 is the ,french drip plus careful attention to all the contributing factors for making coffee in perfection1 and is thus described by the hotel's steward3 ,illustration3 ,,britannia ,,coffee ,,pot ,,from ,,which ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,,was ,,often ,,served ,,in ,,new ,,salem ,its story is told on page #fad ,a ,french china drip coffee pot is used4 ,it is kept in a warm heater2 and when the coffee is ordered1 this pot is scalded with hot water4 ,a level tablespoonful of coffee1 ground to about the consistency of granulated sugar1 is put into the upper and percolator part of the coffee pot4 ,fresh boiling water is then poured through the coffee and allowed to percolate into the lower part of the pot4 ,the secret of success1 according to our experience1 lies in having the coffee freshly ground1 and the water as near the boiling point as possible1 all during the process4 ,for this reason1 the coffee pot should be placed on a gas stove or range4 ,the quantity of coffee can be varied to suit individual taste4 ,we use about ten percent more ground coffee for after dinner cups than we do for breakfast4 ,our coffee is a mixture of ,old ,government ,java and ,bogota4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee ,,service1 ,,hotel ,,astor1 ,,new ,,york ,c4 ,scotty1 chef at the ,hotel ,ambassador1 ,new ,york1 thus describes the method of making coffee in that hostelry3 ,in the first place1 it is essential that the coffee be of the finest quality obtainable2 secondly1 better results are obtained by using the ,french filterer1 or coffee bag4 ,twelve ounces of coffee to one gallon of water for breakfast4 ,sixteen ounces of coffee to one gallon of water for dinner4 ,boiling water should be poured over the coffee1 sifoned1 and put back several times4 ,we do not allow the coffee grounds to remain in the urn for more than fifteen to twenty minutes at any time4 ,the coffee service at the best hotels is usually in silver pots and pitchers1 and includes the freshly made coffee1 hot milk or cream 7sometimes both71 and domino sugar4 ,within the last year 7#aiba7 many of the leading hotels1 and some of the big railway systems1 have adopted the custom of serving free a demi-tasse of coffee as soon as the guest-traveler seats himself at the breakfast table or in the dining car4 ,small blacks1 the waiters call them1 or coffee cocktails1 according to their fancy4 ,at the ,pequot coffee house1 #ia ,water ,street1 ,new ,york1 a noonday restaurant in the heart of the coffee trade1 an attempt has been made to introduce something of the old-time coffee house atmosphere4 ,the ,childs chain of restaurants recently began printing on its menus1 in brackets before each item1 the number of calories as computed by an expert in nutrition4 ,coffee with a mixture of milk and cream is credited with eighty-five calories1 a well known coffee substitute with seventy calories1 and tea with eighteen calories4 ,the ,childs chain of #ib restaurants serves #dj1jjj1jjj cups of coffee a year1 made from #cge tons of ground coffee1 and figuring an average of #ec cups to the pound4 ,the ,thompson chain of one hundred restaurants serves #afj1jjj cups of coffee per day1 or more than #eh1jjj1jjj cups per year4 ,coffee ,customs in ,south ,america ,,argentine4 ,coffee is very popular as a beverage in ,argentina4 ,caf con lche--coffee with milk1 in which the proportion of coffee may vary from one-fourth to two-thirds--is the usual ,argentine breakfast beverage4 ,a small cup of coffee is generally taken after meals1 and it is also consumed to a considerable extent in cafs4 ,,brazil4 ,in ,brazil every one drinks coffee and at all hours4 ,cafs making a specialty of the beverage1 and modeled after continental originals1 are to be found a-plenty in ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,santos1 and other large cities4 ,the custom prevails of roasting the beans high1 almost to carbonization1 grinding them fine1 and then boiling after the ,turkish fashion1 percolating in ,french drip pots1 steeping in cold water for several hours1 straining and heating the liquid for use as needed1 or filtering by means of conical linen sacks suspended from wire rings4 ,the ,brazilian loves to frequent the cafs and to sip his coffee at his ease4 ,he is very continental in this respect4 ,the wide-open doors1 and the round-topped marble tables1 with their small cups and saucers set around a sugar basin1 make inviting pictures4 ,the customer pulls toward him one of the cups and immediately a waiter comes and fills it with coffee1 the charge for which is about three cents4 ,it is a common thing for a ,brazilian to consume one dozen to two dozen cups of black coffee a day4 ,if one pays a social visit1 calls upon the president of the ,republic1 or any lesser official1 or on a business acquaintance1 it is a signal for an attendant to serve coffee4 ,caf au lait is popular in the morning2 but except for this service1 milk or cream is never used4 ,in ,brazil1 as in the ,orient1 coffee is a symbol of hospitality4 ,in ,,chile1 ,,paraguay and ,,uruguay1 very much the same customs prevail of making and serving the beverage4 ,coffee ,drinking in ,other ,countries ,in ,,australia and ,,new ,,zealand1 ,english methods for roasting1 grinding1 and making coffee are standard4 ,the beverage usually contains thirty to forty percent chicory4 ,in the bush1 the water is boiled in a billy can4 ,then the powdered coffee is added2 and when the liquid comes again to a boil1 the coffee is done4 ,in the cities1 practically the same method is followed4 ,the general rule in the antipodes seems to be to let it come to a boil1 and then to remove it from the fire4 ,in ,,cuba the custom is to grind the coffee fine1 to put it in a flannel sack suspended over a receiving vessel1 and to pour cold water on it4 ,this is repeated many times1 until the coffee mass is well saturated4 ,the first drippings are repoured over the bag4 ,the final result is a highly concentrated extract1 which serves for making caf au lait1 or caf noir1 as desired4 ,in ,,martinique1 coffee is made after the ,french fashion4 ,in ,,panama1 ,french and ,american methods obtain2 as also in the ,,philippines4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxxvi ,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,universal ,,beverage ,the evolution of grinding and brewing methods--,coffee was first a food1 then a wine1 a medicine1 a devotional refreshment1 a confection1 and finally a beverage--,brewing by boiling1 infusion1 percolation1 and filtration--,coffee making in ,europe in the nineteenth century--,early coffee making in the ,united ,states--,latest developments in better coffee making--,various aspects of scientific coffee brewing--,advice to coffee lovers on how to buy coffee1 and how to make it in perfection ,the coffee drink has had a curious evolution4 ,it began1 not as a drink1 but as a food ration4 ,its first use as a drink was as a kind of wine4 ,civilization knew it first as a medicine4 ,at one stage of its development1 before it became generally accepted as a liquid refreshment1 the berries found favor as a confection4 ,as a beverage1 its use probably dates back about six hundred years4 ,the protein and fat content1 that is1 the food value1 of coffee1 so far as civilized man is concerned1 is an absolute waste4 ,the only constituents that are of value are those that are water soluble1 and can be extracted readily with hot water4 ,when coffee is properly made1 as by the drip method1 either by percolation or filtration1 the ground coffee comes in contact with the hot water for only a few minutes2 so the major portion of the protein1 which is not only practically insoluble1 but coagulates on heating1 remains in the unused part of the coffee1 the grounds4 ,the coffee bean contains a large percent of protein--fourteen percent4 ,by comparing this figure with twenty-one percent of protein in peas1 twenty-three percent in lentils1 twenty-six percent in beans1 twenty-four percent in peanuts1 about eleven percent in wheat flour1 and less than nine percent in white bread1 we learn how much of this valuable food stuff is lost with the coffee grounds#cgc4 ,though civilized man 7excepting the inhabitants of the ,isle de ,groix off the coast of ,brittany7 does not use this protein content of coffee1 in certain parts of ,africa it has been put to use in a very ingenious and effective manner from time immemorial down to the present day4 ,james ,bruce1 the ,scottish explorer1 in his travels to discover the source of the ,nile in #agfh-gc1 found that this curious use of the coffee bean had been known for centuries4 ,he brought back accounts and specimens of its use as a food in the shape of balls made of grease mixed with roasted coffee finely ground between stones4 ,other writers have told how the ,galla1 a wandering tribe of ,africa--and like most wandering tribes1 a warlike one--find it necessary to carry concentrated food on their long marches4 ,before starting on their marauding excursions1 each warrior equips himself with a number of food balls4 ,these prototypes of the modern food tablet are about the size of a billiard ball1 and consist of pulverized coffee held in shape with fat4 ,one ball constitutes a day's ration2 and although civilized man might find it unpalatable1 from the purely physiological standpoint it is not only a concentrated and efficient food1 but it also has the additional advantage of containing a valuable stimulant in the caffein content which spurs the warrior on to maximum effort4 ,and so the savage in the ,african jungle has apparently solved two problems2 the utilization of coffee's protein1 and the production of a concentrated food4 ,further research shows that perhaps as early as #hjj ,a4,d4 this practise started by crushing the whole ripe berries1 beans and hulls1 in mortars1 mixing them with fats1 and rounding them into food balls4 ,later1 the dried berries were so used4 ,the inhabitants of ,groix1 also1 thrive on a diet that includes roasted coffee beans4 ,about #ijj1 a kind of aromatic wine was made in ,africa from the fermented juice of the hulls and pulp of the ripe berries#cgd4 ,payen says that the first coffee drinkers did not think of roasting but1 impressed by the aroma of the dried beans1 they put them in cold water and drank the liquor saturated with their aromatic principles4 ,crushing the raw beans and hulls1 and steeping them in water1 was a later improvement4 ,it appears that boiled coffee 7the name is anathema today7 was invented about the year #ajjj ,a4,d4 ,even then1 the beans were not roasted4 ,we read of their use in medicine in the form of a decoction4 ,the dried fruit1 beans and hulls1 were boiled in stone or clay cauldrons4 ,the custom of using the sun-dried hulls1 without roasting1 still exists in ,africa1 ,arabia1 and parts of southern ,asia4 ,the natives of ,sumatra neglect the fruit of the coffee tree and use the leaves to make a tea-like infusion4 ,jardin relates that in ,guiana an agreeable tea is made by drying the young buds of the coffee tree1 and rolling them on a copper plate slightly heated4 ,in ,uganda1 the natives eat the raw berries2 from bananas and coffee they make also a sweet1 savory drink which is called menghai4 ,about #abjj1 the practise was common of making a decoction from the dried hulls alone4 ,there followed the discovery that roasting improved the flavor4 ,even today1 this drink known as ,sultan or ,sultana coffee1 caf la sultane1 or kisher1 continues in favor in ,arabia4 ,credit for the invention of this beverage has been wrongfully given by various ,french writers to ,doctor ,andry1 director of the ,faculty of ,medicine in ,paris4 ,dr4 ,andry had his own recipe for making caf la sultane1 which was to boil the coffee hulls for half an hour4 ,this gave a lemon-colored liquid which was drunk with a little sugar4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,coffee ,,making ,,in ,,persia ,showing leather bag for green beans1 roasting plate1 grinder1 boiler1 and serving cups ,the ,oriental procedure was to toast the hulls in an earthenware pot over a charcoal fire1 mixing in with them a small quantity of the silver skins1 and turning them over until they were slightly parched4 ,the hulls and silver skins1 in proportions of four to one1 were then thrown into boiling water and well boiled again for at least a half-hour4 ,the color of the drink had some resemblance to the best ,english beer1 ,la ,roque assures us1 and it required no sweetening1 there being no bitterness to correct4 ,this was still the coffee drink of the court of ,yemen1 and of people of distinction in the ,levant1 when ,la ,roque and his fellow-travelers made their celebrated voyage to ,arabia the ,happy in #agaa-ac4 ,some time in the thirteenth century1 the practise began of roasting the dried beans1 after the hulling process4 ,this was done first in crude stone and earthenware trays1 and later on metal plates1 as described in chapter ,,xxxiv4 ,a liquor was made from boiling the whole roasted beans4 ,the next step was to pound the roasted beans to a powder with a mortar and pestle2 and the decoction was then made by throwing the powder into boiling water1 the drink being swallowed in its entirety1 grounds and all4 ,it was a decoction for the next four centuries4 ,when the long-handled ,arabian metal boiler made its appearance in the early part of the sixteenth century1 the method of preparation and service had much improved4 ,the ,arabs and the ,turks had made it a social adjunct1 and its use was no longer confined to the physicians and the churchmen4 ,it had become a stimulating refreshment for all the people2 and at the same time1 the ,arabians and the ,turks had developed a coffee ceremony for the higher classes which was quite as wonderful as the tea ceremony of ,japan4 ,the common early method of preparation throughout the ,levant was to steep the powder in water for a day1 to boil the liquor half away1 to strain it1 and to keep it in earthen pots for use as wanted4 ,in the sixteenth century1 the small coffee boiler1 or ibrik1 caused the practise to be more of an instantaneous affair4 ,the coffee was ground1 and the powder was dropped into the boiling water1 to be withdrawn from the fire several times as it boiled up to the rim4 ,while still boiling1 cinnamon and cloves were sometimes added before pouring the liquid off into the findjans1 or little china cups1 to be served with the addition of a drop of essence of amber4 ,later1 the ,turks added sugar during the boiling process4 ,from the first simple uncovered ibrik there was developed1 about the middle of the seventeenth century1 a larger-size covered coffee boiler1 the forerunner of the modern combination brewing and serving pot4 ,this was a copper-plated kettle patterned after the oriental ewer with a broad base1 bulbous body1 and narrow neck4 ,after having poured into it one and a half times as much water as the dish 7cup7 in which the drink was to be served would hold1 the pot was placed on a lively fire4 ,when the water boiled1 the powdered coffee was tossed into the pot2 and1 as the liquid boiled up1 it was taken from the fire and returned1 probably a dozen times4 ,then the pot was placed in hot ashes to permit the grounds to settle4 ,this done1 the drink was served4 ,dufour1 describing this process as practised in ,turkey and ,arabia1 says3 ,one ought not to drink coffee1 but suck it in as hot as one can4 ,in order not to be burned1 it is not necessary to place the tongue in the cup but hold the edge against the tongue with the lips above and below it1 forcing it so little that the edges do not bear down1 and then suck in2 that is to say1 swallow it sip by sip4 ,if one is so delicate he can not stand the bitterness1 he can temper it with sugar4 ,it is a mistake to stir the coffee in the pot1 the grounds being worth nothing4 ,in the ,levant it is only the scum of the people who swallow the grounds4 ,la ,roque says3 ,the ,arabians1 when they take their coffee off the fire1 immediately wrap the vessel in a wet cloth which fines the liquor instantly1 makes it cream at the top and occasion a more pungent steam1 which they take great pleasure in snuffing up as the coffee is pouring into the cups4 ,they1 like all other nations of the ,east1 drink their coffee without sugar4 ,some of the ,orientals afterward modified the early coffee-making procedure by pouring the boiling water on the powdered coffee in the serving cups4 ,they thus obtained a foaming and perfumed beverage1 says ,jardin1 to which we 7the ,french7 could not accustom ourselves because of the powder which remains in suspension4 ,nevertheless1 clarified coffee may be obtained in the ,orient4 ,in ,mecca1 in order to filter it1 they strain it through stopples of dried herbs1 put into the opening of a jar4 ,sugar seems to have been introduced into coffee in ,cairo about #afbe4 ,veslingius records that the coffee drinkers in ,cairo's three thousand coffee houses did begin to put sugar in their coffee to correct the bitterness of it1 and that others made sugar plums of the coffee berries4 ,this coffee confection later appeared in ,paris1 and about the same time 7#agjj7 at ,montpellier was introduced a coffee water1 a sort of rosa-folis of an agreeable scent that has somewhat of the smell of coffee roasted4 ,these novelties1 however1 were designed to please only the most nice lovers of coffee2 for ennui and boredom demanded new sensations then as now4 ,boiling continued the favorite method of preparing the beverage until well into the eighteenth century4 ,meanwhile1 we learn from ,english references that it was the custom to buy the beans of apothecaries1 to dry them in an oven1 or to roast them in an old pudding dish or frying pan before pounding them to a powder with mortar and pestle1 to force the powder through a lawn sieve1 and then to boil it with spring water for a quarter of an hour4 ,the following recipe from a rare book published in ,london1 #affb1 details the manner of making coffee in the seventeenth century3 ,,coffee ,,making ,,in #affb ,to make the drink that is now much used called coffee4 ,the coffee-berries are to be bought at any ,druggist1 about three shillings the pound2 take what quantity you please1 and over a charcoal fire1 in an old pudding-pan or frying-pan1 keep them always stirring until they be quite black1 and when you crack one with your teeth that it is black within as it is without2 yet if you exceed1 then do you waste the ,oyl1 which only makes the drink2 and if less1 then will it not deliver its ,oyl1 which must make the drink2 and if you should continue fire till it be white1 it will then make no coffee1 but only give you its salt4 ,the ,berry prepared as above1 beaten and forced through a ,lawn ,sive1 is then fit for use4 ,take clean water1 and boil one-third of it away what quantity soever it be1 and it is fit for use4 ,take one quart of this prepared ,water1 put in it one ounce of your prepared coffee1 and boil it gently one-quarter of an hour1 and it is fit for your use2 drink one-quarter of a pint as hot as you can sip it4 ,in ,england1 about this time1 the coffee drink was not infrequently mixed with sugar candy1 and even with mustard4 ,in the coffee houses1 however1 it was usually served black1 without sugar or milk4 ,about #affj1 ,nieuhoff1 the ,dutch ambassador to ,china1 was the first to make a trial of coffee with milk in imitation of tea with milk4 ,in #afhe1 ,sieur ,monin1 a celebrated doctor of ,grenoble1 ,france1 first recommended caf au lait as a medicine4 ,he prepared it thus3 ,place on the fire a bowl of milk4 ,when it begins to rise1 throw in to it a bowl of powdered coffee1 a bowl of moist sugar1 and let it boil for some time4 ,we read that in #affi coffee in ,france was a hot black decoction of muddy grounds thickened with syrup4 ,angelo ,rambaldi in his ,ambrosia ,arabica thus describes coffee making in ,italy and other ,european countries in #afia3 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,vase ,,for ,,making ,,the ,,decoction1 ,,dose ,,of ,,powder ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,water ,,necessary ,,and ,,time ,,of ,,boiling ,,it4 ,two such vessels having a large paunch to reach the fire1 two others with long necks and narrow1 with a cover to restrain their spirituous and volatile particles which when thrown off by the heat are easily lost4 ,these vessels are called ,ibriq in ,arabia4 ,they are made of copper--coated with white outside and inside4 ,we1 who do not possess the art of making them should select an earth vitriate1 sulphate of copper1 or any other material adapted for kitchen ware3 it might even be of silver4 ,the quantity of water and powder has no certain rule1 by reason of the difference of our nature and tastes1 and each one after some experience will use his own judgment to adjust it to his desire and liking4 ,maronita infused two ounces of powder in three litres of water4 ,cotovico in his voyage to ,jerusalem affirms that he has observed six ounces of the former to #bj litres of the latter1 boiled until it was reduced to half the quantity4 ,thvenot asserts that the ,turks in three cups of water are contented with a good spoonful of powder4 ,i have observed however that in ,africa1 ,france and ,england1 into about six ounces of water 7which with them is one cup7 a dram of the powder is infused and this agrees with my taste--but ,i have wished at times to change the dose4 ,others put the water into the vase and when it begins to boil add the powder1 but because it is full of spirit at the first contact with the heat it rises and boils over the edge of the vase4 ,take it away from the fire till the boiling ceases1 then put it on the fire again and let it stay a short time boiling with the cover on3 ,stand it on warm ashes until it settles1 after which slowly pour a little of the decoction into an earthen vessel1 or one of porcelain or any other kind1 as hot as can be borne1 and drink a sip2 if it pleases your taste1 add a portion of cardamom1 cloves1 nutmeg or cinnamon1 and dissolve a little sugar in the water2 yet because these substances will alter the taste of this simple1 they are not prized by many experts4 ,modern ,arabia1 ,bassa1 ,turkey1 the ,great ,orient1 those who are travelling or in the army1 infuse the powder in cold water1 and then boiling it as directed above1 bear witness to its efficacy4 ,all times are opportune to take this salutary drink 7beverage74 ,among the ,turks are those who take it even by night1 nor is there a business meeting or conversation1 where coffee is not taken4 ,among the ,great it would be accounted an incivility1 if with smoke1 coffee were not offered3 and no one in the day is ashamed to frequent the bazaars where it is sold4 ,when ,i was in ,london1 that city of three million people1 there were taverns for its special use4 ,it is a great stimulant4 ,the sober take it to invigorate the stomach4 ,the scrofulous hated it because they thought it stirred up the bile on an empty stomach--but experience proving the contrary enjoy it as much as others4 ,in #agjb1 coffee in the ,american colonies was being used as a refreshment between meals1 like spirituous liquors4 ,it was in #agaa that the infusion idea in coffee making appeared in ,france4 ,it came in the form of a fustian 7cloth7 bag which contained the ground coffee in the coffee maker1 and the boiling water was poured over it4 ,this was a decided ,french novelty1 but it made slow headway in ,england and ,america1 where some people were still boiling the whole roasted beans and drinking the liquor4 ,in ,england1 as early as #agbb1 there arose a conscientious objector to boiled coffee in the person of ,humphrey ,broadbent1 a coffee merchant who wrote a treatise on the ,true ,way of ,preparing and ,making ,coffee#cge1 in which he condemned the silly practise of making coffee by boiling an ounce of the powder in a quart of water1 then common in the ,london coffee houses1 and urging the infusion method4 ,he favored the following procedure3 ,put the quantity of powder you intend1 into your pot 7which should be either of stone1 or silver1 being much better than tin or copper1 which takes from it much of its flavour and goodness7 then pour boiling-hot water upon the aforesaid powder1 and let it stand to infuse five minutes before the fire4 ,this is an excellent way1 and far exceeds the common one of boiling1 but whether you prepare it by boiling or this way1 it will sometimes remain thick and troubled1 after it is made1 except you pour in a spoonful or two of cold water1 which immediately precipitates the more heavy parts at the bottom1 and makes it clear enough for drinking4 ,some1 make coffee with spring water1 but it is not so good as river1 or ,thames-water1 because the former makes it hard1 and distasteful1 and the other makes it smooth and pleasant1 lying soft on the stomach4 ,if you have a desire to make good coffee in your families1 ,i cannot conceive how you can put less than two ounces of powder to a quart1 or one ounce to a pint of water2 some put two ounces and a quarter4 ,by #agfj1 the decoction1 or boiling1 method in ,france had been generally replaced by the infusion1 or steeping1 method4 ,in #agfc1 ,donmartin1 a tinsmith of ,st4 ,bendit1 ,france1 invented a coffee pot1 the inside of which was filled by a fine sack put in its entirety1 and which had a tap to draw the coffee4 ,many inventions to make coffee sans ebullition 7without boiling7 appeared in ,france about this time2 but it was not until #ahjj that ,de ,belloy's pot1 employing the original ,french drip method1 appeared1 signaling another step forward in coffee making--percolation4 ,de ,belloy and ,count ,rumford ,de ,belloy's pot was probably made of iron or tin1 afterward of porcelain2 and it has served as a model for all the percolation devices that followed it for the next hundred years4 ,it does not seem to have been patented1 and not much is known of the inventor4 ,about this period1 it was the common practise in ,england to boil coffee in the good old-fashioned way1 and to fine 7clarify7 it with isinglass4 ,this moved ,count ,rumford 7,benjamin ,thompson71 an ,american-,british scientist1 then living in ,paris1 to make a study of scientific coffee-making1 and to produce an improved drip device known as ,rumford's percolator4 ,he has been generally credited with the invention of the percolator2 but1 as pointed out in a previous chapter1 this honor seems to be ,de ,belloy's and not ,rumford's4 ,count ,rumford embodied his observations and conclusions in a verbose essay entitled ,of the excellent qualities of coffee and the art of making it in the highest perfection1 published in ,london in #ahab4 ,in this treatise he describes and illustrates the ,rumford percolator4 ,brillat-,savarin1 the famous ,french gastronomist1 who also wrote on coffee in his ,v,ime ,meditation1 said of the ,de ,belloy pot3 ,i have tried1 in the course of time1 all methods and of all those which have been suggested to me up to today 7#ahbe7 and with a full knowledge of the matter in hand4 ,i prefer the ,de ,belloy method1 which consists of pouring the boiling water upon the coffee which has been placed in the vessel of porcelain or silver1 pierced with very small holes4 ,i have attempted to make coffee in a boiler at high pressure1 but ,i have had as a result a coffee full of extracts and bitterness which would scrape the throat of a ,cossack4 ,brillat-,savarin had something also to say on the subject of grinding coffee1 his conclusion being that it was better to pound the coffee than to grind it4 ,he refers to ,m4 ,du ,belloy1 archbishop of ,paris1 who loved good things and was quite an epicure1 and says that ,napoleon showed him deference and respect4 ,this may have been ,jean ,baptiste ,de ,belloy1 who1 according to ,didot1 was born in #agji and died in #ahjh1 and1 it is thought likely1 was the inventor of the ,de ,belloy pot4 ,count ,rumford was born in ,woburn1 ,mass41 in #agec4 ,he was apprenticed to a storekeeper in ,salem in #agff4 ,he became an object of distrust among the friends of the cause of ,american freedom3 and1 on the evacuation of ,boston by the ,royal troops in #aggf1 he was selected by ,governor ,wentworth of ,new ,hampshire to carry dispatches to ,england4 ,he left ,england in #ahjb1 and resided in ,france from #ahjd until his death in #ahad4 ,in #aggb1 he had married1 or rather1 as he put it1 he was married by1 a wealthy widow1 the daughter of a highly respectable minister and one of the first settlers at ,rumford1 now called ,concord1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,it was from this town that he took his title of ,rumford when he was created a ,count of the ,holy ,roman ,empire in #agia4 ,his first wife having died1 he married in ,paris1 the wealthy widow of the celebrated chemist1 ,lavoisier2 and with her he lived an extremely uncomfortable life until they agreed to separate4 ,in his essay on coffee and coffee making1 ,count ,rumford gives us a good pen picture of the preparation of the beverage in ,england at the beginning of the nineteenth century4 ,he says3 ,coffee is first roasted in an iron pan1 or in a hollow cylinder1 made of sheet iron1 over a brisk fire2 and when1 from the colour of the grain1 and the peculiar fragrance which it acquires in this process1 it is judged to be sufficiently roasted1 it is taken from the fire1 and suffered to cool4 ,when cold it is pounded in a mortar2 or ground in a hand-mill to a coarse powder1 and preserved for use4 ,formerly1 the ground ,coffee being put into a coffee-pot1 with a sufficient quantity of water1 the coffee-pot was put over the fire1 and after the water had been made to boil a certain time1 the coffee-pot was removed from the fire1 and the grounds having had time to settle1 or having been fined down with isinglass1 the clear liquor was poured off1 and immediately served up in cups4 ,count ,rumford thought it a mistake to agitate the coffee powder in the brewing process1 and in this he agreed with ,de ,belloy4 ,his improvement on the latter's pot is described in chapter ,,xxxiv4 ,he was a coffee connoisseur2 and as such was one of the first to advocate the use of cream as well as sugar for making an ideal cup of the beverage4 ,he refers1 though not by name1 to ,de ,belloy's percolation method and says1 ,its usefulness is now universally acknowledged4 ,a ,few ,definitions ,just here1 in order to assure a better understanding of the subject1 it may be well to clear up sundry misconceptions regarding the words percolation1 filtration1 decoction1 infusion1 etc41 by the simple expedient of definition4 ,a decoction is a liquid produced by boiling a substance until its soluble properties are extracted4 ,thus the coffee drink was first a decoction2 and a decoction is what one gets today when coffee is boiled in the good old-fashioned way--as mother used to make it4 ,infusion is the process of steeping--extraction without boiling4 ,it is extraction accomplished at any temperature below boiling1 and is a general classification of procedure capable of sub-division4 ,as generally and correctly applied1 it is the operation wherein hot water is merely poured upon ground coffee loose in a pot1 or in a container resting on the bottom of the pot4 ,in the strictest sense of the term1 an infusion is also produced by percolation and filtration1 when the water is not boiled in contact with the coffee4 ,percolation means dripping through fine apertures in china or metal as in ,de ,belloy's ,french drip pot4 ,filtration means dripping through a porous substance1 usually cloth or paper4 ,percolation and filtration are practically synonymous1 although a shade of distinction in their meaning has arisen so that often the latter is considered as a step logically succeeding the former4 ,accomplishing extraction of a material by permitting a liquid to pass slowly through it is in fact percolation1 whereas filtration of the resultant extract is effected by interposing in its path some medium which will remove solid or semi-solid material from it4 ,coffee-making practise has in itself so applied these terms that each is considered a complete process4 ,percolation is thus applied when the infusion is removed from the grounds immediately by dripping through fine perforations in the china or metal of which the device is constructed4 ,true percolation is not produced in the pumping percolators in which the heated water is elevated and sprayed over the ground coffee held in a metal basket in the upper part of the pot1 the liquor being recirculated until a satisfactory degree of extraction has been reached4 ,rather1 the process is midway between decoction and infusion1 for the weak liquor is boiled during the operation in order to furnish sufficient steam to cause the pumping action4 ,filtration is accomplished when the ground coffee is retained by cloth or paper1 generally supported by some portion of the brewing device1 and extraction effected by pouring water on the top of the mass1 permitting the liquid to percolate through1 the filtering medium retaining the grounds4 ,patents and ,devices ,from the beginning1 the ,french devoted more attention than any other people to coffee brewing4 ,the first ,french patent on a coffee maker was granted in #ahjb to ,denobe1 ,henrion1 and ,rauch for a pharmacological-chemical coffee making device by infusion4 ,in #ahjb1 ,charles ,wyatt obtained a patent in ,london on an apparatus for distilling coffee4 ,the first ,french patent on an improved ,french drip pot for making coffee by filtration without boiling was granted to ,hadrot in #ahjf4 ,strictly speaking1 this was not a filtering device1 as it was fitted with a tin composition strainer1 or grid4 ,it was very like ,count ,rumford's percolator announced six years later1 as will be seen by comparing the two in chapter ,,xxxiv4 ,in #ahae1 ,sen invented in ,france his ,cafetire ,sen1 another device to make coffee without boiling4 ,about the year #ahag1 the coffee biggin appeared in ,england4 ,it was simply a squat earthenware pot with an upper1 movable1 strainer part made of tin1 after the ,french drip pot pattern4 ,later models employed a cloth bag suspended from the rim of the pot4 ,it was said to have been invented by a ,mr4 ,biggin2 and ,dr4 ,murray1 of dictionary fame1 seems to have become convinced of this gentleman's existence1 although others have doubted it and thought the name was of ,dutch origin1 the article having been first made for ,holland4 ,it has been suggested that1 in all probability1 the name came from the ,dutch word beggelin1 to trickle1 or run down4 ,one thing is certain1 coffee biggins came originally from ,france2 so that if there was a ,mr4 ,biggin1 he merely introduced them into ,england4 ,the coffee biggin with which ,americans are most familiar is a pot containing a flannel bag or a cylindrical wire strainer to hold the ground coffee through which the boiling water is poured4 ,the ,marion ,harland pot was an improved metal coffee biggin4 ,the ,triumph coffee filter was a cloth-bag device which made any coffee pot a biggin4 ,in #ahai1 ,morize1 a ,paris tinsmith1 invented a double drip1 reversible coffee pot4 ,the device had two movable filters and was placed bottom up on the fire until the water boiled1 when it was inverted to let the coffee filter or drip through4 ,in #ahai1 ,laurens was granted a ,french patent on the original pumping-percolator device1 in which the water was raised by steam pressure and dripped over the ground coffee4 ,in #ahbj1 ,gaudet1 another ,paris tinsmith1 invented a filtration device that employed a cloth strainer4 ,in #ahbb1 ,louis ,bernard ,rabaut was granted an ,english patent on a coffee-making device in which the usual ,french drip process was reversed by the use of steam pressure to force the boiling water upward through the coffee mass4 ,caseneuve1 of ,paris1 was granted a patent on a similar device in ,france in #ahbd4 ,in #ahbe1 the first coffee-pot patent in the ,united ,states was granted to ,lewis ,martelley on a machine to condense the steam and essential oils and return them to the infusion4 ,in #ahbg1 the first really practicable pumping percolator1 as we understand the meaning today1 was invented by ,jacques-,augustin ,gandais1 a manufacturer of plated jewelry in ,paris4 ,the boiling water was raised through a tube in the handle and sprayed over the ground coffee suspended in a filter basket1 but could not be returned for a further spraying4 ,in #ahbg1 ,nicholas ,felix ,durant1 a manufacturer of ,chalons-sur-,marne1 was granted a ,french patent on a percolator employing1 for the first time1 an inner tube to raise the boiling water for spraying over the ground coffee4 ,in #ahci1 ,james ,vardy and ,moritz ,platow were granted an ,english patent on a kind of urn percolator1 or filter1 employing the vacuum process of coffee making1 the upper vessel being made of glass4 ,by this time1 the pumping percolator1 working by steam pressure and by partial vacuum1 was in general use in ,france1 ,england1 and ,germany4 ,and then began the movement toward the next stage in coffee making--filtration4 ,about this time 7#ahdj71 ,robert ,napier 7#agia-ahgf7 the ,scottish marine engineer1 of the celebrated ,clyde shipbuilding firm of ,robert ,napier ,sons1 invented a vacuum coffee machine to make coffee by distillation and filtration4 ,the device was never patented2 but thirty years later1 it was being made in the works of ,thomas ,smith ,son 7,elkington ,co41 ,ltd41 successors7 under the direction of ,mr4 ,napier1 the aged inventor4 ,the device consists of a silver globe1 brewer syphon1 and strainer1 as illustrated4 ,it operates as follows3 a half-cupful of water is put into the globe1 and the gas flame is lighted4 ,the dry coffee is put into the receiver1 which is then filled up with boiling water4 ,this will at once become agitated1 and will continue so for a few minutes4 ,when it becomes still1 the gas flame is turned down1 and clear coffee is syphoned over into the globe through the syphon tube1 on the end of which1 as it rests in the coffee liquid1 there is a metal strainer covered with a filter cloth4 ,illustration3 ,,napier ,,vacuum ,,coffee ,,maker ,illustration3 ,,napier-,,list ,,steam ,,coffee ,,machine ,the ,napierian coffee machine has enjoyed great popularity in ,england4 ,the principle has in later years been incorporated in the ,napier-,list steam coffee machine for use in hotels1 ships1 restaurants1 etc4 ,steam is used as a source of heat1 but does not mix with the coffee4 ,list's patent is for an improvement on the ,napierian system and was granted in #ahia4 ,it is related that shortly before he died1 old ,mr4 ,napier1 at the termination of a dispute in ,smith ,co4's factory at ,glasgow1 where the device was being made under his instruction1 said to old ,mr4 ,smith3 ,you may be a guid silversmith1 but ,i am a better engineer4 ,illustration3 ,,finley ,,acker',s ,,filter-,,paper ,,coffee ,,pot ,,showing ,,method ,,of ,,operation ,in #ahda1 ,william ,ward ,andrews was granted an ,english patent on an improved pot employing a pump to force the boiling water through the ground coffee while contained in a perforated cylinder screwed to the bottom of the pot4 ,in #ahdb1 the first ,french patent on a glass coffee-making device was granted to ,madame ,vassieux of ,lyons4 ,following this1 there were numerous patents issued in ,france and ,england on double glass-globe coffee-making devices4 ,they were first known as double glass balloons1 and most of them employed metal strainers4 ,after this1 there were many percolator patents in ,france1 ,england1 and the ,united ,states1 some of which were for improved forms of the original drip method of the ,de ,belloy device4 ,others were for the type of machine which came to be known as percolators because they employed the principle of raising the heated water and spraying it over the ground coffee in continuous fashion4 ,the story is told in chronological order in the chapter on the evolution of coffee apparatus2 so it is not necessary to repeat it here4 ,numerous filtration devices also were produced abroad and in the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,kin-,,hee ,,pot ,,in ,,operation ,among the percolators1 those of ,manning1 ,bowman ,co41 and of ,landers1 ,frary ,clark1 became well known here4 ,in the filtration field1 the following attained considerable distinction3 ,harvey ,ricker's ,half-,minute pot1 employing a cotton sack with re-inforced bottom1 introduced about #ahha2 the ,kin-,hee pot of #aijj2 ,cauchois' ,private ,estate coffee maker1 using ,japanese filter paper1 introduced in #aije2 ,finley ,acker's percolator1 introduced the same year1 which also employed a filter paper between two cylinders having side perforations2 the ,tricolator1 #aijh2 ,king's percolator1 using filter paper1 in #aiab2 and the ,make-,right1 #aiaa1 with its adaptation as presented in the ,tru-,bru pot of #aibj4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,tricolator ,,in ,,operation ,the ,make-,right was the invention of ,edward ,aborn1 ,new ,york1 and comprised two telescoping open wire frames1 or baskets1 with a flat piece of muslin between them4 ,in the ,tru-,bru pot1 the same idea was employed1 except that the wire frames were so constructed as to furnish four drip points to afford better distribution on the ground coffee and to lessen the time of filtration4 ,there was also a porcelain top1 to house and to raise the filtration device1 above the brew with an opening through which the boiling water could be poured without exposing the ground coffee4 ,illustration3 ,,king ,,percolator1 ,,as ,,applied ,,to ,a ,,hotel ,,or ,,restaurant ,,urn ,among later developments of the genuine percolator principle that have attracted attention in this country1 mention should be made of the ,phylax coffee maker1 and the ,galt pot4 ,in #aiad-af1 there was a revival of interest in the ,united ,states in the double glass-globe method of making coffee1 introduced into ,france as double glass balloons in the first half of the nineteenth century4 ,american ingenuity produced several clever adaptations1 and several notable filter improvements4 ,advertising developed a great demand for glass percolators1 as they were first called2 but although five attained considerable prominence1 only two survived and1 at this writing1 are still being manufactured4 ,both are double glass-globe filters employing a spirit lamp1 gas1 or electricity as heating agents4 ,illustration3 ,,three ,,types ,,of ,,american ,,coffee ,,makers ,,in ,,operation ,left1 ,blanke's ,cloth ,filter--,center1 ,phylax--,right1 ,galt ,vacuum device ,within the last few years1 it has become the fashion to obtain patents in the ,united ,states on the art of brewing coffee1 or the art of making coffee4 ,instances are the patents issued to ,messrs4 ,calkin and ,muller4 ,in the ,calkin patent 7the ,phylax device illustrated at the top of this page7 the art consists in controlling the flow of the boiling water by means of the number and spacing of the holes in the water-spreader1 so as to restrict the volume and the speed1 to effect a quick initial extraction2 and then1 by means of a new spacing of holes in the infuser1 retarding the drip to attain a prolonged extraction of the tannin and other elements of slow extraction and combining the liquids obtained during the initial and subsequent stages of the brew for attaining a balanced liquid extract4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,the ,,tru-,,bru ,,pot ,,operates ,muller's art 7the apparatus is described in chapter ,,xxxiv7 consisted in so supplying and supporting the ground coffee in an urn that it is never again subjected to the decoction after having been exposed to the air and steam following the first application of the water4 ,in #aibj1 ,william ,g4 ,goldsworthy1 ,san ,francisco1 was granted a ,united ,states patent on a process for preparing the beans for making the beverage4 ,the process consisted of grinding the raw dried beans2 then packing the ground product in non-combustible and non-soluble porous containers1 which are securely closed to keep them unimpaired while the contained coffee is being roasted2 and1 after cooling1 sealing them with gelatine4 ,to brew1 container and contents are dropped into a cup of hot water4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee-,,making ,,devices ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states #a--,marlon ,harland ,pot2 #b--,universal ,percolator2 #c--;,galt ,vacuum ,process ,coffee ,maker2 #d--,universal ,electric ,urn2 #e--;,english ,coffee ,biggin 7,langley ,ware72 #f--,universal ,cafenoira 7,glass ,filter72 #g--,vienna 7,bohemian or ,carlsbad7 ,coffee ,machine2 #h--,tru-,bru ,pot2 #i--,tricolator2 #aj--,manning-,bowman ,percolator2 #aa--;,blanke's ,sanitary ,coffee ,pot2 #ab--,phylax ,coffee ,maker2 #ac--,private-,estate ,coffee ,maker2 #ad--;,american ,french ,drip ,pot2 #ae--,kin-,hee ,pot2 #af--,silex ,opalescent ,glass ,filter2 #ag--;,french ,drip ,pot 7,langley ,ware74 ,this brief review of the evolution of coffee brews shows that coffee making started with boiling1 and next became an infusion4 ,after that1 the best practise became divided between simple percolation and filtration1 which have continued to the present time4 ,boiling has also continued to find advocates in every country1 even in the ,united ,states1 where it seems to die hard1 no matter how much is done to discredit it4 ,percolation devices are subdivided into the simple drip pots and the continuous percolation machines1 as represented by numerous complicated and high-priced contrivances on the market4 ,gradually1 however1 true coffee lovers are realizing that the best results are to be obtained through simple percolation or simple filtration4 ,there are good arguments for both methods4 ,coffee ,making in ,europe in the ,nineteenth ,century ,,england4 ,we have noted ,count ,rumford's efforts to reform coffee making in ,england in the early part of the nineteenth century4 ,many other scientific men joined the movement4 ,among them was ,professor ,donovan1 who in the ,dublin ,philosophical ,journal for ,may1 #ahbf1 told of his experiments to ascertain the best methods for extracting all the virtues inherent in the berry4 ,the ,penny ,magazine for ,june #ad1 #ahcd1 after deploring the straw-colored fluid commonly introduced under the misnomer of coffee in ,england1 thus digests ,professor ,donovan's findings3 ,mr4 ,donovan found1 that what we shall call the medicinal quality of coffee resides in it independent of its aromatic flavor1--that it is possible to obtain the exhilarating effect of the beverage without gratifying the palate1--and1 on the other hand1 that all the aromatic quality may be enjoyed without its producing any effect upon the animal economy4 ,his object was to combine the two4 ,the roasting of coffee is requisite for the production of both these qualities2 but1 to secure them in their full degree1 it is necessary to conduct the process with some skill4 ,the first thing to be done is to expose the raw coffee to the heat of a gentle fire1 in an open vessel1 stirring it continually until it assumes a yellowish colour4 ,it should then be roughly broken1--a thing very easily done1--so that each berry is divided into about four or five pieces1 when it must be put into the roasting apparatus4 ,this1 as most commonly used1 is made of sheet-iron1 and is of a cylindrical shape3 it no doubt answers the purpose well1 and is by no means a costly machine1 but coffee may be very well roasted in a common iron or earthenware pot1 the main circumstances to be observed being the degree to which the process is carried1 and the prevention of partial burning1 by constant stirring4 ,one of the requisites for having good coffee is that it shall have been recently roasted4 ,coffee should be ground very fine for use1 and only at the moment when it is wanted1 or the aromatic flavour will in some measure be lost4 ,to extract all its good qualities1 the powder requires two separate and somewhat opposite modes of treatment1 but which do not offer any difficulty when explained4 ,on the one hand1 the fine flavour would be lost by boiling1 while1 on the other1 it is necessary to subject the coffee to that degree of heat in order to extract its medicinal quality4 ,the mode of proceeding1 which1 after many experiments1 ,mr4 ,donovan found to be the most simple and efficacious for attaining both these ends1 was the following3-- ,the whole water to be used must be divided into two equal parts4 ,one half must be put first to the coffee cold1 and this must be placed over the fire until it just comes to a boil1 when it must be immediately removed4 ,allowing it then to subside for a few moments the liquid must be poured off as clear as it will run4 ,the remaining half of the water1 which during this time should have been on the fire1 must then be added at a boiling heat to the grounds1 and placed on the fire1 where it must be kept boiling for about three minutes4 ,this will extract the medicinal virtue1 and if then the liquid be allowed again to subside1 and the clear fluid be added to the first portion1 the preparation will be found to combine all the good properties of the berry in as great perfection as they can be obtained4 ,if any fining ingredient is used it should be mixed with the powder at the beginning of the process4 ,several kinds of apparatus1 some of them very ingenious in their construction1 have been proposed for preparing coffee1 but they are all made upon the principle of extracting only the aromatic flavour1 while ,professor ,donovan's suggestions not only enable us to accomplish that desirable object1 but superadd the less obvious but equally essential matter of extracting and making our own all the medicinal virtues4 ,when ,webster and ,parkes published their ,encyclopedia of ,domestic ,economy1 ,london1 #ahdd1 they gave the following as the most usual method of making coffee in ,england3 ,put fresh ground coffee into a coffee-pot1 with a sufficient quantity of water1 and set this on the fire till it boils for a minute or two2 then remove it from the fire1 pour out a cupful1 which is to be returned into the coffee-pot to throw down the grounds that may be floating2 repeat this1 and let the coffee-pot stand near the fire1 but not on too hot a place1 until the grounds have subsided to the bottom2 in a few minutes the coffee will be clear without any other preparation1 and may be poured into cups2 in this manner1 with good materials in sufficient quantity1 and proper care1 excellent coffee may be made4 ,the most valuable part of the coffee is soon extracted1 and it is certain that long boiling dissipates the fine aroma and flavour4 ,some make it a rule not to suffer the coffee to boil1 but only to bring it just to the boiling point2 but it is said by ,mr4 ,donovan that it requires boiling for a little time to extract the whole of the bitter1 in which he conceives much of the exhilarating qualities of the coffee reside4 ,this work had also the following to say on the clearing of coffee1 which was then a much-mooted question3 ,the clearing of coffee is a circumstance demanding particular attention4 ,after the heaviest parts of the grounds have settled1 there are still fine particles suspended for some time1 and if the coffee be poured off before these have subsided1 the liquor is deficient in that transparency which is one test of its perfection2 for coffee not well cleared has always an unpleasant bitter taste4 ,in general1 the coffee becomes clear by simply remaining quiet for a few minutes1 as we have stated2 but those who are anxious to have it as clear as possible employ some artificial means of assisting the clearing4 ,the addition of a little isinglass1 hartshorn shavings1 skins of eels or soles1 white of eggs1 egg shells1 etc41 has been recommended for clearing2 but it is evident that these substances1 to produce their effect1 which is upon the same principle as the fining of beer or wine1 should be dissolved previously1 for if put in without1 it would require so much time to dissolve1 that the flavour of the coffee would vanish4 ,coffee-making devices of this period in ,england1 in addition to the ,rumford type of percolator and the popular coffee biggin1 included ,evans' machine provided with a tin air-float to which was attached a filter bag containing the coffee2 ,jones' apparatus1 a pumping percolator2 ,parker's steam-fountain coffee maker1 which forced the hot water upward through the ground coffee2 ,platow's patent filter1 previously mentioned1 a single vacuum glass percolator in combination with an urn2 ,brain's vacuum or pneumatic filter employing a muslin1 linen or shamoy leather filter and an exhausting pump1 designed for kitchen use2 and ,palmer's and ,beart's pneumatic filtering machines of similar construction4 ,cold infusions were common1 the practise being to let them stand overnight1 to be filtered in the morning1 and only heated1 not boiled4 ,coffee grinding for these various types of coffee makers was performed by iron mills2 the portable box mill being most favored for family use4 ,it consisted of a square box either of mahogany or iron japanned1 containing in the interior a hollow cone of steel with sharp grooves on the inside2 into this fits a conical piece of hardened iron or steel having spiral grooves cut upon its surface and capable of being turned round by a handle4 ,there was a drawer to receive the finely ground coffee4 ,larger wall-mills employed the same grinding mechanism4 ,in #ahee1 ,dr4 ,john ,doran wrote in his ,table ,traits3 ,with regard to the making of coffee1 there is no doubt that the ,turkish method of pounding the coffee in a mortar is infinitely superior to grinding it in a mill1 as with us4 ,but after either method the process recommended by ,m4 ,soyer may be advantageously adopted2 namely1 ,put two ounces of ground