,,scouting for ,,girls ,illustration ,,this ,,book ,,belongs ,,to ,,member ,,of ,troop ,,my ,,scout ,,record ,registration ,date and ,place ,passed ,tenderfoot ,test ,passed ,second ,class ,test ,passed ,,scouting for ,,girls ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,magdelaine ,,de ,,verch,,res ,the ,first ,girl ,scout in the ,new ,world4 ,from ,statue erected by ,lord ,grey1 near the site of ,fort ,verchres on the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,,scouting for ,,girls ,,official ,,handbook ,,of ,,the ,,girl ,,scouts ,illustration ,,sixth ,,reprint #aibe ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,girl ,,scouts1 ,,inc4 ,,national ,,headquarters #fgj ,,lexington ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 ,copyright #aibj by ,girl ,scouts1 ,inc4 ,all ,rights ,reserved4 ,,printed ,,in ,,new ,,york ,,city ,to ,,juliette ,,low ,,their ,,founder in grateful acknowledgment of all that she has done for them1 the ,american ,girl ,scouts dedicate this ,handbook ,,foreword ,how ,scouting ,began ,how did ,scouting come to be used by girls8 ,that is what ,i have been asked4 ,well1 it was this way4 ,in the beginning ,i had used ,scouting--that is1 wood craft1 handiness1 and cheery helpfulness--as a means for training young soldiers when they first joined the army1 to help them become handy1 capable men and able to hold their own with anyone instead of being mere drilled machines4 ,you have read about the ,wars in your country against the ,red ,indians1 of the gallantry of your soldiers against the cunning of the ,red ,man1 and what is more1 of the pluck of your women on those dangerous frontiers4 ,well1 we have had much the same sort of thing in ,south ,africa4 ,over and over again ,i have seen there the wonderful bravery and resourcefulness of the women when the tribes of ,zulu or ,matabeles have been out on the war path against the white settlers4 ,in the ,boer war a number of women volunteered to help my forces as nurses or otherwise2 they were full of pluck and energy1 but unfortunately they had never been trained to do anything1 and so with all the good-will in the world they were of no use4 ,i could not help feeling how splendid it would be if one could only train them in peace time in the same way one trained the young soldiers--that is1 through ,scoutcraft4 ,i afterwards took to training boys in that way1 but ,i had not been long at it before the girls came along1 and offered to do the very thing ,i had hoped for1 they wanted to take up ,scouting also4 ,they did not merely want to be imitators of the boys2 they wanted a line of their own4 ,so ,i gave them a smart blue uniform and the names of ,guides and my sister wrote an outline of the scheme4 ,the name ,guide appealed to the ,british girls because the pick of our frontier forces in ,india is the ,corps of ,guides4 ,the term cavalry or infantry hardly describes it since it is composed of all-round handy men ready to take on any job in the campaigning line and do it well4 ,then too1 a woman who can be a good and helpful comrade to her brother or husband or son along the path of life is really a guide to him4 ,the name ,guide therefore just describes the members of our sisterhood who besides being handy and ready for any kind of duty are also a jolly happy family and likely to be good1 cheery comrades to their mankind4 ,the coming of the ,great ,war gave the ,girl ,guides their opportunity1 and they quickly showed the value of their training by undertaking a variety of duties which made them valuable to their country in her time of need4 ,my wife1 ,lady ,baden-,powell1 was elected by the members to be the ,chief ,guide1 and under her the movement has gone ahead at an amazing pace1 spreading to most foreign countries4 ,it is thanks to ,mrs4 ,juliette ,low1 of ,savannah1 that the movement was successfully started in ,america1 and though the name ,girl ,scouts has there been used it is all part of the same sisterhood1 working to the same ends and living up to the same ,laws and ,promise4 ,if all the branches continue to work together and become better acquainted with each other as they continue to become bigger it will mean not only a grand step for the sisterhood1 but what is more important it will be a real help toward making the new ,league of ,nations a living force4 ,how can that be8 ,in this way3 ,if the women of the different nations are to a large extent members of the same society and therefore in close touch and sympathy with each other1 although belonging to different countries1 they will make the ,league a real bond not merely between the ,governments1 but between the ,peoples themselves and they will see to it that it means ,peace and that we have no more of ,war4 ,robert ,baden ,powell4 ,may1 #aiai ,,preface ,the present edition of ,scouting for ,girls is the result of collaboration on the part of practical workers in the organization from every part of the country4 ,the endeavor on the part of its compilers has been to combine the minimum of standardization necessary for dignified and efficient procedure1 with the maximum of freedom for every local branch in its interpretation and practice of the ,girl ,scout aims and principles4 ,grateful acknowledgments are due to the following3 ,miss ,sarah ,louise ,arnold1 ,dean1 and ,miss ,ula ,m4 ,dow1 ,a4,m41 and ,dr4 ,alice ,blood1 of ,simmons ,college for the ,part of ,section ,,xi entitled ,home ,economics2 ,sir ,robert ,baden-,powell for frequent references and excerpts from ,girl ,guiding2 ,dr4 ,samuel ,lambert for the ,part on ,first ,aid1 ,section ,,xi1 and ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,rockwell for reading and criticizing this2 ,miss ,marie ,johnson with the assistance of ,miss ,isabel ,stewart of ,teachers ,college1 for the ,part entitled ,home ,nursing in ,section ,,xi2 ,dr4 ,herman ,m4 ,biggs for reading and criticizing the ,parts dealing with ,public ,health and ,child ,care2 ,mr4 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton and ,the ,woodcraft ,league1 and ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 for ,section ,,xiii and plates on ,woodcraft2 ,mr4 ,joseph ,parsons1 ,mr4 ,james ,wilder1 ,mrs4 ,eloise ,roorbach1 and ,mr4 ,horace ,kephart and the ,macmillan ,company for the material in ,section ,,xiv ,camping for ,girl ,scouts2 ,mr4 ,george ,h4 ,sherwood1 ,curator1 and ,dr4 ,g4 ,clyde ,fisher1 ,associate ,curator1 of the ,department of ,public ,education of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history for the specially prepared ,section ,,xv and illustrations on ,nature ,study1 and for all proficiency tests in this subject2 ,mr4 ,david ,hunter for ,section ,,xvi ,the ,girl ,scout's ,own ,garden1 and ,mrs4 ,ellen ,shipman for the part on a perennial border with the specially prepared drawing1 in the ,section on the ,garden2 ,mr4 ,sereno ,stetson for material in ,section ,,xvii ,measurements1 ,map ,making and ,knots2 ,mr4 ,austin ,strong for pictures of knots2 ,mrs4 ,raymond ,brown for the test for ,citizen2 ,miss ,edith ,l4 ,nichols1 ,supervisor of ,drawing in the ,new ,york ,public ,schools1 for the test on ,craftsman2 ,mr4 ,john ,grolle of the ,settlement ,music ,school1 ,philadelphia1 for assistance in the ,music test2 ,miss ,eckhart for help in the ,farmer test2 ,the ,camera ,club and the ,eastman ,kodak ,company for the test for ,photographer2 ,mrs4 ,frances ,hunter ,elwyn of the ,new ,york ,school of ,fine and ,applied ,arts1 for devising and drawing certain of the designs for ,proficiency ,badges and the plates for ,signalling2 ,miss ,l4 ,s4 ,power1 ,miss ,mary ,davis and ,miss ,mabel ,williams of the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 for assistance in the preparation of reference reading for ,proficiency ,tests1 and general reading for ,girl ,scouts4 ,it is evident that only a profound conviction of the high aims of the ,girl ,scout movement and the practical capacity of the organization for realizing them could have induced so many distinguished persons to give so generously of their time and talent to this ,handbook4 ,the ,national ,executive ,board1 under whose auspices it has been compiled1 appreciate this and the kindred courtesy of the various organizations of similar interests1 most deeply4 ,we feel that such hearty and friendly cooperation on the part of the community at large is the greatest proof of the vitality and real worth of this and allied movements1 based on intelligent study of the young people of our country4 ,,josephine ,,daskam ,,bacon1 ,chairman of ,publications4 ,march #a1 #aibj4 ,,contents ,foreword by ,sir ,robert ,baden-,powell4 ,preface by ,josephine ,daskam ,bacon1 ,editor4 ,,section3 ,i4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,girl ,,scouts #a ,,ii4 ,,principles ,,of ,,the ,,girl ,,scouts #c ,,iii4 ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,girl ,,scouts #ac ,,iv4 ,,who ,,are ,,the ,,scouts8 #ag ,v4 ,,the ,,out ,,of ,,door ,,scout #ce ,,vi4 ,,forms ,,for ,,girl ,,scout ,,ceremonies #dd ,,vii4 ,,girl ,,scout ,,class ,,requirements #fj ,,viii4 ,,what ,a ,,girl ,,scout ,,should ,,know ,,about ,,the ,,flag #fg ,,ix4 ,,girl ,,scout ,,drill #hd ,x4 ,,signalling ,,for ,,girl ,,scouts #ig ,,xi4 ,,the ,,scout ,,aide #aje ,part #a4 ,the ,home ,maker #ajf ,part #b4 ,the ,child ,nurse #aeg ,part #c4 ,the ,first ,aide #afd ,part #d4 ,the ,home ,nurse #bag ,part #e4 ,the ,health ,guardian #bed ,part #f4 ,the ,health ,winner #beg ,,xii4 ,,setting-,,up ,,exercises #bgc ,,xiii4 ,,woodcraft #bhj ,,xiv4 ,,camping ,,for ,,girl ,,scouts #cac ,,xv4 ,,nature ,,study ,,for ,,girl ,,scouts #cgc ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,girl ,,scouts' ,,own ,,garden #def ,,xvii4 ,,measurements1 ,,map-,,making ,,and ,,knots #dff ,,xviii4 ,,proficiency ,,tests ,,and ,,special ,,medals #dig ,,xix4 ,,reference ,,reading ,,for ,,girl ,,scouts #edj ,,index #edh ,,girl ,,scouts ,motto--,be ,prepared ,slogan--,do a ,good ,turn ,daily ,illustration3 ,,symbol ,,trefoil3 ,,to ,,indicate ,,threefold ,,promise ,,promise ,on ,my ,honor1 ,i will ,try3 ,to do my duty to ,god and my ,country4 ,to help other people at all times4 ,to obey the ,scout ,laws4 ,,laws ,i ,a ,girl ,scout's ,honor is to be ,trusted ,,ii ,a ,girl ,scout is ,loyal ,,iii ,a ,girl ,scout's ,duty is to be ,useful and to ,help ,others ,,iv ,a ,girl ,scout is a ,friend to ,all and a ,sister to every other ,girl ,scout ,v ,a ,girl ,scout is ,courteous ,,vi ,a ,girl ,scout is a ,friend to ,animals ,,vii ,a ,girl ,scout obeys ,orders ,,viii ,a ,girl ,scout is ,cheerful ,,ix ,a ,girl ,scout is ,thrifty ,x ,a ,girl ,scout is ,clean in ,thought1 ,word and ,deed ,,section ,i ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,girl ,,scouts ,when ,sir ,robert ,baden-,powell founded the ,boy ,scout movement in ,england1 it proved too attractive and too well adapted to youth to make it possible to limit its great opportunities to boys alone4 ,the sister organization1 known in ,england as the ,girl ,guides1 quickly followed and won an equal success4 ,mrs4 ,juliette ,low1 an ,american visitor in ,england1 and a personal friend of the ,father of ,scouting1 realized the tremendous future of the movement for her own country1 and with the active and friendly co-operation of the ,baden-,powells1 she founded the ,girl ,guides in ,america1 enrolling the first patrols in ,savannah1 ,georgia1 in ,march #aiab4 ,in #aiae ,national ,headquarters were established in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and the name was changed to ,girl ,scouts4 ,in #aiaf ,national ,headquarters were moved to ,new ,york and the methods and standards of what was plainly to be a nation-wide organization became established on a broad1 practical basis4 ,the first ,national ,convention was held in #aiae1 and each succeeding year has shown a larger and more enthusiastic body of delegates and a public more and more interested in this steadily growing army of girls and young women who are learning in the happiest way how to combine patriotism1 outdoor activities of every kind1 skill in every branch of domestic science and high standards of community service4 ,every side of the girl's nature is brought out and developed by enthusiastic ,captains1 who direct their games and various forms of training1 and encourage team-work and fair play4 ,for the instruction of the ,captains national camps and training schools are being established all over the country2 and schools and churches everywhere are cooperating eagerly with this great recreational movement1 which1 they realize1 adds something to the life of the growing girl that they have not been able to supply4 ,colleges are offering training in scouting as a serious course for prospective officers1 and prominent citizens in every part of the country are identifying themselves with the ,local ,councils1 in an advisory and helpful capacity4 ,at the present writing nearly #ajg1jjj girls and more than #h1jjj ,officers represent the original little troop in ,savannah--surely a satisfying sight for our ,founder and ,first ,president1 when she realizes what a healthy sprig she has transplanted from the ,mother ,country6 ,,section ,,ii ,,principles ,,of ,,the ,,girl ,,scouts ,the ,motto3 ,be ,prepared ,a ,girl ,scout learns to swim1 not only as an athletic accomplishment1 but so that she can save life4 ,she passes her simple tests in child care and home nursing and household efficiency in order to be ready for the big duties when they come4 ,she learns the important facts about her body1 so as to keep it the fine machine it was meant to be4 ,and she makes a special point of woodcraft and camp lore1 not only for the fun and satisfaction they bring1 in themselves1 but because they are the best emergency course we have today4 ,a ,girl ,scout who has passed her ,first ,class test is as ready to help herself1 her home and her ,country as any girl of her age should be expected to prove4 ,the ,slogan3 ,do a ,good ,turn ,daily ,this simple recipe for making a very little girl perform every day some slight act of kindness for somebody else is the seed from which grows the larger plant of helping the world along--the steady attitude of the older ,scout4 ,and this grows later into the great tree of organized1 practical community service for the grown ,scout--the ideal of every ,american woman today4 ,the ,pledge3 ,i pledge allegiance to my flag1 and to the ,republic for which it stands2 one nation indivisible1 with liberty and justice for all4 ,this pledge1 though not original with the ,girl ,scouts1 expresses in every phrase their principles and practice4 ,practical patriotism1 in war and peace1 is the cornerstone of the organization4 ,a ,girl ,scout not only knows how to make her flag1 and how to fly it2 she knows how to respect it and is taught how to spread its great lesson of democracy4 ,many races1 many religions1 many classes of society have tested the ,girl ,scout plan and found that it has something fascinating and helpful in it for every type of young girl4 ,this broad democracy is ,american in every sense of the word2 and the ,patrol ,system1 which is the keynote of the organization1 by which eight girls of about the same age and interests elect their ,patrol ,leader and practice local self-government in every meeting1 carries out ,american ideals in practical detail4 ,the ,promise3 ,on ,my ,honor ,i will try3 ,to do my duty to ,god and my country4 ,to help other people at all times4 ,to obey the ,scout ,laws4 ,this binds the ,scouts together as nothing else could do4 ,it is a promise each girl voluntarily makes2 it is not a rule of her home nor a command from her school nor a custom of her church4 ,she is not forced to make it--she deliberately chooses to do so4 ,and like all such promises1 it means a great deal to her4 ,experience has shown that she hesitates to break it4 ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,the ,,girl ,,scouts ,i4 ,a ,girl ,scout's ,honor ,is ,to ,be ,trusted ,this means that a ,girl ,scout's standards of honor are so high and sure that no one would dream of doubting her simple statement of a fact when she says3 ,this is so1 on my honor as a ,girl ,scout4 ,she is not satisfied1 either1 with keeping the letter of the law1 when she really breaks it in spirit4 ,when she answers you1 she means what you mean4 ,nor does she take pains to do all this only when she is watched1 or when somebody stands ready to report on her conduct4 ,this may do for some people1 but not for the ,scouts4 ,you can go away and leave her by herself at any time2 she does not require any guard but her own sense of honor1 which is always to be trusted4 ,,ii4 ,a ,girl ,scout ,is ,loyal ,this means that she is true to her ,country1 to the city or village where she is a citizen1 to her family1 her church1 her school1 and to those for whom she may work1 or who may work for her4 ,she is bound to believe the best of them and to defend them if they are slandered or threatened4 ,her belief in them may be the very thing they need most1 and they must feel that whoever may fail them1 a ,girl ,scout never will4 ,this does not mean that she thinks her friends and family and school are perfect2 far from it4 ,but there is a way of standing up for what is dear to you1 even though you admit that it has its faults4 ,and if you insist on what is best in people1 behind their backs1 they will be more likely to take your criticism kindly1 when you make it to their faces4 ,,iii4 ,a ,girl ,scout's ,duty ,is ,to ,be ,useful and to ,help ,others ,this means that if it is a question of being a help to the rest of the world1 or a burden on it1 a ,girl ,scout is always to be found among the helpers4 ,the simplest way of saying this1 for very young ,scouts1 is to tell them to do a ,,good ,,turn to someone every day they live2 that is1 to be a giver and not a taker4 ,some beginners in ,scouting1 and many strangers1 seem to think that any simple act of courtesy1 such as we all owe to one another1 counts as a good turn1 or that one's mere duty to one's parents is worthy of ,scout notice4 ,but a good ,scout laughs at this idea1 for she knows that these things are expected of all decent people4 ,she wants to give the world every day1 for good measure1 something over and above what it asks of her4 ,and the more she does1 the more she sees to do4 ,this is the spirit that makes the older ,scout into a fine1 useful1 dependable woman1 who does so much good in her community that she becomes naturally one of its leading citizens1 on whom everyone relies1 and of whom everyone is proud4 ,it may end in the saving of a life1 or in some great heroic deed for one's country4 ,but these things are only bigger expressions of the same feeling that makes the smallest ,tenderfoot try to do at least one good turn a day4 ,,iv4 ,a ,girl ,scout ,is a ,friend to ,all1 and a ,sister to ,every ,other ,girl ,scout ,this means that she has a feeling of good will to all the world1 and is never offish and suspicious nor inclined to distrust other people's motives4 ,a ,girl ,scout should never bear a grudge1 nor keep up a quarrel from pride1 but look for the best in everybody1 in which case she will undoubtedly find it4 ,women are said to be inclined to cliques and snobbishness1 and the world looks to great organizations like the ,girl ,scouts to break down their petty barriers of race and class and make our sex a great power for democracy in the days to come4 ,the ,girl ,scout finds a special comrade in every other ,girl ,scout1 it goes without saying1 and knows how to make her feel that she need never be without a friend1 or a meal1 or a helping hand1 as long as there is another ,girl ,scout in the world4 ,she feels1 too1 a special responsibility toward the very old1 who represent what she may be1 some day2 toward the little children1 who remind her of what she used to be2 toward the very poor and the unfortunate1 either of which she may be any day4 ,the sick and helpless she has been1 as a ,scout1 especially trained to help1 and she is proud of her handiness and knowledge in this way4 ,v4 ,a ,girl ,scout ,is ,courteous ,this means that it is not enough for women to be helpful in this world2 they must do it pleasantly4 ,the greatest service is received more gratefully if it is rendered graciously4 ,the reason for this is that true courtesy is not an affected mannerism1 but a sign of real consideration of the rights of others1 a very simple proof that you are anxious to do as you would be done by4 ,it is society's way of playing fair and giving everybody a chance4 ,in the same way1 a gentle voice and manner are very fair proofs of a gentle nature2 the quiet1 self-controlled person is not only mistress of herself1 but in the end1 of all the others who cannot control themselves4 ,and just as our great statesman1 ,benjamin ,franklin proved that honesty is the best policy1 so many a successful woman has proved that a pleasant1 tactful manner is one of the most valuable assets a girl can possess1 and should be practised steadily4 ,at home1 at school1 in the office and in the world in general1 the girl with the courteous manner and pleasant voice rises quickly in popularity and power above other girls of equal talent but less politeness4 ,girl ,scouts lay great stress on this1 because1 though no girl can make herself beautiful1 and no girl can learn to be clever1 any girl can learn to be polite4 ,,vi4 ,a ,girl ,scout ,is a ,friend to ,animals ,all ,girl ,scouts take particular care of our dumb friends1 the animals1 and are always eager to protect them from stupid neglect or hard usage4 ,this often leads to a special interest in their ways and habits1 so that a ,girl ,scout is likely to know more about these little brothers of the human race than an ordinary girl4 ,,vii4 ,a ,girl ,scout ,obeys ,orders ,this means that you should obey those to whom obedience is due1 through thick and thin4 ,if this were not an unbreakable rule1 no army could endure for a day4 ,it makes no difference whether you are cleverer1 or older1 or larger1 or richer than the person who may be elected or appointed for the moment to give you orders2 once they are given1 it is your duty to obey them4 ,and the curious thing about it is that the quicker and better you obey these orders1 the more quickly and certainly you will show yourself fitted to give them when your time comes4 ,the girl or woman who cannot obey can never govern4 ,the reason you obey the orders of your ,patrol ,leader1 for instance1 in ,scout ,drill1 is not that she is better than you1 but because she happens to be your ,patrol ,leader1 and gives her orders as she would obey yours were you in her place4 ,a small well trained army can always conquer and rule a big1 undisciplined mob1 and the reason for this is simply because the army has been taught to obey and to act in units1 while the mob is only a crowd of separate persons1 each doing as he thinks best4 ,the soldier obeys by instinct1 in a great crisis1 only because he has had long practice in obeying when it was a question of unimportant matters4 ,so the army makes a great point of having everything ordered in military drill1 carried out with snap and accuracy2 and the habit of this1 once fixed1 may save thousands of lives when the great crisis comes1 and turn defeat into victory4 ,a good ,scout must obey instantly1 just as a good soldier must obey his officer1 or a good citizen must obey the law1 with no question and no grumbling4 ,if she considers any order unjust or unreasonable1 let her make complaint through the proper channels1 and she may be sure that if she goes about it properly she will receive attention4 ,but she must remember to obey first and complain afterward4 ,,viii4 ,a ,girl ,scout ,is ,cheerful ,this means that no matter how courteous or obedient or helpful you try to be1 if you are sad or depressed about it nobody will thank you very much for your effort4 ,a laughing face is usually a loved face1 and nobody likes to work with a gloomy person4 ,cheerful music1 cheerful plays and cheerful books have always been the world's favorites2 and a jolly1 good-natured girl will find more friends and more openings in the world than a sulky beauty or a gloomy genius4 ,it has been scientifically proved that if you deliberately make your voice and face cheerful and bright you immediately begin to feel that way2 and as cheerfulness is one of the most certain signs of good health1 a ,scout who appears cheerful is far more likely to keep well than one who lets herself get down in the mouth4 ,there is so much real1 unavoidable suffering and sorrow in the world that nobody has any right to add to them unnecessarily1 and as cheerful as a ,girl ,scout ought to become a proverb4 ,,ix4 ,a ,girl ,scout ,is ,thrifty ,this means that a ,girl ,scout is a girl who is wise enough to know the value of things and to put them to the best use4 ,the most valuable thing we have in this life is time1 and girls are apt to be stupid about getting the most out of it4 ,a ,girl ,scout may be known by the fact that she is either working1 playing or resting4 ,all are necessary and one is just as important as the other4 ,health is probably a woman's greatest capital1 and a ,girl ,scout looks after it and saves it1 and doesn't waste it by poor diet and lack of exercise and fresh air1 so that she goes bankrupt before she is thirty4 ,money is a very useful thing to have1 and the ,girl ,scout decides how much she can afford to save and does it1 so as to have it in an emergency4 ,a girl who saves more than she spends may be niggardly2 a girl who spends more than she saves may go in debt4 ,a ,girl ,scout saves1 as she spends1 on some system4 ,did you ever stop to think that no matter how much money a man may earn1 the women of the family generally have the spending of most of it8 ,and if they have not learned to manage their own money sensibly1 how can they expect to manage other people's8 ,if every ,girl ,scout in ,america realized that she might make all the difference1 some day1 between a bankrupt family and a family with a comfortable margin laid aside for a rainy day1 she would give a great deal of attention to this ,scout law4 ,in every great war all nations have been accustomed to pay the costs of the war from loans2 that is1 money raised by the savings of the people4 ,vast sums were raised in our own country during the great war by such small units as ,thrift ,stamps4 ,if the ,girl ,scouts could save such wonderful sums as we know they did in war1 why can they not keep this up in peace8 ,for one is as much to their ,country's credit as the other4 ,illustration3 ,,saluting ,,the ,,flag ,,in ,a ,,girl ,,scout ,,camp ,x4 ,a ,girl ,scout ,is ,clean in ,thought1 ,word and ,deed ,this means that just as she stands for a clean1 healthy community and a clean1 healthy home1 so every ,girl ,scout knows the deep and vital need for clean and healthy bodies in the mothers of the next generation4 ,this not only means keeping her skin fresh and sweet and her system free from every impurity1 but it goes far deeper than this1 and requires every ,girl ,scout to respect her body and mind so much that she forces everyone else to respect them and keep them free from the slightest familiarity or doubtful stain4 ,a good housekeeper cannot endure dust and dirt2 a well cared for body cannot endure grime or soil2 a pure mind cannot endure doubtful thoughts that cannot be freely aired and ventilated4 ,it is a pretty safe rule for a ,girl ,scout not to read things nor discuss things nor do things that could not be read nor discussed nor done by a ,patrol all together4 ,if you will think about this1 you will see that it does not cut out anything that is really necessary1 interesting or amusing4 ,nor does it mean that ,scouts should never do anything except in ,patrols2 that would be ridiculous4 ,but if they find they could not do so1 they had better ask themselves why4 ,when there is any doubt about this higher kind of cleanliness ,captains and ,councillors may always be asked for advice and explanation4 ,,section ,,iii ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,girl ,,scouts ,lone ,scout ,the basis of the ,girl ,scout organization is the individual girl4 ,any one girl anywhere who wishes to enroll under our simple pledge of loyalty to ,god and ,country1 helpfulness to other people and obedience to the ,scout ,laws1 and is unable to attach herself to any local group1 is privileged to become a ,lone ,scout4 ,the ,national ,organization will do its best for her and she is eligible for all ,merit ,badges which do not depend upon group work4 ,patrol ,but the ideal unit and the keystone of the organization is the ,patrol1 consisting of eight girls who would naturally be associated as friends1 neighbors1 school fellows or playmates4 ,they are a self selected and1 under the regulations and customs of the organization1 a self governing little body1 who learn1 through practical experiment1 how to translate into democratic team-play1 their recreation1 patriotic or community work1 camp life and athletics4 ,definite mastery of the various subjects they select to study is made more interesting by healthy competition and mutual observation4 ,patrol ,leader ,each ,patrol elects from its members a ,patrol ,leader1 who represents them and is to a certain extent responsible for the discipline and dignity of the ,patrol4 ,corporal ,the ,patrol ,leader is assisted by her ,corporal1 who may be either elected or appointed2 and she is subject to re-election at regular intervals1 the office is a practical symbol of the democratic basis of our ,american government and a constant demonstration of it4 ,troop ,from one to four of these ,patrols constitute a ,troop1 the administrative unit of the organization4 ,girl ,scouts are registered and chartered by troops1 and the ,troop meeting is their official gathering4 ,the ,troop has the privilege of owning a flag and choosing from a list of flowers1 trees1 birds1 and so forth1 its own personal crest and title4 ,captain ,the leader is called a ,captain4 ,she must be twenty-one or over1 and officially accepted by the ,national ,headquarters1 from whom she receives the ratification of her appointment and to whom she is responsible4 ,she may be chosen by the girls themselves1 suggested by local authorities1 or be herself the founder of the ,troop4 ,she represents the guiding1 friendly spirit of comradely leadership1 the responsibility and discretion1 the maturer judgment and the definite training which shapes the policy of the organization4 ,lieutenants ,she may1 in a small troop1 and should1 in a large one1 be assisted by a ,lieutenant1 who must be eighteen or over1 and who must1 like herself1 be commissioned from ,national ,headquarters2 and if desired1 by a ,second ,lieutenant1 who must be at least sixteen4 ,council ,the work of the ,girl ,scouts in any community is made many times more effective and stimulating by the cooperation of the ,council1 a group of interested1 public spirited citizens who are willing to stand behind the girls and lend the advantages of their sound judgment1 broad point of view1 social prestige and financial advice4 ,they are not expected to be responsible for any teaching1 training or administrative work2 they are simply the organized ,friends of the ,scouts and form the link between the ,scouts and the community4 ,the ,council is at its best when it is made up of representatives of the church1 school1 club and civic interests of the neighborhood1 and can be of inestimable value in suggesting and affording means of co-operation with all other organizations1 patronizing and advertising ,scout entertainments1 and so forth4 ,one of its chief duties is that of finding interested and capable judges for the various ,merit ,badges1 and arranging for the suitable conferring of such badges4 ,the ,council1 or a committee selected from its members1 is known for this purpose as the ,court of ,awards4 ,a ,captain who feels that she has such a body behind her can go far with her ,troop2 and citizens who are particularly interested in constructive work with young people who find endless possibilities in an organized ,girl ,scout ,council4 ,the ,national ,headquarters issues charters to such ,councils and cooperates with them in every way4 ,national ,organization ,the central and final governing body is the ,national ,council4 ,this is made up of delegates elected from all local groups throughout the country1 and works by representation1 indirectly through large ,state and ,district sub-divisions1 through the ,national ,executive ,board which maintains its ,headquarters in ,new ,york4 ,national ,director ,the ,national ,director is in charge of these ,headquarters and directs the administrative work under the general heading of ,field1 ,business1 ,publication and ,education4 ,policy ,from the youngest ,lone ,scout up to the ,national ,director1 the organization is democratic1 self-governing and flexible1 adjusting itself everywhere and always to local circumstances and the habits and preferences of the different groups4 ,it is not only non-sectarian1 but is open to all creeds and has the enthusiastic support of all of them4 ,it offers no new system of education1 but co-operates with the schools and extends to them a much appreciated recreational plan4 ,it affords the churches a most practical outlet for their ideals for their young people4 ,its encouragement of the intelligent domestic interests is shown by the stress laid on every aspect of home and social life and by the great variety of ,merit ,badges offered along these lines4 ,the growing interest in the forming of ,girl ,scout ,troops by schools1 churches and parents proves as nothing else could1 how naturally and helpfully this simple organization fits in with the three factors of the girl's life2 her home1 her church1 her school4 ,and the rapid and never ceasing growth of the ,girl ,scouts means that we are able to offer1 every year1 larger and larger numbers of healthy and efficient young citizens to their country4 ,,section ,,iv ,,who ,,are ,,the ,,scouts8 ,in the early days of this great country of ours1 before telephones and telegrams1 railroads and automobiles made communications of all sorts so easy1 and help of all kinds so quickly secured1 men and women--yes1 and boys and girls1 too6--had to depend very much on themselves and be very handy and resourceful1 if they expected to keep safe and well1 and even alive4 ,our pioneer grandmothers might have been frightened by the sight of one of our big touring cars1 for instance1 or puzzled as to how to send a telegram1 but they knew an immense number of practical things that have been entirely left out of our town-bred lives1 and for pluck and resourcefulness in a tight place it is to be doubted if we could equal them today4 ,you press a button and we do the rest is the slogan of a famous camera firm1 and really it seems as if this might almost be called the slogan of modern times2 we have only to press a button nowadays1 and someone will do the rest4 ,but in those early pioneer days there was no button to press1 as we all know1 and nobody to do the rest3 everybody had to know a little about everything and be able to do that little pretty quickly1 as safety and even life might depend upon it4 ,the men who stood for all this kind of thing in the highest degree were probably the old ,scouts1 of whom ,natty ,bumpo1 in ,cooper's famous old ,indian tales is the great example4 ,they were explorers1 hunters1 campers1 builders1 fighters1 settlers1 and in an emergency1 nurses and doctors combined4 ,they could cook1 they could sew1 they could make and sail a canoe1 they could support themselves indefinitely in the trackless woods1 they knew all the animals and the plants for miles around1 they could guide themselves by the sun1 and stars1 and finally1 they were husky and hard as nails and always in the best of health and condition4 ,their adventurous life1 always on the edge of danger and new1 unsuspected things1 made them as quick as lightning and very clever at reading character and adapting themselves to people4 ,in a way1 too1 they had to act as rough and ready police 7for there were no men in brass buttons in the woods67 and be ready to support the right1 and deal out justice1 just as our cow-boys of later ranch days had to prevent horse-stealing4 ,now1 the tales of their exploits have gone all over the world1 and healthy1 active people1 and especially young people1 have always delighted in just this sort of life and character4 ,so1 when you add the fact that the word scout has always been used1 too1 to describe the men sent out ahead of an army to gain information in the quickest1 cleverest way1 it is no wonder that the great organizations of ,boy and ,girl ,scouts which are spreading all over the world today should have chosen the name we are so proud of1 to describe the kind of thing they want to stand for4 ,our ,british ,scout-sisters call themselves ,girl ,guides1 and here is the thrilling reason for this title given by the ,chief ,scout and ,founder of the whole big band that is spreading round the world today1 as so many of ,old ,england's great ideas have spread4 ,,why ,,guides8 ,on the ,north-,west ,frontier of ,india there is a famous ,corps of soldiers known as the ,guides1 and their duty is to be always ready to turn out at any moment to repel raids by the hostile tribes across the ,border1 and to prevent them from coming down into the peaceful plains of ,india4 ,this body of men must be prepared for every kind of fighting4 ,sometimes on foot1 sometimes on horseback1 sometimes in the mountains1 often with pioneer work wading through rivers and making bridges1 and so on4 ,but they have to be a skilful lot of men1 brave and enduring1 ready to turn out at any time1 winter or summer1 or to sacrifice themselves if necessary in order that peace may reign throughout ,india while they keep down any hostile raids against it4 ,so they are true handymen in every sense of the word1 and true patriots4 ,when people speak of ,guides in ,europe one naturally thinks of those men who are mountaineers in ,switzerland and other mountainous places1 who can guide people over the most difficult parts by their own bravery and skill in tackling obstacles1 by helpfulness to those with them1 and by their bodily strength of wind and limb4 ,they are splendid fellows those guides1 and yet if they were told to go across the same amount of miles on an open flat plain it would be nothing to them1 it would not be interesting1 and they would not be able to display those grand qualities which they show directly the country is a bit broken up into mountains4 ,it is no fun to them to walk by easy paths1 the whole excitement of life is facing difficulties and dangers and apparent impossibilities1 and in the end getting a chance of attaining the summit of the mountain they have wanted to reach4 ,well1 ,i think it is the case with most girls nowadays4 ,they do not want to sit down and lead an idle life1 not to have everything done for them1 nor to have a very easy time4 ,they don't want merely to walk across the plain1 they would much rather show themselves handy people1 able to help others and ready1 if necessary to sacrifice themselves for others just like the ,guides on the ,north-,west frontier4 ,and they also want to tackle difficult jobs themselves in their life1 to face mountains and difficulties and dangers and to go at them having prepared themselves to be skilful and brave2 and also they would like to help other people meet their difficulties also4 ,when they attain success after facing difficulties1 then they feel really happy and triumphant4 ,it is a big satisfaction to them to have succeeded and to have made other people succeed also4 ,that is what the ,girl ,guides want to do1 just as the mountaineer guides do among the mountains4 ,then1 too1 a woman who can do things is looked up to by others1 both men and women1 and they are always ready to follow her advice and example1 so there she becomes a ,guide too4 ,and later on if she has children of her own1 or if she becomes a teacher of children1 she can be a really good ,guide to them4 ,by means of games and activities which the ,guides practise they are able to learn the different things which will help them to get on in life1 and show the way to others to go on also4 ,thus camping and signalling1 first aid work1 camp cooking1 and all these things that the ,guides practise are all going to be helpful to them afterwards in making them strong1 resourceful women1 skilful and helpful to others1 and strong in body as well as in mind1 and what is more it makes them a jolly lot of comrades also4 ,the motto of the ,guides on which they work is ,be ,prepared1 that is1 be ready for any kind of duty that may be thrust upon them1 and what is more1 to know what to do by having practised it beforehand in the case of any kind of accident or any kind of work that they may be asked to take up4 ,,magdelaine ,,de ,,verch,,res ,,the ,,first ,,girl ,,scout ,it is a great piece of luck for us ,american ,scouts that we can claim the very first ,girl ,scout for our own great continent1 if not quite for our own ,united ,states4 ,a great ,englishman calls her the first ,girl ,scout1 and every ,scout must feel proud to the core of her heart when she thinks that this statue which we have selected for the honor of our frontispiece1 standing as it does on ,british soil1 on the ,american continent1 commemorating a ,french girl1 the daughter of our ,sister ,republic1 joins the three great countries closely together1 through the ,girl ,scouts6 ,magdelaine de ,verchres lived in the ,french colonies around ,quebec late in the seventeenth century4 ,the colonies were constantly being attacked by the ,iroquois ,indians4 ,one of these attacks occurred while ,magdelaine's father1 the ,seigneur1 was away4 ,magdelaine rallied her younger brothers about her and succeeded in holding the fort for eight days1 until help arrived from ,montreal4 ,the documents relating this bit of history have been in the ,archives for many years1 but when they were shown to ,lord ,grey about twelve years ago he decided to erect a monument to ,magdelaine de ,verchres on the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,it was ,lord ,grey who called ,magdelaine ,the ,first ,girl ,scout1 and as such she will be known4 ,the following is taken from ,a ,daughter of ,new ,france1 by ,arthur ,g4 ,doughty who wrote the book for the ,red ,cross work of the ,magdelaine de ,verchres ,chapter of the ,daughters of the ,empire1 and dedicated it to ,princess ,patricia1 whose name was given to the famous ,princess ,pat regiment4 ,on ,verchres ,point1 near the site of the ,fort1 stands a statue in bronze of the girl who adorned the age in which she lived and whose memory is dear to posterity4 ,for she had learned so to live that her hands were clean and her paths were straight4444 ,to all future visitors to ,canada by way of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 this silent figure of the ,first ,girl ,scout in the ,new ,world conveys a message of loyalty1 of courage and of devotion4 ,our own early history is sprinkled thickly with brave1 handy girls1 who were certainly ,scouts1 if ever there were any1 though they never belonged to a patrol1 nor recited the ,scout ,laws4 ,but they lived the ,laws1 those strong young pioneers1 and we can stretch out our hands to them across the long years1 and give them the hearty ,scout grip of fellowship1 when we read of them4 ,,the ,,explorer ,if we should ever hold an election for honorary membership in the ,girl ,scouts1 open to all the girls who ought to have belonged to us1 but who lived too long ago1 we should surely nominate for first place one of the most remarkable young ,indian girls who ever found her way through the pathless forests1--,sacajawea1 ,the ,bird ,woman4 ,in #ahjf she was brought to ,lewis and ,clark on their expedition into the great ,northwest1 to act as interpreter between them and the various ,indian tribes they had to encounter4 ,from the very beginning1 when she induced the hostile ,shoshones to act as guides1 to the end of her daring journey1 during which1 with her papoose on her back1 she led this band of men through hitherto impassable mountain ranges1 till she brought them to the ,pacific ,coast1 this sixteen-year-old girl never faltered4 ,no dangers of hunger1 thirst1 cold or darkness were too much for her4 ,from the ,jefferson to the ,yellowstone ,river she was the only guide they had2 on her instinct for the right way1 her reading of the sun1 the stars and the trees1 depended the lives of all of them4 ,when they fell sick she nursed them2 when they lost heart at the wildness of their venture1 she cheered them4 ,their party grew smaller and smaller1 for ,lewis and ,clark had separated early in the expedition1 and a part of ,clark's own party fell off when they discovered a natural route over the ,continental ,divide where wagons could not travel4 ,later1 most of those who remained1 decided to go down the ,jefferson ,river in canoes2 but ,clark still guided by the plucky ,indian girl1 persisted in fighting his way on pony back overland1 and after a week of this journeying1 crowded full of discomforts and dangers1 she brought him out in triumph at the ,yellowstone1 where the river bursts out from the lower canon1--and the ,great ,northwest was opened up for all time6 99 99 99 99 99 ,the women of ,oregon have raised a statue to this young explorer1 and there she stands in ,portland1 facing the ,coast1 pointing to the ,columbia ,river where it reaches the sea4 ,these great virtues of daring and endurance never die out of the race2 though the conditions of our life today1 when most of the exploring has been done1 do not demand them of us in just the form the ,bird ,woman needed1 still1 if they die out of the nation1 and especially out of the women of the nation1 something has been lost that no amount of book education can ever replace4 ,sacajawea1 had no maps to study--she made maps1 and roads have been built over her footsteps4 ,and so we ,scouts1 not to lose this great spirit1 study the stars and the sun and the trees and try to learn a few of the wood secrets she knew so well4 ,this out-of-door wisdom and self-reliance was the first great principle of ,scouting4 ,,the ,,homemaker ,but of course1 a country full of ,bird ,women could not be said to have advanced very far in civilization4 ,though we should take great pleasure in conferring her well-earned merit badges on ,sacajawea1 we should hardly have grown into the great organization we are today if we had not badges for quite another class of achievements4 ,in #ahcb1 not so many years after the famous ,lewis and ,clark expedition1 there was born a little ,new ,england girl who would very early in life have become a ,first ,class ,scout if she had had the opportunity4 ,her name was ,louisa ,alcott1 and she made that name famous all the world over by the book by which the world's girls know her--,little ,women4 ,her father1 though a brilliant man1 was a very impractical one1 and from her first little story to her last popular book1 all her work was done for the purpose of keeping her mother and sisters1 in comfort4 ,while she was waiting for the money from her stories she turned carpets1 trimmed hats1 papered the rooms1 made party dresses for her sisters1 nursed anyone who was sick 7at which she was particularly good7--all the homely1 helpful things that neighbors and families did for each other in ,new ,england towns4 ,in those days little mothers of families could not telephone specialists to help them out in emergencies2 there were neither telephones nor specialists6 ,but there were always emergencies1 and the ,alcott girls had to know what to put on a black-and-blue spot1 and why the jelly failed to jell1 and how to hang a skirt1 and bake a cake1 and iron a table-cloth4 ,louisa had to entertain family guests and darn the family stockings4 ,her home had not every comfort and convenience1 even as people counted those things then1 and without a brisk1 clever woman1 full of what the ,new ,englanders called faculty1 her family would have been a very unhappy one4 ,with all our modern inventions nobody has yet invented a substitute for a good1 all-round woman in a family1 and until somebody can invent one1 we must continue to take off our hats to girls like ,louisa ,alcott4 ,imagine what her feelings would have been if someone had told her that she had earned half a dozen merit badges by her knowledge of home economics and her clever writing6 ,and let every ,scout who finds housework dull1 and feels that she is capable of bigger things1 remember this3 the woman whose books for girls are more widely known than any such books ever written in ,america1 had to drop the pen1 often and often1 for the needle1 the dish-cloth and the broom4 ,to direct her household has always been a woman's job in every century1 and girls were learning to do it before ,columbus ever discovered ,sacajawea's great country4 ,to be sure1 they had no such jolly way of working at it together1 as the ,scouts have1 nor did they have the opportunity the girl of today has to learn all about these things in a scientific1 business-like way1 in order to get it all done with the quickest1 most efficient methods1 just as any clever business man manages his business4 ,we no longer believe that housekeeping should take up all a woman's time2 and many an older woman envies the little badges on a ,scout's sleeve that show the world she has learned how to manage her cleaning and cooking and household routine so that she has plenty of time to spend on other things that interest her4 ,,the ,,pioneer ,but there was a time in the history of our country when men and women went out into the wilderness with no nearer neighbors than the ,indians1 yet with all the ideals of the ,new ,england they left behind them2 girls who had to have all the endurance of the young ,bird ,woman and yet keep up the traditions and the habits of the fine old home life of ,louisa ,alcott4 ,one of these pioneer girls1 who certainly would have been patrol leader of her troop and marched them to victory with her1 was ,anna ,shaw4 ,in #ahei1 a twelve-year old girl1 with her mother and four other children she traveled in a rough cart full of bedding and provisions1 into the ,michigan woods where they took up a claim1 settling down into a log cabin whose only furniture was a fireplace of wood and stones4 ,she and her brothers floored this cabin with lumber from a mill1 and actually made partitions1 an attic door and windows4 ,they planted potatoes and corn by chopping up the sod1 putting seed under it and leaving it to ,nature--who rewarded them by giving them the best corn and potatoes ,dr4 ,shaw ever ate1 she says in her autobiography4 ,for she became a preacher and a physician1 a lecturer and organizer1 this sturdy little ,scout1 even though she had to educate herself1 mostly4 ,they papered the cabin walls with the old magazines1 after they had read them once1 and went all over them1 in this fashion1 later4 ,so eagerly did she devour the few books sent them from the ,east1 that when she entered college1 years later1 she passed her examinations on what she remembered of them6 ,they lived on what they raised from the land2 the pigs they brought in the wagon with them1 fish1 caught with wires out of an old hoop skirt1 and corn meal brought from the nearest mill1 twenty miles away4 ,ox teams were the only means of getting about4 ,anna and her brothers made what furniture they used--bunks1 tables1 stools and a settle4 ,she learned to cut trees and heart logs like a man4 ,after a trying season of carrying all the water used in the household from a distant creek1 which froze in the winter so that they had to melt the ice1 they finally dug a well4 ,first they went as far as they could with spades1 then handed buckets of earth to each other1 standing on a ledge half-way down2 then1 when it was deep enough1 they lined it with slabs of wood4 ,it was so well made that the family used it for twelve years4 ,wild beasts prowled around them1 ,indians terrified them by sudden visits1 the climate was rigorous1 amusements and leisure scanty4 ,but this brave1 handy girl met every job that came to her with a good heart and a smile2 she learned by doing4 ,the tests and sports for mastering which we earn badges were life's ordinary problems to her1 and very practical ones4 ,she never knew it1 but surely she was a real ,girl ,scout6 ,it is not surprising to learn that she grew up to be one of the women who earned the ,american girl her right to vote4 ,a pioneer in more ways than one1 this little carpenter and farmer and well-digger worked for the cause of woman's political equality as she had worked in the ,michigan wilderness1 and helped on as much as any one woman1 the great revolution in people's ideas which makes it possible for women today to express their wishes directly as to how their country shall be governed4 ,this seems very simple to the girls of today1 and will seem even simpler as the years go on1 but1 like the ,yellowstone ,river1 it needed its pioneers6 ,in the ,great ,war through which we have just passed1 the ,scouts of all countries gave a magnificent account of themselves1 and honestly earned the ,war ,service badges that will be handed down to future generations1 we may be sure1 as the proudest possessions of thousands of grandchildren whose grandmothers 7think of a ,scout grandmother67 were among the first to answer their ,country's call4 ,let us hear what our ,british sisters accomplished1 and we must remember that at the time of the war there were many ,girl ,guides well over ,scout age and in their twenties1 who had had the advantage1 as their book points out1 of years of training4 ,this is what they have done during the ,great ,war4 ,in the towns they have helped at the ,military ,hospitals4 ,in the country they have collected eggs for the sick1 and on the moors have gathered sphagnum moss for the hospitals4 ,over in ,france a great ,recreation and ,rest ,hut for the soldiers has been supplied by the ,guides with funds earned through their work4 ,it is managed by ,guide officers1 or ex-,guides4 ,among the older ,guides there are many who have done noble work as assistants to the ward-maids1 cooks1 and laundry women4 ,in the ,government offices1 such as the ,war ,office1 the ,admiralty1 and other great departments of the ,state1 they have acted as orderlies and messengers4 ,they have taken up work in factories1 or as motor-drivers or on farms1 in order to release men to go to the front4 ,at home and in their club-rooms they have made bandages for the wounded1 and warm clothing for the men at the ,front and in the ,fleet4 ,at home in many of the great cities the ,guides have turned their ,headquarters' ,club-,rooms into ,hostels4 ,that is1 they have made them into small hospitals ready for taking in people injured in air-raids by the enemy4 ,so altogether the ,guides have shown themselves to be a pretty useful lot in many different kinds of work during the war1 and1 mind you1 they are only girls between the ages of #aa and #ah4 ,but they have done their bit in the ,great ,war as far as they were able1 and have done it well4 ,there are #ajj1jjj of them1 and they are very smart1 and ready for any job that may be demanded of them4 ,they were not raised for this special work during the war for they began some years before it1 but their motto is ,be ,prepared1 and it was their business to train themselves to be ready for anything that might happen1 even the most unlikely thing4 ,so even when war came they were all there and ready for it4 ,it is not only in ,great ,britain that they have been doing this1 but all over our great ,empire--in ,canada and ,australia1 ,west1 ,east and ,south ,africa1 ,new ,zealand1 the ,falkland ,islands1 ,west ,indies1 and ,india4 ,the ,guides are a vast sisterhood of girls1 ready to do anything they can for their country and ,empire4 ,long before there was any idea of the war the ,guides had been taught to think out and to practise what they should do supposing such a thing as war happened in their own country1 or that people should get injured by bombs or by accidents in their neighborhood4 ,thousands of women have done splendid work in this war1 but thousands more would have been able to do good work also had they only ,been ,prepared for it beforehand by learning a few things that are useful to them outside their mere school work or work in their own home4 ,and that is what the ,guides are learning in all their games and camp work3 they mean to be useful in other ways besides what they are taught in school4 ,,what ,,the ,,guides ,,do ,as a ,guide your first duty is to be helpful to other people1 both in small everyday matters and also under the worst of circumstances4 ,you have to imagine to yourself what sort of things might possibly happen1 and how you should deal with them when they occur4 ,then you will know what to do4 ,i was present when a ,german aeroplane dropped a bomb on to a railway station in ,london4 ,there was the usual busy scene of people seeing to their luggage1 saying good-bye and going off by train1 when with a sudden bang a whole carriage was blown to bits1 and the adjoining ones were in a blaze2 seven or eight of those active in getting into the train were flung down--mangled and dead2 while some thirty more were smashed1 broken1 and bleeding1 but still alive4 ,the suddenness of it made it all the more horrifying4 ,but one of the first people ,i noticed as keeping her head was a smartly dressed young lady kneeling by an injured working-man2 his thigh was smashed and bleeding terribly2 she had ripped up his trousers with her knife1 and with strips of it had bound a pad to the wound2 she found a cup somehow and filled it with water for him from the overhead hose for filling engines4 ,instead of being hysterical and useless1 she was as cool and ready to do the right thing as if she had been in bomb-raids every day of her life4 ,well1 that is what any girl can do if she only prepares herself for it4 ,these are things which have to be learnt in peace-time1 and because they were learnt by the ,guides beforehand1 these girls were able to do their bit so well when war came4 ,,first ,,aid4 ,when you see an accident in the street or people injured in an air raid1 the sight of the torn limbs1 the blood1 the broken bones1 and the sound of the groans and sobbing all make you feel sick and horrified and anxious to get away from it--if you're not a ,girl ,guide4 ,but that is cowardice3 your business as a ,guide is to steel yourself to face it and to help the poor victim4 ,as a matter of fact1 after a trial or two you really get to like such jobs1 because with coolheadedness and knowledge of what to do you feel you give the much-needed help4 ,the ,value of ,nursing4--,in this war hundreds and hundreds of women have gone to act as nurses in the hospitals for the wounded and have done splendid work4 ,they will no doubt be thankful all their lives that while they were yet girls they learnt how to nurse and how to do hospital work1 so that they were useful when the call came for them4 ,but there are thousands and thousands of others who wanted to do the work when the time came1 but they had not like ,guides1 ,been ,prepared1 and they had never learnt how to nurse1 and so they were perfectly useless and their services were not required in the different hospitals4 ,so carry out your motto and ,be ,prepared and learn all you can about hospital and child nursing1 sick nursing1 and every kind1 while you are yet a ,guide and have people ready to instruct you and to help you in learning4 ,in countries not so settled and protected as ,england and ,america1 where the women and girls are taught to count upon their men to protect them in the field1 the ,girl ,scouts have sometimes had to display a courage like that of the early settlers4 ,a ,roumanian ,scout1 ,ecaterina ,teodorroiu actually fought in the war and was taken prisoner4 ,she escaped1 traced her way back to her company1 and brought valuable information as to the enemy's movements4 ,for these services she was decorated as a reward for devotion and conspicuous bravery with the ,order of ,merit and a special gold medal of the ,scouts1 only given for services during the war4 ,at the same time she was promoted to the rank of ,honorary ,second ,lieutenant4 ,can we wonder that she is known as the ,joan of ,arc of ,roumania8 ,during the ,russian ,revolution the ,girl ,scouts were used by the ,government in many practical ways1 as may be seen from the following letter from one of them3 ,the ,scouts assisted from the beginning1 from seven in the morning until twelve at night1 carrying messages1 sometimes containing state secrets1 letters1 etc41 from the ,duma to the different branches of it called commissariats1 and back again4 ,they also fed the soldiers that were on guard4 ,the ,scout uniform was our protection1 and everywhere that uniform commanded the respect of the soldiers1 peasants and workingmen4 ,as great numbers of soldiers came from the front1 food had to be given them4 ,it was contributed by private people1 but the ,scouts had lots of work distributing it4 ,all the little taverns were turned into eating houses for the soldiers1 and there we helped to prepare the food and feed them4 ,as there were not enough ,boy ,scouts1 the ,girl ,scouts helped in the same way as the boys4 ,the ,scouts also did much ,first ,aid work4 ,in one instance ,i saw an officer whose finger had been shot off4 ,i ran up to him and bandaged it up for him4 7,all of us ,scouts had ,first ,aid kits hanging from our belts47 ,it was something of a proud day for us ,scouts when the ,premier after a parade1 called us all before the ,duma and publicly thanked us for our aid4 ,indeed it was and we heartily congratulate our ,sister ,scouts6 ,but if we do our duty by our ,patrol and the ,patrols all do their duty by their ,troop1 that proud moment is going to come to every single ,scout of us1 when the town where we live tells us by its smiles and applause1 when we go by in uniform1 what it thinks of us4 ,we ,scouts shall be more and more interested1 as the years go on1 to remember that in the great hours of one of the world's greatest crises we helped to make its history4 ,instances like these are very exceptional2 they could not occur to one in ten thousand of us2 but we stay-at-homes can always remind ourselves that it was the obedience1 the quickness1 and the skill learned in quiet1 every-day ,scouting that made these few rise to their opportunity when it came4 ,war and revolution do not make ,scouts either brave or useful2 they only bring out the bravery and the usefulness that have been learned1 as we are all learning them1 every day6 ,all we have to do is to fix ,scout habits in our hearts and hands1 and then when our ,country calls us1 we shall be as ready as these little ,russian ,scouts were4 ,in ,france the ,scouts1 known as the ,eclaireuses1 have agreed with us that the land ,army is the best army for women4 ,rain or shine1 in heat and cold1 they have dug and ploughed and planted1 and learned the lesson ,american girls learned long ago--that team work is what counts6 ,a bit of one of their reports is translated here3 ,the crops were fine--potatoes1 radishes1 greens and beans were raised4 ,the crop of potatoes1 especially1 was so good that the ,eclaireuses were able to supply their families with them at a price defying competition1 and they always had enough besides for their own use on excursions4 7,our hikes47 ,such has been the reward of the care1 given so perseveringly and intelligently to the gardening4 ,and what an admirable lesson6 ,not a minute was lost in this out-of-door work2 chests and muscles filled out2 and at the same time the girls learned to recognize weather signs2 rain or sun were the factors which determined the success or non-success of the planting4 ,and each day1 there grew in them also love and gratitude for the earth and its elements1 without the assistance of which we could harvest nothing4 ,is this not the best method of preparing our youth to return to the land1 to the healthy and safe life of the beautiful countryside of ,france2 by showing them the interest and usefulness that lie in agricultural labor8 ,so the ,eclaireuse becomes a model of the new women1 used to sport1 possessing her ,first ,aid ,diploma1 able to cook good simple meals1 marching under orders1 knowing how to obey1 ready to accept her responsibility1 good-natured and lively in rain or sun1 in public or in her home4444 ,they continue their courses in sewing1 hygiene and gymnastics and assist eagerly at conferences arranged for them to discuss the duties of the ,eclaireuses and what it is necessary to do to become a good ,captain4 ,to make themselves useful--that is the ideal of the ,eclaireuses4 ,they know that in order to do this it is becoming more and more necessary to acquire a broad and complete knowledge4 ,it is quite a feather in the cap of this great ,scout ,family of ours that we are teaching the ,french girl1 who has not been accustomed to leave her home or to work in clubs or troops1 what a jolly1 wonder-working thing a crowd of girls1 all forging ahead together1 can be4 ,in our own country we were protected from the worst sides of the great war1 but we had a wonderful opportunity to show how we could ,be ,prepared ourselves by seeing that our brave soldiers were prepared4 ,our ,war ,records show an immense amount of ,red ,cross supplies1 knitting1 comfort kits1 food grown and conserved in every way1 money raised for ,liberty ,loans and ,thrift ,stamps1 war orphans adopted1 home replacement work undertaken and carried through2 all these to so great an amount that the country recognized our existence and services as never before in our history1 the ,government1 indeed1 employing sixty uniformed ,scouts as messengers in the ,surgeon ,general's ,department4 ,perhaps it is only the truth to say that the war showed our country what we could ,be ,prepared to do for her6 ,and it showed us1 too4 ,it has been said that women can never be the same after the great events of the last few years1 and we must never forget that the ,girl ,scouts of today are the women of tomorrow4 ,illustration3 ,,flag ,,raising ,,at ,,dawn ,,section ,v ,,the ,,out-,,of-,,door ,,scout ,busy as the ,girl ,scout may be with learning to do in a clever1 up-to-date way all the things to improve her home and town that the old pioneer girls knew how to do1 she never forgets that the original ,scouts were out-of-door people4 ,so long as there are bandages to make or babies to bathe or meals to get or clothes to make1 she does them all1 quickly and cheerfully1 and is very rightly proud of the badges she gets for having learned to do them all1 and the sense of independence that comes from all this skill with her hands4 ,it gives her a real glow of pleasure to feel that because of her ,first ,aid practice she may be able to save a life some day1 and that the hours of study she put in at her home nursing and invalid cooking may make her a valuable asset to the community in case of any great disaster or epidemic2 but the real fun of scouting lies in the great life of out-of-doors1 and the call of the woods is answered quicker by the ,scout than by anybody1 because the ,scout learns just how to get the most out of all this wild1 free life and how to enjoy it with the least trouble and the most fun4 ,one of our most experienced and best loved ,captains says that a camp is as much a necessity for the ,girl ,scouts as an office headquarters1 and more and more girls are learning to agree with her every year4 ,our ,british cousins are the greatest lovers of out-of-door life in the world1 and it is only natural that we should look to our ,chief ,scout to hear what he has to say to his ,girl ,guides on this subject so dear to his heart that he founded ,scouting1 that all boys and girls might share his enthusiastic pleasure in going back to ,nature to study and to love her and to gain happiness and health from her woods and fields4 ,,how ,,camping ,,teaches ,,the ,,guide ,,law ,last year a man went out into the woods in ,america to try and see if he could live like the prehistoric men used to do2 that is to say1 he took nothing with him in the way of food or equipment or even clothing--he went just as he was1 and started out to make his own living as best he could4 ,of course the first thing he had to do was to make some sort of tool or weapon by which he could kill some animals1 cut his wood and make his fire and so on4 ,so he made a stone axe1 and with that was able to cut out branches of trees so that he could make a trap in which he eventually caught a bear and killed it4 ,he then cut up the bear and used the skin for blankets and the flesh for food4 ,he also cut sticks and made a little instrument by which he was able to ignite bits of wood and so start his fire4 ,he also searched out various roots and berries and leaves1 which he was able to cook and make into good food1 and he even went so far as to make charcoal and to cut slips of bark from the trees and draw pictures of the scenery and animals around him4 ,in this way he lived for over a month in the wild1 and came out in the end very much better in health and spirits and with a great experience of life4 ,for he had learned to shift entirely for himself and to be independent of the different things we get in civilization to keep us going in comfort4 ,that is why we go into camp a good deal in the ,boy ,scout and in the ,girl ,guide movement1 because in camp life we learn to do without so many things which while we are in houses we think are necessary1 and find that we can do for ourselves many things where we used to think ourselves helpless4 ,and before going into camp it is just as well to learn some of the things that will be most useful to you when you get there4 ,and that is what we teach in the ,headquarters of the ,girl ,guide ,companies before they go out and take the field4 ,for instance1 you must know how to light your own fire2 how to collect dry enough wood to make it burn2 because you will not find gas stoves out in the wild4 ,then you have to learn how to find your own water1 and good water that will not make you ill4 ,you have not a whole cooking range or a kitchen full of cooking pots1 and so you have to learn to cook your food in the simplest way with the means at your hand1 such as a simple cooking pot or a roasting stick or an oven made with your own hands out of an old tin box or something of that kind4 ,,nature ,,study ,it is only while in camp that one can really learn to study ,nature in the proper way and not as you merely do it inside the school2 because here you are face to face with ,nature at all hours of the day and night4 ,for the first time you live under the stars and can watch them by the hour and see what they really look like1 and realize what an enormous expanse of almost endless space they cover4 ,you know from your lessons at school that our sun warms and lights up a large number of different worlds like ours1 all circling round it in the ,heavens4 ,and when you hold up a shilling at arm's length and look at the sky1 the shilling covers no less than two hundred of those suns1 each with their different little worlds circling around them4 ,and you then begin to realize what an enormous endless space the ,heavens comprise4 ,you realize perhaps for the first time the enormous work of ,god4 ,then also in camp you are living among plants of every kind1 and you can study them in their natural state1 how they grow and what they look like1 instead of merely seeing pictures of them in books or dried specimens of them in collections4 ,all round you1 too1 are the birds and animals and insects1 and the more you know of them the more you begin to like them and to take an interest in them2 and once you take an interest in them you do not want to hurt them in any way4 ,you would not rob a bird's nest2 you would not bully an animal2 you would not kill an insect--once you have realized what its life and habits are4 ,in this way1 therefore1 you fulfill the ,guide ,law of becoming a friend to animals4 ,by living in camp you begin to find that though there are many discomforts and difficulties to be got over1 they can be got over with a little trouble and especially if you smile at them and tackle them4 ,then living among other comrades in camp you have to be helpful and do good turns at almost every minute1 and you have to exercise a great deal of give and take and good temper1 otherwise the camp would become unbearable4 ,so you carry out the different laws of courteousness1 of helpfulness1 and friendliness to others that come in the ,guide ,law4 ,also you pick up the idea of how necessary it is to keep everything in its place1 and to keep your kit and tent and ground as clean as possible2 otherwise you get into a horrible state of dirt1 and dirt brings flies and other inconveniences4 ,you save every particle of food and in this way you learn not only cleanliness1 but thrift and economy4 ,and you very soon realize how cheaply you can live in camp1 and how very much enjoyment you can get for very little money4 ,and as you live in the fresh1 pure air of ,god you find that your own thoughts are clean and pure as the air around you4 ,there is hardly one of the ,guide ,laws that is not better carried out after you have been living and practising it in camp4 ,habits of ,animals4--,if you live in the country it is of course quite easy to observe and watch the habits of all sorts of animals great and small4 ,but if you are in a town there are many difficulties to be met with4 ,but at the same time if you can keep pets of any kind1 rabbits1 rats1 mice1 dogs or ponies you can observe and watch their habits and learn to understand them well2 but generally for ,guides it is more easy to watch birds1 because you see them both in town and country2 and especially when you go into camp or on walking tours you can observe and watch their habits1 especially in the springtime4 ,then it is that you see the old birds making their nests1 hatching out their eggs and bringing up their young2 and that is of course the most interesting time for watching them4 ,a good observant guide will get to know the different kinds of birds by their cry1 by their appearance1 and by their way of flying4 ,she will also get to know where their nests are to be found1 what sort of nests they are1 what are the colors of the eggs and so on4 ,and also how the young appear4 ,some of them come out fluffy1 others covered with feathers1 others with very little on at all4 ,the young pigeon1 for instance1 has no feathers at all1 whereas a young moorhen can swim about as soon as it comes out of the egg2 while chickens run about and hunt flies within a few minutes2 and yet a sparrow is quite useless for some days and is blind1 and has to be fed and coddled by his parents4 ,then it is an interesting sight to see the old birds training their young ones to fly1 by getting up above them and flapping their wings a few times until all the young ones imitate them4 ,then they hop from one twig to another1 still flapping their wings1 and the young ones follow suit and begin to find that their wings help them to balance2 and finally they jump from one branch to another for some distance so that the wings support them in their effort4 ,the young ones very soon find that they are able to use their wings for flying1 but it is all done by degrees and by careful instruction4 ,then a large number of our birds do not live all the year round in ,england1 but they go off to ,southern climes such as ,africa when the winter comes on2 but they generally turn up here at the end of ,march and make their nest during the spring4 ,nightingales arrive early in ,april2 wagtails1 turtle doves1 and cuckoos come late in ,april2 woodcock come in the autumn1 and redpoles and fieldfares also come here for the winter4 ,in ,september you will see the migrating birds collecting to go away1 the starlings in their crowds and the swallows for the ,south1 and so do the warblers1 the flycatchers1 and the swifts4 ,and yet about the same time the larks are arriving here from the ,eastward1 so there is a good deal of traveling among the birds in the air at all times of the year4 ,how many of our ,american ,scouts are able to supply from their observation all of our native birds to take the places of these mentioned in this lovely paragraph8 ,everyone should be able to4 ,nature in the ,city4--,this noticing of small things1 especially in animal life1 not only gives you great interest1 but it also gives you great fun and enjoyment in life4 ,even if you live in a city you can do a certain amount of observation of birds and animals4 ,you would think there is not much fun to be got out of it in a murky town like ,london or ,sheffield1 and yet if you begin to notice and know all about the sparrows you begin to find there is a great deal of character and amusement to be got out of them1 by watching their ways and habits1 their nesting1 and their way of teaching their young ones to fly4 ,,observation4 ,stalking4--,a ,guide has to be sharp at seeing things if she is going to be any good as a ,guide4 ,she has to notice every little track and every little sign1 and it is this studying of tracks and following them out and finding out their meaning which we include under the name of stalking4 ,for instance1 if you want to find a bird's-nest you have to stalk4 ,that is to say1 you watch a bird flying into a bush and guess where its nest is1 and follow it up and find the nest4 ,with some birds it is a most difficult thing to find their nests2 take1 for instance1 the skylark or the snipe4 ,but those who know the birds1 especially the snipe1 will recognize their call4 ,the snipe when she is alarmed gives quite a different call from when she is happy and flying about4 ,she has a particular call when she has young ones about4 ,so that those who have watched and listened and know her call when they hear it know pretty well where the young ones are or where the nest is and so on4 ,how to ,hide ,yourself4--,when you want to observe wild animals you have to stalk them1 that is1 creep up to them without their seeing or smelling you4 ,a hunter when he is stalking wild animals keeps himself entirely hidden1 so does the war scout when watching or looking for the enemy2 a policemen does not catch pickpockets by standing about in uniform watching for them2 he dresses like one of the crowd1 and as often as not gazes into a shop window and sees all that goes on behind him reflected as if in a looking-glass4 ,if a guilty person finds himself being watched1 it puts him on his guard1 while an innocent person becomes annoyed4 ,so1 when you are observing people1 don't do so by openly staring at them1 but notice the details you want to at one glance or two1 and if you want to study them more1 walk behind them2 you can learn just as much from a back view1 in fact more than you can from a front view1 and1 unless they are scouts and look around frequently1 they do not know that you are observing them4 ,war scouts and hunters stalking game always carry out two important things when they don't want to be seen4 ,one is ,background4--,they take care that the ground behind them1 or trees1 or buildings1 etc41 are of the same colour as their clothes4 ,and the other is ,freezing4--,if an enemy or a deer is seen looking for them1 they remain perfectly still without moving so long as he is there4 ,tracking4--,the native hunters in most wild countries follow their game by watching for tracks on the ground1 and they become so expert at seeing the slightest sign of a footmark on the ground that they can follow up their prey when an ordinary civilized man can see no sign whatever4 ,but the great reason for looking for signs and tracks is that from these you can read a meaning4 ,it is exactly like reading a book4 ,you will see the different letters1 each letter combining to make a word1 and the words then make sense2 and there are also commas and full-stops and colons2 all of these alter the meaning of the sense4 ,these are all little signs1 which one who is practised and has learnt reading1 makes into sense at once1 whereas a savage who has never learned could make no sense of it at all4 ,and so it is with tracking4 ,,tracking4 ,sign is the word used by ,guides to mean any little details1 such as footprints1 broken twigs1 trampled grass1 scraps of food1 old matches1 etc4 ,some native ,indian trackers were following up the footprints of a panther that had killed and carried off a young kid4 ,he had crossed a wide bare slab which1 of rock1 of course1 gave no mark of his soft feet4 ,the tracker went at once to the far side of the rock where it came to a sharp edge2 he wetted his finger1 and just passed it along the edge till he found a few kid's hairs sticking to it4 ,this showed him where the panther had passed down off the rock1 dragging the kid with him4 ,those few hairs were what ,guides call signs4 ,this tracker also found bears by noticing small signs4 ,on one occasion he noticed a fresh scratch in the bark of a tree1 evidently made by a bear's claw1 and on the other he found a single black hair sticking to the bark of a tree1 which told him that a bear had rubbed against it4 ,details in the ,country4--,if you are in the country1 you should notice landmarks--that is1 objects which help you to find your way to prevent your getting lost--such as distant hills and church towers2 and nearer objects1 such as peculiar buildings1 trees1 gates1 rocks1 etc4 ,and remember in noticing such landmarks that you may want to use your knowledge of them some day for telling some one else how to find his way1 so you must notice them pretty closely so as to be able to describe them unmistakably and in their proper order4 ,you must notice and remember every by-road and foot-path4 ,remembrance of these things will help you to find your way by night or in fog when other people are losing themselves4 ,,horses' ,,tracks ,illustration3 ,walking4 ,illustration3 ,trotting4 ,illustration3 ,canter4 ,illustration3 ,o4,h4 ,off ,hind1 etc4 ,galloping4 ,illustration3 ,lame ,horse ,walking3 ,which leg is he lame in8 ,n4,b4--,the long feet are the hind feet4 ,these are the tracks of two birds on the ground4 ,one that lives generally on the ground1 the other in bushes and trees4 ,which track belongs to which bird8 ,using your ,eyes4--,let nothing be too small for your notice--a button1 a match1 a hair1 a cigar ash1 a feather1 or a leaf might be of great importance1 even a fingerprint which is almost invisible to the naked eye has often been the means of detecting a crime4 ,with a little practice in observation you can tell pretty accurately a man's character from his dress4 ,how would you recognize that a gentleman was fond of fishing4 ,if you see his left cuff with little tufts of cloth sticking up1 you may be sure he fishes4 ,when he takes his flies off the line he will either stick them into his cap to dry1 or hook them into his sleeve4 ,when dry he pulls them out1 which often tears a thread or two of the cloth4 ,remember how ,sherlock ,holmes met a stranger1 and noticed that he was looking fairly well-to-do1 in new clothes with a mourning band on his sleeve1 with a soldiery bearing and a sailor's way of walking1 sunburns1 with tattoo marks on his hands1 and he was carrying some children's toys in his hands4 ,what would you have supposed that man to be4 ,well1 ,sherlock ,holmes guessed correctly that he had lately retired from the ,royal ,marines as a sergeant1 that his wife had died1 and that he had some small children at home4 ,,practice ,,in ,,observation4--,instructor can take the fingermarks of each girl4 ,lightly rub the thumb on blacklead or on paper that is blacked with pencil1 then press the thumb on paper and examine with magnifying glass4 ,show that no two persons' prints are alike4 ,,in ,,town4--,practice your girls first in walking down a street to notice the different kinds of shops as they pass1 and to remember them in their proper sequence at the end4 ,then to notice and remember the names on the shops4 ,then to notice and remember the contents of a shop window after two minutes' gaze4 ,finally1 to notice the contents of several shop windows in succession with half a minute at each4 ,give marks for the fullest list4 ,the ,guides must also notice prominent buildings as landmarks1 and the number of turnings off the street they are using4 ,,in ,,the ,,country4--,take the patrol out for a walk and teach the girls to notice distant prominent features1 such as hills1 church steeples1 and so on2 and as nearer landmarks such things as peculiar buildings1 trees1 rocks1 gates1 by-roads or paths1 nature of fences1 crops different kinds of trees1 birds1 animals1 tracks1 people1 vehicles1 etc4 ,also any peculiar smells of plants1 animals1 manure1 etc42 whether gates or doors were open or shut1 whether any smoke from chimneys1 etc4 ,send ,guides out in pairs4 ,it adds to the value of the practice if the instructor makes a certain number of small marks in the ground beforehand1 or leaves buttons or matches1 etc41 for the girls to notice or to pick up and bring in as a means of making them examine the ground close to them as well as distant objects4 ,,practices ,,in ,,natural ,,history4--,take out ,guides to get specimens of leaves1 fruit1 or blossoms of various trees1 shrubs1 etc41 and observe the shape and nature of the tree both in summer and in winter4 ,collect leaves of different trees2 let ,guides make tracings of them and write the name of the tree on each4 ,in the country make ,guides examine crops in all stages of their growth1 so that they know pretty well by sight what kind of crop is coming up4 ,start gardens if possible1 either a patrol garden or individual ,guides' gardens4 ,let them grow flowers and vegetables for profit to pay for their equipment1 etc4 ,show all the wild plants which may be made use of for food4 ,find yew trees2 report if any good branches to make archers' bows of4 ,encourage the keeping of live pets1 whether birds1 animals1 reptiles1 insects4 ,show how to keep illustrated diary-records of plants1 insects1 birds1 etc41 giving dates when seen for comparison following year and showing their peculiar markings1 etc4 ,if in a town take your ,guides to the ,zoological ,gardens1 menagerie or ,natural ,history ,museum1 and show them particular animals on which you are prepared to lecture4 ,not more than half a dozen for one visit4 ,if in the country get farmers or shepherd to help with information on the habits of farm animals1 e4 g41 how a cow lies down and when4 ,how to milk1 stalk rabbits1 water voles1 trout1 birds1 etc41 and watch their habits4 ,,section ,,vi ,,forms ,,for ,,scout ,,ceremonies #a4 ,,enrollment ,before a girl may become enrolled as a regular ,girl ,scout she must be at least ten years old1 and must have attended the meetings of a ,troop for at least a month1 during which time she must have passed her ,tenderfoot ,test4 ,the ,captain must have prepared the candidate for enrollment by explaining the meaning of the ,promise and the ,laws and making sure that she fully understands the meaning of the oath she is about to make1 and that she also comprehends the meaning of honor4 ,the following is a convenient form for enrollments4 7#a7 ,the ,scouts stand in the form of a horseshoe with the officer who is to enroll at the open side1 facing ,scouts4 7#b7 ,officer addresses troops on the subject of what it means to be a ,scout4 7#c7 ,patrol ,leader brings candidate to officer and salutes and returns to place4 7#d7 ,officer addresses candidate in low tone3 ,what does your honor mean8 ,candidate answers4 ,officer3 ,will you on your honor1 try3 ,to do your duty to ,god and to your ,country2 to help other people at all times2 to obey the ,scout ,laws8 ,candidate and officer both salute as candidate repeats ,promise4 ,officer3 ,i trust you on your honor to keep this ,promise4 7#e7 ,officer pins ,tenderfoot ,badge on the new scout1 explaining what it stands for1 that it symbolizes her ,scout life1 and so forth4 7#f7 ,scout and officer salute each other4 ,scout turns and troop salutes her1 scout returning salute1 and then goes alone to her place4 7#g7 ,all ,scouts present repeat ,promise and ,laws4 ,troop then breaks ranks to take up some ,scout activity4 ,when many scouts are to be enrolled1 four at a time may be presented to the officer1 but each should singly be asked and should answer the question3 ,what does your honor mean8 ,all four repeat the ,promise together and the officer addresses all together in saying3 ,i trust you on your honor to keep this ,promise1 but speaks to each separately as she puts on the pin4 ,a ,captain may perform this ceremony or she may ask some higher ,scout officer to do so4 #b4 ,presentation of ,other ,badges ,the following form of ceremony was devised for special use in the presentation of the highest honor attainable by a ,girl ,scout1 the ,golden ,eaglet1 but the same outline may be followed for giving ,merit ,badges1 and ,first and ,second ,class ,badges1 or any other medals or honors4 ,presentation of ,golden ,eaglet4--,as the presentation of the ,golden ,eaglet is an important occasion in the life of a ,scout and her ,troop1 it should take place at a public ,scout function1 such as a ,district or ,community ,rally1 a reception to a distinguished guest of the ,scouts1 or possibly at the time of a civic celebration4 ,the ,court of ,awards is responsible for all details of the meeting1 and it is suggested that it invite parents1 friends and other persons interested in the ,scout movement to be present4 ,the medal may be presented by the ,chairman of the ,court of ,awards1 some other member of that ,committee or by a higher ,scout officer4 ,arrangements for the ceremony should be planned so that during the presentation of guests1 the ,court of ,awards1 the ,eaglet's troop and the ,color ,guard form a hollow square1 with the ,captain at her post three paces in front of the ,troop1 the ,lieutenant at her post center and rear of the ,troop4 ,the ceremony should be rehearsed wherever possible1 so that all action and form shall be as smart as possible4 #a4 ,the ,court of ,awards enters and takes its place at right angles to the assembled guests4 #b4 ,the ,captain enters1 takes post1 and gives all commands4 #c4 ,the ,color ,guard 7bearer of the ,american flag1 bearer of the ,troop flag1 and two guards7 followed by ,troop to which the ,eaglet belongs1 enter and march two paces in front of the ,court of ,awards4 ,the lieutenant is at the left of the leading file4 ,the ,troop marches in single file1 by twos or in ,squad formation according to the number1 and the space available4 ,when the ,troop is very large1 or the space restricted1 the ,eaglet's ,patrol may take the place of the ,troop4 ,as the ,colors pass1 the ,court of ,awards should rise1 stand at attention1 and if ,scouts1 salute4 #d4 ,when the ,color ,guard at the head of the column has passed the ,court of ,awards1 the command ,column left1 ,,march6 is given4 ,when the last file has completed the movement1 the following commands are given3 7#a7 ,scouts1 ,,halt6 7#b7 ,left1 ,,face1 or ,squads1 left1 ,,march1 ,squads1 ,,halt1 according to the formation of the column4 7#c7 ,right1 ,,dress1 ,,front6 #e4 ,at the command ,left1 ,,face1 or ,squads1 left1 ,,march1 ,squads ,,halt1 the ,color ,guard makes a left turn1 marches forward until on a line with the ,court of ,awards1 again makes a left turn1 immediately halts and grounds flags4 #f4 ,when the ,troop and ,color ,guard are in position1 the ,captain gives the command ,patrol ,leader and ,eaglet1 forward1 ,,march6 ,the ,patrol ,leader escorts the ,eaglet to the ,captain1 salutes the ,captain and returns to her position in line4 #g4 ,the ,chairman of the ,court of ,awards comes forward1 the ,captain faces her1 salutes1 and presents the ,eaglet to her4 #h4 ,the ,chairman after reading the list of ,merit ,badges which the ,scout has earned in order to receive the ,golden ,eaglet1 pins the medal on to the ,eaglet's blouse1 over the middle of the right pocket4 ,the ,eaglet salutes4 ,if desired this is the opportunity for the ,official presenting the badge to say a few words4 #i4 ,after the presentation1 the ,eaglet turns1 and facing her ,captain and ,troop1 stands at attention as the ,colors are raised1 the ,scout flag dipped1 and the ,troop salutes4 ,the ,eaglet returns the salute and then marches to her position in line4 #aj4 ,the ,captain gives the command ,color ,guard forward1 ,,march4 ,the ,color ,guard marches in front of the ,captain and ,troop who salute as the ,colors pass1 make a right turn two paces in front of the ,court of ,honor and march out4 #aa4 ,after the ,colors have left the square the ,lieutenant takes her position at the left of the leading file4 ,the ,captain gives the commands3 ,right1 ,,face1 ,,march6 or ,squads right1 ,,march6 ,column left1 ,,march6 and the ,troop marches out4 ,the ,captain turns1 salutes the ,court of ,awards and passes out4 ,o--,,lieut4 #jjjj #jjjj ,troop-- #jjjj #jjjj ,o--,capt4 c xx ,color c xx ,court of ,guard c xx ,awards c xx -------- -------- -------- ,guests ,where there is no ,local ,council or ,court of ,awards1 ,captains are asked to communicate with the ,national ,headquarters concerning the ceremony of presentation of the ,golden ,eaglet4 ,,alternate ,,forms ,,for ,,scout ,,ceremonies ,in the case of troops for which this formal procedure is not practical1 and for the better assistance of ,captains and ,councils who feel the need of a more definite formulation of the ,scout principles on these occasions1 the following ceremonies are suggested4 ,they are designed to meet the necessity for expressing at each stage of the ,scout's progress1 recognition of her achievement up to that point and appreciation of her future responsibilities4 #a4 ,tenderfoot ,enrollment #a4 ,the ,troop being assembled in any desired formation1 the ,captain calls forward those who have passed the test4 ,captain3 ,scout ----1 do you think you know what it means to be loyal to ,god and your ,country1 to help other people at all times1 and to obey the ,scout ,laws8 ,scout3 ,i think ,i do1 and ,i will try my best not to fail in any of them4 ,this is repeated to each ,tenderfoot4 ,captain3 ,are you ready to make your ,promise with your ,troop8 ,new ,scouts 7together73 ,yes4 ,captain3 ,scouts of ,troop ----1 repeat your promise4 ,all salute and repeat the ,promise4 ,captain3 ,i trust you on your honor to keep this ,promise4 7,here1 when practicable1 investiture of hat1 neckerchief1 etc41 takes place47 ,captain then pins on ,tenderfoot pin ,while attaching it1 she says3 ,captain3 ,this pin makes you a ,girl ,scout4 ,it is yours1 so long as you are worthy of it4 ,captain dismisses recently enrolled ,scouts to their ,troop position4 7,here the ,captain may add1 if she wishes1 anything in her judgment applicable to the ,troop as a whole1 or to the new ,scouts individually47 #b4 ,conferring ,second ,class ,badges ,the ,troop being assembled in any desired formation1 the ,captain calls forward those who have passed the test4 ,captain3 ,scout ----1 you have learned what is necessary for a ,second ,class ,scout to know4 ,do you think you can apply your knowledge1 if the occasion should arise8 ,scout3 ,i think so1 and ,i will always try to ,be ,prepared4 ,captain3 ,scouts 7reciting the candidates' names in order71 do you think that the discipline and training you have gone through have made you more capable of doing your duty to ,god and to your ,country1 of helping other people at all times and of obeying the ,scout ,laws1 than you were as a ,tenderfoot8 ,scouts 7together73 ,yes4 ,captain 7pinning on each badge1 and speaking to each ,scout as she does so73 ,you are now a ,second ,class ,scout1 which means that though you have learned much1 you have still much to learn4 ,captain dismisses ,second ,class ,scouts to their ,troop position4 7,here the ,captain may address the ,troop at her discretion47 #c4 ,conferring ,first ,class ,badge ,the ,troop being assembled in any desired formation1 the ,captain calls forward those who have passed the test and presents them to the presiding ,official4 ,captain3 ,commissioner ----1 these ,scouts of ---- ,troop have passed their ,first ,class ,tests4 ,i recommend them to you for ,first ,class badges4 ,official 7to each ,scout separately1 the ,captain giving her the name73 ,scout ----1 you have passed the final ,scout test4 ,you should thoroughly understand by now the meaning of duty to ,god and ,country1 the privilege of helpfulness to others1 and the seriousness of the ,scout ,laws4 ,are you sure that you do4 ,scout3 ,i am4 ,and ,i realize that ,i must help other ,scouts to see these things as ,i see them4 ,official3 ,scouts ---- 7reading the candidates' names in order71 it has taken a great deal of thought and time and energy on the part of a great many people to enable you to wear this badge4 ,are you prepared to pay this back in generous service1 when and where you can8 ,scouts 7together73 ,yes4 ,official 7pinning on each badge and speaking to each ,scout as she does so73 ,you are now a ,first ,class ,scout4 ,remember that the world will judge us by you4 ,official 7to ,captain73 ,i congratulate you1 ,captain ----1 ,troop ----1 and the members of the ,council1 on these ,first ,class ,scouts1 and ,i trust that the ,town of ---- will have every reason to be proud of them and to feel that it can depend upon them as especially good citizens and loyal ,americans4 ,captain acknowledges this in suitable manner and dismisses ,first ,class ,scouts to ,troop position4 7,here the ,official may address the audience at discretion47 #d4 ,conferring ,merit ,badges ,the ,troop being assembled in any desired formation1 the ,captain calls forward those who have passed the test and presents them to the presiding ,official4 7,note--,the ,merit ,badges may be conferred by a member or members of the ,council1 if desired47 ,captain3 ,members of the ,girl ,scout ,council of ----1 these ,scouts have passed the various tests for their ,merit ,badges1 and ,i recommend them to you for decoration accordingly4 ,official3 ,scouts 7reading the list71 you have fairly won the right to wear these badges we are about to present to you1 and we are glad to do so4 ,we take this opportunity of reminding you1 however1 that all good ,scouts understand that they are far from having completely mastered the subjects represented by these badges4 ,the symbols which you wear on your sleeve mean that you have an intelligent interest in the subjects you have chosen1 understand the principles of them1 and can give reasonable1 practical proof of this4 ,do you realize that the ,girl ,scout ,organization credits you with a good foundation and trusts to you to continue to build upon it intelligently8 ,scouts 7together73 ,yes4 ,official 7pinning on badges and speaking to each girl separately73 ,we congratulate you on your perseverance and wish you all success in your work4 7,note--,when more than one badge is to be presented to a ,scout1 they may be attached1 for the ceremony1 to a piece of ribbon and put on with one motion47 ,captain dismisses ,scouts to ,troop position4 7,here the official may address the audience at discretion47 ,this ceremony being distinctly less formal and intimate than the regular class awards1 ,scout songs and cheers are in order4 #e4 ,golden ,eaglet ,ceremony ,the ,troop being assembled in any desired formation1 the ,captain presents the ,golden ,eaglet to the ,official who is to make the award4 ,captain3 ,commissioner ----1 ,scout ----1 of ,troop ----1 of ----1 has not only passed the twenty-one ,merit ,badge ,tests required for the honor of the ,golden ,eaglet1 but is1 in the judgment of her ,troop1 fully worthy of it4 ,we therefore recommend her to you for the decoration4 ,official3 ,what badges does ,scout ---- offer8 ,captain reads the list ,badges earned by the ,candidate4 ,official3 ,troop ----1 do you agree that ,scout ---- has fairly won this decoration and that you are willing to have her represent you to your ,national ,organization as your ,golden ,eaglet8 ,troop 7together73 ,yes4 ,official3 ,members of the ,council1 do you agree that ,scout ---- has fairly won this decoration and that you are willing to have her represent you to your community as your ,golden ,eaglet8 ,council 7rising if seated73 ,yes4 ,official3 ,scout ----1 you have won the highest honor in the gift of the ,girl ,scouts4 ,if the ,scout life meant nothing more to you than a reasonable understanding of certain subjects1 there would now be nothing more for the ,girl ,scouts to teach you2 but ,i am sure that your training has not failed in this respect1 and that you understand now1 even better than the average ,girl ,scout1 that your great principles of duty to ,god and ,country1 helpfulness to others1 and obedience to the ,scout ,laws1 are lessons that no ,scout can fully learn as long as she lives4 ,do you agree to this8 ,golden ,eaglet3 ,i agree to it thoroughly4 ,official 7pinning on badge73 ,i have the honor of naming you a ,golden ,eaglet1 and in the name of the ,girl ,scouts ,i congratulate you heartily on your fine achievement4 ,scout salutes or shakes the hand of the ,official1 as desired1 and returns to her troop position4 7,here the ,official may address the audience at discretion74 ,the accompanying diagram of suggested relative positions in ,scout ceremonies lends itself equally to a small room1 theatre1 hall or open field4 ,whether the ,scouts form a troop or even one patrol2 whether they make use of strict military formation or informal grouping2 whether the visiting ,scout dignitaries are many or limited to one member of the local ,council1 the ,scout bodies face each other1 and the guest or guests of honor1 equally with the general audience1 can observe the ,troop and the candidates easily from the side4 ,all ,troops who are familiar with military drill can take their usual positions in their usual manner and observe all details of color guard1 salutes1 etc41 to any desired extent4 ,troops and ,captains not familiar with such procedure1 by accustoming themselves to this general grouping1 will always be able to present a dignified appearance4 ,note3 ,these suggestions for the various ceremonials assume that the regular opening of the ,scout meetings has already taken place2 therefore nothing is given but the actual matter of the presentations1 etc4 ,in the case of the ,tenderfoot1 ,second ,class and ,first ,class awards1 the ceremonies constitute the special business of the meeting1 and opening and closing should proceed as usual4 ,they are distinctly ,scout business and are not1 in general1 offered to the public4 ,the awarding of ,merit ,badges might with advantage be connected with any local civic ceremony where interest in young people may be created2 and in the case of the ,golden ,eaglet award it is distinctly desirable thus to connect it4 ,any visiting dignitary1 national or state1 may with propriety be asked to officiate2 and where different organizations are taking their various parts in a public function1 it will not always be possible to claim the time nor the space for the regular ,scout opening ceremonies1 nor would this necessarily be advisable4 ,it is1 therefore1 well to be provided with a form like the preceding1 where a small delegation from the ,troop1 the ,captain and a ,councillor could1 if necessary1 represent the essential units of the organization among a number of other societies2 and the words of the ceremony would explain the occasion sufficiently without much concerted action1 and may be inserted at the proper place1 