,,aga9/ ,,apion4  #a  ,by ,flavius      
,josephus   ,translat$ by ,william      
,:i/on     ,,book #a4  #a4 ,i ,suppose t
 by my books ( ! ,antiquity ( ! ,jews1  
mo/ excell5t ,epaphroditus1 #b h made x 
evid5t to ^? :o p]use !m1 t our ,jewi%  
nation is ( v great antiquity1 & _h a   
di/9ct subsi/5ce ( its own orig9ally2 z 
also1 ,i h !re9 decl>$ h[ we came to    
inhabit ?is c\ntry :]e9 we n[ live4 ,^? 
,antiquities conta9 ! hi/ory ( five ?\s&
 ye>s1 & are tak5 out ( our sacr$ books1
 b are translat$ by me into ! ,greek    
tongue4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ,i obs]ve a        
consid]able numb] ( p giv+ e> to !      
reproa*es t are laid aga9/ u by ^? :o   
be> ill-w to u1 & w n believe :at ,i h  
writt5 conc]n+ ! antiquity ( our nation1
 :ile !y take x = a pla9 sign t our     
nation is ( a late date1 because !y are 
n s mu* z v\*saf$ a b>e m5tion by ! mo/ 
fam\s hi/oriograph]s among ! ,grecians4 
,i !re=e h ?\ght myself "u an obligation
 to write some:at briefly ab\t ^!       
subjects1 9 ord] to convict ^? t reproa*

 u ( spite & volunt>y falsehood1 & to   
correct ! ignorance ( o!rs1 & )al to    
in/ruct all ^? :o are desir\s ( kn[+ !  
tru? ( :at great antiquity we really    
are4 ,z = ! witnesses :om ,i %all       
produce = ! pro( ( :at ,i say1 !y %all  
be su* z are e/eem$ to be ( ! greate/   
reputation = tru?1 & ! mo/ skillful 9 ! 
k ( all antiquity by ! ,greeks !mselves4
 ,i w also %[1 t ^? :o h writt5 s       
reproa*fully & falsely ab\t u are to be 
convict$ by :at !y h writt5 !mselves to 
! contr>y4 ,i %all also endeavor to give
 an acc\nt ( ! reasons :y x ha? s       
happ5$1 t !re h n be5 a great numb] (   
,greeks :o h made m5tion ( our nation 9 
_! hi/ories4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 br+ ^?        
,grecians to light :o h n omitt$ su* our
 hi/ory1 = ! sake ( ^? t ei!r d n "k !m1
 or pret5d n to "k !m already4  #b4 ,&  
n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i _c b greatly     
wond] at ^? m51 :o suppose t we mu/     
att5d to none b ,grecians1 :5 we are    
inquir+ ab\t ! mo/ anci5t facts1 & mu/  
in=m ourselves ( _! tru? f !m only1 :ile

 we mu/ n believe ourselves nor o!r m52 
= ,i am conv9c$ t ! v rev]se is ! tru? (
 ! case4 ,i mean ?is1--if we w n be l$  
by va9 op9ions1 b w make inquiry aft]   
tru? f facts !mselves2 = !y w f9d t     
almo/ all :i* conc]ns ! ,greeks happ5$ n
 long ago2 nay1 "o may say1 is ( ye/]day
 only4 ,i speak ( ! build+ ( _! cities1 
! inv5tions ( _! arts1 & ! description (
 _! laws2 & z = _! c>e ab\t ! writ+ d[n 
( _! hi/ories1 x is v ne> ! la/ ?+ !y   
set ab\t4 ,h[ev]1 !y ackn[l$ge !mselves 
s f>1 t !y 7 ! ,egyptians1 ! ,*aldeans1 
& ! ,pho5icians 7= ,i w n n[ reckon     
ourselves among !m7 t h pres]v$ !       
memorials ( ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ la/+     
traditions ( mank9d2 = almo/ all ^!     
nations inhabit su* c\ntries z are lea/ 
subject to de/ruction f ! _w ab\t !m2 & 
^! also h tak5 especial c>e to h no?+   
omitt$ ( :at 0 rem>kably done among !m2 
b _! hi/ory 0 e/eem$ sacr$1 & put into  
public tables1 z writt5 by m5 ( !       
greate/ wisdom !y _h among !m4 ,b z = ! 
place :]e ! ,grecians inhabit1 t5 ?\s&  

de/ructions h ov]tak5 x1 & blott$ out ! 
memory ( =m] actions2 s t !y 7 ev]      
beg9n+ a new way ( liv+1 & suppos$ t e  
"o ( !m 0 ! orig9 ( _! new /ate4 ,x 0   
also late1 & ) difficulty1 t !y came to 
"k ! lett]s !y n[ use2 = ^? :o w\ld     
advance _! use ( ^! lett]s to ! greate/ 
antiquity pret5d t !y le>n$ !m f !      
,pho5icians & f ,cadmus2 yet is nobody  
able to demon/rate t !y h any writ+     
pres]v$ f t "t1 nei!r 9 _! temples1 nor 
9 any o!r public monum5ts4 ,?is appe>s1 
because ! "t :5 ^? liv$ :o w5t to !     
,trojan w>1 s _m ye>s aft]w>d1 is 9     
great d\bt1 & great inquiry is made1    
:e!r ! ,greeks us$ _! lett]s at t "t2 & 
! mo/ prevail+ op9ion1 & t ne>e/ ! tru?1
 is1 t _! pres5t way ( us+ ^? lett]s 0  
unkn[n at t "t4 ,h[ev]1 !re is n any    
writ+ :i* ! ,greeks agree to be g5u9e   
among !m anci5t] ?an ,hom]'s ,poems1 :o 
mu/ pla9ly he confess$ lat] ?an ! siege 
( ,troy2 nay1 ! report goes1 t ev5 he   
did n leave 8 poems 9 writ+1 b t _!     
memory 0 pres]v$ 9 songs1 & !y 7 put    

toge!r aft]w>d1 & t ?is is ! reason (   
su* a numb] ( v>iations z are f\nd 9 !m4
 #c ,z = ^? :o set !mselves ab\t writ+  
_! hi/ories1 ,i mean su* z ,cadmus (    
,miletus1 & ,acusilaus ( ,argos1 & any  
o!rs t may be m5tion$ z succe$+         
,acusilaus1 !y liv$ b a little :ile be=e
 ! ,p]sian exp$ition into ,greece4 ,b !n
 = ^? t fir/ introduc$ philosophy1 & !  
consid]ation ( ?+s cele/ial & div9e     
among !m1 su* z ,ph]ceydes ! ,syrian1 & 
,py?agoras1 & ,?ales1 all ) "o cons5t   
agree1 t !y le>n$ :at !y knew ( !       
,egyptians & ,*aldeans1 & wrote b little
 ,& ^! are ! ?+s :i* are suppos$ to be !
 olde/ ( all among ! ,greeks2 & !y h mu*
 ado to believe t ! writ+s ascrib$ to ^?
 m5 are g5u9e4  #c4 ,h[ c x !n be o!r   
?an an absurd ?+1 = ! ,greeks to be s   
pr\d1 & to vaunt !mselves to be ! only p
 t are acqua9t$ ) antiquity1 & t h      
deliv]$ ! true acc\nts ( ^? e>ly times  
aft] an accurate mann]8 ,nay1 :o is !re 
t _c easily ga!r f ! ,greek writ]s      
!mselves1 t !y knew b little on any good

 f\ndation :5 !y set to write1 b r wrote
 _! hi/ories f _! own conjectures8      
,accord+ly1 !y confute "o ano!r 9 _! own
 books to purpose1 & are n a%am$4 to    
give u ! mo/ contradictory acc\nts ( !  
same ?+s2 & ,i %\ld sp5d my "t to little
 purpose1 if ,i %\ld pret5d to tea* !   
,greeks t :i* !y "k bett] ?an ,i        
already1 :at a great disagreem5t !re is 
betwe5 ,hellanicus & ,acusilaus ab\t _! 
g5ealogies2 9 h[ _m eases ,acusilaus    
corrects ,hesiod3 or aft] :at mann]     
,ephorus demon/rates ,hellanicus to h   
told lies 9 ! greate/ "p ( 8 hi/ory2 z  
does ,timeus 9 l mann] z to ,ephorus1 & 
! succe$+ writ]s d to ,timeus1 & all !  
lat] writ]s d to ,h]odotus nor c\ld     
,timeus agree ) ,antio*us & ,phili/ius1 
or ) ,callias1 ab\t ! ,sicilian ,hi/ory1
 no m ?an d ! sev]al writ]s ( ! ,a?ide  
foll[ "o ano!r ab\t ! ,a!nian affairs2  
nor d ! hi/orians ! l1 t wrote !        
,argolics1 ab\t ! affairs ( ! ,argives4 
,& n[ :at ne$ ,i say any m ab\t p>ticul>
 cities & small] places1 :ile 9 ! mo/   

approv$ writ]s ( ! exp$ition ( !        
,p]sians1 & ( ! actions :i* 7 !re9      
p]=m$1 !re are s great diff]5ces8 ,nay1 
,?ucydides himself is accus$ ( "s z     
writ+ :at is false1 al?\gh he seems to h
 giv5 u ! exacte/ hi/ory ( ! affairs ( 8
 own "t4 #d  #d4 ,z = ! occasions ( s   
great disagreem5t ( !irs1 !re may be    
assign$ _m t are v probable1 if any h a 
m9d to make an inquiry ab\t !m2 b ,i    
ascribe ^! contradictions *iefly to two 
causes1 :i* ,i w n[ m5tion1 & /ill ?9k  
:at ,i %all m5tion 9 ! fir/ place to be 
! pr9cipal ( all4 ,= if we rememb] t 9 !
 beg9n+ ! ,greeks _h tak5 no c>e to h   
public records ( _! sev]al transactions 
pres]v$1 ?is mu/ = c]ta9 h af=d$ ^? t   
w\ld aft]w>d write ab\t ^? anci5t       
transactions ! opportunity ( mak+       
mi/akes1 & ! p[] ( mak+ lies also2 = ?is
 orig9al record+ ( su* anci5t           
transactions ha? n only be5 neglect$ by 
! o!r /ates ( ,greece1 b ev5 among !    
,a!nians !mselves also1 :o pret5d to be 
,aborig9es1 & to h appli$ !mselves to   

le>n+1 !re are no su* records extant2   
nay1 !y say !mselves t ! laws ( ,draco  
conc]n+ murd]s1 :i* are n[ extant 9     
writ+1 are ! mo/ anci5t ( _! public     
records2 :i* ,draco yet liv$ b a little 
be=e ! tyrant ,pisi/ratus4 #e ,= z to ! 
,arcadians1 :o make su* boa/s ( _!      
antiquity1 :at ne$ ,i speak ( !m 9      
p>ticul>1 s9ce x 0 /ill lat] be=e !y got
 _! lett]s1 & le>n$ !m1 & t ) difficulty
 also4 #f  #e4 ,!re mu/ !re=e naturally 
arise great diff]5ces among writ]s1 :5  
!y _h no orig9al records to lay = _!    
f\ndation1 :i* might at once in=m ^? :o 
_h an incl9ation to le>n1 & contradict  
^? t w\ld tell lies4 ,h[ev]1 we are to  
suppose a second occasion besides ! =m] 
( ^! contradictions2 x is ?is3 ,t ^? :o 
7 ! mo/ zeal\s to write hi/ory 7 n      
solicit\s = ! discov]y ( tru?1 al?\gh x 
0 v easy = !m always to make su* a      
pr(ession2 b _! bus9ess 0 to demon/rate 
t !y c\ld write well1 & make an         
impression ^u mank9d !reby2 & 9 :at     
mann] ( writ+ !y ?\ght !y 7 able to     

exce$ o!rs1 to t did !y apply !mselves1 
,"s ( !m betook !mselves to ! writ+ (   
fabul\s n>rations2 "s ( !m endeavor$ to 
please ! cities or ! k+s1 by writ+ 9 _! 
comm5dation2 o!rs ( !m fell to f9d+     
faults ) transactions1 or ) ! writ]s (  
su* transactions1 & ?\ght to make a     
great figure by s do+4 ,& inde$ ^! d :at
 is ( all ?+s ! mo/ contr>y to true     
hi/ory2 = x is ! great "* ( true hi/ory 
t all conc]n$ !re9 bo? speak & write !  
same ?+s2 :ile ^! m51 by writ+ diff]5tly
 ab\t ! same ?+s1 ?9k !y %all be believ$
 to write ) ! greate/ reg>d to tru?4 ,we
 !re=e :o are ,jews mu/ yield to !      
,grecian writ]s z to language & eloqu5ce
 ( composition2 b !n we %all give !m no 
su* pref]5ce z to ! v]ity ( anci5t      
hi/ory1 & lea/ ( all z to t "p :i*      
conc]ns ! affairs ( our own sev]al      
c\ntries4  #f4 ,z to ! c>e ( writ+ d[n !
 records f ! e>lie/ antiquity among !   
,egyptians & ,babylonians2 t ! prie/s 7 
intru/$ !re)1 & employ$ a philosophical 
conc]n ab\t x2 t !y 7 ! ,*aldean prie/s 

t did s among ! ,babylonians2 & t !     
,pho5icians1 :o 7 m+l$ among ! ,greeks1 
did especially make use ( _! lett]s1 bo?
 = ! common affairs ( life1 & = !       
deliv]+ d[n ! hi/ory ( common           
transactions1 ,i ?9k ,i may omit any    
pro(1 because all m5 all[ x s to be4 ,b 
n[ z to our =efa!rs1 t !y took no less  
c>e ab\t writ+ su* records1 = ,i w n say
 !y took great] c>e ?an ! o!rs ,i spoke 
(1 & t !y committ$ t matt] to _! high   
prie/s & to _! prophets1 & t ^! records 
h be5 writt5 all along d[n to our own   
times ) ! utmo/ accuracy2 nay1 if x be n
 too bold = me to say x1 our hi/ory w be
 s writt5 h]eaft]2--,i %all endeavor    
briefly to in=m y4  #g4 ,= our =efa!rs  
did n only appo9t ! be/ ( ^! prie/s1 &  
^? t att5d$ ^u ! ,div9e wor%ip1 = t     
design f ! beg9n+1 b made provision t ! 
/ock ( ! prie/s %\ld cont9ue unmix$ &   
pure2 = he :o is p>tak] ( ! prie/hood   
mu/ propagate ( a wife ( ! same nation1 
)\t hav+ any reg>d to money1 or any o!r 
dignities2 b he is to make a scrut9y1 & 

take 8 wife's g5ealogy f ! anci5t       
tables1 & procure _m witnesses to x4 #g 
,& ?is is our practice n only 9 ,judea1 
b :]esoev] any body ( m5 ( our nation d 
live2 & ev5 !re an exact catalogue ( our
 prie/s' m>riages is kept2 ,i mean at   
,egypt & at ,babylon1 or 9 any o!r place
 ( ! re/ ( ! habitable e>?1 :i!rsoev]   
our prie/s are scatt]$2 = !y s5d to     
,j]usalem ! anci5t names ( _! p>5ts 9   
writ+1 z well z ^? ( _! remot] ance/ors1
 & signify :o are ! witnesses also4 ,b  
if any w> falls out1 su* z h fall5 out a
 great _m ( !m already1 :5 ,antio*us    
,epiphanes made an invasion ^u our      
c\ntry1 z also :5 ,pompey ! ,great &    
,qu9tilius ,v>us did s also1 &          
pr9cipally 9 ! w>s t h happ5$ 9 our own 
times1 ^? prie/s t survive !m compose   
new tables ( g5ealogy out ( ! old       
records1 & exam9e ! circum/ances ( !    
wom5 t rema92 = /ill !y d n admit ( ^? t
 h be5 captives1 z suspect+ t !y _h     
conv]sation ) "s =eign]s4 ,b :at is !   
/ronge/ argum5t ( our exact managem5t 9 

?is matt] is :at ,i am n[ go+ to say1 t 
we h ! names ( our high prie/s f fa!r to
 son set d[n 9 our records = ! int]val (
 two ?\s& ye>s2 & if any ( ^! h be5     
transgressors ( ^! rules1 !y are        
prohibit$ to pres5t !mselves at ! alt>1 
or to be p>tak]s ( any o!r ( our        
purifications2 & ?is is ju/ly1 or r     
necess>ily done1 because e "o is n      
p]mitt$ ( 8 own accord to be a writ]1   
nor is !re any disagreem5t 9 :at is     
writt52 !y be+ only prophets t h writt5 
! orig9al & e>lie/ acc\nts ( ?+s z !y   
le>n$ !m ( ,god himself by inspiration2 
& o!rs h writt5 :at ha? happ5$ 9 _! own 
times1 & t 9 a v di/9ct mann] also4  #h4
 ,= we h n an innum]able multitude (    
books among u1 disagree+ f & contradict+
 "o ano!r1 z ! ,greeks h1 b only        
tw5ty-two books1 #h :i* conta9 ! records
 ( all ! pa/ times2 :i* are ju/ly       
believ$ to be div9e2 & ( !m five belong 
to ,moses1 :i* conta9 8 laws & !        
traditions ( ! orig9 ( mank9d till 8    
dea?4 ,?is int]val ( "t 0 little %ort ( 

?ree ?\s& ye>s2 b z to ! "t f ! dea? (  
,moses till ! reign ( ,artax]xes k+ (   
,p]sia1 :o reign$ aft] ,x]xes1 !        
prophets1 :o 7 aft] ,moses1 wrote d[n   
:at 0 done 9 _! times 9 ?irte5 books4 ,!
 rema9+ f\r books conta9 hymns to ,god1 
& precepts = ! conduct ( human life4 ,x 
is true1 our hi/ory ha? be5 writt5 s9ce 
,artax]xes v p>ticul>ly1 b ha? n be5    
e/eem$ ( ! l au?ority ) ! =m] by our    
=efa!rs1 because !re ha? n be5 an exact 
succession ( prophets s9ce t "t2 & h[   
firmly we h giv5 cr$it to ^! books ( our
 own nation is evid5t by :at we d2 =    
dur+ s _m ages z h already pass$1 no "o 
has be5 s bold z ei!r to add any ?+ to  
!m1 to take any ?+ f !m1 or to make any 
*ange 9 !m2 b x is become natural to all
 ,jews imm$iately1 & f _! v bir?1 to    
e/eem ^! books to conta9 ,div9e         
doctr9es1 & to p]si/ 9 !m1 &1 if        
occasion be will+ly to die = !m4 ,= x is
 no new ?+ = our captives1 _m ( !m 9    
numb]1 & frequ5tly 9 "t1 to be se5 to   
endure racks & dea?s ( all k9ds ^u !    