coffee into a stew-pan1 which set upon the fire1 stirring the coffee round with a spoon until quite hot1 then pour over a pint of boiling water2 cover over closely for five minutes1 pass it through a cloth1 warm again1 and serve4 ,from observations by ,g4,w4 ,poore1 ,m4,d41 ,london1 #ahhc1 we are given a glimpse of coffee making in ,england in the latter part of the nineteenth century4 ,he said3 ,those who wish to enjoy really good coffee must have it fresh roasted4 ,on the ,continent1 in every well-regulated household1 the daily supply of coffee is roasted every morning4 ,in ,england this is rarely done4 ,if roasted coffee has to be kept1 it must be kept in an air-tight vessel4 ,in ,france1 coffee used to be kept in a wrapper of waxed leather1 which was always closely tied over the contained coffee4 ,in this way the coffee was kept from contact with any air4 ,the ,viennese say that coffee should be kept in a glass bottle closed with a bung1 and that coffee should on no account be kept in a tin canister4 ,the coffee having been roasted1 it has to be reduced to a coarse powder before the infusion is made4 ,the grinding and powdering of coffee should be done just before it is wanted1 for if the whole coffee seeds quickly lose their aroma1 how much more quickly will the aroma be dissipated from coffee which has been reduced to a fine powder8 ,nothing need be said in the matter of coffee mills4 ,they are common enough1 varied enough1 and cheap enough to suit all tastes4 ,to insure a really good cup of coffee attention must be given to the following points3 #a4 ,be sure that the coffee is good in quality1 freshly roasted1 and fresh ground4 #b4 ,use sufficient coffee4 ,i have made some experiments on this point1 and ,i have come to the conclusions that one ounce of coffee to a pint of water makes poor coffee1 #a-a_/b ounces of coffee to a pint of water makes fairly good coffee1 two ounces of coffee to a pint of water makes excellent coffee4 #c4 ,as to the form of coffee pot ,i have nothing to say4 ,the varieties of coffee machines are very numerous and many of them are useless incumbrances4 ,at the best1 they can not be regarded as absolutely necessary4 ,the ,brazilians insist that coffee pots should on no account be made of metal1 but that porcelain or earthenware is alone permissible4 ,i have been in the habit of late of having my coffee made in a common jug provided with a strainer1 and ,i believe there is nothing better4 ,illustration3 ,,coffee-,,making ,,machines ,,popular ,,in ,,english ,,hotels ,,and ,,restaurants #d4 ,warm the jug1 put the coffee into it1 boil the water1 and pour the boiling water on the coffee1 and the thing is done4 #e4 ,coffee must not be boiled1 or at most it must be allowed just to come to a boil1 as cook says4 ,if violent ebullition takes place1 the aroma of the coffee is dissipated1 and the beverage is spoiled4 ,the most economical way of making coffee is to put the coffee into a jug and pour cold water upon it4 ,this should be done some hours before the coffee is wanted--over night1 for instance1 if the coffee be required for breakfast4 ,the light particles of coffee will imbibe the water and fall to the bottom of the jug in course of time4 ,when the coffee is to be used stand the jug in a saucepan of water or a bainmarie and place the outer vessel over the fire till the water contained in it boils4 ,the coffee in this way is gently brought to the boiling point without violent ebullition1 and we get the maximum extract without any loss of aroma4 ,always make your coffee strong4 ,caf au lait is much better if made with one-fourth strong coffee and three-fourths milk than if made half-and-half with a weaker coffee2 this is evident4 ,it is a mistake to suppose that coffee can not be made without a great deal of costly and cumbersome apparatus4 ,,the ,,continent4 ,rossignon has given us a general view of coffee making on the continent of ,europe in the middle of the nineteenth century4 ,he says3 ,formerly small bags of baize were used to percolate coffee4 ,the water was poured on the coffee1 and when they were new the coffee percolated through them was pretty good1 but when they had been used a few times they became greasy and it was very difficult to clean them by any means4 ,the greasy baize altered the quality of the coffee1 and in spite of all efforts to keep it clean the coffee had a tarnished appearance very disagreeable to the view4 ,very few persons use them at present4 ,the apparatus most in use for the percolation of coffee is a tin coffee-pot composed of two parts4 ,the upper one has a filter or sieve on which the coffee powder is placed and through which the filtered coffee must pass4 ,boiling water is poured on the coffee4 ,the liquor which percolates falls in the second part4 ,then the upper part is removed and the coffee is ready as a beverage4 ,there are very many systems of coffee pots4 ,one of the best is the ,russian one1 which consists of a receptacle composed of two parts resembling two halves of an egg screwed together4 ,one part contains the hot water and the other the ground coffee4 ,in the center there is a filter4 ,turning the pot upside down the percolation takes place very slowly and no aroma is lost4 ,the tin plate which is generally used to make the coffee pot has many drawbacks4 ,one of them is the dissolution of iron which takes place after it has been used for a short time4 ,the quality of coffee1 as a beverage1 depends principally on the degree of heat of the water4 ,experience has shown that a medium class of coffee prepared at a moderate heat gives a very good liquor1 while excellent coffee on which boiling water has been poured did not give a very good liquor4 ,therefore1 instead of pouring boiling water at #ajj;,c4 in a porcelain or silver coffee-pot1 those who desire to make a perfect coffee must use water heated from #fj to #ge;,c4 ,illustration3 ,the ,duparquet ,still's machine ,the ,kellum ,,three ,,well ,,known ,,makes ,,of ,,large ,,coffee ,,urns ,,france4 ,also about the middle of the nineteenth century the ,french naturalist1 ,du ,tour1 thus describes one manner of making coffee in ,france3 ,let the powder be poured into the coffee-pot filled with boiling water1 in the proportion of two ounces and a half to two pounds1 or two ,english pints of water4 ,let the mixture be stirred with a spoon1 and the coffee-pot be soon taken off the fire1 but suffered to remain closely shut1 for about at least two hours1 on the warm ashes of a wood fire4 ,during the infusion the liquor should be several times agitated by a chocolate frother1 or something of the same kind1 and be finally left for about a quarter of an hour to settle4 ,caf au lait was not made by boiling coffee and milk together1 as milk was not proper to extract the coffee2 the coffee was first made as caf noir1 only stronger2 as much of this coffee was poured in the cup as was required1 and the cup was then filled up with boiled milk4 ,caf a la crme1 was made by adding boiled cream to strong clear coffee and heating them together4 ,in ,france1 during the latter part of the nineteenth century1 coffee was roasted over charcoal fires in earthenware dishes or saucepans1 stirred with a spatula or wooden spoon1 or in small cylinder or globular roasters of iron4 ,gas roasting was also practised4 ,when roasted in large batches1 the beans were cooled in wicker baskets1 tossed into the air4 ,the grinding was preferably done in mortars or in box mills of pyramid shape with receiving drawers1 and was not too fine4 ,the usual method of making coffee in ,france among the better classes at this time was by means of improved ,de ,belloy drip devices1 double glass vacuum filters1 pumping percolators 7double circulation devices71 the ,russian egg-shaped pots1 and the ,viennese machines4 ,the last-named were metal pumping percolators with glass tops1 usually swung between the uprights of a carry arrangement1 the base of which held a spirit lamp4 ,among the numerous ,french machines which became well known were3 ,reparlier's glass filter2 ,egrot's steam cloth-filter machine and ,malen's percolator apparatus1 both designed for barracks and ships1 where previously the coffee had been brewed in soup kettles2 ,bouillon ,muller's steam percolator2 ,laurent's whistling coffee pot1 a steam percolator which announced when the coffee was ready2 ,ed4 ,loysel's rapid filter1 a hydrostatic percolator2 and those pots to which ,morize1 ,lemare1 ,grandin1 ,crepaux1 and ,gandais gave their names4 ,in #ahib1 the ,french minister of war directed that1 in the army roasting and grinding operations1 the coffee chaff should no longer be thrown away1 as it had been found that it was rich in caffein and aroma constituents4 ,illustration3 ,,popular ,,german ,,drip ,,pot ,coffee la minute1 which appeared in ,france in the nineteenth century1 was made by decoction or infusion through a funnel pierced with holes and covered inside with blotting paper1 or a woolen strainer cloth4 ,this system1 says ,jardin1 suggested the economical coffee pot4 ,a popular ,german drip coffee maker of the late nineteenth century employs a plug in the spout which provides air pressure to hold back the infusion until the plug is removed4 ,pierre ,joseph ,buc'hoz1 physician to the king of ,poland1 in #aghg1 made a business of supplying roasted coffee in small packets1 each sufficient for one cup4 ,he built up quite a trade until one day he was caught substituting roasted rye for coffee4 ,this was the ,buc'hoz method of making coffee1 much practised by the lower classes because he was looked upon as an authority3 ,boil the water in a coffee pot4 ,when it boils1 draw it from the fire long enough to add an ounce of coffee powder to a pound of water4 ,stir with a spoon4 ,return it to the fire and when it boils move it back somewhat from the heat and let it simmer for eight minutes4 ,clarify with sugar or deer horn powder4 ,early ,coffee ,making in the ,united ,states ,the coffee drink reached the colonies1 first as a beverage for the well-to-do1 about #affh4 ,when introduced to the general public through the coffee houses about #agjj1 it was first sipped from small dishes as in ,england2 and no one inquired too closely as to how it was made4 ,when1 half a century later1 it had displaced beer and tea for breakfast1 its correct making became a matter of polite inquiry4 ,it was not until well into the nineteenth century that there was any suggestion of scientific interest1 and not until within the last decade was any real chemical analysis of brewed coffee undertaken with a view to producing a scientific cup of the beverage4 ,at first1 owing to the great distances1 and difficulties surrounding communications1 between the colonies1 news of improvements in coffee makers and coffee making traveled slowly1 and coffee customs brought from ,europe by the early settlers became habits that were not easily changed4 ,some of the worst have clung on1 ignoring the march of improvement1 and seem as firmly entrenched in suburban and rural communities today as they were two hundred years ago4 ,indeed1 despite the fact that the ,united ,states have been the largest consumer of coffee among the nations for nearly half a century1 it is only within the last ten years that coffee properly prepared could be obtained outside the principal cities4 ,even today1 the average consumer is sadly in need of education in correct coffee brewing4 ,it would be an excellent idea if all the coffee propaganda funds could be concentrated on a study of this one phase of the coffee question for several years1 and the recommendations published in such fashion as firmly to fix in the minds of the rising generation a knowledge of correct coffee brewing4 ,the facts of the case are that1 generally speaking1 coffee is still prepared in slovenly fashion in the average ,american home4 ,however1 with the good work done in recent years by organized trade effort to correct this abuse of our national beverage1 signs are plentiful that the time is not far distant when a lasting reformation in coffee making will have been accomplished4 ,in colonial times the coffee drink was mostly a decoction4 ,esther ,singleton tells us that in ,new ,amsterdam coffee was boiled in a copper pot lined with tin and drunk as hot as possible ,with sugar or honey and spices4 ,sometimes a pint of fresh milk was brought to the boiling point and then as much drawn tincture of coffee was added1 or the coffee was put in cold water with the milk and both were boiled together and drunk4 ,rich people mixed cloves1 cinnamon or sugar with ambergris in the coffee4#cgf ,ground cardamom seeds were also used to flavor the decoction4 ,in the early days of ,new ,england1 the whole beans were frequently boiled for hours with not wholly pleasing results in forming either food or drink#cgg4 ,in ,new ,orleans1 the ground coffee was put into a tin or pewter coffee dripper1 and the infusion was made by slowly pouring the boiling water over it after the ,french fashion4 ,the coffee was not considered good unless it actually stained the cup4 ,this method still obtains among the old ,creole families4 ,boiling coarsely pounded coffee for fifteen minutes to half an hour was common practise in the colonies before #ahjj4 ,in the early part of the nineteenth century1 the best practise was to roast the coffee in an iron cylinder that stood before the hearth fire4 ,it was either turned by a handle or wound up like a jack to go by itself4 ,the grinding was done in a lap or wall mill2 and among the best known makes were ,kenrick's1 ,wilson's1 ,wolf's1 ,john ,luther's1 ,george ,w4,m4 ,vandegrift's1 and ,charles ,parker's ,best ,quality4 ,to make coffee without boiling the cookery books of the period advised the housewife to obtain a biggin1 the best of which is what in ,france is called a ,grecque4 ,in #ahdd1 the ,kitchen ,directory and ,american ,housewife's advice on the subject of coffee making was the following3 ,coffee should be put in an iron pot and dried near a moderate fire for several hours before roasting 7in pot over hot coals and stirring constantly74 ,it is sufficiently roasted when biting one of the lightest colored kernels--if brittle the whole is done4 ,a coffee roaster is better than an open pot4 ,use a tablespoonful ground to a pint of boiling water4 ,boil in tin pot twenty to twenty-five minutes4 ,if boiled longer it will not taste fresh and lively4 ,let stand four or five minutes to settle1 pour off grounds into a coffee pot or urn4 ,put fish skin or isinglass size of a nine pence in pot when put on to boil or else the white and shell of half an egg to a couple of quarts of coffee4 ,french coffee is made in a ,german filter1 the water is turned on boiling hot and one-third more coffee is needed than when boiled in the common way4 ,in #ahef the ,ladies' ,home ,magazine 7now the ,ladies' ,home ,journal7 printed the following1 which fairly sums up the coffee making customs of that period3 ,coffee1 if you would have its best flavor1 should be roasted at home2 but not in an open pan1 for this permits a large amount of aroma to escape4 ,the roaster should be a closed sphere or cylinder4 ,the aroma1 upon which the good taste of the coffee depends1 is only developed in the berry by the roasting process1 which also is necessary to diminish its toughness1 and fit it for grinding4 ,while roasting1 coffee loses from fifteen to twenty-five percent of its weight1 and gains from thirty to fifty percent in bulk4 ,more depends upon the proper roasting than upon the quality of the coffee itself4 ,one or two scorched or burned berries will materially injure the flavor of several cupfuls4 ,even a slight overheating diminishes the good taste4 ,the best mode of roasting1 where it is done at home1 is to dry the coffee first1 in an open vessel1 until its color is slightly changed4 ,this allows the moisture to escape4 ,then cover it closely and scorch it1 keeping up a constant agitation1 so that no portion of a kernel may be unequally heated4 ,too low and too slow a heat dries it up without producing the full aromatic flavor2 while too great heat dissipates the oily matter and leaves only bitter charred kernels4 ,it should be heated so as to acquire a uniform deep cinnamon color1 and an oily appearance1 but never a deep1 dark brown color4 ,it then should be taken from the fire and kept closely covered until cold1 and further until used4 ,while unroasted coffee improves by age1 the roasted berries will very generally lose their aroma if not covered very closely4 ,the ground stuff kept on sale in barrels1 or boxes1 or in papers1 is not worthy the name of coffee4 ,coffee should not be ground until just before using4 ,if ground over night1 it should be covered3 or1 what is quite as well1 put into the boiler and covered with water4 ,the water not only retains the valuable oil and other aromatic elements1 but also prepares it by soaking for immediate boiling in the morning4 ,if the coffee pot 7the ,old ,dominion1 of course1 for in a common boiler this process would ruin the coffee by wasting the aroma7 be set on the range or stove1 or near the fire1 so as to be kept hot all night preparatory to boiling in the morning1 the beverage will be found in the morning1 rich1 mellow1 and of a most delicious flavor4 ,coffee used at supper time should be placed on or near the fire immediately after dinner and kept hot or simmering--not boiling--all the afternoon4 ,try this method if you wish coffee in perfection4 ,wood's improved coffee roaster is acknowledged to be the best article of the kind now in use4 ,this patent coffee roaster has been improved by the introduction of a triangular flange inside of each of the hemispheres1 as seen in the cut4 ,these flanges1 as the roaster is turned1 catch the coffee and throw it from the inner surface1 thus insuring a perfect uniformity in the burning4 ,the ,woods roaster 7#ahdi7 and the ,old ,dominion ,coffee ,pot 7#ahef7 have been referred to in chapter ,,xxxiv4 ,from the ,encyclopedia of ,practical ,cookery1 we learn some more about the customs prevailing among the first cooks in the country in roasting and making coffee in the ,united ,states about the middle of the nineteenth century4 ,for example3 ,,roasting ,,coffee ,,beans ,put the beans in the roaster1 set this before a moderate fire1 and turn slowly until the ,coffee takes a good brown colour2 for this it should require about twenty-five minutes4 ,open the cover to see when it is done4 ,if browned1 transfer it to an earthen jar1 cover it tightly1 and use when needed4 ,or a more simple plan1 and even more effectual1 is to take a tin baking-dish1 butter well the bottom1 put the ,coffee in it1 and set it in a moderate oven until the beans take a strong golden colour1 twenty minutes sufficing for this4 ,toss them frequently with a wooden spoon as they are cooking4 ,another plan is to put in a small frying-pan #a #a;b4 of raw ,coffee-beans and set the pan on the fire1 stirring and shaking occasionally till the beans are yellow3 then cover the frying-pan and shake the ,coffee about till it is a dark brown4 ,move the pan off the fire1 keep the cover on1 and when the beans are a little cool1 break an egg over them and stir them until they are all well coated with the egg4 ,then store the ,coffee in tins or jars with tight-fitting lids1 and grind it as wanted for use4 ,coffee should always be bought in the bean and ground as required1 otherwise it is liable to extensive adulteration with chicory 7or succory72 some persons like the addition1 but the epicure who is really fond of ,coffee would not admit of its introduction4 ,,making ,,breakfast ,,coffee4 ,allow #a tablespoonful of ,coffee to each person4 ,the ,coffee when ground should be measured1 put into the ,coffee-pot1 and boiling water poured over it in the proportion of #c_/d pint to each tablespoonful of ,coffee1 and the pot put on the fire2 the instant it boils1 take the pot off1 uncover it1 and let it stand a minute or two2 then cover it again1 put it back on the fire1 and let it boil up again4 ,take it from the fire and let it stand for five minutes to settle4 ,it is then ready to pour out4 ,this work recommended as among the latest and best devices for coffee making1 all those manufactured or sold in this country by ,adams ,son2 the ,english coffee biggin2 ,general ,hutchinson's coffee pot and urn1 combining ,de ,belloy's and ,rumford's ideas2 ,le ,brun's ,cafetire for making coffee by distillation and by steam pressure1 passing it directly into the cup2 a ,vienna coffee-making machine1 and a ,russian coffee reversible pot called the ,potsdam4 ,among two score of coffee recipes for making various kinds of extracts1 ices1 candies1 cakes1 etc41 flavored with coffee1 there is a curious one for coffee beer1 the invention of ,frenchman named ,pluehart4 ,the ingredients and quantities in a thousand parts are--,strong coffee #cjj2 rum #cjj2 syrup thickened with gum senegal #fe2 alcoholic extract of orange peel #aj2 and water #cbe4 ,it does not appear to have reached any important degree of popularity1 adds the editor4 ,in #ahfa1 ,godey's ,lady's ,book and ,magazine noted with approval the growing custom of hotel and restaurant guests to order coffee instead of wines or spirits with their dinners4 ,on the subject of ,how to make a cup of coffee it had this to say3 ,which is the best way of making coffee8 ,in this particular notions differ4 ,for example1 the ,turks do not trouble themselves to take off the bitterness by sugar1 nor do they seek to disguise the flavor by milk1 as is our custom4 ,but they add to each dish a drop of the essence of amber1 or put a couple of cloves in it1 during the process of preparation4 ,such flavoring would not1 we opine1 agree with western tastes4 ,if a cup of the very best coffee1 prepared in the highest perfection and boiling hot1 be placed on a table in the middle of a room and suffered to cool1 it will1 in cooling1 fill the room with its fragrance3 but becoming cold1 it will lose much of its flavor4 ,being again heated1 its taste and flavor will be still further impaired1 and heated a third time1 it will be found vapid and nauseous4 ,the aroma diffused through the room proved that the coffee has been deprived of its most volatile parts1 and hence of its agreeableness and virtue4 ,by pouring boiling water on the coffee1 and surrounding the containing vessel with boiling water1 the finer qualities of the coffee will be preserved4 ,boiling coffee in a coffee-pot is neither economical or judicious1 so much of the aroma being wasted by this method4 ,count ,rumford 7no mean authority7 states that one pound of good ,mocha1 when roasted and ground1 will make fifty-six cups of the very best coffee1 but it must be ground finely1 or the surfaces of the particles only will be acted upon by the hot water1 and much of the essence will be left in the grounds4 ,in the ,east1 coffee is said to arouse1 exhilarate1 and keep awake1 allaying hunger1 and giving to the weary renewed strength and vigor1 while it imparts a feeling of comfort and repose4 ,the ,arabians1 when they take their coffee off the fire1 wrap the vessel in a wet cloth1 which fines the liquor instantly1 and makes it cream at the top4 ,there is one great essential to be observed1 namely1 that coffee should not be ground before it is required for use1 as in a powdered state its finer qualities evaporate4 ,we pass over the usual modes of making coffee1 as being familiar to every lady who presides over every household2 and content ourselves with the most modern and approved ,parisian methods1 though we may add that a common recipe for good coffee is--two ounces of coffee and one quart of water4 ,filter or boil ten minutes1 and leave to clear ten minutes4 ,the ,french make an extremely strong coffee4 ,for breakfast1 they drink one-third of the infusion1 and two-thirds of hot milk4 ,the caf noir used after dinner1 is the very essence of the berry4 ,only a small cup is taken1 sweetened with white sugar or sugar-candy1 and sometimes a little eau de vie is poured over the sugar in a spoon held above the surface1 and set on fire2 or after it1 a very small glass of liqueur1 called a chasse-caf1 is immediately drunk4 ,but the best method1 prevalent in ,france1 for making coffee 7and the infusion may be strong or otherwise as taste may direct7 is to take a large coffee-pot with an upper receptacle made to fit close into it1 the bottom of which is perforated with small holes1 containing in its interior two movable metal strainers1 over the second of which the powder is to be placed1 and immediately under the third4 ,upon this upper strainer pour boiling water1 and continue to do so gently2 until it bubbles up through the strainer3 then shut the cover of the machine close down1 place it near the fire1 and so soon as the water has drained through the coffee1 repeat the operation until the whole intended quantity be passed4 ,no finings are required4 ,thus all the fragrance of its perfume will be retained with all the balsamic and stimulating powers of its essence4 ,this is a true ,parisian mode1 and voila6 a cup of excellent coffee4 ,this article is most interesting in that it shows the revolt against boiling coffee had started in the ,united ,states2 also that the importance of fine grinding was being recognized and emphasized by the leaders of the best thought of the nation4 ,probably the first scientific inquiry into the subject of coffee roasting and brewing in the ,united ,states was that detailed by ,august ,t4 ,dawson and ,charles ,m4 ,wetherill1 ,ph4,d41 ,m4,d41 in the ,journal of the ,franklin ,institute for ,july and ,august1 #ahee4 ,the following is a digest3 ,there are two classes of beverages3 #a1 alcoholic1 and #b1 nitrogenized4 ,nitrogenized foods are effective to replace the substance of the different organs of the body wasted away by the process of vitality4 ,coffee is one of these4 ,besides the tannin1 the coffee berry contains two substances1 one the nitrogenized quality1 caffeine1 which is about one percent and is not altered in roasting1 and the other a volatile oil which is developed in roasting and which gives the coffee its flavor4 ,dr4 ,julius ,lehmann 7,liebig's ,annales ,,lxxxvii4 #bje7 says that coffee retards the waste tissues of the body and diminishes the amount of food necessary to preserve life4 ,this effect is due to the oil4 ,much of the nutritive portion of coffee is lost by ,european methods of making4 ,good coffee is very rare4 ,these experiments were made to ascertain whether a potable coffee could not be offered to the public at as low a price as the raw or roasted now is4 ,in order to be successful we needed to extract a larger portion of the nutritive substance than is extracted in the household4 ,the experiments have proved vain4 ,as a result of our experiments with different ways of roasting and brewing coffee1 we have found the following plan to be the most convenient and the best3 the coffee will taste the same every time and it will taste good4 ,if a good berry be properly roasted and the infusion be of the proper strength1 good coffee must result4 ,a ,mocha berry should be selected and roasted seven or eight pounds at a time in a cylindrical drum4 ,after roasting it should be placed in a stone jar with a mouth three inches in diameter4 ,the jar should be closed air-tight4 ,this will furnish two cups of coffee daily for six months4 ,a quart should be taken from the jar at a time and ground4 ,the ground coffee should be kept in covered glass jars4 ,the best coffee pot was found to be the common biggin having an upper compartment with a perforated bottom upon which to place the coffee4 ,to make one cup of this infusion1 place half an ounce of ground coffee in the upper compartment and six fluid ounces of water into the bottom4 ,put the biggin over a gas lamp4 ,after three minutes the water will boil4 ,when steam appears1 take the biggin from the fire and pour the water into a cup and thence immediately into the top of the biggin where it will extract the berry by replacement4 7,here follows an experiment47 ,this experiment shows that loss of weight is no criterion that coffee is properly roasted1 neither is the color 7by itself7 nor the temperature1 nor the time4 ,next we experimented to ascertain whether the aroma developed by roasting coffee and which is lost might not be collected and added to the coffee at pleasure4 ,an attempt was made to drive the volatile oils from roasted coffee by steam and make a dried extract of the residual coffee to which the oils were to be later added4 ,two attempts were made and both failed4 ,it appears that but a small quantity of the aroma is lost in roasting and that is mixed with bad smelling vapors from which it is impossible to free it4 ,then we tried to make a potable coffee by making an aqueous extract of raw coffee1 evaporating to dryness and roasting the residue4 7,here follows the experiment47 ,this also was unsuccessful4 ,the great trouble here is a dark shiny residue1 which1 while tasteless1 is very disagreeable to look at4 ,in the preparation of coffee by boiling1 two and a half times as much matter is extracted as by biggin4 ,the proper method of roasting coffee is as follows3 ,it should be placed in a cylinder and turned constantly over a bright fire4 ,when white smoke begins to appear1 the contents should be closely watched4 ,keep testing the grains4 ,as soon as a grain breaks easily at a slight blow1 at which time the color will be a light chestnut brown1 the coffee is done4 ,cool it by lifting some up and dropping it back with a tin cup4 ,if it be left to cool in a heap there is great danger of over-roasting4 ,keep the coffee only in air-tight vessels4 ,measure the infusions1 a half ounce of coffee to six ounces of water per cup4 ,all extracts of coffee are worthless4 ,most of them are composed of burned sugar1 chicory1 carrots1 etc4 ,in #ahhc1 an authority of that day1 ,francis ,b4 ,thurber1 in his book1 ,coffee2 from ,plantation to ,cup1 which he dedicated to the railroad restaurant man at ,poughkeepsie1 because he served an ideal cup of coffee1 came out strongly for the good old boiling method with eggs1 shells included4 ,this was the ,thurber recipe3 ,grind moderately fine a large cup or small bowl of coffee2 break into it one egg with shell2 mix well1 adding enough cold water to thoroughly wet the grounds2 upon this pour one pint of boiling water3 let it boil slowly for ten to fifteen minutes1 according to the variety of coffee used and the fineness to which it is ground4 ,let it stand three minutes to settle1 then pour through a fine wire-sieve into a warm coffee pot2 this will make enough for four persons4 ,at table1 first put the sugar into the cup1 then fill half-full of boiling milk1 add your coffee1 and you have a delicious beverage that will be a revelation to many poor mortals who have an indistinct remembrance of1 and an intense longing for1 an ideal cup of coffee4 ,if cream can be procured so much the better1 and in that case boiling water can be added either in the pot or cup to make up for the space occupied by the milk as above2 or condensed milk will be found a good substitute for cream4 ,in #ahhf1 however1 ,jabez ,burns1 who knew something about the practical making of the beverage as well as the roasting and grinding operations1 said3 ,have boiling water handy4 ,take a clean dry pot and put in the ground coffee4 ,place on fire to warm pot and coffee4 ,pour on sufficient boiling water1 not more than two-thirds full4 ,as soon as the water boils add a little cold water and remove from fire4 ,to extract the greatest virtue of coffee grind it fine and pour scalding water over it4 ,john ,cotton ,dana1 of the ,newark ,public ,library1 says he remembers how in his old home in ,woodstock1 ,vt41 they had always1 in the attic1 a big stone jar of green coffee4 ,this was sacred to the great feast days1 ,thanksgiving1 ,christmas1 etc4 ,just before those anniversaries1 the jar was brought forward and the proper amount of coffee was taken out and roasted in a flat sheet-iron pan on the top of the stove1 being stirred constantly and watched with great care4 ,as my memory seems to say that this was not constantly done1 says ,mr4 ,dana1 it would seem that1 even then1 my father1 who kept the general store in the village1 bought roasted coffee in ,boston or ,new ,york4 ,at the close of the century1 there were still many advocates of boiling coffee2 but although the coffee trade was not quite ready to declare its absolute independence in this direction1 there were many leaders who boldly proclaimed their freedom from the old prejudice4 ,arthur ,gray1 in his ,over the ,black ,coffee1 as late as #aijb1 quoted the largest coffee importing house in the ,united ,states as advocating the use of eggs and egg-shells and boiling the mixture for ten minutes4 ,latest ,developments in ,better ,coffee ,making ,better coffee making by co-operative trade effort got its initial stimulus at the #aiab convention of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association4 ,as a result of discussions at that meeting and thereafter1 a ,better ,coffee ,making ,committee was created for investigation and research4 ,the coffee trade's declaration of independence in the matter of boiled coffee was made at the #aiac convention of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 when1 after hearing the report of the ,better ,coffee ,making ,committee1 presented by ,edward ,aborn of ,new ,york1 it adopted a resolution saying that the recommendations met with its approval and ordering that they be printed and circulated4 ,the work done by the committee included the first chemical analysis of brewed coffee on record1 a study of grindings1 and a comparison of the results of four brewing methods4 ,its conclusions and recommendations were embodied in a booklet published by the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 entitled ,from ,tree to ,cup with ,coffee1 and were as follows3 ,,roasting ,the ,roaster or ,coffee ,chef is the only cook necessary to a good cup of coffee4 ,he sends it to the consumer a completely cooked product4 ,in the roasting process the berries swell up by the liberation of gases within their substance4 ,the aromatic oils contained in the cells are sufficiently developed or cooked1 and made ready for instantaneous solution with boiling water1 when the cells are thoroughly opened by grinding4 ,the roasting principles of different green coffees vary4 ,trained study and a nice science in timing the roast and manipulating the fire is necessary to a perfect development of aroma and flavor4 ,the drinking quality is largely dependent upon the experienced knowledge of the coffee roaster and his scientific methods and modern machinery1 by which the coffee is not only roasted1 but cleaned1 milled and completely manufactured to a high point of perfection4 ,in their ,national ,association work1 the wholesale roasters are giving the public new facts and valuable information1 from scientific researches1 investigations1 etc4 ,,grinding4 ,the roasted berry is constructed of fibrous tissues formed into tiny cells visible only under the microscope1 which are the packages wherein are stored the whole value of coffee1 the aromatic oils4 ,like cutting open an orange1 the grinding of coffee is the opening of surrounding tissue and pulp1 and the finer it is cut the more easily are the juices released4 ,the fibrous tissue itself is waste material1 yielding1 by boiling or too long percolations1 a coffee colored liquid which is fibrous and twangy in taste1 has no aromatic character1 and contains undesirable elements4 ,the true strength and flavor of roasted coffee is ground out1 not boiled out4 ,the finer coffee is ground1 the more thoroughly are the cells opened1 the surfaces multiplied1 and the aromatic oils made ready for separation from their husks4 ,hence it follows that3 ,coarse ground coffee is unopened coffee--coffee thrown away4 ,the finer the grind1 the better and greater the yield4 ,with pulverized coffee 7fine as corn meal7 the fully released aromatic oils are instantaneously soluble with boiling water4 ,in ground coffee the oils are standing in open packages1 escaping into the air and absorbing moisture1 etc41 necessitating quick use or confinement in air proof and moisture proof protection4 ,,brewing4 ,from scientific researches by the ,national ,coffee ,roasters' ,association1 including the first chemical analysis on record of brewed coffee1 produced by various brewing methods1 the fundamental principles of coffee making have been clearly established4 ,these principles are simple1 and when once understood equip any person to intelligently judge the merits and defects of the various coffee making devices on the market4 ,they constitute the law of coffee brewing1 and may be stated as follows3 ,correct brewing is not cooking4 ,it is a process of extraction of the already cooked aromatic oils from the surrounding fibrous tissue1 which has no drinkable value4 ,boiling or stewing cooks in the fibre1 which should be wholly discarded as dregs1 and damages the flavor and purity of the liquid4 ,boiling coffee and water together is ruin and waste4 ,the aromatic oils1 constituting the whole true flavor1 are extracted instantly by boiling water when the cells are thoroughly opened by fine grinding4 ,the undesirable elements1 being less quickly soluble1 are left in the grounds in a quick contact of water and coffee4 ,the coarser the grind the less accessible are the oils to the water1 thus the inability to get out the strength from coffee not finely enough ground4 ,too long contact of water and coffee causes twang and bitterness1 and the finer the grind the less the contact should be4 ,the infusion1 when brewed1 is injured by being boiled or overheated4 ,it is also damaged by being chilled1 which breaks the fusion of oils and water4 ,it should be served immediately1 or kept hot1 as in a double boiler4 ,tests show that water under the boiling point1 #bab1 is inefficient for coffee brewing1 and does not extract the aromatic oils#cgh4 ,used under this temperature1 it is a sure cause of weak and insipid flavor4 ,the effort to make up this deficiency by longer contact of coffee and water1 or repeated pouring through1 results in no extraction of the oils1 but draws out undesirable elements1 such as coffee-tannin1 which is soluble in water at any temperature and is governed by the time of contact4 ,coffee-tannin1 which is not the commercial tannic acid1 is eliminated to practically nothing in the quick brewing methods4 ,the chemical analysis of brewed coffee shows the following3 ,coffee ,tannin ,comparative per ,cup ,proportions ,percolator method1#cgi fine gran4 #b4ij grains -------- #e minutes' steeping ,boiling ,method1 medium #b4ce ------ ,steeping ,method1 #b4ca ----- ,filtration 7or ,drip7 ,method #j4bi - ,pulverized ,brewing is the final manufacturing process of coffee4 ,all previous perfection is dependent upon it4 ,like food products which lose nutritive value by bad cooking1 coffee loses its best values by wrong brewing4 ,brewed by the very simple correct methods1 it is an unfailingly clear1 fragrant1 taste-charming beverage1 universally loved and scientifically approved4 ,the committee made a further report in #aiad1 and some of the findings were subsequently published in an association booklet called ,the ,coffee ,book1 used in connection with the second ,national ,coffee ,week campaign in #aiae4 ,in it were these3 ,,grinding ,,definitions ,powdered ,pulverized ,like--flour4 ,like--not coarser than fine corn meal4 ,very ,fine and ,fine ,medium ,like--from corn meal to ,like--coarse granulated fine granulated sugar4 sugar4 ,also1 the committee emphasized its previous findings1 particularly this one3 ,filter bags should be kept in cold water when not in use4 ,drying causes decomposition4 ,keeps sweet if kept wet4 ,use muslin for filter bag and pulverized granulation4 ,the association brought out this same year1 on recommendation of the committee1 its ,home coffee mill1 an ideal and standard coffee mill for home use4 ,it was a wall mill equipped with a glass-front metal hopper and employing a ratchet spring-lock nut and double-action grinders4 ,the mill was later improved with an all-glass hopper and a tumbler bracket4 ,more than #bj1jjj of these mills have been sold4 ,at the suggestion of the author1 the efficiency of nine different coffee-making devices 7including boiling and drip pots1 pumping percolators1 cloth and paper filters7 was investigated in the laboratories of the ,mellon ,institute of ,industrial ,research of the ,university of ,pittsburgh in #aiae2 and ,dr4 ,raymond ,f4 ,bacon submitted a report that showed that the boiling method produced the highest percentage of caffetannic acid and caffein2 the ,french drip process the lowest4 ,the investigation disclosed also a more palatable brew at #aie to #bjj ,f4 than at the boiling point4 ,another notable contribution to the science of coffee brewing was made by the ,home ,economics ,laboratories of the ,university of ,kansas in #aiaf4 ,the experiments extended over one year4 ,they showed that strength and color in coffee brews are independent of blend and price and are most fully obtained by pulverized granulation1 which was found to be the most efficient2 that the consumer pays for flavor and that filtration yielded the best brew4 ,the ,french drip1 or true percolator1 did not figure in these experiments4 ,at the #aiae convention of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 ,mr4 ,aborn reported that #d1jjj copies of the committee's findings on grinding and brewing had been given away3 and the facts were further circulated in #b1jjj1jjj booklets issued during two years4 ,he told of tests which showed that while there might be reasons of commercial expediency for packing ground coffee1 it could not be defended as a quality principle2 also that plate-grinders produced a more efficient drawing granulation than roller grinders1 and that the idea that the steel-cut process eliminates dirt was an absurdity1 as the finest ground coffee is not dirt but coffee in its most efficient drawing condition4 ,he added1 ,i have paid no attention to chaff removal in these tests as the uselessness of such removal has been repeatedly shown up4 ,the reference here was to his #aiad and #aiac reports1 in which it was stated that removing the chaff in the steel-cut process does not remove any of the tannin1 and for this purpose the steel-cut process is wholely futile1 and a wasteful and unnecessary tax upon cost1 and that the removal of the chaff appreciably affects the flavor and depreciates the cup value4 ,this report repeated previous findings against the pumping percolator as producing an inefficient brew and being a very faulty utensil4 ,mr4 ,aborn concluded his report by saying3 ,the old time boiling method has fewer and fewer defenders and holds its own only as a superstition4 ,i therefore pass it over as a discarded issue4444 ,it is but repetition of former reports for me to say that pulverized granulation is the most efficient granulation2 that it assures the highest quality of brew and the lowest proportion of coffee to a given strength2 that it is the most saving and most satisfying grinding for all to use2 that it 7the coffee7 must be fresh ground2 that the filtration method is the most correct in fundamental principles and that used with a muslin bag it assures the consumer coffee of the purest1 finest flavored quality1 highest health value and sure economy4 ,the campaign of education was continued during #aiaf1 producing encouraging results among schools1 colleges1 the medical fraternity1 newspapers1 with the trade and the consumer4 ,it marked the first big constructive work combining the practical and scientific phases of grinding and brewing methods4 ,in his report at the #aiaf convention of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 ,mr4 ,aborn reviewed the four years work1 and pointed out what had been accomplished4 ,he told of a new booklet1 to be called the ,true ,book on ,coffee ,grinding and ,brewing1 and an educational exhibit box for schools about to be issued4 ,due to opposition which developed from trade interests that were putting out steel-cut and other grinds of coffee not favored by the committee1 and also because many members thought the association should not exploit any particular method of grinding or brewing1 it was decided to make no further publication of the coffee grinding and brewing conclusions of the committee until they had been confirmed by laboratory research4 ,boiling and filtration tests in the mountains of the ,yellowstone ,park by ,w4,h4 ,aborn in #aiaf showed that the limit of coffee brewing was reached at an altitude of nine thousand feet4 ,at the #aiaf meeting1 ,dr4 ,floyd ,w4 ,robison of the ,detroit ,testing ,laboratories1 read a notable paper entitled ,what do we know about coffee81 which hailed coffee as a food product1 warned the roasters to beware of half-facts1 and urged the importance of a research laboratory4 ,it was published and given distribution by the association4 ,the educational exhibit box showing samples of coffee from plantation to cup1 including five different grinds1 was issued in #aiag1 and sold for one dollar4 ,the ,better ,coffee ,making ,committee also published in this year a booklet entitled ,coffee ,grinding and ,brewing in which it summarized its work to date1 and presented its special plea for cotton-cloth filters as the ideal coffee-making device4 ,this booklet aroused considerable discussion1 particularly between those who favored the paper filter and those who1 with ,mr4 ,aborn1 believed cotton cloth1 such as muslin1 to be the most efficient strainer4 ,cotton1 argued ,mr4 ,aborn1 is an ideal sanitary strainer because it contains no chemical or questionable manufacturing element4 ,it was pointed out by ,dr4 ,floyd ,w4 ,robison that while cotton cloth1 such as muslin1 does give a fairly clear coffee1 it is not so clear as by the methods where a filter paper is used4 ,he said3 ,both methods have serious objectionable features4 ,the muslin bag1 particularly1 is decidedly unsanitary1 especially when used in restaurants and hotels4 ,it is rarely kept clean1 and one who has frequented restaurants and many hotel kitchens knows that it lends itself to very unclean and unsightly methods of handling4 ,the food inspector has to check this up perhaps as often as any one feature about a restaurant4 ,the objection to the filter paper is not at all on the ground of sanitation4 ,it is ideal in this respect4 ,the claim is made1 and at least1 in part1 substantiated1 that it does hold back valuable features of the brew4 ,there are many points about the filter that have not been considered at all4 ,mr4 ,calkin believes that the very best type of filter is a bed of coffee itself1 and ,i must say this has the sanction of good laboratory experience4 ,i4,d4 ,richheimer#chj1 attacking the cotton cloth filter1 said3 ,it is a known fact that the fats in coffee are very dense and represent twelve to fifteen percent of the coffee weight4 ,these fats--due to the simplest chemical action of contact with air1 moisture and continued heat--begin a fermentation in the completed beverage4 ,in the cloth-filtering process--due to the rapid passage of water through grounds almost as quickly as poured--the largest percentage of fats is carried into the beverage4 ,fat being lighter than water rises to the top of water if given a certain amount of time during the brewing process4 ,were there no fats 7which ferment7 in coffee there would be no need for placing cloth-filtering material under water1 as suggested1 to keep them from becoming sour4 ,in the booklet referred to1 ,mr4 ,aborn expressed himself as follows on the filtration method3 ,the filtration method is not new1 but well tried1 thoroughly proven and long used1 though often incorrectly4 ,it is the method followed1 more or less correctly1 by all of the first-class hotels in the world4 ,it is controlled by no patent or proprietary device1 and requires a most inexpensive equipment4 ,for a perfect result it but demands an accurate adherence to simple but vital principles4 ,deviations from these fundamentals1 though apparently slight1 cause failure4 ,when they1 and the necessary exact following of them1 are clearly understood1 any person1 even a small child1 can brew coffee with unvarying success4 ,the first point to consider in filtration is the dimensions of the filter bag1 or container of the ground coffee1 in relation to the quantity of coffee used and the granulation of same4 ,if the filter be a muslin bag1 free on all sides1 the filtering surface is considerable and permits the necessary quick passage of water through the grounds1 provided the bag is of a wide enough diameter as to prevent too great a depth of grounds through which the water cannot quickly penetrate4 ,the error of too narrow a filter is a common one4 ,it causes a delayed filtration1 which means undesirably long contact of water and coffee and also the cooling of the liquid which in a correct1 undelayed filtration is smoking hot at completion4 ,the bag should also not be too long or be allowed to hang or soak in the liquid4 ,a filter bag set tightly into a pot against its sides1 thus surrounded with impenetrable walls1 is greatly reduced in filtering surface1 and the filtration is thereby slackened4 ,the filter material should not be too coarse in texture1 like cheese cloth1 or too heavy and impenetrable1 like very heavy muslin4 ,a moderate weight muslin1 not too light1 is efficient4 ,the degree of granulation also1 of course1 affects the rate of flow4 ,the coarser the grind the faster the flow1 which permits a larger quantity of coffee to a given diameter of filter bag4 ,a most frequent fault in the use of the filtration method is the failure to understand the fine degree of grinding necessary to the best results4 ,when the grind is not sufficiently fine the extraction is1 of course1 weak4 ,a fine grind 7like fine cornmeal7 is essential4 ,it does not retard the flow if the filter is of right dimensions4 ,a powdered grind 7like flour7 is so fine that it is apt to mat itself into a resisting floor4 ,many users of the filtration method pour the liquid through more than once4 ,this gains some added color1 but adds undesirable element1 depreciates flavor and is especially inadvisable when the grind is sufficiently fine4 ,one pouring only is recommended for the best results4 ,the chinaware1 or glazed earthenware pot1 sometimes called the ,french drip pot1 with a chinaware or earthenware sieve container for the grounds at the top through which the water is poured1 being free of all metal1 is inviting in purity and in hygienic merit4 ,together with the filter bag1 it is subject to the above remarks on dimensions4 ,a chinaware sieve cannot be made as fine as a metal sieve and cannot of course hold very fine granulation as can cotton cloth4 ,more coffee for a given strength is1 therefore1 required4 ,the upper container should be wide enough1 for a given quantity of coffee1 as to allow an unretarded flow1 and the more openings the strainer contains the better4 ,in any drip1 filtration or percolating method the stirring of the grounds causes an over-contact of water and coffee and results in an overdrawn liquor of injured flavor4 ,if the water does not pass through the grounds readily1 the fault is as above indicated and cannot be corrected by stirring or agitation4 ,many complaints of bitter taste are traced to this error in the use of the filtration method4 ,it is not necessary to pour on the water in driblets4 ,the water may be poured slowly1 but the grounds should be kept well covered4 ,the weight of the water helps the flow downward through the grounds4 ,care should be taken to keep up the temperature of the water4 ,set the kettle back on the stove when not pouring4 ,if the water is measured1 use a small heated vessel1 which fill and empty quickly without allowing the water to cool4 ,in #aiag1 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal made a comparative coffee-brewing test with a regulation coffee pot for boiling1 a pumping percolator1 a double glass filtration device1 a cloth-filter device1 and a paper filter device4 ,the cup tests were made by ,e4,m4 ,frankel1 ,ph4,d42 and ,william ,b4 ,harris1 coffee expert1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the brews were judged for color1 flavor 7palatability1 smoothness71 body 7richness71 and aroma4 ,the test showed that the paper filtration device produced the most superior brew4 ,the cloth-filter1 glass-filter1 percolator1 and boiling pot followed in the order named4 ,at the #aiag convention of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 ,john ,e4 ,king1 of ,detroit1 announced that laboratory research which he had had conducted for him showed that the finer the grind1 the greater the loss of aroma1 and so he had selected a grind containing ninety percent of very fine coffee and ten percent of a coarser nature1 which seemed to retain the aroma4 ,he subsequently secured a ,united ,states patent for this grind4 ,mr4 ,king announced also at this meeting that his investigations showed there was more than a strong likelihood that the much-discussed caffetannic acid did not exist in coffee--that it most probably was a mixture of chlorogenic and and coffalic acids4 ,the ,world ,war operated to interfere with the coffee roasters' plans for a research bureau2 and in the meantime the ,brazil planters1 in #aiai1 started their million-dollar advertising campaign in the ,united ,states1 co-operating with a joint committee representing the green and roasted coffee interests4 ,in the following year 7,june1 #aibj71 this committee arranged with the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology to start scientific research work on coffee1 the literature of the