preceded and followed by any ,troop or local customs preferred4 ,illustration3 ,guests of honor ,scout ,troop ,candidates ,all local and visiting with with ,scout personnel1 ,captain and ,lieutenant ,official ,council1 ,commissioners1 etc4 ,general ,audience ,,plan ,,of ,,assembly ,,for ,,girl ,,scout ,,ceremonies #f4 ,how to ,conduct a ,scout ,meeting #a4 ,one long whistle blast3 ,silence1 listen for orders4 #b4 ,three short whistle blasts3 ,fall ,in1 or ,assemble1 three paces in front of ,captain1 ,squad formation4 #e #f #g #h #e #f #g #h 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 #a #b #c #d #a #b #c #d 99 ,captain ,lieutenant 99 #c4 ,right ,dress1 ,front4 #d4 ,inspection4 ,captain inspects for posture1 and for personal appearance which should be neat and clean in every particular1 and uniform1 which should be correct as to style1 length1 placing of insignia1 etc4 ,all necessary corrections should be made in a low tone of voice to the individual ,scout4 #e4 ,color ,bearer1 ,forward--,center ,march4 ,the ,color ,bearer1 appointed to carry flag1 upon receiving order to ,march1 takes one step backward1 executes ,right ,face1 marches out of rank1 executes ,left ,face1 marches to point on line with flag1 executes ,right ,face1 marches to within two steps of flag and comes to ,halt4 ,she salutes flag1 takes staff in both hands1 wheels right1 and marches to position three paces in front of1 and facing troop4 ,the captain and ,lieutenant have moved to position at right angles to1 and at right of troop4 ,if a color ,guard is used instead of ,color ,bearer1 two ,scouts act as guards1 their position being on either side of bearer4 ,they leave ranks together1 form in line at right of troop1 march shoulder to shoulder and always wheel to the right1 the ,color ,bearer being the pivot and giving all orders to ,guard4 ,after ,bearer has taken flag and turns1 the ,guards salute1 take one step forward1 about-face1 and all march to position in front of troop4 ,the ,color ,guard never takes part in the repeating of the ,promise1 ,laws1 ,pledge of ,allegiance or singing of ,star ,spangled ,banner4 #f4 ,scouts1 the flag of your country1 ,pledge ,allegiance4 ,the ,pledge of ,allegiance should be followed by one verse of the ,star ,spangled ,banner4 #g4 ,the ,scout ,promise1 ,salute4 #h4 ,the ,scout ,laws1 ,repeat4 #i4 ,color ,bearer1 ,post-,march4 ,the ,color ,bearer1 turning always to right1 returns flag to its post1 places it in position1 salutes1 and returns to place1 entering ranks from rear of line4 ,the ,color ,guard1 wheels right1 marches to post1 ,guards stand at attention while the ,bearer places flag1 salutes1 and about-faces4 ,the ,guards step forward1 about-face1 and the ,color ,guard wheels and returns to ranks4 #aj4 ,fall ,out4 #aa4 ,business ,meeting4 #ab4 ,scout activities1 including work for tests and badges1 singing games and discussion of ,scout principles4 #ac4 ,closing ,exercises4 ,closing ,exercises #a4 ,fall ,in4 #b4 ,america1 or ,battle ,hymn of the ,republic4 #c4 ,dismissed4 ,scouts salute ,captain4 ,the form for opening and closing exercises suggested above takes only #bj minutes and is a practical method of ensuring uniformity when groups from different troops come together4 ,troops may use more elaborate forms1 depending upon the amount of time which the girls wish to spend upon this type of work4 ,for instance3 7a7 ,in a troop composed of many patrols each ,corporal forms her patrol and reports to the ,lieutenant1 who in turn reports to the ,captain1 ,the company is formed1 etc4 7b7 ,in dismissing1 troops with a bugler may play ,taps or may sing the same to words locally composed4 7c7 ,in some troops ,corporals give commands4 ,this is good because it emphasizes the patrol system4 ,but the form outlined is given as the minimum requirement1 and troops using it need never feel at a loss in large rallies1 for every ceremony necessary to express the ,scout spirit with dignity is there4 ,no additions made locally should change the essential order of these exercises1 all additions which are made being merely amplifications of it in detail1 which may not be possible nor desirable in every community4 ,business ,meeting ,the meeting opens with the ,chairman1 ,secretary and ,treasurer in place1 with the ,secretary at the right and the ,treasurer at the left of the ,chairman4 ,the idea is to have every ,scout in the troop learn to be the ,chairman so that any and all could act in the capacity of a ,business ,chairman at any kind of meeting4 ,the meeting is called to order by the ,chairman4 ,will the meeting please come to order8 ,the ,chairman asks the ,secretary to call the roll4 ,will the ,secretary call the roll8 ,and will the ,treasurer collect the dues8 ,the ,chairman calls for the ,secretary's report4 ,will the ,secretary read the minutes of the last meeting8 ,the ,chairman calls for corrections of the minutes4 ,are there any corrections8 ,if there are none she says3 ,if not1 the minutes stand approved4 ,if there are corrections the ,chairman calls for further corrections1 ,are there further corrections1 etc4 ,if not1 the minutes stand approved as corrected4 ,form of ,secretary's report3 ,the regular meeting of ,pansy ,troop ,no4 #e1 held at the club house1 on ,april #dth1 was called to order at #c o'clock4 ,in the absence of the ,chairman1 ,scout ---- took the chair4 ,the minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved1 dues collected amounted to ----4 ,after ---- was discussed and voted upon1 the meeting adjourned4 ,the ,chairman calls for the ,treasurer's report4 ,will the ,treasurer give her report8 ,form of ,treasurer's report3 ,balance on hand ,jan4 #a1 #aiai #b4ej ,members' dues #a4jj ,fines 4#cj #a4cj ----- ,total #c4hj ,disbursements-- ,janitor #a4jj #a4jj ,balance on hand #b4hj ----- ,total #c4hj ,the ,chairman calls for corrections as before4 ,then the ,chairman calls for a discussion of old business1 that is1 anything discussed at previous meetings1 that has been left undone or left to be decided at a later date4 ,any member of the meeting may bring up this old business1 or the ,chairman may start the discussion4 ,the business before the meeting is ----4 ,what is your pleasure in regard to this1 or ,will anyone make a motion8 ,the member who wishes to make the motion says3 ,madam ,chairman1 ,i move that-- ,another member who agrees to this says3 ,i second the motion4 ,if the motion is not seconded at once1 the ,chairman says3 ,will anyone second the motion8 ,after the motion has been moved and seconded the ,chairman immediately states the question as1 ,it has been moved and seconded that the troop have a ,rally on ,may #b4 ,are you ready for the question8 or ,the question is now open for discussion4 ,if no one rises1 the ,chairman proceeds to put the question4 ,all those in favor say aye1 opposed no4 ,then the ,chairman says1 ,the motion is carried1 or ,the motion is not carried1 as the case may be4 ,after the old business has been attended to1 the ,chairman calls for new business1 saying1 ,is there any new business to be discussed8 ,the ,chairman then dismisses the meeting by calling for a motion for adjournment4 ,adjournment3 ,will some one move that the meeting be adjourned8 ,if this is moved and seconded it is not necessary to put it to a vote4 ,the ,chairman says3 ,the meeting is adjourned4 ,,section ,,vii ,,girl ,,scout ,,class ,,tests #a4 ,tenderfoot ,test ,before enrolling as a ,tenderfoot a girl must be ten years old and have attended at least four meetings1 covering at least one month in time4 ,in addition to the material covered by the test1 the ,captain must have thoroughly explained to her the meaning of the ,pledge of ,allegiance to the ,flag1 the ,scout ,promise and the ,scout ,laws1 and be sure of her general understanding of them as well as of her ability to respect them4 ,this test is given by the ,troop ,captain4 ,tenderfoot ,test #a4 ,what are the ,scout ,promise and the ,scout ,laws8 ,head ,give them as printed in ,handbook4 #b4 ,demonstrate the ,scout ,salute4 ,when do ,scouts use the ,salute8 #c4 ,what are the ,scout ,slogan and the ,scout ,motto8 #d4 ,how is the respect due the ,american ,flag expressed8 ,give the ,pledge of ,allegiance4 #e4 ,what are the words of the first and last stanza of ,the ,star-,spangled ,banner8 #f4 ,what is the full name of the ,president of the ,united ,states8 ,what is the full name of the ,governor of your ,state8 ,what is the full name of the highest city1 town or village official where you live8 ,hands #g4 ,make or draw an ,american ,flag1 using correct proportions4 #h4 ,tie the ,reef1 ,bowline1 ,clove-hitch and ,sheep-shank knots according to instructions given in ,handbook1 and tell use of each4 ,whip the end of a piece of rope4 ,indicate and define the three parts of a rope4 ,helpfulness #i4 ,present record that you have saved or earned enough money to buy some part of the ,scout uniform or insignia4 ,recommended3 ,practice ,setting-up ,exercises1 ,scout positions and ,tenderfoot ,drill as shown in ,handbook4 ,,ii4 ,second ,class ,test ,while it is not necessary to devote any specified length of time to the training for this test1 it is well to remember that if too long a time is taken1 either because of lack of interest on the part of the ,troop1 or too inflexible standards on the part of the ,captain1 the possibility of winning ,merit ,badges is delayed and the feeling of steady progress is likely to be lost4 ,the girls should be urged to keep together as a body1 and reminded that regular attendance and team-work will be fairer to all4 ,quick learners can spend their extra time on private or group preparation for their ,merit ,badges1 for which they become eligible as soon as they have passed the test1 but not before4 ,this test may be given by the ,troop ,captain1 or at her request by another ,captain or competent authority1 such as a registered nurse for bedmaking1 health officer for ,first ,aid1 fire chief for fire prevention1 and so forth4 ,second ,class ,scout ,test ,head #a4 ,what is the history of the ,american ,flag1 and for what does it stand8 #b4 ,describe six animals1 six birds1 six trees and six flowers4 #c4 ,what are the sixteen points of the compass8 ,show how to use a compass4 #d4 ,how may fire be prevented1 and what should a ,scout do in case of fire8 #e4 ,send and receive the alphabet of the ,general ,service or ,semaphore ,code4 #f4 ,demonstrate ability to observe quickly and accurately by describing the contents of a room or a shop window1 or a table with a number of objects upon it1 after looking a short time1 7not more than ten seconds72 or describe a passer-by so that another person could identify him2 or prove ability to make a quick rough report on the appearance and landmarks of a stretch of country1 not to exceed one-quarter of a mile and to be covered in not more than five minutes4 ,report should include such things as ground surface1 buildings in sight1 trees1 animals1 etc4 7,note3 ,this territory must have been gone over by person administering the test4 ,the test is not to be confused with the ,first ,class requirement for map making4 ,it may be made the object of a hike1 and tested in groups or singly4 ,artificial hazards may be arranged47 ,hands #g4 ,lay and light a fire in a stove1 using not more than two matches1 or light a gas range1 top burner1 oven and boiler1 without having the gas blow or smoke4 ,lay and light a fire in the open1 using no artificial tinder1 such as paper or excelsior1 and not more than two matches4 #h4 ,cook so that it may be eaten1 seasoning properly1 one simple dish1 such as cereal1 vegetables1 meat1 fish or eggs in any other form than boiled4 #i4 ,set a table correctly for a meal of two courses4 #aj4 ,make ordinary and hospital bed1 and show how to air them4 #aa4 ,present samples of seaming1 hemming1 darning1 and either knitting or crocheting1 and press out a ,scout uniform1 as sample of ironing4 ,health #ab4 ,demonstrate the way to stop bleeding1 remove speck from eye1 treat ivy poisoning1 bandage a sprained ankle1 remove a splinter4 #ac4 ,what do you consider the main points to remember about ,health8 7,note3 ,this is based on a knowledge of the section in the ,handbook on ,personal ,health4 ,it is suggested that a good way to demonstrate practically a knowledge of the main points is to keep for a month the ,daily ,health ,record4 ,this will incidentally complete one-third of the requirement for ,health ,winner's ,badge47 #ad4 ,what are your height and weight1 and how do they compare with the standard8 ,helpfulness #ae4 ,present to ,captain or ,council the proof of satisfactory service to ,troop1 ,church or ,community4 #af4 ,earn or save enough money for some part of personal or troop equipment4 ,recommended3 ,practice ,setting-up ,exercises and ,second ,class ,drill4 ,,iii4 ,first ,class ,test ,work on this test should not be hurried4 ,it is purposely made more thorough and more difficult1 because it is designed for the older and longer trained ,scout4 ,the work for the ,merit ,badges1 which all ,scouts enjoy1 should not be considered as interfering with this period1 as such work is also the preparation for a possible ,golden ,eaglet degree4 ,as a general rule1 girls under fifteen are not likely to make thoroughly trained ,first ,class ,scouts1 nor is the community likely to take their technical ability in the important subjects very seriously4 ,the ,first ,class ,scout is the ideal ,scout1 of whom the organization has every right to feel proud2 and ability to grasp a subject quickly and memorize details is not so important as practical efficiency1 reliability and demonstrated usefulness to the ,troop and the community4 ,while the standard must not be set so high as to discourage the average girl1 impatience to get through in any given time should not be encouraged1 as this is not important4 ,first ,class ,scout ,test ,head #a4 ,draw a simple map of territory seen on hike or about camping place1 according to directions in ,handbook1 using at least ten conventional map signs4 ,area covered must equal a quarter square mile1 and if territory along road is used it should be at least #b miles long4 #b4 ,demonstrate ability to judge correctly height1 weight1 number and distance1 according to directions in ,handbook4 #c4 ,demonstrate ability to find any of the four cardinal points of the compass1 using the sun or stars as guide4 #d4 ,send and receive messages in the ,general ,service or the ,semaphore ,code at the rate of sixteen and thirty letters a minute respectively4 #e4 ,present the following ,badges3 ,home ,nurse ,first ,aide ,homemaker and any two of the following3 ,child ,nurse ,health ,winner ,laundress ,cook ,needlewoman ,gardener ,health #f4 ,take an overnight hike carrying all necessary equipment and rations2 or ,take a group of younger girls on a day time hike1 planning the whole trip1 including where and how to get the food1 assigning to each girl her part in responsibility1 directing transportation and occupation1 and so forth2 or ,be one of four to construct a practical lean-to2 or ,demonstrate skating backwards1 the outer edge1 and stopping suddenly2 or ,run on skis2 or ,show your acquaintance from personal observation of the habits of four animals or four birds4 #g4 ,be able to swim fifty yards1 or in case of inaccessibility to water1 be able to shin up ten feet of rope1 or in case of physical disability1 earn any merit badge selected that involves out-of-door activity4 ,helpfulness #h4 ,present a ,tenderfoot trained by candidate4 #i4 ,present to ,captain or ,council some definite proof of service to the community4 #aj4 ,earn or save one dollar and start a savings account in bank or ,postal ,savings1 or buy ,thrift ,stamps4 ,recommended3 ,practice ,setting-up ,exercises4 ,practice ,first ,class ,drill4 ,illustration3 ,,america ,,the ,,beautiful ,,katharine ,,lee ,,bates ,music by ,,will ,c4 ,,macfarlane1 ,municipal ,organist1 ,portland1 ,maine ,maestoso #a4 ,o beautiful for spacious skies1 ,for amber waves of grain1 ,for purple mountain majesties ,above the fruited plain6 ,america6 ,america6 ,god shed ,his grace on thee4 ,and crown thy good with brotherhood4 ,from sea to shining sea6 ,america6 ,america6 ,god shed ,his grace on thee6 #b4 ,o beautiful for pilgrim feet1 ,whose stern1 impassion'd stress ,a thoroughfare for freedom beat ,across the wilderness6 ,america6 ,america6 ,god mend thine ev'ry flaw4 ,confirm thy soul in self-control1 ,thy liberty in law6 ,america6 ,america6 ,god shed ,his grace on thee6 #c4 ,o beautiful for heroes proved1 ,in liberating strife4 ,who more than self their country loved4 ,and mercy more than life6 ,america6 ,america6 ,may ,god thy gold refine1 ,till all success be nobleness1 ,and ev'ry gain divine6 ,america6 ,america6 ,god shed ,his grace on thee6 #d4 ,o beautiful for patriot dream ,that sees beyond the years ,thine alabaster cities gleam ,undimm'd by human tears6 ,america6 ,america6 ,god shed ,his grace on thee4 ,and crown thy good with brotherhood4 ,from sea to shining sea6 ,america6 ,america6 ,god shed ,his grace on thee6 ,copyright1 #aiac1 by ,,will ,c4 ,,macfarlane ,,footnote3 #a ,by permission of the author4 ,,section ,,viii ,,what ,a ,,girl ,,scout ,,should ,,know ,,about ,,the ,,flag ,we take the star from ,heaven1 the red from our mother country1 separating it by white stripes1 thus showing we have separated from her1 and the white stripes shall go down to posterity representing liberty4--,george ,washington4 ,the ,american flag is the symbol of the one-ness of the nation3 when a ,girl ,scout salutes the flag1 therefore1 she salutes the whole country4 ,the ,american ,flag is known as ,old ,glory1 ,stars and ,stripes1 ,star-,spangled ,banner1 and ,the ,red1 ,white and ,blue4 ,the ,american flag today consists of red and white stripes1 with the blue field1 sometimes known as the ,union in the upper left-hand corner1 with forty-eight white stars4 ,the thirteen stripes stand for the thirteen original ,states--,new ,hampshire1 ,massachusetts1 ,rhode ,island1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,delaware1 ,maryland1 ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina and ,georgia4 ,the stars stand for the ,states now in the ,union4 ,the colors of the flag are red1 representing valor2 white1 representing hope1 purity and truth2 blue1 representing loyalty1 sincerity and justice4 ,the five-pointed star1 which is used1 tradition says1 at ,betsy ,ross' suggestion1 is the sign of infinity4 ,history of the ,american ,flag ,we think of ourselves as a young country1 but we have one of the oldest written ,constitutions under which a ,nation operates1 and our flag is one of the oldest in existence4 ,when our forefathers came from ,europe to settle in this country1 which is now the ,united ,states1 they brought with them the flags of their home countries1 and planted them on the new territory in symbol of taking possession of it in the name of their liege kings and lands4 ,gradually the colonies came to belong to ,england1 and the ,union ,jack became the flag of all1 with the thirteen colonies represented by thirteen stripes and the ,union ,jack in the corner4 ,this flag was known as the ,grand ,union or ,cambridge ,flag1 and was displayed when ,washington first took command of the army at ,cambridge4 ,it was raised on ,december #c1 #agge1 on the ,alfred1 flagship of the new little ,american ,navy1 by the senior ,lieutenant of the ship1 ,john ,paul ,jones1 who later defended it gallantly in many battles at sea4 ,on ,july #d1 #aggf1 the ,declaration of ,independence was signed in ,philadelphia and the ,united ,colonies dissolved all ties that bound them to ,england and became an independent nation--the ,united ,states4 ,it was immediately necessary to adopt a new flag1 as the new nation would not use the ,union ,jack4 ,tradition says that in the latter part of ,may1 #aggf1 ,george ,washington1 ,robert ,morris and ,colonel ,ross called on ,betsy ,ross in ,philadelphia to make the first flag1 which they designed4 ,they kept the thirteen stripes of the ,colonial flag1 but replaced the ,union ,jack by a blue field bearing thirteen stars1 arranged in a circle4 ,the birthday of the flag was ,june #ad1 #aggg1 when ,congress passed this resolution3 ,resolved3 ,that the flag of the thirteen ,united ,states be thirteen stripes2 alternate red and white2 that the union be thirteen stars1 white on a blue field1 representing a constellation4 ,the first ,american unfurling the ,stars and ,stripes over a warship was ,john ,paul ,jones when he took command of the ,ranger in ,june1 #aggg4 ,tradition says that this flag was made for ,john ,paul ,jones by the young ladies of ,portsmouth ,harbor1 and that it was made for him from their own and their mothers' gowns4 ,it was this flag1 in ,february1 #aggh1 that had the honor of receiving from ,france the first official salute accorded by a foreign nation to the ,stars and ,stripes4 ,it was first carried into battle at the ,battle of ,brandywine in ,september1 #aggg1 when ,lafayette fought with the ,colonists and was wounded4 ,this was the famous flag made out of a soldier's white shirt1 a woman's red petticoat1 and an officer's blue cloak4 ,a famous flag now in the ,national ,museum in ,washington is the ,flag of fifteen stars and stripes1 which floated over ,fort ,mc,henry--near ,baltimore--in the ,war of #ahab1 and which ,francis ,scott ,key 7imprisoned on a ,british ship7 saw by the dawn's early light after watching through the night the rocket's red glare1 the bombs bursting in air as proof that the fort had not fallen to the enemy4 ,the next day he wrote ,the ,star-,spangled ,banner4 ,it is said that peace has its victories as well as war1 and ,scouts will want to know that our flag flew from the first vessel ever propelled by steam--,robert ,fulton's ,clermont4 ,it was carried by ,wilbur ,wright on his first successful airplane flight in ,france4 ,it was the flag planted at the ,north ,pole by ,robert ,peary4 ,it was the ,national emblem painted upon the first airplane to make the transatlantic flight1 ,may1 #aiai4 ,at first1 when states came into the ,union1 a new stripe and a new star were added to the flag1 but it was soon evident that the added stripes would make it very unwieldly4 ,so on ,april #d1 #ahah1 ,congress passed this act to establish the flag of the ,united ,states3 ,sec4 #a4 ,be it enacted 444 ,that from and after the #dth of ,july next1 the flag of the ,united ,states be thirteen horizontal stripes1 alternate red and white2 that the union have twenty stars1 white on a blue field4 ,sec4 #b4 ,be it further enacted1 that1 on admission of every new ,state into the ,union1 one star be added to the union of the flag2 and that such addition shall take effect on the #dth day of ,july succeeding such admission4 ,in #aiag after the ,united ,states entered the ,world ,war1 the ,stars and ,stripes were placed with the flags of the ,allies in the great ,english ,cathedral of ,st4 ,paul's in ,london1 and on ,april #bj1 #aiag1 the flag was hoisted beside the ,english flag over the ,house of ,parliament as a symbol that the two great ,english-speaking nations of the world had joined hands in the cause of human brotherhood4 ,,respect ,,due ,,the ,,flag #a4 ,the flag should be raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset4 ,it should not be displayed on stormy days or left out over night1 except during war4 ,although there is no authoritative ruling which compels civilians to lower the flag at sundown1 good taste should impel them to follow the traditions of the ,army and ,navy in this sundown ceremonial4 ,primarily1 the flag is raised to be seen and secondarily1 the flag is something to be guarded1 treasured1 and so tradition holds it shall not be menaced by the darkness4 ,to leave the flag out at night1 unattended1 is proof of shiftlessness1 or at least carelessness4 #b4 ,at retreat1 sunset1 civilian spectators should stand at attention4 ,girl ,scouts1 if in uniform1 may give their salute4 ,when the national colors are passing on parade or in review1 ,scouts should1 if walking1 halt1 and if sitting1 rise and stand at attention4 ,when the flag is stationary it is not saluted4 ,an old1 torn1 or soiled flag should not be thrown away1 but should be destroyed1 preferably by burning4 ,the law specifically forbids the use of and the representation of the flag in any manner or in any connection with merchandise for sale4 ,when the ,star-,spangled ,banner is played or sung1 stand and remain standing in silence until it is finished4 ,the flag should1 on being retired1 never be allowed to touch the ground4 ,regulations for ,flying the ,flag #a4 ,the flag should not be raised before sunrise1 nor be allowed to remain up after sunset4 #b4 ,in placing the flag at half mast1 it should be raised first to full mast1 and then lowered to the half mast position1 from which it should again be raised to full mast before lowering4 #c4 ,the flag should never be draped4 #d4 ,when the flag is hung against a wall1 the blue field should be in the upper left corner if the stripes are horizontal2 in the upper right corners if the stripes are vertical4 #e4 ,in the case of flags hung across the street it is necessary to hang them by the points of the compass instead of right or left1 because the right or left naturally varies according to whether the spectator is going up or down the street4 ,when the flag is hung across a north and south street1 the blue fields should be toward the east1 the rising sun1 when across an east and west street1 the field should be toward the north4 #f4 ,the flags of two or more nations displayed together should always be hung at the same level1 and should be on separate staffs or halyards4 #g4 ,in the ,united ,states1 when the ,american flag is carried with one other flag1 it should be at the right4 ,when it is carried with two other flags1 it should be in the middle4 #h4 ,when the ,american flag is hung against a wall with other flags1 it is placed at the spectator's right1 if it is one of two2 and in the middle1 if it is one of three4 #i4 ,the flag at half mast is a sign of mourning4 #aj4 ,the flag flown upside down is a signal of distress4 #aa4 ,on ,memorial ,day1 ,may #cj1 the flag is flown at half mast during the morning1 and is raised at noon to full mast for the rest of the day4 ,patriotic ,songs for ,girl ,scouts ,the ,star-,spangled ,banner ,oh1 say1 can you see1 by the dawn's early light1 ,what so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming1 ,whose broad stripes and bright stars1 through the perilous fight1 ,o'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming6 ,and the rocket's red glare1 the bombs bursting in air1 ,gave proof through the night that our flag was still there2 ,oh6 say1 does that star-spangled banner yet wave1 ,o'er the land of the free1 and the home of the brave8 ,on that shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep1 ,where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes4 ,what is that which the breeze1 o'er the towering steep1 ,as it fitfully blows1 now conceals1 now discloses8 ,now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam1 ,in full glory reflected now shines on the stream2 ',tis the star-spangled banner2 ,oh1 long may it wave1 ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave6 ,o6 thus be it ever1 when freemen shall stand ,between their loved homes and the war's desolation ,blessed with victory and peace1 may the heav'n-rescued land ,praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation4 ,then conquer we must1 when our cause it is just1 ,and this be our motto--,in ,god is our trust2 ,and the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave4 --,francis ,scott ,key1 #ahad4 ,the ,star ,spangled ,banner was written in #ahad by ,francis ,scott ,key at the time of the bombardment of ,fort ,mc,henry1 near ,baltimore1 by the ,british4 ,key had been sent to the ,british squadron to negotiate the release of an ,american prisoner-of-war1 and was detained there by the ,british during the engagement for fear he might reveal their plans4 ,the bombardment lasted all through the night4 ,in his joy the following morning at seeing the ,american flag still flying over ,fort ,mc,henry1 ,key wrote the first stanza of the ,star ,spangled ,banner on the back of an old letter1 which he drew from his pocket4 ,he finished the poem later in the day after he had been allowed to land4 ,the poem was first printed as a handbill enclosed in a fancy border2 but one of ,key's friends1 ,judge ,nicholson1 of ,baltimore1 saw that the tune of ,anacreon in ,heaven1 an old ,english drinking song1 fitted the words1 and the two were quickly united with astonishing success4 ,the old flag which prompted the poem is still in existence2 it was made by ,mrs4 ,mary ,pickersgill4 ,america ,my country1 'tis of thee1 ,sweet land of liberty1 ,of thee ,i sing2 ,land where my fathers died1 ,land of the ,pilgrims' pride1 ,from every mountain side ,let freedom ring4 ,my native country1 thee1 ,land of the noble free1 ,thy name ,i love2 ,i love thy rocks and rills1 ,thy woods and templed hills2 ,my heart with rapture thrills ,like that above4 ,let music swell the breeze1 ,and ring from all the trees ,sweet freedom's song2 ,let mortal tongues awake1 ,let all that breathe partake1 ,let rocks their silence break1 ,the sound prolong6 ,our father's ,god1 to ,thee1 ,author of liberty1 ,to ,thee we sing3 ,long may our land be bright ,with freedom's holy light2 ,protect us by ,thy might1 ,great ,god1 our ,king4 --,samuel ,f4 ,smith1 #ahcb4 ,america was written in #ahcb by ,samuel ,francis ,smith1 a graduate of ,harvard1 at that time studying for the ministry at ,andover1 ,mass4 ,the circumstances attending the writing of this hymn are told by the author in the following letter3 ,newton ,centre1 ,mass41 ,june #e1 #ahhg4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,johnson3 ,dear ,sir3 ,the hymn ,america was not written with reference to any special occasion4 ,a friend 7,mr4 ,lowell ,mason7 put into my hands a quantity of music books in the ,german language early in the year #ahcb--;because1 as he said1 ,i could read them and he couldn't--with the request that ,i would translate any of the hymns and songs which struck my fancy1 or1 neglecting the ,german words1 with hymns or songs of my own1 adapted to the tunes1 so that he could use the music4 ,on a dismal day in ,february1 turning over the leaves of one of these music books1 ,i fell in with the tune1 which pleased me--and observing at a glance that the words were patriotic1 without attempting to imitate them1 or even read them throughout1 ,i was moved at once to write a song adapted to the music--and ,america is the result4 ,i had no thought of writing a national hymn1 and was surprised when it came to be widely used4 ,i gave it to ,mr4 ,mason soon after it was written1 and have since learned that he greatly admired it4 ,it was first publicly used at a ,sabbath school celebration of ,independence in ,park ,street ,church1 ,boston1 on the #dth of ,july1 #ahcb4 ,respectfully1 ,s4 ,f4 ,,smith4 ,the tune of ,america1 which ,samuel ,smith took from a ,german song book1 was originally a ,french air4 ,this ,french air was borrowed in #agci by an ,englishman1 ,henry ,carey1 who recast it for the ,british national anthem1 ,god ,save the ,king4 ,switzerland1 ,prussia and other ,german ,states1 and the ,united ,states have used the music for their national hymns4 ,letter and facts from ,the ,encyclopedia ,americana4 ,battle ,hymn of the ,republic ,mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the ,lord3 ,he is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored2 ,he hath loosed the fateful lightning of ,his terrible swift sword2 ,his truth is marching on4 ,i have seen ,him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps2 ,they have builded ,him an altar in the evening dews and damps2 ,i can read his righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps3 ,his day is marching on4 ,i have read a fiery gospel writ in burnish'd rows of steel3 ,as you deal with my contemners1 so with you my grace shall deal2 ,let the ,hero1 born of woman1 crush the serpent with his heel1 ,since ,god is marching on4 ,he has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat2 ,he is sifting out the hearts of men before ,his judgment-seat3 ,oh1 be swift my soul1 to answer ,him1 be jubilant my feet6 ,our ,god is marching on4 ,in the beauty of the lilies ,christ was born across the sea1 ,with a glory in ,his bosom that transfigures you and me2 ,as ,he died to make men holy1 let us die to make them free1 ,while ,god is marching on4 --,julia ,ward ,howe4 ,how to ,make an ,american ,flag ,the exact proportions of the ,american ,flag have been fixed by executive order2 that is to say1 by order of the ,president1 as have other features1 such as the arrangement and position of the stars4 ,the exact size of the flag is variable1 though the army has several regulation sizes4 ,the cut given below shows the dimensions of one of the regulation army flags4 ,the proportions fixed by executive order on ,may #bf1 #aiaf1 are as follows3 ,if the width of the flag be taken as the basis and called #a1 then ,the length will be #a4i1 ,each stripe will be #a_/ac of #a1 ,the blue field will be 4#gf long and #g_/ac of #a wide4 ,other features of the officially designed flag are as follows3 ,the top and bottom stripes are red4 ,each ,state is represented by a five-pointed star1 one of whose points shall be directed toward the top of the flag4 ,beginning with the upper left-hand corner and reading from left to right the stars indicate the ,states in order of their ratification of the ,constitution and their admission to the ,union4 ,find your ,state's star in the following list1 and remember its number and line4 ,first ,row #a--;,delaware #b--,pennsylvania #c--,new ,jersey #d--;,georgia #e--;,connecticut #f--,massachusetts #g--,maryland #h--,south ,carolina ,second ,row #i--,new ,hampshire #aj--,virginia #aa--,new ,york #ab--,north ,carolina #ac--,rhode ,island #ad--,vermont #ae--,kentucky #af--,tennessee ,third ,row #ag--,ohio #ah--,louisiana #ai--;,indiana #bj--,mississippi #ba--;,illinois #bb--;,alabama #bc--,maine #bd--,missouri ,fourth ,row #be--;,arkansas #bf--,michigan #bg--;,florida #bh--,texas #bi--;,iowa #cj--,wisconsin #ca--;,california #cb--,minnesota ,fifth ,row #cc--,oregon #cd--,kansas #ce--,west ,virginia #cf--,nevada #cg--,nebraska #ch--;,colorado #ci--,north ,dakota #dj--,south ,dakota ,sixth ,row #da--,montana #db--,washington #dc--;,idaho #dd--,wyoming #de--,utah #df--,oklahoma #dg--,new ,mexico #dh--;,arizona ,illustration ,,an ,,easy ,,way ,,to ,,draw ,,the ,,flag ,the sketch shows the steps in getting a flag drawn according to national requirements4 #a4 ,draw the outline of your flag1 making for convenience1 the width equal an even #aj units 7such as eighths or quarters or half1 etc47 so that the length can be made #ai units4 #b4 ,get the #ac stripes outlined as follows3 a7 ,take your ruler and find a place marking #ac units1 such as #c-a_/d inches1 or #f-a_/b or even #i-c_/d inches4 b7 ,then draw the #b lines ,a ,b and ,a' ,b'2 marking off the #ac points on each4 ,it does not matter where the lines are drawn so long as they extend between the top and bottom of the rectangle4 c7 ,through these points draw lightly1 the lines for the stripes1 covering the whole flag4 #c4 ,before making the final lines1 block in the union in the upper left hand corner1 making its length equal to #g4f of the original units used for the whole flag4 ,the width of the union is seven stripes4 #d4 ,place the stars as follows3 ,the lines marking the stripes may be used to mark the #f lines of stars4 ,the eight stars to a line may be determined by dividing the length of the union into nine parts and dropping eight perpendiculars through the six lines already there4 ,in the sketch the line1 ,d ,f and ,d' ,f' are guide lines to make the new parallel lines4 ,these are made just as in the case of ,a ,b and ,a' ,b' only containing nine units and extending between the two sides of the union4 #e4 ,the stars are made at the intersection of the lines4 ,it is not necessary to put in more than one or two1 to show the shape and direction of points4 #f4 ,the stripes may be colored1 or if indicated by cross hatching1 make the cross hatches vertical 7,i ,i ,i ,i ,i7 which is the symbol for red4 ,band ,leader ,o ------ ,,band ------ ,national ,o ,president ,nat'l ,field ,capt4- ,o ,o ,o - ,national ,director ,vice-,president --------------- ,,nat',l ,,council --------------- ,state ,o ,com'sioner ,state ,field ,capt4-,o ,o ,o-,state ,director ,state ,deputy ,commissioner ------------- ,,state ,,council ------------- ,local ,o ,com'sioner ,local ,field ,captain-,o ,o ,o-,local ,deputy ,com'sioner ,local ,director ------------- ,,local ,,council ------------- ,troop ,o ,capt4 ,o ,lieut4 ------ ,,scouts ------ ------ ,,scouts ------ ,color ,guard ,color ,guard ,o ,o ,o ,o ,council ,flag ,american ,flag ,o ,lieut4 ,,scouts ------ ,,scouts ------ ,illustration3 7#a7 ,,simple ,,parade ,,formation ------------------- ,,band ------------------- ,color ,guard-,o ,o ,o-,color ,guard ,american ,flag ,officer ,o in ,charge ,o ,captain ,o ,lieut4 ----------------- ,,scouts ----------------- ----------------- ,,scouts ----------------- ,o ,captain ,o ,lieut4 ----------------- ,,scouts ----------------- ----------------- ,,scouts ----------------- ,o ,captain ,o ,lieut4 ----------------- ,,scouts ----------------- ----------------- ,,scouts ----------------- ,illustration3 7#b7 ,,simple ,,parade ,,formation ,,parade ,,formation ,,for ,,girl ,,scouts ,the accompanying ,cut #a indicates a suggested formation for patriotic1 ,civic or ,girl ,scout parades when ,scout officials take part in the parade4 ,it should be noted that the ,scouts are represented by a column of four ranks1 the ,color ,guard marching in the center of the column4 ,should a larger number of ,scouts participate in the parade1 the ,color ,guard must be changed to a position in the center of the longer column4 ,cut #b indicates a more simple form of parade which has been found of service and effectiveness4 ,in this formation the ,color ,guard follows the band or ,scout buglers4 ,the local director or her representative marches directly behind the ,color ,guard and is followed by the ,scouts in column formation1 each double rank commanded by a captain1 who marches three paces in front of the front rank1 and a lieutenant1 who marches at the extreme left of the double rank one step ahead of the front rank4 ,front and rear ranks march forty inches apart4 ,it is not usually possible1 nor is it necessarily advisable1 to use one troop in forming a double rank4 ,the important thing is to have in each line the number of ,scouts designated by the person in charge of the parade4 ,this number1 determined by the width of the street and the number marching1 will be either four1 eight1 twelve or sixteen4 ,if girls of the same height march together1 the shorter preceding the taller1 the appearance of the column will be more uniform and pleasing4 ,when ,scout troop flags are used1 they are carried in the column at the extreme right4 ,illustration3 ,,girl ,,scout ,,uniform--,,two ,,piece ,,section ,,ix ,,girl ,,scout ,,drill ,although the simple exercises in opening and closing a meeting are the only formal work necessary for ,scouts1 the ,scout ,drill outlined in this ,handbook is added for ,captains as a suggestion for handling one or more ,patrols in the club room1 or on the street1 in an orderly dignified manner4 ,where the ,troop and ,captain are interested in this form of activity1 it adds a great variety to the ,scout meetings1 and its value in giving an erect carriage1 alert habit of obedience1 and ability to think and act quickly are undoubted4 ,in case of rallies and parades it is practically the only way of handling large bodies of ,scouts from different localities4 ,every order and formation here recommended is taken from the ,united ,states ,infantry ,drill ,regulations1 and it is now possible for ,captains in all localities to secure the assistance of some returned soldier glad to give a half hour occasionally to drilling the ,scouts4 ,the simple formations selected have been divided into ,tenderfoot1 ,second ,class and ,first ,class groups entirely for the convenience of the ,captain2 none of the work is too difficult for a ,second ,class ,scout and there is nothing to prevent a ,tenderfoot from taking all of it1 if the troop should be particularly interested in drilling4 ,commands are divided into two classes3 7a7 ,the preparatory1 to tell the ,scout what to do1 and 7b7 ,the command of execution1 to tell how to do it4 ,tenderfoot ,drill ,schedule ,,fall ,,in ,at this command each ,scout immediately takes her position in the ,patrol to which she belongs 7the captain having already assigned to each ,scout her exact place71 and without further order assumes the position of ,attention three paces in front of ,captain4 ,the position of ,attention is3 body and head erect1 head1 shoulders and pelvis in same plane1 eyes front1 arms hanging easily at the sides1 feet parallel and about four inches apart2 perfect silence to be maintained4 ,patrol formation1 two ranks 7rows7 of four ,scouts each1 forty inches between front and rear ranks4 ,the patrol corresponds to the military unit of the squad4 ,other patrols will fall in on the left of patrol ,no4 #a and on a line with it1 in their numerical order4 ,when assembled a troop of four patrols will be in the position indicated by the following diagram1 and facing the captain4 #efgh #efgh #efgh #efgh #abcd #abcd #abcd #abcd ,lieut4 ,capt4 ,if the ,captain prefers1 and where there are only a few ,scouts to be handled1 they may be drawn up in a single rank facing the ,captain4 ,in either position they are now ready for the preliminaries of military drill4 #a4 ,right 7or left7 ,dress4 #b4 ,front4 ,at the command ,dress whether to right or left1 all ,scouts place the left hand on the hip4 ,each ,scout1 except the base file1 ,scout on right or left end from whom the other take their alignment1 when on or near the new line1 executes ,eyes ,right6 and taking steps of two or three inches1 places herself so that her right arm rests lightly against the arm of the ,scout on her right1 and so that her eyes and shoulders are in line with those of the ,scout on her right2 the rear rank ,scouts cover in file4 ,the instructor verifies the alignment of both ranks from the right flank and orders up or back such ,scouts as may be in rear or in advance of the line3 only the ,scouts designated move4#b ,at the command ,front1 given when the ranks are aligned1 each ,scout turns her head and eyes to the front and drops the hand at her side4 ,to march the patrol or troop in column of twos1 the preliminary commands would be as just given3 #a4 ,fall in4 #b4 ,right ,dress4 #c4 ,front4 ,the troop is then drawn up facing the ,captain in two ranks as described4 ,the ,captain then commands3 #a4 ,right 7or left7 ,face 7,according to the direction in which the column is to proceed47 #b4 ,forward4 #c4 ,march4 ,at the command ,march1 each ,scout steps off smartly with the left foot4 ,facings ,to the flank3 ,right 7or left7 ,face4 ,raise slightly the left heel and the right toe2 face to the right1 turning on the right heel1 assisted by a slight pressure on the ball of the left foot2 place the left foot by the side of the right4 ,left ,face is executed on the left heel in the corresponding manner4 ,right 7or left7 ,half ,face is executed similarly1 facing forty-five degrees4 ,to the rear3 ,about ,face4 ,carry the toe of the right foot about half a foot length to the rear and slightly to the left of the left heel without changing the position of the left foot2 face to the rear1 turning to the right on the left heel and right toe2 place the right heel by the side of the left4 ,eyes ,right or ,left #a4 ,eyes ,right 7or left74 #b4 ,front4 ,at the command ,right1 turn the head to the right oblique1 eyes fixed on the line of ,scouts in1 or supposed to be in1 the same rank4 ,at the command ,front turn the head and eyes to the front4 ,the ,rests ,being at halt1 the commands for the different rests are as follows3 ,,fall ,,out1 ,,rest1 ,,at ,,ease and #a ,,parade1 #b ,,rest4 ,at the command ,fall ,out1 the ,scouts may leave the ranks1 but are required to remain in the immediate vicinity4 ,they resume their former places1 at attention at the command ,fall ,in4 ,at the command ,rest each ,scout keeps one foot in place1 but is not required to keep silence or immobility4 ,at the command ,at ,ease each ,scout keeps one foot in place and is required to keep silence but not immobility4 #a ,parade1 #b ,rest4 ,carry the right foot six inches straight to the rear1 left knee slightly bent2 clasp the hands1 without constraint1 in front of the center of the body1 fingers joined1 right hand uppermost1 left thumb clasped by the thumb and forefinger of the right hand2 preserve silence and steadiness of position4 ,to resume the attention3 #a ,squad 7or ,company7 #b ,attention4 ,steps and ,marchings ,all steps and marchings executed from the halt1 except right step1 begin with the left foot4 ,the length of the full step in ,quick ,time for a ,scout is twenty inches1 measured from heel to heel1 and the cadence is at the rate of one hundred twenty steps per minute4 ,the length of the full step in ,double ,time1 for a ,scout1 is about twenty-four inches2 the cadence is at the rate of one hundred eighty steps per minute4 ,the instructor1 when necessary1 indicates the cadence of the step by calling ,one1 ,two1 ,three1 ,four1 or ,left1 ,right1 ,left1 ,right1 the instant the left and right foot1 respectively1 should be planted4 ,all steps and marchings and movements involving march are executed in ,quick ,time unless the squad 7or company7 be marching in ,double ,time4 ,quick ,time ,being at a halt1 to march forward in quick time3 #a ,forward1 #b ,march4 ,at the command ,forward1 shift the weight of the body to the right leg1 left knee straight4 ,at the command ,march move the left foot smartly straight forward twenty inches from the right1 sole near the ground1 and plant it without shock2 next1 in like manner1 advance the right foot and plant it as above2 continue the march4 ,the arms swing naturally4 ,being at a halt1 or in march in quick time1 to march in double time2 #a ,double time1 #b ,march4 ,if at a halt1 at the first command shift the weight of the body to the right leg4 ,at the command ,march raise the forearms1 fingers closed to a horizontal position along the waist line2 take up an easy run with the step and cadence of double time1 allowing a natural swinging motion to the arms4 ,if marching in quick time1 at the command ,march1 given as either foot strikes the ground1 take one step in quick time1 and then step off in double time4 ,to resume the quick time3 #a ,quick ,time1 #b ,march4 ,at the command ,march1 given as either foot strikes the ground1 advance and plant the other foot in double time2 resume the quick time1 dropping the hands by the sides4 ,to ,mark ,time ,being in march3 #a ,mark ,time1 #b ,march4 ,at the command ,march1 given as either foot strikes the ground1 advance and plant the other foot2 bring up the foot in rear and continue the cadence by alternately raising each foot about two inches and planting it on line with the other4 ,being at a halt1 at the command ,march1 raise and plant the feet as described above4 ,the ,half ,step #a ,half ,step1 #b ,march4 ,take steps of ten inches in quicktime1 twelve inches in double time4 ,forward1 ,half ,step1 ,halt and ,mark ,time may be executed one from the other in quick or double time4 ,to resume the full step from half step or mark time3 ,forward ,march4 ,side ,step ,being at halt or mark time3 #a ,right 7or left7 ,step1 #b ,march4 ,carry and plant the right foot twelve inches to the right2 bring the left foot beside it and continue the movement in the cadence of quick time4 ,the side step is used for short distances only and is not executed in double time4 ,back ,step ,being at a halt or mark time3 #a ,backward1 #b ,march4 ,take steps of twelve inches straight to the rear4 ,the back step is used for short distances only and is not executed in double time4 ,to ,halt ,to arrest the march in quick or double time3 #a ,squad 7or if the full troop is drilling ,company71 #b ,halt4 ,at the command ,halt1 given as either foot strikes the ground1 plant the other foot as in marching2 raise and place the first foot by the side of the other4 ,if in double time1 drop the hands by the sides4 ,to ,march by the ,flank ,being in march3 #a ,by the ,right 7or left7 ,flank1 #b ,march4 ,at the command ,march1 given as the right foot strikes the ground1 advance and plant the left foot1 then face to the right in marching and step off in the new direction with the right foot4 ,to ,march to the ,rear ,being in march3 #a ,to the ,rear1 #b ,march4 ,at the command ,march1 given as the right foot strikes the ground1 advance and plant the left foot2 turn to the right about on the balls of both feet and immediately step off with the left foot4 ,if marching in double time1 turn to the right about1 taking four steps in place1 keeping the cadence1 and then step off with the left foot4 ,change ,step ,being in march3 #a ,change ,step1 #b ,march4 ,at the command ,march1 given as the right foot strikes the ground1 advance and plant the left foot2 plant the toe of the right foot near the heel of the left and step off with the left foot4 ,the change on the right foot is similarly executed1 the command ,march being given as the left foot strikes the ground4 ,,second ,,class ,,drill ,fall ,in4 7,described in ,tenderfoot ,drill47 ,count ,off4 ,at this command all except the right file execute ,eyes ,right1 and beginning on the right1 the ,scouts in each rank count ,one1 ,two1 ,three1 ,four2 each turns her head and eyes to the front as she counts4 ,illustration3 ,,girl ,,scout ,,uniform--,,one ,,piece ,alignments #a ,right 7or ,left7 ,dress1 #b ,front4 7,described in ,tenderfoot ,drill47 ,to preserve the alignment when marching2 ,guide ,right 7or left74 ,the ,scouts preserve their intervals from the side of the guide1 yielding to pressure on that side and resisting pressure from the opposite direction2 they recover intervals1 if lost1 by gradually opening out or closing in2 they recover alignment by slightly lengthening or shortening the step2 the rear rank ,scouts cover their file leaders at forty inches4 ,to ,take ,distance 7,formation for signalling or for setting-up exercises47 ,being in line at a halt having counted off3 #a ,take ,distance at four paces1 #b ,march2 #c ,squad 7or company71 ,halt4 ,at the command ,march1 each ,scout in succession starting at four paces apart and beginning with ,no4 #a of the front rank1 followed by #b1 #c1 #d and #a1 #b1 #c1 #d of the rear rank1 marches straight forward until the order ,squad1 ,halt is given4 ,the command ,halt is given when all have their distances4 7,word to instructors3 ,where the floor space is limited it is advisable to have the ,scouts take the half step in executing this formation or move at two paces47 ,if more than one squad is in line1 each squad executes the movement as above simultaneously4 ,being at distances1 to assemble the squad 7or company73 #a ,assemble1 #b ,march4 ,at the command ,march1 ,no4 #a of the front rank stands fast2 the other members move forward to their proper places in the line4 ,the ,oblique ,march ,for the instruction of the recruits1 the squad being in column or correctly aligned1 the instructor causes the ,scouts to face half right and half left1 points out to them their relative positions1 and explains that these are to be maintained in the oblique march4 #a ,right 7or ,left7 ,oblique1 #b ,march4 ,at the command ,march1 each ,scout steps off in a direction forty-five degrees to the right of her original front4 ,she preserves her relative position1 keeping her shoulders parallel to those of the guide1 and so regulates her steps that the ranks remain parallel to their original front4 ,at the command ,halt the ,scouts face to the front4 ,to resume the original directions3 #a ,forward1 #b ,march4 ,the ,scouts half face to the left in marching and then move straight to the front4 ,to ,turn on ,moving ,pivot ,begin in line3 #a ,right 7or left7 ,turn1 #b ,march4 7,this applies to the single squad2 if the whole troop is drilling and is in column of squads1 or twos1 the command would be3 #a ,column ,right 7or left71 #b ,march47 ,the movement is executed by each rank successively and on the same ground4 ,at the second command1 the pivot ,scout of the front rank faces to the right in marching and takes the half step2 the other ,scouts of the rank oblique to the right until opposite their places in line1 then execute a second right oblique and take the half step on arriving abreast of the pivot ,scout4 ,all glance toward the marching flank while at half step and take the full step without command as the last ,scout arrives on the line4 ,right 7or left7 ,half ,turn is executed in a similar manner4 ,the pivot ,scout makes a half change of direction to the right and the other ,scouts make quarter changes in obliquing4 ,to ,turn on a ,fixed ,pivot ,being in line1 to turn and march3 #a ,squad ,right 7or left71 #b ,march4 ,at the second command1 the right flank ,scout in the front rank faces to the right in marching and marks time2 the other front rank ,scouts oblique to the right1 place themselves abreast of the pivot1 and mark time4 ,in the rear rank the third ,scout from the right1 followed in column by the second and first1 moves straight to the front until in the rear of her front rank ,scout1 when all face to the right in marching and mark time2 the other number of the rear rank moves straight to the front four paces and places herself abreast of the ,scout on her right4 ,scouts on the new line glance toward the marching flank while marking time and1 as the last ,scout arrives on the line1 both ranks execute ,forward ,march without further command4 ,being in line to turn and halt3 #a ,squad ,right 7or left71 #b ,march1 #c ,squad1 #d ,halt4 ,the third command is given immediately after the second4 ,the turn is executed as prescribed in the preceding paragraph except that all ,scouts1 on arriving on the new line mark time until the fourth command is given1 when all halt4 ,the fourth command should be given as the last ,scout arrives on the line4 ,being in line to turn about and march3 #a ,squad ,right 7or left7 ,about1 #b ,march4 ,at the second command the front rank twice executes ,squad ,right initiating the second ,squad ,right when the ,scout on the marching flank has arrived abreast of the rank4 ,in the rear rank the third ,scout from the right1 followed by the second and first in column1 moves straight to the front until on the prolongation of the line to be occupied by the rear rank2 changes direction to the right2 moves in the new direction until in the rear of her front rank ,scout1 when all face to the right in marching1 mark time1 and glance toward the marching flank4 ,the fourth ,scout marches on the left of the third to her new position2 as she arrives on the line1 both ranks execute ,forward ,march without command4 ,,first ,,class ,,drill ,on ,right 7or left7 ,into ,line4 ,being in columns of squads1 to form line on right or left2 #a ,on ,right 7or left7 ,into ,line1 #b ,march1 #c ,company1 #d ,halt1 #e ,front4 ,at the first command the leader of the leading unit commands3 ,right ,turn4 ,the leaders of the other units command3 ,forward1 if at a halt4 ,at the second command the leading unit turns to the right on moving pivot4 ,the command ,halt is given when the leading unit has advanced the desired distance in the new direction2 it halts2 its leader then commands3 ,right ,dress4 ,the units in the rear continue to march straight to the front2 each1 when opposite its place on the line1 executes ,right ,turn at the command of its leader2 each is halted on the line at the command of its leader1 who then commands3 ,right ,dress4 ,all dress on the first unit on the line4 ,if executed in double time1 the leading squad marches in double time until halted4 ,front ,into ,line4 ,being in columns of squads1 to form line to the front2 ,right 7or left7 ,front ,into ,line1 #b ,march1 #c ,company1 #d ,halt1 #e ,front4 ,at the first command the leaders of the units in the rear of the leading one command3 ,right ,oblique4 ,if at a halt1 the leader of the leading unit commands3 ,forward4 ,at the second command the leading unit moves straight forward3 the rear units oblique as indicated4 ,the command ,halt is given when the leading unit has advanced the desired distance2 it halts2 its leader then commands3 ,left ,dress4 ,each of the rear units1 when opposite its place in line1 resumes the original direction at the command of its leader2 each is halted on the line at the command of its leader1 who then commands3 ,left ,dress4 ,all dress on the first unit in line4 ,to ,diminish the ,front of a ,column of ,squads ,being in column of squads3 #a ,right 7or left7 ,by ,twos1 #b ,march4 ,at the command ,march1 all files except the two right files of the leading squad execute ,in ,place ,halt2 the two right files of the leading squad oblique to the right when disengaged and follow the right files at the shortest practicable distance4 ,the remaining squads follow successively in like manner4 ,being in columns of twos3 7#a7 ,right 7or left7 ,by ,file1 #b ,march4 ,at the command ,march1 all files execute ,in ,place ,halt1 except the right file of the leading two oblique successively to the right when disengaged and each follows the file on its right at the shortest practicable distance4 ,the remaining twos follow successively in like manner4 ,being in column of files of twos1 to form column of squads2 or being in column of files1 to form column of twos3 #a ,squads 7,twos7 ,right 7or left7 ,front ,into ,line1 #b ,march4 ,at the command ,march1 the leading file or files halt4 ,the remainder of the squad1 or two1 obliques to the right and halts on line with the leading file or files4 ,the remaining squads or twos close up and successively form in the rear of the first in like manner4 ,the movement described in this paragraph will be ordered ,right or ,left1 so as to restore the files to their normal relative positions in the two or squad4 ,,footnote3 #b ,all ranks count off beginning with right end3 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,,section ,x ,,signalling ,,for ,,scouts ,a4 ,,general ,,service ,,code ,the ,general ,service ,code1 given herewith1 also called the ,continental ,code and the ,international ,morse ,code1 is used by the ,army and ,navy1 and for cabling and wireless telegraphy4 ,it is used for visual signalling by hand1 flag1 ,ardois lights1 torches1 heliograph1 lanterns1 etc41 and for sound signalling with buzzer1 whistle1 etc4 ,the ,american ,morse ,code is used for commercial purposes only1 and differs from the ,international ,morse in a few particulars4 ,a ,scout need not concern herself with it because it would only be used by the ,scout who eventually becomes a telegrapher1 and for this purpose the ,western ,union ,company offers the necessary training4 ,wig ,wag ,signalling ,,general ,,service ,,code ,the flag used for this signalling is square with a smaller square of another color in the center4 ,it may be either white with the smaller square red1 or red with the smaller square white4 ,a good size for ,scout use is #bd inches square with a center #i inches square1 on a pole #db inches long and one-half inch in diameter4 ,there are but three motions with the flag and all start from1 and are completed by1 return to position1 which means the flag held perpendicularly and at rest directly in front of the signaller4 ,signaller should stand erect1 well balanced on the arches of the feet4 ,the butt of the flag stick is held lightly in the right hand2 the left hand steadies and directs the flag at a distance from six to twelve inches above the right on the stick4 ,the length of the stick will determine the position of the left hand2 the longer the stick the further apart must the hands be placed in order to obtain the best balance4 ,illustration3 ,,position ,,dot ,,dash ,,front ,,dot3 ,to make the dot1 swing the flag down to the right until the stick reaches the horizontal and bring it back to ,position4 ,,dash3 ,to make the dash1 swing the flag to the left until it reaches the horizontal and bring it back to ,position4 ,,interval3 ,the third position is made by swinging the flag down directly in front and returning to ,position4 ,in order to keep the flag from fouling when making these motions1 make a sort of figure #h with the point of the stick4 ,a slight turn of the wrist accomplishes this result and becomes very easy after a little practice4 ,beginners should master the three motions of the flag1 exaggerating the figure #h motion before they attempt to make letters4 ,it is also best to learn the code before attempting to wig wag it1 so that the mind will be free to concentrate upon the technique or correct managing of the flag4 ,,the ,,general ,,service ,,code 7,the ,international ,morse or ,continental7 ,uses3 ,commercial wireless1 submarine cables1 ,army and ,navy4 ,methods3 flags by day1 torches1 lanterns1 flashlight1 searchlight1 by night2 whistle1 drum1 bugle1 tapping4 ,a 4- ,b -444 ,c -4-4 ,d -44 ,e 4 ,f 44-4 ,g --4 ,h 4444 ,i 44 ,j 4--- ,k -4- ,l 4-44 ,m -- ,n -4 ,o --- ,p 4--4 ,q --4- ,r 4-4 ,s 444 ,t - ,u 44- ,v 444- ,w 4-- ,x -44- ,y -4-- ,z --44 #a 4---- #b 44--- #c 444-- #d 4444- #e 44444 #f -4444 #g --444 #h ---44 #i ----4 #j ----- ,period 44 44 44 ,comma 4-4-4- ,quotation ,marks 4-44-4 ,colon ---444 ,semicolon -4-4-4 ,interrogation 44--44 ,a convenient form for learning the letters is as follows3 ,,dots ,e 4 ,i 44 ,s 444 ,h 4444 ,,dashes ,t - ,m -- ,o --- ,,opposites ,a 4- -4 ,n ,b -444 444- ,v ,d -44 44- ,u ,g --4 4-- ,w ,f 44-4 4-44 ,l ,y -4--- ---4- ,q ,,sandwich ,,letters ,k -4- ,p 4--4 ,x -44- ,r 4-4 ,,letters ,,with ,,no ,,opposites ,z --44 ,c -4-4 ,j 4--- ,make no pause between dots and dashes in making a letter1 but make a continuous swing from right to left1 or left to right4 ,a pause at ,position indicates the completion of a letter4 ,one ,interval 7,front7 indicates the completion of a word4 ,two ,intervals indicate the completion of a sentence4 ,three ,intervals indicate the completion of a message4 ,do not try for speed4 ,in all signalling1 accuracy is the important thing1 for unless the letters are accurately made they cannot be easily read1 and the message will have to be repeated4 ,fall into a regular easy rhythm in sending4 ,speed comes with practice4 ,signalling with a ,flash ,light3 ,use a short flash for the dot and a long steady flash for the dash4 ,pause the length of three dots between letters1 and the length of five dots between words4 ,a still longer pause marks the end of a sentence4 ,signalling by ,whistle3 ,use a short blast for the dot1 and a long steady blast for the dash4 ,indicate the end of a letter1 a word1 and a sentence by the same pauses as explained in ,flash ,light ,signalling4 ,signalling with a ,lantern3 ,the motions used in signalling with a lantern are somewhat like those of the wig wag flag4 ,for ,position hold the lantern directly in front of the body2 for the dot swing it to the right and back to ,position2 for the dash swing it to the left and back to ,position2 and for ,interval move it down and up in a vertical line directly in front4 ,a stationary light should be placed on the ground before the feet as a point of reference for the various motions4 ,b4 ,,semaphore ,,signalling ,,semaphore ,,code ,the semaphore is a machine with two arms which may be moved into various positions to make letters4 ,the semaphore code shown in the accompanying picture may also be employed by a person using two flags4 ,it is the quickest method of flag signalling but is available for comparatively short distances1 seldom over a mile1 unless extra large flags are employed or there is some extraordinary condition of background or atmosphere4 ,the semaphore code is not adapted to as many uses as is the general service code1 but for quick signalling over comparatively short distances1 it is preferable in every way4 ,the regulation flag is #ah inches square1 either divided diagonally into two triangles of white and red1 or square of white with small square of red in the center1 or red with small square of white4 ,these flags are fastened on poles #bd inches long and #a_/b inch in diameter4 ,the flags must be carefully held so that the sticks make1 as it were1 a continuation of the arm bone2 a bent wrist will cause the flags to make an entirely different angle1 and consequently a different letter from the one intended4 ,swing the arms smoothly and without hesitation from one letter to another4 ,hold each letter long enough to make it clear to the person receiving it4 ,every word begins and ends with intervals1 the hands crossed downward in front of the body1 arms nearly straight1 right hand always over the left4 ,indicate the end of a sentence by one chip-chop made by holding both flags to the right1 horizontally1 and moving them up and down several times2 not altogether1 but one flag going down as the other comes up1 making the chopping motion4 ,illustration3 ,,code ,,for ,,semaphore ,,signalling ,note3 ,the extended arm should always make a straight line with the flag staff4 ,from the very beginning practice reading as well as sending4 ,it is harder to do and requires more practice4 ,instructors should always face the class in giving a lesson2 in this way the pupil learns to read at the same time as she is learning to make the letters4 ,this principle applies to all visual signalling4 ,whistle ,signals #a4 ,one blast1 ,attention2 ,assemble 7if scattered74 #b4 ,two short blasts1 ,all right4 #c4 ,four short blasts1 calls ,patrol ,leaders come here4 #d4 ,alternate long and short blasts1 ,mess ,call4 ,hand ,signals ,these signals are advisable when handling a troop in a street where the voice cannot be readily heard1 or in marching the troop into some church1 theatre1 or other building where a spoken command is undesirable4 ,forward1 ,march3 ,carry the hand to the shoulder2 straighten and hold the arm horizontally1 thrusting it in the direction of the march4 7,this signal is also used to execute quick time from double time47 ,halt3 ,carry the hand to the shoulder2 thrust hand upward and hold the arm vertically4 ,double ,time1 ,march3 ,carry the hand to the shoulder1 rapidly thrust the hand upward the full extent of the arm several times4 ,squads ,right1 ,march3 ,raise the arm laterally until horizontal2 carry it to a vertical position above the head and swing it several times between the vertical and horizontal positions4 ,squads ,left1 ,march3 ,raise the arm laterally until horizontal2 carry it downward to the side and swing it several times between the downward and horizontal positions4 ,change ,direction or ,column ,right 7,left7 ,march3 ,the hand on the side toward which the change of direction is to be made is carried across the body to the opposite shoulder1 forearm horizontal2 then swing in a horizontal plane1 arm extended1 pointing in the new direction4 ,assemble3 ,raise the arm vertically to its full extent and describe horizontal circles4 ,,the ,,girl ,,scout ,,salute4 ,how ,to ,salute4 ,to salute1 a ,girl ,scout raises the right hand to her hat in line with the right temple1 the first three fingers extended1 and the little finger held down by the thumb4 ,this salute is the sign of the ,girl ,scouts4 ,the three extended fingers1 like the ,trefoil1 represent the three parts of the ,promise4 ,when ,to ,salute4 ,when ,scouts meet for the first time during the day1 whether comrades or strangers1 of whatever rank1 they should salute each other4 ,if in uniform a ,girl ,scout stands at attention and salutes the flag when it is hoisted or lowered1 and as it passes her in parade4 ,if not in uniform1 she stands at attention1 but does not salute4 ,when in uniform and in ranks in public demonstration1 a ,girl ,scout stands at attention and salutes when the ,star ,spangled ,banner is played4 ,but she does not salute when she herself is singing4 ,in ordinary gatherings when the anthem is played1 a ,girl ,scout stands at attention but does not salute4 ,when ,girl ,scouts are on parade or marching in troop or patrol formation1 only the officers salute1 at the same time giving the command1 ,eyes right1 or ,eyes left1 as the case may be1 at which every ,scout turns her eyes sharply in the direction ordered till the officer commands1 ,eyes front4 ,when repeating the ,promise1 a ,girl ,scout stands at salute4 ,when in uniform a ,girl ,scout should salute her officers when speaking to them1 or when being spoken to by them4 ,if in uniform1 a ,girl ,scout should return the salute of a ,boy ,scout4 ,she does not salute the police or military officers unless they salute her first4 ,girl ,scouts may salute each other whether they are in uniform or not4 ,pledge of ,allegiance4 ,i pledge allegiance to the flag and to the republic for which it stands2 one nation indivisible1 with liberty and justice for all4 ,girl ,scouts should stand at attention1 bring the hand to the full salute at the first word of the pledge1 and at the word flag extend the arm1 fingers still in the salute position1 palm up1 pointing to the flag4 ,parades4 ,girl ,scouts may take part in patriotic parades with the permission of the ,local ,council or ,commissioner or of the ,captain where there is no ,local ,council4 ,,section ,,xi ,,the ,,scout ,,aide ,introduction4 ,the six following subjects1 ,home ,economics1 ,child ,care1 ,first ,aid1 ,home ,nursing1 ,public ,health1 and ,personal ,health are grouped together1 and for proficiency in all of them a special badge called ,scout ,aide is awarded4 ,this badge will probably be regarded by the outside world as the most important decoration the ,girl ,scouts can win1 and all ,scouts who will try for it should realize that those who wear it will represent the organization in a very special sense and will be eager to prove their practical knowledge and ability in the important subjects it stands for4 ,no young child could pretend to represent ,,all this medal stands for4 ,any grown girl or woman should be proud to own it4 ,practical knowledge of ,personal ,health1 ,public ,health and ,child ,care will add to the efficiency and happiness of this nation1 and the women of today have a better chance to control these things than ever before4 ,home ,nursing and ,first ,aid will save lives for the nation in the two great emergencies of illness and accident4 ,household ,economics1 the great general business and profession of women1 if it is raised to the level of the other great businesses and professions1 and managed quickly1 efficiently and economically1 will cease to be regarded as drudgery and take its real place among the arts and sciences4 ,when the girls of today have learned to do this1 the women of tomorrow will be spared the criticism of waste and extravagance that our nation has had to bear4 ,if ,girl ,scouts make good as far as this medal is concerned and become real ,scout ,aides the ,scout reputation is secure4 ,illustration #a4 ,,the ,,home ,,maker ,,by ,,sarah ,,louise ,,arnold ,formerly ,dean of ,simmons ,college ,the ,keeper of the ,house4 ,every ,girl ,scout knows that good homes make a country great and good2 so every woman wants to understand home-making4 ,of course that means keeping a house2 and of course that means that ,girl ,scouts should try for the ,housekeeper ,merit ,badge1 the ,home ,maker4 ,now making a home doesn't mean just having it1 owning it and holding its key4 ,it means making it a good place to live in1 or helping to make it so4 ,this sounds like the ,house that ,jack built2 but all this belongs to the making of a home4 ,planning ,your ,house4 ,when you plan a house of your own you must think what it needs most4 ,you would choose1 first of all1 to have abundant air1 fresh and clean2 a dry spot where dampness will not stay2 sunshine at some time of day in every room of the house1 which you can have if your house faces southeast2 and you must be able to get a good supply of pure water4 ,you will want to make your house warm in the winter and cool in the summer1 so you will look out for windows1 doors and porches4 ,think what must be done in a house3 eating1 sleeping1 working1 resting1 by the whole family4 ,how many rooms must you have8 ,draw a plan of some house in your neighborhood that seems good to live in4 ,make up your mind what you like best in that house4 ,furnishings4 ,then houses must be furnished with the things that the family needs4 ,the furniture will be for use4 ,you must ask every piece what it is good for4 ,what will you do with it8 ,could you get along without it8 ,some things you would use constantly1 others once in a while4 ,which would you get first if you were planning carefully8 ,how much would it cost to furnish the house for which you have drawn the plans3 to furnish the kitchen1 the living room1 the bedrooms8 ,make a list of the furniture needed 7not just wanted7 for each room with the cost of each piece4 ,it is worth while for you to go to look at furniture in stores and to think about buying it4 ,then you will discover that a piece of furniture that looks well in the store might not look at all well in your house1 for furniture must suit the house and the room into which it goes4 ,it must fit1 we say4 ,no other furniture will do4 ,so the ,girl ,scout will make up her mind what will fit her house2 and of course this means also what will fit the family purse4 ,for the keeper of the house must not let into her house one single thing that she cannot afford to buy4 ,she will take pride in that4 ,so when you make a list of furniture--with its price--make sure that everything you choose1 suits1 or fits1 your house4 ,the ,cellar4 ,most houses are built over cellars1 for purposes of sanitation1 heating and water supply1 as well as for storage4 ,the ,girl ,scout who lives in the country probably knows all about cellars for they are much needed there4 ,the city girl may live in an apartment and may never think of a cellar4 ,look at the cellars of two or three houses4 ,how are they built8 ,did you plan for one in your house8 ,the cellar should be well ventilated1 having light as well as air4 ,its windows should be screened2 the floor should be dry and if possible made of cement2 the walls should be whitewashed4 ,ashes should be kept in a galvanized iron barrel1 to prevent fire4 ,a cellar should be a clean place1 corners and all4 ,the ,kitchen4 ,the kitchen is a work-shop2 it should be sunny and airy4 ,look out for windows to let in the fresh air and sunshine4 ,and while you are thinking of windows1 be sure that they can open at the top and bottom to let sweetness in1 and drive bad odors out4 ,your kitchen should hold things that are necessary1 and nothing else4 ,it should be easy to keep clean1 having painted walls1 and the floor should be of hard pine or else covered with linoleum4 ,when a ,girl ,scout takes care of the kitchen she is in honor bound to keep all the corners clean and to leave no dust nor crumbs of food anywhere about4 ,she will take great pains to keep flies out of the kitchen and so will have her windows screened4 ,a good kitchen is provided with a sink and if possible with running water2 and it must have a good stove1 with a place for keeping wood or coal if either is used4 ,the ,kitchen ,floor4 ,the floor of the kitchen should be made of hard wood4 ,maple or hard pine will make a good floor4 ,a hard-wood floor can be dressed with shellac or with oil4 ,the wood absorbs this dressing so that water will not soak in4 ,a floor which has been shellacked should be wiped with warm water4 ,not much water will be needed4 ,the oiled floor can be wiped and dried1 then oiled lightly from time to time4 ,linoleum or oilcloth may be used to cover an old floor4 ,if the floor is rough it should be made even by planing before the linoleum is put down1 and the cracks should be filled4 ,if you can't get linoleum you can paint your floor with a hard floor paint4 ,be sure to get a paint that dries hard4 ,the linoleum should be frequently washed with warm water and soap and then rinsed carefully before it is dried4 ,the ,kitchen ,stove4 ,the chief business of the kitchen stove is to provide heat for cooking4 ,it must hold a fire1 and so must be made of something which will not burn4 ,stoves are usually made of iron4 ,fire will not burn without air1 so a place must be arranged to let air into the stove1 and just enough to make the fire burn clearly and furnish the right amount of heat4 ,that is what the front dampers or slides are for4 ,the fuel1 wood or coal1 is held in the fire-box4 ,the heated air makes the top of the stove hot for frying1 broiling or boiling1 and the oven hot for baking4 ,the smoke and gases from the fire must not come out into the room to blind our eyes or suffocate us2 the chimney is built to take care of the smoke and gases1 and there must be a way for them to get into the chimney2 the stove pipe is for this4 ,but the game you have to play with your stove is to let the smoke and gases run up chimney1 but to save all the heat you can for the work to be done4 ,so your stove is supplied with dampers4 ,when the fire is new1 and there is much smoke or gas1 you open the damper into the stovepipe1 and in the stovepipe4 ,try to get a picture of the way the heated air goes from the fire-box up into the chimney4 ,we call this direct draft4 ,of course a great deal of heat runs away through the chimney1 and so your fuel is wasted4 ,now if you want to save heat1 and particularly if you want to bake1 and must have a hot oven1 you will close the oven damper that has made the short easy way into the stovepipe4 ,then the heated air must find another way to get to the chimney1 and it has to go around the oven to do this4 ,while the hot air is finding its way around the oven1 it heats it1 ready for your baking4 ,we call this the indirect draft4 ,look over your kitchen stove and see how this happens4 ,take off the covers1 open every door1 and examine every part4 ,stoves must be carefully managed4 ,the fires must burn readily and the cooking must be done with the least possible amount of wood or coal4 ,this means a clean stove1 free from ashes and with a clear draft4 ,wood or coal will burn freely in the air4 ,they will stop burning if there is no draft4 ,learn to manage your draft4 ,remember that stoves are made with a damper1 in order to control the current of hot air4 ,if the oven damper is closed this heated air must pass over and around the oven before it gets to the chimney and so heat the oven4 ,if it is open the hot air can immediately escape up the chimney4 ,when starting the fire leave the damper open4 ,as soon as it is burning well1 close it so that the oven will be heated4 ,your stove should also have a damper in the pipe1 to save the heat which would otherwise run up the chimney4 ,if there is none1 have one put in4 ,there are also dampers or slides in front of the stove to control the amount of air going in4 ,the housekeeper must learn how to manage her stove2 she must get acquainted with it1 for every stove has its own way4 ,draw a picture or plan of the stove that you know best4 ,see if you can tell plainly how to build a fire in your stove4 ,if you use natural gas or a kerosene stove tell how that should be managed4 ,gas and ,oil ,stoves4 ,cooking may be done on an iron stove with either coal or wood as fuel1 or the stove may be planned for burning gas or kerosene4 ,the coal fire must be fed several times a day with coal and the ashes must be removed to keep the fire burning clearly4 ,wood burns out quickly and must be replaced often4 ,both wood and coal stoves mean almost constant care for the housekeeper4 ,gas gives less trouble4 ,it comes in pipes from outside the house4 ,this means that somebody else--the gas company--provides the supply4 ,you turn on the gas when you want to use it and turn it off1 if you are wise and thoughtful1 the moment it is not needed4 ,the gas company measures the amount of gas that you use by its meter1 and you pay for every bit that you burn or waste4 ,the important thing1 then1 is to use as little gas as possible in order to pay for as little as possible4 ,you would rather pay twenty-five cents for a thrift stamp1 than for gas that had burned simply because you had forgotten to turn it off4 ,be sure that gas is turned completely off at all places and never have a low light burning1 as the flame may be blown out and the unburned gas escape4 ,this would be dangerous and might even kill persons in the house4 ,the kerosene stove may be used instead of a gas stove in houses which are not piped for a gas supply4 ,if wicks are used they must be carefully trimmed1 so that they will be clean and even4 ,a kerosene stove needs frequent cleaning4 ,it should be kept free from dust and from drippings of oil4 ,the ,fireless ,cooker ,when a ,girl ,scout gets to thinking about all the work to be done in a kitchen she will ask some very important questions4 ,how much work is to be done8 ,how long does it take to do it8 ,can time be saved by doing it in a better way8 ,how can ,i save labor8 ,save time8 ,save money8 ,the ,girl ,scout will find the answers one at a time1 if she does her own work4 ,and if you do your own work you will at once call for a fireless cooker4 ,the name sounds impossible1 for you have always cooked with a stove1 and1 of course1 a fire4 ,how can you cook without a fire8 ,the women of ,norway taught us how4 ,when they went out to work in the fields or on the farm they took the hot kettle of soup off the stove and hid it away in a hay box4 ,the hay kept the heat in the kettle instead of letting it escape2 so the soup kept on cooking1 and when the women came home from their work in the fields there it was1 all steaming hot and ready for dinner4 ,everyone has noticed how some things carry or conduct heat and other things don't4 ,that's why we use a holder1 when handling a hot dish or stove lifter or tea-pot4 ,the holder does not carry the heat to the hand2 it keeps it away4 ,so the hay packed around the hot kettle kept the heat in the kettle1 refusing to conduct it away4 ,therefore the soup went on cooking4 ,your ,english cousins use a cosy to cover the hot teapot or coffee pot4 ,this cosy is made of quilted cotton2 and looks like the quilted hood that your great-grandmother used to have4 ,this keeps the heat in the tea or coffee1 so that you can have a second cup for the asking4 ,america was slow to learn from her thrifty cousins1 but at last she adopted the fireless cooker2 and this is what it does3 ,the fireless cooker1 a case packed with some material which refuses to conduct heat1 is used to continue the cooking of foods after they have been made hot on the stove4 ,when securely covered in the cooker they will go on cooking for several hours because the heat is retained by the protecting case4 ,a ,girl ,scout may buy a fireless cooker1 paying from #e to #be for it1 or she may make one1 which will cost less than one dollar4 ,of course this is a challenge to make one4 ,you may be very sure that if you make a fireless cooker you will understand all about it4 ,to make a fireless cooker you will need3 7#a7 ,a cooker or container1 which should be an agate pail with a close fitting cover4 ,the sides should be straight up and down1 the bottom just as big as the top4 ,you can choose a small one holding two quarts1 or a gallon pail which would be large enough for anything an ordinary family would be likely to cook4 7#b7 ,a case1 which must be at least eight inches wider than your container1 for the packing must extend at least four inches around the pail on every side4 ,you may use a round case like a big wooden candy pail1 which you can usually get at the ten cent store for ten cents2 or it may be a galvanized iron can with a cover like the one ordinarily used for garbage2 or it may be a box shaped like a cube4 7#c7 ,for packing you may use crumpled newspapers tightly packed in2 or ground cork1 which is used in packing ,malaga grapes1 is fine1 and you may be able to get it from a fruit store4 ,excelsior is good1 and perhaps you will find that in the shed in some packing case2 while1 if you live in the country1 you may be able to get ,spanish moss4 ,this should be dried1 of course4 ,and then there is hay--which our ,norwegian cousins use4 ,let us try paper4 ,pack the box or can four inches deep1 with crumpled paper1 making a very even layer4 ,put a piece of pasteboard much larger than the bottom of your pail upon this layer and set your pail in the middle of it4 ,now pack the paper tightly around the pail up to the very top1 using a stick of wood or mallet to press it down4 ,now you must make a cloth cover for your pail in the shape of a tall hat4 ,the rim of the hat must reach out to the edges of your case and be tacked there4 ,take out your pail1 fit this cloth cover into the hole and tack the edge evenly to the box4 ,you must now make a cushion to fill the rest of the box1 packing it full of the crumpled paper4 ,make hinges for the lid of your box and put some sort of fastener on the front to keep the lid down tight4 ,now you have your fireless cooker4 ,when your oatmeal or your stew1 or your chicken1 or your vegetables have boiled ten or fifteen minutes on the stove in your agate pail1 clap on its cover1 set it into the nest1 push the cushion into the top of the cooker1 clamp down the lid1 and your work is done1 for the cooking will go merrily on all alone by itself in your fireless cooker4 ,while you are making your fireless cooker1 remember that the thermos bottle is made on the same principle4 ,and remember1 too1 that your non-conducting packing material will keep heat out just as well as it keeps heat in4 ,in the summer time you may wish to keep your ice cream cold for a while in your fireless cooker4 ,perhaps you will see how this might help on a hot summer's day and what a comfort a fireless cooker might prove in a sick room4 ,the ,ice ,chest4 ,how ,it ,is ,made ,in taking care of food we must be provided with a cool place1 for the storage of milk1 butter1 cream1 and all cooked food that may spoil4 ,in summer this is especially important2 in an apartment1 and in most city houses the ice chest is needed all the year around2 in the country1 it is needed only in the warm months4 ,the ice chest is built much as the fireless cooker is made4 ,its case is usually made of wood1 its packing material must be non-conducting1 and its lining must be some smooth surface through which water cannot pass4 ,some ice chests are lined with zinc and some with porcelain tiles4 ,in some ice chests1 food and ice are kept in the same box1 which usually opens at the top2 in other chests there is a separate chamber for the ice4 ,from the ice chamber a drain pipe carries away the water which drips from the melting ice4 ,every ice chest must be kept clean and sweet4 ,it should be looked over every day and washed carefully at least once a week4 ,no crumbs of food should be left on the shelves4 ,if you spill anything1 wipe it up clean at once4 ,the drain pipe must be kept clean4 ,a long wire brush is used for this4 ,if you are buying an ice box1 get one with removable pipes1 which are easily cleaned4 ,if there is any odor from the chest1 scald with water and soda1 a teaspoonful of soda to a quart of water4 ,rinse with fresh cold water4 ,if your ice chest drips into a pan which must be emptied daily1 have a regular time for emptying it4 ,an overflowing pan in an apartment may damage the ceiling below4 ,if it drips into a pan which drains itself1 be sure that the drain is kept clean and the entrance to the pipe unclogged4 ,clean the drip pan whenever you clean the ice chest4 ,it is a good plan to keep food in closed containers like fruit jars4 ,wide dishes take up too much space4 ,containers should be tall rather than broad4 ,put no hot dishes in the ice box2 it wastes the ice4 ,the ,iceless ,refrigerator ,an iceless refrigerator sounds like a fireless cooker4 ,this is an arrangement made to keep food cool in the summer when there is no ice4 ,a wooden cage with shelves is covered with a cloth cover and placed near a window or out of doors4 ,if in the house it should stand in a large pan to prevent the dripping of water on the shelf or floor4 ,a piece of the cloth cover should rest in a pan of water4 ,if this is not convenient a strip of cloth can be sewed to the cover endwise and this piece should be placed in a pan or bowl of water which should be set on top of the cage4 ,this water will be sucked throughout the cloth cover of the refrigerator until it is wholly wet4 ,as the water evaporates from the cover the air inside the refrigerator is cooled4 ,the iceless refrigerator works well on days when dry air is moving about4 ,it does not do well on damp1 quiet days4 ,another simple refrigerator which does very well for a little milk or a pat of butter is a clean1 earthen flower pot1 turned upside down in a shallow pan of water4 ,this will keep very cool the food which it covers4 ,the ,kitchen ,sink ,next to the stove1 the sink is the most important piece of kitchen furniture4 ,the best sinks are of enamel or are made of porcelain4 ,they have a fine wire drainer so that nothing solid will go into the trap and plug the pipes4 ,the ,girl ,scout uses boiling water1 and plenty of it1 to flush the sink4 ,she takes pains that no grease gets into the drain to harden there4 ,when grease is accidentally collected1 soda and hot water will wash it away1 but it should never collect in the pipes4 ,the ,keeper of the ,house takes pride in a perfectly clean sink4 ,taking ,care of the ,house and the ,things in ,it ,taking care of a house and its furniture means keeping the house clean1 neat1 and orderly1 and keeping everything in good repair4 ,this means a great deal of thought on the part of the ,keeper of the ,house4 ,for there are many sorts of work to be done1 and there is a right way of doing every bit of it4 ,by paying attention a ,girl ,scout may learn very fast1 and become very helpful and competent4 ,first1 there's the ,dish ,washing4 ,dish ,washing ,in making ready for dish washing scrape every plate carefully to remove crumbs that would get into the dish water4 ,try using crumpled tissue paper to remove milk1 grease1 or crumbs before the dishes are put into the pan4 ,save tissue paper1 and paper napkins for this4 ,pile in separate piles1 all dishes of each sort2 wash first glass1 then silver1 then cups1 saucers1 plates1 then the rest2 do not put bone1 ivory or wooden handles of knives into the water4 ,use hot water and soap for dish washing1 then rinse with clean hot water4 ,dish towels should be cleansed after every dish washing2 wash clean in hot soapy water1 then rinse all the soap away in clean water4 ,cooking utensils should soak in cold water until time for dish washing1 unless they can be washed as soon as used4 ,use a tray for carrying dishes to the closet or pantry instead of travelling with a handful back and forth4 ,strain the dish water before pouring it down the sink4 ,be sure that no greasy water is put into the sink4 ,let the grease rise and cool2 skim it off and dispose of it after the dishes are washed4 ,taking ,care of ,rooms ,keeping a house in order means having everything in its place in every room4 ,it means sweet1 fresh air in every room2 it means removal of dust and litter4 ,a good housekeeper tidies her rooms as she goes along1 always picking up anything that is out of place and putting it where it belongs4 ,but she also has a method in doing things4 ,perhaps she sweeps the entire house every day or every other day1 or perhaps she puts one room in order on one day and another on another and so on4 ,the important thing is to have a regular plan4 ,illustration3 ,,height ,,of ,,sink ,the ,living ,room ,taking care of a living room means cleaning the floor and the rugs2 dusting the walls1 the pictures2 cleaning1 dusting1 and sometimes polishing the furniture4 ,open the windows top and bottom1 dust and brush them inside and out2 use a soft brush or a dust mop to take the dust from the floor4 ,use a carpet sweeper for the rugs unless you have electricity and can use a vacuum cleaner2 collect the sweepings and burn them4 ,dampen one quarter of your cheese-cloth duster and roll it inside the rest of the duster1 then wring4 ,this makes a dampish cloth for dusting the base-boards1 window sills1 and other woodwork as well as the furniture4 ,where the furniture is highly polished1 or would be injured by water1 use oil on the duster instead4 ,dust after the dust has settled1 not when it has been stirred into the air4 ,shake and replace doilies or covers4 ,be sure that the pictures hang straight after dusting and that every piece of furniture is put in its right place4 ,see how long it takes to clean the room2 then study to find out how the time can be shortened4 ,do not keep useless furniture nor have too many things in your room4 ,the ,bathroom and the bath tub require daily cleansing4 ,in the ordinary family every one who uses the tub should leave it perfectly clean for the next one who needs it4 ,all the furnishings of the bathroom should be kept sweet and clean4 ,use a flush closet brush daily1 scalding it after using it4 ,and remember that fresh air and sunshine are cleansing agents4 ,get them to work for you4 ,the ,bedroom4 ,your bedroom needs all the fresh air it can get4 ,the ,girl ,scout sleeps with her windows open4 ,as soon as you have dressed in the morning throw the windows wide open again1 if they have been closed4 ,open the bed1 so that both sheets may be reached by the fresh air4 ,shake up your pillows and put them on a chair near the window4 ,leave your night clothing spread or hung where it will be well aired4 ,let your room have a fresh air bath6 ,you know already how to make a bed4 ,you will remember that all the bedclothing must be smooth and even1 when the bed is made4 ,you are lucky if you have a sister to help you make your bed1 for this piece of work is easier for two than for one4 ,you will see that the mattress is lying straight4 ,once a week you 7the two of you7 will turn the mattress1 end over end one week1 and side over side the next week4 ,then your mattress will wear evenly1 and not have a hollow in the middle where you sleep all the time4 ,then you two will lay the mattress cover straight1 and tuck it in firmly1 so that you will have no hard wrinkles to sleep on4 ,the under sheet1 smooth and straight1 must be tucked in all around4 ,you will make the bed as smooth as the table4 ,now the upper sheet1 which is the hardest thing to manage in bed making1 must be neatly tucked in at the foot4 ,but you must allow eight inches at the top to be turned over the blankets and spread4 ,now the blankets1 straight and smooth1 and evenly tucked in at the foot4 ,then you may choose between tucking in the sides after folding the top sheet down over the blankets1 and afterwards covering the whole bed with the spread1 letting the sides and ends hang down2 and laying the spread even with the blankets1 tucking in the sides1 and turning down the sheet over all4 ,try both ways4 ,now1 shake and pat the pillows1 making them very smooth and quite square-cornered2 then lay them or stand them neatly at the head of the bed1 meeting exactly in the middle2 and your bed is fit for a queen1 or a tired ,girl ,scout after a tramp6 ,with the bed neatly made1 everything must be put in its proper place4 ,the furniture and window sills must be dusted with a clean cheese-cloth duster2 and the bare floors must be nicely dusted with a dry floor-mop1 or a cloth pinned over a broom4 ,if there are rugs1 use a carpet sweeper1 if you have one1 or a broom4 ,if you do any broom sweeping1 however1 you will do it before you dust4 ,now a last look to see that the room is tidy1 every chair in place and the shades even at the windows1 and your room is ready for the day4 ,of course any ,girl ,scout who wants a ,homemaker's badge will do all these things2--not guess or suppose how others do them and how long it takes4 ,that is the honest way to learn4 ,so find out how long it takes to put your room in order4 ,there is only one way to find out4 ,fighting ,germs ,keeping clean in these days means keeping free from troublesome germs as well as visible dirt4 ,germs thrive in dampness and darkness4 ,they can be overcome by sunshine4 ,for thorough cleanness1 the house needs fresh air and sunshine as well as sweeping and dusting4 ,the ,girl ,scout must remember to let the fresh air blow through every room in the house every day4 ,she should sleep with her windows open4 ,she is fortunate if she can sleep out of doors4 ,of course she is in honor bound to have no dark1 damp1 hidden1 dirt-filled corners in any part of her house1 not even in shed or cellar4 ,let in the light and clean out the dirt4 ,fighting the ,house ,fly and ,mosquito ,house flies carry disease4 ,they breed in filth1 human waste1 animal droppings1 decayed animal or vegetable matter1 and are so made that they carry filth wherever they go4 ,since the fly alights wherever it pleases1 it carries dirt from outside and distributes it wherever it ,,chooses4 ,clean up all heaps of rubbish where flies may breed4 ,keep your garbage pail absolutely clean4 ,disinfect outdoor water-closets and cover with gravel or slacked lime4 ,get fly traps to set on your porches4 ,kill all flies that come into the house1 especially the early ones1 in the spring4 ,keep your windows and doors screened4 ,fight mosquitoes just as you fight flies4 ,leave no still water even in an old tin can1 for the eggs of mosquitoes are deposited in still water and hatch there4 ,the mosquito1 like many other insects1 has an intermediate stage between the egg and the grown mosquito4 ,during this stage it swims about in quiet water4 ,mosquitoes in great numbers may be growing in old cans or bottles1 rain-filled and hidden away under the bushes in your yard4 ,watch for such breeding places2 clean up your yard and banish the mosquito4 ,taking ,care of ,waste ,all waste must be carefully disposed of4 ,it should never accumulate in the kitchen2 but the important thing is to have no real waste4 ,see that everything is put to the utmost use4 ,if you live in the country1 chickens and pigs will take the parings1 the outer leaves of vegetables1 etc41 and you can bury or burn waste4 ,if you live in the city the garbage man will collect all waste4 ,the garbage can must be kept thoroughly clean4 ,it should be rinsed and scalded whenever it is empty1 so that there will be no bad odors about the kitchen4 ,find out how garbage is taken care of in your town4 ,how can you help to keep your neighborhood clean8 ,what should be done if there is carelessness about garbage8 ,taking ,care of ,woolen ,things ,housekeepers must fight moths as well as flies4 ,the clothes moth loves to lay its eggs in wool4 ,it is very keen in searching out bits of wool and finding a place for its baby to thrive4 ,unless you have a care it will lay its eggs in your best winter dress which you forgot and left hanging in the hot summer days4 ,when the baby worm pokes its head out of the egg1 it begins to feed upon the wool2 and when some cold winter morning you get your dress you will find holes neatly cut where the little worm has gnawed1 and beside the holes the little woven cradle which the tiny creature spun for itself1 and in which the crawling worm changed to the flying1 silvery moth4 ,the housekeeper must therefore1 carefully brush and pack away all woolen things before the moths arrive4 ,after the garment is cleansed and brushed it may be folded in newspapers carefully pinned at the ends1 so that no crack is left for the moth to get in it1 or it may be laid in a cedar box2 or in any plain box with moth balls or camphor4 ,every box should be labelled so that you know without opening it what is in it4 ,watch edges of carpets and rugs for the carpet beetle and the ,buffalo bug4 ,the last bothersome creature may eat your cotton dresses in your closet4 ,all clothing must have care4 ,make a list of the woolen things that must be taken care of if the house is closed in summer and what personal clothing must be packed away for the summer even if the house is not closed4 ,storage of ,food ,taking care of food so that it will keep well is just as important as the careful buying of food4 ,much waste1 and therefore loss of money and labor1 comes from carelessness in the storage of food4 ,the bright ,girl ,scout will keep her eyes open to see how foods are taken care of in the house2 which foods must be kept in the cellar2 which ones must be stored on the shelves of dry closets2 which ones come in sealed parcels2 which in paper bags2 which in boxes2 which in barrels4 ,there must be a place in the house for keeping all these things4 ,so you need to think which foods must be kept in the house and which must be bought from day to day4 ,and in the house which you plan there must be ample space for closets and shelves1 for keeping properly all that must be stored4 ,no one can say which things must be kept in the house by every family4 ,if the ,girl ,scout happens to live in a crowded city where rents are high1 she will have little storage space1 and will not keep so many things on hand4 ,if she lives in the country1 miles from a store1 she must have a store of her own4 ,so keep your eyes open1 ,girl ,scout1 and see what is being done in your part of the world4 ,that is what eyes are made for4 ,heating the ,house ,a house may be heated by a furnace1 by stoves1 or even by open fires in the fireplace1 as in old days4 ,heating the house makes the chimney necessary4 ,this must be carefully arranged for in planning your house4 ,heating by stoves is the most common arrangement4 ,in the large city or town1 the furnace is used4 ,this is merely a big stove in the cellar or basement1 so planned that its heat is distributed through the house4 ,by this means one big stove does the work of many little ones1 and warms the whole house4 ,the furnace may use its heat to turn water into hot steam1 which is sent through all the house through the iron pipes and radiators4 ,or the water in the boiler may be made quite hot1 though not turned into steam1 and sent through the house in the same way1 by means of pipes4 ,or hot air from around this big stove or furnace may be sent through big pipes directly to the various rooms4 ,this means dust and dirt1 and we are learning to use steam and hot water instead of the hot air system4 ,the fireplace is almost a luxury4 ,it is found oftenest in country houses where wood can easily be got and stored4 ,the town or city home may have its open fire1 however4 ,everyone loves an open fire2 and when you plan your own house1 you must manage to get one if you can4 ,the hearth is the heart of the house4 ,labor ,saving ,the housekeeper must learn how to do her work in the least possible time2 she must save steps4 ,look at the house that you have planned and see whether everything you need to use is within easy reach4 ,look carefully at the closets where you keep things4 ,are they big enough8 ,are they in the right place8 ,suppose your water comes from a well which is a long way from the house4 ,what difference will it make8 ,what would you do about it8 ,the ,water ,supply ,the water supply of every home should be carefully guarded4 ,if the water is defiled or contaminated by germs of typhoid fever1 diphtheria1 or other diseases1 whose bacteria may be carried by water1 the disease may be spread wherever the water is