!atres1 t !y may n be oblig$ to say "o  
^w aga9/ our laws & ! records t conta9  
!m2 :]eas !re are none at all among !   
,greeks :o w\ld und]go ! lea/ h>m on t  
acc\nt1 no1 nor 9 case all ! writ+s t   
are among !m 7 to be de/roy$2 = !y take 
!m to be su* disc\rses z are fram$      
agreeably to ! incl9ations ( ^? t write 
!m2 & !y h ju/ly ! same op9ion ( !      
anci5t writ]s1 s9ce !y see "s ( ! pres5t
 g5]ation bold en\gh to write ab\t su*  
affairs1 :]e9 !y 7 n pres5t1 nor _h     
conc]n en\gh to in=m !mselves ab\t !m f 
^? t knew !m2 examples ( :i* may be _h 9
 ?is late w> ( ours1 :]e "s p]sons h    
writt5 hi/ories1 & publi%$ !m1 )\t hav+ 
be5 9 ! places conc]n$1 or hav+ be5 ne> 
!m :5 ! actions 7 done2 b ^! m5 put a   
few ?+s toge!r by he>say1 & insol5tly   
abuse ! _w1 & call ^! writ+s by ! "n (  
,hi/ories4  #i4 ,z = myself1 ,i h       
compos$ a true hi/ory ( t :ole w>1 & (  
all ! p>ticul>s t occurr$ !re91 z hav+  
be5 conc]n$ 9 all its transactions2 = ,i
 act$ z g5]al ( ^? among u t are nam$   

,galileans1 z long z x 0 possible = u to
 make any opposition4 ,i 0 !n seiz$ on  
by ! ,romans1 & became a captive4       
,vespasian also & ,titus _h me kept "u a
 gu>d1 & =c$ me to att5d !m cont9ually4 
,at ! fir/ ,i 0 put into bonds1 b 0 set 
at lib]ty aft]w>d1 & s5t to accompany   
,titus :5 he came f ,alex&ria to ! siege
 ( ,j]usalem2 dur+ :i* "t !re 0 no?+    
done :i* escap$ my k2 = :at happ5$ 9 !  
,roman camp ,i saw1 & wrote d[n         
c>efully2 & :at in=mations ! des]t]s    
br\ght out ( ! city1 ,i 0 ! only man t  
und]/ood !m4 ,aft]w>d ,i got leisure at 
,rome2 & :5 all my mat]ials 7 prep>$ = t
 "w1 ,i made use ( "s p]sons to assi/ me
 9 le>n+ ! ,greek tongue1 & by ^! means 
,i compos$ ! hi/ory ( ^? transactions4  
,& ,i 0 s well assur$ ( ! tru? ( :at ,i 
relat$1 t ,i fir/ ( all appeal$ to ^? t 
_h ! supreme comm& 9 t w>1 ,vespasian & 
,titus1 z witnesses = me1 = to !m ,i    
pres5t$ ^? books fir/ ( all1 & aft] !m  
to _m ( ! ,romans :o _h be5 9 ! w>4 ,i  
also sold !m to _m ( our own m5 :o      

und]/ood ! ,greek philosophy2 among :om 
7 ,julius ,ar*elaus1 ,h]od k+ ( ,*alcis1
 a p]son ( great gravity1 & k+ ,agrippa 
himself1 a p]son t des]v$ ! greate/     
admiration4 ,n[ all ^! m5 bore _!       
te/imony to me1 t ,i _h ! /ricte/ reg>d 
to tru?2 :o yet w\ld n h dissembl$ !    
matt]1 nor be5 sil5t1 if ,i1 out (      
ignorance1 or out ( favor to any side1  
ei!r _h giv5 false colors to actions1 or
 omitt$ any ( !m4  #aj4 ,!re h be5 inde$
 "s bad m51 :o h attempt$ to calumniate 
my hi/ory1 & took x to be a k9d (       
s*ola/ic p]=mance = ! ex]cise ( "y m54  
,a /range sort ( accusation & calumny   
?is6 s9ce e "o t und]takes to deliv] !  
hi/ory ( actions truly ought to "k !m   
accurately himself 9 ! fir/ place1 z    
ei!r hav+ be5 conc]n$ 9 !m himself1 or  
be5 in=m$ ( !m by su* z knew !m4 ,n[ bo?
 ^! me?ods ( k ,i may v prop]ly pret5d  
to 9 ! composition ( bo? my works2 =1 z 
,i said1 ,i h translat$ ! ,antiquities  
out ( our sacr$ books2 :i* ,i easily    
c\ld d1 s9ce ,i 0 a prie/ by my bir?1 & 

h /udi$ t philosophy :i* is conta9$ 9 ^?
 writ+s3 & = ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>1 ,i wrote
 x z hav+ be5 an actor myself 9 _m ( its
 transactions1 an eye-witness 9 !       
greate/ "p ( ! re/1 & 0 n unacqua9t$ )  
any ?+ :atsoev] t 0 ei!r said or done 9 
x4 ,h[ impud5t !n mu/ ^? des]ve to be   
e/eem$ t und]take to contradict me ab\t 
! true /ate ( ^? affairs6 :o1 al?\gh !y 
pret5d to h made use ( bo? ! emp]ors'   
own memoirs1 yet c\ld n !y he acqua9t$ )
 our affairs :o f\ght aga9/ !m4  #aa4   
,?is digression ,i h be5 oblig$ to make 
out ( necessity1 z be+ desir\s to expose
 ! vanity ( ^? t pr(ess to write        
hi/ories2 & ,i suppose ,i h suffici5tly 
decl>$ t ?is cu/om ( transmitt+ d[n !   
hi/ories ( anci5t times ha? be5 bett]   
pres]v$ by ^? nations :i* are call$     
,b>b>ians1 ?an by ! ,greeks !mselves4 ,i
 am n[ will+1 9 ! next place1 to say a  
few ?+s to ^? t endeavor to prove t our 
con/itution is b ( late "t1 = ?is       
reason1 z !y pret5d1 t ! ,greek writ]s h
 said no?+ ab\t u2 aft] :i* ,i %all     

produce te/imonies = our antiquity out (
 ! writ+s ( =eign]s2 ,i %all also       
demon/rate t su* z ca/ reproa*es ^u our 
nation d x v unju/ly4  #ab4 ,z =        
ourselves1 !re=e1 we nei!r inhabit a    
m>itime c\ntry1 nor d we delight 9      
m]*&ise1 nor 9 su* a mixture ) o!r m5 z 
arises f x2 b ! cities we dwell 9 are   
remote f ! sea1 & hav+ a fruitful c\ntry
 = our habitation1 we take pa9s 9       
cultivat+ t only4 ,our pr9cipal c>e (   
all is ?is1 to educate our *ildr5 well2 
& we ?9k x to be ! mo/ necess>y bus9ess 
( our :ole life to obs]ve ! laws t h be5
 giv5 u1 & to keep ^? rules ( piety t h 
be5 deliv]$ d[n to u4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1     
besides :at we h already tak5 notice (1 
we h _h a peculi> way ( liv+ ( our own1 
!re 0 no occasion (f]$ u 9 anci5t ages =
 int]mix+ among ! ,greeks1 z !y _h =    
mix+ among ! ,egyptians1 by _! int]c\rse
 ( export+ & import+ _! sev]al goods2 z 
!y also mix$ ) ! ,pho5icians1 :o liv$ by
 ! sea-side1 by means ( _! love ( lucre 
9 trade & m]*&ise4 ,nor did our =efa!rs 

betake !mselves1 z did "s o!rs1 to      
robb]y2 nor did !y1 9 ord] to ga9 m     
weal?1 fall into =eign w>s1 al?\gh our  
c\ntry conta9$ _m t5 ?\s&s ( m5 ( c\rage
 suffici5t = t purpose4 ,= ?is reason x 
0 t ! ,pho5icians !mselves came soon by 
trad+ & navigation to be kn[n to !      
,grecians1 & by _! means ! ,egyptians   
became kn[n to ! ,grecians also1 z did  
all ^? p :5ce ! ,pho5icians 9 long      
voyages ov] ! seas c>ri$ w>es to !      
,grecians4 ,! ,m$es also & ! ,p]sians1  
:5 !y 7 lords ( ,asia1 became well kn[n 
to !m2 & ?is 0 especially true ( !      
,p]sians1 :o l$ _! armies z f> z ! o!r  
cont95t ,europe4 ,! ,?racians 7 also    
kn[n to !m by ! ne>ness ( _! c\ntries1 &
 ! ,scy?ians by ! means ( ^? t sail$ to 
,pontus2 = x 0 s 9 g5]al t all m>itime  
nations1 & ^? t inhabit$ ne> ! ea/]n or 
we/]n seas1 became mo/ kn[n to ^? t 7   
desir\s to be writ]s2 b su* z _h _!     
habitations fur!r f ! sea 7 = ! mo/ "p  
unkn[n to !m :i* ?+s appe> to h happ5$ z
 to ,europe also1 :]e ! city ( ,rome1 t 

ha? ?is long "t be5 possess$ ( s mu*    
p[]1 & ha? p]=m$ su* great actions 9 w>1
 is yet nev] m5tion$ by ,h]odotus1 nor  
by ,?ucydides1 nor by any "o ( _!       
contempor>ies2 & x 0 v late1 & ) great  
difficulty1 t ! ,romans became kn[n to !
 ,greeks4 ,nay1 ^? t 7 reckon$ ! mo/    
exact hi/orians & ,ephorus = "o 7 s v   
ignorant ( ! ,gauls & ! ,spani>ds1 t he 
suppos$ ! ,spani>ds1 :o inhabit s great 
a "p ( ! we/]n regions ( ! e>?1 to be no
 m ?an "o city4 ,^? hi/orians also h    
v5tur$ to describe su* cu/oms z 7 made  
use ( by !m1 :i* !y nev] _h ei!r done or
 said2 & ! reason :y ^! writ]s did n "k 
! tru? ( _! affairs 0 ?is1 t !y _h n any
 comm]ce toge!r2 b ! reason :y !y wrote 
su* falsities 0 ?is1 t !y _h a m9d to   
appe> to "k ?+s :i* o!rs _h n kn[n4 ,h[ 
c x !n be any wond]1 if our nation 0 no 
m kn[n to _m ( ! ,greeks1 nor _h giv5 !m
 any occasion to m5tion !m 9 _! writ+s1 
:ile !y 7 s remote f ! sea1 & _h a      
conduct ( life s peculi> to !mselves8   
#ac4 ,let u n[ put ! case1 !re=e1 t we  

made use ( ?is argum5t conc]n+ !        
,grecians1 9 ord] to prove t _! nation 0
 n anci5t1 because no?+ is said ( !m 9  
our records3 w\ld n !y laugh at u all1 &
 probably give ! same reasons = our     
sil5ce t ,i h n[ alleg$1 & w\ld produce 
_! neighbor nations z witnesses to _!   
own antiquity8 ,n[ ! v same ?+ w ,i     
endeavor to d2 = ,i w br+ ! ,egyptians &
 ! ,pho5icians z my pr9cipal witnesses1 
because nobody c compla9 ,( _! te/imony 
z false1 on acc\nt t !y are kn[n to h   
borne ! greate/ ill-w t[>ds u2 ,i mean  
?is z to ! ,egyptians 9 g5]al all ( !m1 
:ile ( ! ,pho5icians x is kn[n !        
,tyrians h be5 mo/ ( all 9 ! same ill   
disposition t[>ds u3 yet d ,i confess t 
,i _c say ! same ( ! ,*aldeans1 s9ce our
 fir/ lead]s & ance/ors 7 d]iv$ f !m2 & 
!y d make m5tion ( u ,jews 9 _! records1
 on acc\nt ( ! k9dr$ !re is betwe5 u4   
,n[ :5 ,i %all h made my ass]tions good1
 s f> z conc]ns ! o!rs1 ,i w demon/rate 
t "s ( ! ,greek writ]s h made m5tion ( u
 ,jews also1 t ^? :o envy u may n h ev5 

?is pret5se = contradict+ :at ,i h said 
ab\t our nation4  #ad4 ,i %all beg9 ) ! 
writ+s ( ! ,egyptians2 n inde$ ( ^? t h 
writt5 9 ! ,egyptian language1 :i* x is 
impossible = me to d4 ,b ,mane?o 0 a man
 :o 0 by bir? an ,egyptian1 yet _h he   
made himself ma/] ( ! ,greek le>n+1 z is
 v evid5t2 = he wrote ! hi/ory ( 8 own  
c\ntry 9 ! ,greek tongue1 by translat+  
x1 z he sai? himself1 out ( _! sacr$    
records2 he also f9ds great fault )     
,h]odotus = 8 ignorance & false         
relations ( ,egyptian affairs4 ,n[ ?is  
,mane?o1 9 ! second book ( 8 ,egyptian  
,hi/ory1 writes conc]n+ u 9 ! foll[+    
mann]4 ,i w set d[n 8 v words1 z if ,i 7
 to br+ ! v man himself into a c\rt = a 
witness3 ,!re 0 a k+ ( ours ^: "n 0     
,timaus4 ,"u him x came to pass1 ,i "k n
 h[1 t ,god 0 av]se to u1 & !re came1   
aft] a surpris+ mann]1 m5 ( ignoble bir?
 out ( ! ea/]n p>ts1 & _h boldness en\gh
 to make an exp$ition into our c\ntry1 &
 ) ease subdu$ x by =ce1 yet )\t our    
haz>d+ a battle ) !m4 ,s :5 !y _h gott5 

^? t gov]n$ u "u _! p[]1 !y aft]w>ds    
burnt d[n our cities1 & demoli%$ !      
temples ( ! gods1 & us$ all !           
inhabitants aft] a mo/ b>b>\s mann]2    
nay1 "s !y slew1 & l$ _! *ildr5 & _!    
wives into slav]y4 ,at l5g? !y made "o (
 !mselves k+1 ^: "n 0 ,salatis2 he also 
liv$ at ,memphis1 & made bo? ! upp] &   
l[] regions pay tribute1 & left g>risons
 9 places t 7 ! mo/ prop] = !m4 ,he     
*iefly aim$ to secure ! ea/]n p>ts1 z   
=e-see+ t ! ,assyrians1 :o _h !n !      
greate/ p[]1 w\ld be desir\s ( t k+dom1 
& invade !m2 & z he f\nd 9 ! ,saite     
,nomos1 ,se?roite1 a city v prop] = ?is 
purpose1 & :i* lay ^u ! ,buba/ic *annel1
 b ) reg>d to a c]ta9 !ologic notion 0  
call$ ,av>is1 ?is he rebuilt1 & made v  
/rong by ! walls he built ab\t x1 & by a
 mo/ num]\s g>rison ( two hundr$ & =ty  
?\s& arm$ m5 :om he put into x to keep  
x4 ,?i!r ,salatis came 9 summ] "t1 p>tly
 to ga!r 8 corn1 & pay 8 soldi]s _!     
wages1 & p>tly to ex]cise 8 arm$ m51 &  
!reby to t]rify =eign]s4 ,:5 ?is man _h 

reign$ ?irte5 ye>s1 aft] him reign$     
ano!r1 ^: "n 0 ,beon1 = =ty-f\r ye>s2   
aft] him reign$ ano!r1 call$ ,apa*nas1  
?irty-six ye>s & sev5 mon?s2 aft] him   
,apophis reign$ sixty-"o ye>s1 & !n     
,jan9s fifty ye>s & "o mon?2 aft] all ^!
 reign$ ,assis =ty-n9e ye>s & two mon?s4
 ,& ^! six 7 ! fir/ rul]s among !m1 :o 7
 all along mak+ w> ) ! ,egyptians1 & 7 v
 desir\s gradually to de/roy !m to ! v  
roots4 ,?is :ole nation 0 /yl$ ,hycsos1 
t is1 ,%eph]d-k+s3 = ! fir/ syllable    
,hyc1 accord+ to ! sacr$ dialect1 d5otes
 a k+1 z is ,sos a %eph]d2 b ?is accord+
 to ! ord9>y dialect2 & ( ^! is comp\nd$
 ,hycsos3 b "s say t ^! p 7 ,arabians4  
,n[ 9 ano!r copy x is said t ?is ^w does
 n d5ote ,k+s1 b1 on ! contr>y1 d5otes  
,captive ,%eph]ds1 & ?is on acc\nt ( !  
p>ticle ,hyc2 = t ,hyc1 ) ! aspiration1 
9 ! ,egyptian tongue aga9 d5otes        
,%eph]ds1 & t expressly also2 & ?is to  
me seems ! m probable op9ion1 & m       
agreeable to anci5t hi/ory4 ,b ,mane?o  
goes on3 ,^! p1 :om we h be=e nam$ k+s1 

& call$ %eph]ds also1 & _! desc5dants1 z
 he says1 kept possession ( ,egypt five 
hundr$ & elev5 ye>s4 ,aft] ^!1 he says1 
,t ! k+s ( ,!bais & ! o!r p>ts ( ,egypt 
made an insurrection aga9/ ! %eph]ds1 & 
t !re a t]rible & long w> 0 made betwe5 
!m4 ,he says fur!r1 ,t "u a k+1 ^: "n 0 
,alisphragmu?osis1 ! %eph]ds 7 subdu$ by
 him1 & 7 inde$ driv5 out ( o!r p>ts (  
,egypt1 b 7 %ut up 9 a place t conta9$  
t5 ?\s& acres2 ?is place 0 nam$ ,av>is4 
,mane?o says1 ,t ! %eph]ds built a wall 
r\nd all ?is place1 :i* 0 a l>ge & a    
/rong wall1 & ?is 9 ord] to keep all _! 
possessions & _! prey )9 a place (      
/r5g?1 b t ,?ummosis ! son (            
,alisphragmu?osis made an attempt to    
take !m by =ce & by siege1 ) f\r hundr$ 
& eighty ?\s& m5 to lie rotund ab\t !m1 
b t1 ^u 8 despair ( tak+ ! place by t   
siege1 !y came to a composition ) !m1 t 
!y %\ld leave ,egypt1 & g1 )\t any h>m  
to be done to !m1 :i!rsoev] !y w\ld2 &  
t1 aft] ?is composition 0 made1 !y w5t  
away ) _! :ole families & effects1 n    

few] 9 numb] ?an two hundr$ & =ty ?\s&1 
& took _! j\rney f ,egypt1 ?r\gh !      
wild]ness1 = ,syria2 b t z !y 7 9 fe> ( 
! ,assyrians1 :o _h !n ! dom9ion ov]    
,asia1 !y built a city 9 t c\ntry :i* is
 n[ call$ ,judea1 & t l>ge en\gh to     
conta9 ?is great numb] ( m51 & call$ x  
,j]usalem4 #i ,n[ ,mane?o1 9 ano!r book 
( 81 says1 ,t ?is nation1 ?us call$     
,%eph]ds1 7 also call$ ,captives1 9 _!  
sacr$ books4 ,& ?is acc\nt ( 8 is !     
tru?2 = fe$+ ( %eep 0 ! employm5t ( our 
=efa!rs 9 ! mo/ anci5t ages #aj & z !y  
l$ su* a w&]+ life 9 fe$+ %eep1 !y 7    
call$ ,%eph]ds4 ,nor 0 x )\t reason t !y
 7 call$ ,captives by ! ,egyptians1 s9ce
 "o ( our ance/ors1 ,joseph1 told ! k+ (
 ,egypt t he 0 a captive1 & aft]w>d s5t 
= 8 bre?r5 into ,egypt by ! k+'s        
p]mission4 ,b z = ^! matt]s1 ,i %all    
make a m exact inquiry ab\t !m else:]e4 
#aa  #ae4 ,b n[ ,i %all produce !       
,egyptians z witnesses to ! antiquity ( 
our nation4 ,i %all !re=e "h br+ 9      
,mane?o aga91 & :at he writes z to !    