roasters' ,better ,coffee ,making ,committee being turned over to it2 and the ,institute began to test the results of the committee's work by purely analytical methods4 ,the first report on the research work at the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology was made by ,professor ,s4,c4 ,prescott to the ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee in ,april1 #aiba4 ,the committee gave out a statement saying that ,prof4 ,prescott's report stated that caffein1 the most characteristic principle of coffee1 is1 in the moderate quantities consumed by the average coffee drinker1 a safe stimulant without harmful after-effects4 ,there was no publication of experimental results2 but the announced findings were1 in the main1 a confirmation of the results of previous workers1 particularly of ,hollingworth1 with whose statement1 that caffein1 when taken with food in moderate amount is not in the least deleterious1 the report was quoted as being in entire agreement4 ,at the annual convention of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association1 ,november #b1 #aiba1 ,professor ,prescott made a further report1 in which he stated that investigations on coffee brewing had disclosed that coffee made with water between #ahe and #bjj was to be preferred to coffee made with the water at actual boiling temperature 7#bab71 that the chemical action was far less vigorous1 and that the resulting infusion retained all the fine flavors and was freer from certain bitter or astringent flavors than that made at the higher temperature4 ,professor ,prescott announced also that the best materials for coffee-making utensils were glass 7including agate-ware1 vitrified ware1 porcelain1 etc471 aluminum1 nickel or silver plate1 copper1 and tin plate1 in the order named#cha4 ,the ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee's booklet on ,coffee and ,coffee ,making1 issued in #aiba1 was very guarded in its observations on grinding and brewing4 ,it avoided all controversial points1 but it did go so far as to say on the general subject of brewing3 ,chemists have analyzed the coffee bean and told us that the only part of it which should go into our coffee cups for drinking is an aromatic oil4 ,this aromatic element is extracted most efficiently only by fresh boiling water4 ,the practice of soaking the grounds in cold water1 therefore1 is to be condemned4 ,it is a mistake also to let the water and the grounds boil together after the real coffee flavor is once extracted4 ,this extraction takes place very quickly1 especially when the coffee is ground fine4 ,the coarser the granulation the longer it is necessary to let the grounds remain in contact with the boiling water4 ,remember that flavor1 the only flavor worth having1 is extracted by the short contact of boiling water and coffee grounds and that after this flavor is extracted1 the coffee grounds become valueless dregs4 ,the report contained also the following helpful generalities on coffee service and the various methods of brewing in more or less common use in the ,united ,states in #aiba3 ,although the above rules are absolutely fundamental to good ,coffee ,making1 their importance is so little appreciated that in some households the lifeless grounds from the breakfast ,coffee are left in the pot and resteeped for the next meal1 with the addition of a small quantity of fresh coffee4 ,used coffee grounds are of no more value in coffee making than ashes are in kindling a fire4 ,after the coffee is brewed the true coffee flavor1 now extracted from the bean1 should be guarded carefully4 ,when the brewed liquid is left on the fire or overheated this flavor is cooked away and the whole character of the beverage is changed4 ,it is just as fatal to let the brew grow cold4 ,if possible1 coffee should be served as soon as it is made4 ,if service is delayed1 it should be kept hot but not overheated4 ,for this purpose careful cooks prefer a double boiler over a slow flre4 ,the cups should be warmed beforehand1 and the same is true of a serving pot1 if one is used4 ,brewed coffee1 once injured by cooling1 cannot be restored by reheating4 ,unsatisfactory results in coffee brewing frequently can be traced to a lack of care in keeping utensils clean4 ,the fact that the coffee pot is used only for coffee making is no excuse for setting it away with a hasty rinse4 ,coffee making utensils should be cleansed after each using with scrupulous care4 ,if a percolator is used pay special attention to the small tube through which the hot water rises to spray over the grounds4 ,this should be scrubbed with the wire-handled brush that comes for the purpose4 ,in cleansing drip or filter bags use cool water4 ,hot water cooks in the coffee stains4 ,after the bag is rinsed keep it submerged in cool water until time to use it again4 ,never let it dry4 ,this treatment protects the cloth from the germs in the air which cause souring4 ,new filter bags should be washed before using to remove the starch or sizing4 ,,drip 7,,or ,,filter7 ,,coffee4 ,the principle behind this method is the quick contact of water at full boiling point with coffee ground as fine as it is practical to use it4 ,the filtering medium may be of cloth or paper1 or perforated chinaware or metal4 ,the fineness of the grind should be regulated by the nature of the filtering medium1 the grains being large enough not to slip through the perforations4 ,the amount of ground coffee to use may vary from a heaping teaspoonful to a rounded tablespoonful for each cup of coffee desired1 depending upon the granulation1 the kind of apparatus used and individual taste4 ,a general rule is the finer the grind the smaller the amount of dry coffee required4 ,the most satisfactory grind for a cloth drip bag has the consistency of powdered sugar and shows a slight grit when rubbed between thumb and finger4 ,unbleached muslin makes the best bag for this granulation4 ,for dripping coffee reduced to a powder1 as fine as flour or confectioner's sugar1 use a bag of canton flannel with the fuzzy side in4 ,powdered coffee1 however1 requires careful manipulation and cannot be recommended for everyday household use4 ,put the ground coffee in the bag or sieve4 ,bring fresh water to a full boil and pour it through the coffee at a steady1 gradual rate of flow4 ,if a cloth drip bag is used1 with a very finely ground coffee1 one pouring should be enough4 ,no special pot or device is necessary4 ,the liquid coffee may be dripped into any handy vessel or directly into the cups4 ,dripping into the coffee cups1 however1 is not to be recommended unless the dripper is moved from cup to cup so that no one cup will get more than its share of the first flow1 which is the strongest and best4 ,the brew is complete when it drips from the grounds1 and further cooking or heating up injures the quality4 ,therefore1 since it is not necessary to put the brew over the fire1 it is possible to make use of the hygienic advantages of a glassware1 porcelain or earthenware serving pot4 ,,boiled 7,,or ,,steeped7 ,,coffee4 ,for boiling 7or steeping7 use a medium grind4 ,the recipe is a rounded tablespoonful for each cup of coffee desired or--as some cooks prefer to remember it--a tablespoonful for each cup and one for the pot4 ,put the dry coffee in the pot and pour over it fresh water briskly boiling4 ,steep for five minutes or longer1 according to taste1 over a low fire4 ,settle with a dash of cold water or strain through muslin or cheesecloth and serve at once4 ,,percolated ,,coffee4 ,use a rounded tablespoonful of medium fine ground coffee to each cupful of water4 ,the water may be poured into the percolator cold or at the boiling point4 ,in the latter case1 percolation begins at once4 ,let the water percolate over the grounds for five or ten minutes depending upon the intensity of the heat and the flavor desired4 ,in response to a request by the author1 ,charles ,w4 ,trigg has contributed the following discussion of coffee making3 ,,various ,,aspects ,,of ,,scientific ,,coffee ,,brewing ,before converting it into the beverage form1 coffee must be carefully selected and blended1 and skillfully roasted1 in order thus far to assure obtaining a maximum efficiency of results4 ,no matter how accurately all this be done1 improper brewing of the roasted bean will nullify the previous efforts and spoil the drink2 for roasted coffee is a delicate material1 very susceptible to deterioration and of doubtful worth as the source of a beverage unless properly handled4 ,there probably never was produced a drink which so fits into the exacting desires of the human appetite as does coffee4 ,properly prepared1 it is a delightful beverage3 but incorrectly made1 it becomes an imposition upon the palates of mankind4 ,sensitive though coffee is to improper manipulation1 the best procedure for brewing it is also the easiest4 ,cheap coffee well made excels good coffee poorly made4 ,,constituent ,,concepts4 ,the roasting of green coffee causes an alteration in the constitution of its constituents1 with the result that some of the compounds present therein which were originally water-soluble are rendered insoluble1 and some which were insoluble are converted into soluble ones4 ,a portion of the original caffein content is lost by sublimation4 ,the aromatic conglomerate1 caffeol1 is formed1 and a considerable quantity of gas is produced1 a portion of which1 developing pressure in the cells of the beans1 pops1 or swells1 them so as to increase the size of each individual bean4 ,the constituents which are water-soluble after the torrefaction may be generally classified as heavy extractives and light aromatic materials4 ,the percentages and nature of these materials in the roasted coffee will vary with the type of coffee and with the roast which it is given4 ,in general1 and in particular for purposes of comparison of methods of brewing1 they may be considered to be the same and to occur in about the same proportions in all coffees4 ,the heavy extractives are caffein1 mineral matter1 proteins1 caramel and sugars1 caffetannic acid1 and various organic materials of uncertain composition4 ,some fat will also be found in the average coffee brew1 being present not by virtue of being water soluble1 but because it has been melted from the bean by the hot water and carried along with the solution4 ,the caffein furnishes the stimulation for which coffee is generally consumed4 ,it has only a slightly bitter taste1 and because of the relatively small percentage in which it is present in a cup of coffee1 does not contribute to the cup value4 ,the mineral matter1 together with certain decomposition and hydrolysis products of crude fiber and chlorogenic acid1 contribute toward the astringency or bitterness of the cup4 ,the proteins are present in such small quantity that their only rle is to raise somewhat the almost negligible food value of a coffee infusion4 ,the body1 or what might be called the licorice-like character of coffee1 is due to the presence of bodies of a glucosidic nature and to caramel4 ,as has been previously pointed out#chb1 the term caffetannic acid is a misnomer2 for the substances which are called by this name are in all probability mainly coffalic and chlorogenic acids4 ,neither is a true tannin1 and they evince but few of the characteristic reactions of tannic acid4 ,some neutral coffees will show as high a caffetannic acid content as other acid-charactered ones4 ,careful work by ,warnier#chc showed the actual acidities of some ,east ,indian coffees to vary from #j4jac to #j4jcc percent4 ,these figures may be taken as reliable examples of the true acid content of coffee1 and though they seem very low1 it is not at all incomprehensible that the acids which they indicate produce the acidity in a cup of coffee4 ,they probably are mainly volatile organic acids together with other acidic-natured products of roasting4 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,roasted ,,bean ,,magnified #a1jjj ,,times ,we know that very small quantities of acid are readily detected in fruit juices and beer1 and that variation in their percentages is quickly noticed1 while the neutralization of this small amount of acidity leaves an insipid drink4 ,hence it seems quite likely that this small acid content gives to the coffee brew its essential acidity4 ,a few minor experiments on neutralization have proven the production of a very insipid beverage by thus treating a coffee infusion4 ,so that the acidity of certain coffees most apparently should be attributed to such compounds1 rather than to the misnamed caffetannic acid4 ,the light aromatic materials1 and the other substances which are steam-distillable1 i4e4 which are driven off when coffee is concentrated by boiling1 are the main determining factors in the individuality of coffees4 ,these compounds1 which are collectively called caffeol1 vary greatly in the percentages present in different coffees1 and thus are largely responsible for our ability to distinguish coffees in the cup4 ,it is these compounds which supply the pleasingly aromatic and appetizing odor to coffee4 ,all of these compounds1 with the possible exception of the proteins1 are easily soluble in both hot and cold water4 ,the fact that a clear coffee extract made with hot water does not show any precipitate immediately upon cooling1 proves that cold water will give as complete an extraction as hot water4 ,however1 speed of extraction is materially increased with rise in temperature1 due to the fact that the rate and degree of solubility of the substances in water1 and the diffusion of the water through the cell walls of the coffee1 are accelerated4 ,also1 the resistance which the fat content of the bean offers to the wetting of the coffee1 and the persistency of the enfleurage action of the fat in retaining the caffeol1 are less with hot than with cold water4 ,accordingly1 the speed of extraction is increased by using hot water1 and the efficiency of extraction procured per unit time of subjection to water is higher4 ,prolonged contact of coffee with water results in the hydrolysis of some of the insoluble materials and subsequent extraction of the substances thus formed4 ,the rate of hydrolysis also increases with temperature3 and as these compounds are of an astringent or bitter nature1 the solution obtained upon boiling coffee is naturally possessed of a flavor unpleasant to the palate of the connoisseur4 ,boiling of the coffee infusion after it has been removed from the grounds also has a deleterious effect1 as the local overheating of the solution at the point of application of the heat results in a decomposition1 particularly if the solution be converted into steam at this point1 leaving a thin film of solids temporarily exposed to the destructive action of the heat4 ,some of the more delicate constituents are unfavorably affected by such treatment1 and undergo hydrolysis and oxidation4 ,the products thus formed are thrown into relief in the flavor by the loss of the aromatic properties through steam distillation which is incidental to boiling4 ,it is a well known fact that re-warming a coffee brew has a unfavorable effect upon it4 ,this is probably due in part to a precipitation of some of the water-soluble proteins upon standing1 and their subsequent decomposition when heat is applied directly to them in reheating the solution4 ,the absorption of air by the solution upon cooling1 with attendant oxidation1 which is accentuated by the application of heat in re-warming1 must also be considered1 as well as the other effects of boiling as set forth1 and the action of the materials of which the coffee pot is constructed upon the solution4 ,,physical ,,conception4 ,the coffee bean is composed of a large number of cells which function as natural containers and retainers of coffee fat and of the aromatic flavoring substances4 ,in order to render the soluble solids fully accessible1 the resistance which these cells offer to the extracting water must be overcome by grinding so as to break open all of them4 ,in this manner a grind is obtained which will give a maximum removal of the heavy extractives4 ,but when all of the cells are broken1 great opportunity is offered for the escape of the caffeol1 which is further enhanced by the slight heating which usually accompanies such fine grinding4 ,so much caffeol escapes that even our most expert cup-testers would experience difficulty in identifying powdered coffees in a blind test4 ,what cup-testers1 in fact1 use powdered coffees for making their cup selections8 ,consider powdered coffee1 compared with freshly ground coffee of a coarser grind4 ,neither the former nor its brew possesses the amount of characteristic flavor or aroma1 attributable to caffeol1 evidenced by the latter4 ,the explanation of this is that the finer the grind1 the more readily accessible are the soluble constituents of the coffee to the extracting water4 ,caffeol1 however1 in addition to being water-soluble1 is extremely fugacious1 so that when the grinding is carried to such a fineness that every cell is broken1 the greater part of the caffeol volatilizes before the water comes into contact with it4 ,it is therefore highly desirable that a grind be used wherein all of the cells are not broken1 but a grind that is sufficiently fine to permit efficient extraction4 ,in the light of this knowledge1 the grind advocated by ,king#chd seems to be logical1 for with it--though neither a maximum of the non-volatile extractives nor a maximum of caffeol is obtained--an all-round maximum of cup quality is procured4 ,the escape1 upon grinding1 of these volatile aromatic and flavoring constituents which lend individuality to coffees1 makes it essential that the roasted beans be ground immediately prior to extraction4 ,,different ,,methods ,,of ,,extraction4 ,the methods employed for preparing the coffee drink may be classified under the general headings of boiling1 steeping1 percolation1 and filtration4 ,true percolation is the simple process known by the trade as filtration2 but in this classification1 the term indicates the style of extraction exemplified by the pumping percolator4 ,boiled coffee is usually cloudy1 due to the suspension of fine particles resulting from the disintegration of the grounds by the violence of boiling4 ,the usual procedure in clarifying the decoction is to add the white of an egg or some egg-shells1 the albumen of which is coagulated upon the fine particles by the heat of the solution1 and the particles thus weighted sink to the bottom4 ,even this procedure1 requiring much attention1 does not give as clear a solution as some of the other extraction procedures employed4 ,the conditions to which coffee is subjected during boiling are the worst possible1 as both grounds and solution undergo hydrolysis1 oxidation1 and local-overheating1 while the caffeol is steam-distilled from the brew4 ,many persons1 who have long been accustomed to drinking the relatively bitter beverage thus produced1 are not satisfied by coffee made in any other way2 but this is purely a perversion of taste1 for none of the properties are present which make coffee so prized by the epicure4 ,illustration3 ,,cross-,,section ,,of ,,roasted ,,coffee ,,bean ,,magnified #fjj ,,times ,illustration3 ,,coarse ,,grind ,,under ,,the ,,microscope ,steeping1 in which cold water is added to the coffee1 and the mixture brought up to a boil1 does not subject the coffee to so strenuous conditions4 ,local overheating and hydrolysis occur1 but not to so great an extent as in boiling2 and most of the effects of oxidation and volatization of caffeol are absent4 ,however1 extraction is rather incomplete1 due to lack of thorough admixture of the water and coffee4 ,when coffee is to be made under the best conditions1 the temperature of the water used and of the extract after it is made should not fluctuate4 ,in the pumping percolator1 as in the steeping method1 the temperature varies greatly from the time the extraction is started to the completion of the operation4 ,this is deleterious4 ,also1 local overheating of the infusion occurs at the point of application of the heat2 and because of the manner in which the water is brought into contact with the coffee1 the degree of extraction shows inefficiency4 ,spraying of the water over the coffee never permits the grounds to be completely covered with water at any one time1 and the opportunity offered for channeling is excessive4 ,the principle of thorough extraction demands that1 as the substance being extracted becomes progressively more exhausted1 fresh solvent should be brought into contact with it4 ,in the pumping percolator the solution pumped over the grounds becomes more concentrated as the grounds become exhausted2 so that the time taken to reach the degree of extraction desired is longer1 and an appreciable amount of relatively concentrated liquor is retained by the grounds4 ,illustration3 ,,medium ,,grind ,,under ,,the ,,microscope ,the simplest procedure to follow is that in which boiling water is poured over ground coffee suspended on a filtering medium in such a manner that the extracting water will slowly pass through the coffee and be received in a containing vessel1 which obviates further contact of the beverage with the grounds4 ,the water as it comes into contact with the ground coffee extracts the soluble material1 and the solution is removed by gravity4 ,fresh water takes its place2 so that1 if the filter medium be of the proper fineness1 the water flows through at the correct rate of speed1 and complete extraction is effected with the production of a clear solution4 ,thus a maximum extraction of desirable materials is obtained in a short time with a minimum of hydrolysis1 oxidation1 and loss of caffeol2 and if the infusion be consumed at once1 or kept warm in a contrivance embodying the double-boiler principle1 the effects of local overheating are avoided4 ,also1 with the use of an appropriate filter1 a finer grind of coffee can be used than in the other devices1 without obtaining a turbid brew4 ,all this works toward the production of a desirable drink4 ,there are several devices on the market1 some using paper1 and some cloth1 as a filter1 which operate on this principle and give very good coffee4 ,the use of paper presents the advantage of using a new and clean filter for each brew1 whereas the cloth must be carefully kept immersed in water between brews to prevent its fouling4 ,contrivances operating on the filtration principle have been designed for use on a large scale in conjunction with coffee urns1 and have proven quite successful in causing all of the water to go slowly through the coffee without channeling1 thus accomplishing practically complete extraction4 ,the majority of urns are still operated with bags1 of which the ones with sides of heavier material than the bottom obtain the most satisfactory results1 as the majority of the water must pass through the coffee instead of out through the sides of the bag4 ,greatest efficiency1 when bags are used1 is obtained by repouring until all of the liquid has passed twice through the coffee2 further repouring extracts too much of the astringent hydrolysis products4 ,the bags1 when not in use1 should not be allowed to dry but should be kept in a jar of cold water4 ,the urns provided with water jackets keep the brew at almost a constant temperature and avoid the deterioration incident to temperature fluctuation4 ,,composition ,,of ,,brews4 ,the real tests of the comparative values of different methods of brewing are the flavor and palatibility of the drink1 in conjunction with the number of cups of a given strength which are produced1 or the relative strengths of brews of the same number of cups volume4 ,chemical analysis has not yet been developed to a stage where the results obtained with it are valuably indicative4 ,caffeol is present in quantities so small that no comparative results can be obtained4 ,caffetannic acid determinations are practically meaningless4 ,this compound is of so doubtful a composition and physiological action1 and the methods employed for its determination are so indefinite as to interpretation1 as to render valueless any attempts at comparison of relative percentages4 ,the only accurate analysis which can be made is that for caffein4 ,much advertising emphasis has been placed on the small amount of caffein extracted by some devices4 ,what is one of the main reasons for the consumption of coffee8 ,the caffein contained therein1 of course4 ,so that if one device extracts less caffein than another1 that fact alone is nothing in favor of the former4 ,if the consumer does not want caffein in his drink there are caffein-free coffees on the market4 ,illustration3 ,,fine-,,meal ,,grind ,,under ,,the ,,microscope ,the coffee liquor acts on metals in such a manner as to lower the quality of the drink1 so that metals of any sort1 and by all means1 irons1 should be avoided as far as possible4 ,instead1 earthenware or glass1 preferably a good grade of the former1 should be employed as far as possible in the construction of coffee-making devices4 ,of the various metals1 silver1 aluminum1 monel metal1 and tin 7in the order named7 are least attacked by coffee infusions2 and besides these1 nickel1 copper1 and well enameled iron 7absolutely free from pin holes7 may be used without much danger of contamination4 ,rings for coffee-urn bags should be made of tinned copper1 monel metal1 or aluminum4 ,even if coffee be made in metal contrivances1 the receptacles in which it stands should be made of earthenware or of glass4 ,painstaking care should be given to the preservation of the coffee-makers in a state of cleanliness1 as upon this depends the value of the brew4 ,dirt1 fine grounds1 and fat 7which will turn rancid quickly7 should not be allowed to collect on the sides1 bottom1 or in angles of the device difficult of access4 ,nor should any source of metallic or exterior contamination be allowed to go uneliminated4 ,the ,perfect ,cup of ,coffee ,lovers of coffee in the ,united ,states are in a better position to obtain an ideal cup of the beverage than those in any other country4 ,while imports of green coffee are not so carefully guarded as tea imports1 there is a large measure of government inspection designed to protect the consumer against impurities1 and the ,department of ,agriculture is zealous in applying the pure food laws to insure against misbranding and substitution4 ,the department has defined coffee as a beverage resulting from a water infusion of roasted coffee and nothing else4 ,today no reputable merchant would think of selling even loose coffee for other than what it is4 ,and the consumer can feel that1 in the case of package coffee1 the label tells the truth about the contents4 ,with a hundred different kinds of coffee coming to this market from nineteen countries1 so many combinations are possible1 that there is sure to be a straight coffee or a blend to suit any taste4 ,and those who may have been frightened into the belief that coffee is not for them should do a little experimenting before exposing themselves to the dangers of the coffee-substitute habit4 ,once upon a time it was thought that ,java and ,mocha were the only worthwhile blend1 but now we know that a ,bogota coffee from ,colombia1 and a ,bourbon ,santos from ,brazil1 make a most satisfying drink4 ,and if the individual seeker should happen to be a caffein-sensitive1 there are coffees so low in caffein content1 like some ,porto ,ricans1 as to overcome this objection2 while there are other coffees from which the caffein has been removed by a special treatment4 ,there is no reason why any person who is fond of coffee should forego its use4 ,paraphrasing ,makaroff1 ,be modest1 be kind1 eat less1 and think more1 live to serve1 work and play and laugh and love--it is enough6 ,do this and you may drink coffee without danger to your immortal soul4 ,if you are accustomed to buying loose coffee1 have your dealer do a little experimental blending for you until you find a coffee to suit your palate4 ,some expert blends are to be found among the leading package brands4 ,but you really can not do better than to trust your case to a first-class grocer of known reputation4 ,he will guide you right if he knows his business2 and if he doesn't1 then he doesn't know his business--try elsewhere4 ,test him out along this line3 ,let us reason together1 ,mr4 ,grocer4 ,let us consider these facts about coffee3 green coffee improves with age8 ,granted4 ,as soon as it is roasted1 it begins to lose in flavor and aroma8 ,certainly4 ,grinding hastens the deterioration8 ,of course4 ,therefore1 it is better to buy a small quantity of freshly roasted coffee in the bean and grind it at the time of purchase or at home just before using8 ,absolutely6 ,if your grocer reacts in this fashion1 he need only supply you with a quality coffee at fair price and you need only to make it properly to obtain the utmost of coffee satisfaction4 ,some connoisseurs still cling to the good old two-thirds ,java and one-third ,mocha blend1 but the author has for years found great pleasure in a blend composed of half ,medellin ,bogota1 one-quarter ,mandheling ,java1 and one-quarter ,mocha4 ,however1 this blend might not appeal to another's taste1 and the component parts are not always easy to get4 ,the retail cost 7#aibb7 is about fifty cents4 ,another pleasing blend is composed of ,bogota1 washed ,maracaibo1 and ,santos1 equal parts4 ,this should retail from thirty to thirty-five cents4 ,good drinking coffees are to be had for prices ranging from twenty-five to thirty cents4 ,in the stores of one of the large chain systems an excellent blend composed of sixty percent ,bourbon ,santos1 and forty percent ,bogota is to be had 7#aibb7 for #bi cents4 ,all these figures apply1 of course1 to normal times4 ,if you are epicurean1 you will want to read up on1 and to try1 the fancy ,mexicans1 ,cobns1 ,sumatra growths1 ,meridas1 and some from the ,kona side of ,hawaii4 ,in preparing the perfect cup of coffee1 then1 the coffee must be of good grade1 and freshly roasted4 ,it should1 if possible1 be ground just before using4 ,the author has found a fine grind1 about the consistency of fine granulated sugar1 the most satisfactory4 ,for general home use1 a device that employs filter paper or filter cloth is best2 for the epicure an improved porcelain ,french percolator 7drip pot7 or an improved cloth filter will yield the utmost of coffee's delights4 ,drink it black1 sweetened or unsweetened1 with or without cream or hot milk1 as your fancy dictates4 ,it should be remembered that to make good coffee no special pot or device is necessary4 ,good coffee can be made with any china vessel and a piece of muslin4 ,but to make it in perfection pains must be taken with every step in the process from roaster to cup4 ,hollingworth#che points out that through taste alone it is impossible to distinguish between quinine and coffee1 or between apple and onion4 ,there is something more to coffee than its caffein stimulus1 its action on the taste-buds of the tongue and mouth4 ,the sense of smell and the sense of sight play important rles4 ,to get all the joy there is in a cup of coffee1 it must look good and smell good1 before one can pronounce its taste good4 ,it must woo us through the nostrils with the wonderful aroma that constitutes much of the lure of coffee4 ,and that is why1 in the preparation of the beverage1 the greatest possible care should be observed to preserve the aroma until the moment of its psychological release4 ,this can only be done by having it appear at the same instant that the delicate flavor is extracted--roasting and grinding the bean much in advance of the actual making of the beverage will defeat this object4 ,boiling the extraction will perfume the house2 but the lost fragrance will never return to the dead liquid called coffee1 when served from the pot whence it was permitted to escape4 ,to recapitulate1 with an added word on service1 the correct way to make coffee is as follows3 #a4 ,buy a good grade of freshly roasted coffee from a responsible dealer4 #b4 ,grind it very fine1 and at home1 just before using4 #c4 ,allow a rounded tablespoonful for each beverage cup4 #d4 ,make it in a ,french drip pot or in some filtration device where freshly boiling water is poured through the grind but once4 ,a piece of muslin and any china receptacle make an economical filter4 #e4 ,avoid pumping percolators1 or any device for heating water and forcing it repeatedly through the grounds4 ,never boil coffee4 #f4 ,keep the beverage hot and serve it black with sugar and hot milk1 or cream1 or both4 ,some ,coffee ,recipes ,when ,mrs4 ,ida ,c4 ,bailey ,allen prepared a booklet of recipes for the ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee1 she introduced them with the following remarks on the use of coffee as a flavoring agent3 ,although coffee is our national beverage1 comparatively few cooks realize its possibilities as a flavoring agent4 ,coffee combines deliciously with a great variety of food dishes and is especially adapted to desserts1 sauces and sweets4 ,thus used it appeals particularly to men and to all who like a full-bodied pronounced flavor4 ,for flavoring purposes coffee should be prepared just as carefully as when it is intended for a beverage4 ,the best results are obtained by using freshly made coffee1 but when1 for reasons of economy1 it is desirable to utilize a surplus remaining from the meal-time brew1 care should be taken not to let it stand on the grounds and become bitter4 ,when introducing made coffee into a recipe calling for other liquid1 decrease this liquid in proportion to the amount of coffee that has been added4 ,when using it in a cake or in cookies1 instead of milk1 a tablespoonful less to the cup should be allowed1 as coffee does not have the same thickening properties4 ,in some cases1 better results are gained if the coffee is introduced into the dish by scalding or cooking the right proportion of ground coffee with the liquid which is to form the base4 ,by this means the full coffee flavor is obtained1 yet the richness of the finished product is not impaired by the introduction of water1 as would be the case were the infused coffee used4 ,this method is advisable especially for various desserts which have milk as a foundation1 as those of the custard variety and certain types of ,bavarian ,creams1 ,ice ,cream1 and the like4 ,the right proportion of ground coffee1 which is generally a tablespoonful to the cup1 should be combined with the cold milk or cream in the double-boiler top and should then be scalded over hot water1 when the mixture should be put through a very fine strainer or cheese cloth1 to remove all grounds4 ,coffee can be used as a flavoring in almost any dessert or confection where a flavoring agent is employed4 ,on iced coffee and the use of coffee in summer beverages in general1 ,mrs4 ,allen writes as follows3 ,,iced ,,coffee4 ,this is not only a delicious summer drink1 but it also furnishes a mild stimulation that is particularly grateful on a wilting hot day4 ,it may be combined with fruit juices and other ingredients in a variety of cooling beverages which are less sugary and cloying than the average warm weather drink and for that reason it is generally popular with men4 ,coffee that is to be served cold should be made somewhat stronger than usual4 ,brew it according to your favorite method and chill before adding sugar and cream4 ,if cracked ice is added make sure the coffee is strong enough to compensate for the resulting dilution4 ,mixing the ingredients in a shaker produces a smoother beverage topped with an appetizing foam4 ,it is a convenience1 however1 to have on hand a concentrated syrup from which any kind of coffee-flavored drink may be concocted on short notice and without the necessity of lighting the stove4 ,coffee left over from meals may be used for the same purpose1 but it should be kept in a covered glass or china dish and not allowed to stand too long4 ,a coffee syrup made after the following recipe will keep indefinitely and may be used as a basis for many delicious iced drinks3 ,,coffee ,,syrup4 ,two quarts of very strong coffee2 #c-a_/b pounds sugar4 ,the coffee should be very strong1 as the syrup will be largely diluted4 ,the proportion of a pound of coffee to one and three-fourths quarts of water will be found satisfactory4 ,this may be made by any favorite method1 cleared and strained1 then combined with the sugar1 brought to boiling point1 and boiled for two or three minutes4 ,it should be canned while boiling1 in sterilized bottles4 ,fill them to overflowing and seal as for grape juice or for any other canned beverage4 ,illustration ,a ,,coffee ,,chronology ,giving dates and events of historical interest in legend1 travel1 literature1 cultivation1 plantation treatment1 trading1 and in the preparation and use of coffee from the earliest time to the present #ijj,l--,rhazes1 famous ,arabian physician1 is first writer to mention coffee under the name bunca or bunchum4,m #ajjj,l--,avicenna1 ,mahommedan physician and philosopher1 is the first writer to explain the medicinal properties of the coffee bean1 which he also calls bunchum4,m #abeh,l--,sheik ,omar1 disciple of ,sheik ,schadheli1 patron saint and legendary founder of ,mocha1 by chance discovers coffee as a beverage at ,ousab in ,arabia4,m #acjj,l--,the coffee drink is a decoction made from roasted berries1 crushed in a mortar and pestle1 the powder being placed in boiling water1 and the drink taken down1 grounds and all4 #acej,l--,persian1 ,egyptian1 and ,turkish ewers made of pottery are first used for serving coffee4 #adjj-aejj--;,earthenware or metal coffee-roasting plates with small holes1 rounded and shaped like a skimmer1 come into use in ,turkey and ,persia over braziers4 ,also about this time appears the familiar ,turkish cylinder coffee mill1 and the original ,turkish coffee boiler of metal4 #adbh-dh--,spice grinder to stand on four legs first invented2 subsequently used to grind coffee4 #aded,l--,sheik ,gemaleddin1 mufti of ,aden1 having discovered the virtues of the berry on a journey to ,abyssinia1 sanctions the use of coffee in ,arabia ,felix4 #adgj-aejj--,the use of coffee spreads to ,mecca and ,medina4 #aejj-afjj--,shallow iron dippers with long handles and small foot-rests come into use in ,bagdad and in ,mesopotamia for roasting coffee4 #aeje,l--,the ,arabs introduce the coffee plant into ,ceylon4 #aeaj--,the coffee drink is introduced into ,cairo4 #aeaa--,kair ,bey1 governor of ,mecca1 after consultation with a council of lawyers1 physicians1 and leading citizens1 issues a condemnation of coffee1 and prohibits the use of the drink4 ,prohibition subsequently ordered revoked by the sultan of ,cairo4 #aeag--,sultan ,selim ,i1 after conquering ,egypt1 brings coffee to ,constantinople4 #aebd--,the kadi of ,mecca closes the public coffee houses because of disorders1 but permits coffee drinking at home and in private4 ,his successor allows them to re-open under license4 #aecj,l--,coffee drinking introduced into ,damascus4 #aecb,l--,coffee drinking introduced into ,aleppo4 #aecd--;,a religious fanatic denounces coffee in ,cairo and leads a mob against the coffee houses1 many of which are wrecked4 ,the city is divided into two parties1 for and against coffee2 but the chief judge1 after consultation with the doctors1 causes coffee to be served to the meeting1 drinks some himself1 and thus settles the controversy4 #aedb--,soliman ,,ii1 at the solicitation of a favorite court lady1 forbids the use of coffee1 but to no purpose4 #aeed--,the first coffee houses are opened in ,constantinople by ,shemsi of ,damascus and ,hekem of ,aleppo4 #aegj,l-#hj,l--,religious zealots in ,constantinople1 jealous of the increasing popularity of the coffee houses1 claim roasted coffee to be a kind of charcoal1 and the mufti decides that it is forbidden by the law4 ,amurath ,,iii subsequently orders the closing of all coffee houses1 on religious grounds1 classing coffee with wine1 forbidden by the ,koran4 ,the order is not strictly observed1 and coffee drinking continues behind closed shop-doors and in private houses4 #aegc--,rauwolf1 ,german physician and botanist1 first ,european to mention coffee1 makes a journey to the ,levant4 #aehj--,prospero ,alpini 7,alpinus71 ,italian physician and botanist1 journeys to ,egypt and brings back news of coffee4 #aehb-hc--,the first printed reference to coffee appears as chaube in ,rauwolf's ,travels1 published in ,german at ,frankfort and ,lauingen4 #aehe--;,gianfraneesco ,morosini1 city magistrate in ,constantinople1 reports to the ,venetian senate the use by the ,turks of a black water1 being the infusion of a bean called cavee4 #aehg--,the first authentic account of the origin of coffee is written by the ,sheik ,abd-al-,kdir1 in an ,arabian manuscript preserved in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris4 #aeib--,the first printed description of the coffee plant 7called bon7 and drink 7called caova7 appears in ,prospero ,alpini's work ,the ,plants of ,egypt1 written in ,latin1 and published in ,venice4 #aeif,l--,belli sends to the botanist de l'cluse seeds used by the ,egyptians to make a liquid they call cave4 #aeih--,the first printed reference to coffee in ,english appears as chaoua in a note of ,paludanus in ,linschoten's ,travels1 translated from the ,dutch1 and published in ,london4 #aeii--,sir ,antony ,sherley1 first ,englishman to refer to coffee drinking in the ,orient1 sails from ,venice for ,aleppo4 #afjj,l--,pewter serving-pots appear4 #afjj--;,iron spiders on legs1 designed to sit in open fires1 are used for roasting coffee4 #afjj,l--,coffee cultivation introduced into southern ,india at ,chickmaglur1 ,mysore1 by a ,moslem pilgrim1 ,baba ,budan4,m #afjj-cb--,mortars and pestles of wood1 and of metal 7iron1 bronze1 and brass7 come into common use in ,europe for making coffee powder4 #afja--,the first printed reference to coffee in ,english1 employing the more modern form of the word1 appears in ,w4 ,parry's book1 ,sherley's ,travels1 as a certain liquor which they call coffe4 #afjc--;,captain ,john ,smith1 ,english adventurer1 and founder of the colony of ,virginia1 in his book of travels published this year1 refers to the ,turks' drink1 coffa4 #afaj--,sir ,george ,sandys1 the poet1 visits ,turkey1 ,egypt1 and ,palestine1 and records that the ,turks sip a drink called coffa 7of the berry that it is made of7 in little china dishes1 as hot as they can suffer it4 #afad--;,dutch traders visit ,aden to examine into the possibilities of coffee cultivation and coffee trading4 #afae--,pietro ,della ,valle writes a letter from ,constantinople to his friend ,mario ,schipano at ,venice that when he returns he will bring with him some coffee1 which he believes is a thing unknown in his native country4 #afae--;,coffee is introduced into ,venice4 #afaf--,the first coffee is brought from ,mocha to ,holland by ,pieter ,van dan ,broecke4 #afbj--,peregrine ,white's wooden mortar and pestle 7used for braying coffee7 is brought to ,america on the ,mayflower by ,white's parents4 #afbc-bg--;,francis ,bacon1 in his ,historia ,vitae et ,mortis 7#afbc71 speaks of the ,turks' caphe2 and in his ,sylva ,sylvarum 7#afbg7 writes3 ,they have in ,turkey a drink called coffa made of a berry of the same name1 as black as soot1 and of a strong scent 444 this drink comforteth the brain and heart1 and helpeth digestion4 #afbe--,sugar is first used to sweeten coffee in ,cairo4 #afcb--;,burton in his ,anatomy of ,melancholy says3 ,the ,turks have a drink called coffa1 so named from a berry black as soot and as bitter4 #afcd--,sir ,henry ,blount makes a voyage to the ,levant1 and is invited to drink cauphe in ,turkey4 #afcg--;,adam ,olearius1 ,german traveler and ,persian scholar1 visits ,persia 7#afcc-ci72 and on his return tells how in this year he observed that the ,persians drink chawa in their coffee houses4 #afcg--;,coffee drinking is introduced into ,england by ,nathaniel ,conopios1 a ,cretan student at ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford4 #afdj--,parkinson1 in his ,theatrum ,botanicum1 publishes the first botanical description of the coffee plant in ,english--referred to as ,arbor ,bon cum sua ,buna4 ,the ,turkes ,berry ,drinke4 #afdj--,the ,dutch merchant1 ,wurffbain1 offers for sale in ,amsterdam the first commercial shipment of coffee from ,mocha4 #afdd--;,coffee is introduced into ,france at ,marseilles by ,p4 de la ,roque1 who brought back also from ,constantinople the instruments and vessels for making it4 #afde--;,coffee comes into general use in ,italy4 #afde--,the first coffee house is opened in ,venice4 #afdg--;,adam ,olearius publishes in ,german his ,persian ,voyage ,description1 containing an account of coffee manners and customs in ,persia in #afcc-ci4 #afej,l--,varnar1 ,dutch minister resident at the ,ottoman ,porte1 publishes a treatise on coffee4 #afej,l--,the individual hand-turned metal 7tin-plate or tinned copper7 roaster appears2 shaped like the ,turkish coffee grinder1 for use over open fires4 #afej--,the first coffee house in ,england is opened at ,oxford by ,jacobs1 a ,jew4 #afej--;,coffee is introduced into ,vienna4 #afeb--,the first ,london coffee house is opened by ,pasqua ,rose in ,st4 ,michael's ,alley1 ,cornhill4 #afeb--,the first printed advertisement for coffee in ,english appears in the form of a handbill issued by ,pasqua ,rose1 acclaiming ,the ,vertue of the ,coffee ,drink4 #afef--;,grand ,vizier ,kuprili1 during the war with ,candia1 and for political reasons1 suppresses the coffee houses and prohibits coffee4 ,for the first violation the punishment is cudgeling2 for a second1 the offender is sewn up in a leather bag and thrown into the ,bosporus4 #afeg--,the first newspaper advertisement for coffee appears in ,the ,publick ,adviser of ,london4 #afeg--;,coffee is introduced privately into ,paris by ,jean de ,thvenot4 #afeh--,the ,dutch begin the cultivation of coffee in ,ceylon4 #affj,l--,the first ,french commercial importation of coffee arrives in bales at ,marseilles from ,egypt4 #affj--;,coffee is first mentioned in the ,english statute books when a duty of four pence is laid upon every gallon made and sold to be paid by the maker4 #affj,l--,nieuhoff1 ,dutch ambassador to ,china1 is the first to make a trial of coffee with milk1 in imitation of tea with milk4 #affj--;,elford's white iron machine for roasting coffee is much used in ,england1 being turned on a spit by a jack4 #affb--;,coffee is roasted in ,europe over charcoal fires without flame1 in ovens1 and on stoves2 being browned in uncovered earthenware tart dishes1 old pudding pans1 fry pans4 #affc--;,all ,english coffee houses are required to be licensed4 #affc--,regular imports of ,mocha coffee begin at ,amsterdam4 #affe--,the improved ,turkish long brass combination coffee grinder with folding handle and cup receptacle for green beans1 for boiling and serving1 is first made in ,damascus4 ,about this period the ,turkish coffee set1 including long-handled boiler and porcelain cups in brass holders1 comes into vogue4 #affh--;,coffee is introduced into ,north ,america4 #affi--;,coffee is introduced publicly into ,paris by ,soliman ,aga1 the ,turkish ambassador4 #afgj--;,coffee is roasted in larger quantities in small closed sheet-iron cylinders having long iron handles designed to turn them in open fireplaces4 ,first used in ,holland4 ,later1 in ,france1 ,england1 and the ,united ,states4 #afgj--,the first attempt to grow coffee in ,europe at ,dijon1 ,france1 results in failure4 #afgj--;,coffee is introduced into ,germany4 #afgj--;,coffee is first sold in ,boston4 #afga--,the first coffee house in ,france is opened in ,marseilles in the neighborhood of the ,exchange4 #afga--,the first authoritative printed treatise devoted solely to coffee1 written in ,latin by ,faustus ,nairon1 professor of ,oriental languages1 ,rome1 is published in that city4 #afga--,the first printed treatise in ,french1 largely devoted to coffee1 ,concerning the ,use of ,coffee1 ,tea and ,chocolate1 by ,philippe ,sylvestre ,dufour1 purporting to be a translation from the ,latin1 is published at ,lyons4 #afgb--,pascal1 an ,armenian1 first sells coffee publicly at ,st4 ,germain's fair1 ,paris1 and opens the first ,parisian coffee house4 #afgb--;,great silver coffee pots 7with all the utensils belonging to them of the same metal7 are used at ,st4-,germain's fair1 ,paris4 #afgd--,the ,women's ,petition ,against ,coffee is published in ,london4 #afgd--;,coffee is introduced into ,sweden4 #afge--;,charles ,,ii issues a proclamation to close all ,london coffee houses as places of sedition4 ,order revoked on petition of the traders in #afgf4 #afgi--;,an attempt by the physicians of ,marseilles to discredit coffee on purely dietetic grounds fails of effect2 and consumption increases at such a rate that traders in ,lyons and ,marseilles begin to import the green bean by the ship-load from the ,levant4 #afgi,l--,the first coffee house in ,germany is opened by an ,english merchant at ,hamburg4 #afhc--;,coffee is sold publicly in ,new ,york4 #afhc--,kolschitzky opens the first coffee house in ,vienna4 #afhd--;,dufour publishes at ,lyons1 ,france1 the first work on ,the ,manner of ,making ,coffee1 ,tea1 and ,chocolate4 #afhe--;,caf au lait is first recommended for use as a medicine by ,sieur ,monin1 a celebrated physician of ,grenoble1 ,france4 #afhf--;,john ,ray1 one of the first ,english botanists to extol the virtues of coffee in a scientific treatise1 publishes his ,universal ,botany of ,plants in ,london4 #afhf--,the first coffee house is opened in ,regensburg1 ,germany4 #afhi--;,caf de ,procope1 the first real ,french caf1 is opened in ,paris by ,franois ,procope1 a ,sicilian1 coming from ,florence4 #afhi--,the first coffee house is opened in ,boston4 #afia--,portable coffee-making outfits to fit the pocket find favor in ,france4 #afib--,the lantern straight-line coffee pot with true cone lid1 thumb-piece1 and handle fixed at right angle to the spout1 is introduced into ,england1 succeeding the curved ,oriental serving pot4 #afid--,the first coffee house is opened in ,leipzig1 ,germany4 #afif--,the first coffee house 7,the ,king's ,arms7 is opened in ,new ,york4 #afif--,the first coffee seedlings are brought from ,kananur1 on the ,malabar coast1 and introduced into ,java at ,kedawoeng1 near ,batavia1 but not long afterward are destroyed by flood4 #afii--,the second shipment of coffee plants from ,malabar to ,java by ,henricus ,zwaardecroon becomes the progenitors of all the arabica coffee trees in the ,dutch ,east ,indies4 #afii--;,galland's translation of the earliest ,arabian manuscript on coffee appears in ,paris under the title1 ,concerning the ,first ,use of ,coffee and the ,progress ,it ,afterward ,made4 #agjj--,ye coffee house1 the first in ,philadelphia1 is built by ,samuel ,carpenter4 #agjj-ahjj--,small portable coke or charcoal stoves made of sheet-iron1 and fitted with horizontal revolving cylinders turned by hand1 come into use for family roasting4 #agja--;,coffee pots appear in ,england with perfect domes and bodies less tapering4 #agjb--,the first ,london coffee house is established in ,philadelphia4 #agjd--;,bull's machine for roasting coffee1 probably the first to use coal for commercial roasting1 is patented in ,england4 #agjf--,the first samples of ,java coffee1 and a coffee plant grown in ,java1 are received at the ,amsterdam botanical gardens4 #agjg--,the first coffee periodical1 ,the ,new and ,curious ,coffee ,house1 is issued at ,leipzig by ,theophilo ,georgi1 as a kind of organ of the first kaffee-klatsch4 #agaa--;,java coffee is first sold at public auction in ,amsterdam4 #agaa--;,a novelty in coffee-making is introduced into ,france by infusing the ground beans in a fustian 7linen7 bag4 #agab--,the first coffee house is opened in ,stuttgart1 ,germany4 #agac--,the first coffee house is opened in ,augsburg1 ,germany4 #agad--,the thumb-piece on ,english coffee pots disappears1 and the handle is no longer set at a right angle to the spout4 #agad--;,a coffee plant1 raised from seed of the plant received at the ,amsterdam botanical gardens in #agjf1 is presented to ,louis ,,xiv of ,france1 and is nurtured in the ,jardin des ,plantes1 ,paris4 #agae--;,jean ,la ,roque publishes in ,paris his ,voyage de l',arabie ,heureuse 7voyage to ,arabia the ,happy7 containing much valuable information on coffee in ,arabia and its introduction into ,france4 #agae--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,haiti and ,santo ,domingo4 #agae-ag--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into the ,isle of ,bourbon 7now ,runion7 by a sea captain of ,st4 ,malo1 who brings the plants from ,mocha by direction of the ,french ,company of the ,indies4 #agah--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,surinam by the ,dutch4 #agah--;,abb ,massieu's ,carmen ,caffaeum1 the first and most notable poem on coffee written in ,latin1 is composed1 and is read before the ,academy of ,inscriptions4 #agbj--;,caff ,florian is opened in ,venice by ,floriono ,francesconi4 #agba--,the first coffee house is opened in ,berlin1 ,germany4 #agba--,meisner publishes a treatise on coffee1 tea1 and chocolate4 #agbb--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,cayenne1 from ,surinam4 #agbc--,the first coffee plantation started in the ,portuguese colony of ,par1 ,brazil1 with plants brought from ,cayenne 7,french ,guiana7 results in failure4 #agbc--;,gabriel de ,clieu1 ,norman captain of infantry1 sails from ,france1 accompanied by one of the seedlings of the ,java tree presented to ,louis ,,xiv1 and with it shares his drinking water on a protracted voyage to ,martinique4 #agcj--,the ,english bring the cultivation of coffee to ,jamaica4 #agcb--,the ,british ,parliament seeks to encourage