used4 ,no earth closets or human or animal waste should be in the neighborhood of the well4 ,water should come from high ground and clean places with no possibility of gathering infection on the way to the house4 ,great pains should be taken to keep drinking water absolutely clean4 ,all drinking vessels should be washed and scalded and the rims should never be handled4 ,in the country every home has a private water supply and takes pains to guard it4 ,in the city there is a common water supply and everyone is responsible for keeping it pure4 ,where does the water come from that supplies your city or town8 ,how is it kept clean8 ,who takes care of it8 ,whenever there is any question about the purity of common drinking water1 the table supply should be boiled1 for safety4 ,boiling will destroy any bacteria that could produce disease4 ,this boiled water should be used for rinsing dishes as well as for drinking4 ,girl ,scouts will interest themselves in municipal or neighborhood housekeeping1 for that is a responsibility which all share together4 ,learning to take care of one's own home is a good beginning1 if one is to share in providing good conditions for the neighborhood4 ,little ,things ,worth ,remembering ,the stove should be cleaned with crumpled newspaper whenever the kitchen is put in order4 ,all ashes should be neatly brushed off4 ,in lifting ashes from the ash pan with a shovel use a newspaper to cover the pail into which the ashes are poured1 so that the dust will not scatter over the room4 ,don't dump them and raise dust2 and never put hot ashes into a wooden box or barrel4 ,watch the floor of closets and see that no dusty corners are hidden out of sight4 ,air and dry soiled clothing before putting it in the laundry basket4 ,if damp clothes are hidden away they will mildew4 ,learn to make out a laundry list and to check it when the laundry comes home4 ,save the soap chips and use a soap shaker4 ,get all the help you can from older housekeepers in your neighborhood4 ,ask them how they do things and why4 ,your mother may know something better than anybody else does4 ,the ,girl ,scout asks questions and learns why things are done as they are4 ,she may think out a better way some day1 but first she must pay attention to the old way4 ,sing at your work2 it goes better so4 ,besides1 joy belongs with housekeeping and your song helps to keep her there4 ,always sing if the work drags1 but let it be a lively song6 ,making ,things ,clean and ,keeping ,clean ,making things clean is a most important duty of the ,keeper of the ,house4 ,but don't forget1 ,girl ,scout1 that keeping things clean is a constant duty4 ,you know many a body who cleans up with a lot of stir once in a while1 but who litters and spills and spreads dirt and lets dust collect in corners all the rest of the time4 ,keeping clean is the housekeeper's regular business1 and cleaning up never need stir up the whole house4 ,for keeping clean1 soap and water must always be had4 ,the soap loves to wrestle with grease4 ,the water softens and rinses away both dirt and soap4 ,you will use a scouring soap or powder to clean stained or dirty metal or glass2 and you should cover water-closets and other out-of-door places for refuse with clean slaked lime now and then to keep them clean4 ,ten ,ways of ,removing ,stains #a4 ,when you have raspberry or blueberry or strawberry stains on your white handkerchief or blouse or skirt1 do not be too much disturbed4 ,hold the stained part firmly over an empty bowl1 with the spot well in the centre1 and ask some one to pour boiling hot water over the spot and into the bowl4 ,the stains will disappear like magic4 ,then the wet spot may be dried and pressed with a hot iron1 and the damage is repaired4 #b4 ,peach stains are much harder to remove1 but they should be treated just as the others were treated4 ,often several applications of hot water are necessary for these stubborn stains4 ,but you must not lose patience4 ,and you must not use soap4 ,the stain will fade out at last under the hot water4 #c4 ,ink stains are a great bother1 especially to the school girl who carries a leaky fountain pen4 ,do not let them get dry4 ,they will be much harder to remove4 ,sometimes cold water1 applied immediately1 will remove the ink1 if the spot is rinsed carefully4 ,use the cold water just as the hot water is used for the peach stain4 ,if that does not remove it try milk4 ,if the milk fails1 let the spot soak in sour milk4 ,sometimes it must soak a day or two2 but it will disappear in the end1 with rinsing and a little rubbing4 #d4 ,ink stains on a carpet are a serious matter4 ,let us hope that no ,girl ,scout will be so unlucky as to upset an ink bottle on a friend's carpet or rug4 ,if she does1 she should know the best way to set about removing it4 ,this should be done as quickly as possible before the ink dries1 or sets4 ,take cotton1 or soft tissue paper or blotting paper1 and absorb all that has not soaked in4 ,you will see that the sooner is the better in this case4 ,try not to increase the size of the spot1 for you must keep the ink from spreading4 ,then dip fresh cotton in milk1 and carefully sop the spot4 ,do not use the cotton when it is inky2 that will smear the carpet and spread the stain4 ,use fresh bits of cotton1 dipped in clean milk1 until the stain has disappeared4 ,then rinse with clean water in the same way1 and dry with dry cotton4 #e4 ,the spots made on silk or woolen by acids may be removed by touching with ammonia or baking soda1 dissolved in a little water4 ,the bright yellow spot on a black dress will sometimes run away like lightning when touched by the wet cork of the ammonia bottle4 #f4 ,egg stains on the napkin1 or sometimes1 unfortunately1 on a dress front1 must be removed before washing4 ,use cold water alone4 ,the egg will dissolve and can be rinsed out4 ,hot water will cook the egg and it will be hard to remove4 #g4 ,liquid shoe blacking is almost worse than ink4 ,it must be treated in the same way1 and at once4 #h4 ,coffee and tea stains will wash out with either warm water or soap and water4 ,a black coffee stain on a fresh tablecloth may be removed like the berry stains1 by the teakettle and bowl method4 #i4 ,grease spots may be removed from washable fabrics by soap and water4 ,for silk and woolen1 gasoline should be used4 ,use gasoline in daytime only1 to avoid lamps or gas in the neighborhood2 and never near a fire4 ,use carbona instead of gasoline or benzine when possible1 as it cannot burn4 ,remember that all grease or sugar spots should be removed before putting a woolen garment away4 ,moths always seek them out1 and they will find them if you don't4 #aj4 ,paint can be removed by soaking the spot in turpentine4 ,this dissolves it1 and a bit of rubbing shakes it out4 ,a brush helps1 when the paint spot is on a woolen garment1 after the turpentine has done its work4 ,remember3 ,all spots and stains should be removed before washing the garment4 ,,good ,,manners ,,and ,,social ,,forms ,it is easier to meet people socially if we are acquainted with the simple forms of introductions1 meeting and parting1 and so forth4 ,a girl who is entertaining her friends will be more successful in doing so if she plans ahead how she can welcome them and has all the necessary preparations for a substantial good time1 at hand4 ,this planning also makes it possible for her to be less occupied when the time comes1 and to have a good time herself4 ,stand where guests can see you at once when they enter4 ,always introduce a younger person to an older one1 as ,mrs4 ,smith1 may ,i present ,miss ,jones1 or ,mr4 ,brown8 ,a man is always presented to a woman1 or a girl1 as ,miss ,brewster1 may ,i present ,mr4 ,duncan8 ,if you have many guests1 ask some of your friends to join you in watching to be sure that no one is left out1 so that the evening may be a success for every one4 ,it is sometimes difficult for a hostess to do this alone4 ,if you ask other girls to help you ask each to do a definite thing1 as to arrange for wraps1 sing or play1 pay special attention to some older person1 etc4 ,this saves confusion1 as the ,pine ,tree patrol does in camp4 ,a few intimate friends need no plan to make them have a good time1 but with a large number it is usually better to plan games1 music1 charades1 or some other form of entertainment4 ,when invited to a house at a certain time1 be prompt4 ,promptness is always a mark of courtesy1 as it means consideration for the time and convenience of others4 ,one should also watch carefully the time of leaving1 and not stay about unless specially detained4 ,,table ,,manners ,accept what is offered or placed before you1 with a quiet ,thank you4 ,if you are asked what you prefer1 it is proper to name it4 ,do not drink while food is in the mouth4 ,take soup quietly from the side of the spoon1 dipping it into the plate from instead of towards you1 to avoid dripping the soup4 ,break bread or roll1 and spread with butter only the piece which you are about to eat4 ,use knife only as a divider1 the fork to take food to the mouth4 ,where one can dispense with a knife1 and use only the fork to divide food1 do so4 ,when not using either1 lay them together across the side of the plate1 not resting on the table cloth4 ,a spoon should never be allowed to rest in a tall receptacle such as a cup or glass1 as it is likely to overturn the receptacle4 ,place the spoon on plate or saucer4 ,at close of meal1 fold napkin1 that table may be left in orderly condition4 ,when napkins are to be washed at once1 or when they are paper napkins1 they need not be folded4 ,do not begin a course until all are served4 ,sometimes it is better to serve the hostess first1 and sometimes it is the custom to serve the guest first1 that is the guest of honor who sits on the hostess' right4 ,when the host or hostess does the serving1 the guest is served first4 ,do not be troubled if you use the wrong spoon or fork1 and never call attention to anyone else's doing so4 ,no matter how you feel1 or what the blunder or accident may be1 such as spilling something or dropping a plate1 never show displeasure to either servant or guest4 ,good breeding and pleasant atmosphere are essential to all entertainment4 ,good breeding means first of all thoughtfulness of others1 and nothing shows lack of breeding so quickly as a lack of such politeness to those who happen to be serving us in hotels1 at home1 in shops1 or when travelling1 or anywhere else4 ,when acting as waitress1 stand at the left of the person to be served1 so that the portion may be taken with the right hand4 ,preparing the ,meal ,plan the cooking so that the food that is to be served may be kept hot2 for instance1 soup may be kept hot on the back of the stove or where there is less heat1 while the meat or vegetables are being cooked4 ,food that is to be served cold1 should be kept in the ice-box or standing in water until the last moment and served in chilled dishes4 ,in placing the food on the dishes and platters care should be taken to make it look attractive4 ,setting the ,table ,when setting the table keep in mind how many courses there will be1 and therefore1 how many knives1 forks1 and spoons are needed4 ,have everything clean1 and lay everything straight4 ,air room well4 ,wipe table1 and if a tablecloth is used1 cover table with a felt silence cloth4 ,if a tablecloth is used1 it should be laid with the fold in the center of the table4 ,if a centerpiece and doilies are used1 they should be laid at even distances4 ,clean white oil cloth and paper napkins make an attractive looking table4 ,at each cover the knife1 edge in1 is placed at the right with the spoon1 and the glass is placed at the right in line with the end of the knife4 ,the fork is at the left and bread and butter plate and small knife are at the left opposite the glass4 ,put the napkin between the knife and fork4 ,illustration ,salt1 pepper1 water1 bread and butter should be on the table1 and if necessary1 vinegar1 mustard1 sugar1 pickles1 etc4 ,when possible a few flowers add to the appearance of the table4 ,have as much ready as possible before sitting down at the table4 ,see at least that 7#a71 glasses are filled2 7#b71 butter portioned2 7#c71 chairs placed4 ,hard and fast rules as to table setting do not exist4 ,local customs1 the amount of service at hand1 and common sense must govern this4 ,the captain1 assisted by the council1 must be the judges4 ,,the ,,girl ,,scout ,,cook ,,by ,,ula ,m4 ,,dow1 ,a4 ,m4 ,in charge of ,division of ,food1 ,simmons ,college ,the ,girl ,scout who has earned the ,cooking ,badge may be a great help at home if she has learned to work quickly and neatly and may get much amusement both at home and on camping parties4 ,if the first trial of a process is not a success1 the ,scout should have patience to try again and again until her result is satisfactory4 ,if she has learned to prepare a few simple dishes well she should have courage to try unfamiliar recipes which are found in any good cook book4 ,if she is to be ready to take responsibility when it is necessary1 she should be able to plan the meals in such a way that nothing is wasted and that the family is satisfied and well-nourished4 ,when working in the kitchen the ,scout should wear a clean1 washable dress1 or a washable apron which covers her dress4 ,she should be sure that her hair is tidy1 and she should remember to wash her hands before beginning work4 ,she should try to use as few dishes as possible and not to spill or spatter4 ,she should remember that her cooking is not finished until she has cleaned up after herself1 has washed and put away the dishes1 washed the dish towels and left the kitchen in order4 ,,what ,,to ,,have ,,for ,,breakfast--,breakfast is in most families the simplest meal of the day and the easiest to prepare4 ,some people are satisfied with fruit1 cereal1 toast or muffins1 coffee for the adults1 and milk for the children4 ,many families1 however1 like the addition of a heartier dish1 such as boiled or poached eggs1 fish hash1 or minced meat on toast4 ,if a hearty dish is served at breakfast this is a good time to use up such left-overs as potato1 fish1 or meat4 ,,simple ,,breakfast ,apple sauce or sliced peaches4 ,oatmeal or cornmeal mush4 ,toast or muffins4 ,coffee 7for adults74 ,milk 7for children74 ,,hearty ,,breakfast ,apple sauce or sliced peaches4 ,oatmeal or cornmeal mush4 ,toast or muffins4 ,coffee 7for adults74 ,milk 7for children74 ,poached eggs or minced lamb on toast4 ,,fruit--,raw fruit should be carefully washed and prepared in such a way that it can be easily eaten4 ,berries may be cooked with no other preparation than washing4 ,fruits1 such as apples and pears1 should be washed1 pared1 quartered1 and cored before cooking4 ,any fruit which becomes dark on standing after it is cut may be kept light colored by dropping the pieces into a pan of water until they are ready to be cooked4 ,if this is done most of the water should be drained off before they are cooked4 ,dried fruits1 such as prunes1 which have a wrinkled skin should be soaked for a short time in cold water before they are washed4 ,otherwise it is impossible to get them clean4 ,after washing they should be covered with cold water and soaked over night1 or until they are plump4 ,they should be put on to cook in the water in which they are soaked and cooked until tender4 ,sugar should then be added if they are not sweet enough4 ,the most common method of cooking fresh fruit is to boil it gently with just enough water to prevent it from burning4 ,sugar should be added just before the cooking is finished1 the amount depending on the acidity of the fruit and the taste of the family4 ,in sampling food1 the cook should remember that the rest of the food is to be eaten by other people4 ,she should never taste from the cooking spoon1 but should transfer her sample to a tasting spoon which is not returned to the kettle4 ,,cereal--,cereals1 such as oatmeal1 cornmeal1 and cracked wheat1 should be cooked in a double boiler4 ,a double boiler can be improvised by setting a pail or pan into a kettle of boiling water4 ,cereals for breakfast may be cooked the day before and reheated in the double boiler1 but should not be stirred while reheating4 ,a tablespoonful or two of cold water on top will prevent a hard skin from forming while standing4 ,all prepared cereals are better if cooked for a longer time than the package directions indicate4 ,it is hardly possible to cook any grain too long4 ,the fireless cooker is especially valuable for cooking cereals1 but a longer period of time must be allowed than for cooking in a double boiler4 ,a home-made fireless cooker1 described in another place1 is interesting to make4 ,ready-to-serve cereals are very expensive compared with those cooked at home4 ,cracked wheat1 #a_/d cup to #a cup water2 #c-ab hours4 ,rolled oats1 #a_/b cup to #a cup water2 #a_/b-c hours ,cornmeal1 #c tablespoonfuls to #a cup water2 #a-d hours4 ,use #a_/b teaspoonful of salt to each quart of water4 ,have the water boiling rapidly4 ,add the cereal gradually4 ,let the mixture cook directly over the fire #e minutes4 ,place over boiling water or in the fireless cooker to cook slowly for a long time4 ,keep covered and do not stir4 ,the time of cooking given in the table means that the cereal is eatable after the shorter time mentioned1 but is better if cooked the longer time4 ,,toast--,good toast is worth knowing how to make4 ,the cook should not be satisfied with toast which is either white or burned4 ,toast is most easily made from stale bread1 which should be cut in one-third to one-half inch slices4 ,a single slice of toast may be made by holding it over the fire on a fork4 ,in camp a forked stick answers every purpose4 ,the easiest way to make several slices is to put them in a wire toaster and hold them over hot coals4 ,begin carefully and hold the bread some distance away from the fire1 turning it often until it dries4 ,then hold it nearer the coals until it a golden brown on both sides4 ,with a new coal fire or wood fire toast must be made on a toaster on the top of the stove to prevent the bread from being smoked4 ,if the top of the stove is being used for other things1 the drying may be done in the oven4 ,,muffins--,any good cook book has numerous recipes for muffins1 most of which1 can be made easily if the directions are followed exactly4 ,cornmeal ,muffins 7for four persons73 ,four tablespoonfuls butter or oleomargarine1 #c tablespoonfuls sugar1 #a egg1 #a cup milk1 #a-a_/c cups flour1 #b_/c cup cornmeal1 #c teaspoonfuls baking powder4 ,cream the butter1 add the sugar and the egg well beaten4 ,sift the baking powder with the flour and cornmeal and add to the first mixture1 alternating with milk4 ,bake in buttered muffin pan #be to #cj minutes4 ,this mixture makes good corn bread if baked in a shallow buttered pan4 ,,coffee--,if the family drink coffee1 they will want coffee for breakfast no matter what other items of the menu may be varied4 ,it should be served only to the grown-up members of the family4 ,coffee of average strength is made as follows3 ,one-half cup coffee finely ground1 #d cups cold water1 #b eggshells4 ,mix the coffee1 the crushed eggshell1 and #a_/b cupful of cold water in a scalded coffee pot4 ,add the remainder of the water and allow the mixture to come gradually to the boiling point4 ,boil #c minutes4 ,draw to the back of the range and keep hot for #e minutes4 ,add #a_/h cupful of cold water and let stand #a minute to settle4 ,strain into a heated coffee pot in which the coffee is to be served at the table4 ,a method for making coffee used by the guides in the ,white ,mountains is as follows3 ,boil the water in an ordinary pail1 remove the pail from the fire1 pour the dry coffee gently on the top of the water1 cover tightly and move it near the fire where it will keep warm but will not boil again4 ,in about thirty minutes the coffee will have become moistened and sunk to the bottom of the pail4 ,if the coffee is slow in becoming moist1 time may be saved by removing the cover for a moment and pressing gently with a spoon on the top of the coffee1 but the mixture must not be stirred4 ,it is essential that the water be boiling when the coffee is added1 that the cover be absolutely tight1 and that the coffee be kept hot without boiling4 ,half a cup of coffee to four cups of water makes coffee of average strength4 ,,milk--,the little children of the family should have whole milk at every meal4 ,the older children should have milk at breakfast and supper time4 ,there is no food so good for children who want to be well and strong4 ,a part of the family supply of milk is sometimes skimmed to give cream for use in coffee and on desserts4 ,the cream contains most of the fat in the milk1 but the skimmed milk which is left is still a very valuable food1 containing the substances which make muscle and bone1 and every bit of it should be used in the cooking or for making cottage cheese4 ,the waste of milk is the worst possible extravagance4 ,,eggs--,eggs may be prepared in countless ways1 and the ambitious cook will find much amusement in trying some of the suggestions in the cook books4 ,eggs are an entirely satisfactory substitute for meat and fish1 and are therefore often served for the main dish at dinner or supper4 ,many people like an egg every morning for breakfast1 but this is a rather extravagant habit4 ,if eggs are served for breakfast they are usually cooked in the shell1 poached or scrambled4 ,the men of the family sometimes prefer their eggs fried1 but this is not a good method for the children4 ,only fresh eggs can be poached successfully1 so that this is a good test for freshness4 ,poached ,eggs--,oil the skillet and fill it to within a half inch of the top with water4 ,break each egg into a saucer and let the water boil after the egg is placed in it4 ,the egg is done when the white is jelly-like and a slight film is formed over the yolk4 ,remove the egg with a griddle cake turner to a piece of buttered toast4 ,sprinkle lightly with salt4 ,if the eggs are not absolutely fresh1 the white will scatter in the water4 ,if the first egg to be cooked shows this tendency oiled muffin rings may be put in the pan to keep the rest of them in shape4 ,soft ,boiled ,eggs--,a soft boiled egg has much the same consistency as a poached egg4 ,it is easier to manage because the shell is unbroken1 but it is harder to get it of just the right consistency because the contents of the egg are invisible4 ,most people are very particular to have the egg just hard or soft enough to suit them1 and it is necessary for the cook to practice to be sure of uniform results4 ,drop the eggs carefully into a kettle of boiling water1 draw the kettle back on the stove so that the water does not boil again and 7for a soft egg7 allow the eggs to remain for five minutes4 ,if the eggs are very cold they should remain longer4 ,,use ,,of ,,left-,,overs ,,for ,,breakfast--,if the family likes a hearty breakfast this is a good meal at which to use bits of left-over meat which might otherwise be wasted4 ,meat may be chopped or ground1 reheated in the gravy which was served with it1 and served on toast4 ,lamb is especially good minced on toast4 ,to make hash mix equal quantities of meat and chopped potato and brown nicely in a greased frying pan4 ,such mixtures should be tasted to make sure that they are salted enough4 ,some people like a very small amount of onion with any of these made-over meat dishes4 ,,dinner ,,what ,,to ,,have ,,for ,,dinner--,if all the members of the family are at home at noontime it is usually more convenient to have dinner then1 but if members of the family are away or hurried at noontime it may be better to have dinner at night4 ,dinner may consist of several courses1 but if the mother or the daughter of the family prepares the meal1 the family is usually perfectly satisfied with two courses4 ,the main course of a simple family dinner consists of meat1 fish1 eggs or a cheese dish served with potato1 rice or macaroni1 and a vegetable such as string beans1 green peas1 carrots1 cabbage1 tomatoes or corn4 ,if the family likes salad1 the vegetables are often served as a salad4 ,this is a very good way to use up small amounts of vegetables which are left from the day before4 ,often little remainders of two or more vegetables may be very attractively combined in this way4 ,some families like hot bread at dinner1 and hot breads1 such as baking powder biscuit 7described under supper71 or corn bread 7described under breakfast71 are particularly good with some combinations4 ,examples are baking powder biscuit with meat stew or fricasseed chicken and corn bread with bacon and eggs or ham4 ,if fish is served in a chowder1 buttered and toasted crackers are usually served4 ,an occasional chowder for dinner is an excellent way to use up any surplus of skimmed milk which may be on hand4 ,the kind of dessert served at dinner1 besides depending on the taste of the family1 depends on the amount of money which is spent for food and whether there are young children in the family4 ,pie and ice cream1 which are favorite desserts in many families1 are expensive4 ,little children should not have desserts which contain a good deal of fat1 such as pie or doughnuts1 or which are the least bit soggy1 as some steamed puddings are inclined to be4 ,the most economical desserts and those best suited to the children are baked puddings made with milk and cereal1 such as ,indian pudding1 rice pudding1 and those made with cereal and fruit1 such as ,apple ,betty or peach tapioca4 ,if there is skimmed milk on hand the possibility of using it in a milk pudding should be considered4 ,chocolate bread pudding and ,apple ,betty made a very attractive use of left-over bread4 ,dessert should always be chosen with reference to the heartiness of the first course4 ,a main dish which is not very filling can be balanced by a more substantial dessert4 ,,simple ,,dinners3 #a4 ,hamburg steak4 ,baked potato4 ,squash or baked tomatoes4 ,apple ,betty4 #b4 ,roast chicken or roast lamb with dressing and currant jelly4 ,mashed potato and gravy4 ,peas or string beans4 ,orange jelly and whipped cream4 ,,meat--,the best way to learn about cuts of meat is to go often to market and talk to the butcher whenever he has a minute to spare4 ,some cuts of meat are tough with coarse fibers and much connective tissue4 ,they should be ground if1 like ,hamburg steak1 they are to be cooked by a short process1 such as broiling4 ,if not ground1 the tougher meats are usually cooked a long time with water and made into a stew1 a pot roast1 a meat pie1 or a meat loaf4 ,these cuts are cheaper1 but require more care in preparation than the more expensive cuts4 ,examples are the bottom of the round1 the shin1 and the flank of beef4 ,the more expensive cuts1 such as the top of the round1 tenderloin and sirloin1 are more tender1 more delicately flavored1 and are used for broiling and roasting4 ,some cuts which seem inexpensive really cost more than they appear to because they contain large amounts of bone or waste fat4 ,the difference between lamb and mutton is a question of the age at which the animal was slaughtered4 ,lamb is much more tender than mutton1 is more delicately flavored and more expensive4 ,there is a similar difference between chicken and fowl4 ,fowl is much tougher than chicken and requires careful and long cooking to make it tender4 ,pan ,broiled ,hamburg ,steak--,hamburg steak may be bought already ground at the butcher's1 or one of the cheap cuts of beef1 such as bottom of the round or shin1 may be bought and ground at home4 ,many people like a little salt pork or onion ground with the meat4 ,make the meat into small1 flat cakes and cook in a smoking hot frying pan which has been thoroughly rubbed over with a piece of fat4 ,when one side is seared over nicely turn the cakes 7a griddle cake turner or spatula is helpful7 and broil on the other side4 ,place on a hot platter1 sprinkle with salt and pepper1 dot with bits of butter and garnish with a little parsley or watercress4 ,a rump or sirloin steak may be broiled in a hot frying pan in a similar way4 ,wipe and trim the steak1 place in a smoking hot frying pan and sear both sides4 ,reduce the heat and turn the steak occasionally 7about every #b minutes7 until it is cooked1 allowing #h minutes for a rare steak1 #aj minutes for medium cooked steak1 and #ab minutes for well done steak1 for a steak #a inch thick4 ,avoid puncturing the meat with a fork while cooking4 ,many people prefer to broil a steak on a broiler4 ,this is practical with gas or electricity or over a wood or coal fire which is reduced to clear coals without smoke or flame4 ,it is very difficult indeed to cook ,hamburg steak on a broiler4 ,lamb chops may be broiled in either way4 ,roast ,leg of ,lamb--,wash the leg of lamb1 place it on the rack in a roasting pan and put in a hot oven with the roaster uncovered4 ,when the roast is well seared 7#ae to #cj minutes71 draw from the oven1 sprinkle with salt1 pour a little water into the pan1 and put on the cover4 ,finish cooking at a lowered temperature1 allowing #bj or #be minutes for each pound4 ,a dripping pan may be used in place of a roaster1 using a pan of similar size for a cover4 ,a rack may be improvised from a broiler1 a toaster or a cake rack4 ,beef is roasted in the same way1 but is usually cooked for a shorter time 7#ae to #bj minutes for each pound74 ,,beef ,,stew 7for four73 #b-a_/b pounds beef shoulder or shin4 #b cups diced potato4 #a_/c cup turnip cut in half inch cubes4 #a_/c cup carrot cut in half inch cubes4 #a_/d onion chopped4 #b tablespoons flour4 ,salt and pepper4 ,wash the meat1 remove from the bone and fat and cut in #a-a_/b inch cubes4 ,sprinkle with salt and pepper and dredge with flour4 ,sear the pieces of meat in the frying pan in the fat cooked out from the trimmings of fat4 ,put the meat in a kettle1 and rinse the frying pan with boiling water1 so that none of the juices will be lost4 ,add the bone1 cover with boiling water and boil five minutes4 ,lower the temperature and cook until the meat is tender 7about three hours74 ,add the carrots1 turnips1 onions1 pepper and salt in an hour1 and the potato in #ae minutes before the steak is to be served4 ,remove the bone and any large pieces of fat4 ,stir two tablespoons of flour to a smooth paste with a little water and thicken the stew4 ,such a stew may also be made with lamb1 mutton1 or veal1 using other vegetables as desired4 ,celery and onion are better than turnip and carrot with veal4 ,,chicken--,if a chicken is purchased at the market it is usually delivered dressed4 ,this means that the head has been cut off1 the entrails removed1 and the coarser pinfeathers pulled out4 ,many times1 however1 it is necessary to know how to do this oneself4 ,to ,dress and ,clean a ,chicken--,cut off the head and draw out the pinfeathers4 ,remove hair and down by holding the fowl over a flame 7a gas flame1 an alcohol flame1 or a piece of paper flaming in the wood or coal range71 constantly changing the position until all parts of the surface have been exposed to the flame4 ,cut off the feet4 ,wash the fowl thoroughly1 using a small brush1 in water to which a little soda has been added4 ,rinse and dry4 ,make a slit down the back of the neck4 ,remove the crop and windpipe4 ,draw down the neck skin long enough to fasten under the back4 ,make a straight cut from #a_/b inch below the tip of the breastbone to the vent4 ,cut around the vent4 ,slip fingers in carefully around and fully loosen the entrails4 ,carefully draw out the entrails4 ,the lungs1 lying in the cavities under the breast1 and the kidneys1 in the hollow near the end of the backbone1 must be taken out separately4 ,remove the oil sack and wash the chicken by allowing cold water to run through it4 ,to clean giblets 7the gizzard1 the heart1 and the liver7 proceed as follows3 ,separate the gall bladder from the liver1 cutting off any portion of the liver that may have a greenish tinge4 ,remove the thin membrane1 the arteries1 the veins and the clotted blood around the heart4 ,cut the fat and the membranes from the gizzard4 ,make a gash through the thickest part of the gizzard as far as the inner lining1 being careful not to pierce it4 ,remove the inner sack and discard4 ,wash the gizzard carefully and boil in water to use for giblet sauce4 ,if the chicken comes from the market dressed it should be washed carefully and any pinfeathers removed which were overlooked by the market man4 ,to ,stuff1 ,truss and ,roast a ,chicken--,when the chicken is clean and prepared as directed1 fill it with stuffing 7described later71 a little in the opening at the neck1 the rest in the body cavity4 ,sew up the opening with a few long stitches4 ,draw the skin of the neck smoothly down and under the back1 press the wings close against the body and fold the pinions under1 so that they will cross the back and hold down the skin of the neck4 ,press the legs close to the body4 ,thread the trussing needle with white twine1 using it double4 ,press the needle through the wing at the middle joint1 pass it through the skin of the neck and back1 and out again at the middle joint of the other wing4 ,return the needle through the bend of the leg at the second joint1 through the body1 and out at the same point on the other side2 draw the cord tight and tie it with the end at the wing joint4 ,thread the needle again and run it through the legs and body at the thigh bone and back at the ends of the drumsticks4 ,draw the drumstick bones close together1 covering the opening made for drawing the chicken and tie the ends4 ,have both knots on the same side of the chicken4 ,when cooked1 cut the cord on the opposite side and draw out by the knots4 ,lay the stuffed and trussed chicken on its back on a rack in a roasting pan4 ,lay a strip of salt pork on breast4 ,place in a hot oven until the chicken begins to brown1 then lower the temperature and cook the chicken until very tender4 ,baste often with the drippings in the pan4 ,from #c to #d hours will be required for a five-pound chicken4 ,if a fowl is used it should be steamed for #c or #d hours and then roasted for #a_/b hour4 ,stuffing--,for a large chicken mix thoroughly #d cups of finely broken stale bread1 #a-a_/b teaspoon of salt1 #a_/h teaspoon of pepper1 #a teaspoon of poultry dressing and #d tablespoons of fat4 ,pour over the mixture hot milk or water1 stirring lightly until the mixture is moist4 ,giblet ,gravy--,if the chicken was properly roasted the drippings in the pan should be nicely browned1 but not burned4 ,make a gravy from these drippings and the water in which the giblets were boiled4 ,to do this pour the water into the pan1 set the pan over the fire and stir until the contents of the pan are dissolved4 ,thicken with a smooth paste of flour and water1 using two tablespoons of flour for every cup of liquid4 ,boil until the flour tastes cooked4 ,strain4 ,add the giblets cut in small pieces4 ,,vegetables--,all vegetables should be clean1 crisp and firm when ready for cooking4 ,vegetables are prepared and cooked in a variety of ways1 but almost all vegetables should be carefully washed as the first process4 ,it is convenient to keep a small brush for washing the vegetables1 like potatoes1 sweet potatoes1 and beets1 which must be scrubbed to get them clean4 ,vegetables which are to be eaten raw1 such as lettuce and celery1 should be washed with special care1 wrapped in a clean1 wet cloth and put in the ice box to keep them crisp4 ,baked ,potato--,select smooth potatoes of even size4 ,scrub them carefully and bake them in a hot oven4 ,the time required is from #de to #fj minutes1 depending on the size of the potatoes and the temperature of the oven4 ,when the potatoes are done1 slash each one with a knife to let the steam escape1 and serve immediately4 ,mashed ,potato--,wash the potatoes1 pare1 cover with boiling salted water 7#a level teaspoon of salt to a pint of water71 and cook until tender 7#cj to #de minutes74 ,drain off the water and return to the fire a moment to dry4 ,mash the potatoes1 add butter1 salt1 pepper and hot milk1 and beat vigorously until light and creamy4 ,for three cups of potato use #b tablespoons of butter and #d tablespoons of hot milk4 ,pile lightly in a hot dish and serve immediately4 ,steamed ,squash--,wash and cut in one-inch slices4 ,steam until tender1 scrape from the shell1 mash thoroughly1 season with salt1 pepper and butter1 and serve4 ,string ,beans--,snap the ends from the beans1 remove any strings1 cut into short pieces1 wash1 cover with boiling salted water 7#a level teaspoon to a pint7 and cook until tender4 ,the time required will vary from one hour to three hours1 depending on the age and kind of bean4 ,drain the beans1 season with salt and butter1 and serve4 ,canned string beans should be rinsed1 reheated in as little water as possible1 drained1 and seasoned4 ,baked ,tomatoes--,select smooth tomatoes of even size4 ,wash the tomatoes1 cut a thin slice from the stem end and remove a spoonful of pulp4 ,sprinkle with salt1 pepper and scraped onion1 fill the cavity with buttered crumbs1 place in a pan 7preferably one which can be used as a serving dish at the table71 and bake in a moderate oven until the tomatoes are tender4 ,serve in the dish in which they were cooked or remove them carefully to the platter on which the ,hamburg steak is being served1 arranging them in a ring around the meat4 ,the buttered crumbs are prepared by melting a tablespoon of butter or oleomargarine and stirring in six tablespoonfuls of dry bread crumbs4 ,,desserts--,most desserts are easy to make if the directions given in the cook books are followed exactly4 ,many people take pride in making delicious cake or pie1 who are careless about making good toast or baking a potato well4 ,apple ,betty--,prepare well-sweetened apple sauce and thin slices of lightly buttered bread cut in small triangles4 ,fill a shallow baking dish with alternate layers of apple sauce and toast1 beginning with apple sauce and ending with toast4 ,sprinkle lightly with sugar and cinnamon and heat in the oven4 ,serve with cream4 ,orange ,jelly--,swell #a-a_/b tablespoons of powdered gelatin in half cupful of cold water4 ,mix #a cupful of orange juice1 #a_/d cupful of lemon juice1 #a_/b cupful of sugar and #a-a_/d cupfuls of boiling water4 ,add the gelatin and stir carefully until it is dissolved4 ,strain into a wet mould and chill until the jelly is firm4 ,unmould the jelly and serve with whipped cream or a custard sauce4 ,to unmould the jelly1 run the point of a knife around the edge of the mould1 dip the mould quickly in warm water1 place an inverted serving plate on top of the mould1 turn both over and lift the mould carefully4 ,,supper ,,or ,,lunch ,,what ,,to ,,have ,,for ,,supper4--,supper shows more variation between families than other meals of the day4 ,some men insist upon meat1 even though meat is served for their dinner1 but this is rather extravagant unless there is left-over meat which should be used4 ,hash and minced lamb on toast1 which were suggested for the hearty breakfast1 would be equally well liked by most families for supper4 ,many families prefer for supper some milk dish such as macaroni and cheese or a cream soup served with either stewed or fresh fruit or followed by a fruit or vegetable salad4 ,hot rolls or baking powder biscuits are a very attractive substitute for plain bread if someone has time to make them at the last minute4 ,if the mother and daughter do all the work of the family1 they usually like to have on hand cookies or cake1 which can be used for supper rather than to have to prepare some special dessert4 ,cold meat has the advantage that it is ready to serve with little preparation1 but many other dishes such as the macaroni and cheese and the creamed soup1 suggested in the menus1 may be made when dinner is being prepared and simply reheated for supper4 ,a hot drink at night usually seems desirable except on hot days in the summer4 ,if tea is served for adults1 the children should have cocoa or milk4 ,if dinner is served at night1 luncheon is served in the middle of the day4 ,the suggestions made in regard to supper apply equally well to luncheon4 ,little children should have their hearty meal in the middle of the day and a light meal at night no matter what arrangement of meals the rest of the family may have4 ,,simple ,,suppers #a4 ,macaroni and cheese or cold meat ,stewed or fresh fruit ,cookies ,bread and butter ,tea 7for adults7 ,milk or cocoa 7for children7 #b4 ,cream of potato soup ,vegetable or fruit salad ,baking powder biscuit ,tea 7for adults7 ,milk or cocoa 7for children74 ,macaroni and ,cheese4--,for macaroni and cheese the macaroni must be cooked and white sauce prepared4 ,break three-quarters of a cup of macaroni in inch pieces and cook in two quarts of boiling water to which a tablespoon of salt has been added4 ,the water must be boiling rapidly when the macaroni is added and must be kept boiling constantly4 ,when the macaroni is tender1 drain it in a strainer and run enough cold water through it to prevent the pieces from sticking together4 ,to prepare the sauce1 melt two tablespoons of butter or oleomargarine in the top of a double boiler1 stir in two tablespoons of flour and a half teaspoon of salt and pour over the mixture a cup and a half of cold milk4 ,cook this mixture directly over the heat1 stirring constantly until it begins to thicken4 ,then place the dish over the lower part of the double boiler1 containing boiling water1 and let it continue cooking for fifteen minutes4 ,put a layer of the boiled macaroni in a buttered baking dish and sprinkle with cheese1 either grated or cut into small pieces4 ,pour on a layer of the sauce4 ,follow this by layers of macaroni1 cheese and sauce until the dish is full4 ,cover with buttered crumbs and bake until the crumbs are brown4 ,to make the buttered crumbs1 melt one tablespoon of butter or oleomargarine and stir in six tablespoons of crumbs4 ,the macaroni and cheese may be prepared in the morning if desired and baked at supper time in a moderate oven4 ,it should be left in the oven long enough to become thoroughly hot4 ,if there are little children in the family a dish of creamed macaroni should be made for them without the cheese4 ,cream of ,potato ,soup-- #c potatoes #a quart milk #b slices of onion #c tablespoons flour #a-a_/b teaspoons salt #a_/d teaspoon celery salt #a_/h teaspoon pepper #b tbsp4 butter or oleomargarine ,cook the potatoes in boiling salted water4 ,when soft rub through a sieve4 ,scald the milk with the onion in a double boiler1 remove the onion1 unless the family likes it left in1 add the salt1 celery salt and pepper4 ,melt the butter in a small sauce pan1 stir the flour into it and then add this mixture to the hot milk1 stirring briskly4 ,cook for ten minutes over boiling water in the double boiler4 ,a good creamed soup may be made from almost any vegetable1 substituting vegetable pulp for the potato4 ,celery soup and corn soup are very good4 ,with these and most other vegetables1 the celery salt should be omitted4 ,onion salt is very useful4 ,creamed soups are very good made from skimmed milk if there is a supply in the house which should be used4 ,,salad--,the pleasure in a salad is in its crispness1 attractiveness or arrangement1 and pleasant combination of flavors4 ,a salad may be arranged in a large dish and served at the table if it is the chief dish of the meal1 such as chicken salad or fish salad1 but it is usually arranged in individual portions and made to look as dainty and pretty as possible4 ,all fresh vegetables and fruits used should be crisp and cold and thoroughly washed4 ,canned or leftover vegetables or fruit may often be used4 ,to wash lettuce4--,handle delicately4 ,remove leaf by leaf from the stalk1 examining for insects4 ,pass the leaves backwards and forwards through clean water until all sand is removed4 ,fold in a wet cloth and keep in the ice-box until it is used4 ,the lettuce leaves should be dried when they are used4 ,french ,dressing4--,mix #c_/d teaspoon of sugar1 #a teaspoon of salt and #a_/b teaspoon of paprika4 ,add oil and vinegar alternately1 beating constantly with a fork until #e tablespoons of vinegar and #aj tablespoons of oil have been used4 ,a quick way to make ,french dressing is to mix all the ingredients in a bottle with a tightly fitting stopper and shake vigorously until the ingredients are blended4 ,some persons prefer less vinegar1 and reduce the amount to #b-a_/b tablespoons vinegar to #aj of oil4 ,cooked ,salad ,dressing4-- #c_/d tablespoon sugar #a_/d tablespoon butter #a egg yolk #a_/d cup vinegar #a_/d tablespoon flour #a_/h teaspoon mustard #a_/d teaspoon salt ,dash of red pepper4 ,heat the vinegar in the upper part of double boiler over direct heat4 ,sift the flour1 mustard1 salt and pepper thoroughly4 ,pour the boiling vinegar gradually upon the mixture1 stirring constantly4 ,return to the upper part of the double boiler and cook over hot water until the mixture thickens1 stirring constantly4 ,add the butter and remove from the fire4 ,chill before using4 ,mayonnaise4-- #a egg yolk #b tablespoons lemon juice or #b tablespoons vinegar #a_/b teaspoon mustard #b_/c teaspoon salt ,dash of cayenne pepper #b_/c cup of oil 7olive oil1 cotton seed oil or other edible oil74 ,have the ingredients chilled1 ,place the mixing bowl in crushed ice4 ,mix the egg yolk1 mustard1 salt and cayenne pepper4 ,add a few drops of vinegar or lemon juice1 then a teaspoon of oil1 drop by drop1 until all the ingredients are used4 ,constant beating is necessary throughout4 ,fruit and ,vegetable ,salads4--,good combinations for salad are 7#a7 potato and beet1 7#b7 carrot and green peas1 7#c7 tomato and celery1 7#d7 asparagus and pimento4 ,combinations of fruit and vegetables are1 7#a7 apple and celery1 7#b7 orange and green pepper4 ,combinations of different kinds of fruit and nuts or cheese are especially good4 ,examples are1 7#a7 pineapple and orange1 7#b7 white cherries stuffed with nuts1 7#c7 banana rolled in chopped nuts or 7#d7 half pears 7cooked or raw7 with a ball of cream cheese and chopped nuts in the cavity made by the removal of the core4 ,magazines which devote a page to cooking usually have in their summer numbers pictures of salads from which suggestions in regard to arrangement may be taken4 ,baking ,powder ,biscuit4-- #b cups flour #d teaspoons baking powder #a teaspoon salt #c tablespoons shortening #c_/d to #a cup milk or milk and water4 ,sift the flour1 baking powder and salt1 twice4 ,put in the shortening1 then add the milk gradually1 mixing with a knife4 ,the dough should be as soft as can be handled without sticking4 ,turn onto a lightly floured board1 roll lightly #c_/d inch thick and cut with a floured cutter4 ,bake in a hot oven #ab or #ae minutes4 ,tea4--,people who like tea have very decided ideas about how strong is should be and how long it should be steeped4 ,the following gives tea of moderate strength4 ,scald the teapot and put in #d teaspoonfuls of tea leaves4 ,pour over them four cups of boiling water1 cover and steep #c minutes4 ,strain into a teapot and serve at once4 ,cocoa4--,the children of the family should never have tea4 ,on a cold night cocoa is a very pleasant variant from the usual glass of milk4 ,mix #d tablespoons of cocoa with #c tablespoons of sugar and a little salt4 ,add #a cup of boiling water and cook until the mixture is smooth and glossy4 ,add a quart of milk and heat to boiling4 ,this may be done more safely in a double boiler4 ,just before serving beat with an egg beater4 ,general ,suggestions ,if the ,girl ,scout who is preparing for her examination will look back over the menus which have been suggested1 she will notice that milk is emphasized4 ,it is absolutely essential that the children in the family shall have milk4 ,if the family do not like milk to drink1 it should be remembered that every bit which is used in cooking serves the same purpose as if it were taken from a glass1 but little children do not ordinarily get enough milk unless they drink some4 ,fruit should be served at least once a day and better twice1 and some vegetable other than potato should be not only served but eaten by the family4 ,children who are not taught to like vegetables when they are little sometimes never learn to like them1 and it is really important to eat vegetables1 not only because they contain important substances for growth1 but because it is only good manners to learn to like all the ordinary foods which are served4 ,anyone who has cooked knows how discouraging it is to feel that some member of the family does not like the food4 ,there is a temptation in the city where fruit1 vegetables and milk are high1 to use too much meat and but little of these foods4 ,it has been suggested recently that in forming an idea as to whether the money is being spent to the most advantage1 the money spent for fruit and vegetables1 for milk and cheese1 and for meat and fish should be compared4 ,in a well-balanced diet these amounts should be nearly equal4 ,an increasing number of people are becoming lacto-vegetarians1 which means that they eat no meat or fish1 but balance their absence by using more milk1 eggs and cheese4 ,before starting to prepare a meal the ,scout should not only have her menu in mind1 but should have an idea how long it will take to prepare each dish so that everything will be ready to serve at the same time with all the hot dishes very hot and all the cold dishes very cold4 ,if all the dishes of the meal require about the same length of time in their preparation the ones should be started first which can be most easily kept in good condition4 ,enjoyment of a meal depends quite as much on neat and comfortable service as it does upon good food4 ,the table cloth1 napkins1 dishes and silver should be clean and the dishes should be arranged so that there is as little danger as possible of accident4 ,this is the reason1 for example1 for the rule that a spoon should never be left in a coffee or tea cup4 ,this arrangement is usually more comfortable if nothing is placed on the table which is not going to be actually used at the meal1 except that a few flowers or a little dish of ferns in the center of the table is very much liked by most people1 if there is room for it4 ,it often happens that the family see more of each other at meal times than at any other time in the day and everyone should try to make meal time a pleasant1 restful1 good-humored time4 ,,household ,,weights ,,and ,,measures ,the careful housewife soon becomes skilled in weighing and measuring the various goods she buys and uses4 ,at the store she is on guard against short measures1 and if she does not market in person1 she has machines at home to test what is delivered4 ,the following table is given for frequent reference use by the ,girl ,scout while earning her badges in ,homecraft4 ,she will also find it useful in learning to judge weights and distances for her ,first ,class test4 ,,table ,,of ,,household ,,weights ,,and ,,measures 7,reprinted by permission of publisher from ,housewifery1 by ,l4 ,ray ,balderston1 ,m4 ,a4 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott1 #aiai7 ,linear ,measure3 #ab inches l foot #c feet #a yard #e-a_/b yards #a rod #cbj rods #a mile #agfj yards #a mile #ebhj feet #a mile ,square ,measure3 #add square inches #a square foot #i square feet #a square yard #cj-a_/d square yards #a square rod #afj square rods #a acre #a square mile #a section #cf square miles #a township ,avoirdupois ,weight3 #bg4c grains #a dram #af drams #a ounce 7oz47 #af ounces #a pound 7lb47 #ajj pounds #a cwt4 7hundredweight7 #b1jjj pounds #a ton ,liquid ,measure3 #d gills #a pint #b pints #a quart #d quarts #a gallon #ca-a_/b gallons #a bbl4 ,dry ,measure3 #b pints #a quart #h quarts #a peck #d pecks #a bushel #aje dry quarts #a bbl4 7fruit1 vegetables1 etc47 ,miscellaneous ,household ,measures3 #d saltspoonfuls #a teaspoonful #c teaspoonfuls #a tablespoonful #af tablespoonfuls #a cupful #b gills #a cupful #b cupfuls #a pint #a cupful #h fluid ounces #cb tablespoonfuls #a lb4 butter #b cups of butter #a lb4 #a lb4 butter #dj butter balls #d cups flour #a lb4 #b cups sugar #a lb4 #e cups coffee #a lb4 #a lb4 coffee #dj cups of liquid coffee #a-g_/h cups rice #a lb4 #b-b_/c cups oatmeal #a lb4 #b-b_/c cups cornmeal #a lb4 #a cup of liquid to #c cups of flour a dough #a cup of liquid to #b cups of flour a thick batter #a cup of liquid to #a cup of flour a thin batter #a teaspoonful soda to #a pint sour milk #a teaspoonful soda to one cup of molasses #a teaspoonful cream of tartar plus #a_/b teaspoonful soda #b teaspoonfuls baking powder #b4 ,,the ,,child ,,nurse ,there always are and always will be children to be taken care of4 ,there is no way in which a girl can help her country better than by fitting herself to undertake the care of children4 ,a ,girl ,scout thinks for herself1 and knowing the ,health ,laws1 she knows the important things to consider in caring for children3 #a4 ,the care necessary for the child's bones4 #b4 ,when it should exercise its muscles4 #c4 ,its rest4 #d4 ,the air1 sun and food and water which it needs4 #e4 ,how to keep it clean4 ,bones--,great care must be taken in handling a baby4 ,its bones are soft and easily injured1 and for this reason a baby should not be handled more than necessary4 ,when very young its entire spine should be supported1 and no undue pressure made upon the chest1 as often happens if the baby is grasped under the arms4 ,in lifting a young baby from its bed1 the right hand should grasp the clothing below the feet1 and the left hand should be slipped beneath the infant's body to its head4 ,it is then raised upon the left arm4 ,an older child should be lifted by placing the hands under the child's arms1 and never by the wrists4 ,if children are jerked or lifted by the arms1 serious injury may be done to the bones4 ,the bones1 when a child is growing1 are partly composed of soft tissue which is easily destroyed1 and further growth is prevented4 ,many children are brought to the hospitals with injuries done to their arms from being jerked across the street4 ,do not let a child walk too soon1 especially a heavy child4 ,bow legs and knock knees come from standing and walking when the bones are soft4 ,exercise--,at least twice a day an infant should be allowed for fifteen or twenty minutes the free use of its limbs by permitting it to lie upon a bed in a warm room1 with all clothing except the shirt and diaper removed4 ,in cold weather leave on the stockings4 ,later1 when in short clothes1 the baby may be put upon a thick blanket or quilt1 laid upon the floor1 and be allowed to tumble at will4 ,rest--,healthy children never sleep too much4 ,a new born baby should sleep nine-tenths of the day4 ,a child should have a nap during the day until four years old1 and1 if possible1 until seven or eight years old4 ,it should go to bed before six4 ,it should have a crib or bed to itself1 placed where it will have fresh air1 but protected from draughts1 and its eyes protected from direct rays of light4 ,air and ,sun--,a little child is in its room so much it is very important that fresh air and sunlight should be brought to it there4 ,rooms may be well aired twice or three times a day1 removing the baby to another room while the windows are open4 ,the child may be placed in its crib or carriage before on open window1 dressed as if for the street4 ,after children are three months old they may be taken out1 but the sunny part of the day should be chosen1 between #aj a4 m4 and #c p4 m4 in cold weather4 ,at night the windows should be partly opened1 but care should be taken that the infant does not become chilled4 ,be careful that sheet and blankets do not get over a baby's head4 ,the clothes may be pinned to the side of the bed4 ,food and ,water--,even little babies should be given water twice a day4 ,the water should be boiled1 cooled and kept covered4 ,it is hardly possible for children or older persons to drink too much water4 ,during hot weather a child needs more water than during cold weather4 ,mother's milk is the only perfect food for an infant during the first nine or ten months4 ,if it is necessary to give artificial food from a bottle1 the greatest possible care must be taken4 ,the milk used should be the best obtainable4 ,to obtain clean milk it is necessary that everything that touches it be clean1 sterilized when possible1 and that the cows1 and men who handle the milk be healthy4 ,in ,new ,york ,city all milk is classified according to its cleanliness and butter fat content4 ,the cleanest and richest milk is called certified milk and is sold raw4 ,the other milks are classified according to cleanliness4 ,grade ,a1 ,b and ,c are all pasteurized4 ,only certified and ,grade ,a should be used for infant feeding4 ,you know that sterile means free from germs or bacteria4 ,milk or water may be made comparatively sterile by boiling4 ,pasteurized milk is milk which has been heated to #aee ,fahrenheit1 kept at that temperature for thirty minutes and cooled quickly by placing the bottles in cold running water4 ,punctual feeding makes good digestion1 and even if the baby takes an extra nap it is better to wake a healthy baby to give him his meals at regular hours than to let his digestion get out of order4 ,between meals a little water which has been boiled and cooled and kept covered will wash out its mouth as well as refresh the child4 ,the average infant is fed every three hours until it is five months old4 ,after that it is fed every four hours until it is fifteen or sixteen months old1 when it is shifted to three meals a day with perhaps a cup of milk in long intervals4 ,solid food1 such as zwieback and milk or cereal1 is begun at seven months1 and by thirteen or fourteen months the child will be eating cereal1 bread1 broth1 beef juice1 potato1 rice1 vegetables1 etc4 ,candy is harmful for children1 and even older children should eat candy only after meals4 ,raw fruit1 except orange juice1 is apt to be upsetting in summer4 ,keep the baby and everything around him clean4 ,the baby's food is the most important thing to keep clean4 ,the cleanliness of the bottle1 when it is necessary to feed the baby from one1 is very important4 ,choose a bottle of fairly heavy glass with rounded bottom and wide mouth1 so that it may be easily cleaned4 ,short rubber nipples which clip over the neck of the bottle and which can be easily turned inside out1 should be selected1 and discarded when they become soft1 or when the openings become large enough for the milk to run in a stream instead of drop by drop4 ,remove the bottle from the baby's mouth as soon as empty1 rinse at once in cold water and then fill with a solution of bicarbonate of soda 7baking soda71 about one teaspoonful to a pint of water4 ,before rinsing wash in hot soapsuds1 using a bottle brush1 rinse well in plain water1 and boil for twenty minutes1 placing a clean cloth in the bottom of the basin to protect the bottle from breaking4 ,before using new nipples they should be scrubbed inside and out and boiled for at least five minutes4 ,after using they should be carefully rinsed in cold water and kept in a covered glass containing a solution of boric acid 7one teaspoonful dissolved in a pint of boiling water71 and at least once a day be turned inside out and thoroughly washed with soap and water1 then rinsed4 ,nipples should be boiled twice a week4 ,bath--,a baby should have a bath every day1 not sooner than one hour after feeding4 ,the room should be warm2 if possible there should be an open fire in the room4 ,the temperature of the water for a baby up to six months old should be #ih4 ,then it should gradually decrease1 next temperature being #ie1 until at the age of two it should range between #he to #ij4 ,before a baby is undressed the person who is bathing the baby must be sure that everything needed for the bath and dressing is at hand4 ,the hand basin or small tub of warm water1 a pitcher of hot water in case it is needed1 castile or ivory soap1 soft wash cloths1 towels1 brush1 powder1 fresh absorbent cotton1 boric acid solution1 and the baby's clothes laid out in the order in which they will be needed in dressing the child1 the soft flannel bandage1 the diapers1 the shirt1 flannel petticoat1 dress and shawl4 ,for some people it is easier to handle a baby when laid on a bed or table than on one's lap1 having under the child a soft bath towel or canton flannel large enough to be wrapped around it4 ,its nose may be cleaned with a bit of absorbent cotton rolled to a point1 using a fresh piece for each nostril4 ,to bathe the eyes use fresh pieces of absorbent cotton dipped in boric acid solution4 ,wash the baby's face carefully so that the water does not drip into its ears4 ,dry the face carefully4 ,wash the head gently and thoroughly with soap1 being careful to rinse completely4 ,soap the baby's body before putting it into the bath4 ,as a soapy little baby is difficult to hold1 support him firmly all the time he is kicking and splashing1 by placing the arm or hand at the baby's back between its shoulders4 ,wash particularly1 under the arms1 the creases in the back of the neck1 between the legs1 fingers and toes4 ,the bath should be given quickly and the baby lifted out in the bath towel or flannel1 covered and dried quickly1 using a soft towel4 ,rub the baby very slightly4 ,all the folds of the skin should be dried and well powdered3 under the arms1 behind the ears1 about the neck1 legs1 etc4 ,do not put too much powder on1 as it forms a paste4 ,dress the infant and lay it on its crib while putting away all the things used for its bath4 ,it is perfectly proper for a baby to exercise its lungs by crying1 so do not be alarmed1 but be sure that its clothing is comfortable and that the child is clean4 ,garments worn at night should always be different from those worn during the day4 ,the garments next to the skin should be of wool or part wool1 except the diaper1 which should be soft cotton1 and when new1 washed several times before using4 ,wet diapers should be rinsed in cold water and dried before using a second time2 about every twenty-four hours diapers should be washed1 scalded1 rinsed in cold water and hung in the air to dry4 ,daily ,routine--,child ,under ,two ,years of ,age #f4jj ,a4,m4 ,feed warm milk4 #g4cj ,a4,m4 ,seat on chair or hold over chamber not more than ten minutes4 ,if the child has no movement of the bowels at this time1 try later4 #i4jj ,a4,m4 ,give bath1 and immediately after1 feed1 then put to bed in a well ventilated room1 darkened1 or out of doors in carriage or crib4 ,be sure no strong light is in the child's eyes4 ,child should sleep until one o'clock4 #a4jj ,p4,m4 ,take up1 make comfortable1 and feed4 #b4jj ,p4,m4 ,take child out of doors again1 but do not stay after #c ,p4,m4 in winter time4 ,later in summer4 ,stormy days keep in house in crib or carriage1 well wrapped up in room with window open4 #c to #e ,p4,m4 ,hold child1 or let it stay in crib and play or kick4 #f4jj ,p4,m4 ,undress1 rub with soft1 dry towel1 put on nightclothes1 feed and put to bed in well ventilated room4 #aj4jj ,p4,m4 ,a young baby should be fed at this time1 dried1 and not fed again until #f4 ,a4,m4 ,a baby needs to be kept quiet4 ,do not make loud noises near it4 ,do not play with infant too much4 ,leave it to itself to grow4 ,keep the baby clean1 everything about it tidy4 ,do not give a child pointed toys or playthings small enough to go into the infant's mouth4 ,tie toys to the crib or carriage so that they do not fall on the floor4 ,things to ,remember ,emphasize tidy as you go1 sleep1 water1 bowel movements1 exercise for older children1 especially in cold weather1 nothing in mouth1 do not use pacifiers1 tying toys to crib or carriage1 a baby over two years of age should not be fed oftener than every four hours4 ,bowel ,movements ,at least once a day4 ,should be medium soft1 not loose1 smooth1 and when on milk diet1 light in color4 ,if child is constipated1 give one teaspoonful of milk of magnesia clear1 at night4 ,see doctor if child is not well4 ,feedings ,children from birth to five months should be fed every three hours4 ,children over one and a half years old need three meals a day1 dinner in the middle of the day4 ,little children need to be kept very quiet4 ,no confusion or loud noises around them4 ,they will then grow better and stronger4 ,colds ,never neglect a cold4 ,do not pass it on to a child by coughing1 sneezing1 talking or breathing into its face4 ,do not kiss anyone when you have a cold4 ,never allow the handkerchief used by a person with a cold to touch a child4 ,if you must handle a child when you have a cold1 wear a piece of gauze over your mouth and nose1 and be sure to keep your hands clean4 ,be very careful with the handkerchiefs used2 see that no one touches or uses them4 ,it is preferable to use gauze or soft paper for handkerchiefs and burn them4 ,when a child has a cold put it to bed4 ,keep quiet as long as there is any fever4 ,give a cathartic1 such as castor oil1 as soon as cold appears4 ,reduce the child's diet and give plenty of drinking water4 ,consult a doctor4 ,do not let the child go out until thoroughly well4 #c4 ,,the ,,first ,,aide ,,in ,,accidents ,,and ,,emergencies ,general ,rules ,the sorrow and unhappiness of the world is increased enormously every year by injury and loss from accidents1 more than half of which might be prevented if someone had not been careless1 or if someone else had taken a little trouble to correct the results of that carelessness before they caused an accident4 ,it therefore becomes the plain duty of ,girl ,scouts not only to be careful but to repair1 if possible1 the carelessness of others which may result in accident4 ,let us review briefly some of the many small things in our daily lives which cause accidents1 and therefore suffering and loss4 #a4 ,carelessness in the ,street4 ,as1 for example1 taking chances in getting across in front of a car or automobile2 running from behind a car without looking to see of some vehicle is coming from another direction2 catching a ride by hanging on to the rear end of cars or wagons2 getting off cars before they stop2 getting on or off cars in the wrong way2 being too interested to watch for open manholes1 cellarways1 sewers1 etc42 reckless roller skating in the street1 throwing things like banana peels on the street or sidewalk where people are likely to slip on them2 teasing dogs1 or trying to catch strange ones2 many dogs resent a stranger petting them and use their only means of defense--biting4 ,other examples will occur to you of carelessness in the streets which space does not allow us to mention here4 ,wait until the car stops before trying to get off4 ,in getting off cars you should face in the direction in which the car is going4 ,a simple rule is to get off by holding a rod with the left hand and putting the right foot down first4 ,this brings you facing the front of the car and prevents your being swept off your feet by the momentum of the car4 ,if you see any refuse in the street which is likely to cause an accident1 either remove it yourself or report it to the proper authorities to have it removed at once4 #b4 ,carelessness at ,home4 ,as for example1 starting the fire with kerosene2 leaving gas jets burning where curtains of clothing may be blown into the flame2 leaving clothing or paper too near a fire2 throwing matches you thought had been put out into paper or other material which will catch fire easily2 leaving oily or greasy rags where they will easily overheat or take fire spontaneously2 leaving objects on stairs and in hallways which will cause others to fall2 leaving scalding water where a child may fall into it or pull it down1 spilling the scalding water over himself2 leaving rags or linoleum with upturned edges for someone to fall over2 and innumerable other careless things which will occur to you4 #c4 ,disobedience1 playing with matches2 building fires in improper places2 playing with guns2 trying the medicines in the closet2 throwing stones2 playing with the electric wires or lights2 playing around railroad tracks and bridges3 ,we could multiply the accidents from disobedience indefinitely4 ,remember1 a caution given you not to do something means there is danger in doing it1 which may bring much sorrow and suffering to yourself and others4 ,it is a very old saying that ,an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure1 but it is as true today as it was hundreds of years ago4 ,after the ,accident ,when the time for prevention is past1 and the accident has happened1 then you want to know what is the best thing to do1 and how best to do it in order to give the most help and relief immediately1 before expert help can arrive1 and to have the victim in the best condition possible for the doctor when he comes1 in order that he may not have to undo whatever has been done before he can begin to give the patient relief from his suffering4 #a4 ,keep cool4 ,the only way to do this effectually is to learn beforehand what to do and how to do it4 ,then you are not frightened and can do readily and with coolness whatever is necessary to be done4 #b4 ,send at once for a doctor1 if you have a messenger1 in all except the minor accidents4 ,this book will help you learn to judge of whether a doctor will be necessary4 ,if in doubt send for a doctor anyway4 #c4 ,prevent panic and keep the crowd1 if there is one1 at a distance4 ,the patient needs fresh air to breathe1 and space around him4 #d4 ,loosen the clothing1 especially any band around the neck1 tight corsets or anything else that may interfere with breathing4 #e4 ,keep the patient flat on his back if the accident is at all serious1 with the head slightly down if his face is pale and he is faint1 or slightly raised if his face is flushed and he is breathing heavily1 as though snoring4 #f4 ,if there is vomiting1 turn the head to one side in order that the vomited material may easily run out of the mouth and not be drawn into the windpipe and produce choking to add to the difficulties already present4 #g4 ,remove clothing1 if necessary1 gently and in such manner as to give the patient the least amount of suffering4 ,move any injured part as little as possible4 ,at the same time1 as a secondary consideration1 injure the clothing as little as possible4 ,if1 as often1 it becomes necessary to cut off the clothing1 it may be possible to rip up a seam quickly instead of cutting the cloth1 but saving the clothing is always secondary to the welfare of the patient4 ,little or no consideration should be shown for clothing where it is necessary to keep the patient motionless1 or where quick action is needed4 #h4 ,transportation4 ,there are three methods for emergency transportation of accident victims which can be used according to the degree of the injury3 7a7 ,fireman's ,lift4 ,if it is necessary for one person to carry a patient1 it is easily possible to lift and carry quite a weight in the following manner3 ,first1 turn the patient on his face1 then step astride his body1 facing toward his head1 and1 with hands under his armpits1 lift him to his knees1 then clasp your hands over the patient's abdomen and lift him to his feet2 then draw his left arm around your neck and hold it against the left side of your chest1 the patient's left side resting against your body1 and supporting him with your right arm about the waist4 ,then drop the patient's left hand and grasp his right wrist with your left hand and draw the right arm over your head and down upon your left chest2 then stooping1 clasp his right thigh with your right arm passed between the legs 7or around both legs7 and with a quick heave lift the patient to your shoulders and seize his right wrist with your right hand1 and lastly1 grasp the patient's left hand with your left hand to steady him against your body4 7,work this out with a companion as you read it47 7b7 ,a seat made of four arms and hands 7which you have no doubt used in your play71 may be used for the lesser injuries4 ,if the patient can1 he supports himself by putting his arms around the necks of his carriers1 each of whom in the meantime grasps one of his own wrists and one of his partner's4 ,this makes a comfortable seat for carrying4 ,if the patient needs supporting1 a back may be improvised by each carrier grasping the other's arm below the shoulder to form the back and their other hands clasped to form the seat4 ,a better seat may be made with three hands clasping the wrists1 while the fourth arm is used as a back1 by one clasping the other's arm below the shoulder4 ,this does not provide a very secure back1 however1 as it is not easy to hold the arm against much of a weight from the patient's body4 7c7 ,improvised ,stretcher4 ,when the patient shows any sign of shock1 is unconscious1 has a serious fracture of some bone or bones1 has a serious injury to any part of the body1 or is bleeding excessively1 he must be carried lying down4 ,it may be that there will be no regular stretcher at hand4 ,in that case one must be improvised4 ,a serviceable one can be made from ordinary grain or flour bags by cutting the two corners at the bottom and running two poles inside the mouth of the bags and through the holes4 ,a workable stretcher can be made from coats by turning the sleeves inside out1 passing the poles through the sleeves and buttoning the coat over the poles4 ,this brings the turned sleeves on the inside4 ,a five-bar gate or a door1 if it can be gotten without delay1 also make satisfactory emergency stretchers4 ,a stretcher may also be made out of dress skirts1 with or without poles4 ,put the skirts together1 bottoms slipped past each other1 and slip the poles through1 as with the bags4 ,if no poles are available1 roll the edges of the skirts over several times to form a firm edge1 and carry with two or four bearers1 as the size and weight of the patient make necessary4 ,minor ,injuries and ,emergencies ,minor injuries may or may not need the aid of a doctor1 and you must learn to use judgment as to the necessity of sending for one4 ,we will consider these minor injuries in groups to remember them more easily4 #a4 7a7 ,,bruises2 7b7 ,,strains2 7c7 ,,sprains 7a7 ,a ,bruise is produced by a blow which does not break the skin1 but does break the delicate walls of the capillaries and smaller veins1 thus permitting the blood to flow into the surrounding tissues1 producing the discoloration known as black and blue4 7b7 ,a ,strain is produced by the overstretching of muscles or ligaments1 or both1 but not tearing them4 ,it may or may not be accompanied by breaking of capillary walls with discoloration4 ,any muscle or ligament may be strained4 7c7 ,a ,sprain is produced by the overstretching of the muscles or ligaments or both about a joint4 ,there may also be some tearing of the fibres or tearing loose from their attachments4 ,this always breaks capillaries or small veins1 making the surface black and blue4 ,this discoloration usually appears some time after the accident1 because the broken blood vessels are far below the surface4 ,treatment--,for bruises and strains it is seldom necessary to call a doctor4 ,apply cold1 either by wringing cloths out of cold water and applying1 or by holding the injured part under the cold water tap4 ,do this at intervals of several hours1 until the pain is lessened4 ,the cold may be alternated with hot water which must1 however1 be quite hot1 just enough not to burn1 as lukewarm water is almost useless4 ,some patients will prefer to use only hot water4 ,the water followed by applications of tincture of arnica1 witch hazel1 or alcohol and water1 half and half1 and bandaging will be sufficient4 ,if1 however1 there has been no black and blue at first1 as in a bruise1 but it begins to show later1 and the pain continues severe1 and there is a good deal of swelling1 then you should send for a doctor1 as more than first aid is needed4 ,in case of sprain1 send for a doctor1 and in the meantime elevate the joint and apply hot or cold water1 or alternate hot and cold1 as patient prefers4 ,this will give relief by contracting the blood vessels4 #b4 7a7 ,,burns2 7b7 ,,scalds2 7c7 ,,sunburn2 7d7 ,,frostbite 7a7 ,burns are produced by dry heat1 as a fire1 acids1 alkalis1 etc41 and may be of all degrees1 from a superficial reddening of the skin to a burning of the tissues to the bone4 7b7 ,scalds are produced by moist heat1 and may be of the same degrees as those produced by dry heat4 7c7 ,sunburn is produced by the sun1 and is usually superficial1 but may be quite severe4 7d7 ,frostbite is produced by freezing the tissues and is usually not dangerous4 ,the more severe types will be treated later under ,freezing4 ,treatment--7a7 ,burns2 7b7 ,scalds #a4 ,except in the minor burns and scalds1 send for the doctor at once4 #b4 ,the first thing to do is allay pain by protecting the injured part from the air4 #c4 ,for a burn produced by fire1 cover with a paste made of baking soda and water1 or smear with grease--as lard1 carron oil 7mixture of linseed oil and lime water--half and half7 or vaseline or calendula cerate4 ,cover with a piece of clean cloth or absorbent gauze and bandage loosely or tie in place4 ,gauze prepared with picric acid1 if at hand1 is a most satisfactory dressing4 ,it can be purchased and kept on hand for emergencies4 #d4 ,in burns from alkalis or acids1 wash off as quickly as possible and neutralize 7make inactive the acids with baking soda1 weak ammonia or soapsuds2 the alkalis with vinegar or lemon juice74 ,afterward treat like other burns4 7c7 ,sunburn is an inflammation of the skin produced by the action of the sun's rays and may be prevented by gradually accustoming the skin to exposure to the sun4 ,it is treated as are other minor burns4 7d7 ,frostbite--,prevention--#a4 ,wear sufficient clothing in cold weather and keep exposed parts1 such as ears and fingers1 covered4 #b4 ,rub vigorously any part that has become cold4 ,this brings the warm blood to the surface and prevents chilling4 #c4 ,keep in action when exposed to the cold for any length of time4 ,the signs of danger are sudden lack of feeling in an exposed part1 and a noticeably white area4 ,chilblain is an example of frostbite4 ,treatment--,the circulation of the blood through the frozen part must be restored gradually4 ,this must be done by rubbing the part first with cold water1 which will be slightly warmer than the frozen part1 and gradually warming the water until the circulation and warmth is fully restored4 ,then treat as a minor burn4 ,if heat is applied suddenly it causes death of frozen parts4 #c4 ,,splinters1 ,,small ,,cuts1 ,,scratches ,,and ,,pin ,,pricks ,none of these injuries will usually require a doctor if properly treated in the beginning4 ,the bleeding from any of them is not sufficient to be dangerous4 ,but whenever there is a break in the skin or mucous membrane there is danger of infection by germs1 and this is what makes the first aid treatment in these cases so important4 ,a tiny scratch is sometimes converted into a bad case of blood poisoning by not being properly treated at first4 ,splinters should be removed by using a needle 7not a pin7 which has been sterilized by passing it through a flame 7the flame of a match will do if nothing better is at hand74 ,after the splinter is out1 the wound is treated like a cut or scratch4 ,the germs which produce poisoning do not float in the air1 but may be conveyed by any thing which is not sterile1 as1 for instance1 the splinter or the instrument that did the cutting1 scratching or pricking4 ,they may be carried to the scratch by our hands1 by water1 or cloth used for dressings4 ,treatment--,wash your own hands thoroughly with soap and water1 using a nail brush4 ,clean the injured part well with disinfectant1 as1 for instance1 alcohol and water1 half and half1 or peroxide of hydrogen--paint the spot with iodine1 and cover with sterile gauze 7if this is not to be had1 use a piece of clean cloth that has been recently ironed71 and bandage in place4 ,if the bleeding is severe1 a little pressure with the bandage over the dressing will stop it4 ,use the same precautions if the wound has to be re-dressed4 #d4 ,,stings ,,and ,,bites ,,of ,,insects ,the poison injected by the sting or bite of an insect is usually acid1 and the part should be washed at once with a solution of ammonia or soda 7washing soda7 to neutralize the poison4 ,then apply a paste of soda bicarbonate 7baking soda7 or wet salt and bandage in place4 ,if the sting is left in the wound it must be pulled out before beginning treatment4 #e4 ,,foreign ,,bodies ,,in ,,the 7a7 ,,eye 7,cinder7 7b7 ,,ear 7,insect71 7c7 ,,nose 7,button7 7a7 ,eye--,if a cinder1 eyelash1 or any tiny speck gets into the eye it causes acute pain1 and in a few minutes considerable redness4 ,treatment--,do not rub the eye1 as this may press the object into the tender cornea so that it can be removed only with difficulty and by a physician4 ,first close the eye gently1 pull the eyelid free of the ball1 and the tears may wash out the speck4 ,if this is not successful1 close the eye1 hold the lid free1 and blow the nose hard4 ,you may then be able to see the speck and remove it with a bit of clean cotton or the corner of a clean handkerchief4 ,if the object is lodged under the lid1 and the foregoing efforts do not dislodge it1 proceed to turn the lid up as follows3 ,ask the patient to look at the floor1 keeping the eyeball as stationary as possible4 ,take a clean wooden toothpick or slender pencil1 wrapped with cotton1 place on the upper lid about one-fourth of an inch from the edge1 grasp the eyelashes with the other hand1 give a slight push downward toward the cheek with the toothpick1 a slight pull upward on the lashes and turn the lid over the toothpick4 ,remove the speck and slip the lid back in position4 ,wash the eye with boric acid solution4 ,if you are still unable to dislodge the body1 discontinue any further efforts1 apply a cloth wet in cold boric acid solution and send for the doctor4 ,anything done to the eyes must be done with the greatest gentleness4 ,if an acid has entered the eye1 neutralize it with a weak solution of soda bicarbonate in water4 ,if an alkali 7lime7 is the offending substance1 neutralize by a weak vinegar solution4 ,follow in each case with a wash of boric acid solution4 7b7 ,ear 7,insect72 7c7 ,button in ,nose--,foreign bodies in the ear and nose are not very common4 ,but sometimes a child slips a button or other small object into these cavities1 or an insect may crawl in4 ,drop in a few drops of sweet oil and if the object comes out easily1 well and good4 ,if not1 do not keep on trying to extract it1 for fear of greater injury4 ,send for the doctor4 #f4 ,,ivy ,,and ,,oak ,,poisoning ,there is a poison ivy 7or poison oak7 which is very poisonous to some people1 and more or less so to all people4 ,the poison ivy has a leaf similar to the harmless woodbine1 but the leaves are grouped in threes instead of fives4 ,the poison given off by these plants produces a severe inflammation of the skin4 ,in the early stages it may be spread from one part of the body to another by scratching4 ,treatment--,wash the irritated surface gently with soap and water1 and then apply a paste of soda bicarbonate or cover quickly with carbolated vaseline4 ,another remedy is fluid extract grindelia robusta1 one dram to four ounces of water4 ,sugar of lead and alcohol have also been found useful4 ,for severe cases consult a doctor1 especially if the face or neck or hands are affected4 #g4 7a7 ,,fainting2 7b7 ,,heat ,,exhaustion 7a7 ,fainting is caused by lack of blood in the brain1 and usually occurs in overheated1 crowded places1 from fright or from overfatigue4 ,symptoms--#a4 ,the patient is very pale and partially or completely unconscious4 #b4 ,the pulse is weak and rapid4 #c4 ,the pupils of the eyes are normal4 ,treatment--#a4 ,if possible put the patient flat on his back1 with the head slightly lower than the rest of the body4 #b4 ,if there is not room to do this1 bend the patient over with his head between the knees until sufficient blood has returned to the brain to restore consciousness4 #c4 ,then get the patient into the fresh air as soon as possible4 #d4 ,keep the crowd back4 #e4 ,loosen the clothing about the neck4 #f4 ,apply smelling salts to the nose4 #g4 ,when the patient has recovered sufficiently to swallow1 give him a glass of cold water1 with one-half teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia if necessary4 7b7 ,heat ,exhaustion is exhaustion or collapse due to overheating where there is not sufficient evaporation from the surface of the body to keep the temperature normal4 ,symptoms--#a4 ,the patient is usually very weak4 #b4 ,the face is pale and covered with a clammy sweat4 #c4 ,the pulse is weak and rapid4 #d4 ,the patient is usually not unconscious4 ,treatment--#a4 ,remove the patient to a cool place and have him lie down4 #b4 ,loosen the clothing4 #c4 ,give him a cold drink to sip4 #d4 ,put cold cloths on his head4 #e4 ,send for the doctor4 #f4 ,if necessary1 give stimulant as in fainting4 #h4 7a7 ,,choking3 7b7 ,,hiccough 7a7 ,choking--,choking is produced by something lodged in the throat1 does not require artificial respiration1 but a smart slap on the back to aid in dislodging whatever is blocking the air passage4 ,it may be necessary to have the patient upside down1 head lower than feet1 to aid in getting out the foreign body4 ,this is a comparatively simple matter with a child1 but is not so easy with an adult4 ,when the object is not too far down the throat it may be necessary for someone to use his fingers to pull out the offending substance to keep the patient alive until the doctor can arrive4 ,in this case wedge the teeth apart with something to prevent biting before trying to grasp the object4 7b7 ,hiccough--,this is usually due to indigestion or overloading of the stomach4 ,holding the breath for one-half minute will usually cure it1 as it holds quiet the diaphragm 7the large muscular and fibrous partition between the chest and abdomen71 and overcomes its involuntary contractions which are causing the hiccoughs4 ,a scare has the same effect sometimes4 ,if the hiccoughs still continue troublesome after these simple remedies try to cause vomiting by drinking lukewarm water1 which will get rid of the offending material causing the hiccough1 and relieve the distress4 #i4 ,,nose ,,bleed ,the ordinary nose bleed will soon stop from the normal clotting of the blood and does not require treatment4 7a7 ,keep head elevated1 with patient sitting up if possible4 ,do not blow the nose1 as this will dislodge any clot which may have formed1 and the bleeding will begin again4 ,any tight collar around the neck should be loosened4 7b7 ,if the bleeding seems excessive1 apply cloths wrung out of ice water to the back of the neck and over the nose4 7c7 ,if the bleeding still continues and is abundant1 pack the nostril with a cotton or gauze plug4 ,pack tightly 7with a blunt end of a pencil if nothing else is at hand7 and send for the doctor at once4 ,major ,injuries and ,emergencies #a4 7a7 ,,dislocations2 7b7 ,,fractures 7a7 ,dislocations--,in a dislocation the head of a bone is pushed or pulled out of its socket4 ,a person may be falling and in trying to save himself catch hold of something in such a way that he feels a sharp1 sudden1 severe pain1 and may even feel the head of the bone slip out at the shoulder or elbow4 ,symptoms--#a4 ,when you looked at the injured part it does not look like the other side4 #b4 ,if you attempt to move it you find it will no longer move as a joint does1 but is stiff4 #c4 ,there is great pain and rapid swelling usually4 #d4 ,there may or may not be black and blue spots around the joint4 ,treatment--,send for a doctor at once4 ,while waiting for the doctor1 place the patient in the easiest position possible1 and apply hot or cold cloths1 frequently changed1 to the injured part4 ,in dislocation of the jaw it may be necessary for someone to try to replace it before the doctor arrives4 ,the mouth is open and the jaw fixed4 ,the patient may even tell you he has felt the jaw slip out of its socket4 ,wrap your thumbs in cloth to prevent biting when the jaw snaps back in place4 ,place the thumbs on the tops of the lower teeth on each side1 with the fingers outside1 and push firmly down until the head of the bone can slip over the edge of the socket into place4 ,as you feel the bone slipping into place1 slide your thumbs out to the inner side of the cheek to prevent biting when the jaws snap together with the reducing of the dislocation4 7b7 ,fractures--,broken bones--,there are two classes of fractures3 #a4 ,simple--,in a simple fracture the bone is broken1 but the skin is not broken2 that is1 there is no outward wound4 #b4 ,compound--,in a compound fracture not only is the bone broken1 but the jagged ends pierce through the skin and form an open wound4 ,this makes it more dangerous as the possibility of infection by germs at the time of the accident1 or afterward1 is added to the difficulty of the fracture4 ,symptoms--,as in dislocation1 you should be familiar with the main symptoms of a broken bone4 #a4 ,when you look at the injured part it may or may not look like its mate on the other side4 ,in the more severe fractures it usually does not4 #b4 ,when you try to move it you find more motion than there should be1 if the bone has broken clear through2 that is1 there will seem to be a joint where no joint should be4 #c4 ,the least movement causes great pain4 #d4 ,the swelling is usually rapid4 #e4 ,the discoloration 7black and blue7 appears later2 not at once1 unless there is also a superficial bruise4 #f4 ,the patient is unable to move the injured part4 #g4 ,you may hear the grate of the ends of the bone when the part is moved1 but you should not move the injured bone enough to hear this1 especially if the limb is nearly straight2 the detection of this sound should be left for the doctor4 ,treatment--,send for a doctor at once1 and if it will be possible for him to arrive soon1 make the patient as comfortable as possible and wait for him4 ,however1 if it will be some time before the doctor can arrive you should try to give such aid as will do no harm and will help the sufferer4 ,you must handle the part injured and the patient with the utmost gentleness to avoid making a simple fracture into a compound one1 or doing other injury1 and also to give him as little additional suffering as possible4 ,you will need to get the clothing off the part to be sure of what you are doing4 ,rip the clothing in a seam if possible when the fracture is in an arm or leg1 but if this cannot be done1 you will have to cut the material4 ,do not try to move the broken bone trying to get off a sleeve or other part of the clothing4 ,with the greatest gentleness put the injured part1 for instance1 the arm or leg1 as nearly as possible in the same position as the sound part1 and hold it in that position by splints4 ,do not use force to do this4 ,there is no great hurry needed to set a broken bone4 ,the important point is to get it set right1 and this may better be done after complete rest of several days1 allowing for the passing of the inflammation4 ,the ,most ,important ,what ,not to ,do ,points for ,fractures ,are3 #a4 ,if there is reason to think a bone may be broken try in all ways to prevent motion at point of fracture lest it be made compound4 #b4 ,do not go hunting for symptoms of fracture 7such as the false point of motion or the sound crepitus7 just to be sure4 #c4 ,the best treatment is to try to immobilize the part till the doctor comes4 ,splints--,anything that is stiff and rigid may be used for splints4 ,shingles1 boards1 limbs of trees1 umbrellas1 heavy wire netting1 etc4 ,flat splints are best1 however4 ,all splints should be padded1 especially where they lie against a bony prominence1 as for instance1 the ankle or elbow joint4 ,if the patient is wearing heavy winter clothing this may form sufficient padding4 ,if not1 then other cloth1 straw or leaves may be used4 ,cotton batting makes excellent padding but if this is not to be had quickly1 other things can be made to do to pad the first rough splints which are applied until the patient can reach a doctor or the doctor arrives on the scene of the accident4 ,in applying splints remember they must extend beyond the next joint below and the next joint above1 otherwise movement of the joint will cause movement of the broken part4 ,the splints are tied firmly in place with handkerchiefs1 strips of cloth1 or bandages1 tied over splints1 padding and limb4 ,do not tie tight enough to increase the pain1 but just enough to hold the splints firmly4 ,do not tie directly over the break4 ,there must be an inner and outer splint for both the arms and the legs4 #b4 7a7 ,,serious ,,wounds2 7b7 ,,serious ,,bleeding ,send for the doctor at once1 and then stop the bleeding and keep as clean as possible till he arrives4 ,dangers--#a4 ,in any wound with a break in the skin1 there is the danger of infection or blood poisoning1 as you have already learned4 #b4 ,in serious wounds through the skin1 flesh and blood vessels there is also the danger of severe bleeding1 with the possibility of the patient's bleeding to death4 ,infection--,you already know how the germs which can cause the blood poisoning get into the wound4 7a7 by the object that makes the wound 7b7 from the clothing of the patient through which the wound is made 7c7 from the rescuer's hands 7d7 from the water which has not been sterilized used in washing the wound 7e7 from dirty dressings1 that is1 dirty in the sense that they have on them germs which can get into the wound and cause infection or blood poisoning4 ,the first two of these chances the ,girl ,scout will not be able to control4 ,the last three she can to some extent prevent4 ,do not wash1 touch or put anything into a serious wound unless a doctor cannot be found4 ,only this sort of thing justifies running risk of infection4 ,otherwise just put on a sterile dressing and bandage4 ,in reality washing wounds only satisfies the aesthetic sense of the operator without real benefit to the patient in many cases4 ,if a wound has to be cleansed before the doctor comes use boiled water2 if this cannot be had at once1 use water and alcohol half and half4 #a4 ,always wash your hands thoroughly with water1 soap and a nail brush1 unless there is necessity for immediate help to stop bleeding which admits of no time to clean one's hands4 ,be sure your nails are clean4 #b4 ,try not to touch the wound with your hands unless it is absolutely necessary4 #c4 ,many wounds do not have to be washed1 but dressing may be applied directly4 #d4 ,having cleansed the wound as best you can1 or all that is necessary1 apply sterile cloth for dressing4 ,this may be gotten at a drug store in a sterile package ready for use immediately1 and is very satisfactory4 ,if1 however1 these cannot be had1 remember any cloth like a folded handkerchief that has been recently washed and ironed is practically sterile1 especially if you unfold it carefully and apply the inside which you have not touched1 to the wound4 ,bind the dressing on with a bandage to keep in place until the doctor arrives4 7b7 ,serious ,bleeding3 ,it is important that you should learn what is serious bleeding and this will often help you to be cool under trying circumstances4 ,as you learned in your work in minor emergencies1 the bleeding from the small veins and capillaries is not usually sufficient to be dangerous1 and the pressure of the dressing when put on and bandaged in place will soon stop it4 ,it may sometimes be necessary to put more dressing outside of that already on 7called re-inforcing it7 and bandage again snugly4 ,but if you have made sure first that there is no large vein or artery cut1 you need not be troubled for fear there will be serious bleeding before the doctor arrives4 ,illustration3 ,tourniquet ,showing where stone for pressing against artery is placed ,loop through which stick for tightening is inserted ,bleeding from an ,artery3 ,if an artery is cut the blood spurts out1 the size of the stream depending on the size of the artery cut4 ,this is the most serious bleeding because the heart is directly behind1 pumping the blood through the artery with all its power4 ,if it is a small artery the pressure with the finger between the cut and the heart for a few minutes will give the blood time to clot behind the finger and form a plug4 ,this will stop the bleeding aided by pressure of the bandage4 ,if it is a larger vessel the force in the heart muscle pumping the blood will force out any plug formed by the finger there1 as the finger tires too easily4 ,tourniquet3 ,in this case it will be necessary to put on a tourniquet to take the place of the finger until a clot can form in the vessel big enough and strong enough to prevent the force of the blood current from pushing it out4 ,this of course can be used only on the legs or arms4 ,a tourniquet is something put on to make pressure on a blood vessel to stop serious bleeding4 ,there are five points to remember about a tourniquet3 #a4 ,it must be long enough to tie around the limb--a big handkerchief1 towel or wide bandage4 #b4 ,there must be a pad to make the pressure over the artery greater than on the rest of the limb--a smooth stone1 a darning ball1 a large cork1 cloth folded into a large pad or a rolled bandage4 #c4 ,the pad must be so placed that the artery lies between pad and the bone on the limb1 in order that the pressure may stop the flow of blood by forcing the walls of the artery together between the pad and the bone4 #d4 ,unless the tourniquet is put on tight enough1 its application increases bleeding4 ,it is extremely rare to find a tourniquet put on tight enough4 ,in almost every such case removing the tourniquet will stop or partly lessen bleeding4 ,a short stick or handle is needed1 about a foot long1 with which to twist the tourniquet sufficiently to stop the flow of blood4 ,usually it cannot be twisted tightly enough by hand alone4 ,tie the twisted part firmly so it will not slip1 after it has been made tight enough to stop bleeding4 #e4 ,remember1 a tourniquet stops most of the circulation below it as well as in the cut artery1 and must not be left in place too long for fear of injury to the rest of the limb by cutting off the circulation4 ,usually it should not be left on for more than an hour4 ,bleeding from ,veins--,bleeding from the veins is not so dangerous as from an artery4 ,the blood from the heart has to go through the little capillaries before it gets into the veins1 and therefore the force of the heart muscle on the blood in the veins is not so great as in the arteries4 ,the blood does not spurt out1 but flows out as it would from a bottle tipped on its side4 ,you have already learned what to do to stop the bleeding from the smaller veins1 and that it is not serious4 ,from the larger veins1 however1 it can be very serious1 and it may be necessary for you to put on a tourniquet before the doctor arrives in order to save the patient's life4 ,almost always bleeding from a vein can be controlled by clean gauze or handkerchief pad and pressure by hand directly over the bleeding wound4 ,tourniquets are almost never needed in bleeding from a vein4 ,if necessary1 it is wisest to apply them in the same way as for arterial hemorrhage and stop the circulation in the whole limb4 ,it is important to know in a general way where the blood vessels are in order to put the pad over them to stop the bleeding4 ,roughly speaking1 the artery of the arm runs down about in a line with the inner seam of the coat4 ,the large vein lies close beside it1 carrying the blood back to the heart4 ,the artery and vein of the leg run about in a line with the inside seam of a man's trousers4 ,stimulants--,in serious bleeding of any kind do not give stimulants until the bleeding has been stopped1 as the stimulants increase the force of the heart and so increase the flow of blood4 ,after the tourniquet is on and bleeding is stopped1 if the patient is very weak1 he may have a teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia in half a glass of water4 7a7 ,,shocks2 7b7 ,,apoplexy2 7c7 ,,convulsions 7a7 ,shocks--,in any injury1 except the slight ones1 the ends of the nerves in the skin are bruised or jarred4 ,they send this jar along the nerves to the very delicate brain4 ,the blood is drawn from the brain into the larger blood vessels1 and the result produced is called shock4 ,if you have jammed your finger in a door sometime1 perhaps you have felt a queer sick feeling and had to sit down4 ,a cold sweat broke out all over you1 and you were hardly conscious for a moment or two4 ,this was a mild case of shock4 ,in more severe injuries a shock to the brain may be very serious4 ,symptoms of ,shock--#a4 ,the patient may or may not be unconscious1 but he may take no notice of what is going on around him4 #b4 ,the face is pale and clammy4 #c4 ,the skin is cold4 #d4 ,the pulse is weak4 #e4 ,the breathing is shallow4 ,in any serious injury the shock is liable to be severe and will need to be treated before the doctor arrives4 ,treatment--,send for the doctor if serious4 #a4 ,lay the patient flat on his back with head low1 so that the heart can more easily pump the blood back into the brain4 #b4 ,cover warmly2 if they can be gotten1 put around him several hot water bottles or bricks1 being extremely careful to have them covered so that they will not burn him4 ,persons suffering from shock are more easily burnt than usual4 ,do not put anything hot next him unless it can be held against your own face for a minute without feeling too hot4 #c4 ,rub the arms and legs1 toward the body1 but under the covers4 #d4 ,give stimulants only after the patient has recovered enough to swallow1 and when there is no serious bleeding4 ,stimulants--,strong1 hot coffee1 or a half teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a half glass of warm water4 ,the latter may be given if the coffee is not ready4 7b7 ,apoplexy--,when a person has a stroke of apoplexy send for the doctor at once4 ,this condition resembles shock only in that the patient is unconscious4 ,the blow to the delicate brain does not come from the outside along the nerves1 but from the inside by the breaking of a blood vessel in the brain1 letting the blood out into the brain tissue and forming a clot inside of the brain1 and thus making pressure which produces the unconsciousness4 ,symptoms of ,apoplexy--#a4 ,the patient is unconscious4 #b4 ,the face is usually flushed--red4 #c4 ,the skin is not cold and clammy4 #d4 ,the pulse is slow and full4 #e4 ,the breathing is snoring instead of shallow4 #f4 ,the pupils of the eye are usually unequally dilated4 ,treatment--#a4 ,lay the patient flat on his back with head slightly raised4 #b4 ,do not give any stimulants4 #c4 ,wait for the doctor4 7c7 ,convulsions--,this condition resembles the foregoing shock and apoplexy in that the patient is unconscious4 ,symptoms of ,convulsions--#a4 ,the patient is unconscious4 #b4 ,the face is usually pale at first1 but not so white as in shock1 and later is flushed1 often even purplish4 #c4 ,the skin is not usually cold4 #d4 ,the breathing may be shallow or snoring4 #e4 ,there are twitchings of the muscles of the face and body or a twisting motion of the body4 #f4 ,the pulse may be rapid1 but is usually regular4 #g4 ,the mouth may be flecked with foam4 #h4 ,the pupils of the eye may be contracted or equally dilated4 ,treatment--,convulsions come from various causes1 and are always serious1 therefore send for the doctor at once4 #a4 ,put