ord] ( ! times 9 ?is case2 & ?us he     
speaks3 ,:5 ?is p or %eph]ds 7 gone out 
( ,egypt to ,j]usalem1 ,te?toosis ! k+ (
 ,egypt1 :o drove !m out1 reign$ aft]w>d
 tw5ty-five ye>s & f\r mon?s1 & !n di$2 
aft] him 8 son ,*ebron took ! k+dom =   
?irte5 ye>s2 aft] :om came ,am5ophis1 = 
tw5ty ye>s & sev5 mon?s2 !n came 8 si/] 
,amesses1 = tw5ty-"o ye>s & n9e mon?s2  
aft] h] came ,mephres1 = twelve ye>s &  
n9e mon?s2 aft] him 0 ,mephramu?osis1 = 
tw5ty-five ye>s & t5 mon?s2 aft] him 0  
,?mosis1 = n9e ye>s & eight mon?s2 aft] 
him came ,am5ophis1 = ?irty ye>s & t5   
mon?s2 aft] him came ,orus1 = ?irty-six 
ye>s & five mon?s2 !n came 8 daught]    
,ac5*res1 = twelve ye>s & "o mon?2 !n 0 
h] bro!r ,ra?otis1 = n9e ye>s2 !n 0     
,ac5*]es1 = twelve ye>s & five mon?s2 !n
 came ano!r ,ac5*]es1 = twelve ye>s &   
?ree mon?s2 aft] him ,armais1 = f\r ye>s
 & "o mon?2 aft] him 0 ,ramesses1 = "o  
ye> & f\r mon?s2 aft] him came ,armesses
 ,miamm\n1 = sixty-six ye>s & two mon?s2
 aft] him ,am5ophis1 = n9ete5 ye>s & six

 mon?s2 aft] him came ,se?osis1 &       
,ramesses1 :o _h an army ( horse1 & a   
naval =ce4 ,?is k+ appo9t$ 8 bro!r1     
,armais1 to be 8 deputy ov] ,egypt4 ,9  
ano!r copy x /ood ?us3 ,aft] him came   
,se?osis1 & ,ramesses1 two bre?r51 ! =m]
 ( :om _h a naval =ce1 & 9 a ho/ile     
mann] de/roy$ ^? t met him ^u ! sea2 b z
 he slew ,ramesses 9 no long "t aft]w>d1
 s he appo9t$ ano!r ( 8 bre?r5 to be 8  
deputy ov] ,egypt4 ,he also gave him all
 ! o!r au?ority ( a k+1 b ) ^! only     
injunctions1 t he %\ld n we> ! diadem1  
nor be injuri\s to ! que51 ! "m ( 8     
*ildr51 & t he %\ld n m$dle ) ! o!r     
concub9es ( ! k+2 :ile he made an       
exp$ition aga9/ ,cyprus1 & ,pho5icia1 & 
besides aga9/ ! ,assyrians & ! ,m$es4   
,he !n subdu$ !m all1 "s by 8 arms1 "s  
)\t fight+1 & "s by ! t]ror ( 8 great   
army2 & be+ puff$ up by ! great         
successes he _h _h1 he w5t on /ill ! m  
boldly1 & ov]?rew ! cities & c\ntries t 
lay 9 ! ea/]n p>ts4 ,b aft] "s          
consid]able "t1 ,armais1 :o 0 left 9    

,egypt1 did all ^? v ?+s1 by way (      
opposition1 :i* 8 bro!r _h =bid him to  
d1 )\t fe>2 = he us$ viol5ce to ! que51 
& cont9u$ to make use ( ! re/ ( !       
concub9es1 )\t sp>+ any ( !m2 nay1 at ! 
p]suasion ( 8 fri5ds he put on ! diadem1
 & set up to oppose 8 bro!r4 ,b !n he :o
 0 set ov] ! prie/s ( ,egypt wrote      
lett]s to ,se?osis1 & in=m$ him ( all t 
_h happ5$1 & h[ 8 bro!r _h set up to    
oppose him3 he !re=e return$ back to    
,pelusium imm$iately1 & recov]$ 8 k+dom 
aga94 ,! c\ntry also 0 call$ f 8 "n     
,egypt2 = ,mane?o says1 t ,se?osis 0    
himself call$ ,egyptus1 z 0 8 bro!r     
,armais call$ ,danaus4  #af4 ,?is is    
,mane?o's acc\nt4 ,& evid5t x is f !    
numb] ( ye>s by him set d[n belong+ to  
?is int]val1 if !y be summ$ up toge!r1 t
 ^! %eph]ds1 z !y are "h call$1 :o 7 no 
o!r ?an our =efa!rs1 7 deliv]$ out (    
,egypt1 & came !nce1 & inhabit$ ?is     
c\ntry1 ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-?ree ye>s   
be=e ,danaus came to ,argos2 al?\gh !   
,argives look ^u him #ab z _! mo/ anci5t

 k+ ,mane?o1 !re=e1 he>s ?is te/imony to
 two po9ts ( ! greate/ consequ5ce to our
 purpose1 & ^? f ! ,egyptian records    
!mselves4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t we came out
 ( ano!r c\ntry into ,egypt2 & t )al our
 deliv]ance out ( x 0 s anci5t 9 "t z to
 h prec$$ ! siege ( ,troy almo/ a ?\s&  
ye>s2 b !n1 z to ^? ?+s :i* ,manetbo    
adds1 n f ! ,egyptian records1 b1 z he  
confesses himself1 f "s /ories ( an     
unc]ta9 orig9al1 ,i w disprove !m       
h]eaft] p>ticul>ly1 & %all demon/rate t 
!y are no bett] ?an incr$ible fables4   
#ag4 ,i w n[1 !re=e1 pass f ^! records1 
& come to ^? t belong to ! ,pho5icians1 
& conc]n our nation1 & %all produce     
atte/ations to :at ,i h said out ( !m4  
,!re are !n records among ! ,tyrians t  
take 9 ! hi/ory ( _m ye>s1 & ^! are     
public writ+s1 & are kept ) great       
exactness1 & include acc\nts ( ! facts  
done among !m1 & su* z conc]n _!        
transactions ) o!r nations also1 ^? ,i  
mean :i* 7 wor? rememb]+4 ,!re9 x 0     
record$ t ! temple 0 built by k+        

,solomon at ,j]usalem1 "o hundr$        
=ty-?ree ye>s & eight mon?s be=e !      
,tyrians built ,c>?age2 & 9 _! annals ! 
build+ ( our temple is relat$2 = ,hirom1
 ! k+ ( ,tyre1 0 ! fri5d ( ,solomon our 
k+1 & _h su* fri5d%ip transmitt$ d[n to 
him f 8 =efa!rs4 ,he !reupon 0 ambiti\s 
to contribute to ! spl5dor ( ?is edifice
 ( ,solomon1 & made him a pres5t ( "o   
hundr$ & tw5ty tal5ts ( gold4 ,he also  
cut d[n ! mo/ excell5t timb] out ( t    
m\nta9 :i* is call$ ,libanus1 & s5t x to
 him = adorn+ its ro(4 ,solomon also n  
only made him _m o!r pres5ts1 by way (  
requital1 b gave him a c\ntry 9 ,galilee
 also1 t 0 call$ ,*abulon4 #ac ,b !re 0 
ano!r passion1 a philosophic incl9ation 
( !irs1 :i* cem5t$ ! fri5d%ip t 0       
betwixt !m2 = !y s5t mutual problems to 
"o ano!r1 ) a desire to h !m unriddl$ by
 ea* o!r2 :]e9 ,solomon 0 sup]ior to    
,hirom1 z he 0 wis] ?an he 9 o!r        
respects3 & _m ( ! epi/les t pass$      
betwe5 !m are /ill pres]v$ among !      
,tyrians4 ,n[1 t ?is may n dep5d on my  

b>e ^w1 ,i w produce = a witness ,dius1 
"o t is believ$ to h writt5 ! ,pho5ician
 ,hi/ory aft] an accurate mann]4 ,?is   
,dius1 !re=e1 writes ?us1 9 8 ,hi/ories 
( ! ,pho5icians3 ,^u ! dea? ( ,abibalus1
 8 son ,hirom took ! k+dom4 ,?is k+     
rais$ banks at ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! city1 & 
enl>g$ x2 he also jo9$ ! temple (       
,jupit] ,olympius1 :i* /ood be=e 9 an   
isl& by itself1 to ! city1 by rais+ a   
causeway betwe5 !m1 & adorn$ t temple ) 
donations ( gold4 ,he moreov] w5t up to 
,libanus1 & _h timb] cut d[n = ! build+ 
( temples4 ,!y say fur!r1 t ,solomon1 :5
 he 0 k+ ( ,j]usalem1 s5t problems to   
,hirom to be solv$1 & desir$ he w\ld s5d
 o!rs back = him to solve1 & t he :o    
c\ld n solve ! problems propos$ to him  
%\ld pay money to him t solv$ !m4 ,& :5 
,hirom _h agre$ to ! proposals1 b 0 n   
able to solve ! problems1 he 0 oblig$ to
 pay a great deal ( money1 z a p5alty = 
! same4 ,z also !y relate1 t "o         
,o,eabdemon1 a man ( ,tyre1 did solve ! 
problems1 & propose o!rs :i* ,solomon   

c\ld n solve1 ^u :i* he 0 oblig$ to     
repay a great deal ( money to ,hirom4   
,^! ?+s are atte/$ to by ,dius1 &       
confirm :at we h said ^u ! same subjects
 be=e4  #ah4 ,& n[ ,i %all add ,m5&] !  
,ephesian1 z an additional witness4 ,?is
 ,m5&] wrote ! ,acts t 7 done bo? by !  
,greeks & ,b>b>ians1 "u e "o ( ! ,tyrian
 k+s1 & _h tak5 mu* pa9s to le>n _!     
hi/ory out ( _! own records4 ,n[ :5 he 0
 writ+ ab\t ^? k+s t _h reign$ at ,tyre1
 he came to ,hirom1 & says ?us3 ,^u !   
dea? ( ,abibalus1 8 son ,hirom took !   
k+dom2 he liv$ fifty-?ree ye>s1 & reign$
 ?irty-f\r4 ,he rais$ a bank on t call$ 
! ,broad ,place1 & d$icat$ t gold5 pill>
 :i* is 9 ,jupit]'s temple2 he also w5t 
& cut d[n timb] f ! m\nta9 call$        
,libanus1 & got timb] ,( c$> = ! ro(s ( 
! temples4 ,he also pull$ d[n ! old     
temples1 & built new ones2 besides ?is1 
he consecrat$ ! temples ( ,h]cules & (  
,a/>te4 ,he fir/ built ,h]cules's temple
 9 ! mon? ,p]itus1 & t ( ,a/>te :5 he   
made 8 exp$ition aga9/ ! ,tityans1 :o   

w\ld n pay him _! tribute2 & :5 he _h   
subdu$ !m to himself1 he return$ home4  
,"u ?is k+ !re 0 a y\ng] son ( ,abdemon1
 :o ma/]$ ! problems :i* ,solomon k+ (  
,j]usalem _h recomm5d$ to be solv$4 ,n[ 
! "t f ?is k+ to ! build+ ( ,c>?age is  
?us calculat$3 ,^u ! dea? ( ,hirom1     
,baleaz>us 8 son took ! k+dom2 he liv$  
=ty-?ree ye>s1 & reign$ sev5 ye>s3 aft] 
him succe$$ 8 son ,abda/>tus2 he liv$   
tw5ty-n9e ye>s1 & reign$ n9e ye>s4 ,n[  
f\r sons ( 8 nurse plott$ aga9/ him &   
slew him1 ! elde/ ( :om reign$ twelve   
ye>s3 aft] !m came ,a/>tus1 ! son (     
,delea/>tus2 he liv$ fifty-f\r ye>s1 &  
reign$ twelve ye>s3 aft] him came 8     
bro!r ,as]ymus2 he liv$ fifty-f\r ye>s1 
& reign$ n9e ye>s3 he 0 sla9 by 8 bro!r 
,pheles1 :o took ! k+dom & reign$ b     
eight mon?s1 ?\gh he liv$ fifty ye>s3 he
 0 sla9 by ,i?obalus1 ! prie/ ( ,a/>te1 
:o reign$ ?irty-two ye>s1 & liv$        
sixty-eight ye>s3 he 0 succe$$ by 8 son 
,badezorus1 :o liv$ =ty-five ye>s1 &    
reign$ six ye>s3 he 0 succe$$ by        

,matg5us 8 son2 he liv$ ?irty-two ye>s1 
& reign$ n9e ye>s3 ,pygmalion succe$$   
him2 he liv$ fifty-six ye>s1 & reign$   
=ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,n[ 9 ! sev5? ye> ( 8    
reign1 8 si/] fl$ away f him1 & built ! 
city ,c>?age 9 ,libya4 ,s ! :ole "t f ! 
reign ( ,hirom1 till ! build+ ( ,c>?age1
 am\nts to ! sum ( "o hundr$ fifty-five 
ye>s & eight mon?s4 ,s9ce !n ! temple 0 
built at ,j]usalem 9 ! twelf? ye> ( !   
reign ( ,hirom1 !re 7 f ! build+ ( !    
temple1 until ! build+ ( ,c>?age1 "o    
hundr$ =ty-?ree ye>s & eight mon?s4     
,:]e=e1 :at occasion is !re = alleg+ any
 m te/imonies out ( ! ,pho5ician        
hi/ories on ! behalf ( our nation1 s9ce 
:at ,i h said is s ?or\ghly confirm$    
already8 & to be sure our ance/ors came 
into ?is c\ntry long be=e ! build+ ( !  
temple2 = x 0 n till we _h gott5        
possession ( ! :ole l& by w> t we built 
our temple4 ,& ?is is ! po9t t ,i h     
cle>ly prov$ out ( our sacr$ writ+s 9 my
 ,antiquities4  #ai4 ,i w n[ relate :at 
ha? be5 writt5 conc]n+ u 9 ! ,*aldean   

hi/ories1 :i* records h a great agreem5t
 ) our books 9 oili] ?+s also4 ,b]osus  
%all be witness to :at ,i say3 he 0 by  
bir? a ,*aldean1 well kn[n by ! le>n$1  
on acc\nt ( 8 publication ( ! ,*aldean  
books ( a/ronomy & philosophy among !   
,greeks4 ,?is ,b]osus1 !re=e1 foll[+ !  
mo/ anci5t records ( t nation1 gives u a
 hi/ory ( ! deluge ( wat]s t !n happ5$1 
& ( ! de/ruction ( mank9d !reby1 &      
agrees ) ,moses's n>ration !re(4 ,he    
also gives u an acc\nt ( t ark :]e9     
,noah1 ! orig9 ( our race1 0 pres]v$1 :5
 x 0 br\ght to ! highe/ "p ( ! ,arm5ian 
m\nta9s2 aft] :i* he gives u a catalogue
 ( ! po/]ity ( ,noah1 & adds ! ye>s ( _!
 *ronology1 & at l5g? comes d[n to      
,nabolass>1 :o 0 k+ ( ,babylon1 & ( !   
,*aldeans4 ,& :5 he 0 relat+ ! acts (   
?is k+1 he describes to u h[ he s5t 8   
son ,nabu*odonosor aga9/ ,egypt1 & aga9/
 our l&1 ) a great army1 ^u 8 be+ in=m$ 
t !y _h revolt$ f him2 & h[1 by t means1
 he subdu$ !m all1 & set our temple t 0 
at ,j]usalem on fire2 nay1 & remov$ our 

p entirely out ( _! own c\ntry1 &       
transf]r$ !m to ,babylon2 :5 x s happ5$ 
t our city 0 desolate dur+ ! int]val (  
sev5ty ye>s1 until ! days ( ,cyrus k+ ( 
,p]sia4 ,he !n says1 ,t ?is ,babylonian 
k+ conqu]$ ,egypt1 & ,syria1 &          
,pho5icia1 & ,arabia1 & exce$$ 9 8      
exploits all t _h reign$ be=e him 9     
,babylon & ,*aldea4 ,a little aft] :i*  
,b]osus subjo9s :at foll[s 9 8 ,hi/ory (
 ,anci5t ,times4 ,i w set d[n ,b]osus's 
own acc\nts1 :i* are ^!3 ,:5 ,nabolass>1
 fa!r ( ,nabu*odonosor1 he>d t ! gov]nor
 :om he _h set ov] ,egypt1 & ov] ! p>ts 
( ,celesyria & ,pho5icia1 _h revolt$ f  
him1 he 0 n able to be> x any long]2 b  
committ+ c]ta9 p>ts ( 8 army to 8 son   
,nabu*odonosor1 :o 0 !n b "y1 he s5t him
 aga9/ ! rebel3 ,nabu*odonosor jo9$     
battle ) him1 & conqu]$ him1 & r$uc$ !  
c\ntry "u 8 dom9ion aga94 ,n[ x s fell  
out t 8 fa!r ,nabolass> fell into a     
di/emp] at ?is "t1 & di$ 9 ! city (     
,babylon1 aft] he _h reign$ tw5ty-n9e   
ye>s4 ,b z he und]/ood1 9 a little "t1 t