the cultivation of coffee in ,british possessions in ,america by reducing the inland duty4 #agcb--;,bach's celebrated ,coffee ,cantata is published in ,leipzig4 #agcg--,the ,merchants' coffee house is established in ,new ,york2 by some called the true cradle of ,american liberty and the birthplace of the ,union4 #agdj--;,coffee culture is introduced into the ,philippines from ,java by ,spanish missionaries4 #agdh--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,cuba by ,don ,jos ,antonio ,gelabert4 #agej--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,celebes from ,java4 #agej--,the straight-line coffee pot in ,england begins to give way to the reactionary movement in art favoring bulbous bodies and serpentine spouts2 the sides are nearly parallel1 while the dome of the lid is flattened to a slight elevation above the rim4 #ageb--;,intensive coffee cultivation is resumed in the ,portuguese colonies in ,par and ,amazonas1 ,brazil4 #aged--;,a white-silver coffee roaster1 eight inches high by four inches in diameter1 is mentioned as being among the deliveries made to the army of ,louis ,,xv at ,versailles4 #agee--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,porto ,rico from ,martinique4 #agfj--;,decoction1 or boiling1 of coffee in ,france is generally replaced by the infusion method4 #agfj--;,joo ,alberto ,castello ,branco plants in ,rio de ,janeiro the first coffee tree brought to ,brazil from ,goa1 ,portuguese ,india4 #agfa--;,brazil exempts coffee from export duty4 #agfc--;,donmartin1 a tinsmith of ,st4 ,benoit1 ,france1 invents a novel coffee pot1 the inside of which is filled by a fine flannel sack put in its entirety4 ,it has a tap to draw the coffee4 #agfd--;,count ,pietro ,verri publishes in ,milan1 ,italy1 a philosophic and literary periodical1 entitled ,il ,caff 7the coffee house74 #agfe--,mme4 de ,pompadour's golden coffee mill is mentioned in her inventory4 #aggj--;,complete revolution in style of ,english serving pots2 return to the flowing lines of the ,turkish ewer4 #aggj--;,chicory is first used with coffee in ,holland4 #aggj-gc--;,coffee cultivation begins in ,rio1 ,mins1 and ,so ,paulo4 #agga--;,john ,dring is granted a patent in ,england for a compound coffee4 #aggd--,molke1 a ,belgian monk1 introduces the coffee plant from ,surinam into the garden of the ,capuchin monastery at ,rio de ,janeiro4 #aggd--;,a letter is sent by the ,committee of ,correspondence from the ,merchants' coffee house1 ,new ,york1 to ,boston1 proposing the ,american ,union4 #aggg--,king ,frederick the ,great of ,prussia issues his celebrated coffee and beer manifesto1 recommending the use of the latter in place of the former among the lower classes4 #aggi--,richard ,dearman is granted an ,english patent for a new method of making mills for grinding coffee4 #aggi--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,costa ,rica from ,cuba by the ,spanish voyager1 ,navarro4 #agha--,king ,frederick the ,great of ,prussia establishes state coffee-roasting plants in ,germany1 declares the coffee business a government monopoly1 and forbids the common people to roast their own coffee4 ,coffee-smellers make life miserable for violators of the law4 #aghd--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,venezuela by seed from ,martinique4 #aghd--;,a prohibition against the use of coffee1 except by the rich1 is issued by ,maximilian ,frederick1 elector of ,cologne4 #aghe--;,governor ,bowdoin of ,massachusetts introduces chicory to the ,united ,states4 #aghi--,the first import duty on coffee1 two and a half cents a pound1 is levied by the ,united ,states4 #aghi--;,george ,washington is officially greeted1 ,april #bc1 as president-elect of the ,u4,s4 at the ,merchants coffee house in ,new ,york4 #agij--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,mexico from the ,west ,indies4 #agij--,the first wholesale coffee-roasting plant in the ,united ,states begins operation at #d ,great ,dock ,street1 ,new ,york4 #agij--,the first ,united ,states advertisement for coffee appears in the ,new ,york ,daily ,advertiser4 #agij--,the import duty on coffee in the ,united ,states is increased to four cents a pound4 #agij--,the first crude package coffee is sold in narrow mouthed stoneware pots and jars1 by a ,new ,york merchant4 #agib--,the ,tontine coffee house is established in ,new ,york4 #agid--,the import duty on coffee in the ,united ,states is increased to five cents a pound4 #agih--,the first ,united ,states patent for an improved coffee-grinding mill is granted to ,thomas ,bruff1 ,sr4 #ahjj,l--,chicory comes into use in ,holland as a substitute for coffee4 #ahjj,l--,de ,belloy's coffee pot1 made of tin1 later of porcelain1 appears--the original ,french drip coffee pot4 #ahjj,l-#aijj,l--,there is a return in ,england to the style of coffee-serving pot having the handle at right angle to the spout4 #ahjb--,the first ,french patent on a coffee maker is granted to ,denobe1 ,henrion1 and ,rouch for a pharmacological-chemical coffee making device by infusion4 #ahjb--;,charles ,wyatt is granted a patent in ,london on an apparatus for distilling coffee4 #ahjd,l--,the first cargo of coffee--and other ,east ,indian produce--from ,mocha1 to be shipped in an ,american bottom1 reaches ,salem1 ,mass4 #ahjf--;,james ,henckel is granted a patent in ,england on a coffee dryer1 an invention communicated to him by a certain foreigner4 #ahjf--,the first ,french patent on an improved ,french drip coffee pot for making coffee by filtration1 without boiling1 is granted to ,hadrot4 #ahjf--,the coffee percolator 7really an improved ,french drip coffee pot7 is invented by ,count ,rumford 7,benjamin ,thompson71 an expatriated ,american scientist1 in ,paris4 #ahji--,the first importation of ,brazil coffee by the ,united ,states arrives at ,salem1 ,mass4 #ahji--;,coffee becomes an article of commerce in ,brazil4 #ahaa--,walter ,rochfort1 a ,london grocer and tea dealer1 obtains a patent in ,london on a compressed coffee tablet4 #ahab--;,coffee in ,england is roasted in an iron pan or hollow cylinder made of sheet iron2 and then is pounded in a mortar1 or ground in a hand-mill4 #ahab--;,anthony ,schick is granted an ,english patent on a method1 or process1 for roasting coffee1 for which specifications were never enrolled4 #ahab--;,coffee is roasted in ,italy in a glass flask with a loose cork1 held over a clear fire of burning coals and continually agitated4 #ahab--,the import duty1 on coffee in the ,united ,states is increased to ten cents a pound as a war-revenue measure4 #ahac--;,a ,united ,states patent is granted ,alexander ,duncan ,moore1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 on a mill for grinding and pounding coffee4 #ahad--;,a war-time fever of speculation in tea and coffee causes the citizens of ,philadelphia to form a non-consumption association1 each member pledging himself not to pay more than twenty-five cents a pound for coffee1 and not to use tea unless it is already in the country4 #ahaf--,the import duty on coffee in the ,united ,states is reduced to five cents a pound4 #ahag,l--,the coffee biggin 7said to have been invented by a man named ,biggin7 comes into common use in ,england4 #ahah--,the ,havre coffee market for spot coffee and to arrive is established4 #ahai--,morize1 a ,paris tinsmith1 invents a double drip reversible coffee pot4 #ahai--,laurens is granted a ,french patent on the original pumping-percolator device in which the boiling water was raised by steam pressure and sprayed over the ground coffee4 #ahbj--,peregrine ,williamson1 ,baltimore1 is granted the first ,united ,states patent for an improvement on a coffee roaster4 #ahbj--;,another early form of the ,french percolator is patented by ,gaudet1 a ,paris tinsmith4 #ahbb--,nathan ,reed1 ,belfast1 ,me41 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee huller4 #ahbd--,richard ,evans is granted a patent in ,england for a commercial method of roasting coffee1 comprising a cylinder sheet-iron roaster fitted with improved flanges for mixing1 a hollow tube and trier for sampling the coffee while roasting1 and a means for turning the roaster completely over to empty it4 #ahbe--,the pumping percolator1 working by steam pressure and by partial vacuum1 comes into vogue in ,france1 ,germany1 ,austria1 and elsewhere4 #ahbe--,the first coffee-pot patent in the ,united ,states is issued to ,lewis ,martelley1 ,new ,york4 #ahbe--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,hawaii from ,rio de ,janeiro4 #ahbg--,the first patent for a really practicable ,french coffee percolator is granted to ,jacques ,augustin ,gandais1 a manufacturer of plated jewelry in ,paris4 #ahbh--;,charles ,parker1 ,meriden1 ,conn41 begins work on the original ,charles ,parker coffee mill4 #ahbi--,the first ,french patent on a coffee mill is granted ,colaux et ,cie1 ,molsheim1 ,france4 #ahbi--tablissements ,lauzaune begin the manufacture of hand-turned cylinder coffee roasting machines in ,paris4 #ahcj--,the import duty on coffee in the ,united ,states is reduced to two cents a pound4 #ahca--;,david ,selden is granted a patent in ,england for a coffee-grinding mill having cones of cast-iron4 #ahca--;,john ,whitmee ,co41 ,england1 begin the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery4 #ahca--,the import duty on coffee in the ,united ,states is reduced to one cent a pound4 #ahcb--;,a ,united ,states patent is granted to ,edmund ,parker and ,herman ,m4 ,white1 ,meriden1 ,conn41 on a new household coffee and spice mill4 7,chas4 ,parker ,co4 business founded same year47 #ahcb--;,government coffee cultivation by forced labor is introduced into ,java4 #ahcb--;,coffee is placed on the free list in the ,united ,states4 #ahcb-cc--,united ,states patents are granted to ,ammi ,clark1 ,berlin1 ,conn41 on improved coffee and spice mills for household use4 #ahcc--;,amos ,ransom1 ,hartford1 ,conn41 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee roaster4 #ahcc-cd--;,a complete ,english coffee-roasting-and-grinding plant is installed in ,new ,york by ,james ,wild4 #ahcd--;,john ,chester ,lyman is granted a patent in ,england on a coffee huller employing circular wooden disks with wire teeth4 #ahce--,thomas ,ditson1 ,boston1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee huller4 ,ten others follow4 #ahce--,the first private coffee estates are started in ,java and ,sumatra4 #ahcf--,the first ,french coffee-roaster patent is issued to ,franois ,rn ,lacoux1 ,paris1 on a combination coffee roaster and grinder made of porcelain4 #ahcg--,the first ,french coffee substitute is patented by ,franois ,burlet1 ,lyons4 #ahci--;,james ,vardy and ,moritz ,platow are granted an ,english patent on a form of urn percolator employing the vacuum process of coffee making1 the upper vessel being made of glass4 #ahdj--;,central ,america begins shipping coffee to the ,united ,states4 #ahdj,l--,robert ,napier1 of the ,clyde engineering firm of ,robert ,napier ,sons1 invents the ,napierian vacuum coffee machine to make coffee by distillation and filtration1 but the idea is never patented4 7,see #ahgj47 #ahdj--;,abel ,stillman1 ,poland1 ,n4,y41 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a family coffee roaster having a mica window to enable the operator to observe the coffee while roasting4 #ahdj--,the ,english begin to cultivate coffee in ,india4 #ahdj--,wm4 ,mc,kinnon ,co44 ,aberdeen1 ,scotland1 begin the manufacture of plantation machinery4 7,established #agih47 #ahdb--,the first ,french patent on a glass coffee-making device is granted to ,mme4 ,vassieux of ,lyons4 #ahdc--;,ed4 ,loysel de ,santais1 ,paris1 is granted a patent on an improved coffee-making device1 the principle of which is later incorporated in a hydrostatic percolator making #b1jjj cups an hour4 #ahdf--;,james ,w4 ,carter1 ,boston1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on the ,carter pull-out coffee roaster4 #ahdg--;,j4,r4 ,remington1 ,baltimore1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee roaster employing a wheel of buckets to move the green coffee beans singly through a charcoal-heated trough in which they are roasted while passing over the rotating wheel4 #ahdg-dh--,william ,dakin and ,elizabeth ,dakin are granted patents in ,england for a roasting cylinder lined with gold1 silver1 platinum1 or alloy1 and traversing carriage on a railway to move the roaster in and out of the heating chamber4 #ahdh--,thomas ,john ,knowlys is granted a patent in ,england on a perforated roasting cylinder coated with enamel4 #ahdh--,luke ,herbert is granted the first ,english patent on a coffee-grinding machine4 #ahdi--;,apoleoni ,preterre1 ,havre1 is granted a patent in ,england on a coffee roaster mounted on a weighing apparatus to indicate loss of weight in roasting1 and automatically to stop the roasting process4 #ahdi--,thomas ,r4 ,wood of ,cincinnati is granted a ,united ,states patent on ,wood's improved spherical coffee roaster for use on kitchen stoves4 #ahej--;,john ,gordon ,co4 begin the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery in ,london4 #ahej,l--,the cultivation of coffee is introduced into ,guatemala4 #ahej,l--,john ,walker introduces his cylinder pulper for coffee plantations4 #aheb--;,edward ,gee secures a patent in ,england for an improved combination of apparatus for roasting coffee2 having a perforated cylinder fitted with inclined flanges for turning the beans while roasting4 #aheb--,robert ,bowman ,tennent is granted a patent in ,england on a two-cylinder machine for pulping coffee4 ,others follow4 #aheb--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,salvador from ,cuba4 #aheb--,tavernier is granted a ,french patent on a coffee tablet4 #ahec--,lacassagne and ,latchoud are granted a ,french patent on liquid and solid extracts of coffee4 #ahee--;,c4,w4 ,van ,vliet1 ,fishkill ,landing1 ,n4,y41 is granted a patent on a household coffee mill employing upper breaking1 and lower grinding1 cones4 ,assigned to ,charles ,parker1 ,meriden1 ,conn4 #ahef--,waite and ,sener's ,old ,dominion pot is patented in the ,united ,states4 #aheg--,the ,newell patents on coffee-cleaning machinery are issued in ,america4 ,sixteen patents follow4 #aheg--;,george ,l4 ,squier1 ,buffalo1 ,n4,y41 begins the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery4 #ahei--;,john ,gordon1 ,london1 is granted an ,english patent on a coffee pulper4 #ahfj,l--,osborn's ,celebrated ,prepared ,java coffee1 the pioneer ground-coffee package1 is put on the ,new ,york market by ,lewis ,a4 ,osborn4 #ahfj--,marcus ,mason1 an ,american mechanical engineer in ,san ,jos1 ,costa ,rica1 invents the ,mason pulper and cleaner4 #ahfj--;,john ,walker is granted a patent in ,england on a disk pulper for pulping ,arabian coffee4 #ahfj--;,alexius ,van ,gulpen begins the manufacture of a green-coffee-grading machine at ,emmerich1 ,germany4 #ahfa--;,an import duty of four cents a pound on coffee is imposed by the ,united ,states as a war-revenue measure4 #ahfb--,the import duty on coffee in the ,united ,states is increased to five cents a pound4 #ahfb--,the first paper-bag factory in the ,united ,states1 making bags for loose coffee1 begins operation in ,brooklyn4 #ahfb--;,e4,j4 ,hyde1 ,philadelphia1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a combined coffee roaster and stove1 fitted with a crane on which the roasting cylinder is revolved and swung out horizontally from the stove4 #ahfd--;,jabez ,burns1 ,new ,york1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on the ,burns coffee roaster1 the first machine that did not have to be moved away from the fire for discharging the roasted coffee--marking a distinct advance in the manufacture of coffee-roasting apparatus4 #ahfd--;,james ,henry ,thompson4 ,hoboken1 and ,john ,lidgerwood1 ,morristown1 ,n4,j41 are granted an ,english patent on a coffee-hulling machine4 #ahfe--;,john ,arbuckle introduces to the trade at ,pittsburgh roasted coffee in individual packages1 the forerunner of the ,ariosa package4 #ahff--,william ,van ,vleek ,lidgerwood1 ,american charg d'affaires1 ,rio de ,janeiro1 is granted an ,english patent on a coffee-hulling-and-cleaning machine4 #ahfg--;,jabez ,burns is granted ,united ,states patents on a coffee cooler1 a coffee mixer1 and a grinding mill1 or granulator4 #ahfh--,thomas ,page1 ,new ,york1 begins the manufacture of a pull-out coffee roaster similar to the ,carter machine4 #ahfh--;,alexius ,van ,gulpen1 in partnership with ,j4,h4 ,lensing and ,theodore von ,gimborn1 begins the manufacture of coffee-roasting machines at ,emmerich1 ,germany4 #ahfh--;,e4,b4 ,manning1 ,middletown1 ,conn41 patents his tea-and-coffee pot in the ,united ,states4 #ahfh--;,john ,arbuckle is granted a ,united ,states patent for a roasted-coffee coating consisting of ,irish moss1 isinglass1 gelatin1 sugar1 and eggs4 #ahfi--lie ,moneuse and ,l4 ,duparquet1 ,new ,york1 are granted three ,united ,states patents on a coffee pot1 or urn1 formed of sheet copper and lined with pure sheet block tin4 #ahfi--;,b4,g4 ,arnold1 ,new ,york1 engineers the first large green-coffee speculation2 his success as an operator winning for him the title of ,king of the ,coffee ,trade4 #ahfi--;,henry ,e4 ,smyser1 assignor to the ,weikel ,smith ,spice ,co41 ,philadelphia1 is granted his first ,united ,states patent on a spice box used also for coffee4 #ahfi--,licenses to sell coffee in ,london are abolished4 #ahfi--,the coffee-leaf disease is first noticed in ,ceylon4 #ahgj--;,john ,gulick ,baker1 ,philadelphia1 one of the founders of the ,enterprise ,manufacturing ,co4 of ,pennsylvania1 is granted a patent on a coffee grinder introduced to the trade by the ,enterprise ,manufacturing ,co4 as its ,champion ,no4 #a mill4 #ahgj--;,delephine1 ,sr41 ,marourme1 is granted a ,french patent on a tubular coffee roaster that turns over the flame4 #ahgj--;,alexius ,van ,gulpen1 ,emmerich1 ,germany1 brings out a globular coffee roaster having perforations and an exhauster4 #ahgj--,thos4 ,smith ,son1 ,glasgow1 ,scotland1 7,elkington ,co41 successors71 begin the manufacture of the ,napierian vacuum coffee-making machines for brewing coffee by distillation4 #ahgj--;,first ,united ,states trade-mark for essence of coffee is registered by ,butler1 ,earhart ,co41 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 #ahgj--,the first coffee-valorization enterprise in ,brazil results in failure4 #ahga--;,j4,w4 ,gillies1 ,new ,york1 is granted two patents in the ,united ,states for roasting and treating coffee by subjecting it to an intervening cooling operation4 #ahga--;,first ,united ,states trade-mark for coffee is issued to ,butler1 ,earhart ,co41 ,columbus1 ,ohio1 for ,buckeye1 first used #ahgj4 #ahga--;,g4,w4 ,hungerford is granted ,united ,states patents on coffee-cleaning-and-polishing machines4 #ahga--,the import duty on coffee in the ,united ,states is reduced to three cents a pound4 #ahgb--;,jabez ,burns1 ,new ,york1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on an improved coffee-granulating mill4 ,another in #ahgd4 #ahgb--;,j4 ,guardiola1 ,chocola1 ,guatemala1 is granted his first ,united ,states patents on a coffee pulper and a coffee drier4 #ahgb--,the import duty on coffee in the ,united ,states is repealed4 #ahgb--,robert ,hewitt1 ,jr41 ,new ,york1 publishes the first ,american work on coffee1 ,coffee3 ,its ,history1 ,cultivation1 and ,uses4 #ahgc--;,j4,g4 ,baker1 ,philadelphia1 assignor of the ,enterprise ,manufacturing ,co4 of ,pennsylvania1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a grinding mill later known to the trade as ,enterprise ,champion ,globe ,no4 #j4 #ahgc--,marcus ,mason begins the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery in the ,united ,states4 #ahgc--;,ariosa1 first successful national brand of package coffee is put on the ,united ,states market by ,john ,arbuckle of ,pittsburgh4 7,registered #aijj47 #ahgc--;,h4,c4 ,lockwood1 ,baltimore1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee package made of paper and lined with tin-foil1 with false bottom and top4 #ahgc--,the first international syndicate to control coffee is organized in ,frankfort1 ,germany1 by the ,german ,trading ,company1 and operates successfully for eight years4 #ahgc--,the ,jay ,cooke stock-market panic causes the price of ,rios in the ,new ,york market to drop from twenty-four cents to fifteen cents in one day4 #ahgc--;,e4 ,dugdale1 ,griffin1 ,ga41 is granted two ,united ,states patents on coffee substitutes4 #ahgc--,the first coffee palace1 the ,edinburgh ,castle1 designed to replace public-houses for workingmen1 is opened in ,london4 #ahgd--;,john ,arbuckle is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee-cleaner-and-grader4 #ahge--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,guatemala4 #ahge-gf-gh--,turner ,strowbridge1 of ,new ,brighton1 ,pa41 is granted three ,united ,states patents on a box coffee mill first made by ,logan ,strowbridge4 #ahgf--;,john ,manning brings out his valve-type percolator in the ,united ,states4 #ahgf-gh--;,henry ,b4 ,stevens1 ,buffalo1 assignor to ,george ,l4 ,squier1 ,buffalo1 is granted important ,united ,states patents on coffee-cleaning-and-grading machines4 #ahgg--,the first ,german patent on a commercial coffee roaster is issued in ,berlin to ,g4 ,tuberman's ,son4 #ahgg--;,a ,french patent is granted ,marchand and ,hignette1 ,paris1 on a sphere or ball coffee roaster4 #ahgg--,the first ,french patent on a gas coffee roaster is issued to ,roure of ,marseilles4 #ahgh--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,british ,central ,africa4 #ahgh--,the ,spice ,mill1 the first paper in ,america devoted to the coffee and spice trades1 is founded by ,jabez ,burns of ,new ,york4 #ahgh--;,a ,united ,states patent is issued to ,rudolphus ,l4 ,webb1 assignor to ,landers1 ,frary ,clark of ,new ,britain1 ,conn41 on an improved box coffee grinder for home use4 #ahgh--;,chase ,sanborn1 the ,boston coffee roasters1 are the first to pack and ship roasted coffee in sealed containers4 #ahgh--;,john ,c4 ,dell1 ,philadelphia1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee mill for store use4 #ahgi--;,h4 ,faulder1 ,stockport1 ,lancaster1 ,eng41 is granted an ,english patent on the first ,english gas coffee roaster1 now made by the ,grocers ,engineering ,whitmee1 ,ltd4 #ahgi--;,a new gas coffee roaster is invented in ,england by ,fleury ,barker4 #ahgi--;,c4,f4 ,hargreaves1 ,rio de ,janeiro1 is granted an ,english patent on machinery for hulling1 polishing1 and separating coffee4 #ahgi--;,charles ,halstead1 ,new ,york1 is the first to bring out a metal coffee pot with a china interior4 #ahgi-hj--,orson ,w4 ,stowe1 of the ,peck1 ,stowe ,wilcox ,co41 ,southington1 ,conn41 is granted ,united ,states patents on an improved coffee and spice mill4 #ahhj--;,great failures in the ,american coffee trade as a result of syndicate planting and buying of coffees in ,brazil1 ,mexico1 and ,central ,america4 #ahhj--;,coffee pots with tops1 having muslin bottoms for clarifying and straining1 are first made by ,duparquet1 ,huot ,moneuse ,co4 in the ,united ,states4 #ahhj--,peter ,pearson1 ,manchester1 ,eng41 is granted a patent in ,england on a coffee roaster wherein gas is substituted for coke as fuel4 #ahhj--;,henry ,e4 ,smyser1 ,philadelphia1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a package-making-and-filling machine1 forerunner of the weighing-and-packing machine1 the control of which by ,john ,arbuckle led to the coffee-sugar war with the ,havemeyers4 #ahhj--;,fancy paper bags for coffee are first used in ,germany4 #ahhj-ha--;,g4,w4 and ,g4,s4 ,hungerford are granted ,united ,states patents on machines for cleaning1 scouring1 and polishing coffee4 #ahhj-ha--,the first big coffee-trade combination in ,north ,america1 known as the trinity 7,o4,g4 ,kimball1 ,b4,g4 ,arnold and ,bowie ,dash1 all of ,new ,york71 has a sensational collapse1 its failure being the result of syndicate planting and buying of coffees in ,brazil1 ,mexico1 and ,central ,america4 #ahha--,steele ,price1 ,chicago1 are the first to introduce all-paper cans 7made of strawboard7 for coffee4 #ahha--;,c4,s4 ,phillips1 ,brooklyn1 is granted three patents in the ,united ,states for aging and maturing coffee4 #ahha--,the ,emmericher ,machinenfabrik und ,eisengiesserei at ,emmerich1 ,germany1 begins the manufacture of a closed globular roaster with a gas-heater attachment4 #ahha--;,jabez ,burns is granted a ,united ,states patent on an improved construction of his roaster1 comprising a turn-over front head1 serving for both feeding and discharging4 #ahha--,the ,morgan brothers1 ,edgar ,h4 and ,charles1 begin the manufacture of household coffee mills1 subsequently acquired 7#ahhe7 by the ,arcade ,manufacturing ,co41 ,freeport1 ,ill4 #ahha--;,francis ,b4 ,thurber1 ,new ,york1 publishes the second important ,american work on coffee1 ,coffee from ,plantation to ,cup4 #ahha--;,harvey ,ricker1 ,brooklyn1 introduces to the trade a minute coffee pot and urn1 known as the ,boss1 name subsequently changed to ,minute1 and later improved and patented 7#aija7 as the ,half ,minute coffee pot--a filtration device employing a cotton sack with a thick bottom4 #ahha--,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange is incorporated4 #ahhb--;,chris4 ,abele1 ,new ,york1 is granted a atent in the ,united ,states on an improvement on a coffee roaster1 similar to the original ,burns machine 7on which the #ahfd patent had expired7 known as the ,knickerbocker4 #ahhb--,the ,hungerfords1 father and son1 bring out a coffee roaster1 similar to the first ,burns machine1 in competition with ,chris4 ,abele4 #ahhb--;,a ,german patent is granted to ,emil ,newstadt1 ,berlin1 on one of the earliest coffee-extract-making machines4 #ahhb--,the first ,french coffee exchange1 or terminal market1 is opened at ,havre4 #ahhb--,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange begins business4 #ahhc--,the ,burns ,improved ,sample ,coffee ,roaster is patented in the ,united ,states by ,jabez ,burns4 #ahhd--,the ,star coffee pot1 later known as the ,marion ,harland1 is introduced to the trade4 #ahhd--,the ,chicago ,liquid ,sack ,co4 introduces the first combination paper and tin-end can for coffee in the ,united ,states4 #ahhe--;,f4,a4 ,cauchois introduces into the ,united ,states market an improved porcelain-lined coffee urn4 #ahhe--,property of ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange is transferred to the ,coffee ,exchange1 ,city of ,new ,york1 incorporated by special charter4 #ahhj--,walker1 ,sons ,co41 ,ltd41 begin experiments in ,ceylon with a ,liberian disk coffee pulper2 fully perfected in #ahih4 #ahhf-hh--,the great coffee boom forces the price of ,rio #g's from seven and a half to twenty-two and a quarter cents1 the subsequent panic reducing the price to nine cents4 ,total sales on the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange4 #ahhg-hh1 amount to #dg1hfh1gej bags2 and prices advance #a1dhe points during #ahhf-hg4 #ahhg--;,beeston ,tupholme1 ,london1 is granted a patent in ,england on a direct-flame gas coffee roaster4 #ahhg--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,tonkin1 ,indo-,china4 #ahhg--;,coffee exchanges are opened in ,amsterdam and ,hamburg4 #ahhh--;,evaristo ,conrado ,engelberg1 ,piracicaba1 ,so ,paulo1 ,brazil1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee-hulling machine 7invented in #ahhe72 and the same year1 the ,engelberg ,huller ,co41 ,syracuse1 ,n4,y41 is organized for the purpose of manufacturing and selling ,engelberg machines4 #ahhh--,karel ,f4 ,henneman1 the ,hague1 ,netherlands1 is granted a patent in ,spain on a direct-flame gas coffee roaster4 #ahhh--;,a ,french patent is granted to ,postulart on a gas roaster4 #ahhi--;,david ,fraser1 who came to the ,united ,states in #ahhf from ,glasgow1 ,scotland1 establishes the ,hungerford ,co41 succeeding to the business of the ,hungerfords4 #ahhi--,the ,arcade ,manufacturing ,co41 ,freeport1 ,ill41 brings out the first pound coffee mill4 #ahhi--,karel ,f4 ,henneman1 the ,hague1 ,netherlands1 is granted patents in ,belgium1 ,france1 and ,england1 on his direct-flame gas coffee roaster4 #ahhi--;,c4,a4 ,otto is granted a ,german patent on a spiral-coil gas coffee machine to roast coffee in three and a half minutes4 #ahij--;,a4 ,mottant1 ,bar-le-,duc1 ,france1 begins the manufacture of coffee-roasting machines4 #ahij,l--,coffee exchanges are opened in ,antwerp1 ,london1 and ,rotterdam4 #ahij--,sigmund ,kraut begins the manufacture of fancy grease-proof paper-lined coffee bags in ,berlin4 #ahia--,the ,new ,england ,automatic ,weighing ,machine ,co41 ,boston1 begins the manufacture of machines to weigh coffee into cartons and other packages4 #ahia--,r4,f4,e4 ,o',krassa2 ,antigua1 ,guatemala1 is granted an important ,english patent on a machine for pulping coffee4 #ahia--;,john ,list1 ,black ,heath1 ,kent1 ,eng41 is granted an ,english patent on a steam coffee urn described as an improvement on the ,napierian system4 #ahib--,t4 von ,gimborn1 ,emmerich1 ,germany1 is granted an ,english patent on a coffee roaster employing a naked gas flame in a rotary cylinder4 #ahib--,the ,fried4 ,krupp ,a4,g4 ,grusonwerk1 ,magdeburg-,buckau1 ,germany1 begins the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery4 #ahic--;,cirilo ,mingo1 ,new ,orleans1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a process for maturing1 or aging1 green coffee beans by moistening the bags4 #ahic--,the first direct-flame gas coffee roaster in ,america 7,tupholme's ,english machine7 is installed by ,f4,t4 ,holmes at the plant of the ,potter-,parlin ,co41 ,new ,york1 which places similar machines on daily rental basis throughout the ,united ,states1 limiting leases to one firm in a city1 obtaining exclusive ,american rights from the ,waygood1 ,tupholme ,co41 now the ,grocers ,engineering ,whitmee1 ,ltd41 ,london4 #ahic--,karel ,f4 ,hennemann1 the ,hague1 ,netherlands1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on his direct-flame gas coffee roaster4 #ahid--,the first automatic weighing machine to weigh goods in cartons is installed in the plant of ,chase ,sanborn1 ,boston4 #ahid--;,joseph ,m4 ,walsh1 ,philadelphia1 publishes his ,coffee2 ,its ,history1 ,classification and ,description4 #ahie--;,gerritt ,c4 ,otten and ,karel ,f4 ,henneman1 the ,hague1 ,netherlands1 are granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee roaster4 #ahie--;,adolph ,kraut introduces ,german-made double 7grease-proof lined7 paper bags for coffee in ,america4 #ahie--,marcus ,mason1 assignor to ,marcus ,mason ,co41 ,new ,york1 is granted ,united ,states patents on machines for pulping and polishing coffee4 #ahie--,thomas ,m4 ,royal1 ,philadelphia1 is the first to manufacture in the ,united ,states a fancy duplex-lined paper bag4 #ahie--;delestan ,jardin publishes in ,paris a work on coffee1 entitled ,le ,cafier et le ,caf4 #ahie--,the ,electric ,scale ,co41 ,quincy1 ,mass41 begins the manufacture of pneumatic weighing machines2 business continued by the ,pneumatic ,scale ,corp41 ,ltd41 ,norfolk ,downs1 ,mass4 #ahif--,natural gas is first used in the ,united ,states as fuel for roasting1 being introduced under coal roasting cylinders in ,pennsylvania and ,indiana by improvised gas-burners4 #ahif-ahig--;,beeston ,tupholme is granted ,united ,states patents on his direct-flame gas coffee roaster4 #ahig--;,joseph ,lambert of ,vermont begins the manufacture and sale in ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 of the ,lambert self-contained coffee roaster without the brick setting then required for coffee roasting machines4 #ahig--;,a special gas burner 7made the basis of application for patent7 is first attached to a regular ,burns roaster4 #ahig--,the ,enterprise ,manufacturing ,co41 ,pennsylvania1 is the first regularly to employ electric motors for driving commercial coffee mills by means of belt-and-pulley attachments4 #ahig--;,carl ,h4 ,duehring1 ,hoboken1 ,n4,j41 assignor to ,d4,b4 ,fraser1 ,new ,york1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee roaster4 #ahih--,the ,hobart ,manufacturing ,co41 ,troy1 ,ohio1 puts on the market one of the first coffee grinders connected with an electric motor and driven by a belt-and-pulley attachment4 #ahih--,millard ,f4 ,hamsley1 ,brooklyn1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on an improved direct-flame gas coffee roaster4 #ahih--;,edwin ,norton of ,new ,york is granted a ,united ,states patent on a vacuum process of canning foods1 later applied to coffee4 ,others follow4 #ahih--;,j4,d4 ,olavarria1 a distinguished ,venezuelan1 first advocates a plan for restriction of coffee production1 and for regulation of coffee exports from countries suffering from overproduction4 #ahih--;,a bear campaign forces ,rio #g's down to four and a half cents on the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange4 #ahii--,the bubonic-plague boom temporarily halts the downward trend of coffee prices4 #ahii--,the ,canister ,co41 ,phillipsburg1 ,n4,j41 begins the manufacture of square and oblong fiber-bodied tin-end cans for coffee4 #ahii--,soluble coffee is invented in ,chicago by ,dr4 ,sartori ,kato1 a chemist of ,tokio4 #ahii--;,david ,b4 ,fraser1 ,new ,york1 is granted two patents in the ,united ,states1 one for a coffee roaster and one for a coffee cooler4 #ahii--;,ellis ,m4 ,potter1 ,new ,york1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a direct-flame gas coffee roasting machine embodying certain improvements on the ,tupholme machine1 whereby the gas flame is spread over a large area1 so avoiding scorching and securing a more thorough and uniform roast4 #aijj--,the ,burns direct-flame gas coffee roaster with a patented swing-gate head for feeding and discharging at the center1 is first introduced to the trade4 #aijj--;,first gear-driven electric coffee grinder is introduced into the ,united ,states market by the ,enterprise ,manufacturing ,co4 of ,pennsylvania4 #aijj--,the ,burns swing-gate sample-coffee roasting outfit is patented in the ,united ,states4 #aijj--;,hills ,bros41 ,san ,francisco1 are the first to pack coffee in a vacuum under the ,norton patents4 #aijj--;,charles ,morgan1 ,freeport1 ,ill41 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a glass-jar coffee mill1 with removable glass measuring cup4 #aijj--,r4,f4,e4 ,o',krassa1 ,antigua1 ,guatemala1 is granted an ,english and a ,united ,states patents on machines for shelling and drying coffee4 #aijj--;,chemically purified and neutralized rosin as a glaze 7harz-glasur7 for roasted coffee1 designed to keep it fresh and palatable1 is first discovered and applied in ,germany4 #aijj--;,charles ,lewis is granted a ,united ,states patent on his ,kin ,hee filter coffee pot4 #aijj-aija--;,a new era in coffee is inaugurated when ,santos permanently displaces ,rio as the world's largest source of supply4 #aija--,kato's soluble coffee is put on the ,united ,states market by the ,kato ,coffee ,company at the ,pan-,american ,exposition in ,buffalo4 #aija--;,american ,can ,co4 begins the manufacture and sale of tin coffee cans in the ,united ,states4 #aija--;,improved all-paper cans for coffee 7made of strawboard or chip-board1 plain or manila-lined7 are introduced into the ,united ,states market by ,j4,h4 ,kuechenmeister of ,st4 ,louis4 #aija--,the first issue of ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 devoted to the interests of the tea and coffee trades1 appears in ,new ,york4 #aija--;,coffee cultivation is introduced into ,british ,east ,africa from ,runion ,island4 #aija--,robert ,burns of ,new ,york is granted two ,united ,states patents on a coffee roaster and cooler4 #aija--;,joseph ,lambert of ,marshall1 ,mich41 introduces to the trade in the ,united ,states a gas coffee roaster1 one of the earliest machines employing gas as fuel for indirect roasting4 #aija--,t4,c4 ,morewood1 ,brentford1 ,middlesex1 ,eng41 is granted an ,english patent on a gas coffee roaster with a removable sampling tube4 #aija--;,f4,t4 ,holmes joins the ,huntley ,manufacturing ,co41 ,silver ,creek1 ,n4,y41 which then begins to build the ,monitor coffee roaster for the trade4 #aija--,landers1 ,frary ,clark's ,universal percolator is patented in the ,united ,states4 #aijb--,the ,coles ,manufacturing ,co4 7,braun ,co41 successors7 and ,henry ,troemner1 ,philadelphia1 begin the manufacture and sale of gear-driven electric coffee grinders4 #aijb--,the ,pan-,american ,congress1 meeting in ,mexico ,city1 proposes an international congress for the study of coffee1 to meet in ,new ,york1 ,october1 #aijb4 #aijb--;,an international coffee congress is held in ,new ,york1 ,october #a to ,october #cj4 #aijb--,robusta coffee is introduced into ,java from the ,jardin ,botanique at ,brussels4 #aijb--,the first fancy duplex paper bag made by machinery from a roll of paper is produced by the ,union ,bag ,paper ,corp4 #aijb--,the ,jagenberg ,machine ,co4 begins the introduction into the ,united ,states of a line of ,german-made automatic packaging-and-labeling machines for coffee4 #aijb--,t4,k4 ,baker1 ,minneapolis1 is granted two ,united ,states patents on a cloth-filter coffee maker4 #aijc--;,a ,united ,states patent on a coffee concentrate and process of making the same 7soluble coffee7 is granted to ,sartori ,kato of ,chicago1 assignor to the ,kato ,coffee ,company of ,chicago4 #aijc--;,f4,a4 ,cauchois introduces ,coffey's soluble coffee to the ,united ,states coffee trade1 the product being ground roasted coffee mixed with sugar and reduced to a powder4 #aijc--,overproduction in ,brazil causes ,santos #d's to drop to #c4ee cents on the ,new ,york ,exchange1 the lowest price ever recorded for coffee4 #aijc--;,john ,arbuckle1 ,new ,york1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee-roasting apparatus1 employing a fan to force the hot fire gases into the roasting cylinder4 #aijc--;,george ,c4 ,lester1 ,new ,york1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on an electric coffee roaster4 #aijd--;,dr4 ,e4 ,denekamp is granted a ,united ,states patent on a rosin glaze for roasted coffee1 designed to preserve its flavor and aroma4 #aijd--,the so-called cotton crowd1 under the leadership of ,d4,j4 ,sully1 forces green-coffee prices up to #aa4he cents1 all records for business on the ,new ,york ,coffee ,exchange being smashed by the sale of over a million bags on ,february #e4 #aijd--,sigmund ,sternau1 ,j4,p4 ,steppe1 and ,l4 ,strassberger1 assignors to ,s4 ,sternau ,co41 ,new ,york1 are granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee percolator4 #aijd-je--;,douglas ,gordon1 assignor to ,marcus ,mason ,co41 ,new ,york1 is granted ,united ,states patents on a coffee pulper and a coffee drier4 #aije--,the ,a4,j4 ,deer ,co41 ,buffalo 7now at ,hornell1 ,n4,y471 begins the sale of its ,royal electric coffee mills direct to dealers1 on the instalment plan1 revolutionizing the former practise of selling coffee mills through the hardware jobbers4 #aije--,the ,henneman direct-flame gas coffee roaster1 a ,dutch machine1 is introduced into the ,united ,states market by ,c4,a4 ,cross1 ,fitchburg1 ,mass4 #aije--;,h4,l4 ,johnston is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee mill which he assigns to the ,hobart ,manufacturing ,co41 ,troy1 ,ohio4 #aije--;,frederick ,a4 ,cauchois introduces his ,private ,estate coffee maker1 a filtration device employing ,japanese filter paper4 #aije--;,finley ,acker1 ,philadelphia1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee percolator1 employing porous or bibulous paper as a filtering medium and having side perforations4 #aije--;,a coffee exchange is opened in ,trieste1 ,austria-,hungary4 #aije--,the ,kaffee-,handels ,aktiengesellschaft1 ,bremen1 is granted a ,german patent on a process for freeing coffee from caffein4 #aijf--;,h4,d4 ,kelly1 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo41 is granted a ,united ,states patent on the ,kellum ,thermo ,automatic coffee urn1 employing a coffee extractor in which the ground coffee is continually agitated before percolation by a vacuum process4 ,sixteen patents follow4 #aijf--;,g4 ,washington1 an ,american chemist 7born in ,belgium of ,english parents71 living temporarily in ,guatemala ,city1 invents a refined 7soluble7 coffee4 #aijf--;,frank ,t4 ,holmes1 ,brooklyn 7assignor to the ,huntley ,manufacturing ,co471 is granted a patent for an improvement on a coffee-roasting machine4 #aijf--;,captain ,moegling's electric-fuel coffee roaster1 invented in #aijj1 is given a practical demonstration in ,germany4 #aijf--,ludwig ,schmidt1 assignor to the ,essmueller ,mill ,furnishing ,co41 ,st4 ,louis1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee roaster4 #aijf-jg--;,brazil produces a record-breaking crop of #bj1aij1jjj bags1 and the ,state of ,so ,paulo inaugurates a plan to valorize coffee4 #aijg--,the ,pure ,food and ,drugs ,act comes into force in the ,united ,states1 making it obligatory to label all coffees correctly4 #aijg--;,desiderio ,pavoni1 ,milan1 is granted a patent in ,italy for an improvement on the ,bezzara system of preparing and serving coffee as a rapid infusion of a single cup4 #aijg--,p4,e4 ,edtbauer 7,mrs4 ,e4 ,edtbauer71 ,chicago1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a duplex automatic weighing machine1 the first simple1 fast1 accurate1 and moderate-priced machine for weighing coffee4 #aijh--;,dr4 ,john ,friederick ,meyer1 ,jr41 ,ludwig ,roselius1 and ,karl ,heinrich ,wimmer1 are granted a ,united ,states patent on a process for freeing coffee of caffein4 #aijh--;,brazil begins a propaganda for coffee in ,england by subsidizing an ,english company organized for that purpose4 #aijh--,porto ,rico coffee planters present a memorial to the ,congress of the ,united ,states asking for a protective tariff of six cents a pound on all foreign coffee4 #aijh--,the revivification of the valorization coffee enterprise is accomplished by a combination of bankers and the ,brazil ,government1 with a loan of #ge1jjj1jjj placed through ,hermann ,sielcken with banking houses in ,england1 ,germany1 ,france1 ,belgium1 and the ,united ,states4 #aijh--;,j4,c4 ,prims1 of ,battle ,creek4 ,mich41 patents a corrugated-cylinder improvement for a gas-and-coal coffee roaster of small capacity 7#ej to #acj pounds7 designed for retail stores4 #aijh--;,an improved type of ,burns roaster1 comprising an open perforated cylinder with flexible back head and balanced front bearing1 is granted a patent in the ,united ,states4 #aijh--;,i4,d4 ,richheimer1 ,chicago1 introduces his ,tricolator1 an improved device employing ,japanese filter paper4 #aijh-aa--,r4,f4,e4 ,o',krassa1 ,antigua1 ,guatemala1 is granted several ,english patents on machines for hulling1 washing1 drying1 and separating coffee4 #aiji--,the ,g4 ,washington refined 7prepared7 soluble coffee is put on the ,united ,states market4 #aiji--,the ,a4,j4 ,deer ,co4 acquires the ,prims coffee roaster and re-introduces it to the trade as the ,royal coffee roaster4 #aiji--,the ,burns tilting sample-coffee roaster is patented in the ,united ,states for gas or electric heating units4 #aiji--;,frederick ,a4 ,cauchois of ,new ,york is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee urn fitted with a centrifugal pump for repouring4 #aiji--;,c4,f4 ,blanke1 ,st4 ,louis1 is granted two ,united ,states patents on a china coffee pot with a dripper bag4 #aiaj--,the ,german caffein-free coffee is first introduced to the trade of the ,united ,states by ,merck ,co41 ,new ,york1 under the brand name ,dekafa1 later changed to ,dekofa4 #aiaj--;,b4 ,belli publishes in ,milan1 ,italy1 a work on coffee entitled ,il ,caff4 #aiaj--;,frank ,bartz1 assignor to the ,a4,j4 ,deer ,co41 ,hornell1 ,n4,y41 is granted two ,united ,states patents on flat and concave coffee-grinding disks provided with concentric rows of inclined teeth1 used in electric coffee mills4 #aiaa--;,all-fiber parchment-lined ,damptite cans for coffee are introduced by the ,american ,can ,company4 #aiaa--,the coffee roasters of the ,united ,states organize into a national association4 #aiaa--,robert ,h4 ,talbutt1 ,baltimore 7assignor to ,j4,e4 ,baines1 trustee1 ,washington7 is granted a ,united ,states patent on an electric coffee roaster4 #aiaa--;,edward ,aborn1 ,new ,york1 introduces his ,make-,right coffee filter1 and is granted a ,united ,states patent on it4 #aiab--,robert ,o',krassa1 ,antigua1 ,guatemala1 is granted four ,united ,states patents on machines for washing1 drying1 separating1 hulling1 and polishing coffee4 #aiab--,the ,c4,f4 ,blanke ,tea ,coffee ,co41 ,st4 ,louis1 brings out ,magic ,cup1 later known as ,faust ,soluble1 coffee4 #aiab--,the ,united ,states government brings suit to force the sale of coffee stocks held in the ,united ,states under the valorization agreement4 #aiab--;,john ,e4 ,king1 ,detroit1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on an improved coffee percolator employing a filter-paper attachment4 #aiac--;,f4,f4 ,wear1 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal41 perfects a coffee-making device in which a metal perforated clamp is employed to apply a filter paper to the under side of an ,english earthenware adaptation of the ,french drip pot4 #aiac--;,f4 ,lehnhoff ,wyld1 ,guatemala ,city1 and ,e4,t4 ,cabarrus organize the ,socit du ,caf ,soluble ,belna1 ,brussels1 ,belgium1 to put on the ,european market a refined soluble coffee under the brand name ,belna4 #aiac--;,herbert ,l4 ,johnston1 assignor to the ,hobart ,electric ,manufacturing ,co41 ,troy1 ,ohio1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a machine for refining coffee4 #aiad--,the ,association ,nationale du ,commerce des ,cafs is established at #e ,place ,jules ,ferry1 ,havre1 to protect the interests of the coffee trade of all ,france4 #aiad--,the ,kaffee ,hag ,corporation1 capital #a1jjj1jjj1 is organized in ,new ,york to continue marketing in the ,united ,states the ,german caffein-free coffee under its original ,german brand name4 #aiad--,robert ,burns of ,new ,york1 assignor to ,jabez ,burns ,sons1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee-granulating mill4 #aiad--,the ,phylax coffee maker1 employing an improved ,french-drip principle1 is introduced to the trade by the ,phylax ,coffee ,maker ,co41 ,detroit 7succeeded in #aibb by the ,phylax ,company of ,pennsylvania74 #aiad--,the first national coffee week is promoted in the ,united ,states by the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association4 #aiad-ae--;,herbert ,galt1 ,chicago1 is granted three ,united ,states patents on the ,galt coffee pot1 all aluminum1 having two parts1 a removable cylinder employing the ,french-drip principle1 and the containing pot4 #aiae--,the ,burns ,jubilee 7inner-heated7 gas coffee roaster is patented in the ,united ,states and put on the market4 #aiae--,the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association ,home coffee mill1 employing a set screw operating on a cog-and-ratchet principle1 is introduced to the trade4 #aiae--,the second national coffee week is held in the ,united ,states under the auspices of the ,national ,coffee ,roasters ,association4 #aiaf--,the ,federal ,tin ,co4 begins the manufacture of tin coffee containers for use in connection with automatic packing machines4 #aiaf--,the ,national ,paper ,can ,co41 ,milwaukee1 introduces to the ,united ,states trade a new hermetically sealed all-paper can for coffee4 #aiaf--;,a ,united ,states patent is granted to ,i4,d4 ,richheimer1 ,chicago1 for an improvement on his ,tricolator4 #aiaf--,the ,coffee ,trade ,association1 ,london1 is formed to include brokers1 merchants1 and wholesale dealers4 #aiaf--,the ,coffee ,exchange1 ,city of ,new ,york1 changes its name to the ,new ,york ,coffee and ,sugar ,exchange1 admitting sugar trading4 #aiaf--,saul ,blickman1 assignor to ,s4 ,blickman1 ,new ,york1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on an apparatus for making and dispensing coffee4 #aiaf--,orville ,w4 ,chamberlain1 ,new ,orleans1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on an automatic drip coffee pot4 #aiaf--;,jules ,le ,page1 ,darlington1 ,ind41 is granted two ,united ,states patents on cutting-rolls to cut1 and not to grind or crush1 coffee1 later marketed by the ,b4,f4 ,gump ,co41 ,chicago1 as the ,ideal steel-cut coffee mill4 #aiaf-ag--,the first hermetically-sealed all-paper cans for coffee are introduced to the ,united ,states trade1 patented in #aiai by the ,national ,paper ,can ,co41 ,milwaukee4 #aiag--,the ,baker ,importing ,co41 ,minneapolis and ,new ,york1 puts on the ,united ,states market ,barrington ,hall soluble coffee4 #aiag--,richard ,a4 ,greene and ,william ,g4 ,burns1 ,new ,york1 assignors to ,jabez ,burns ,sons1 are granted patents in the ,united ,states on the ,burns flexible-arm cooler 7for roasted batches71 providing full fan-suction connection to a cooler box at all points in its track travel4 #aiah--;,john ,e4 ,king1 ,detroit1 ,mich41 is granted a ,united ,states patent on an irregular-grind of coffee1 consisting of coarsely grinding ten percent of the product and finely grinding ninety percent4 #aiah--,the ,charles ,g4 ,hires ,co41 ,philadelphia1 brings out ,hires soluble coffee4 #aiah--;,i4,d4 ,richheimer1 promoter of the original soluble coffee of ,kato1 and the ,kato patent1 organizes the ,soluble ,coffee ,company of ,america to supply soluble coffee to the ,american army overseas2 after the armistice1 licensing other merchants under the ,kato patents1 or offering to process the merchants' own coffee for them1 if desired4 #aiah--,the ,united ,states government places coffee importers1 brokers1 jobbers1 roasters1 and wholesalers under a war-time licensing system to control imports and prices4 #aiah-ai--,the ,united ,states government coffee control results in the accumulation at ,brazil ports of more than #i1jjj1jjj bags2 in spite of which1 ,brazil speculators force ,brazil grades up #ge to #ajj percent41 costing ,united ,states traders millions of dollars4 #aiai--,the ,kaffee ,hag ,corporation becomes ,americanized by the sale of #e1jjj shares of its stock sold by the alien property custodian and by the purchase of the remaining #e1jjj shares by ,george ,gund1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 #aiai--,william ,a4 ,hamor and ,charles ,w4 ,trigg1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 assignors to ,john ,e4 ,king1 ,detroit1 ,mich41 are granted a ,united ,states patent on a process for making a new soluble coffee4 ,the process consists in bringing the volatilized caffeol in contact with a petrolatum absorbing medium1 where it is held until needed for combination with the evaporated coffee extract4 #aiai--;,floyd ,w4 ,robison1 ,detroit1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a process for aging green coffee by treating it with micro-organisms to improve its flavor and to increase its extractive value4 ,the product is put on the market as ,cultured coffee4 #aiai--,william ,fullard1 ,philadelphia1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a heated fresh air system for roasting coffee4 #aiai--;,a million-dollar propaganda for coffee is begun in the ,united ,states by ,brazil planters in co-operation with a joint coffee-trade publicity committee4 #aibj--,the third national coffee week is observed in the ,united ,states1 this time under the auspices of the ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee4 #aibj--;,edward ,aborn1 ,new ,york1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a ,tru-,bru coffee pot1 a device embodying striking improvements on the ,french filter principle4 #aibj--;,alfredo ,m4 ,salazar1 ,new ,york1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a coffee urn in which the coffee is made at the time of serving by using steam pressure to force the boiling water through the ground coffee held in a cloth sack attached to the faucet4 #aibj--,william ,h4 ,pisani1 assignor to ,m4,j4 ,brandenstein ,co41 ,san ,francisco1 is granted a ,united ,states patent on a vacuum process for packing roasted coffee4 #aiba--,the ,comit ,franais du ,caf is founded in ,france to increase the consumption of coffee4 #aibb--,the ,so ,paulo legislature at the solicitation of the ,sociedade ,promotora da ,defeza do ,caf passes a bill increasing the export tax on coffee from ,santos to #bjj reis per bag to continue the propaganda for coffee in the ,united ,states for three years4 ,l ,approximate ,date4 ,m ,legendary4 ,illustration ,a ,,coffee ,,bibliography ,a list of references gathered from the principal general and scientific libraries--,arranged in alphabetic order of topics ,,topics ,,and ,,subdivisions ,,adulteration ,,board ,,of ,,health ,,regulations ,,botanical ,,description ,,chemistry ,,analysis1 ,,general ,,caffein ,,caffein-,,free ,,coffee ,,caffeol ,,green ,,coffee ,,roasted ,,coffee ,,chicory ,,chicory ,,in ,,coffee ,,coffee ,,houses ,,culture ,,and ,,preparation ,,general ,,regional ,,soils ,,diseases ,,and ,,enemies ,,general ,,works ,,literature1 ,,poetry1 ,,romance ,,manufacturing ,,processes ,,brewing ,,glazing ,,miscellaneous ,,modifications ,,polishing ,,and ,,coloring ,,roasting ,,and ,,grinding ,,medicinal ,,qualities ,,and ,,uses ,,antiseptic ,,and ,,disinfectant ,,general ,,physiological ,,effects ,,general ,,use ,,and ,,misuse ,,of ,,caffein-,,free ,,coffee ,,of ,,chewing ,,coffee ,,of ,,different ,,constituents ,,of ,,green ,,coffee ,,of ,,leaves ,,of ,,coffee ,,tree ,,of ,,roasted ,,coffee ,,of ,,smoking ,,coffee ,,on ,,children ,,on ,,different ,,organs ,,and ,,systems ,,substitutes ,,general ,,malt ,,coffee ,,taxation1 ,,jurisprudence1 ,,etc4 ,,trade ,,and ,,statistics ,,exchange ,,tables ,,general ,,regional ,,valorization ,,adulteration ,,adulteration of coffee4 ,report of the proceedings of a public meeting held at the ,london ,tavern1 ,march #aj1 #ahea4 ,london1 #ahea4 ,,dafert1 ,,franz ,w4 ,las sustancias minerales del cafeto4 ,san ,jos1 #ahif4 #cc pp4 ,also1 ,anales del ,instituto mdico nacional1 #ahig1 ,,iii3 #be1 #da1 #fb1 #gh4 ,,graham1 ,t4 and others4 ,chemical report on the mode of detecting vegetable substances mixed with coffee for purposes of adulteration4 ,london1 #aheb4 #bb pp4 7,board of ,inland ,revenue74 ,,les ,,fraudes du caf dvoiles per un amateur4 ,paris4 ,,simmonds1 ,p4,l4 ,coffee as it is and as it ought to be4 ,london1 #ahej4 ,periodicals ,,bertarelli1 ,e4 ,su una sofisticazione del caff torrefatto mediante aggiunta di acqua e borace4 ,giornale di ,farmacia1 #aijj1 #cch-cdc4 ,also1 ,rivista d',igiene e ,sanit pubblica1 #aijj1 ,,xi3 #dfg-dgb4 ,,caballero1 ,f4,g4 ,inconvenientes del uso del caf puro y del que se toma con lche2 sofisticacion de los componentes de esta bebida1 etc4 ,boletin de ,medicina y ,cirugia1 #ahea1 #b ser4 ,i3 #agg-ahe4 ,,casa,a1 ,j4 ,acerca del producto llamado legumina y sofisticaciones del caf4 ,anales de la real ,academia de ,medicina1 #aije1 ,,xxx3 #cei-cfd4 ,,chiappella1 ,a4,r4 ,il caff macinato che si consuma in ,firenze--,alcune sofisticazioni non ancora descritte4 ,annali d',igiene sperimentale1 #aijd1 n4 s4 ,,xiv3 #dbg-ddh4 ---- ,le sofisticazioni del caff che si consuma in ,firenze4 ,societ toscana d',igiene1 #aije1 n4 s4 ,v3 #aaj-aaf4 ,,chevallier1 ,j4,b4 ,caf indigne4 ,annales d',hygine1 #ahec1 ,,xlix3 #djh-dab4 ,,coffee and its adulterations4 ,lancet1 #ahea1 ,i3 #ba1 #dfe2 #ahec1 ,i3 #cij1 #dgg2 #aheg1 ,i3 #aie4 ,also1 ,pharmaceutical ,journal1 #aj3 #cid-cif4 ,,collin1 ,e4 ,del caff e sue falsificazioni4 ,giornale di ,farmacia1 di ,chimica e di ,scienze affini1 #ahgi1 ,,xxviii3 #ebi-ece2 #ahhj1 ,,xxix3 #bj-bb4 ,,coriel1 ,f4 ,analyse d'un caf artificiel torrfi4 ,journal de ,pharmacie et de ,chimie1 #ahig1 #f4 ser4 ,,vi3 #ajf-ajh4 ,,cribb1 ,c4,h4 ,note on 7#a7 samples of coffee containing added starch2 7#b7 a sample of artificial coffee berries4 ,analyst1 #aijb1 ,,xxvii3 #aad-aaf4 ,,crombie1 ,s4 ,examination of ground coffee as found in shops4 ,physician and ,surgeon1 ,ann ,arbor1 #ahhb1 ,,iv3 #dja4 ,,doolittle1 ,r4,e4 ,coffee sophistications4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii3 ,supplement to no4 #f1 #fb-fe4 ,,draper1 ,j4,c4 ,coffee and its adulterations4 ,new ,york ,academy of ,medicine4 ,bulletin1 #ahfi1 ,,iii3 #baj-bah4 ,,dubrisay4 ,falsifications des cafs1 procds employs cet effet2 moyens de reconnatre et de reprimer la fraude4 ,recueil des travaux du ,comit consultatif d',hygine publique de ,france1 #ahhh1 ,,xviii3 #ai-cc4 ,,ducros1 ,h4,a4 ,de quelques falsifications du caf ,moka4 ,institute gypt4 ,bulletin1 #aija1 #d4 ser4 pp4 #bic-cjf4 ,,edson1 ,c4 ,report on colored imitation ,java coffee4 ,sanitary ,engineer1 #ahhc-d1 ,,ix3 #fad4 ,,estudio del cafeto4 ,anales del ,instituto mdico nacional1 #ahig1 ,,iii3 #aci-add4 ,,falsification du caf4 ,annales d',hygine1 #ahfd1 #b4 ser4 ,,xxii3 #dcg-ddc4 ,,fricke1 ,e4 ,neuere ,kaffeeverflschung4 ,zeitschrift fr ,medizinalbeamte1 #ahhi1 ,,ii3 #agh4 ,,girardin1 ,j4 ,rapports sur un caf avari par l'eau de mer et sur poudre destine remplacer le caf4 ,annales d',hygine1 #ahcd1 ,,xi3 #hg-ajc4 ,,griebel1 ,c4 and ,,bergmann1 ,e4 ,ueber eine neue ,kaffeeverflschung4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aiaa1 ,,xxi3 #dha-dhd4 ,,harnack1 ,e4 ,ueber die besonderen ,eigenarten des ,kaffeegetrnkes und das ,thurmsche ,verfahren zur ,kaffeereinigung und verbesserung4 ,mnchener medizinische ,wochenschrift1 #aiaa1 ,,lviii3 #ahfh-ahgb4 ,,harris1 ,,william ,b4 ,green and roast coffees1 the adulteration and misbranding thereof4 ,american ,grocer1 #aiac1 ,nov4 #ai1 pp4 #ai-bj4 ,,hesse1 ,p4 ,ueber eine ,kaffeefarbe4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aiaa ,,xxi3 #bbj4 ,,jammes1 ,l4 ,le caf torrfi1 en grains1 factice4 ,revue d',hygine1 #ahij1 ,,xii3 #ajdd-ajej4 ,,mocha coffee4 ,scientific ,american1 #aijc1 ,,lxxxix3 #ha4 ,,munita1 ,v4 ,apuntes acerca de las adulteraciones del caf y medios para reconocerlas4 ,la ,gaceta de ,sanidad militar1 #ahhc1 ,,ix3 #bhf1 #cid4 ,,nottbohm1 ,f4,e4 and ,,koch1 ,e4 ,arsenhaltige ,kaffeeglasierungsmittel4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aiaa1 ,,xxi3 #bhh-bij4 ,,ottolenghi1 ,d4 ,sopra una frequente sofistcazione del caff in polyere4 ,atti della reale ,accademia dei ,fisiocritici di ,siena1 #aijc1 #d4 ser4 ,,xv3 #cha-chi4 ,,parecer do commisso encarregada pela ,sociedade pharmaceutica lusitana de investigar se uma determinada specie de caf prejudicial saude #ahe4 ,also1 ,correio medica de ,lisboa1 #ahgd1 ,,iii3 #acf1 #adg4 ,,raumer1 ,e4 ,,von4 ,beobachtungen ber ,kaffeeglasuren seit dem ,inkrafttreten der ,kaffeesteuer4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs-und ,genussmittel1 #aiaa1 ,,xxi3 #ajb-aji4 ,,reiss1 ,f4 ,ueber eine mechanische ,verflschung der ,kaffeesahne4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aijf1 ,,xi3 #cia-cic4 ,,soccianti1 ,l4 ,caff adulteraro con sostanze nocive4 ,rivista d',igiene e ,sanit pubblica1 #ahie1 ,,vi3 #dig-dii4 ,,sormani4 ,di un nuova falsificazione del caff4 ,giornale della reale ,societ italiana d',igiene1 #ahhb1 ,,iv3 #dja4 ,,spencer1 ,g4,l4 and ,,ewell1 ,e4,e4 ,tea1 coffee1 and cocoa preparations4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,division of ,chemistry4 ,bulletin1 ,,xiii1 pt4 #g4 ,,various coffees4 ,lancet1 #aiae1 ,,ii3 #ajjf4 ,,vogel ,,von ,,ferheim1 ,a4 ,zur ,frage der ,zulssigkeit der ,verwendung der sagenannten tauben oder ,strohfeigen bei der ,feigen ,kaffeefabrikation4 ,oesterreichische ,sanittswesen1 #aijc1 ,,xv3 #aja-ajb4 ,,wiechmann1 ,f4 ,coffee and its adulterations4 ,school of ,mines ,quarterly1 #ahig-h1 ,i3 #h-ae4 ,,board ,,of ,,health ,,regulations ,,schneider4 ,der ,kaffee1 als ,gegenstand der medicinischen ,polizei4 ,zeitschrift fr die ,staatsarzneikunde1 #ahbi1 ,,iv3 #cjc-cbg4 ,,sch,,tze4 ,kaffee1 ,thee und ,chocolade1 als ,nahrungsmittel und in sanitts-polizeilicher ,hinsicht4 ,viertel jahrsschrift fr gerichtliche ,medizin und ffentliches ,sanittswesen1 #ahfj1 ,,xvii3 #afh-bbh4 ,,weitenweber1 ,w4,r4 ,medicinisch-poliseiliche ,bemerkungen ber den ,caffee4 ,medicinische ,jahrbcher des kaiserl4 knigl4 sterreichischen ,staates1 #ahdh1 ,,lxvi3 #db1 #aea4 ,,botanical ,,description ,,coffea stenophylla4 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 ,information1 #ahih3bg4 ,,cook1 ,,orator ,,fuller4 ,dimorphic branches in tropical crop plants3 cotton1 coffee1 cacao1 the ,central ,american rubber tree1 and the banana4 ,washington1 #aiaa4 #fd pp4 7,u4,s4 ,plant ,industry ,bureau4 ,bulletin1 #aih47 ,,dafert1 ,,franz ,w4 ,mittheilung aus dem ,landwirthschaftsinstitut des ,staates ,so ,paulo1 ,brasilien4 ,der ,nahrstoff des ,kaffeebaumes4 ,landw4 ,jahrb4 #ahid1 ,,xxiii3#bg-de4 ,,douglas1 ,,james4 ,lilium sarniense3 or1 a description of the ,guernsay-lilly4 ,to which is added the botanical dissection of the coffee berry4 ,london1 #agbe4 #ei pp4 ,,laroque1 ,,jean4 ,voyage de l'arabie heureuse1 par l',ocean ,oriental1 le dtroit de la ,mer ,rouge4 ,fait par les ,franois dans les annes #agjh1 #agji and #agaj4 ,avec la relation d'un voyage fait du port de ,moka la cour du roy d',yemen dans la #b4 ,expedition des annes #agaa1 #agab and #agac4 ,un mmoire concernant l'arbre et le fruit du caf4 ,paris1 #agaf4 #djc pp4 ,also in ,english1 ,london1 #agbf4 ,,la ,,roque4 ,gruendliche und sichere ,nachricht vom ,cafee- und ,cafee-,baum4 ,leipzig1 #agag4 ,,liberian coffee4 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 ,information1 #ahie3bif-bii4 ,,mcclelland1 ,t4,b4 ,the botany of coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxii3#bh-ce4 ,,mariana1 ,j4 ,les cafiers2 structure anatomique de la feuille4 ,paris1 #aijh4 ,,natural caffein-free coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii3#bcj-bcc4 ,,natural history of coffee1 thee1 chocolate1 tobacco with a tract of elder and juniper berries4 ,london1 #afhb4 ,a ,,new hybrid ,ceylon coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxx2 #bcb-bcc4 ,,sloane1 ,sir ,,hans4 ,on the ,bird the ,cuntur of ,peru and on the ,coffee ,shrub4 ,london1 #afid4 ,,wildeman1 4 ,,de4 ,notes sur quelques espces du genre ,coffea ,l4 ,cong1 internat4 d4 botanique4 ,actes1 #aijj1 ,i3#bba-bch4 ,,chemistry ,,analysis1 ,,general ,,allen1 ,a4,h4 ,commercial organic analysis4 ,london1 #ahib1 7v4 #c pt4 #b contains a chapter on vegetable alkaloids1 including coffee47 ,,andalori1 ,,andr4 ,il caf descritto ed esaminato4 ,messine1 #agjb4 ,,boussingault1 ,j4,b4,j4,d4 ,sur les matires sucres contenues dans le fruit du cafier4 ,ann4 ,inst4 ,nat4 ,agron41 #ahgh-gi1 ,,iv3 #a-d4 ,,caff ,,di ,,girasole3 analisi chemiche1 consigli agronomici1 etc4 ,padova1 #ahha4 ,,coffee and chicory4 ,science readers and diagrams4 ,ser4 #f1 no4 #c4 ,,galeano1 ,,joseph4 ,il caff1 con piu diligenza esaminato4 ,palerme1 #afgd4 ,,griebel1 ,c4 ,ueber den ,kaffeegerbstoff4 ,mnchen1 #aijc4 ,k,,nig1 ,j4 ,chemie der menschlichen ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel4 #dth ed4 ,berlin1 #aijd4 ,see v4 #b1 index for ,kaffee1 ,koffen4 ,,locke1 ,,edwin ,a4 ,food values4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,coffee analysed p4 #ed4 ,,lythgoe1 ,,hermann ,,charles4 ,report on tea and coffee4 ,washington1 #aije4 ,,marchand1 ,n4,l4 ,recherches organographiques et organogniques sur le ,coffea arabica ,l4 ,paris1 #ahfd4 ,,sestini1 ,j4 ,il caff2 lettura fatta nell' institutio tecnico di ,fochi4 ,firenze1 #ahfh4 ,,standards of purity for food products4 ,tea1 coffee and cocoa products4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,office of the ,secretary4 ,circ4 #ai1 p4 #af4 ,,thorpe1 ,,edward4 ,dictionary of applied chemistry4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,see pp4 #ig-ajc4 ,,wanklyn1 ,,james ,,alfred4 ,tea1 coffee1 and cocoa3 a practical treatise on the analysis of tea1 coffee1 cocoa1 chocolate1 mat 7,paraguay tea74 ,london1 #ahgd4 #ei pp4 ,,warnier1 ,w4,l4,a4 ,bijerage tot de kennis der koffie1 mededeeling uit het laboratorium van het ,kolonial museum te ,haarlem4 ,amsterdam1 #ahii4 #bc pp4 ,,weyrich1 ,r4 ,ein ,beitrag zur ,chemie des ,thees und ,kaffees4 ,dorpat1 #ahgb4 ,,wiley1 ,h4,w4 ,coffee and tea4 ,in his1 #ajja ,tests of food1 beverages and toilet accessories1 pp4 #aj-ah4 ,,winton1 ,,andrew ,l4 ,the microscopy of coffee4 ,in his1 ,microscopy of vegetable foods1 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4 #b ed4 pp4 #dbg-dch4 ,reprinted1 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 ,,xxi3 #bb-bh4 ,periodicals ,,allen1 ,a4,h4 ,note on the examination of coffee4 ,analyst1 #ahhj1 ,v3 #a-d4 ,,bau1 ,a4 ,the determination of oxalic acid in tea1 coffee1 marmalade1 vegetables and bread4 ,z4 ,nahr4 ,genussm1 #aibj1 #dj3 #ej-ff4 ,,bertrand1 ,,gabriel4 ,sur la composition chimique du caf de la ,grande ,comore4 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #aija1 ,,cxxxii3 #afb-afd4 ,,binz1 ,c4 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss der ,kaffeebestandtheile4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #ahgh1 ,,ix3 #ca-ea4 ,b,,tsch1 ,k4 ,zur ,kenntniss der ,saligeninderivate4 ,monatshefte fr ,chemie 7,sitzungs berichte der ,kaiserlichen ,akademie der ,wissenschaften7 #ahhj1 ,i3 #fba-fbc4 ,,canada 7,,dominion74 ,,inland ,,revenue ,,department ,,laboratory4 ,coffee3 results of analysis4 ,ottawa1 #ahhh4 ,bulletin1 #c4 #h pp42 #ahia1 ,bulletin1 #bi4 #ai pp42 #ahib1 ,bulletin #ca4 #ac pp4 ---- ,ground coffee3 results of analysis4 ,ottawa1 #aijd1 ,bulletin1 #ajj4 #g pp42 #aiji1 ,bulletin1 #agb4 #cg pp42 #aiaj1 ,bulletin1 #baf4 #bb pp4 ,,cazeneuve1 ,p4 and ,,haddon4 ,sur l'acide caftannique4 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #ahig1 ,,cxxiv3 #adeh-adfj4 ,,charaux1 ,,charles4 ,sur l'acide chlorognique4 ,frquence et recherch de cet acide dans les vgtaux4 ,extraction de l'acide cafique et rendement en l'acide cafique de quelques plantes4 ,journal de ,pharmacie et de ,chemie1 #aijj1 #g4 ser1 ,,ii3 #bib-bih4 ,,the ,,chemistry of a cup of coffee4 ,lancet1 #aiac1 ,,ii1 no4 #b3 #aefc-aefe4 ,reviewed in1 ,journal of ,economics1 #aiad1 ,,vi3 #dff-dfg2 ,literary ,digest1 #aiad1 ,,xlviii3 #cgf-cgg4 ,,doolittle1 ,r4,e4 and ,,wright1 ,b4,b4 ,some effects of storage on coffee4 ,american ,journal of ,pharmacy1 #aiae1 ,,lxxxvii3 #ebd-ebf4 ,,ehrlich1 ,j4 ,coffee in the laboratory4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxx3 #efi-egj4 ,,erni1 ,h4 ,the chemico-physiological relations of tea1 coffee and alcohol4 ,nashville ,monthly ,record of ,medical and ,physical ,science1 #aheh-i1 ,i3 #fda-fef4 ,,frankel1 ,e4,m4 ,coffee by-products4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #dc-dd4 ---- ,coffee identification4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #aeh #aei4 ,,frankel1 ,f4 ,,hulton4 ,calories in a cup of coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #ddf-ddg4 ,,geiser1 ,m4 ,welche ,bestandteile des ,kaffees sind die ,trger der erregenden ,wirkung8 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #aije1 ,,liii3 #aab-acf4 ,,gorter1 ,k4 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss des ,kaffees4 ,annalen der ,chemie1 #aijg1 ,,ccclviii3 #cbg-cdh2 #aijh1 ,,ccclix3 #bag-bdd2 #aiaj1 ,,ccclxxii3 #bcg-bdf4 ,also1 ,east ,indies1 ,dutch4 ,dept4 van ,landbouw4 ,bulletins1 #ad1 #cc4 ,,graf1 ,l4 ,ueber ,bestandtheile der ,kaffeesauen4 ,zeitschrift fr angewandte ,chemie1 #aija1 pp4 #ajgg-ajhb4 ---- ,ueber den ,zusammenhang von ,coffengehalt und ,qualitt bei chinesischem ,thee4 ,forschungs-,berichte ber ,lebensmittel1 #ahig1 ,,iv3 #hh4 ,,guigues1 ,p4 ,note sur l'origine du caf4 ,bulletin des ,sciences pharmacologiques1 #aijc1 ,,vii3 #cej-ceg4 ,,hanausek1 ,t4,f4 ,bemerkung zu dem ,aufsatz von ,f4 ,netolitzky3 ,ueber das ,vorkommen von ,krystallsandzellen im ,kaffee4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aiaa1 ,,xxi3 #bie4 ---- ,die ,entwickelungsgeschichte der ,frucht und des ,samens von ,coffea arabica ,l4 ,zietschrift fr ,nahrungsmittel ,untersuchung und ,hygiene1 #ahij1 ,,iv3 #bcg-beg4 ,,harris1 ,,william ,b4 ,scientific study of coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiae1 ,,xxix3 #eeg-eeh4 ,,hehner1 ,o4 ,an analysis of coffee leaves4 ,analyst1 #ahgi1 ,,iv3 #hd4 ,,howard1 ,c4,d4 ,report on tea and coffee4 ,u4,s4 ,chemistry ,bureau4 ,bulletin1 #aijg1 ,,cv3 #da-de4 ,,husson1 ,c4 tude sur le caf1 le th1 et les chicores4 ,annales de ,chimie et de ,physique1 #ahgi1 #e4 ser4 ,,xvi3 #dai-dbg4 ,,jaffa1 ,m4,e4 ,report on tea and coffee1 #aiaj1 with list of references4 ,u4,s4 ,chemistry ,bureau4 ,bulletin1 #aiaa1 ,,cxxxvii3 #aje-ajh4 ,,lancet special analytical sanitary commission on the composition and value of coffee extracts1 ,the ,lancet1 #ahid1 ,,ii3 #dc-de4 ,,lepper1 ,h4,a4 ,report on coffee4 ,journal of the ,association of ,official ,agricultural chemists1 #aibj1 #d3 #baa-baf4 ,,levesie1 ,o4 ,beitrge zur ,chemie des ,kaffees4 ,archiv der ,pharmacie1 #ahgf1 #c ser4 ,,viii3 #bid-bih4 ,,liebig1 ,j4 von4 ,chemistry of a cup of coffee4 ,every ,saturday1 ,i3 #ace4 ,,loomis1 ,h4,m4 ,report on tea and coffee4 ,journal of the ,association of ,official ,agricultural ,chemists1 #aibj1 #c3 #dih-ejc4 ,,mason1 ,g4 and ,,savini ,e4 ,experiments with coffee4 ,staz4 sper1 agrar4 ital41 #aiah1 #ea3 #dac-d4 ,,mazza1 ,c4 ,sull' esame batteriologico della polvere che si trova negli spacci di caff1 con spciale riguardo al bacillo della tubercolosi4 ,rivista d',igiene e ,sanit pubblica1 #ahig1 ,,viii3 #h-bj4 ,,paladino1 ,,pietro4 ,sopra un nuovo alcaloide contenuto nel caff4 ,gazette ,chimica ,italiana1 ,,xxv3 #ajd-aaj4 ,summarized in1 ,beilstein's ,organische ,chemie1 #ahig1 ,,iii3 #hhh4 ,,paret1 ,s4,a4 ,quelques rsultats obtenus par l'emploi du valerianate de cafine 7thse74 ,paris1 #ahgd4 ,,payen1 ,,douard4 ,mmoire sur le caf4 ,comptes vendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #ahdf1 ,,xxii3 #gbd-gcb2 ,,xxiii3 #h-ae1 #add-bea4 ,,pratt1 ,,david ,s4 ,the microscopy of tea and coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiae1 ,,xxix3 #dai-dba4 ,,prescott1 ,a4 ,chemistry of tea and coffee4 ,popular ,science ,monthly1 ,,xx3 #cei4 ,,robiquet1 ,,von1 and ,,boutron4 ,ueber den ,kaffee4 ,annalen der ,chemie1 #ahcg1 ,,xxiii3 #ic-ie4 ,,robison1 ,,floyd ,w4 ,what do we know about coffee8 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #eef-efb4 ,,sayre1 ,l4,e4 ,a pharmacologist on coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxii3 #eba-ebg4 ---- ,coffee1 its standardization and application to pharmacy4 ,merck's ,report1 #aijg1 ,,xvi3 #fa-fc4 ,,some new facts about coffee4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxv3 #dcf-dcg4 ,,street1 ,,john ,,phillips4 ,about hygienic coffees4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #eb-ed4 ---- ,hygienic coffee analyses4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #db-dc4 ---- ,recent coffee analyses4 ,modern ,hospital1 #aiaf3 #ccj-ccb4 ,reprinted in ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal4 ,,xxx3 #egj-egb4 ,,tatlock1 ,r4,r4 and ,,thomson1 ,r4,t4 ,the analysis and composition of coffee1 chicory1 and coffee and chicory essences4 ,journal of the ,society of ,chemical ,industries1 #aiaj1 ,,xxix3 #ach-adj4 ,,trigg1 ,,charles ,w4 ,caffetannic acid a bugaboo4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #dcg-dci4 ---- ,coffee oil and fats4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxv3 #bcj-bca4 ---- ,coffee carbohydrates4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiai1 ,,xxxvi3 #bdf-bdg4 ,,tusini1 ,f4 ,sul riconoscimento delle varie specie di grani di caff1 mediante la misurazione delle cellule del reticolo albuminoideo e dello spermoderma4 ,archivio di ,farmacologia sperimentale e ,science affini1 #aijc1 ,,ii3 #bae-bag4 ,,vautier1 ,e4 ,the wastes of coffee4 ,mitt4 ,lebensm4 ,hyg41 #aiba1 #ab3 #ce-cg4 ,,van ,,der ,,wolk1 ,p4,c4 ,new researches into some statistics of ,coffea4 ,zeitschrift fr induktive ,abstammungs- und ,vererbungslehre1 #aiad1 ,,xi3 #cee-cei4 ,,vlaanderen1 ,c4,l4 and ,,mulder1 ,g4,j4 ,suren des ,kaffee's4 ,jahresbericht der ,chemie1 #aheh3 #bfa-bfd4 ,,warnier1 ,w4,l4,a4 ,contributions la connaissance du caf4 ,recueil de ,travaux chimiques du ,pays-,bas de la ,belgique1 #ahii1 #b4 ser4 ,,iii3 #cea-ceg4 ,,willcox1 ,o4,w4 ,coffee aroma secret out4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiac1 ,,xxv3 #cdc-cdd4 ---- ,tannin in coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiac1 ,,xxv3 #dhe4 ,,willcox1 ,o4,w4 and ,,rentschler1 ,m4,j4 ,scientific analysis of coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal4 #aiaj4 ,,xix3 #ddj-ddc2 #aiaa1 ,,xx3 #cj-cd1 #aji-aaa1 #aid-aie1 #cee-cef4 ,,woodman1 ,a4,g4 ,report on tea1 coffee1 and cocoa products1 #aiji4 ,u4,s4 ,chemistry ,bureau4 ,bulletin1 #aiaj1 ,,cxxxii3 #acd-acf4 ,,caffein ,,clautriau1 ,g4 ,nature et significaton des alcaloides vgtaux4 ,paris1 #aij83 #aac4 ,,dragendorff1 ,,georg4 ,caffein und ,theobromin4 ,in his1 ,die gerichtlich-chemische ,ermittelung von ,giften1 pp4 #bjb-bjf4 ,,fendler1 ,g4 and ,,st,,ber1 ,w4 ,coffenbestimmungen im ,kaffee4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aiad1 ,,xxviii3 #i-bj4 ,,fischer1 ,,emil4 ,ueber das ,caffen4 ,berichte der deutschen chemischen ,gesellschaft1 #ahhb1 ,,xv1 no4 #e3 #bi-hg4 ,,frankel1 ,e4,m4 ,caffeine and theine4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #bfj4 ,,french1 ,j4,m4 ,caffein1 its sources and uses4 ,merck's ,archives1 #aijg1 ,,ix3 #bjh4 ,,jobst1 ,,carl4 ,thein identisch mit ,caffein4 ,annalen der ,chemie1 #ahch1 ,,xxv3 #fc-ff4 ,,langlois1 ,p4 ,kola et cafine4 ,la ,science ,illustre1 ,july1 #ahij4 ,,lendrich1 ,k4 and ,,nottbohm1 ,e4 ,verfahren zur ,bestimmung des ,coffens im ,kaffee4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aiji1 ,,xvi3 #bda-bfe4 ,,paul1 ,b4,h4 and ,,cownley1 ,a4,j4 ,the amount of caffeine in various kinds of coffee4 ,pharmaceutical ,journal1 #ahhg1 #c ser4 ,,xvii3 #efe4 ,,pfaff1 ,c4,h4 ,ueber die ,darstellung des ,coffens1 ber dessen charakteristische ,eigenschaften und dessen ,mischung1 ber zwei ,suren im ,kaffee1 so wie ber das sogenannte ,kaffee-,grn4 ,neues ,jahrbch der ,chemie und ,physik1 #ahca1 ,i3 #dhg-ejc2 ,,ii3 #ca-de4 ,,polstorff1 ,,karl4 ,ueber das ,vorkommen von ,betainen und von ,cholin in ,kaffein und ,theobromin enthaltenden ,drogen4 ,chemisches ,zentralblatt1 #aiji1 #e ser4 ,,xiii3 #bjad-bjae4 ,,stehle1 ,r4,l4 ,caffeine1 the alkaloid4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxii3 #df-dg4 ,,sullivan1 ,a4,l4 ,determination of caffein in coffee1 a comparison of the ,hilger and ,fricke method with a modification of the ,gomberg method4 ,science1 #aiji1 ,,xxx3 #bee4 ,,willcox1 ,o4,w4 ,coffee and caffein4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiac1 ,,xxiv3 #dfj-dfa4 ,,caffein-,,free ,,coffee ,,rabenhorst1 ,w4 and ,,varges1 ,j4 ,koffenfreier ,kaffee2 enthalt der kaffeinfreie ,kaffee fremde chemische ,bestandteile1 insbesondere ,ammoniak1 ,benzol1 ,salzsure1 ,schwefelsure8 ,medizinische ,klinik1 #aijh1 ,,iv3 #afab4 ,,salant1 ,,william1 and ,,rieger1 ,j4,b4 ,elimination of caffein3 an experimental study of herbivora and carnivora4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,chemistry ,bureau4 ,bulletin1 ,,clvii4 ,,trigg1 ,,charles ,w4 ,about caffein-free coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxiv3 #bcc4 ,,willcox1 ,o4,w4 ,caffein-free coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaa1 ,,xx3 #aaf4 ,,caffeol ,,bernheimer1 ,,oscar4 ,zur ,kenntniss der ,rstproducte des ,caffees4 ,monatshefte fr ,chemie 7,sitzungs-berichte der ,kaiserlichen ,akademie der ,wissenschaften7 #ahhj1 ,i3 #def-deg4 ,,bertrand1 ,g4 and ,,weisweiller1 ,g4 ,sur la composition de l'essence de caf2 prsence de la pyridine4 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #aiac1 ,,clvii3 #bab-bac4 ,also1 ,bulletin des ,sciences pharmacologiques1 #aije1 ,,xii3 #aeb4 ,,erdmann1 ,,ernst4 ,ueber das ,kaffel und die ,physiologische ,wirkung des darin enthaltenen ,furfuralkohols4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #aijb1 ,,xlviii3 #bcc-bfa4 ,also1 ,berichte der deutschen chemischen ,gesellschaft1 #aijb1 ,,xxxv3 #ahdf4 ---- ,beitrag zur kenntniss der kaffeeles und des darin enthaltenen furfuralkohols4 ,halle1 #aijb3 #df4 ,,grafe1 ,v4 ,untersuchung ber die ,herkunft des ,kaffels4 ,anzeiger der ,kaiserlichen ,akademie der ,wissenschaften1 #aiab1 ,,xlix3 #bfg-bfh4 ,,jaekle1 ,h4 ,studien ber die ,produkte der ,kaffeerstung ein ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss des sogenannte ,kaffeearomas 7,caffeol47 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #ahih1 #deg-dgb4 ,,orlowski1 ,a4 ,kilka slor o kawie palonj4 7,extract of ,coffee74 ,gazeta ,lekarska1 ,warsaw1 #ahgj1 ,,ix3 #che-chg4 ,,the ,,caffeol in roasted coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiac1 ,,xxiv3 #bda4 ,,trigg1 ,,charles ,w4 ,the aroma of coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxv3 #cg-ci4 ,,green ,,coffee ,,bitt1 ,,bela ,,von4 ,ueber die chemische ,zusammensetzung der inneren ,fruchtschale der ,kaffeefrucht4 ,jour4 ,landw4 ,,iii3 #ic-ie4 ,,herfeldt1 ,e4 and ,,stutzer1 ,a4 ,untersuchungen ber den ,gehalt der ,kaffeebohnen an ,fett1 ,zucker und ,kaffeegerbsure4 ,zeitschrift fr angewandte ,chemie1 #ahie1 #dfi-dga4 ,,meyer1 ,h4 and ,,eckert1 ,a4 ,ueber das fette ,ol und das ,wachs der ,kaffeebohnen4 ,summarized in1 ,anzeiger der ,kaiserlichen ,akademie der ,wissenschaften1 #aiaj1 ,,xlvii3 #cbj4 ,,rochleder1 ,f4 ,notiz ber die ,kaffeebohnen4 ,annalen der ,chemie1 #ahdd1 ,l3 #bdd-bhd2 #ahdf1 ,,lix3 #cjj-caj2 #aheb1 ,,lxxxii3 #aid4 ,,trigg1 ,,charles ,w4 ,aging green coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aibj1 ,,xxxix3 #ddj4 ,,zwenger1 ,c4 and ,,siebert1 ,s4 ,ueber das ,vorkommen der ,chinasure in den ,kaffeebohnen4 ,annalen der ,chemie1 #ahfa1 #a sup4 pp4 #gg-he4 ,,roasted ,,coffee ,,burmannn1 ,j4 ,recherches chimiques et physiologiques sur les principes nocifs du caf torrfi4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 #aiac1 ,,clxvi3 #cgi-djj4 ,,ehrlich1 ,j4 ,in a cup of coffee4 ,a consideration of the constituents of the roasted bean and of the sugar1 milk or cream that goes with it4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxx3 #edg-edi4 ,,goblet1 ,l4 ,analyses compares d'un caf torrfi par des procds diffrents4 ,association ,belge des ,chimistes4 ,bulletin1 #ahii1 ,,xiii3 #agb-agc4 ,,gould1 ,r4,a4 ,the gases evolved from roasted coffee1 their composition and origin4 ,eighth ,international ,congress of ,applied ,chemistry4 ,report1 #aiab1 ,,xxvi3 #chi4 ,,lendrich1 ,k4 and ,,nottbohm1 ,e4 ,ueber den ,coffengehalt des ,kaffees und den ,coffenverlust beim ,rsten des ,kaffees4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aiji1 ,,xviii3 #bii-cjh4 ,,lythgoe1 ,h4 ,chemical analyses of a few varieties of roasted coffee4 ,technology ,quarterly1 #aije1 ,,xvii3 #bcf-bci4 ,,monari1 ,a4 and ,,scoccianti1 ,l4 ,la pyridine dans les produits de la torrfaction du caf4 ,congrs international d',hygine et de ,dmographie4 ,comptes rendus1 #ahid1 ,,viii3 pt4 #d1 #baa4 ,also1 ,archives italiennes de ,biologie1 #ahie1 ,,xxiii3 #fh-gj2 ,chemisches ,zentralblatt1 #ahie1 ,i3 #gej4 ,,trigg1 ,,charles ,w4 ,coffee roasting4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiai1 ,,xxxvii3 #agj-agb4 ---- ,gases from roasted coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aibj1 ,,xxxix3 #cah4 ,,chicory ,,backer1 ,p4 ,la culture du witloof4 ,thielt1 #aiab3 #bb4 ---- ,de teelt van witloof4 ,thielt1 #aiaa3 #bc4 ,,boruttau1 ,h4 ,die physiologische ,wirkung des ,absudes der gebrannten ,zichorie4 ,medizinische ,klinik1 #aijg1 ,,iii3 #fdd-fdg4 ,,fries1 ,m4 ,praktische ,anleitung zum ,kaffee ,cichorienbau4 ,stuttgart1 #ahhf4 ,,kains1 ,m4,g4 ,chicory growing4 ,washington1 #aijj3 #ab4 ---- ,chicory growing as an addition to the resources of the ,american farmer4 ,washington1 #ahih3 #eb4 ,,schmiedeberg1 ,,oswald4 ,historische und experimentelle ,untersuchungen ber die ,zichorie und den ,zichorienkaffee in ditetischer und gesundheitlicher ,beziehung4 ,archiv fr ,hygiene1 #aiab1 ,,lxxvi3 #baj-bdd4 ,,weismann1 ,r4 ,ueber den schdlichen ,einfluss von ,zichorienaufguss4 ,aerztliche ,rundschau1 #aijh1 ,,xviii3 #ahc4 ,,zellner1 ,h4 ,zichorie4 ,centralblatt fr allgemeine ,gesundheitspflege1 #aijh1 ,,xxvii3 #cb-ci4 ,,chicory ,,in ,,coffee ,,cauvet4 ,sur l'examen et l'analyse des chantillons de caf-chicore et de caf moulu saisis chez divers marchands de ,constantine4 ,annales d',hygine1 #ahgc1 ,,xi3 #cjb-cag4 ,,chevallier1 ,a4 ,notice historique et chronologique sur les substances qui ont t proposes comme succdanes du caf et sur le caf-chicore en particulier4 ,moniteur d',hpitaux1 #ahec1 ,i3 #aabi1 #aafa1 #aaga1 #aahe1 #aaic1 #abag4 ,,clo,,et1 ,j4 ,du caf-chicore2 empoisonnement de quatre personnes par l'usage de cette denre4 ,mouvement mdicale1 #ahge1 ,,xiii3 #eje4 ,,forsey1 ,c4,b4 ,the new coffee and chicory regulations4 ,analyst1 #ahhb1 ,,vii3 #aei4 ,,guillot1 ,,camille4 ,la chicore et divers produits de substitution du caf4 ,lons-le-,saunier1 #aiaa4 #ceb pp4 ,lawall1 ,c4,h4_/sc and ,,forman ,l4 ,the detection of chicory in decoctions of chicory and coffee4 ,journal of the ,american ,pharmaceutical ,association1 #aiad1 #aaa3 #affi4 ,,leebody1 ,j4,r4 ,estimation of chicory in coffee4 ,chemical ,news1 #ahgd1 ,,xxx3 #bdc4 ,,morin4 ,quelques rflexions sur un des moyens employs pour dterminer la prsence du caf chicore dans le caf normal4 ,rouen1 #ahfc4 #e pp4 7,extrait des ,mmoires de l',acadmie de ,caen47 ,,on the adulteration of chicory and coffee4 ,lancet1 #ahfa1 #aa3 #ah4 ,,coffee ,,houses ,,brewster1 ,h4 ,,pomeroy4 ,the coffee houses and tea gardens of old ,london4 ,rochester1 #ahhh4 ,,caf,s de ,paris par un flaneur patent4 #ahdi4 ,,coffee public house1 ,the4 ,how to establish and manage it4 ,london1 #ahgh4 #cd pp4 ,,coffee stalls and taverns3 hints on coffee stall management4 ,london1 #ahhf4 #dj pp4 ,,colman1 ,,george1 and ,,thornton1 ,b4 ,survey of the town4444 ,garraway's1 ,batson's ,st4 ,paul's1 and the ,chapter coffee houses4 ,in their1 the ,connoisseur4 ,oxford4 #ageg1 ,i3#a-aj4 ,,dafert1 ,f4,w4 ,erfahrungen ber rationellen ,kaffeebau4 ,berlin1 #ahif4 #cf pp4 #bnd ed41 #ahii4 #fj pp4 ,,delvau4 ,histoire anecdotique des cafs et cabarts de ,paris4 #ahfa4 ,,hawes1 ,c4,w4 ,handbook to coffee taverns4 ,uxbridge1 #ahhh4 #ag pp4 ,,macaulay1 ,t4,b4 7,coffee houses in the #agth and #ahth centuries47 ,in his1 ,history of ,england4 ,i3 #ccd-ccf4 ,,michel1 ,,francisque1 et ,,fournier1 ,,douard4 ,histoire des htelleries1 cabarts et cafs4 #ahed4 ,,reid1 ,,thomas ,,wilson1 ed4 ,traits and stories of ,ye ,olde ,cheshire ,cheese4 ,london1 #ahhf4 #acc pp4 ,,robinson1 ,,edward ,,forbes4 ,early history of coffee houses in ,england4 ,london1 #ahic4 #bdj pp4 ,,shelley1 ,,charles ,,henry4 ,inns and taverns of old ,london4 ,boston1 #aiji4 #cff pp4 ---- ,old ,paris4 ,boston1 #aiab4 ,,timbs1 ,j4 ,clubs and club life in ,london1 with anecdotes of its famous coffee houses1 hostelries and taverns4 ,london1 #ahff4 #bv4 #bnd ed41 #ahgb4 #av4 #edd pp4 ,periodicals ,,andrews1 ,a4 ,coffee houses and their clubs in the #ahth century4 ,colburn's ,new ,monthly ,magazine1 ,,cvi3 #ajg4 ,,bethel ,,christian ,,mission1 ,providence4 ,annual report 444 constitution1 bylaws1 etc4 ,,buss1 ,,george4 ,kaffee und ,kaffeehuser4 ,westerman's ,monatshefte1 ,sept4 #aijh3 #hje-hba4 ,,coffee house movement4 ,chambers' ,journal1 ,,lvi3 #adc4 ,,coffee house news4 ,london ,magazine1 ,,xx3 #efc4 ,,coffee houses of old ,london4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxv3 #aaf-abe4 ,,coffee ,houses of old ,new ,york4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aibj1 ,,xxxviii3 #afj-agd4 ,,coffee ,houses of old ,philadelphia4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aibj1 ,,xxxviii3 #cjh-cab4 ,,coffee houses of the ,restoration4 ,tait1 n4 s4 ,,xxii3 #ajd2 ,ecclesiastical ,magazine1 ,,xxiv3 #ejj4 ,,coffee palaces4 ,all-the-,year1 ,,lii3 #ebj4 ,,early ,parisian coffee houses4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxv3 #ebf-ecd4 ,,fox1 ,s4 ,coffee club movement in ,california4 ,arena1 ,,xxxii3#eai4 ,,graham1 ,r4 ,coffee houses as a counter action to the saloon4 ,charities ,review1 ,i3 #bae4 ,,hall1 ,e4,h4 ,coffee taverns4 ,leisure ,hour1 ,,xxviii3 #cja4 ,,hill1 ,e4 ,coffee and coffee houses4 ,gentleman's ,magazine1 n4 s4 ,,lxxi3 #dg4 ,,holland and the caf ,krasnapolsky at ,amsterdam4 ,idler1 #ahii1 ,,xvi3 #ca-ci4 ,,hope1 ,,lady4 ,coffee rooms for the people4 ,good ,words1 ,,xxi3 #gdi1 #hdd4 ,,howerth1 ,i4,w4 ,coffee house as a rival of the saloon4 ,american ,magazine of ,civics1 ,,vi3 #ehi4 ,,humphreys1 ,j4 ,coffee houses4 ,st4 ,james ,magazine1 ,,xliii3 #eih4 ,,jarvis1 ,a4,w4 ,old ,london coffee houses4 ,english ,illustrated ,magazine1 #aijj1 ,,xxiii3 #ajg-aad4 ,,page1 ,h4,a4 ,coffee palaces4 ,good ,words1 ,,xviii3 #fgh4 ,,rodenberg1 ,j4 ,die kaffeehuser und clubs von ,london4 ,unsere ,zeitung1 #ahff1 ,,ii3 #agg-bfe4 ,,schmitt1 ,e4 ,volkskuechen und speiseanstalten fuer arbeiter2 ,volkskaffeehuser4 ,handbook der ,architek1 #d theil1 ,,iv3 #aaf4 ,,sikes1 ,w4 ,english coffee palaces4 ,lippincott's ,magazine1 ,,xxiv3 #gbh4 ,,some old ,london coffee houses4 ,cornhill ,magazine1 ,,lvi3 #ebg4 ,,stevens1 ,j4,a4 ,coffee houses of old ,new ,york4 ,harper's ,magazine1 ,,lxiv3 #dha4 ,,sweetser1 ,,arthur ,,lawrence4 ,the coffee house plan4 ,gunton's ,magazine1 #aija1 ,,xxi3 #bci-bde4 ,,thomas1 ,c4 ,,edgar4 ,some ,london coffee houses4 ,home ,counties ,magazine1 #aiaa1 ,,xiii3 #a-i1 #ia-ajj4 ,,wagner1 ,h4 ,shanksttten und speisewirtschaften2 ,kaffeehuser und restaurants4 ,handbook der ,architek1 #d theil1 ,,iv3 #aaf pp4 ,,culture ,,and ,,preparation ,,general ,,american ,,coffee ,,growers' ,,association4 ,coffee growing by proxy4 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 #cj pp4 ,,arnold1 ,,edwin ,,lester ,,linden4 ,coffee3 its cultivation and profit4 ,london1 #ahhf4 #bgj pp4 ,,bo,,ry1 ,,pascal4 ,les plantes olagineuses et leurs produits2 cacao1 caf4444 ,paris1 #ahhh4 ,,bourgoin ,d',,orli1 ,p4,h4,f4 ,guide pratique de la culture du cafier et du cacaoyer suivi de la fabrication du chocolat4 ,paris1 #ahgf4 ,,brougier1 ,a4 ,der ,kaffee1 dessen ,kultur und ,handel4 #ahig4 ,,brown1 ,,alexander4 ,the coffee planter's manual1 with which is added a variety of information useful to planters1 including the manuring of coffee estates4 ,colombo1 #ahhj4 #bdf pp4 ,,browne1 ,d4,j4 ,on the cultivation of coffee4 ,washington1 #ahei4 #ab pp4 ,,burlamaqui1 ,,frederico ,,leopoldo ,c,,sar4 ,monographia do cafeiro e do caf4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #ahfj4 #fb pp4 ,,camouilly4 ,la plantation du caf1 en ,nouvelle ,caldonia4 ,paris1 #ahii4 ,,civinni1 ,g4,d4 ,delle stori naturae del caff4 ,firenze1 #agca4 ,,cook1 ,,orator ,,fuller4 ,shade in coffee culture4 ,washington1 #aija4 #gi pp4 ,,cuevas1 ,,hilario4 ,estudio prctico sobre el cultivo del caf4 ,mxico1 #ahie4 #ej pp4 ,,cunho1 ,,agostino ,,rodriguez4 ,de l'art de la culture du caf et de sa propagation4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #ahdd4 ,d',,orli1 ,p4,h4,f4 ,,bourgoin4 ,culture du caf1 etc4 ,paris1 #ahgd4 ,,fauch,,re1 ,a4 ,culture pratique du cafier et preparation du caf4 ,paris1 #aijh4 #aih pp4 ,,ferguson1 ,,john4 ,the coffee planter's manual for both the ,arabian and ,liberian species4 ,colombo1 #ahih4 #cab pp4 ,,fuchs1 ,m4 ,die geographische ,verbreitung des ,kaffeebume4 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 #gb pp4 ,,garvens1 ,,wilhelm4 ,kaffee3 ,kultur1 ,handel und ,bereitung im ,produktionslande4 #b ed4 ,hannover1 #aiac4 #de pp4 ,,great ,,britain4 ,parliament1 ,house of ,commons4 ,first report from the ,select committee on sugar and coffee planting1 ,london1 #ahdh3 #hv4 ---- ,supplement to the report4 ,london1 #ahdh4 #aih pp4 ,,hanson1 ,r4 ,culture and commerce of coffee4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,,herrera1 ,,rafael4 ,estudio sobre la produccin del caf4 ,mxico1 #ahic4 #ada pp4 ,,huntington1 ,l4,m4 ,origin of oily coffee beans4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #bbh4 ,,international ,,bureau ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,republics1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,coffee in ,america4 ,methods of production and facilities for successful cultivation in ,mexico1 the ,central ,american states1 ,brazil and other ,south ,american countries1 and the ,west ,indies4 #ahic4 #cf pp4 ,,jacotot1 ,a4 ,la culture du caf1 son avenir dans les colonies franaises4 ,paris1 #aiaj4 #aia pp4 ,,jim,,nez ,,nunez1 ,,enrique4 ,medios prctios para evitar que las mieles de caf infecten las aguas de los rios4 ,guadalupe1 #aijb4 ,,jotapen1 ,,jos4 ,cultivation and preparation of coffee for the market4 ,aberdeen1 #aiae4 #ajb pp4 ,,jumelle1 ,,henri4 ,plantes sucre1 caf1 cacao1 th1 mat4 ,in his1 ,les cultures coloniales4 ,paris1 #aiac4 v4 #c4 ,,kramers1 ,j4,g4 ,verslag omtrent de proeftuinen en andere mededeelingen over koffie4 ,batavia1 #ahii-aijd4 #dv4 ,,laerne1 ,c4,f4 ,,van ,,delden4 ,brazil and ,java4 ,report on coffee culture in ,america1 ,asia and ,africa1 to ,h4,e4 the minister of the colonies4 ,london1 #ahhe4 #fcg pp4 ,also in ,dutch and ,french4 ,,lascelles1 ,,arthur ,,rowley ,,william4 ,a treatise on the nature and cultivation of coffee2 with some remarks on the management and purchase of coffee estates4 ,london1 #ahfe4 #ga pp4 ,,le ,,comte1 ,c4,e4,a4 ,culture et production du caf dans les colonies4 ,paris1 #ahfe4 ,,lecomte1 ,,henri4 ,le caf3 culture1 manipulation1 production4 ,paris1 #ahii4 #cdb pp4 ,,lievano1 ,,indalecio4 ,instruccion popular sobre meteorolojia agricola1 i especialmente sobre el ail i el caf4 ,bogota1 #ahfh4 #ah pp4 ,,mcclelland1 ,t4,b4 ,effect of different methods of transplanting coffee4 ,washington1 #aiag4 #aa pp4 ---- ,some profitable and unprofitable coffee lands4 ,washington1 #aiag4 #ac pp4 ,,mcculloch1 ,r4 ,,william4 ,coffee-growing and its preparation for market4 ,brisbane1 ,australia1 #ahic4 ,,madriz1 ,f4,j4 ,cultivo del caf seu manual theoricopratico sobre beneficio de este frute con mayores ventajas para al agricultor4 ,paris1 #ahfi4 ,,meitzky1 ,,jo4-,,henry4 ,de vario coffe potum parandi modo4 ,wittebergi1 #aghh4 ,,middleton1 ,w4,h4 ,manual of coffee planting4 ,durban1 #ahff4 ,,milhon4 ,dissertation sur le caffeyer4 ,montpellier1 #agdf4 ,,monnereau1 ,,lie4 ,le parfait indigotier2 ou ,description de l'indigo 444 ensemble un trait sur la culture de caf4 ,amsterdam and ,marseilles1 #agfe4 #bch pp4 ,,morren1 ,f4,w4 ,die arbeiter auf einer ,kaffee-plantage4 #aijj4 ---- ,werkzaamheden op eene koffieonderneming4 ,handleiding voor opzichters bij de koffie-cultuur4 ,amsterdam1 #ahif4 #bff pp4 ,,nicol1 ,r4 ,a treatise on coffee1 its properties and the best mode of keeping and preparing it4 #dth ed4 ,london1 #ahcb4 ,,owen1 ,t4,c4 ,first year's work on a coffee plantation4 ,colombo1 #ahgg4 #ee pp4 ,,pierrot1 ,,douard4 ,culture pratique et rationelle du cafier et prparation du grain pour la vente4 ,paris1 #aijf4 #ie pp4 ,,rossignen1 ,,julio4 ,manual del cultivo del caf1 etc41 in la ,america ,espaola4 ,paris1 #ahei4 ,,simmonds1 ,p4,l4 ,coffee and chicory1 their culture1 chemical composition1 preparation1 etc4 ,london1 #ahfd4 #ajb pp4 ---- ,tropical agriculture4 ,london1 #ahhg4 7p4 #bg-gi deal with coffee47 ,,tytler1 ,r4,b4 ,prospects of coffee production4 ,aberdeen1 #ahgh4 ,,ugarte1 ,,jos ,p4 ,the cultivation and preparation of coffee for the market4 ,london1 #aiaf4 #abd pp4 ,,wildeman1 ,,em4 ,,de4 ,les cafiers4 ,bruxelles1 #aija4 ---- ,les plantes tropicales de grande culture--caf1 cacao1 coca1 vanilla1 etc4 ,bruxelles1 #aijb4 #cjd pp4 ,,zimmermann1 ,,albrecht4 ,over het enten van koffie volgens de methode van den ,heer ,d4 ,butin ,schaap4 ,batavia1 #aijd4 #ed pp4 ,periodicals ,,aubry-,,le-,,comte4 ,culture et production du caf dans les colonies4 ,revue ,mar4 et ,col41 ,oct41 #ahfe4 ,,beugless1 ,j4,d4 ,coffee in its home4 ,overland ,monthly1 ,,ii3 #cai4 ,,caswell1 ,g4,w4 ,coffee in our new islands4 ,overland ,monthly1 n4 s4 ,,xxxii3 #dei4 ,,coffee cultivation in the ,new ,world4 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 ,information1 #ahic3 #cba-cbe4 ,,cultivation and preparation of coffee4 ,great ,britain4 ,imperial ,institute1 ,bulletin1 #aiae1 ,,xiii3 #bfj-bif4 ,,de ,,vere1 ,m4,s4 ,culture and use of coffee4 ,harper's ,magazine1 ,,xliv3 #bcg4 ,,fesca1 ,,max4 ber ,kaffeekultur4 ,jour4 ,landw4 #ahig1 ,,xlv3#ac-da4 ,,hagen1 ,j4 ,de ,koffiecultuur4 ,onze ,kol4 ,landbouw ,no4 #g4 #aiad4 ,,hayward1 ,c4,b4 ,coffee and coffee culture4 ,scientific ,american1 #aijd1 ,,xci3 #ahi1 #aid-aie4 ,,linnean ,,society4 ,proceedings1 #ahge-ahhj1 contain articles on coffee culture4 ,,loew1 ,,oscar4 ,fermation of cacao and of coffee4 ,porto ,rico ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,report1 #aijg4 pp4 #da-ee4 ,,marcano1 ,v4 ,essais d'agronomie tropicale4 ,ann4 sci4 agron4 #ahia1 ,,ii3 #aai-aeb4 ,,peatfield1 ,j4,j4 ,culture of coffee4 ,overland ,monthly1 ,,xiii3 #cbc4 ,,rost1 ,,eugen ,c4 ,coffee growing4 ,scientific ,american ,supplement1 #aijb1 ,,liv3 #bbahi-bbaij4 ,,torrens1 ,j4,h4 ,hydro-electric installation on a coffee plantation4 ,general ,electric ,review1 #aiae4 ,,xviii3 #bai-bbb4 ---- ,electricity on a coffee finca4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #dah-dba4 ,,regional ,,abyssinia ,,southard1 ,,addison ,e4 ,the story of ,abyssinia's coffees4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxiv3 #bab-bae3 #cbd-cbi4 ,,africa1 ,,northern ,,rivi,,re1 ,,charles4 ,le cafier dans l',afrique du nord4 ,paris1 #aijc4 ,,angola ,,coffee cultivation in ,angola4 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 ,information1 #ahid3 #afa-afc4 ,,argentine ,,argentine ,,republic4 ,departamento nacional de tierras1 colonias y agricultura4 ,el caf4 7,coffea arabica7 ,buenos ,aires1 #ahif4 #bb pp4 ,,australia ,,jackson1 ,,henry ,,vaughan4 ,the cultivation of coffee4 ,sydney1 #aijh4 #h pp4 ,reprinted from ,agricultural ,gazette1 ,june1 #aijh4 ,,newport1 ,h4 ,coffee cultivation in ,queensland4 ,philippine ,agricultural ,review1 #aiaj1 ,,iii3 #ead-ebd4 ,also1 ,queensland ,agricultural ,journal1 #aiaj1 ,,xxiv1 pt4 #f2 ,,xxv1 pt4 #a4 ,,brazil ,,berthoule4 ,la culture di cafier au ,brsil1 communication faite a la ,socit nationale d'acclimation de ,france4 ,march #bh1 #ahij4 ,,brazil and coffee4 ,souvenir of the ,louisiana purchase exposition4 #aijd4 #bh pp4 ,,caff1 ,,il3 la coltivazione1 la produzione1 le imitazione1 le falsificazioni1 il valore economico1 il fisiologico1 appendice4 ,rio ,janeiro1 #aiaj4 #ih pp4 ,,cruwell1 ,g4,a4 and others4 ,brazil as a coffee-growing country4 ,colombo1 #ahgh4 #aej pp4 ,,da ,,costa ,,santos1 ,h4 ,consideracoes sobre o nosso caf4 ,rio ,janeiro1 #ahha4 #ai pp4 ,,dafert1 ,f4,w4 ,de bemesting en het drogen van kaffie in ,brazilia4 ,amsterdam1 #ahih4 #bej pp4 ---- ber die gegenwrtige ,lage des ,kaffeebaus in ,brazilien4 ,amsterdam1 #ahih4 ,also in ,english1 #aijj2 ,french1 ,paris1 #aijj4 ,,dahne1 ,,eugenio4 ,the story of ,so ,paulo coffee from plantation to cup4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiae1 ,,xxviii3 #abg4 ,,de ,,oltveira1 ,,luiz ,,torquato1 ,marques4 ,novo methodo da plantao fecundidade1 durabilidade estrumao e conservao do caf e extinco das formigas1 exposto em beneficio da agricultura do ,brasil e lugares cafeeiros1 offerecido aos agricultores4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #ahfc4 #cj pp4 ,,empire of ,brazil at the ,world's industrial and cotton centennial exposition of ,new ,orleans1 ,the4 ,new ,york1 #ahhe4 #ga pp4 ,,koebel1 ,,rothery and ,,tweney1 editors4 ,enciclopedia de la ,america del sur4 ,agriculture1 ,brazil1 v4 ,i2 ,so ,paulo1 v4 ,,iv4 ,london and ,buenos ,aires1 #aiac4 ,,lali,,re1 ,,amour4 ,le caf dans l'tat de ,saint ,paul 7,brsil74 ,paris1 #aiji4 #dag pp4 ,,misson1 ,,luis1 and ,t,,llez ,o4 ,cultivo y beneficio del caf en el ,brazil3 cmo se hacen en el estado de ,so ,paulo4 ,mxico1 #aijg4 #cj pp4 ,o ,,fazendeiro2 revista mensal de agricultura1 industria e commercio1 dedicada1 especialmente1 aos interesses da lavoura cafeiro4 ,anno #a1 ,so ,paulo1 #aijh4 ,,pacheco ,e ,,silva1 ,,persio4 ,do caf no o ste de ,s4 ,paulo4 ,so ,paulo1 #aiaj4 #fd pp4 ,,peckholt1 ,,theodoro4 ,monographia do caf4 ,in his1 ,historia das plantas alimentares e de gozo do ,brazil1 v4 #e4 #ahga-hd4 ,s,o ,,paulo1 ,brazil4 ,secretaria da agricultura1 commercio e obras publicas4 ,il caff4 ,brevi notizie per ,eugenio ,lefvre4 #aijd4 #fh pp4 ,,schuurman1 ,g4,a4,e4 ,de koffie-cultuur in ,brazili4 ,amsterdam1 #aija4 #fg pp4 ,,smith1 ,h4,h4 ,brazil3 ,amazona and the coast4 7,special chapters on coffee7 ,london1 #ahhj4 ---- ,culture of coffee in ,brazil4 ,scribner's ,magazine1 ,,xix3 #bbe4 ,penny ,magazine1 ,,ix3 #dhd4 ,,story of ,so ,paulo coffee from plantation to cup4 ,pan ,american ,union4 ,bulletin1 #aiae1 ,,xli3 #cgj-cgh4 ,,teixeira1 ,c4 ,o caf do ,brazil4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #ahhc4 #bd pp4 ,,ward4 ,r4,d4 ,visit to the ,brazilian coffee country4 ,national ,geographic ,magazine1 #aiaa1 ,,xxii3 #ijh-ica4 ,,central ,,america ,,cater1 ,r4,w4 ,coffee in ,central ,america4 ,chambers' ,journal1 ,,lxxvi3 #egj4 ,,choussy1 ,,felix4 ,cultivo racional del caf en centro ,amrica4 ,san ,salvador1 #aiag4 #ib pp4 ,,fox1 ,,alvin4 ,coffee growing in ,central ,america4 ,simmons' ,spice ,mill1 #aiah1 ,,xli3 #dbj-dba4 ,,ceylon ,,abbay1 ,r4 ,culture of coffee in ,ceylon4 ,households ,words1 ,,iii3 #aji4 ,also1 ,nature1 ,,xiv3 #cge4 ,,cruwell1 ,g4,a4 ,liberian coffee in ,ceylon4 ,colombo1 #ahgh4 ,,hull1 ,e4,c4,p4 ,coffee planting in southern ,india and ,ceylon4 ,london1 #ahgg4 #cbd pp4 ,,keen1 ,w4 ,coffee cultivation in ,ceylon4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,,lewis1 ,g4,c4 ,coffee planting in ,ceylon4 ,colombo1 #ahee4 ,,sabonadi,,re1 ,,william4 ,the coffee-planter of ,ceylon4 ,london1 #ahgj4 #baf pp4 ---- ,o fazendeiro de caf em ,ceylo4 ,rio de ,janerio1 #ahge1 #aif pp4 ,,van ,,spall1 ,p4,w4,a4 ,verslag over de koffij en kaneelkultuur op het eiland ,ceijlon4 ,batavia1 #ahfc4 ,,colombia ,,saenz1 ,,nicolas4 ,memoria sobre el cultivo del cafeto4 ,bogota1 #ahib4 #fe pp4 ,also in ,french1 ,bruxelles1 #ahid4 #aba pp4 ,,costa ,,rica ,,calvo1 ,j4,b4 ,coffee1 its origin and propagation1 its introduction and cultivation in ,costa ,rica4 ,american ,republics ,bureau4 ,monthly ,bulletin4 #aijd1 ,,xviii3 #a-f2 #aaa-aae4 ---- ,report on coffee with special reference to the ,costa ,rican product4 ,bureau of ,american ,republics4 ,publications4 ,washington1 #aija1 #ae pp4 ,,costa ,,rica4 ,government4 ,estudio informe sobre el caf de ,costa ,rica4 ,san ,jos1 #aijj4 #dh pp4 ,,field1 ,,walter ,j4 ,coffee culture and preparation in ,costa ,rica4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aijh1 ,,xv3 #ac4 ,,schroeder1 ,,john4 ,coffee culture in ,costa ,rica4 ,san ,jos1 #ahij4 #d pp4 ,,cuba ,,borrero ,y ,,echevebr,a1 ,,est,,ban4 ,el ,caf4 ,apuntes para una monografia4 ,habana1 #ahij4 #df pp4 ,,coffee grounds of ,cuba4 ,all-the-,year1 ,,xxiv3 #fa4 ,,fern,,ndez ,y ,,jim,,nez1 ,,jos ,,mar,a4 ,agricultura cubana4 #c ed4 ,habana1 #ahfh4 #fi pp4 ,,fox1 ,,alvin4 ,coffee culture in ,cuba and ,porto ,rico4 ,simmons' ,spice ,mill1 #aiah1 ,,xli3 #acef-acei4 ,,hillman1 ,,joseph4 ,coffee planting4 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 #af pp4 ,,old ,cuban coffee plantations4 ,harper's ,weekly1 #aijh1 ,,lii3 #ca4 ,,east ,,indies ,,arntzenius1 ,g4 ,cultuur en volk4 ,beschouwingen over de gouvernementskoffie-cultuur op ,java4 's ,gravenhage1 #ahia4 #aeh pp4 ,,campbell1 ,,donald ,,maclaine4 ,the industries of ,java3 ,coffee4 ,in his1 ,java3 past and present4 ,london1 #aiae4 pp4 #ica-idd4 ,,chalot1 ,c4 and ,,thillard1 ,r4 ,le caf ,java4 #aiad4 ,,coffee enterprise in the ,east ,indies4 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 ,information1 #ahic3 #abc-abd4 ,,cramer1 ,p4,j4,s4 ,gegevens over de variabiliteit van de in ,nederlandsch-,indi verbouwde koffie-soorten4 ,batavia1 #aiac4 #fif pp4 ,,dumont1 ,a4 ,consideraciones sobre el cultivo del caf en esta isla4 ,havana1 #ahbc4 ,,koffiecultuur4 ,tijdsch4 voor ,nederlandsch-,indi1 #aija1 ser4 #b1 ,v3 #afh-age4 ,,nederlandsch-,,indische maatschappij van nijwerheid en landbouw4 ,handleiding voor de gouvernements-koffiekultuur4 ,batavia1 #ahgc4 #ef pp4 ,,parkhurst1 ,e4,t4,y4 ,coffees of the ,dutch ,east ,indies4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxv3 #caf-cbb2 #daf-dbj2 #aiai1 ,,xxxvi3 #bb-bg2 #aah-abb4 ,,raedt ,,van ,,oldenbarnevelt1 ,a4,c4 ,de koffie-cultuur op ,java4 's ,gravenhage1 #ahih4 #dh pp4 ,,smid1 ,j4,h4 ,handbook voor de kultuur der koffie in ,oost en ,west ,indi4 ,middleburg1 #ahhd4 #aab pp4 ,,van ,,ermel1 ,w4,k4,l4,k4 ,some facts about coffee in ,palembang4 ,singapore1 #ahgi4 #af pp4 ,,van ,,gorkom1 ,k4,w4 ,groote cultuur in ,nederlandsch ,oostindie koffie4 ,haarlem1 #ahhb4 ,,federated ,,malay ,,states ,,gallagher1 ,,william ,,john4 ,coffee robusta4 ,kuala ,lumpur1 ,federated ,malay ,states1 #aiaj4 #g pp4 ,,liberian coffee at the ,straits ,settlements 7,c4 ,liberica bull47 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 information1 #ahhh3 #bfa-bfc2 #ahij3 #ajg-ajh1 #bde-bec4 ,,liberian coffee in the ,malay native states4 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 ,information1 #ahib3 #bgg-bhb4 ,,french ,,indo-,,china ,,briggs1 ,,lawrence ,p4 ,the coffee of ,french ,indo-,china4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #aah-abc4 ,,cramer1 ,p4,j4,s4 ,coffee plantations of ,tonkin1 ,philippine ,agricultural ,review1 #aiaj1 ,,iii3 #id-ajj4 ,,paris4 ,prsident du syndicat des productions et explorateurs de ,tourane4 ,le caf d',annam2 tude pratique sur sa culture4 ,tourane1 ,annam1 #ahie4 #ie pp4 ,,gold ,,coast ,,coffee cultivation at the ,gold ,coast4 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 ,information1 #ahie3 #ba-bc2 #ahig3 #cbe-cbh4 ,,guadeloupe ,,coffee in ,guadeloupe4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii3 #dde4 ,,guatemala ,,dieseldorff1 ,e4,p4 ,der ,kaffeebaum4 ,praktische ,erfahrungen ber seine ,behandlung im nrdlichen ,guatemala4 ,berlin1 #aijh4 #cf pp4 ,,morren1 ,f4,w4 ,koffiecultuur in ,guatemale1 met aanteekeningen betreffende de overige cultures de mijnen en den economischen toestand van deze republiek4 ,amsterdam1 #ahii4 #adb pp4 ,,parkhurst1 ,e4,t4,y4 ,coffee in ,guatemala4 ,californian ,magazine1 ,,ii3 #gdb4 ,,guiana ,,aublet1 ,,fus,e4 ,histoire des plantes de la ,guyane franaise4 ,observations sur la culture du caf4 ,paris1 #agge4 ,,guiana 7,british7 ,permanent exhibitions committee4 ,cacao and coffee industries4 ,leaflet #f4 #aiaa4 #ab pp4 ,,hawaii ,,great ,,britain4 ,,foreign ,,office4 ,report on coffee culture in the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,london1 #ahig4 #ah pp4 7,diplomatic and ,consular ,reports4 ,miscellaneous ,series1 no4 #dbe47 ,,hawaii4 ,,board ,,of ,,commissioners ,,of ,,agriculture ,,and ,,forestry4 ,culture of coffee4 ,hawaiian ,forester and ,agriculturist1 #aiaa1 ,,viii1 no4 #aj4 ---- ,blight-resistant coffees4 ,hawaiian ,forester and ,agriculturist1 #aiab1 ,,ix1 no4 #c4 ,,haywood1 ,,wm4 ,coffee culture in the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,washington1 #ahih4 #afd pp4 ,,mcchesney1 ,j4,m4 ,the great coffee corner4 ,hawaiian ,forester and ,agriculturist1 #aiaa1 ,,viii3 #bjf-baa4 ,,mcclelland1 ,j4,l4 ,coffee culture in ,hawaii4 ,overland ,monthly1 #aijc1 n4s4 ,,xli3 #agj-agh4 ,,united ,,states ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,division of ,vegetable ,physiology and ,pathology4 ,circular ,no4 #af4 ,danger of introducing a ,central ,american coffee in ,hawaii4 ,washington1 #ahih4 ,,whitney1 ,,henry ,,martyn4 ,the ,hawaiian coffee planter's manual4 ,honolulu1 #ahid4 #dh pp4 ,,haiti ,,and ,,dominican ,,republic ,,inginac1 ,g4,b4 ,industrie agricole4 ,culture du cafier et prparation de la fve pour tre livre au commerce4 ,port-au-,prince1 #ahdj4 #bb pp4 ,,laborie1 ,p4,j4 ,the coffee planter of ,saint ,domingo4 ,colombo1 #ahde4 #bjd pp4 ---- ,an abridgment of the coffee planter of ,saint ,domingo4 ,madras1 #ahfc4 #hc pp4 ,,prestoe1 ,h4 ,report on coffee cultivation in ,dominica4 ,trinidad1 #ahge4 ,,honduras1 ,,british ,,coffee cultivation in ,british ,honduras4 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 ,information1 #ahib3 #bec-bei4 ,,india ,,anstead1 ,r4,d4 ,coffee1 its cultivation and manuring in ,south ,india4 ,bangalore1 #aiae4 #c pp4 ,,anderson1 ,g4 ,coffee culture in ,mysore4 ,bangalore1 #ahgi4 ,,arnold1 ,e4,l4 ,on the ,indian hills1 or coffee planting in ,southern ,india4 ,london1 #ahie4 #cej pp4 ,,cultivation of coffee in ,india4 ,scientific ,american ,supplement1 #aijj1 ,l3 #bjfbj4 ,,culture of coffee in ,south ,travancore4 ,fraser's ,magazine1 ,,xc3 #fd4 ,,elliott1 ,r4,h4 ,planter in ,mysore4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,,elliot1 ,,robert ,h4 ,gold1 sport1 and coffee planting in ,mysore4 ,westminster1 #ahid4 #dhj pp4 ,,experiences of a coffee planter in ,southern ,india4 ,frasers' ,magazine1 ,,xvix3 #gjc4 ,,coffee planting in ,southern ,india4 ,spectator1 ,,lv3 #ffd4 ,,hybrid coffee in ,mysore4 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 ,information1 #ahih3 #cj and #bjg4 ,,india4 ,,statistical ,,department4 ,the coffee crop in ,coorg4 ,simla1 #ahhe4 ---- ,the cultivation of coffee in ,india4 ,simla1 #ahih1 #f pp4 ,,shortt1 ,,john4 ,a hand-book to coffee planting in southern ,india4 ,madras1 #ahfd4 #ahb pp4 ,,watson1 ,j4,d4 ,liberian coffee cultivation in ,tavoy4 ,tavoy1 ,burma1 #ahic4 #e pp4 ,,java 7see ,,east ,,indies7 ,,kaffa ,,bieber1 ,,frederick ,j4 ,die ,kaffee- und ,baumwolle-,kultur in ,kaffa4 ,zeitschrift fr ,kolonialpolitik1 ,kolonialrecht und ,kolonial-wirtschaft1 #aijh1 ,x3 #ggd-gha4 ,,kongo ,,free ,,state ,,manuel pratique de la culture du cafier et du cacaoyer au ,congo ,belge4 ,ministre des colonies1 ,bruxelles1 #aijh4 #if pp4 ,,lagos ,,coffee planting in ,lagos4 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull1 of ,misc4 ,information1 #ahif3 #gg-gi4 ,,liberia ,,boutilly1 ,v4 ,le cafier de ,libria1 sa culture et sa manipulation4 ,paris1 #aijj4 #acg pp4 ,,felle1 ,w4 ,veeljarige waarnemingen en ondervindingen van een ,liberia-koffieplanter4 #ahid4 ,,morren1 ,f4,w4 ,cultuur bereiding en handel van ,liberia koffie4 ,amsterdam1 #ahid4 #cf pp4 ,,morris1 ,sir ,,daniel4 ,notes on ,liberian coffee1 its history and cultivation4 ,jamaica1 #ahha4 #ad pp4 ,,madagascar ,,buis1 ,j4 ,l',hmileia et ,l'avenir du cafier ,madagascar1 et la ,runion4 #aijg4 ,,rigaud1 ,a4 ,trait pratique de la culture du caf dans la rgion centrale de ,madagascar4 ,paris1 #ahif4 #ajb pp4 ,,mexico ,,cook1 ,j4,d4 ,american coffee culture in ,mexico4 ,world ,today1 #aijg1 ,,xii3 #dac-dah4 ,,fox1 ,,alvin4 ,coffee culture in southern ,mexico4 ,simmons' ,spice ,mill1 #aiah1 ,,xli3 #ajhj-ajha4 ,g,,mez1 ,,gabriel4 ,cultivo y beneficio del caf4 ,mxico1 #ahid4 #acf pp4 ,also in ,english4 ,,ludewig1 ,h4 ,,jaun4 ,veinte aos trabajos de colonizacin y el cultivo del cafeto en ,soconusco4 ,mxico1 #aiji4 #ec pp4 ,,monc,,da1 ,m4 ,notas sobre el cultivo y beneficio del caf4 ,memorias y revista de la ,sociedad cientfica ,antonio ,alzate1 #aije-f1 ,,xxiii3 #bha-bhg4 ,,romero1 ,,mat,,as4 ,cultivo del caf en la costa meridional de ,chiapas4 #c ed4 ,mxico1 #ahge4 #bdj pp4 ---- ,el cultivo del caf en la repblica mexicana4 #b ed4 ,mxico1 #ahic4 #abg pp4 ,also in ,english1 ,new ,york1 #aija4 #gd pp4 ---- ,el estado de ,oaxaca4 ,barcelona1 #ahhf4 #bab pp4 ,,terry1 ,e4,g4,c4 ,near view of coffee in ,mexico4 ,pan ,american ,union4 ,bulletin4 #aiad1 ,,xxxix3 #ijc-ijf4 ,,terry1 ,l4,m4 ,coffee culture in ,mexico4 ,overland ,monthly1 #aija1 n4 s4 ,,xxxvii3 #gjb-gji4 ,,torres1 ,j4,t4 ,ensayo experimental sobre el caf ,mxico1 #ahgf4 ,,yorba1 ,j4 ,mexican coffee culture4 #b ed4 ,mxico1 #ahie4 #fd pp4 ,,natal ,,natal4 ,commission appointed to inquire into and report upon matters relating to coffee cultivation in the colony4 ,report4 ,maritzburg1 #ahha4 #f pp4 ,,stainbank1 ,h4,e4 ,coffee in ,natal2 its culture and preparation4 ,london1 #ahgd4 #gh pp4 ,,nicaragua ,,shedd1 ,w4,j4 ,the story of ,matagalpa coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxiv3 #aah-abb4 ,,paraguay ,,coffee growing in ,paraguay4 ,scientific ,american ,supplement1 #aiad1 ,,lxxviii3 #cdj4 ,,porto ,,rico ,,linck1 ,j4,h4 ,arbor caff ,lipsiae florens4 ,extrait factice des ,ephem4 ,acad4 naturae curiosorum4 #agbe4 #g pp4 ,,mcclelland1 ,,thomas ,b4 ,suggestions on coffee planting for ,porto ,rico4 ,porto ,rico ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,circular1 no4 #ae4 ,also in ,spanish4 ,,mcclelland1 ,t4,b4 ,restoring ,porto ,rico coffee4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxv3 #dbj-dba4 ,,national ,,coffee ,,growers' ,,association4 ,some facts about ,porto ,rico coffee4 #aiac4 ,,van ,,leenhoff1 ,,johannes ,w4 ,coffee planting in ,porto ,rico4 ,mayaguez1 #aijd4 #ad pp4 ,,portuguese ,,colonies ,,sociedade ,,de ,,geooraphiade ,,lisboa4 ,exposio colonial de algodo1 borracha1 cacau e caf4 #aijf4 #ajd pp4 ,,sierra ,,leone ,,highland coffee of ,sierra ,leone 7,coffea stenophylla1 ,c4 ,don74 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 ,information1 #ahif3 #ahi-aia4 ,,south ,,america ,,fox1 ,,alvin4 ,liberian coffee in ,south ,america4 ,simmons' ,spice ,mill1 #aiah1 ,,xli3 #edi-eej4 ,,trinidad ,,trinidad coffee4 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 ,information1 #ahhh3 #abi-acc4 ,,uganda ,,brown1 ,e4 and ,,hunter1 ,h4,h4 ,planting in ,uganda2 coffee1 ,par rubber1 cocoa4 ,london1 #aiac4 #agf pp4 ,,coffee and tea from ,uganda4 ,imperial ,institute4 ,bulletin4 ,london1 #aiah1 ,,xvi4 ,,small1 ,w4 ,coffee cultivation in ,uganda4 ,imperial ,institute4 ,bulletin4 #aiad1 ,,xii3 #bdb-bej4 ,,united ,,states ,,jones1 ,a4,c4 ,thea viridis1 or ,chinese tea plant1 and the practicability of its culture and manufacture in the ,united ,states4 ,also some remarks on the cultivation of the coffee plant4 ,washington1 #ahgg4 #bf pp4 ,,kains1 ,m4,g4 ,chicory growing as an addition to the resources of the ,american farmer4 ,u4,s4 ,depart4 of ,agriculture4 ,div4 of ,botany4 ,bulletin1 no4 #ai4 ,washington1 #ahih4 ,,venezuela ,,ernst1 ,a4 ,el caf de ,liberia n ,vnzuela4 ,caracas1 #ahgh4 ,,huntington1 ,l4,m4 ,the story of ,tachira coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #cah-cbe4 ,,junta de aclimatacion cuestionario sobre el cultivo del caf4 ,caracas1 #ahie4 #db pp4 ,,pelacios1 ,g4 ,,delgado4 ,contribucin al estudio del caf en ,venezuela4 ,caracas1 #ahie4 #ic pp4 ,,west ,,indies ,,lowndes1 ,,john4 ,the coffee-planter2 or1 ,an essay on the cultivation and manufacturing of that article of ,west-,india produce4 ,london1 #ahjg4 #gf pp4 ,,nicholls1 ,h4,a4,a4 ,liberian coffee in the ,west ,indies4 ,london1 #ahha4 #ca pp4 ,,soils ,,clarke1 ,t4 ,on the management of soils under coffee in ,madras4 ,madras ,agricultural ,exhibit4 ,report4 #ahhc4 ,,fauch,,re1 ,a4 ,du choix du terrain dans la culture du cafier4 ,colonie de ,madagascar and ,dependances4 ,bulletin conomique1 #aijg1 ,,vii3 #cdi-cec4 ,,hughes1 ,j4 ,ceylon coffee soils and manures4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,,kenny1 ,j4 ,tea1 coffee1 tobacco 7manuring1 etc47 #aiaj4 ,,kramers1 ,j4,g4 ,verslag omtrent grondanalyses van koffietuinen4 ,batavia1 #aijb4 #hf pp4 ,,diseases ,,and ,,enemies ,,aulmann1 ,g4 and ,,la ,,baum1 ,m4 ,die ,faune der deutcher ,kolonien4 ,pt4 #b4 ,die ,schdlinge des ,kaffees4 ,berlin1 #aiaa4 ,,burck1 ,w4 ,over de oorzaken van den achteruitgang von de gouvernementskoffie-cultuur op ,java4 #ahif4 ---- ,over de koffiebladziekte en de middelen om haar te bestrijden4 ,batavia1 #ahhg3fa4 ,,bidie1 ,g4 ,report on the ravages of the bore in coffee estates4 ,madras1 #ahfi4 #ic pp4 ,,bosse4 ,j4 ,,von4 ,eenige beschouwingen omtrent de oorzaken van den achterintgang von de koffie-cultuur der ,sumatra's ,westkust1 etc4 's ,gravenhage1 #ahie4 ,,cameron1 ,,john4 ,prevention of leaf disease in coffee2 report of a visit to ,coorg4 #ahii4 #bc pp4 ,,cooke1 ,m4,c4 ,two coffee diseases4 ,popular ,science ,review1 ,,xv3#afa4 ,,delacroix1 ,,georges4 ,les maladies et les ennemis des cafiers4 ,paris1 #aijj4 #bab pp4 ,,ernst1 ,,adolf4 ,estudios sobre las deformaciones1 enfermedades y enemigos del arbol de caf en ,venezuela4 ,caracas1 #ahgh4 #ba pp4 ,,goeldi1 ,,emil ,,august4 ,memoria sobre una enfermedad del cafeto en la provincia ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,brasil4 ,mxico1 #ahid4 #aah pp4 ,,green1 ,e4,e4 ,observations on the green scale bug in connection with the cultivation of coffee4 ,colombo1 #ahhf4 #d pp4 ,,harman1 ,f4,e4 ,report on coffee leaf miner disease4 ,mysore ,government4 ,bangalore1 #ahhj4 #da pp4 ,,india4 ,,mysore4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,short report of a tour made in ,coorg during ,february and ,march1 #aiad4 7,green bug on coffee47 #aiad4 #c pp4 ,,koningsberger1 ,j4,c4 ,de dierlijke vijanden der koffie-cultuur op ,java4 ,batavia1 #ahig-aija4 #b pts4 ,,kuyper1 ,j4 ,een fusicladium-ziekte op hevea4 ,de zilver-draad-ziekte der koffie in ,suriname4 ,de gevolgen van keukenzout-houdend water voor begieting en bespuiting4 #aiac4 ,,lemari1 ,,charles4 ,une maladie du cafier4 ,hanoi1 #ahii4 #f pp4 ,,massee1 ,g4,e4 ,coffee diseases of the ,new ,world1 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,bull4 of ,misc4 ,information1 #aiji3 #ccg-cda4 ,m,,xico4 ,,ministerio ,,de ,,fomento1 ,,colonizaci,n ,,industria4 ,la fumagina y el pulgn de los cafetos en la ,repblica ,mexicana4 #ahig4 #aa pp4 ,,misson1 ,,luis1 and ,t,,llez1 ,o4 ,cultivo y beneficio del caf en el ,brasil3 cmo se hacen en el estado de ,so ,paulo1 por ,luis ,misson2 y ,plagas del cafeto en ,mxico1 por ,o4 ,tllez4 ,mxico1 #aijg4 #cj pp4 7,mexico1 #ahfg-republic4 ,comisin de ,parasitologia ,agricola4 ,circular #gj47 ,,neitner1 ,j4 ,the coffee tree and its enemies in ,ceylon4 ,colombo1 #ahhj4 #cb pp4 ,,peelen1 ,h4,j4,e4 ,eenige opmerkingen omtrent de koffie bladziekte4 #ahhh4 ,,prins1 ,h4,j4 ,de oeret-plaag in de koffietuinen op ,java4 #ahhd4 ,,sadebeck1 ,r4 ,beobachtungen und ,bemerkungen ber die durch ,hemileia vastatrix verursachte ,blattfleckenkrankheiten der ,kaffeebume4 ,mnchen1 #ahie4 #i pp4 ,,smith1 ,,jared ,g4 ,two plant diseases in ,hawaii4 ,honolulu1 #aijd4 #f pp4 ,,thierry1 ,a4,j4 ,notes sur le greffage du cafier1 du cacaoyer et du muscadier et la maladie vermiculaire du cafier4 #ahii4 #gg pp4 ,reprinted from ,bulletin agricole de la ,martinique4 ,,tins1 ,h4,j4 ,de veret-plaag in de koffietuinen op ,java4 ,enschede1 #ahhe4 #hf pp4 ,,tonduz1 ,,adolfo4 ,informe sobre la enfermedad del cafeto4 ,san ,jos 7,costa ,rica71 #ahic4 #bh pp4 ,,van ,,romunde1 ,r4 ,koffiebladziekte en koffie kultuur4 's ,gravenhage1 #ahib4 #ib pp4 ,,zacher1 ,,friedrich4 ,die wichtigsten ,krankheiten und ,schdlinge der tropischen ,kulturpflanzen und ihre ,bekmpfung4 ,hamburg1 #aiad4 ,,zimmermann1 ,,albrecht4 ,de nematoden der koffiewortels4 ,batavia1 #ahih-aijj4 #bv4 ,periodicals ,,botanical ,,magazine1 ,london1 #aghg-aijd4 ,coffee arabica1 ,,xxxii1 tab4 #acjc2 ,,cxxii1 tab4 #gdge2 coffee benghalensis1 ,,lxxxii1 tab4 #diag2 coffee stenophylla1 ,,cxxii1 tab4 #gdge2 coffee travacarensis1 coffee trifiora1 ,,cx1 tab4 #fgdi4 ,,cook1 ,,melville ,,thurston4 ,the coffee leaf miner4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,bulletin1 #aije1 n4 s4 ,,lii3 #ig-ii4 ,,cook1 ,m4,t4 and ,,horne1 ,w4,t4 ,coffee leaf miner and other coffee pests4 ,santiago1 #aije4 #ba pp4 7,cuba1 #aijb-republic4 ,estacin central agronmica4 ,boletin #c4 ,english and ,spanish ed47 ,,faber1 ,f4,c4 ,,von4 ,die ,krankheiten und ,schdlinge des ,kaffees4 ,centralblatt fr ,bakteriologie1 ,abteilung #b4 #aijh1 ,,xxi3 #ig-aag4 ,,fawcett1 ,,george ,l4 ,fungus diseases of coffee in ,porto ,rico4 ,porto ,rico ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,bulletin #ag4 ,,giard1 ,a4 ,sur deux cochenilles nouvelles ,ortheziola fodiens nov4 spec1 et ,rhizoecus ,eloti nov4 spec41 parasites des racines du cafier a la ,guadeloupe4 ,comptes rendus de la ,socit de ,biologie1 #ahig4 ,g,,ldi1 ,e4,a4 ,relatorio sobre a molestia do cafeiro na provincia do ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,archivos do ,museu ,nacional do ,rio de ,janeiro1 #ahib1 ,,viii3 #g-aba4 ,,mann1 ,b4,p4 ,coffee leaf miner4 ,american ,naturalist1 ,,vi3 #ccb-eif4 ,,marchal1 ,,paul4 ,sur un nouvel ennemi du cafier2 le ,xyleborus coffe4 ,journal d',agriculture tropicale1 #aiji1 ,,ix3#bbg-bbh4 ,,morris1 ,d4 ,coffee-leaf disease of ,ceylon4 ,nature1 ,,xx3 #eeg4 ,,morstatt1 ,,hermann ,,albert4 ,die ,schdlinge und ,krankheiten des ,kaffeebaumes in ,ostafrika4 ,zeitschrift fr ,land- und ,forstwirtschaft in ,deutsch-,ostafrika1 #aiab1 ,,viii1 ,juli4 ,,tea and coffee diseases4 ,royal gardens1 ,kew1 ,bulletin1 #ahii1 ,,cli-,,clii3 #hi-acc4 ,,tucker1 ,,elbert ,,stephen4 ,some miscellaneous results of the work of the ,bureau of ,entomology--,,ix4 ,new breeding records of the coffee-bean weevil4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,bulletin1 #aiji1 ,,lxiv3 #fa-fd4 ,,van ,,der ,,weele1 ,h4,w4 ,ein neuer javanischer kaffeeschlding4 ,xyleborus coffeivorus nov4 spec4 ,east ,indies1 ,dutch4 ,department van ,landbouw4 ,bulletin1 #aiaj1 ,,xxxv4 ,zoologie #e4 pp4 #a-f4 ,,zimmermann1 ,,albrecht4 ,de kanker 7,rostellaziekte7 van ,coffea arabica4 ,buitenzorg1 ,java4 ,jardin botanique4 ,mededeelingen uit 's ,lands plantentuin1 #aijj1 ,,xxxvii3 #bd-fb4 ,,general ,,works ,,descriptive1 ,,historical1 ,,etc4 ,,abbal1 ,l4 tude sur le caf4 ,montpellier1 #ahhe4 ,,abendroth1 ,g4,f4 ,de coffea4 ,lipsiae1 #ahbe4 ,,alcott1 ,,william ,,alexander4 ,tea and coffee4 ,boston1 #ahci4 #agd pp4 ,,alves ,,de ,,lima1 ,j4,c4 ,some revelations about the cultivation1 the commerce and the use of coffee4 ,syracuse1 ,n4,y41 #aija1 #af pp4 ,,blount 7,,blunt71 ,,sir ,,henry4 ,an epistle in praise of tobacco and coffee1 prefixed to a little treatise entitled ,organum ,salutis4 ,london1 #afeg4 ,,bontekos1 ,c4 ,tractaat van het excellente kruyd thee4 ,i4 ,van de coffi4 's ,gravenhage1 #afgi4 ,,brill1 ,,marbuger4 ,dissertation sur le caf4 #ahfb4 ,,buc',,hoz1 ,p4,j4 ,dissertation sur le caf ,paris1 #aghg4 ,,chevallier1 ,,alphonse4 ,du caf1 son historique1 son usage1 son utilit1 ses altrations1 ses succdans et ses falsifications1 etc4 ,paris1 #ahfb4 #fh pp4 ,,cornaillac1 ,g4 ,el caf1 la vainilla1 el cacao y el t1 cultivo1 preparacin1 exportacin1 clasificacin comercial1 gastos1 rendimiento4 ,barcelona1 #aijc4 #dhj pp4 ,,coubard ,d',,aulnay1 ,g4,e4 ,monographie du caf1 ou manuel de l'amateur du caf1 ouvrage contenant la description et la culture du cafier1 l'histoire du caf1 ses caractres commierciaux1 sa prparation et ses proprits4 ,paris1 #ahcb4 ,,cripet1 ,,dr4 ,histoire et physiologie du caf4 ,paris1 #ahdf4 ,,delrue-,,schrevens1 ,l4 ,le caf3 tude historique et commerciale4 ,tournai1 #ahhf4 #ij pp4 ,,de ,,vaux1 ,,antoine ,,alexis ,,fran,,ois1 ,,cadet4 ,dissertation sur le caf2 son historique1 ses proprits1 et le procd pour en obtenir la boisson la plus agrable1 etc4 ,paris1 #ahjg4 #aai pp4 ,,douglas1 ,,james4 ,arbor yemensis fructum cof ferens3 or1 ,a description and history of the coffee tree4 ,london1 #agbg4 #fj pp4 ,,duchartre1 ,p4 ,plantes alimentaires4 ,de l'usage du caf1 du th1 et du chocolat4 ,paris1 #ahfe4 ,,dufour1 ,,philippe ,s4 ,traitez nouveaux et curieux du caf1 du th1 et du chocolat4 ,lyons1 #afga1 #afhd2 ,la ,haye1 #afic4 ,,dumas1 ,,leon4 ,le pays du caf4 #ahhe4 ,,eggerth1 ,j4 ,de coffea4 ,bud1 #ahcc4 ,,ellis1 ,,john4 ,an historical account of coffee4 ,london1 #aggd4 #ga pp4 ,,trennes tous les amateurs de caf2 contenant l'histoire1 la description1 la culture1 les proprits de ce vgtal4 ,paris1 #agij4 #b pts4 in #a v4 ,,franklin1 ,,alfred4 ,la vie prive d'autrefois4 ,paris1 #ahic4 ,,fauchon1 ,l4,j4 ,sur le caf1 ,paris1 #ahae4 ,,galland1 ,a4 ,de l'origine et du progrez du caf4 ,sur un manuscrit arabe de la ,bibliothque du ,roy4 ,paris1 #afii4 ,,galland1 ,,antoine4 ,a treatise upon the origin of coffee4 ,london1 #afie4 ,,gentil1 ,m4 ,dissertation sur le caff4 #aghg4 #ahj pp4 ,,georgius1 ,j4,c4,s4 ,de coffee4 ,tubing1 #ageb4 ,,girard1 ,a4,l4 ,les sucres1 le caf1 le th1 le chocolat4 ,paris1 #aijg4 #if pp4 ,,gmelin1 ,,john ,,george4 ,dissertation de coffee4 ,tubing1 #ageb4 ,,gray1 ,,arthur1 comp4 ,over the black coffee4 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 #ajh pp4 ,,gubian1 ,j4,m4,a4 ,sur le caf4 ,paris1 #ahad4 ,,guillot1 ,a4 ,le caf4 ,toulon1 #ahhc4 ,,hewitt1 ,,robert1 ,,jr4 ,coffee3 its history1 cultivation1 and uses4 ,new ,york1 #ahgb4 #ajb pp4 ,,houghton1 ,,john4 ,account of coffee4 #afii4 ,,hull1 ,e4,c4,p4 ,coffee1 its physiology1 history and cultivation4 ,madras1 #ahfe4 ,,james1 ,,robert4 ,treatise on tobacco1 tea1 coffee and chocolate4 ,london1 #agde4 ,,jardin1 ,,ed,,lestan4#chf ,le cafier et le caf1 monographie historique1 scientifique et commerciale de cette rubiace4 ,paris1 #ahie4 #dac pp4 ,,jomand1 ,j4 ,du caf4 ,paris1 #ahfj4 ,,keable1 ,b4,b4 ,coffee from grower to consumer4 ,london1 #aiaj4 #abj pp4 ,,koebel1 ,,rothery ,,and ,,tweney1 editors4 ,enciclopedia de la ,america del ,sur4 ,coffee in ,south ,america1 v4 ,,ii3 #ad4 ,london and ,buenos ,aires41 #aiac4 ,,kramers1 ,j4,g4 ,waarnemingen en beschouwingen naar aanleiding van eene reis in de koffie4 ,batavia1 #ahih4 #aja pp4 ,,kruger1 ,,john ,g4 ,gedanken1 vom ,kaffee1 ,thee und ,taback4 #agdc4 ,,labat1 ,,le ,p4 ,trait de la culture du caf1 dans un nouveau voyage aux iles de l',amrique4 ,paris1 #agbb4 ,,lalou4 ,du caf3 son origine1 le temps de sa dcouverte et celui ou l'on commence en faire usage4 ,rouen1 #ahdc4 ,,law1 ,w4 ,the history of coffee1 including a chapter on chicory4 ,london1 #ahej4 ,,le ,,ple1 ,a4 ,le caf3 histoire1 science1 hygine4 ,rouen1 #ahgg4 #ch pp4 ,,lock1 ,,charles ,,george ,,warnford4 ,coffee3 its culture and commerce in all countries4 ,london1 #ahhh4 #bfd pp4 ,,lodge1 ,j4,l4 ,coffee4 ,birmingham1 #ahid4 #ad pp4 ,,maatschappij tot nut van't algemeen4 ,bijdragen tot de kennis van de voornaamste voortbrengselen van ,nederlandsch ,indi4 ,amsterdam1 #ahfj-fa4 v4 ,,ii4 ,de koffij4 ,,mac1 ,c4 ,du caf4 ,paris1 #ahec4 ,,marcus1 ,c4,j4 ,de coffea4 ,leipzig1 #ahcg4 ,,mart,,nez1 ,,emiliano4 ,memoria sobre el caf2 su cultivo1 beneficio1 maquinas en uso1 escojida1 exijencias de los mercados1 y otros conocimientos utiles4 #b ed4 ,nueva ,orleans1 #ahhg4 #fa pp4 ,,meyner4 ,trait sur le caf4 #afbd4 ,,miedan1 ,c4 ,du caf4 ,paris1 #ahfb4 ,,moreira1 ,n4,j4 ,breve consideraoes sobre historia e cultura do cafeiro e consume de seus productes4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #ahgc4 ,,nairon1 ,,antoine ,,faustus4 ,de saluberrima potione cahue1 seu caf nuncupata discursus4 ,romae1 #afga4 ---- ,a discourse on coffee2 its description and vertues4 7,tr4 from ,latin by ,c4,b47 ,london1 #agaj4 ,,natur gemssige ,beschreibung der ,coffee1 etc4 ,hamburg1 #afhd4 ,,niebuhr1 ,,karstens4 ,description de l',arabie4 ,amsterdam1 #aggd4 ---- ,travels through ,arabia performed4 ,london1 #agib4 ,,neubert1 ,j4 ,der ,kaffee4 ,wrzburg1 #ahch4 ,,novi tractatus de potu caph2 de chinensium th2 et de chocolata4 ,genev1 #afii4 ,,oldmixon1 ,,john4 ,het ,britannische ryk in ,amerika1 zynde eene beschryving van de ontdekking1 bevolking1 inwoonders1 het klimaat1 den koophandel1 en tegenwoordigen staat van alle de ,britannische colonin1 in dat gedeelte der wereldt4 ,uit het ,engelsch1 als mede een omstandig ,berecht aangaande de koffy en koffy-plantery uit het ,fransch vertaald4 ,amsterdam1 #agba4 #bv4 ,,pan ,,american ,,union4 ,coffee4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #aija4 ,,paulli1 ,s4 ,a treatise on tobacco1 tea1 coffee and chocolate4444 7tr4 by ,dr4 ,james7 ,london1 #agdf4 ,,penilleau1 ,,auguste4 tude sur le caf1 au point de vue historique1 physiologique1 hyginique et alimentaire4 ,paris1 #ahfd4 #ij pp4 ,,pennetier1 ,g4 ,le caf4 ,paris1 #ahgh4 ,,peters1 ,f4 ,de potu caffi4 ,giess ,hassorum1 #afff4 ,,pringle1 ,w4 ,science and coffee4 ,madras1 #ahig4 #ff pp4 ,,qu,,lus1 ,,de4 ,histoire naturelle du cacao1 et du caf1 etc4 ,amsterdam1 #agbj4 ,,ramsey 7,,rumsey71 ,,walter4 ,organum salutis2 or experiments on the virtue of coffee and tobacco4 ,london1 #afeg4 ,,raoul1 ,,douard ,,fran,,ois ,,armand4 ,culture du cafier1 semis1 plantations1 taille1 cueillette1 de pulpation1 dcorticage1 expdition1 commerce1 espces et races4 #b ed4 ,paris1 #ahig4 #bea pp4 ,,reichenbach1 ,,anton ,,benedict4 ,der ,kaffeebaum1 seine ,verbreitung1 ,kulturgeschichte und natrliche ,beschaffenheit1 der ,kaffeehandel und die ,consumtion des ,kaffee's1 seine medicinische ,anwendung1 die ,kaffeesurrogate und der ,anbau der gangbarsten ,sorten4 ,berlin1 #ahfg4 #ib pp4 ,,rendle1 ,a4,b4 and ,w4,g4 ,,freeman4 ,encyclopedia ,britannica4 #aath ed4 v4 #f3 #fdf4 ,,robin1 ,l4 ,mmoire sur le caf1 sur sa culture1 son commerce1 ses proprits physiologiques1 thrapeutiques et alimentaires4 ,abbeville1 #ahfd4 ,,roques1 ,,joseph4 ,trait historique de l'origine et de progres du caf1 tant dans l',europe1 de son introduction en ,france et de l'etablissement de son usage ,paris4 ,paris1 #agae4 ,,rumford1 ,count 7,,benjamin ,,thompson74 ,of the excellent qualities of coffee1 and the art of making it in the highest perfection4 ,essay ,,xviii4 pp4 #aee-bjg4 ,,splitzerber4 ,drey ,tractate von ,caf1 ,th und ,chocolate4 ,budissin1 #afhh4 ,,spon1 ,j4 ,de l'usage du caph1 du th1 et du chocolat4 ,paris1 #afga4 ,,tarr1 ,a4 ,de coffea4 ,pestini1 #ahcf4 ,hungarian text4 ,,thompson1 ,,benjamin4 7,see ,,rumford1 ,count47 ,,thompson1 ,,william ,,gilman4 ,coffee4 ,composition2 method of preparation2 physiological action2 adulteration2 substitutes4 ,in his1 ,practical dietetics1 #aiji4 pp4 #beb-beg4 ,,thurber1 ,,francis ,,beatty4 ,coffee3 from plantation to cup4 ,new ,york1 #ahha4 #daf pp4 ,,togni1 ,m4 ,raccolta delle singolari qualit del caff4 ,venetia1 #afge4 ,,van ,,den ,,berg1 ,,norbert ,,pieter4 ,historical-statistical notes on the production and consumption of coffee4 ,batavia1 #ahhj4 #ib pp4 ,,vilardebo1 ,j4 ,el tabaco y el caf4 ,barcelona1 #ahhh4 #adb pp4 ,,walsh1 ,,joseph ,m4 ,coffee3 its history1 classification and description4 ,philadelphia1 #ahid4 #cji pp4 ,,welter1 ,h4 ,essai sur l'histoire du caf4 ,paris1 #ahfh4 ,periodicals ,,ahlenius1 ,,karl4 ,kaffe1 te och rrsocker1 deras ursprungliga hem och viktigaste produktionsomrden4 ,ymer1 #aijc1 ,,xxiii3 #bdb-bfh4 ,,bannister1 ,,richard4 ,sugar1 coffee1 tea and cocoa1 their origin1 preparation1 and uses4 ,journal of the ,society of ,arts1 ,,xxxviii3 #ajjj-ajad4 ,,branson1 ,w4,p4 ,coffee4 ,journal of the ,society of ,arts1 #ahgd1 ,,xxii3 #def-dfa4 ,,coffee4 ,leisure ,hour1 #ahhb1 ,,xxxi3 #de-dh4 ,,coffee ,king4 ,chambers' ,journal1 ,,lxxxii3 #bc4 ,,coffee infusion4 ,medical ,standard1 #aiac1 ,,xxxvi3 #eb-ef4 ,,de ,,jussieu4 ,histoire du caf4 ,histoire de l',acadmie ,royal des ,sciences1 #agac2 ,mmoires1 #agaf3 #bia4 ,,dewey1 ,,stoddard4 ,how coffee came to ,paris4 ,english ,illustrated ,magazine1 #ahih1 ,,xx3 #cab-cae4 ,,ferris1 ,w4,m4 ,coffee4 ,nation1 ,,xxxiv3 #aib2 ,leisure ,hour1 ,,xxxi3 #de4 ,,gu,,rin1 ,p4 ,le caf4 ,revue ,scientifique1 #aijh1 ser4 #e4 ,x3 #dhf-did4 ,,harris1 ,,william ,b4 ,some coffees of today4 ,good ,housekeeping1 #aiac1 ,,lvii3 #bfd-bfh4 ,,heraud1 ,,aug4 ,,fred4 ,le caf4 ,science et ,nature1 ,feb4 #bh1 #ahhe1 p4 #bji4 ,,history and cultivation of coffee4 ,godey's ,lady's ,book1 ,,liv3 #ea4 ,,hoffman1 ,,paul4 ,aus dem ersten ,jahrhundert des ,kaffees4 ,zeitschrift fr ,kulturgeschichte1 #aija1 ,,viii3 #dje-dda1 ,,ix3 #ij-ajd4 ,,jackson1 ,j4,r4 ,coffee4 ,nature1 #aa3 #abf2 ,blackwells' ,magazine1 ,,lxxv3 #hf2 ,household ,words1 ,v3 #efb2 ,penny ,magazine1 #a3 #di4 ,,lesson1 ,,ren-,,primev,,re4 ,prcis historique1 botanique1 mdical et agronomique sur le caf4 ,annual ,mar4 et ,col41 #ahbj3 #hdb4 ,,marshall1 ,w4,b4 ,coffee1 its history and commerce2 an outline4 ,american ,journal of ,pharmacy1 #aijb1 ,,lxxiv3 #cfa-cgd4 ,,om ,kaffe1 dess historica och anvndning4 ,helsovnnen1 #ahhg1 ,,ii3 #aeg-afc4 ,,pictorial ,history of coffee4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxiv3 #bf-bh2 #abd-abg2 ,,xxxv3 #aaf-abe2 #ebf-ecd2 #aiai1 ,,xxxvi3 #cbb-cbd2 #eae-eaf2 ,,xxxvii3 #adj-ade4 ,,tuckermann1 ,c4,k4 ,coffee drinking in eastern ,europe4 ,north ,american ,review1 #ahhi1 ,,cxlviii3 #fdc-fde4 ,,ukers1 ,,william ,h4 ,better teas and coffees4 ,good ,housekeeping1 #aiaa1 ,,liii3 #die-dih4 ,reprinted1 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaa1 ,,xxi3 #bgd-bgf4 ---- ,a talk on coffee4 ,good ,housekeeping1 #aijh1 ,,xlvi3 #ecb-ecf4 ---- ,tea and coffee economies4 ,joe ,chapple's ,news ,letter1 #aiac1 ,i3 #i4 ,reprinted1 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiac1 ,,xxv3 #dgf-dgg4 ,,world',s drink4 ,review of ,reviews1 #aiji1 ,,xxxix3 #aji-aaj4 ,,literature1 ,,poetry1 ,,romance ,,abd-,,al-,k,,dir1 ,,ans,,ri ,,djezeri ,,hanbali4 ,des preuves les plus fortes en faveur de la lgitimit de l'usage du caf1 in chrstomathie arabe1 par ,sylvestre de ,sacy4 ,paris1 #ahjf4 ,,barotti1 ,l4 ,il caff 7poem74 ,esprit des ,journaux1 #afha1 #aaj-abj4 ,,blondeau4 trennes littraires aux grands hommes ou l'empire du caf1 pome en #aj chants4 ,paris1 date unknown4 ---- ,l'empire du caf et le rapport de son influence sur l'esprit les moeurs et l'conomie animale1 pome en #d chants4 ,paris1 #ahbd4 ,,bouquet blanc et le bouquet noir1 ,le1 poisie en #d chants4 #fj pp4 ,,brady4 ,,cyrus ,,townsend4 ,a corner in coffee4 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 ,,caffee die schonste ,panacee1 in einem ,lobgedicht ber die wunder baie ,heikraft des nectarischen ,caffeetranks4 #agge4 #bc pp4 ,,character of a coffee house1 with the symptoms of a town-wit4 ,london1 #afgc2 in ,harleian ,miscellany1 ,,vi3 #dbi4 ,,character of coffee and coffee houses4 ,hazlitt's ,handbook to ,popular ,literature1 #affa4 ,,coffee and crumpets2 a poem4 ,frasers' ,magazine1 ,,xv3 #caf4 ,,coffee houses vindicated3 in answer to the late published character of a coffee house4 ,london1 #afge2 also in ,harleian ,miscellany1 ,,vi3 #dcc4 ,,coffee scuffle2 occasioned by a contest between a learned knight and a pitifull pedagogue1 with the character of a coffee house4 ,printed and are to be sold at the ,salmon coffee house1 neer the stocks market1 7,london71 #affb4 ,verses by ,woolnoth or ,sir ,j4 ,langham and ,evans1 a school-master4 ,,de ,,gourcuff1 ,o4 ,le caf1 ptre attribu a ,senec4 ,nantes1 #ahhh4 #ai pp4 ,,de ,,mery1 ,c4 ,le caf1 pome3 accompagn de documents historiques sur le caf1 sur son origine1 sur son commerce et sur les peuples d',orient qui font specialement usage du caf4 ,rennes1 #ahcg4 #bjd pp4 ,d',,israeli1 ,,isaac4 ,curiosities of literature4 ,london1 #ahbd4 ,contains article on1 ,introduction of tea1 coffee and chocolate1 in which the following items are mentioned3 7#a7 ,an ,arabic and ,english pamphlet on ,the nature of the drink1 kouhi or coffee1 pub4 at ,oxford1 #aefi2 7#b7 ,a cup of coffee1 or coffee in its colours1 a satirical poem 7quoted71 #affc2 7#c7 ,a broadside against coffee or the marriage of the ,turk 7quoted71 #afgb2 7#d7 ,the women's petition against coffee1 #afgd4 ,,drumont1 ,e4 ,les cafs et les restaurants d'autrefois4 ,magasin ,littraire1 ,x3 #bfd4 ,,excellent virtue of that sober drink coffee1 ,the4 ,popular ballad of the #agth century4 ,broadsheet4 ,,geyer1 ,e4,e4 ,an potus caf dicti vestigia in ,hebros sacr scriptur codice reperiantur8 ,dissertation4 ,wittebergi1 #agdj4 ,,goldoni1 ,,carlo4 ,la bottega di caff4 ,venice1 #agej4 ,,laguerre1 ,j4,n4 ,essai sur le caf4 ,paris1 #ahah4 ,,le ,,page1 ,,aug4 ,les cafs politiques et littraires de ,paris4 #ahgd4 ,,massieu1 ,g4 ,carmen caffaeum4 ,paris1 #agdj4 ,,melaye1 ,s4 loge du caf4 7,a song47 ,paris1 #aheb4 #d pp4 ,,miller1 ,,james4 ,the coffee-house4 ,a dramatick piece4 ,london1 #agcg4 #ch pp4 ,,poem in ,latin1 ,a1 on coffee2 is found in the ,abb ,olivier's1 ,collection of modern ,latin poets2 and in1 trennes tous les amateurs du caf1 ,paris1 #agij1 in which a ,french translation is printed facing the ,latin text2 also ,il caff1 in ,poemetti ,italiana1 vol4 #c1 #agig4 ,,rebellious antidote3 or a dialogue between coffee and tea3 verse1 #afhe4 ,,rosseau1 ,j4,b4 ,le caff1 comdie4 #afie4 #ef pp4 ,,schotel1 ,g4,d4,j4 ,letterkundige bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van den tabak1 de koffij en de thee4 's ,gravenhage1 #ahdh4 #bae pp4 ,,st4 ,,serfe1 ,,thomas4 ,taruga's wiles1 or the coffee house2 a comedy4 ,london1 #affh4 ,,smyth1 ,,philip4 ,the coffee house2 a characteristic poem4 ,london1 #agie4 ,,steele1 ,,sir ,,richard4 ,on characters in coffee houses4 ,spectator1 ,no4 #di4 ,,voltaire1 ,f4,m4,a4 ,,de4 ,the coffee-house2 or1 ,fair fugitive4 ,a comedy4 ,london1 #agfj4 ,,ward1 ,,edward4 ,the humours of a coffee house4 ,london1 #agad4 ,,manufacturing ,,processes ,,brewing ,,aborn1 ,,edward4 ,better coffee making4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,supplement to ,no4 #f1 ,,xxiii3 #di-eb2 #aiac1 ,,xxv3 #efh-egd2 #aiai1 ,,xxix3 #eec-eef4 ---- ,better coffee for the army4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxv3 #fbb-fbd4 ---- ,on boiling coffee4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiai1 ,,xxxvi3 #dh-di4 ---- ,coffee-making developments4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiad1 ,,xxvii3 #eej-eef4 ---- ,on coffee grinding and brewing4 ,yesterday1 today and tomorrow in better coffee making4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #egj-egf4 ,,bacon1 ,,raymond ,f4 ,efficiency of coffee-making devices4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiae1 ,,xxix3 #dbg-dbi4 ,,best method of making coffee4 ,journal of ,home ,economics1 #aiad1 ,,vi3 #dhj-dha4 ,,bonnette4 ,prparation du caf en campagne1 filtr en rognon adapt une marmite de campement4 ,revue d',hygine1 #aiaa1 ,,xxxiii3 #dei-dfb4 ,also1 in ,spanish1 ,revista de ,sanidad militar1 #aiaa1 ser4 #c1 ,i3 #dbg-dbi4 ,,boyes1 ,e4 ,how to obtain an ideal cup of coffee2 its cost and value4 ,london1 #ahih4 #af pp4 ,,broadbent1 ,,humphrey4 ,the domestick coffee man1 shewing the true way of preparing and making chocolate1 coffee and tea4 ,london1 #agbb4 ,,coffee making questionnaire4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxii3 #ca-cd4 ,,dufour1 ,,philippe ,,sylvestre4 ,translation by ,john ,chamberlayne4 ,the manner of making coffee1 tea1 and chocolate4 ,as it is used in most parts of ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa and ,spanish ,america4 ,newly done out of ,french and ,spanish4 ,london1 #afhe4 #aaf pp4 ,,ellis1 ,h4,d4 ,notes on the earliest form of coffee-pot4 ,preceedings of the ,society of ,antiquaries of ,london1 #ahii1 ser4 #b1 ,,xvii3 #cij-cid4 ,,forest1 ,l4 ,l'art de faire le caf du cuit a l'ancienne4 ,paris4 ,,frankel1 ,e4,m4 ,coffee making comparisons4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxii3 #ccf-ccg4 ,,frankel1 ,f4 ,,hulton4 ,value of coffee brews4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #bch4 ,,gentil1 ,a4,a4,p4 ,dissertation sur le caf et sur les moyens propres prevenir les effets qui resultant de sa prparation1 communment vicieuse1 et en rendre la boisson plus agrable et plus salubre4 ,paris1 #agig4 ,,giraud1 ,a4 ,cafs de ,paris1 procds uniques pour la prparation du caf1 glorias1 grogs a l'americaine4 ,paris1 #ahec4 #ge pp4 ,,harris1 ,,william ,b4 ,coffee making comparisons4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxii3 #ccf-ccg4 ,how to make a cup of coffee4 ,godey's ,lady's ,book1 ,,lxiii3 #ajg4 ,also1 ,sharpe's ,london ,magazine1 ,,xliv3 #bei4 ,,masson1 ,abb4 ,le caf1 ses proprits1 manire nouvelles de la prparer4 ,epernay1 #ahhe4 #bd pp4 ,,masson1 ,p4 ,le parfait limonadier1 ou la manire de prparer le th1 lecaff1 le chocolat4 ,paris1 #agje4 ,,meitzky1 ,j4,h4 ,de vario coffe potum parandi modo4 ,wittebergi1 #aghb4 ,t41 ,c4 ,,de4 ,caf franais3 recette conomique4 ,paris1 #ahbd4 ,,wilhelm1 ,r4,c4 ,drip method the best4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #cch-cci4 ,,willcox1 ,o4,w4 ,about coffee-making methods4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiac1 ,,xxv3 #fah-fbj4 ,,woodruff1 ,,sybil4 ,standard strength in coffee brews4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #acc-acg4 ,,world',s largest coffee brewery4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiai1 ,,xxxvi3 #bcj-bcc4 ,,glazing ,,dannemiller1 ,a4,j4 ,coffee coating upheld4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiad1 ,,xxvii3 #eef-eeg4 ,,harris1 ,,william ,b4 ,green and roast coffees1 the adulteration and misbranding thereof4 ,american ,grocer1 ,nov4 #ai1 #aiac3 #ai-bj4 ,,krzizan1 ,r4 ,ueber ,eiweiss-,kaffeeglasur4 ,zeitschrift fr ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aijf1 ,,xii3 #bac-baf4 ,,schaer1 ,e4 ,notizen ber die ,firnisierung von ,kaffeebohnen4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aijf1 ,,xii3 #fj4 ,,willcox1 ,o4,w4 ,concerning glazed coffees4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiad1 ,,xxvi3 #cdj-cda4 ,,miscellaneous ,,cultured coffee activities4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiba1 ,,xli3 #def-deh4 ,,giraud1 ,a4 ,le caf perfectionn4 ,paris1 #ahdf4 ,,harris1 ,,william ,b4 ,making coffee for the consumer4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiad1 ,,xxvi3 #cce-cch4 ,,how soluble coffee is made4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiba1 ,,xli3 #afb-aff4 ,,preparation of coffee for use4 ,penny ,magazine1 ,,iii3 #bbh4 ,,walker1 ,j4 ,handbook of coffee pulpers and pulping4 ,kandy1 ,ceylon1 #ahid3 #cf pp4 ,,modifications1 ,,caffein-,,free1 ,,etc4 ,,daniels1 ,,clinton ,k4 ,daniels' golden coffee4 #ahhb1 #c pp4 ,,detoxication of coffee4 ,scientific ,american1 ,mar4 #bg1 #aiae1 ,,cxii3 #bib4 ,,non-,,toxic coffee and tea4 ,scientific ,american1 ,nov4 #ac1 #aiji1 ,,ci3 #cdf4 ,,wimmer1 ,k4 ,caffeinless coffee4 ,scientific ,american1 ,apr4 #aa1 #aijh1 ,,xcviii3 #beh4 ,,polishing ,,and ,,coloring ,,halleux1 ,,edmond4 ,le commerce des cafs avaris colors ou enrobs4 ,annales des ,falsifications1 #aiji1 ,,ii1 ,no4 #g3 #bja-bjf4 ,,morpurgo1 ,g4 ,notizie sulla colorazione artificiale del caff e sui mezzi scoprirla4 ,orosi1 #ahig1 ,,xx3 #cig-djc4 ,,raumer1 ,e4 ,,von4 ,ueber den ,nachweis knstlicher ,frbungen bei ,rohkaffee4 ,forschungs-,berichte ber ,lebensmittel1 #ahif1 ,,iii3 #ccc-cch4 ,,sauvage1 ,,douard4 ,note sur les cafs verts lustrs-colors4 ,leur rle commercial4 ,annales des ,falsifications1 #aiaj1 ,,iii3 #aac-aag4 ,,roasting ,,and ,,grinding ,,ach1 ,f4,j4 ,roasting costs and accounting4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii3 #acc4 ,,brand1 ,,carl ,w4 ,increased packing costs4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #efg-egj4 ,,burns1 ,a4 ,,lincoln4 ,factory efficiency4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii3 #cj-cc4 ,,dausse4 ,manuel de l'amateur du caf1 ou l'art de torrfier les cafs convenablement1 bas sur l'analyse chmique4 ,paris1 #ahdf4 ,,electric coffee roasting in ,germany4 ,electrical ,world1 #aijf1 ,,xlviii3 #aag-agh4 ,,evolution of the coffee roaster4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaj1 ,,xviii3 #cij-cib4 ,,gillies1 ,,edwin ,j4 ,getting a roasting profit4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii3 #fe-fh4 ,,holstad1 ,s4,h4 ,keeping tab on costs4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii3 #fh-gj4 ,,king1 ,,john ,e4 ,grinding and packing coffee4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #eeb-eee4 ,,knowlton1 ,h4,s4 ,power installation of a coffee-roasting and spice-grinding plant4 ,electrical ,world1 #aije1 ,,xlv3 #fgh-fha4 ,,mcgarty1 ,m4,j4 ,scientific coffee roasting4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #ccf-ccg4 ,,turcq ,,des ,,rosiers1 ,,le4 ,le caf3 une rvolution dans ses procds de torrfaction4 ,paris1 #ahij4 ,,wilhelm1 ,r4,c4 ,the color of the roast4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #dbh-dbi4 ,,wright1 ,,george ,s4 ,automatic weighing tests4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiae1 ,,xxix3 #efh-egj4 ,,zinsmeister1 ,,lee ,g4 ,roasting economies4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiad1 ,,xxvii3 #eeh-efa2 #aiae1 ,,xxix3 #ede-eej4 ,,medicinal ,,qualities ,,and ,,uses ,,as ,,antiseptic ,,and ,,disinfectant ,,barbier4 ,le caf comme dsinfectant4 ,journal de ,mdecine et ,pharmacie de l',algrie1 #ahha1 ,,vi3 #cae-cah4 ,,crane1 ,w4,h4 and ,,friedlander1 ,a4 ,the antiseptic qualities of coffee4 ,american ,medicine1 #aijc1 ,,vi3 #djc-djg4 ,,heim1 ,l4 ,ueber den antiseptischen ,werth des gersteten ,kaffees4 ,mnchener medicinische ,wochenschrift1 #ahhf1 ,,xxxiv3 #bic-cab4 ,,oppler4 ,der ,kaffee als ,antisepticum4 ,deutsche militrrztliche ,zeitschrift1 #ahhe1 ,,xiv3 #efg-egg4 ,,general ,,aignant ,,ou ,,aignan4 ,le preste mdecin1 avec un trait du th1 du caf1 en ,france4 ,paris1 #afjf4 ,b41 ,w4 ,coffee1 its origin1 properties and virtues4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,,blegny1 ,n4 ,,de4 ,le bon usage du th1 caf et du chocolat pour la prevention et la guerison des maladies4 ,paris1 #afhg4 ,,bouteko1 ,,corneille4 ,le th1 le caf1 et le chocolat4 #afii4 ,,bradley1 ,,richard4 ,the virtue and use of coffee1 with regard to the plague1 and other infectious distempers4 ,london1 #agba4 #cd pp4 ,,brilli1 ,l41 and ,,dupr1 ,e4 tude sur les cafs4 ,communication a la ,socit franaise d'hygine4 ,paris1 #ahhi4 ,,chicou1 ,t4 ,du caf en hygine et en thrapeutique4 ,paris1 #ahei4 ,,daupley1 ,c4,e4 tude sur le caf2 ses applications la mdecine4 ,paris1 #ahfg4 ,,eloy1 ,,nicholas ,f4,j4 ,question mdico-politique1 si l'usage de caf est avantageux la sant1 et s'il peut se conciler avec le bien de l'tat dans les provinces belgique4 #agha4 ,,fontaine4 ,hernie trait par l'infusion de caf4 ,paris1 #ahfe4 ,,landarrhilco1 ,,osmin4 ,nouvelles proprits thrapeutiques du caf vert dans les affections du foie1 les coliques hpatiques et le diabt4 ,montpellier1 #ahhh4 ,,leconte1 ,a4,h4 ,emploi du caf thrapeutique4 ,strasbourg1 #ahei4 ,,magri1 ,d4 ,virtu del ,kafe1 bevanda introdotta nuovamente nell' ,italia4 #b ed4 ,roma1 #afga1 #af pp4 ,,marvaud1 ,,angel4 ,les boissons aromatiques4 ,le caf4 ,in his1 ,les aliments d'pargne1 ,paris1 #ahgd4 #b pt41 pp4 #bib-cbj4 ,,munday 7,,mundy71 ,,henry4 ,opera omnia--,physica de aere vitali1 esculentis1 et potutentis1 cum appendice de pasergris in victu et chocolatu1 thea1 coffea1 tobaco4 ,leyden1 #afhe4 ,,petit1 ,h4 ,de la prolongation de la vie humaine par le caf4 #b d4 ,paris1 #ahfb4 ,,richet1 ,,ch4 ,les poisons de l'intelligence1 l'alcool1 le chloroforme1 le haschich1 l'opium1 le caf4 ,paris1 #ahgg4 ,,trifet1 ,a4 ,du caf1 de ses effets sur l'homme4 ,paris1 #ahdg4 ,,villemus1 ,a4 ,du caf et de ses principales applications thrapeutiques4 ,paris1 #ahge4 ,,virey1 ,j4,j4 ,nouvelles considrations sur l'histoire et les effets hyginiques du cafs et sur le genre coffea4 ,paris1 #ahaf4 ,,weiss1 ,c4,c4 ,coffee arabica nach seiner zerstrenden ,wirkung auf animalische ,dnste als ,schutzmittel gegen ,contagion vorschlagen4 ,friberg1 #ahcb4 ,periodicals ,,alleged medicinal properties of the husk of the coffee bean1 ,the ,lancet1 #aijb1 ,,ii3 #idd4 ,,balzac4 ,trait des excitants modernes4 ,alcool1 sucre1 th1 caf1 tabac4 ,extrait fact4 de la ,revue de ,paris4 #aheb4 ,,beneficial effects of coffee as a drink4 ,review of ,reviews1 #aijf1 ,,xxxiii3 #bde-bdf4 ,,boltenstern1 ,,von4 ,zur ,bewerkung des ,kaffees als ,volksgenussmittel4 ,deutsche ,arzte-,zeitung1 #aije1 #deg-dfa4 ,,caron1 ,d4,a4 ,coffee and milk as a diet4 ,journal of ,franklin ,institute1 ,,lxiv3 #cdi4 ,,dalson1 ,a4,t41 and ,,wetherill1 ,c4,m4 ,coffee as a beverage4 ,journal of ,franklin ,inst4 ,,lx3 #fj-aaa4 ,,dombrovski1 ,i4,f4 ,kofe i yevo liechebniya svoista4 7,coffee and its medical properties47 ,vrachebnaya ,gazeta1 #aija1 ,,viii3 #gcc-gcf4 ,,dujardin-,,beaumetz4 ,on new cardiac medicaments4 ,therapeutic ,gazette1 #ahhd1 n4 s4 ,v3 #ddd-ddi4 ,,dusart1 ,o4 tude critique sur l'action physiologique et thrapeutique des mdicaments dits antidperditeurs3 caf1 coca1 etc4 ,tribune mdicale1 #ahgd1 ,,vii3 #aig-bjj4 ,,english1 ,w4 ,reply to objections against the use of tea and coffee4 ,lancet1 #ahcc-d1 ,,ii3 #ge4 ,,goliner4 ,ueber unschdlichen ,kaffeegenuss4 ,frauenarzt1 #aijf1 ,,xxi3 #bje4 ,,griswold1 ,e4,h4 ,coffee1 its uses and medical qualities4 ,southern ,practitioner1 #ahhb1 ,,iv3 #bfi4 ,,hamilton1 ,w4 ,on the medical properties of the coffee arabica4 ,pharmaceutical ,journal1 #ahea1 ,x3 #dej-ded4 ,,holland1 ,j4,w4 ,coffee as a preventive for malarial diseases4 ,louisville ,medical ,news1 #ahgf1 ,i3 #fc-fe4 ,,hornemann1 ,e4 ,kaffe-,sporgsmaalet4 7,hygienic value of coffee47 ,hygieniske ,meddelelser1 ,kjbenhavn1 #ahfd4 ,,iv3 pt4 #c1 #bhf-caj4 ,,medicinal properties of the husk of the coffee bean4 ,scientific ,american ,supplement1 ,mar4 #g1 #aijc1 ,,lv3 #bb-abc4 ,,on the medical properties of coffea arabica4 ,pharmaceutical ,journal1 ,x3 #dej-ded4 ,,paul1 ,j4 ,on coffee1 its medical1 disinfecting1 and dietetic properties4 ,new ,jersey ,medical ,reporter1 #ahea-b1 ,v3 #bfe1 #big4 ,,roques1 ,j4 ,note sur les proprits mdicales du caf4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 #ahce1 ,,viii3 #bhi-bid4 ,s4 ,,culapius4 ,the healthfulness of coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiac1 ,,xxv3 #bg-bh1 #abi-acj1 #bci-bdj1 #cde-cdf1 #ddi-dej2 #aiad1 ,,xxvi3 #acg-ach4 ,,squibb4 ,tea and coffee as therapeutic substitutes for coca and guarana4 ,ephemeris of ,materia ,medica1 #ahhd1 ,,ii3 #fcg-fdg4 ,,stutzer1 ,a4 ,neues ber die ,wirkung der daraus hergestellten ,getrnke in gesundheitlicher ,beziehung4 ,centralblatt fr allgemeine ,gesundheitspflege1 #ahib1 ,,xi3 #ade-aea4 ,,weitenweber1 ,w4,r4 ,ditetischmedicinische ,wrdigung des ,caffees4 ,oesterreichische medicinische ,wochenschrift1 #ahde1 pp4 #aeea1 #aehc4 ---- ,therapeutische ,abhandlung ber den ,caffee4 ,medicinische ,jahrbcher des kaiserl4 knigl4 sterreichischen ,staates4 #ahdf4 ,,lviii3 #a1 #aci4 ,,physiological ,,effects ,,general ,,use ,,and ,,misuse1 ,,coffee-,,habit1 ,,etc4 ,,alcott1 ,,william ,,alexander4 ,tea and coffee3 their physical1 intellectual1 and moral effects on the human system1 rev4 ed4 ,manchester1 #ahgg4 #ca pp4 ,also in ,german1 ,berlin1 #ahfi4 ,,boehmer1 ,g4,r4 ,pr4444 inessenti coffe in novellis publicis nuper commendat virtutem inquirit4 ,wittebergae1 #aghb4 ,,bomby1 ,r4 ,le cafisme4 ,paris1 #aije4 ,,bona1 ,g4 ,,dalla4 ,dell' uso e dell' abuso del caff1 dissertazione storico-fisico-medica4 ,verona1 #agea4 ,,boucard1 ,e4 ,du cafisme2 contribution une tude synthetique4 ,paris1 #ahii4 ,,braeuninger1 ,j4,m4 ,de potus caff usu et abusu4 ,erfordiae1 #agbe4 ,,bruchman1 ,,francis ,,ernest4 ,a treatise on coffee and a condemnation of its use4 ,brunswick1 #agbg4 ,,buc',,hoz1 ,p4,j4 ,dissertation sur l'utilit et les bons et mauvaises effets du tabac1 du caf1 du cacao et du th4 ,paris1 #agge4 ,,calkins1 ,a4 ,opium and opium appetite1 with notices of alcoholic beverages1 ,cannabis indica1 tobacco and coca1 and tea and coffee1 in their hygienic aspects and pathologic relations4 ,new ,york1 #ahga4 ,,calvert1 ,,esprit4 ,an potus caf quotidianus valetudini tuend vit que producend noxius8 ,avenione1 #agfb4 ,,camerarius1 ,e4 ,dissertationes tres1 exhibentes 444 ,,iii4 ,usum et abusum potum1 ,the1 et ,caff in his regionibus4 ,tubing1 #afid4 ,,cathomas1 ,j4,b4 ,ist der ,kaffee und ,teegenuss gesundheitsschdlich8 ,st4 ,gallen1 #aiaj4 ,,crothers1 ,t4,d4 7,effects of the coffee habit47 ,in his1 ,morphinism and narcomanias from other drugs4 #aijb1 pp4 #cjc-cje4 ,,davier de ,,breville1 ,j4,p4 ,an a frequentiori potu caf vita brevior8 ,paris1 #agae4 ,,debay1 ,a4 ,les influences du chocolat1 du th et du caf sur l'conomie humaine4 ,paris1 #ahfd4 ,,de ,,jussieu1 ,,joseph4 ,litteratis ne salubris coffe usus4 ,paris1 #agda4 ,,deltel1 4 ,du caf1 de ses effets physiologiques1 et de son emploi en thrapeutique4 ,paris1 #ahea4 ,,duncan1 ,,daniel4 ,wholesome advice against the abuse of hot liquors1 particularly coffee1 tea1 chocolate1 brandy and strong waters4 ,london1 #agjf4 ,,garnier1 ,a4 ,inaestio medica 444 discutienda in ,scholis ,medicarum 444 ,joanne-,francisco ,couthier1 ,praeside3 ,an parisinio frequento potus th1 frequenti potu caff salubrior8 ,paris1 #agdi4 #d pp4 ,,gayant1 ,l4 ,an a frequentiori potu caf vita brevior8 ,paris1 #agae4 ,,germany4 ,,kaiserliches ,,gesundheitsamt4 ,der ,kaffee2 gemeinfassliche ,darstellung der ,gewinnung1 ,verwertung und ,beurteilung des ,kaffees und seiner ,ersatzstoffe4 ,berlin1 #aijc4 #agd pp4 ,,gleditsch1 ,j4,g4 ,de potus cof abusu catalogum morborum augente4 ,lipsiae1 #agdd4 ,,grimmann1 ,j4,n4 ,de coffee potus usu noxio4 #agcj4 ,g,,nther1 ,,leo4 ,der ,caffee als ,hausgetrank4 ,eine ,warnung4 ,leipzig1 #aijg4 ,,hahnemann1 ,s4 ,a treatise on the effects of coffee4 ,louisville1 #ahge4 ,,handbook of the medical sciences4 ,article on coffee1 v4 ,,iii3 p4 #aij4 ,,hilscherus1 ,s4,p4 ,pr 444 de abusu potus caffee in sexu sequiori4 ,jena1 #agbg4 ,,huss1 ,m4 ,om kaffe1 dess bruk och missbruk2 en folkskrift4 ,stockholm1 #ahfe4 ,,husson1 ,c4 ,le caf1 la bire et le tabac4 tude physiologique et chmique4 ,paris1 #ahgi4 #bjf pp4 ,,klamann1 ,,carl1 publisher4 ,der ,kaffee in seiner heutigen ,bedeutung als ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel4 ,hamburg1 #ahhb4 #dh pp4 ,,knoll1 ,j4,c4,g4 ,lettre un ami sur les oprations du caff4 ,quedlinbourg1 #ageb4 ,,lavedan1 ,,antonio4 ,tratado de los usos1 abusos propriedades y virtudes del tabaco1 caf1 t y chocolate4 ,madrid1 #agif4 #bcg pp4 ,,lemare-,,piquet1 ,,de ,,honfleur4 ,etudes exprimentales de mdecin1 contenant des observations sur l'action dynamique du caf4 ,paris1 #ahfd4 ,,linne1 ,,carl ,,von4 ,dissertatio medica1 in qua potus coffe1 leviter adumbratur4 ,upsali1 #agfa4 #ah pp4 ,,lorand1 ,,arnold4 ,coffee4 ,in his1 ,health through rational diet4 ,philadelphia1 #aiac4 pp4 #cji-cac4 ,excerpts reprinted in1 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiac1 ,,xxiv3 #bd-bf4 ---- ,on other stimulants--tea1 coffee1 cocoa1 tobacco3 their merits and disadvantages4 ,in his1 ,old age deferred1 ,philadelphia1 #aiaj4 pp4 #cfb-cfg4 ,excerpts reprinted in1 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaa1 ,,xx3 #ahh-aij4 ,,mappus1 ,m4 ,de potu caf4 ,argentorati1 #afic4 ,,marchand1 ,n4,l4 ,recherches organographiques et organogniques sur le coffea arabica4 ,l4 ,paris1 #ahfd4 #dh pp4 ,,masson1 ,v4,p4 ,de l'usage et de l'abus du th et du caf4 ,paris1 #ahdh4 ,,medicus1 ,g4,f4 ,anacrisis mdico-historico-diaetetica de caff et chocalate1 etc41 #agbj4 ,,meisner1 ,l4,f4 ,de caff 444 anacrisis mdico-historico-diaetetica4 ,norimbergae1 #agba4 ,m,,plain1 ,f4 ,du caf1 tude de thrapeutique physiologique4 ,paris1 #ahfh4 ,,michaelis1 ,a4 ,de koffie 7,coffea arabica7 als genoten geneesmiddel1 naar hare botanische1 dieetetische en geneeskrachtige eigenschappen4 ,amsterdam1 #ahid4 ,,moseley1 ,b4,m4 ,a treatise concerning the properties and effects of coffee4 ,london1 #aghe4 #fi pp4 ,,omout1 ,r4 ,contribution l'tude du cafisme4 ,montpellier1 #aijd4 ,,ottleben1 ,f4,b4 ,de potus ex coffe seminibus parati noxio effectu4 ,helmstadii1 #ahgj4 ,,plaz1 ,a4,g4 ,de potus cof abusu catalogum morborum augente4 ,lipsiae1 #agfc4 ,also1 in his1 ,de jucundis morborum causis1 ,lipsiae1 #aged4 pp4 #bj-ed4 ,,poore1 ,g4,v4 ,coffee and tea4 ,london1 #ahhc4 #dd pp4 ,,prozorovski1 ,i4,d4 ,vliyane kofe i niekotorkh yevo surrogatov na bolieznetvornye nizshe organizm4 7,the effect of coffee and of some of its substitutes upon pathogenic organisms47 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahie4 ,,rambaldi1 ,a4 ,ambrosia arabica1 overo della salutare bevanda caf4 ,bologna1 #afia4 ,,riant1 ,,aim4 ,le caf1 le chocolat1 le th4 ,paris1 #ahge4 #afj pp4 ,,roche1 ,a4 ,du caf noir et de la cafine au point de vue de l'action physiologique et des applications l'hygine4 ,montpellier1 #ahgc4 ,,sabarthez1 ,h4 tude physiologique du caf4 ,paris1 #ahgj4 ,,saint-,,arroman1 ,a4 ,de l'action du caf1 du th1 et du chocolat sur la sant1 et de leur influence sur l'intelligence et le moral de l'homme4 ,bruxelles1 #ahde4 ,also in ,english1 ,philadelphia1 #ahdf4 #ij pp4 ,,saleeby1 ,c4,w4 ,tea1 coffee1 cocoa and tobacco4 ,in his1 ,health1 strength and happiness1 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 pp4 #aij-bjh4 ,reprinted in1 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aijh1 ,,xv3 #bii-cja ---- ,worry1 drugs and drink4 ,in his1 ,worry3 the disease of the age1 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 pp4 #ic-aaj4 ,excerpts reprinted in1 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaa1 ,,xx3 #aij-aib4 ,,samuel1 ,h4 ,de usu et abusu potus coffee4 ,duisburgh ad ,rhenum1 #agdg4 ,,schwarzkopf1 ,s4,a4 ,der ,kaffee in ,naturhistorischer diaetetischer und medicinischer ,hinsicht1 seine ,bestandtheile1 ,anwendung1 ,wirkung und ,geschichte4 ,weimer1 #ahca4 ,,silvestri1 ,,domenico4 ,dissertazione chimico-medica sul caff4 ,genova1 #ahae4 ,,sinclair1 ,w4,j4 ,beverages3 tea1 coffee1 etc4 7,health lectures47 ,manchester1 #ahha4 ,,smith1 ,,hugh4 ,an essay on the nerves 444 to which is added an essay on foreign teas1 with observations on mineral waters1 coffee1 and chocolate1 etc4 ,london1 #agid4 ,,sparschuch1 ,h4 ,potus coffe leviter adumbratur4 ,upsali1 #agfa4 ,,trifet1 ,h4,a4 ,histoire et physiologie du caf4 ,de son action sur l'homme l'tat de sant et l'tat de maladie4 ,paris1 #ahfd4 ,,van ,,der ,,trappen1 ,j4,e4 ,specimen historico-medicum de ,coffea1 etc4 ,trajecti ad ,rhenum1 #ahdc4 #aeb pp4 ,,weidenbusch1 ,n4 ,de noxis ex abusu potus caff in corpore humano4 ,moguntiae1 #agfi4 ,,weigl1 ,j4 ,der ,kaffeegenuss1 eine ,schdigung der ,leistungsfhigheit4 ,mnchen1 #aijd4 ---- ,kaffeetrinken und ,gesundheit1 #b ed4 ,mnchen1 #aijd4 ,,weitenweber1 ,,wilhelm ,,rudolph4 ,der arabische ,kaffee1 in naturgeschichtlicher1 chemischer1 ditetischer und rztlicher ,beziehung fr aerzte und nichtrzte geschildert4 ,prag1 #ahcg4 #acj pp4 ,,zimmermann1 ,,albrecht4 ,eenige pathologische en physiologische waarnemingen over koffie4 ,batavia1 #aijd4 #aje pp4 ,periodicals ,,abd-,,al-,k,,dir ,,ans,,ri ,,djezeri ,,hanbali4 ,auszug aus dem ,werke3 ,deutliche ,darstellung ber den erlaubten ,gebrauch des ,kaffee's2 aus dem ,arabischen von ,sontheimer4 ,wissenschaftliche ,annalen der gesammten ,heilkunde1 #ahcd1 ,,xxix3 #abi-afj4 ,,abelin1 ,j4 and ,,perelstein1 ,m4 ,ueber die flchtigen ,bestandteile des ,kaffees4 ,mnchener medicinische ,wochenschrift1 #aiad1 ,,lxi3 #hfg4 ,,amory1 ,,robert4 ,coffee as a beverage3 its use and abuse4 ,boston ,medical and ,surgical ,journal1 #aiji1 ,,clx3 #faa-fac4 ,also1 ,journal of ,inebriety1 #aiaj1 ,,xxxii3 #bc-bg2 ,scientific ,american ,supplement1 ,jan4 #aiaj1 ,,lxix3 #bf-bg4 ,,balland1 ,a4 ,les cafs4 ,annales d',hygine1 #aijd1 #d ser41 ,,ii3 #dig-ecb4 ,,bardet1 ,g4 ,un cas d'empoisonnement aigu par le caf4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 #aiaa1 ,,clxii3 #ef-ei4 ,,bent1 ,t4 ,on the disorders produced by the use of tea and coffee1 with remarks on their treatment4 ,lancet1 #ahdc1 ,i3 #hic4 ,,boetticher1 ,j4,g4 ,vertigo satis vehemens a nimio potu coffee1 aliisque in diaeta commissis erroribus4 ,acta physico-medica ,academiae ,caesareae naturae curiosorum1 etc4 #agdb1 ,,vi3 #aeh-afj4 ,,boruttau1 ,h4 ,zur ,frage der wirksamen ,kaffeebestandteile4 ,zeitschrift fr physikalische und ditetische ,therapie1 #aijh1 ,,xii3 #ach-ade4 ,,bouret1 ,o4 ,un nouveau cas de cafisme chronique4 ,l'cho mdical du ,nord1 #aijb1 ,,vi3 #aga-agc4 ,,bram1 ,i4 ,the truth about coffee drinking4 ,medical ,summary1 #aiac1 ,,xxxv3 #afh-agc4 ,,bridge1 ,n4 ,coffee-drinking as a frequent cause of disease4 ,association of ,american ,physicians1 ,transactions1 #ahic1 ,,viii3 #bha-bhh4 ,,caban,s4 ,une lgende sur le caf4 ,journal de ,mdecin de ,paris1 #ahib1 #b ser41 ,,iv3 #eaa4 ,also1 translated1 ,cincinnati ,lancet-,clinic1 #ahic1 n4 s4 ,,xxx3 #ac-ag4 ,,charanne1 ,h4 ,coffee4 ,journal of the ,medical ,society of ,new ,jersey1 #aiaa-b1 ,,viii3 #ai-bb4 ,,cheever1 ,d4,w4 ,properties of coffee4 ,atlantic ,monthly1 ,,iii3 #ce4 ,,cole1 ,j4 ,on the deleterious effects produced by drinking tea and coffee in excessive quantities4 ,lancet1 #ahcb-c1 ,,ii3 #bgd-dgh4 ,,coletti1 ,f4 ,sull'azione del caff4 ,gazzetta medica italiana1 provincie venete1 #ahfb1 ,v3 #dbd1 #dbi1 #ddj1 #deh2 #ahfc1 ,,vi3 #bj4 ,,combemale ,f4 ,quelques rflexions propos d'un cas de cafisme chronique4 ,bulletin de la ,socit centrale de ,mdecine du ,nord1 #aijj1 #b ser41 ,,iv3 #gg-hg4 ,also1 ,l'cho mdical du ,nord1 #aijj1 ,,iv3 #ig-ajj4 ,,commaille1 ,a4 tude sur le caf4 ,moniteur scientifique1 #ahgf1 #c ser41 ,,vi3 #ggi-ghe4 ,,coughlin1 ,r4,e4 ,use and abuse of coffee4 ,new ,york ,medical ,journal1 #aiaa1 ,,xciv3 #bhc-bhe4 ,,coulier4 ,note sur le caf4 ,recueil de ,mmoires de ,mdecine1 de ,chirurgie et de ,pharmacie militaires1 #ahfd1 #c ser41 ,,xi3 #ejh-eaa4 ,,cretal1 ,m4 ,un cas de cafisme chronique4 ,bulletin de la ,socit centrale de ,mdecine du ,nord1 #aija1 #b ser41 ,v3 #afe-afg4 ,also1 ,l'cho mdical du ,nord1 #aija1 ,v3 #cah4 ,,curschmann1 ,h4 ,ein ,fall von ,kaffee-intoxication4 ,deutsche ,klinik1 #ahgc1 ,,xxv3 #cgg-chj4 ,,daniel1 ,m4 ,die ,schdlichkeit des ,kaffees4 ,leipziger medizinische ,monatsschrift1 #aijg1 ,,xvi2 #ch-dj4 ,,da ,,silva1 ,p4,j4 ,o caf e a saude publica4 ,correiro 7,o7 mdico de ,lisboa1 #ahgc-d1 ,,iii3 #bhb2 #ahgd-e1 ,,iv3 #bg1 #bjf4 ,,dorvault4 ,note pharmacologique sur le caf et la cafine4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 #ahej1 ,,xxxviii3 #dih-ejb4 ,,dupouy4 ,de l'influence du caf au point de vue social et hyginique4 ,mdecin1 #ahgh1 ,,iv3 no4 #dd1 #a4 ,,fegraeus1 ,e4 ,kaffee missbruket och folkhlian4 7,the misuse of coffee and health47 ,hlsovnner1 #aiac1 ,,xxviii3 #beg-bfa4 ,,fort1 ,j4,a4 ,des effets physiologiques du caf2 d'aprs des experiences faites sur l'auteur4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 #ahhc1 ,,civ3 #eej-eed4 ,also1 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #ahhc1 ,,xcvi3 #gic-gif4 ,,frankel1 ,f4 ,,hulton4 ,coffee truly a food4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxii3 #adb4 ,,gasparin4 ,sur le rgime alimentaire des mineurs belges2 influence remarquable du caf4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 #ahej1 ,,xxxviii3 #chj-chc4 ,also1 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #ahej1 ,,xxx3 #cig-djc4 ,,gilles ,,de ,,la ,,tourette1 and ,,gasne4 ,sur l'intoxication chronique par le caf4 ,bulletin et ,mmoires de la ,socit mdicale des ,hpitaux1 #ahie1 #c ser41 ,,xii3 #eeh-eff4 ,,gourewitsch1 ,d4 ,ueber des ,verhalten des ,coffen im ,tierkrper mit ,rcksicht auf die ,angewhnung4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #aijg1 ,,lvii3 #bad-bba4 ,,guelliot1 ,o4 ,du cafisme chronique4 ,union mdicale et scientifique du ,nord-,est1 #ahhe1 ,,ix3 #aha1 #bba4 ,,guimaraes1 ,e4,a4,r4 ,sur l'action physiologique du caf4 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #ahhb1 ,,xcv3 #acgb-acgd4 ---- ,sur l'action physiologique et hyginique du caf ,archives de ,physiologie normale et pathologique1 #ahhd1 #c ser41 ,,iv3 #beb-bhf4 ---- ,de l'usage et de l'abus du caf4 ,archives de ,physiologie normale et pathologique1 #ahhc1 #c ser41 ,i3 #cab-cai4 ,,guimaraes1 ,e4,a4,r4 and ,,raposo1 ,a4,e4,j4 ,aco physiologica e therapeutica do caf4 ,gazeta medica brazileira1 #ahhb1 ,i3 #aba1 #agi1 #bbh1 #bge4 ,h41 ,d4,p4 ,an effect of coffee4 ,british ,medical ,journal1 #aiaj1 ,i3 #cjj4 ,,hartwich1 ,c4 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss des ,kaffees4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs-und ,genussmittel1 #aiji1 ,,xviii3 #gba-gcc4 ,,heinrich1 ,j4,b4 ,die ,kaffefrage in ihrer volkshygienischen und volkswirtschaftlichen ,bedeutung4 ,medizinische ,klinik1 #aijf1 ,,ii3 #chc-che4 ,also1 in ,dutch1 ,geneeskundige ,courant voor het ,koningrijk der ,nederlanden1 #aijg1 ,,lxi3 #cba4 ,,helrich4 ,wypadki z naduzycia kawy4 7,on the abuse of coffee47 ,gazeta lekarska1 #ahgj1 ,,ix3 #beg-bfb4 ,,hennig1 ,c4 ,der ,kaffee vom rztlichen ,standpunkte4 ,memorabilien4 ,heilbroun1 #ahhb1 n4 s41 ,,ii3 #bag-bba4 ---- ,weitere ,belge fr das ,schdliche des orientalischen ,kaffees betreffs ,gesunder4 ,memorabilien4 ,heilbroun1 #ahhf1 n4 s41 ,,vi3 #dfh4 ,,hueppe1 ,f4 ,ueber den ,missbrauch von ,kaffe1 ,bltter fr ,gesundheitspflege1 #aijf1 ,,vi3 #aba-abf4 ,,jackson1 ,s4 ,on the influence upon health of the introduction of tea and coffee in large proportion into the dietary of children and the labouring classes4 ,american ,medical ,association1 ,transactions1 #ahdi1 ,,ii3 #fce-fdd4 ,also1 ,american ,journal of ,medical ,science1 #ahdi1 n4 s41 ,,xviii3 #gi-hf4 ,,karg4 ,ueber den ,kaffee4 ,archiv gemeinntziger physischer und medizinischer ,kenntniss1 #aghh-i1 ,,ii3 #a1 #ehd4 ,,lehmann1 ,,julius4 ,ueber den ,kaffee als ,getrnk in chemisch-physiologischer ,hinsicht4 ,annalen der ,chemie1 #ahec1 ,,lxxxvii3 #bje-bag4 ,also1 in ,english1 ,medical ,examiner1 #ahed1 ,x3 #ai1 #ih4 ,,lereboullet1 ,l4 ,le cafisme4 ,gazette hebdomadaire de ,mdecine et ,chirurgie1 #ahhe1 #b ser41 ,,xxii3 #fbf-fbh4 ,,lewis1 ,,charles4 ,educating the physician4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiad1 ,,xxvii3 #edd-edg4 ,,liebig1 ,j4 ,,von4 ,coffee4 ,pharmaceutical ,journal1 #ahhf1 ,,ii4 pt4 #g1 #dab1 #daf4 ,also1 in ,german1 ,zeitschrift fr gerichtliche ,medicin1 #ahfg1 ,,iii3 #gh1 #hh4 ,,lloyd1 ,,john ,,uri4 ,concerning coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiac1 ,,xxv3 #eee-efj4 ,,love1 ,i4,n4 ,coffee2 its use and abuse4 ,journal of the ,american ,medical ,association1 #ahia1 ,,xvi3 #bai-bba4 ,,mendel1 ,f4 ,die schdlichen ,folgen des chronischen ,kaffeemissbrauchs4 ,berliner klinische ,wochenschrift1 #ahhi1 ,,xxvi3 #hhj-hhg4 ,,niles1 ,,george ,m4 ,a dietetist on coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaj1 ,,xix3 #bg-bi4 ---- ,some facts and fallacies about coffee4 ,gulf ,states ,journal of ,medicine and ,surgery1 #aiaj1 ,,xvi3 #ceb-ceg4 ,,nystr,m1 ,a4 ,fredrag fver kaffe och th4 ,upsala ,lkareforeninge ,frhandlingar1 #ahfe-f1 ,i3 #abi-acb4 ,,paolucci1 ,f4 ,dell' infusodi caff4 ,il ,raccoglitore mdico1 #ahhb1 #d ser41 ,,xviii3 #eca-eda4 ,,papillon1 ,g4,e4 ,accidents conscutifs la suppression brusque du caf chez les cafiques2 caf et antipyrine4 ,france mdicale1 #ahii1 ,,xlvi3 #gec4 ,,poulet1 ,v4 ,inconvnients de l'usage des cafiques4 ,bulletin mdical de ,vosges1 #ahig-h1 ,,ii1 no4 #de1 #de-ee4 ,,prescott1 ,a4,b4 ,coffee in comparison with tea4 ,physician and ,surgeon1 ,ann ,arbor1 #ahhj1 ,,ii3 #ccg-cdc4 ,,rabuteau4 ,sur un moyen propre annuler les effets de l'alimentation insuffisante4 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #ahgj1 ,,lxxxi3 #dbf-dbh4 ,,richardson1 ,h4 ,the coffee habit4 ,dietetic and ,hygienic ,gazette1 #aijf1 ,,xxii3 #che-chi4 ,,roch1 ,m4 ,la cafisme chronique4 ,archives des ,maladies du ,ceur1 #aiaf4 ,,ix3 #ai-cc4 ,also1 ,revue mdicale de la ,suisse ,romande1 #aiad1 ,,xxxiv3 #bag-bai4 ,,scohy4 ,de l'action du caf4 ,archives belges de ,mdecine militaires4 #aheg1 ,,xx3 #ahc-ahi4 ,,sch,,rhoff4 ,ist der maasvolle ,gebrauch von ,alkohol1 ,kaffee1 ,tabac usw4 dem ,menschen schdlich8 ,deutsch-,amerikanische ,apotheker-,zeitung1 #aiaa-b1 ,,xxxii3 #d4 ,,trigg1 ,,charles ,w4 ,coffee's dietetic value4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal2 #aiai1 ,,xxxvii3 #bgj4 ---- ,saccharin in tea and coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aibj1 ,,xxxviii3 #fig4 ,,unzer1 ,j4,a4 ,vom ,caffee4 ,der ,arzt1 #agfi1 ,,ii3 #abf-aci4 ,,use of coffee as a beverage4 ,harper's ,weekly1 ,jan4 #ba1 #aiaa1 ,,lv3 #bf4 ,,viaud4 ,le vertige stomacal et le cafisme4 ,tribune mdicale1 #b ser41 ,,xxix3 #ibh-icj4 ,,wallace4 ,on the decrease in use of coffee as a beverage4 ,analyst1 #ahhd1 ,,ix3 #db-dd4 ,also1 ,polyclinic1 #ahhc-d1 ,i3 #afi4 ,,wesselhoeft1 ,w4 ,on the effects of coffee and their remedy4 ,journal of ,inebriety1 #aiji1 ,,xxxi3 #agf-ahb4 ,also1 ,boston ,medical and ,surgical ,journal1 #aiji1 ,,clx3 #fjh-faa4 ,,wiley1 ,,harvey ,w4 ,our national beverages4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxii1 ,supplement to no4 #f1 #cc-ch4 ---- ,temperance in tea and coffee drinking4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaj1 ,,xix3 #bgc-bgd4 ,,wilhite1 ,p4,a4 ,coffee and its effects4 ,transactions of the ,south ,carolina ,medical ,association1 #ahhb1 ,,xxxii3 #hc-hf4 ,,zobel4 ,reflexionen ber kaffeenhaltige ,genussmittel4 ,vierteljahrsschrift fr die praktische ,heilkunde1 #aheh1 ,,ii3 #aje-acf4 ,,of ,,caffein-,,free ,,coffee ,,bertrand1 ,,gabriel4 ,sur les cafs sans cafine4 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #aije4 ,,cxli3 #bji-baa4 ,also1 ,bulletin des ,sciences ,pharmacologiques1 #aije1 ,,xii3 #aeb4 ,,bordet1 ,m4 ,sur un caf rendu inoffensif par la dcafination4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 #aiaj1 ,,clix3 #ggj-ggc4 ,,chassevant1 ,,allyre4 ,emploi du caf dcafin en thrapeutique4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 #aiab1 ,,clxiv3 #hfj-hfd4 ,,einfeldt1 ,w4 ,koffenfreier ,kaffee4 ,therapeutische ,neuheiten1 #aiji1 ,,iv3 #hc-hf4 ,,gl,,cksmann1 ,s41 and ,g,,rini1 ,c4 ,einige ,untersuchungen ber die physiologische ,wirkung von koffenfreien kaffee4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aiaj4 ,,xx3 #ajj4 ,,harnack1 ,e4 ,ueber den coffenfreien ,kaffee ,deutsche medizinische ,wochenschrift1 #aijh1 ,,xxxiv3 #aidc-aidf2 #aiji1 ,,xxxv3 #bed4 ,,kakisawa4 ,kommt dem koffenfreien ,kaffee eine diuretische ,wirkung su8 ,archiv fr ,hygiene1 #aiac1 ,,lxxxi3 #dc-dg4 ,,lehmann1 ,k4,b4 ,die wirksamen und wertvollen ,bestandteile des ,kaffeegetrnks mit besonderer ,berucksichtigung des koffinfreien ,kaffees ,hag4 ,mnchner medizinische ,wochenschrift1 #aiac1 ,,lx3 #bha1 #ceg4 ,,lehmann1 ,k4,b41 and ,,wilhelm1 ,f4 ,besitzt das ,coffeon und die coffenfreien ,kaffeesurrogate eine kaffeeartige ,wirkung4 ,archiv fr ,hygiene1 #ahih1 ,,xxxii3 #caj-cbf4 ,,lendrich1 ,k41 and ,,murdfield1 ,r4 ,coffenfreier ,kaffee4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs-und ,genussmittel1 #aijh1 ,,xv3 #gje-gae4 ,,merck',s manual of the materia medica4 #dth ed4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,dekofa1 pt4 ,i1 p4 #bh4 ,,munz1 ,p4 ,kaffenfreier ,kaffee1 ein neues ,genussmittel4 ,arzt als ,ersieher1 #aijh1 ,,iv3 #dj4 ,,reinsch4 ,kaffenfreier ,kaffee4 ,berichte des ,stadt ,untersuchungs ,amtes ,altona1 #aijf4 ,,schlesinger1 ,e4 ,zur ,gesichte des coffenfreien ,kaffees4 ,deutsche medizinische ,wochenschrift1 #aijh1 ,,xxxiv3 #bbbh4 ,,wimmer1 ,k4 ,ueber coffenfreien ,kaffee1 ein neues ,genussmittel4 ,verhandlung der ,gesellschaft deutscher ,naturforscher und ,aerzte1 #aiji1 pt4 #b1 #aaa-aah4 ,,of ,,chewing ,,coffee ,,coffee-,,chewing habit4 ,current ,literature1 #aijc1 ,,xxxiv3 #dif4 ,,of ,,different ,,constituents ,,butler1 ,,george ,f4 7,caffein74 ,in his1 ,materia ,medica1 therapeutics and pharmacology4 #eth ed41 #aijf4 pp4 #bef-bei4 ,,hare1 ,h4 ,,amory4 ,physiological action of caffein4 ,in his1 ,practical therapeutics4 #acth ed41 #aiji1 p4 #adb4 ,,henneguy1 ,,louis-,,felix4 ,cafine4 ,in his1 tude physiologique sur l'action des poisons1 pp4 #he-hi4 ,inaugural dissertation1 ,montpellier1 #ahge4 ,,huchard1 ,,henry4 ,de la cafine dans les affections du coeur4 ,o4 ,bois1 #ahhb4 ,,johannsen4 ber die ,wirkungen des ,kaffein4 ,inaugural dissertation1 ,dorpat1 #ahfi4 ,,kunkel1 ,a4,j4 ,handbuch der ,toxikologie4 ,jena1 #ahii4 #b v4 ,see index3 ,coffen1 ,kaffee4 ,,leblond4 tude physiologique et thrapeutique de la cafine4 ,paris1 #ahhc4 #agc pp4 ,,lewin1 ,l4 7,caffein poisoning47 ,in his1 ,trait de toxicologie1 #aijc1 pp4 #fij-fib4 ,,meyer1 ,,hans ,h4 and ,,gottlieb1 ,r4 ,pharmacology1 clinical and experimental1 tr4 by ,john ,t4 ,halsey4 ,philadelphia and ,london1 #aiad4 #fjd pp4 ,see index3 ,caffeine4 ,,parisot1 ,e4 tude physiologique de l'action de la cafine4 ,paris1 #ahij4 #aab pp4 ,,potter1 ,s4,o4,l4 ,caffeina1 caffeine4 ,physiological action4 ,therapeutics4 ,in his1 ,therapeutics1 materia medica and pharmacy1 #dth ed4 #aiab4 pp4 #ahf-aib4 ,,rivers1 ,w4,h4,r4 ,the influence of alcohol and other drugs on fatigue4 ,,ii4 ,caffeine4 ,london1 #aijh4 pp4 #bb-ej1 #abg-acj4 ,,schutzkwer1 ,,nachum4 ,das ,coffen und sein ,verhalten im ,thierkrper4 ,inaugural dissertation1 ,knigsberg1 #ahhb4 #be pp4 ,also1 ,schmidt's ,jahrbcher1 #ahhc1 ,,cxcviii3 #bcb-bcc4 ,,voit1 ,,carl4 ,untersuchung ber die ,wirkung des ,kaffee's auf den thierischen ,organismus4 ,in his1 ,untersuchung ber den ,einfluss des ,kochsalzes1 des ,kaffee's und der ,muskelbewegungen1 ,mnchen1 #ahfj4 pp4 #fg-adg4 ,,weigl1 ,j4 ,das ,koffen4 ,leipzig1 #aije4 ,,wilhelm1 ,f4 ,ist das ,coffeon an der ,kaffeewirkung beteiligt8 ,wrzburg1 #ahie4 ,periodicals ,,albanese1 ,,manfredi4 ,ueber die ,bildung von #c-,methyl-xanthin aus ,coffen im thierischen ,organismus4 ,berichte der deutschen chemischen ,gesellschaft1 #ahii1 ,,xxxii2 no4 #cfj1 #bbhj-bbhb4 ---- ,ueber das ,verhalten des ,coffens und des ,theobromins im ,organismus4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #ahie1 ,,xxxv3 #ddi-dff4 ,,albers1 ,j4,f4,h4 ,ueber die eigenthmliche ,wirkung des ,theinum und ,coffeinum citricum auf den thierischen ,krper4 ,deutsche ,klinik1 #aheb1 ,,iv3 #egg-egi4 ,,aubert1 ,h4 ,ueber den ,coffengehalt des ,kaffeegetrnkes und ber die ,wirkungen des ,coffens4 ,archiv fr die gesammte ,physiologie des ,menschen und der ,thiere1 #ahgb1 ,v3 #ehi-fbh4 ,,binz1 ,c4 ,beitrag zur ,toxikologie des ,coffens4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #ahia1 ,,xxviii3 #aig-bjj4 ,,bondzynski1 ,,st4 and ,,gottlieb1 ,r4 ,ueber ,methylxanthin1 ein ,stoffwechselprodukt des ,theobromin und ,coffen4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #ahie1 ,,xxxvi3 #de-ee4 ,also1 ,berichte der deutschen chemischen ,gesellschaft1 #ahie1 ,,xxviii3 no4 #bba1 #aaac-aaah4 ,,busquet1 ,h4 and ,,tiffeneau1 ,m4 ,du rle de la cafine dans l'action cardiaque du caf4 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #aiab1 ,,clv3 #cfb-cfe4 ,,cogswell1 ,,charles4 ,on the local action of poisons4 ,lancet1 #aheb1 ,no4 #b3 #dhh-dia4 ,f,r1 ,,charles4 ,note sur l'influence de la thobromine sur le travail4 ,comptes rendus de la ,socit de ,biologie1 #aija1 #b4 ser41 ,,iii3 #eic-eid1 #fbg-fbi4 ,,frankel1 ,f4 ,,hulton4 ,caffein as a body warmer4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #ced-cee4 ,,ganzer1 ,e4 ,ueber ein neues ,verfahren der ,kaffee-,entgiltung auf physikalischer ,grundlage4 ,der praktische ,arzt1 #aiad1 ,,liv3 #aeb-age4 ,,gerbis1 ,h4 ,vergiftung mit anilinlhaltigen ,kaffee4 ,aerztliche ,sachverstandigen-,zeitung1 #aiac1 ,,xix3 #dfg4 ,,geraty1 ,t4 ,poisoning by citrate of caffeine4 ,lancet1 #ahhi1 ,i3 #bai4 ,,gouget1 ,a4 ,coffee and tea poisoning4 ,journal of ,inebriety1 #aijh1 ,,xxx3 #ib-ajb4 ,,hanna1 ,w4,j4 ,chronic coffee poisoning4 ,occidental ,medical ,times1 #aijc1 ,,xvii3 #adh4 ,,hare1 ,h4,a4 and ,,marshall1 ,j4 ,the physiological effects of the empyreumatic oil of coffee or caffeon4 ,medical ,news1 #ahhh1 ,,lii3 #ccg-cci4 ,,harnack1 ,e4 ,zur ,frage nach der ,schdlichkeit des ,kaffees4 ,deutsche medizinische ,wochenschrift1 #aijg1 ,,xxxiii3 #bf-bh4 ,,hollingworth1 ,h4,l4 ,caffein as a stimulant4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii1 ,supplement to ,no4 #f3 #eb-ef4 ,,ioteyko1 ,j4 tude physiologique et mathmatique4 ,,ix4 ,cafine4 ,institut ,solvay4 ,travaux de ,laboratoire1 #aijc1 ,,vi3 #dgd-dhe4 ,,jacobj1 ,c41 and ,,golowinski4 ,ein ,beitrag zur ,frage der verschiedenen ,wirkung des ,coffens auf ,rana esculenta und ,rana temporaria4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #aijh1 ,supplement1 #bhf-bih4 ,,koschlakoff4 ,beobachtungen ber die ,wirkung des citrone sauren ,coffen's4 ,virchow's ,archiv fr pathologische ,anatomie und ,physiologie1 #ahfd1 ,,xxxi3 #dcf-ddc4 ,,kurzak4 ,die ,wirkungen des ,kaffens auf ,thiere4 ,schmidt's ,jahrbcher1 #ahfa1 ,,cix3 #agb4 ,,kr,,ger1 ,,martin4 ,ueber den ,abbau des ,caffens im ,organismus des ,hundes4 ,berichte der deutschen chemischen ,gesellschaft1 #ahii1 ,,xxxii1 ,no4 #dca1 #bhah4 ---- ,ueber den ,abbau des ,caffens im ,organismus des ,kaninchens4 ,berichte der deutschen chemischen ,gesellschaft1 #ahii1 ,,xxxii1 ,no4 #dhh3 #cccf4 ,,langfeld1 ,h4,s4 ,tests with alcohol and caffeine4 ,psychological ,review1 #aiaa1 ,,xviii3 #dac1 #dbd4 ,,leven1 ,m4 ,action physiologique et mdicamenteuse de la cafine4 ,archives de ,physiologie1 #ahfi1 ,i3 #agi-ahi4 ,,levinthal1 ,,walter4 ,zum ,abbau des ,xanthins und ,caffens im ,organismus des ,menschen4 ,zeitschrift fr physiologische ,chemie1 #aiab1 ,,lxxvii3 #bei-bgi4 ,,maly1 ,,richard1 and ,,andreasch1 ,,rudolf4 ,studien ber ,caffen und ,theobromin4 ,monatshefte fr ,chemie 7,sitzungs-berichte der ,kaiserlichen ,akademie der ,wissenschaften71 #ahhc1 ,,iv3 #cfi-chg4 ,,matthews1 ,w4 ,observations on the use of coffee as a cause of disease4 ,northwest ,medical and ,surgical ,journal1 #ahej-a1 ,,vii3 #df-ej4 ,,pardi4 ,ricerche intormo alla funzione spermato-genetica negli animali avvelenati con caff4 ,lo ,sperimentale1 ,,lxv3 #ag-cd4 ,,peset ,,cervera1 ,v4 ,del envenenamiento por el caf4 ,gnio mdico-quirrgico1 #ahgg1 ,,xxiii3 #fgj-fgc4 ,p,,tresco1 ,z4 ,sur l'action hypercintique de la cafine hautes doses ou doses thrapeutiques4 ,verhandlungen des ,x1 internationalen medicinischen ,congresses1 ,berlin1 #ahij1 ,,ii1 pt4 #d1 #e-aj4 ,,pilcher1 ,j4,d4 ,alcohol and caffeine3 a study of antagonism and synergism4 ,journal of ,pharmacology and ,experimental ,therapeutics1 #aiaa1 ,,iii3 #bfg-bih4 ,,reichert1 ,e4,t4 ,the action of caffein on tissue metamorphosis and heat phenomena4 ,new ,york ,medical ,journal1 #ahij1 ,,li3 #def-dei4 ---- ,the empyreumatic oil of coffee1 or caffeone4 ,medical ,news1 #ahij1 ,,lvi3 #dgf-dgh4 ,,ribaut1 ,h4 ,influence de la cafine sur la production de chaleur chez l'animal4 ,comptes rendus de la ,socit de ,biologie1 #aija1 ,,liii 7#b4 ser41 ,,iii73 #bie-bif4 ,,riegel1 ,f4 ,ueber die therapeutische ,verwendung der ,caffein-prparate4 ,wiener medizinische ,bltter1 #ahhd1 ,,vii3 #fae-fai4 ,also1 ,berlin klinische ,wochenschrift1 #ahhd1 ,,xxi3 #bhi4 ,,rugh1 ,j4,t4 ,profound toxic effects from the drinking of large amounts of strong coffee4 ,proceedings of the ,philadelphia ,county ,medical ,society1 #ahif1 ,,xvii3 #aie4 ,also1 ,medical and ,surgical ,reporter1 #ahif1 ,,lxxv3 #edi2 ,quarterly ,journal of ,inebriety1 #ahig1 ,,xix3 #fb-fd4 ,,salant1 ,,william1 and ,,rieger1 ,j4,b4 ,elimination and toxicity of caffein in nephrectomized rabbits4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,bureau of ,chemistry4 ,bulletin1 #aiac1 ,,clxvi4 ---- ,toxicity of caffein3 an experimental study on different species of animals4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,bureau of ,chemistry4 ,bulletin1 #aiab1 ,,cxlviii4 ,,schmid1 ,,julius4 ,der ,abbau methylierter ,xanthine4 ,zeitschrift fr physiologische ,chemie1 #aiaj1 ,,lxvii3 #aee-afj4 ,,schmiedeberg1 ,,oswald4 ,ueber die ,verschiedenheit der ,coffen-wirkung an ,rana temporaria ,l4 und ,rana esculenta ,l4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #ahgd1 ,,ii3 #fb-fi4 ,,stuhlmann1 ,j4 and ,,falck1 ,c4,p4 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss der ,wirkungen des ,kaffens4 ,virchow's ,archiv fr pathologische ,anatomie und ,physiologie1 #aheg1 ,,xi3 #cbd-chc4 ,,stenstr,m1 ,,thor4 ber die ,coffeinhyperglykmie4 ,biochemische ,zeitschrift1 #aiac1 ,,xlix3 #bbe-bca4 ,,sterrett1 ,r4,m4 ,coffee2 a drug4 ,chicago ,medical ,times1 ,jan4 #aiaj1 ,,xliii4 ,,the ,,true poison in the coffee cup4 ,medical ,record1 #ahhe1 ,,xxvii3 #aia4 ,,untersuchung einer vermutheten ,vergiftung durch ,kaffee4 ,bltter fr gerichtliche ,anthropologie1 #ahfb1 ,,xiii3 #acg-ada4 ,,waentig1 ,,percy4 ber den ,gehalt des ,kaffeegetrnkes an ,koffen und die ,verfahren zu seiner ,ermittelung4 ,arbeiten a4 d4 kaiserl4 ,gesundheitsamte1 #aijf1 ,,xxiii3 #cae-ccb4 ,,wedemeyer1 ,t4 ,habituation of the psychic functions to caffein4 ,arch41 exp4 ,path4 ,phar41 #aibj1 #he3 #cci-eh4 ,,weismann4 ,ein ,fall von schweren ,vergiftungs erscheinungen durch einmaligen unmssigen ,genuss von ,kaffee4 ,zeitschrift fr ,bahn- und ,bahnkassenrzte1 #aijf1 ,i3 #hjf4 ,,zenetz4 ,dangers of caffeine4 ,pharmaceutical ,journal1 #aijj1 #dth ser41 ,x3 #ccc4 ,,of ,,green ,,coffee ,,landarrahilco1 ,o4 ,du caf vert envisag au point de vue de ses applications thrapeutiques dans le traitement de la goutte1 de la gravelle1 des coliques nphrtiques et de la migraine4 ,montpellier1 #ahff4 ,,perret1 ,e4 ,sur l'extrait physiologique de caf vert4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 #aiaj1 ,,clx3 #bad-bbb4 ,,squibb4 ,fluid extract of green coffee4 ,ephemeris of materia medica1 #ahhd1 ,,ii3 #faf-fai4 ,,of ,,leaves ,,of ,,coffee ,,tree ,,on the dried coffee leaf of ,sumatra4 ,pharmaceutical ,journal1 ,,xiii3 #bjg-bji1 #chb-chd4 ,,of ,,roasted ,,coffee ,,burmann1 ,j4 ,recherches chimiques et physiologiques sur les principes nocifs du caf torrfi4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 #aiac1 ,,clxvi3 #cgi-djj4 ,,grindel4 ,fortgesetzte ,erfahrungen ber den rohen ,caffee4 ,journal der practischen ,arzneykunde und ,wundarzneykunst1 #ahji1 ,,xxix1 pt4 #ab1 #aa-cj4 ,,offret4 ,observations sur l'action physiologique du caf1 selon ses diverses torrfactions4 ,nantes1 #ahfb4 ,,of ,,smoking ,,coffee ,,schmidt4 ,ueber ,caffee-,rucherung4 ,mittheilungen aus dem ,gebiete der ,medicin ,chirurgie und ,pharmacie1 #ahcb1 ,i3 #bag-bbj4 ,,traver1 ,l4 ,insanity from smoking coffee4 ,medical and ,surgical ,reporter1 #ahfd-e1 ,,xii3 #djf4 ,,on ,,children ,,jackson1 ,s4 ,on the influence upon health of the introduction of tea and coffee in large proportion into the dietary of children and the labouring classes4 ,american ,medical ,association4 ,transactions1 #ahdh1 ,,ii3 #fce-fdd4 ,also1 ,american ,journal of ,medical ,science1 #ahdi1 n4s4 ,,xviii3 #gi-hf4 ,,taylor1 ,c4,k4 ,effects of coffee drinking on children4 ,psychological ,clinic1 #aiab-ac1 ,,vi3 #ef-eh4 ,,williams1 ,t4,a4 ,a case of psychasthenia in a child aged two years1 due to coffee drinking4 ,archives of ,pediatrics1 #aiaj1 ,,xxvii3 #ggh-ghb4 ,also1 ,pacific ,medical ,journal1 #aiaa1 ,,liv3 #bba-bbe4 ,,on ,,different ,,organs ,,and ,,systems ,,bladder ,,becher1 ,,carl4 ,coffen als ,herztonicum und ,diureticum4 ,wiener ,medizinische ,bltter1 #ahhd4 ,,vii1 columns1 #fci-fdd4 ,,besser4 ,die harnsurevermehrende ,wirkung des ,kaffees und der ,methylxanthin beim ,normalen und ,gichtkranken4 ,therapie der ,gegenwart1 #aiji1 n4s4 ,,xi3 #cba-cbg4 ,,bondzynski1 ,,st41 and ,,gottlieb1 ,r4 ber die ,constitution des nach ,coffen und ,theobromin im ,harne auftretenden ,methylxanthins4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #ahif1 ,,xxxvii3 #che-chh4 ,,dumont1 ,a4 ,expriences relative l'influence du caf sur l'excrtion de l'ure urinaire4 ,revue mdicale1 #ahhh1 ,,vii3 #beg-bfj4 ,,fauvel4 ,action du chocolat et du caf sur l'excrtion urique4 ,comptes rendus de la ,socit de ,biologie1 #aijh1 ,,lxiv3 #hed-hef4 ---- ,influence du chocolat et du caf sur l'acide urique4 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #aijf1 ,,cxlii3 #adbh-adcj2 #aiji1 ,,cxlviii3 #aeda-aedd4 ,,fubini1 ,s41 and ,,ottolenghi4 ,influenza della caffeina e dell' infuso caff sulla quantit giornaliera di urea emessa dall' uomo colle urine4 ,giornale della reale ,accademia di ,medicina di l',orino1 #ahhb1 ser4 #c1 ,,xxx3 #egj-egd4 ,,loewi1 ,o4 ,ueber den ,mechanismus der ,coffendiurese4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #aije1 ,,liii3 #ae-cb4 ,,mendel1 ,l4,b4 ,caffein and uric acid4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #adb-ade4 ,,rost1 ,e4,c4 ,ueber die ,ausscheidung des ,coffen und ,theobromin im ,harn4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #ahie1 ,,xxxvi3 #ef-ga4 ,,roux1 ,e4 ,des variations dans la quantit d'ure excrte avec une alimentation normale et sous l'influence du th et du caf4 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #ahgc1 ,,lxxvii3 #cfe-cfg4 ,s41 ,m4 ,de l'emploi du caf comme diurtique4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 #ahci1 ,,xvi3 #add-adh4 ,,schittenhelm1 ,,alfred4 ,zur ,frage der harnsurevermehrenden ,wirkung von ,kaffee und ,tee und ihrer ,bedeutung in der ,gichttherapie4 ,therapeutische ,monatshefte1 #aiaj1 ,,xxiv3 #aac-aaf4 ,,schroeder1 ,w4 ,,von4 ,ueber die diuretische ,wirkung des ,coffens und der zu derselben ,gruppe gehrenden ,substanzen4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #ahhg1 ,,xxiv3 #he-ajh4 ---- ,ueber die ,wirkung des ,coffens als ,diureticum4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #ahhg1 ,,xxii3 #ci-fa4 ,,wardell1 ,,emma ,l4 ,caffein and uric acid4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #adb-ade4 ,,circulation1 ,,heart1 ,,etc4 ,,archangelsky1 ,c4,t4 ,die ,wirkung des ,destillats von ,kaffee und von ,thee auf ,athmung und ,herz4 ,archives internationales de ,pharmacodynamie1 #aijj1 ,,vii3 #dje-dbd4 ,,aubert1 ,h41 and ,,dehn1 ,a4 ,ueber die ,wirkungen des ,kaffees1 des ,fleischextractes und der ,kalisalze auf ,hersthtigkeit und ,blutdruck4 ,archiv fr die gesammte ,physiologie1 #ahgd1 ,,ix3 #aae-aee4 ,,becher1 ,,carl4 ,coffen als ,herztonicum und ,diureticum4 ,wiener ,medizinische ,bltter1 #ahhd1 ,,vii1 columns1 #fci-fdd4 ,,beco1 ,,lucien1 and ,,plumier1 ,l,,on4 ,action cardiovasculaire de quelques drivs xanthiques4 ,journal de ,physiologie et ,pathologie gnrale1 #aijf1 ,,viii3 #aj-ba4 ,,binz1 ,c4 ,die ,wirkung des ,destillats von ,kaffee und ,thee auf ,athmung und ,herz4 ,centralblatt fr innere ,medicin1 #aijj1 ,,xxi3 #aafi-aagf4 ,,bock1 ,,johannes4 ,ueber die ,wirkung des ,coffens und des ,theobromins auf das ,herz4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #aijj1 ,,xliii3 #cfg-cii4 ,,couty1 ,,guimaraes1 and ,,niobey4 ,de l'action du caf sur la composition du sang et les changes nutritifs4 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #ahhd1 ,,xcix3 #he-hg4 ,,cushny1 ,a4,r41 and ,,van ,,naten1 ,b4,k4 ,on the action of caffeine on the mammalian heart4 ,archives internationales de ,pharmacodynamie1 #aija1 ,,ix3 #afi-ahj4 ,,dumas1 ,,adolphe4 ,bons effets de la cafine dans un cas de paralysie du coeur4 ,paris1 #ahhf4 ,,fredericq1 ,,henri4 ,l'excitabilit du vague cardiaque et ses modifications sous l'influence de la cafine4 ,archives internationales de ,physiologie1 #aiac1 ,,xiii3 #ajg-abe4 ,,frenkel1 ,,sophie4 ,klinische ,untersuchungen ber die ,wirkung von ,coffen1 ,morphium1 ,atropin1 ,secale cormetum und ,digitalis auf den arteriellen ,blutdruck4 ,deutsches ,archiv fr klinische ,medizin1 #ahij1 ,,xlvi3 #edb-ehb4 ,f,,rst4 ,die ,gefahren des ,kaffees bei ,herz- und ,arterien-leiden4 ,deutsche medicinische ,presse1 #aije1 ,,ix3 #ia4 ,,hedbom1 ,,karl4 ,ueber die ,einwirkung verschiedener ,stoffe auf das isolirte ,sugethierherz4 ,skandinavisches ,archiv fr ,physiologie1 #ahii1 ,,ix3 #a-gb4 ,,huchard1 ,,henri4 ,de la cafine dans les affections du coeur4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 #ahhb1 ,,ciii3 #ade-aed4 ,,landergren1 ,e41 and ,,tigerstedt1 ,r4 ,studien ber die ,blutvertheilung im ,krper4 ,skandinavisches ,archiv fr ,physiologie1 #ahib-c1 ,,iv3 #bda-bhj4 ,,loeb1 ,,oswald4 ,ueber die ,beeinflssung des ,koronarkreislaufs durch einige ,gifte4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #aijd1 ,,li3 #fd-hc4 ,,mirano1 ,g4,c4 ,l'azione della caffeina sulla pressione del pulso4 ,la ,riforma medica1 #aijf1 ,,xxi3 ,no4 #ch4 ,reviewed in1 ,biochemisches ,centralblatt1 #aijf-g1 ,v3 #bje4 ,,pachon1 ,v41 and ,,perrot1 ,e4 ,sur l'action cardiovasculaire du caf vert1 compare celle des doses correspondantes de cafine4 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie des ,sciences1 #aiaj1 ,,cl3 #agjc-agje4 ,,phillips1 ,c4,d4,f41 and ,,bradford1 ,j4,r4 ,on the action of certain drugs on the circulation and secretion of the kidney4 ,journal of ,physiology1 #ahhg1 ,,viii3 #aag-acb4 ,,pilcher1 ,j4,d4 ,the action of caffeine on the mammalian heart4 ,journal of ,pharmacology and ,experimental ,therapeutics1 #aiab1 ,,iii3 #fji-fbd4 ,,rabe4 ,the action of coronary vessels to drugs4 ,zeitschrift fr experimentelle ,pathologie1 #aiab1 ,,xi3 #age4 ,,reichert1 ,e4,t4 ,action de la cafine sur la circulation4 ,bulletin gnral de ,thrapeutique1 ,,cxix3 #hf4 ,also in ,english1 ,therapeutic ,gazette1 #ahij1 n4s4 ,,vi3 #bid4 ,,santesson1 ,c4,g4 ,einige ,versuche ber die ,wirkung des ,coffens auf das ,herz des ,kaninchens4 ,skandinavisches ,archiv fr ,physiologie1 #aija-b1 ,,xii3 #bei-bif4 ,,sollmann1 ,t41 and ,,pilcher1 ,j4,d4 ,the actions of caffeine on the mammalian circulation4 ,journal of ,pharmacology and ,experimental ,therapeutics1 #aiaa1 ,,iii3 #ai-ib4 ,,trzecieski1 ,a4 ,ueber die ,wirkung der ,antipyretica auf das ,herz4 ,,ii4 ,ueber die ,wirkung des ,kaffens und ,theobromins auf das ,herz4 ,jahresbericht der ,thierchemie1 #aiji1 ,,xxxix3 #abfh4 ,,van ,,leeuwen1 ,w4,s4 ,quantitative pharmakologische ,untersuchungen ber die ,reflexfunktionen des ,ruckenmarkes an ,warmbltern4 ,archiv fr die gesammte physiologie1 #aiac1 ,,cliv3 #cjg-cdb4 ,,vinci1 ,g4 ,azione della caffeina sulla pressione sanguigna4 ,archivo di ,farmacologia e ,terapeutica1 #ahie1 #h4 ,reviewed1 ,revue des ,sciences mdicales1 #ahif1 ,,xlvii3 #hj4 ,,digestive ,,organs ,,bikfalvi1 ,,karl4 ,ueber die ,einwirkung von ,alcohol1 ,bier1 ,wein1 ,wasser von ,borssik1 schwarzem ,kaffee1 ,tabak1 ,kochsalz und ,alaun auf die ,verdauung4 ,jahresbericht der ,thierchemie1 #ahhe1 ,,xv3 #bgc4 ,,burian1 ,,richard1 and ,,schur1 ,,heinrich4 ,ueber die ,stellung der ,purinkrper im menschlichen ,stoffwechsel4 ,archiv fr die gesammte ,physiologie1 #aijj1 ,,lxxx3 #bda-cdc4 ,,cr,,mer4 ,ueber den ,einfluss des ,nikotins1 des ,kaffees und des ,thees auf die ,verdauung4 ,mnchener medizinische ,wochenschrift1 #aijg1 ,,liv1 pt4 #a1 #ibi-ica1 #ihh-iia4 ,,eder1 ,,max4 ,studien ber den ,wert und die ,wirkung des ,kaffees auf die ,ttigkeit der ,wiederkuermgen4 ,inaugural ,dissertation1 ,giessen1 #aiab4 #hh pp4 ,summarized1 ,zentralblatt fr ,biochemie und ,biophysik1 #aiab1 ,,xiii3 #ejd4 ,,farr1 ,c4,b41 and ,,welker1 ,w4,h4 ,the effect of caffeine on nitrogenous excretion and partition4 ,american ,journal of the ,medical ,sciences1 #aiab1 ,,cxliii3 #daa-dae4 ,,filehne1 ,,wilhelm4 ,ueber einige ,wirkungen des ,xanthins1 des ,caffens und mehrerer mit ihnen verwandter ,krper4 ,archiv fr ,anatomie und ,physiologie1 #ahhf1 #gb-ia4 ,,gottlieb1 ,r41 and ,,magnus1 ,r4 ,ueber die ,besiehungen der ,nierencirculation zur ,diurese4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #aija1 ,,xlv3 #bbc-bdg4 ,,guimaraes1 ,e4,a4,r4 ,de l'action du caf sur la consommation d'aliments azots et hydrocarbons4 ,comptes rendus de la ,socit de ,biologie1 #ahhc1 ser4 #g1 ,v3 #eij-eib4 ,,guimaraes1 ,e4,a4,r41 and ,,niobey4 ,de l'action du caf sur la nutrition et sur la composition du sang4 ,comptes rendus de la ,socit de ,biologie1 #ahhc1 ser4 #g1 ,,iv3 #edf-eej4 ,also1 ,comptes rendus de l',acadmie de ,sciences1 #ahhd1 ,,xciv3 #he-hg4 ,,hale1 ,,worth4 ,influence of certain drugs upon the toxicity of acetanilide and antipyrine4 ,public ,health and ,marine-,hospital ,service of the ,u4,s4 ,hygienic ,laboratory4 ,bulletin1 ,no4 #ec1 p4 #dc1 ,experiments with caffeine citrate4 ,,heerlein1 ,w4 ,das ,coffen und das ,kaffeedestillat in ihrer ,beziehung zum ,stoffwechsel4 ,archiv fr die gesammte ,physiologie1 #ahib1 ,,lii3 #afe-ahe4 ,,kotake1 ,y4 ,ueber den ,abbau des ,coffens durch den ,auszug aus der ,rinderleber4 ,zeitschrift fr physologische ,chemie1 #aijh1 ,,lvii3 #cgh-cha4 ,,liwschitz1 ,o4 ,ueber den ,einfluss des ,kaffees auf den ,eiweis-stoffwechsel beim ,menschen4 ,basel1 #aiad4 ,,marchand1 ,,eugene4 ,le caf du lait est une soupe au cuir4 ,revue de ,thrapeutique mdico-chirurgicale1 #ahgc1 #bfa4 ,,nagel4 ,die ,wirkung des ,caf's auf eingeklemmte ,darmparthien4 ,allgemelner ,wiener medizinische ,zeitung1 #ahgb1 ,,xvii3 #cia4 ,,nagasaki1 ,s41 and ,,matswuoka1 ,z4 ,ueber den ,abbau des ,kaffens und ,theobromins durch den ,rinderpankreas und ,stierhodenauszug4 ,kyoto ,igaku-zashi1 #aiab1 ,,ix2 ,h4 #c4 ,summarized1 ,zentralblatt fr ,biochemie und ,biochemie und ,biophysik1 #aiab-ac1 ,,xiv3 #gdc4 ,,og,,ta1 ,,masanori4 ,ueber den ,einfluss der ,genussmittel und ,magenverdauung4 ,archiv fr ,hygiene1 #ahhe1 ,,iii3 #bjd-bad4 ,,pawlowsky1 ,i4 ,ueber den ,einfluss von ,tee1 ,kaffee und einigen alkoholischen ,getrnken auf die quantitative ,pepsinwirkung4 ,jahresbericht der ,thierchemie1 #aijc1 ,,xxxiii3 #edc4 ,,pincussohn1 ,,ludwig4 ,die ,wirkung des ,kaffees und des ,kakaos auf die ,magansaftsekretion4 ,mnchener medizinische ,wochenschrift1 #aijf1 ,,liii1 pt4 ,i1 #abdh-abdi4 ---- ,ueber das sekretionsfordernde ,prinzip des ,kaffees4 ,zeitschrift fr physikalische und ditetische ,therapie1 #aijg1 ,,xi3 #bfa-bfc4 ,,rabuteau4 ,recherches sur l'action des cafiques sur la nutrition4 ,gazette mdicale de ,paris1 #ahgj1 ,,xxv3 #eic4 ,also1 ,comptes rendus de la ,socit de ,biologie1 #ahgb1 ser4 #e1 ,,ii3 #gg-ha4 ,,ribaut1 ,h4 ,influence de la cafine sur l'excrtion azote4 ,comptes rendus de la ,socit de ,biologie1 #aija1 ,,liii1 7ser4 #b1 ,,iii73 #cic-cie4 ,,sasaki1 ,,takaoki4 ,experimentelle ,untersuchungen ber den ,einfluss des ,tees auf die ,magensaftsekretion4 ,berliner klinische ,wochenschrift1 #aije1 ,,xlii3 #aebf-aebh4 ,,schmiedeberg1 ,,oswald4 ,vergleichende ,untersuchungen ber die pharmakologischen ,wirkungen einiger ,purinderivate4 ,berichte der deutschen chemischen ,gesellschaft1 #aija1 ,,xxxiv1 ,no4 #cie1 #beej-beei4 ,,schultz-,,schultzenstein1 ,c4 ,versuche ber den ,einfluss van ,caffee- und ,thee-,abkochungen auf knstliche ,verdauung4 ,zeitschrift fr physiologische ,chemie1 #ahic-d1 ,,xviii3 #aca4 ,,story1 ,w4 ,coffee as an absorbent4 ,lancet1 #ahgc1 ,,ii3 #fag4 ,,togami1 ,k4 ,ueber den ,einfluss einiger ,genussmittel auf die ,wirksamkeit der ,verdauungsenzyme4 ,biochemisches ,zeitschrift1 #aijh1 ,,ix3 #deh-dfb4 ,,tyrode1 ,m4,v4 ,caffeine on the gastro-intestinal tract4 ,boston ,medical and ,surgical ,journal1 #aiaa1 ,,clxiv3 #fhf4 ,,eyes ,,and ,,ears ,,bulson1 ,a4,e4 ,coffee amblyopia4 ,american ,journal of ,ophthalmology1 #aije1 ,,xxii3 #ee-fd4 ,,crothers1 ,t4,d4 ,effects of coffee upon the eyes and ears4 ,in his1 ,disease of inebriety from alcohol1 opium and other narcotic drugs1 ,new ,york1 #ahic4 p4 #cji4 ,,french1 ,h4,c4 ,coffee drinking and blindness4 ,north ,american ,review1 #ahhh1 ,,cxlvii3 #ehd-ehe4 ,,holaday1 ,j4,m4 ,coffee-drinking and blindness4 ,north ,american ,review1 ,,cxlvii3 #cjb4 ,,wing1 ,p4,b4 ,report of a case of toxic amblyopia from coffee4 ,annals of ,ophthalmology1 #aijc1 ,,xii3 #bcb-bcd4 ,,lactation ,,frankl1 ,j4 ,ueber die ,anwendung von ,kaffee bei den ,krankheiten der ,suglinge4 ,wiener medizinische ,wochenschrift1 #ahgb1 ,,xxii3 #chd4 ,,obidennikoff1 ,e4 ,o vlijanii kofe na kolichestvo i kolichestven sostave moloka4 7,influence of coffee on lactation74 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahga4 ,,muscular ,,system ,,benedicenti1 ,a4 ,ergographische ,untersuchungen ber ,kaffee1 ,thee1 ,mat1 ,guarana und ,coca4 ,moleschott's ,untersuchungen zur ,naturlehre1 #ahii1 ,,xvi3 #agj-ahf4 ,,buchheim and ,,eisenmenger4 ,ueber den ,einfluss einiger ,gifte auf die ,zuckungscurve des ,froschmuskels4 ,,iii4 ,caffen4 ,beitrge zur ,anatomie und ,physiologie1 #ahgj1 ,v3 #aac-aah4 ,,destr,e1 ,e4 ,effets immdiats et tardifs de la cafine sur le travail4 ,journal mdical de ,bruxelles1 #ahig1 ,,ii3 #bca1 #egg4 ,,dreser1 ,h4 ,ueber die ,messung der durch pharmakologische ,agentien ,bedingten ,vernderungen der ,arbeitsgrsse und der ,elasticitatszustnde des ,skeletsmuskels4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,physiologie1 #aijd1 ,,xvi3 #aci-bba4 ,,kobert1 ,e4,r4 ,ueber den ,einfluss verschiedener pharmakologischer ,agentien auf die ,muskelsubstanz4 ,archiv fr experimentelle ,pathologie und ,pharmakologie1 #ahhb1 ,,xv3 #bb-gi4 ,,lusini1 ,v4 ,biologische und toxische ,wirkung der methylirten ,xanthine insbesondere ihr ,einfluss auf die ,muskelermdung4 ,l',orosi1 ,,xxi3 #beg-bfc4 ,,mosso1 ,,ugolino4 ,action des principes actifs de la noix de kola sur la contraction musculaire4 ,archives italiennes de ,biologie1 #ahic1 ,,xix3 #bda-bef4 ,,oseretzkowsky1 ,a41 and ,,kraepelin1 ,e4 ,ueber die ,beeinflssung der ,muskelleistung durch verschiedene ,arbeitsbedingungen4 ,v4 ,der ,einfluss von ,alkohol un ,coffen4 ,psychologische ,arbeiten1 #aija1 ,,iii3 #fag-fdc4 ,,paschkes1 ,h41 and ,,pal1 ,j4 ,ueber die ,muskelwirkung des ,coffens1 ,theobromins und ,xanthins4 ,wiener medizinische ,jahrbcher1 #ahhf1 #faa-fag4 ,,ransom1 ,f4 ,the action of caffeine on muscle4 ,journal of ,physiology1 #aiaa1 ,,xlii3 #add-aee4 ,,rivers1 ,w4,h4,r41 and ,,webber1 ,h4,n4 ,the action of caffein on the capacity for muscular work4 ,journal of ,physiology1 #aijg-h1 ,,xxxvi3 #cc-dg4 ,,rossi1 ,,cesare4 ,ricerche sperimentali sulla fatica dei muscoli umani4 ,caffeina4 ,rivista sperimentale di ,freniatria1 #ahid1 ,,xx3 #deh-dfb4 ,,sackur4 ,ueber die todliche ,nachwirkung der durch ,kaffein erzengten ,muskelstarre4 ,virchow's ,archiv fr pathologische ,anatomie und ,physiologie1 #ahie1 ,,cxli3 #dgi-dhd4 ,,schumberg4 ,ueber die ,bedeutung von ,kola1 ,kaffee1 ,thee1 ,mat und ,alkohol fr die ,leistung der ,muskeln4 ,archiv fr ,anatomie und ,physiologie1 #ahii1 #bhi-cac4 ,,sobieranski1 ,w4 ,ueber den ,einfluss der pharmakologischen ,mittel auf die ,muskelkraft der ,menschen4 ,gazeta lekarska1 #ahif4 ,summarized1 ,centralblatt fr ,physiologie1 #ahif1 ,x3 #abf4 ,,wood1 ,h4,c4 ,the effects of caffeine on the circulatory and muscular systems4 ,therapeutic ,gazette1 #aiab1 ,,xxxvi1 7ser4 #c1 ,,xxviii73 #f-ac4 ,,nervous ,,system1 ,,brain1 ,,etc4 ,,ach1 ,,narziss4 ,ueber die ,beeinflssung der ,auffossungsfhigkeit4 ,psychologische ,arbeiten1 #aija1 ,,iii3 #bjc-bhi4 ,,dehio1 ,,heinrich4 ,untersuchungen ber den ,einfluss des ,coffens und ,thees auf die ,dauer einfacher psychischer ,vorgnge4 ,inaugural dissertation1 ,dorpat1#ahhg4 #ee pp4 ,,dieth1 ,m4,j41 and ,,vintschgau1 ,m4 ,,von4 ,das ,verhakten der physiologischen ,reactionzeit unter dem ,einfluss von ,morphium1 ,caffee und ,wein4 ,archiv fr gesammte ,physiologie1 #ahgh1 ,,xvi3 #caf-djf4 ,,dixon1 ,w4,e4 ,the paralysis of nerve cells and nerve endings with special reference to the alkaloid apocodeine4 ,journal of ,physiology1 #aijd1 ,,xxx3 #ig-aca4 ,,hoch1 ,,august1 and ,,kraepelin1 ,e4 ,ueber die ,wirkung der ,theebestandtheile auf krperliche und geistige ,arbeit4 ,psychologische ,arbeiten1 #ahif1 ,i3 #cgh-dhh4 ,,hollingworth1 ,h4,l4 ,influence of caffein on mental and motor efficiency4 ,archives of ,psychology1 #aiab1 ,,xxii3 #aff4 ,also1 ,therapeutic ,gazette1 #aiab1 ,,xxxvi3 #a4 ,,hoppe1 ,i4 ,des effets de la coffine sur le systme nerveux des animaux4 ,l'cho mdical1 #aheh1 ,,ii3 #ddi-dfj4 ,,kionka1 ,h4 7,caffein and coffee as nerve poisons47 ,grundriss der ,toxicologie1 #aija3 #cca-ccf4 ,,le ,,grand1 ,,de ,,saulle4 ,de l'insalubrit de l'atmosphre des cafs et de son influence sur le dveloppement des maladies crbrales4 ,gazette des ,hpitaux1 #ahfa2 also ,academie des ,sciences1 #ahfa4 ,,leszynsky1 ,w4,m4 ,coffee as a beverage and its frequent deleterious effects upon the nervous system2 acute and chronic coffee poisoning4 ,medical ,record1 #aija1 ,,lix3 #da-dd4 ,,mcmakin1 ,a4,l4 ,influence of coffee on brain workers4 ,good ,housekeeping1 #aiab1 ,,liv3 #cha-chb4 ,,paldanus4 ,ein ,paar ,worte ber ,kaffee als ,fiebermittel und ,medikament berhaupt4 ,neues ,archiv fr medizinische ,erfahrung1 #ahji1 ,,xi3 #cah-cbb4 ,,petit1 ,h4 ,de l'emploi prventif et curatif du caf1 notamment dans les congestions crbrales4 ,gazette des ,hpitaux1 #ahfb1 ,,xxxv3 #ddf4 ,,de ,,sarlo1 ,f41 and ,,bernardini1 ,c4 ,ricerche sulla circolazione crbrale4 ,i4 ,ischemizzanti4 ,caffeici4 ,rivista sperimentale di ,freniatria1 #ahib1 ,,xviii3 #h-ad4 ,,swirski1 ,g4 ,ueber die,beeinflssung des ,vaguscentrums durch das ,coffen4 ,archiv fr gesammte ,physiologie1 #aijd1 ,,civ3 #bfj-bib4 ,,williams1 ,t4,a4 ,coffee and the nervous system4 ,medical ,summary1 #aiab4 ,,respiration ,,archangelsky1 ,c4,t4 ,die ,wirkung des ,destillats von ,kaffee und von ,thee auf ,athmung und ,herz4 ,archives internationales de ,pharmacodynamie1 #aijj1 ,,vii3 #dje-dbd4 ,,binz1 ,c4 ,die ,wirkung des ,destillats von ,kaffee und ,thee auf ,athmung und ,herz4 ,centralblatt fr innere ,medicin1 #aijj1 ,,xxi3 #aafi-aagf4 ,,cushny1 ,a4,r4 ,the action of drugs on the respiration4 ,proceedings of the ,royal ,society of ,medicine1 #aiab-c1 ,,vi1 pt4 #c3 #acj4 ,,edsall1 ,d4,l41 and ,,means1 ,j4,h4 ,the effect of strychnine1 caffeine1 atropin and camphor on the respiratory metabolism in normal human subjects4 ,archives of ,internal ,medicine1 #aiad1 ,,xiv3 #hig-iaj4 ,,lehmann1 ,k4,b41 and ,,rohrer1 ,g4 ,besitzen die flchtigen ,bestandteile von ,thee und ,kaffee eine ,wirkung auf die ,respiration des ,menschen8 ,archiv fr ,hygiene1 #aijb1 ,,xliv3 #bjc4 ,s,e1 ,g41 and ,,lapicque4 ,action de la cafine sur les fonctions motrices et respiratoires1 l'tat normal et l'tat d'inanition4 ,la ,mdicine moderne1 #ahij1 ,i3 #bbh-bcd4 ,,substitutes ,,general ,,bibra1 ,,baron ,,von4 ,der kaffee und seine surrogate4 ,munich1 #aheh4 ,,christ1 ,j4,l4 ,der neueste und beste deutsche ,stellvertretter des indischen ,caff oder der ,coffee von ,erdmandeln2 zu ,ersparung vieler ,millionen ,geldes fr ,deutschland und lngeren ,gesundheit ,tausender von ,menschen4 #b ed4 ,frankfurtam ,mayn1 #ahja4 ,,franke1 ,,erwin4 ,kaffee1 ,kaffeekonserven und ,kaffeesurrogate4 ,wien1 #aijg4 #bba pp4 ,,freeman1 ,w4,g4 and ,,chandler1 ,s4,e4 ,coffee and coffee substitutes4 ,in their1 the world's commercial products4 ,london1 #aijg4 pp4 #agd-aih4 ,,gerster1 ,c4 ,kaffee und ,kaffee-,surrogate4 ,in ihrer1 ,bedeutung fr den praktischen ,arzt4 ,berlin1 #ahid4 ,,gundrizer1 ,r4,f4 ,o surrogatie kofe1 prigotovly-ayemom iz siemyan sinyavo lyupina 7,lupinus angustifolius ,l47 7,on a substitute for coffee1 from the seeds of44447 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahib4 ,,lehmann1 ,k4 ,die ,fabrikation des ,surrogat kaffees und des ,tafelsenses4 ,wien1 #ahgg4 #abh pp4 ,,lochner1 ,n4,f4 ,de novis et exoticis ,the et ,caf succedanis4 ,norimbergae1 #agag4 ,,menier1 ,e4,j4 ,caf3 succdans du caf1 cacao et chocolat1 coca et th mat4 ,paris1 #ahfg4 #bd pp4 7,jury report1 ,exposition ,universelle de #ahfg1 ,paris47 ,,trillich1 ,,heinrich4 ,die kaffee surrogate4 ,mnchen1 #ahhi4 ,,weichardt1 ,t4,t4 ,succedaneorum coffe inveniendorum regulas proponit4 ,lipsiae1 #aggd4 ,periodicals ,,acorn coffee4 ,pharmaceutical ,journal1 #ahgf1 p4 #ggb4 ,,basch1 ,,albert4 ,rapport sur le caf de figue4 ,socit de ,gographie d',alger et de l',afrique du ,nord4 ,bulletin1 #aija1 ,,vi3 #fjd-fjg4 ,,boullier1 ,g4 ,de la prparation de la soupe destine remplacer le caf au rveil4 ,archives de mdecine et de ,pharmacie militaires1 #aijc1 ,,xli3 #dfe-dgc4 ,,brill1 ,,harvey ,c4 ,ipel1 a coffee substitute4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxv3 #fbh-fcj4 ,,deridder1 ,h4 ,sur un succdan du caf4 ,archives mdicales belges1 #ahif1 #d ser4 ,,viii3 #bcg-bda4 ,,duchacek1 ,f4 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss der chemischen ,zusammensetzung des ,kaffees und der ,kaffee-,ersatztoffe4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aijd1 ,,viii3 #aci-adf4 ,,faber1 ,e4,e4 ,om kaffee1 kaffesurrogater og koffenfri kaffe4 ,ugeskrift for ,laeger1 #aiji1 ,,lxxi3 #hda-hdg4 ,,gr,f1 ,h4 ,ein neues ,kaffee-,ersatzmittel4 ,deutsche medicinische ,presse1 #aijg1 ,,xi3 #fe-fg4 ,,guillot1 ,c4 tude comparative sommaire des principaux produits de substitution du caf4 ,gazette mdicale de ,paris1 #aiab1 ,,lxxxiii3 #abe4 ,,hanausek1 ,t4,f4 ,einige ,bermerkungen zu den ,kapiteln ,kaffee und ,kaffee-,ersatzstoffe in den ,vereinbarungen4 ,apotheker-,zeitung1 #aijb1 ,,xvii3 #feg4 ,,hanbury1 ,,daniel4 ,on the use of coffee leaves in ,sumatra4 ,pharmaceutical ,journal1 #ahec1 ,,xiii3 #bjg-bji4 ,,kornauth1 ,c4 ,beitrge zur chemischen und mikroskopischen ,untersuchung des ,kaffee und der ,kaffeesurrogate4 ,mittheilungen aus dem pharmaceutischen ,institute und ,laboratorium fr angewandte ,chemie der ,universitt ,erlangen1 #ahij1 ,,iii3 #a-ef4 ,,kotsin1 ,m4,b4 ,kofe i yevo surrogat 7,coffee and its substitutes47 ,vestnik obshestvennoi higieny1 sudebnoi i prakticheskoi meditsiny1 etc41 #ahid1 ,,xxiii3 pt4 #b4 #cf1 #aef1 #bbf4 ,,nicolai1 ,h4,f4 ,der ,kaffee und seine ,ersatzmittel4 ,deutsche ,vierteljahrsschrift fr ffentliche ,gesundheitspflege1 #aija1 ,,xxxiii3 #bid-cdf1 #ejb-ech4 ,,nottbohm1 ,f4,e4 ,verwendung von ,steinnuss zur ,herstellung von ,kaffeersatzmitteln4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aiac1 ,,xxv3 pt4 #c4 ,,oeller and ,,gerlach1 ,,von4 ,ueber die ,einwirkung von ,gerstenkaffee und ,malzkaffee auf das ,sehorgen4 ,therapeutische ,monatshefte1 #aiab1 ,,xxvi3 #dbi-dca4 ,,rampold4 ,ueber ,kaffeesurrogate4 ,journal der practischen ,heilkunde1 #ahch1 ,,lxxxvii3 pt4 #d1 #id-aji4 ,,ruedy1 ,j4 ,thee und ,kaffee1 deren ,surrogate und ,flschungen4 ,bltter fr ,gesundheitspflege1 #ahgf1 ,v3 #ahc1 #aie1 #bjc2 #ahgg1 ,,vi3 #ai1 #cb1 #db1 #ec4 ,,sale of dandelion coffee4 ,pharmaceutical ,journal1 #ahfj1 ,,ii3 #cdf-cdh1 #ceg-ceh1 #cif4 ,,stenhouse1 ,j4 ,on the dried coffee leaf of ,sumatra1 which is employed in that and some of the adjacent islands as a substitute for tea or for the coffee bean4 ,pharmaceutical ,journal1 #ahed1 ,,xiii3 #chb-chd4 ,,trillich1 ,h4 and ,,gockel1 ,h4 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss des ,kaffees und der ,kaffeesurrogate4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #ahih1 ,v3 #aja-ajf4 ,also1 ,forschungs-,berichte ber ,lebensmittel1 #ahig1 ,,iv3 #gh2 #ahih1 ,v3 #aja4 ,,weissman4 ,ueber ,kornkaffee4 ,deutsche medizinische ,wochenschrift1 #aijc1 ,,xxix3 #bj4 ,,woods1 ,c4,d4 and ,,merrill1 ,l4,h4 ,coffee substitutes4 ,maine ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,bulletin1 ,,lxv3 #aja-aaf4 ,,malt ,,coffee ,,doepmann1 ,f4 ,ueber ,malzkaffee4 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aiad1 ,,xxvii3 #dec-dff4 ,,jonghahn1 ,a4 ,beitrge sur ,chemie und ,technologie des ,malzkaffees4 ,verhandlung der ,gesellschaft deutscher ,naturforscher und ,aerzte1 #aijf1 ,,ii1 pt4 #b1 #chb-chf4 ,,thellich1 ,h4 ,welche ,mindestforderungen sind an ,malz fr ,malzkaffee zu stellen8 ,zeitschrift fr ,untersuchung der ,nahrungs- und ,genussmittel1 #aije1 ,x3 #aah-aba4 ,,taxation1 ,,jurisprudence1 ,,etc4 ,,bordeaux4 ,,chambre ,,de ,,commerce4 ,rapport fait la ,chambre par la ,commission spciale charge d'tudier la question de la rduction des droits sur les sucres et les cafs4 ,bordeaux1 #aheh4 #bg pp4 ---- ,second rapport fait la ,chambre par la ,commission spciale charge d'tudier la question de la rduction des droits sur les sucres et les cafs4 ,bordeaux1 #ahei4 #af pp4 ,,corrie1 ,,edgar4 ,letters on the subject of the duties on coffee4 ,london1 #ahjh4 #fa pp4 ,,great ,,britain4 ,,statutes4 ,anno regni ,georgii ,,iii4 ,regis ,quadragesimo nono4 ,cap4 lxi4 ,an act for making sugar and coffee of ,martinique and ,mariegalante liable to duty on importation as sugar and coffee not of the ,british plantations4 ,london1 #ahji3 pp4 #dcg-dch4 ---- ,anno regni ,georgii ,,ii ,regis vicesimo quinto4 ,an act for encouraging the growth of coffee in ,his ,majesty's plantations in ,america4 ,london1 #ageb3 pp4 #gbc-gcd4 ---- ,anno regni ,georgii ,,ii ,regis quinto4 ,an act for encouraging the growth of coffee in ,his ,majesty's plantations in ,america4 ,london1 #agcb3 pp4 #daa-dae4 ,,larrinaga1 ,,tulio4 ,brief of ,honorable ,tulio ,larrinaga1 resident commissioner from ,porto ,rico to the ,united ,states of ,america before the ,committee on ways and means4 ,washington1 #aijh4 #i pp4 ,,madras4 ,,statutes4 ,the ,madras coffee-stealing prevention act1 #ahgh4 ,madras1 #aijh4 #i pp4 ,,nelson1 ,,knute4 ,export duty on coffee and tea4 ,list of countries levying an export duty on coffee and tea1 with statistics from the annual report on commerce and navigation for #aijh4 ,washington1 #aiji4 #f pp4 ,u4,s4 #fast ,congress1 #ast session4 ,senate ,document1 #abj4 ,,ordonnantie1 waar naar in de stad ,utrecht en ,amersfoort1 en in de vryheden van dien1 by taxatie zal worden geheven de impost op de koffy1 cicers en thee4 ,utrecht1 #agfg4 #f pp4 ,,produce ,,clearing ,,house4 ,regulations for coffee future delivery4 ,london1 #ahhh4 #ab pp4 ,,van ,,oosterwijk ,,bruyn1 ,,pieter ,,adolf4 ,beschouwingen over eene belasting op koffij4 ,utrecht1 #ahfc4 #gh pp4 ,,trade ,,and ,,statistics ,,exchange ,,tables ,m,,ller1 ,,victor ,r4 ,comparative tables showing the parity of prices of ,havre good average and ,new ,york coffee exchange standard no4 #g4 ,new ,york1 #ahhg4 #ae pp4 ,,seligsberg1 ,,louis4 ,parity tables for quotations of coffee and sugar on the various exchanges of ,europe1 converted into ,american currency4 ,new ,york1 #ahia4 #bc pp4 ,,zobel1 ,,paul4 ,paritts-,tabellen zum ,kaffee-,termin-,markt nebst ,schnellrechunungs ,tabellen1 #aijg4 ,triest4 ,,general ,,belli1 ,b4 ,il caff1 il suo paese e la sua importanza4 ,milano1 #aiaj4 #cie pp4 ,,bisio1 ,g4 ,il caff4 ,le ioni date dal ,prof4 ,g4 ,bizio alla ,reale ,scuola superiore di commercio1 ,venezia1 #ahgj4 ,,brougier1 ,a4 ,der ,kaffee1 dessen ,kultur und ,handel1 #ahig4 ,,burns1 ,,jabez4 ,the ,spice mill companion3 a collection of valuable information1 original and selected1 suited to the requirements of the present condition of the coffee and spice mill business4 ,new ,york1 #ahgi4 #ajb pp4 ,,dowler1 ,j4,s4,o4 ,co4 ,coffee calculator4 ,saint ,louis1 #aijg4 #ca pp4 ,,ferguson1 ,j4 ,production of tea and coffee in ,british dependencies4 ,london1 #ahif4 #a p4 ,f,,rst1 ,,max4 ,die ,brse1 ihre ,enstehung und ,entwicklung1 ihre ,einrichtung und ihre ,geschfte4 ,die ,welthandelsgter ,getreide1 ,kaffee1 ,zucker4 ,leipzig1 #aiac4 ,,international ,,bureau ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,republics4 ,coffee4 ,extensive information and statistics4 ,washington1 #aija4 #ajh pp4 ,also1 in ,spanish4 ---- ,coffee4 ,reprint of an article from the ,monthly ,bulletin of the ,international ,bureau of ,american ,republics1 ,nov4 #aijh4 ,washington1 #aiji4 #aa pp4 ,,international ,,institute ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,statistics4 ,stocks visibles de froment et farine de froment1 de sucre1 de caf1 de coton et de soie2 #aijc-ab4 ,rome1 #aiad4 #gi pp4 ,,schmedding1 ,j4,h4,f4 and ,,zonen4 ,coffee4 ,statistics running from #ahhd-aije4 ,amsterdam1 #aija4 #ah pp4 ,,sch,,ffer1 ,c4,h4 ,the coffee trade4 ,new ,york1 #ahfi4 #eh pp4 ,,united ,,states4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,foreign ,,commerce4 ,verslagen betreffende de cultuur en de bereiding van koffie en het keplante en nog beschikbare terrein voor dit product in ,mexico1 ,centraal- ,zuid-,america en ,west-,indi4 ,amsterdam1 #ahhi4 #ace pp4 ,in ,english1 except introduction4 ,reprinted from ,reports from the consuls of the ,united ,states1 #ahhh1 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #ih4 ,,united ,,states4 ,,statistics ,,bureau4 ,the world's production and consumption of coffee1 tea and cacao in #aije4 ,washington1 #aije4 #bjf pp4 ,reprinted from ,monthly ,summary of ,commerce and ,finance1 ,july1 #aije4 ,,van ,,delden ,,laerne1 ,c4,f4 ,brazil and ,java4 ,report on coffee-culture in ,america1 ,asia and ,africa1 to ,h4,e4 the ,minister of the ,colonies4 ,london1 #ahhe4 #fcg pp4 ,periodicals ,,bache1 ,l4,s4 ,how the exchange works4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiba1 ,,xli3 #fgh-fhb4 ,,brand1 ,,carl ,w4 ,co-operative competition4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiad1 ,,xxvii3 #ecd-edj4 ,,calvo1 ,j4,b41 and ,,delfino1 ,a4,e4 ,commission for the study of the production1 distribution and consumption of coffee4 ,international ,bureau of ,american ,republics ,monthly ,bulletin1 #aijb1 ,,xiii3 #acag-acba4 ,,coffee4 ,statist1 #aiae1 ,,lxxxiii3 #cgg-cgh4 ,,coffee and coffee trade4 ,hunt's ,merchant's ,magazine1 ,,xxvii3 #ci2 ,,xli3 #afe4 ,,coffee trade4 ,leisure ,hour1 ,,xxix3 #ceg4 ,,cotton-,,coffee quotation record4 ,monthly4 ,n4,y4 ,,crawford1 ,j4 ,history of coffee4 ,journal of the ,statistical ,society1 ,,xv3 #ej4 ,,duke1 ,j4,s4 ,coffee trade4 ,de ,bow's ,commercial ,review1 ,,ii3 #cjc4 ,hunt's ,merchant's ,magazine1 #ahej1 ,,xxiii3 #ei1 #agb1 #dea4 ,,el ,,cafetal1 revista oficial mensuel dedicada exclusivamente a la industria cafetera en todos su ramos4 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,,federal ,,reporter1 for planters1 grocers1 confectioners1 canners and dealers in coffee1 tea and spice4 ,new ,york4 ,current monthly4 ,,gardner1 ,j4 ,coffee trade4 ,western ,journal and ,civilian1 ,,vii3 #cja4 ,also1 ,hunt's ,merchant's ,magazine1 ,,xiii3 #bgc2 ,j4 ,gardner ,hunt's ,merchant's ,magazine1 ,,xxv3 #fij2 ,living ,age1 ,,xxvii3 #bed4 ---- ,production and consumption of coffee4 ,hunt's ,merchant's ,magazine ,,xxiv3 #aid4 ,,gill1 ,w4,k4 ,meeting coffee competition4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #bch-bci4 ,,graham1 ,,harry ,,crusen4 ,coffee4 ,production1 trade1 and consumption by countries4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,bureau of ,statistics4 ,bulletin1 #aiab1 ,,lxxix4 #acd pp4 ,,great ,,britain4 ,,commercial1 ,,labour ,,and ,,statistical ,,dept4 ,tea and coffee4 ,statement showing the imports of tea and coffee into the principal countries of ,europe and into the ,united ,states3 together with statistical tables relating thereto for recent years as far as the particulars can be stated4 #ahhd-aijj4 ,house of ,commons1 paper #cea1 #aijj4 #bg pp4 ,house of ,commons paper #cfc1 #aijb4 #db pp4 ,,hangwitz1 ,,julian4 ,the world's coffee trade in #ahih4 ,consular ,reports1 #ahii1 ,,lx3 #beh-bfa4 ,,harris1 ,,william ,b4 ,coffee and the law4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii2 ,supplement to ,no4 #f3 #da-dd4 ,,heilprin1 ,m4 ,history of coffee4 ,nation1 ,,vi3 #bge4 ,,huebner1 ,g4,g4 ,coffee market4 ,annals of the ,american ,academy1 #aiaa1 ,,xxxviii3 #faj-fbj4 ,,international ,,bureau ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,republics4 ,bulletin4 ,washington1 #ahic--;date4 ,contains from time to time articles on coffee production in the various ,latin-,american countries4 ,,kaffee verbrauch in den haupt schlichsten ,lndern der ,welt4 ,deutsche ,handels-,archiv1 #aija1 #bjf-bjg4 ,,lecomte1 ,h4 ,la culture du caf dans le monde4 ,la ,gographie1 #aija1 ,,iii3 #dga-dhh4 ,also1 in ,finnish1 ,geografiska ,freningens ,tidskr41 #aija1 ,,xiii3 #beb-bgb4 ,,leech1 ,c4,j41 ,co4 ,table of coffee statistics4 ,annual4 ,london4 ,,lehy1 ,,geoffrey ,b4 ,coffee distribution4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiac1 ,,xxv3 #efd-eff4 ,,lewis1 ,e4 ,,st4 ,,elmo4 ,promoting coffee sales4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiae1 ,,xxix3 #eci-edd4 ,,mahin1 ,,john ,,lee4 ,advertising coffee4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii3 #ef-eh4 ,,mathews1 ,,frederick ,c4 ,coffee advertising efficiency4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii3 #ch-dj4 ,,mccreery1 ,r4,w4 ,the penny-change system4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaa1 ,,xxi3 #dfb-dfd4 ,,macfarlane1 ,,john ,j4 ,coffee and tea statistics4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxxi3 #cbi-ccc4 ,,merritt1 ,e4,a4 ,the world's coffee4 ,u4,s4 ,consul's report on commerce1 #ahhc1 ,no4 #ca1 #abe-adg4 ,,new ,,york4 ,,coffee ,,exchange4 ,report4 ,annual4 ,new ,york4 ,,our coffee industry4 ,scientific ,american ,supplement1 #aijb1 ,,liii3 #baiid4 ,,price1 import1 and consumption of coffee4 ,de ,bow's ,commercial ,review1 ,,xx3 #bec4 ,,simmons' ,,spice ,,mill2 devoted to the interests of the coffee1 tea and spice trades4 ,monthly4 ,new ,york4 ,,tea and coffee consumption4 ,current ,literature1 #aija1 ,,xxx3 #bih4 ,,tea ,,and ,,coffee ,,trade ,,journal1 ,,the4 ,for the tea1 coffee1 spice and fine grocery trades4 ,monthly4 ,new ,york4 ,,ukers1 ,,william ,h4 ,advertising ,brazil coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxii3 #cd-cf4 ---- ,the right coffee propaganda4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii4 ,supplement to ,no4 #f3 #ba-bh4 ,,ukers1 ,,william ,h41 editor4 ,tea and coffee buyer's guide4 ,annual4 ,new ,york4 ,,united ,,states4 ,,state ,,department4 ,production and consumption of coffee1 etc4 ,message from the president of the ,united ,states1 transmitting a report from the secretary of state1 with accompanying papers1 relative to the proceedings of the ,international ,congress for the ,study of the ,production and ,consumption of ,coffee1 etc4 ,dee4 #aj1 #aijb4 ,u4,s4 #egth ,congress1 #bnd session4 ,senate document #ce4 #cab pp4 ,,vasco1 ,g4 ,le caf4 ,revue franaise de l'tranger et des colonies et exploration1 #aijj1 ,,xxv3 #eih-fjc4 ,,weir1 ,,ross ,w4 ,coffee hints for grocers4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiac1 ,,xxv3 #eff-efh4 ,,westerfeld1 ,,sol4 ,retailers' coffee problems4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #eei-efj4 ,,world',s coffee trade4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiai1 ,,xxxvi3 #abi-acj4 ,,regional ,,brazil ,,alves ,,de ,,lima1 ,j4,c4 ,soluges sobre o commercio de caf4 ,so ,paulo1 #aijb4 #hh pp4 ,,bolle1 ,,karl4 ,so ,paulo das bedeutendste ,kaffeegebeit der ,welt4 ,deutsche ,rundschau fr ,geographie1 ,,xxviii3 #ff-gg4 ,,brazil4 ,,ministerio ,,de ,,fazenda4 ,direitos de ex-portao e sua cobranca4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #ahie4 #aa pp4 ,,brazil4 ,,servi,o ,,de ,,estatistica ,,commercial4 ,statistics of imports and exports4 ,the movement of shipping1 exchange and coffee in the republic of the ,united ,states of ,brazil4 7,yearly47 ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,,brazil and coffee2 souvenir of the ,louisiana purchase exposition4 #aijd4 #bh pp4 ,,brazil coffee in ,england4 ,bulletin of the ,pan ,american ,union1 #aiae1 ,,xl3 #ead-eae4 ,,brazilian coffee propaganda1 ,the4 ,commercial and ,financial ,chronicle1 #aiji1 ,,lxxxviii3 #abbc-abbd4 ,,brazilian ,,review1 ,the3 a weekly record of trade and finance4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #aijg-aiad4 ,,coffee crop of ,brazil1 ,the4 ,economist1 #aiji1 ,,lxviii3 #ajcj-ajca4 ,,coffee exports from ,brazil1 #ahih-aijj4 ,monthly ,summary of ,commerce and ,finance1 #aijj-aija3 #beib-beic4 ,d',,anthouard ,,de ,,wasservas1 ,a4 ,le caf au ,brsil4 ,journal des conomistes1 #aiaj1 ser4 #f1 ,,xxvii3 #af-cg4 ,,da ,,silva ,,telles1 ,a4,e4 ,o caf e o estado de ,s4 ,paulo4 ,so ,paulo1 #aijj4 #fj pp4 ,,empire of ,brazil at the ,world's industrial and cotton centennial exposition of ,new ,orleans1 ,the4 ,new ,york1 #ahhe4 #ga pp4 ,,great ,,britain4 ,,foreign ,,office4 ,,brazil4 ,rsum of a report published in the ,journal do ,commercio of ,rio de ,janeiro on the production of coffee in ,brazil1 with statistics respecting its consumption in the ,united ,states4 ,london1 #ahii4 #g pp4 ,diplomatic and ,consular ,reports1 ,miscellaneous series1 ,no4 #eab4 ,,grossi1 ,,vincenzo4 ,la crisi del caff e i progetti per la fissazione del cambio al ,brasile4 ,nuova ,antologia1 ,,ccviii2 7ser4 #e1 ,,cxxiv73 #dhd-did4 ,,kaffeefrage in ,brasilien1 ,die4 ,grenzboten1 ,,lxvi3 #cce-cci4 ,,leroy-,,beauilieu1 ,,paul4 ,les droits sur le caf4 ,le ,brsil1 la ,france et nos colonies4 ,l'conomiste franais1 ,,xxviii2 no4 #a3 #aja-ajc4 ,,moreira1 ,,nicolau ,,joaquim4 ,brazilian coffee4 ,new ,york1 #ahgf4 #aa pp4 ,n4 ,lettres du ,brsil4 ,la question du caf4 ,l'conomiste franais1 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #a3 #cgd-cgg4 ,,patterson1 ,w4 ,,morrison4 ,brazil's coffee trade of today4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxv3 #cbc-cbd4 ,,pinto1 ,,adolpho ,,augusto4 ,the state of ,so ,paulo4 ,chicago1 #ahic4 #ad pp4 ,s,o ,,paulo 7state7 ,,brazil4 ,,secretaria ,,de ,,commercio ,,se ,,orras ,,publicas4 ,estatistica especial da lavoura de caf nos municipios de ,aracariguama1 ,atibaia1 ,bananal1 ,pilar1 ,sertozinho e ,redempco4 ,so ,paulo1 #aijj4 #cc pp4 ,supplemento do ,boletin da ,agricultura1 #aijj1 ser4 ,i3 ,,vi4 ---- ,estatistica especial da lavoura de caf nos municipios de ,apiahy1 ,batates4 ,caconde1 ,campos ,novos do ,paranapanema1 ,dourado1 ,fartura1 ,faxina1 ,itarare1 ,jaboticabal1 ,mocca1 ,monte-,mr1 ,natividade1 ,nazareth1 ,pirassununga1 ,porto-,feliz4 ,remedios da ,ponte do ,tiet1 ,so ,pedro do ,turvo4 ,sarapuhy1 ,serra ,negra e ,yporanga4 ,so ,paulo1 #aija4 #agg pp4 ,supplemento do ,boletin da ,agricultura1 #aija1 ser4 #b3 ,,iv4 ,,seeger1 ,,eugene4 ,coffee crop of ,brazil4 ,u4,s4 ,consular ,reports1 #ahih1 ,,lvii1 ,no4 #bah3 #ccd-ccf4 ,,transporting ,brazil coffee4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxii3 #bad-bbd4 ,,ward1 ,,robert ,,de ,c4 ,a visit to the ,brazilian coffee country4 ,national ,geographic ,magazine1 #aiaa1 ,,xxii3 #ijh-ica4 ,,williams1 ,j4,h4 ,the ,brazil coffee situation4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxv3 #bba-bbb4 ,,windels1 ,j4,h4 ,a coffee buyer's life in ,brazil4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaf1 ,,xxx3 #ech-ede4 ,,colombia ,,dickson1 ,,spencer ,s4 ,colombia4 ,report on the coffee trade of ,colombia4 ,london1 #aijc4 #h pp4 ,great ,britain4 ,foreign ,office4 ,diplomatic and ,consular ,reports1 ,miscellaneous series1 ,no4 #eih4 ,,costa ,,rica ,,costa ,,rica4 ,,contabilidad ,,nacional4 ,exportacion de la cosecha de caf4 ,,costa ,,rica4 ,,departmento ,,nacional ,,de ,,estadistica4 ,diagrams de los promedios obtenidos en la venta del caf de ,costa ,rica en ,londres en los aos de #ahij a #ahii4 ,san ,jos1 #aijj4 ---- ,exportaciones de caf de la ,repblica de ,costa ,rica4 ,san ,jos1 #aijj4 #ad pp4 ,alcance ,la ,gaceta1 #aijj1 ,no4 #ii4 ----,fluctuaciones de los precios del caf en ,hamburgo1 #ahhj-ahii4 ,san ,jos1 #aijj4 ,,costa ,,rica4 ,,secretaria ,,de ,,relaciones ,,exteriores4 ,estudio informe sobre el caf de ,costa ,rica4 #aijj4 #dh pp4 ,,east ,,indies ,,dekker1 ,,eduard ,,douwes4 ,max ,havelaar2 or ,the coffee auctions of the ,dutch ,trading ,company2 by ,multaluli1 7pseud472 trans4 from the original ms4 by ,baron ,alphonse ,nahuijs4 ,edinburgh1 #ahfh4 ,,verwanging van de gedwongen koffieteelt door eene vrije volkskoffie-cultuur4 ,tijdschrift voor ,nederlandsch-,indi new ser4 #b1 ,v3 #beb-bfa4 ,,finland ,,granroth1 ,,elias ,g4 ,om caf och de inhemska wxter1 som plga brukas i dess stlle4 ,abo1 #agee4 #ah pp4 ,,france ,,arrest ,,du ,,conseil ,d',,estat ,,du ,,roy1 qui permet aux directeurs interessez en l'armement du vaisseaux la ,paix1 de vendre les balles de caff dont il est charg4 ,paris1 #agbj4 #d pp4 ---- ,qui accorde la ,compagnie des ,indes le privilege exclusif de la vente du caff4 ,paris1 #agbc4 #d pp4 ---- ,pour la prise de possession par la ,compagnie des ,indes du privilege de la vente exclusive du caff1 sous le nom de ,pierre le ,sueur4 ,paris1 #agbc4 #g pp4 ---- ,qui ordonne que les commis et employez de la ,compagnie des ,indes pour l'exploitation des privileges du tabac et du caf1 procederont aux visites et executions au sujet des toiles et etoffes des ,indes et du ,levant4 ,paris1 #agbc4 #g pp4 ---- ,que declare commune en faveur des habitants de ,cayenne et de ,st4 ,domingue1 la declaration du #bg4 ,septembre #agce4 ,paris1 #agce4 #c pp4 ---- ,portant reglement sur les caffez provenant des plantations et cultures des ,isles ,franoises de l',amrique4 ,paris1 #agcf4 #d pp4 ,,darolles1 ,e4 ,le caf sur le march franaise4 ,paris1 #ahhe4 ,d,,claration ,,du ,,roy1 ,qui regle la manire dont la ,compagnie des ,indes fera l'exploitation de la vente exclusive du caff4 ,donne ,versailles le #aj4 ,octobre #agbc4 ,paris1 #agbc4 #ae pp4 ---- ,concernant les cafez provenant des plantations et culture1 de la ,martinique et autres ,isles ,franoises de l',amrique4 ,donne a ,fontainebleau le #bg4 ,septembre #agcb4 ,paris1 #agcb4 #i pp4 ,,germany ,,sch,,nfeld1 ,,karl4 ,der ,kaffee-,engrosshandel ,hamburgs4 ,heidelberg1 #aijc4 #ace pp4 ,,great ,,britain ,,great ,,britain4 ,,board ,,of ,,trade4 ,tea and coffee1 #ahhh1 #ahic1 #ahii-aijj1 #aijc1 #aijh1 #aiaj4 ,statistical tables showing the consumption of tea and coffee in the principal countries of ,europe1 in the ,united ,states and in the principal ,british self-government dominions1 and also showing the principal sources of supply4 ,parliament1 ,house of ,commons4 ,reports and papers1 #ahhi1 ,no4 #ab2 #ahid1 ,no4 #cbi2 #aijj1 ,no4 #cea2 #aija1 ,no4 #cfc2 #aijc1 ,no4 #cjd 7reprinted1 ,london1 #aije1 #dg pp472 #aijh1 ,no4 #cgh 7reprinted1 ,london1 #aiaa1 #eh pp472 #aiaa1 ,no4 #bge 7reprinted1 ,london1 #aiaa1 #ai pp474 ,,great ,,britain4 ,,treasury ,,department4 ,copy of diagrams showing the consumption from #ahef to #ahhh of tea1 coffee1 cocoa1 and chicory1 of alcoholic beverages1 and of tobacco1 compared with the increase of population4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,house of ,commons1 paper #aba4 ,,lifebelt ,,coffee ,,company1 ,,ltd4 ,the statutory meeting of the company4 ,london1 #aiji4 #b pp4 ,,oberparleiter1 ,k4 ,der ,londener ,kaffeemarkt4 #aiab4 ,,guiana1 ,,dutch ,,roef-,,praatje1 tusschen verscheiden persoonen1 over de tegenswoordige staat van ,surinamen en de laage prys der producten2 waarin klaar aangetoond word de verkeerde gewoontens1 wegens het verkoopen der coffy by inschryving1 tot merkelyk nadeel der houders en gentresseerdens der ,surinaamsche obligaties4 ,amsterdam1 #aggd4 #age pp4 ,,hawaii ,,hawaii 7,republic7 ,,labor ,,commission4 ,report on the coffee industry4 ,honolulu1 #ahie4 #cc pp4 ,,hawaiian ,,islands4 ,,department ,,of ,,foreign ,,affairs4 ,the ,hawaiian ,islands1 their resources1 agricultural1 commercial and financial4 ,coffee1 the coming staple product4 ,honolulu1 #ahif4 #ie pp4 ,also1 ,washington1 #ahig4 #cb pp4 ,,india ,,clifford1 ,,frederick4 ,indian coffee3 its present production and future prospects4 ,journal of the ,society of ,arts1 #ahhg1 ,,xxxv3 #eai-ecd4 ,,india4 ,,commercial ,,intelligence ,,department4 ,note on the production of coffee in ,india4 ,,india4 ,,statistical ,,department4 ,production of coffee in ,india4 #ai--4 ,,memminger1 ,,lucien4 ,the ,indian coffee trade crisis4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag4 ,,xxxii3 #ejf-eaj4 ,,schuurman1 ,g4,e4 ,eenige beschouwingen over verkoop van gouvernements koffie in ,india4 ,rotterdam1 #ahgg4 #ac pp4 ,,java ,,kamerwijsheid 7,relating to forced native labor in the island of ,java7 #ahgi4 #ca pp4 ,reprint from ,algemeen ,dagblad van ,nederlandsche ,indi1 ,sept4 #af1 #ah1 #bb1 #bd1 #be1 #ahgi4 ,,de ,,koffiecultuur op ,java4 ,tijdschrift voor ,nederlandsche ,indi1 new ser4 #b1 ,no4 #e3 #ffj-ffg4 ,,kuneman1 ,j4 ,de gouvernements koffie-cultuur op ,java4 's ,gravenhage1 #ahij4 #bja pp4 ,,rose1 ,g4,f4,c4 ,eenge opmerkingen naar aanleiding van de conclusive van de neerderheid der commissie nit de ,tweede ,kamer der ,staten-,generaal over de nitkomsten van het onderzoek betreffende de koffij kultuur op ,java4 #ahgd4 #ci pp4 ,,suermondt1 ,g41 and ,,london1 ,h4,h4 ,correspondentie4 ,de ,west-,java-,koffij-,cultuur-,maatschapp ij verdedigd tegen den schrijver van de koloniale kronijk in de ,economist4 #ahfh4 #ae pp4 ---- ,west-,java-,koffij-,cultuur-,maatschapp ij verdedigd tegen de aanvallen van ,volksblad en ,arnhemsche ,courant4 ,amsterdam1 #ahfe4 #dd pp4 ---- ,west-,java-,koffij-,cultuur-,maatschapp ij4 ,toegelicht4 ,supplement van den eersten druk met voorrede4 ,amsterdam1 #ahfe4 #ai pp4 ,,van ,,den ,,berg1 ,,norbert ,,pieter4 ,koffieproductie en koffieuitvoer4 ,batavia1 #ahhd4 #h pp4 ,,van ,,vliet1 ,l4 ,,van ,w4 ,de koffij-enqute in verband met de ontworpen ,west-,java-,koffij-,cultuur-,maatschapp ij4 ,amsterdam1 #ahga4 #ce pp4 ,,liberia ,,ellis1 ,,george ,w4 ,coffee industry in ,liberia4 ,u4,s4 ,monthly ,consular and ,trade ,reports1 #aijd1 ,no4 #bia3 #ba-bb4 ,,morren1 ,f4,w4 ,cultuur bereiding en handel van ,liberia ,koffie4 ,amsterdam1 #ahid4 #cf pp4 ,,mexico ,,hinojosa1 ,g4 ,cultivo del caf4 ,mxico1 #ahhc4 #h pp4 7,mexico4 ,ministro de ,fomento47 ,,romero1 ,m4 ,coffee and india rubber culture in ,mexico2 preceded by geographical and statistical notes on ,mexico4 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 #daf pp4 ,,terry1 ,l4,m4 ,coffee culture in ,mexico4 ,overland ,monthly1 #aija1 new ser4 ,,xxxvii3 #gjb-gji4 ,,netherlands ,,amsterdam4 ,,vereeniging ,,voor ,,den ,,koffiehandel4 ,statistiek van koffie in ,nederland4 ,amsterdam1 #aiad4 ,,groeneveld1 ,j4 ,tremijnzaken in koffie te ,rotterdam4 ,rotterdam1 #ahic4 #ae pp4 ,,jacobson1 ,j4 ,ernstig bedreigd ,opgeroepen1 een woord naar aanleiding van ,ernstig bedreigd door den heer ,j4 ,jacobson en de daarop gevolgde geschriften van de heeren ,g4,h4 ,mees en ,a4 ,plate1 door en ,nederlandes4 ,amsterdam1 #ahgi4 #ab pp4 ,,jets over de koffij-veilingen der ,nederlandsche ,handel-,maatschappij4 ,rotterdam1 #ahdg4 #bd pp4 ,,netherlands 7,,kingdom7 ,laws1 statutes1 etc4 ,wij ,willem1 bij de gratie ,gods1 konig der ,nederlanden 444 enz41 enz41 enz4 ,allen den genen1 die deze zullen zien 444 salut6 doen te weten3 ,alzoo wij1 tot stijving der inkomsten van den staat1 noodzakelijk geoordeeld hebben1 dat de koffij binnen ons rijk gebruikt 444 aan eene belasting op de consumptie worde onderworpen4 's ,gravenhage1 #ah--4 #h pp4 ,,suermondt1 ,g41 and ,,london1 ,h4,h4 ,west-,java-,koffij-,cultuur-,maatschapp ij4 ,het advys der ,kamer van ,koophandel te ,batavia1 de ,ond ,koopman1 enz4 wederlegd4 ,amsterdam1 #ahff4 #abg pp4 ,,waanders1 ,f4,g4 van ,b4 ,de koffiemarkt4 ,the ,hague1 #ahhb4 #bg pp4 ,,porto ,,rico ,,porto ,,rican coffee4 ,outlook1 ,mar4 #bd1 #aijf1 ,,lxxxii3 #fcb2 ,may #e1 #aijf1 ,,lxxxiii3 #df-dg4 ,,united ,,states4 ,,president1 #aija-aiji 7,,roosevelt7 ,message from the ,president of the ,united ,states relative to his visit to the island of ,porto ,rico4 ,washington1 #aijf4 #bjj pp4 #eith ,congress1 #b;d ,session1 ,senate document #ace4 ,message1 dated ,dec4 #aa1 #aijf1 accompanied by petitions in relation to the coffee trade1 etc41 and losses by the hurricane of #ahii2 and the sixth annual report of the governor1 ,beekman ,winthrop1 dated ,july #a1 #aijf4 ,,van ,,leenhoff1 ,,johannes ,w4 ,the condition of the coffee industry in ,porto ,rico4 ,mayaguez1 #aijd4 #b pp4 ,porto ,rico ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,circular ,no4 #b4 ,,weyl1 ,w4,e4 ,labor conditions in ,porto ,rico4 ,u4,s4 ,bureau of ,labor4 ,bulletin1 #aije1 ,,xi3 #gdi-gec4 ,,spain ,,spanien4 ,bestimmungen ber die ,einfuhr von ,kaffee und ,kakao aus ,fernando ,po4 ,deutsche ,handels-,archiv4 #aija4 #ada4 ,,tonkin ,,rottach1 ,,edmond4 ,l'organisation conomique de l',indochine et le caf au ,tonkin4 ,socit de ,gographic commerciale de ,paris4 ,bulletin1 #aiac1 ,,xxxv3 #fdc-ffj4 ,,united ,,states ,,american tea and coffee trade from #ahdg to #aiaf4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #bh4 ,,coffee ,,exchange ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,new ,,york4 ,annual ,report4 ,,coffee trade of the ,united ,states4 ,chamber of ,commerce1 ,new ,york4 ,annual ,report #aijh-aiji1 pt4 #a3 #bc-bi4 ,,coffee ,trade of the ,united ,states for the past six years4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiag1 ,,xxxiii3 #cbf-cbi4 ,,coffee ,,trade of the ,united ,states since #ahba4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxiv3 #ccf-cch4 ,,cunningham1 ,e4,s4 ,export of ,mocha coffee to the ,united ,states4 ,u4,s4 ,consular ,reports1 #ahii1 ,,lxi3 #fbe-fbh4 ,,our fastest growing coffee port1 including handling green coffee at ,san ,francisco4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiah1 ,,xxxiv3 #ebd-ebh4 ,,renaissance of tea and coffee4 ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiai1 ,,xxxvi3 #bah-bbi4 ,,sloss1 ,r4 ,new ,york coffee party4 ,everybody's ,magazine4 #aiac1 ,,xxviii3 #ggb-ghc4 ,,tea1 coffee1 wines1 etc42 consumption of tea1 coffee1 wines1 distilled spirits1 and malt liquors in the ,u4,s4 since #ahgj1 per capita of population4 ,washington1 #ahif-ahii4 ,u4,s4 ,agriculture ,dept4 ,yearbook1 #ahie3 #eeb2 #ahif3 #eie2 #ahig3 #ged2 #ahih3 #gbc4 ,,united ,,states4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,statistics4 ,imports of coffee and tea4 #agij-ahif4 ,washington1 #ahif4 ,also1 ,monthly ,summary of ,finance and ,commerce1 #ahif1 new ser4 ,,iv3 #fgj-fij4 ,,wakeman1 ,,abram4 ,history and reminiscences of lower ,wall ,st4 and vicinity4 ,new ,york1 #aiad4 #baf pp4 ,,valorization ,,altschud1 ,f4 ,die ,kaffeevalorisation4 ,jahrbch fr ,gesetzgebubg1 #aiaj1 #b4 ,,attacking ,brazil's coffee trust4 ,literary ,digest1 #aiab1 ,,xliv3 #abdb-abdd4 ,,brazil',s failure to control the price4 ,american ,geographic ,society4 ,bulletin1 #aiji1 ,,xli3 #bbj-bbb4 ,,campista1 ,,david4 ,valorisao do caf e ,caixa de converso4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #aijf3 #ec4 ,,chantland1 ,,william ,t4 ,valorization of coffee4 ,a detailed report of the transactions and facts relating to the valorization of coffee4 ,washington1 #aiac4 #ae pp4 ,u4,s4 #fcrd ,congress1 #ast session4 ,senate ,document1 #cf4 ,,coffee combine at bay4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxii3 #dig-eac4 ,,coffee valorization and the ,sherman law4 ,journal of ,political ,economy1 #aiah1 ,,xxi3 #afb-afc4 ,,coffee valorization scheme and the coming harvest1 ,the4 ,economist1 #aiji1 ,,lxviii3 #iaj-iaa4 ,,de ,,carvalho1 ,j4,c4 ,o caf do ,brazil1 estudos a favor da propaganda para a augmento do consumo e valorisao do caf do ,brazil no estrangeiro4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #aija4 #da pp4 ---- ,o caf1 sua historia1 des valorisao e propaganda pada o augmento do consumo na ,europa o algodo1 a industria da tecelagem do algodo1 sua origem1 appareicimento e desenvolvimento na ,america do ,sul4 ,conferencias publicas realissadas na sde la ,sociedade nacional de agricultura4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #aijj4 #ec pp4 ,,denis1 ,,pierre4 ,la crise du caf au ,brsil et la valorisation4 ,revue politique et parlementaire1 #aijh1 ,,lvi3 #did-ebj4 ,,ferreira ,,rangel1 ,,sylvio4 ,valorisao de caf4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #aijf4 #ah pp4 ,also1 ,a ,lavoura1 ,,ix3 #ha-ij4 ,,ferrin1 ,a4,w4 ,brazilian plan of limiting shipments4 ,moody's ,magazine1 #aiab1 ,,xiii3 #dji-dad4 ,,how the coffee trust has held its grip4 ,current ,literature1 #aiab1 ,,liii3 #eb-ed4 ,,huebner1 ,g4,g4 ,making green coffee prices4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab4 ,,xxi3 #ddb-ddi4 ,,hutchinson1 ,,lincoln4 ,coffee valorization in ,brazil4 ,quarterly ,journal of ,economics1 #aiji1 ,,xxiii3 #ebh-ece4 ,,kurth1 ,,hermann4 ,die ,lage des ,kaffeemarktes und die ,kaffeevalorisation4 ,inaugural dissertation1 ,jena1 #aijg4 #cd pp4 ,,lali,,re1 ,a4 ,la valorisation du caf4 ,revue conomique internationale1 ,feb4 #ae-bj1 #aiaj1 ,,vii1 pt4 #a3 #caf-cej4 ,l,,vy1 ,,maurice4 ,la valorisation du caf au ,brsil4 ,annales des ,sciences politiques1 #aijh1 ,,xxiii3 #ehf-fjc4 ,,macfarlane1 ,,john ,j4 ,coffee valorization analysed4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaj1 ,,xix3 #ajc-aaj4 ,,mckenna1 ,w4,e4 ,cause of advance in price4 ,public1 #aiab1 ,,xv3 #ejh4 ,,olavarria1 ,i4,a4 ,liga de los paises cafeteros4 ,caracas1 #ahih4 #bj pp4 ,,payen1 ,,douard4 ,au ,brsil3 la valorisation du caf4 ,questions diplomatique et coloniales1 ,,xxiv3 #gbh-gdj4 ,,raising prices by destruction4 ,nation1 #aiji4 ,,lxxxviii3 #ebj-eba4 ,,ramos1 ,f4 ,,ferreira4 ,la valorisation du caf au ,brsil4 #aijg4 ,,ratzka-,,ernst1 ,,clara4 ,welthandelsartikel und ihre ,preise4 ,eine ,studie zur ,preisbewegung und ,preisbildung4 ,der ,zucker1 der ,kaffee und die ,baumwolle4 ,mnchen1 #aiab4 #bdd pp4 ,,schmidt1 ,,fritz4 ,die ,kaffeevalorisation4 ,jahrbcher fr ,nationalkonomie und ,statistik1 #aiji1 ser4 #c1 ,,xxxviii3 #ffb-fgj4 ,,sielcken1 ,,hermann4 ,coffee valorization explained4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaa1 ,,xxi3 #dga-dha4 ---- ,a defense of valorization4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiab1 ,,xxiii1 ,supplement to no4 #f3 #ag-ba4 ,,sloss1 ,r4 ,why coffee costs twice as much4 ,world's ,work1 #aiab1 ,,xxiv3 #aid-bje4 ,,suit against the coffee trust4 ,nation1 #aiab1 ,,xciv3 #ejh-eji4 ,,syndicat gnral de dfense du caf et des produits coloniaux4 ,bulletin1 ,paris1 #aiaa1 ,,ii3 ,no4 #f4 ,,theiss1 ,,lewis ,,edwin4 ,why the price of coffee increases4 ,showing how a few rich men1 who want to be richer1 are pushing up the price of coffee4 ,pearson's ,magazine1 #aiaa1 ,,xxvi3 #def-dfc4 ,,turmann1 ,,max4 ,un tat qui fait du commerce4 ,le ,brsil et la valorisation du caf4 ,la ,revue hebdomadaire1 #aiji1 ,,viii3 #dej-dgj4 ,,ukers1 ,,william ,h4 ,the great coffee corner4 ,saturday ,evening ,post1 #aiji1 ,,clxxxi3 #e-g4 ,,valorizing coffee4 ,review of ,reviews1 #aiab1 ,,xlvi3 #ba-bb4 ,,value of coffee4 ,current ,literature1 #aijc1 ,,xxxv3 #gdf-gdg4 ,,wessels1 ,l4 ,de opheffing van het monopolie en de vervanging van de gedwongen koffie-cultuur op ,java door een staatscultuur in vrijen arbeid4 's ,gravenhage1 #ahij4 #gb pp4 ,,wileman1 ,j4,p4 ,unparalleled valorization4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 #aiaa1 ,,xx3 #ddd-dde4 ,,zur ,frage der ,kaffee-,valorisation4 ,deutsche ,wirtschafts-,zeitung1 #aiac1 ,,ix3 #bcg-bdc4 ,illustration ,,index ,,note4 ,as this is a book about coffee1 the entries in the ,index refer--unless otherwise specified--to that general subject1 and more particularly to ,coffea arabica2 other varieties are distinguished by their scientific or trade names4 ,thus1 ,adulteration refers to the adulteration of coffee2 and ,adulterants1 to the substances used for that purpose4 ,abbreviations ,used bev4 signifies beverage biog4 biography ,c4 or c4 coffee ,c4 ,coffea chk4 coffee-house keeper d4 died hyb4 hybrid ill4 illustration inv4 invention newsp4 newspaper pamph4 pamphlet pat4 patent1 patentee per4 periodical pseud4 pseudonym q4 quoted v4 vessel1 ship ,italicized words are either scientific terms or titles of publications4 ,titles of books are followed by the name of the author1 if known2 other publications are distinguished as broadsides1 newspapers1 pamphlets1 or periodicals4 ,geographical names are distributed under various topics1 such as ,acreage1 ,coffee houses1 ,consumption1 ,cultivation1 ,exports1 ,imports1 ,production1 and the like4 ,a ,mon ,caf1 ,ducis1 #edh ,abbas1 wife of1 #ba ,abbey1 ,charlotte1 q41 #agg ,abbey1 ,roswell1 pat41 #bde ,abbey1 ,freeman ,co41 #dhb ,abd-al-,kdir1 #ad1 #dca ,abd-al-,kdir ms41 #ca1 #dca1 #edb1 #edc ,description1 #eda ,abele1 ,chris1 pat41 #fcj1 #fch1 #fdd1 #fde2 d4 7#aiaj71 #fda ,abeokut1 ,c41 #adb ,java1 #baf ,abeokut liberica1 hyb41 #adf ,abigail1 #ac ,aborn1 ,a4,c41 q41 ,cost card for roasters1 #cib ,aborn1 ,edward1 #dci1 #ead1 #fea1 #gja1 #gac1 #gad1 #gaf1 q41 #gae ,aborn1 ,w4,h41 #gae ,about1 ,edmund ,f4,v41 q41 #fhe ,abraham1 #ah ,abyssinian c41 #cec1 #cgf1 #cgg ,account of his ,journeys1 ,an1 ,olearius1 q41 #bb ,ach 7chemist71 #ahf ,ach1 ,f4,j41 #dhh1 #eji1 #eaa1 #eac1 q41 #djh ,acidity1 percentages in c41 #gai ,acid c4's1 #cig ,acids1 #aei1 #afh ,acker1 ,finley1 pat41 #dgb1 #fde1 #fdi1 #gja ,acker1 ,merrall ,condit ,co41 #dgh1 #did1 #dih ,ackland1 ,james1 chk41 #aah ,acreage ,africa1 ,british ,east1 #bcj1 #bhe ,argentina1 #bcf ,australia1 #bch1 #bhd ,brazil 7sq4 miles71 #bgg ,ceylon1 #bcf1 #bhc ,ecuador1 #bcf1 #bgh ,federated ,malay ,states1 #bch1 #bhd ,guadeloupe1 #bcc ,guatemala1 #bai ,guiana1 ,british1 #bgi ,haiti1 #bbj1 #bha ,hawaii1 #bda ,india1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bhb ,jamaica1 #bcb1 #bha ,java1 #bae ,leeward ,islands1 #bhb ,mauritius1 #bhe ,nyasaland1 #bcj1 #bhe ,philippines1 #bhd ,porto ,rico1 #bbc ,salvador1 #bai1 #bhj ,uganda1 #bcj1 #bhe ,venezuela1 #bab ,yemen1 #bcj ,adams1 chk41 #eei ,adams1 ,abigail1 q41 #dfg1 #dfh ,adams1 ,isaac1 pat41 #bde ,adams1 ,john1 #aaj1 #aac1 #eic ,adams1 ,pygan1 #fji ,adams ,son1 #gaj ,addison1 ,joseph1 #ge1 #hj1 #hd1 #eeg1 #eeh1 #efj1 #egb1 #ege1 #egf1 #egg1 #egh1 #eic ,addison1 ,life of1 ,johnson1 q41 #efa ,adjudication 7,n4,y4 ,exch471 #ccd ,adulterant ,act1 ,british1 #djd ,adulterants1 #aec1 #afi1 #agj1 #djd ,adulteration1 #djd ,italy1 #fhf ,reasons for1 #agj ,u4,s4 law affecting1 #daj rulings against1 #ccg ,advertisements ,arbuckle's 7#ahfa71 #dif ,boston 7#agdh71 #dfg ,cauchois's ,private ,estate1 #dih ,coffee-house ,boston1 #aab ,new ,york 7#agha71 #aai1 #abj ,coffee mills 7#affe71 #fag ,divination by coffee grounds1 #eeh ,first 7,abd-al-,kdir's1 #aehg71 #dca ,first ,american-newspaper1 #dfh ,first newspaper 7#afeg71 #ef1 #dcb ,of coffee only1 ill41 #dcd ,first printed 7#afeb71 q41 #ed1 #dcb1 #dei1 #dfa ,london coffee-house1 q41 #ehb ,newspaper and periodical1 #dcb-dcd ,piazza coffee room1 q41 #eha ,song by ,zecchini1 #edi ,turks ,head coffee house1 #ehb ,advertising1 #dca-dfe ,booklets 7,j4,c4,t4,p4,c471 #dee ,brands1 #dee1 #dfb-dfe ,early history1 #dca-dcd ,evolution of1 #dcd1 #dce ,france1 #fhj ,government propaganda1 #ddd-dei ,injudicious1 #dce1 #ecg1 #dch1 #dfa ,joint coffee trade1 #dci1 #dde-dei1 #ead1 #eae ,lantern slides1 #ddc ,motion pictures1 #ddc1 #dde ,package-coffee1 #ddj-ddc ,retail1 #ddc1 #ddd ,trade1 #ddb ,trade journalists as experts1 #dca ,united ,states1 #dcd-dfe ,advertising charts1 #ddj1 #dda ,advice against the plague1 ,harvey1 #eh ,advisory ,board1 ,c4 7see ,gov't control7 ,affinis1 ,c41 hyb41 #adf ,aga1 ,soliman1 #cc1 #ib ,aging ,artificial1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #dga1 #dgd ,natural1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afg1 #cdb1 #cde1 #cec ,agriculture1 ,u4,s4 ,dept41 #gbb ,aigentliche ,beschreibung der ,raisis1 etc41 ,rauwolf1 q41 #ab ,aiken1 ,g41 #fab ,akers1 ,frederick1 #dih1 #dii ,alameda 7brand71 #dda ,albanese1 #ahe ,albertenghi1 #eeh ,alcoholic beverages ,coffee replaces in ,am4 colonies1 #fif ,sold in ,london c4 houses1 #fa1 #gh1 #ha ,alcholism1 effect of c4 on1 #ahb ,aldhabani 7see ,gemaleddin7 ,ale wives' complaint against c4 houses 7pamph471 #gb ,alexander1 ,s4,r41 #dhe ,alexander ,baldwin1 #dhh ,alhadrami1 ,muhammed1 #af ,al-,haiwi 7,the ,continent71 ,rhazes1 #aa ,alison1 ,archibald1 #ajb ,alkaloids in c41 #aei1 #afj1 #afa ,all ,souls' college1 ,oxford1 #da ,allain1 ,f4,v41 #dhg ,allanston1 q41 #agi ,allen1 q41 #aei ,allen1 ,ida ,c4 ,bailey1 q41 #gbc ,allen1 ,james ,lane1 q41 #efd ,allom1 ,thomas1 #ffc ,alpini 7,alpinus71 ,prospero #dc1 #dca1 #eda1 #edc2 q41 #b1 #ab1 #bf1 #da ,alt und neu ,wien1 ,bermann1 q41 #ea ,altenberg1 ,peter1 q41 #edi ,altitudes ,best1 #aih1 #bjj ,bolivia1 #bcf ,brazil1 #bje ,colombia1 #bjh ,costa ,rica1 #bbe ,guatemala1 #bai ,hawaii1 #bci ,honduras1 #bcd ,indo-,china1 ,french1 #bcg ,jamaica1 #bcc ,java1 #baf ,mexico1 #bbb ,nicaragua1 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q41 #ahe ,ziegler ,arctic expedition1 #ech ,zilmore ,co41 ,a4,g41 #ejh ,zinmeister ,sr41 ,frank1 #eje ,zinsmeister1 ,jacob1 #eje ,zinsmeister1 ,l4,g41 q41 #chi ,zinmeister ,son1 ,frank1 #eje ,zinmeister ,sons1 ,j41 #eje ,zola1 ,emile1 #ajc1 #efe ,zoller ,little1 #ejh ,zwaardecroon1 ,henrious1 #f ,zwick1 ,charles1 #eje ,,footnotes3 #a ,first written about tea2 improperly claimed to have been written of coffee4 #b ,first written about tea2 improperly claimed to have been written of coffee4 #c ,jardin1 delestan4 ,le ,cafier et le ,caf4 ,paris1 #ahie 7p4 #ee74 #d ,dufour1 ,philippe ,sylvestre4 ,traits ,nouveaux et ,curieux du ,caf1 du ,th1 et du ,chocolat4 ,lyons1 #afhd4 #e ,coffee covered with the skin is called boun1 and the coffee-tree1 boun-tree 7sejar et boun74 #f ,these four dialects are spoken in ,hindustan4 #g ,notice must be taken of the similarity in the names of coffee in ,hindustan and ,abyssinia1 and of the name of the coffee-tree as given by ancient authors4 #h ,these four dialects are spoken in ,hindustan4 #i ,these four dialects are spoken in ,hindustan4 #aj ,these four dialects are spoken in ,hindustan4 #aa ,see note #c above4 #ab ,legal and ,houri mean tree4 #ac ,legal and ,houri mean tree4 #ad ,north-,american ,indian4 #ae ,la ,roque1 ,jean4 ,voyage de l',arabie ,heureuse4 ,paris1 #agaf4 #af ,jardin1 delestan4 ,le ,cafier et le ,caf4 ,paris1 #ahie4 7p4 #ajb74 #ag ,anne ,littraire4 ,paris1 #aggd 7vol4 vi3 p4 #bag74 #ah ,franklin1 ,alfred4 ,la ,vie ,prive d',autrefois4 ,paris1 #ahic4 #ai ,michaud1 ,i4,f4 and ,l4,g4 ,biographie ,universelle4 ,paris4 #bj ,daney1 ,sidney4 ,histoire de la ,martinique4 ,fort ,royal1 #ahdf4 #ba ,inauguration du ,jardin ,desclicux4 ,fort de ,france1 #aiah4 #bb ,dufour1 ,philippe ,sylvestre4 ,traits ,nouveaux et ,curieux du ,caf1 du ,th1 et du ,chocolat4 ,lyons1 #afhd4 7,title page has ,traitez2 elsewhere1 ,traits47 #bc ,robinson1 ,edward ,forbes4 ,the ,early ,history of ,coffee ,houses in ,england4 ,london1 #ahic4 #bd ,encyclopedia ,britannica4 #aiaj4 7vol4 xv3 p4 #bia47 #be ,galland1 ,antoine4 ,lettre sur l',origine et le ,progres du ,caf4 ,paris1 #afii4 #bf ,the ,abd-al-,kdir manuscript is described and illustrated in chapter ,,xxxii4 #bg ,rauwolf1 ,leonhard4 ,aigentliche beschreibung der ,raisis so er vor diser zeit gegen auffgang inn die morgenlaender volbracht4 ,lauwingen1 #aehb-hc4 #bh ,della ,valle1 ,pierre 7,pietro74 ,de ,constantinople ,bombay1 ,lettres4 #afae4 7vol4 i3 p4 #ij47 #bi ,she mingled with the wine the wondrous juice of a plant which banishes sadness and wrath from the heart and brings with it forgetfulness of every woe4 #cj ,scheuzer1 ,j4,j4 ,physique ,sacre1 ou ,histoire ,naturelle de la ,bible4 ,amsterdam1 #agcb1 #agcg4 #ca ,jardin1 delestan4 ,le ,cafier et le ,caf4 ,paris1 #ahie4 #cb ,la ,roque1 ,jean4 ,voyage dans l',arabie ,heureuse1 de #agjh #agac1 et ,trait ,historique du ,caf4 ,paris1 #agae4 7pp4 #bdg1 #bea47 #cc ,adjam1 by many writers wrongly rendered ,persia4 #cd ,scheuzer1 ,j4,j4 ,physique ,sacre1 ou ,histoire ,naturelle de la ,bible4 ,amsterdam1 #agcb1 #agcg4 #ce ,harper's ,weekly4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 7,jan4 #ba47 #cf ,nairon1 ,antoine ,faustus4 ,de ,saluberrim ,cahue seu ,caf nuncupata ,discursus4 ,rome1 #afga4 #cg de ,sacy1 ,baron ,antoine ,isaac ,silvestre4 ,chresto-nathie ,arabe4 ,paris1 #ahjf4 7vol4 ii3 p4 #bbd47 #ch ,olearius1 ,adam4 ,an ,account of ,his ,journeys4 ,london1 #affi4 #ci ,niebuhr1 ,karstens4 ,description of ,arabia4 ,amsterdam1 #aggd4 7,heron trans41 ,london1 #agib3 p4 #bff47 #dj ,a ,collection of ,voyages and ,travels4 ,london1 #agde4 7vol4 iv3 p4 #fij47 #da ,molmenti1 ,pompeo4 ,la ,storia di ,venezia nella ,vita ,privata4 ,bergamo1 #aijh4 7pt4 #c3 p4 #bde47 #db ,goldoni1 ,carlo4 ,la ,bottega di ,caff4 #agej4 #dc ,hazlitt1 ,w4 ,carew4 ,the ,venetian ,republic4 ,london1 #aije1 7vol4 #b3 pp4 #ajab-ae47 #dd ,jardin1 delestan4 ,le ,cafier et le ,caf4 ,paris1 #ahie4 7p4 #af47 #de ,drop by drop they take it in1 said ,cotovicus4 #df ,misprinted thus in the original ,dutch and here4 ,read ,chaoua1 i4e41 ,arabic qahwah4 #dg ,laurel berry1 of which the taste is bitter and disagreeable4 ,from ,latin bacca lauri4 #dh ,arabic1 bunn2 coffee berries4 #di ,brandewijn in original ,dutch4 #ej ,mead4 #ea ,purchas ,his ,pilgrimes4 ,london1 #afbe4 #eb ,sandys1 ,sir ,george4 ,sandys' ,travels4 ,london1 #afgc4 7p4 #ff47 #ec ,bacon1 ,francis4 ,sylva ,sylvarum4 ,london1 #afbg4 7vol4 v3 p4 #bf47 #ed ,burton1 ,robert4 ,the ,anatomy of ,melancholy4 ,oxford1 #afcb4 7pt4 #b3 sec4 #e3 p4 #cig47 ,this reference does not appear in the earlier editions of #afba1 #bd1 #bh4 #ee ,herbert1 ,sir ,t4 ,travels4 ,london1 ed4 #afch4 7p4 #bda47 #ef ,blount1 ,sir ,henry4 ,a ,voyage ,into the ,levant4 ,london4 #afga4 7pp4 #bj1 #ba1 #ed1 #ee1 #ach1 #aci47 #eg ,gilbert1 ,gustav4 ,the ,constitutional ,antiquities of ,sparta and ,athens4 ,london1 #ahie4 7p4 #fi47 #eh ,aubrey1 ,john4 ,lives of ,eminent ,men4 ,london1 #ahac4 7vol4 ii3 pt4 #b3 pp4 #chd-he47 #ei ,works4 7vol4 iv3 p4 #chi47 #fj ,wood1 ,anthony4 ,athenae ,oxonienses4 ,london1 #afib4 7vol4 ii3 col4 #feh47 #fa ,parkinson1 ,john4 ,theatrum ,botanicum4 ,london1 #afdj4 7p4 #afbb47 #fb ,d',israeli1 ,i4 ,curiosities of ,literature4 ,london1 #agih4 7vol4 i3 p4 #cde47 #fc ,a weight of from #acc to #adj pounds4 #fd ,see chapter ,,xxxii4 #fe ,vulcaren14 ,john ,peter ,a4 ,relation of the ,siege of ,vienna4 #afhd4 #ff ,bermann1 ,m4 ,alt und ,neu ,wien4 ,vienna1 #ahhj4 7p4 #ifd47 #fg ,manuscript in the ,bodleian ,library4 #fh ,see also chapter ,,xxviii4 #fi ,the ,romance of ,trade4 ,london4 7chap4 ii2 p4 #ca47 #gj ,pasqua ,rose's sign4 ,kitt's 7or ,bowman's7 sign was a coffee pot4 #ga ,hatton1 ,edward4 ,new ,view of ,london4 ,london1 #agjh4 7vol4 i3 p4 #cj47 #gb ,the prosecution came under the heading1 ,disorders and ,annoys4 #gc ,rumsey 7or ,ramsey71 ,w4 ,organon ,salutis4 ,london1 #afeg4 #gd ,also given as ,sir ,james ,muddiford1 ,murford1 ,mudford1 ,moundeford1 and ,modyford4 #ge ,the ,dutch admiral who1 in ,june1 #affg1 dashed into the ,downs with a fleet of eighty sail1 and many fire-ships1 blocked up the mouths of the ,medway and ,thames1 destroyed the fortifications at ,sheerness1 cut away the paltry defenses of booms and chains drawn across the rivers1 and got to ,chatham1 on the one side1 and nearly to ,gravesend on the other1 the king having spent in debauchery the money voted by ,parliament for the proper support of the ,english navy4 #gf ,general ,monk and ,prince ,rupert were at this time commanders of the ,english fleet4 #gg ,lillie 7,lilly7 was the celebrated astrologer of the ,protectorate1 who earned great fame at that time by predicting1 in ,june1 #afde1 if now we fight1 a victory stealeth upon us2 a lucky guess1 signally verified in the ,king's defeat at ,naseby4 ,lilly thenceforth always saw the stars favourable to the ,puritans4 #gh ,this man was originally a fishing-tackle maker in ,tower ,street during the reign of ,charles ,i2 but turning enthusiast1 he went about prognosticating the downfall of the ,king and ,popery2 and as he and his predictions were all on the popular side1 he became a great man with the superstitious godly brethren of that day4 #gi ,turnball1 or ,turnbull-street1 as it is still called1 had been for a century previous of infamous repute4 ,in ,beaumont and ,fletcher's play1 the ,knight of the ,burning ,pestle1 one of the ladies who is undergoing penance at the barber's1 has her character sufficiently pointed out to the audience1 in her declaration1 that she had been stolen from her friends in ,turnball-street4 #hj ,anderson4 ,adam4 ,historical and ,chronological ,deduction of the ,origin of ,commerce4 ,london4 #aghg4 #ha ,see chapter ,,iii4 #hb ,more fully described in chapter ,,xxxii4 #hc ,see chapter ,,xxxii4 #hd ,wroth1 ,warwick4 ,the ,london ,pleasure ,gardens of the #ahth ,century4 ,london1 #ahif4 #he ,there were six places1 all told1 bearing the name ,man's4 ,alexander ,man was coffee maker to ,william ,,iii4 #hf ,salvandy1 ,narcisse-,achille4 ,influence des ,cafs sur les ,moeurs ,politiques4 #hg ,singleton1 ,esther4 ,dutch ,new ,york4 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 7p4 #acb47 #hh ,bishop1 ,j4 ,leander4 ,a ,history of ,american ,manufactures1 #afjh to #ahfj4 ,new ,york1 #ahfd4 7,vol4 #a2 p4 #bei47 #hi ,patterson1 ,robert ,w4 ,early ,society in ,southern ,illinois4 ,chicago1 #ahha4 #ij ,andreas1 ,a4,t4 ,history of ,chicago4 ,chicago1 #ahhd4 #ia ,singleton1 ,esther4 ,dutch ,new ,york4 #aiji4 7p4 #acc47 #ib ,bishop1 ,j4 ,leander4 ,a ,history of ,american ,manufactures1 #afjh to #ahfj4 ,new ,york4 #ic ,oberholtzer1 ,ellis ,paxson4 ,philadelphia3 a history of the city and its people4 ,philadelphia1 #aiab4 7vol4 #a3 p4 #ajf47 #id ,freeman1 ,w4,g4 ,the ,world's ,commercial ,products4 ,boston1 7p4 #agf47 #ie ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiah4 7vol4 xxxv3 no4 #d47 #if ,dr4 ,cramer considers ,c4 ,maragogipe the finest coffee known2 it has a highly developed1 splendid flavor4 #ig ,journal of the ,association of ,official ,agricultural ,chemists1 ,nov4 #ae1 #aiba4 7vol4 v3 no4 #b3 pp4 #bgd-bhh47 #ih ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiab4 7vol4 xxiii3 no4 #c47 #ii ,die ,menschlichen ,genussmittel1 #aiaa4 7p4 #cjj47 #ajj ,see chapter ,,xvi4 #aja ,these and all other numbered drawings in this chapter are from ,andrew ,l4 ,winton's ,the ,microscopy of ,vegetable ,foods1 copyright #aiaf1 and reprinted by permission4 #ajb ,jour4 ,am4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #aiai 7vol4 xli3 p4 #acjf74 #ajc ,anstead1 ,r4,d4 ,annals on ,applied ,biology1 #aiae 7vol4 i3 pp4 #bii-cjb74 #ajd ,huntington1 ,l4,m4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiag 7vol4 xxxiii3 p4 #bbh74 #aje ,gorter1 ,ann4 7vol4 ccclxxii3 pp4 #bcg-df74 ,schulte1 ,a4 ,z4 ,nahr4 ,genussm4 7vol4 xxvii3 pp4 #bjj-be74 ,loew1 ,oscar4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,p4,r4 ,agr4 ,expt4 ,sta41 #aijg 7pp4 #da-ee74 #ajf ,sencial4 ,el ,hacendado ,mex4 7vol4 ix3 p4 #aia74 #ajg ,pique1 ,r4 ,bull4 ,assoc4 ,chim4 sucr4 dist4 7vol4 xxiv3 pp4 #abaj-ac74 #ajh ,pharm4 ,jour41 #ahhf 7vol4 xvii3 p4 #fef74 #aji ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #aac1hcb1 ,april #ah1 #ahga4 #aaj ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #ffj1fjb1 ,oct4 #cj1 #aijj4 #aaa ,french ,pat41 #cgi1jcf1 ,aug4 #bh1 #aijf4 #aab ,french ,pat41 #cei1dea1 ,nov4 #ae1 #aije4 #aac ,british ,pat41 #bf1ije1 ,dec4 #i1 #aijd4 #aad ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #hdc1ecj1 ,feb4 #e1 #aijg4 #aae ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #a1cac1bji1 ,aug4 #ab1 #aiai4 #aaf ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #acd1gib1 ,jan4 #ad1 #ahgc4 #aag ,british ,pat41 #g1dbg1 ,mar4 #bd1 #aiaj4 #aah ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #iig1dca1 ,july #aa1 #aiaa4 #aai ,british ,pat41 #bc1jhg1 ,oct4 #i1 #aiab4 ,french ,pat41 #ddi1cdc1 ,oct4 #ab1 #aiab4 #abj ,british ,pat41 #ba1cig1 ,sept4 #bf1 #aijg4 ,french ,pat41 #chb1bch1 ,sept4 #bf1 #aijg4 ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #ihb1ijb1 ,jan4 #ca1 #aiaa4 #aba ,pharm4 ,zentralhalle1 #aiae 7vol4 lvi3 pp4 #cdc-dh74 #abb ,mnch4 ,med4 ,wochschr41 7vol4 lviii3 pp4 #ahfh-gb74 #abc ,commercial ,organic ,analysis4 #abd ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm4 #ahfg 7vol4 cxlii3 p4 #bcj74 #abe ,inaugural ,diss41 ,munich4 #aijc4 #abf ,comptes ,rendus1 #ahig 7vol4 cxxiv3 p4 #adeh74 #abg ,dict4 ,app4 ,chem41 #aiac 7vol4 v3 p4 #cic74 #abh ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,bur4 ,chem4 ,bull4 #aje1 #aijg4 7p4 #db74 #abi ,ann4 7vol4 cccviii3 pp4 #cbg-cdh74 ,ibid4 7vol4 ccclxxii3 pp4 #bcg1 #bdf74 ,arch4 ,pharm4 7vol4 ccxlvii3 pp4 #ahd-aif74 #acj ,jour4 ,soc4 ,chem41 ,ind41 #aiaj 7vol4 xxix3 p4 #ach74 #aca ,z4 ,nahr4 ,genussm4 7vol4 xxi3 p4 #bie74 #acb ,paladino1 ,gazetta1 #ahie 7vol4 xxv3 no4 #a3 p4 #ajd74 ,forster ,riechelmann1 ,zeitsch4 ffent4 ,chem41 #ahig 7vol4 iii3 p4 #abi74 ,polstorff1 ,k4 ,wallach-,festschrift1 #aiji 7pp4 #efi-hc74 #acc ,private communication4 #acd ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #gaf1hgh1 ,dec4 #cj1 #aijb4 #ace ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aibj 7vol4 xxxviii3 pp4 #cba-bb74 #acf ,jour4 ,amer4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #aijg 7vol4 xxix3 p4 #ajia74 #acg ,ber41 #ahie 7vol4 xxviii3 p4 #cacg72 #ahii 7vol4 xxxii3 p4 #dce72 #aijj 7vol4 xxxiii3 p4 #cjce74 #ach ,willcox ,rentschler4 ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaj 7vol4 xix3 p4 #ddj74 #aci ,fricke1 ,e4 ,zeits4 f4 angew4 ,chemie41 #ahhi 7pp4 #aba-abb74 #adj ,willcox ,rentschler4 ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaa 7vol4 xx3 p4 #cee74 #ada ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #hig1hdj1 ,sept4 #a1 #aijh4 #adb ,british ,pat41 #add1ihh1 ,march #ai1 #aibj4 #adc ,french ,pat41 #dab1eej1 ,feb4 #ab1 #aiaj4 #add ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #idg1egg1 ,jan4 #be1 #aiaj4 #ade ,jour4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #aheg 7vol4 ix3 p4 #cd74 #adf ,wien4 ,akad4 ,ber4 7#b ,abth47 7vol4 lxxxi3 pp4 #ajcb-ajdc74 ,monatsh1 f4 ,chem41 #ahhj 7vol4 i3 p4 #def74 #adg ,zeits4 f4 ,untersuch4 d4 ,nahr4 u4 ,genussm41 #ahih 7vol4 vii3 pp4 #deg-dgb7 #adh ,ber41 #aija 7vol4 xxxv3 pp4 #ahdf-ahed74 #adi ,compt4 rend4 7vol4 clvii3 pp4 #bab-ac74 #aej ,bull4 ,pharm41 #aiaf 7vol4 xxx3 pp4 #bgf-gh74 #aea ,dict4 ,app4 ,chem41 #aiac 7vol4 ii3 p4 #ii74 #aeb ,u4,s4 ,dispensatory1 #aith ,ed41 #aijg 7p4 #ade74 #aec ,monatsh4 f4 ,chem4 7vol4 xxxiii3 pp4 #achi-adjf74 #aed ,bull4 ,pharm41 #aiaf 7vol4 xxx3 pp4 #bgf-gh74 #aee ,apoth4 ,ztg4 7vol4 xxii3 pp4 #iai-bj74 ,pharm4 ,weekbl41 #aijg 7vol4 xxxvii74 #aef ,monatsh4 f4 ,chem4 7vol4 xxxi3 p4 #abbg74 #aeg ,jour4 ,landw41 #aijd 7vol4 lii3 p4 #ic74 #aeh ,amer4 ,chem4 ,jour41 #ahib 7vol4 xiv3 p4 #dgc74 #aei ,analyst1 #aijb 7vol4 xxvi3 p4 #aaf74 #afj #eh ,mon4 ,sci4 7vol4 iii3 no4 #f3 p4 #ggi74 #afa ,j4,p4,c41 #ahfg 7p4 #cjg74 #afb ,trans4 ,kansas ,acad4 ,sci41 #aiah 7vol4 xxviii3 pp4 #acf-ada74 #afc ,feitler1 ,s43 ,eng4 ,pat41 #ai1hde1 ,aug4 #bh1 #ahig4 #afd ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #cc1dec1 ,oct4 #h1 #ahfa4 ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #ge1hbi1 ,march #bd1 #ahfh4 ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #gja1gej1 ,june #c1 #aijb4 #afe ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #idc1bch1 ,dec4 #ad1 #aiji4 #aff ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #gjc1ejh1 ,july #a1 #aijb4 ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #hfe1bjc1 ,sept4 #c1 #aijg4 #afg ,winter1 ,h43 ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #iig1dca1 ,aug4 #bh1 #ahig4 #afh ,simon1 ,m41 ,jr43 ,ger4 ,pat41 #bec1dai1 ,feb4 #ai1 #aiaa4 #afi ,von ,niessen3 ,british ,pat41 #g1dbg1 ,mar4 #bd1 #aiaj4 #agj ,eng4 ,pat41 #e1ggf1 ,mar4 #ai1 #ahie4 #aga ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #hcb1cbb4 #agb ,eng4 ,pat41 #h1bgj1 ,april #bd1 #ahic4 #agc ,u4,s4 ,pat41 #iid1ghe1 ,june #ac1 #aiaa4 #agd ,am4 ,j4 ,pharm41 #aiae 7vol4 lxxxvii3 pp4 #ebd-bf74 #age ,orig4 ,com4 #hth ,intern4 ,cong4 ,appl4 ,chem4 7,appen47 7vol4 xxvi3 p4 #chi7 #agf ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aibj 7vol4 xxxix3 pp4 #cah-ai74 #agg ,king1 ,j4,e43 ,u4,s4 ,pat4 #a1bfc1dcd4 #agh ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiag 7vol4 xxxiii3 pp4 #eeb-ee74 #agi ,loc4 cit4 7see #age74 #ahj ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaa 7vol4 xx3 p4 #cd74 #aha ,pharm4 ,weekbl4 voor ,nederl41 #ahii 7no4 #ac74 ,apoth4 ,ztg41 #ahii 7p4 #ad74 #ahb ,jour4 ,assoc4 ,off4 ,agri4 ,chem41 #aibj 7vol4 iii3 p4 #eja74 #ahc ,blyth1 ,wynter4 ,foods1 #aiji 7p4 #cei74 #ahd ,petermann4 ,bied4 ,zentr41 #ahii 7vol4 ii3 p4 #baa74 #ahe ,association of ,official ,agricultural ,chemists4 ,sept41 #aibj4 #ahf ,association of ,official ,agricultural ,chemists1 ,sept41 #aibj4 #ahg ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agri41 ,div4 of ,chem4 ,bull4 #ac 7pt4 #g3 p4 #ijh74 #ahh ,niles4 ,g4,m4 ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaj 7vol4 xix3 no4 #a3 p4 #bg74 #ahi ,through ,the ,sun1 ,new ,york1 ,july #ag1 #aiaj4 #aij ,annales ,politiques et ,littraires1 through ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aijf 7vol4 x3 p4 #cjc74 #aia ,jour4 ,am4 ,med4 ,assoc41 #ahia 7vol4 xvi74 #aib ,the ,times1 ,london1 ,oct4 #a1 #aijd2 through ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaa 7vol4 xxi3 p4 #cf74 #aic ,good ,housekeeping1 through ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiab 7vol4 xxiii3 p4 #bcg74 #aid ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiac 7vol4 xxiv3 p4 #dee74 #aie ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiab 7vol4 xxiii3 p4 #cef74 #aif ,good ,housekeeping1 through ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiae 7vol4 xxviii3 p4 #ecc74 #aig ,good ,housekeeping1 through ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiae 7vol4 xxviii3 p4 #ecc74 #aih ,atti4 accad4 ,lincei1 #aiae 7vol4 xxiv3 no4 #b3 pp4 #edc-dh74 #aii ,nalpasse1 ,dr4 ,valentin1 loc4 cit4 7see #aij74 ,flint1 ,dr4 ,austin ,b4 ,text ,book of ,physiology4 ,wood1 ,h4,c41 ,jr4 ,therapeutic ,gazette1 #aiab 7vol4 xxxvi3 p4 #ac74 #bjj ,compt4 rend4 7vol4 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7p4 #bed74 #bba ,zentr4 ,biochem ,biophys41 #aiab 7vol4 xiii3 p4 #ejd74 #bbb ,jour4 ,anat4 ,physi41 through ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiac 7vol4 xxv3 p4 #cde74 #bbc ,lancet1 ,dec4 #b1 #aiaa4 #bbd ,pharmacology1 #aiac 7p4 #beh74 #bbe ,butler1 ,materia ,medica1 ,therapeutics and ,pharmacology1 #aijf 7p4 #bef74 #bbf ,togami1 ,k4 ,biochem4 ,zeit41 #aijh 7vol4 ix3 p4 #dec74 #bbg ,mnch4 ,med4 ,wochenschr4 7vol4 lx3 pp4 #bha-he1 #ceg-fa74 ,naturwiss4 ,umschau4 d4 ,chem41 ,ztg4 #aiac 7p4 #d74 ,schweiz4 ,wochenschr4 7vol4 li3 pp4 #dij-ib74 #bbh ,loc4 cit4 7see #aig74 #bbi ,through ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaf 7vol4 xxx3 p4 #ddc74 #bcj ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiji 7vol4 xvi3 p4 #bga74 #bca ,frankel1 ,f4,h4 ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaj 7vol4 xxxi3 p4 #ddf74 #bcb ,food ,values1 #aiad 7p4 #ed74 #bcc ,policlin41 #aibj 7no4 #bg3 p4 #ajaa74 #bcd ,funk1 ,c4 ,the ,vitamines1 #aibb 7p4 #bgj74 #bce ,potter4 ,materia ,medica1 ,pharmacy and ,therapeutics1 #ajth ed41 #aijf 7p4 #ahg74 ,culbreth4 ,materia ,medica and ,pharmacology1 #bnd ed4 7p4 #ebj74 #bcf ,nineteenth ed4 7p4 #bed74 #bcg ,loc4 cit4 7see #bbj74 #bch ,keable1 ,b4,b4 ,coffee 7p4 #ig74 #bci ,wallace1 ,mrs4 ,c4,l4,h4 ,cholera3 ,its ,cause and ,cure4 ,the ,herald of ,health1 through ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aijh 7vol4 xiv3 p4 #bb74 #bdj ,s4 ,culapius1 ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiac 7vol4 xxv3 p4 #bci74 #bda ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiac 7vol4 xxv3 p4 #deh74 #bdb ,thurber1 ,f4,b4 ,coffee from ,plantation to ,cup 7p4 #ahb74 #bdc ,health and ,longevity ,through ,rational ,diet4 #bdd ,keable1 ,b4,b4 ,coffee 7p4 #ih74 #bde ,bulson1 ,a4,e4,j4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,opthal41 #aije 7vol4 xxii3 pp #ee-fd7 ,handbook of ,medical ,science 7vol4 iii3 p4 #aij74 #bdf ,keable1 ,b4,b4 ,coffee 7p4 #ih74 #bdg ,a ,manual of ,pharmacology 7pp4 #acg1 #bae74 #bdh ,hawk1 ,philip ,b4 ,loc4 cit4 7see #aif74 #bdi ,good ,housekeeping1 ,oct41 #aiag 7p4 #add74 #bej ,med4 ,news1 #ahhf 7p4 #eb74 #bea ,med4 ,news1 #ahij 7p4 #ef74 #beb ,centr4 ,in4 ,med41 #aijj 7p4 #ba74 #bec ,loc4 cit4 7see #bbj74 #bed ,arch4 ,exper4 ,path4 ,pharm41 #aijb 7bd4 #dh74 #bee ,bull4 gen4 therap4 7vol4 clxvi3 p4 #cgi74 ,zentr4 ,biochem4 ,biophys4 7vol4 xvi3 p4 #gi74 #bef ,bull4 ,pharm41 #aiaf 7vol4 xxx3 pp4 #bgf-gh74 #beg #aijg 7p4 #agf74 #beh ,u4,s4 ,dispensatory1 #aith ed4 7p4 #bec74 #bei ,hall4 ,i4,w4 ,the ,purin ,bodies of ,food ,stuffs1 #aijd 7p4 #ih74 #bfj ,terapia moderna1 ,dec41 #ahia4 #bfa ,arch4 intern4 physiol4 7vol4 xiii3 pp4 #ajg-ad74 #bfb ,j4 ,pharmachol4 7vol4 iii3 p4 #fji74 #bfc ,j4 ,pharmachol4 7vol4 iii3 p4 #dfh74 #bfd ,j4 ,pharmachol4 7vol4 iii3 p4 #dee74 #bfe ,wien4 ,deut4 med4 ,wochenschr4 7vol4 xxxviii3 pp4 #aggd-gf74 #bff ,comp4 rend4 soc4 biol4 7vol4 lxxiv3 p4 #cb74 #bfg ,d4,a4 ,apoth4-,ztg41 #aiaa-ab 7vol4 xxxii3 p4 #d74 #bfh ,med4 ,record1 ,n4,y41 #aiaf 7vol4 xxx3 p4 #fh74 #bfi ,therap4 ,gazette4 #aiab 7vol4 xxxvi3 pp4 #f-ac74 #bgj ,deut4 ,arch4 ,klin4 ,med41 #aibj 7vol4 cxxxiv3 pp4 #agd-hd74 #bga ,z4 physiol4 ,chem4 7vol4 lxxvii3 p4 #bei74 #bgb ,bull4 ,bur4 of ,chem4 7no4 #aeg74 #bgc ,pharm4 ,j41 ,mar4 #ca1 #aijj1 through ,brit4 ,med4 ,j41 ,epit41 #aijj 7vol4 i3 p4 #ce74 #bgd ,arch4 f4 exper4 ,path4 u4 ,pharmakol41 #ahie 7vol4 xxxv3 p4 #ddi74 #bge ,ibid41 #ahie 7vol4 xxxvi3 p4 #de74 ,ibid41 #ahif 7vol4 xxxvii3 p4 #che74 #bgf ,arch4 de physiol4 norm4 et path41 #ahfh 7vol4 i3 p4 #agi74 #bgg ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,knigsberg1 #ahhb4 #bgh ,arch4 f4 exper4 ,path4 u4 ,pharmakol41 #ahih 7vol4 xli3 p4 #cge74 #bgi ,jour4 ,am4 ,med4 ,assoc41 #aiag 7vol4 lxviii3 pp4 #ahje-jg74 #bhj ,berliner ,klin4 ,wochenschrift1 #ahhi 7no4 #dj74 #bha ,encyc4 der ,therapie1 #ahif 7vol4 i74 #bhb ,pester1 ,med4-,chir4 ,presse1 #ahhe 7no4 #ci74 ,orvosi ,hetilap1 #ahhe 7nos4 #cb-cc74 #bhc ,zeitschrift f4 ,klin4 ,med41 #ahic 7vol4 xxiii74 #bhd ,mitt4 aus der ,wrzburger ,med4 ,klinik1 #ahhe 7vol4 #a74 #bhe ,new ,york ,herald1 ,mar4 #bd4 #aiab4 #bhf ,tea ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiad 7vol4 xxvi3 pp4 #ecg-da74 #bhg ,the ,influence of ,alcohol and ,other ,drugs on ,fatigue4 #bhh ,the ,influence of ,caffeine on ,mental and ,motor ,efficiency4 ,archives of ,psychology1 #aiab 7no4 #bb74 #bhi ,revista sper4 di4 ,freniatria 7vol4 xviii3 p4 #a74 #bij ,archiv4 ital4 de ,biol41 #ahic 7vol4 xix3 p4 #bda74 #bia ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,marburg1 #ahid4 #bib ,revista sper4 di ,freniatria1 #ahid 7vol4 xx3 p4 #deh74 #bic ,centralbl4 f4 ,physiol41 #ahif 7vol4 x3 p4 #abf74 #bid ,psychol4 ,arbeit41 #ahif 7vol4 i3 p4 #cgh74 #bie ,jour4 ,med4 de ,bruxelles1 #ahig4 #bif ,molcschott's ,untersuchungen1 #ahii 7vol4 xvi3 p4 #agj74 #big ,archiv4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol4 7,physiol4 ,abth471 ,suppl4 ,bd41 #ahii 7p4 #bhi74 #bih ,skand4 ,arch4 f4 ,physiol41 #aijd 7vol4 xvi3 p4 #aig74 #bii ,travaux du ,lab4 de ,physiol4 ,inst4 ,solray1 #aijd 7vol4 vi3 p4 #cfa74 #cjj ,psychol4 ,arbeit41 #aija 7vol4 iii3 p4 #fag74 #cja ,c4,r4 de la ,soc4 de ,biol4 ,paris1 #aija 7pp4 #eic-fbg74 #cjb ,op4 ,cit4 7p4 #ch74 7,see #bhe47 #cjc ,pflgers ,archiv41 #ahgg 7vol4 xvi3 p4 #caf74 #cjd ,diss41 ,dorpat41 #ahhg4 #cje ,psychol4 ,arbeit41 #ahif 7vol4 i3 p4 #dca74 #cjf ,psychol4 ,arbeit41 #aija 7pp4 #bjc-bhi74 #cjg ,psychol4 ,rev41 #aiaa 7vol4 xviii3 p4 #dbd74 #cjh ,op4 ,cit4 7see #bhe74 #cji ,ueber die ,beeinflssung einfacher psychischer ,vorgnge durch einige ,arzeneimittel 7p4 #bbd74 #caj ,arch1 exp4 ,path4 ,pharm41 #aibj 7vol4 lxxxv3 pp4 #cci-eh74 #caa ,op4 cit4 7p4 #ej74 7,see #bhg47 #cab ,loc4 cit4 7see #bhe74 #cac ,see chapter ,,xxx4 #cad ,la ,roque1 ,jean1 ,voyage de l',arabic ,heureuse1 ,paris1 #agae4 7p4 #bhj47 #cae ,encyclopedia ,britannica1 #aa ed41 ,cambridge1 #aiaj4 7vol4 i3 p4 #aah47 #caf ,la ,roque1 ,jean4 ,voyage de l',arabie ,heureuse1 ,paris1 #agae 7p4 #bhe74 #cag ,the #aiba figures for all countries given are preliminary4 #cah ,broadbent1 ,humphrey4 ,the ,domestick ,coffee ,man4 ,london1 #agbj4 ,bradley1 ,richard4 ,the vertu and use of coffee with regard to the plague and other infectious distempers4 ,london1 #agba4 #cai ,since changed4 ,there is now a ,clearing ,association4 #cbj ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaa 7vol4 xx3 no4 #d3 p4 #bhd74 #cba ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 ,july1 #aiaa 7vol4 xxiii3 no4 #a2 p4 #bh74 #cbb ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 ,nov41 #aiaj 7vol4 xix3 no4 #e3 p4 #chj74 #cbc ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 ,nov41 #aiad 7vol4 xxv2 no4 #e3 p4 #cig74 #cbd ,stewart1 ,c4,h4 ,the ,coffee ,status of ,venezuela4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour4 ,jan4 #aibb 7vol4 xlii3 no4 #a3 pp4 #bi-ce47 #cbe ,wilhelm1 ,r4,c4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaf 7vol4 xxxi3 no4 #e3 p4 #dbi74 #cbf ,willcox4 ,o4,w4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiad 7vol4 xxvi3 no4 #b3 p4 #ch74 #cbg ,zinsmeister1 ,l4,g4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiad 7vol4 xxvii3 no4 #f3 pp4 #eeh-efb74 #cbh ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaj 7vol4 xviii3 no4 #b3 p4 #afa2 and no4 #d3 p4 #cai74 #cbi ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaj 7vol4 xvii3 no4 #h3 p4 #bdb74 #ccj ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiae 7vol4 xxviii3 pp4 #dae-daf74 #cca ,making ,coffee for the ,consumer1 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiad 7vol4 xxvi3 pp4 #cce-cch74 #ccb ,coffee-,making ,questionnaire1 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiag 7vol4 xxx3 no4 #a3 pp4 #ca-cd74 #ccc ,king1 ,john ,e41 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiag 7vol4 xxxiii3 no4 #f3 pp4 #eeb-eee74 #ccd ,ach1 ,f4,j41 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiab1 #aiai 7vol4 xxiii3 no4 #d3 pp4 #acc-ace2 vol4 xxxvi3 no4 #d3 pp4 #cdd-cde74 #cce ,gillies1 ,e4,j41 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiac 7vol4 xxv3 pp4 #egd-egf74 #ccf ,wellman1 ,c4,p41 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiah 7vol4 xxxiv3 no4 #f3 p4 #efj74 #ccg ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aibb 7vol4 xlii3 no4 #a3 pp4 #ge1 #gf74 #cch ,bureau of ,business ,research1 ,harvard ,university4 #cci ,duryee1 ,p4,s4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaa 7,vol4 xxi3 no4 #b3 pp4 #ajf-aaj74 #cdj ,findlay1 ,paul4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiaf 7vol4 xxx3 no4 #a3 pp4 #gb-gd74 #cda ,atha1 ,f4,p4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiai 7vol4 xxxvii3 no4 #a3 p4 #ej74 #cdb ,weir1 ,ross ,w4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiac 7vol4 xxv3 pp4 #eff-efh74 #cdc ,mc,creery1 ,r4,w4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiac 7vol4 xxv3 no4 #f3 pp4 #fjc-fjd74 #cdd ,schaefer1 ,j4,h4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41#aiag 7vol4 xxxiii3 no4 #a3 p4 #gb74 #cde ,chamberliane1 ,john1 translation1 ,london1 #afhe1 from ,dufour's ,traitez ,nouveaux et ,curieux du ,caf1 du ,th1 et du ,chocolat4 #cdf ,the agreement with the ,so ,paulo planters comprehended their furnishing yearly the proceeds of a tax of #ajj reis per bag4 ,this actually amounted to #bj1jjj per month up to ,january1 #aiba4 ,during #aiba1 by reason of a short crop and the advance rate of exchange1 the remittances were reduced almost half4 ,in ,january1 #aibb1 the ,so ,paulo legislature on petition of the ,sociedade increased the tax to #bjj reis per bag to run for #c years4 ,in spite of this1 the probability is that another short crop and a continued low rate of exchange will keep the ,brazil contribution in #aibb down to about #ahj1jjj net4 ,by ,november1 #aiba1 a total of #fga1jjj was expended on advertising4 ,of this1 #eea1jjj was contributed by the planters of ,so ,paulo1 and #abj1jjj by the coffee trade of the ,united ,states4 #cdg ,about this time1 the country was flooded with paper money1 worth about #a to #ge1 forcing the price of commodities to unheard-of heights1 shoes for instance1 being sold at #bj per pair4 #cdh ,much of the information that follows is from an article by ,m4,e4 ,goetzinger in the ,percolator1 ,february1 #aiba4 #cdi ,what follows on ,trade ,brooms and ,panics is from an article prepared1 under the author's direction1 by ,c4,k4 ,trafton1 and published in ,the ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,journal1 ,nov41 #aibj 7vol4 xxxix3 no4 #e3 p4 #efc74 #cej ,kauhee 7or kahv7 is the ,turkish for coffee4 #cea ,copyright1 #aiac4 ,used by special permission of the publishers1 the ,bobbs-,merrill ,co41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 #ceb ,copyright1 #aiaf1 by ,henry ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,reprinted by permission4 #cec ,chatfield-,taylor1 ,,ii4 ,c4 ,goldoni4 ,new ,york1 #aiaf 7p4 #fjg74 #ced ,copyright1 #aijc1 by ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,used by courtesy of the author and the publisher4 #cee ,copyright1 #ahic1 by ,harper ,bros41 and #aiba1 by ,john ,kendrick ,bangs4 ,reprinted by permission4 #cef ,beverages ,past and ,present1 ,new ,york1 copyright #aijh4 ,by courtesy of ,g4,p4 ,putnam's1 ,sons1 ,publishers4 #ceg ,the ,pot and ,kettle1 ,boston1 #aibj 7vol4 iii3 no4 #b74 #ceh ,see ,chapter ,,xxxiii4 #cei ,see chapter ,x4 #cfj ,see chapter ,x4 #cfa ,proceedings3 ,second ,series1 #ahii 7vol4 xvii3 no4 #b2 p4 #cij74 #cfb ,a mechanical contrivance that took the place of a boy4 #cfc ,jardin1 delestan4 ,le ,cafier et ,le ,caf1 ,paris1 #ahie 7p4 #bij74 #cfd ,in his patent specification1 ,mr4 ,carter said on this point3 ,small holes should be made through the roaster in sufficient number to allow of the escape of the vapors and volatile matters which escape from the coffee while undergoing the process of being roasted4 #cfe ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiab 7vol4 xxiii3 no4 #f3 p4 #eib74 #cff ,encyclopedia ,britannica1 #aath ,ed4 7vol4 #aa3 p4 #bhe74 #cfg ,london2 #ahhh 7vol4 #a3 pp4 #bbb1 #bbd74 #cfh de ,sacy4 ,baron ,antoine ,isaac ,silvestre4 ,chrstomathie ,arabe4 ,paris1 #ahjf1 7vol4 #b74 #cfi ,scribner's ,magazine1 #aiah 7vol4 liii3 no4 #e3 p4 #fbj72 and ,dwight1 ,h4,g41 ,constantinople1 ,old and ,new1 ,new ,york1 #aiae4 ,copyright by ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #cgj ,carne1 ,john4 ,syria1 the ,holy ,land4 ,london1 #ahcf 7p4 #fi74 #cga ,new ,york1 #aheg 7p4 #bgf74 #cgb ,the ,coffee ,cup and the ,sugar ,bowl4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiba 7vol4 xli3 no4 #f3 p4 #hji74 #cgc ,frankel1 ,f4 ,hulton1 ,ph4,d4 ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiag 7vol4 xxxii3 p4 #adb74 #cgd ,see chapter ,,iii4 #cge ,broadbent1 ,humphrey4 ,the ,domestick ,coffee ,man1 ,london1 #agbb4 #cgf ,dutch ,new ,york1 #aiji 7p4 #acb74 #cgg ,earle4 ,alice ,morse4 ,customs and ,fashions in ,old ,new ,england1 #aiji4 #cgh ,in #aiba1 ,professor ,s4,c4 ,prescott1 in charge of the research work for the ,joint ,coffee ,trade ,publicity ,committee at the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology1 said that a brew made with the water considerably below the boiling point1 was preferable4 #cgi ,meaning the pumping percolator4 #chj ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiag 7vol4 xxxiii3 no4 #e3 pp4 #cci-dj74 #cha ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiba 7vol4 xli3 no4 #e3 p4 #fhh74 #chb ,see chapter ,,xvii4 #chc ,pharm4 ,weekbl4 voor ,nederl41 ,no4 #ac1 #ahii4 ,apoth4 ,ztg41 #ahii 7p4 #ad74 #chd ,tea and ,coffee ,trade ,jour41 #aiag 7vol4 xxxiii3 pp4 #eeb-ee74 #che ,hollingworth1 ,h4,l4 and ,poffenberger1 ,a4,t41 ,jr4 ,the ,sense of ,taste1 #aiag 7p4 #ac74 #chf ,not delestan as elsewhere in the volume4