a wedge of some kind between the teeth if possible1 the handle of a spoon protected by a cloth cover1 or a rolled napkin does well4 ,this is to prevent biting the tongue1 which the patient is apt to do in unconsciousness with convulsive movements4 #b4 ,lay the patient flat on his back1 and prevent him from hurting himself in his twisting1 but do not try to stop convulsive movement4 ,it will do no good4 #c4 ,no stimulant is needed4 7a7 ,,sunstroke2 7b7 ,,freezing 7a7 ,sunstroke--,sunstroke is caused by too long exposure to excessive heat1 or to the direct rays of the sun1 and is much more serious than heat exhaustion1 which you have already studied4 ,prevention--,do not stay out in the direct sunlight too long on a hot summer day4 ,wear a large hat which shades the head and face well1 if obliged to be in the hot sun for any length of time4 ,do not wear too heavy clothing in the hot weather4 ,leaves or a wet sponge in the top of the hat will help to prevent sunstroke4 ,drink plenty of cool water between meals4 ,symptoms of ,sunstroke--#a4 ,the patient is unconscious4 #b4 ,the face is red4 #c4 ,the pupils large4 #d4 ,the skin very hot and dry1 with no perspiration4 #e4 ,the pulse is full and slow4 #f4 ,the breathing is sighing4 ,treatment--#a4 ,get the patient into the shade where it is as cool as possible4 #b4 ,send for the doctor4 #c4 ,remove the greater part of the clothing4 #d4 ,apply cold water or ice to the head1 face1 chest and armpits4 ,often the patient recovers consciousness before the doctor arrives2 give cold water to drink2 never stimulants4 7b7 ,freezing--,this is a much more serious condition than frostbite1 which you have studied1 but only because more of the body is frozen and the tissues are frozen deeper4 ,much more care must therefore be taken to prevent bad effects after the thawing-out process4 ,symptoms of ,freezing--#a4 ,the patient may or may not be unconscious4 #b4 ,the frozen parts are an intense white and are without any feeling or motion4 ,treatment--,send for the doctor at once4 #a4 ,take the patient into a cold room4 #b4 ,remove the clothing4 #c4 ,rub the body with rough cloths wet in cold water4 #d4 ,very gradually increase the warmth of the water used for rubbing4 #e4 ,increase the temperature of the room gradually4 #f4 ,when the patient can swallow1 give him stimulants4 #g4 ,when the skin becomes more normal in color and the tissues are soft1 showing that the blood is once more circulating properly through the frozen flesh1 cover the patient warmly with hot bottles or bricks outside of the bed clothing1 or wraps1 and give hot drinks4 ,in using hot water be sure it is not too hot4 ,dog ,bite#c ,in the case of the dog bite we have a more or less extensive break in the skin and sometimes a deep wound in the flesh1 through which the poison of hydrophobia1 which is a living virus or animal poison1 may be introduced1 to be taken up slowly by the nerves themselves1 reaching the central nervous system in about forty days4 ,the slowness and method of this absorption renders the use of a ligature useless and unsafe4 ,the treatment for dog bite is therefore as follows3 ,immediate4 ,send for a physician1 telling him the reason4 ,while waiting1 treat as any similar wound from any cause4 ,if the skin is not penetrated1 but scratched only1 apply iodine and a sterile or wet dressing4 ,if the skin is penetrated1 the treatment should be the same as for a wound made by a dirty nail3 that is1 a small stick1 such as a match1 whittled to a point1 with a little cotton twisted on the point1 should be dipped into tincture of iodine1 and twisted down into the full depth of the wound1 and then done a second time4 ,subsequent4 ,a physician should be consulted immediately1 and if there is any suspicion of the dog being sick it should be kept under observation4 ,the body of a dog that has been killed under suspicion of rabies or hydrophobia1 should be sent as soon as possible to the proper authorities4 ,one of the greatest discoveries in medical science is the ,pasteur treatment for the prevention of hydrophobia after mad dog bite1 and fortunately1 provision for this treatment is so widespread that practically every one in civilized regions needing it1 can have it1 as is well known to all physicians4 ,the fact that the period of development of the disease is so long makes the possibility of prevention greater4 ,it is never proper to suck a dog bite1 because the merest scratch or break in the surface1 even if too small to notice1 will serve as a portal of entry for the living virus of rabies4 ,snake ,bite4 ,for treatment of snake bite see page #big4 ,,water ,,accidents ,when it is possible1 ,girl ,scouts should learn to swim well4 ,it is fear when suddenly thrown into the water that causes so many of the deaths by drowning1 and learning to swim well takes away this fear4 ,a ,girl ,scout should also learn how to prevent accidents1 and how best to help the victims of accidents in the water4 ,,prevention ,below are five rules for preventing drowning accidents4 #a4 ,do not change seats in a canoe or rowboat4 #b4 ,do not rock the boat4 #c4 ,do not go out alone in a canoe1 rowboat or sailboat unless you are thoroughly competent to manage such a boat1 in a sudden squall or storm4 #d4 ,very cold water exhausts a swimmer much quicker than warm water1 therefore do not take any chances on a long swim in cold water unless a boat accompanies you to pick you up in case of necessity4 #e4 ,be careful not to go too far out when there is a strong undertow2 that is1 a strong current below the surface of the water flowing relentlessly out to sea4 #f4 ,always wade upstream4 ,,rescue ,illustration ,when a person gives up the struggle in the water1 the body goes down1 and then because of its buoyancy it comes to the surface and some air is expelled from the lungs1 making the body less buoyant4 ,it immediately sinks again1 this time a little lower1 and again comes to the surface1 and more air is expelled4 ,this process may be repeated several times1 until sufficient water is taken into the stomach and lungs to overcome the buoyancy of the body and it no longer appears at the surface2 but the buoyancy is barely overcome1 and therefore the body will float easily4 ,this can easily be utilized in saving the drowning person by making the water carry most of the weight of the body4 ,to do this1 place the hands on either side of the drowning person's head1 and tow him floating on his back with the face above the surface of the water1 while you swim on your back and keep the body away from you4 ,remember1 if possible1 to go with the current and thus save necessary strength4 ,in some cases it may be easier and safer to grasp the drowning person by the hair instead of trying to clasp the head4 ,,emergencies ,grips--,a drowning person is always a frightened person1 and is governed by a mad instinct to grab anything which subconsciously he thinks may save his life4 ,usually he is past any reasoning4 ,he grabs his would-be rescuer with a death grip that is hard to break1 but remember he instinctively grabs what is above the surface and will not try to grab below the shoulders4 ,wrist ,grip--,if the drowning person grasps the rescuer's wrists1 the rescuer throws both hands above his head1 which forces both low in the water1 and then turns the leverage of his arms against the other's thumbs and breaks the grip4 ,neck ,grip--,to release a grip around the neck and shoulders from the front1 immediately cover the mouth of the other with the palm of the hand1 holding the nose between the first two fingers1 and at the same time pull the other body toward you with the other hand1 meanwhile treading water4 ,then take a full breath and apply your knee to the other's stomach quickly1 thus forcing him to expel any air in his lungs and preventing him from getting more air by the hand on mouth and nostrils4 ,if the grip of the drowning person does not allow use of the arms1 then try to raise your arms to the level of the shoulder1 thus slipping his arms to the neck and leaving your own arms free to use1 as described4 ,back ,grip--,this strangle hold is perhaps the most difficult to break1 and it is necessary to break it instantly if the rescuer is not also to be in the rescued class4 ,grasp the wrists of the other and push sharply back with the buttocks against the abdomen of the other1 and thus make room to slip suddenly out of the encircling arms4 ,if this is not successful1 do not despair1 but throw the head suddenly against the nose of the drowning person and then slip out of the grip before he recovers from his daze4 ,it is often necessary to dive from the surface in rescuing a drowning person1 and this requires practice1 and should be learned thoroughly before the necessity for saving a life is presented4 ,remember that to dive from the surface to a depth of more than ten feet will usually require a weight in addition to the weight of the body4 ,carry a stone or other heavy object in diving4 ,then when wishing to rise to the surface1 drop it and push against the bottom with the feet4 ,this will send the swimmer to the surface in short order4 ,in carrying a weight in the water1 carry it low on the body1 close to the waist line1 leaving one hand and both feet free for swimming4 ,or if for any reason it is necessary to swim on the back1 it leaves both feet free to use as propellers4 ,,artificial ,,respiration ,if the apparently drowned person is to be saved1 no time must be lost in the rescue from the water or in getting the water out of him1 and breathing re-established after he is brought to land4 ,illustration ,if there is a messenger handy send for a doctor at once1 but in the meantime lose no time in attempting restoration4 ,the best method for getting the water out of the lungs and breathing re-established is the ,schaefer ,method1 because it is the simplest1 requiring only one operator and no equipment4 ,it can be kept up alone for a long time4 #a4 ,every moment is precious4 ,immediately lay the patient face downwards1 with the arms extended above the head and the face to one side4 ,in this position the water will run out and the tongue will fall forward by its own weight1 and not give trouble by falling back and closing the entrance to the windpipe4 ,be sure there is nothing in the mouth1 such as false teeth1 gum1 tobacco1 etc4 ,do not put anything under the chest4 ,be sure there is no tight collar around the neck4 #b4 ,kneel astride of the patient facing toward his head4 #c4 ,place your hands on the small of the patient's back1 with thumbs nearly touching and the hands on the spaces between the short ribs4 #d4 ,bend slightly forward with arms rigid so that the weight of your body falls on the wrists1 and makes a firm steady pressure downward on the patient while you count one1 two1 three1 thus forcing any water and air out of the lungs4 #e4 ,then relax the pressure very quickly1 snatching the hand away1 and counting one-two--the chest cavity enlarges and fresh air is drawn into the lungs4 #f4 ,continue the alternate pressing and relaxing about twelve to fifteen times a minute1 which empties and fills the lungs with fresh air approximately as often as he would do it naturally4 ,it may be necessary to work for an hour or two before a gasp shows the return of natural breathing4 ,even then the rescuer's work is not over1 as it will be necessary to fill in any gaps with artificial breathing4 ,when natural breathing is established1 aid circulation by rubbing and by wrapping him in hot blankets and putting hot bottles around him1 being careful that they are protected to prevent burning the patient4 ,if at any time it is necessary to pull the tongue forward and to hold it to prevent choking1 remember to put a wedge between the teeth to prevent biting4 ,do not give anything liquid by mouth until the patient is conscious and can swallow readily4 ,aromatic ,spirits of ,ammonia or ,spirits of ,camphor may be used on a handkerchief for the patient to smell4 ,the patient should be watched carefully for an hour or two even after he is considered out of danger4 ,,ice ,,rescue ,prevention3 ,below are two rules for preventing ice accidents3 #a4 ,do not skate or walk on thin ice4 #b4 ,watch for air holes4 ,rescue3 ,in trying to rescue a person who has broken through the ice1 always tie a rope around your own body and have this tied to some firm object on shore4 ,do not try to walk out to the rescue as the ice will probably break again under the weight of your body on so small an area as the size of your feet4 ,always get a long board1 ladder1 rail or limb of a tree1 and either crawl out on this1 which will distribute the weight of your body over a larger surface of ice1 or lie flat on your stomach and crawl out1 pushing the board ahead of you so that the person in the water may reach it4 ,if you yourself break through the ice in attempting a rescue1 remember that trying to pull yourself up over the edge of the ice only breaks it more4 ,if rescuers are near it is much wiser to support yourself on the edge of the ice and wait for rescue4 ,after getting the person out of the water use artificial respiration if necessary and bend every effort to get the patient warm and breathing properly4 ,,asphyxiation ,prevention3 ,below are seven rules for preventing asphyxiation3 #a4 ,when coal stoves and furnaces are freshly filled with coal1 coal gas may escape if the dampers are not properly regulated4 ,see that all dampers in coal stoves and furnaces are correctly arranged before leaving them for any long time1 as for the night4 #b4 ,do not go to sleep in a house or room with a gas jet or gas stove turned low4 ,the pressure in the pipes may change and the flame go out1 or a breeze may blow out the flame leaving the gas leaking into the room4 #c4 ,do not blow out a gas jet4 #d4 ,be careful to turn off gas jet completely4 ,illustration #e4 ,report gas leaks promptly4 #f4 ,charcoal stoves and braziers are especially dangerous from escaping gas and should not be used in sleeping rooms4 #g4 ,do not go into unused wells or underground sewers without first lowering a lighted candle which will go out at once if the air is very impure1 because of lack of oxygen to keep it burning4 ,rescue3 #a4 ,remove the patient at once to the fresh air4 ,gas is lighter than air1 and therefore will not be found close to the floor and it will often be possible to crawl out when one would be overcome by the gas if he tried to walk out4 ,for this reason it is sometimes best in trying to rescue anyone already unconscious from gas to tie the wrists together with a handkerchief1 put his arms around your neck1 and crawl out on all fours1 dragging the insensible body with you1 under your own body4 ,if you attempt to walk out and carry the patient1 cover your mouth and nose with a wet handkerchief1 go very quickly1 do not breathe until you reach the fresh air4 #b4 ,if there is a messenger handy1 send for the doctor at once1 but in the meantime if necessary1 perform artificial respiration as outlined under the ,schaefer ,system in the preceding paragraphs1 until the patient is restored to normal breathing4 ,,electric ,,shock ,this is caused by some part of the body coming in contact with a live electric wire4 ,the seriousness of the shock depends on how heavy a charge of electricity the wire is carrying at the time4 ,the patient is usually unable to release himself from the wire4 ,the first thing to be done1 if possible1 is to turn off the current by means of the switch1 but if this cannot be done at once1 the patient must be rescued by pulling him away from the wire4 ,remember his body will easily carry the charge to yours while he is against the wire4 ,therefore you must insulate yourself--that is1 put on your hands something that will not let the electricity into your body--or stand on something that will insulate you2 for instance1 rubber gloves or rubber tobacco pouches1 dry silk handkerchiefs1 other silk garments or newspapers used in place of gloves if necessary4 ,stand on a rubber mat or on dry boards1 or glass1 or in dire necessity dry clothes can be used to stand on4 ,they must not be wet as then they will carry the electric current through your body and you must also be rescued instead of rescuing4 ,prevention3 #a4 ,do not touch the third rail of electric railways4 #b4 ,do not catch hold of swinging wires1 they may be live wires4 #c4 ,report broken wires to the right authorities4 ,treatment3 #a4 ,get patient loose from the current4 #b4 ,send for the doctor4 #c4 ,lay the patient flat on his back4 #d4 ,loosen the clothing1 and perform artificial respiration according to the ,schaefer method if necessary4 #e4 ,give first aid treatment to the burns4 ,,fire ,,accidents ,the first thought about a fire is to get it put out before it spreads any further4 ,there are methods which will do this work effectually and ,girl ,scouts should learn these methods beforehand thoroughly1 in order that when the emergency arises they may act quickly1 coolly and effectively4 ,,fire ,,in ,,clothing ,if this happens in your own clothing1 do not run for help1 as the draft made by the motion of your body will only fan the flames to burn fiercely4 ,grab the nearest thing that will cover you2 overcoat1 blanket1 rug1 wrap it tightly around you at the neck first to prevent flames from burning the face and lie down and roll over and over4 ,this will smother the flames quickly4 ,if you can get nothing to wrap around you1 lie down and roll slowly over and beat the fire with your hands covered by some part of your clothing not on fire4 ,if the fire is in the clothing of another1 wrap him in the nearest thing available1 lay him on the floor and roll him over1 smothering the flames as described before4 ,woolen material will not catch fire as easily as cotton1 therefore1 if you have a chance to choose1 take woolen material for smothering the flames4 ,,results ,results of fire in the clothing are sure to be more or less serious burns4 ,when you have discovered the extent of the burn1 if it is at all serious1 send for the doctor at once1 and in the meantime treat the burn as you have already learned to do in minor burns4 ,,fire ,,in ,,buildings ,keep cool1 in order to remember what to do1 and do it quickly4 ,turn in a fire alarm at once4 ,send some one else if possible who may not know what to do to the fire4 ,the quickest way is by telephone call1 ,fire ,department1 and tell them the exact address of the building where the fire is4 ,or you may go to the nearest alarm box1 smash the glass1 open the door1 and pull down the hook that sounds the alarm4 7,generally the directions are printed on the box47 ,if you cannot sound the alarm alone1 call upon the nearest person to help you4 ,wait there until the firemen arrive and direct them to the fire4 ,when the firemen come do just as they tell you1 for they know exactly what to do4 ,people trying to escape from a burning building often get frightened and then there is a panic4 ,panic kills more people than fire4 ,keep cool1 and others will follow your example4 ,never jump from a window unless the flames are so close that it is your only means of escape4 ,if outside a burning building put mattresses and bedding piled high to break the jumper's fall and get a strong hold on a rug to catch the jumper1 and let many people hold the rug4 ,if the fire is just beginning1 it can easily be put out by smothering it with a rug or blanket2 sand1 ashes1 salt1 or a few pails of water will answer the same purpose4 ,keep the doors and windows closed if possible to prevent draughts from fanning the flames to fiercer effort4 ,remember this point when you go into a burning building1 and leave some responsible person guarding the door1 in order that it may not be left open by some one in excitement and the flames fanned beyond control4 ,if you need fresh air in your search for people in a burning building1 open a window1 put out your head and draw your lungs full of fresh air and then close the window again4 ,in any case it is best to tie a wet handkerchief or towel over the nose and mouth while in a burning building1 as this will prevent you from breathing a good deal of smoke4 ,in searching for persons remember always to begin at the top of the building if possible1 and search every room4 ,when on stairs keep to wall side1 where air is relatively free from flames and smoke4 ,if a room is locked1 try to rouse the people by pounding and calling and then break in the door if unsuccessful in rousing them1 and you suspect there is some one there4 ,remember1 the air within six inches from the floor is usually free from smoke1 and if the smoke makes breathing too difficult1 you can still accomplish your end by crawling along the floor and dragging the rescued one with you as you learned to do in gas rescue4 ,form a bucket brigade from the fire to the nearest water supply2 passing the filled pails from one to another rapidly1 the last throwing the water on the fire and passing the empty pails back along another line to be filled again and passed on as before4 ,,fires ,,from ,,kerosene1 ,,gasoline1 ,,benzine ,prevention4--#a4 ,do not light a fire with kerosene4 #b4 ,do not clean gloves or clothing with gasoline or benzine in a room with a lamp or gas jet lighted4 #c4 ,do not try to dry clothing that has been cleaned with gasoline or benzine near a hot stove or lighted gas jet4 ,extinction4--,do not use water to put out a fire of kerosene1 benzine1 or gasoline1 as that only scatters the flames4 ,smother with blankets1 rugs1 sand1 ashes1 salt1 or anything which is at hand and can be used2 remember that woolen will not catch fire as easily as cotton4 ,,common ,,poison ,,and ,,antidotes ,poisoning--,cases of poisoning happen most often because people do not examine the bottles before taking medicines from them4 ,prevention--,disinfectants1 liniments and medicines in bottles and boxes should be correctly and plainly labelled4 ,bottles containing a poisonous substance should be rough outside1 or with notched corks or marked with something beside the label stating that their contents are poison4 ,treatment--#a4 ,send for the doctor at once1 telling him what kind of poison you think the patient has taken in order that he may bring the right antidote and the right implements to give the quickest and most effective relief4 #b4 ,give demulcent or mucilaginous drinks1 as for example1 milk1 raw egg1 one or two tablespoonfuls of salad oil1 sweet oil1 or barley water--which can be obtained most readily4 #c4 ,give something to produce vomiting1 provided the lips are not burned or stained as they are with an acid or alkali4 ,a simple but effectual emetic can be made by mixing two teaspoonfuls of salt or a tablespoon of mustard in a glass of lukewarm water4 ,this may be repeated if necessary4 #d4 ,if the patient seems drowsy1 suspect opium and keep patient awake at all costs till the doctor arrives4 #e4 ,if delirium threatens1 dash cold water on the patient's head and face to try to prevent the fit from coming on4 #f4 ,when the poison taken has been acid1 the antidote should be an alkali1 but different poisons require different antidotes1 and it would be unwise to trust to one's memory as to the proper one to take in each case4 ,it would be well to have a list of the more common poisons and their antidotes attached to the ,first ,aid ,kit1 but do not trust to the memory4 ,if a ,girl ,scout does not know1 and if the patient's lips are not stained or burned1 give an emetic4 ,bandages ,bandages form the most convenient way of keeping dressings on wounds and for making pressure when necessary4 ,they are also used to correct some deformities1 but you will not need to concern yourselves with the latter1 as this is in the province of doctors4 ,there are three varieties of bandages which you will need to use and with which you should be familiar3 the roller1 triangular and four-tailed4 ,the materials used for bandages are absorbent gauze1 muslins or flannels4 ,the kind you will use most will be gauze and muslin4 ,the gauze is best to use in dressing wounds because it is pliable and absorbent1 and muslin1 if you may choose1 in applying pressure1 because it is firm4 ,in an emergency there will usually be little chance to choose4 ,anything at hand1 as underclothing1 sheets1 blankets1 etc41 may be torn into strips or triangles and used4 ,have the material which is used clean if possible4 ,the width of the roller bandage depends on the part of the body to be bandaged1 from one inch for the little finger to four inches for the body4 ,they can be rolled very well by hand with a little practice1 and every ,girl ,scout should learn to do this or to improvise a bandage roller by running a very stiff wire through a small wooden box and then bending one end on the outside of the box like a handle4 ,a bandage must be rolled sufficiently tight so that the center will not fall out4 ,by folding one end back and forth a few times to make a core1 and then laying the bandaging over one's knees lengthwise of the thigh with the core uppermost1 it can be rolled quite tightly and answer every purpose for emergencies4 ,learn to put on all bandages smoothly and securely1 but not too tightly4 ,triangular ,bandages--,these bandages have advantages for first aid work4 ,they can be quickly made1 easily applied and are not apt to be put on too tightly even by a beginner4 ,the size of the piece of cloth varies with the part to be bandaged4 ,take a square piece of cloth 7it should not be less than #cd to #ch inches71 fold it diagonally from corner to corner and cut across the fold1 making two bandages4 ,the bandage may be applied unfolded or folded into a narrow strip1 called cravat bandage4 ,to fold the cravat bandage1 the point of the triangle is brought to the middle of the diagonal side and the bandage folded lengthwise to the desired width4 ,the cravat bandage is convenient to use in bandaging the hand1 foot1 head1 eyes1 throat and jaw2 for tying on splints2 for tying around the limb in case of snake bite1 and in making a tourniquet4 ,illustration ,always tie the bandage with a square knot to prevent slipping4 ,care must be used in applying the triangular bandage to have it smooth and firm1 folding the loose ends into pleats evenly4 ,bandage for ,hand--,for wound of the palm1 lay cravat in straight line1 place palm across it at the middle4 ,fold ends over the back of hand1 carry around wrist and tie4 ,reverse the order for injury to the back of the hand4 ,to cover entire hand1 unfold cravat1 lay flat with point of triangle beyond the fingers4 ,fold the point of the bandage over the fingers1 cross the ends1 and pass around wrist and tie at the back4 ,bandage for ,foot--,place foot on the smooth triangle with the point extending beyond the toes several inches4 ,fold the point back over the instep1 cross the ends1 carry around the ankle and tie4 ,bandage for the ,head--,the bandage may be used flat or as a cravat1 according to the nature of the injury and the part to be bandaged4 ,illustration ,for a cap bandage1 fold over the edge of the diagonal edge1 place on the head with the folded edge just above the eyes2 pleat the edges hanging down over the ears into small folds so that the bandage lies smoothly2 carry the ends around the head2 cross at the back1 and tie in a square knot in front4 ,the cravat bandage may be used to hold on small dressings where the whole head does not need to be covered4 ,for the eyes1 jaw and throat the triangular bandage is used by folding smoothly into a cravat and tying securely over the part to be covered4 ,arm ,sling4--,the triangular bandage makes the best arm sling to support the forearm or for supporting injuries to the elbow or shoulder4 ,an arm sling is firmer and more satisfactory if the triangle is double2 that is1 simply fold over the square diagonally1 but do not cut it along the fold4 ,an arm sling will need to be about a yard square before folding4 ,to adjust the arm sling1 put one end over the shoulder on the uninjured side2 slip the point of the triangle under the injured arm1 so that it will extend beyond the elbow a few inches2 then take the end of the bandage over the arm1 carry around the back of the neck on the injured side1 meeting the other end2 and tie securely4 ,to prevent slipping1 pin the point of the bandage around the arm just above the elbow4 ,a temporary sling can be made by pinning the sleeve of the injured arm to the dress or coat in such a way as to support the arm4 ,the ,four-tailed ,bandage--,this bandage is useful for bandaging the head1 and especially in fracture of the jaw4 ,use a piece of cloth about six or eight inches wide and a yard long4 ,cut each end into two equal parts1 leaving about three or four inches in the middle uncut4 ,illustration ,when the bandage is applied1 the split ends are crossed so that they may be tied over different parts of the head and thus hold the bandage more securely in place4 ,for instance1 in the jaw bandage the uncut middle part is placed over and under the chin1 the ends crossed1 and two ends tied at the back of the neck and two over the top of the head4 ,roller ,bandages--,roller bandages are a little more difficult to put on so that they will stay on1 and at the same time be smooth and have a uniform pressure on the part of the body bandaged4 ,this last point is most important4 ,rules for applying roller bandages3 #a4 ,lay external surface of bandage against the part to be bandaged1 holding the roll in the right hand1 unless you are left-handed1 unrolling it as a roll of carpet unrolls to show you a pattern in the shops4 #b4 ,hold the loose end with the left hand and catch it with two or three turns of the bandage before beginning to put on the bandage4 ,never have more than four or five inches of the bandage unrolled at once4 #c4 ,be careful to have the same pressure from every turn of the bandage4 ,this is most important if the bandage is to stay on and be comfortable and not interfere with the circulation of the blood4 ,judgment of the pressure is only acquired by practice1 and therefore you should practice enough to acquire this before the real emergency happens4 #d4 ,do not bandage too tightly4 ,blueness of the skin above or below the bandage always means the bandage must be loosened4 ,remember in applying a bandage immediately after an injury that considerable swelling may occur later1 and apply your bandage more loosely than if bandaging after the swelling has gone down4 ,always loosen a bandage that is tight enough to cause pain or blueness4 #e4 ,bandage from below upward4 ,that is1 from the tip of a finger or toe toward the hand or foot4 ,from the hand or foot toward the shoulder or groin4 ,this is in the general direction of the return of the circulation4 #f4 ,bandage over a splint and not under it4 #g4 ,bandage arms1 legs1 fingers1 etc41 in the position the patient is to keep the part in when the bandaging is completed4 ,for instance1 bend the elbow to a right angle before putting on the arm bandage4 ,this will be more comfortable for the patient1 allowing him to carry the arm easily in a sling and also permit him to use the hand to some extent if the nature of the injury will permit4 ,in bandaging a leg both above and below the knee1 the bandage must be put on with a view to the necessary bending of the knee in walking and sitting1 if the patient is expected to use the leg4 #h4 ,never apply a wet bandage1 as you cannot judge of just how much pressure will be exerted when the bandage dries1 because of the shrinkage of cloth with drying2 much greater in some cloth than in others4 ,kinds of roller bandages3 #a4 ,circular for parts uniform in size1 as the body4 #b4 ,spiral for conical surfaces1 as fingers or toes4 #c4 ,reverse for more conical surfaces1 as arms and legs4 ,circular ,bandages--,any part of the body which is of uniform size may be covered with a circular bandage4 ,each turn covers about two-thirds of the previous turn4 ,this holds each turn firmly and prevents slipping and exposing the dressing or wound underneath4 ,bandage in general direction of the return of the blood to the heart4 ,fasten the bandage with a strip of adhesive plaster or safety pin4 ,if there is possibility of restlessness or much activity on the part of the patient1 it is best to run several narrow strips of adhesive plaster along the whole width of the bandage when finished to prevent possible slipping of the turns of the bandage when the muscles move under it with the activity of the patient4 ,this is especially true of a body bandage4 ,spiral ,bandage--,a conical part1 if not too conical1 may be covered with a spiral bandage4 ,each turn ascends at a slight angle1 with one edge of the bandage a little tighter than the other4 ,in putting on this kind of bandage it is necessary to learn to have the tight edges all of a uniform pressure and each turn overlap the turn below in such a way that these tight edges make the uniform pressure without regard to the upper edge underneath1 which is covered in each turn by the tighter edge of the turn above it4 ,reverse ,bandages--,the reverse bandage is a modification of the spiral one1 in order to cover the gapping between spirals which occurs when the surface is very conical1 as1 for instance1 on the leg4 ,in putting on this bandage the loose end is caught by two or three turns first as in other bandages4 ,then start to make a spiral turn1 but at the mid point of the front of the part being bandaged place the thumb of the left hand1 and fold the bandage down so that it lies smoothly and continue the turn around to that same point4 ,repeat the process with each turn4 7,see illustration47 ,each turn covers two-thirds of the one below in order to hold firmly4 ,the pressure must be uniform when the bandage is finished4 ,fasten the ends as described under circular bandages1 or divide the end of the bandage into two parts for several inches--long enough to wind around the part bandaged4 ,tie a single knot at the base to prevent further dividing1 and wrap the ends around the part in different directions2 tie in a hard knot to hold firmly4 ,bandaging ,fingers and ,toes--,in bandaging fingers and toes it is usually best to bandage the whole of the injured member4 ,cover the end of the finger1 for instance1 by passing the end of the half inch or one inch bandage several times the whole length of the finger1 over the end and to the base of the other side4 ,hold this in place with one hand1 start the spiral at the end of the finger1 and bandage smoothly toward the hand4 ,the spiral or the reverse spiral may be used4 ,bandaging ,two or ,more ,fingers or ,toes--,it is sometimes necessary to bandage two or more fingers1 for instance1 at once1 as in case of a burn1 where it is necessary always to have the burned fingers separated while healing to prevent the raw places from growing together4 ,illustration ,pass a finger bandage twice around the wrist and pass obliquely to the base of the thumb4 ,carry to the end of the thumb and bandage as described above4 ,when the thumb is bandaged1 carry the bandage back to the wrist2 pass around the wrist in one or two circular turns1 and carry the bandage to the first finger and bandage as before4 ,repeat this until all the fingers are bandaged4 ,carry the bandage back to the wrist1 after the last finger you wish to bandage is done2 make one or two turns around the wrist and fasten4 ,illustration ,in bandaging the foot1 carry the bandage to the ankle to make secure and hold in place4 ,bandaging ,arms and ,legs--,the reverse spiral is usually best for bandaging these1 because of the conical shape4 ,practice alone can teach you to put this on smoothly1 firmly1 not too tightly1 and at the same time quickly4 ,a reverse bandage will not stay in place on the leg of the person walking around unless pinned in many places or stuck by sizing in the cloth 7which has been wet71 plaster1 etc4 ,only a figure eight caught over the top of the calf1 in each alternate loop1 will do so4 ,the ,figure ,eight ,bandage--,the figure eight is a modification of the spiral used in bandaging over joints in such a way as to permit some motion and at the same time keep the bandage firm and in place4 ,the bandage is carried first below and then above the joint2 then below and then above1 the turns overlapping the usual two-thirds of the width of the bandage1 leaving the joint free until the last4 ,then it may be covered with two or three circular turns of the bandage4 ,this admits of considerable motion without disturbing the bandage to any extent4 ,the ,national ,red ,cross and ,girl ,scout ,instruction in ,first ,aid ,illustration ,by special arrangement with the ,national ,red ,cross1 it is possible for a ,girl ,scout completing satisfactorily the requirements for the ,first ,aid ,proficiency ,badge to secure with slight additional work the ,red ,cross certificate in ,first ,aid4 ,or the course may be taken entirely under ,red ,cross auspices1 though arranged by ,scout officials1 in which case the ,scout may receive both the ,proficiency ,badge and the ,red ,cross certificate4 ,the conditions of this co-operation between the ,girl ,scouts and the ,national ,red ,cross are as follows3 ,classes are to be organized with not less than four or more than twenty-five in a class4 ,the best size is ten to fifteen4 ,scouts must be at least sixteen years of age to be admitted to these classes4 ,the instructor must be a physician appointed by the ,chairman of the ,first ,aid ,committee of the local ,chapter of the ,red ,cross4 ,he or she may be supplied upon request by the ,chapter1 or chosen by the class and the name submitted to the ,chapter for appointment4 ,the ,red ,cross class roll must be sent in to the local ,chapter early in the course4 ,a ,secretary to handle the records should be chosen1 and where the class is made up of ,scouts1 the officials should be preferably a ,scout ,captain or ,scout ,official4 ,the examiner must be a physician appointed by the local ,red ,cross ,chapter and is preferably some one other than the instructor1 but this is not necessary4 ,like the instructor1 the examiner may be supplied by the ,chapter or chosen by the class4 ,the ,red ,cross examination roll1 which may be obtained from the ,chapter1 should be used in giving examinations and then returned to the ,chapter1 who will issue the certificates4 ,follow the directions on the roll carefully4 ,if a ,scout holds a ,first ,aid ,proficiency ,badge she may complete the course in seven and one-half hours4 ,if she does not hold a ,proficiency ,badge in ,first ,aid then fifteen hours will be required4 ,a ,girl ,scout holding a ,proficiency ,badge in ,first ,aid and taking a school course held under ,red ,cross auspices which she passes with a mark of at least seventy-five per cent1 can1 when the school principal certifies to this1 get the ,red ,cross certificate without further examination by applying to the local ,red ,cross ,chapter4 ,advanced ,courses ,advanced courses are open to those who have the ,red ,cross certificate4 ,there must be an interval of at least six months after the elementary course before an advanced course can be taken1 and the same interval between repetitions of it4 ,the course of instruction is seven and one-half hours1 mainly practical demonstrations4 ,a ,red ,cross medal is given on completion of this course4 ,each time it is repeated1 up to three times1 a bar 7engraved with year7 is given to be added to the medal4 ,fees ,a fee of fifty cents is required for the elementary course4 ,the local ,red ,cross ,chapter has the right to reduce this fee4 ,the fee for the advanced course is one dollar1 which covers the cost of certificate1 examination and medal4 ,the fee for bar and engraving is fifty cents4 ,these fees cannot be reduced4 ,these fees cover the cost to the ,red ,cross of postage1 certificates1 medals1 bars1 and so forth1 but do not cover that of instructor1 examiner1 or classroom supplies1 which the ,red ,cross requires the class to take care of4 ,information ,where there is no local ,girl ,scout organization refer to the local ,red ,cross ,chapter2 or if there is none1 either to the ,girl ,scout ,national ,headquarters1 #ahi ,lexington ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 or to the ,department of ,first ,aid1 ,american ,red ,cross ,national ,headquarters1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #d4 ,,the ,,home ,,nurse ,the ,girl ,scout who has earned the ,home ,nurse ,badge may be of great help where there is illness4 ,but1 she should remember that only such people as doctors and trained nurses who have knowledge and skill gained by special training and thorough practice are fitted to care properly for those who are very ill4 ,if the ,scout with the badge keeps her head and shows herself steady1 reliable and willing1 when called upon for help in illness or emergencies1 she proves herself a true ,scout who is living up to the ,scout motto of ,,be ,,prepared4 ,to earn the badge she should know3 ,how to keep the sick room clean and comfortable4 ,how to make a bed properly4 ,how to prepare for and help a sick person in taking a bath4 ,how to make a sick person comfortable in bed1 changing position1 etc4 ,how to take temperature1 pulse and respiration4 ,how to prepare and serve simple1 nourishing food for the sick4 ,how to feed a helpless person4 ,how to prepare and use simple remedies for slight ailments4 ,how to occupy and amuse the sick4 ,when helping about the sick1 the ,scout should wear a wash dress or an apron which covers her dress4 ,she should be very neat and clean4 ,she should wash her hands frequently1 always before her own meals1 and after coming into contact with the sick person and after handling utensils1 dishes1 linen1 etc41 used in the sick room4 ,great cleanliness is necessary not only for her own protection but to prevent illness spreading4 ,she should move quickly and quietly1 but without bustle or hurry1 taking care not to let things fall1 not to bump against the furniture1 not to jar the bed1 not to slam doors1 in fact not to make any unnecessary noises1 as sick people are not only disturbed but may be made worse by noises and confusion4 ,if a door is squeaky the hinges should be oiled4 ,too much talking1 loud talking and whispering are to be avoided4 ,only cheerful and pleasant subjects should be talked of1 never illnesses either that of the patient nor of others4 ,the best nursing aims not only to bring relief and comfort to those already sick1 but to guard against spreading sickness4 ,we know1 now1 that many diseases are spread by means of germs which are carried from person to person by various means1 such as air1 water1 milk1 and other food2 discharges from the mouth1 nose1 bowels1 bladder1 wounds2 clothing2 the hands2 the breath1 and so forth4 ,it has been found that great heat1 intense cold1 sunshine and some powerful drugs called disinfectants kill germs4 ,germs thrive and multiply in dirt1 dampness and darkness4 ,that is why it is important to have fresh air1 sunshine and cleanliness in order to keep well1 and to help in curing those who get sick4 ,the ,room1 ,its ,order and ,arrangement ,the hangings and furniture of a sick room should be of a kind that can be washed and easily kept clean4 ,plain wooden furniture is better than upholstered furniture which collects and holds the dust4 ,if there is a rocking chair it should be for the use of the sick person only4 ,seeing and hearing other people rock may be very disturbing4 ,if carpets are movable1 so much the better1 as they can be taken out to be cleaned4 ,the room should be bright and attractive4 ,sick people like flowers and pretty things1 but the flowers should not have a strong perfume1 and there should not be too many ornaments around to collect dust and to take up too much room4 ,flowers should be taken out of the room every night and the water changed before being returned to the room in the morning4 ,never have faded flowers around4 ,the room should be kept neat--a place for everything and everything in its place4 ,neatness and attractiveness are not only pleasing to the sick person and those who come into the room but may really make the sick person feel better4 ,medicines should not be kept in sight4 ,all dishes and utensils not in use should be taken away and should be washed immediately after use4 ,ventilating and ,lighting the ,room ,the room of a sick person should be so situated that it will get plenty of sunlight and be easily aired4 ,a room that has two or more windows can be better ventilated than a room with only one4 ,when there is only one window1 it should be opened both top and bottom4 ,if there is not a screen1 one can be made by hanging a shawl or a blanket over a clothes horse or a high-backed chair1 or over a line stretched across the lower part of the window4 ,a fire place or a stove keeps the air circulating--the air being constantly drawn up the chimney--and so helps in ventilating a room4 ,when airing the room great care must be taken to keep the sick person free from draughts4 ,unless special orders have been given to the contrary there should be plenty of sunshine let in4 ,the eyes of the sick person should be protected from the glare by a screen4 ,if possible there should be a thermometer in the room4 ,the proper heat is between #fe and #gj degrees4 ,if the temperature of the room is as high as #gj degrees and the sick person is cold1 it is better to give her a hot water bag and to put on more covers than to shut the windows1 thus keeping out the fresh air4 ,cool air acts as a tonic for the sick4 ,cleaning the ,room ,the carpet should be gone over every day to remove the surface dust4 ,use the carpet sweeper1 being careful not to knock the furniture nor to jar the bed4 ,raise as little dust and make as little noise as possible4 ,torn-up wet paper scattered on a small part of the carpet at a time and lightly brushed up into a dustpan with a whisk broom1 or a broom1 cleans the carpet very well without raising dust4 ,if the carpet cannot be taken out to be swept or beaten but requires thorough sweeping1 an umbrella with a sheet over it may be hoisted over the head of the sick person to keep the dust from her nose and nostrils4 ,the bare parts of the floor should be gone over with a damp duster or a damp mop4 ,the dusting should be done with a damp or oiled duster also1 so that the dust may not be scattered4 ,a basin of soapy water should be at hand and the duster washed in it frequently while dusting1 so that the dust collected on it from one surface will not be carried to another4 ,while dusting special attention should be paid to the doorknobs and that part of the door around them4 ,when the dusting is finished the dusters should be thoroughly washed and scalded and hung out of doors to dry4 ,the ,bed ,a metal bedstead is better than a wooden one1 as wood holds odors and moisture1 and is apt to have more cracks and crevices for germs or bugs to lodge in4 ,it should be white1 for then it shows when it needs cleaning and bed bugs keep away from white surfaces which show them up easily4 ,if possible1 have the bed in a part of the room1 where the drafts will not strike the patient every time a door or window is opened1 and where the light does not shine in the eyes4 ,if it can be placed so that the patient can see from the window so much the better4 ,to ,make an ,unoccupied ,bed ,remove pillows and bedclothes1 one at a time1 being careful not to let corners drag on the floor1 and put to air4 ,turn the mattress over from end to end one day1 and from side to side next day4 ,if the patient does not have to return to bed at once leave to air for at least half an hour4 ,an old blanket1 old spread or a quilted pad1 spread over the mattress not only protects the mattress but prevents the sheets from wearing out1 and may make the bed more comfortable4 ,these should be kept clean4 ,the bed for a sick person is frequently made with a rubber sheet and a draw sheet4 ,the draw sheet is so called because its proper use is to be drawn through under the patient without greatly disturbing her and give her a cool fresh place to lie on4 ,therefore it should be long enough to tuck in sufficiently under one side to allow of this being done4 ,an ordinary sheet folded in two from top to bottom and placed with folded edge toward the head of the bed may be used4 ,it should entirely cover the rubber sheet1 which is usually put on between the bottom and the draw sheet4 ,illustration ,when the mattress is sufficiently aired1 put on the protective covering4 ,over this spread the lower sheet so that the middle fold of the sheet lies up and down the centre of the mattress from head to foot4 ,keep perfectly straight4 ,the sheet should be long enough to have at least fourteen inches over at ends and sides to tuck in4 ,tuck ends under mattress at head and foot drawing tightly so that it will be smooth and firm4 ,now tuck under at one side1 folding neatly at corners1 so that they will be mitred when finished4 ,if there is no rubber nor draw sheet to put on1 go to the other side of the bed and tuck in firmly at corners4 ,then1 pulling the middle of the sheet very tightly with one hand1 push the mattress with the other and tuck the sheet under4 ,this under sheet should be very smooth without a wrinkle in it4 ,if it is not long enough to tuck in well at both head and foot1 leave plenty at the head to tuck in securely and tuck in at the sides tightly rather than risk having it come loose at the head4 ,be sure1 however1 that the mattress is entirely covered4 ,when ,rubber and ,draw ,sheets ,are ,used ,before going around to the other side1 lay the rubber sheet over the bed1 so that the top edge will be well above where the lower edge of the pillow will come4 ,put the draw sheet over it4 ,tuck both well under the mattress on that side4 ,then1 go to the other side and tuck in the corners of the lower sheet as directed1 then stretching draw1 rubber1 and under sheet very tightly1 tuck in separately4 ,next spread the upper sheet1 wrong side up1 leaving as much at the head to turn back over the blankets as you left in the under sheet to tuck in4 ,have the middle fold over that of the lower sheet4 ,spread the blankets so that their upper edges will be even with the upper edge of the mattress4 ,if the blankets are not long enough to reach as far up as they should1 and yet tuck under firmly at the foot1 place the lower one as directed1 and the upper one so that there will be enough to tuck under at the foot1 and hold the others in place4 ,tuck in all at once the foot and lower corners1 mitring the corners as you did those of the lower sheet4 ,pull and straighten the sheet at the top and turn back smoothly over the blankets4 ,if the bed is not to be occupied right away1 tuck in both sides1 stretching well so that it will have a smooth surface4 ,put on the spread1 having the top edge even with the top of the covers4 ,tuck in neatly at foot and lower corners1 letting the sides hang4 ,shake and beat the pillows thoroughly1 make smooth and even1 and put in place4 ,to ,change the ,under ,sheet ,when the ,patient ,is in ,bed ,loosen the bedclothes1 without jarring the bed4 ,take off covers one at a time1 until only one blanket and sheet remain4 7,if the patient feels cold1 leave as many blankets as necessary to keep her warm47 ,holding blankets with one hand or having patient hold it by the top1 draw off the upper sheet1 being careful not to uncover the patient4 ,remove the pillows4 ,have the patient as near the side of the bed as is safe1 on her side1 and facing the side on which she is lying4 ,roll the under sheets on the side of the bed close to the patient's back1 making them as flat as possible4 ,pleat about half of the fresh under sheet lengthwise1 and place close to the soiled sheets4 ,tuck in the other half1 at the head1 foot and side1 draw the rubber sheet back over this fresh sheet1 arrange the fresh draw sheet in place1 tuck both in at that side and roll the free part close up to the patient's back4 ,now lift the patient's feet over the roll of fresh and soiled linen to the freshly made part1 then have her roll her body over that side4 ,going to the other side of the bed1 remove all the soiled linen and tuck the fresh sheets in1 pulling tightly1 being sure that there are no wrinkles under the patient4 ,all the time keep the patient well covered4 ,now1 spread the upper sheet and blankets over the covering the patient has had on while the lower sheets were being changed and1 having the patient hold the coverings you have just put on1 draw off the others1 just as you took off the top sheet at first4 ,finish making the bed as you would an unoccupied one4 ,if the ,bed ,is to ,be ,occupied at ,once ,if the bed is to be occupied at once the coverings should be tucked in only at foot1 corners and one side1 then turned back diagonally from the head to foot4 ,the bed clothes should never be drawn too tightly over a person in bed1 or they may irritate the skin1 especially at the knees and toes4 ,bed sores may be started in this way4 ,perhaps the commonest cause of bedsores is from wrinkles in the under sheets4 ,if the spread is heavy it should not be used over a patient4 ,use a sheet instead to protect the blankets4 ,bathing ,bathing is more important for the sick than for the well4 ,it not only keeps the skin clean and in condition to do its work1 but it is soothing to the nerves1 makes the sick person rest better and is refreshing4 ,if the room is the right temperature and the bath is carefully taken there is no danger of a sick person taking cold4 ,on the other hand bathing helps to keep people in condition to avoid taking colds4 7,see ,red ,cross ,text ,book on ,home ,hygiene and ,care of the ,sick1 page #aef47 ,when a patient is very sick or helpless1 the bath should be given by someone who is able to do it deftly and quickly1 with the least exertion to the patient4 ,very often1 however1 a person in bed is quite able to bathe herself1 with a little help1 if the necessary things are brought to her4 ,to ,prepare ,for a ,bath in ,bed ,have the room warm and free from draughts4 ,a good temperature is #gj degrees4 ,an old person or a baby may have it warmer4 ,bring into the room everything needed4 ,this will include3 ,an extra blanket to wrap around the sick person4 ,two or more bath towels4 ,two wash cloths--one for the face and another for the rest of the body4 ,soap--,ivory or castile are good4 ,pitcher of good hot water1 and slop jar4 ,alcohol and toilet powder if you have it4 ,nail file and scissors4 ,comb and brush4 ,clean bed linen and nightgown4 ,in cold weather these may be hung near the fire or radiator to warm4 ,a basin of water of a temperature that the sick person finds comfortable4 ,when everything is ready the ,scout can help by loosening the bedclothes1 arranging the extra blanket1 removing the nightgown1 and in holding the basin and towels1 in changing the water or in any way that will make the bath easier for the sick person1 perhaps washing the feet and back1 being careful to keep all the rest of the body covered and warm1 and in protecting the bed by bath towels spread under the part being washed4 ,when doing this the wash cloth should not be so wet that it will drip and wet the bed4 ,it should be held so that the corners do not touch against the bedclothes4 ,there should not be too much soap used as it makes the skin feel sticky4 ,every part should be rinsed and dried thoroughly4 ,warm towels are a great help in this4 ,when the bath is finished alcohol or witch hazel may be used to rub the parts where there is most pressure as the back1 shoulder blades1 hips1 buttocks1 elbows1 knees and ankles4 ,this not only gives comfort but it prevents bedsores4 ,if a sick person gets a bath1 so that it does not disturb nor tire her nor make her chilly she will usually enjoy it4 ,by getting everything ready1 by helping where needed1 and by clearing up nicely the ,girl ,scout may make the bath a pleasure instead of something to be dreaded4 ,sometimes sick people are able to go to the bathroom to take their own baths1 if everything is gotten ready for them beforehand1 so that they will not get tired doing so4 ,people who are not well should never be allowed to lock themselves in the bathroom alone4 ,getting ,ready a ,tub ,bath ,the bathroom should be well aired but warm4 ,the water in the bath tub helps to warm it up4 ,a bath towel or bath mat should be spread beside the tub on the floor and a chair with a blanket and a bath towel on it for the person to sit on while she is drying herself4 ,the water should be about #aje degrees or a temperature that the person finds comfortable4 ,always let a patient try it herself with her hand and arm before getting in4 ,five to ten minutes is long enough to stay in the water4 ,the towels should be within easy reach and the bathrobe1 night gown and slippers placed ready to put on4 ,the bed should be put to air and left as long as possible1 but if the patient has to get back in it immediately after her bath1 it should be made--care being taken that it is warm enough4 ,if necessary put in hot water bags and spread a blanket over the under sheet to wrap around her if she needs it4 ,people chill easily after a bath if they are exposed to sudden cold4 ,foot ,baths ,foot baths are often used in the home as remedies for colds1 headaches1 sleeplessness and to give relief at the monthly period4 ,if there is not a regular foot tub a pail that is large enough to put the foot in is better than a basin as it lets the water come up around the ankles4 ,a person may sit in a chair or on the side of the bed4 ,have tub about half full of water and at first of a heat that feels comfortable1 putting more hot water in from time to time1 until it is as hot as it can be stood4 ,when adding hot water the feet should be away from the part of the tub where the water is poured in1 and it should be added slowly to prevent possibility of burning4 ,a person getting a foot bath should be kept very warm4 ,wrap a blanket around the knees so that the legs will be protected front and back4 ,after fifteen or twenty minutes the feet should be removed from the water and dried without rubbing4 ,they should be kept well covered for an hour or more4 ,no one should go out immediately after a foot bath4 ,if mustard is to be added1 mix it first in a cup and mix it gradually so that it does not lump4 ,two tablespoonfuls of mustard to a foot bath is about enough4 ,changing of position1 and supporting different parts of the body1 give both rest and comfort to anyone in bed4 ,this may be done by turning a patient and by the proper arrangement of pillows and other supports4 ,to turn a patient toward you place one hand over her shoulder and the other hand over her hip and draw toward you4 ,bend her knees1 go to the other side of the bed1 put both hands under her hips and draw toward you4 ,place a pillow lengthwise at her back1 from her shoulder to waist for support4 ,a pillow1 placed under or between the knees1 often gives much relief and comfort4 ,small air pillows that can be placed under or against the small of the back relieve strain and rest the muscles4 ,anyone lying on her back will be rested by arranging pillows lengthwise at the sides to support arms4 ,rubber rings and air cushions are also used to relieve pressure and give support4 ,they should always be covered1 using towel or pillow case1 if they have not their own fitted covers4 ,rings of any size may be made of cotton wound with bandage4 ,these are frequently needed under the heels1 particularly for a patient lying on her back4 ,illustration ,sitting ,up in ,bed ,when a patient is allowed to sit up in bed and a bed-rest is not available a straight chair placed bottom-up behind the patient makes a good support for the pillows4 ,if there is no other support1 at least six pillows are needed to make a patient comfortable4 ,the pillows should be so arranged that the head is not thrown forward and that there is proper support for the back1 and the arms4 ,raising a ,patient ,who ,has ,slipped ,down in ,bed ,have the patient draw up the knees until the soles of the feet are firmly on the bed4 ,place your right arm under the far shoulder in such a way that the patient's head rests in your bent elbow4 ,place the left arm under the thighs4 ,hold your back stiff4 ,have the patient clasp her hands around your waist4 ,lift without jerking4 ,when two persons are doing the lifting1 one should stand on either side of the bed4 ,the person on the left side of the bed should place the right arm as though she were doing the lifting alone4 ,place the other arm under the small of the patient's back4 ,the person on the right side will place her left arm beside her companion's1 and her right arm under the thighs4 ,if able1 the patient may place a hand on the shoulder of each lifter4 ,lift in unison without jerking4 ,a pillow rolled in a sheet1 placed under the body and tied to the head or sides of the bed will prevent slipping down in bed4 ,it is usually better to shake up and rearrange the pillows after raising the patient as the moving disarranges them somewhat4 ,to ,change the ,pillows ,slip the right arm under the shoulders in such a way that the neck and head are supported in your bent elbow2 with the left hand gently draw out one pillow at a time1 from above4 ,in replacing1 stand the pillows on the side at the head of the bed1 lift the shoulders1 and grasping the pillow by the middle draw down under the patient's head4 ,another way is to have the patient near one side of the bed and lifting in the same way draw the pillows one at a time away from you4 ,in replacing put the fresh pillows on the far side and again lifting the head pull them toward you4 ,the pillow should support the neck and shoulders4 ,a small down or hair pillow placed under the back of the neck from time to time1 rests and supports4 ,to ,change the ,nightgown ,the nightgown should be loose enough to change easily4 ,if there is an opening in the front1 this may be made larger or the gown may be split up the back4 ,these openings may be sewn up again without in any way damaging the gown4 ,have the gown well drawn up around the shoulders and neck4 ,slip one hand through the arm hole of the gown1 and bend the patient's arm4 ,with the other hand draw off the sleeve4 ,draw the hand through the corresponding sleeve of the fresh gown and lifting the head just as for changing the pillow1 slip the soiled and fresh gown over the head at the same time4 ,pull away the soiled gown4 ,put your hand through the sleeve and draw the patient's hand through1 then raising again draw the gown down under the back and hips4 ,combing the ,hair ,the hair should be combed at least once a day4 ,if this is done from the very beginning of an illness it will not get badly tangled4 ,spread a towel over the pillow4 ,have the patient turn head on one side so that the back of the head is exposed4 ,part the hair in the middle from the forehead to the nape of the neck4 ,comb only a small strand at a time4 ,if there are tangles1 comb from ends toward the scalp4 ,avoid pulling by twisting the strand around the finger and holding loosely between the comb and the scalp4 ,when the hair on one side has been combed1 braid it1 having the top of the braid near the ear4 ,do the other side the same way4 ,if very much tangled a little oil or alcohol rubbed in makes it easier to comb4 ,wash the comb and brush in soap and water once a week4 ,wash the hands after combing the hair4 ,be careful in removing the towel not to scatter the loose hairs and dandruff it may hold4 ,getting ,patient ,up in ,chair ,if possible have a chair with arms4 ,place beside the bed4 ,put cushions on seat and fresh pillow at back4 ,throw a blanket over all corner-wise1 to wrap around the patient when she sits down4 ,while in bed put on stockings1 slippers1 bath robe 7and underdrawers or flannel petticoat in winter74 ,have the patient sit up in bed1 and help her to swing her feet over the edge4 ,stand in front of her1 and have her place her hands on your shoulders4 ,place your hands under her armpits1 and let her slip off the bed with her feet firmly on the floor4 ,turn and let her sit down slowly4 ,place a stool for her feet4 ,place the chair so that she will be out of drafts and so that the light does not shine directly into her face4 ,when patients become restless and nervous they may often be made more comfortable by rearranging the bed clothes1 by fanning1 by changing position1 by rubbing the back and legs1 by putting hot water bags at the feet1 back and neck1 or small of back4 ,in summer try very cold water instead of hot water in the bags4 ,cold compresses may be applied to the back of the neck1 the spine1 the forehead1 or wherever they may give comfort4 ,a foot bath1 a hot or cool sponging will not only quiet restlessness but will often make a patient sleepy4 ,in using any wet application be sure not to get the pillows or bed clothes wet4 ,continued rubbing at the back of the neck or stroking of the forehead gently is soothing and quieting4 ,temperature1 ,pulse1 ,respiration ,the temperature of the average person in health is #ih4f ,fahrenheit4 ,this is called the normal temperature4 ,a temperature below #ih4j degrees is said to be sub-normal4 ,a healthy person may have a sub-normal temperature in the early morning4 ,people with a continuous low temperature1 say around #ig 7this is often the case with old people and those who are recovering from illness7 need careful attention4 ,if in bed1 they should be kept warmly covered and supplied with hot water bags4 ,if up1 they should be warmly clothed1 and protected from drafts1 and sudden changes of temperature4 ,usually1 in the early morning before daylight1 the temperature is at the lowest4 ,that is why it is important to watch sick people and babies and to put an extra cover over them at that time4 ,any temperature above #ajj degrees1 if it continues1 is serious4 ,a temperature above #aja degrees is a fairly high one1 and #ajc degrees or above is very high4 ,the temperature is taken with a clinical thermometer placed in the mouth or in the armpit4 ,for babies1 and people who might break the thermometer if it were placed in the mouth1 place the thermometer in the armpit4 ,temperatures of babies and very ill people are taken in rectum1 but the ,girl ,scout should not attempt this4 ,always wash the thermometer in cold water before using4 ,wash in cold water and disinfect by wiping off with alcohol or ether after using4 ,hot water will break it4 ,when the thermometer is being used every day it may be kept in disinfectant4 ,never lay down a thermometer that has been used until after it has been washed and disinfected4 ,to ,take the ,temperature in the ,mouth ,cleanse the thermometer4 ,shake down so that the mercury is below #if degrees4 ,have patient moisten lips4 ,place the thermometer with bulb under tongue4 ,lips must be closed while holding it4 ,hold two or three minutes1 in this position4 ,be sure that nothing hot or cold has been in the mouth for at least five minutes before taking temperature4 ,to ,take ,temperature in the ,armpits ,wipe out armpit4 ,insert the thermometer4 ,place arm across the chest so that the thermometer is held securely4 ,it should remain so for four or five minutes4 ,pulse ,the pulse may be counted on the thumb side of the inside of the wrist1 at the temples1 the ankles1 and other parts of the body where the arteries are near the surface4 ,the pulse shows the number of times per minute which the heart beats or pumps4 ,a normal pulse rate for a man is around #gb1 for a woman #hj1 for a child #ij1 and for a baby #ajj beats4 ,a very rapid or a very slow pulse shows that there is something wrong that should be reported4 ,it takes a good deal of practice to learn to count the pulse4 ,place two or three fingers on the beating artery1 just touching firmly enough to feel the beats1 and count for a half minute1 then multiply by two to find the number of beats per minute4 ,be sure that the patient's hand is in a comfortable position while counting4 ,respiration ,respiration is another word for breathing4 ,an average normal person when sitting or lying still1 breathes from twelve to twenty times per minute1 and when moving about #bd times4 ,we all know that quick moving makes quick breathing4 ,respiration above #dj or below #h is a danger sign4 ,if the respiration is very fast1 or difficult1 or wheezy1 or in any way very unusual1 we can tell it at a glance4 ,people who are breathing hard are frequently relieved by being propped up in bed4 ,to count the respiration4 ,it is better to do this without the person's knowledge4 ,it may be counted by watching the rise and fall of the chest or of the shoulders4 ,another way is to hold the person's hand as though taking the pulse1 having her rest her hand and forearm lightly on the chest and count the rise and fall4 ,dishes ,dishes used by patients with any of the contagious diseases1 and this includes colds and sore throats1 should be kept separate1 and washed separately from the family dishes4 ,they should be scalded after washing and have special dish cloths4 ,using separate utensils1 and a separate room for the sick person are two of the surest ways to prevent the spread of the disease4 ,in such diseases as measles1 scarlet fever1 colds1 mumps1 influenza1 dishes should be boiled every day4 ,put them in a large kettle in cold water and let them come to a boil4 ,even the thinnest glass will not break if treated in this way4 ,let the dishes stay in the water until cool enough to handle4 ,dish cloths and dish mops should be thoroughly washed in good hot water and soap1 and put in the sun to dry4 ,they should be boiled regularly4 ,if it is necessary to disinfect linen put it all in a bag and leave in cold water to soak for some hours before putting it on to boil4 ,put a little washing soda in the water4 ,after boiling hard for fifteen or twenty minutes it may be washed with the other garments4 ,stains should be washed out before putting linen in the wash4 ,utensils and ,their ,care ,all utensils should be kept clean and ready for instant use4 ,the bedpan should always be warmed before being used4 ,running warm water in and on it is usually the easiest way to do this4 ,it should be thoroughly dried on the outside so that it will not wet the bed4 ,it is a good plan to have a piece of rubber sheet or several thicknesses of old newspapers covered with a bath towel to put under the bedpan in bed4 ,when carrying away1 keep covered4 ,use cold water first1 and after washing with soapy water1 rinse and dry before putting away4 ,basins in constant use1 especially if they are used to hold disinfectant1 need to be well scoured with sapolio from time to time4 ,nothing is more shiftless looking than a dark rim of dirt or stain around a basin4 ,hot water bags should be emptied when not in use and hung upside down4 ,the stoppers should be kept fastened to them4 ,ice caps should be dried inside and out and stuffed with cotton or tissue paper to keep the sides from sticking together4 ,hot and ,cold ,applications ,hot applications are used to relieve pain1 to supply heat1 and to bring down temperature4 ,both moist and dry heat are used4 ,hot water bags1 metal heaters1 electric pads1 hot flannels are the commonest forms of dry heat4 ,fomentations1 poultices1 and baths are the simplest forms of moist heat4 ,in applying heat1 one should be ever on the watch to avoid burning a patient4 ,the skin of babies1 children1 old people1 and of those who have been ill a long time1 is very easily burned4 ,again1 the same heat that is easily tolerated by one person1 may burn another4 ,hot water bags or their substitute1 electric pads or metal heaters should always be wrapped in towels or have their own coverings4 ,never fill a hot water bag more than two-thirds full4 ,the water should not be hot enough to scald a patient if the bag should spring a leak4 ,before putting in the cork1 expel the air by twisting the upper part between the neck and the level of the water before putting in the cork4 ,be sure to cork tightly4 ,if the bag is to be where the patient will bear the weight1 put in a very little water and renew from time to time4 ,where there is no hot water bag1 stone bottles may be used1 or bags of salt or sand may be heated in the oven4 ,the practice of using ordinary glass bottles is an unsafe one1 as the corks are not always to be depended on to stay tight and the glass breaks easily4 ,when bags of salt or sand are used the coverings should be thick enough to prevent the particles from sifting through4 ,pieces of flannel the right size may in some cases supply all the heat that is necessary4 ,they should be covered with another flannel to keep in the warmth4 ,to make a mustard plaster4 ,have ready a piece of old muslin 7a piece of an old nightgown will do7 two inches wide and two inches longer than twice the length of the poultice required4 ,on one end of it1 with a margin of an inch on three sides1 place a piece of oiled paper or shelf paper or a piece of clean paper bag1 the size you wish the poultice to be4 ,mix one tablespoonful of mustard with #h tablespoonfuls of flour1 before wetting4 ,have water about as hot as the hand can stand4 ,do not use boiling water4 ,stir the water into the mustard and flour gradually so that it will not lump4 ,make the paste stiff enough to spread thinly on the paper1 about a quarter of an inch thick4 ,turn the margins of the cloth over the paste4 ,fold the long end over so that all the paste is covered and tuck the end under the turned-in edges of the sides4 ,fold it and take it to the patient in a hot towel or between hot plates4 ,the skin where it is to be placed should be oiled4 ,test the heat by holding it against the back of your own hand4 ,put on slowly and leave for two minutes4 ,watch and remove sooner if the skin becomes reddened or if it is uncomfortable4 ,after removing wipe away the moisture from the skin and cover with a soft piece of muslin1 and place a piece of flannel over that4 ,a blister after a mustard paste shows very careless nursing4 ,never let a patient go to sleep with a mustard plaster on4 ,illustration3 ,,administering ,,an ,,inhalation ,fomentations or stupes are pieces of flannel wrung out of very hot water and placed on the skin4 ,they should be two or three times as large as the part to be treated1 and should be applied as hot as the patient can bear them1 without burning the skin4 ,have two sets1 so that one set will be ready to put on when the other is taken off4 ,the stupes should be wrung as dry as possible and as they must be very hot to do any good1 a fomentation wringer is a great protection for the hands4 ,one may be made by putting halves of a broom handle through the ends of a short roller towel in the middle of which the fomentation has been placed4 ,by twisting the sticks in the opposite direction the fomentation can be wrung very dry4 ,take it to the bed in the wringer and do not open until ready to place on the skin1 as it will lose its heat very quickly4 ,put a little oil or vaseline on the skin and apply the fomentation gradually4 ,cover with a dry flannel and put wadding over that4 ,a piece of oiled skin or oiled paper between the wadding and the dry flannel helps to keep in the heat and moisture4 ,hold in place with a towel or binder pinned tightly4 ,cold is applied by means of ice bags and by cold compresses4 ,in filling an ice bag the ice should be in small pieces1 and the bag not too full4 ,expel the air as from a hot water bag4 ,cover with a towel or a cover for the purpose4 ,never put the rubber near the skin1 it may freeze if so left4 ,besides1 the cover absorbs the moisture that collects on the outside as the ice melts4 ,cold compresses are a common remedy for headache4 ,old handkerchiefs are excellent for this purpose4 ,fold in frayed edges1 two or three thicknesses will be heavy enough1 and have two1 large enough to cover the forehead4 ,wring one out of ice water so that it will not drip1 and put on the forehead4 ,keep the other on a piece of ice and change the two applications frequently4 ,when applied to the neck a dry cloth should be placed outside to protect the pillow or the patient's clothing4 ,cold compresses for inflamed eyes should be of one thickness only1 and a little larger than the eye4 ,have a number and change very often4 ,use a separate compress for each eye4 ,if there is a discharge a compress should not be used a second time4 ,the discarded compresses should be collected in a paper bag or wrapped in newspapers and burned4 ,when cold compresses are applied to the head there should be a hot water bag at the feet4 ,gargles1 sprays1 and inhalations are often ordered for sore throats and colds4 ,salt or soda added to water in the proportion of a teaspoonful to a pint makes an excellent gargle4 ,a very cold gargle or one as hot as can be held without burning is better than a tepid one4 ,do not go out in the cold air directly after using a hot gargle4 ,use at least six separate mouthfuls each time you gargle1 and hold long enough at the back of the throat for the gargle to reach every part4 ,a spray should not be used for the nose without a special order from the doctor4 ,the liquid sometimes gets into the passage leading to the ear and causes earache4 ,always wipe the nozzle of the atomizer before using4 ,it should be cleaned after each use and boiled1 if another patient is to use it4 ,always boil the nozzle and clean out the bottle when the atomizer is to be put away4 ,keep it in a box where dust will not reach it4 ,inhalations are useful to relieve difficult breathing and for loss of voice or hoarseness4 ,fill a pitcher1 bowl1 or basin1 two-thirds full of boiling water4 ,wrap with a towel to prevent burning if it should touch a patient4 ,usually drugs such as peppermint spirits1 oil of eucalyptus1 or tincture of benzoin1 in dose of a teaspoonful to the hot water contained in the receptacle1 is enough4 ,if no drug is at hand1 the steam itself may be depended upon to do some good4 ,pin one end of a bath towel around the face below the eyes and spread the other over the pitcher inhaling the steam as it rises4 ,it may not be possible to induce a child to do this1 in which case make a tent of an open umbrella with a sheet thrown over it at the head of the bed1 leaving the front a little open4 ,place the pitcher so that the child will get the steam and hold the pitcher carefully all the time4 ,do not let the pitcher touch the patient4 ,another means of inhalation is to hold a funnel1 made of a piece of folded paper in the nose of a kettle of very hot water1 near the patient so that the steam can be inhaled4 ,be very careful not to scald the patient4 ,after a steam inhalation one should not go out in the cold air nor have the windows opened for an hour or more4 ,common ,medicines and ,other ,remedies ,it is a very safe rule never to take medicines oneself without a doctor's orders4 ,above all1 never advise others1 even when you know from experience that certain medicines have helped yourself and others4 ,medicines should be taken upon prescription from the physician1 should be measured accurately1 and given at the exact hour ordered4 ,read carefully the label or box from which you take the medicine before and after opening or uncorking1 and read the name again when putting back in its place4 ,many people have been poisoned by not reading the label4 ,have all glasses and spoons1 etc41 thoroughly cleansed before and after using4 ,accuracy1 attention1 cleanliness1 regularity should be watchwords4 ,in giving either food or medicine1 the following measures are helpful3 #a teaspoonful measures #ej grains4 #b teaspoonfuls make #a dessertspoonful4 #b dessertspoonfuls make #a tablespoonful4 #b tablespoonfuls make #a ounce4 #h ounces make #a cupful or glassful4 #af ounces make one pint1 or pound4 7,this applies to either liquid or dry measure47 ,in giving pills1 capsules1 tablets give a drink of water first to moisten the tongue and throat4 ,this helps them to slip down more easily4 ,if there is danger of a pill or tablet choking the patient1 crush the pill or tablet between two spoons4 ,when medicines are taken by spoon1 the spoon should be licked by the patient in order to get the full amount4 ,nearly all medicines should be mixed with water1 and should be followed with a drink of water unless orders are given to the contrary4 ,keep all medicines tightly corked4 ,buy medicines only in small quantities1 as most of them lose their strength in time4 ,in buying vaseline or cold cream it is better to have it in a tube than in jars4 ,being opened and dipped into constantly soon makes the contents of a jar unclean4 ,common ,remedies ,such remedies as the following are to be found in many homes4 ,castor oil1 clove oil1 vaseline1 baking soda 7this is the same thing as bicarbonate of soda or saleratus71 salt1 lime water1 alcohol1 camphorated oil1 spirits of camphor1 flaxseed1 aromatic spirits of ammonia4 ,do not confuse this latter remedy with ammonia water used for cleansing things4 ,castor oil should be taken in these doses3 ,baby3 #a to #b teaspoonfuls4 ,older children3 #a tablespoonful4 ,adult3 #a to #b tablespoonfuls4 ,there are many ways of taking castor oil4 ,heat the glass or spoon1 put in some orange or lemon juice1 then the oil1 then more juice4 ,open the mouth wide and put the oil far back4 ,have more juice at hand to swallow immediately after4 ,chilling the mouth by holding a piece of ice in it for a few minutes also helps to disguise the taste4 ,a couple of tablespoonfuls of lemon or orange juice with a quarter of a teaspoonful of soda mixed thoroughly with the oil will make it effervesce so that it is not unpleasant to take4 ,if the dose is vomited1 wait a little while1 then give another4 ,do not give directly before nor directly after a meal4 ,olive oil is often taken in doses of one or two teaspoonfuls after meals to regulate the bowels or to help people gain weight or when the appetite is small4 ,it is also used to rub into the skin of under-nourished babies and to rub sick people1 especially if the skin is very dry4 ,after rubbing with oil always wipe the skin with a towel4 ,vaseline is used to grease sore and chafed parts4 ,a little may be inserted into the nostrils for a cold4 ,camphorated vaseline is especially good for this4 ,in case of an irritating cough that keeps a child from sleeping1 a little plain pure vaseline may be put in the mouth1 and it will be found very soothing4 ,vaseline is also used to grease such utensils as nozzles and to put on the parts to which poultices or fomentations are to be applied4 ,soda may be used for burns 7moisten and apply as a paste71 as a gargle 7one teaspoonful to a pint of water71 as an enema 7the same proportion71 for colds 7a teaspoonful in a quart of water to be taken internally in the course of each day71 and in bilious attacks1 water with this amount of soda may be given4 ,also to get a person to vomit1 in which case the water should be slightly warm4 ,salt may be used as a gargle in the same way as soda1 and even mixed with soda1 also for enemas4 ,coarse salt1 when heated and put into bags1 may be used when there is no hot water bag4 ,lime water is used in mixing the baby's milk and is put in the milk for sick people when they cannot take full strength milk4 ,the usual proportion is two tablespoons of lime water to a half glass of milk1 which makes about #a part of lime water to #c parts of milk4 ,alcohol may be used to disinfect the more delicate utensils as the thermometer4 ,most alcohol now obtainable is wood alcohol or denaturated2 that is1 mixed with powerful poisons1 so that it should never touch the mouth4 ,never place a bottle of alcohol near a flame4 ,if it is ever necessary to use an alcohol lamp1 use the solid alcohol4 ,it is much safer4 ,camphorated oil is often used to rub the chest and neck with in case of colds4 ,it should be warmed and rubbed in thoroughly4 ,protect the bedclothes and the patient's clothes with towels4 ,after rubbing1 wipe and cover the part with a flannel1 to prevent chill4 ,spirits of camphor or aromatic spirits of ammonia1 a few drops on a handkerchief or piece of cotton1 held five or six inches from the nose1 relieves faintness4 ,inhaling the camphor in this way will often make it easier to breathe through the nose in case of a head cold4 ,fifteen drops of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a tablespoonful of water may be given to anyone recovering from a faint or to relieve nausea4 ,flaxseed tea is an old-fashioned remedy for coughs4 ,pour a quart of boiling water over two tablespoonfuls of flaxseed and let it simmer for two or three hours1 or until reduced to about a pint of tea4 ,strain through a fine strainer several times so that it will not be stringy1 flavor with lemon1 and add honey or sugar4 ,put in a covered jar1 and take a teaspoonful at a time to relieve irritation in the throat4 ,the ,daily ,clean-,out4--,people1 sick or well1 should have a bowel movement once or twice a day4 ,taking medicine for this purpose is a very bad habit4 ,if healthy people have the proper exercise and food1 and drink plenty of good water1 medicine is not necessary4 ,eating coarse grained food1 as bran muffins1 corn meal porridge1 fruits1 and vegetables1 drinking plenty of water1 exercising in the open air1 and having a regular time for going to the lavatory 7immediately after breakfast and the last thing at night before retiring are suggested times7 are habits that are usually sufficient to keep the bowels in good order4 ,if the waste matter is not carried off by the bowel movements1 the body will in time become poisoned by the decayed substance in the intestines1 and illness follows4 ,many headaches1 tired feelings1 blues1 and even appendicitis may be caused by constipation4 ,people who are sick and therefore deprived of taking exercise to help in keeping their bowels regular1 need to have very special attention paid to their diet and to have plenty of drinking water always at hand4 ,also they should have bedpan or whatever other attention they need regularly1 and when asked for1 immediately4 ,chill1 if due to exposure1 may be treated by giving a warm bath or a foot bath1 and putting to bed between warm blankets and with hot water bags4 ,rub briskly under the covers and give a warm drink such as tea1 coffee1 milk1 etc4 ,some ,common ,ills and ,their ,treatment ,when a chill is not merely due to being cold1 give the same treatment except the rubbing1 take the temperature1 and if there is fever1 send for the doctor1 as it may be the beginning of an illness4 ,colds or cramps1 or pain in the bowels may be caused by constipation1 by gas1 by undigested food1 by the monthly period or more serious causes4 ,apply heat 7hot water bag or fomentation71 sip hot water in which is a little baking soda 7one-half teaspoonful to a cup71 or a few drops of peppermint4 ,try a hot foot bath4 ,lie down and keep very quiet with a hot water bag at feet4 ,if pain continues1 except in the case of the monthly illness1 empty the stomach either by putting the finger down the throat or by drinking warm water and soda until vomiting starts4 ,take an enema or a dose of castor oil4 ,if the pain still continues1 send for a doctor4 ,convulsions4 ,send for a doctor at once4 ,loosen all clothing1 undress if possible4 ,watch and prevent patient from hurting herself4 ,do not try to restrain4 ,try to force a spoonhandle wound with a bandage between the teeth1 to prevent biting of tongue4 ,keep lying down with head slightly raised4 ,as soon as possible1 administer enema or dose of castor oil4 ,put ice bag on head and hot water bottle to feet4 ,keep warm4 ,a child may be put into a warm bath and held until convulsions subside4 ,keep very quiet and handle as little as possible when the convulsion is over1 as handling may cause a repetition of the twitching4 ,croup4 ,give steam inhalation4 ,keep a kettle of very warm water in the room4 ,if this is not possible1 fill the bathroom with steam by turning on the hot water1 and take the patient there4 ,put hot fomentations to neck1 chest1 and abdomen4 ,send for doctor1 who will usually order medicine to make the child vomit1 which brings some relief4 ,earache4 ,use hot applications against the ear4 ,a heated glass or a cup in which there is a cloth wrung in very hot water1 held against the ear may be found very comforting4 ,never put drops nor anything else into the ear canal4 ,either send for the doctor or take the patient to him1 as there may be a developing abscess which needs to be opened4 ,fever4 ,patient should go to bed in a well ventilated room and keep quiet4 ,the bowels should move freely and plenty of water be taken4 ,bathing the hands1 face and neck or rubbing with alcohol gives relief1 especially if there is restlessness4 ,only liquid food should be given1 and even that should not be urged4 ,headaches4 ,the commonest causes of frequent headaches are eye-strain and indigestion4 ,the cure is being fitted with glasses and taking a proper diet4 ,rest and quiet1 careful eating1 cold compresses to the head1 a hot water bag to the feet1 or a foot bath will usually relieve an ordinary headache4 ,sometimes1 as when there is constipation1 a dose of castor oil is necessary4 ,an enema will often give instant relief4 ,never take headache medicines unless a doctor has specially ordered it4 ,these medicines may contain powerful poisons4 ,the danger of taking them is that while for the time being they may relieve the headache1 the cause of the headache remains1 and the headache returns unless the cause1 such as eye-strain or indigestion1 is removed4 ,hiccoughs can be usually stopped by drinking a glass of water in sips while holding the breath4 ,they are usually caused by eating too fast or by some form of indigestion4 ,colds1 ,their ,prevention and ,care ,everybody knows that colds are catching4 ,people who are over-tired or under-fed1 who stay too much in either under-heated or over-heated rooms1 or who do not bathe regularly1 or who do not get exercise enough in the open air1 are those most likely to catch cold4 ,if you have a cold yourself1 stay away from others if possible1 and do all in your power to prevent others coming close to you4 ,cover the mouth when coughing or sneezing1 use paper or old rags instead of handkerchiefs and then burn them2 wash your hands before touching things others are to use1 and use separate dishes1 which should be kept entirely apart from the family dishes and washed separately4 ,if such precautions are taken by the first member of the family to take cold1 it would seldom spread through the family4 ,when people around you have colds1 avoid getting close to them1 gargle often1 take deep breaths of fresh air whenever possible1 wash your hands often and keep them away from your nose and mouth4 ,you do not need to be told that the handkerchief used by anyone with a cold is full of germs4 ,it should be kept from touching other things and should never be left lying around4 ,if1 at the first signs of a cold1 a good dose of castor oil is taken1 a glass of hot lemonade and a hot bath before going to bed1 a cold may be broken up1 as we say4 ,in mild weather1 the windows may be left open1 but if the weather is very cold it is better to air the room from another room1 in order to keep an even temperature1 but there should be good ventilation4 ,if the throat is sore1 gargling and a cold compress to the neck will bring relief4 ,if there is fever and headache1 you have already been told what to do4 ,anyone with a cold should eat very lightly and drink plenty of water4 ,they should be as quiet as possible and get all the rest and sleep possible4 ,camphorated or plain vaseline may be put in the nostrils1 and if there is a cough1 plain vaseline may be taken internally--placed on the tongue at the back of the mouth4 ,a spoonful of flaxseed tea taken as often as necessary to relieve irritation may bring relief4 ,inhalations are helpful in hoarseness4 ,never give any cough medicines except what are ordered by a doctor4 ,if the symptoms continue after the first night it is advisable to call a doctor1 as what seems a slight cold may be the beginning of a serious illness1 as measles1 scarlet fever1 pneumonia1 etc4 ,if there is earache1 rapid breathing1 great weakness or sleepiness the doctor should be called at once4 ,any symptom that lasts after a cold1 as pain in one part1 weakness1 or high temperature1 needs a doctor's attention4 ,food for the ,sick ,food for the sick should be light and easily digested4 ,generally the doctor says what may be eaten4 ,such foods as the following are included in so-called invalid foods3 ,milk1 milk soups1 eggs1 raw and soft-cooked1 rennet1 custards1 ice creams1 albumin water1 well cooked cereals1 gruels1 broths1 toasts1 milk toast1 jellies made with gelatine1 such as lemon and wine jelly2 macaroni1 spaghetti1 well-cooked bread 7never fresh bread71 tea1 coffee1 cocoa4 ,sick people should have their meals as regularly as possible1 at regular hours and promptly and attractively served4 ,the tray1 the dishes1 the tray-cloth1 should be spotlessly clean1 and the tray should not be over-loaded with dishes or food4 ,if it is necessary to bring all the food for a meal to the room on the tray at once in order to save steps1 remove some of it1 perhaps the dessert1 until the patient is ready for it4 ,before leaving the room to prepare the tray1 arrange everything so that the patient may eat the food as soon as it is brought4 ,as a rule it is better for the sick member of the family to have her meals served before the family sits down to the table1 so that she may have her food fresh and hot1 and not get tired waiting4 ,try to have food that the patient likes1 if possible4 ,if she does not like what may be served her1 it may be served so attractively that her appetite may be tempted4 ,all food should be tasted before serving4 ,serve hot food hot1 and cold food cold4 ,milk is the most nourishing of liquid foods4 ,if it is to be heated1 do not let it boil4 ,always take the chill off milk served to children4 ,generally speaking1 cooked food is better than uncooked1 even fruits4 ,baked apples or apple sauce1 for example1 are safer to give the sick than raw apples4 ,toast is better than bread4 ,toast upon which the butter has melted should not be given to a sick person4 ,have the toast hot1 and butter each mouthful as eaten4 ,bread should be at least one day old before being given to a sick person4 ,hot breads1 such as fresh rolls and biscuits1 are not good foods for ill people4 ,fried foods should be kept from invalids and children4 ,the best way to prepare a potato for an invalid is to bake it4 ,it should be served when it is light and mealy1 and never after it has become soggy4 ,the best way of cooking meat is to broil it1 having the outside well browned1 and the inside soft and juicy1 never dry and hard4 ,a ,tray for ,liquid and ,soft ,food ,the tray should be large enough to hold two glasses or a cup and saucer and a glass1 as well as salt or sugar4 ,put two spoons on the tray1 and if the patient is using a tube or a feeder1 put that on the tray4 ,one of the glasses should contain fresh water4 ,offer a glass of water before and after the nourishment4 ,the tray for soft solids4 ,suppose the meal is to be boiled rice1 or other cereal1 and toast4 ,the tray should have a fresh doilie1 salt1 sugar 7covered71 a glass of water1 two teaspoons1 a knife1 if butter is allowed on the toast1 and a small pitcher of milk or cream for the rice4 ,put the cereal in a deep saucer or small bowl1 cover with a plate or saucer and rest on another plate4 ,spread a small napkin on another plate4 ,put the toast on it1 then wrap the napkin around it to keep hot4 ,sick people should have plenty of water to drink4 ,besides having a pitcher of fresh water and a glass where it may be easily reached1 always put a glass of fresh cool water on the tray when food or medicine are brought4 ,while ice water is bad for both sick and well people1 the water should be cool enough to be agreeable and refreshing4 ,water that is chilled to the right temperature by being kept in the ice chest1 bottled1 is preferable4 ,it should be drunk slowly and not gulped down4 ,water standing in the room should be kept covered at all times4 ,feeding ,helpless ,patients ,a patient is often so weak that she cannot lift her head in order to eat4 ,in this case she would be given liquids through straws or by spoon or feeder4 ,sometimes by putting a small quantity of liquid in a glass1 two tablespoonfuls1 a patient is enabled to drink without spilling a drop4 ,if necessary1 slip one hand under the pillow1 raise the head a little1 holding the glass to the lips with the other4 ,anyone lying down should take food very slowly4 ,if solid1 it should be cooked1 especially well1 as there is danger of choking4 ,tubes should be washed immediately after using4 ,if used continuously they should be cleaned with a tube brush made for that purpose4 ,straws should be burned or destroyed4 ,if feeding with a spoon1 be careful that neither the food nor the spoon burns the lips or mouth4 ,feed slowly and a little at a time1 allowing plenty of time between mouthfuls4 ,occupying and ,amusing the ,sick ,when people are recovering from an illness1 or when they are what we call chronic invalids1 they often enjoy and are helped by being amused or occupied4 ,at this time a ,girl ,scout may be very helpful4 ,first of all1 she should be cheerful herself4 ,then she should be able to play two or three quiet games1 such as cards1 dominoes1 checkers1 and be able to read aloud and to tell cheerful and amusing stories4 ,children may often be kept quiet and happy by hearing little rhymes recited4 ,it might be a good idea for every ,girl ,scout to be able to tell three short stories and three funny stories1 know three conundrums and three short poems1 play three quiet games of cards1 play checkers1 play dominoes and know three puzzles4 ,excitement is always bad for sick people and they become tired easily1 so they should not be read to1 talked to1 nor played with for too long an interval1 even if they seem to wish it themselves4 ,the ,scout must always remember that these things are being done for the pleasure of the sick person1 and she must be very patient1 to let the games or stories be of their own choosing if they wish it1 and to avoid being noisy herself4 ,daily ,routine ,there should be a regular daily routine4 ,have regular hours for feeding1 bathing1 giving treatment and medicines1 giving the bedpan1 etc4 ,be punctual4 ,usually the first thing to do in the morning is to close or open the window as necessary1 and to give the patient a bedpan4 ,have it warm4 ,take temperature1 pulse and respiration and record them4 ,bring a basin of warm water1 soap1 towel1 etc41 to wash hands and face1 and a glass of water to brush teeth4 ,tidy the hair4 ,straighten up the room a little4 ,prepare and serve patient's breakfast4 ,after an hour the bed bath may be taken1 but a tub bath should not be taken until two hours after breakfast4 ,make the bed4 ,clean up the room4 ,if the patient is well enough1 let her read or see visitors after this4 ,serve the dinner4 ,after dinner1 open the windows1 lower the shades1 and let the patient rest and sleep if possible for at least an hour4 ,sick people need more rest than well people and should have a regular hour for rest in the daytime4 ,if they sleep1 so much the better1 as it has been proved that patients who take a nap during the day sleep better at night4 ,after four o'clock give a drink of some kind of hot or cold substance1 as needed or desired--broth1 milk1 lemonade4 ,in the late afternoon sick people are often tired and restless4 ,change of position1 rearrangement of the pillows or a good rub give comfort and relieve the restlessness4 ,diversion of some kind1 nothing noisy or exciting1 may serve the same purpose4 ,it may be found wise to delay the bath until this time of day as bathing has a soothing effect4 ,between supper and bedtime the sick person should be kept from excitement4 ,this is a good time for reading aloud or allowing them to read for themselves1 but a very poor time to see visitors4 ,preparations for the ,night4 ,bring in all the necessities for washing the hands and face and brushing the teeth and combing the hair1 and help where needed4 ,change the nightgown 7it is better to have a gown for the day and one for the night71 brush the crumbs from the bed1 make the sheet smooth1 shake up the pillows and straighten out the bedclothes1 having extra covers handy in case of need4 ,fill the hot water bag1 attend to the fire1 if there is one1 and arrange everything in the room just as it will be needed for the night4 ,give a warm drink1 and allow the patient to rinse the mouth 7or1 if wished1 the brushing of the teeth may be delayed until this time74 ,the last thing to do for the sick person is to give a good rub1 paying special attention to the bony parts 7lower end of spine1 shoulder-blades1 hips1 knees1 ankles74 ,then arrange the ventilation4 ,before settling a sick person for the night1 be sure that everything about the room is done1 as any moving about after she is prepared to sleep may tend to disturb her and prevent her from going to sleep4 #e4 ,,the ,,health ,,guardian ,,for ,,girl ,,scouts ,has the town you live in a free swimming pool with instructors and well arranged hours for little children1 older girls and boys and grown-ups8 ,can you step out after school and have a couple of hours on a well kept tennis court8 ,is there a good golf course reasonably near1 with convenient trolley service8 ,are there plenty of playgrounds1 so that the children are off the streets8 ,and1 since grounds are not enough1 are there friendly young play-leaders connected with them1 to get the children together and teach them all sorts of games and sports8 ,if none of these things are to be found1 or not enough of them1 wouldn't you like to have them8 ,of course ,i should1 you reply1 but what can ,i do about it8 ,i am only a girl1 and ,i can't get all these things by just wishing for them6 ,but that's just what you can do4 ,all these things in a town mean that the town is looking out for the health of its young people4 ,exercise is one of the most important means of preserving health1 and most of the large cities nowadays are working hard to see that no child shall be out of reach of a good park1 a good swimming pool and a good playground4 ,this all comes under the city government and as this is a democratic form of government1 these things are all arranged by vote4 ,that is1 the citizens vote to use the public money for such things and vote for the officials who shall spend the money for them4 ,do you see that if you make up your mind now about the village improvements you want1 you can vote for them later and get them8 ,women are naturally interested in all that happens to children1 and if all the women of a community should get together and vote for everything that concerned the health and happiness and good education of children1 can't you see what happy days their school-days would be8 ,if you saw ,public ,health at the head of a chapter1 you might not think it looked very interesting2 but when you once get the idea that if your mother had had her say on the ,public ,health ,board you would have had a fine skating pond with a good skate-house1 last winter1 and sunny1 well-aired school rooms to study in1 with a big gymnasium for basket ball in bad weather1 you may be more interested in the merit badge for ,public ,health called ,health ,guardian6 ,remember that ,public ,health is simply good housekeeping1 applied to the community4 ,it is a subject which women are sure to take up more and more1 and a ,girl ,scout who has given the matter a little thought and study is going