 8 fa!r ,nabolass> 0 dead1 he set !     
affairs ( ,egypt & ! o!r c\ntries 9     
ord]1 & committ$ ! captives he _h tak5 f
 ! ,jews1 & ,pho5icians1 & ,syrians1 & (
 ! nations belong+ to ,egypt1 to "s ( 8 
fri5ds1 t !y might conduct t "p ( ! =ces
 t _h on heavy armor1 ) ! re/ ( 8       
baggage1 to ,babylonia2 :ile he w5t 9   
ha/e1 hav+ b a few ) him1 ov] ! des]t to
 ,babylon2 :i!r1 :5 he 0 come1 he f\nd !
 public affairs _h be5 manag$ by !      
,*aldeans1 & t ! pr9cipal p]son among !m
 _h pres]v$ ! k+dom = him4 ,accord+ly1  
he n[ entirely obta9$ all 8 fa!r's      
dom9ions4 ,he !n came1 & ord]$ !        
captives to be plac$ z colonies 9 ! mo/ 
prop] places ( ,babylonia2 b = himself1 
he adorn$ ! temple ( ,belus1 & ! o!r    
temples1 aft] an elegant mann]1 out ( ! 
spoils he _h tak5 9 ?is w>4 ,he also    
rebuilt ! old city1 & add$ ano!r to x on
 ! outside1 & s f> re/or$ ,babylon1 t   
none :o %\ld besiege x aft]w>ds might h 
x 9 _! p[] to div]t ! riv]1 s z to      
facilitate an entrance into x2 & ?is he 

did by build+ ?ree walls ab\t ! inn]    
city1 & ?ree ab\t ! out]4 ,"s ( ^! walls
 he built ( burnt brick & bitum51 & "s (
 brick only4 ,s :5 he _h ?us =tifi$ !   
city ) walls1 aft] an excell5t mann]1 & 
_h adorn$ ! gates magnific5tly1 he add$ 
a new palace to t :i* 8 fa!r _h dwelt 91
 & ?is close by x also1 & t m em95t 9   
its height1 & 9 its great spl5dor4 ,x   
w\ld p]haps require too long a n>ration1
 if any "o 7 to describe x4 ,h[ev]1 z   
prodigi\sly l>ge & z magnific5t z x 01 x
 0 f9i%$ 9 fifte5 days4 ,n[ 9 ?is palace
 he erect$ v high walks1 support$ by    
/one pill>s1 & by plant+ :at 0 call$ a  
p5sile p>adise1 & repl5i%+ x ) all sorts
 ( trees1 he r5d]$ ! prospect an exact  
resemblance ( a m\nta9\s c\ntry4 ,?is he
 did to please 8 que51 because %e _h be5
 br\ght up 9 ,m$ia1 & 0 fond ( a        
m\nta9\s situation4  #bj4 ,?is is :at   
,b]osus relates conc]n+ ! =em5tion$ k+1 
z he relates _m o!r ?+s ab\t him also 9 
! ?ird book ( 8 ,*aldean ,hi/ory2 :]e9  
he compla9s ( ! ,grecian writ]s =       

suppos+1 )\t any f\ndation1 t ,babylon 0
 built by ,semiramis1 #ad que5 (        
,assyria1 & = h] false pret5se to ^?    
wond]ful edifices !reto build+s at      
,babylon1 d no way contradict ^? anci5t 
& relat+1 z if !y 7 h] own workman%ip2 z
 inde$ 9 ^! affairs ! ,*aldean ,hi/ory  
_c b be ! mo/ cr$ible4 ,moreov]1 we meet
 ) a confirmation ( :at ,b]osus says 9 !
 ar*ives ( ! ,pho5icians1 conc]n+ ?is k+
 ,nabu*odonosor1 t he conqu]$ all ,syria
 & ,pho5icia2 9 :i* case ,philo/ratus   
agrees ) ! o!rs 9 t hi/ory :i* he       
compos$1 :]e he m5tions ! siege ( ,tyre2
 z does ,mega/h5es also1 9 ! f\r? book (
 8 ,indian ,hi/ory1 :]e9 he pret5ds to  
prove t ! =em5tion$ k+ ( ! ,babylonians 
0 sup]ior to ,h]cules 9 /r5g? & !       
greatness ( 8 exploits2 = he says t he  
conqu]$ a great "p ( ,libya1 & conqu]$  
,ib]ia also4 ,n[ z to :at ,i h said be=e
 ab\t ! temple at ,j]usalem1 t x 0 f\ght
 aga9/ by ! ,babylonians1 & burnt by !m1
 b 0 op5$ aga9 :5 ,cyrus _h tak5 ! k+dom
 ( ,asia1 %all n[ be demon/rat$ f :at   

,b]osus adds fur!r ^u t head2 = ?us he  
says 9 8 ?ird book3 ,nabu*odonosor1 aft]
 he _h begun to build ! =em5tion$ wall1 
fell sick1 & dep>t$ ?is life1 :5 he _h  
reign$ =ty-?ree ye>s2 :]eupon 8 son     
,evilm]oda* obta9$ ! k+dom4 ,he gov]n$  
public affairs aft] an illegal & impure 
mann]1 & _h a plot laid aga9/ him by    
,n]iglissoor1 8 si/]'s husb&1 & 0 sla9  
by him :5 he _h reign$ b two ye>s4 ,aft]
 he 0 sla91 ,n]iglissoor1 ! p]son :o    
plott$ aga9/ him1 succe$$ him 9 ! k+dom1
 & reign$ f\r ye>s2 8 son ,laboroso>*od 
obta9$ ! k+dom1 ?\gh he 0 b a *ild1 &   
kept x n9e m\?s2 b by reason ( ! v ill  
temp] & ill practices he exhibit$ to !  
_w1 a plot 0 laid aga9/ him also by 8   
fri5ds1 & he 0 torm5t$ to dea?4 ,aft] 8 
dea?1 ! conspirators got toge!r1 & by   
common cons5t put ! cr[n ^u ! head (    
,nabonn$us1 a man ( ,babylon1 & "o :o   
belong$ to t insurrection4 ,9 8 reign x 
0 t ! walls ( ! city ( ,babylon 7       
curi\sly built ) burnt brick & bitum52 b
 :5 he 0 come to ! sev5te5? ye> ( 8     

reign1 ,cyrus came out ( ,p]sia ) a     
great army2 & hav+ already conqu]$ all !
 re/ ( ,asia1 he came ha/ily to         
,babylonia4 ,:5 ,nabonn$us p]ceiv$ he 0 
com+ to attack him1 he met him ) 8 =ces1
 & jo9+ battle ) him 0 beat51 & fl$ away
 ) a few ( 8 troops ) him1 & 0 %ut up )9
 ! city ,borsippus4 ,h]eupon ,cyrus took
 ,babylon1 & gave ord] t ! out] walls ( 
! city %\ld be demoli%$1 because ! city 
_h prov$ v tr\blesome to him1 & co/ him 
a great deal ( pa9s to take x4 ,he !n   
m>*$ away to ,borsippus1 to besiege     
,nabonn$us2 b z ,nabonn$us did n su/a9 !
 siege1 b deliv]$ himself into 8 h&s1 he
 0 at fir/ k9dly us$ by ,cyrus1 :o gave 
him ,c>mania1 z a place = him to inhabit
 91 b s5t him out ( ,babylonia4         
,accord+ly ,nabonn$us sp5t ! re/ ( 8 "t 
9 t c\ntry1 & !re di$4  #ba4 ,^! acc\nts
 agree ) ! true hi/ories 9 our books2 = 
9 !m x is writt5 t ,nebu*adnezz>1 9 !   
eighte5? ye> ( 8 reign1 laid our temple 
desolate1 & s x lay 9 t /ate ( obscurity
 = fifty ye>s2 b t 9 ! second ye> ( !   

reign ( ,cyrus its f\ndations 7 laid1 & 
x 0 f9i%$ aga9 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius4 
,i w n[ add ! records ( ! ,pho5icians2 =
 x w n be sup]flu\s to give ! read]     
demon/rations m ?an en\gh on ?is        
occasion4 ,9 !m we h ?is enum]ation ( ! 
times ( _! sev]al k+s3 ,nabu*odonosor   
besieg$ ,tyre = ?irte5 ye>s 9 ! days (  
,i?obal1 _! k+2 aft] him reign$ ,baal1  
t5 ye>s2 aft] him 7 judges appo9t$1 :o  
judg$ ! p3 ,ecnibalus1 ! son (          
,baslacus1 two mon?s2 ,*elbes1 ! son (  
,abdeus1 t5 mon?s2 ,abb>1 ! high prie/1 
?ree mon?s2 ,mitgonus & ,g]a/ratus1 !   
sons ( ,abdelemus1 7 judges six ye>s2   
aft] :om ,balatorus reign$ "o ye>2 aft] 
8 dea? !y s5t & fet*$ ,m]balus f        
,babylon1 :o reign$ f\r ye>s2 aft] 8    
dea? !y s5t = 8 bro!r ,hirom1 :o reign$ 
tw5ty ye>s4 ,"u 8 reign ,cyrus became k+
 ( ,p]sia4 ,s t ! :ole int]val is       
fifty-f\r ye>s besides ?ree mon?s2 = 9 !
 sev5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,nebu*adnezz> he 
began to besiege ,tyre1 & ,cyrus !      
,p]sian took ! k+dom 9 ! f\rte5? ye> (  

,hirom4 ,s t ! records ( ! ,*aldeans &  
,tyrians agree ) our writ+s ab\t ?is    
temple2 & ! te/imonies "h produc$ are an
 indisputable & und5iable atte/ation to 
! antiquity ( our nation4 ,& ,i suppose 
t :at ,i h already said may be suffici5t
 to su* z are n v cont5ti\s4  #bb4 ,b n[
 x is prop] to satisfy ! inquiry ( ^? t 
disbelieve ! records ( b>b>ians1 & ?9k  
none b ,greeks to be wor?y ( cr$it1 & to
 produce _m ( ^! v ,greeks :o 7 acqua9t$
 ) our nation1 & to set be=e !m su* z ^u
 occasion h made m5tion ( u 9 _! own    
writ+s4 ,py?agoras1 !re=e1 ( ,samos1    
liv$ 9 v anci5t times1 & 0 e/eem$ a     
p]son sup]ior to all philosoph]s 9      
wisdom & piety t[>ds ,god4 ,n[ x is pla9
 t he did n only "k our doctr9es1 b 0 9 
v great measure a foll[] & admir] ( !m4 
,!re is n inde$ extant any writ+ t is   
own$ = 8 #ae b _m !re are :o h writt5 8 
hi/ory1 ( :om ,h]mippus is ! mo/        
celebrat$1 :o 0 a p]son v inquisitive   
into all sorts ( hi/ory4 ,n[ ?is        
,h]mippus1 9 8 fir/ book conc]n+        

,py?agoras1 speaks ?us3 ,t ,py?agoras1  
^u ! dea? ( "o ( 8 associates1 ^: "n 0  
,calliphon1 a ,crotonlate by bir?1      
affirm$ t ?is man's s\l conv]s$ ) him   
bo? night & day1 & enjo9$ him n to pass 
ov] a place :]e an ass _h fall5 d[n2 z  
also n to dr9k ( su* wat]s z caus$ ?ir/ 
aga92 & to ab/a9 f all sorts (          
reproa*es4 ,aft] :i* he adds ?us3 ,?is  
he did & said 9 imitation ( ! doctr9es (
 ! ,jews & ,?racians1 :i* he transf]r$  
into 8 own philosophy4 ,= x is v truly  
affirm$ ( ?is ,py?agoras1 t he took a   
great _m ( ! laws ( ! ,jews into 8 own  
philosophy4 ,nor 0 our nation unkn[n (  
old to sev]al ( ! ,grecian cities1 &    
inde$ 0 ?\ght wor?y ( imitation by "s ( 
!m4 ,?is is decl>$ by ,!ophra/us1 9 8   
writ+s conc]n+ laws2 = he says t ! laws 
( ! ,tyrians =bid m5 to swe> =eign oa?s4
 ,among :i* he enum]ates "s o!rs1 &     
p>ticul>ly t call$ ,corban3 :i* oa? c   
only be f\nd among ! ,jews1 & decl>es   
:at a man may call ,a ?+ devot$ to ,god4
 ,nor inde$ 0 ,h]odotus ( ,halic>nassus 

unacqua9t$ ) our nation1 b m5tions x    
aft] a way ( 8 own1 :5 he sai? ?us1 9 ! 
second book conc]n+ ! ,col*ians4 ,8     
words are ^!3 ,! only p :o 7 circumcis$ 
9 _! privy memb]s orig9ally1 7 !        
,col*ians1 ! ,egyptians1 & ! ,e?iopians2
 b ! ,pho5icians & ^? ,syrians t are 9  
,pale/9e confess t !y le>n$ x f !       
,egyptians4 ,& = ^? ,syrians :o live    
ab\t ! riv]s ,!rmodon & ,p>!nius1 & _!  
neighbors ! ,macrones1 !y say !y h      
lately le>n$ x f ! ,col*ians2 = ^! are !
 only p t are circumcis$ among mank9d1 &
 appe> to h done ! v same ?+ ) !        
,egyptians4 ,b z = ! ,egyptians &       
,e?iopians !mselves1 ,i am n able to say
 :i* ( !m receiv$ x f ! o!r4 ,?is !re=e 
is :at ,h]odotus says1 t ! ,syrians t   
are 9 ,pale/9e are circumcis$4 ,b !re   
are no inhabitants ( ,pale/9e t are     
circumcis$ except+ ! ,jews2 & !re=e x   
mu/ be 8 k ( !m t enabl$ him to speak s 
mu* conc]n+ !m4 ,*]ilus also1 a /ill    
anci5t] writ]1 & a poet1 #af makes      
m5tion ( our nation1 & in=ms u t x came 

to ! assi/ance ( k+ ,x]xes1 9 8         
exp$ition aga9/ ,greece4 ,= 9 8         
enum]ation ( all ^? nations1 he la/ (   
all ins]ts ours among ! re/1 :5 he says1
 ,at ! la/ !re pass$ ov] a p1 wond]ful  
to be beheld2 = !y spake ! ,pho5ician   
tongue ) _! m\?s2 !y dwelt 9 ! ,solymean
 m\nta9s1 ne> a broad lake3 _! heads 7  
sooty2 !y _h r\nd rasures on !m2 _!     
heads & faces 7 l na/y horse-heads also1
 t _h be5 h>d5$ 9 ! smoke4 ,i ?9k1      
!re=e1 t x is evid5t to e body t ,*]ilus
 means u1 because ! ,solymean m\nta9s   
are 9 our c\ntry1 :]e9 we inhabit1 z is 
also ! lake call$ ,asphaltitis2 = ?is is
 a broad] & l>g] lake ?an any o!r t is 9
 ,syria3 & ?us does ,*]ilus make m5tion 
( u4 ,b n[ t n only ! l[e/ sort ( !     
,grecians1 b ^? t are _h 9 ! greate/    
admiration = _! philosophic improvem5ts 
among !m1 did n only "k ! ,jews1 b :5 !y
 light$ ^u any ( !m1 admir$ !m also1 x  
is easy = any "o to "k4 ,= ,cle>*us1 :o 
0 ! s*ol> ( ,ari/otle1 & inf]ior to no  
"o ( ! ,p]ipatetics :omsoev]1 9 8 fir/  

book conc]n+ sleep1 says t ,ari/otle 8  
ma/] relat$ :at foll[s ( a ,jew1 & sets 
d[n ,ari/otle's own disc\rse ) him4 ,!  
acc\nt is ?is1 z writt5 d[n by him3 ,n[1
 = a great "p ( :at ?is ,jew said1 x    
w\ld be too long to recite x2 b :at     
includes 9 x bo? wond] & philosophy x   
may n be amiss to disc\rse (4 ,n[1 t ,i 
may be pla9 ) !e1 ,hyp]o*ides1 ,i %all  
h]e9 seem to !e to relate wond]s1 & :at 
w resemble dreams !mselves4 ,h]eupon    
,hyp]o*ides answ]$ mode/ly1 & said1 ,= t
 v reason x is t all ( u are v desir\s (
 he>+ :at ?\ art go+ to say4 ,!n repli$ 
,ari/otle1 ,= ?is cause x w be ! be/ way
 to imitate t rule ( ! ,rhetoricians1   
:i* requires u fir/ to give an acc\nt ( 
! man1 & ( :at nation he 01 t s we may n
 contradict our ma/]'s directions4 ,!n  
said ,hyp]o*ides1 ,g on1 if x s pleases 
!e4 ,?is man !n1 answ]$ ,ari/otle1 0 by 
bir? a ,jew1 & came f ,celesyria2 ^!    
,jews are d]iv$ f ! ,indian philosoph]s2
 !y are nam$ by ! ,indians ,calami1 & by
 ! ,syrians ,judaei1 & took _! "n f !   

c\ntry !y inhabit1 :i* is call$ ,judea2 
b = ! "n ( _! city1 x is a v awkw>d "o1 
= !y call x ,j]usalem4 ,n[ ?is man1 :5  
he 0 hospitably treat$ by a great _m1   
came d[n f ! upp] c\ntry to ! places ne>
 ! sea1 & became a ,grecian1 n only 9 8 
language1 b 9 8 s\l also2 insomu* t :5  
we ourselves happ5$ to be 9 ,asia ab\t !
 same places :i!r he came1 he conv]s$ ) 
u1 & ) o!r philosophical p]sons1 & made 
a trial ( our skill 9 philosophy2 & z he
 _h liv$ ) _m le>n$ m51 he communicat$  
to u m in=mation ?an he receiv$ f u4    
,?is is ,ari/otle's acc\nt ( ! matt]1 z 
giv5 u by ,cle>*us2 :i* ,ari/otle       
disc\rs$ also p>ticul>ly ( ! great &    
wond]ful =titude ( ?is ,jew 9 8 diet1 & 
cont95t way ( liv+1 z ^? t please may   
le>n m ab\t him f ,cle>*us's book       
itself2 = ,i avoid sett+ d[n any m ?an  
is suffici5t = my purpose4 ,n[ ,cle>*us 
said ?is by way ( digression1 = 8 ma9   
design 0 ( ano!r nature4 ,b = ,hecateus 
( ,abd]a1 :o 0 bo? a philosoph]1 & "o v 
useful ill an active life1 he 0         

contempor>y ) k+ ,alex&] 9 8 y\?1 &     
aft]w>d 0 ) ,ptolemy1 ! son ( ,lagus2 he
 did n write ab\t ! ,jewi% affairs by ! 
by only1 b compos$ an entire book       
conc]n+ ! ,jews !mselves2 out ( :i* book
 ,i am will+ to run ov] a few ?+s1 ( :i*
 ,i h be5 treat+ by way ( epitome4 ,&1 9
 ! fir/ place1 ,i w demon/rate ! "t :5  
?is ,hecateus liv$2 = he m5tions ! fight
 t 0 betwe5 ,ptolemy & ,demetrius ab\t  
,gaza1 :i* 0 f\ght 9 ! elev5? ye> aft] !
 dea? ( ,alex&]1 & 9 ! hundr$ & sev5te5?
 olympiad1 z ,ca/or says 9 8 hi/ory4 ,= 
:5 he _h set d[n ?is olympiad1 he says  
fur!r1 t 9 ?is olympiad ,ptolemy1 ! son 
( ,lagus1 beat 9 battle ,demetrius1 !   
son ( ,antigonus1 :o 0 nam$             
,poliorcetes1 at ,gaza4 ,n[1 x is agre$ 
by all1 t ,alex&] di$ 9 ! hundr$ &      
f\rte5? olympiad2 x is !re=e evid5t t   
our nation fl\ri%$ 9 8 "t1 & 9 ! "t (   
,alex&]4 ,aga91 ,hecateus says to ! same
 purpose1 z foll[s3 ,ptolemy got        
possession ( ! places 9 ,syria aft] t   
battle at ,gaza2 & _m1 :5 !y he>d (     

,ptolemy's mod]ation & humanity1 w5t    
along ) him to ,egypt1 & 7 will+ to     
assi/ him 9 8 affairs2 "o ( :om         
,hecateus says 0 ,hezekiah #ag ! high   
prie/ ( ! ,jews2 a man ( ab\t sixty-six 
ye>s ( age1 & 9 great dignity among 8   
own p4 ,he 0 a v s5sible man1 & c\ld    
speak v mov+ly1 & 0 v skillful 9 !      
managem5t ( affairs1 if any o!r man ev] 
7 s2 al?\gh1 z he says1 all ! prie/s ( !
 ,jews took ti!s ( ! products ( ! e>?1 &
 manag$ public affairs1 & 7 9 numb] n   
above fifte5 hundr$ at ! mo/4 ,hecateus 
m5tions ?is ,hezekiah a second "t1 &    
says1 t z he 0 possess$ ( s great a     
dignity1 & 0 become famili> ) u1 s did  
he take c]ta9 ( ^? t 7 ) him1 & expla9$ 
to !m all ! circum/ances ( _! p2 = he _h
 all _! habitations & polity d[n 9      
writ+4 ,moreov]1 ,hecateus decl>es aga91
 :at reg>d we h = our laws1 & t we      
resolve to endure any ?+ r ?an          
transgress !m1 because we ?9k x "r = u  
to d s4 ,:]eupon he adds1 t al?\gh !y   
are 9 a bad reputation among _!         

neighbors1 & among all ^? t come to !m1 
& h be5 (t5 treat$ injuri\sly by ! k+s &
 gov]nors ( ,p]sia1 yet c !y n be       
dissuad$ f act+ :at !y ?9k be/2 b t :5  
!y are /ripp$ on ?is acc\nt1 & h torm5ts
 inflict$ ^u !m1 & !y are br\ght to !   
mo/ t]rible k9ds ( dea?1 !y meet !m aft]
 an extraord9>y mann]1 beyond all o!r p1
 & w n r5\nce ! religion ( _! =efa!rs4  
,hecateus also produces demon/rations n 
a few ( ?is _! resolute t5aci\sness ( _!
 laws1 :5 he speaks ?us3 ,alex&] 0 once 
at ,babylon1 & _h an int5tion to rebuild
 ! temple ( ,belus t 0 fall5 to decay1 &
 9 ord] !reto1 he comm&$ all 8 soldi]s 9
 g5]al to br+ e>? ?i!r4 ,b ! ,jews1 & !y
 only1 w\ld n comply ) t comm&2 nay1 !y 
und]w5t /ripes & great losses ( :at !y  
_h on ?is acc\nt1 till ! k+ =gave !m1 & 
p]mitt$ !m to live 9 quiet4 ,he adds    
fur!r1 t :5 ! ,mac$onians came to !m    
into t c\ntry1 & demoli%$ ! old temples 
& ! alt>s1 !y assi/$ !m 9 demoli%+ !m   
all #ah b = n assi/+ !m 9 rebuild+ !m !y
 ei!r und]w5t losses1 or sometimes      

obta9$ =giv5ess4 ,he adds fur!r1 t ^! m5
 des]ve to be admir$ on t acc\nt4 ,he   
also speaks ( ! mighty popul\sness ( our
 nation1 & says t ! ,p]sians =m]ly c>ri$
 away _m t5 ?\s&s ( our p to ,babylon1 z
 also t n a few t5 ?\s&s 7 remov$ aft]  
,alex&]'s dea? into ,egypt & ,pho5icia1 
by reason ( ! s$ition t 0 aris5 9       
,syria4 ,! same p]son takes notice 9 8  
hi/ory1 h[ l>ge ! c\ntry is :i* we      
inhabit1 z well z ( its excell5t "*1 &  
says1 t ! l& 9 :i* ! ,jews inhabit      
conta9s ?ree millions ( ar\rae1 #ai & is
 g5]ally ( a mo/ excell5t & mo/ fruitful
 soil2 nor is ,judea ( less] dim5sions4 
,! same man describe our city ,j]usalem 
also itself z ( a mo/ excell5t /ructure1
 & v l>ge1 & inhabit$ f ! mo/ anci5t    
times4 ,he also disc\rses ( ! multitude 
( m5 9 x1 & ( ! con/ruction ( our       
temple1 aft] ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!re are _m
 /rong places & villages says he 9 !    
c\ntry ( ,judea2 b "o /rong city !re is1
 ab\t fifty furlongs 9 circumf]5ce1 :i* 
is inhabit$ by a hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& m51

 or !reab\ts2 !y call x ,j]usalem4 ,!re 
is ab\t ! middle ( ! city a wall ( /one1
 ^: l5g? is five hundr$ feet1 & ! bread?
 a hundr$ cubits1 ) d\ble cloi/]s2 :]e9 
!re is a squ>e alt>1 n made ( hewn /one1
 b compos$ ( :ite /ones ga!r$ toge!r1   
hav+ ea* side tw5ty cubits long1 & its  
altitude t5 cubits4 ,h>d by x is a l>ge 
edifice1 :]e9 !re is an alt> & a        
c&le/ick1 bo? ( gold1 & 9 weight two    
tal5ts3 ^u ^! !re is a light t is nev]  
ext+ui%$1 ei!r by night or by day4 ,!re 
is no image1 nor any ?+1 nor any        
donations !re92 no?+ at all is !re      
plant$1 nei!r grove1 nor any ?+ ( t     
sort4 ,! prie/s abide !re9 bo? nights & 
days1 p]=m+ c]ta9 purifications1 & dr9k+
 n ! lea/ drop ( w9e :ile !y are 9 !    
temple4 ,moreov]1 he atte/s t we ,jews  
w5t z auxili>ies along ) k+ ,alex&]1 &  
aft] him ) 8 successors4 ,i w add fur!r 
:at he says he le>n$ :5 he 0 himself ) !
 same army1 conc]n+ ! actions ( a man t 
0 a ,jew4 ,8 words are ^!3 ,z ,i 0      
myself go+ to ! ,r$ ,sea1 !re foll[$ u a

 man1 ^: "n 0 ,mosollam2 he 0 "o ( !    
,jewi% horsem5 :o conduct$ u2 he 0 a    
p]son ( great c\rage1 ( a /rong body1 & 
by all all[$ to be ! mo/ skillful ar*] t
 0 ei!r among ! ,greeks or b>b>ians4 ,n[
 ?is man1 z p 7 9 great numb]s pass+    
along ! road1 & a c]ta9 augur 0 obs]v+  
an augury by a bird1 & requir+ !m all to
 /& /ill1 inquir$ :at !y /aid =4        
,h]eupon ! augur %[$ him ! bird f :5ce  
he took 8 augury1 & told him t if ! bird
 /aid :]e he 01 !y ought all to /& /ill2
 b t if he got up1 & flew onw>d1 !y mu/ 
g =w>d2 b t if he flew backw>d1 !y mu/  
retire aga94 ,mosollam made no reply1 b 
drew 8 b[1 & %ot at ! bird1 & hit him1 &
 kill$ him2 & z ! augur & "s o!rs 7 v   
angry1 & wi%$ imprecations ^u him1 he   
answ]$ !m ?us3 ,:y are y s mad z to take
 ?is mo/ unhappy bird into y\r h&s8 = h[
 c ?is bird give u any true in=mation   
conc]n+ our m>*1 :o c\ld n =esee h[ to  
save himself8 = _h he be5 able to =ekn[ 
:at 0 future1 he w\ld n h come to ?is   
place1 b w\ld h be5 afraid le/ ,mosollam

 ! ,jew %\ld %oot at him1 & kill him4 ,b
 ( ,hecateus's te/imonies we h said     
en\gh2 = z to su* z desire to "k m ( !m1
 !y may easily obta9 !m f 8 book itself4
 ,h[ev]1 ,i %all n ?9k x too mu* = me to
 "n ,aga?>*ides1 z hav+ made m5tion ( u 
,jews1 ?\gh 9 way ( d]ision at our      
simplicity1 z he supposes x to be2 = :5 
he 0 disc\rs+ ( ! affairs ( ,/ratonice1 
h[ %e came out ( ,mac$onia into ,syria1 
& left h] husb& ,demetrius1 :ile yet    
,seleueus w\ld n m>ry h] z %e expect$1 b
 dur+ ! "t ( 8 rais+ an army at         
,babylon1 /irr$ up a s$ition ab\t       
,antio*2 & h[1 aft] t1 ! k+ came back1 &
 ^u 8 tak+ ( ,antio*1 %e fl$ to         
,seleucia1 & _h x 9 h] p[] to sail away 
imm$iately yet did %e comply ) a dream  
:i* =bade h] s to d1 & s 0 caught & put 
to dea?4 ,:5 ,aga?>ehides _h premis$ ?is
 /ory1 & _h je/$ ^u ,/ratonice = h]     
sup]/ition1 he gives a l example ( :at 0
 report$ conc]n+ u1 & writes ?us3 ,!re  
are a p call$ ,jews1 & dwell 9 a city ! 
/ronge/ ( all o!r cities1 :i* !         

inhabitants call ,j]usalem1 & are       
accu/om$ to re/ on e sev5? day #bj on   
:i* times !y make no use ( _! arms1 nor 
m$dle ) husb&ry1 nor take c>e ( any     
affairs ( life1 b spread out _! h&s 9 _!
 holy places1 & pray till ! ev5+4 ,n[ x 
came to pass1 t :5 ,ptolemy1 ! son (    
,lagus1 came into ?is city ) 8 army1 t  
^! m51 9 obs]v+ ?is mad cu/om ( !irs1   
in/ead ( gu>d+ ! city1 suff]$ _! c\ntry 
to submit itself to a bitt] "l2 & _! law
 0 op5ly prov$ to h comm&$ a fooli%     
practice4 #ba ,?is accid5t taught all   
o!r m5 b ! ,jews to disreg>d su* dreams 
z ^! 71 & n to foll[ ! l idle sugge/ions
 deliv]$ z a law1 :51 9 su* unc]ta9ty ( 
human reason+s1 !y are at a loss :at !y 
%\ld d4 ,n[ ?is our proc$ure seems a    
ridicul\s ?+ to ,aga?>ehides1 b w appe> 
to su* z consid] x )\t prejudice a great
 ?+1 & :at des]v$ a great _m encomiums2 
,i mean1 :5 c]ta9 m5 con/antly pref] !  
obs]vation ( _! laws1 & _! religion     
t[>ds ,god1 be=e ! pres]vation (        
!mselves & _! c\ntry4  #bc4 ,n[ t "s    

writ]s h omitt$ to m5tion our nation1 n 
because !y knew no?+ ( u1 b because !y  
envi$ u1 or = "s o!r unju/ifiable       
reasons1 ,i ?9k ,i c demon/rate by      
p>ticul> in/ances2 = ,hi]onymus1 :o     
wrote ! ,hi/ory ( ,alex&]'s ,successors1
 liv$ at ! same "t ) ,hecateus1 & 0 a   
fri5d ( k+ ,antigonus1 & presid5t (     
,syria4 ,n[ x is pla9 t ,hecateus wrote 
an entire book conc]n+ u1 :ile          
,hi]onymus nev] m5tions u 9 8 hi/ory1   
al?\gh he 0 br$ up v ne> to ! places :]e
 we live4 ,?us diff]5t f "o ano!r are ! 
incl9ations ( m52 :ile ! "o ?\ght we    
des]v$ to be c>efully rememb]$1 z "s    
ill-dispos$ passion bl9d$ ! o!r's m9d s 
entirely1 t he c\ld n disc]n ! tru?4 ,& 
n[ c]ta9ly ! =ego+ records ( !          
,egyptians1 & ,*aldeans1 & ,pho5icians1 
toge!r ) s _m ( ! ,greek writ]s1 w be   
suffici5t = ! demon/ration ( our        
antiquity4 ,moreov]1 besides ^?         
=em5tion$1 ,!ophilus1 & ,!odotus1 &     
,mnaseas1 & ,ari/ophanes1 & ,h]mog5es1  
,euhem]us also1 & ,conon1 & ,zopyrion1 &

 p]haps _m o!rs1 = ,i h n light$ ^u all 
! ,greek books1 h made di/9ct m5tion (  
u4 ,x is true1 _m ( ! m5 be=e m5tion$ h 
made great mi/akes ab\t ! true acc\nts (
 our nation 9 ! e>lie/ times1 because !y
 _h n p]us$ our sacr$ books2 yet h !y   
all ( !m af=d$ _! te/imony to our       
antiquity1 conc]n+ :i* ,i am n[ treat+4 
,h[ev]1 ,demetrius ,phal]eus1 & ! eld]  
,philo1 ) ,eupolemus1 h n greatly miss$ 
! tru? ab\t our affairs2 ^: less]       
mi/akes ought !re=e to be =giv5 !m2 = x 
0 n 9 _! p[] to und]/& our writ+s ) !   
utmo/ accuracy4  #bd4 ,"o p>ticul> !re  
is /ill rema9+ beh9d ( :at ,i at fir/   
propos$ to speak to1 & t is1 to         
demon/rate t ^? calumnies & reproa*es   
:i* "s h ?r[n ^u our nation1 are lies1 &
 to make use ( ^? writ]s' own te/imonies
 aga9/ !mselves2 & t 9 g5]al ?is        
self-contradiction ha? happ5$ to _m o!r 
au?ors by reason ( _! ill-w to "s p1 ,i 
conclude1 is n unkn[n to su* z h read   
hi/ories ) suffici5t c>e2 = "s ( !m h   
endeavor$ to disgrace ! nobility ( c]ta9

 nations1 & ( "s ( ! mo/ glori\s cities1
 & h ca/ reproa*es ^u c]ta9 =ms (       
gov]nm5t4 ,?us ha? ,!opompus abus$ !    
city ( ,a!ns1 ,polycrates t ( ,lac$emon1
 z ha? he hat wrote ! ,tripoliticus = he
 is n ,!opompus1 z is suppos$ by "s done
 by ! city ( ,!bes4 ,timeils also ha?   
greatly abus$ ! =ego+ p & o!rs also2 &  
?is ill-treatm5t !y use *iefly :5 !y h a
 conte/ ) m5 ( ! greate/ reputation2 "s 
out ( envy & malice1 & o!rs z suppos+ t 
by ?is fooli% talk+ ( !irs !y may be    
?\ght wor?y ( be+ rememb]$ !mselves2 &  
inde$ !y d by no means fail ( _! hopes1 
) reg>d to ! fooli% "p ( mank9d1 b m5 ( 
sob] judgm5t /ill condemn !m ( great    
malignity4  #be4 ,n[ ! ,egyptians 7 !   
fir/ t ca/ reproa*es ^u u2 9 ord] to    
please :i* nation1 "s o!rs und]took to  
p]v]t ! tru?1 :ile !y w\ld nei!r own t  
our =efa!rs came into ,egypt f ano!r    
c\ntry1 z ! fact 01 nor give a true     
acc\nt ( our dep>ture !nce4 ,& inde$ !  
,egyptians took _m occasions to hate u &
 envy u3 9 ! fir/ place1 because our    

ance/ors _h _h ! dom9ion ov] _! c\ntry8 
& :5 !y 7 deliv]$ f !m1 & gone to _! own
 c\ntry aga91 !y liv$ !re 9 prosp]ity4  
,9 ! next place1 ! diff]5ce ( our       
religion f !irs ha? occasion$ great     
enmity betwe5 u1 :ile our way ( ,div9e  
wor%ip did z mu* exce$ t :i* _! laws    
appo9t$1 z does ! nature ( ,god exce$ t 
( brute bea/s2 = s f> !y all agree ?r\gh
 ! :ole c\ntry1 to e/eem su* animals z  
gods1 al?\gh !y diff] "o f ano!r 9 !    
peculi> wor%ip !y sev]ally pay to !m4 ,&
 c]ta9ly m5 !y are entirely ( va9 &     
fooli% m9ds1 :o h ?us accu/om$ !mselves 
f ! beg9n+ to h su* bad notions conc]n+ 
_! gods1 & c\ld n ?9k ( imitat+ t dec5t 
=m ( ,div9e wor%ip :i* we made use (1   
?\gh1 :5 !y saw our in/itutions approv$ 
( by _m o!rs1 !y c\ld n b envy u on t   
acc\nt2 = "s ( !m h proce$$ to t degree 
( folly & meanness 9 _! conduct1 z n to 
scruple to contradict _! own anci5t     
records1 nay1 to contradict !mselves    
also 9 _! writ+s1 & yet 7 s bl9d$ by _! 
passions z n to disc]n x4  #bf4 ,& n[ ,i

 w turn my disc\rse to "o ( _! pr9cipal 
writ]s1 :om ,i h a little be=e made use 
( z a witness to our antiquity2 ,i mean 
,mane?o4 #bb ,he promis$ to int]pret !  
,egyptian hi/ory out ( _! sacr$ writ+s1 
& premis$ ?is3 t our p _h come into     
,egypt1 _m t5 ?\s&s 9 numb]1 & subdu$   
its inhabitants2 & :5 he _h fur!r       
confess$ t we w5t out ( t c\ntry        
aft]w>d1 & settl$ 9 t c\ntry :i* is n[  
call$ ,judea1 & !re built ,j]usalem &   
its temple4 ,n[ ?us f> he foll[$ 8      
anci5t records2 b aft] ?is he p]mits    
himself1 9 ord] to appe> to h writt5 :at
 rumors & reports pass$ abroad ab\t !   
,jews1 & introduces incr$ible n>rations1
 z if he w\ld h ! ,egyptian multitude1 t
 _h ! leprosy & o!r di/emp]s1 to h be5  
mix$ ) u1 z he says !y 71 & t !y 7      
condemn$ to fly out ( ,egypt toge!r2 =  
he m5tions ,am5ophis1 a fictiti\s k+'s  
"n1 ?\gh on t acc\nt he dur/ n set d[n !
 numb] ( ye>s ( 8 reign1 :i* yet he _h  
accurately done z to ! o!r k+s he       
m5tions2 he !n ascribes c]ta9 fabul\s   

/ories to ?is k+1 z hav+ 9 a mann]      
=gott5 h[ he _h already relat$ t !      
dep>ture ( ! %eph]ds = ,j]usalem _h be5 
five hundr$ & eighte5 ye>s be=e2 =      
,te?mosis 0 k+ :5 !y w5t away4 ,n[1 f 8 
days1 ! reigns ( ! int]m$iate k+s1      
accord+ to ,mane!1 am\nt$ to ?ree hundr$
 & n9ety-?ree ye>s1 z he says himself1  
till ! two bro!rs ,se?os & ,h]meus2 ! "o
 ( :om1 ,se?os1 0 call$ by t o!r "n (   
,egyptus1 & ! o!r1 ,h]meus1 by t (      
,danaus4 ,he also says t ,se?os ea/ !   
o!r out ( ,egypt1 & reign$ fifty-n9e    
ye>s1 z did 8 elde/ son ,rhampses reign 
aft] him sixty-six ye>s4 ,:5 ,mane!     
!re=e _h ackn[l$g$ t our =efa!rs 7 gone 
out ( ,egypt s _m ye>s ago1 he          
introduces 8 fictiti\s k+ ,am5ophis1 &  
says ?us3 ,?is k+ 0 desir\s to become a 
spectator ( ! gods1 z _h ,orus1 "o ( 8  
pr$ecessors 9 t k+dom1 desir$ ! same    
be=e him2 he also communicat$ t 8 desire
 to 8 namesake ,am5ophis1 :o 0 ! son (  
,papis1 & "o t seem$ to p>take ( a div9e
 nature1 bo? z to wisdom & ! k (        

futurities4 ,mane! adds1 h[ ?is namesake
 ( 8 told him t he might see ! gods1 if 
he w\ld cle> ! :ole c\ntry ( ! lep]s & (
 ! o!r impure p2 t ! k+ 0 pleas$ ) ?is  
injunction1 & got toge!r all t _h any   
defect 9 _! bodies out ( ,egypt2 & t _! 
numb] 0 eighty ?\s&2 :om he s5t to ^?   
qu>ries :i* are on ! ea/ side ( ! ,nile1
 t !y might "w 9 !m1 & might be sep>at$ 
f ! re/ ( ! ,egyptians4 ,he says fur!r1 
t !re 7 "s ( ! le>n$ prie/s t 7 pollut$ 
) ! leprosy2 b t /ill ?is ,am5ophis1 !  
wise man & ! prophet1 0 afraid t ! gods 
w\ld be angry at him & at ! k+1 if !re  
%\ld appe> to h be5 viol5ce (f]$ !m2 :o 
also add$ ?is fur!r1 out ( 8 sagacity   
ab\t futurities1 t c]ta9 p w\ld come to 
! assi/ance ( ^! pollut$ wret*es1 & w\ld
 conqu] ,egypt1 & keep x 9 _! possession
 ?irte5 ye>s2 t1 h[ev]1 he dur/ n tell !
 k+ ( ^! ?+s1 b t he left a writ+ beh9d 
him ab\t all ^? matt]s1 & !n slew       
himself1 :i* made ! k+ disconsolate4    
,aft] :i* he writes ?us v]batim3 ,aft]  
^? t 7 s5t to "w 9 ! qu>ries _h cont9u$ 