to make a good citizen later on1 and will be certain to have her advice asked--and taken--in the matter of making her town healthy and happy4 ,for instance1 if the desks in the public schools are not of the right height and shape1 the children are bound to suffer in their health and hygiene4 ,it is the business of the ,state to see that all public buildings1 schools1 theatres1 factories1 etc41 have a certain amount of light and air to the cubic foot1 because so much is necessary for health4 ,it is the business of the ,state to see that only a certain number of hours a day should constitute a day's work4 ,this is because a certain amount of rest is a necessity for all citizens4 ,it is the business of the ,state to see that food and water can be brought into the community4 ,also that they be kept pure1 both in transportation and after they reach the community4 ,this includes the policing of all reservoirs and the filtering of the water2 the refrigerating of meat and milk2 the condemning of rotten fruit and vegetables2 the collecting and disposal of all garbage and waste4 ,it is the business of the state to prevent spitting in public places1 7one of the greatest sources of public infection72 to prevent the use of common drinking utensils1 towels1 etc42 to insist on the isolation of contagious diseases and the placarding of the houses where they occur4 ,in order to carry on these great wise policies the state should offer free clinics where citizens can find out what is the matter with them and how to prevent it1 and trained community nurses for the sick4 ,do you see what a wonderful power an intelligent woman can be in the community she lives in8 ,women ought to be much better1 really1 in this public housekeeping than men1 because most of them have had to learn to do it on a small scale1 and know how necessary light1 air1 rest1 exercise and cleanliness are4 ,but1 you may say1 as yet1 ,i am too young to vote1 anyway2 what can ,i do8 ,the answer is very simple3 every citizen1 whether she is young or old1 whether she has a vote or not1 can find out the laws of the town she lives in and help to enforce them6 ,and the most important of these laws are those which affect the public safety and the public health4 ,whether there is a ,public ,health ,commissioner or a ,town ,board or a ,village ,superintendent or only a ,district ,nurse to appeal to1 there is sure to be somebody whose business it is to listen to violation of the law4 ,if every troop of ,girl ,scouts knew the health laws of their town1 and helped to get them obeyed1 there would be a wonderful lessening of epidemics and a wonderful advance in the health and beauty of our towns4 ,if the ,girl ,scouts stood1 all over the country1 for the intelligent guardianship of the public health and recreation1 they would rapidly become one of the greatest and most respected organizations in ,america1 for this reason alone4 #f4 ,,the ,,health ,,winner 444 ,for since a little self-control1 since a clean and elementary diet1 pure water1 openness of the body to sun and air1 a share of honest work1 and some degree of mental peace and largesse1 are the simple conditions of health1 and are or ought to be1 accessible to everybody-- ,to neglect these is sheer treason4 --,toward ,democracy1 by ,edward ,carpenter4 ,five ,points of ,health for ,girl ,scouts ,a cheerful ,scout1 a clean ,scout1 a helpful ,scout1 is a well ,scout4 ,she is the only ,scout that really is prepared4 ,she not only knows the laws of health1 she lives them3 she stands tall1 she plays daily in the open air1 she rests and sleeps at night1 and conserves her energy at all times1 she is careful to get the right amount of air1 water1 sun and food each day1 and perhaps most important of all1 she keeps clean4 #a4 ,stand ,tall--,every ,scout should be recognized a long way off1 not only by her uniform1 but by her erect carriage4 ,in sitting1 the lower back should be against the back of the chair4 ,in bending forward to read or write1 bend straight from the hips4 ,at ,scout meetings practice sitting without support for the back4 ,when at ease during drill1 stand with feet apart and parallel and with hands hanging free4 ,when resting1 lie flat on the back without pillows4 ,correct posture is obtained by balancing the different parts of the body--hips1 head1 chest in a straight line1 so that the bony framework bears the weight4 ,the muscles and ligaments will not then be strained1 and the bones will not be forced into an abnormal position4 ,two rules to remember are3 ,stand tall and ,keep your spine long4 #b4 ,take ,exercise--,if you have watched soldiers obey commands in drill you know how quickly their joints and muscles work4 ,the setting-up exercises given in the ,handbook have been planned to preserve the power of joints and muscles1 and to prevent them from becoming like rusty machines4 ,these exercises should be taken with windows open1 if not out of doors4 ,clothing should be light and loose1 and corsets removed4 ,these exercises are not to be considered a substitute for vigorous outdoor work or play1 but only as supplementary to or when these are impossible4 ,the day should be planned to include at least an hour and a half of vigorous activity in the open air4 ,this will take different forms1 according to the place and season1 so that in the summer one may swim1 row or paddle1 or play tennis or any other game outdoors1 and in the winter skate1 coast or snowshoe4 ,however1 the best all year round exercise1 and the simplest and easiest to get is walking4 ,five miles a day is an adequate average4 ,even walking alone is good exercise1 but walking in a group or two and two is better1 because keeping step1 singing1 whistling and talking and laughing together add enormously to the exhilaration of motion and of sun1 wind or rain in the face4 ,a ,girl ,scout should avoid unusual exercise before1 during and immediately following menstruation4 ,however1 she should remember that a reasonable amount of exercise at this time is quite normal and beneficial1 except where there is an actual disorder of some sort4 ,in this case a physician should be consulted4 #c4 ,rest and ,conserve ,energy--,go to bed early and sleep from eight to eleven hours1 according to age4 ,sleep with windows open all the year round4 ,rest sometime during the day1 flat on the back if possible1 but even five minutes sitting quietly with hands in the lap and eyes closed is better than nothing4 ,the following table shows the number of hours of sleep that are needed at different ages3 ,age ,hours of ,sleep #aj and #aa years #i-a_/b to #aa #ab and #ac years #i to #aj-a_/b #ad and #ae years #h-a_/b to #aj #af and #ag years #h to #i-a_/b #ah and #ai years #h to #i #bj and over at least #h ,save ,your ,eyes ,the reason it is important to rest and to sleep enough is because it is while at rest that the body regains energy lost during activity1 and stores it up for future work and play4 ,there are other ways of saving energy1 and one of them is by keeping the body in such good repair that like a good machine it does its work with a minimum expenditure of force and heat4 ,this is the main reason for the setting-up exercises1 or indeed for any sort of exercises4 ,perhaps the single best way to save energy is by saving your eyes4 ,there is almost no work or play that does not involve the use of our eyes4 ,if people are blind they can learn to do many things without vision1 but it is infinitely harder than with it4 ,modern life1 especially in cities1 makes a constant demand on our eyes1 and more than this1 the demand is on one part of the eyes--the muscles concerned in near work4 ,the best way to rest the eyes1 and one which not only rests the tired parts but exercises the parts that are not used1 is by doing things that will involve distant vision4 ,walking and looking far ahead and far away on every side rests the eyes best of all1 and this is one reason why a good walk will often clear up a headache4 ,another way to insure distant vision is by riding backward in a car4 ,then as the landscape flows past you1 your eye muscles relax to the position needed for distant vision4 ,if you cannot walk or ride and are doing close work1 like sewing or reading1 look up and at nothing every once in a while4 ,the following are some important rules to remember in saving your eyes3 ,rest your near eye muscles by looking at distant objects and places4 ,do not work facing a light or where the rays from a light cross your field of vision directly4 ,work so far as possible by indirect or reflected light4 ,if you must work near uncovered artificial lights1 wear an eye-shade4 ,when sewing or writing have the light at your left1 unless you are left-handed4 ,this is to keep the shadow of your hands from the work4 ,avoid a glare or light that is in streaks or bars of alternate dark and bright4 ,diffused1 even light is best4 ,have your eyes examined by a competent oculist immediately3 ,if you have headaches1 ,if the eyes sting or burn after using1 ,if print or other objects dance or blur1 ,if you must get close to your work to see it1 ,if near work tires your eyes or you1 ,if there is the slightest irritation or soreness about the lids or other parts4 ,how to ,avoid ,muscle ,strain ,girls and women in attempting to live an outdoor life or indeed when trying to do many of the things numbered among the ,scout activities1 such as ,first ,aid1 ,home ,nursing and ,hiking1 often give themselves quite unnecessary pain and fatigue from lifting1 pulling and carrying weights in the wrong way4 ,ability to carry and lift or move is not so much dependent upon absolute strength as it is on knowing how4 ,the whole body1 so far as it is a physical mechanism1 may be thought of as a series of levers1 of which the muscles1 bones1 and joints make up the parts and are fulcrum1 power arm or weight arm as the case may be4 ,without going into the details of bodily structure or even knowing the names of the different bones and muscles1 it is possible to learn a few simple things about the right use of these levers that will be useful at all times4 ,certain parts of the body are more able to do heavy work than others1 and the first thing to remember is that the upper part of the back1 the shoulders and the upper arms are stronger than the lower back1 the abdomen and the lower arms4 ,therefore1 whenever you are trying to lift or move an object1 see if you cannot use these stronger parts4 ,if the arms are held away from the body when lifting1 pulling1 throwing or pushing1 the muscles of the upper arm1 the shoulders and the upper back will be brought into play4 ,if the arms are held close to the body1 the lower-arm muscles are unduly taxed and in trying to help them out1 pressure is made on the abdominal and pelvic muscles1 which are not fitted to bear this sort of strain4 ,therefore1 in carrying a bag or suitcase1 where this is absolutely unavoidable1 try to swing the arm free from the body1 so as to use the upper arm and back muscles for the weight4 ,another important way to save strain is by pushing instead of pulling4 ,it is almost impossible to push anything so hard as to injure your back or abdominal muscles4 ,it is almost impossible1 on the other hand1 to pull even a relatively light weight without some strain4 ,if you will think of how a horse in harness actually exerts his strength in drawing a wagon1 you will see that what he does is to push against the straps1 and it is the straps that pull the wagon4 ,even the strongest horse could not pull a wagon with his teeth very far1 or pull something tied only to the back leg muscles4 ,get behind and push is the rule to remember1 and never resort to pulling until you have tried every device for pushing instead4 ,if you must pull1 try to use heavy muscles1 such as leg muscles1 to do it with4 ,often a weight may be lifted or pulled by getting the foot under or in back and using the arms only to steer with4 ,this applies particularly to objects like trunks or bureaus4 ,always take advantage of any natural leverage that you can and if you must move something heavy1 do not lift it at once and attempt to carry it1 but lift one end and swing or shove it and then lift the other end and shove it4 ,if you will watch expressmen at work you will notice that they roll boxes and trunks1 holding them almost on end and tipping them just enough to turn them along their shortest axis4 ,in this way the boxes carry themselves1 so far as their main weight is concerned4 ,carrying a weight on the head or shoulders is another way of converting a pull into a push1 and this is taken advantage of by peasant women in ,europe1 who often are seen carrying heavy weights to market in baskets perched on their heads1 while they stride along arm-free4 ,a knapsack strapped on to the shoulders is not only more convenient because it leaves the arms and hands free to swing naturally or use for other purposes1 but because the weight is distributed and is carried by means of heavy muscles pushing up under the strap4 ,a weight should be distributed over a set of muscles as evenly as possible1 and this is the reason for suspending a knapsack from two shoulders instead of one1 when possible4 ,finally1 in doing any sort of lifting or pulling1 if the muscles that are to be used are contracted before grasping the weight they will be able to do their work with far less effort4 ,try lifting a small weight like a book in two ways--first1 have your hand and fingers relaxed and limp when you grasp it1 and see how heavy it seems and how hard it is to contract your muscles properly while lifting it4 ,then drop the book and go at it again1 this time anticipating its weight and contracting your hand and finger muscles before grasping it4 ,see how easily it comes up4 ,try this same thing with heavier weights1 and learn always to contract the muscle before taking the load4 ,in carrying a weight for any distance it is well to shift it from one arm to another1 always preparing the muscles by contracting them before the weight is assumed4 ,using the muscles so as to take advantage of their lever-like qualities in the best way1 contracting them before loading1 and pushing instead of pulling1 go to make up what is sometimes called getting a purchase4 #d4 ,supply ,daily ,need for ,air1 ,sun1 ,water and ,food--,besides exercise and rest there are other controllable factors upon which health depends4 ,these are air1 heat and light of the sun1 water and food4 ,to grow and work properly the body needs plenty of each of these4 ,air--,if you cannot work or play outdoors you can still bring out of doors in by opening your windows at frequent intervals4 ,you will find that work goes better1 and that you do not tire so easily if you make it a rule to open the windows and doors and move about the room for five minutes every hour or two4 ,sleep with windows open or out-of-doors4 ,camp and hike as often as possible4 ,work in the garden4 ,play out-of-door games4 ,heat--,the proper temperature of the body is between #ih and #ii degrees ,fahrenheit4 ,human life depends upon the maintenance of this temperature at all times1 and very slight changes either up or down interfere seriously with all the other life processes4 ,the main source of heat is from food consumed1 or really burned1 in the body4 ,artificial heating in houses helps conserve the body heat1 as does clothing4 ,but clothes and shelter may make you overheated1 which is nearly as bad as being cold2 they may also shut out fresh air4 ,clothes should not be too heavy nor too tight4 ,shoes should have soles straight on the inner side1 and be broad enough to allow the toes full play1 and have low heels4 ,shoes that are comfortable to hike in are apt to be the best for all the time wear4 ,at night the clothes worn during the day should be aired and dried thoroughly4 ,this will help much in maintaining the right body temperature1 because clothes become damp from wearing1 and dampness uses up body heat4 ,sunlight--,sunlight is one of the best health bringers known4 ,little children--and grown people1 too--suffering from the most serious forms of tuberculosis1 that of the bones1 get well if they are kept in the sunlight4 ,in one of the finest hospitals for children in the world1 in ,switzerland1 the main treatment is to have the children play outdoors without clothes in the sunlight1 and they do this even when there is heavy winter snow on the ground4 ,human beings droop and die without the sun1 just as plants do1 though it takes longer to kill them4 ,it is a gloomy person who does not feel happier in the sun1 and a happy and cheerful person is generally healthy4 ,so get into the sun whenever you can4 ,walk on the sunny side of the street1 and open your windows to the sun whenever you can4 ,however1 in hot climates and in the warmest summer days1 remember that the sun can injure as well as help1 and do not expose the head or body unnecessarily4 ,water--,as about three-quarters of our body weight is water1 the solid portions of bone1 muscle1 and so forth1 constituting only one-quarter1 and as considerable water is given off each day by evaporation from skin and lungs and with excreta1 the loss must be made up4 ,in addition to the water taken with meals and contained in the food a ,girl ,scout should drink at least six tumblers of water daily4 ,this is a quart and a half4 ,one glass should be taken on arising and before breakfast1 two between breakfast and lunch1 two between lunch and dinner1 and one before going to bed4 ,be sure the water is pure1 and boil any water the purity of which is doubted in the slightest4 ,water kept cool in the ice chest1 or in a jar with a moist cover1 is better than ice water1 both because cool water actually quenches thirst more easily1 being more readily absorbed than ice cold water1 and because it is difficult to control the purity of ice4 ,food--,food should be clean and kept clean4 ,growing girls can tell whether they are eating enough of the right sort of food1 and if they are getting the best out of it1 by seeing whether they are up to the right weight for their height and age4 ,a chart is given at the end of this section showing the standard weight for each height at each age4 ,the following are good rules to follow in making your daily food habits3 ,do not eat between meals4 ,eat slowly and chew food thoroughly4 ,eat freely of coarse cereals and breads4 ,eat meat only once a day4 ,have green vegetables1 salad or fruit every day4 ,drink as much milk as possible1 but no coffee or tea4 ,if you do not have at least one bowel movement a day it is a sign of constipation1 which means the accumulation of waste material from food in the intestine4 ,exercise1 especially walking1 eating coarse vegetables1 coarse breads and coarse cereals1 and fruit1 and drinking enough water will help the bowels to move properly4 ,constipation is not only an unclean habit of the body1 but it is dangerous1 because the waste matter decays and poison is carried all over the body4 ,headaches1 indigestion1 bad breath and chronic fatigue are some of the results4 #e4 ,keep ,clean--,a ,girl ,scout should be sure that the air1 water and food that she allows to enter her body are clean4 ,be sure that they are pure when they reach her1 and keep them so by keeping her body1 clothes and room clean with the help of sun1 soap and water4 ,you have probably heard of germs1 microbes and bacteria4 ,these are names for the same organisms1 which are tiny forms of plant life unseen by the eye1 and of which our unaided senses give us no knowledge4 ,they exist everywhere and in many forms4 ,most of them are harmless to human life1 and many of them are useful1 as1 for example1 one that grows on the roots of peas and beans and helps the plants to extract nitrogen from the air4 ,some bacteria1 however1 are harmful1 and these are known as disease germs1 as they are active in producing diseases1 especially those diseases which we know as contagious4 ,the dangerous germs nearly all live in dust and dirt and in dark places4 ,when we clean house and dispose of waste material and bring air and sunlight into dark and dirty places we are doing more than removing unpleasant sights and smells1 we are destroying the breeding places of disease4 ,every girl wants a clear skin4 ,proper food1 water and exercise give this2 but it is also necessary to keep the surface clean by taking a hot bath with soap at least twice a week1 and a cold or tepid sponge and rubdown the other days4 ,besides the loose dirt which comes on the body from the outside1 perspiration and oil come from the inside through the skin pores1 and when accumulated give a disagreeable odor4 ,special attention is needed to guard against this odor1 particularly under the armpits1 and soap and water should be used daily4 ,a hot bath is relaxing and opens the pores4 ,a cold bath is stimulating and closes the pores4 ,a hot bath is best taken at night1 or if taken in the morning1 follow by a cool sponge or shower4 ,do not take a cold plunge bath unless advised to do so by a physician4 ,always wash the hands immediately before handling or preparing food and before eating4 ,always wash hands after going to the bathroom4 ,keep nails short1 and clean with nail brush each time the hands are washed and with orange stick when necessary4 ,during menstruation it is particularly important to keep the body and clothes scrupulously clean1 by bathing or washing with plenty of water4 ,hair--,air and a good brushing every day will keep the hair in good condition4 ,it should be washed once in two weeks4 ,wash with hot soapsuds and rinse thoroughly1 using first hot1 then cooler1 and finally cold water4 ,keep the hair brush clean by washing in cold water and soap and a little ammonia at least once a week4 ,the brush should be dried in the sun1 not by artificial heat4 ,ears--,keep the outer surfaces of the ears clean1 but leave the inner part alone4 ,do not poke for wax or put oil in the ear4 ,feet--,bathe the feet in hot water at night1 when tired4 ,in the morning bathe with cold water after hot1 to harden them for walking4 ,keep the toenails clean1 and cut evenly4 ,teeth--,next to a fresh1 sweet skin the most beautiful feature of a truly beautiful woman is her teeth4 ,the basis of beautiful teeth is a clean mouth4 ,teeth should be brushed at least twice a day4 ,the best times are after breakfast and the last thing before going to bed4 ,a brush with medium soft bristles should be used4 ,clean a new brush thoroughly with soap and water and soak in cold water to set the bristles4 ,a toothbrush should be cleansed and aired and if possible sunned every day4 ,never use a brush that has begun to lose its bristles1 or which has become caked or yellow4 ,paste or powder that is not gritty should be used4 ,always brush away from the gums2 that is1 brush the upper teeth down1 and the lower teeth up4 ,clean the roof of the mouth and the tongue4 ,it is a good plan to have the teeth examined at least every six months4 ,then any repairs or cleaning that may be needed can be easily attended to and much future pain1 trouble and expense saved4 ,eyes--,wash eyes carefully for sleepers in the morning4 ,bathing with alternate hot and cold will rest and strengthen the muscles4 ,general ,safeguards--,do not use public towels or drinking cups4 ,do not use towels1 handkerchiefs or other toilet articles or glasses or cups or table utensils used by others4 ,avoid sneezing or coughing into another person's face4 ,measurements ,every ,girl ,scout should know her measurements1 including her height1 her weight1 her waist measure1 her chest girth and her chest expansion4 ,not only are these things convenient to know when ordering uniforms and buying clothes1 but any physical director1 gymnasium teacher or doctor can tell her if these are in good proportion for her age and general development and advise her as to how she may go about to improve them if they need it4 ,the accompanying table 7given in the last section of the ,health ,record7 shows the right height and weight for girls at different ages4 ,the way to consult it is as follows3 ,first1 find your height by measuring yourself without shoes against a wall4 ,the best way to do is to have someone lay a ruler on top of your head so that it extends to the wall and touches it at right angles4 ,then the place should be marked and the distance measured with a yard stick or tape4 ,count a half inch as the next highest inch2 thus if you measure #ei-a_/b inches call this #fj4 ,if you measure #ei-a_/d count it as an even #ei4 ,stand with heels against the wall1 and head high3 ,stand ,tall4 ,second1 find your weight with only indoor clothes on4 ,take the weight to the nearest pound1 counting as before a half pound or three-quarters as the next highest and disregard the amounts less than one-half4 ,then take your card and look along the top row for the age to which you are nearest1 counting six months past one year mark as the next year4 ,thus1 if you are within six months of being #ac1 count yourself #ac4 ,then look at the left-hand upright row of figures and find your height in inches4 ,then with a rule or paper find the corresponding number of pounds for your height and age4 ,you will see that a girl may be any number of inches tall within wide limits1 but her weight must correspond to her height rather than simply to her age4 ,a girl should be within ten per cent of the proper weight for her age and height4 ,if you find that you are underweight1 do not be frightened or discouraged1 as it is quite easy to get up to normal by following the health rules1 particularly those relating to food1 water and sleep4 ,drink as much milk as possible1 and eat fresh vegetables and don't spoil your appetite by eating too many sweets or nibbling between meals4 ,if you find that after a month you are still more than ten per cent underweight1 then ask your parents if you can see the doctor or consult the school physician4 ,a ,health ,record ,chart for ,girl ,scouts ,girl ,scouts who are working for ,the ,health ,winner badge should keep an account of their progress for three months1 and a good way to do it is to have a ,health ,chart to fill out daily and bring the record for each week to their ,captain1 at troop meeting4 ,the chart given below is suggested as a model1 and copies will be obtainable from ,national ,headquarters1 but troops can make up their own4 ,every ,scout is naturally a ,health ,crusader1 and she can use the blanks provided by the ,national ,modern ,health ,crusade if she so desires4 ,in this case the first two points can be combined1 which relate to washing hands and face1 and an additional point inserted in place of the second1 to the effect that ,i ate no sweets1 candy1 cake or ice cream between meals today4 ,,daily ,,record ,,of ,,points ,scout44444444444444444444444444 #a4 ,i did my setting-up exercises ,checks for ,week ,commencing ,monday ,no444444 #b4 ,i walked1 worked or played ,pt4,mon4,tues4,wed4,thurs4,fri4,sat4,su n4 ,outdoors at least a half-hour #b;a4 ,time spent walking #a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #b;b4 ,distance walked #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #c4 ,i went to bed early last night1 and slept at least #h hours #b;a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #d4 ,i slept with my window open #b;b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #e4 ,i drank six glasses of water between meals #c ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #f4 ,i ate no sweets1 candy1 cake1 sweet drinks or ice cream1 except as dessert #d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #g4 ,i ate green vegetables or fruit or salad #e ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #h4 ,i drank no tea or coffee #f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #i4 ,i drank milk or had milk in some other form #g ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #aj4 ,i had a bowel movement #h ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #aa4 ,i washed my hands before eating1 and after going to the bathroom #i ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ab4 ,i had a bath 7at least two a week must be recorded7 #aj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ac4 ,i brushed my teeth twice during the day #aa ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ad4 ,i brushed my hair night and morning #ab ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ae4 ,i shampooed my hair 7at least once every four weeks7 #ac ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ad ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ae ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,date handed to ,captain444444444444444444 ,captain's ,comment44444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,,the ,,girl ,,scout',s ,,health ,,record ,,record ,,for ,,whole ,,period #a4 ,posture at beginning3 7,comment by ,captain7444444444444444444444 #b4 ,posture at end3 7,comment by ,captain7444444444444444444444 #c4 ,total distance walked444444444444444444444 7,must be at least #ge miles7 #d4 ,at least three shampoos4444444444444444444444444444444 #e4 ,any colds during period8444444444444444444444444444444 #f4 ,constipation during period8444444444444444444444444444 #g4 ,answered correctly the following questions3 ,how do you care for your teeth properly8444444444444444 ,why is it important to care for your eyes84444444444444 ,how can you rest them8444444444444444444444444444444444 ,what are points to remember about light for work8444444 ,what is the difference in effect between a hot and a cold bath844444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,how do you care for feet on a hike844444444444444444444 #h4 ,height in inches at beginning of period444444444444444 ,weight in pounds at beginning of period444444444444444 ,standard weight for height and age84444444444444444444 ,difference plus or minus in your weight444444444444444 ,height in inches at end of period444444444444444444444 ,standard weight for height and age44444444444444444444 ,difference plus or minus in your weight4444444444444 ,if growth is shown what rate is this per month84444444 ,standard8444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444 ,,right ,,height ,,and ,,weight ,,for ,,girls ,hght4 #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah ins4yrs4 yrs4 yrs4 yrs4 yrs4 yrs4 yrs4 yrs4 yrs4 #dg #ec #dh #ee #ef #di #eg #eh #ej #ei #fj #fa #ea #fb #fc #fd #eb #fe #ff #fg #ec #fh #fh #fi #gj #ed #gj #ga #gb #gc #ee #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #ef #gg #gh #gi #hj #ha #eg #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #eh #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij #ia #ei #hi #ij #ia #ic #id #ie #if #ih #fj #id #ie #ig #ii #ajj #ajb #ajd #ajf #fa #ii #aja #ajb #ajd #ajf #ajh #aji #aaa #fb #ajd #ajf #ajg #aji #aaa #aac #aad #aae #fc #aji #aaa #aab #aac #aae #aag #aah #aai #fd #aae #aag #aah #aai #abj #aba #abb #fe #aag #aai #abj #abb #abc #abd #abe #ff #aai #aba #abb #abd #abf #abg #abh #fg #abd #abf #abg #abh #abi #acj #fh #abf #abh #acj #acb #acc #acd #fi #abi #aca #acc #ace #acf #acg #gj #acd #acf #ach #aci #adj #ga #ach #adj #adb #adc #add #gb #ade #adg #adh #adi ,,prepared ,,by ,,dr4 ,,thomas ,d4 ,,wood ,about what a ,girl should gain each month ,,age ,,age #h to #aa #h oz4 #ad to #af #h oz4 #aa to #ad #ab oz4 #af to #ah #d oz4 ,weights and measures should be taken without shoes and in only the usual indoor clothes4 ,used by courtesy of the ,child ,health ,organization1 #aef ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,footnote3 #c ,courtesy of ,william ,c4 ,deming1 ,m4,d4 ,,section ,,xii ,,setting-,,up ,,exercises ,,for ,,girl ,,scouts ,our bodies are like machines that need frequent oiling and testing to see that all parts are working right4 ,or they are like instruments that must be tuned before they are played4 ,if this is not done1 the machinery gets rusty and clogged1 or the instrument gets out of tune and makes horrid noises4 ,that is the way it is with our bodies2 our muscles and joints should be bent and stretched every day to take the kinks out1 and keep them strong and flexible4 ,the best way is to tune up every morning for just a few minutes before you put on your clothes1 and then again at night to rest the tired parts and exercise the parts that have not been used1 so you can even things up4 ,the ,right ,position ,first of all try to stand in the right position4 ,illustration ,stand with the feet side by side1 a few inches apart and pointed straight ahead4 ,many people think you should turn out your toes because they think it looks better4 ,this is not natural4 ,if you stand on a step with one foot even with the edge1 and let the other foot hang over the step below1 it will hang parallel with the foot you are standing on4 ,that is the way it is meant to go1 and people who turn out their toes do so much walking sideways that they have to travel much farther than if they kept their feet pointed in the direction they want to go4 ,illustration ,then your legs should come up straight from your ankles2 don't stand either on your heels or your toes1 but right over the highest part of the arch1 which is the strongest part1 and best fitted to bear your weight when you are standing still1 and brings your hips up to just the right place to hold your body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the lower part of your body are some big heavy bones shaped somewhat like a bowl4 ,this bowl is balanced on the top of your legs1 and holds most of your organs4 ,if this bowl is balanced just right1 the organs remain in place1 the way they are meant to be1 but if it is not balanced right1 the contents are tipped so that they would come tumbling out if the muscles intended for other work did not hold them in4 ,this is hard on these muscles which have their own work to do1 and if they are used to hold up things that should keep their own balance1 sooner or later they give way1 and there is a sad accident1 or a general slump4 ,then instead of saying1 ,that foolish person always stood in the wrong position and of course her insides got out of place1 we say1 ,poor dear so-and-so has given out from overwork and has acute indigestion1 or a 'floating kidney1' or 'a bad liver4' ,how could it have happened8 ,if your underpinning is all right it is not difficult to be straight above4 ,let your shoulders hang easily in a straight line under your ears1 in the position they will naturally take if from side stretch 7fig4 #c7 the arms drop easily to the side4 ,don't arch your chest and throw your shoulders back6 ,this is not a slump and does not mean to let your back bow out4 ,if your shoulders are easy you can straighten your back and your head will balance itself1 and there you are3 a straight upstanding ,scout1 ready for what comes next4 ,remember3 a7 ,feet pointing straight ahead4 b7 ,body balanced on legs coming up straight from ankles4 c7 ,shoulders easy under ears4 ,this gives a straight line from top of head through shoulders and hips to between ankles4 ,general ,rules ,stretch to the very tips of your middle fingers--stretching makes your muscles flexible4 ,breathe in as arms rise and out as they fall4 ,stand tall4 ,sit tall4 ,remember the straight line that comes from the top of your head down to between your ankles4 ,keep limber1 don't let your knees grow stiff4 ,sit crosslegged on the floor4 ,sit on your heels4 ,rise without help from your hands4 ,the ,exercises ,now tune up3 begin by repeating each exercise four times2 then increase to #h1 #ab1 or #af2 never more than #af4 #a4 ,stretch arms down 7fig4 #a74 ,swing them forward and stretch up and slightly forward 7fig4 #b71 breathing deep4 ,let them fall breathing out4 ,do this slowly counting1 up #a down #b4 #b4 ,from 7fig4 #a7 swing arms forward and up 7fig4 #b7 and out to side stretch 7fig4 #c7 coming to full deep breath and stretch as far as you can--count #c4 ,up #a--side #b--;down #c--;breathing out4 ,don't hurry1 take time to breathe deep4 #c4 ,stretch arms down1 without bending anywhere4 ,two counts2 down #a--relax #b4 #d4 ,from arms down 7fig4 #a7 to side stretch 7fig4 #c74 ,two counts2 to side #a--;down #b4 ,this may be done quickly with vigor4 #e4 ,from side stretch palms up to upward stretch 7fig4 #b7--two counts--up #a--side #b4 #f4 ,from arms down roll shoulders and arms out and back1 stretching arms back and down 7fig4 #d74 ,two counts out and down #a--;back to position #b4 #g4 ,hands palms down1 tips of middle fingers touching1 thumb touching chest1 elbows level with shoulders 7fig4 #e72 jerk elbows back keeping them up even with shoulders 7fig4 #f74 ,two counts1--jerk #a--;back to place #b4 #h4 ,from side stretch 7fig4 #c7 twist body from waist up1 without moving hips 7fig4 #g74 ,twist from side to side4 ,two counts--twist #a--;front #b--twist #a--;front #b4 #i4 ,from side stretch 7fig4 #c7 bend body from side to side keeping straight line from tip of one middle finger to tip of other 7fig4 #h74 ,two counts--bend #a--;back to position #b--;alternate sides4 #aj4 ,bend right knee and kick yourself 7fig4 #i72 left knee same4 ,two counts--kick right #a--kick left #b4 ,repeat slowly then double quick 7running in place74 #aa4 ,bend right knee and hip1 bringing knee nearly up to chest without bending body 7fig4 #aj72 left same--slowly4 ,then double quick bringing knee only as high as hip4 #ab4 ,place hands at back of neck 7fig4 #aa7 and rise on toes1 bend knees 7fig4 #ab7 and rise keeping body upright 7do not spread knees or touch heels4 ,if this exercise is too difficult balance with arms side stretch1 bring arms down to touch floor as you bend1 and to upward stretch as you rise74 ,count #d3--on toes #a--;bend #b--up on toes #c--standing position #d4 #ac4 ,from upward stretch 7fig4 #b7 bend and touch floor in front of toes 7fig4 #ac74 ,count two slowly3 down #a--up #b4 ,breathe out as you come down--in as you come up4 #ad4 ,neck ,exercises4 ,sit crosslegged on floor--hands on knees3 head up--chin parallel with the floor4 a7 turn head to right and then to left--#d counts--right #a--;front #b--left #c--;front #d4 b7 droop head from side to side 7fig4 #ad72 four counts--right #a--up #b--left #c--up #d4 c7 drop chin forward 7fig4 #ae72 straighten and drop head back 7fig4 #af74 ,count #d--;down #a--up #b--;back #c--up #d4 d7 turn head and face right 7fig4 #ag7 drop chin #a--up #b--;back #c 7fig4 #ah7 up #d2 keep looking in same direction only up and down2 same to left4 e7 goose-neck2 facing front stretch chin out as far as possible 7fig4 #ai72 then down and in and up4 ,count #d--out #a--;down #b--;in #c--to straight position #d4 #ae4 ,lie down on your back and raise first one foot and then the other without bending the knee1 two counts--up #a--;down #b4 #af4 ,raise both feet without bending knees and touch the floor over your head 7fig4 #bj74 ,lower slowly4 #ag4 ,raise body without bending back1 and 7if you can7 without helping yourself with your hand1 and touch your toes with your hands1 and your knees with your forehead1 without bending your knees 7fig4 #ba74 ,illustration3 ,,setting-,,up ,,exercises 7,figs4 #a-g7 ,illustration3 ,,setting-,,up ,,exercises 7,figs4 #h-ba7 ,,section ,,xiii ,,woodcraft ,the following section is made up of excerpts from the ,woodcraft ,manual for ,girls1 #aiah1 by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 copyright by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 and the ,woodcraft ,league of ,america1 ,inc42 used by the kind permission of the author1 the ,woodcraft ,league of ,america1 and the publishers1 ,doubleday1 ,page ,company4 ,,twelve ,,secrets ,,of ,,the ,,woods ,do you know the twelve secrets of the woods8 ,do you know the umbrella that stands up spread to show that there is a restaurant in the cellar8 ,do you know the manna-food that grows on the rocks1 summer and winter1 and holds up its hands in the ,indian sign of innocence1 so all who need may know how good it is8 ,do you know the vine that climbs above the sedge to whisper on the wind ,there are cocoanuts in my basement8 ,can you tell why the rabbit puts his hind feet down ahead of his front ones as he runs8 ,can you tell why the squirrel buries every other nut and who it was that planted those shag-barks along the fence8 ,can you tell what the woodchuck does in midwinter and on what day8 ,have you learned to know the pale villain of the open woods--the deadly amanita1 for whose fearful poison no remedy is known8 ,have you learned to overcome the poison ivy that was once so feared--now so lightly held by those who know8 ,have you proved the balsam fir in all its fourfold gifts--as ,christmas tree1 as healing balm1 as consecrated bed1 as wood of friction fire8 ,do you know the wonderful medicine that is in the sky8 ,illustration3 #a ,indian ,cucumber #b ,rock tripe #c ,bog potato #d ,rabbit #e ,for ,future use #f ,feb #b #g ,amanita #h ,poison ,ivy #i ,balsam #aj 7,sun7 #aa ,jack-o-,pulpit #ab ,healing ,healing ,have you tasted the bread of wisdom1 the treasure that cures much ignorance1 that is buried in the aisle of ,jack-o-,pulpit's ,church8 ,can you tell what walked around your tent on the thirtieth night of your camp-out8 ,then are you wise4 ,you have learned the twelve secrets of the woods4 ,but if you have not1 come and let us teach you4 ,,weather ,,wisdom ,when the dew is on the grass1 ,rain will never come to pass4 ,when the grass is dry at night1 ,look for rain before the light4 ,when grass is dry at morning light1 ,look for rain before the night4 ,three days' rain will empty any sky4 ,a deep1 clear sky of fleckless blue ,breeds storms within a day or two4 ,when the wind is in the east1 ,it's good for neither man nor beast4 ,when the wind is in the north1 ,the old folk should not venture forth4 ,when the wind is in the south1 ,it blows the bait in the fishes' mouth4 ,when the wind is in the west1 ,it is of all the winds the best4 ,an opening and a shetting ,is a sure sign of a wetting4 7,another version7 ,open and shet1 ,sure sign of wet4 7,still another7 ,it's lighting up to see to rain4 ,evening red and morning gray ,sends the traveler on his way4 ,evening gray and morning red ,sends the traveler home to bed4 ,red sky at morning1 the shepherd takes warning2 ,red sky at night is the shepherd's delight4 ,if the sun goes down cloudy ,friday1 sure of a clear ,sunday4 ,if a rooster crows standing on a fence or high place1 it will clear4 ,if on the ground1 it doesn't count4 ,between eleven and two ,you can tell what the weather is going to do4 ,rain before seven1 clear before eleven4 ,fog in the morning1 bright sunny day4 ,if it rains1 and the sun is shining at the same time1 the devil is whipping his wife and it will surely rain tomorrow4 ,if it clears off during the night1 it will rain again shortly4 ,sun drawing water1 sure sign of rain4 ,a circle round the moon means storm4 ,as many stars as are in circle1 so many days before it will rain4 ,sudden heat brings thunder4 ,a storm that comes against the wind is always a thunderstorm4 ,east wind brings rain4 ,west wind brings clear1 bright1 cool weather4 ,north wind brings cold4 ,south wind brings heat4 7,on ,atlantic coast47 ,the rain-crow or cuckoo 7both species7 is supposed by all hunters to foretell rain1 when its ,kow1 kow1 kow is long and hard4 ,so1 also1 the tree-frog cries before rain4 ,swallows flying low is a sign of rain2 high1 of clearing weather4 ,the rain follows the wind1 and the heavy blast is just before the shower4 ,,outdoor ,,proverbs ,what weighs an ounce in the morning1 weighs a pound at night4 ,a pint is a pound the whole world round4 ,allah reckons not against a man's allotted time the days he spends in the chase4 ,if there's only one1 it isn't a track1 it's an accident4 ,better safe than sorry4 ,no smoke without fire4 ,the bluejay doesn't scream without reason4 ,the worm don't see nuffin pretty 'bout de robin's song4--7,darkey47 ,ducks flying over head in the woods are generally pointed for water4 ,if the turtles on a log are dry1 they have been there half an hour or more1 which means no one has been near to alarm them4 ,cobwebs across a hole mean nothing inside4 ,whenever you are trying to be smart1 you are going wrong4 ,smart ,aleck always comes to grief4 ,you are safe and winning1 when you are trying to be kind4 ,,when ,,lost ,,in ,,the ,,woods ,if you should miss your way1 the first thing to remember is like the ,indian1 ,you are not lost2 it is the teepee that is lost4 ,it isn't serious4 ,it cannot be so1 unless you do something foolish4 ,the first and most natural thing to do is to get on a hill1 up a tree1 or other high lookout1 and seek for some landmark near the camp4 ,you may be sure of these things3 ,you are not nearly as far from camp as you think you are4 ,your friends will soon find you4 ,you can help them best by signalling4 ,the worst thing you can do is to get frightened4 ,the truly dangerous enemy is not the cold or the hunger1 so much as the fear4 ,it is fear that robs the wanderer of his judgment and of his limb power2 it is fear that turns the passing experience into a final tragedy4 ,only keep cool and all will be well4 ,if there is snow on the ground1 you can follow your back track4 ,if you see no landmark1 look for the smoke of the fire4 ,shout from time to time1 and wait2 for though you have been away for hours it is quite possible you are within earshot of your friends4 ,if you happen to have a gun1 fire it off twice in quick succession on your high lookout1 then wait and listen4 ,do this several times and wait plenty long enough1 perhaps an hour4 ,if this brings no help1 send up a distress signal--that is1 make two smoke fires by smothering two bright fires with green leaves and rotten wood1 and keep them at least fifty feet apart1 or the wind will confuse them4 ,two shots or two smokes are usually understood to mean ,i am in trouble4 ,those in camp on seeing this should send up one smoke1 which means ,camp is here4 ,in a word1 keep cool1 make yourself comfortable1 leave a record of your travels1 and help your friends to find you4 ,,edible ,,wild ,,plants ,no one truly knows the woods until he can find with certainty a number of wild plants that furnish good food for man in the season when food is scarce2 that is1 in the winter or early spring4 ,during summer and autumn there is always an abundance of familiar nuts and berries1 so that we may rule them out1 and seek only for edible plants and roots that are available when nuts and berries are not4 ,rock ,tripe4 ,the most wonderful of all is probably the greenish-black rock tripe1 found on the bleakest1 highest rocks in the northern parts of this continent4 ,there is a wonderful display of it on the cliffs about ,mohonk ,lake1 in the ,catskills4 ,richardson and ,franklin1 the great northern explorers1 lived on it for months4 ,it must be very carefully cooked or it produces cramps4 ,first gather and wash it as clear as possible of sand and grit1 washing it again and again1 snipping off the gritty parts of the roots where it held onto the mother rock4 ,then roast it slowly in a pan till dry and crisp4 ,next boil it for one hour and serve it either hot or cold4 ,it looks like thick gumbo soup with short1 thick pieces of black and green leaves in it4 ,it tastes a little like tapioca with a slight flavoring of licorice4 ,on some it acts as a purge4 ,basswood ,browse or ,buds4 ,as a child ,i ate these raw in quantities1 as did also most of my young friends1 but they will be found the better for cooking4 ,they are particularly good and large in the early spring4 ,the inmost bark also has food value1 but one must disfigure the tree to get that1 so we leave it out4 ,slippery ,elm4 ,the same remarks apply to the buds and inner bark of the slippery elm4 ,they are nutritious1 acceptable food1 especially when cooked with scraps of meat or fruit for flavoring4 ,furthermore1 its flowers come out in the spring before the leaves1 and produce very early in the season great quantities of seed which are like little nuts in the middle of a nearly circular wing4 ,these ripen by the time the leaves are half grown and have always been an important article of food among the wild things4 ,illustration3 ,wild ,food--,plants ,rock tripe ,crinkle-root ,basswood ,slippery ,elm ,wapato ,hog ,peanut ,calopogon or ,grass pink ,prairie ,turnip ,indian ,cucumber ,bog ,potato ,jack-in-a-,pulpit ,solomons ,seal ,false ,solomons ,seal ,many ,indian tribes used to feed during famine times on the inner bark of cedar and white birch1 as well as on the inner bark of the slippery elm and basswood1 but these cannot be got without injury to the tree1 so omit them4 ,when the snow is off the ground the plants respond quickly1 and it is safe to assume that all the earliest flowers come up from big1 fat roots4 ,a plant can spring up quickly in summer1 gathering the material of growth from the air and soil1 but a plant coming up in the early spring is doing business at a time when it cannot get support from its surroundings1 and cannot keep on unless it has stored up capital from the summer before4 ,this is the logic of the storehouse in the ground for these early comers4 ,wapato4 ,one of the earliest is wapato1 or duck potato1 also called common ,arrowleaf1 or ,sagittaria4 ,it is found in low1 swampy flats1 especially those that are under water for part of the year4 ,its root is about as big as a walnut and is good food1 cooked1 or raw4 ,these roots are not at the point where the leaves come out but at the ends of the long roots4 ,bog ,potato4 ,on the drier banks1 usually where the sedge begins near a swamp1 we find the bog potato1 or ,indian potato4 ,the plant is a slender vine with three1 five1 or seven leaflets in a group4 ,on its roots in spring are from one to a dozen potatoes1 varying from an inch to three inches in diameter4 ,they taste like a cross between a peanut and a raw potato1 and are very good cooked or raw4 ,indian ,cucumber4 ,in the dry woods one is sure to see the pretty umbrella of the ,indian cucumber4 ,its root is white and crisp and tastes somewhat like a cucumber1 is one to four inches long1 and good food raw or boiled4 ,calopogon4 ,this plant looks like a kind of grass with an onion for a root1 but it does not taste of onions and is much sought after by wild animals and wild people4 ,it is found in low or marshy places4 ,hog ,peanuts4 ,in the early spring this plant will be found to have a large nut or fruit1 buried under the leaves or quite underground in the dry woods4 ,as summer goes by the plant uses up this capital1 but on its roots it grows a lot of little nuts4 ,these are rich food1 but very small4 ,the big nut is about an inch long and the little ones on the roots are any size up to that of a pea4 ,indian ,turnip or ,jack-in-the-,pulpit4 ,this is well known to all our children in the ,east4 ,the root is the most burning1 acrid1 horrible thing in the woods when raw1 but after cooking becomes quite pleasant and is very nutritious4 ,prairie or ,indian ,turnip1 ,bread-root or ,pomme-blanche of the ,prairie4 ,this is found on all the prairies of the ,missouri region4 ,its root was and is a staple article of food with the ,indians4 ,the roots are one to three inches thick and four to twelve inches long4 ,solomon's ,seal4 ,the two ,solomon's ,seals 7true and false7 both produce roots that are long1 bumpy storehouses of food4 ,crinkle-root4 ,every school child in the country digs out and eats the pleasant peppery crinkle-root4 ,it abounds in the rich dry woods4 ,,mushrooms1 ,,fungi ,,or ,,toadstools ,we have in ,america about two thousand different kinds of ,mushrooms or ,toadstools2 they are the same thing4 ,of these1 probably half are wholesome and delicious2 but about a dozen of them are deadly poison4 ,there is no way to tell them1 except by knowing each kind and the recorded results of experience with each kind4 ,the story about cooking with silver being a test has no foundation2 in fact1 the best way for the ,woodcraft ,boy or ,girl is to know definitely a dozen dangerous kinds and a score or more of the wholesome kinds and let the rest alone4 ,sporeprint4 ,the first thing in deciding the nature of a toadstool is the sporeprint1 made thus3 ,cut off the stem of the toadstool and lay the gills down on a piece of gray paper under a vessel of any kind4 ,after a couple of hours1 lift the cap1 and radiating lines of spores will appear on the paper4 ,if it is desired to preserve these1 the paper should be first covered with thin mucilage4 ,the color of these spores is the first step in identification4 ,all the deadly toadstools have white spores4 ,no black-spored toadstool is known to be poisonous4 ,,poisonous ,,toadstools ,the only deadly poisonous kinds are the ,amanitas4 ,others may purge and nauseate or cause vomiting1 but it is believed that every recorded death from toadstool poisoning was caused by an ,amanita1 and unfortunately they are not only widespread and abundant1 but they are much like the ordinary table mushrooms4 ,they have1 however1 one or two strong marks3 their stalk always grows out of a poison cup which shows either as a cup or as a bulb2 they have white or yellow gills1 a ring around the stalk1 and white spores4 ,deadly ,toadstools ,all the deadly toadstools known in ,north ,america are pictured on the plate1 or of the types shown on the plate4 ,the ,deadly ,amanita may be brownish1 yellowish1 or white4 ,the ,yellow ,amanita of a delicate lemon color4 ,the ,white ,amanita of a pure silvery1 shiny white4 ,the ,fly ,amanita with cap pink1 brown1 yellow1 or red in the centre1 shaded into yellow at the edge1 and patched with fragments of pure white veil4 ,illustration3 ,deadly ,amanita ,amanita phalloides ,fly amanita ,frosty ,amanita ,yellow ,amanita ,white ,amanita ,the ,frosty ,amanita with yellow cap1 pale cadmium in centre1 elsewhere yellowish white1 with white patches on warts4 ,all are very variable in color1 etc4 ,but all agree in these things4 ,they have gills1 which are white or yellow1 a ring on the stalk1 a cup at the base1 white spores1 and are deadly poison4 ,in ,case of ,poisoning ,if by ill chance any one has eaten a poisonous ,amanita1 the effects do not begin to show till sixteen or eighteen hours afterward--that is1 long after the poison has passed through the stomach and began its deadly work on the nerve centres4 ,symptoms4 ,vomiting and purging1 the discharge from the bowels being watery with small flakes suspended1 and sometimes containing blood1 cramps in the extremities4 ,the pulse is very slow and strong at first1 but later weak and rapid1 sometimes sweat and saliva pour out4 ,dizziness1 faintness1 and blindness1 the skin clammy1 cold1 and bluish or livid2 temperature low with dreadful tetanic convulsions1 and finally stupor4 7,mc,ilvaine and ,macadam1 p4 #fbg47 ,remedy3 ,take an emetic at once1 and send for a physician with instructions to bring hypodermic syringe and atropine sulphate4 ,the dose is #a_/ahj of a grain1 and doses should be continued heroically until #a_/bj of a grain is administered1 or until1 in the physician's opinion1 a proper quantity has been injected4 ,where the victim is critically ill the #a_/bj of a grain may be administered4 7,mc,ilvaine and ,macadam ,,xvii47 ,wholesome ,toadstools ,it is a remarkable fact that all the queer freaks1 like clubs and corals1 the cranks and tomfools1 in droll shapes and satanic colors1 the funny poisonous looking ,morels1 ,inkcaps1 and ,boleti are good wholesome food1 but the deadly ,amanitas are like ordinary ,mushrooms1 except that they have grown a little thin1 delicate1 and anmic4 ,illustration3 ,puffballs ,brain ,puffball ,cup ,puffball #b stages ,giant ,puffball ,oyster ,mushrooms ,moose horn clavaria ,red tipped clavaria ,golden coral mushroom ,gyromitra esculenta ,delicious ,morel ,beefsteak mushrooms ,inky coprinus ,all the ,puffballs are good before they begin to puff1 that is as long as their flesh is white and firm4 ,all the colored coral toadstools are good1 but the ,white ,clavaria is said to be rather sickening4 ,all of the ,morels are safe and delicious4 ,so also is ,inky ,coprinus1 usually found on manure piles4 ,the ,beefsteak ,mushroom grows on stumps--chiefly chestnut4 ,it looks like raw meat and bleeds when cut4 ,it is quite good eating4 ,so far as known no black-spored toadstool is unwholesome4 ,the common ,mushroom is distinguished by its general shape1 its pink or brown gills1 its white flesh1 brown spores1 and solid stem4 ,,snakes ,,good ,,and ,,bad ,snakes are to the animal world what toadstools are to the vegetable world--wonderful things1 beautiful things1 but fearsome things1 because some of them are deadly poison4 ,taking ,mr4 ,raymond ,l4 ,ditmars#d as our authority1 we learn that out of one hundred and eleven species of snakes found in the ,united ,states1 seventeen are poisonous4 ,they are found in every ,state1 but are most abundant in the ,southwest4 ,these may be divided into ,coral ,snakes1 ,moccasins1 and ,rattlers4 ,the coral snakes are found in the ,southern ,states4 ,they are very much like harmless snakes in shape1 but are easily distinguished by their remarkable colors1 broad alternating rings of red and black1 the latter bordered with very narrow rings of yellow4 ,the ,rattlesnakes are readily told at once by the rattle4 ,but the ,moccasins are not so easy4 ,there are two kinds3 the ,water ,moccasin1 or ,cotton-mouth1 found in ,south ,carolina1 ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 and ,louisiana1 and the ,copperhead1 which is the ,highland1 or ,northern ,moccasin or ,pilot ,snake1 found from ,massachusetts to ,florida and west to ,illinois and ,texas4 ,illustration3 ,types of ,poisonous ,snakes ,coral ,snake ,copperhead ,moccasin ,pigmy ,rattler ,timber ,rattler ,diamond-back ,rattler ,here are distinguishing marks3 ,the ,moccasins1 as well as the ,rattlers1 have on each side of the head1 between the eye and nostril1 a deep pit4 ,the pupil of the eye is an upright line1 as in a cat2 the harmless snakes have a round pupil4 ,the ,moccasins have a single row of plates under the tail1 while the harmless snakes have a double row4 ,the ,water ,moccasin is dull olive with wide black transverse bands4 ,the ,copperhead is dull hazel brown1 marked across the back with dumb-bells of reddish brown2 the top of the head more or less coppery4 ,both ,moccasins and ,rattlers have a flat triangular head1 which is much wider than the thin neck2 while most harmless snakes have a narrow head that shades off into the neck4 ,rattlesnakes are found generally distributed over the ,united ,states1 southern ,ontario1 southern ,alberta1 and ,saskatchewan4 ,how ,does a ,snake ,bite ,remember1 the tongue is a feeler1 not a sting4 ,the stinging is done by two long hollow teeth1 or fangs1 through which the poison is squirted into the wound4 ,the striking distance of a snake is about one-third the creature's length1 and the stroke is so swift that no creature can dodge it4 ,the snake can strike farthest and surest when it is ready coiled1 but can strike a little way when traveling4 ,you cannot disarm a poisonous snake without killing it4 ,if the fangs are removed others come quickly to take their place4 ,in fact1 a number of small1 half-grown fangs are always waiting ready to be developed4 ,in ,case of ,snake ,bite ,first1 keep cool1 and remember that the bite of ,american snakes is seldom fatal if the proper measures are followed4 ,you must act at once4 ,try to keep the poison from getting into the system by a tight bandage on the arm or leg 7it is sure to be one or the other7 just above the wound4 ,next1 get it out of the wound by slashing the wound two or more ways with a sharp knife or razor at least as deep as the puncture4 ,squeeze it--wash it out with permanganate of potash dissolved in water to the color of wine4 ,suck it out with the lips 7if you have no wounds in the mouth it will do you no harm there74 ,work1 massage1 suck1 and wash to get all the poison out4 ,after thorough treatment to remove the venom the ligature may be removed4 ,pack small bits of gauze into the wounds to keep them open and draining1 then dress over them with gauze saturated with any good antiseptic solution4 ,keep the dressing saturated and the wounds open for at least a week1 no matter how favorable may be the symptoms4 ,some people consider whiskey or brandy a cure for snake bite4 ,there is plenty of evidence that many have been killed by such remedies1 and little that they have ever saved any one1 except perhaps when the victim was losing courage or becoming sleepy4 ,in any case1 send as fast as you can for a doctor4 ,he should come equipped with hypodermic syringe1 tubes of anti-venomous serum and strychnine tablets4 ,harmless ,snakes ,far the greatest number of our snakes are harmless1 beautiful1 and beneficient4 ,they are friendly to the farmer1 because1 although some destroy a few birds1 chickens1 ducklings1 and game1 the largest part of their food is mice and insects4 ,the ,blacksnake1 the ,milk ,snake1 and one or two others1 will bite in self-defence1 but they have no poison fangs1 and the bite is much like the prick of a bramble4 ,,the ,,stars ,,as ,,the ,,camper ,,sees ,,them 7,see ,plate of ,stars and ,principal ,constellations7 ,so far as there is a central point in our heavens1 that point is the pole-star1 ,polaris4 ,around this star all the stars in the sky seem to turn once in twenty-four hours4 ,it is easily discovered by the help of the ,big ,dipper1 a part of the ,great ,bear1 known to every country boy and girl in the northern half of the world4 ,this is1 perhaps1 the most important star group in our sky1 because of its size1 peculiar form1 the fact that it never sets in our latitude1 and that of its stars1 two1 sometimes called the ,pointers always point out the ,pole ,star4 ,it is called the ,dipper because it is shaped like a dipper with a long1 bent handle4 ,why 7the whole group7 is called the ,great ,bear is not so easy to explain4 ,the classical legend has it that the nymph1 ,calisto1 having violated her vow1 was changed by ,diana into a bear1 which1 after death1 was immortalized in the sky by ,zeus4 ,another suggestion is that the earliest astronomers1 the ,chaldeans1 called these stars the shining ones1 and their word happened to be very like the ,greek arktos 7a bear74 ,another explanation is that vessels in olden days were named for animals1 etc4 ,they bore at the prow the carved effigy of the namesake1 and if the ,great ,bear1 for example1 made several very happy voyages by setting out when a certain constellation was in the ascendant1 that constellation might become known as the ,great ,bear's constellation4 ,certainly1 there is nothing in its shape to justify the name4 ,very few of the constellations indeed are like the thing they are called after4 ,their names were usually given for some fanciful association with the namesake1 rather than for resemblance to it4 ,illustration ,the pole-star is really the most important of the stars in our sky2 it marks the north at all times2 all the other stars seem to swing around it once in twenty-four hours4 ,it is the end of the ,little ,bear's tail2 this constellation is sometimes called the ,little ,dipper4 ,but the ,pole-star or ,polaris1 is not a very bright one1 and it would be hard to identify but for the help of the ,pointers of the ,big ,dipper4 ,the outside stars 7,alpha and ,beta7 of the ,dipper point nearly to ,polaris1 at a distance equal to five times the space that separates these two stars of the ,dipper's outer side4 ,indian names for the ,pole-star are the ,home ,star1 and ,the ,star ,that ,never ,moves1 and the ,big ,dipper they call the ,broken ,back4 ,the great ,bear is also to be remembered as the hour-hand of the woodman's clock4 ,it goes once around the ,north ,star in about twenty-four hours1 the same way as the sun1 and for the same reason--that it is the earth that is going and leaving them behind4 ,the time in going around is not exactly twenty-four hours1 so that the position of the ,pointers varies with the seasons1 but1 as a rule1 this for woodcraft purposes is near enough4 ,the bowl of the ,dipper swings four-fifths of the width of its own opening in one hour4 ,if it went a quarter of the circle1 that would mean you had slept a quarter of a day1 or six hours4 ,every fifteen days the stars seem to be an hour earlier3 in three months they gain one-fourth of the circle1 and in a year gain the whole circle4 ,according to ,flammarion1 there are about seven thousand stars visible to the naked eye1 and of these twenty are stars of the first magnitude4 ,fourteen of them are visible in the latitude of ,new ,york1 the others 7those starred7 belong to the ,south ,polar region of the sky4 ,the following table of the brightest stars is taken from the ,revised ,harvard ,photometry of #aijh1 the best authority on the subject4 ,,the ,,first ,,twenty ,,stars ,,in ,,order ,,of ,,brightness #a4 ,sirius1 the ,dog ,star4 #b4 99,canopus1 of the ,ship4 #c4 99,alpha1 of the ,centaur4 #d4 ,vega1 of the ,lyre4 #e4 ,capella1 of the ,charioteer4 #f4 ,arcturus1 of the ,herdsman4 #g4 ,rigel1 of ,orion4 #h4 ,procyon1 the ,little ,dog-,star4 #i4 99,achernar1 of ,eridanus4 #aj4 99,beta1 of the ,centaur4 #aa4 ,altair1 of the ,eagle4 #ab4 ,betelgeuze1 of ,orion's right shoulder4 #ac4 99,alpha of the ,southern ,cross4 #ad4 ,aldebaran1 of the ,bull's right eye4 #ae4 ,pollux1 of the ,twins4 #af4 ,spica1 of the ,virgin4 #ag4 ,antares1 of the ,scorpion4 #ah4 ,fomalhaut1 of the ,southern ,fish4 #ai4 ,deneb1 of the ,swan4 #bj4 ,regulus1 of the ,lion4 ,,other ,,constellations ,orion 7,o-ri-on71 with its striking array of brilliant stars1 ,betelgeuze1 ,rigel1 the ,three ,kings1 etc41 is generally admitted to be the first constellation in the heavens4 ,orion was the hunter giant who went to ,heaven when he died1 and now marches around the great dome1 but is seen only in the winter1 because during the summer1 he passes over during daytime4 ,thus he is still the hunter's constellation4 ,the three stars of his belt are called the ,three ,kings4 ,sirius1 the ,great ,dog-,star1 is in the head of ,orion's ,hound1 the constellation ,canis ,major1 and following farther back is the ,little ,dog-,star1 ,procyon1 the chief star of the constellation ,canis ,minor4 ,in old charts of the stars1 ,orion is shown with his hounds1 hunting the bull1 ,taurus4 ,this constellation is recognizable by this diagram2 the red star1 ,aldebaran1 being the angry right eye of the ,bull4 ,his face is covered with a cluster of little stars called the ,hyades1 and on his shoulder are the seven stars1 called ,pleiades4 ,pleiades ,pleiades 7,ply-a-des7 can be seen in winter as a cluster of small stars between ,aldebaran and ,angol1 or1 a line drawn from the back bottom1 through the front rim of the ,big ,dipper1 about two ,dipper lengths1 touches this little group4 ,they are not far from ,aldebaran1 being in the right shoulder of the ,bull4 ,they may be considered the seven arrow wounds made by ,orion4 ,serviss tells us that the ,pleiades have a supposed connection with the ,great ,pyramid1 because about #bagj ,b4,c41 when the beginning of spring coincided with the culmination of the ,pleiades at midnight1 that wonderful group of stars was visible just at midnight1 through the mysterious southward-pointing passage of the ,pyramid4 ,cassiopeia ,on the opposite side of the ,polar-star from the ,big ,dipper and nearly as far from it1 is a ,w of five bright stars4 ,this is called the ,cassiopeia's ,chair4 ,it is easily found and visible the year round on clear nights4 ,thus we have described ten constellations from which the woodcrafter may select the number needed to qualify1 namely1 the ,little ,bear1 or ,little ,dipper1 the ,big ,dipper or ,big ,bear1 ,cassiopeia's ,chair1 the ,bull1 ,orion's ,hound1 ,orion's ,little ,dog1 the ,pleiades and the ,hyades2 the ,lyre 7later74 ,the ,moon ,the moon is one-fourth the diameter of the earth1 about one-fiftieth of the bulk1 and is about a quarter of a million miles away4 ,its course1 while very irregular1 is nearly the same as the apparent course of the sun4 ,it is a cold solid body1 without any known atmosphere1 and shines by reflected sunlight4 ,the moon goes around the earth in twenty-seven and a quarter days4 ,it loses about fifty-one minutes in twenty-fours hours2 therefore it rises that much later each successive night on the average1 but there are wide deviations from this average1 as for example1 the time of the ,harvest and ,hunter's moons in the fall1 when the full moon rises at nearly the same time for several nights in succession4 ,according to most authorities1 the moon is a piece of the earth that broke away some time ago2 and it has followed its mother around ever since4 ,the ,stars as ,tests of ,eyesight ,in the sky are several tests of eyesight which have been there for some time and are likely to be4 ,the first is the old test of ,mizar and ,alcor4 ,mizar1 the ,horse1 is the star at the bend of the handle of the ,dipper4 ,just above it is a very small star that astronomers call ,alcor1 or the rider4 ,the ,indians call these two the ,old ,squaw and the ,papoose on ,her ,back4 ,in the old world1 from very ancient times1 these have been used as tests of eyesight4 ,to be able to see ,alcor with the naked eye means that one has excellent eyesight4 ,so also on the plains1 the old folks would ask the children at night1 ,can you see the papoose on the old ,squaw's back8 ,and when the youngster saw it and proved that he did by a right description1 they rejoiced that he had the eyesight which is the first requisite of a good hunter4 ,one of the oldest of all eye tests is the ,pleiades4 ,poor eyes see a mere haze1 fairly good see five1 good see six1 excellent see seven4 ,the rarest eyesight1 under the best conditions1 see up to ten2 and1 according to ,flammarion1 the record with unaided eyes is thirteen4 ,vega of the ,lyre ,if one draw a line from through the back wall of the ,dipper1 that is1 from the back bottom star1 through the one next the handle1 and continue it upward for twice the total length of the ,dipper1 it will reach ,vega1 the brightest star in the northern part of the sky1 and believed to have been at one time the ,pole-star--and likely to be again4 ,vega1 with the two stars near it1 form a small triangle4 ,the one on the side next the ,north ,star is called ,epsillon4 ,if you have remarkably good eyes1 you will see that it is a double star4 ,the ,nebula in ,orion's ,sword ,just about the middle of ,orion's ,sword is a fuzzy light spot4 ,this might do for blood1 only it is the wrong color4 ,it is the nebula of ,orion4 ,if you can see it with the naked eye1 you are to be congratulated4 ,on the ,moon ,when the moon is full1 there is a large1 dark1 oval spot on it to the left1 as you face it1 and close to the east rim1 almost halfway up2 this is the ,plain of ,grimaldi2 it is about twice the size of the whole ,state of ,new ,jersey2 but it is proof of a pair of excellent eyes if you can see it at all4 ,illustration3 ,,signs ,,and ,,blazes ,blazes ,first among the trail signs that are used by ,woodcrafters1 ,indians1 and white hunters1 and most likely to be of use to the traveler1 are axe blazes on tree trunks4 ,among these some may vary greatly with locality1 but there is one that ,i have found everywhere in use with scarcely any variation4 ,that is the simple white spot meaning1 ,here is the trail4 ,the ,indian in making it may nick off an infinitesimal speck of bark with his knife1 the trapper with his hatchet may make it as big as a dollar1 or the settler with his heavy axe may stab off half the tree-side2 but the sign is the same in principle and in meaning1 on trunk1 log1 or branch from ,atlantic to ,pacific and from ,hudson ,strait to ,rio ,grande4 ,this is your trail1 it clearly says in the universal language of the woods4 ,there are two ways of employing it3 one when it appears on back and front of the trunk1 so that the trail can be run both ways2 the other when it appears on but one side of each tree1 making a blind trail1 which can be run one way only1 the blind trail is often used by trappers and prospectors1 who do not wish anyone to follow their back track4 ,but there are treeless regions where the trail must be marked2 regions of sage brush and sand1 regions of rock1 stretches of stone1 and level wastes of grass or sedge4 ,here other methods must be employed4 ,a well-known ,indian device1 in the brush1 is to break a twig and leave it hanging4 7,second line47 ,among stones and rocks the recognized sign is one stone set on top of another 7top line7 and in places where there is nothing but grass the custom is to twist a tussock into a knot 7third line74 ,these signs are also used in the whole country from ,maine to ,california4 ,in running a trail one naturally looks straight ahead for the next sign2 if the trail turned sharply without notice one might easily be set wrong1 but custom has provided against this4 ,the tree blaze for turn to the right is shown in ,no4 #b1 fourth row2 to the left in ,no4 #c4 ,the greater length of the turning blaze seems to be due to a desire for emphasis as the same mark set square on1 is understood to mean ,look out1 there is something of special importance here4 ,combined with a long side chip means very important2 here turn aside4 ,this is often used to mean camp is close by1 and a third sign that is variously combined always with the general meaning of warning or something of great importance is a threefold blaze4 7,no4 #d on fourth line47 ,the combination 7,no4 #a on bottom row7 would read ,look out now for something of great importance to the right4 ,this blaze ,i have often seen used by trappers to mark the whereabouts of their trap or cache4 ,surveyors often use a similar mark--that is1 three simple spots and a stripe to mean1 ,there is a stake close at hand1 while a similar blaze on another tree nearby means that the stake is on a line between4 ,stone ,signs ,these signs done into stone-talk would be as in the top line of the cut4 ,these are much used in the ,rockies where the trail goes over stony places or along stretches of slide rock4 ,grass and ,twig ,signs ,in grass or sedge the top of the tuft is made to show the direction to be followed2 if it is a point of great importance three tufts are tied1 their tops straight if the trail goes straight on2 otherwise the tops are turned in the direction toward which the course turns4 ,the ,ojibways and other woodland tribes use twigs for a great many of these signs4 7,see second row47 ,the hanging broken twig like the simple blaze means ,this is the trail4 ,the twig clean broken off and laid on the ground across the line of march means1 ,here break from your straight course and go in the line of the butt end1 and when an especial warning is meant1 the butt is pointed toward the one following the trail and raised somewhat1 in a forked twig4 ,if the butt of the twig were raised and pointing to the left1 it would mean ,look out1 camp1 or ourselves1 or the enemy1 or the game we have killed is out that way4 ,with some1 the elevation of the butt is made to show the distance of the object2 if low the object is near1 if raised very high the object is a long way off4 ,these are the principal signs of the trail used by ,woodcrafters1 ,indians1 and hunters in most parts of ,america4 ,these are the standards--the ones sure to be seen by those who camp in the wilderness4 ,signal by ,shots ,the old buffalo hunters had an established signal that is yet used by the mountain guides4 ,it is as follows3 ,two shots in rapid succession1 an interval of five seconds by the watch1 then one shot2 this means1 where are you8 ,the answer given at once and exactly the same means ,here ,i am2 what do you want8 ,the reply to this may be one shot1 which means1 ,all right2 ,i only wanted to know where you were4 ,but if the reply repeats the first it means1 ,i am in serious trouble2 come as fast as you can4 ,totems in ,town ,a totem is an emblem of a man1 a group of men1 or an idea4 ,it has no reference to words or letters4 ,before men knew how to write they needed marks to indicate ownership4 ,this mark must be simple and legible and was chosen because of something connected with the owner or his family4 ,later some of the trades adopted a symbol2 for instance the barbers in the early days were blood letters and were closely associated with the medical profession4 ,their totem indicate their business and we have the red and white barber pole of today4 ,it was among the ,indians along the ,west coast of ,america that the science and art of totems reached its highest development1 though they have a world-wide usage and go back in history to the earliest times4 ,out of this use of totems as owner marks and signs grew the whole science of heraldry and national flags4 ,illustration3 ,northern ,pacific ,r4 ,r4 ,illustration3 ,salt ,lake ,r4 ,r4 ,illustration3 ,santa ,f ,r4 ,r4 ,illustration3 ,traffic ,squad ,illustration3 ,bell ,telephone ,illustration3 ,pawnshop ,illustration3 ,liberty ,illustration3 ,army ,illustration3 ,druggist ,illustration3 ,ireland ,illustration3 ,woodcraft ,illustration3 ,navy ,illustration ,illustration3 ,sea ,power ,illustration3 ,optician ,illustration3 ,union ,pacific ,r4 ,r4 ,illustration3 ,islamism ,illustration3 ,skating ,illustration3 ,star ,union ,lines ,illustration3 ,new ,york ,city ,illustration3 ,penna4 ,r4 ,r4 ,illustration3 ,the ,power of the ,people ,illustration3 ,canadian ,pacific ,r4 ,r4 ,illustration3 ,barber ,illustration3 ,scotland ,illustration3 ,totems ,often ,seen ,thanks to the fusion of many small armies into one or two big armies1 that is1 of many tribes into a nation1 and also to modern weapons which made it possible to kill a man farther off than you could see the totem on his shield1 national flags have replaced the armorial devices1 and are the principal totems used today4 ,but a new possibility has been discovered in modern times4 ,totems will serve the ends of commerce1 and a great revival of their use is now seen4 ,the totem is visible such a long way off and is understood by all1 whether or not they can read or know our language1 is copyrightable and advertisable1 so that most of the great railway companies1 etc41 now have totems4 ,there are not less than one hundred common totems used in our streets today4 ,among the familiar ones seen are the ,american eagle1 with white head and tail1 the ,austrian eagle with two heads1 the ,british lion1 the ,irish harp1 the ,french fleur de lis1 etc4 ,among trades the three balls of the pawnbroker1 the golden fleece of the dry-goods man1 the mortar and pestle of the druggist1 and others are well known4 ,examples of these and others are given in the illustration but any wideawake ,woodcraft ,girl will be able to find many others by careful observation4 ,illustration3 ,christianity ,illustration3 ,mourning ,illustration3 ,electric ,power ,illustration3 ,commercial ,success ,illustration3 ,,afoot ,,and ,,light-,,hearted4 ,,footnote3 #d ,this article is chiefly a condensation of his pamphlet on ,poisonous ,snakes of the ,united ,states1 and is made with his permission and approval4 ,,section ,,xiv ,,camping ,,for ,,girl ,,scouts#e ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,open ,,road ,afoot and light-hearted ,i take to the open road1 ,healthy1 free1 the world before me1 ,the long brown path before me leading wherever ,i choose4 ,henceforth ,i ask not good-fortune--,i myself am good-fortune2 ,henceforth ,i whimper no more1 postpone no more1 need nothing1 ,strong and content1 ,i travel the open road4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,now ,i see the secret of the making of the best persons1 ,it is to grow in the open air1 and to eat and sleep with the earth4 --,walt ,whitman4 ,a ,girl ,scout likes to hike and camp4 ,she learns to know the stars1 and becomes acquainted with the plants and animals about her4 ,she gains independence from her ability to help herself1 and health and strength from exercise in the sunshine and fresh air4 ,these are the good things of camping4 ,the bad things are catching cold from damp ground1 or insufficient bedding1 uncomfortable nights1 and weary feet4 ,but a wise ,scout does not rough it4 ,she knows how to make herself comfortable by a hundred little dodges4 ,the aim of camping is to make things simpler for the ,camper4 ,she must make up her mind whether she is ready for an overnight hike1 a week-end trip or a good vacation in the open air1 and plan accordingly4 ,for a walking trip a ,girl ,scout must travel light and learn to do with a minimum amount of clothing1 utensils and food4 ,on the other hand1 if she is going to spend the week out1 why not be as comfortable as possible8 ,this requires more of an outfit1 but it is worth it4 ,to know how to do this one must1 of course1 have first learned the simple rules of camping in ,girl ,scout training4 ,hiking ,hikes are a good way to get this training4 ,extreme heat1 or a downpour of rain is the only kind of weather which should interfere with a hike4 ,soft rains or snowstorms are very pleasant to hike in4 ,skirts are dangerous for cross-country travel on account of brambles1 rock work and climbing over brooks4 ,knickerbockers or bloomers should be worn4 ,in the city when starting off for a hike use squad or double file formation through the streets1 railroad stations1 ferries1 etc4 ,silence is maintained in this formation4 ,hiking ,order--,in the country1 even along unused roads1 hike in single file on the left side of the road4 ,the advantage of this formation is that all danger from passing traffic in any direction is averted4 ,it is not necessary to keep step1 and talking1 laughing1 singing1 etc41 may be indulged in4 ,permission to break this order is only given when in woods1 or fields1 where there is no danger4 ,when returning home use ,scout's ,pace if weary4 ,this helps to make the distance seem shorter4 ,scout's pace is a walking and running device which serves to increase endurance when covering a long distance4 ,it consists in taking a certain number of walking steps followed immediately by the same number of running steps1 returning to the walking steps1 and so forth4 ,the number of steps may vary1 according to the place1 nature of the road and object of the walk4 ,fifty steps walking1 fifty steps running and alternating steadily for twelve minutes will take one a mile1 and this is one of the measures of distance that is useful to know4 ,for ordinary use on hikes the use of twenty steps running and walking is preferable4 ,feet ,with a little knowledge as to the care of her feet the city girl can make a good showing at her first camp4 ,prepare feet by brushing vigorously with a dry flesh brush4 ,strengthen muscles by standing on toes in bare feet1 raising body gradually fifty or seventy-five times4 ,frequent changes of stockings1 bathing of tired feet in hot water at night and cold water in the morning1 will overcome most of the hiker's troubles4 ,the cold water hardens the skin4 ,boric acid powder is good for naturally damp feet4 ,blisters should be cleansed with iodine1 then carefully pricked with a sterile needle to let out the water 7hold the needle in the flame of a match71 then washed with iodine and covered with a few layers of sterile gauze fastened with adhesive plaster4 ,it is desirable to change the stockings every day4 ,wash them at night and hang them out to dry and keep them well darned4 ,two pairs at least are necessary4 ,never risk your health by putting on stockings even slightly damp with dew4 ,a hole will cause a blister4 ,woolen stockings are preferable4 ,for very long hikes it helps to wear two or three pairs1 and to lather the outside of the stocking with a cake of soap slightly moistened4 ,shoes ,shoes should be the shape of the feet and have low1 wide heels4 ,it rests the feet to take the shoes off once or twice during a long tramp4 ,grease the shoes every few days with mutton fat or other grease4 ,there is no such thing as waterproof leather1 but it can be made so by being greased4 ,after being wet1 shoes should be well dried and greased1 but should not be dried in a hot place1 for this would ruin the leather4 ,these may seem trifling details1 but remember1 no army is stronger than its feet4 ,things to ,remember ,keep the feet straight when walking4 ,if a ,girl ,scout notices the tracks of an ,indian1 the first hikers in this country1 she will find them invariably straight forward4 ,scientists have agreed that the dancing school habit of turning out toes is one of the causes of flat feet1 which disqualified so many men for army service4 ,start the walk slowly4 ,keep the pace of the slowest of the party4 ,slow and easy goes far in a day4 ,practice deep breathing4 ,inhale for five steps1 hold your breath for five counts1 and let it out1 again counting five4 ,take short steps when climbing4 ,do not run down hill4 ,it causes stiffness1 for which a hot bath and another walk the next day are the best cure4 ,when lunch is carried it should be divided among the troop4 ,each ,scout should carry her knapsack on her back1 to leave the hands free4 ,it is a great mistake to start on a hike with one's arms laden4 ,do not plan to go too great a distance in the time at your disposal4 ,remember that aside from the time you need for going and coming you expect to enjoy yourselves cooking and eating1 and you need time for both4 ,for an over-night hike1 when you carry your equipment select a spot not more than two miles distant4 ,good things to carry in one's pocket are a drinking cup1 a geological survey map 7ten cents71 a small pocket compass1 a camper's knife1 a small soapstone to sharpen it1 a match box1 and a note-book and pencil4 ,plan a definite object for the hike4 ,note how many kinds of trees1 wild flowers or birds one can find4 ,practice building fires for cooking1 or getting material for a bed such as balsam1 etc4 ,inquire for points of historical interest and make them the goal of the hike4 ,there is hardly a town that has not some place connected with the early history of the nation4 ,personal ,equipment ,spending the nights under the stars is one of the great fascinations of camping4 ,each person requires two waterproof ground cloths or ponchos1 two pairs of light wool blankets1 safety pins1 heavy cord1 sleeping garments1 rain coat1 and toilet articles1 including such things as soap1 toilet paper1 sewing kit1 electric flashlight1 mirror1 first aid kit1 provision for mosquitoes or flies1 five yards of bar netting1 and oil of citronella4 ,in order to ensure protection from the rain spread one waterproof covering or poncho on the ground using half underneath so that the upper half may be folded over the head in case of rain4 ,put blankets under as well as over you1 and a second waterproof covering over the blankets4 ,clothing ,when living out of doors1 one may make shift for shelter1 or even go hungry for a space1 but there is no substitute for comfortable clothing that is safe to use if one would keep well4 ,horace ,kephart1 the master camper1 devotes much space to this subject1 and we can do no better than to follow his advice from ,camping and ,woodcraft4 99 99 99 ,one soon learns that the difference between comfort and misery1 if not health and illness1 may depend on whether he is properly clad4 ,proper1 in this case does not mean modish1 but suitable1 serviceable1 proven by the touchstone of experience to be best for the work or play that is in hand4 ,when you seek a guide in the mountains1 he looks first in your eyes and then at your shoes4 ,if both are right1 you are right4 ,the chief uses of clothing are to help the body maintain its normal temperature and to protect it from sun1 frost1 wind1 rain and injuries4 ,to help1 mind you--the body must be allowed to do its share4 ,perspiration is the heat-regulating mechanism of the body4 ,clothing should hinder its passage from the skin as little as possible4 ,for this reason one's garments should be permeable to air4 ,the body is cooled by rapid evaporation1 on the familiar principle of a tropical water bag that is porous enough to let some of the water exude4 ,so the best summer clothing is that which permits free evaporation--and this means all over1 from head to heel4 ,in winter it is just the same1 there should be free passage for bodily moisture through the underclothes1 but extra layers or thickness of outer clothing are needed to hold in the bodily heat and to protect one against wind2 even so all the garments should be permeable to air4 99 99 99 ,underclothing1 for any season1 should be loosely woven1 so as to hold air and take up moisture from the body4 ,the air confined in the interspaces is a non-conductor1 and so helps to prevent sudden chilling on the one hand1 and over-heating on the other4 ,a loose texture absorbs perspiration but does not hold it--the moisture is free to pass on to and through the outer garments4 ,in town we may indure close woven underwear in summer1 if thin enough1 because we exercise little and can bathe and change frequently4 ,in the woods we would have to change four times a day to keep 99 99 99 as dry4 ,wool versus ,cotton--,permeability also depends upon material4 ,ordinary cotton and linen goods do not permit rapid evaporation4 ,they absorb moisture from the skin1 but hold it up to the limit of saturation4 ,then1 when they can hold no more1 they are clammy1 and the sweat can only escape by running down one's skin4 ,after hard exertion in such garments1 if you sit down to rest1 or meet a sudden keen wind1 as in topping a ridge1 you are likely to get a chill--and the next thing is a 'bad cold' or lumbago1 rheumatism1 or something worse4 ,wool1 on the contrary is permeable4 ,that is why 7if of suitable weight and loose weave7 it is both cooler in summer and warmer in winter than cloth made of vegetable fibre4 ',one wraps himself in a woolen blanket to keep warm--to keep the heat in4 ,he wraps ice in a blanket to keep it from melting--to keep the heat out4' ,in other words1 wool is the best material to maintain an equable normal temperature4 ,camp ,site ,the essentials of a good camp site are these3 #a4 ,pure water4 #b4 ,wood that burns well4 ,in cold weather there should be either an abundance of sound down wood1 or some standing hard wood trees that are not too big for easy felling4 #c4 ,an open spot level enough for the tent and camp fire1 but elevated above its surroundings so as to have good natural drainage4 ,it must be well above any chance overflow from the sudden rise of a neighboring stream4 ,observe the previous flood marks4444 #g4 ,exposure to direct sunlight during a part of the day1 especially during the early morning hours4 #h4 ,in summer1 exposure to whatever breezes may blow2 in cold weather1 protection against the prevailing wind4 #i4 ,privacy4 ,water1 wood1 and good drainage may be all you need for a 'one-night stand1' but the other points1 too1 should be considered when selecting a site for a fixed camp4 ,water--,be particularly careful about the purity of your water supply4 ,you come1 let us say1 to a mountain brook1 that issues from thick forest4 ,it ripples over clean rocks1 it bubbles with air1 it is clear as crystal and cool to your thirsty throat4 ',surely that is good water4' ,but do you know where it comes from8 ,every mountain cabin is built close to a spring-branch4 ,somewhere up that branch there may be a clearing2 in that clearing1 a house2 in that house1 a case of dysentery or typhoid fever4 ,i have known several cases of infection from just such a source4 ,it is not true that running water purifies itself4 ,when one must use well-water let him note the surrounding drainage4 ,if the well is near a stable or out house1 or if dish water is thrown near it1 let it alone4 ,a well in sandy soil is more or less filtered by nature1 but rocky or clayey earth may conduct disease germs a considerable distance under ground4 ,never drink from the well of an abandoned farm3 there is no telling what may have fallen into it4 ,a spring issuing from the living rock is worthy of confidence4 ,even if it be but a trickle you can scoop out a basin to receive it that soon will clear itself4 ,sometimes a subaqueous spring may be found near the margin of a lake or river by paddling close in shore and trailing your hand in the water4 ,when a cold spot is noted1 go ashore and dig a few feet back from the water's edge4 ,i have found such spring exit in the ,mississippi some distance from the bank1 and by weighting a canteen1 tying a string to it and another to the stopper1 have brought up cool water from the river bed4 ,disease germs are of animal1 not vegetable origin4 ,still waters are not necessarily unwholesome1 even though there is rotten vegetation in them4 ,the water of cedar and cypress swamps is good to drink wherever there is a deep pool of it1 unless polluted from some outside source4 ,lake water is safe if no settlements are on its border2 but even so large a body as ,lake ,champlain has been condemned by state boards of health because of the sewage that runs into it4 ,when a stream is in flood it is likely to be contaminated by decayed animal matter4 ,alkaline ,water--,when traveling in an alkali country carry some vinegar or limes or lemons1 or 7better7 a glass stoppered bottle of hydrochloric acid4 ,one teaspoonful of hydrochloric 7muriatic7 neutralizes about a gallon of water1 and if there should be a little excess it will do no harm but rather assist digestion4 ,in default of acid you may add a little ,jamaica ginger and sugar to the water1 making a weak ginger tea4 ,muddy ,water--,i used to clarify ,mississippi water by stirring corn meal in it and letting it settle1 or by stirring a lump of alum in it until the mud began to precipitate1 and then decanting the clear water4 ,lacking these1 one can take a good handful of grass1 tie it roughly in the form of a cone six or eight inches high1 invert it1 pour water slowly into the grass and a runnel of comparatively clear water will trickle down through the small end4 ,stagnant ,water--,a traveler may be reduced to the extremity of using stagnant or even putrid water2 but this should never be done without first boiling it4 ,some charred wood from the camp fire should be boiled with the water2 then skim off the scum1 strain1 and set in water aside to cool4 ,boiling sterilizes1 and charcoal deodorizes4 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,cooking ,,the ,,first ,,meal ,arriving at ,camp ,as soon as the camp site is decided upon locate the tent4 7,this should be done in advance when the party is of any size74 ,each tent should be about twenty-five feet from the next1 on a dry place and easy to drain in case of rain1 and so placed as to have the sun in the morning and the shade in the afternoon4 ,each tent should be trenched and placed some distance from the water supply and from the latrine4 ,tents ,for fixed camps1 situated where there are wagon roads or other adequate means of transportation1 the best cloth shelter is a wall tent1 rectangular or square1 of strong and rather heavy material4 99 99 99 ,the best all-round size of wall tent for two people1 if weight and bulk and cost are of any consequence1 is the so-called #i #i or a #i #ab1 built with #c-a_/b-;foot walls1 instead of #c-;foot1 and #h-;foot center1 instead of #g-a_/b-;foot4 ,for four persons a #ab #ad is commonly used2 but a #ad #ad with #d-;foot walls and a #i-;foot center has double the head-room of the standard #ab #ad1 and #b-a_/b feet more space between cots1 if these are set lengthwise of the tent1 two on a side4 ,before selecting a tent1 consider the number of people to occupy it and their dunnage1 and the furniture4 ,then draw diagrams of floor and elevation of various sizes1 putting in the cots1 etc41 according to scale2 so you can get just what you want1 no more1 no less4 ,camp ,sanitation ,nothing is cleaner1 sweeter1 wholesomer1 than a wildwood unspoiled by man1 and few spots are more disgusting than a piggy camp1 with slops thrown everywhere1 empty cans and broken bottles littering the ground1 and organic refuse left festering in the sun1 breeding disease germs1 to be spread abroad by the swarms of flies4 ,i have seen one of nature's gardens1 an ideal health resort1 changed in a few months by a logging crew into an abomination and a pest hole where typhoid and dysentery wrought deadly vengeance4 ,destroy at once all refuse that would attract flies4 ,or bury it where they cannot get at it4 ,fire is the absolute disinfectant4 ,burn all solid kitchen refuse as fast as it accumulates4 ,when a can of food is emptied toss it on the fire and burn it out1 then drop it in a sink hole that you have dug for slops and unburnable trash1 and cover it with earth or ashes so no mosquitoes can breed in it after a rainfall4 ,the sink should be on the down hill side of camp1 and where it cannot pollute the water supply4 ,sprinkle kerosene on it or burn it out frequently with a brush fire4 99 99 99 ,the ,latrine ,one of the first tasks of the camper is to dig a trench for a latrine and build a screen around it4 ,the latrine should be on a lower level than the camp1 away from the water supply and in the opposite direction from which the prevailing winds come toward the camp1 two hundred feet from sleeping and mess tents4 ,bushes or a tent fly may be used as a screen and shelter4 ,a small lean-to serves admirably4 ,dig trenches four feet long1 one foot wide and two feet deep4 ,allow six inches 7length7 per day for a ,scout4 ,cover after using with fresh dirt4 ,it is imperative to fill and re-sod all trenches dug4 ,whether you camp only for lunch or for the summer leave no trace that you have been there4 ,remember the animals how they scratch the soil and cover up any waste that they leave1 and be at least as clean as they4 ,lime does not keep the flies away4 ,plenty of fresh dirt is better4 ,team ,work ,only as each and every member does her part will the camp be a complete success4 ,the daily tasks should be assigned to individuals or groups1 as in3 ,the ,pine ,tree ,patrol ,system ,the chief advantage of this system is that whenever the need for work of any description arises1 there is always someone whose duty is to perform that particular task1 thus avoiding the inevitable question of ,who will do it8 ,the ,pine ,tree ,patrol system does not in the least interfere with regular schedule of ,scout activities2 on the contrary1 it saves time since more than one hand on each spoke of the wheel keeps it in continual motion4 ,when the system seems too complicated for a small camp1 the captain can simplify it to suit the circumstances4 ,each girl in the ,patrol is assigned a number which requires of her3 #a4 ,certain well defined duties to perform for her ,patrol4 #b4 ,certain specific knowledge expected of her in the exercise of her specialty4 #c4 ,proper care of her special station gear4 #d4 ,willingness to teach her understudy all she knows4 #e4 ,willingness to learn the duties of the next higher numbers4 ,illustration3 --,,the ,,pine ,,tree ,,patrol-- ,,rear ,,rank3 ,,the ,,blues ,water ,wood ,junior ,baker ,scout ,scout #b #d #f #h #a #c #e #g ,senior ,scribe ,lighter ,handy ,scout ,,front ,,rank ,,the ,,reds ,the front rank 7,reds7 is in touch with and under the ,senior 7,patrol ,leader72 the rear rank 7,blues7 is in touch with and under the ,junior4 ,the ,senior receives her orders from the ,captain and transmits them not only to #c1 #e and #g1 but to ,junior as well4 ,the ,senior and ranking ,patrol officer keeps an eye on the ,junior and her rear rank4 ,the ,captain1 of course1 is the general overseer1 but the ,senior has charge of all routine troop duties1 superintends camp details and is virtually a first ,lieutenant to the ,captain4 ,the ,junior is a second ,lieutenant and assists the ,senior in the supervision of the camp4 ,the ,senior 7,no4 #a7 looks after the flags1 tentage1 blankets1 equipment and personal baggage1 while the ,junior 7,no4 #b7 has charge of food1 fires1 water1 cooking1 and kitchen work4 ,they appease the demands of the outer and inner man4 ,the ,scribe 7,no4 #c7--,she is secretary1 bookkeeper1 log writer1 recorder1 correspondent1 tent pitcher and ,first-,aid ,scout4 ,the ,baker 7,no4 #d7 is the ,junior's first aid4 ,she is charged with the care and use of cereal foodstuffs all the way from corn on the cob to flap-jacks and sinkers1 and the cooking outfit and kitchen fire4 ,the ,lighter 7,no4 #e7 has care of the lamps1 lanterns1 candles1 matches1 oils and all leaky stuff4 ,she understands telegraphy and electricity and is chief signal ,scout and assistant tent pitcher4 ,she must keep the camp well illuminated4 ,the ,water ,scout 7,no4 #f7 locates water for all purposes and carries it to camp4 ,she acts as ,fire ,chief and ,fire ,watchman4 ,she provides and cooks meat1 vegetables and greens4 ,the ,handy ,scout 7,no4 #g7 is field engineer1 carpenter1 bridge builder1 the general maker1 mender1 patcher1 splicer and tinker2 cares for tools and trek-cart1 mends the tents and clothing1 and makes the furniture4 ,the ,wood ,scout 7,patrol ,mascot7 7,no4 #h7 is usually the youngest girl4 ,she keeps fires well fed1 the rations dry and the garbage burned4 ,she carries a spade1 pick axe and cutting axe4 ,this system may be used in either a small or large camp2 if the latter1 corresponding numbers of each ,patrol work together4 ,,team ,,work ,,and ,,daily ,,routine #f3cj ,a4 ,m4 ,junior1 ,baker1 ,water ,scout and ,wood ,scout report half an hour before ,mess4 #h3jj ,a4 ,m4 ,tent ,inspection4 #h3cj ,a4 ,m4 ,senior1 ,scribe1 ,lighter and ,handy ,scout report4 #h3cj-i3cj ,a4 ,m4 ,main work for day accomplished by both ,senior and ,junior groups4 ,caution in ,use of ,knife and ,axe ,the ,knife #a4 ,always whittle away from you4 #b4 ,keep your fingers behind the blade4 #c4 ,keep saying to yourself3 ,if this knife slips1 can it cut my fingers8 #d4 ,learn how to sharpen your knife and keep it sharp4 ,the ,chopping ,block ,a chopping block is the first thing needed about a camp4 ,the axe1 when not in use1 should always be stuck in that particular block1 where one can find it when wanted1 and where it will not injure men or dogs4 ,the ,axe ,do not let the axe lie outdoors on a very cold night2 the frost would make it brittle1 so that the steel might shiver on the first knot you struck the next morning4444 ,the axe is a most dangerous tool1 and a glancing blow may cripple one for life4 #a4 ,do not put your foot on a stick you are chopping4 #b4 ,always have in mind where a glancing blow may throw the axe1 and keep your foot away from that danger4 #c4 ,in splitting short sticks for kindling hold them by one end flat on the chopping block and strike the blade into the other end4 #d4 ,do not hold the stick on end in one hand while splitting it4 #e4 ,cut or split small wood on a chopping block or log4 ,never let the axe strike into the ground1 as a hidden stone may ruin the edge4 ,the ,camp ,fire ,the forest floor is always littered with old leaves1 dead sticks and fallen trees4 ,during a drought this rubbish is so tinder-dry that a spark falling in it may start a conflagration2 but through a great part of the year the leaves and sticks that lie flat on the ground are too moist at least on their under side1 to ignite readily4 ,if we rake together a pile of leaves1 cover it higgledy-piggledy with dead twigs and branches picked up at random1 and set a match to it1 the odds are that it will result in nothing but a quick blaze that soon dies down to a smudge4 ,yet that is the way most of us tried to make our first outdoor fires4 ,one glance at a camper's fire tells what kind of a woodsman he is4 ,it is quite impossible to prepare a good meal over a heap of smoking chunks1 a fierce blaze1 or a great bed of coals that will warp iron and melt everything else4 ,illustration3 ,,luncheon ,,fire ,if one would have good meals cooked out of doors1 and would save much time and vexation2 in other words1 if he wants to be comfortable in the woods1 he must learn how to produce at will either 7#a7 a quick1 hot little fire that will boil water in a jiffy1 and will soon burn down to embers that are not too ardent for frying2 or 7#b7 a solid bed of long-lived coals that will keep up a steady1 glowing1 smokeless heat for baking1 roasting or slow boiling2 or 7#c7 a big log fire that will throw its heat forward on the ground1 and into a tent or lean-to1 and will last several hours without replenishing4 ,luncheon ,fire--,for a noonday lunch1 or any other quick meal1 when you have only to boil coffee and fry something1 a large fire is not wanted4 ,drive a forked stake into the ground1 lay a green stick across it1 slanting upward from the ground1 and weight the lower end with a rock1 so that you could easily regulate the height of a pot4 ,the slanting stick should be notched1 or have the stub of a twig left at its upper end1 to hold the pot in place1 and to be set at such an angle that the pot swings about a foot clear of the ground4 ,then gather a small armful of sound1 dry twigs from the size of a lead pencil to that of your finger4 ,take no twig that lies flat on the ground1 for such are generally damp or rotten4 ,choose hard wood1 if there is any1 for it lasts well4 ,select three of your best sticks for kindling4 ,shave each of them almost through1 for half its length1 leaving lower end of shavings attached to the stick1 one under the other4 ,stand these in a tripod1 under the hanging pot1 with their curls down4 ,around them build a small conical wigwam of the other sticks1 standing each on end and slanting to a common center4 ,the whole affair is no bigger than your hat4 ,leave free air spaces between the sticks4 ,fire requires air1 and plenty of it1 and it burns best when it has something to climb up on2 hence the wigwam construction4 ,now touch off the shaved sticks1 and in a moment you will have a small blast furnace under the pot4 ,this will get up steam in a hurry4 ,feed it with small sticks as needed4 ,meantime get two bed-sticks1 four or five inches thick1 or a pair of flat rocks1 to support the frying pan4 ,the firewood will all drop to embers soon after the pot boils4 ,toss out the smoking butts1 leaving only clear1 glowing coals4 ,put your bed-sticks on either side1 parallel and level4 ,set the pan on them1 and fry away4 ,so1 in twenty minutes from the time you drove your stake1 the meal will be cooked4 ,dinner ,fire--,first get in plenty of wood and kindling4 ,if you can find two large flat rocks1 or several small ones of even height use them as andirons2 otherwise lay down two short cuts off a five or six inch log1 facing you and about three feet apart4 ,on these rocks or billets lay two four foot logs parallel1 and several inches apart1 as rests for your utensils4 ,arrange the kindling between and under them1 with small sticks laid across the top of the logs1 a couple of long ones lengthwise1 then more short ones across1 another pair lengthwise1 and thicker short ones across4 ,then light it4 ,many prefer to light the kindling at once and feed the fire gradually2 but ,i do as above1 so as to have an even glow under several pots at once1 and then the sticks will all burn down to coals together4 ,illustration3 ,,camp ,,crane ,this is the usual way to build a cooking fire when there is no time to do better4 ,the objection is that the supporting logs must be close enough together to hold up the pots and pans1 and1 being round1 this leaves too little space between them for the fire to heat the balance evenly2 besides1 a pot is liable to slip and topple over4 ,a better way1 if one has time1 is to hew both the inside surfaces and the tops of the logs flat4 ,space these supports close enough together at one end for the narrowest pot and wide enough apart at the other for the frying pan4 ,if you carry fire-irons much bother is saved4 ,simply lay down two flat rocks or a pair of billets far enough apart for the purpose1 place the flat irons on them1 and space them to suit the utensils4 ,if a camp grate is used1 build a crisscross fire of short sticks under it4 ,split wood is better than round sticks for cooking2 it catches easier and burns more easily4 ,camp ,crane--,pots for hot water1 stews1 coffee1 and so on1 are more manageable when hung above the fire4 ,the heat can easily be regulated1 the pots hanging low at first to boil quickly1 and then being elevated or shifted aside to simmer4 ,illustration3 ,,pine ,,tree ,,horse ,set up two forked stakes about five feet apart and four feet to the crotches4 ,across them lay a green stick 7lug-pole7 somewhat thicker than a broomstick4 ,now cut three or four green crotches from branches1 drive a nail in the small end of each1 or cut a notch in it1 invert the crotches1 and hang them on the lug-pole to suspend kettles from4 ,these pothooks are to be of different length so that the kettle can be adjusted to different heights above the fire1 first for hard boiling1 and then for simmering4 ,if kettles were hung from the lug-pole itself1 this adjustment could not be made1 and you would have to dismount the whole business in order to get one kettle off4 ,if forked stakes are not easily found in the neighborhood1 drive straight ones1 then split the tops1 flatten the ends of the cross poles and insert them in the clefts of the stakes4 ,you do not want a big fire to cook over4 ,many and many a time ,i have watched old and experienced woodsmen spoil their grub1 and their tempers1 too1 by trying to cook in front of a roaring winter campfire1 and have marveled at their lack of common sense4 ,off to one side of such a fire1 lay your bed log as above2 then shovel from the campfire enough hard coal to fill the space between the logs within three inches of the top4 ,you now have a steady1 even heat from end to end2 it can easily be regulated2 there is level support for every vessel2 and you can wield a short-handled frying pan over such an outdoor range without scorching either the meat or yourself4 ,fire for ,baking--,for baking in a reflector1 or roasting a joint1 a high fire is best1 with a backing to throw the heat forward4 ,sticks three feet long can be leaned against a big log or a sheer-faced rock1 and the kindlings started under them4 ,often a good bed of coals is wanted4 ,the campfire generally supplies these1 but sometimes they are needed in a hurry1 soon after camp is pitched4 ,to get them1 take sound hardwood1 either green or dead1 and split it into sticks of uniform thickness 7say1 #a-a_/d-;inch face74 ,lay down two bed-sticks1 cross these near the end with two others1 and so on up until you have a pen a foot high4 ,start a fire in this pen4 ,then cover it with a layer of parallel sticks laid an inch apart4 ,cross this with a similar layer at right angles1 and so upward for another foot4 ,the free draught will make a roaring fire1 and all will burn down to coals together4 ,the thick bark of hemlock1 and the hard woods generally1 will soon yield coals for ordinary cooking4 ,to keep coals a long time1 cover them with ashes1 or with bark which will soon burn to ashes4 ,in wet weather a bed of coals can be shielded by slanting broad strips of green bark over it and overlapping them at the edges4 ,fire in a ,trench--,in time of drought when everything is tinder-dry1 or in windy weather1 especially if the ground be strewn with dead leaves or pine needles1 build your fire in a trench4 ,this is the best way1 too1 if fuel is scarce and you must depend on brushwood1 as a trench conserves heat4 ,dig the trench in line with the prevailing wind4 ,the point is to get a good draught4 ,make the windward end somewhat wider than the rest1 and deeper1 sloping the trench upward to the far end4 ,line the sides with flat rocks if they are to be found1 as they hold heat a long time and keep the sides from crumbling in4 ,lay other rocks1 or a pair of green poles along the edges to support vessels4 ,a little chimney of flat stones or sod1 at the leeward end1 will make the fire draw well4 ,if there is some sheet-iron to cover the trench a quite practical stove is made1 but an open trench will do very well if properly managed4 ,the ,indian's ,fire--,best where fuel is scarce1 or when one has only a small hatchet with which to cut night wood4 ,fell and trim a lot of hardwood saplings4 ,lay three or four of them on the ground1 butts on top of each other1 tips radiating from this center like the spokes of a wheel4 ,on and around this build a small hot fire4 ,place butts of other saplings on this1 radiating like the others4 ,as the wood burns away1 shove the sticks in toward the center1 butts on top of each other as before4 ,this saves much chopping1 and economizes fuel4 ,build a little wind break behind you and lie close to the fire4 ,doubtless you have heard the ,indian's dictum 7southern ,indians express it just as the northern ones do73 ',white man heap fool2 make um big fire--can't git near2 ,injun make um little fire--git close4 ,uh1 good4' ,kindling ,the best kindling is fat pine or the bark of the paper birch4 ,fat pine is found in the stumps and butt cuts of pine trees1 particularly those that died on the stump4 ,the resin has collected there and dried4 ,this wood is usually easy to split4 ,pine knots are the tough1 heavy resinous stubs of limbs that are found on dead pine trees4 ,they1 as well as fat pine1 are almost imperishable1 and those sticking out of old rotten logs are as good as any4 ,in collecting pine knots go to fallen trees that are almost rotted away4 ,hit the knot a lick with the pole of the axe and generally it will yield2 if you must chop1 cut deep to get it all and to save the axe edge4 ,the knots of old dead balsams are similarly used4 ,usually a dead stump of pine1 spruce1 or balsam1 all punky on the outside1 has a core very rich in resin that makes excellent kindling4 ,hemlock knots are worthless and hard as glass--keep your axe out of them4 ,the thick bark of hemlock is good to make glowing coals in a hurry2 so is that of hard woods generally4 ,good kindling sure to be dry underneath the bark in all weather1 is procured by snapping off the small dead branches1 or stubs of branches1 that are left on the trunks of small or medium-sized trees1 near the ground4 ,do not pick up twigs from the ground1 but choose those among the downwood that are held up free from the ground4 ,where a tree is found that has been shivered by lightning1 or one that has broken off without uprooting1 good splinters of dry wood will be found4 ,in every laurel thicket there is plenty of dead laurel1 and1 since it is of sprangling growth1 most of the branches will be free from the ground and snap-dry4 ,they ignite readily and give out intense heat4 ,the bark of all species of birch1 but of paper birch especially1 is excellent for kindling and for torches4 ,it is full of resinous oil1 blazes up at once1 will burn in any wind1 and wet sticks can be ignited with it4 ,making ,fire in the ,wet--,it is a good test of one's resourcefulness to make a fire out of doors in rainy weather4 ,the best way to go about it depends upon local conditions4 ,if fat pine can be found1 the trick is easy2 just split it up1 and start your fire under a big fallen log4 ,dry fuel and a place to build a fire can often be found under big up-tilted logs1 shelving rocks1 and similar natural shelters1 or in the core of an old stump4 ,in default of these1 look for a dead softwood tree that leans to the south4 ,the wood and bark on the under side will be dry2 chop some off1 split it fine1 and build your fire under the shelter of the trunk4 ,lighting a ,match--,when there is nothing dry to strike it on1 jerk the tip of the match forward against your teeth4 ,to light a match in the wind1 face the wind4 ,cup your hands1 with their backs toward the wind1 and hold the match with its head pointing toward the rear of the cup2 i4 e41 toward the wind4 ,remove the right hand just long enough to strike the match on something very close by2 then instantly resume the former position4 ,the flame will run up the match stick1 instead of being blown away from it1 and so will have something to feed on4 ,fire ,regulations--,on state lands and on national forest reserves it is forbidden to use any but fallen timber for firewood4 ,different states have various other restrictions1 some1 ,i believe1 not permitting trampers to light a fire in the woods at all unless accompanied by a registered guide4 ,in ,new ,york the regulations prescribe that fires will be permitted for the purposes of cooking1 warmth and insect smudges2 but before such fires are kindled sufficient space around the spot where the fire is to be lighted must be cleared from all combustible material2 and before the place is abandoned fires so lighted must be thoroughly quenched4 ,in ,pennsylvania forest reserves no fire may be made except in a hole or pit one foot deep1 the pit being encircled by the excavated earth4 ,in those of ,california1 no fire at all may be lighted without first procuring a permit from the authorities4 ,fire regulations are posted on all public lands1 and if campers disregard them they are subject to arrest4 ,these are wise and good laws4 ,every camper who loves the forest1 and who has any regard for public interest1 will do his part in obeying them to the letter4 ,however1 if he occupies private property where he may use his own judgment1 or if he travels in the wilderness far from civilization1 where there are no regulations1 it will be useful for him to know something about the fuel value of all kinds of wood1 green as well as dead1 and for such people the following information is given3 ,the arts of fire building are not so simple as they look4 ,to practice them successfully in all sorts of wild regions we must know the different species of trees one from another1 and their relative fuel values1 which as we shall see1 vary a great deal4 ,we must know how well1 or ill1 each of them burns in a green state1 as well as when seasoned4 ,it is important to discriminate between wood that makes lasting coals and such as soon dies down to ashes4 ,some kinds of wood pop violently when burning and cast out embers that may burn holes in tents and bedding or set the neighborhood afire2 others burn quietly1 with clear1 steady flame4 ,some are stubborn to split1 others almost fall apart under the axe4 ,in wet weather it takes a practiced woodsman to find tinder and dry wood1 and to select a natural shelter where fire can be kept going during a storm or rain or snow1 when a fire is most needed4 ,there are several handy little manuals by which one who has no botanical knowledge can soon learn how to identify the different species of trees by merely examining their leaves1 or1 late in the season1 by their bark1 buds and habit of growth4 ,but no book gives the other information that ,i have referred to2 so ,i shall offer1 in the present chapter1 a little rudimentary instruction in this important branch of woodcraft4 ,it is convenient for our purpose to divide the trees into two great groups1 hard woods and soft woods1 using these terms not so loosely as lumbermen do1 but drawing the line between sycamore1 yellow birch1 yellow pine1 and slippery elm1 on the one side1 and red cedar1 sassafras1 pitch pine and white birch1 on the other4 ,as a general rule1 hard woods make good1 slow-burning fuel that yields lasting coals1 and soft woods make a quick1 hot fire that is soon spent4 ,but each species has peculiarities that deserve close attention4 ,best ,fuel--,best of all northern fire woods is hickory1 green or dry4 ,it makes a hot fire1 but lasts a long time1 burning down to a bed of hard coals that keep up an even1 generous heat for hours4 ,hickory1 by the way1 is distinctly an ,american tree2 no other region on earth produces it4 ,the live oak of the south is most excellent fuel2 so is holly4 ,following the hickory1 in fuel value1 are chestnut1 oak1 overcup1 white1 blackjack1 post and basket oaks1 pecan1 the hornbeams 7ironwoods71 and dogwood4 ,the latter burns finely to a beautiful white ash that is characteristic2 apple wood does the same4 ,black birch also ranks here2 it has the advantage of 'doing its own blowing1' as a ,carolina mountaineer said to me1 meaning that the oil in the birch assists its combustion so that the wood needs no coaxing4 ,all of the birches are good fuel1 ranking in about this order3 ,black1 yellow1 red1 paper1 and white4 ,sugar maple was the favorite fuel of our old-time hunters and surveyors because it ignites easily1 burns with a clear1 steady flame1 and leaves good coals4 ,locust is a good1 lasting fuel2 it is easy to cut1 and1 when green1 splits fairly well2 the thick bark takes fire readily and the wood then burns slowly1 with little flame1 leaving pretty good coals2 hence it is good for night wood4 ,mulberry has similar qualities4 ,the scarlet and willow oaks are among the poorest of the hard woods for fuel4 ,cherry makes only fair fuel4 ,white elm is poor stuff1 but slippery elm is better4 ,yellow pine burns well1 as its sap is resinous instead of watery like that of the soft pines4 ,in some respects white ash is the best of green woods for campers fuel4 ,it is easily cut and split1 is lighter to tote than most other woods1 and is of so dry a nature that even the green wood catches fire readily4 ,it burns with clear flame1 and lasts longer than any other free-burning wood of its weight4 ,on a wager1 ,i have built a bully fire from a green tree of white ash1 one match1 and no dry kindling4 ,i split some of the wood very fine and 'frilled' a few of the little sticks with my knife4 ,soft ,woods--,most of the soft woods are good only for kindling1 or for quick cooking fires1 and then only when seasoned4 ,for these purposes1 however1 some of them are superior1 as they split and shave readily and catch fire easily4 ,liquidambar1 magnolia1 tulip1 catalpa1 and willow are poor fuel4 ,seasoned chestnut and yellow poplar make a hot fire1 but crackle and leave no coals4 ,balsam fir1 basswood1 and the white and loblolly pines make quick fires1 but are soon spent4 ,the grey 7,labrador7 or jack pine is considered good fuel in the far north1 where hard woods are scarce4 ,seasoned tamarack is good4 ,spruce is poor fuel1 although1 being resinous1 it kindles easily and makes a good blaze for 'branding up' a fire4 ,pitch pine1 which is the most inflammable of all woods when dry and 'fat1' will scarcely burn at all in a green state4 ,sycamore and buckeye1 when thoroughly seasoned1 are good fuel1 but will not split4 ,alder burns readily and gives out considerable heat1 but is not lasting4 ,the dry wood of the northern poplar 7large-toothed aspen7 is a favorite for cooking fires1 because it gives an intense heat1 with little or no smoke1 lasts well1 and does not blacken the utensils4 ,red cedar has similar qualities1 but is rather hard to ignite and must be fed fine at the start4 ,the best green soft woods for fuel are white birch1 paper birch1 soft maple1 cottonwood1 and quaking aspen4 ,as a rule1 the timber growing along the margins of large streams is softwood4 ,hence1 driftwood is generally a poor mainstay unless there is plenty of it on the spot2 but driftwood on the sea coast is good fuel4 ,precautions--,i have already mentioned the necessity of clearing the camp ground of inflammable stuff before starting a fire on it1 raking it toward a common center and burning all the dead leaves1 pine needles and trash2 otherwise it may catch and spread beyond your control as soon as your back is turned4 ,don't build your fire against a big old punky log2 it may smoulder a day or two after you have left and then burst out into flame when the breeze fans it4 ,never leave a spark of fire when breaking camp1 or when leaving it for the day4 ,make absolutely sure of this by drenching the campfire thoroughly1 or by smothering it completely with earth or sand4 ,never drop a lighted match on the ground without stamping it out4 ,have you ever seen a forest fire8 ,it is terrible4 ,thousands of acres are destroyed and many a time men and women and children have been cut off by a tornado of flame and burned alive4 ,the person whose carelessness starts such a holocaust is worse than a fool--he is a criminal1 and a disgrace to the good earth he treads4 ,illustration3 ,,haversack ,,for ,,carrying ,,kitchen ,,utensils ,cooking ,devices ,when it is convenient carry a hatchet4 ,scouts should carry a small folding grate4 ,the best form of grate is one with folding legs4 ,after laying the fire the legs of the grate are driven into the ground4 ,as the fire burns down1 the grate may be lowered by driving the legs in deeper4 ,this is a very useful utensil for supporting hot water pails or frying pan4 ,when no forks can be found use the ,pine ,tree ,horse1 as shown in cut4 ,in order to boil water hard it will only be necessary to slip the kettle down the pole1 holding it in place by graduated notches4 ,equipment and supplies for one meal may be carried in one or two haversacks like the one shown4 ,indeed1 a meal may be cooked without any equipment whatever other than a knife which every ,scout should be provided with4 ,improvised ,grate--,a few sticks #a_/b inch in diameter laid about #b inches apart and about #b inches above the coals form a good enough broiler4 ,steak and chops cook perfectly well if laid right on the coals4 ,cooking kits allow for more variety1 as they provide a frying pan1 in which bacon and potatoes can be cooked1 and a small pail for boiling water4 ,it is convenient for each ,scout to carry her own cup1 knife1 fork and spoon4 ,the cooking kit and supplies can then be divided among the party4 ,at a permanent camp a frying board is a great convenience4 ,it is simply a flat1 smooth board with a pointed end which can be driven into the ground4 ,fish1 meat1 game and ,injun bread can be cooked on this board better than in any other way1 as the food receives the heat without becoming charred1 and is much more wholesome than when fried in a pan4 ,as long as the board is to windward of the flame1 a constant heat is maintained without smoke4 ,a small fire will cook a very large fish in a short time4 ,an old canoe paddle may be used for this purpose4 ,the food is hung on nails driven in the board1 a strip of bacon1 hung above the fish and dripping on it would improve the flavor4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,folding ,,baker ,it is a good plan to use a separate frying board when cooking fish1 as the juice from the fish seeps into the board and it is practically impossible to remove it by cleaning4 ,the flavor of fish is not pleasant on other food4 ,if it is not practicable to carry two frying boards one can be careful to reserve the same side of one board for cooking fish4 ,a long cooking spoon for dishing vegetables out of the pots is very useful4 ,a roll of paper towels for drying dishes and for use as napkins1 or cloth dish towels and paper napkins are also useful4 ,other useful articles are a dish mop with a wooden handle1 and a pancake turner4 ,the ,folding ,baker--,the baker may be placed before the blazing fire4 ,it is a perfect arrangement for baking biscuits and roasting meats4 ,friction ,top ,cans--,it is well to have these varying in capacity from one to three quarts4 ,use one quart size for washing soda1 powdered soap1 and sugar4 ,the larger sizes should carry flour1 cornmeal1 etc4 ,eggs may be placed in the one used for the cornmeal4 ,illustration3 ,,friction ,,top ,,can ,where convenient to provide a large equipment the following utensils are suggested3 ,camp grate1 #c wire toasters 7one for meat1 one for fish1 one for bread71 #b frying boards 7one for meat1 one for fish71 #f-quart pail for reserve water1 #i-quart pail for boiling vegetables1 agate or paper plates1 agate or paper cups1 knives1 forks1 spoons1 kit knife1 paper towels1 dish mops1 powdered soap1 cotton gloves for handling hot or smoky pots1 candles1 matches 7in waterproof packages71 non-rusting wire #a_/h inch thick for hanging pots1 etc4 ,a large permanent camp may add greatly to the pleasure of its members1 and make a delightful break in the day1 by sending off troops of1 say1 eight girls to cook a camp lunch at a place about a mile distant4 ,for this purpose1 when a group plans to do a great deal of camping the above equipment is suggested4 ,it could all be packed in the pack basket1 and the girls could take turns carrying it4 ,illustration3 ,,folding ,,frying ,,pan ,such a basket without a canvas cover costs about #h and is extremely useful in permanent camp equipment4 ,utensils ,required for a ,party of ,eight and their ,uses ,if the group of girls plans for a camping trip of several days and transport is available1 all the following utensils will be found useful4 ,these may be purchased in any sporting goods store4 ,three ,wire ,toasters--,one for meat1 one for fish1 one for toast4 ,in cooking meat or fish1 and in making toast before a blazing fire1 stand the wire toaster upright before the fire and prop it up with a stick4 ,a board may be used in the same manner4 ,it is often desirable to do this in order to avoid the delay of waiting for the fire to burn down4 ,cooking ,pots--,size #e quarts1 for boiling vegetables2 size #f-a_/b quarts1 for boiling vegetables2 size #i quarts1 for hot water2 size #ae quarts1 for reserve cold water4 ,each of these pots nests in the next larger size1 making one package4 ,a cocoa pot of this type nests into the #e-quart pail4 ,two ,frying ,pans--,the handles fold in and the pans pack in a case with the nest of cooking pots4 ,in addition to their usual uses1 the frying pans are also used as dish-washing pans1 one for the washing and one for the rinsing4 ,illustration3 ,,complete ,,cooking ,,outfit ,,for ,,eight ,,scouts ,a heaped teaspoon of washing soda dissolved in hot water will so perfectly clean the frying pans as to permit their use as dish-pans4 ,eight agate plates1 or aluminum if possible2 eight agate cups1 or aluminum if possible2 eight knives1 forks and spoons2 one large1 long-handled cooking spoon4 ,the complete cooking outfit may be nested together and packed in a canvas bag and takes up about as much space as a water pail4 ,provisions ,when a party camps where fresh meat and farm products can be procured as they are wanted1 its provisioning is chiefly a matter of taste1 and calls for no special comment here4 ,but to have good meals in the wilderness is a different matter4 ,a man will eat five or six pounds a day of fresh food4 ,that is a heavy load on the trail4 ,and fresh meat1 dairy products1 fruit and vegetables are generally too bulky1 too perishable4 ,so it is up to the woodsman to learn how to get the most nourishment out of the least weight and bulk in materials that 'keep' well4 ,light outfitting1 as regards food1 is mainly a question of how much water we are willing to carry in our rations4 ,for instance1 canned peaches are #hh per cent4 water4 ,can one afford to carry so much water from home when there is plenty of it at camp8 ,the following table is suggestive3 ,more than #c_/d water ,fresh milk1 fruit1 vegetables 7except potatoes74 ,canned soups1 tomatoes1 peaches1 pears1 etc4 ,more than #a_/b water ,fresh beef1 veal1 mutton1 poultry1 eggs1 potatoes4 ,canned corn1 baked beans1 pineapple4 ,evaporated milk 7unsweetened74 ,more than #a_/c water ,fresh bread1 rolls1 pork chops4 ,potted chicken1 etc4 ,cheese4 ,canned blackberries4 ,less than #a_/c water ,dried apples1 apricots1 peaches1 prunes4 ,fruit jelly4 ,less than #a_/e water ,salt pork1 bacon1 dried fish1 butter4 ,dessicated eggs1 concentrated soups4 ,powdered milk4 ,wheat flour1 cornmeal1 etc41 macaroni4 ,rice1 oatmeal1 hominy1 etc4 ,dried beans1 split peas4 ,dehydrated vegetables4 ,dried dates1 figs1 raisins4 ,orange marmalade1 sugar1 chocolate4 ,nuts1 nut butter4 ,although this table is good in its way1 it is not a fair measure of the relative value of foods4 ,even the solid part of some foodstuffs contains a good deal of refuse 7potatoes #bj per cent71 while others have none4 ,illustration3 ,,five ,,quart ,,pail ,,to ,,nest ,,cans ,nutritive ,values--,the nutritive elements of foodstuffs are protein1 a little mineral matter1 fats1 and carbohydrates4 ,protein is the basis of muscles1 bone1 tendon1 cartilage1 skin and corpuscles of the blood4 ,fats and carbohydrates supply heat and muscular energy4 ,in other words1 the human body is an engine2 protein keeps it in repair2 fats and carbohydrates are the fuel to run it4 ,familiar examples of proteids are lean meat and white of egg4 ,the chief food fats are fat meat1 butter1 lard1 oil and cream4 ,carbohydrates are starchy foods 7flour1 cereals1 etc47 and sugar 7sweets of almost any kind74 ,the problem of a well-balanced ration consists in supplying daily the right proportion of nutritive elements in agreeable and digestible form4 ,the problem of a campaign ration is the same1 but cutting out most of the water and waste in which fresh foods abound4 ,however1 in getting rid of the water in fresh meats1 fruits and vegetables we lose1 unfortunately1 much of the volatile essences that give these foods their good flavor4 ,this loss--and it is a serious one--must be made up by the camp cook1 changing the menu as often as he can by varying the ingredients and the processes of cooking4 ,variety is quite as welcome at the camp board as anywhere else1 in fact1 more so2 for it is harder to get4 ,variety need not mean adding to the load4 ,it means substituting1 say1 three #e-pound parcels for one #ae-pound parcel1 so as to have something 'different' from day to day4 ,digestibility--,we must bear in mind the adage that 'we live not upon what we eat but upon what we digest4' ,some foods rich in protein1 especially beans1 peas1 and oatmeal1 are not easily assimilated1 unless cooked for a longer time than campers generally can spare4 ,a considerable part of their protein is liable to putrefy in the alimentary canal1 and so be worse than wasted4 ,an excess of meat or fish will do the same thing4 ,other foods of very high theoretical value are constipating if used in large amounts1 as cheese1 nuts1 chocolate4 ,food ,components--,let us now consider the material of field rations1 item by item4 ,bacon--,good old breakfast bacon worthily heads the list1 for it is the campaigner's standby4 ,it keeps well in any climate1 and demands no special care in packing4 ,it is easy to cook1 combines well with almost anything1 is handier than lard to fry things with1 does just as well to shorten bread or biscuits1 is very nutritious1 and nearly everybody likes it4 ,take it with you from home1 for you can seldom buy it away from railroad towns4 ,get the boneless1 in #e to #h pound flitches4 ,let canned bacon alone2 it lacks flavor and costs more than it is worth4 ,a little mould on the outside of a flitch does no harm1 but reject bacon that is soft and watery1 or with yellow fat1 or with brownish or black spots in the lean4 ,smoked ,ham--,small ones generally are tough and too salty4 ,hard to keep in warm or damp weather2 moulds easily4 ,is attractive to blow-flies1 which quickly fill it with 'skippers' if they can get at it4 ,if kept in a cheesecloth bag and hung in a cool1 airy place a ham will last until eaten up and will be relished4 ,ham will keep1 even in warm weather1 if packed in a stout paper bag so as to exclude flies4 ,it will keep indefinitely if sliced1 boiled or fried and put up in tins with melted lard poured over it to keep out air4 99 99 99 ,canned ,soups--,these are wholesome enough1 but their fluid kinds are very bulky for their meager nutritive value4 ,however1 a few cans of consomme are fine for 'stock' in camp soups or stews1 and invaluable in case of sickness4 ,here1 as in canned meat1 avoid the country grocery kind4 ,condensed ,soups--,soup powders are a great help in time of trouble--but don't rely on them for a full meal4 ,there are some that are complete in themselves and require nothing but #ae to #bj minutes' cooking2 others take longer1 and demand 7in small type on the label7 the addition of ingredients that generally you haven't got4 ,try various brands at home till you find what you like4 ,cured ,fish--,shredded codfish and smoked halibut1 sprats1 boneless herring are portable and keep well4 ,they will be relished for variety's sake4 ,eggs--,to vary the camp bill of fare1 eggs are simply invaluable1 not only by themselves1 but as ingredients in cooking4 99 99 99 ,when means of transportation permit1 fresh eggs may be carried to advantage4 ,a hand crate holding #ab dozen weighs about #bd pounds1 filled4 ,eggs can be packed along in winter without danger of breakage by carrying them frozen4 ,do not try to boil a frozen egg2 peel it as you would a hard-boiled one and then fry or poach4 ,to test an egg for freshness1 drop it into cold water2 if it sinks quickly it is fresh2 if it stands on end it is doubtful2 if it floats it is surely bad4 ,to preserve eggs1 rub them all over with vaseline1 being careful that no particle of shell is uncoated4 ,they will keep good much longer than if treated with lime water1 salt1 paraffine1 water-glass or any of the other common expedients4 ,on hard trips it is impracticable to carry eggs in the shell4 ,some campers break fresh eggs and pack them in friction-top cans4 ,the yolks soon break and they keep but a short time4 ,a good brand of desiccated eggs is the solution of this problem4 ,it does away with all risk of breaking and spoiling and reduces bulk very much4 ,desiccated eggs vary a great deal in quality1 according to material and process employed4 ,desiccated eggs made of the yolks are merely useful as ingredients in cooking4 ,milk--,sweetened condensed milk 7the 'salve of the lumberjacks'7 is distasteful to most people4 ,plain evaporated milk is the thing to carry--and don't leave it out if you can practicably tote it4 ,the notion that this is a 'baby food' to be scorned by real woodsmen is nothing but a foolish conceit4 ,few things pay better for their transportation4 ,it will be allowed that ,admiral ,peary knows something about food values4 ,here is what he says in ,the ,north ,pole3 ',the essentials1 and the only essentials1 needed in a serious ,arctic sledge journey1 no matter what the season1 the temperature1 or the duration of the journey--whether one month or six--are four3 pemmican1 tea1 ship's biscuit1 condensed milk4 ,the standard daily ration for work on the final sledge journey toward the ,pole on all expeditions has been as follows3 #a lb4 pemmican1 #a lb4 ship's biscuit1 #d oz4 condensed milk1 #a_/b oz4 compressed tea4' ,milk1 either evaporated or powdered1 is a very important ingredient in camp cookery4 ,butter--,this is another 'soft' thing that pays its freight4 ,for ordinary trips it suffices to pack butter firmly into pry-up tin cans which have been sterilized by thorough scalding and then cooled in a perfectly clean place4 ,keep it in a spring or in cold running water 7hung in a net1 or weighted in a rock7 whenever you can4 ,when traveling1 wrap the cold can in a towel or other insulating material4 ,if ,i had to cut out either lard or butter ,i would keep the butter4 ,it serves all the purposes of lard in cooking1 is wholesomer1 and beyond that1 it is the most concentrated source of energy that one can use with impunity4 ,cheese--,cheese has nearly twice the fuel value of a porterhouse steak of equal weight1 and it contains a fourth more protein4 ,it is popularly supposed to be hard to digest1 but in reality it is not so if used in moderation4 ,the best kind for campers is potted cheese1 or cream or 'snappy' cheese put up in tinfoil4 ,if not so protected from air it soon dries out and grows stale4 ,a tin of imported ,camembert will be a pleasant surprise on some occasion4 ,bread ,biscuits--,it is well to carry enough yeast bread for two or three days1 until the game country is reached and camp routine is established4 ,to keep it fresh1 each loaf must be sealed in wax paper or parchment paper 7the latter is best1 because it is tough1 waterproof1 greaseproof74 ,bread freezes easily2 for cold weather luncheons carry toasted bread4 ,hardtack 7pilot bread1 ship biscuit7 can be recommended only for such trips or cruises as do not permit baking4 ,it is a cracker prepared of plain flour and water1 not even salted1 and kiln-dried to a chip1 so as to keep indefinitely1 its only enemies being weevils4 ,get the coarsest grade4 ,to make hardtack palatable toast it until crisp1 or soak in hot coffee and butter it1 or at least salt it4 ,swedish hardtack1 made of whole rye flour1 is good for a change4 ,plasmon biscuit1 imported from ,england1 is the most nutritious breadstuff ,i have ever used4 ,it is a round cracker1 firm but not hard1 of good flavor1 containing a large percentage of the protein of milk1 six of the small biscuits holding as much proteid as a quarter of a pound of beef4 ,flour--,graham and entire wheat flours contain more protein than patent flour1 but this is offset by the fact that it is not so digestible as the protein of standard flour4 ,practically there is little or no difference between them in the amount of protein assimilated4 ,the same seems to be true of their mineral ingredients4 ,many campers depend a good deal on self-raising flour because it saves a little trouble in mixing4 ,but such flour is easily spoiled by dampness1 it does not make as good biscuits or flapjacks as one can turn out in camp by doing his own mixing1 and it will not do for thickening1 dredging1 etc4 ,flour and meal should be sifted before starting on an expedition4 ,there will be no sieve in camp4 ,baking ,powder--,get the best available powder1 put up in air and damp-eight tins1 so that your material will be in good condition when you come to use it in camp4 ,baking soda will not be needed on short trips1 but is required for longer ones1 in making sour-dough1 as a steady diet of baking-powder bread or biscuit will ruin the stomach if persisted in for a considerable time4 ,soda also is useful medicinally4 ,cornmeal--,some like yellow1 some prefer white4 ,the flavor of freshly ground meal is best1 but the ordinary granulated meal of commerce keeps better1 because it has been kiln-dried4 ,cornmeal should not be used as the leading breadstuff1 for reasons already given1 but johnnycake1 corn pancakes1 and mush are a welcome change from hot wheat bread or biscuit1 and the average novice at cooking may succeed better with them4 ,the meal is useful to roll fish in before frying4 ,breakfast ,cereals--,these according to taste1 and for variety's sake4 ,plain cereals1 particularly oatmeal1 require a long cooking1 either in a double boiler or with constant stirring1 to make them digestible2 and then there is a messy pot to clean up4 ,they do more harm than good to campers who hurry their cooking4 ,so it is best to buy the partially cooked cereals that take only a few minutes to prepare4 ,otherwise the 'patent breakfast foods' have no more nutritive quality than plain grain2 some of them not so much4 ,the notion that bran has remarkable food value is a delusion2 it actually makes the protein of the grain less digestible4 ,as for mineral matter1 'to build up bone and teeth and brawn1' there is enough of it in almost any mixed diet1 without swallowing a lot of crude fiber4 ,rice1 although not very appetizing by itself1 combines so well in stew or the like1 and goes so well in pudding1 that it deserves a place in the commissariat4 ,macaroni--,the various pastes 7pas-tay1 as the ,italians call them7 take the place of bread1 may be cooked in many ways to lend variety1 and are especially good in soups which otherwise would have little nourishing power4 ,spaghetti1 vermicelli1 and noodles all are good in their way4 ,break macaroni into inch pieces and pack so that insects cannot get into it4 ,it is more wholesome than flapjacks and it 'sticks to the ribs4' ,sweets--,sugar is stored-up energy1 and is assimilated more quickly than any other food4 ,men in the open soon get to craving sweets4 ,maple sugar is always welcome4 ,get the soft kind that can be spread on bread for luncheons4 ,syrup is easily made from it in camp by simply bringing it to a boil with the necessary amount of water4 ,ready-made syrup is mean to pack around4 ,sweet chocolate 7not too sweet7 has remarkable sustaining power4 ,when practicable1 take along some jam and marmalade4 ,the commissaries of the ,british ,army were wise when they gave jam an honorable place in ,tommy ,atkins' field ration4 ,yes3 jam for soldiers in time of war4 ,so many ounces of it1 substituted1 mind you1 for so many ounces of the porky1 porky1 porky1 that has ne'er a streak of lean4 ,so1 a little current jelly with your duck or venison is worth breaking all rules for4 ,such conserves can be repacked by the buyer in pry-up cans that have been sterilized as recommended under the heading ,butter4 ,fresh ,vegetables--,the only ones worth taking along are potatoes and onions4 ,choose potatoes with small eyes and of uniform medium size1 even if you have to buy half a bushel to sort out a peck4 ,they are very heavy and bulky in proportion to their food value2 so you cannot afford to be burdened with any but the best4 ,cereals and beans take the place of potatoes when you go light4 ,fresh onions are almost indispensable for seasoning soups1 stews1 etc4 ,a few of them can be taken along almost anywhere4 ,i generally carry at least one1 even on a walking trip4 ,onions are good for the suddenly overtaxed system1 relieve the inordinate thirst that one experiences the first day or two1 and assist excretion4 ,freezing does not spoil onions if they are kept frozen until used4 ,beans--,a prime factor in cold weather camping4 ,take a long time to cook 7'soak all day and cook all night' is the rule74 ,cannot be cooked done at altitudes of #e1jjj feet and upward4 ,large varieties cook quickest1 but the small white navy beans are best for baking4 ,pick them over before packing1 as there is much waste4 ,split ,peas--,used chiefly in making a thick1 nourishing soup4 ,dehydrated ,vegetables--,much of the flavor of fresh vegetables is lost when the juice is expressed or evaporated1 but all of their nutriment is retained and enough of the flavor for them to serve as fair substitutes when fresh vegetables cannot be carried4 ,they help out a camp stew and may even be served as side dishes if one has butter and milk to season them4 ,generally they require soaking 7which can be done over night72 then they are to be boiled slowly until tender1 taking about as much time as fresh vegetables4 ,if cooking is hurried they will be woody and tasteless4 ,dehydrated vegetables are very portable1 keep in any climate1 and it is well to carry some on trips far from civilization4 ,canned ,vegetables--,in our table of food values it will be noticed that the least nourishing article for its weight and bulk is a can of tomatoes4 ,yet these 'air-tights' are great favorites with outdoors men1 especially in the ,west and ,south1 where frequently they are eaten raw out of the can4 ,it is not so much their flavor as their acid that is grateful to a stomach overtaxed with fat or canned meat and hot bread three times a day4 ,if wanted only as an adjuvant to soups1 stews1 rice1 macaroni1 etc41 the more concentrated puree will serve very well4 ,canned corn 7better still1 'kornlet1' which is concentrated milk of sweet corn7 is quite nourishing1 and everybody likes it4 ,a few cans of baked beans 7without tomato sauce7 will be handy in wet weather4 ,the ,b4 ,m4 #c_/d lb4 cans are convenient for a lone camper or for two going light4 ,nuts--,a handful each of shelled nuts and raisins1 with a cake of sweet chocolate1 will carry a man far on the trail or when he has lost it4 ,the kernels of butternuts and hickory nuts have the highest fuel value of our native species2 peanuts and almonds are very rich in protein2 ,brazil nuts1 filberts and pecans1 in fat4 ,peanut butter is a concentrated food that goes well in sandwiches4 ,one can easily make nut butter of any kind 7except almonds or ,brazil nuts7 for himself by using the nut grinder that comes with a kitchen food chopper1 and can add ground dates1 ground popcorn1 or whatever he likes2 but such preparations will soon grow rancid if not sealed airtight4 ,nut butter is more digestible than kernels unless the latter are thoroughly chewed4 ,fruits--,all fruits are very deficient in protein and 7except olives7 in fat1 but dried fruit is rich in carbohydrates4 ,fruit acid 7that of prunes1 dried apricots1 and dehydrated cranberries1 when fresh fruit cannot be carried7 is a good corrective of a too fatty and starchy or sugary diet1 and a preventive of scurvy4 ,most fruits are laxative1 and for that reason1 if none other1 a good proportion of dried fruit should be included in the ration1 no matter how light one travels2 otherwise one is likely to suffer from constipation when he changes from 'town grub' to 'trail grub4' ,among canned fruits those that go farthest are pineapples and blackberries4 ,excellent jelly can be made in camp from dried apples4 ,there is much nourishment in dates1 figs 7those dried round are better than layer figs7 and raisins4 ,pitted dates and seedless raisins are best for light outfits4 ,and do not despise the humble prune2 buy the best grade in the market 7unknown to landladies7 and soak over night before stewing2 it will be a revelation4 ,take a variety of dried fruits1 and mix them in different combinations1 sweet and tart1 so as not to have the same sauce twice in succession2 then you will learn that dried fruits are by no means a poor substitute for fresh or canned ones4 ,in hot weather ,i carry a few lemons whenever practicable4 ,limes are more compact and better medicinally1 but they do not keep well4 ,lime juice in bottles is excellent1 if you carry it4 ,citric acid crystals may be used in lieu of lemons when going light1 but the flavor is not so good as that of lemonade powder that one can put up for himself4 ,the process is described by ,a4 ,w4 ,barnard3 ',squeeze out the lemons and sift into the clear juice four to six spoonfuls of sugar to a lemon2 let stand a few days if the weather is dry1 or a week if wet1 till it is dried up1 then pulverize and put up into capsules4' ,gelatin capsules of any size1 from one oz4 down1 can be procured at a drug store4 ,they are convenient to carry small quantities of spices1 flavoring1 medicines1 etc41 on a hike4 ,vinegar and pickles are suitable only for fixed camps or easy cruises4 ,fritures--,lard is less wholesome than olive oil1 or ',crisco1' or the other preparations of vegetable fats4 ,crisco can be heated to a higher temperature than lard without burning1 thus ensuring the 'surprise' which prevents getting a fried article sodden with grease2 it does as well as lard for shortening2 and it can be used repeatedly without transmitting the flavor of one dish to the next one4 ,olive oil is superior as a friture1 especially for fish1 but expensive4 ,beverages--,tea is better than coffee4 ,even if you don't use it at home1 take along on your camping trip enough for midday meals4 ,tea tabloids are not bad1 but ,i advise using the real thing4 ,on a hike1 with no tea-ball1 ,i tie up enough for each pint in a bit of washed cheesecloth1 loosely1 leaving enough string attached whereby to whisk it out after exactly four minutes' steeping4 ,cocoa is not only a drink but a food4 ,it is best for the evening meal because it makes one sleepy1 whereas tea and coffee have the opposite effect4 ,get the soluble kind if you want it quickly prepared4 ,condiments--,do not leave out a small assortment of condiments wherewith to vary the taste of common articles and serve a new sauce or gravy or pudding now and then4 ,salt is best carried in a wooden box4 ,the amount used in cooking and at table is small4 ,white pepper is better than black4 ,some ,cayenne or ,chili should also be taken4 ,red pepper is not only a good stomachic1 but also is fine for a chili 7made into a tea with hot water and sugar74 ,among condiments ,i class beef extract1 bouillon cubes or capsules1 and the like4 ,they are of no use as food except to stimulate a feeble stomach or furnish a spurt of energy1 but invaluable for flavoring camp-made soups and stews when you are far away from beef4 ,the powder called ,oystero yields an oyster flavor4 ,mustard is useful not only at table but for medicinal purposes2 cloves1 not only for its more obvious purposes1 but to stick in an onion for a stew1 and perchance for a toothache4 ,celery and parsley can now be had in dehydrated form4 ,some sage may be needed for stuffing4 ,onion and celery salt are real additions to the camp cooking outfit4 ,if you aim at cake-making and puddings1 ginger and cinnamon may be required4 ,curry powder is relished by many2 its harshness may be tempered with sweet fruits or sugar4 ,on short trips1 salt and pepper will meet all requirements4 ,packing ,food--,meat of any kind will quickly mould or spoil if packed in tins from which air is not exhausted4 ,flour should not be carried in the original sacks2 they wet through or absorb moisture from the air1 snag easily1 and burst under the strain of a lashrope4 ,pack your flour1 cereals1 vegetables1 dried fruits1 etc41 in the round-bottomed paraffined bags sold by outfitters 7various sizes1 from #aj lbs4 down71 which are damp-proof and have the further merit of standing up on their bottoms instead of always falling over4 ,put a tag on each bag and label it in ink4 ,these small bags may then be stowed in #i-;inch waterproof canvas provision bags 7see outfitter's catalogues71 but in that case the thing you want is generally at the bottom4 99 99 99 ,butter1 lard1 ground coffee1 tea1 sugar1 jam1 matches1 go in pry-up tin cans1 sold by outfitters 7small quantities in mailing tubes71 or in common capped tins with tops secured by surgeon's plaster4 ,get pepper and spices in shaker-top cans1 or1 if you carry common shakers1 cover tops with cloth and snap stout rubber bands around them4 ,often it is well to carry separately enough food to last the party between the jumping-off place and the main camp site1 as it saves the bother of breaking bulk en route4 ,when transportation is easy it pays to pack the bread1 bags of flour1 etc41 in a tin wash-boiler or two1 which are wrapped in burlaps and crated4 ,these make capital grub boxes in camp1 securing their contents from wet1 insects and rodents4 ,ants in summer and mice at all times are downright pests of the woods1 to say nothing of the wily coon1 the predatory mink1 the inquisitive skunk1 and the fretful porcupine4 ,the boilers are useful1 too1 on many occasions to catch rain-water1 boil clothes1 waterproof and dye tents1 and so forth4 ,a ,last ,look ,around--,check off every article in the outfit as it is stowed1 and keep the inventory for future reference4 ,then note what is left over at the end of the trip4 ,this will help in outfitting for the next season4 ,camp ,cooking ,meat and fish are easy to cook and require few utensils4 ,steaks or chops require from four to twelve minutes to broil rare over a good bed of live coals1 depending on the thickness of the meat4 ,place either directly on the coals in wire broiler and raise only an inch or two above the fire4 ,turn after about #a-a_/b minutes1 and afterward turn a little oftener to prevent burning4 ,chicken or duck of broiling size takes about #bj minutes to broil and requires very particular care in frequent turning to prevent burning4 ,turn about every #a_/b minute4 ,as portions of the skin show signs of getting too brown baste them with a few drops of hot water from a large spoon4 ,this also tends to keep them moist4 ,the poultry may be cooked by propping the wire broiler upright six to nine inches from a blazing fire4 ,often the poultry is started this way and finished over the coals1 as this saves considerable time in waiting for the fire to burn down4 ,the chicken or duck may be hung close to the fire by a wire from a slanting pole1 revolving frequently4 ,an hour is required to roast poultry4 ,stew--,cut meat in small pieces1 brown in frying pan 7use drippings71 remove and place in stew pan in which there is sufficient water to cover stew4 ,cut vegetables in small pieces1 place in frying pan a few minutes--long enough to soften--place in stew pan1 season with salt and pepper1 cook one-half hour--add flour thickening 7water and flour71 cover with enough water to prevent stew becoming dry and bury in hot oven for two or three hours4 ,broiled ,fish--,place in wire broiler1 rubbing broiler first with salt pork or lard to prevent sticking1 and broil over coals for about #bj minutes4 ,all fish that is broiled should be served with a little butter sauce4 ,frying ,pan ,dishes ,fried ,fish--,cut the fish in pieces2 that is1 serving portions4 ,roll fish in cornmeal 7this is not absolutely necessary74 ,fry for about #bj minutes 7depending upon thickness of fish7 over hot fire1 in about #b tablespoons of heated frying oil4 ,tried-out bacon1 salt pork1 lard1 ,crisco1 or prepared cooking oil may be used4 ,fish ,balls--,fish balls prepared at home and carried along make good camp food4 ,for group of eight3 ,ingredients--#a bowl dried codfish soaked several hours in cold water1 #a egg1 #b raw potatoes cut in pieces1 #b ozs4 butter1 frying oil1 #b tablespoons milk4 ,boil codfish and potatoes together for about #aj minutes1 mash1 add #a beaten egg1 butter size of #a_/b small egg 7about #b ozs471 #b tablespoons milk and stir thoroughly4 ,this mixture should be about the consistency of stiff oatmeal4 ,heat small amount of frying oil in pan4 ,drop batter from large spoon into hot oil4 ,when brown1 turn and cook on other side4 ,each patty should cook about three minutes to the side1 about six minutes for the whole4 ,fried ,ham--,boil in frying pan for about #e minutes1 then pour off water and fry about two minutes on each side4 ,fried ,bacon--,fry gently until fat is tried out 7,save drippings47 ,bacon may also be fried on a hot rock1 or cooked on sharp pointed stick with forked ends4 ,fried ,country ,sausage--,fry sausages over moderate fire for about #ae minutes till they are brown4 ,corn ,beef ,hash--,carry with the ingredients already prepared #a part corned beef1 chopped1 #b parts chopped cold boiled potatoes4 ,melt butter or suet into the frying pan4 ,fry4 ,vegetables ,boiled ,potatoes--,clean and scrape potatoes4 ,do not peel4 ,have water boiling and salted before putting potatoes in pot and keep water boiling until potatoes are soft4 ,large ones take about #be minutes to cook4 ,plan to serve the meal about #be minutes after the potatoes are put on the fire1 for they are best served hot4 ,when potatoes are cooked1 drain water and keep hot until served4 ,fried ,potatoes--,slice cold boiled potatoes uniformly and fry in hot butter until brown4 ,fried ,raw ,potatoes--,slice raw potatoes uniformly1 boil in frying pan #e minutes and then fry in butter until brown4 ,onions--,boil in salted water #cj minutes until tender4 ,onions and potatoes go well together and campers should boil them together4 ,green ,peas--,buy them fresh from a farmer near camp if possible4 ,reject over-ripe pods4 ,shell and boil about #bj minutes in salted water1 keeping peas barely covered4 ,drain almost all water when cooked and add one ounce of butter4 ,green ,corn--,boil corn about five minutes in boiling salted water4 ,cocoa ,one teaspoonful 7level7 to each person1 #a_/b cup of water to each person1 #a_/b cup of milk to each person4 ,cook cocoa in water #e minutes2 add to warm milk and allow it to reach boiling point4 ,do not boil4 ,bread ,when possible carry along a supply of bread4 ,toast--,toast may either be made over coals or by propping wire broiler upright before blazing fire4 ,biscuit ,loaf--,this is a standard camp bread1 because it bakes quickly4 ,it is good so long as it is hot1 but it dries out soon and will not keep4 ,for four3 #c pints flour1 #c heaping teaspoonfuls baking powder1 #a heaping teaspoonful salt1 #b heaping tablespoonfuls cold grease1 #a scant pint cold water4 ,amount of water varies according to quality of flour4 ,baking powders vary in strength2 follow directions on can4 ,mix thoroughly1 with big spoon or wooden paddle1 first the baking powder with the flour and then the salt4 ,rub into this the cold grease 7which may be lard1 cold pork fat1 drippings7 until there are no lumps left and no grease adhering to bottom of pan4 ,this is a little tedious1 but don't shirk it4 ,then stir in the water and work it with spoon until you have a rather stiff dough4 ,have the pan greased4 ,turn the loaf into it and bake4 ,test center of loaf with a sliver when you think it properly done4 ,when no dough adheres remove bread4 ,all hot breads should be broken with the hand1 never cut4 ,to freshen any that is left over and dried out1 sprinkle a little water over it and heat through4 ,this can be done but once4 ,washing ,dishes ,every part of the camp work should be a pleasure1 and there is no reason whatever that dish washing should be an exception4 ,if the following directions for dish washing are followed the work may be so quickly and perfectly done as to be part of the fun4 #a4 ,each girl should throw scraps from her plate into a trench or receptacle4 ,do not throw food scraps on the camp fire1 as they make a disagreeable smoke4 #b4 ,wipe each plate and other utensils as clean as possible with paper napkin1 and throw napkin in the fire4 #c4 ,scrape out all cooking pots4 ,if any material has burned on them1 boil them out with one ounce of washing soda to one quart of water4 #d4 ,pile all dishes thus prepared beside the two dish-pans4 ,partly fill the dish-pans with boiling water1 putting a heaping teaspoonful of powdered soap in one4 #e4 ,wash dishes with dish mop1 and rinse in other pan of hot water4 ,if the water is kept hot one girl can keep two busy drying1 and the whole operation for a party of four should not take over ten minutes4 ,if unskillfully done1 without sufficient hot water or preparation1 it is a disagreeable task4 ,try to make it a pleasant one4 ,the coffee pot should be frequently boiled out with washing soda4 ,the wire broilers may be cleaned by rubbing them with ashes from the camp fire4 ,in nesting a blackened cooking pail1 wrap it in paper to prevent soiling the inside of the pail into which it fits4 ,use the fewest dishes possible in cooking and you will lighten your labor4 ,use the same plates for different courses1 rinsing them with hot water4 ,be sure to carry in your dish washing outfit1 washing soda1 powdered soap and dish mops4 ,dutch ,cleanser is very useful in cleaning dishes1 pots and pans4 ,after washing up for the night1 put utensils and provision box together and cover with rubber cloth to protect them from the weather4 ,cleaning ,up ,this is important6 ,if you leave your camping place littered with tin cans1 paper1 etc41 you will be spoiling that place for future campers4 ,burn all waste paper and string4 ,bury tin cans and empty bottles4 ,bury food scraps and refuse4 ,be absolutely certain that you have extinguished your fire4 ,you should take pride in leaving your camp site so clean that not one evidence of your camping remains except the ashes of the fire4 ,illustration3 ,,photograph ,,by ,g4 ,,clyde ,,fisher4 ,climb the mountains and get their good tidings4 ,nature's peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees4 ,the winds will blow their own freshness into you and the storms their energy1 while cares will drop off like autumn leaves4 --,john ,muir4 ,,mountain ,,climbing ,,by ,,eloise ,,roorbach1 ,,garden ,,editor ,,of ,,touchstone4 ,mountain climbing is the final test of a ,girl ,scout's perseverance in following a trail1 in endurance1 courage and woodcraftmanship4 ,nature reserves her choicest beauties and secrets for those who know how to conquer all difficulties4 ,no ,girl ,scout's education is complete until she has seen mountain peaks like waves of the sea flashing with white snow foam1 piercing the blue sky as far as the eye can reach2 clouds forming below her feet2 breathed rare air found only in high places2 drunk from the pure source of rivers1 and heard the mighty roar of waterfalls4 ,a climb to a high mountain top is an experience that will enrich and influence the entire after life of whoever has had the hardihood and wisdom to accomplish it4 ,before attempting this last test of scouting the girl must be in perfect physical trim1 be able to sleep on the ground1 have learned to live simply4 ,girls should train for this experience by taking graduated hikes4 ,on these hikes the girls can practice using the condensed foods that must be depended upon in mountain climbing4 ,the rations for those who wish to climb to high places must necessarily be condensed1 for each ,scout must carry her own rations for two weeks4 ,the foundation of a mountain climber's bill of fare is rice1 bacon1 cheese1 chocolate1 raisins1 dates1 dried fruits1 powdered soups1 whole wheat crackers1 and tea4 ,tea should be used instead of coffee4 ,the eating chocolate is sometimes made into a refreshing drink4 ,only a small amount of sugar and salt can be carried4 ,this fare is augmented by mushrooms1 wild fruit and berries and fish4 ,watercress is a refreshing addition and a good ,scout knows where to find it4 ,some hardened climbers add a little jerky 7dried meats7 to this bill of fare4 ,no definite rule of distance to be covered in a day can be laid down4 ,in the high mountains ten or twelve miles a day should be considered a maximum1 for part of the benefit to be gained from such trips is the enjoyment of the trip itself4 ,it is better to go a few miles slowly1 observing keenly all the time1 stopping for frequent rests to examine a flower1 to drink at a clear spring1 to feast upon the view1 than to cover more ground in a hurried way4 ,the following is a suggestion for the management of a day in high mountain altitudes4 ,arise with the sun or a little before breakfast4 ,breakfast consists of rice1 dried fruit 7put to soak the night before71 bacon1 and shredded wheat biscuit4 ,before packing1 make a small package of cheese1 chocolate1 raisins and biscuit for the noon lunch that can be reached without having to unpack equipment4 ,there should be a rest of at least an hour at noon1 eating slowly1 throwing off the pack1 and if possible relaxing flat on the back for a while4 ,then another hike of three or four miles1 making camp early in the evening1 about #e o'clock4 ,this divides the day into three periods of hikes with a rest in between4 ,the dinner is like breakfast1 with the addition of soup4 ,soup can be prepared and eaten while the rice is cooking4 ,mountain trout can be fried with bacon4 ,the equipment must be of the lightest4 ,clothing should consist of one pair of stout1 high1 waterproof1 hob-nailed boots2 one pair of light moccasins1 to rest the feet in camp2 short skirt2 middy2 riding breeches or bloomers 7for in crossing difficult passes skirts must be discarded72 hat2 gauntlet gloves2 one change of underclothes2 three pairs of wool stockings2 one sweater2 one comb 7no brush72 one small pocket mirror2 ivory soap or soap leaves2 one tube of cold cream2 compass2 fishing rod1 lines and hooks2 rope2 leather thongs2 stout string2 note-book and map2 small hatchet2 matches 7in waterproof case74 ,illustration3 ,,giant ,,alaskan ,,moose ,the largest member of the deer tribe4 ,the antlers which are worn only by the male are shed once a year4 ,range3 ,this and related forms found in northern ,united ,states1 ,canada1 and ,alaska4 ,courtesy of ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,no guns1 books or cameras can be carried on a high hike1 for their weight is prohibitive4 ,a sleeping bag made of eiderdown1 lined with canton flannel and covered with oiled silk or duck's back can be rolled and carried across the shoulders4 ,a knife1 fork and spoon in addition to the big sheath knife worn at the belt1 one frying pan1 tin plate and cup 7aluminum should be used in preference as tin rusts easily71 a rice and a soup kettle are all the cooking utensils needed4 ,if a company of ,girl ,scouts attempts a high mountain climb1 additional covers of clothing and food can be carried on a pack mule1 but this chapter is for those who wish to climb unencumbered with pack animals4 ,it is by far the finest way to see the high mountains1 though it must be admitted few have the hardihood or courage to try it4 ,the new ,roosevelt ,national ,park1 one of the most magnificent playgrounds in the world1 can be visited in the way just described4 ,the writer of this chapter has walked all through this park carrying the clothing1 food and equipment just described4 ,every day of the journey found her in better physical trim1 vigor1 strength1 and with keenness of vision and joy of life increased daily4 ,illustration3 ,,busy ,,beavers ,,at ,,work ,the largest gnawing animal in this country1 noted for damming streams with trees 7which they cut down by gnawing71 mud1 and stones4 ,range3 ,this or related races formerly found practically all over this country1 and northward into ,canada4 ,detail from ,habitat ,group in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,,the ,,red ,,god ,now the ,four-way ,lodge is opened3 ,now the hunting winds are loose1 ,now the ,smokes of ,spring go up to clear the brain2 ,now the young men's hearts are troubled for the whisper of the trues1 ,now the ,red ,gods make their medicine again6 ,who hath seen the beaver busied8 ,who hath watched the black-tail mating8 ,who hath lain alone to hear the wild goose cry8 ,who hath worked the chosen waters where the ouananiche is waiting8 ,or the sea-trout's jumping crazy for the fly8 ,who hath smelled wood-smoke at twilight8 ,who hath smelled the birch log burning8 ,who is quick to read the noises of the night8 ,let him follow with the others1 for the young men's feet are turning ,to the camps of proved desire and known delight6 ,do you know the blackened timber8 ,do you know that racing stream ,with the raw1 right-angled log-jam at the end8 ,and the bar of sun-warmed shingle where a man may bask and dream ,to the click of shod canoe-poles round the bend8 ,it is there that we are going with our rods and reels and traces ,to a silent1 smoky ,indian that we know1 ,to a couch of new-pulled hemlock with the starlight on our faces1 ,for the ,red ,gods call us out and we must go6 ,he must go--go--go away from here6 ,on the other side the world he's overdue4 ',send your road is clear before you when the old spring-fret comes o'er you ,and the ,red ,gods call for you6 --,rudyard ,kipling4 ,illustration3 ,,loon ,,with ,,nest ,from ,group in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history ,,footnote3 #e ,the passages in this section1 from ,camping and ,woodcraft1 by ,horace ,kephart1 are used by permission of the author and the publisher1 the ,macmillan ,company1 and are copyrighted1 #aiaf1 by the ,macmillan ,company4 ,,section ,,xv ,,nature ,,study ,,for ,,girl ,,scouts ,,foreword ,the following section was specially prepared for the ,girl ,scouts by ,mr4 ,george ,h4 ,sherwood1 ,curator1 and ,dr4 ,g4 ,clyde ,fisher1 ,associate ,curator1 of the ,department of ,public ,education of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,all the illustrations used were supplied by the ,museum1 and the tests in the various subjects were devised by the same authors4 ,the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history in ,new ,york conducts special courses of lectures in all of the branches of ,natural ,history1 and extends a cordial invitation to all ,girl ,scouts to visit the ,department of ,education if wishing help in preparation for their ,nature ,study tests4 ,contents #a4 ,introduction to ,nature ,study4 #b4 ,plants3 ,flowers and ,ferns and ,trees4 #c4 ,animals3 ,mammals ,birds ,reptiles ,amphibians ,fishes ,invertebrates #d4 ,geology4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,egret ,,rookery ,,in ,,south ,,carolina4 ,the demand for the nuptial plumes of this bird in the millinery trade brought it to the verge of extermination4 ,range3 ,temperate and tropical ,america4 ,habitat ,group in ,the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #a4 ,introduction to ,nature ,study ,to the solid ground ,of ,nature trusts the mind which builds for aye4 --,wordsworth4 ,to understand nature is to gain one of the greatest resources of life4 --,john ,burroughs4 ,nature ,study means getting acquainted with the multitude of creatures1 great and small1 which inhabit the land1 the water1 and the air1 and with the objects which surround them4 ,mother ,nature has many1 many secrets which she will reveal to sharp eyes and alert minds4 ,it is1 of course1 impossible for any one to learn all these secrets1 but the mastering of a few makes it easier to learn others1 until finally it becomes clear that all life is related and that the humblest creature may be of the greatest importance to the welfare of the highest4 ,it is for these reasons that the ,girl ,scout should learn as much as possible of the ,wonders of ,nature4 ,this study may begin wherever you are1 but rapid progress will be made by rambles afield and by visits to the great ,natural ,history ,museums4 ,for example1 a visit to the exhibition halls of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history in ,new ,york will answer many of your questions about animals you have seen and will enable you to answer many others for yourself1 when you go out into the country4 ,nature ,study in its broadest application includes all of the natural sciences1 such as zoology1 botany1 geology1 meteorology1 and astronomy4 ,so1 there are many fascinating fields for study and enjoyment1 and it does not matter much where we begin1 whether it be ,wild ,flowers1 ,trees1 ,birds1 ,butterflies1 or ,stars4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bullfrog ,,in ,,its ,,natural ,,surroundings ,see ,snake1 ,turtle and ,dragonfly and notice the tongue of the frog4 ,habitat ,group in ,museum of ,natural ,history ,of the more practical subjects especially suited to the activities of the ,girl ,scout are those civic problems which can only be solved by team-play2 that is1 by working together4 ,among these may be mentioned3 ,the preservation of birds1 wild flowers1 and forests2 control of mosquitoes1 house-flies1 rats1 weeds2 diseases of plants and animals1 including man4 ,the civic nature of these problems is appreciated when we realize that it would do little good1 for example1 for one person to destroy the breeding-places of mosquitoes on his premises1 if his neighbors did not do likewise about their homes2 or for one orchardist to cut out the blight from his pear-trees or the black-knot from his plum-trees1 if his neighbors did not co-operate with him by ridding their orchards of these diseases4 ,these practical questions are so well presented1 together with plans for their solution1 in ,civic ,biology1 by ,clifton ,f4 ,hodge and ,jean ,dawson 7,ginn ,co471 that instead of going into details here1 both the ,girl ,scouts and their ,leaders are referred to this most useful work4 ,all objects of ,nature are either living 7organic7 or non-living 7inorganic74 ,the non-living bodies include the minerals and rocks4 ,the living bodies are either plants or animals4 ,plants may be divided into two great groups1 the flowerless plants and flowering plants4 ,in general the flowerless plants reproduce by means of spores1 like the mushroom and the ferns1 while the flowering plants reproduce by means of seeds4 ,illustration3 ,,rocky ,,mountain ,,goat ,this animal is really not a goat1 but is more nearly related to the antelopes4 ,range3 ,the higher mountains from ,alaska south to ,california4 ,group in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,animals may be separated into two great groups1 those without backbones 7invertebrates7 like an oyster1 a cricket1 or an earthworm1 and those with backbones1 e4g41 a dog1 a fish4 ,in this brief study we shall not go into much detail about invertebrates1 but with the backboned animals or vertebrates we shall go a little further4 ,these may be divided into five general groups3 7#a7 ,fishes2 7#b7 ,amphibians1 which include frogs1 toads1 and salamanders2 7#c7 ,reptiles1 which include alligators1 crocodiles1 turtles1 lizards1 and snakes2 7#d7 ,birds2 7#e7 ,mammals4 ,this simple analysis may be clearly shown by the following diagram3 ,mammals ,birds ,vertebrates,reptiles ,amphibians ,fishes ,animals ,invertebrates ,living ,bodies 7,organic7 ,flowering ,plants ,objects ,flowerless ,plants of ,nature ,non-living ,bodies 7,inorganic7 ,this classification could be carried further at every point1 but this will be far enough for present purposes4 ,it should be remembered in any classification that there are no hard and fast lines in ,nature4 ,for example1 some creatures are on the border-land between plants and animals1 and again some animals are between the backboned animals and those without backbones4 ,illustration3 ,,great-,,leaved ,,magnolia ,a forest tree with large solitary white flowers4 ,range3 ,southern and ,southeastern ,united ,states4 #b4 ,plants ,wild ,flowers and ,ferns ,flower in the crannied wall1 ,i pluck you out of the crannies2 ,hold you here1 root and all1 in my hand4 ,little flower--but if ,i could understand ,what you are1 root and all1 and all in all1 ,i should know what ,god and man is4 --,tennyson4 ,do you know the earliest spring flower in your neighborhood8 ,in the northern ,united ,states it is usually found in bloom before all the snow of winter is gone4 ,in some swamp or along some stream where the snow has melted away in patches it is possible to find the ,skunk ,cabbage in bloom very early in the spring4 ,see how early you can find it4 ,in the southern ,united ,states1 one of the earliest spring flowers is the yellow ,jessamine1 which twines over bushes and trees thus displaying its fragrant1 golden bells4 ,illustration3 ,,trailing ,,arbutus ,one of our earliest spring flowers1 usually growing in patches in sandy or rocky woods4 ,range3 ,eastern ,united ,states westward to ,michigan4 ,photograph by ,g4 ,clyde ,fisher4 ,as the season advances1 other flowers appear1 and we find the ,spring ,beauty1 the ,trailing ,arbutus1 the ,bloodroot1 and the ,hepatica4 ,what delightful associations each of these names brings to our minds6 ,by the time summer is here we have an entirely different flower-population in the fields and woods--the ,cardinal ,flower with its intense red color and the ,pink ,lady's-,slipper with its drooping moccasin-shaped lip are to be found then4 ,in the autumn we have a different group of flowers still--the ,goldenrods1 the ,asters1 and the ,fringed ,gentian1 the season closing with our latest fall flower1 the ,witch-hazel4 ,illustration3 ,,pink ,,moccasin-,,flower ,a striking native wild orchid growing in sandy or rocky woods4 ,range3 ,newfoundland to ,north ,carolina westward to ,minnesota4 ,photograph by ,g4 ,clyde ,fisher4 ,some flowers and ferns grow best in the shady woods1 others in the sunny fields1 some on the rocks and others in the marshes4 ,we soon learn where to look for our favorites4 ,in taking tramps along the roads1 across the fields1 through the woods1 and into the swamps1 we could notice along the roadside ,bouncing-,bet1 ,common ,yarrow1 ,dandelion1 ,thistles1 and ,goldenrod2 in the fields and meadows1 we would see the ,ox-eye ,daisy1 ,black-eyed ,susan1 ,wild ,carrot1 and the most beautiful fall flower of the northeastern ,united ,states1 the ,fringed ,gentian2 in the woods1 ,mountain ,laurel1 ,pink ,azalea1 a number of wild ,orchids1 ,maidenhair ,fern1 and ,jack-in-the ,pulpit2 in the marshes1 ,pink ,rose-mallow1 which reminds us of the ,hollyhocks of our ,grandmother's garden1 ,pickerel-weed1 ,water-lily1 and ,marsh ,marigold4 ,it is natural to want to know the name of any plant that interests us1 and this is important4 ,as in the subjects of ,birds1 there are many helpful books on ,flowers and ,ferns4 ,beginners will find ,the ,flower ,guide1 by ,chester ,a4 ,reed 7,doubleday1 ,page ,co47 to be useful4 ,after a good start has been made1 such books as ,gray's ,manual1 or ,britton and ,brown's ,illustrated ,flora should be used4 ,our pursuit1 however1 should not stop with the name of a plant4 ,that is a mere beginning4 ,even slight attention will uncover many fascinating things in the lives of plants4 ,why cannot a farmer raise a good crop of clover-seed without the bumble-bees8 ,what devices are there among the ,orchids to bring about cross-pollination8 7,see ,our ,native ,orchids1 by ,william ,hamilton ,gibson74 ,examine the flower of the wild ,blue ,flag1 and see whether you can determine how the bumble-bee cross-pollinates this plant4 ,do the ,hummingbirds cross-pollinate some flowers8 ,in what plants is the pollen scattered by the wind8 ,do these plants produce nectar8 ,illustration3 ,,gaillardia ,,or ,,blanket-,,flower ,daisy family4 ,range3 ,hills and plains of western ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,photograph by ,albert ,e4 ,butler4 ,how do the various plants scatter their seeds8 ,how are the ,hickory-nuts and ,walnuts scattered8 ,the ,dandelion's and ,thistle's seeds have flying-hairs or parachutes and are blown about by the wind4 ,what other plants can you find whose seeds are scattered in the same way8 ,can you discover a plant whose seeds are carried by water8 ,the ,witch-hazel shoots its seeds4 ,what other plants can you find that have explosive fruits8 ,cherry-seeds are carried by birds4 ,mention some other seeds that are carried in this way4 ,it would take very little observation to learn how ,burdock-burs1 ,cockle-burs1 ,stick-tights1 ,beggar-lice1 ,spanish-needles1 and such hooked fruits are scattered4 ,illustration3 ,,black-,,eyed ,,susan ,a beautiful and abundant flower of the fields4 ,range3 ,eastern ,north ,america westward to the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,photograph by ,g4 ,clyde ,fisher4 ,learn the names of the principal noxious weeds of the farm and garden1 and also learn the best methods of combating them4 ,learn to know the plants in your vicinity which are used in the making of drugs4 ,illustration3 ,,loco-,,weed ,a poisonous plant which produces loco-disease in cattle1 sheep1 and horses that eat it4 ,range3 ,plains from ,montana to ,colorado4 ,photograph by ,albert ,e4 ,butler4 ,learn to know the poisonous plants around your home and summer camp4 ,are the following to be found there3 ,poison ,ivy1 ,poison ,sumach1 ,loco-weed1 ,bittersweet 7,salanum ,dulcamara71 ,black ,nightshade1 ,jimsonweed1 ,poke-weed1 ,poison ,hemlock8 ,illustration3 ,,showy ,,primrose ,not a true ,primrose1 but a member of the ,evening ,primrose ,family4 ,range3 ,prairies of western ,united ,states and northern ,mexico2 also naturalized farther east4 ,photograph by ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,leo ,e4 ,miller4 ,trees ,he who wanders widest lifts ,no more of beauty's jealous veils1 ,than he who from his doorway sees ,the miracle of flowers and trees4 --,whittier ,the trees of the forest are of two classes1 deciduous trees and evergreen trees4 ,to the former belong those which shed their leaves in the fall1 are bare in the winter1 and then grow a new crop of leaves in the spring1 e4g41 oaks1 elms1 maples4 ,the evergreen trees shed their leaves also1 but not all at one time4 ,in fact1 they always have a goodly number of leaves1 and are consequently green all the year round1 e4g41 pines1 spruces1 firs4 ,illustration3 ,,rhododendron ,,or ,,great ,,laurel ,a tall shrub1 or sometimes a tree1 growing in woods and along streams4 ,range3 ,eastern ,north ,america from ,nova ,scotia to ,georgia4 ,photograph by ,albert ,e4 ,butler4 ,the uses of wood are so many and various that we can only begin to mention them4 ,in looking about us we see wood used in building houses1 in making furniture1 for railroad ties1 and for shoring timbers in mines4 ,in many country districts wood is used for fuel4 ,and do you realize that only a short time ago the newspaper which you read this morning and the book which you now hold in your hand were parts of growing trees in the forest8 ,paper is made of wood-pulp1 mostly from ,spruce4 ,illustration3 ,,christmas ,,fern ,an evergreen fern growing in woods and rocky places4 ,range3 ,eastern ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,photograph by ,mary ,c4 ,dickerson4 ,besides the direct uses of wood1 we turn to the forest for many interesting and valuable products1 varying in importance from a balsam-pillow filled with the fragrant leaves or needles of the ,balsam ,fir1 to turpentine and rosin 7naval stores71 produced chiefly by the ,long-leaved ,pine of the ,southeastern ,states4 ,spruce gum is obtained from the ,black ,spruce and ,red ,spruce4 ,canada balsam used in cementing lenses together in microscopes1 telescopes1 and the like1 comes from the ,balsam ,fir4 ,bark for tanning comes from ,oak and ,hemlock4 ,the ,indians of the ,eastern ,woodlands or ,great ,lakes area made canoes and many other useful articles of the bark of the ,canoe or ,paper ,birch4 ,baskets are made from ,willow twigs4 ,maple sugar comes chiefly from the ,sugar ,maple4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,a ,,turpentine ,,grove ,the long-leaved ,pine furnishes most of the turpentine and rosin of commerce4 ,range3 ,virginia to ,florida and ,texas4 ,photograph by ,g4 ,clyde ,fisher4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,sugar ,,maple ,the sap of this tree1 as well as the more common ,sugar ,maple1 is the source of maple sugar4 ,range3 ,eastern ,united ,states and southeastern ,canada4 ,the turpentine industry is the chief one in parts of the ,south where the ,long-leaved ,pine thrives4 ,the ,united ,states produces more turpentine and rosin than any other country in the world4 ,the turpentine is used in paints and in various arts4 ,the rosin is used in varnish1 laundry soap1 etc4 ,these two products come from the sap or gum of the pine tree4 ,the sap is secured by tapping or boxing the tree1 and then keeping the cut ducts of the sap-wood open by chipping or pulling1 that is1 by putting a new streak on the tree4 ,this has to be done once a week from ,march #a to ,november #a4 ,the sap used to be collected in a box or deep notch cut in the base of the tree1 but the modern method is to have it run into cups made of zinc or of burned clay similar to flower-pots4 ,the sap is taken to a turpentine still where it is heated over a furnace4 ,this drives off the turpentine or spirits as steam or vapor1 which is condensed to liquid again by passing through the worm of the still surrounded by cold water4 ,the rosin or resin is left behind4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,fall ,,mushroom ,an excellent article of food growing commonly in old pasture fields4 ,range3 ,temperate and tropical regions all over the world4 ,photograph by ,g4 ,clyde ,fisher4 ,the ,sugar ,maple grows from ,florida and ,texas northward to ,manitoba and ,quebec1 but it is only in the northern part of its range that the maple sugar industry thrives4 ,this delicious food is one of the many that we learned to utilize from the ,indians4 ,the sap is obtained by tapping the tree in the spring before the leaves come out1 the best weather for the flow of sap being that when it freezes at night and thaws in the daytime4 ,the sap is boiled down2 that is1 the water is driven off and the sugar remains4 ,it takes about three gallons1 or a little more1 of sap to make a pound of maple sugar4 ,three to four pounds of sugar is an average yield for one tree in a season4 ,much of the sap1 however1 is not boiled down into sugar1 but the boiling is stopped while it is in the form of syrup4 ,if you have ever eaten buckwheat cakes with real maple syrup you will always esteem the ,sugar ,maple tree4 ,the forests perform extremely valuable services for mankind entirely apart from the products they yield4 ,first1 they prevent erosion1 or the washing away of soil by the water that falls as rain4 ,after the trees have been cut away1 very often1 especially upon hillsides1 the most productive soil is washed away1 usually clear off of the original owner's farm1 and deposited in the flood-plains or bottoms of creeks and rivers or in river deltas--in places where it cannot be utilized to any great extent4 ,thus erosion causes a tremendous loss to farmers1 and it is chiefly due to the thoughtlessness of the ,american people in destroying the forests4 ,second1 and chiefly related to this1 is the fact that the floods upon our rivers1 which every year take such heavy toll in property and in human life1 are due to the cutting away of the forests4 ,this allows the water from rain and melting snow to reach the streams at times faster than it can be carried off1 and so we have a flood4 ,the forest floor1 with its undergrowth and humus1 in those localities where the forests still exist about the headwaters of our rivers1 acts like a huge layer of blotting paper which holds the water back and allows it to escape to the streams slowly1 and so floods are avoided4 ,third1 and related to the above1 is the fact that the water supply of our cities would be more constant if the forests had not been cut away4 ,in these cases the summer droughts make much greater the danger from water-borne diseases4 ,illustration3 ,,western ,,yellow ,,pine ,a magnificent tree which furnishes valuable timber4 ,range3 ,hills and mountains of western ,united ,states4 ,photograph by ,albert ,e4 ,butler4 ,illustration3 ,,roads ,,through ,,the ,,aspens ,range3 ,northern ,united ,states and ,canada1 south in the ,rocky ,mountains to ,mexico4 ,photograph by ,albert ,e4 ,butler4 ,it is only in recent years that the ,american people have begun to realize the necessity of the conservation of our forests1 and in many sections much has been done to redeem the criminal thoughtlessness in destroying our forests and to restore those devastated by forest fires4 ,reforestation operations have accomplished a great deal1 and the organization to prevent forest fires emphasizes the old adage that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure4 ,also the people are being taught correct forestry practices1 such as cutting only ripe trees and allowing the rest to grow1 instead of clearing the land entirely1 as was formerly done so universally4 ,illustration3 ,,bald ,,cypress ,,draped ,,with ,,spanish ,,moss4 ,this tree is almost entirely hidden by this moss1 which is really a flowering plant of the ,pineapple family4 ,range3 ,in swamps and along rivers from ,delaware to ,florida1 west to ,texas1 north to ,missouri and southern ,indiana4 ,photograph by ,g4 ,clyde ,fisher4 ,the life history of every tree is interesting2 how it breathes by means of its leaves1 just as the animals do by means of gills or lungs2 how it manufactures starch by means of the green matter in the leaves2 how the starch is changed to sugar and other substances which are carried to other parts of the tree in the sap2 how the sap flows upward in the vessels in the sap-wood and downward in the vessels of the inner bark2 how the entire heart-wood of a tree is dead and the only living part is the sap-wood and the innermost bark4 ,one of the first things we shall want to know when we get out into the woods is the name of the tree that interests us4 ,for this purpose the books given as references under ,trees will be useful4 ,illustration3 ,,timber ,,wolves ,,on ,,the ,,trail ,closely related to foxes and dogs4 ,range3 ,formerly over most of ,north ,america4 ,habitat ,group in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,illustration3 ,,baby ,,opossums ,,riding ,,on ,,their ,,mother',s ,,back ,for the first few weeks after they are born the mother carries her babies in her pocket2 later they ride on her back holding on by clinging to her fur with their paws and by wrapping their tails about that of their mother4 ,range3 ,middle and ,southern ,states4 ,from ,group in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #c4 ,,animals ,mammals ,mammals differ from birds in that they have hair instead of feathers1 and that they are first fed upon milk produced by the mother4 ,unfortunately the mammals are usually called simply animals1 but the latter is obviously too inclusive a term and should not be used in this way4 ,there is no reason why the name mammal should not be commonly used1 just as birds1 reptiles1 amphibians1 and fishes are used for the other groups of backboned animals4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,york ,,weasel ,,in ,,summer ,,pelage ,illustration3 ,,otter ,,with ,,its ,,favorite ,,food ,the ,otter belongs to the ,weasel family1 and feeds almost entirely upon fish4 ,range3 ,this and related varieties over ,northern and ,eastern ,north ,america4 ,from ,group in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,in the ,united ,states the lowest or most primitive mammal is the ,opossum4 ,the baby ,opossums--from six to a dozen of them--are born when very small and undeveloped and are immediately placed by the mother in an external pouch1 where they continue to grow until they are too large to get into their mother's pocket2 then they frequently ride upon their mother's back1 clinging to her fur with their finger-like toes and wrapping their tails about their mother's tail4 ,the ,opossum is the only animal in this country the young of which are carried around in the mother's pocket1 and the only one which has a prehensile tail2 that is1 one used for coiling around and clinging to branches1 and the like4 ,its food is various1 consisting of both animal and plant material--insects1 young birds1 pawpaws1 persimmons1 etc4 ,in the food devoured the ,opossum probably does more good than harm4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,york ,,weasel ,,in ,,winter ,a blood-thirsty cousin of the ,otter and the ,mink4 ,range3 ,this and related species found all over ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,group in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,illustration3 ,,raccoon ,,at ,,entrance ,,to ,,its ,,den ,,in ,a ,,hollow ,,tree ,a near relative of the bears4 ,note the black face-mark and the ringed tail4 ,range3 ,this or a related variety occurs in all parts of ,united ,states4 ,photograph from ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,in their food habits many mammals are decidedly injurious4 ,rats1 ,weasels1 ,minks1 and ,foxes destroy poultry2 ,wolves and ,pumas kill domestic and game animals2 ,woodchucks or ,groundhogs eat clover and various garden plants2 ,moles damage the lawns2 ,rats1 ,mice1 and ,gophers spoil and devour grain2 ,mice and ,rabbits girdle fruit trees1 thus killing them4 ,on the other hand1 many mammals furnish food2 e4 g41 ,rabbits1 ,elk1 and ,deer4 ,this was more important in pioneer times than at present4 ,many furnish furs used as articles of clothing2 e4 g41 ,raccoon1 ,fox1 ,muskrat1 ,mink1 ,otter1 ,marten1 ,mole1 ,new ,york ,weasel and other northern weasels in their winter coats4 ,illustration3 ,,polar ,,bear ,an expert swimmer4 ,feeds upon seals1 fish and other animal food4 ,range3 ,arctic regions of the world4 ,habitat ,group in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,many furs are usually sold under trade names that are entirely different from the true name of the animal4 ,a list of a few fur-bearing mammals of the ,united ,states having trade names differing from the true names follows3 ,the ,true ,fur ,the ,trade ,name ,dark blended ,muskrat ,russian ,otter ,mink blended ,muskrat ,natural ,river ,mink ,natural ,muskrat#f ,river ,mink ,natural ,jersey ,muskrat ,river ,sable ,plucked and ,seal-dyed ,muskrat ,hudson ,seal ,plucked and ,seal-dyed ,muskrat ,aleutian ,seal ,skunk ,black ,marten ,striped ,skunk ,civet ,cat ,n4,y4 ,weasel in winter pelage ,ermine ,illustration3 ,,skunks--,,mother ,,and ,,young ,,hunting ,,for ,,grasshoppers ,,and ,,crickets ,noted for its ability to emit a most unpleasant odor when disturbed4 ,range3 ,eastern ,north ,america4 ,portion of ,group in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,illustration3 ,,mink ,a cousin of the ,weasel and ,otter1 the ,mink feeds upon frogs1 crayfish1 mice1 bird's eggs1 etc4 ,range3 ,this and closely related forms over most of ,united ,states1 ,canada1 and ,alaska4 ,from ,group in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,a few suggestions for observation or study3 #a4 ,what peculiar instinct or habit has the ,opossum developed8 #b4 ,how does the flight of a ,bat differ from that of a ,flying ,squirrel8 #c4 ,can you notice any peculiarity in the ,rabbit's track8 #d4 ,mention three mammals that hibernate4 #e4 ,describe the methods of defense in the following mammals3 ,armadillo1 ,porcupine1 ,skunk4 #f4 ,why do the front teeth of the ,squirrel and the ,beaver continue to grow8 ,the best way to find the answers to these questions is by actual observation of the animals1 but when this is impossible1 the references given under ,mammals will be found useful4 ,illustration3 ,,red ,,fox ,,returning ,,to ,,its ,,young ,,from ,,some ,,farmer',s ,,hen-,,roost ,the ,cross ,fox1 the ,silver ,fox1 and the ,black ,fox are color phases of the ,red ,fox1 and not different species4 ,range3 ,northern ,north ,america south to ,georgia4 ,habitat ,group in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,illustration3 ,,bald-,,eagle ,the ,american ,eagle1 the ,emblem of our ,country4 ,range3 ,united ,states ,birds ,he who takes the first step in ornithology is ticketed for the whole trip4--,john ,burroughs4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,grebe ,,colony ,,in ,,saskatchewan ,showing the ,western ,grebe and the smaller ,grebe4 ,note the young ,grebe riding on its mothers' back4 ,another parent is covering its eggs preparatory to leaving the nest4 ,range of both these species3 ,western ,north ,america4 ,habitat ,group in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,the love of the beautiful seems to be innate2 that is1 born in us4 ,and the birds appeal to this in at least two ways3 ,first1 on account of the beauty of their songs1 and second1 on account of the beauty of their plumage4 ,illustration3 ,,screech ,,owl ,the ,screech ,owl feeds largely upon mice and other destructive rodents4 ,range3 ,eastern ,north ,america4 ,among the birds that have especially beautiful songs are the ,thrushes1 which include the ,robin and the ,bluebird1 the finest singer in this family probably being the ,hermit ,thrush4 ,in the ,southern ,states there is no more popular singer among the birds than the ,mockingbird4 ,but it should be remembered that a bird's song cannot be separated from the associations which it calls up in one's memory4 ,so that the performance of an ordinary songster may be more pleasing to one than that of some finer one because of youthful associations4 ,illustration3 ,,sand ,,hill ,,cranes ,,in ,,florida ,unlike the ,herons1 these birds fly with neck fully extended4 ,their loud1 resonant trumpeting is as characteristic as the honking of ,wild ,geese4 ,range3 ,north ,america4 ,habitat ,group in ,the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,illustration3 ,,great ,,horned ,,owl ,rabbits constitute a favorite food when available4 ,poultry and other birds are also destroyed by this owl4 ,range3 ,eastern ,north ,america4 ,it seems to be a general law of nature that the finest songsters have the plainest coats4 ,illustration3 ,,brown ,,pelicans ,,in ,,florida ,the ,pelicans nest in colonies1 and the young feed from the parents' throats4 ,range3 ,gulf coast of ,u4 ,s4 and southward4 ,habitat ,group in ,the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,illustration3 ,,egrets3 ,,parent ,,birds ,among the birds that we enjoy on account of their beautiful plumage are the ,egrets1 every feather of their coats being as white as snow1 and the plumes of these birds are so beautiful1 and human beings have been so thoughtless that the ,egrets have been almost exterminated in order to supply the millinery trade4 ,these plumes1 known as aigrettes1 grow on the backs between the shoulders of both the male and female birds1 and are worn only during the nesting season4 ,the only time during the nesting season that the plume hunter finds it profitable to hunt these birds is when the young are in the nest4 ,at any other time the birds would be so wild that the plume hunter could not easily shoot them4 ,when the young are in the nest the parental love is so strong that the adult birds cannot resist the instinct to return to feed the nestlings when they are begging for food4 ,in this way both the father bird and the mother bird become an easy prey for the ambushed plume hunter1 and there is but one thing that can happen to the baby ,egrets in the nest after both of their parents have been killed--they starve to death4 ,this is one of the most cruel phases of the plume trade1 and there is no other way to secure the aigrette plumes of the ,egrets than by killing the adult birds4 ,fortunately1 in the ,united ,states it is against the law to shoot these birds1 and it is against the law to import the plumes4 ,until recently it has not been illegal to wear these plumes1 and the fact that there are still a few women who adorn their hats with them has encouraged the illegal and cruel killing of these birds in our country1 or the smuggling in of the plumes from some other country4 ,in the latter part of #aiai the federal regulations have been interpreted to make it illegal to possess aigrette plumes1 and henceforth the law will be so enforced4 ,this is the successful culmination of a long fight by the ,audubon ,society4 ,illustration3 ,,golden ,,plover ,the ,golden ,plover makes the longest single flight known to be made by any bird in migration1--that is1 #b1ejj miles from ,nova ,scotia across the open ocean to ,south ,america4 ,range3 ,north and ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,bobolink ,during the autumn migration this bird is the ,reedbird or ,ricebird4 ,range3 ,north and ,south ,america4 ,a few other birds of striking plumage are the ,bluejay1 the ,bluebird1 the ,baltimore ,oriole1 the ,scarlet ,tanager1 the ,cedar ,waxwing1 and ,red-winged ,blackbird4 ,turning from the esthetic value of birds1 which depends1 among other things1 upon the beauty of their songs and the beauty of other plumage1 we may consider the value of birds in dollars and cents4 ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,turkey ,,in ,,west ,,virginia ,our most magnificent game-bird4 ,note how much the young resembles the dead leaves4 ,range3 ,eastern ,united ,states west to ,nebraska and ,texas4 ,habitat ,group in ,the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,illustration3 ,,northern ,,shrike ,,impaling ,a ,,house ,,sparrow ,,upon ,a ,,thorn ,the habit illustrated here has given the ,shrike the name of ,butcher-bird4 ,it is surprising to find a song-bird with the habits of a bird of prey4 ,range3 ,northern ,north ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,duck ,,hawks ,,on ,,the ,,palisades ,,of ,,the ,,hudson ,the ,noble ,peregrine of falconry carrying a pigeon to its young4 ,range3 ,north and ,south ,america4 ,habitat ,group in ,the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,every farmer and gardener must cultivate his crops and fight the weeds which are always crowding out the plants he is trying to raise1 and in this fight he is helped by a great many birds of various kinds4 ,among these are the ,mourning ,dove1 the ,bob-,white1 and members of the ,sparrow family1 such as the ,goldfinch1 the ,junco1 and the ,song ,sparrow4 ,in this country1 in the aggregate1 these seed-eating birds destroy every year tons of seeds of the noxious weeds1 and are therefore valuable friends of the gardener and farmer4 ,for more definite data see bulletins published by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 or ,useful ,birds and ,their ,protection1 by ,edward ,howe ,forbush 7,massachusetts ,board of ,agriculture74 ,illustration3 ,a ,,killdeer ,,family ,this plover is common in meadows1 cultivated fields1 and about ponds and lakes4 ,it gets its name from its note4 ,range3 ,north and ,south ,america4 ,thousands of bushels of grain are eaten or spoiled by small mammals1 such as mice1 rats1 and spermophiles or gophers4 ,to the relief of the farmer1 many birds feed upon these destructive little rodents4 ,the ,crow occasionally captures a mouse1 while the ,shrikes or ,butcher-birds catch a great many4 ,the ,screech ,owl feeds largely upon mice4 ,the ,red-tailed ,hawk is called the ,hen-hawk or ,chicken-hawk by most farmers1 but this is very unfair to the bird1 for its principal food is mice4 ,in fact1 most of the ,hawks and ,owls of the ,united ,states are really valuable friends of the farmer because of the injurious rodents which they devour4 7,see ,hawks and ,owls of the ,united ,states1 by ,a4 ,k4 ,fisher47 ,illustration3 ,,starling ,introduced #ahij into ,new ,york ,city2 since spread over northeastern states4 ,western and central ,europe1 ,new ,england and ,middle ,atlantic ,states4 ,to be fair1 it must be admitted that there are a few exceptions2 that is1 that there are a few ,hawks and ,owls which do more harm than good4 ,the ,sharp-shinned ,hawk kills many harmless songbirds and occasionally young game birds and young chickens4 ,the ,cooper's ,hawk1 which nests throughout the ,united ,states1 is a real chicken hawk1 and the worst one in the country4 ,the ,duck ,hawk1 the ,noble ,peregrine of falconry1 in this country feeds largely upon domestic pigeons1 but no bird student would wish to see it exterminated on account of this habit4 ,there are a number of birds which are valuable friends to all the people because they are scavengers4 ,the ,herring ,gull1 which is the commonest gull of the harbors of the ,united ,states1 and which is also found on inland lakes and rivers1 by feeding upon all kinds of refuse animal and plant materials makes the waters about our cities more healthful4 ,this is especially true of the coast cities which dump their garbage into the waters not far distant4 ,the ,turkey ,vulture1 the ,black ,vulture or ,carrion-,crow1 and the ,california ,condor make the fields and woods of the country more healthful by devouring the carcasses of animals1 and the first two species eat the offal from slaughter houses and even scraps of meat from the markets in some of our ,southern cities4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,tern ,a close relative of the gulls4 ,range3 ,northern ,hemisphere1 northern ,south ,america and ,africa4 ,illustration3 ,,great ,,blue ,,heron ,frequently miscalled ,blue ,crane4 ,the long legs indicate that this is a wading bird4 ,range3 ,western ,hemisphere4 ,the most valuable group of birds from the standpoint of the farmers1 the orchardists1 and the gardeners is the insect-eating birds4 ,among these are the ,wood ,pewee1 the ,phoebe1 the ,kingbird1 and all of the ,flycatchers2 the ,purple ,martin and all of the ,swallows2 the ,nighthawk and ,whip-poor-will4 ,the ,yellow-billed and ,black-billed ,cuckoos and the ,baltimore ,oriole feed largely upon tent caterpillars and others caterpillars which defoliate the fruit and shade trees4 ,the ,sparrow ,hawk has been wrongly named1 for it eats a thousand times as many grasshoppers as it does sparrows4 ,the ,chickadees1 ,brown ,creepers1 and many of the ,warblers feed largely upon insects and insect eggs which they glean chiefly from the trees4 ,the ,rose-breasted ,grosbeak and the ,bob-,white eat the ,colorado potato-beetle4 ,in the ,west the ,franklin's ,gull follows the farmer in the fields and picks up great numbers of destructive insects4 ,in learning the value of our feathered friends it is necessary to learn to know the birds1 and in this quest great help can be obtained