9 t mis]able /ate = a long :ile1 ! k+ 0 
desir$ t he w\ld set ap>t ! city ,av>is1
 :i* 0 !n left desolate ( ! %eph]ds1 =  
_! habitation & protection2 :i* desire  
he grant$ !m4 ,n[ ?is city1 accord+ to !
 anci5t !ology1 0 ,typho's city4 ,b :5  
^! m5 7 gott5 into x1 & f\nd ! place fit
 = a revolt1 !y appo9t$ !mselves a rul] 
out ( ! prie/s ( ,hellopolis1 ^: "n 0   
,os>siph1 & !y took _! oa?s t !y w\ld be
 ob$i5t to him 9 all ?+s4 ,he !n1 9 !   
fir/ place1 made ?is law = !m1 ,t !y    
%\ld nei!r wor%ip ! ,egyptian gods1 nor 
%\ld ab/a9 f any "o ( ^? sacr$ animals  
:i* !y h 9 ! highe/ e/eem1 b kill &     
de/roy !m all2 t !y %\ld jo9 !mselves to
 nobody b to ^? t 7 ( ?is conf$]acy4 ,:5
 he _h made su* laws z ^!1 & _m m su* z 
7 ma9ly opposite to ! cu/oms ( !        
,egyptians1 #bc he gave ord] t !y %\ld  
use ! multitude ( ! h&s !y _h 9 build+  
walls ab\t _! ,city1 & make !mselves    
ready = a w> ) k+ ,am5ophis1 :ile he did
 himself take into 8 fri5d%ip ! o!r     
prie/s1 & ^? t 7 pollut$ ) !m1 & s5t    

ambassadors to ^? %eph]ds :o _h be5     
driv5 out ( ! l& by ,tefilmosis to !    
city call$ ,j]usalem2 :]eby he in=m$ !m 
( 8 own affairs1 & ( ! /ate ( ^? o!rs t 
_h be5 treat$ aft] su* an ignom9i\s     
mann]1 & desir$ t !y w\ld come ) "o     
cons5t to 8 assi/ance 9 ?is w> aga9/    
,egypt4 ,he also promis$ t he w\ld1 9 ! 
fir/ place1 br+ !m back to _! anci5t    
city & c\ntry ,av>is1 & provide a       
pl5tiful ma9t5ance = _! multitude2 t he 
w\ld protect !m & fight = !m z occasion 
%\ld require1 & w\ld easily r$uce !     
c\ntry "u _! dom9ion4 ,^! %eph]ds 7 all 
v glad ( ?is message1 & came away )     
alacrity all toge!r1 be+ 9 numb] two    
hundr$ ?\s& m52 & 9 a little "t !y came 
to ,av>is4 ,& n[ ,am5ophis ! k+ (       
,egypt1 ^u 8 be+ in=m$ ( _! invasion1 0 
9 great confusion1 z call+ to m9d :at   
,am5ophis1 ! son ( ,papis1 _h =etold    
him2 &1 9 ! fir/ place1 he assembl$ !   
multitude ( ! ,egyptians1 & took c\nsel 
) _! lead]s1 & s5t = _! sacr$ animals to
 him1 especially = ^? t 7 pr9cipally    

wor%ipp$ 9 _! temples1 & gave a p>ticul>
 *>ge to ! prie/s di/9ctly1 t !y %\ld   
hide ! images ( _! gods ) ! utmo/ c>e he
 also s5t 8 son ,se?os1 :o 0 also nam$  
,ramesses1 f 8 fa!r ,rhampses1 be+ b    
five ye>s old1 to a fri5d ( 84 ,he !n   
pass$ on ) ! re/ ( ! ,egyptians1 be+    
?ree hundr$ ?\s& ( ! mo/ w>like ( !m1   
aga9/ ! enemy1 :o met !m4 ,yet did he n 
jo9 battle ) !m2 b ?9k+ t w\ld be to    
fight aga9/ ! gods1 he return$ back &   
came to ,memphis1 :]e he took ,apis & ! 
o!r sacr$ animals :i* he _h s5t = to    
him1 & pres5tly m>*$ into ,e?iopia1     
toge!r ) 8 :ole army & multitude (      
,egyptians2 = ! k+ ( ,e?iopia 0 "u an   
obligation to him1 on :i* acc\nt he     
receiv$ him1 & took c>e ( all !         
multitude t 0 ) him1 :ile ! c\ntry      
suppli$ all t 0 necess>y = ! food ( !   
m54 ,he also allott$ cities & villages =
 ?is exile1 t 0 to be f its beg9n+ dur+ 
^? fatally det]m9$ ?irte5 ye>s4         
,moreov]1 he pit*$ a camp = 8 ,e?iopian 
army1 z a gu>d to k+ ,am5ophis1 ^u !    

bord]s ( ,egypt4 ,& ?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s 9
 ,e?iopia4 ,b = ! p ( ,j]usalem1 :5 !y  
came d[n toge!r ) ! pollut$ ,egyptians1 
!y treat$ ! m5 9 su* a b>b>\s mann]1 t  
^? :o saw h[ !y subdu$ ! =em5tion$      
c\ntry1 & ! horrid wick$ness !y 7 guilty
 (1 ?\ght x a mo/ dreadful ?+2 = !y did 
n only set ! cities & villages on fire b
 7 n satisfi$ till !y _h be5 guilty (   
sacrilege1 & de/roy$ ! images ( ! gods1 
& us$ !m 9 roa/+ ^? sacr$ animals t us$ 
to be wor%ipp$1 & =c$ ! prie/s &        
prophets to be ! execution]s & murd]]s (
 ^? animals1 & !n eject$ !m nak$ out ( !
 c\ntry4 ,x 0 also report$ t ! prie/1 :o
 orda9$ _! polity & _! laws1 0 by bir? (
 ,hellopolls1 & 8 "n ,os>siph1 f        
,osyris1 :o 0 ! god ( ,hellopolls2 b t  
:5 he 0 gone ov] to ^! p1 8 "n 0 *ang$1 
& he 0 call$ ,moses4  #bg4 ,?is is :at !
 ,egyptians relate ab\t ! ,jews1 ) mu*  
m1 :i* ,i omit = ! sake ( brevity4 ,b   
/ill ,mane?o goes on1 t aft] ?is1       
,am5ophis return$ back f ,e?iopia ) a   
great army1 z did 8 son ,ahampses )     

ano!r army also1 & t bo? ( !m jo9$      
battle ) ! %eph]ds & ! pollut$ p1 & beat
 !m1 & slew a great _m ( !m1 & pursu$ !m
 to ! b\nds ( ,syria4 ,^! & ! l acc\nts 
are writt5 by ,mane?o4 ,b ,i w          
demon/rate t he trifles1 & tells arrant 
lies1 aft] ,i h made a di/9ction :i* w  
relate to :at ,i am go+ to say ab\t him2
 = ?is ,mane?o _h grant$ & confess$ t   
?is nation 0 n orig9ally ,egyptian1 b t 
!y _h come f ano!r c\ntry1 & subdu$     
,egypt1 & !n w5t away aga9 out ( x4 ,b t
 ^? ,egyptians :o 7 ?us diseas$ 9 _!    
bodies 7 n m+l$ ) u aft]w>d1 & t ,moses 
:o br\ght ! p out 0 n "o ( t company1 b 
liv$ _m g5]ations e>li]1 ,i %all        
endeavor to demon/rate f ,mane?o's own  
acc\nts !mselves4  #bh4 ,n[1 = ! fir/   
occasion ( ?is fiction1 ,mane?o supposes
 :at is no bett] ?an a ridicul\s ?+2 =  
he says t1 ,k+ ,am5ophis desir$ to see !
 gods4 ,:at gods1 ,i pray1 did he desire
 to see8 ,if he meant ! gods :om _! laws
 orda9$ to be wor%ipp$1 ! ox1 ! goat1 ! 
crocodile1 & ! baboon1 he saw !m        

already2 b = ! heav5ly gods1 h[ c\ld he 
see !m1 & :at %\ld occasion ?is 8       
desire8 ,to be sure8 x 0 because ano!r  
k+ be=e him _h already se5 !m4 ,he _h !n
 be5 in=m$ :at sort ( gods !y 71 & aft] 
:at mann] !y _h be5 se51 insomu* t he   
did n /& 9 ne$ ( any new artifice =     
obta9+ ?is sight4 ,h[ev]1 ! prophet by  
^: means ! k+ ?\ght to compass 8 design 
0 a wise man4 ,if s1 h[ came he n to "k 
t su* 8 desire 0 impossible to be       
accompli%$8 = ! ev5t did n succe$4 ,&   
:at pret5se c\ld !re be to suppose t !  
gods w\ld n be se5 by reason ( ! p's    
maims 9 _! bodies1 or leprosy8 = ! gods 
are n angry at ! imp]fection ( bodies1 b
 at wick$ practices2 & z to eighty ?\s& 
lep]s1 & ^? 9 an ill /ate also1 h[ is x 
possible to h !m ga!r$ toge!r 9 "o day8 
nay1 h[ came ! k+ n to comply ) !       
prophet8 = 8 injunction 01 t ^? t 7     
maim$ %\ld be expell$ out ( ,egypt1 :ile
 ! k+ only s5t !m to "w 9 ! qu>ries1 z  
if he 7 r 9 want ( labor]s1 ?an int5d$  
to purge 8 c\ntry4 ,he says fur!r1 t1   

?is prophet slew himself1 z =esee+ !    
ang] ( ! gods1 & ^? ev5ts :i* 7 to come 
^u ,egypt aft]w>d2 & t he left ?is      
pr$iction = ! k+ 9 writ+4 ,besides1 h[  
came x to pass t ?is prophet did n =ekn[
 8 own dea? at ! fir/8 nay1 h[ came he n
 to contradict ! k+ 9 8 desire to see ! 
gods imm$iately8 h[ came t unreasonable 
dread ^u him ( judgm5ts t 7 n to happ5 9
 8 lifetime8 or :at worse ?+ c\ld he    
suff]1 out ( ! fe> ( :i* he made ha/e to
 kill himself8 ,b n[ let u see ! sillie/
 ?+ ( all3--,! k+1 al?\gh he _h be5     
in=m$ ( ^! ?+s1 & t]rifi$ ) ! fe> ( :at 
0 to come1 yet did n he ev5 !n eject ^! 
maim$ p out ( 8 c\ntry1 :5 x _h be5     
=etold him t he 0 to cle> ,egypt ( !m2  
b1 z ,mane?o says1 he !n1 ^u _! reque/1 
gave !m t city to inhabit1 :i* _h =m]ly 
belong$ to ! %eph]ds1 & 0 call$ ,av>is2 
:i!r :5 !y 7 gone 9 cr[ds1 he says1 !y  
*ose "o t _h =m]ly be5 prie/ (          
,hellopolls2 & t ?is prie/ fir/ orda9$ t
 !y %\ld nei!r wor%ip ! gods1 nor ab/a9 
f ^? animals t 7 wor%ipp$ by !          

,egyptians1 b %\ld kill & eat !m all1 & 
%\ld associate ) nobody b ^? t _h       
conspir$ ) !m2 & t he b\nd ! multitude  
by oa?s to be sure to cont9ue 9 ^? laws2
 & t :5 he _h built a wall ab\t ,av>is1 
he made w> aga9/ ! k+4 ,mane?o adds     
also1 t ?is prie/ s5t to ,j]usalem to   
invite t p to come to 8 assi/ance1 &    
promis$ to give !m ,av>is2 = t x _h     
belong$ to ! =efa!rs ( ^? t 7 com+ f    
,j]usalem1 & t :5 !y 7 come1 !y made a  
w> imm$iately aga9/ ! k+1 & got         
possession ( all ,egypt4 ,he says also t
 ! ,egyptians came ) an army ( two      
hundr$ ?\s& m51 & t ,am5ophis1 ! k+ (   
,egypt1 n ?9k+ t he ought to fight aga9/
 ! gods1 ran away pres5tly into         
,e?iopia1 & committ$ ,apis & c]ta9 o!r (
 _! sacr$ animals to ! prie/s1 & comm&$ 
!m to take c>e ( pres]v+ !m4 ,he says   
fur!r1 t1 ! p ( ,j]usalem came accord+ly
 ^u ! ,egyptians1 & ov]?rew _! cities1 &
 burnt _! temples1 & slew _! horsem51 &1
 9 %ort1 ab/a9$ f no sort ( wick$ness   
nor b>b>ity2 & = t prie/ :o settl$ _!   

polity & _! laws1 he says1 he 0 by bir? 
( ,hellopolis1 & 8 "n 0 ,os>siph1 f     
,osyris ! god ( ,hellopolis1 b t he     
*ang$ 8 "n1 & call$ himself ,moses4 ,he 
!n says t on ! ?irte5? ye> aft]w>d1     
,am5ophis1 accord+ to ! fatal "t ( !    
duration ( 8 mis=tunes1 came ^u !m out (
 ,e?iopia ) a great army1 & jo9+ battle 
) ! %eph]ds & ) ! pollut$ p1 ov]came !m 
9 battle1 & slew a great _m ( !m1 &     
pursu$ !m z f> z ! b\nds ( ,syria4  #bi4
 ,n[ ,mane?o does n reflect ^u !        
improbability ( 8 lie2 = ! lepr\s p1 & !
 multitude t 0 ) !m1 al?\gh !y might    
=m]ly h be5 angry at ! k+1 & at ^? t _h 
treat$ !m s co>sely1 & ?is accord+ to ! 
pr$iction ( ! prophet2 yet c]ta9ly1 :5  
!y 7 come out ( ! m9es1 & _h receiv$ ( !
 k+ a city1 & a c\ntry1 !y w\ld h gr[n  
mild] t[>ds him4 ,h[ev]1 _h !y ev] s mu*
 hat$ him 9 p>ticul>1 !y might h laid a 
private plot aga9/ himself1 b w\ld h>dly
 h made w> aga9/ all ! ,egyptians2 ,i   
mean ?is on ! acc\nt ( ! great k9dr$ !y 
:o 7 s num]\s mu/ h _h among !m4 ,nay   

/ill1 if !y _h resolv$ to fight ) ! m51 
!y w\ld n h _h impud5ce en\gh to fight )
 _! gods2 nor w\ld !y h orda9$ laws q   
contr>y to ^? ( _! own c\ntry1 & to ^? 9
 :i* !y _h be5 br$ up !mselves4 ,yet are
 we behold5 to ,mane!1 t he does n lay !
 pr9cipal *>ge ( ?is horrid             
transgression ^u ^? t came f ,j]usalem1 
b says t ! ,egyptians !mselves 7 ! mo/  
guilty1 & t !y 7 _! prie/s t contriv$ ^!
 ?+s1 & made ! multitude take _! oa?s = 
do+ s4 ,b /ill h[ absurd is x to suppose
 t none ( ^! p's own relations or fri5ds
 %\ld be prevail$ ) to revolt1 nor to   
und]go ! haz>ds ( w> ) !m1 :ile ^!      
pollut$ p 7 =c$ to s5d to ,j]usalem1 &  
br+ _! auxili>ies f !nce6 ,:at fri5d%ip1
 ,i pray1 or :at relation 0 !re =m]ly   
betwe5 !m t requir$ ?is assi/ance8 ,on !
 contr>y1 ^! p 7 enemies1 & greatly     
diff]$ f !m 9 _! cu/oms4 ,he says1      
inde$1 t !y compli$ imm$iately1 ^u _!   
prais+ !m t !y %\ld conqu] ,egypt2 z if 
!y did n !mselves v well "k t c\ntry out
 ( :i* !y _h be5 driv5 by =ce4 ,n[ _h ^!

 m5 be5 9 want1 or liv$ mis]ably1 p]haps
 !y might h und]tak5 s haz>d\s an       
ent]prise2 b z !y dwelt 9 a happy city1 
& _h a l>ge c\ntry1 & "o bett] ?an      
,egypt itself1 h[ came x ab\t t1 = !    
sake ( ^? t _h ( old be5 _! enemies1 (  
^? t 7 maim$ 9 _! bodies1 & ( ^? :om    
none ( _! own relations w\ld endure1 !y 
%\ld run su* haz>ds 9 assi/+ !m8 ,= !y  
c\ld n =esee t ! k+ w\ld run away f !m3 
on ! contr>y1 he sai? himself t         
,am5ophis's son _h ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m5 )
 him1 & met !m at ,pelusium4 ,n[1 to be 
sure1 ^? t came c\ld n be ignorant (    
?is2 b = ! k+'s rep5tance & flight1 h[  
c\ld !y possibly guess at x8 ,he !n     
says1 t ^? :o came f ,j]usalem1 & made  
?is invasion1 got ! gran>ies ( ,egypt   
into _! possession1 & p]petrat$ _m ( !  
mo/ horrid actions !re4 ,& !nce he      
reproa*es !m1 z ?\gh he _h n himself    
introduc$ !m z enemies1 or z ?\gh he    
might accuse su* z 7 invit$ f ano!r     
place = s do+1 :5 ! natural ,egyptians  
!mselves _h done ! same ?+s be=e _!     