from books4 ,beginners will find the following useful3 ,land ,birds ,east of the ,rockies1 by ,chester ,a4 ,reed4 ,water and ,game ,birds1 by ,chester ,a4 ,reed4 ,western ,bird ,guide1 by ,chester ,a4 ,reed4 7,all published by ,doubleday1 ,page ,co47 ,for more advanced students the following are recommended3 ,handbook of ,birds of ,eastern ,north ,america1 by ,frank ,m4 ,chapman 7,d4 ,appleton ,co474 ,handbook of ,birds of ,eastern ,north ,america1 by ,florence ,merriam ,bailey 7,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co474 ,our study of birds should not stop with the name1 because we shall find many things of interest in the home life of birds1 many things that seem to reflect our own lives4 7,see ,home ,life of ,wild ,birds1 by ,f4 ,h4 ,herrick4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons47 ,if we like to hear birds sing1 if we enjoy the beauty of their coats1 and if they are valuable neighbors from the standpoint of dollars and cents1 then it is worth while to consider how we may have more of them about our homes4 ,every girl can do a great deal to attract birds4 ,first1 by putting up nesting boxes4 ,since the people of our country have destroyed so much of our native forests and undergrowth1 have drained so many of our swamps1 and have cultivated so much of the grassy prairie1 many birds have difficulty in finding suitable places to nest4 ,this can be remedied in the case of birds that nest in cavities1 such as the ,house ,wren1 ,tree ,swallow1 ,purple ,martin1 ,screech ,owl1 ,chickadee1 and ,bluebird1 by putting up nesting boxes4 ,for those that nest in shrubbery1 like the ,catbird and the ,brown ,thrasher1 shrubs and vines may be planted so that the desirable tangle may be had4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,mother ,,mallard ,,and ,,her ,,family ,the ,wild ,mallard is the original of many of the domesticated ducks4 ,range3 ,northern ,hemisphere4 ,second1 by putting out bird baths4 ,in this improved country of ours1 there are doubtless large areas in which wild birds have difficulty in finding suitable places to bathe4 ,artificial bird baths are more attractive to birds in the summer time than during cold weather1 but they will be used even in winter if kept free from ice4 ,do not place a bird bath so close to a shrub1 tree1 or building that a house cat may stalk the birds from behind it4 ,the house cat is probably the worst enemy of our native songbirds4 ,third1 by establishing feeding stations1 especially in winter when snow covers the natural food of so many birds4 ,when birds have enough to eat they rarely suffer severely from the cold4 ,fourth1 by cooperating with the authorities in seeing that the laws protecting the birds are enforced4 ,the ,audubon ,society has done much effective work along these lines1 and a ,girl ,scout should join this society1 whose headquarters are #aigd ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,amphibians ,all nature is so full that that district produces the greatest variety which is most examined4 --,gilbert ,white1 ,natural ,history of ,selborne4 ,the group of back-boned animals next above the fishes is the ,amphibians1 which includes the frogs1 toads1 salamanders1#g and their relatives4 ,the name amphibian refers to two modes of life as shown by most of the frogs and toads4 ,a good example is the ,common ,toad1 whose eggs are laid in the water4 ,these eggs hatch out not into toads1 but into tadpoles1 which have no legs and which breathe by means of gills1 as the fishes do4 ,they grow rapidly1 develop a pair of hind legs and then a pair of front legs1 while the tail and gills are absorbed1 all within a little more than a month from the time the eggs are laid4 ,during this change a pair of lungs is developed1 so that the toads breathe air as human beings do4 ,the eggs of toads and frogs may be collected in the spring in ponds1 and this remarkable change from the egg through the tadpole stage to the adult form may be observed in a simple home aquarium4 ,toads' eggs may be distinguished from those of frogs by the fact that toads' eggs are laid in strings1 while frogs' eggs are laid in masses4 ,illustration3 ,,toad ,a valuable animal in the garden because of the insects which it eats4 ,range3 ,eastern ,united ,states4 ,photograph by ,herbert ,lang4 ,every ,girl ,scout should know the song of the toad4 ,william ,hamilton ,gibson says it is the sweetest sound in nature4 7,sharp ,eyes1 p4 #ed47 ,if you do not know it1 take a lantern or electric flash-lamp after dark some evening in the spring at egg-laying time1 and go to the edge of some pond and see the toad sing4 ,notice how the throat is puffed out while the note is being produced4 ,illustration3 ,,bullfrog ,the largest of our frogs1 remarkable for its sonorous bass notes4 ,range3 ,eastern ,united ,states westward to ,kansas4 ,photograph by ,herbert ,lang4 ,the belief that warts are caused by handling toads has no foundation in fact4 ,the toad is a valuable friend of the gardener1 for it feeds upon a great variety of destructive insects4 ,the life of our ,salamanders is very similar to that of the frogs and toads4 ,the eggs hatch out into tadpoles1 then legs are developed1 but the tail is not absorbed4 ,unlike the frogs and toads1 the ,salamander keeps its tail throughout life1 and in some kinds of ,salamanders which spend all of their time in the water1 the gills are used throughout life4 ,salamanders have various common names1 some being called newts1 others water-dogs or mud-puppies4 ,the mud-eel and the ,congo snake of the ,southern ,states1 and the hell-bender of the ,ohio valley and south are all ,salamanders4 ,the belief that any of the ,salamanders is poisonous is a myth and has no basis in fact4 ,illustration3 ,,spring ,,peeper ,the note of this piping hyla is a welcome sound about the ponds and swamps in early spring4 ,range3 ,eastern ,united ,states4 ,photograph by ,herbert ,lang4 ,reptiles ,reptiles include ,alligators1 ,crocodiles1 ,turtles1 ,lizards and ,snakes4 ,it is commonly said that reptiles are cold-blooded4 ,this means that the temperature of their blood varies and is the same as the surrounding medium4 ,the temperature of an ,alligator that has been floating with its nose out of the water is the same as the surrounding water4 ,the temperature of a turtle in the winter time is the same as the mud in which it is buried1 while in the summer time it is much higher4 ,what is true of the reptiles in respect to temperature is also true of ,amphibians and ,fishes4 ,however1 this is not true of ,birds and ,mammals1 for these have a uniform temperature so high that they are called warm-blooded4 ,illustration3 ,,gila ,,monster ,so called from the ,gila ,river in ,arizona4 ,the only member of the lizard family known to be venomous except the very similar crust-lizard found in ,mexico4 ,range3 ,desert regions of southern ,arizona and ,new ,mexico4 ,in the ,united ,states there is but one species of ,alligator and but one species of ,crocodile1 both limited to the ,southeastern ,states4 ,there are about fifty kinds of ,turtle and ,tortoises in ,north ,america1 some of which live on the land and feed largely upon plants1 e4 g41 the ,common ,box ,turtle1 found from the ,new ,england ,states to ,south ,carolina and westward to ,kansas1 and the ,gopher ,tortoise of the ,southern ,states4 ,others are aquatic1 like the ,painted ,turtles1 which are found in one form or another practically all over the ,united ,states4 ,many of these reptiles are highly prized as food1 e4 g41 ,diamond-backed ,terrapin1 ,soft-shelled ,turtle1 ,snapping ,turtle and ,gopher ,tortoise4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,box ,,turtle ,range3 ,eastern ,united ,states ,there are about one hundred species of ,lizards in ,north ,america1 the greatest number being found in the drier parts of the continent4 ,of this whole number only two species are poisonous1 and only one of these1 the ,gila ,monster1 is found within the ,united ,states1 being confined in its range to desert regions of ,southern ,arizona and ,new ,mexico4 ,the ,blue-tailed ,lizard or ,skink1 which occurs from ,massachusetts to ,florida and westward to ,central ,texas1 is commonly believed to be poisonous in the ,southern ,states1 where it is called the ,red-headed ,scorpion1 but this is one of the popular myths still too common among intelligent people4 ,the ,glass ,snake of the ,central and ,southern ,states is a peculiar lizard in that it has no legs4 ,that it is able1 after being broken to pieces1 to collect itself together again and continue to live is another old myth4 ,illustration3 ,,diamond-,,backed ,,terrapin ,range3 ,salt marshes of the ,atlantic ,coast and ,gulf of ,mexico from ,massachusetts to ,texas4 ,about a dozen kinds of ,horned ,toads are found in the western portions of the ,united ,states4 ,although toad-like in the shape of their bodies and in some of their habits1 they are really lizards4 ,the ,american ,chameleon or ,green ,lizard1 which ranges in this country in the coastal regions from ,north ,carolina to the ,rio ,grande ,river1 has a remarkable power of changing the color of its skin through shades of brown1 gray1 and green4 ,in fact1 it is said to rival or possibly excel the true chameleons of the ,old ,world4 ,for treatment of the ,snakes see ,woodcraft1 ,section ,,xiii4 ,,fishes ,it is not all of fishing to fish4 ,illustration3 ,,paddle-,,fish ,so-called from the paddle-like or spoon-shaped snout4 ,eggs used for caviar4 ,range3 ,the ,mississippi ,river and its tributaries4 ,the fishes are the lowest of the true vertebrates or animals with backbones1 and all live in the water4 ,they do not have lungs1 but breathe through gills on the sides of the head4 ,they are cold-blooded animals2 i4 e41 the temperature of the blood is the same as that of the water in which they are living4 ,fishes are found in both fresh and salt water all over the world and have adapted themselves to many conditions2 for example1 certain fishes have lived in caves so long that they are blind2 some live in the coldest water1 while others can revel in the heat of the hot springs4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,catfish ,the barbels which suggest the whiskers of a cat are responsible for the name4 ,this fish has no scales4 ,range3 ,eastern and ,central ,united ,states4 ,many fishes are valuable as food and the fisheries are extensive industries1 in which large sums of money are invested4 ,there are four great groups of fishes3 #a4 ,the sharks and rays1 with cartilaginous skeletons4 #b4 ,the ganoids of which the sturgeon and garpike are examples1 with heavy plates or scales4 #c4 ,the bony fishes--salmon1 pickerel1 mackerel1 cod1 halibut1 etc4 #d4 ,the lung fishes1 that live partly in air4 ,illustration3 ,,shovel-,,nosed ,,sturgeon ,this fish is covered with bony plates instead of scales4 ,the roe is made into caviar4 ,range3 ,upper and middle ,mississippi ,valley4 ,there are many species of sharks4 ,among the more common ones in ,atlantic waters are the ,smooth ,dogfish which have pavement-like teeth2 the ,sand ,shark with catlike teeth2 the ,hammerhead ,shark with its eyes on stalks4 ,the near relatives of the sharks are the ,skates4 ,the most common example of the ganoid fish is the sturgeon1 which is heavily clad with a bony armor4 ,most of the fishes that we find1 however1 belong to the third group1 i4 e41 bony fishes4 ,among the salt-water species1 the cod1 the halibut1 the mackerel1 and the bluefish are especially valuable as food4 ,of the salt-water fishes that go up the rivers into fresh water to breed1 the salmon and the shad are widely known4 ,of a strictly fresh-water fish1 the sunfish and catfish are very common4 ,among the game-fish are the trout1 bass1 pickerel1 and salmon4 ,for those who live in cities1 a convenient place to begin the study of fishes is in the fish-market4 ,here we may learn to know the common food-fishes by name1 and to know many interesting things about them4 ,if there is a ,public ,aquarium or a ,natural ,history ,museum in your city1 you can use it in connection with the fish-market4 ,especially valuable in ,museums are the habitat groups of fishes1 that is1 those in which the fishes are shown in their natural surroundings4 ,but1 best of all1 the place to study fishes1 as is true of all other animals1 is out-of-doors in their native haunts4 ,with your dip-net or hook and line1 catch the fish1 and then by the aid of one of the books listed below find out what its name is4 ,then1 by observation of the fish see what is interesting in its life-history4 ,find out where the mother-fish lays her eggs4 ,does either parents guard them8 ,has the fish any natural weapons of defense8 ,if so1 what are they8 ,does either parent care for the young after they are hatched8 ,what does the fish feed upon8 ,in what way is the fish protectively colored8 ,in the study of fishes1 an interesting means is the home aquarium4 ,any ,girl ,scout can easily learn how to install and maintain a balanced aquarium1 that is1 one in which the water does not have to be changed and in fact should not be changed4 ,in such an aquarium one may keep and study a great variety of fishes4 ,some of our local fishes1 such as young catfish and suckers1 will prove fully as interesting as the goldfish and many other animals besides fishes will thrive in a small aquarium1 such as tadpoles of frogs1 toads1 and salamanders1 adult water-newts1 soft-shelled turtles1 snails1 and water-beetles and nymphs of dragon-flies4 ,illustration3 ,,hammerhead ,,shark ,the eyes are on the ends of blunt stalks1 or extensions of the sides of the head1 which suggest the name4 ,range3 ,all warm seas1 north to ,cape ,cod4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,garden ,,under ,,water ,starfishes1 ,crabs and ,sea-anemones ,illustration3 ,,squid ,member of same family as ,octopus1 and is related to the ,oyster4 ,has ink bag for protection4 ,animals ,without ,backbones ,in general the ,invertebrates are animals without a backbone2 that is1 they do not have an internal supporting skeleton of bone1 as does the dog or cat4 ,compared with mammals or birds1 they are all small and some are so very tiny that they can be seen only with a very powerful microscope4 ,most of them live in the water or in the mud or sand under the water4 ,hence the best place to get acquainted with them is along the seashore or near some lake or stream4 ,there are several different groups of ,invertebrates and between these groups there are greater differences of structure than there is between a horse and a hummingbird4 ,the principal groups are3 #a4 ,the ,protozoa1 or one-celled animals 7nearly all microscopic74 #b4 ,the ,sponges4 #c4 ,the ,jellyfishes1 ,sea-anemones1 and ,corals4 #d4 ,worms of several groups4 #e4 ,starfishes1 ,sea-urchins1 and ,sea-cucumbers4 #f4 ,segmented ,worms4 #g4 ,crabs1 ,lobsters1 etc4 #h4 ,oysters1 ,snails1 and ,octopi4 #i4 ,insects and ,spiders4 ,illustration3 ,,snails ,,and ,,their ,,tracks ,,on ,,the ,,beach --,photograph by ,mary ,c4 ,dickerson4 ,seashore ,life ,because of their connection with our industries or our food supply1 some of the ,invertebrates are familiar to all2 for instance1 sponges1 corals1 starfishes1 crabs1 shrimps1 lobsters1 clams1 and oysters4 ,others are seldom seen unless one takes pains to look for them4 ,illustration3 ,,jelly ,,fish ,all life comes from pre-existing life4 ,so every animal living to-day has come from some other living animal and every plant living to-day has come from some other previously living plant4 ,it is believed that the first forms of life came from the water4 ,at any rate1 the oldest and lowest forms of life to-day1 the ,protozoa1 are found in the water4 ,as these are nearly all very minute and can be studied only with a microscope1 they are omitted from the suggested field work4 ,illustration3 ,,animals ,,of ,,the ,,wharf-,,piles ,habitat ,group in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history ,all who have access to the seashore have a wonderful opportunity to study the ,invertebrates4 ,the long stretches of sandy beach1 the sections of shore covered with water-rolled pebbles and stones1 even the steep1 jagged cliffs1 are all pebbled with these animals of the sea4 ,twice every twenty-four hours the sea water creeps slowly up the beach until high water is reached1 and twice every twenty-four hours it recedes again toward the ocean4 ,it is therefore about twelve hours from one low water to the next4 ,on a gently sloping beach1 the distances between the high water mark and the low water mark may be many hundreds of feet1 while on a steep beach or a straight cliff this area may be only a few feet in width4 ,it is this area between the high and low water marks that is the haunt of many ,invertebrates4 ,these are animals that can live if they are not continually covered with water4 ,here are the rock barnacles1 the soft clams1 crabs of many kinds1 beach fleas1 numerous sea worms in their special houses1 snails1 and hermit crabs4 ,others will be found in the pools between the rocks or in the crevices of the cliffs1 which as the tide falls becomes great natural aquaria4 ,here will be found hydroids1 sea-anemones1 starfishes1 sea-urchins1 barnacles1 mussels4 ,in the shallow water1 crabs and shrimps are crawling along the sandy bottom or are lying concealed in the mud1 while schools of little fishes scoot across the pool4 ,if a fine silk net is drawn through the water and then emptied into a glass dish a whole new world of creatures will be revealed--jellyfishes1 ctenophores1 hydroids1 eggs of fish1 tiny copepods1 the larvae or young of sea-urchins1 starfishes1 or oysters4 ,if an old wharf is near by1 examine the posts supporting it4 ,the pilings seem to be coated with a shaggy mass of seaweed4 ,scrape some of this off and put in a dish of water4 ,sea-spiders1 starfishes1 hydroids that look like moss1 sea-anemones1 many varieties of worms1 mussels and crabs are all living here4 ,illustration3 ,,under ,,the ,,sea ,,bed ,marine ,worms1 ,whelk1 ,pecten or ,scallop and ,periwinkle ,begin your study of these seashore animals with a stroll along the beach4 ,examine the windrows of seawrack or seaweed4 ,whole troops of sandhoppers rise ahead of you4 ,oftentimes animals from distant shores or deep water will be found4 ,the empty shells have many a story to tell4 ,the papery egg-cases of the periwinkle remind one of a beautiful necklace4 ,the air bubbles rising from the sand or mud as the wave recedes mark the entrance to the burrows of worms4 ,stamp hard on the sand4 ,a little fountain of water announces the abode of the soft clam4 ,watch the sand at the edges of the rippling water4 ,the mole-crab may be seen scuttling to cover4 ,in the little hollows between rocks a rock-crab or a green-crab may be found on guard4 ,illustration3 ,,whelk 7,,fulgur ,,canaliculata7 ,,and ,,egg-,,cases ,common ,mollusk ,found on ,sandy ,shores ,along the ,atlantic ,coast of the ,united ,states4 ,for collecting in the pools and shallow water a fine-meshed net is desirable4 ,many of the animals can be caught and placed in glass dishes of sea water for close observation4 ,illustration3 ,group showing a starfish attacking an oyster2 soft shelled clams2 hermit crabs2 fiddler crabs1 etc4 ,a few animals that may be found at the seashore3 ,rocky ,shores--,hydroids on the rock-weed1 rock-barnacles1 snails1 amphipods1 lobsters1 and oysters4 ,sandy ,shores--,worms1 in tube houses1 mole-crab1 sand-hopper1 egg-cases1 whelks1 shrimps4 ,muddy ,shores--,snails1 clams1 worms of many varieties1 mud-crabs1 hermit-crabs1 blue crabs1 scallops4 ,wharves and ,bridges 7on the piling7--,sponges1 hydroids1 sea-anemones1 ascidians1 starfishes1 sea-urchins1 worms4 ,on the shores of lakes1 ponds1 and streams will also be found many invertebrates4 ,illustration3 ,,hummingbird ,,moth ,range3 ,eastern ,north ,america4 ,the larvae or caterpillars of this moth feed upon virburnum1 snowberry and hawthorn4 ,illustration3 ,,seventeen-,,year ,,cicada ,,or ,,seventeen-,,year ,,locust ,range3 ,eastern ,united ,states4 ,pupae emerging from the ground4 ,detail from ,group in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,insects play an important part in ,nature's activities4 ,from the point of view of man some are beneficial and some are destructive4 ,in the former group may be mentioned the ,dragonflies which feed upon mosquitoes1 the ,cochineal insects of ,mexico1 which furnish a dye-stuff1 the ,lady-bird beetles1 which in the larval stage feed upon plant lice2 the scale insects of ,india1 which furnish shellac2 the ,bumblebees1 which cross-pollinate the clover1 and the ,wasps1 which fertilize the figs4 ,dr4 ,lutz says that the manna which fed the ,children of ,israel was honeydew secreted by a scale insect1 and that it is still eaten4 ,illustration3 ,,seventeen-,,year ,,cicada ,,or ,,seventeen-,,year ,,locust ,range3 ,eastern ,united ,states4 ,the pupa climbing tree trunk4 ,then it bursts its horny outer skin and crawls out an adult4 ,the ,silkworm and the ,honey-bee have been domesticated since prehistoric times1 the former supplying a valuable fiber for clothing and the latter an important article of food4 ,among the injurious insects a few may be mentioned3 the ,house ,fly or ,filth ,fly1 which may carry disease germs on its feet to the food that we eat2 the mosquitoes1 which transmit yellow fever and malaria1 the rat flea1 which carries bubonic plague2 the weevils1 which destroy rice1 beans1 chestnuts1 etc41 and the plant lice1 or aphids1 which1 by sucking the juices from ornamental and food plants1 are among the most destructive of all insects4 ,there are so many insects in the world that we cannot hope to learn of them all1 even if we wanted to do so1 but most of us wish to know the names of those that attract our attention1 and to know what they do that is important or interesting4 ,there are approximately #djj1jjj species or kinds of insects known in the world2 that is1 about three times as many as there are species or kinds of all the rest of the animals in the world put together4 ,this fact should not hinder us from making a start and becoming familiar with the interesting habits of a few of the insects about us4 ,the eggs of the ,monarch ,butterfly may be collected upon the milkweed and brought in1 so that the whole life history or metamorphosis of this beautiful insect1 from the egg through the larva or caterpillar stage and the pupa or chrysalis stage to the adult butterfly1 may be watched4 ,the larvae or caterpillar must be supplied daily with fresh milkweed leaves4 ,other butterflies and moths and many other insects may be reared in the same way by supplying the larvae with suitable food4 ,if we should find a caterpillar feeding upon the leaves of a maple tree we should continue to feed it maple leaves if we wish to rear it4 ,silkworms will eat the leaves of ,osage-orange1 but they seem to prefer mulberry leaves4 ,cocoons of moths may be easily collected in winter after the leaves have fallen1 and brought in and kept in a cool place until spring when the coming out of the adult moths will be an occurrence of absorbing interest4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,gathering ,,of ,,monarchs ,monarch ,butterflies resting during migration4 ,the ,monarch ranges all over ,north and ,south ,america and it migrates like the birds4 ,photograph of group in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,the spiders1 although not insects1 are interesting little animals4 ,see how many types of webs you can find4 ,mention a few insects which you know to be preyed upon by spiders4 ,mention one insect that catches spiders and stores them away as food for its young4 ,illustration3 ,,tracks ,,of ,,the ,,glacier ,north ,america at the time of the maximum stage of the ,great ,ice ,age1 showing area covered by ice4 7,after ,chamberlin and ,salisbury74 ,photograph used by courtesy of ,henry ,holt ,co4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,the ,,northlands ,,geology ,finds tongues in trees1 books in the running brooks1 ,sermons in stones1 and good in everything4 --,shakespeare1 ,as ,you ,like ,it4 ,the ,structure and ,history of the ,earth ,there is nothing eternal about the earth except eternal change1 some one has said4 ,it requires only a little looking about us to see that this is true4 ,the earth is not as it was in the past4 ,every shower of rain changes or modifies its surface4 ,and many other and some very great changes have occurred during the past few millions of years4 ,during one age1 the coal was formed of plants that grew luxuriantly on the earth's surface4 ,at one period in the development of the earth there were many kinds of invertebrate animals1 but no animals with backbones4 ,later1 the vertebrates appeared4 ,at one time the whole ,mississippi ,valley was under the water of the sea4 7,the ,story of ,our ,continent1 by ,n4 ,s4 ,shaler4 ,ginn ,co474 ,these statements suggest just a few of the things that have been going on in the history of the earth4 ,by the study of ,geology we can learn much more about it1 and we should supplement our study of books with the more important actual observation of conditions out-of-doors4 ,to those living in that part of ,north ,america1 which is shaded in the map on page #dea1 the easiest and most natural approach to the subject of the structure and history of the earth is by studying the effects of the continental glacier which formerly moved down over this region4 ,tracks of the ,glacier ,when we see the foot-prints of an animal in the mud or in the snow1 we are sure that an animal has passed that way at some previous time4 ,those who live in ,canada or northern ,united ,states 7,see map page #dea7 can be just as sure that a great glacier or ice-sheet formerly moved down over northern ,north ,america1 by the tracks it has left4 ,although it is estimated by geologists that between #aj1jjj and #dj1jjj years have elapsed since the ,great ,ice ,age1 these tracks or evidences can still be seen by any one who lives in this region or who can visit it4 ,the principal ones are3 7#a7 ,boulders or ,lost ,rocks which were brought down by this glacier2 7#b7 ,the ,glacial ,drift or ,boulder ,clay which covers nearly all of the glaciated region2 7#c7 ,scratches on the bed-rock which show the direction the glacier moved4 ,notice in the field the size and shape of the glacial boulders1 where they are found1 evidence of the place where the glacier melted off 7terminal moraine74 ,do these boulders increase or decrease in size as we go south over the glaciated area8 ,can you discover any place where they can be traced back in their native ledge8 ,present-day glaciers1 like the ,muir ,glacier in ,alaska1 can be seen transporting boulders and drift just as this great prehistoric ice-sheet must have done4 ,the drift which consists of clay mixed with pebbles1 cobblestones1 and boulders1 varies greatly in depth4 ,in some places there is none1 while at ,st4 ,paris1 ,ohio1 it is #eej feet deep4 ,it probably averages #ajj feet thick or less4 ,in your locality note the depth of the drifts in cuts made naturally by creeks and rivers or those made artificially for railroads4 ,oil-wells furnish evidence on this point4 ,collect a few good examples of scratched or glaciated pebbles or cobblestones which are abundant in the drift4 ,these were scratched while frozen in the bottom of the glacier and pushed along on the bed-rock under the weight of the ice above4 ,collect ten different kinds of rock from the glacial boulders and drift1--there are more than one hundred kinds to be found1--and with the aid of some such book as ,rocks and ,rock ,minerals1 by ,louis ,v4 ,pirsson 7,john ,wiley ,sons7 or ,common ,minerals and ,rocks1 by ,wm4 ,o4 ,crosby 7,d4 ,c4 ,heath ,co47 try to identify them4 ,all soil is composed of disintegrated or decayed rock4 ,and it has been observed that the soil of northern ,north ,america is foreign to the bed-rock4 ,therefore it must have been transported from some other place4 ,the glacier did this huge piece of work4 ,the soil of southern ,united ,states contains no boulders or cobblestones and has been formed by the disintegration and decay of rocks in place4 ,observe glacial scratches and grooves on the bed-rock1 those on ,kelley's ,island in ,lake ,erie are famous4 ,agassiz was the first to realize that it was a glacier that did this stupendous piece of work1 and this conception or discovery greatly added to his fame4 ,it is now easy for us to find the evidences and to enjoy their interpretation4 ,in fact1 the ,greenland ice-sheet is a remnant of this prehistoric continental glacier4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,muskrat fur is now also sold under its true name4 #g ,unfortunately in the ,southern ,states there is an entirely different animal commonly called a ,salamander which is in reality a pocket-gopher of the group of mammals4 ,,section ,,xvi ,,girl ,,scout',s ,,own ,,garden ,,by ,,david ,m4 ,,hunter ,a ,garden is a lovesome thing1 ,god wot6 ,rose plot ,fringed pool1 ,fern'd grot-- ,the veriest school ,of peace2 and yet the fool ,contends that ,god is not-- ,not ,god6 in gardens6 when the eve is cool8 ,nay1 but ,i have a sign2 ',tis very sure ,god walks in mine4 --,thomas ,edward ,brown4 ,a very old story tells us that when man was created he was put by the ,creator into a garden to dress it and to keep it4 ,he could not have been put into a better place nor could a more honorable and necessary occupation have been given to him4 ,no doubt the woman who lived in the garden with him aided him in this work4 ,not having a house to care for or dressmaking and sewing to do1 or cooking to take her attention1 there was nothing to prevent her from helping in the dressing and keeping of the lovely garden4 ,at any rate1 that is what ,milton thought1 for he makes ,adam speak to ,eve of our delightful task to prune these growing plants and tend these flowers4 ,two persons would not need a very large garden1 and ,i will commend this early example to the beginner in gardening and urge a very small garden to start with4 ,for it is well to undertake only what can be easily handled or what can be done thoroughly4 ,there is joy in the contemplation of a perfect work1 even though it be on a small scale1 that never comes from a more ambitious undertaking imperfectly carried out4 ,better six square feet of well tilled1 weedless1 thrifty garden than an acre poorly cultivated and full of weeds4 ,a ,girl ,scout who proposes to make a garden will naturally ask herself certain questions4 ,if she has the ground1 if she knows already where her garden is to be placed1 the next thing1 perhaps1 that she will wish to know is1 what tools will be needed4 ,then follows the way to treat the soil in order to prepare it for planting the seeds4 ,after that comes the question of seeds and the way to plant them4 ,then the cultivation of the crops until they are ready to be gathered4 ,here1 then1 we have material for short sections on 7#a7 tools1 7#b7 preparation of the soil1 7#c7 selection of seeds1 7#d7 planting1 and 7#e7 cultivation4 7#a7 ,tools ,not many tools will be needed1 but some seem to be indispensable4 ,i would suggest3 #a4 ,a spading fork4 ,some like a long-handled fork1 others prefer a short-handled one4 #b4 ,a hoe4 #c4 ,a garden or iron-toothed rake4 #d4 ,a hand weeder of some kind4 #e4 ,a shovel4 ,in addition to these tools every gardener will find it necessary to have a line for making straight rows4 ,this should be at least the length of the longest dimension of the garden and white that it may be easily seen4 ,there should be two pegs to stick it in with4 ,i should add a board about ten inches wide with straight edges and as long as the bed is wide1 and a pointed stick4 7#b7 ,the ,preparation of the ,seed ,bed ,the first thing to do1 after having determined the location of your garden1 is to measure your bed4 ,if you have a single bed1 one twelve feet long by six feet wide is enough to start with4 ,i should prefer1 however1 to have two beds1 each three feet wide by twelve feet long with a narrow path between1 say1 twelve inches4 ,the reason for thus laying out the ground in two beds is that it will be easier to reach the whole bed from either side without stepping or kneeling on the cultivated soil4 ,all cultivation can be done from the paths4 ,the soil for flower beds needs most careful preparation4 ,the bed should be dug out to a depth of two feet1 and if the soil is clay1 two feet six inches4 ,in the latter case1 put broken stones1 cinders or gravel on the bottom for drainage4 ,the soil should be a mixture of one-half good sandy loam1 one-fourth leaf mould or muck that has been left out all winter4 ,mix these thoroughly together before filling the beds1 sprinkle wood ashes over the beds and rake them in before planting4 ,this is to sweeten the soil4 ,lime may be used for the same purpose1 but in either case get advice as to the amount needed for the soil in question4 ,manure4 ,next in order will come the enriching of this plot of ground by spreading upon it a good coating of well rotted cow manure4 ,in case barnyard manure is not available1 a good mixture of commercial fertilizer consists of four parts ground bone to one of muriate of potash applied at the rate of four pounds to the square rod4 ,this done1 proceed to fork the whole piece over1 thrusting the spading fork into the ground its full length each time1 and turning the forkful of earth so that the manure will be covered and not lie on top of the ground4 ,when the spading has been done1 then use your rake and spare it not4 ,rake until the earth in the beds is finely pulverized and until the whole bed is as level as you can make it4 ,now construct your central or dividing path1 throwing the soil moved on the beds on either side4 ,to do this you will need a shovel4 ,next define or limit your beds1 making the sides and ends as straight as possible4 ,you ought now to have two rectangular beds1 each three feet by twelve feet1 with a narrow path separating them all ready to put in the seeds4 ,it would be a good thing to have your beds raised a little1 two or three inches above the general level of the surrounding earth4 ,this will make them more distinct and will obviate the settling of water on your beds2 in other words1 will drain them4 ,seeds ,the principal counsel to be given here is to use great care in the selection of seeds because it is a bitter disappointment and a discouraging experience to find that after all your labor your seeds are worthless4 ,it would be well to test a sample of your seeds to determine their germinating power4 ,if you have a reliable friend from whom you can secure your seeds1 you are fortunate1 but if you must purchase at the dealer by all means patronize one of established reputation4 ,for the first garden ,i should plant lettuce1 radishes1 beets and beans in one of the beds4 ,the other bed may be devoted to flowers4 ,planting ,your beds are now supposed to be all ready for the seeds4 ,that is to say1 they are shaped and graded and raked fine4 ,the next thing to do is to lay your board across the bed1 with one edge six inches from the edge of the bed4 ,then stand on the board and with a pointed stick make a shallow furrow on each side of the board close to the board4 ,here ,i should put the lettuce4 ,it is desirable to have the seeds evenly and not too thickly distributed in the shallow furrows4 ,one way of accomplishing this is by mixing your seeds with some very fine wood ashes in a bowl and spreading the mixed ashes and seeds along the furrows4 ,a better way1 ,i think1 in the case of a small quantity of seeds would be to place each seed at a proper distance from the others4 ,this distance will vary according to the size of the full grown heads of lettuce4 ,the smaller varieties might stand six inches apart1 while the largest ones would need to be twice that distance or more4 ,having planted your lettuce seeds1 turn your board over carefully twice4 ,that will bring it into position for two more rows of vegetables4 ,stand on the board again and proceed as before1 making two shallow furrows with a pointed stick4 ,here ,i should put the radish seeds4 ,these may be sown more thickly1 for the reason that as soon as the radishes become large enough to eat they may be pulled out1 leaving room for the rest of the radishes to develop4 ,having planted your radish seeds1 repeat the preceding operations1 making two furrows again1 this time for beet seeds4 ,these may also be sown thickly4 ,the plants may be thinned out afterward4 ,the small plants that are pulled out will make excellent greens4 ,when the thinning is completed the remaining plants should stand from four to six inches apart1 according to variety2 some beets are much larger than others4 ,the rest of the bed devote to string or butter beans4 ,you will have left for these a space of eighty-eight inches1 or a little more than seven feet4 ,the rows of beans must be farther apart than the other vegetables you have planted4 ,two feet between the rows is not too much4 ,you will have space enough for three rows4 ,measure from your last row of beets one foot six inches at each side of your bed4 ,now stretch your line across your bed at this distance from the beets1 then with a hoe make a furrow close to the line4 ,this furrow should be two inches deep at least4 ,much deeper1 you see1 than the shallow furrows for the smaller seeds4 ,having made this furrow1 measure two feet from it on each side of the bed and place your line at this point and make a furrow as before4 ,repeat the process for a third furrow4 ,you should now have left a space of eighteen inches between your last furrow and the end of the bed4 ,into these three furrows place the beans1 spacing them4 ,your seeds are now all in4 ,at this juncture take your rake and cover the seeds1 leaving the whole bed level and smooth4 ,there is nothing more to be done just at present except to leave these seeds to the forces of nature1 to the darkness and the moisture and the warmth of their earthy bed4 ,they are put to bed not that they may sleep1 but in order to wake them up4 ,soon the delicate shoots will begin to appear above the ground1 and with them will also appear the shoots of many weeds whose seeds were in the soil4 ,these weeds constitute a call to your next operation which is ,cultivation ,declare war on the weeds4 ,use your hand weeder between the rows of smaller vegetables and let not a weed escape4 ,if they are in the rows so near to the seedlings that you cannot use the weeder without danger to the delicate little plants that you are attending1 then employ your fingers4 ,for a time you may use the hoe or rake between the rows of beans1 but even here near the paths themselves the weeder or hands should be preferred4 ,there is one caution that old gardeners give which is not to work among beans when they are wet with dew or rain for fear of rust4 ,wait till the sun has dried the foliage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,frequent and thorough cultivation not only destroys the weeds1 thus giving your vegetables a better chance and giving your garden a tidy1 well-kept appearance1 but it keeps the soil loose and forms a sort of mulch whereby the moisture is conserved4 ,the dryer the season the greater the need of cultivation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it may seem to you that you are obliged to wait long and spend a good deal of labor without results1 but when you have for the breakfast table some cool1 crisp radishes and for dinner a head of fresh lettuce1 and later a dish of sweet1 luscious beets or mess of string beans1 you will feel well repaid4 ,let us now turn our attention to the other bed1 in which you are to grow flowers4 ,this may be treated as a sort of background for the vegetable bed4 ,to do this let the rows of plants run the other way4 ,that is to say1 lengthwise of the bed instead of across4 ,it is assumed that the ground has been treated as in the case of the vegetable bed4 ,when you have accomplished this work of preparation set your line six inches from the side of the bed nearest your vegetables1 or the patch between the two beds4 ,make a shallow furrow the full length of the bed with your pointed stick4 ,in this furrow sow your flower seeds of some low-growing plant such as sweet alyssum4 ,then move your line back toward the other side of the bed one foot4 ,here you should place some taller plants1 such as asters4 ,the aster plants should have been raised in the house1 or purchased from some grower4 ,again move your line one foot nearer the rear margin of your bed and in this row plant your tallest plants4 ,dahlias or cosmos would be very effective4 ,you must get the roots for the dahlias somewhere4 ,cosmos is planted from seeds4 ,in planting the dahlias it would be well to dig a hole for each plant so deep that when the root is set it will be two or three inches below the surface of the ground4 ,good results will be obtained if before putting in the roots you put a handful or two of good manure in the hole and sprinkle a little soil over it4 ,i have mentioned these particular plants simply as specimens4 ,other choices may be made and a suggested list is given at the end of this section4 ,but whatever the selection1 two things should be kept in mind4 ,first1 that the rows should contain plants that vary in height1 the lowest being placed in the front row1 the tallest at the back2 and second1 that plants should be chosen that will be in bloom at the same time1 for at least a part of the season4 ,if your work has been well done you ought to have a small bed of vegetables1 thrifty1 in straight rows1 well cultivated1 clean1 and back of that1 looking from the side1 another bed of flowering plants that should be a delight to the eye1 especially the eye of the possessor and maker4 ,of course1 the beds will not present this perfect appearance for a long time because as the vegetables are used the beds will show where the vegetables have been removed4 ,it should be mentioned1 however1 that it is possible to have more than one planting of radishes in a season2 also of lettuce1 and these may be replaced after the first planting has been used4 ,there are many satisfactions in gardening4 ,the intimacy with nature furnishes one of them4 ,to be with growing things through all the stages of their growth1 in all weathers and all hours of the day gives a quiet pleasure that is a healing and soothing influence4 ,to produce something so valuable1 so necessary as food by one's own exertion and care confers true dignity upon one and a sense of worth4 ,to eat what one has raised oneself adds a flavor to it4 ,from the garden as a center path1 lead out in every direction1 paths for thought and study4 ,my wish for every ,girl ,scout who undertakes a garden is that she may have all these satisfactions1 and may follow all these delightful paths that lead to knowledge1 and through knowledge to joy4 ,suggested ,flowers for ,border ,biennials such as ,canterbury ,bells1 ,foxgloves and ,sweet ,william should be seeded early in the spring in a reserve bed to be ready for the season's bloom4 ,in order to secure a succession of bloom they should be taken out after flowering and replaced with annuals4 ,annuals--,of these some of the most satisfactory are ,asters1 ,calendula1 ,lupin1 ,petunias1 ,rosy ,morn1 ,snapdragon1 ,stock and ,rose ,zinnias4 ,take out any plants that are not the right colors4 ,brown earth is better than purple annual ,larkspur1 magenta ,petunias1 orange ,calendulas or red ,zinnias4 ,keep the color scheme ranging from true blues through rose and salmon pinks1 lavenders and deep blue purples and white yellows4 ,if you want brilliant reds or magentas have them in a bed apart4 ,bulbs--,tulips1 such as ,murillo1 or early varieties 7,la ,reine1 ,pink ,beauty1 ,president ,lincoln1 ,proserpine1 ,queen of the ,netherlands and ,rose ,luisante71 or late varieties 7,la ,merveille1 ,la ,reve1 ,moonlight1 ,the ,fawn7 and ,mertensiav ,virginica can be along the borders4 ,darwin ,tulips1 such as ,clara ,butt1 ,dream1 ,gretchen1 ,la ,tristesse1 ,la ,tulipe ,noire1 ,mrs4 ,potter ,palmer1 ,philippe de ,commines1 ,psyche1 ,rev4 ,ewbank1 ,suzon1 should be planted in more shaded places4 ,illustration3 ,plan for a border of ,perennials ,,section ,,xvii ,,measurements1 ,,map ,,making ,,and ,,knots #a4 ,,measurements ,every country has national standards of measures and weights which are made and kept by the governments as patterns1 for measuring and comparing the instruments made for business purposes4 ,the units of measure have been fixed by law1 for it is most important that people and countries in dealing with each other shall know exactly what is meant by such words as yard1 foot1 pint and pound4 ,the unit of length used in this country is the yard4 ,it is divided into three feet and each foot into twelve inches4 ,the foot refers to the length of a man's foot4 ,it is said that the length of the yard was based upon the length of the arm of an ,english king1 but that sounds like a fairy tale4 ,many of our units of distance and weight have been borrowed from the ,english and are more complicated than those used by the ,french1 whose unit of length is the meter4 ,in #agii1 or thereabouts1 an international convention met at ,paris to decide what the exact length of a meter should be1 for several countries at that time were using what was known as the ,metric ,system of ,weights and ,measures4 ,it was finally agreed that the length of a meter should be equal to one ten-millionth of the distance on the earth's surface1 from the pole to the equator1 or #ci4cg inches4 ,at the same convention a unit of weight was determined4 ,because water is so important and familiar it was chosen as the basis for this unit4 ,a cube of water at #dj centigrade1 and measuring on each edge #a_/ajj of a meter was taken and called a gram1 which is about equal to #ae of our grains4 ,all peoples find it necessary in the house1 out in the open and in nearly all forms of occupation to measure and weigh in order to accomplish their work4 ,it is part of a ,scout's preparedness to know how to measure and weigh and how to judge measurements and numbers without using measures and weights4 ,there are rules for determining length and weight1 and it is important to understand them4 ,measuring a distance means to find out the length of the straight line from one point to another4 ,to get a straight line in the open when walking fix the eyes upon two objects directly in front1 one nearer and smaller than the other4 ,with eyes high walk toward these objects keeping them always in line4 ,when approaching the first one choose another to take its place in line with it and the second4 ,always have two objects in direct line with the eyes4 ,this method can be used in marching1 rowing1 swimming1 and when staking out the points of triangles for measuring distance and height1 as it will give the shortest distance between two points4 ,there are three general methods of measuring distance accurately4 7#a7 chaining or taping2 7#b7 telemetry1 and 7#c7 triangulation4 ,less accurate means of measuring are by sound1 pacing and timing4 7#a7 ,chaining and ,taping4 ,the regulation chain or tape used by surveyors is #ajj feet long4 ,a ,scout may use a shorter line but must follow the same rules4 ,three things must be kept in mind when using a line4 a4 ,the straight distance between two points is to be obtained4 b4 ,the point where the end of the line comes each time must be marked4 c4 ,the line must be stretched tight4 ,this method can be used in measuring off the distance for pacing to obtain the average length of one's pace1 as suggested in a later paragraph under ,useful ,personal ,measurements4 7#b7 ,telemetry4 ,the second method is used in determining long distances for artillery practice and in surveying4 ,it is called telemetry and the use of an instrument is necessary4 7#c7 ,triangulation4 ,this is a long word but one a ,scout can learn to know and use4 ,it means that the length of the distance can be computed by means of triangles staked out on the ground1 when to measure with a line would be impossible or not satisfactory4 ,it is not necessary to make the sides of the triangles1 only the points need to be indicated as it is the relative position of the points which make a triangle and not the lines4 ,these can be marked in the country with poles1 stakes or stones2 in the city ,scouts could stand in position at the necessary points4 ,when using triangles where shall a ,scout place the points8 ,if the width of a stream1 road or field is wanted choose a place where its sides are on about the same level and if possible fairly straight4 ,then proceed as shown in the accompanying diagram ,a4 ,select a conspicuous object on the farther bank of the stream1 such as a tree1 bush or stone and call it ,x4 ,stand opposite it at the near edge of the stream or on the bank1 and place a stake ,a in front of you keeping ,x and ,a in direct line1 walk backward a few feet and plant a stake ,b in direct line with them4 ,right or left face--7for a right angle is necessary at this point74 ,pace a straight line for say #bj feet and plant a stake ,c1 one high enough to be plainly seen2 continue the straight line for say #aj feet more and plant a stake ,d4 ,turn inland1 7another right angle is here necessary7 and pace to the point where the object ,x on the far side of the stream can be seen in direct line with the stake ,c4 ,at this point place stake ,e4 ,measure the distance from ,e to ,d4 ,with paper and pencil mark down the example--for such it is--in this way3 ,,dc 3 ,,cb 33 ,,de 3 ,,bx or as the length from ,d to ,c is to the length of ,c to ,b so is the length from ,d to ,e to the length from ,b to ,x or as in this example1 as #aj is to #bj so #h is to the distance from ,b to ,x1 which would be #af4 ,having discovered the distance between ,a and ,b in the case given1 to be #d feet1 take this from the distance between ,b and ,x and the result will give the width of the stream1 which is #ab feet4 ,illustration3 ,diagram ,a4 ,to ,measure ,width of ,stream or ,road ,it may not be always necessary to use the line ,a--,b but if the edge of the stream or road is crooked it is necessary in order to make ,b--,d a straight line at right angles to ,a--,x4 ,in calculating a height1 as that of a tree1 house or tower1 the triangles can again be used1 as shown in diagram ,b4 ,choose a level strip of ground2 pace the distance in a straight line1 from the base of the tree ,a1 or tower1 to a point some distance from the tree1 and plant a pole or stake say #e feet high ,b2 continue pacing the straight line to the point where1 lying down with eyes level with the tree base1 the top of the tree can be seen on a line with the top of the pole2 plant here stake ,c4 ,the height of the tree ,,aa' will be to the length of the distance from ,c to ,a as the height of the pole1 ,,bb' is to the distance between ,b and ,c4 ,a ,scout can stand in the place of the stake ,b4 ,illustration3 ,diagram ,b4 ,to ,measure ,height of ,tree1 ,etc4 ,illustration3 ,diagram ,c4 ,to ,measure ,height with a ,mirror ,there are other ways of determining height4 ,as shown in the diagram ,c1 place a mirror 7,m7 horizontally on the ground reflector side up1 some distance from the base of the object to be measured1 in this case a tent4 ,walk backward from the mirror in a straight line until the top of the tent pole can be seen in it4 ,the problem will read in this way3 the distance from the mirror to your heels 7,,ms7 is to the distance from your heels to your eyes 7,,gs7 as the distance from the mirror to the base of the object 7,,mt7 is to the height of the object 7,,tt'74 ,water in a dark pan or tray or a pool on a still day will answer for a mirror4 ,illustration3 ,diagram ,d4 ,to ,test a ,right ,angle ,a right angle can be tested by measuring off #c feet on one side of the corner and #d feet on the other side1 as shown in diagram d4 ,if the distance between the two points is #e feet the angle is true2 if not #e feet move one point as much as is necessary to make #e feet4 ,south ,american natives estimate height fairly correctly by turning the back to the object1 walking straight away from it to the point where the top of the object can be seen by bending over and looking between the legs4 ,plant a peg at this point and the distance from the peg to the base of the object is roughly equal to the height4 ,sound travels at the rate of #cfe yards every second1 as many yards as there are days in the year4 ,by counting the seconds between seeing the flash from a gun1 or the steam puff from a locomotive and hearing the sound of the explosion or whistle it is possible to figure the length of the distance between yourself and the gun or locomotive4 ,it is said that the number of seconds between a flash of lightning and the thunder will give the distance between you and the place where the lightning struck4 ,we use weighing machines or scales in buying food1 so that we may compare the actual amount of food we buy with a standard weight1 otherwise there would be much confusion and business could not be carried on between peoples4 ,for this reason we use pint1 quart1 peck and bushel measures1 all of which are regulated by law as to the amount they hold4 ,there are some people who have a true feeling or sense for weight and can tell almost to an ounce the weight of a parcel by lifting it4 ,others have a good memory and can tell the weight of a quantity by looking at it4 ,others know distance and can estimate it correctly without use of rule or measure1 and likewise judge numbers4 ,very few people have this ability naturally1 but many have acquired it by practice and patience and a ,scout can do so3 she will find many times that this particular form of knowledge whether in or out of doors is of benefit4 ,how often a housekeeper wishes she could tell about how much material to buy for this or that purpose without getting the yard stick and measuring4 ,the seamstress and dressmaker must judge length and width and even height1 and the cook constantly has need of a sense of quantity and size4 ,the photographer1 the pioneer1 the camper1 all must know measurements4 ,this matter of judging is something we are called upon to do much more than we have realized4 ,the point is how can we learn the trick8 ,we should start with something we know and compare to it something whose size we do not know4 ,this is where knowing your personal measurement will be of value4 ,always prove when practicing your idea1 otherwise you will not improve your ability4 ,that is1 make your estimate1 then see how near right it is by measuring4 ,learn to know how an inch1 a foot1 a yard look4 ,then work with longer lengths out of doors with several feet1 and several yards4 ,fences1 roads1 streets1 dooryards1 houses1 all can be judged as to length4 ,height is less easy to estimate for we are not so accustomed to looking up and down as we are to looking forward or back and forth1 but the same rules hold good4 ,learn to know the height of a chair seat1 a table1 your own height1 a room1 a house1 trees3 by measuring and looking1 and looking and measuring1 you will accomplish much4 ,to learn to judge weight begin by holding in your hand something that weighs a pound2 after holding it a few moments put it down and then take it up again always trying to sense the weight4 ,do not use your eyes1 only your hand4 ,try a two pound weight and so on4 ,then take up something else the weight of which you do not know and see if you can tell its weight4 ,practice1 patience and memory are necessary in this work4 ,there is another way of judging weight1 one in which our eyes help us4 ,knowing how a pound of butter looks as to size we can judge the weight of a mass of butter by looking at it and comparing it mentally with what we know4 ,we can follow this method in judging the weight of different goods1 but as each kind when put in pound quantities looks more or less different from every other kind1 experience and knowledge of the character of the goods is necessary4 ,a pound of butter and a pound of feathers do not make the same size bundle so the weight of each could not be judged by the same eye standard4 ,by practice a ,girl ,scout should be able to do the following things in the way of judging height1 weight and distance3 7#a7 ,be able to judge within #be per cent the following3 ,height of a tree1 house1 pole1 etc41 not exceeding #ej feet4 ,material1 #a1 #c1 #ae1 #ah1 #bg1 #cj1 #cf1 #db and #ef inches4 ,diameter of the trunk of a tree1 a pole1 water pipe or similar object4 ,distance of #f1 #aj1 #ae1 #be and #ajj feet4 7,this is useful in camera work47 7#b7 ,pick out from a miscellaneous assortment bottles of #b1 #d1 #f and #h ounces4 ,bottles of #a pint1 #a quart1 #a gallon4 ,pails1 #a pint1 #a quart1 #b quarts1 #a gallon4 7#c7 ,be able without scales to weigh out specified amounts of sugar1 flour or other household materials1 for example1 #a1 #e or #aj pounds4 7#d7 ,be able to pick out from an assortment1 packages of rice1 tea1 cornmeal1 etc41 weighing #a_/b1 #a1 #b1 #e and #aj pounds4 7#e7 ,be able to give in the usual measures1 either avoirdupois or metric1 capacity of the standard teaspoon1 tablespoon1 teacup4 7#f7 ,be able to tell when you have walked a mile in open country4 ,this may be done by using ,scout's ,pace for #ab minutes1 on a fifty walk1 fifty run rhythm1 or by knowing one's own walking step length4 7#g7 ,be able to judge of spaces between distant objects such as the distance between two trees1 the width of a road1 or a brook1 by the triangulation method4 ,,useful ,,personal ,,measures ,it is sometimes a great convenience to measure a length of ribbon1 lace or other goods without the use of a rule or tape measure2 but what shall we use in their place8 ,look at your thumb--how long is it from the end to the first joint8 ,and the middle finger1 from the end to the knuckle on the back of the hand8 ,isn't it nearly four and one-half inches or one-eighth of a yard8 ,that is what the average grown person's finger measures4 ,to get the correct length of your finger1 hold the end of a tape line to the end of the finger with the thumb of the same hand1 draw the tape measure tight over the bent finger to the knuckle4 ,this is a very useful measure for short lengths4 ,another measure for longer lengths is the distance from the end of your nose1 when your head is turned sharply to one side1 to the end of your thumb when your arm is stretched straight out from the shoulder in the opposite direction4 ,measure and find out this distance for yourself by holding the very end of a ribbon1 tape or rope with the left hand to the end of the nose1 head turned to the left1 and with the right hand run the fingers along the edge of the ribbon until it is stretched to arm's length4 ,marking the ribbon with a pin where the right thumb and forefinger have held it1 measure the distance with a yard measure or rule from the end of the ribbon to the pin4 ,this length will be about the same as the standard unit of length used in this country4 ,when measuring a long length of goods1 use the point held by the right hand as the starting point to be held by left hand4 ,if you know the distance between the end of your little finger and the end of your thumb when they are stretched apart1 the palm of the hand being flat1 you can measure a distance such as the length of a table1 shelf1 pole1 etc4 ,when judging the height of a person1 remember that the distance from the top of the head to the chin is about one-ninth of the height of the body4 ,the distance between the middle fingers when the arms are stretched straight out from the shoulders is about equal to the height of the body4 ,another personal measure that is of value is the length of one's average pace or stride2 that is1 the distance from the toe of one boot to the toe of the other when walking a natural gait4 ,it is also useful to know the average number of paces taken in walking a given distance1 such as a mile1 and the time required to make them4 ,all of this information can be obtained in a very simple way4 ,measure off as accurately as possible #bbj yards1 which is one-eighth of a mile1 or take a known distance1 and pace it back and forth at least eight times1 but not all in one day4 ,each time keep a record of the number of paces taken and the time required to pace the distance4 ,divide the sum of the paces by the number of times paced and the result will be the average number of paces for the distance4 ,then divide the whole distance by the average number of paces and get the average length of your pace4 ,divide the sum of the minutes spent in pacing the distance by the number of times paced1 and get the average length of time required to walk the distance4 ,when the average length of pace is known1 the distance between two points can be quite accurately estimated by pacing1 if the ground is open1 level and solid4 ,if up or down grade1 if the ground is muddy or heavy1 or there are other causes which retard the gait1 a reduction must be made4 ,none of the above methods for measuring are scientific1 therefore are not accurate1 but they are useful ways of measuring approximately lengths and distances by means of a guide always at hand4 #b4 ,,map ,,making ,,for ,,girl ,,scouts ,the word map calls to our mind a picture of lines1 angles1 dots and circles which tell us something about a position of the surface of the earth4 ,it gives us an idea of distance and direction1 indicates heights and sometimes tells of interesting land conditions4 ,what we see are but symbols representing a more or less true picture4 ,this method of telling a story is very old2 as long ago as #acgj ,b4 ,c4 it was used to show the location of the then famous ,nubian ,gold ,mines4 ,this ancient map is now preserved in the ,museum of ,turin4 ,later1 in #faa ,b4 ,c4 the first map of the world was made--the world as men knew it then4 ,they thought it was like a hollow cylinder and surrounded by a river4 ,by #bgf ,b4 ,c4 maps were used and understood quite generally4 ,they were named originally after the material upon which they were painted or drawn4 ,map from ,mappa1 meaning cloth1 and chart from charta1 meaning parchment4 ,even today maps are made on cloth when for use in the open by cyclists1 military men1 and so forth1 and charts are those maps filling the needs of seamen4 ,savage tribes used maps made of horn1 bone and wood4 ,in the #aeth century the first printed maps were made and now many processes are used in reproducing these valuable and necessary graphic pictures1 every line and dot of which have been made out of someone's experience4 ,the explorer1 the pioneer1 the navigator1 all contributing to the store of knowledge of the earth's surface1 and many times having thrilling adventures1 surviving terrible conditions that the earth may be known as it really appears4 ,although maps are made to scale and every distance computed most accurately by the use of very fine instruments1 ,scouts can accomplish the real purpose of maps in a small and simple way1 for they are after all1 but guides to those who follow4 ,knowing a delightful road or trail1 one can by a map guide others to it1 or by making a map of a city1 or country district helps a stranger to find his way about4 ,our maps must contain as the all important features3 ,direction1 ,distance1 ,points of ,identification1 and the explanation on the margin of the map of all symbols or conventional signs used4 ,for hiking purposes a starting-point and a goal are necessary1 all cross-roads must be indicated--streams1 bridges1 trails1 springs1 points of interest1 vantage points for extended views1 and so forth4 ,a city map should note beside streets1 the car lines or bus lines1 public buildings1 library1 churches1 hotels1 stores1 police station1 public telephone booths1 a doctor's office1 fire alarm box and post box4 ,a village map should show in addition the way to the nearest large town or city1 give the railroad station1 and so forth4 ,direction is shown by symbol1 an arrow or a line with an ,n pointing to the ,north1 which should be at the top of the map1 and all lines and signs should be made in relation to it4 ,distance is shown by what is known as scale4 ,it would be impossible and unnecessary in making a map to use the exact measurements of distances existing in any given portion of the country1 but we can indicate those distances by drawing our map even though very small so that lines1 angles1 circles and dots will bear the same relation to each other as the points they represent bear to each other4 ,this is done by using a small measure to represent a large measure4 ,if #a inch was used to represent a mile1 a map showing #hj square miles of ground1 measuring #haj miles could be drawn on a comparatively small piece of paper4 ,whatever scale is used must be noted on the map1 however4 ,the true distances are found by pacing or by triangulation4 ,the interesting1 helpful and necessary points are learned by observation4 ,these are the real guides when using a map and these should be placed most correctly4 ,some of the symbols most generally used in map making are shown in the accompanying cut4 ,to be able to read a map is quite as important as making one4 ,signs must be understood1 distances read1 and directions known4 ,it will help in ascertaining the latter point to hold the map so its position will be true to the points of the compass--the ,east to the ,east4 ,this is called orienting a map4 ,illustration3 ,,conventional ,,signs ,,of ,,map ,,making ,camp ,post office ,telegraph office ,city1 ,town or ,buildings ,church village ,school ,w4 ,w4 ,hos4 ,water works ,hospital ,windmill cem4 ,ruins ,cemetery ,fence ,barbed smooth ,stone 7any or board7 ,wire ,fence ,fence ,wagon ,footpath or ,wagon ,road ,road ,trail 7unfenced7 ,railroad ,double ,track ,trolley ,station ,r4 ,r4 ,line ,illustration3 general symbol streams spring or ,foot ,falls and ,rapids or ,bridges ,telegraph ,lines ,ferries ,grassland ,cultivated ,fields ,lake or ,pool ,corn ,cotton ,marshes ,orchard ,woods of ,any ,kind ,pine ,woods ,,more ,,conventional ,,signs ,,of ,,map ,,making ,a sketch map1 not made to scale or true as to direction or distance1 but giving enough accurate information to serve in guiding a stranger truly1 can be made very quickly and easily if the district sketched has been observed closely4 ,observation is at the root of map making4 ,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,girl ,,scout ,,camp ,,made ,,by ,,scout ,the reproduced sketch of a map made by ,girl ,scout1 will be a guide to the ,scout who is learning how to tell a story by symbols4 ,,the ,,compass ,the ,mariner's ,compass is an instrument which shows where the ,north1 and other directions1 are4 ,boxing the ,compass consists in enumerating the points beginning with ,north and working around the circle as follows3 ,,north ,north by ,east ,north1 ,northeast ,northeast by ,north ,northeast ,northeast by ,east ,east1 ,northeast ,east by ,north ,,east ,east by ,south ,east1 ,southeast ,southeast by ,east ,southeast ,southeast by ,south ,south1 ,southeast ,south by ,east ,,south ,south by ,west ,south1 ,southwest ,southwest by ,south ,southwest ,southwest by ,west ,west1 ,southwest ,west by ,south ,,west ,west by ,north ,west1 ,northwest ,northwest by ,west ,northwest ,northwest by ,north ,north by ,west ,,north ,how to ,find ,points of ,compass ,without a ,compass ,every ,scout should be able to find the ,north without a compass4 ,by day the sun will tell you where the ,north is1 and the stars by night4 ,how to ,tell the ,points of the ,compass by the ,sun ,the sun rises in the east and sets in the west4 ,any time before noon1 if you stand facing the sun1 ,north is at your left hand3 after noon1 if you face the sun1 ,north is at your right hand4 ,the ,phoenicians1 who sailed round ,africa in ancient times1 noticed that when they started the sun rose on their left-hand side--they were going south4 ,then they reported that they got to a strange country where the sun got up in the wrong quarter1 namely on their right hand4 ,the truth was that they had gone round the ,cape of ,good ,hope and were steering north again up the coast of ,africa4 ,illustration3 ,mariner's ,compass ,probably the most accurate way to find ,north1 if you have no compass1 is to use an open-faced watch4 ,holding the watch flat1 turn it so that the small or hour hand points directly toward the sun4 ,the ,south will then be half way between the hour hand and the figure ,,xii on the dial4 ,before noon the halfway point is between the hour hand and ,,xii clockwise1 and after noon it is between the hour hand and ,,xii counter-clockwise4 ,how to ,find ,north by the ,stars ,all stars appear to rise in the east and set in the west1 which is really due to our earth turning around under them4 ,but one star never moves in relation to us1 and that is ,polaris1 the ,north ,star1 which stands still over the north pole to show us where ,north is4 #c4 ,,knots ,,and ,,their ,,uses ,,for ,,girl ,,scouts ,it doubtless seems very strange to you that a ,girl ,scout should have to know how to handle a rope and tie knots according to rules4 ,most people have never dreamed that there are rules for these things2 they have made knots1 when necessary1 in a way peculiar to themselves and have been quite surprised that the knots come out when they are expected to hold fast and hold fast when they are expected to come out4 ,ropes and knots have been in use by all peoples for many years4 ,the rules concerning them have been developed and perfected as time has passed until now there is no question as to the usefulness of these things and the way to handle them correctly4 ,as the sailors and the engineers have worked with ropes and knots more than others1 it is to them that we go for our information4 ,we need all we can get1 for today in nearly all forms of occupation twine1 cord and rope are used and knots are tied4 ,as the ,girl ,scout who wants to be a ,golden ,eaglet takes up many of these occupations1 she needs to know how to tie knots quickly1 in the dark if necessary1 and correctly1 for then they will hold fast yet can be readily untied4 ,these are essential requirements to be remembered1 but just as important is the fact that purposes and uses of knots differ greatly4 ,every ,scout should have five feet of one-quarter inch ,manila rope1 whipped at both ends4 ,with this small piece1 which only represents the much larger rope needed in many cases for practical purposes1 all of the required knots can be made and nearly all of their uses demonstrated4 ,have you ever made a blanket roll1 put it across your shoulder1 hiked through the woods or over the hills for a sleep in the open8 ,where would all your necessary articles have been if you had not tied them snugly in the roll8 ,without them you would have been far from happy4 ,or have you pulled a sled up a long hill over and over again for the sake of the slide down8 ,how about the little knots that held the rope in place--did you ever think of them8 ,there are many things we do for the sake of a good time where knots and rope are indispensable4 ,an interesting story is told by a ,girl ,scout who watched two men trying to hang a very large and heavy curtain which was to be used as part of the stage setting for an entertainment4 ,the men tried to tie two ropes together1 one of which was considerably larger than the other4 ,every knot they tied was pulled out by the weight of the curtains4 ,finally the men were quite ready to say ,it cannot be done4 ,it was then that the ,girl ,scout offered her services4 ,the men looked at her doubtfully1 but said1 ,go ahead4 ,of course she tied a knot that held fast2 then she had to teach it to the men4 ,you see1 she could be helpful1 for she knew the kind of knot that would hold two ropes of unequal thickness together and knew how to make it4 ,did you ever notice how few people know how to tie bundles and packages securely and neatly8 ,yet this is a most helpful thing to do4 ,parcels that go through the post or by express are handled roughly and unless tied with special care they are not delivered in good condition4 ,sometimes we find ourselves in the midst of unusual surroundings where we can be of service if we know what to do and how to do it4 ,a ,scout is sometimes called upon to give ,first ,aid1 possibly to tie on splints1 a bandage1 or a sling2 or use a life-line4 ,once a boat was swept over one of the lesser falls at ,niagara4 ,in it were three people--a father1 mother and their son4 ,a group of men and women standing on the bridge saw the accident2 one of them ran for a rope and threw the end over the side of the bridge calling to those in the water to catch it4 ,one succeeded1 but the rope slipped through his hands almost immediately because there was neither a loop nor a knot to hold on to4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,square or ,reef ,knot ,these stories1 which are true1 make us realize the importance of knowing something of ropes and knots1 that we may ,be ,prepared when our services are needed4 ,parts of a ,rope ,the three parts of a rope are3 #a4 ,the ,end1 the part used in leading2 #b4 ,the ,bight1 a loop made by bending the rope back on itself and holding it in place2 #c4 ,the ,standing ,part1 the long portion of the rope not used when tying a knot4 #a4 ,square or ,reef ,knot ,the name of the knot the purpose of which is to tie together two ends of equal thickness1 either to make them fast or to lengthen a rope1 is the ,square or ,reef knot4 ,it is made so that the ends come out alongside of the standing part and the knot will not jam4 ,it is used when tying bundles1 such as the blanket-roll1 and packages2 for tying on splints1 fastening the ends of a sling or mending broken strings1 ropes or cords1 as shoestrings1 clotheslines1 etc4 ,it is the knot used more commonly than any other4 ,to make the ,square ,knot3 ,take an end in each hand2 ,cross the end in the right hand over the end in the left hand2 ,bend it around the rope in the left hand2 ,cross the end in the left hand over the end in the right hand2 ,bend it around the rope in the right hand2 ,pull tight4 #b4 ,sheet-bend ,another knot that is used for tying two ends together1 generally those of unequal thickness1 or for fastening an end to a permanent loop1 is the ,sheet-bend4 ,illustration3 #b;a4 ,sheet ,bend3 ,loose ,illustration3 #b;b4 ,sheet ,bend3 ,drawn ,tight ,to make a ,sheet-bend3 ,make in the end of the larger rope a small bight or use the permanent loop in its place2 ,pass the end of the smaller rope up through the bight2 ,under the bight2 ,over the bight2 ,under its own standing part2 ,pull the loops tight4 ,this is the way the ,girl ,scout tied the rope together for the stage hands4 #c4 ,bowline-,knot ,if the people on the bridge at ,niagara ,falls had made a ,bowline-knot in the end of the rope before throwing it as a life-line they might have saved one if not three lives4 ,a ,bowline is used chiefly for hoisting and lowering2 it can be used for a halter or with the ,sheet-bend in making a guard-line or fence4 ,it is a knot holding fast a loop which can be made of any size and which will not jam or give4 ,to make a ,bowline-knot3 ,take the end in the right hand2 ,draw the rope toward you over the palm of the left hand1 measuring off as much as is needed to make the required size loop2 ,drop the end2 ,make a small bight in the palm of the left hand by turning the rope toward the ends of the fingers2 ,take the end in the right hand2 ,pass it up through the bight2 ,back of and around the standing part2 ,down through the bight2 ,pull the end and the rope forming the loop against the standing part4 ,when the ,bowline is used for hoisting or lowering a person as in case of fire1 the loop should be large enough to be used as a seat2 it should be passed over the head and shoulders1 the standing part in front of the body1 to be held on to with both hands4 ,when using a rope for a life-line3 ,fasten securely one end to something that will not give4 ,make a ,bowline at the other end of the line large enough to go over the head and shoulders2 ,hold the knot in the right hand1 the end toward you2 ,take the standing part in the left hand1 measure off about three feet of rope2 ,draw the rope toward you1 pass it over the palm of the right hand and hold fast4 ,again measure off the same amount1 draw the rope toward you1 pass it over the palm of the right hand1 and hold fast2 ,continue this process until enough rope is coiled to more than cover the distance to the person in the water4 ,grasp the coil firmly in the right hand2 ,hold the standing part in the left hand2 ,draw the right arm back from the shoulder2 ,illustration3 #c4 ,bowline ,swing the arm forward and throw the coil out over the water to the person in distress2 ,make sure that the person in the water gets a firm grasp on the rope2 ,quickly take the standing part in both hands2 ,pull on the rope with a hand over hand motion1 keep the line taut and pull the person to safety4 ,do not make the mistake of throwing the coil up2 throw it out over the water4 ,the important points to remember when using a rope for rescue work are to fasten the free end so the rope will not slip out of reach2 to coil the rope properly so it will not kink or knot when let out2 and to make a ,bowline large enough to go around the body4 ,when a group of ,scouts make a guard line1 each girl makes a ,bowline in the end of her rope1 large enough to put her hand through1 fasten her right-hand neighbor's rope to it by means of a ,sheet-bend and holds her portion of the line in place by using the ,bowline in her rope for a handle4 ,illustration3 #d4 ,two ,half-,hitches ,two ,half-hitches are used to make fast an end of rope to a pole1 post1 etc4 ,it is a knot that can be easily undone4 ,it is used for hauling1 fastening awning ropes1 flag ropes1 etc4 ,to make a ,half-hitch3 ,take the end in the right hand2 ,pass the end under and around the pole2 ,around the standing part3 ,under itself1 forming a bight out of which the standing part comes4 ,repeat this for the second half-hitch1 using standing part in place of pole4 ,illustration3 #e4 ,clove-,hitch ,the purpose of a ,clove-hitch1 which is also called the ,builders' ,knot1 is to make fast an end of rope1 generally to a post or tree4 ,this knot holds securely and does not slip laterally4 ,it is of value when tethering an animal or tying a boat4 ,it can be used for fastening an awning rope1 tent ropes1 for tying on splints or fastening the end of a bandage when it is used to confine a delirious person4 ,a fence or guard-line can be made where trees or posts are available by tying the end of the rope by means of a ,half-hitch to the first tree1 and then using a ,clove-hitch on the other trees or posts4 ,to tie the ,clove-hitch3 ,take the end in the right hand2 ,pass it around the post2 ,over the standing part2 ,continue around the post2 ,under the standing part2 ,slip the end up through the lower loop2 ,pull tight4 ,illustration3 #f4 ,sheep-,shank ,the purpose of a ,sheep-shank is to take up slack or shorten a rope temporarily4 ,it is used on tent ropes1 tow lines4 ,to make the ,sheep-shank3 ,cross the hands and take hold of the rope2 ,take up the slack by drawing the hands past each other2 ,hold the two long loops firmly in one hand2 ,make a bight in the rope between the loop and the end2 ,pass the loop through the bight2 ,do the same thing at the other end4 ,the knot will stay in place so long as the rope is taut4 ,if it is necessary to shorten a rope when neither end is held fast1 make the ,sheep-shank and pass each end through the bight nearest to it4 ,illustration3 ,ready ,for ,transportation or ,storage ,when in uniform a ,girl ,scout hangs her rope on a belt-hook placed in her belt or skirt-binding4 ,to have the rope in a convenient form3 ,make two loops five or six inches long at one end of the rope2 ,leaving a small bight at the top to go over the hook1 bind the loops together by winding the standing part around them2 ,hold the end fast by putting it through the remaining bight4 ,to serve or whip the ends of a ,scout rope so they will not fray3 ,take a piece of soft twine twelve or fourteen inches long2 ,make a loop two inches long at one end2 ,lay the loop on the rope1 the end of the twine extending beyond the rope end an inch2 ,bind the rope and loop together by winding the standing part tightly and closely around them2 ,slip the end down through the loop1 which must not be entirely covered by the binding2 ,pull the other end of the twine and draw the loop under the binding4 ,as the twine will be held fast1 the ends can be cut off close to the rope4 ,a knot board1 showing the various knots tied perfectly and names attached1 ends of rope whipped1 bights1 loops and coils1 is an interesting bit of work for a ,troop of ,girl ,scouts to do4 ,the board hung in the ,troop room would be a help to new ,scouts1 and it could be loaned to ,troops that are not registered1 but are learning the ,tenderfoot test1 which includes knot-tying4 ,glossary ,belt-hook--,a double hook in the form of the letter ,s4 ,sometimes called ,s-hook4 ,bight--,a loop made by bending a rope back on itself and holding it in place4 ,coil--,a series of rings1 one on top of another1 into which a rope is wound4 ,cord--,a string or small rope composed of several strands of thread or vegetable fiber twisted and woven together4 ,end--,one of the terminal points of that which has more length than breadth4 ,the part of a rope used in leading4 ,hemp--,an annual herbaceous plant4 ,the fiber1 obtained from the skin or rind by rotting the stalks of the plant under moisture is prepared in various ways for twisting into ropes1 cables1 and weaving coarse fabrics4 ,knot--,an interlacement of twine1 cord1 rope or other flexible material formed by twisting the ends about each other and then drawing tight the loop thus made4 ,life-line--,a rope used in rescuing2 it should have a ,bowline in one end and the other end should be secured to something that will not give4 ,loop--,an opening through which something can be passed4 ,manila rope--,a rope made from ,manila hemp1 a fibrous material which is obtained from the leaves of plants which grow in the ,philippine ,islands4 ,rope--,a cord of considerable thickness1 technically over one inch in circumference4 ,ropes are made of hemp1 manila1 flax1 cotton or other vegetable fiber or of iron1 steel or other metallic wire4 ,a rope is sometimes called a line4 ,they are composed of threads which are spun or twisted into strands and the finished ropes have special names1 according to the number of the strands1 and the various sizes are indicated by the circumference in inches4 ,standing part--,the long portion of a rope not used when tying a knot4 ,string--,a slender cord1 a thick thread4 ,twine--,a double thread2 a thread made of two strands twisted4 ,,section ,,xviii ,,girl ,,scout ,,proficiency ,,tests ,,and ,,special ,,medals ,for details regarding these badges see the ,,blue ,,book ,,of ,,rules ,,for ,,girl ,,scout ,,captains ,,contents ,i4 ,introduction to ,proficiency ,tests4 ,,ii4 ,proficiency ,tests3 999999 ,subjects marked thus are specially recommended for ,first ,class ,scouts or girls at least sixteen years old4 99999999 ,subjects marked thus are for ,scouts eighteen years and over4 ,artist ,athlete999999 ,bee-,keeper ,bird ,hunter ,bugler ,business ,women999999 ,canner ,child ,nurse ,citizen999999 ,cook ,craftsman ,cyclist ,dairy ,maid ,dancer ,dressmaker ,drummer ,economist ,electrician ,farmer ,first ,aide999999 ,flower ,finder ,gardener ,handy ,woman ,health ,guardian999999 ,health ,winner ,home ,maker ,home ,nurse999999 ,horsewoman ,hostess ,interpreter ,journalist99999999 ,laundress ,milliner ,motorist99999999 ,musician ,needlewoman ,pathfinder ,photographer ,pioneer999999 ,rock ,tapper ,sailor999999 ,scribe ,signaller ,star ,gazer ,swimmer ,telegrapher ,zoologist ,,iii4 ,group ,badge ,,iv4 ,golden ,eaglet4 ,v4 ,special ,medals3 ,attendance ,stars ,life ,saving ,medals ,bronze ,cross ,silver ,cross ,medal of ,merit ,thanks ,badge ,community ,service ,award ,scholarship ,badge ,proficiency ,tests and ,merit ,badges #a4 ,,introduction ,a girl must be a ,second ,class ,scout before receiving a ,merit ,badge in any subject4 ,however1 this does not mean that she cannot begin to study her subject and plan for passing the test at any time4 ,proficiency in these tests is to be determined by the ,local ,council1 or by persons competent 7in the opinion of the ,council7 to judge it4 ,if no ,local ,council exists1 certificates should be secured from persons competent to judge each subject1 such as teachers of music1 dancing or drawing1 riding masters1 motorists1 electricians1 milliners1 dressmakers1 artists1 craftsmen1 scientists and so forth4 ,these certificates should be sent to the ,national ,headquarters or to the nearest ,district ,headquarters for inspection4 ,headquarters will either pass on these1 or indicate the nearest local body competent to deal with them4 ,the tests as given are topical outlines of what a ,scout should know about the subject rather than formal questions4 ,captains and others giving the tests will adapt the wording to the needs of the particular case4 ,with many subjects a list of standard references is given4 ,it is desirable that a girl should read at least one of these books1 not in order to pass an examination but that she may be familiar with the general field and the great names and principles associated with it4 ,where a whole troop is working on a subject1 portions of the books may be read at troop meetings1 or several ,scouts can read together and discuss their impressions4 ,it is important that every ,girl ,scout should understand that the winning of any one of the following ,merit ,badges does not mean that she is a finished expert in the subject4 ,what does it mean then8 ,it means three things3 #a4 ,she has an intelligent interest in the subject #b4 ,she has a reasonable knowledge of its broad principles #c4 ,she is able to present some practicable proofs of her knowledge1 so that a competent examiner can see that she has not simply crammed it up from a book4 ,doing1 not talking or writing is the principle of the ,girl ,scouts ,one of the great things about these ,merit ,badges is that they require a definite amount of perseverance4 ,this is a quality in which women are sometimes said to be lacking2 if this is a fair criticism1 the ,merit ,badges will certainly test it4 ,nobody compels any ,scout to earn these ,badges2 she deliberately chooses to do so4 ,therefore1 to fail in a task she has voluntarily set herself1 comes straight back to her and shows her what stuff she is made of4 ,for while it is of no particular importance how many things you start in this life1 it is of great importance how many things you finish6 ,out ,,of ,,goodness of heart1 or quick interest1 or sudden resolution1 a girl will start out to master a subject1 earn a certain sum of money1 make something for herself or someone else1 form some good habit or break some bad one2 and after her first enthusiasm has died out1 where is she8 ,so that a great many people laugh at a girl's plans--and with reason4 ,now while this may be merely amusing1 so long as it affects only the girl herself1 it becomes very annoying when other people's affairs are involved1 and may be positively dangerous if carried too far4 ,if your life depended upon a ,girl ,scout's efforts to resuscitate you from drowning1 you would be very glad if she stuck to it4 ,but if she happened to be a girl who had started to win five different ,merit ,badges1 and had given them all up1 half way through1 what sort of chance do you think you would have8 ,girl ,scouts are slower to begin than other girls1 perhaps1 but they stick to it till they've made good4 ,she carried that through like a ,girl ,scout ought to become a common saying4 #b4 ,,proficiency ,,tests ,,artist ,,symbol--,a ,,palette ,illustration ,submit a drawing1 a painting1 or a model of sculpture which in the judgment of a competent professional represents a sufficiently high order of ability to merit recognition4 ,this badge is offered with the object of encouraging a talent already existing1 and it is not suggested that ,girl ,scouts should select this badge unless they are possessed of sufficient natural talent to warrant presenting their work to a good judge4 ,the standard required for winning the badge is left to the judgment of the professional as it is impossible for the organization to lay down strict requirements in these subjects4 ,,references3 ,children's ,book of ,art1 ,a4 ,e4 ,conway1 ,adam and ,charles ,black4 ,knights of ,art1 ,amy ,steedman1 ,george ,w4 ,jacobs and ,company4 ,gabriel and the ,hour ,book1 ,evaleen ,stein4 ,apollo1 by ,s4 ,reinach1 from the ,french by ,florence ,simmonds1 ,scribners4 ,,athlete999999 ,,symbol--,,basket ,,ball ,illustration ,to qualify for this a ,girl ,scout must be at least fourteen1 and must hold the badge for personal health1 the ,health ,winner4 #a4 ,state briefly the value and effect of exercise4 #b4 ,demonstrate habitual good posture1 sitting and standing4 #c4 ,demonstrate 7a7 marching steps1 quick and double time1 and ,scout's ,pace4 7b7 ,setting-up exercises1 7as shown in ,handbook74 #d4 ,present statement from troop ,captain1 of a hike of at least #e miles4 #e4 ,demonstrate with basket ball #e goals out of #g trials standing at least #e feet from basket1 ,,or demonstrate with basket ball distance throw of #dj feet4 #f4 ,demonstrate with indoor base ball accurate pitching for distance of forty feet4 #g4 ,write brief description of rules for five popular games4 #h4 ,play well and be able to coach in any three of the following games3 ,basket ,ball1 ,battle ,ball1 ,bowling1 ,captain ,ball1 ,dodge ,ball1 ,long ,ball1 ,punch ,ball1 ,indoor ,baseball1 ,hockey--field or ice1 ,prisoners' ,base1 ,soccer1 ,tennis1 ,golf1 ,volley ,ball ,newcomb4 #i4 ,hold swimming badge or bring statement of ability to demonstrate three strokes1 swim #ajj yards1 float and dive4 ,note3 ,for alternate to swimming requirements see ,first ,class ,test1 question #g1 page #fe4 #aj4 ,demonstrate three folk dances1 using any nationality1 ,,or be a qualified member of a school or society athletic team1 playing one summer and one winter sport1 ,,or be able to qualify for entry in a regular competition in some sport such as ,tennis1 ,skating1 ,skiing4 ,running1 ,pitching ,quoits1 etc4 ,,references3 ,games for the ,playground1 ,home1 ,school and ,gymnasium1 ,jessie ,h4 ,bancroft1 ,macmillan4 ,summer in the ,girls' ,camp1 ,a4 ,w4 ,coale1 ,century4 ,book of ,athletics1 ,paul ,withington1 ,lothrop4 ,outdoor ,sports and ,games1 ,c4 ,h4 ,miller1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,,bee ,,keeper ,,symbol--,,hive ,illustration #a4 ,what constitutes a swarm of bees8 ,how do they live8 ,tell how honey is gathered and stored and honeycomb is built1 and what part the queen1 drones and workers play in the life of the colony4 #b4 ,be able to recognize and describe each of the following3 queen1 drones1 workers1 eggs1 larvae1 pupae1 honey1 bee food1 wax1 pollen1 propolis1 brood-nest1 comb1 different queen cells4 #c4 ,have a practicable knowledge of bee keeping and assist in hiving a swarm1 examining a colony1 removing the comb1 finding the queen1 putting foundation in sections1 filling and removing supers1 and preparing honey in comb and strained for market1 and present a certificate to this effect4 #d4 ,know which flowers afford the best food for bees1 and how honey varies according to the flowers in color and flavor4 ,,references3 ,productive ,bee ,keeping1 ,pellett4 ,bulletins from ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,life of the ,bee1 ,maurice ,maeterlinck1 ,dodd4 ,queen ,bee1 ,carl ,ewald1 ,thomas ,nelson and ,sons4 ,how to ,keep ,bees1 ,a4 ,b4 ,comstock1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,,bird ,,hunter ,,symbol--,,blue ,,bird ,illustration ,to qualify for this badge a ,girl ,scout should belong to the ,audubon ,society#h and be able to answer the following3 #a4 ,give list of twenty wild birds personally observed and identified in the open and show field notes including at least the date seen1 markings1 food habits1 nesting habits if known1 and migration1 if any4 #b4 ,give game-bird laws of her ,state4 #c4 ,name five birds that destroy rats and mice4 #d4 ,give list of ten birds of value to farmers and fruit growers in the destruction of insects on crops and trees4 #e4 7a7 ,tell what the ,audubon ,society is and how it endeavors to protect the birds4 7b7 ,give name and location of two large bird refuges2 explain the reason for their establishment and give names of the birds they protect4 #f4 7a7 ,know what an aigret is4 ,how obtained and from what bird4 7b7 ,tell methods to attract birds winter and summer4 #a4 ,,general ,,references3 7,at least one must be read to qualify for badge74 ,method of ,attracting ,wild ,birds1 ,gilbert ,h4 ,trafton1 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 ,bird ,study ,book1 ,t4 ,gilbert ,pearson1 ,doubleday ,page ,co4 ,wild ,bird ,guests1 ,ernest ,harold ,baynes1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co4 #b4 ,,handbooks ,,and ,,special ,,bird ,,books3 ,hawks and ,owls of the ,united ,states1 ,a4 ,k4 ,fisher4 ,useful ,birds and ,their ,protection1 ,edward ,h4 ,forbush1 ,massachusetts ,board of ,agriculture4 ,home ,life of ,wild ,birds1 ,f4 ,h4 ,herrick1 ,g4 ,f4 ,putnam ,co4 ,land ,birds ,east of the ,rockies1 ,chester ,a4 ,reed1 ,doubleday ,page ,co4 ,water and ,game ,birds1 ,chester ,a4 ,reed1 ,doubleday ,page ,co4 ,western ,birds1 ,chester ,a4 ,reed1 ,doubleday ,page ,co4 ,handbook of ,birds of ,eastern ,north ,america1 ,frank ,m4 ,chapman1 ,d4 ,appleton and ,co4 ,bird ,life1 ,frank ,m4 ,chapman1 ,d4 ,appleton and ,co4 ,handbook of ,birds of ,western ,united ,states1 ,florence ,merriam ,bailey1 ,houghton1 ,mifflin and ,co4 ,children's ,book of ,birds1 ,o4 ,t4 ,miller1 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 ,burgess ,bird ,book for ,children1 ,w4 ,t4 ,burgess1 ,little ,brown ,co4 ,,bugler ,,symbol--,,bugle ,illustration ,play correctly as to notes and time the following calls and marches and play at sight any calls selected3 #a1 ,first ,call2 #b1 ,reveille2 #c1 ,assembly2 #d1 ,mess2 #e1 ,recall2 #f1 ,fire2 #g1 ,drill2 #h1 ,officers2 #i1 ,retreat2 #aj1 ,to ,colors2 #aa1 ,to quarters2 #ab1 ,taps4 ,reference3 ,cadet ,manual1 ,e4 ,l4 ,steever1 ,lippincott4 ,,business ,,woman999999 ,,symbol--,,note-,,book ,illustration #a4 ,must have a legible and neat handwriting and show a knowledge of spelling and punctuation by writing from dictation a paragraph necessitating use of commas1 periods1 quotation marks1 apostrophe4 #b4 ,must typewrite #dj words a minute1 or as an alternative write in shorthand from dictation #gj words a minute as a minimum1 and transcribe them at the rate of #ce words4 #c4 ,must show a knowledge of simple bookkeeping and arithmetic4 #d4 ,must show how to make out1 and know how and when to use receipts1 notes and drafts1 and money orders4 #e4 ,must know how to write a simple business letter1 such as asking for employment1 or a letter recommending a person for employment4 #f4 ,must show how to keep a check book1 make out checks and deposit slips1 endorse checks1 and balance checking accounts4 #g4 ,must keep a simple cash account to show receipts and expenditures of personal funds for three months1 ,,or the household accounts of the family for three months4 7,this account may be fictitious47 #h4 ,must be able to write a letter from memory on facts given five minutes previously4 ,,references3 ,thrift by ,household ,accounting1 ,american ,economics ,association1 ,baltimore4 ,household ,accounts and ,economics1 ,shaeffer1 ,macmillan4 ,what every ,business ,woman ,should ,know1 ,lillian ,c4 ,kearney1 ,stokes4 ,bookkeeping and ,accounting1 ,j4 ,j4 ,klein1 ,appleton4 ,essential ,elements of ,business ,character1 ,h4 ,g4 ,stockwell1 ,revell4 ,,canner ,,symbol--,,jar ,,and ,,fruit ,illustration #a4 ,submit the following specimens of canning work3 7a7 six pint jars of two kinds of vegetables1 showing the cold pack method2 7b7 six jars of preserved fruit1 at least two kinds2 7c7 six glasses of jelly1 jam or marmalade4 #b4 ,what are the essential things to be considered when selecting vegetables to be canned1 fruit to be preserved or made into jelly1 jam or marmalade8 #c4 ,give general rules for preparing fruits and vegetables for preserving in any way4 #d4 ,what kind of jars are considered best for preserving8 ,what other materials are used for making holders besides glass8 ,how should all utensils and jars1 glasses1 rubbers1 be prepared before using8 #e4 ,what is essential regarding the heat8 #f4 ,what are the general rules for preserving fruit8 ,give proportions by measure or weight1 time of cooking1 amount of sugar1 water or any other ingredient for the fruits that you have preserved1 and for at least two others4 #g4 ,give same rules for jams1 marmalades and jellies4 #h4 ,give directions for filling and sealing jars4 ,how can jars be tested within twenty-four hours after filling8 ,if not air tight what should be done8 #i4 ,what should be done to all jars1 tumblers1 etc41 before storing8 ,how are canned goods best stored8 ,,references3 ,government ,bulletin--,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,canning1 ,preserving and ,jelly ,making1 ,j4 ,mc,k4 ,hill1 ,little4 ,,child ,,nurse ,,symbol--,a ,,maltese ,,cross ,illustration #a4 ,during a period of three months care for a little child1 under two years1 for a time equivalent to two hours daily for four weeks4 ,during this period all of the necessary work for routine care of a child must be demonstrated1 including feeding1 bathing1 dressing1 preparing for bed1 arranging bed and windows1 amusing1 giving the air1 and exercise1 and so forth1 according to directions in ,handbook4 #b4 ,what are the most necessary things to be considered when caring for a child under three years of age8 ,elaborate on these points4 #c4 ,what are some of the results of neglecting to do these things8 ,what is the importance of regularity in care1 to child1 to mother1 or nurse8 #d4 ,should a child be picked up or fed every time he cries8 ,what is the result of so doing8 #e4 ,what are the important things to remember in lifting and handling children8 #f4 ,what things are important in connection with their sleeping1 either in or out of doors8 ,up to what age should a child have two naps a day8 ,one nap8 ,what time should a child be put to bed8 #g4 ,how can a baby be encouraged to move itself and take exercise8 #h4 ,what should be done when preparing a baby's bath8 ,how should the bath be given to a little baby8 ,to an older child8 #i4 ,how is a child prepared for bed8 ,how are the bed and room prepared8 #aj4 ,what is the best food for a child up to nine months8 ,if he cannot have this food1 what can take its place1 and how should it be given8 ,what are the principal things to remember concerning the ingredients and preparation of this food1 and the care of utensils8 #aa4 ,at what age may a child be given solid food with safety8 ,what foods are best and how should they be prepared8 #ab4 ,when feeding a child either from a bottle or a spoon1 what precautions should be taken8 ,how often should a child under one year be fed8 from one to two years8 #ac4 ,when suffering from a cold what precautions should be taken8 ,if it is necessary to continue to care for a child in spite of your cold8 ,what is the wisest thing to do first if a child is ill8 ,,references3 ,the ,baby1 ,his ,care and ,training1 ,m4 ,wheeler1 ,harper4 ,care and ,feeding of ,children1 ,ernest ,holt1 ,appleton4 ,the ,home and ,family1 ,kinne and ,cooley1 ,macmillan4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,citizen999999 ,,symbol--,,eight-,,pointed ,,star #a4 ,who is responsible for the government of your country8 #b4 ,whose business is it to see that the laws are enforced8 #c4 ,how can you help make your ,government better8 #d4 ,give the best definition you know of our ,government4 #e4 ,what are the principal qualifications for the vote in your ,state8 #f4 a4 ,who is a citizen8 b4 ,how can a person not a citizen become a citizen8 c4 ,what is the advantage of being a citizen8 #g4 ,who makes the law for you in your ,state8 #h4 ,what part will you have in making that law8 #i4 ,what are the duties of the ,president of the ,united ,states and of each of his ,cabinet8 #aj4 ,name five things on which the comfort and welfare of your family depend1 which are controlled by your ,government4 #aa4 a4 ,what is meant by a secret ballot8 b4 ,how can anyone tell how you vote8 #ab4 ,what is the difference between registering to vote and enrolling in a political party8 #ac4 ,if you enroll in a political party must you vote the straight ticket of that party8 ,,references3 ,the ,woman ,movement in ,america1 ,mc,clurg and ,co41 ,chicago4 ,the ,woman ,voter's ,manual1 ,forman and ,shuler1 ,century ,co41 #aiah4 ,democracy in ,reconstruction1 ,houghton ,mifflin1 #aiai4 ,cleveland and ,schafer4 ,history of ,politics1 ,edward ,jenks1 ,macmillan ,co4 ,the ,subjection of ,women1 ,john ,stuart ,mill1 ,frederick ,stokes4 ,your ,vote and ,how to ,use ,it1 ,mrs4 ,raymond ,brown1 ,harper ,bros4 ,the ,story of a ,pioneer1 ,anna ,howard ,shaw4 ,american ,commonwealth1 ,james ,bryce4 ,promised ,land1 ,mary ,antin1 ,houghton ,mifflin4 ,land of ,fair ,play1 ,geoffrey ,parsons1 ,scribner4 ,making of an ,american1 ,j4 ,a4 ,rils1 ,macmillan4 ,peace and ,patriotism1 ,e4 ,s4 ,smith1 ,lothrop1 ,lee and ,shepard4 ,the ,children in the ,shadow1 ,ernest ,kent ,coulter1 ,mc,bride ,nest and ,co4 ,american ,citizenship1 ,charles and ,mary ,beard1 ,macmillan4 ,illustration3 ,,cook ,,symbol--,,gridiron ,this test is based on the thorough knowledge of the article on ,cooking in the handbook4 ,it may be taken in sections4 ,a certificate may be presented from a ,domestic ,science teacher1 or from the mother if the ,captain knows her and can testify to her competency to judge4 #a4 ,build and regulate the fire in a coal or wood stove1 or if a gas range is used know how to regulate the heat in the oven1 broiler and top4 #b4 ,what does it mean to boil a food8 ,to broil8 ,to bake8 ,why is it not advisable to fry food8 #c4 ,how many cupfuls make a quart8 ,how many tablespoonfuls to a cup8 ,teaspoonfuls to a tablespoon8 #d4 ,be able to cook two kinds of cereal4 #e4 ,be able to make tea1 coffee and cocoa properly4 #f4 ,be able to cook a dried and a fresh fruit4 #g4 ,be able to cook three common vegetables in two ways4 #h4 ,be able to prepare two kinds of salad4 ,how are salads kept crisp8 #i4 ,know the difference in food value between whole milk and skimmed milk4 #aj4 ,be able to boil or coddle or poach eggs properly4 #aa4 ,be able to select meat and prepare the cuts for broiling1 roasting and stewing ,,or be able to clean1 dress and cook a fowl4 #ab4 ,be able to make two kinds of quick bread1 such as biscuits or muffins4 #ac4 ,be able to plan menus for one day1 choosing at least three dishes in which left-overs may be utilized4 ,,references3 ,the ,junior ,cook ,book1 ,girl ,scout ,edition1 ,clara ,ingram1 ,barse and ,hopkins4 ,fun of ,cooking1 ,c4 ,f4 ,benton1 ,century4 ,boston ,cooking ,school ,cook ,book1 ,little4 ,hot ,weather ,dishes1 ,s4 ,t4 ,rorer1 ,arnold and ,co4 ,food and ,health1 ,helen ,kinne and ,anna ,m4 ,cooley1 ,macmillan4 ,illustration3 ,,craftsman ,,symbol--,,primitive ,,decorative ,,design ,to earn this badge a ,girl ,scout must qualify in at least one of the following and must read at least one general reference3 #a4 ,tie-dying3 ,make a tie-dyed scarf using two kinds of tying4 ,reference3 ,dyes and ,dyeing1 ,charles ,e4 ,pellew1 ,mc,bride4 ,industrial and ,applied ,art ,books1 ,book #f1 ,bush4 #b4 ,block ,printing3 ,make an original design for a block print unit using a flower or bird motif4 ,apply to a bag or collar in one color using oil paint or dyes4 #c4 ,stencilling3 ,make an original stencil design for a border1 use flower1 bird1 boat or tree motif4 ,apply in two colors to a bag1 collar or scarf using oil paint or dyes4 #d4 ,crochet1 ,cross-stitch1 ,darning3 ,make an original border design on square paper using any two geometric units1 or a conventional flower or animal form4 ,apply the design to a towel in crochet1 cross-stitch or darning4 ,reference3 ,cross-stitch ,patterns1 ,dorothy ,bradford1 ,industrial ,art ,text ,books1 ,book #f1 ,modern ,priscilla1 ,snow4 #f4 ,weaving1 ,baskets3 ,design a basket shape with its widest dimension not less than six inches1 and make the basket of raffia over a reed or cord foundation4 ,use eight stitch or lazy squaw4 ,reference3 ,how ,to ,make ,baskets1 ,white--,practical ,basketry1 ,mc,kay4 ,inexpensive ,basketry1 ,marten4 ,raffia and ,reed ,weaving1 ,knapp4 ,weaving ,wool3 ,weave a girdle1 a hat band1 or a dress ornament use a simple striped or geometric design1 in three or more colors4 ,reference3 ,hand ,weaving1 ,dorothy ,bradford4 ,hand-loom ,weaving1 ,todd4 ,weaving ,beads3 ,design and weave a bead chain or a bead band for trimming3 use two or more colors4 #g4 ,appliqu3 ,design an appliqu unit in a #g-;inch square that might be applied to a pin cushion top1 a bag or a square for a patchwork quilt4 ,use geometric units or conventional flower or bird forms suggested by cretonnes4 ,work out in cotton materials using two tones of one color or closely related colors1 as brown and orange2 grey and violet4 #h4 ,pottery3 ,design an original shape for a bowl1 vase or paper weight1 and model shape in clay4 ,reference3 ,the ,potter's ,craft1 ,binns--,pottery1 ,cox4 ,industrial ,work for the ,middle ,grades1 ,e4 ,z4 ,worst4 #i4 ,posters3 ,design a ,girl ,scout poster that will illustrate some law or activity4 ,poster to be at least #iab inches and to consist of a simple illustration and not less than three words of lettering4 ,finish in crayon1 water color1 pen and ink1 or tempera4 ,reference3 ,school ,arts ,magazine1 ,jan4 #aibj4 ,poster ,magazine4 #aj4 ,china ,painting3 ,make a conventional design for a border that can be used on a plate1 bowl1 or cup and saucer4 ,work out on the object in one color in a tinted background4 ,references3 ,keramic ,studio--any number4 #aa4 ,decoration3 ,make an original design for a box top or a tray center adapting units found in cretonnes4 ,apply to the object using enamel paints and in a color scheme suggested by the same or another cretonne4 ,,general ,,reference ,,books3 ,read regularly3 ,school ,arts ,magazine1 ,davis ,press4 ,art ,crafts for ,beginners1 ,frank ,g4 ,sanford1 ,century2 ,handicraft for ,girls1 ,mc,gloughlin--,see also3 ,wood ,carving1 ,p4 ,hasbruck1 ,mc,kay4 ,illustration3 ,,cyclist ,,symbol--,,wheel #a4 ,own a bicycle1 and care for it1 cleaning1 oiling1 and making minor repairs1 readjusting chain1 bars and seat4 #b4 ,be able to mend a tire4 #c4 ,demonstrate the use of a road map4 #d4 ,demonstrate leading another bicycle while riding4 #e4 ,know the laws of the road1 right of way1 lighting and so forth4 #f4 ,make satisfactory report to ,captain1 of a bicycle ,scouting expedition as to the condition of a road with camping site for an overnight hike4 #g4 ,pledge the bicycle to the ,government in time of need4 ,,references3 ,american ,girl's ,handibook1 ,l4 ,beard1 ,scribner4 ,for ,playground1 ,field and ,forest1 ,d4 ,c4 ,beard1 ,scribner4 ,illustration3 ,,dairy ,,maid ,,symbol--,,milking ,,stool #a4 ,take entire care of a cow and the milk of one cow for one month1 keeping a record of quantity of each milking4 #b4 ,make butter at four different times1 and submit statement of amount made and of the process followed in making4 #c4 ,make pot cheese2 give method4 #d4 ,name four breeds of cows4 ,how can they be distinguished8 ,which breed gives the most milk8 ,which breed gives the richest milk8 #e4 ,what are the rules for feeding1 watering and pasturing cows8 ,what feed is best for cows8 ,what care should be given cows to keep them in perfect condition8 ,what diseases must be guarded against in cows8 ,why is it so imperative to have a cow barn1 all implements1 workers and cows scrupulously clean8 #f4 ,of what is milk composed8 ,how is cream separated from milk8 ,name two processes and explain each4 ,how and why should milk be strained and cooled before being bottled or canned8 ,,references3 ,stories of ,industry1 ,vol4 #b1 ,a4 ,chase1 ,educational ,pub4 ,co4 ,how the ,world is ,fed1 ,f4 ,g4 ,carpenter1 ,american ,book ,co4 ,foods and their uses1 ,f4 ,g4 ,carpenter1 ,scribner4 ,illustration3 ,,dancer ,,symbol--,,foot ,,in ,,slipper ,this test is being revised4 ,following is a ,temporary ruling 7,july #aibb74 #a4 ,demonstrate three folk dances4 #b4 ,demonstrate three modern social dances in correct form4 ,see rules of ,american ,association of ,dancing ,masters4 ,,or #c4 ,where social dancing is not given approval by parents1 three additional folk dances may be substituted4 ,,references3 ,dances of the ,people1 ,elizabeth ,burchenal1 ,schirmer4 ,folk ,dances and ,singing ,games1 ,elizabeth ,burchenal1 ,schirmer4 ,social ,games and ,group ,dances1 ,j4 ,c4 ,elsom1 ,lippincott4 ,country ,dance ,book1 ,c4 ,j4 ,sharp1 ,novello4 ,illustration3 ,,dressmaker ,,symbol--,,scissors #a4 ,must hold ,needlewoman's ,badge4 #b4 ,must know the bias1 selvage1 and straight width of goods4 #c4 ,must cut and make a garment from a pattern following all rules and directions given4 ,it is suggested that two girls work together on this4 #d4 ,be able to clean1 oil and use a sewing machine4 #e4 ,demonstrate on other persons the way to measure for length of skirt1 length of sleeve1 length from neck to waist line4 ,sew on hooks and eyes so they will not show4 ,hang a skirt1 make a placket1 put skirt on belt4 ,skirt must be hemmed evenly and hang evenly4 #f4 ,know what to do if a waist is too long from the neck to the waist line and does not fit well4 ,,references3 ,complete ,dressmaker1 ,c4 ,e4 ,laughlin1 ,appleton4 ,the ,dress ,you ,wear and ,how to ,make ,it1 ,m4 ,j4 ,rhoe1 ,putnam4 ,the ,dressmaker1 ,butterick ,publishing ,co4 ,clothing and ,health1 ,helen ,kinne and ,anna ,m4 ,cooley1 ,macmillan4 ,clothing3 ,choice1 ,care1 ,cost1 ,mary ,schenet ,woolman1 ,lippincott #aibj4 ,illustration3 ,,drummer ,,symbol--,,drum ,,and ,,sticks ,be prepared to play all of the following taps and steps and in order further to show proficiency on the drum1 perform any feat selected4 #a4 ,roll off2 #b4 ,flam 7right and left hand72 #c4 ,five-stroke roll2 #d4 ,seven-stroke roll2 #e4 ,taps step2 #f4 ,six-eight step2 #g4 two-four step2 #h4 ,single ,stroke4 ,,references3 ,recollections of a ,drummer ,boy1 ,h4 ,m4 ,kieffer1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,illustration3 ,,economist ,,symbol--,,bee ,a ,girl ,scout must qualify for #a and #b1 and either #c or #d4 #a4 ,offer record of ten per cent4 savings from earnings or allowance for three months4 ,show card for ,postal ,savings1 or a ,savings ,bank ,account4 #b4 ,show record from parent or guardian that she has3 a4 ,darned stockings4 b4 ,keep shoes shined and repaired4 c4 ,not used safety pins or other makeshift for buttons1 hooks1 hems of skirts1 belts1 etc4 d4 ,kept clothes mended and cleansed from small spots4 #c4 ,for girls who have the spending of their money1 either in allowance or earnings1 show by character of shoes1 stockings and gloves1 hair-ribbons1 handkerchiefs and other accessories that they know how to select them for wearing qualities and how to keep them in repair4 #d4 ,show record of one week's buying and menus with plans for using food economically1 such as left-overs1 cheap but nourishing cuts of meat1 butter substitutes1 thrifty use of milk such as sour1 skimmed or powdered milk1 and so forth4 ,,references3 ,scout ,law in ,practice1 ,a4 ,a4 ,carey1 ,little4 ,thrift and ,conservation1 ,a4 ,h4 ,chamberlain1 ,lippincott4 ,illustration3 ,,electrician ,,symbol--,,lightning #a4 ,explain the use of magnets for attraction and repulsion4 #b4 ,describe the use of electricity for forming electro-magnets and their use in3 ,electric bell2 ,telegraph2 ,telephone4 #c4 ,what is meant by low and high voltage in electric current8 ,describe the use of current in3 ,dry cell2 ,storage ,battery2 ,dynamo4 #d4 a4 ,describe how current is sent through resistance wire resulting in heat and light1 in case of ,electric lights1 ,electric stoves1 toasters1 flat irons1 etc41 and b4 ,how it is converted into working energy in ,motors4 #e4 ,describe fuses and their use1 and how to replace a burnt-out fuse4 #f4 ,connect two batteries in series with a bell and push button4 #g4 ,demonstrate methods of rescuing a person in contact with live wires1 and of resuscitating a person insensible from shock4 #h4 ,know how electricity is used as motive power for street cars1 trains1 and automobiles4 #i4 ,know the proper way to connect electric appliances such as flat irons1 toasters1 etc4 ,,references3 ,electricity in ,every ,day ,use1 ,j4 ,f4 ,woodfull1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,how to ,understand ,electrical ,work1 ,w4 ,h4 ,onken1 ,harper4 ,harper's ,electricity ,book for ,boys1 ,j4 ,h4 ,adams1 ,harper4 ,electricity for ,young ,people1 ,tudor ,jenks1 ,stokes4 ,heroes of ,progress in ,america1 ,charles ,morris1 ,lippincott4 ,illustration3 ,,farmer ,,symbol--,,sickle ,this badge is given for proficiency in general farming4 ,a ,scout farmer may have her chief interest in rearing animals but she should know something about the main business of the farmer which is tilling the soil4 ,therefore1 the ,scout must fulfill four requirements3 either ,a or ,b under ,i1 and ,,ii1 ,,iii1 and ,,iv4 ,i4 ,a4 ,animal ,care ,a ,scout must have reared successfully one of the following3 a7 ,a brood of at least #ab chickens under hen or with incubator4 b7 ,a flock of at least #ab pigeons1 #ab ducks1 #ab geese or #ab guinea-fowl4 c7 ,a family of rabbits or guinea pigs4 d7 ,a calf1 a colt1 or a pig4 ,a certificate as to the condition of the animals must be presented1 made by some competent judge who has seen them4 ,wherever possible a chart should be made by the ,scout1 showing the schedule of care followed1 including feeding1 and notes on the development of the animals4 ,,and she must also have planted and cultivated a small vegetable garden like the one described in the ,handbook1 in the ,section ,the ,girl ,scout's ,own ,garden ,,or ,b4 ,vegetable raising ,a ,scout may make her main interest the raising of some sort of vegetable or fruit and may do one of the following3 #a4 ,plant1 cultivate and gather the crop from 7a7 ,a small truck garden1 with at least six vegetables1 two berries1 and two salads or greens1 ,,or 7b7 ,where the soil is not suitable for a variety of plants1 she may raise a single vegetable1 like corn or tomatoes1 or tubers4 #b4 ,tend and gather a fruit crop such as apples1 peaches1 pears1 cherries1 oranges1 or any other tree fruit1 ,,or ,cultivate and tend a small vineyard or grape arbor1 and gather the grapes1 ,,or ,plant and cultivate and gather the berries from strawberry1 raspberry1 blackberry1 currant or gooseberry plants4 ,whatever the vegetable or fruit chosen a chart should be made and presented1 showing the schedule of digging1 planting1 sowing and tending1 with notes on the time of appearance of the first shoots1 the size and condition of the crop and so forth4 ,any obstacles met and overcome1 such as insect pests1 drouths or storms should be mentioned4 ,no special size is mentioned for the garden1 as the conditions vary so greatly in different parts of the country4 ,the quality of the work1 and the knowledge gained is the important thing4 ,,ii4 ,identify and collect ten common weeds and tell how to get rid of each4 ,,iii4 ,identify ten common insect pests1 tell what plant or animal each attacks1 and how to get rid of each4 ,,iv4 ,describe four different kinds of soil and tell what is best planted in each4 ,tell what sort of fertilizer should be used in each soil4 ,explain the value of stable manure4 ,,standard ,,references3 ,farmers ,bulletin1 published by the ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,write for catalogue and select the titles bearing on your special interest4 ,the bulletins are free4 ,the ,beginner's ,garden ,book by ,allen ,french1 ,macmillan ,co4 ,manual of ,gardening1 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey1 ,macmillan4 ,principles of ,agriculture1 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey1 ,macmillan4 ,essentials of ,agriculture1 ,h4 ,j4 ,waters1 ,ginn4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,aide999999 ,,symbol--,,red ,,cross ,,in ,,black ,,circle ,a ,girl ,scout should know3 #a4 ,what to do first in case of emergency4 #b4 ,symptoms and treatment of shock4 #c4 ,how and when to apply stimulants4 #d4 ,how to put on a sling4 #e4 ,how to bandage the head1 arm1 hand1 finger1 leg ankle1 eye1 jaw4 #f4 ,what to do for3 a4 bruises1 strains1 sprains1 dislocations1 fractures2 b4 wounds2 c4 burns1 frost bite1 freezing1 sunstroke1 heat exhaustion2 d4 drowning1 electric shock1 gas accidents2 e4 apoplexy1 convulsions2 f4 snake bite2 g4 common emergencies such as3 #a4 cinders in the eye2 #b4 splinter under the nail2 #c4 wound from rusty nail2 #d4 oak and ivy poisoning2 #e4 insect in the ear4 ,a ,girl ,scout should demonstrate3 #g4 ,applying a sterile dressing4 #h4 ,stopping bleeding4 #i4 ,putting on a splint4 #aj4 ,making a stretcher from uniform blanket or ,scout neckerchief and poles4 #aa4 ,the ,schaefer method of artificial respiration4 ,,references3 ,section on ,first ,aid in this ,handbook4 ,american ,red ,cross ,abridged ,text ,books on ,first ,aid1 ,blakiston4 ,illustration3 ,,flower ,,finder ,,symbol--,,flower #a4 ,to pass this test a ,scout must be able to tell the difference between plants and animals and the difference between the two general types of plants4 #b4 ,a ,scout must also pass either the test for ,flowers and ,ferns or ,trees given below4 ,a4 ,,flowers ,,and ,,ferns #a4 ,make a collection of fifty kinds of wild flowers and ferns and correctly name them or make twenty-five photographs or colored drawings of wild flowers and ferns4 #b4 ,why were the following ferns so named3 ,christmas ,fern1 ,sensitive ,fern1 ,walkingleaf ,fern1 ,cinnamon ,fern1 ,flowering ,fern8 #c4 ,name and describe twenty cultivated plants in your locality4 #d4 ,be able to recognize ten weeds4 #e4 ,how can you distinguish ,poison ,ivy from ,virginia ,creeper8 ,what part of ,pokeweed is poisonous8 ,what part of ,jimsonweed is poisonous8 ,be able to recognize at least one poisonous mushroom4 ,b4 ,,trees #a4 ,give examples of the two great groups of trees and distinguish between them4 #b4 ,why is forest conservation important8 ,what are the laws of your ,state concerning forest conservation8 #c4 ,mention at least three uses of trees4 #d4 ,collect1 identify and preserve leaves from twenty-five different species of trees4 #e4 ,mention three trees that have opposite branching and three that have alternate4 #f4 ,how do the flower-buds of ,flowering ,dogwood differ from the leaf-buds8 ,when are the flower-buds formed8 #g4 ,the buds of what tree are protected by a natural varnish8 #h4 ,mention one whose outer bud-scales are covered by fine hairs4 ,can you find a tree that has naked buds8 #i4 ,from a ,sassafras-tree or from a ,tulip-tree collect and preserve leaves of as many shapes as possible4 #aj4 ,name five trees in this country which produce edible nuts4 ,,references3 ,a4 ,,flowers ,,and ,,ferns ,new ,manual of ,botany1 ,asa ,gray1 ,american ,book ,co4 ,illustrated ,flora of the ,northern ,states and ,canada1 7three volumes71 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton1 ,brown and ,addison1 ,scribner4 ,flower ,guide1 ,chester ,a4 ,reed1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,flora of the ,southeastern ,states1 ,john ,k4 ,small1 published by the author1 ,new ,york ,botanical ,garden4 ,flora of the ,rocky ,mountain ,region1 ,p4 ,a4 ,rydberg1 published by the author1 ,new ,york ,botanical ,garden4 ,state ,floras4--,there are some excellent ,state ,floras1 and in order to keep this list from being too long1 it is suggested that the ,scout leader write to the ,professor of ,botany in her ,state ,university and ask for the name1 author and publisher of the best ,flora of her ,state4 ,especially is this advisable for those living in sections of the country not covered by the above references4 ,our ,native ,orchids1 ,william ,hamilton ,gibson4 ,wild ,flower ,book for ,young ,people1 ,a4 ,lounsberry1 ,stokes4 ,field ,book of ,american ,wild ,flowers1 ,f4 ,s4 ,matthews1 ,putnam4 ,emerald ,story ,book1 ,a4 ,m4 ,skinner1 ,duffield4 ,mushrooms1 ,george ,f4 ,atkinson1 ,henry ,holt ,co41 7,see ,handbook1 ,scouting for ,girls1 ,section on ,woodcraft47 ,b4 ,,trees ,,references3 ,field ,book of ,american ,trees and ,shrubs1 ,f4 ,s4 ,matthews1 ,putnam4 ,trees of the ,northern ,united ,states1 ,austin ,c4 ,apgar1 ,american ,book ,co4 ,manual of ,trees of ,north ,america1 ,charles ,s4 ,sargent1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,co4 ,handbook of the ,trees of ,united ,states and ,canada1 ,romeyn ,b4 ,hough1 published by the author1 ,lowville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,trees in ,winter1 ,a4 ,f4 ,blakeslee1 and ,c4 ,d4 ,jarvis1 ,macmillan ,co4 ,the ,book of ,forestry1 ,f4 ,f4 ,moon1 ,appleton4 ,illustration3 ,,gardener ,,symbol--,,trowel ,the test may well be worked for by a patrol or even a troop who can share expenses for tools1 and cultivate together a larger plot of ground than would be possible for any one girl4 ,arrangements may frequently be made through the school garden authorities4 ,alternate3 ,for ,scouts already members of the ,girls' ,garden and ,canning ,club throughout the country1 a duplicate of their reports1 sent in for their season's work1 to the ,state agricultural agents1 or agricultural colleges1 in cooperation with the ,department of ,agriculture of the ,united ,states1 may be submitted as their test material for this badge1 in place of the ,test given4 #a4 ,what are the necessary things to be considered before starting a garden8 ,list them in the correct order4 #b4 ,what exposure is best for the garden8 ,why8 ,at what season of the year is it best to prepare the soil8 ,what care should be given garden tools8 #c4 ,why is it necessary to fertilize the soil for a garden8 ,what kind of fertilizer will you use in your garden1 and why8 #d4 ,do all seeds germinate8 ,what precautions must be taken when purchasing seed8 ,during what month should seed be sown in the ground in your locality8 ,what are the rules for sowing seed as regards depth8 #e4 ,what does it mean to thin out and to transplant8 ,when and why are both done8 #f4 ,what does it mean to cultivate8 ,why is it very important8 ,how is it best done8 ,what should be done with pulled weeds8 #g4 ,when is the proper time of day to water a garden8 ,is moistening the surface of the ground sufficient8 ,if not1 why not8 #h4 ,name five garden pests common in your locality and tell how to eradicate them4 ,name three garden friends and tell what they do4 #i4 ,at what time of day is it best to pick flowers and vegetables8 ,mention two things to be considered in both cases4 #aj4 ,what are tender and hardy plants8 ,herbaceous plants1 annuals1 perennials and biennials8 ,bulbs and tubers8 #aa4 ,select a garden site1 or if space is lacking use boxes1 barrels1 window boxes1 tubs and so forth2 prepare the soil1 choose the seed of not less than six flowers1 and six vegetables that will grow well in the soil and climate in which they are planted2 take entire care of the garden and bring to blossom and fruit at least #ge per cent4 of the seed planted4 ,keep and submit a record of the garden1 including size1 time and money spent1 dates of planting1 blooming1 and gathering of vegetables1 or colors of flowers1 and so forth4 ,,references3 ,harper's ,book for ,young ,gardeners1 ,a4 ,h4 ,verill1 ,harper4 ,beginner's ,garden ,book1 ,allen ,french1 ,macmillan4 ,home ,vegetable ,gardening from ,a to ,z1 ,adolph ,krulm1 ,doubleday4 ,suburban ,gardens1 ,grace ,tabor1 ,outing ,publishing ,co4 ,the ,vegetable ,garden1 ,r4 ,l4 ,watts1 ,outing ,publishing ,co4 ,illustration3 ,,handy-,,woman ,,symbol--,,hammer #a4 ,know how to mend1 temporarily with soap1 a small leak in a water or gas pipe4 #b4 ,know how to turn off the water or gas supply for the house and whom to notify in case of accident1 ,,or ,know what to do to thaw out frozen water pipes1 ,,or ,be able to put on a washer on a faucet1 ,,or ,cover a hot water boiler neatly and securely to conserve the heat1 using newspaper and string4 #c4 ,know the use of and how to use a wrench and pliers4 #d4 ,demonstrate the way to use a hammer1 screw-driver1 awl1 saw can-opener1 corkscrew4 #e4 ,locate by sounding1 an upright in a plaster wall1 and know why and when this is necessary to be done4 #f4 ,put up a shelf using brackets1 strips of wood or both and know under what conditions to use either4 #g4 ,be able to put up hooks for clothes or other articles and properly space them4 #h4 ,be able to measure for and put up a rod in a clothes closet1 ,,or ,be able to repair the spring in a window shade and tack the shade on the roller1 ,,or ,know how to keep clean and care for window and door screens4 #i4 ,must wrap1 tie securely and neatly1 and label a parcel for delivery by express or parcel post4 #aj4 ,be able to sharpen knives using either a grindstone1 whetstone1 the edge of an iron stove1 or another knife4 #aa4 ,clean1 trim and fill an oil lamp1 or put on a gas mantle1 ,,or ,clean1 oil and know how to repair the belt of a sewing machine1 ,,or ,lay a fire in a fireplace and tell what to do with the ashes4 #ab4 ,choose a wall space for a picture1 measure for the wire1 fasten the wire to the picture frame and give the rule concerning height for hanging pictures4 #ac4 ,state how brooms1 dry mops1 dustpans1 and brushes should be placed when not in use1 and be able to wash brushes and place them properly for drying4 ,,references3 ,what a ,girl ,can ,make and ,do1 ,lina ,beard1 ,scribner4 ,harper's ,handy ,book for ,girls1 ,a4 ,p4 ,paret1 ,harper4 ,handicraft for ,handy ,girls1 ,a4 ,n4 ,hall1 ,lothrop4 ,in the ,days of the ,guild1 ,l4 ,lamprey1 ,stokes4 ,illustration3 ,,health ,,guardian999999 ,,symbol--,,the ,,caduceus ,i4 ,recreation and ,health4 ,what is offered to the public in the town you live in1 or in that part of the city in which you live1 in the way of ,play ,grounds1 ,gymnasiums1 ,baths1 ,skating ,rinks1 ,tennis ,courts1 ,golf ,links1 ,water ,sports8 ,if there is a public park in or near the town2 what privileges does it offer1 especially for young people8 ,is it well taken care of8 ,well patronized8 ,discuss briefly why you think the ,government should provide these things and what results may be expected when it does not supply them4 ,how does the lack of them affect the grown people of a town1 in the end8 ,,ii4 ,special ,health ,facilities in your ,locality4 #a4 ,what is the rule as to registering births8 ,what is the advantage of this8 ,what is the infant mortality rate8 ,of what diseases should the local authorities be notified8 ,what diseases must be quarantined8 ,isolated8 ,posted8 ,reported8 #b4 ,food ,supplies4 ,what are milk stations8 ,does your community control the marketing of milk to any degree8 ,why is the milk question so important8 ,are there any laws for your bakeries8 ,what are the regulations as to the storage and protection of meat in local markets8 #c4 ,housing4 ,if three families are willing to live in three rooms in your town1 may they do so8 ,is there anything to prevent your erecting a building of any size and material you wish in any place8 #d4 ,medical ,institutions4 ,is there a public hospital in your town8 ,who has a right to use it8 ,who pays for it8 ,is there a public clinic8 ,why should there be8 ,is there a public laboratory8 ,how would it benefit your community if there were8 ,is there a district nurse8 ,how could ,girl ,scouts assist such a nurse8 #e4 ,schools4 ,is there any medical inspection in your schools8 ,how did it ever effect you8 ,is its work followed up in the home8 ,how are ,girl ,scouts particularly fitted to help in this8 ,is there a school nurse8 ,why does it pay the community to employ one8 ,are luncheons served in your school free1 or at low cost8 ,mention at least two advantages in this and one disadvantage4 ,are there school clinics for eyes and teeth8 ,why are some cities providing such clinics8 #f4 ,baby ,hygiene4 ,is there any place in your town where young or ignorant mothers can ask advice and instruction in the care of infants8 ,state briefly why you think such help would benefit the community in the end4 ,,iii4 ,public ,services and ,sanitation4 #a4 ,who is responsible for the cleaning of the streets8 ,dry or wet method used8 #b4 ,what are the laws concerning the public collection and disposal of garbage8 ,how much responsibility in this line has your family8 ,can you do what you please8 ,is there any practical use for garbage8 #c4 ,what is the source of your local water supply8 ,what measures are taken to make and keep it pure8--,state some of the results of lack of care in this matter4 #d4 ,why should there be regulations about spitting in public places8 ,why are common towels and drinking cups forbidden8 ,what are the general rules for prevention and treatment of tuberculosis8 #e4 ,trace the life history of the house fly or filth fly and tell why it is a menace4 ,how may the fly be exterminated8 ,how are mosquitoes dangerous8 ,how may they be eliminated8 ,,references3 ,democracy in ,reconstruction1 ,frederick ,a4 ,cleveland and ,joseph ,schafer1 ,houghton ,mifflin4 ,a ,manual for ,health ,officers1 ,j4 ,scott ,mac,nutt1 ,john ,wiley and ,sons4 ,house of the ,good ,neighbor1 ,esther ,lovejoy1 ,macmillan4 ,community ,civics1 ,j4 ,field1 ,macmillan4 ,town and ,city1 ,f4 ,g4 ,jewett1 ,ginn and ,co4 ,good ,citizenship1 ,j4 ,richman1 ,american ,book ,co4 ,healthy ,living1 ,charles ,e4 ,winslow1 ,merrill ,co4 ,illustration3 ,,health ,,winner ,,symbol--,,the ,,caduceus ,,in ,,trefoil ,i4 ,to earn this badge a ,girl ,scout must for three months pay attention to those conditions upon which health depends4 ,she should keep a ,health ,record like that shown in the ,handbook1 which must cover at least the following points3 #a4 ,position of body3 ,show improvement in posture4 #b4 ,exercise 7a7 ,walk a mile briskly or walk steadily and vigorously for fifteen minutes1 or take some other active and vigorous outdoor exercise for at least thirty minutes4 ,,or in case of bad weather1 7b7 ,do setting-up exercises as given in ,handbook every day4 ,at least twenty minutes should be spent on these1 either at one time1 or ten minutes night and morning4 ,to make this point will require a record of compliance for at least seventy-five days in three months4 #c4 ,rest4 7a7 ,go to bed early4 ,be in bed by at least #i3cj and sleep from eight to ten hours4 ,do not go to parties1 the theatre1 movies or any other late entertainment on nights before school or work4 #d4 ,supply needs for ,air1 ,water and ,food in the right way3 7a7 ,sleep with window open4 7b7 ,drink at least six glasses of water during the day1 between meals2 taking one before breakfast1 two between breakfast and lunch1 two between lunch and dinner1 and one before going to bed4 7c7 ,eat no sweets1 candy1 cake or ice cream except as dessert after meals4 #e4 ,keep ,clean3 7a7 ,have a bowel movement at least once every day1 preferably immediately after breakfast or the last thing at night4 7b7 ,wash hands after going to the toilet1 and before eating4 ,take a daily tub1 shower or sponge bath1 or rub down with a rough towel every day2 and take a full bath of some sort at least twice a week4 7c7 ,brush teeth twice a day3 after breakfast and just before bed4 7d7 ,wash hair at least once a month1 and brush well every day4 ,,ii4 ,in addition to doing the things that make for health1 the ,girl ,scout must know the answers to the following questions3 #a4 ,what is the best way to care for your teeth8 #b4 ,why is care for the eyes especially necessary8 ,how are the eyes rested8 ,what are the points to remember about light for work8 #c4 ,what is the difference in effect between a hot and cold bath8 #d4 ,how can you care for your feet on a hike so that they will not become blistered or over-tired8 ,,references3 ,good ,health1 ,f4 ,g4 ,jewett1 ,ginn and ,co4 ,how to ,get ,strong and ,how to ,stay ,so1 ,william ,blaikie1 ,harper4 ,keeping ,physically ,fit1 ,wm4 ,j4 ,cromie1 ,macmillan4 ,exercise and ,health1 ,woods ,hutcheson1 ,outing ,pub4 ,co4 ,handbook of ,health and ,nursing1 ,american ,school of ,home ,economics1 ,chicago4 ,food and ,health1 ,helen ,kinne and ,anna ,m4 ,cooley1 ,macmillan4 ,healthy ,living1 ,chas4 ,e4 ,winslow1 ,chas ,e4 ,merrill ,co4 ,illustration3 ,,homemaker ,,symbol--,,crossed ,,keys #a4 ,in planning a house and choosing a site for it what things should be considered8 #b4 ,draw the floor plan of an imaginary house or apartment to be built in your locality for a family of four1 and list the furnishings for each room4 #c4 ,choose a system for heating and state reasons for choice4 #d4 ,how will water be furnished8 ,what precautions should always be taken about the water supply and why8 #e4 ,how will the house be lighted8 ,how will it be ventilated8 #f4 ,state how the walls and floors will be finished and why8 #g4 ,describe the cook stove and the ice box2 tell why they were selected and the best way to keep them clean4 #h4 ,list the utensils used in keeping the house clean4 #i4 ,state why it is particularly necessary to keep the cellar1 closets1 cupboards1 wash basins1 toilets1 sinks1 clean4 ,give ways of cleaning each4 #aj4 ,state the proper way to prepare dishes for washing and the order in which silver1 glass1 table and kitchen dishes should be washed4 #aa4 ,how should rugs1 mattresses1 pillows1 upholstered furniture1 paper walls1 and windows be cleaned8 #ab4 ,how should winter clothes and blankets be stored during the summer8 ,what should be done with soiled laundry prior to washing8 #ac4 ,what is the most economical way to buy flour1 sugar1 cereals1 butter and vegetables8 ,how should they be kept in the house8 #ad4 ,what is the law in your community concerning the disposition of trash1 ashes and garbage8 ,how will you care for these things in the house8 ,if there is no law what will you do with them and why8 #ae4 ,under what conditions do germs thrive and vermin infest8 ,how can both be kept away8 #af4 ,plan the work in your house for one week giving the daily schedule and covering all necessary points4 #ag4 ,tell how to make and use a fireless cooker4 ,explain what it is good for4 #ah4 ,take care of your own bedroom for one month4 ,report just what you do and how long it takes4 ,,references3 ,housewifery1 ,l4 ,ray ,balderston1 ,lippincott4 ,the ,home and the ,family1 ,helen ,kinne and ,anna ,cooley1 ,the ,macmillan ,co4 ,foods and ,household ,management1 ,helen ,kinne and ,anna ,cooley1 ,macmillan4 ,shelter and ,clothing1 ,helen ,kinne and ,anna ,cooley1 ,macmillan4 ,feeding the ,family1 ,m4 ,s4 ,rose1 ,macmillan4 ,handbook of ,food and ,diet1 ,american ,school of ,home ,economics1 ,chicago4 ,,magazines3 ,the ,house ,beautiful1 ,ladies ,home ,journal1 ,delineator1 ,good ,housekeeping4 ,illustration3 ,,home ,,nurse999999 ,,symbol--,,green ,,cross #a4 ,describe care of the room under following points3 7a7 ,ventilation heat and sun2 7b7 ,character and amount of furniture2 7c7 ,cleanliness and order2 7d7 ,daily routine2 7e7 ,general atmosphere4 #b4 ,demonstrate bed making with patient in bed4 ,bed must be made in fifteen minutes4 #c4 7a7 ,show how to help a patient in the use of a bedpan4 7b7 ,care of utensils1 dishes1 linen and their disinfection4 #d4 ,bodily care of patient4 ,know all the following and be able to demonstrate any two points asked for3 7a7 ,bathing2 7b7 ,rubbing2 7c7 ,changing of body linen2 7d7 ,combing hair2 7e7 ,lifting and changing position2 7f7 ,arranging of supports2 7g7 ,temperature1 pulse and respiration2 7h7 ,feeding when helpless4 #e4 ,local applications1 hot and cold1 7fomentations1 compresses etc47 7,demonstrate at least one point74 #f4 ,common household remedies and their use3 castor oil1 soda1 olive oil1 epsom salts1 aromatic spirits of ammonia4 #g4 ,first treatment of some common household emergencies1 cramps1 earache1 headache1 cold1 chills1 choking1 nosebleed1 and fainting4 #h4 ,how to give an enema4 #i4 ,proper food for invalids and serving it4 ,be able to prepare and serve five of the following4 ,two foods must be shown to examiner and three may be certified to by mother or other responsible person4 #a4 ,cereal1 as oatmeal1 gruel2 cereal water1 as barley water4 #b4 ,toast1 toast water1 milk toast1 cream toast4 #c4 ,plain albumen1 albuminized water1 albuminized milk4 #d4 ,eggnog1 soft cooked egg1 poached egg4 #e4 ,pasteurized milk1 junket1 custard4 #f4 ,beef1 mutton1 chicken1 clam or oyster broth4 #g4 ,fruit beverage1 stewed dried fruit1 baked apple4 #h4 ,gelatin jellies1 chicken jelly4 #i4 ,tea1 coffee1 cocoa4 ,,references3 ,home ,hygiene and ,care of the ,sick4 ,red ,cross ,text by ,jane ,a4 ,delano1 ,r4 ,n4 ,revised by ,anne ,h4 ,strong1 ,r4 ,n41 ,blakiston1 ,philadelphia1 #aibb4 ,what to do ,before the ,doctor ,comes1 ,frieda ,e4 ,lippert1 ,lippincott4 ,home ,nurses ,handbook of ,practical ,nursing1 ,c4 ,a4 ,aikens1 ,saunders4 ,home ,nursing1 ,louisa ,c4 ,lippitt1 ,world ,book ,co4 ,illustration3 ,,horsewoman ,,symbol--,,stirrup #a4 ,demonstrate saddling and bridling a saddle horse4 #b4 ,demonstrate riding at a walk1 trot and gallop4 #c4 ,demonstrate harnessing correctly in single harness4 #d4 ,demonstrate driving in single harness4 #e4 ,what are the rules of the road as to turning out8 #f4 ,what are the rules for feeding and watering a horse1 and how do these vary according to conditions8 #g4 ,what implements are used for grooming a horse8 ,show how they should be used4 #h4 ,hitch a horse1 using the best knot for that purpose4 #i4 ,know principal causes of and how to detect and how to remedy lameness and sore back4 #aj4 ,know how to detect and remove a stone from the foot4 #aa4 ,know the principal points of a horse1 and the different parts of the harness4 ,,references3 ,riding and ,driving for ,women1 ,b4 ,beach1 ,scribner4 ,horsemanship1 ,c4 ,c4 ,fraser4 ,illustration3 ,,hostess ,,symbol--,,cup ,,and ,,saucer #a4 ,demonstrate receiving1 introducing and bidding guests goodbye4 #b4 ,write notes of invitation for a luncheon1 dinner party1 and write a letter inviting a friend to make a visit4 #c4 ,give an out of door party or picnic planning entertainment1 and prepare and serve refreshments1 ,,or ,demonstrate ability to plan for an indoor party1 arranging the rooms1 a place for wraps1 entertainment of guests1 serving of refreshments4 #d4 ,set a table and entertain guests for lunch or dinner or afternoon tea and demonstrate the duties of a hostess who has no maid1 or one who has a maid1 to serve4 #e4 ,what are the duties of a hostess when entertaining a house guest for a few days or more8 ,,guests3 #f4 ,when entertained as a house guest what are some of the necessary things to be remembered8 #g4 ,what is a bread and butter letter8 ,write one4 #h4 ,when invited to a party1 luncheon1 dinner1 or to make a visit1 how should the invitations be acknowledged8 ,write at least two letters to cover the question4 #i4 ,what are the duties of a caller1 dinner or party guest as concerns time of arrival1 length of stay and leaving8 ,,references3 ,everyday ,manners1 for ,american ,boys and ,girls1 by the ,faculty of the ,south ,philadelphia ,high ,school for ,girls1 ,macmillan1 #aibb4 ,dame ,courtesy's ,book of ,novel ,entertainments1 ,e4 ,h4 ,glover1 ,mc,clurg4 ,hostess of ,today1 ,l4 ,h4 ,larned1 ,scribner4 ,bright ,ideas for ,entertaining1 ,h4 ,b4 ,linscott1 ,jacobs4 ,illustration3 ,,interpreter ,,symbol--,,united ,,states ,,army ,,emblem #a4 ,show ability to converse in a language other than ,english4 #b4 ,translate quickly and accurately a conversation in a foreign language into ,english1 and ,english into a foreign language4 #c4 ,be able to write a simple letter in a language other than one's own1 subject to be given by examiner4 #d4 ,read a passage from a book or newspaper written in a language other than one's own4 #e4 ,write a clear intelligible letter in a foreign language4 ,illustration3 ,,journalist99999999 ,,symbol--,,bottle ,,and ,,pen #a4 ,know how a newspaper is made1 its different departments1 functions of its staff1 how the local news is gathered1 how the news of the world is gathered and disseminated--,inquire at newspaper office4 #b4 ,what is a news item8 #c4 ,what is an editorial8 #d4 ,describe briefly the three important kinds of type-setting used today4 #e4 ,write two articles1 not to exceed five hundred words each1 on events that come within the observation of the ,scouts4 ,for instance give the school athletic events or describe an entertainment for ,scouts in church or school or rally4 #f4 ,write some special story about ,scoutcraft such as a hike or camping experience4 ,,references3 ,newspaper1 ,g4 ,b4 ,dibble1 ,holt4 ,handbook of ,journalism1 ,n4 ,c4 ,fowler1 ,sully4 ,illustration3 ,,laundress ,,symbol--,,flat ,,iron #a4 ,what elements are needed to clean soiled clothes8 #b4 ,show a blouse that you have starched and folded1 ,,or ,show a skirt and coat you have pressed4 #c4 ,how is starch made8 ,how is it prepared for use8 #d4 ,what is soap8 ,how is it made8 ,what is soap powder8 #e4 ,how can you soften hard water8 ,how are a ringer and a mangle used8 #f4 ,name steps to take in washing colored garments4 #g4 ,should table linen be starched8 ,why8 #h4 ,why do we run clothes through blueing water8 ,what is blueing8 ,how made8 #i4 ,know the different kinds of irons and how to take care of irons4 #aj4 ,how to remove stains2 ink1 fruit1 rust1 grass1 cocoa and grease4 ,why must stains be removed before laundering8 #aa4 ,what clothes should be boiled to make them clean8 ,how are flannels washed8 ,what should be done to clothes after drying before they are ironed8 ,,references3 ,saturday ,mornings1 ,c4 ,b4 ,burrell1 ,dana ,estes4 ,first ,aid to the ,young ,housekeeper1 ,c4 ,t4 ,herrick1 ,scribner4 ,guide to ,laundry ,work1 ,m4 ,d4 ,chambers1 ,boston ,cooking ,school4 ,approved ,methods for ,home ,laundry1 ,mary ,beals ,vail1 ,b4 ,s41 ,proctor ,gamble ,co4 ,illustration3 ,,milliner ,,symbol--,,bonnet #a4 ,renovate a hat by removing1 cleaning and pressing all trimmings and the lining1 turn or clean the hat and replace trimmings and lining4 #b4 ,trim a felt hat and make and sew in the lining4 #c4 ,make a gingham1 cretonne or straw hat using a wire frame4 #d4 ,what is felt and how is it made into hats8 #e4 ,what is straw and how is it prepared for millinery purposes8 #f4 ,how is straw braid for hats sold8 #g4 ,what is meant by a hand made hat8 #h4 ,can the shape of a felt or straw hat be materially changed8 if so by what process8 #i4 ,what kind of thread is best for sewing trimming on to a hat8 #aj4 ,how is the head measured for ascertaining the head size for a hat8 ,,references3 ,art of ,millinery1 ,anna ,ben ,yusef1 ,millinery ,trade ,pub4 ,co4 ,illustration3 ,,motorist99999999 ,,symbol--,a ,,winged ,,wheel ,to qualify for this badge a ,scout must be at least eighteen1 and must pass the examination which was required for the ,motor ,corps of the ,national ,league for ,women's ,service4 ,this includes3 #a4 ,a certificate of health from a physician4 #b4 ,possessing the ,first ,aide ,badge4 #c4 ,a diploma from a training course for motorists1 such as that run by the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 with a mark of at least #he per cent4 #d4 ,a driver's license from her ,state1 signed by the ,secretary of ,state4 #e4 ,taking the oath of allegiance4 ,,reference3 ,the ,gasoline ,automobile1 by ,hobbs1 ,elliott and ,consoliver1 ,mc,graw1 ,hill ,book ,co4 ,putnam's ,automobile ,handbook1 ,h4 ,c4 ,brokaw1 ,putnam4 ,illustration3 ,,musician ,,symbol--,,harp ,for pianist1 violinist1 cellist or singer4 #a4 ,play or sing a scale and know its composition4 #b4 ,write a scale in both the treble and bass clef4 #c4 ,know a half-tone1 whole tone1 a third1 fifth and octave4 #d4 ,be able to distinguish a march from a waltz1 and give the time of each4 #e4 ,what is a quarter1 half and whole note1 draw symbols4 #f4 ,name five great composers and one composition of each1 including an opera1 a piano composition1 a song4 ,two of the foregoing must be ,american4 #g4 ,play or sing from memory three verses of the ,star ,spangled ,banner4 ,the ,battle ,hymn of the ,republic and ,america4 #h4 ,play or sing correctly from memory one piece of good music4 #i4 ,for instrumentalist3 ,be able to play at sight a moderately difficult piece and explain all signs and terms in it4 ,for singers3 ,show with baton how to lead a group in singing compositions written in #c_/d and #d_/d time4 #aj4 ,what is an orchestra3 ,name at least five instruments in an orchestra4 ,,references3 ,art of the ,singer1 ,w4 ,t4 ,henderson1 ,scribner4 ,how to ,listen to ,music1 ,h4 ,e4 ,krehbiel1 ,scribner4 ,orchestral ,instruments and ,what ,they ,do1 ,d4 ,g4 ,mason1 ,novello4 ,illustration3 ,,needlewoman ,,symbol--,,spool1 ,,thread ,,and ,,needle #a4 ,know how to run a seam1 overcast1 roll and whip1 hem1 tuck1 gather1 bind1 make a ,french seam1 make buttonhole1 sew on buttons1 hooks and eyes1 darn and patch4 ,submit samples of each4 #b4 ,show the difference between straight and on the bias1 and how to make both4 #c4 ,know the difference between linen1 cotton and woolen1 and pick out samples of each4 #d4 ,know how thread1 silk and needles are numbered and what the numbers indicate4 #e4 ,know how to measure and plan fullness for edging or lace4 #f4 ,know how to lay a pattern on cloth1 cut out a simple article of wearing apparel and make same4 ,use this article to demonstrate as much of question #a as possible4 #g4 ,knit1 either a muffler1 sweater or baby's jacket and cap and crochet one yard of lace or make a yard of tatting4 #h4 ,hemstitch or scallop a towel or bureau scarf and work an initial on it in cross stitch4 ,,references3 ,complete ,dressmaker1 ,c4 ,e4 ,laughlin1 ,appleton4 ,art in ,needlework1 ,s4 ,f4 ,day1 ,scribner4 ,illustration3 ,,pathfinder ,,symbol--,a ,,hand ,,pointing #a4 ,describe the general plan of the city1 town or village in which you live1 locate the principal shopping1 business and residence districts and know how to reach them from any quarter of the city1 town or village4 ,be able to direct a person to the nearest place of worship to which they desire to go1 ,,or ,describe in a general way the township or county in which you live giving the principal roads1 naming two of the nearest and largest cities or towns1 giving their distance from your residence and telling how to reach them4 #b4 ,know the route of the principal surface car and subway lines1 ,,or ,the name of the nearest railroad division to your residence and four of the principal cities or towns through which it passes within a distance of one hundred miles4 #c4 ,know at least three historic points of interest within the limits of your city1 town or village1 how to get to them and why they are historic1 ,,or ,tell of three things of interest concerning the history of your own community4 #d4 ,know the name and location of the ,post ,office1 ,telegraph and ,telephone ,stations1 ,public ,library1 ,city or ,town ,hall1 one ,hospital of good standing1 one hotel or inn1 three churches1 one ,protestant1 one ,catholic1 one ,synagogue1 and the nearest railroad1 ,,or ,know the name1 location and distance from your home or village of the nearest ,library1 ,hospital1 ,church1 ,post ,office1 ,telegraph and ,telephone and ,railroad ,stations4 #e4 ,know the name and location of three buildings or places in your city1 town or village1 of interest from a point of beauty either of architecture1 decoration or surroundings1 ,,or ,know and locate three places of interest within ten miles of your home1 because of beautiful views or surroundings1 ,,or give directions for taking a walk through beautiful woods1 lanes or roads4 #f4 ,draw a map of the district around your home covering an area of one quarter square mile1 noting streets1 schools and other public buildings1 fire alarm boxes1 at least one public telephone booth1 one doctor's office1 one drug store1 one provision store1 and four points of the compass4 ,draw to scale1 ,,or ,draw a map covering a half square mile of country around your home noting schools and any other public buildings1 roads1 lanes1 points of interest1 historic or otherwise1 streams1 lakes and four cardinal points of the compass4 ,map must be drawn to scale4 #g4 ,know how to use the fire alarm1 how to consult telephone directory1 how to call for assistance in case of water leak1 accident1 burglary1 forest fire and how to call the police for any other emergency4 #h4 ,find any of the four cardinal points of the compass by sun or stars1 by use of a watch and a cane or stick4 ,,references3 ,sections in ,handbook on ,woodcraft1 and ,measurements and ,map-making1 and publications of local ,historical ,societies1 ,guides and ,directories4 ,illustration3 ,,photographer ,,symbol--,,camera ,,on ,,standard #a4 ,submit six good photographs1 interior and out of door1 taken1 developed and printed by self1 ,,or twelve good photographs taken by self including portraits1 animals1 out of door and indoor subjects4 #b4 ,what constitutes a good picture8 #c4 ,give three rules to be followed in taking interiors1 portraits and out of door pictures4 #d4 ,name and describe briefly the processes used in photography4 #e4 ,tell what a camera is and name and describe the principal parts of a camera4 #f4 ,what is a film8 ,what is a negative8 #g4 ,what position in relation to the sun should a photographer take when exposing a film8 #h4 ,should a shutter be operated slowly8 ,if so1 why8 #i4 ,what causes buildings in a picture to look as if they were falling8 #aj4 ,what precautions should be taken when reloading a camera and taking out an exposed film8 #aa4 ,what is an enlargement8 ,how is it made8 #ab4 ,what are the results of under exposure and over exposure8 #ac4 ,what are the results of failing to take the proper camera distance1 having improper light and allowing the camera to move8 #ad4 ,if there is more than one method of exposing a film what determines the method to be used8 ,,references3 ,how to ,make ,good ,pictures1 ,eastman ,kodak ,company4 ,the ,photo ,miniature1 such numbers as appear to be needed4 ,nature and the ,camera1 ,a4 ,r4 ,dugmore1 ,doubleday4 ,photography for ,young ,people1 ,t4 ,jenks1 ,stokes4 ,why ,my ,photographs ,are ,bad1 ,c4 ,m4 ,taylor1 ,jacobs4 ,illustration3 ,,pioneer999999 ,,symbol--,,axes #a4 ,tell four things that must be considered when choosing a camp site4 #b4 ,know how to use a saw1 an axe1 a hatchet4 #c4 ,know how to select and fell a tree for building or fuel purposes4 ,know a fork and sapling and their uses4 #d4 ,build or help three others to build a shack suitable for four occupants4 #e4 ,make a latrine1 an incinerator1 a cache4 #f4 ,make a fireplace for heating and cooking purposes and cook a simple meal over it4 #g4 ,know how to tell the directions of the wind4 #h4 ,know how to mark a trail4 #i4 ,tell what to do to make water safe for drinking if there is any question as to its purity4 ,,references3 ,campward ,ho6 ,a ,manual for ,girl ,scout ,camps1 ,national ,headquarters1 ,girl ,scouts1 ,inc4 ,camping and ,woodcraft1 ,horace ,kephart1 ,macmillan4 ,on the ,trail1 ,l4 ,beard1 ,scribner4 ,vacation ,camps for ,girls1 ,jeannette ,marks1 ,d4 ,appleton4 ,illustration3 ,,rock ,,tapper#i ,,symbol--,,pick ,,and ,,shovel #a4 ,collect and correctly identify ten rocks found among the glacial boulders4 #b4 ,make photograph or make sketch of glacial boulders4 #c4 ,collect two or three scratched glaciated pebbles or cobblestones in the drift4 #d4 ,make a sketch or photograph of an exposed section of glaciated or scratched bed-rock and note as accurately as you can the direction of the scratches or grooves4 ,,references3 ,the ,story of ,our ,continent1 ,n4 ,s4 ,shaler1 ,ginn and ,co4 ,the ,great ,ice ,age and ,its ,relation to the ,antiquity of ,man1 ,d4 ,appleton and ,co4 ,a ,text ,book of ,geology1 portion of ,chapter ,,xxv entitled ,the ,glacial ,epoch in ,north ,america1--,d4 ,appleton and ,co4 ,physiography for ,high ,school1 ,chapter ,v entitled1 ,the ,work of ,snow and ,ice1 ,henry ,holt and ,co4 ,an ,introduction to ,physical ,geography1 ,chapter ,,vi entitled1 ,glaciers1 ,d4 ,appleton1 or any other good text-book of geology or physical geography4 ,travels in ,alaska1 ,john ,muir4 ,illustration3 ,,sailor999999 ,,symbol--,,anchor ,qualify for questions under ,a1 one to eleven1 and one other test on rowboat1 sailboat1 canoe or motor boat4 ,a4 ,,general #a4 ,swim twenty-five yards with clothes and shoes on1 or hold the swimming merit badge4 #b4 ,know sixteen points of the compass4 #c4 ,find any one of the four cardinal points of the compass by sun or stars4 #d4 ,know the rules for right of way4 #e4 ,know how to counteract the effect of current1 tide and wind4 #f4 ,demonstrate making a landing1 coming along side1 making fast1 pushing off4 #g4 ,what is a calm8 ,what is a squall8 ,what are the sky and water conditions that denote the approach of the latter8 #h4 ,why are squalls dangerous8 #i4 ,what are the dangers of moving about or standing in a boat8 #aj4 ,tie four knots for use in handling a boat4 ,prepare1 tie and throw a life line a distance of #be feet4 #aa4 ,which is the port and which the starboard side of the boat1 and what color lights represent each4 ,b4 ,,rowboat4 #a4 ,demonstrate correct way to step into a rowboat1 to boat the oars1 feather the oars1 turn around1 row backward1 back water1 keep a straight course4 #b4 ,name two types of row boats4 #c4 ,demonstrate rowing alone on a straight course for a period of one-half hour4 ,keep stroke with another person for the same length of time4 #d4 ,demonstrate sculling or poling4 #e4 ,bail and clean a boat4 #f4 ,what does it mean to trim ship8 ,c4 ,,sailboat4 #a4 ,demonstrate hoisting a sail1 taking in a reef1 letting out a reef1 steering1 sailing close to the wind1 before the wind1 coming about1 coming up into the wind4 #b4 ,what is meant by tacking8 #c4 ,what is the difference between a keel and centerboard type of boat8 ,tell the advantage of each4 #d4 ,coil the ropes on a sailboat4 #e4 ,name three different types of sailboats4 ,d4 ,,canoe4 #a4 ,where and how should a canoe be placed when not in use8 #b4 ,demonstrate putting a canoe into the water1 stepping into it1 taking it out1 and the technique of bow and stern paddling4 #c4 ,overturn1 right and get back into a canoe4 #d4 ,name two standard makes of canoes4 #e4 ,what does it mean to make a portage8 ,e4 ,,motorboat4 #a4 ,know how to oil the engine and the best kind of oil with which to oil it4 #b4 ,demonstrate cleaning the engine2 cranking the engine4 #c4 ,know how to measure gas in tank1 how much gas the tank holds1 and how long the engine will run when the tank is full4 ,know how to judge good gasoline4 #d4 ,why should a motor boat never be left without turning off the gas8 ,state reasons4 #e4 ,be able to rectify trouble with the carburetor4 #f4 ,know proper weight of anchor for boat2 how to lower and hoist anchor2 how to ground anchor so boat will not drag2 know the knot to fasten rope to anchor and rope to boat1 and how to throw out anchor4 #g4 ,demonstrate how to coil rope so it will not kink when anchor is thrown out4 #h4 ,know channels and right of way by buoys and lights4 ,,references3 ,harper's ,boating ,book for ,boys1 ,c4 ,j4 ,davis1 ,harper4 ,boat ,sailing1 ,a4 ,j4 ,kenealy1 ,outing4 ,illustration3 ,,scribe ,,symbol--,,open ,,book #a4 ,submit an original short story1 an essay or play or poem4 #b4 ,know three authors of prose and their compositions4 #c4 ,mention the names and some works of three novelists1 two essayists1 three poets1 two dramatists of the present century1 at least three of them ,american4 ,illustration3 ,,signaller ,,symbol--,,crossed ,,flags ,,semaphore #a4 ,give alphabet correctly in #cj seconds1 or less4 #b4 ,give the following abbreviations correctly2 ,,affirmative1 ,,acknowledge1 ,,attention1 ,,error1 ,,negative1 ,,preparatory1 ,,annulling1 ,,sign ,,of ,,numerals4 #c4 ,send message not previously read1 of twenty words1 containing three numerals and sent at the rate of #ej letters per minute4 ,only one error to be allowed4 ,technique is to be considered and judged4 #d4 ,receive unknown message of twenty words1 containing three numerals at the same rate4 ,two errors to be allowed4 ,scouts may have someone take message down in writing as they read it1 and five minutes in which to rewrite it afterwards4 ,,wigwag #a4 ,give alphabet correctly in two and one half minutes or less4 #b4 ,give numerals up to ten correctly4 #c4 ,send message not previously read1 of twenty words1 containing three numerals1 at the rate of ten letters per minute4 ,only one error allowed2 technique and regularity to be considered and judged4 #d4 ,receive unknown message of twenty words1 containing three numerals1 to be given at the rate of #aj letters per minute--,two errors to be allowed4 ,conditions for receiving1 the same as in ,semaphore4 ,,buzzer ,,general ,,service ,,code #a4 ,send message of twenty words1 not previously read1 at the rate of ten letters per minute4 ,two errors allowed4 #b4 ,receive unknown message of twenty words to be given at the same rate4 ,two errors allowed4 ,scouts to be allowed five minutes in which to rewrite message1 afterwards4 ,,references3 ,how to ,signal by ,many ,methods1 ,j4 ,gibson1 ,gale4 ,cadet ,manual1 ,e4 ,z4 ,steever1 ,lippincott4 ,boys' ,camp ,manual1 ,c4 ,k4 ,taylor1 ,century4 ,outdoor ,signalling1 ,elbert ,wells1 ,outing ,pub4 ,co4 ,illustration3 ,,star ,,gazer ,,symbol--,,star ,,group #a4 ,what is meant by the ,solar ,system8 #b4 ,make a diagram showing the relative positions and movements of the earth1 sun and moon4 ,what governs the tide8 ,what causes an eclipse8 ,what is a comet1 a shooting star1 a sun spot8 #c4 ,name the planets in their order from the sun4 ,which planet is nearest the earth and give its distance8 #d4 ,how fast does light travel8 #e4 ,what is the difference between planets and fixed stars and name three of the latter4 #f4 ,what is a constellation8 ,name and be able to point out six4 ,name two constellations which are visible throughout the year4 #g4 ,draw a chart of the ,big ,dipper and ,cassiopeia and the ,north ,star at intervals of three hours through the night using a fixed frame and drawing from the same spot4 #h4 ,observe a sunrise and a sunset4 #i4 ,what is the ,milky-,way8 ,give its course through the heavens4 #aj4 ,what is a morning star8 ,what is an evening star8 #aa4 ,explain zenith and nadir4 #ab4 ,what is the ,aurora ,borealis8 ,have you seen it8 ,,references3 ,field ,book of ,stars1 ,w4 ,t4 ,olcott1 ,putnam4 ,the ,book of ,stars1 ,r4 ,f4 ,collins1 ,d4 ,appleton4 ,around the ,year ,with the ,stars1 ,garrett ,p4 ,serviss1 ,harper4 ,monthly ,evening ,sky ,map1 ,barrett1 #cfj ,fulton ,street1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,star ,people1 ,gaylord ,johnson1 ,macmillan #aiba4 ,especially for ,younger ,scouts4 ,the ,call of the ,stars1 ,john1 ,r4 ,kilfax4 ,illustration3 ,,swimmer ,,symbol--,,life ,,buoy ,the following is identical with the life-saving test for ,juniors of the ,american ,red ,cross4 ,if the test is given by one of the various examiners of the ,first ,aid ,service of the ,american ,red ,cross the ,scout may wear in addition to the regular ,scout ,badge the ,junior ,life ,saving ,badge4 ,it is recommended that ,girl ,scout troops work toward the establishment of ,junior ,life ,saving ,crews1 directions for the formation of which may be secured from any ,american ,red ,cross ,division4 ,i4 ,pass the swimmer's test for ,american ,red ,cross as follows3 a4 ,swim #ajj yards1 using two or more strokes4 b4 ,dive properly from a take-off4 c4 ,swim on back #ej feet4 d4 ,retrieve objects at reasonable depth from surface 7at least #h feet74 ,,ii4 ,life ,savers must pass the following test1 winning at least #ge points4 ,the value in points for each section of the test is given in parenthesis after it3 #a4 ,carry a person of own weight #aj yards1 by3 a4 ,head carry4 7#aj points74 b4 ,cross ,chest ,carry4 7#aj points74 c4 ,hair or two point carry1 or repeat cross chest carry4 7#i points74 d4 ,tired ,swimmer's carry4 7#e points74 #b4 ,break three grips1 turning after break1 bring subject to surface1 and start ashore3 a4 ,wrist hold4 7#h points74 b4 ,front neck hold 7#aj points74 c4 ,back neck hold4 7#aj points74 #c4 ,make surface dive and recover object from bottom4 7#aj points74 #d4 ,demonstrate the ,schaefer method of inducing artificial respiration4 7#ah points74 #e4 ,disrobe in water from middy blouse1 skirt or bloomers1 and camp shoes1 and then swim one hundred yards1 not touching shore from time entering water4 7#aj points74 ,illustration3 ,,telegrapher ,,symbol--,,telegraph ,,pole ,either3 a4 ,telegraphy1 #a4 ,send #bb letters per minute using a sounder and ,american ,morse ,code4 #b4 ,receive #be letters per minute and write out the message in long hand or on a typewriter directly from sound4 ,no mistakes allowed4 ,,or b4 ,wireless4 ,pass examination for lowest grade wireless operator according to ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 regulations4 ,,reference3 ,harper's ,beginning ,electricity1 ,d4 ,c4 ,shafer1 ,harper4 ,illustration3 ,,zoologist ,,symbol--,,seahorse ,i4 ,to pass this test a ,scout must be able to tell in a general way the differences between plants and animals1 the different kinds of animals1 ,invertebrates and ,vertebrates1 and among the ,vertebrates to distinguish between ,fishes1 ,amphibia1 ,reptiles1 ,birds and ,mammals4 ,,ii4 ,she must also pass the test on ,mammals and the test on at least one other group3 either ,invertebrates1 ,fishes1 ,amphibia1 ,reptiles or ,birds1 7,for this see special test under ,bird ,hunter74 ,a4 ,,mammals #a4 ,describe and give life history of ten wild mammals personally observed and identified4 #b4 ,name two mammals that kill fruit trees by girdling them4 #c4 ,mention three mammals that destroy the farmer's grain4 #d4 ,state game laws of your ,state which apply to mammals4 #e4 ,name and locate one great game preserve in the ,united ,states and mention five game mammals protected there4 ,b4 ,,reptiles #a4 ,give the life history of one reptile4 #b4 ,give names of three ,turtles that you have identified in the open4 #c4 ,what is the only poisonous ,lizard in the ,united ,states8 #d4 ,name and describe the poisonous ,snakes of your ,state4 ,c4 ,,amphibians #a4 ,describe the life history of the frog or the toad4 #b4 ,describe the wonderful power of changing color shown by the common ,tree-frog4 #c4 ,what is the difference in the external appearance of a salamander and a lizard8 #d4 ,give a list of five ,amphibians that you have identified in the open4 ,d4 ,,fishes #a4 ,describe the habits of feeding and egg-laying in one of our native fishes4 #b4 ,mention a common fish that has no scales1 one that has very small scales1 and one that has comparatively large scales4 #c4 ,name five much-used food fishes of the sea1 and five fresh-water food-fishes4 #d4 ,what are some necessary characteristics of a game-fish8 ,mention a well-known salt-water game fish1 and two fresh-water ones4 #e4 ,describe the nest of some local fish1 giving location1 size1 etc4 ,e4 ,,invertebrates 7,,either of the following7 a4 ,insects and ,spiders #a4 ,how may mosquitoes be exterminated8 #b4 ,collect1 preserve and identify ten butterflies1 five moths1 ten other insects1 and three spiders4 #c4 ,describe the habit that certain ants have of caring for plant-lice or aphids which secrete honey-dew4 #d4 ,describe the life-history of one of our solitary wasps4 7,see ,wasps ,social and ,solitary1 by ,george ,w4 and ,elizabeth ,g4 ,peckham2 ,houghton ,mifflin ,co47 #e4 ,describe the life of a hive or colony of honey bees4 7,see ,the ,life of the ,bee1 by ,maurice ,maeterlinck1 ,dodd ,mead ,co47 b4 ,sea ,shore ,life #a4 ,name five invertebrates used as food and state where they are found4 #b4 ,what is the food of the starfish8 ,how are starfish destroyed8 #c4 ,name twenty invertebrates which you have seen and give the locality where they were found4 #d4 ,name five invertebrates that live in the water only and five that burrow in the mud or sand4 #e4 ,what invertebrate was eaten by the ,indians and its shell used in making wampum8 ,where have you seen this animal8 ,,general ,,references ,a4 ,,mammals ,life-,histories of ,northern ,animals1 #b vols41 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 ,scribner4 ,american ,animals1 ,stone1 ,witmer and ,wm4 ,e4 ,cram1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,american ,natural ,history1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,mammals1 ,wm4 ,t4 ,hornaday1 ,scribner4 ,squirrels and ,other ,fur-,bearers1 ,john ,burroughs1 ,houghton1 ,mifflin4 ,kindred of the ,wild1 ,c4,g4,d4 ,roberts1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,animals1 ,their ,relation and ,use to ,man1 ,c4,d4 ,wood1 ,ginn and ,co4 ,popular ,natural ,history1 ,j4,g4 ,wood1 ,winston4 ,b4 ,,reptiles ,reptile ,book1 ,raymond ,l4 ,ditmars1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,the ,poisonous ,snakes of ,north ,america1 ,leonhard ,stejnegar1 ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 #ahic4 ,c4 ,,amphibians ,the ,frog ,book1 ,mary ,cynthia ,dickerson1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,manual of ,vertebrates of the ,northern ,united ,states1 ,david ,starr ,jordon1 ,a4,c4 ,mc,clurg ,pub4 ,co4 ,nature ,study and ,life1 ,clifton ,f4 ,hodge1 ,ginn and ,co4 ,d4 ,,fishes ,american ,food and ,game ,fishes1 ,david ,starr ,jordan and ,barton ,w4 ,evermann1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,the ,care of ,home ,aquaria1 ,raymond ,c4 ,osburn1 ,new ,york ,zoological ,society4 ,the ,story of the ,fishes1 ,james ,newton ,baskett1 ,d4 ,appleton and ,co4 ,e4 ,,invertebrates a4 ,insects and ,spiders ,butterfly ,guide1 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland1 ,doubleday ,page4--7,for beginners74 ,our ,common ,butterflies1 ,frank ,e4 ,lutz1 7,guide ,leaflet ,no4 #ch1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history74 ,how to ,collect and ,preserve ,insects1 ,frank ,e4 ,lutz1 7,guide ,leaflet ,no4 #ci1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history74 ,the ,moth ,book1 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,the ,butterfly ,book1 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,the ,spider ,book1 ,j4 ,h4 ,comstock1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,moths and ,butterflies1 ,mary ,c4 ,dickerson1 ,ginn and ,co4 ,manual for the ,study of ,insects1 ,j4 ,h4 and ,a4 ,b4 ,comstock1 ,comstock ,publishing ,co4 ,the ,wonders of ,instinct1 ,jean ,henri ,fabre1 ,century ,co4 ,field ,book of ,insects1 ,frank ,e4 ,lutz1 ,putnam4 b4 ,sea ,shore ,life ,the ,sea-,beach at ,ebb ,tide1 ,a4 ,f4 ,arnold1 ,the ,century ,co4 ,sea-,shore ,life1 ,a4 ,g4 ,mayer1 7,new ,york ,zoological ,society #aijf74 ,introduction to ,zoology1 ,c4 ,b4 and ,g4 ,c4 ,davenport1 ,macmillan ,co41 #aijj4 ,,iii4 ,,group ,,badges ,the ,scout who follows one line of interest sufficiently long to qualify in several related subjects may take a ,group ,badge signifying proficiency in the general field4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,,scout ,,neighbor 7any four7 ,citizen999999 ,health ,guardian999999 ,economist ,business ,woman999999 ,telegrapher ,interpreter ,motorist99999999 ,canner ,illustration3 #c4 ,,scout ,,aide#aj ,first ,aide999999 ,home ,nurse999999 ,homemaker ,health ,winner ,health ,guardian999999 ,child ,nurse999999 or ,cook ,illustration3 #d4 ,,woodcraft ,,scout 7any three7 ,athlete999999 ,motorist99999999 ,horsewoman ,sailor ,swimmer ,pioneer ,pathfinder ,illustration3 #e4 ,,scout ,,naturalist ,to earn this ,badge a ,scout must have passed three of the tests of ,bird ,hunter1 ,flower ,finder1 ,rock ,tapper1 ,star ,gazer or ,zoologist4 ,she must also pass the following brief test3 #a4 ,what sorts of things are included in ,nature ,study8 #b4 ,what are the other names for living and non-living objects8 #c4 ,read one of the following general books on ,nature ,study4 ,,general ,,nature ,,study ,,references3 ,handbook of ,nature ,study1 ,anna ,botsford ,comstock1 ,comstock ,publishing ,co4 7,manual for ,leaders74 ,nature ,study and ,life1 ,clifton ,f4 ,hodge1 ,ginn and ,co4 ,the ,story ,book of ,science1 ,j4 ,henri ,fabre1 ,century ,co4 ,leaf and ,tendril1 ,john ,burroughs1 ,houghton ,mifflin4 ,wake ,robin1 ,john ,burroughs1 ,houghton ,mifflin4 ,natural ,history of ,selbourne1 ,gilbert ,white4 ,travels in ,alaska1 ,john ,muir4 ,my ,first ,summer in the ,sierras1 ,john ,muir4 ,illustration3 #f4 ,,land ,,scout ,gardener ,farmer ,dairy ,maid ,bee ,keeper ,,iv4 ,,golden ,,eaglet ,,symbol--,a ,,gold ,,eaglet ,,pin ,,or ,,pendant ,illustration ,qualifications3 ,only ,first ,class ,scouts are eligible for this1 the highest award offered to ,girl ,scouts4 ,to obtain this a girl must have been given the ,medal of ,merit and in addition have won twenty-one ,proficiency ,badges1 of which fifteen must be3 ,athlete999999 ,bird ,hunter or ,flower ,finder or ,zoologist ,citizen999999 ,cook ,dressmaker ,economist ,first ,aide999999 ,health ,guardian999999 ,health ,winner ,homemaker ,home ,nurse999999 ,hostess ,laundress ,child ,nurse999999 ,pioneer ,v4 ,,special ,,medals ,illustration3 ,,attendance ,,star ,to earn this a ,scout must attend every troop meeting for a year4 ,a year is counted as one meeting a week for eight months1 or two meetings a week for four months4 #a4 ,the gold star is given for attendance at all regular troop meetings held during a period of one year4 ,punctuality is required and no excuses allowed4 #b4 ,the silver star is given for attendance at #ij per cent of all regular troop meetings4 #c4 ,the attendance badge may be given only to a girl who has belonged to the organization for one year2 the badges therefore denote how many years a girl has been a ,scout4 ,illustration3 ,,life ,,saving ,,medals #a4 ,the ,bronze ,cross is given as the highest possible award for gallantry1 and may be won only when the claimant has shown special heroism or has faced extraordinary risk of life4 #b4 ,the ,silver ,cross is awarded for saving life with considerable risk to oneself4 #c4 ,these two medals are worn over the right pocket4 #d4 ,applications must be made by the girl's ,captain1 who should send to ,national ,headquarters1 through the ,local ,council1 if there is one1 a full account with written evidence from two witnesses of the deed4 ,illustration3 ,,medal ,,of ,,merit #a4 ,the ,medal of ,merit is designed for the ,scout who does her duty exceptionally well1 though without grave risk to herself4 #b4 ,this medal is worn over the right pocket4 #c4 ,only registered ,scouts are entitled to this medal4 #d4 ,application for this medal should be made by the girl's ,captain1 who should send to ,national ,headquarters1 through the ,local ,council1 if there is one1 a full account of the circumstances upon which the claim is based4 ,illustration3 ,,thanks ,,badge #a4 ,the ,thanks ,badge may be given to anyone to whom a ,scout owes gratitude for assistance in promoting ,scouting4 ,every ,girl ,scout anywhere in the whole world when she sees the ,thanks ,badge1 recognizes that the person who wears it is a friend and it is her duty to salute and ask if she can be of service to the wearer of the badge4 #b4 ,the ,thanks ,badge may be worn on a chain or ribbon4 #c4 ,the approval of ,national ,headquarters must be obtained before the ,thanks ,badge is presented to anyone4 ,applications may be sent to ,national ,headquarters by any registered ,scout 7whether ,captain1 ,lieutenant1 or ,girl ,scout7 giving the name of the person to whom the badge is to be given and the circumstances which justify the award4 ,unless the badge is to be presented to the ,captain herself1 her recommendation is required4 ,,scholarship ,,badge2 ,for this see ,blue ,book of ,rules1 ,edition1 ,march #aibb1 p-#d4 ,,vi4 ,,girl ,,scout ,,officers ,,and ,,class ,,insignia ,illustration3 ,,captain',s ,,pin ,illustration3 ,,lieutenant',s ,,pin ,illustration3 ,,tenderfoot ,,pin ,illustration3 ,,second-,,class ,,badge ,illustration3 ,,first-,,class ,,badge ,illustration3 ,,corporal ,illustration3 ,,patrol ,,leader ,illustration3 ,,ex-,,patrol ,,leader ,illustration3 ,,vii4 ,,flower ,,crests ,,for ,,troops ,,footnotes3 #h ,any ,captain can form a ,junior ,audubon ,club by applying to ,the ,national ,association of ,audubon ,societies1 #aigd ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,the club dues are ten cents annually1 per member1 and must be paid for by the ,club4 ,if #be or more belong1 the ,magazine ,bird ,lore will be sent4 #i ,note3 ,scouts in non-glacial regions may apply to ,headquarters for other tests in preparation4 #aj ,this must be passed on by ,national ,headquarters4 ,,section ,,xix ,,reference ,,reading ,,for ,,girl ,,scouts ,the following books have been selected for the ,girl ,scouts with two ideas in mind3 first1 to list some of the best books of the world1 with which all persons should be familiar1 and second1 to give books that should easily be available in all parts of the country4 ,in some cities the ,public ,libraries have ,girl ,scout ,shelves4 ,has your library one8 ,in some places the ,libraries have ,reading ,clubs for young people1 conducted by the boys and girls themselves under the guidance of specially trained librarians who know just how to help bring the right book to hand1 on any subject a ,scout would be interested in4 ,in ,manhattan there are no less than thirty such clubs in connection with the various district libraries4 ,why not have one of these in your town8 ,the ,american ,library ,association1 whose headquarters are in ,chicago1 ,ill41 at #gh ,east ,washington ,street1 will help to bring books to rural districts and places without regular public libraries4 ,write to them for help if you need it4 ,the ,congressional ,library may be called upon at any time for bibliography on any special topic4 ,the books in this section are in addition to the special references for ,proficiency ,tests in ,section ,,xviii4 ,,handbooks ,,of ,,allied ,,organizations ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 ,handbook for ,boys1 #bjj ,fifth ,ave41 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,boy ,scout ,camp ,book1 ,edward ,cave1 ,doubleday and ,page4 ,the ,book of the ,camp ,fire ,girls1 #ca ,east #agth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,girl ,guiding1 ,sir ,robert ,baden-,powell1 ,c4 ,arthur ,pearson1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,scouting for ,boys1 ,sir ,robert ,baden-,powell1 ,c4 ,arthur ,pearson1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,woodcraft ,manual for ,boys and ,woodcraft ,manual for ,girls by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 ,doubleday and ,page4 ,,adventure ,robinson ,crusoe1 ,daniel ,de,foe4 ,jim ,davis1 ,john ,masefield4 ,a ,woman ,tenderfoot3 ,two ,little ,savages3 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton and ,grace ,gallatin4 ,david ,balfour1 ,kidnapped1 ,treasure ,island1 ,robert ,louis ,stevenson4 ,around the ,world in ,eighty ,days1 ,twenty ,thousand ,leagues ,under the ,sea1 ,the ,mysterious ,island1 ,jules ,verne4 ,swiss ,family ,robinson1 ,wyss4 ,,animal ,,stories ,jungle ,books1 ,first and ,second2 ,just ,so ,stories2 ,rudyard ,kipling4 ,the ,call of the ,wild1 ,jack ,london4 ,bob1 ,son of ,battle1 ,ollivant4 ,wild ,animals ,i ,have ,known1 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton4 ,black ,beauty1 ,sewell4 ,lad1 a ,dog2 ,albert ,payson ,terhune4 ,,fairy ,,and ,,folk ,,tales ,fairy ,tales1 ,hans ,christian ,anderson--,mrs ,edgar ,lucas' ,edition4 ,arabian ,nights4 ,peter ,pan in ,kensington ,gardens1 ,james ,m4 ,barrie4 ,granny's ,wonderful ,chair1 ,f4 ,browne4 ,davy and the ,goblin1 ,guy ,wetmore ,carryl4 ,celtic ,fairy ,tales1 ,j4 ,jacobs4 ,norse ,fairy ,tales1 ,sir ,george ,dasent4 ,folk ,tales of ,flanders1 ,jean ,de ,bosschere4 ,fairy ,tales1 ,grimm ,bros41 ,mrs4 ,lucas1 ,editor4 ,uncle ,remus1 ,his ,songs and ,sayings1 ,joel ,chandler ,harris4 ,mopse the ,fairy1 ,jean ,ingelow4 ,water ,babies1 ,charles ,kingsley4 ,wonderful ,adventures of ,nils1 ,selma ,lagerlf4 ,blue1 ,red1 ,green and ,brown ,fairy ,books1 ,andrew ,lang4 ,pinocchio1 ,c4 ,lorenzini4 ,back of the ,north ,wind2 ,double ,story2 ,the ,princess and ,curdie2 ,the ,princess and the ,goblin2 ,george ,mac,donald4 ,czecho-,slovak ,fairy ,tales1 ,parker ,fillmore4 ,ting a ,ling ,tales2 ,the ,queen's ,museum and ,other ,fanciful ,tales1 ,frank ,stockton4 ,,history ,,and ,,period ,,novels ,the ,story of ,france1 ,mary ,mac,gregor4 ,the ,little ,book of the ,war1 ,eva ,march ,tappan4 ,story of the ,world1 ,elizabeth ,o',neill4 ,story of the ,war for ,young ,people1 ,f4 ,a4 ,kummer1 ,century #aiai4 ,story of the ,great ,war1 ,roland ,usher4 ,story of a ,pioneer1 ,anna ,howard ,shaw4 ,old ,timers in the ,colonies1 ,charles ,c4 ,coffin4 ,the ,boys of '#gf1 ,charles ,c4 ,coffin4 ,drum-,beat of the ,nation1 ,charles ,c4 ,coffin4 ,redeeming the ,republic1 ,charles ,c4 ,coffin4 ,lafayette1 ,we ,come6 ,rupert ,s4 ,holland4 ,historic ,events of ,colonial ,days1 ,rupert ,s4 ,holland4 ,history of ,england1 ,rudyard ,kipling4 ,hero ,tales from ,american ,history1 ,lodge and ,roosevelt4 ,famous ,scouts1 ,charles ,h4 ,johnston4 ,famous ,frontiersmen and ,heroes of the ,border1 ,charles ,h4 ,johnston4 ,boy's ,life of ,theodore ,roosevelt1 ,herman ,hagedorn4 ,boy's ,life of ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,helen ,nicolay4 ,american ,hero ,stories1 ,eva ,march ,tappan4 ,a ,gentleman of ,france1 ,weyman4 ,a ,tale of ,two ,cities1 ,charles ,dickens4 ,cardigan1 ,robert ,chambers4 ,deerslayer1 ,fenimore ,cooper4 ,fortunes of ,nigel1 ,walter ,scott4 ,henry ,esmond1 ,william ,makepeace ,thackeray4 ,hugh ,wynne1 ,weir ,mitchell4 ,ivanhoe1 ,walter ,scott4 ,janice ,meredith1 ,paul ,leicester ,ford4 ,joan of ,arc1 ,laura ,e4 ,richards4 ,last of the ,mohicans1 ,fenimore ,cooper4 ,maid at ,arms1 ,robert ,chambers4 ,man ,without a ,country1 ,edward ,everett ,hale4 ,master ,simon's ,garden1 ,caroline ,meigs4 ,pool of ,stars1 ,caroline ,meigs4 ,master ,skylark1 ,bennett4 ,merry ,lips1 ,beulah ,marie ,dix4 ,otto of ,silver ,hand1 ,howard ,pyle4 ,quentin ,durward1 ,walter ,scott4 ,ramona1 ,helen ,hunt ,jackson4 ,rewards and ,fairies1 ,rudyard ,kipling4 ,richard ,carvel1 ,winston ,churchill4 ,soldier ,rigdale1 ,beulah ,marie ,dix4 ,the ,crisis1 ,winston ,churchill4 ,the ,perfect ,tribute1 ,m4 ,s4 ,andrews4 ,the ,prince and the ,pauper1 ,mark ,twain4 ,the ,refugees1 ,conan ,doyle4 ,the ,scarlet ,pimpernel1 ,baroness ,orczy4 ,the ,spartan1 ,caroline ,snediker4 ,the ,three ,musketeers1 ,alexandre ,dumas4 ,the ,white ,company1 ,conan ,doyle4 ,two ,little ,confederates1 ,thomas ,nelson ,page4 ,via ,crucis1 ,marion ,crawford4 ,westward ,ho1 ,charles ,kingsley4 ,a ,yankee at ,king ,arthur's ,court1 ,mark ,twain4 ,,myth ,,and ,,legend ,story of ,roland1 ,james ,baldwin4 ,the ,sampo 7,finnish71 ,james ,baldwin4 ,the ,story of ,siegfried1 ,james ,baldwin4 ,children of the ,dawn1 7,greek71 ,elsie ,buckley4 ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ,john ,bunyan4 ,the ,stories of ,norse ,heroes1 ,wilmot ,buxton4 ,don ,quixote1 ,cervantes4 ,stories of ,charlemagne and the ,twelve ,peers of ,france1 ,a4 ,j4 ,church4 ,greek ,tragedies1 ,church4 ,adventures of ,odysseus and ,the ,tale of ,troy1 ,padraic ,colum4 ,undine1 ,de la ,motte ,fouqu4 ,sintram and ,his ,companions1 ,de la ,motte ,fouqu4 ,tanglewood ,tales1 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne4 ,the ,wonderbook1 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne4 ,rip ,van ,winkle1 ,washington ,irving4 ,heroes1 ,charles ,kingsley4 ,robin ,hood1 ,howard ,pyle4 ,the ,story of the ,champions of the ,round ,table1 ,howard ,pyle4 ,the ,story of the ,grail and the ,passing of ,arthur1 ,howard ,pyle4 ,the ,story of ,king ,arthur and ,his ,knights1 ,howard ,pyle4 ,the ,story of ,sir ,launcelot and ,his ,companions1 ,howard ,pyle4 ,,nonsense ,goops1 ,gillett ,burgess4 ,inklings for ,thinklings1 ,susan ,hale4 ,child's ,primer of ,natural ,history1 ,oliver ,herford4 ,the ,nonsense ,book1 ,edward ,lear4 ,alice's ,adventures in ,wonderland1 ,lewis ,carroll4 ,through the ,looking ,glass1 ,lewis ,carroll4 ,the ,hunting of the ,snark1 ,lewis ,carroll4 ,nonsense ,anthology1 ,carolyn ,wells4 ,parody ,anthology1 ,carolyn ,wells4 ,,novels ,,and ,,stories ,aldrich1 ,thomas ,bailey2 ,marjorie ,daw4 ,austen1 ,jane2 ,pride and ,prejudice4 ,bacon1 ,josephine ,daskam2 ,ten to ,seventeen1 ,madness of ,philip4 ,barrie1 ,james ,n42 ,little ,minister1 ,little ,white ,bird1 ,sentimental ,tommy4 ,bjornson1 ,bjornstjerne2 ,a ,happy ,boy1 ,arne1 ,a ,fisher ,lassie1 ,synove ,solbaken4 ,blackmore1 ,r4 ,w42 ,lorna ,doone4 ,bront1 ,charlotte2 ,jane ,eyre4 ,brunner1 ,h4 ,c42 ,short ,sixes4 ,chesterton1 ,gilbert ,k42 ,the ,club of ,queer ,trades1 the ,innocence of ,father ,brown4 ,collins1 ,wilkie2 ,the ,moonstone4 ,craik1 ,d4 ,m42 7,miss ,mulock7 ,john ,halifax1 ,gentleman4 ,crawford1 ,marion2 ,marietta1 ,mr4 ,isaacs1 the ,roman ,singer4 ,daskam1 ,josephine2 ,smith ,college ,stories1 ,sister's ,vocation4 ,davis1 ,richard ,harding2 ,soldiers of ,fortune1 ,van ,bibber4 ,deland1 ,margaret2 ,tales of ,old ,chester4 ,eliot1 ,george2 ,mill on the ,floss4 ,farnol1 ,jeffrey2 ,the ,broad ,highway4 ,fox1 ,john2 ,little ,shepherd of ,kingdom ,come1 ,trail of the ,lonesome ,pine4 ,green1 ,anna ,katherine2 ,the ,leavenworth ,case1 ,the ,filigree ,ball4 ,haggard1 ,rider2 ,king ,solomon's ,mines4 ,holmes1 ,sherlock2 ,hound of the ,baskervilles4 ,hope1 ,anthony2 ,rupert of ,hentzau1 ,the ,prisoner of ,zenda4 ,hornung2 ,adventures of ,raffles1 the ,gentleman ,burglar4 ,jacobs1 ,w4 ,w42 ,light ,freights1 ,many ,cargoes4 ,johnson1 ,owen2 ,the ,varmint4 ,kipling1 ,rudyard2 ,captains ,courageous1 ,soldiers ,three1 ,wee ,willie ,winkle1 ,kim1 ,the ,naulakha1 ,the ,light ,that ,failed4 ,lincoln1 ,joseph2 ,captain ,erie4 ,mc,carthy1 ,justin2 ,if ,i ,were ,king4 ,merriman1 ,henry ,seton2 ,dust1 ,with ,edged ,tools4 ,meredith1 ,nicholson2 ,in the ,bishop's ,carriage4 ,poe1 ,edgar ,allen2 ,tales1 ,the ,gold ,bug4 ,reade1 ,charles2 ,the ,cloister and the ,hearth1 ,foul ,play4 ,rinehart1 ,mary ,roberts2 ,the ,amazing ,interlude4 ,smith1 ,f4 ,hopkinson2 ,fortunes of ,oliver ,horne1 ,colonel ,carter of ,cartersville4 ,stowe1 ,harriet ,beecher2 ,little ,pussy ,willow1 ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin4 ,stockton1 ,frank2 ,rudder ,grange1 ,the ,lady or the ,tiger1 ,casting ,away of ,mrs4 ,leeks and ,mrs4 ,aleshine4 ,tarkington1 ,booth2 ,monsieur ,beaucaire1 ,gentleman from ,indiana1 ,seventeen1 ,penrod1 ,penrod and ,sam4 ,wells1 ,carolyn2 ,the ,clue1 ,the ,gold ,bag1 ,a ,chain of ,evidence1 ,the ,maxwell ,mystery4 ,white1 ,edward ,stewart2 ,the ,blazed ,trail4 ,wister1 ,owen2 ,the ,virginian4 ,woolson1 ,constance ,f42 ,anne4 ,alcott1 ,louisa ,m42 ,eight ,cousins1 ,little ,women1 ,little ,men1 ,rose in ,bloom1 etc4 ,burnett1 ,frances ,hodgson2 ,little ,lord ,fauntleroy1 ,sarah ,crewe1 etc4 ,coolidge1 ,susan2 ,clover1 ,in the ,high ,valley1 ,what ,katy ,did and other ,katy ,books4 ,craik1 ,mrs42 7,miss ,mulock72 ,the ,little ,lame ,prince4 ,cummins1 ,maria ,susanna2 ,the ,lamplighter4 ,dodge1 ,mary ,mapes2 ,donald and ,dorothy1 ,hans ,brinker and the ,silver ,skates4 ,ewing1 ,juliana2 ,jackanapes1 ,six to ,sixteen4 ,hale1 ,c4 ,p42 ,peterkin ,papers4 ,hughes1 ,thomas2 ,tom ,brown's ,school ,days4 ,jackson1 ,helen ,hunt2 ,nelly's ,silver ,mine4 ,jordan1 ,elizabeth2 ,may ,iverson1 ,her ,book4 ,nesbit1 ,e42 ,the ,wouldbegoods1 ,the ,phoenix and the ,carpet4 ,ouida 7de la ,ramee72 ,bimbi ,stories4 ,richards1 ,laura ,e42 ,hildegarde ,series1 ,margaret ,montford ,series4 ,shaw1 ,f4 ,e42 ,castle ,blair4 ,spyri1 ,j42 ,heidi4 ,twain1 ,mark2 ,huckleberry ,finn1 ,tom ,sawyer1 etc4 ,warner1 ,susan2 ,the ,wide ,wide ,world4 ,wiggin1 ,kate ,douglas2 ,the ,birds' ,christmas ,carol1 ,polly ,oliver's ,problems1 ,rebecca of ,sunnybrook ,farm4 ,,girl ,,scout ,,stories ,abbott1 ,jane2 ,keineth1 ,larkspur4 ,blanchard1 ,amy ,e42 ,a ,girl ,scout of ,red ,rose ,troop4 ,widdemer1 ,margaret2 ,winona's ,way and other ,winona ,books4 ,,poetry ,verse for ,patriots1 ,jean ,broadhurst and ,clara ,lawton ,rhodes4 ,golden ,staircase1 7,an ,anthology71 ,l4 ,chisholm4 ,lyra ,heroica1 ,william ,ernest ,henley4 ,blue ,book of ,poetry1 ,andrew ,lang4 ,story ,telling ,poems1 ,f4 ,j4 ,olcot4 ,book of ,famous ,verse1 ,agnes ,repplier4 ,home ,book of ,verse for ,young ,folks1 ,burton ,egbert ,stevenson4 ,child's ,garden of ,verse1 ,robert ,louis ,stevenson4 ,children's ,book of ,ballads1 ,mary ,w4 ,tileston4 ,golden ,numbers1 ,kate ,douglas ,wiggin4 ,,wonders ,,of ,,science ,magic of ,science1 ,collins4 ,the ,story ,book of ,science1 ,jean ,henri ,fabre1 ,century4 ,field1 ,forest and ,farm1 ,jean ,henri ,fabre1 ,century4 ,in the ,once ,upon a ,time1 ,lillian ,gask4 ,book of the ,ocean1 ,ingersoll4 ,careers of ,danger and ,daring1 ,cleveland ,moffett4 ,science at ,home1 ,russell4 ,wonders of ,science1 ,eva ,march ,tappan4 ,the ,book of ,wonders4 ,magazines3 ,popular ,science1 ,popular ,mechanics1 ,scientific ,american1 ,the ,national ,geographic4 ,,for ,,captains1 ,,lieutenants1 ,,commissioners ,,and ,,other ,,girl ,,scout ,,officers ,after a thorough study of ,scouting for ,girls1 the authorized ,american ,handbook1 ,scout ,captains and ,lieutenants are urged to read the following list of allied ,handbooks for ,leaders as containing many practical hints for workers with young people1 and emphasizing the essential unity of these movements4 ,a study of these manuals will bring out very clearly the fact that though our methods of approach and phraseology may differ in certain instances1 our ultimate aim and our broad general principles are precisely the same4 ,the books in the following list which have been starred are recommended as particularly practical for all students and friends of young people4 ,they represent the latest thought of the greatest authorities on the subjects most closely allied with the sympathetic study of adolescence4 ,it is impossible to isolate a study of the girlhood of ,america from the kindred topics of women in industry and politics1 the growth of the community spirit1 the present theories of education1 and in general a brief survey of economics1 sociology and psychology4 ,many of these titles appear technical and dry1 but the books have been carefully selected with a view to their readable and stimulating qualities1 and no one need be a profound student in order to understand and appreciate them4 ,it is especially advisable that ,leaders in the ,girl ,scout organization should be reasonably well informed as to the principal social movements of the day so as to relate the effective organization of the young people of the country with corresponding progress along other lines4 ,the more broadly cultivated our ,captains and ,councillors become1 the more vital and enduring will be the work of the ,girl ,scouts1 and this breadth of view cannot be obtained from the knowledge and practice of what might be called the technique of ,scouting alone4 ,,leaders' ,,handbook ,,of ,,allied ,,organizations ,the ,boy ,scout ,movement ,applied by the ,church4 ,richardson-,loomis1 ,scribners4 ,girls ,clubs1 ,helen ,ferris4 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton and ,co41 #aiai4 ,suggestions for programs1 community cooperation1 practical methods and helps in organization4 ,bibliography4 ,the ,girl ,guides4 ,rules1 ,policy and ,organization1 ,annual ,senior ,guides1 ,rules1 ,policy and ,organization1 #aiah4 ,both official manuals for ,guiders4 ,nat4 ,hdqrs4 ,girl ,guides4 #gf ,victoria ,street4 ,london1 ,s4 ,w4 #a4 7#a7 ,handbook for ,scout ,masters1 #bjj ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 7#b7 ,community ,boy ,leadership--,a ,manual for ,scout ,executives4 ,model ,treasurer's ,book for ,girls' ,clubs4 ,national ,league of ,women ,workers1 #be cents4 ,scoutmastership1 ,sir ,robert ,baden-,powell1 ,putnam1 #aibj4 ,the ,girl ,reserves4 ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a4 ,association ,press4 #fjj ,lexington ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,manual of ,leaders1 #aiba4 ,,practical ,,and ,,general ,,reading ,abbott1 ,edith2 ,women in ,industry1 ,appleton4 ,addams1 ,jane2 ,twenty ,years at ,hull ,house1 ,spirit of ,youth in the ,city ,streets1 ,a ,new ,conscience and an ,ancient ,evil1 ,macmillan4 99,angell1 ,emmett ,d42 ,play4 99,bancroft1 ,jessie ,h42 ,games for the ,playground1 ,home1 ,school and ,gymnasium4 ,macmillan4 99,burchenal1 ,elizabeth2 ,dances of the ,people--,shirmer4 99,byington1 ,margaret2 ,what ,social ,workers ,should ,know ,about ,their ,own ,communities4 ,russell ,sage ,foundation1 ,n4 ,y4 ,daggett1 ,mabel ,potter2 ,women ,wanted4 ,george ,h4 ,doran4 ,a book about women in all walks of life1 as affected by the war4 99,dewey1 ,john2 ,schools of ,tomorrow1 ,school and ,society1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton4 ,showing the growth of the ,scout ,idea in our modern educational methods4 ,practical and stimulating4 99,douglass1 ,h4 ,paul2 ,the ,little ,town1 ,macmillan4 ,the latest and best treatment of rural social conditions4 ,especially recommended for ,scout leaders in localities outside the great cities4 ,hall1 ,g4 ,stanley2 ,adolescence1 #b ,volumes1 #aijg4 ,see also ,youth1 summary volume1 by same author1 who did pioneer work in the field4 99,hoerle1 ,helen1 and ,salzberg1 ,florence ,b42 the ,girl and the ,job1 ,henry ,holt1 #a4ej4 ,gilman1 ,charlotte ,perkins2 ,women in ,economics1 ,in ,this ,our ,world1 ,a ,man ,made ,world1 ,concerning ,children--,all3 ,small and ,maynard4 ,the most brilliant ,american writer on the woman movement4 ,sound economics and good psychology cleverly presented4 ,james1 ,william2 ,principles of ,psychology1 #b vols4 ,the psychologist who wrote like a novelist4 ,chapters of special interest3 ,habit1 ,instinct1 ,will1 ,emotions and ,the ,stream of ,consciousness4 ,talks to ,teachers on ,psychology1 and to ,students on ,some of ,life's ,ideals4 ,memories and ,studies1 especially essay on the ,moral ,equivalents of ,war--,all3 ,henry ,holt and ,co4 ,key1 ,ellen2 ,the ,century of the ,child4 99,lovejoy1 ,esther2 ,the ,house of the ,good ,neighbor1 ,macmillan1 #aiai4 ,social and ,medical ,work in ,france during the war by the ,president of the ,women's ,international ,medical ,association4 99,mac,dougall1 ,william2 ,social ,psychology1 ,luce and ,co4 ,study of how people act and feel in a group4 ,mill1 ,john ,stuart2 ,the ,subjection of ,women4 ,frederick ,stokes4 99,norsworthy1 ,naomi1 and ,whitley3 ,the ,psychology of ,childhood1 ,macmillan1 #aiai4 ,best and latest general child psychology4 ,parsons1 ,elsie ,clews3 ,social ,control1 ,social ,freedom1 ,the ,old ,fashioned ,woman1 ,the ,family4 ,all3 ,putnam4 99,patrick1 ,g4 ,t4 ,w42 ,psychology of ,relaxation4 ,houghton ,mifflin4 ,the necessity for and guidance of the play instinct4 99,perry1 ,clarence ,a42 ,community ,center ,activities4 ,russell ,sage ,foundation1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,pillsbury1 ,w4 ,b42 ,essentials of ,psychology1 ,macmillan4 ,good1 brief treatment of general psychology for popular reading4 99,playground and ,recreation ,association of ,america ,publications3 ,what the ,playground ,can ,do for ,girls1 ,games ,every ,child ,should ,know1 ,folk and ,national ,dances1 ,the ,home ,playground4 ,headquarters #a ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 99,puffer1 ,j4 ,adam2 ,the ,boy and ,his ,gang4 ,houghton ,mifflin4 ,putnam1 ,emily2 ,the ,lady4 ,schreiner1 ,olive2 ,woman and ,labour4 ,sharp1 ,cecil ,j42 ,one ,hundred ,english ,folksongs4 ,charles ,h4 ,ditson and ,co4 99,slattery1 ,margaret2 ,the ,girl in ,her ,teens1 ,the ,girl and ,her ,religion1 ,the ,american ,girl and ,her ,community1 ,the ,woman's ,press4 99,thorndike1 ,edward ,l42 ,individuality1 ,riverside ,educational ,monographs1 ,houghton ,mifflin4 ,what constitutes the average person4 ,the danger of sizing up people too rapidly4 99,terman1 ,lewis2 ,the ,hygiene of the ,child1 ,houghton ,mifflin4 ,trotter1 ,w42 ,instincts of the ,herd in ,peace and ,war1 ,fisher ,unwin4 ,how public opinion exerts its influence on conduct4 ,wallas1 ,graham2 ,human ,nature in ,politics1 and ,the ,great ,society1 ,our ,social ,heritage1 ,macmillan4 ,ward1 ,lester ,f42 ,psychic ,factors of ,civilization and ,applied ,sociology4 ,ginn and ,co4 ,psychological interpretation of civilization4 99,woods1 ,robert ,a42 ,young ,working ,girls1 ,houghton ,mifflin4 ,,camping ,,and ,,hiking ,campward ,ho61 ,the ,camp ,manual for ,girl ,scouts contains a full and annotated bibliography4 ,the following is an additional list4 ,the ,boy ,camp ,manual1 ,charles ,keen ,taylor4 ,camping and ,outing ,activities1 ,cheley-,baker4 ,games1 ,songs1 ,pageants1 ,plays1 ,water ,sports1 etc4 ,camp ,cookery1 ,horace ,kephart1 ,macmillan ,co4 ,the ,camp ,fire ,girls' ,vacation ,book1 ,camp ,fire ,girls1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,camping and ,woodcraft 7#b vols47 ,horace ,kephart1 ,macmillan4 ,camp ,kits and ,camp ,life1 ,charles ,stedman ,hanks4 ,camping ,out1 ,warren ,miller1 ,geo ,doran ,co4 ,caravanning and ,camping-out1 ,j4 ,harris ,stone--,herbert ,jenkins1 ,ltd41 #ab ,arundel ,place1 ,london4 ,harper's ,camping and ,scouting1 ,joseph ,adams1 ,harper ,bros4 ,shelters1 ,shacks and ,shanties1 ,d4 ,c4 ,beard1 ,scribners4 ,illustrated4 ,summer in a ,girls' ,camp1 ,anna ,worthington ,coale1 ,century4 ,swimming and ,watermanship1 ,l4 de ,b4 ,handley1 ,macmillan ,co4 ,touring ,afoot1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,p4 ,fordyce1 ,n4 ,y4 ,outing ,publishing ,co4 ,wilderness ,homes1 ,oliver ,kamp1 ,outing ,publishing ,co4 ,,government ,,bulletins ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,get ,,them #a4 ,the publications of all departments of the ,united ,states ,government are in the custody of the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price lists of various subjects are sent free4 ,the following list of subjects will be found especially useful in preparing for many of the proficiency tests4 ,the numbers given are the official ones by which the catalogs of prices and special titles may be ordered3 7#aa7 ,foods and ,cookery4 7#af7 ,farmers' ,bulletins4 7#ca7 ,education4 7#ch7 ,animal ,industry4 7#ci7 ,birds and ,wild ,animals4 7#da7 ,insects 7including household and farm pests1 and bees74 7#dc7 ,forestry4 7#dd7 ,plants4 7#ej7 ,american ,history and ,biography4 7#ea7 ,health4 7#ec7 ,maps4 7#ed7 ,political ,science4 7#ee7 ,national ,museums and ,national ,academy of ,science4 7#fg7 ,immigration4 7#fh7 ,farm ,management4 #b4 ,the ,children's ,bureau of the ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,labor has a special list of articles on ,child and ,infant ,care and ,health4 ,write direct to the ,bureau for these4 #c4 ,for ,state publications on ,health1 ,education1 etc41 apply to ,secretary of ,state if special officer in charge is unknown4 #d4 ,apply to town hall or special departments for city documents on health1 child care1 education1 etc4 #e4 ,the following organizations publish bulletins and cheap authoritative books and pamphlets for general information on health1 first aid1 child care and other topics of interest to ,girl ,scouts4 ,the ,red ,cross ,national ,headquarters1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,metropolitan ,insurance ,company1 #a ,madison ,avenue1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,child ,health ,organization1 #cgj ,seventh ,avenue1 ,miss ,sally ,lucas ,jean1 ,director4 ,the ,posture ,league of ,america1 #a ,madison ,avenue1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,,index ,accidents1 ,first ,aid for #afd ff ,water #aia ff ,act to ,establish ,flag #fi ,adam #def ,adventure1 books of #edj ,africa #bg ,agassiz #dee ,alaska #ded ,alcott1 ,louisa #bc ,allied ,organizations1 ,handbooks of #edj ,alignments #ib ,alligator #dbi ,america #gd1 #ge ,america the ,beautiful #ff ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history #cgc ff ,amphibians #dbe ,anacreon in ,heaven #gd ,animal ,stories #edj ,aphids #ddi ,apoplexy1 care of #ahf ff ,aquarium #dce ,arnold1 ,sarah ,louise #ajf ,artist test #dii ,aspen #cie ,asphyxiation1 prevention of #aig ff ,asters #cha ,at ease #hg ,athlete test #dii ,attendance stars #ecf ,attention #he ,audubon ,society #dbe ,australia #bg ,axe1 use of #cbf ff ,azalea #chc ,background #dj ,back step #hi ,baden-,powell #a ff ,balsam fir #cij ,bandages1 making of #bjd ff ,barnacles #ddb ,bathroom1 care of #aai ,battle ,hymn of the ,republic #gg ,beach fleas #ddb ,beaver #cgj ,bedroom1 care of #aai ,beekeeper test #ejj ,birds #djg ff ,bird baths #dbd ,birds1 economic value of #dae ff ,bird ,hunter test #ejj ,bird ,woman #ba ,biscuit ,loaf #cfc ,bites1 care of #aij1 ff ,black ,eyed ,susan #chc1 #che ,blood ,root #cha ,blue ,bird #dji ,blue ,flag #chc ,blue-tailed ,lizard #dcj ,bobolink #dae ,bog ,potato #bhh ,border1 flowers for #dfd ff ,boulders #dec ,bouncing ,bet #chc ,bowline1 knot #dhh ff ,box ,turtle #dcj ,brandywine1 battle 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,girl ,scout ,officers4 ,outline of #aj lessons4 ,equipment and references4 ,lefax form4 ,no4 #ac4 ,the ,girl ,scouts' ,health ,record4 ,a convenient form for recording the points needed to cover for badge of ,health ,winner4 ,no4 #g ,girl ,scouts1 ,their ,works1 ,ways and ,plays4 ,pamphlet4 ,no4 #e ,your ,girl and ,mine1 by ,josephine ,daskam ,bacon1 ,pamphlet4 ,no4 #i4 ,why ,i ,believe in ,scouting for ,girls4 ,mary ,roberts ,rinehart4 ,pamphlet ,no4 #aj ,field ,note ,book ,for ,girl ,scout ,officers4 ,blue canvas cover1 filler1 envelope1 for ,blue ,book of ,rules1 ,training ,courses1 ,miscellaneous ,publications and ,notes4 ,lefax form4 ,the ,citizen ,scout1 ,a ,program for ,senior ,girl ,scouts4 ,lefax form4 ,no4 #ad4 ,why ,scouting for ,girls ,should ,interest ,college ,women4 ,louise ,stevens ,bryant ,pamphlet4 ,lefax form4 ,no4 #af4 ,girl ,scout ,councils1 ,their ,organization and ,training4 #bj pp4 ,lefax form ,no4 #ag4 ,why ,my ,girls are ,girl ,scouts by ,rear-,admiral ,w4 ,s4 ,sims1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,pamphlet4 ,no4 #ae ,community ,service for ,girl ,scouts4 ,lefax form4 ,no4 #ah4 ,girl ,scouts1 ,inc41 ,annual ,reports for #aibj and #aiba4 ,lefax form4 ,no4 #be and #bf4 ,has ,she ,got ,pep8 ,what the ,girl ,scout ,leader ,needs4 ,josephine ,daskam ,bacon4 ,pamphlet4 ,no4 #ba4 ,educational ,work of the ,girl ,scouts4 ,louise ,stevens ,bryant4 ,written for ,biennial ,survey1 #aiah-aibj1 ,bureau of ,education1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,american ,girl4 ,a ,scouting ,magazine for all girls4 ,monthly4 #ae cents the copy2 #a4ej the year4 ,special ,section for ,officers1 ,the ,field ,news4 ,other ,publications in ,stock ,scoutmastership4 ,a ,handbook for ,scoutmasters on the ,theory of ,scout ,training1 by ,sir ,robert ,baden-,powell4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,n4 ,y4 #aibj4 ,brownies or ,blue ,birds4 ,a ,handbook for ,young ,girl ,guides1 by ,sir ,robert ,baden-,powell1 ,london4 ,c4 ,arthur ,pearson4 #aibj4 ,the ,patrol ,system for ,girl ,guides4 ,london4 ,c4 ,arthur ,pearson4 ,the ,junior ,cook ,book4 ,girl ,scout ,edition4 ,clara ,ingram4 ,barse and ,hopkins4 ,order ,from ,,girl ,,scouts1 ,,inc4 ,national ,headquarters #ahi ,lexington ,ave4 ,new ,york ,city ,the ,woodcraft ,section of ,,scouting ,,for ,,girls gives the ,girl ,scout a taste of one of the jolliest1 most readable books about the out of door life that any girl can have3 ,the ,woodcraft ,manual for ,girls1 by ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 published by ,doubleday ,page and ,company for the ,woodcraft ,league ,of ,america1 ,inc4 ,mr4 ,seton has long been loved by the young people of many countries for his marvelous understanding of animals and their homes1 and in this book he has shared his secrets with the boys and girls of ,america2 so that any ,girl ,scout who wants to be sure of herself on the trail and equipped for all emergencies of the woods1 could add no better guide book to her ,troop or personal life than this one4 ,illustration3 ,,girl ,,scouts 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,page #ae1 nieghborhood changed to neighborhood 7interests of the neighborhood7 ,page #bh1 emeny changed to enemy 7by the enemy7 ,page #bh1 neigborhood changed to neighborhood 7in their neighborhood7 ,page #cj1 ,souts changed to ,scouts 7,scouts have sometimes had7 ,page #ca1 wherewe changed to where we 7town where we live7 ,page #ce1 counsins changed to cousins 7,british cousins are the7 ,page #eb1 oportunity changed to opportunity 7take this opportunity7 ,page #fe1 skiis changed to skis 7,run on skis7 ,page #ff1 twice1 ,macfarlane changed to ,mac,farlane 7,will ,c4 ,mac,farlane7 ,page #fg1 ,pennyslvania changed to ,pennsylvania 7,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 ,deleware7 ,page #hb1 troup changed to troop 7use one troop in7 ,page #hf1 #c changed to #b 77or left74 #b4 ,front47 ,page #abi1 aquainted changed to acquainted 7if we are acquainted7 ,page #aca1 breding changed to breeding 7,good breeding7 ,page #aci1 like changed to likes 7likes a hearty breakfast7 ,page #aci1 salt changed to salted 7are salted enough7 ,page #aci1 like changed to likes 7family likes salad7 ,page #adj1 big changed to bit 7least bit soggy7 ,page #adf1 carefuly changed to carefully 7carefully washed as7 ,page #aea1 arangement changed to arrangement 7arrangement1 and pleasant7 ,page #agg1 e changed to c 77c7 ,if the bleeding7 ,page #ahb1 satifactory changed to satisfactory 7is very satisfactory7 ,page #ahg1 unconcious changed to unconscious 7that the patient is unconscious7 ,page #aia1 bouyancy changed to buoyancy 7because of its buoyancy7 ,page #aia1 bouyant changed to buoyant 7body less buoyant7 ,page #aic1 buoyance changed to buoyancy 7overcome the buoyancy7 ,page #aif1 of changed to or 7an hour or two7 ,page #aih1 breath changed to breathe 7do not breathe until7 ,page #bje1 trying changed to tying 7tying on splints7 ,page #bai1 word being inserted into text 7before being returned7 ,page #bce1 word a inserted into text 7and a separate7 ,page #bch1 ,fomentation changed to ,fomentations 7,fomentations or stupes7 ,page #bdj1 receptable changed to receptacle 7contained in the receptacle7 ,page #bej1 word being inserted into text 7before being given7 ,page #bha1 igorance changed to ignorance 7cures much ignorance7 ,page #cja1 ,betelgueze changed to ,betelgeuze 7,betelgeuze1 of ,orion's right7 ,page #cac1 ,footnote marker was inserted into text4 7,,for ,,girl ,,scouts #a7 ,page #cbe1 as changed to has 7,senior has charge of7 ,page #cci1 ,syacmore changed to ,sycamore 7,sycamore and buckeye7 ,page #cde1 to changed to too 7generally too bulky7 ,page #cej1 peal changed to peel 7peel it as you would7 ,page #cec1 eth changed to teeth 7build up bone and teeth7 ,page #ced1 assimiated changed to assimilated 7and is assimilated7 ,page #cfa1 crisco changed to ,crisco 7,crisco1 or prepared cooking7 ,page #cgc1 ,hisory changed to ,history 7branches of ,natural ,history7 ,page #cgc1 inviation changed to invitation 7extends a cordial invitation7 ,page #cgf1 pratical changed to practical 7,these practical questions7 ,page #cij1 ,cylde changed to ,clyde 7by ,g4 ,clyde ,fisher7 ,page #djc1 ,artic changed to ,arctic 7,arctic regions of the7 ,page #dji1 largly changed to largely 7feeds largely upon mice7 ,page #dbf1 ,eastrn changed to ,eastern 7,eastern ,united ,states7 ,page #dbg1 gardner changed to gardener 7of the gardener7 ,page #ddb1 muscles changed to mussels 7barnacles1 mussels7 ,page #ddi1 mullberry changed to mulberry 7prefer mulberry leaves7 ,page #dfa1 stedlings changed to seedlings 7seedlings that you7 ,page #dfb1 you changed to your 7set your line six7 ,page #dfc1 vegtables changed to vegetables 7bed of vegetables7 ,page #dgc1 accopmlish changed to accomplish 7you will accomplish7 ,page #eja1 number #a inserted into text 7#a4 ,give list of7 ,page #eje1 tieing changed to tying 7two kinds of tying7 ,page #ejf1 number #e on the list was omitted4 ,this was retained4 ,page #ejf1 ,applique changed to ,appliqu 7,appliqu3 ,design an ,appliqu7 ,page #ejg1 ,demonsrrate changed to ,demonstrate 7,demonstrate leading a7 ,page #ejg1 scrupulouly changed to scrupulously 7cows scrupulously clean7 ,page #eaj1 relpace changed to replace 7replace a burnt-out7 ,page #eac1 ,three changed to ,there 7,there are some excellent7 ,page #eac1 ,published changed to published 7,hough1 published by the7 ,page #eaf1 employee changed to employ 7employ one7 ,page #eah1 original list under #e4 ,keep ,clean3 went from b to d4 ,list was reordered4 ,page #ebe1 submit changed to ,submit 7#a4 ,submit six good7 ,page #ecb1 repeated word and deleted from text 7table and kitchen dishes should7 ,page #edb1 ,twai changed to ,twain 7,pauper1 by ,mark ,twain7 ,page #edb1 ,forque changed to ,forqu 7,undine1 by ,de la ,motte ,forqu7 ,page #edb1 ,predjudice changed to ,prejudice 7,pride and ,prejudice7 ,page #edd1 the changed to ,the 7,the ,princess and ,curdie7 ,page #eec1 in original text1 entry for ,hornung came after ,johnson1 ,owen4 ,this was repaired4 ,page #edc1 ,nalaukha changed to ,naulakha 7,kim1 ,the ,naulakha7 ,page #edc1 the list of books restarts alphabetically after ,woolson4 ,page #ede1 clevely changed to cleverly 7psychology cleverly presented7 ,page #edf1 the entry ,woods was originally located between ,terman and ,trotter4 ,this was repaired4 ,page #edf1 ,caravaning changed to ,caravanning 7,caravanning and ,camping-out7 ,page #edf1 ,haris changed to ,harris 7,j4 ,harris ,stone--,herbert7 ,page #edh1 lizzard changed to ,lizard 7,blue-tailed ,lizard #dcj7 ,page #eea1 ,kephardt changed to ,kephart 7,kephart1 ,horace #cac7 ,page #eea1 ,vercheres changed to ,verchres 7,magdelaine de ,verchres #bj7 ,page #eea1 ,systm changed to ,system 7,metric ,system #dff7 ,page #eeb1 in original text1 entry for ,position came after ,posture4 ,this was repaired4 ,page #eeb1 ,racoon changed to ,raccoon 7,racoon #djb7 ,page #eeb1 ,refrigator changed to ,refrigerator 7,refrigerator1 iceless1 #aae7 ,page #eeb1 ,scavangers changed to ,scavengers 7,scavengers1 bird #dba7 ,page #eec1 in original text1 entry for ,sharks came after ,shovel4 ,this was repaired4 ,page #eec1 entries for ,sick bed and ,sick1 care of were repeated in the original text4 ,they have been deleted4 ,page #eec1 in original text1 entries for ,steps and ,stew came before ,stars4 ,this was repaired4 ,page #eec1 badeg changed to badge 7,thanks badge #ecg7 ,page #eec1 entries for ,thistle and ,thrushes were repeated in the original text4 ,they have been deleted4 ,page #eec1 anmes changed to names 7,trade names and true7 ,page #eec1 ,unifom changed to ,uniform 7,uniform1 one piece7 ,page #eed1 in original text1 entry for ,water dog came before ,water and game4 ,this was repaired4