com+1 & _h tak5 oa?s s to d4 ,h[ev]1    
,am5ophis1 "s "t aft]w>d1 came ^u !m1 & 
conqu]$ !m 9 battle1 & slew 8 enemies1 &
 drove !m be=e him z f> z ,syria4 ,z if 
,egypt 7 s easily tak5 by p t came f any
 place :atsoev]1 & z if ^? t _h conqu]$ 
x by w>1 :5 !y 7 in=m$ t ,am5ophis 0    
alive1 did nei!r =tify ! av5ues out (   
,e?iopia into x1 al?\gh !y _h great     
advantages = do+ x1 nor did get _! o!r  
=ces ready = _! def5se6 b t he foll[$ !m
 ov] ! s&y des]t1 & slew !m z f> z      
,syria2 :ile yet x is rot an easy ?+ =  
an army to pass ov] t c\ntry1 ev5 )\t   
fight+4  #cj4 ,our nation1 !re=e1       
accord+ to ,mane?o1 0 n d]iv$ f ,egypt1 
nor 7 any ( ! ,egyptians m+l$ ) u4 ,= x 
is to be suppos$ t _m ( ! lepr\s &      
di/emp]$ p 7 dead 9 ! m9es1 s9ce !y _h  
be5 !re a long "t1 & 9 s ill a          
condition2 _m o!rs mu/ be dead 9 !      
battles t happ5$ aft]w>d1 & m /ill 9 !  
la/ battle & flight aft] x4  #ca4 ,x n[ 
rema9s t ,i debate ) ,mane?o ab\t       
,moses4 ,n[ ! ,egyptians ackn[l$ge him  

to h be5 a wond]ful & a div9e p]son2    
nay1 !y w\ld will+ly lay claim to him   
!mselves1 ?\gh aft] a mo/ abusive &     
incr$ible mann]1 & pret5d t he 0 (      
,heliopolis1 & "o ( ! prie/s ( t place1 
& 0 eject$ out ( x among ! re/1 on      
acc\nt ( 8 leprosy2 al?\gh x _h be5     
demon/rat$ out ( _! records t he liv$   
five hundr$ & eighte5 ye>s e>li]1 & !n  
br\ght our =efa!rs out ( ,egypt into !  
c\ntry t is n[ inhabit$ by u4 ,b n[ t he
 0 n subject 9 8 body to any su*        
calamity1 is evid5t f :at he himself    
tells u2 = he =bade ^? t _h ! leprosy   
ei!r to cont9ue 9 a city1 or to inhabit 
9 a village1 b comm&$ t !y %\ld g ab\t  
by !mselves ) _! clo!s r5t2 & decl>es t 
su* z ei!r t\* !m1 or live "u ! same ro(
 ) !m1 %\ld be e/eem$ unclean2 nay1 m1  
if any "o ( _! disease be heal$1 & he   
recov] 8 natural con/itution aga91 he   
appo9t$ !m c]ta9 purifications1 & wa%+s 
) spr+ wat]1 & ! %av+ (f all _! hair1 & 
enjo9s t !y %all (f] _m sacrifices1 & ^?
 ( sev]al k9ds1 & !n at l5g? to be      

admitt$ into ! holy city2 al?\gh x 7 to 
be expect$ t1 on ! contr>y1 if he _h be5
 "u ! same calamity1 he %\ld h tak5 c>e 
( su* p]sons be=eh&1 & h _h !m treat$   
aft] a k9d] mann]1 z affect$ ) a conc]n 
= ^? t 7 to be "u ! l mis=tunes )       
himself4 ,nor 0 x only ^? lepr\s p = ^: 
sake he made ^! laws1 b also = su* z    
%\ld be maim$ 9 ! smalle/ "p ( _! body1 
:o yet are n p]mitt$ by him to (ficiate 
z prie/s2 nay1 al?\gh any prie/1 already
 initiat$1 %\ld h su* a calamity fall ^u
 him aft]w>d1 he ord]$ him to be depriv$
 ( 8 honor ( (ficiat+4 ,h[ c x !n be    
suppos$ t ,moses %\ld orda9 su* laws    
aga9/ himself1 to 8 own reproa* & damage
 :o s orda9$ !m8 ,nor inde$ is t o!r    
notion ( ,mane?o at all probable1 :]e9  
he relates ! *ange ( 8 "n1 & says t he 0
 =m]ly call$ ,os>siph2 & ?is a "n no way
 agreeable to ! o!r1 :ile 8 true "n 0   
,mosses1 & signifies a p]son :o is      
pres]v$ out ( ! wat]1 = ! ,egyptians    
call wat] ,moil4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 ,i h    
made x suffici5tly evid5t t ,mane?o1    

:ile he foll[$ 8 anci5t records1 did n  
mu* mi/ake ! tru? ( ! hi/ory2 b t :5 he 
_h rec\rse to fabul\s /ories1 )\t any   
c]ta9 au?or1 he ei!r =g$ !m himself1 )\t
 any probability1 or else gave cr$it to 
"s m5 :o spake s out ( _! ill-w to u4   
#cb4 ,& n[ ,i h done ) ,mane?o1 ,i w    
inquire into :at ,*]emon says4 ,= he    
also1 :5 he pret5d$ to write ! ,egyptian
 hi/ory1 sets d[n ! same "n = ?is k+ t  
,mane?o did1 ,am5ophis1 z also ( 8 son  
,ramesses1 & !n goes on ?us3 ,! goddess 
,isis appe>$ to ,am5ophis 9 8 sleep1 &  
blam$ him t h] temple _h be5 demoli%$ 9 
! w>4 ,b t ,phritiphantes1 ! sacr$      
scribe1 said to him1 t 9 case he w\ld   
purge ,egypt ( ! m5 t _h pollutions ^u  
!m1 he %\ld be no long] tr\bl$ ) su*    
frightful app>itions4 ,t ,am5ophis      
accord+ly *ose out two hundr$ & fifty   
?\s& ( ^? t 7 ?us diseas$1 & ca/ !m out 
( ! c\ntry3 t ,moses & ,joseph 7        
scribes1 & ,joseph 0 a sacr$ scribe2 t  
_! names 7 ,egyptian orig9ally2 t (     
,moses _h be5 ,tisi!n1 & t ( ,joseph1   

,peteseph3 t ^! two came to ,pelusium1 &
 light$ ^u ?ree hundr$ & eighty ?\s& t  
_h be5 left !re by ,am5ophis1 he n be+  
will+ to c>ry !m into ,egypt2 t ^!      
scribes made a league ( fri5d%ip ) !m1 &
 made ) !m an exp$ition aga9/ ,egypt3 t 
,am5ophis c\ld n su/a9 _! attacks1 b fl$
 into ,e?iopia1 & left 8 wife ) *ild    
beh9d him1 :o lay conceal$ 9 c]ta9      
cav]ns1 & !re br\ght =? a son1 ^: "n 0  
,mess5e1 & :o1 :5 he 0 gr[n up to man's 
e/ate1 pursu$ ! ,jews into ,syria1 be+  
ab\t two hundr$ ?\s&1 & !n receiv$ 8    
fa!r ,am5ophis out ( ,e?iopia4  #cc4    
,?is is ! acc\nt ,*]emon gives u4 ,n[ ,i
 take x = grant$ t :at ,i h said already
 ha? pla9ly prov$ ! falsity ( bo? ^!    
n>rations2 = _h !re be5 any real tru? at
 ! bottom1 x 0 impossible !y %\ld s     
greatly disagree ab\t ! p>ticul>s4 ,b = 
^? t inv5t lies1 :at !y write w easily  
give u v diff]5t acc\nts1 :ile !y =ge   
:at !y please out ( _! own heads4 ,n[   
,mane?o says t ! k+'s desire ( see+ !   
gods 0 ! orig9 ( ! ejection ( ! pollut$ 

p2 b ,*]emon feigns t x 0 a dream ( 8   
own1 s5t ^u him by ,isis1 t 0 ! occasion
 ( x4 ,mane?o says t ! p]son :o =e%[$   
?is purgation ( ,egypt to ! k+ 0        
,am5ophis2 b ?is man says x 0           
,phritiphantes4 ,z to ! numb]s ( !      
multitude t 7 expell$1 !y agree exce$+ly
 well #bd ! =m] reckon+ !m eighty ?\s&1 
& ! latt] ab\t two hundr$ & fifty ?\s&6 
,n[1 = ,mane?o1 he describes ^? pollut$ 
p]sons z s5t fir/ to "w 9 ! qu>ries1 &  
says t ! city ,av>is 0 giv5 !m = _!     
habitation4 ,z also he relates t x 0 n  
till aft] !y _h made w> ) ! re/ ( !     
,egyptians1 t !y invit$ ! p ( ,j]usalem 
to come to _! assi/ance2 :ile ,*]emon   
says only t !y 7 gone out ( ,egypt1 &   
light$ ^u ?ree hundr$ & eighty ?\s& m5  
ab\t ,pelusium1 :o _h be5 left !re by   
,am5ophis1 & s !y invad$ ,egypt ) !m    
aga92 t !reupon ,am5ophis fl$ into      
,e?iopia4 ,b !n ?is ,*]emon commits a   
mo/ ridicul\s blund] 9 n in=m+ u :o ?is 
army ( s _m t5 ?\s&s 71 or :5ce !y came2
 :e!r !y 7 native ,egyptians1 or :e!r !y

 came f a =eign c\ntry4 ,nor inde$ has  
?is man1 :o =g$ a dream f ,isis ab\t !  
lepr\s p1 assign$ ! reason :y ! k+ w\ld 
n br+ !m into ,egypt4 ,moreov]1 ,*]emon 
sets d[n ,joseph z driv5 away at ! same 
"t ) ,moses1 :o yet di$ f\r g5]ations   
#be be=e ,moses1 :i* f\r g5]ations make 
almo/ "o hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s4 ,besides 
all ?is1 ,ramesses1 ! son ( ,am5ophis1  
by ,mane?o's acc\nt1 0 a "y man1 &      
assi/$ 8 fa!r 9 8 w>1 & left ! c\ntry at
 ! same "t ) him1 & fl$ into ,e?iopia4  
,b ,*]emon makes him to h be5 born 9 a  
c]ta9 cave1 aft] 8 fa!r 0 dead1 & t he  
!n ov]came ! ,jews 9 battle1 & drove !m 
into ,syria1 be+ 9 numb] ab\t two hundr$
 ?\s&4 ,o ! levity ( ! man6 = he _h     
nei!r told u :o ^! ?ree hundr$ & eighty 
?\s& 71 nor h[ ! f\r hundr$ & ?irty ?\s&
 p]i%$2 :e!r !y fell 9 w>1 or w5t ov] to
 ,ramesses4 ,&1 :at is ! /range/ ( all1 
x is n possible to le>n out ( him :o !y 
7 :om he calls ,jews1 or to :i* ( ^! two
 p>ties he applies t d5om9ation1 :e!r to
 ! two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& lepr\s p1 or 

to ! ?ree hundr$ & eighty ?\s& t 7 ab\t 
,pelusium4 ,b p]haps x w be look$ ^u z a
 silly ?+ 9 me to make any l>g]         
confutation ( su* writ]s z suffici5tly  
confute !mselves2 = _h !y be5 only      
confut$ by o!r m51 x _h be5 m tol]able4 
#cd4 ,i %all n[ add to ^! acc\nts ab\t  
,mane?o& ,*]emon some:at ab\t           
,lysima*us1 :o ha? tak5 ! same topic (  
falsehood ) ^? =em5tion$1 b ha? gone f> 
beyond !m 9 ! incr$ible nature ( 8      
=g]ies2 :i* pla9ly demon/rates t he     
contriv$ !m out ( 8 virul5t hatr$ ( our 
nation4 ,8 words are ^!3 ,! p ( ! ,jews 
be+ lepr\s & scabby1 & subject to c]ta9 
o!r k9ds ( di/emp]s1 9 ! days (         
,boc*oris1 k+ ( ,egypt1 !y fl$ to !     
temples1 & got _! food !re by begg+3 & z
 ! numb]s 7 v great t 7 fall5 "u ^!     
diseases1 !re arose a sc>city 9 ,egypt4 
,h]eupon ,bocehoris1 ! k+ ( ,egypt1 s5t 
"s to consult ! oracle ( ,jupit] ,hammon
 ab\t 8 sc>city4 ,! god's answ] 0 ?is1 t
 he mu/ purge 8 temples ( impure &      
impi\s m51 by expell+ !m out ( ^?       

temples into des]t places2 b z to !     
scabby & lepr\s p1 he mu/ dr[n !m1 &    
purge 8 temples1 ! sun hav+ an          
indignation at ^! m5 be+ suff]$ to live2
 & by ?is means ! l& w br+ =? its       
fruits4 ,^u ,boc*oris's hav+ receiv$ ^! 
oracles1 he call$ = _! prie/s1 & !      
att5dants ^u _! alt>s1 & ord]$ !m to    
make a collection ( ! impure p1 & to    
deliv] !m to ! soldi]s1 to c>ry !m away 
into ! des]t2 b to take ! lepr\s p1 &   
wrap !m 9 %eets ( lead1 & let !m d[n    
into ! sea4 ,h]eupon ! scabby & lepr\s p
 7 dr[n$1 & ! re/ 7 gott5 toge!r1 & s5t 
into des]t places1 9 ord] to be expos$  
to de/ruction4 ,9 ?is case !y assembl$  
!mselves toge!r1 & took c\nsel :at !y   
%\ld d1 & det]m9$ t1 z ! night 0 com+   
on1 !y %\ld k9dle fires & lamps1 & keep 
wat*2 t !y also %\ld fa/ ! next night1 &
 propitiate ! gods1 9 ord] to obta9     
deliv]ance f !m4 ,t on ! next day !re 0 
"o ,moses1 :o advis$ !m t !y %\ld v5ture
 ^u a j\rney1 & g along "o road till !y 
%\ld come to places fit = habitation3 t 

he *>g$ !m to h no k9d reg>ds = any man1
 nor give good c\nsel to any1 b always  
to advise !m = ! wor/2 & to ov]turn all 
^? temples & alt>s ( ! gods !y %\ld meet
 )3 t ! re/ comm5d$ :at he _h said ) "o 
cons5t1 & did :at !y _h resolv$ on1 & s 
travel$ ov] ! des]t4 ,b t ! difficulties
 ( ! j\rney be+ ov]1 !y came to a c\ntry
 inhabit$1 & t !re !y abus$ ! m51 &     
plund]$ & burnt _! temples2 & !n came   
into t l& :i* is call$ ,judea1 & !re !y 
built a city1 & dwelt !re91 & t _! city 
0 nam$ ,hi]osyla1 f ?is _! robb+ ( !    
temples2 b t /ill1 ^u ! success !y _h   
aft]w>ds1 !y 9 "t *ang$ its d5om9ation1 
t x might n be a reproa* to !m1 & call$ 
! city ,hi]osolyma1 & !mselves          
,hi]osolymites4  #ce4 ,n[ ?is man did n 
discov] & m5tion ! same k+ ) ! o!rs1 b  
feign$ a new] "n1 & pass+ by ! dream & !
 ,egyptian prophet1 he br+s him to      
,jupit] ,hammon1 9 ord] to ga9 oracles  
ab\t ! scabby & lepr\s p2 = he says t ! 
multitude ( ,jews 7 ga!r$ toge!r at !   
temples4 ,n[ x is unc]ta9 :e!r he       

ascribes ?is "n to ^! lep]s1 or to ^? t 
7 subject to su* diseases among ! ,jews 
only2 = he describes !m z a p ( ! ,jews4
 ,:at p does he mean8 =eign]s1 or ^? ( t
 c\ntry8 ,:y !n' do/ ?\ call !m ,jews1  
if !y 7 ,egyptians8 ,b if !y 7 =eign]s1 
:y do/ ?\ n tell u :5ce !y came8 ,& h[  
c\ld x be t1 aft] ! k+ _h dr[n$ _m ( !m 
9 ! sea1 & eject$ ! re/ into des]t      
places1 !re %\ld be /ill s great a      
multitude rema9+8 ,or aft] :at mann] did
 !y pass ov] ! des]t1 & get ! l& :i* we 
n[ dwell 91 & build our city1 & t temple
 :i* ha? be5 s fam\s among all mank9d8  
,& besides1 he ought to h spok5 m ab\t  
our legislator ?an by giv+ u 8 b>e "n2 &
 to h in=m$ u ( :at nation he 01 & :at  
p>5ts he 0 d]iv$ f2 & to h assign$ !    
reasons :y he und]took to make su* laws 
conc]n+ ! gods1 & conc]n+ matt]s (      
inju/ice ) reg>d to m5 dur+ t j\rney4 ,=
 9 case ! p 7 by bir? ,egyptians1 !y    
w\ld n on ! sudd5 h s easily *ang$ !    
cu/oms ( _! c\ntry2 & 9 case !y _h be5  
=eign]s1 !y _h = c]ta9 "s laws or o!r   

:i* _h be5 kept by !m f long cu/om4 ,x  
is true1 t ) reg>d to ^? :o _h eject$   
!m1 !y might h sworn nev] to be> good-w 
to !m1 & might h _h a plausible reason =
 s do+4 ,b if ^! m5 resolv$ to wage an  
implacable w> aga9/ all m51 9 case !y _h
 act$ z wick$ly z he relates ( !m1 & ?is
 :ile !y want$ ! assi/ance ( all m51 ?is
 demon/rates a k9d ( mad conduct inde$2 
b n ( ! m5 !mselves1 b v greatly s ( him
 t tells su* lies ab\t !m4 ,he ha? also 
impud5ce en\gh to say t a "n1 imply+    
,robb]s ( ! temples1 #bf 0 giv5 to _!   
city1 & t ?is "n 0 aft]w>d *ang$4 ,!    
reason ( :i* is pla91 t ! =m] "n br\ght 
reproa* & hatr$ ^u !m 9 ! times ( _!    
po/]ity1 :ile1 x seems1 ^? t built !    
city ?\ght !y did honor to ! city by    
giv+ x su* a "n4 ,s we see t ?is f9e    
fell[ _h su* an unb\nd$ incl9ation to   
reproa* u1 t he did n und]/& t robb]y ( 
temples is n express$ ,by ! same ^w & "n
 among ! ,jews z x is among ! ,greeks4  
,b :y %\ld a man say any m to a p]son :o
 tells su* impud5t lies8 ,h[ev]1 s9ce   

?is book is aris5 to a compet5t l5g?1 ,i
 w make ano!r beg9n+1 & endeavor to add 
:at /ill rema9s to p]fect my design 9 ! 
foll[+ book4     ,,apion ,,book #a      
,,footnotes  #a ,?is fir/ book has a    
wrong title4 ,x is n writt5 aga9/       
,apion1 z is ! fir/ "p ( ! second book1 
b aga9/ ^? ,greeks 9 g5]al :o w\ld n    
believe ,josephus's =m] acc\nts ( ! v   
anci5t /ate ( ! ,jewi% nation1 9 8 #bj  
books ( ,antiquities2 & p>ticul>ly aga9/
 ,aga?>elddes1 ,mane?o1 ,*]emon1 &      
,lysima*us4 x is "o ( ! mo/ le>n$1      
excell5t1 & useful books ( all          
antiquity2 & ^u ,j]ome's p]usal ( ?is & 
! foll[+ book1 he decl>es t x seems to  
him a miracul\s ?+ h[ "o t 0 a ,hebrew1 
:o _h be5 f 8 infancy in/ruct$ 9 sacr$  
le>n+1 %\ld be able to pron\nce su* a   
numb] ( te/imonies out ( pr(ane au?ors1 
z if he _h read ov] all ! ,grecian      
libr>ies1 ,epi/4 #h4 ad ,magnum2 & !    
le>n$ ,jew1 ,manasseh-,b5-,israel1      
e/eem$ ^! two books s excell5t1 z to    
translate !m into ! ,hebrew2 ?is we le>n

 f 8 own catalogue ( 8 works1 :i* ,i h  
se54 ,z to ! "t & place :5 & :]e ^! two 
books 7 writt51 ! le>n$ h n hi!rto be5  
able to det]m9e !m any fur!r ?an t !y 7 
writt5 "s "t aft] 8 ,antiquities1 or "s 
"t aft] ,a4,d4 #ic2 :i* inde$ is too    
obvi\s at _! entrance to be ov]look$ by 
ev5 a c>eless p]us]1 !y be+ directly    
int5d$ aga9/ ^? t w\ld n believe :at he 
_h advanc$ 9 ^? books con-! great ( !   
,jewi% nation ,z to ! place1 !y all     
imag9e t ^! two books 7 writt5 :]e ! =m]
 71 ,i mean at ,rome2 & ,i confess t ,i 
myself believ$ bo? ^? det]m9ations1 till
 ,i came to f9i% my notes ^u ^! books1  
:5 ,i met ) pla9 indications t !y 7     
writt5 n at ,rome1 b 9 ,judea1 & ?is    
aft] ! ?ird ( ,trajan1 or ,a4,d4 #ajj4  
#b ,take ,dr4 ,hudson's note "h1 :i* z x
 ju/ly contradicts ! common op9ion t    
,josephus ei!r di$ "u ,domitian1 or at  
lea/ wrote no?+ lat] ?an 8 days1 s does 
x p]fectly agree to my own det]m9ation1 
f ,ju/us ( ,tib]ias1 t he wrote or f9i%$
 8 own ,life aft] ! ?ird ( ,trajan1 or  

,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,to :i* ,noldius also      
agrees1 de ,h]od1 ,no4 #chc             
,epaphroditus4 ,s9ce ,florius ,josephus1
 says ,dr4 ,hudson1 wrote or f9i%$ 8    
books ( ,antiquities on ! ?irte5? (     
,domitian1 ,a4,d4 #ic1 & aft] t wrote ! 
,memoirs ( 8 own ,life1 z an app5dix to 
! books ( ,antiquities1 & at la/ 8 two  
books aga9/ ,apion1 & yet d$icat$ all ^?
 writ+s to ,epaphroditus2 he c h>dly be 
t ,epaphroditus :o 0 =m]ly secret>y to  
,n]o1 & 0 sla9 on ! f\rte5? or fifte5? (
 ,domitian1 aft] he _h be5 = a good :ile
 9 bani%m5t2 b ano!r ,epaphroditas1 a   
fre$-man1 & procurator ( ,trajan1 z says
 ,grotius on ,luke #a3c4  #c ,!         
pres]vation ( ,hom]'s ,poems by memory1 
& n by 8 own writ+ !m d[n1 & t !nce !y 7
 /yl$ ,rhapsodies1 z sung by him1 l     
ballads1 by p>ts1 & n compos$ & connect$
 toge!r 9 complete works1 are op9ions   
well kn[n f ! anci5t comm5tators2 ?\gh  
su* supposal seems to myself1 z well z  
to ,fabricius ,biblio?4 ,grace4 ,i4 p4  
#bfi1 & to o!rs1 highly improbable4 ,nor

 does ,josephus say !re 7 no anci5t]    
writ+s among ! ,greeks ?an ,hom]'s      
,poems1 b t !y did n fully own any      
anci5t] writ+s pret5d+ to su* antiquity1
 :i* is trite4  #d ,x well des]ves to be
 consid]$1 t ,josephus "h says h[ all ! 
foll[+ ,greek hi/orians look$ on        
,h]odotus z a fabul\s au?or2 & pres5tly1
 sect4 #ad1 h[ ,mane?o1 ! mo/ au!ntic   
writ] ( ! ,egyptian hi/ory1 greatly     
compla9s ( 8 mi/akes 9 ! ,egyptian      
affairs2 z also t ,/rabo1 ,b4 ,,xi4 p4  
#ejg1 ! mo/ accurate geograph] &        
hi/orian1 e/eem$ him su*2 t ,x5ophon1 ! 
mu* m accurate hi/orian 9 ! affairs (   
,cyrus1 implies t ,h]odotus's acc\nt ( t
 great man is almo/ entirely romantic4  
,see ! notes on ,antiq4 ,b4 ,,xi4 *4 #b4
 sect4 #a1 & ,hut*9son's ,prolegom5a to 
8 edition ( ,x5ophon's1 t we h already  
se5 9 ! note on ,antiq4 ,b4 ,,viii4 *4  
#aj4 sect4 #c1 h[ v little ,h]odotus    
knew ab\t ! ,jewi% affairs & c\ntry1 & t
 he greatly affect$ :at we call !       
m>vel\s1 z ,monsieur ,roll9 has lately &

 ju/ly det]m9$2 :5ce we are n always to 
dep5d on ! au?ority ( ,h]odotus1 :]e x  
is unsupport$ by o!r evid5ce1 b ought to
 comp>e ! o!r evid5ce ) 81 & if x       
prepond]ate1 to pref] x be=e 84 ,i d n  
mean by ?is t ,h]odotus willfully relat$
 :at he believ$ to be false1 z ,cteeias 
seems to h done1 b t he (t5 want$       
evid5ce1 & sometimes pref]r$ :at 0      
m>vel\s to :at 0 be/ atte/$ z really    
true4  #e;,ab\t ! days ( ,cyrus &       
,daniel4  #f ,x is "h well wor? our     
obs]vation1 :at ! reasons are t su*     
anci5t au?ors z ,h]odotus1 ,josephus1 & 
o!rs h be5 read to s little purpose by  
_m le>n$ critics2 viz4 t _! ma9 aim has 
n be5 *ronology or hi/ory1 b philology1 
to "k words1 & n ?+s1 !y n mu* ent]+    
(t5times into ! real cont5ts ( _!       
au?ors1 & judg+ :i* 7 ! mo/ accurate    
discov]]s ( tru?1 & mo/ to be dep5d$ on 
9 ! sev]al hi/ories1 b r inquir+ :o     
wrote ! f9e/ /yle1 & _h ! greate/       
elegance 9 _! expressions2 :i* are ?+s (
 small consequ5ce 9 comp>ison ( ! o!r4  

,?us y w sometimes f9d great debates    
among ! le>n$1 :e!r ,h]odotus or        
,?ucydides 7 ! f9e/ hi/orian 9 ! ,ionic 
& ,attic ways ( writ+2 :i* signify      
little z to ! real value ( ea* ( _!     
hi/ories2 :ile x w\ld be ( mu* m mom5t  
to let ! read] "k1 t z ! consequ5ce (   
,h]odotus's hi/ory1 :i* beg9s s mu*     
e>li]1 & rea*es s mu* wid]1 ?an t (     
,?ucydides1 is !re=e va/ly great]2 s is 
! mo/ "p ( ,?ucydides1 :i* belongs to 8 
own times1 & fell "u 8 own obs]vation1  
mu* ! mo/ c]ta94  #g ,( ?is accuracy ( !
 ,jews be=e & 9 our ,savior's "t1 9     
c>efully pres]v+ _! g5ealogies all      
along1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! prie/s1 see    
,josephus's ,life1 sect4 #a4 ,?is       
accuracy4 seems to h end$ at !          
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ,titus1 or1   
h[ev]1 at t by ,adrian4  #h ,:i* 7 ^!   
tw5ty-two sacr$ books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1
 see ! ,supplem5t to ! ,essay ( ! ,old  
,te/am5t1 p4 #be-bi1 viz4 ^? we call    
canonical1 all except+ ! ,canticles2 b  
/ill ) ?is fur!r exception1 t ! book (  

apocryphal ,esdras be tak5 into t numb] 
in/ead ( our canonical ,ezra1 :i* seems 
to be no m ?an a lat] epitome ( ! o!r2  
:i* two books ( ,canticles & ,ezra x no 
way appe>s t our ,josephus ev] saw4  #i 
,"h we h an acc\nt ( ! fir/ build+ ( !  
city ( ,j]usalem1 accord+ to ,mane?o1 :5
 ! ,pho5ician %eph]ds 7 expell$ out (   
,egypt ab\t ?irty-sev5 ye>s be=e        
,abraham came out ( ,h>%4  #aj ,g5esis  
#df2cb1 #cd2 #dg3c1 #d4  #aa ,9 our     
copies ( ! book ( ,g5esis & ( ,joseph1  
?is ,joseph nev] calls himself a        
captive1 :5 he 0 ) ! k+ ( ,egypt1 ?\gh  
he does call himself a s]vant1 a slave1 
or captive1 _m times 9 ! ,te/am5t ( !   
,twelve ,patri>*s1 "u ,joseph1 sect4 #a1
 #aa1 #ac-af4  #ab ,( ?is ,egyptian     
*ronology ( ,mane?o1 z mi/ak5 by        
,josephus1 & ( ^! ,pho5ician %eph]ds1 z 
falsely suppos$ by him1 & o!rs aft] him1
 to h be5 ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt1 see   
,essay on ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,app5dix1 p4 
#ahb-ahh4 ,& note "h1 t :5 ,josephus    
tells u t ! ,greeks or ,argives look$ on

 ?is ,danaus z a mo/ anci5t1 or ! mo/   
anci5t1 k+ ( ,argos1 he ne$ n be suppos$
 to mean1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 t !y _h no  
"o k+ s anci5t z he2 = x is c]ta9 t !y  
own$ n9e k+s be=e him1 & ,ina*us at !   
head ( !m4 ,see ,au!ntic ,records1 ,"p  
,,ii4 p4 #ihc1 z ,josephus c\ld n b "k v
 well2 b t he 0 e/eem$ z v anci5t by !m1
 & t !y knew !y _h be5 fir/ ( all       
d5om9at$ ,danai f ?is v anci5t k+       
,danaus4 ,nor does ?is sup]lative degree
 always imply ! mo/ anci5t ( all )\t    
exception1 b is sometimes to be r5d]$ v 
anci5t only1 z is ! case 9 ! l          
sup]lative degrees ( o!r words also4    
#ac ,au!ntic ,records1 ,"p ,,ii4 p4     
#ihc1 z ,josephus c\ld n b "k v well2 b 
t he 0 e/eem$ z v anci5t by !m1 & t !y  
knew !y _h be5 fir/ ( all d5om9at$      
,danai f ?is v anci5t k+ ,danaus4 ,nor  
does ?is sup]lative degree always imply 
! mo/ anci5t ( all )\t exception1 b is  
sometimes to be r5d]$ v anci5t only1 z  
is ! case 9 ! l sup]lative degrees ( o!r
 words also4  #ad ,?is numb] 9          

,josephus1 t ,nebu*adnezz> de/roy$ !    
temple 9 ! eighte5? ye> ( 8 reign1 is a 
mi/ake 9 ! nicety ( *ronology2 = x 0 9 !
 n9ete5?4 ,! true numb] "h = ! ye> (    
,d>ius1 9 :i* ! second temple 0 f9i%$1  
:e!r ! second ) our pres5t copies1 or ! 
six? ) t ( ,syncellus1 or ! t5? ) t (   
,eusebius1 is v unc]ta92 s we _h be/    
foll[ ,josephus's own acc\nt else:]e1   
,antiq42,b4 ,,xi4 *4 #c4 sect4 #d1 :i*  
%[s u t accord+ to 8 copy ( ! ,old      
,te/am5t1 aft] ! second ( ,cyrus1 t "w 0
 int]rupt$ till ! second ( ,d>ius1 :5 9 
sev5 ye>s x 0 f9i%$ 9 ! n9? ( ,d>ius4   
#ae ,?is is a ?+ well kn[n by ! le>n$1 t
 we are n secure t we h any g5u9e writ+s
 ( ,py?agoras2 ^? ,gold5 ,v]ses1 :i* are
 8 be/ rema9s1 be+ g5]ally suppos$ to h 
be5 writt5 n by himself1 b by "s ( 8    
s*ol>s only1 9 agreem5t ) :at ,josephus 
"h affirms ( him4  #af ,:e!r ^! v]ses ( 
,*]ilus1 ! hea!n poet1 9 ! days (       
,x]xes1 belong to ! ,solymi 9 ,pisidia1 
t 7 ne> a small lake1 or to ! ,jews t   
dwelt on ! ,solymean or ,j]usalem       

m\nta9s1 ne> ! great & broad lake       
,asphaltitis1 t 7 a /range p1 & spake ! 
,pho5ician tongue1 is n agre$ on by !   
le>n$4 ,if is yet c]ta9 t ,josephus "h1 
& ,eusebius1 ,prep4 ,,ix4 #i4 p4 #dab1  
took !m to be ,jews2 & ,i confess ,i _c 
b v mu* incl9e to ! same op9ion4 ,! o!r 
,solymi 7 n a /range p1 b hea!n         
idolat]s1 l ! o!r p>ts ( ,x]xes's army2 
& t ^! spake ! ,pho5ician tongue is next
 to impossible1 z ! ,jews c]ta9ly did2  
nor is !re ! lea/ evid5ce = x else:]e4  
,nor 0 ! lake adjo9+ to ! m\nta9s ( !   
,solvmi at all l>ge or broad1 9         
comp>ison ( ! ,jewi% lake ,asphaltitis2 
nor inde$ 7 ^! s consid]able a p z !    
,jews1 nor s likely to be desir$ by     
,x]xes = 8 army z ! ,jews1 to :om he 0  
always v favorable4 ,z = ! re/ (        
,*]ilus's description1 t _! heads 7     
sooty2 t !y _h r\nd rasures on _! heads2
 t _! heads & faces 7 l na/y            
horse-heads1 :i* _h be5 h>d5$ 9 ! smoke2
 ^! awkw>d *>act]s probably fitt$ !     
,solymi ( ,pisidi no bett] ?an !y did ! 

,jews 9 ,judea4 ,& inde$ ?is reproa*ful 
language1 "h giv5 ^! p1 is to me a /rong
 indication t !y 7 ! poor despicable    
,jews1 & n ! ,pisidian ,solymi celebrat$
 9 ,hom]1 :om ,*]ilus "h describes2 nor 
are we to expect t ei!r ,*]ilus or      
,hecateus1 or any o!r pagan writ]s cit$ 
by ,josephus & ,eusebius1 made no       
mi/akes 9 ! ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,if by comp>+
 _! te/imonies ) ! m au!ntic records ( t
 nation we f9d !m = ! ma9 to confirm !  
same1 z we almo/ always d1 we ought to  
be satisfi$1 & n expect t !y ev] _h an  
exact k ( all ! circum/ances ( ! ,jewi% 
affairs1 :i* inde$ x 0 almo/ always     
impossible = !m to h4 ,see sect4 #bc4   
#ag ,?is ,hezekiah1 :o is "h call$ a    
high prie/1 is n nam$ 9 ,josephus's     
catalogue2 ! real high prie/ at t "t be+
 r ,onias1 z ,ar*bi%op ,u%] supposes4   
,h[ev]1 ,josephus (t5 uses ! ^w high    
prie/s 9 ! plural numb]1 z liv+ _m at ! 
same "t4 ,see ! note on ,antiq4 ,b4     
,,xx4 *4 #h4 sect4 #h4  #ah ,s ,i read !
 text ) ,hav]camp1 ?\gh ! place be      

difficult4  #ai ,?is numb] ( ar\rae or  
,egyptian acres1 #c1jjj1jjj1 ea* ar\ra  
conta9+ a squ>e ( #ajj ,egyptian cubits1
 be+ ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an ,engli% acre1
 & j twice ! area ( ! c\rt ( ! ,jewi%   
tab]nacle1 z conta9$ 9 ! c\ntry (       
,judea1 w be ab\t "o ?ird ( ! entire    
numb] ( ar\rae 9 ! :ole l& ( ,judea1    
suppos+ x #afj measur$ miles long & #gj 
su* miles broad2 :i* e/imation1 = !     
fruitful p>ts ( x1 z p]haps "h 9        
,hecateus1 is n !re=e v wide f ! tru?4  
,! fifty furlongs 9 compass = ! city    
,j]usalem pres5tly are n v wide f ! tru?
 also1 z ,josephus himself describes x1 
:o1 ,( ! ,w>1 ,b4 ,v4 *4 #d4 sect4 #c4  
makes its wall ?irty-?ree furlongs1     
besides ! suburbs & g>d5s2 nay1 he says1
 ,b4 ,v4 *4 #ab4 sect4 #b1 t ,titus's   
wall ab\t x at "s small di/ance1 aft] ! 
g>d5s & suburbs 7 de/roy$1 0 n less ?an 
?irty-n9e furlongs4 ,nor p]haps 7 its   
con/ant inhabitants1 9 ! days (         
,hecateus1 _m m ?an ^! #abj1jjj1 because
 room 0 always to be left = va/ly great]

 numb]s :i* came up at ! ?ree great     
fe/ivals2 to say no?+ ( ! probable      
increase 9 _! numb] betwe5 ! days (     
,hecateus & ,josephus1 :i* 0 at lea/    
?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,b see a m au!ntic    
acc\nt ( "s ( ^! measures 9 my          
,description ( ! ,jewi% ,temples4       
,h[ev]1 we are n to expect t su* hea!ns 
z ,*]ilus or ,hecateus1 or ! re/ t are  
cit$ by ,josephus & ,eusebius1 c\ld     
avoid mak+ _m mi/akes 9 ! ,jewi% hi/ory1
 :ile yet !y /rongly confirm ! same     
hi/ory 9 ! g5]al1 & are mo/ valuable    
atte/ations to ^? m au!ntic acc\nts we h
 9 ! ,scriptures & ,josephus conc]n+ !m4
  #bj ,a glori\s te/imony ?is ( !       
obs]vation ( ! sabba? by ! ,jews4 ,see  
,antiq4 ,b4 ,,xvi4 *4 #b4 sect4 #d1 & *4
 #f4 sect4 #b2 ! ,life1 sect4 #ed2 &    
,w>1 ,b4 ,,iv4 *4 #i4 sect4 #ab4  #ba ,n
 _! law1 b ! sup]/iti\s int]pretation ( 
_! lead]s :i* nei!r ! ,maccabees nor our
 bless$ ,savior did ev] approve (4  #bb 
,9 read+ ?is & ! rema9+ sections ( ?is  
book1 & "s p>ts ( ! next1 "o may easily 

p]ceive t our usually cool & c&id au?or1
 ,josephus1 0 too highly (f5d$ ) !      
impud5t calumnies ( ,mane!1 & ! o!r     
bitt] enemies ( ! ,jews1 ) :om he _h n[ 
to deal1 & 0 !reby betray$ into a great]
 heat & passion ?an ord9>y1 & t by      
consequ5ce he does n he> reason ) 8     
usual fairness & imp>tiality2 he seems  
to dep>t sometimes f ! brevity & s9c]ity
 ( a fai?ful hi/orian1 :i* is 8 gr& "*1 
& indulges ! prolixity & colors ( a     
plead] & a disputant3 accord+ly1 ,i     
confess1 ,i always read ^! sections )   
less pleasure ?an ,i d ! re/ ( 8 writ+s1
 ?\gh ,i fully believe ! reproa*es ca/  
on ! ,jews1 :i* he "h endeavors to      
confute & expose1 7 :olly gr\ndless &   
unreasonable4  #bc ,?is is a v valuable 
te/imony ( ,mane?o1 t ! laws ( ,os>siph1
 or ,moses1 7 n made 9 compliance )1 b 9
 opposition to1 ! cu/oms ( ! ,egyptians4
 ,see ! note on ,antiq4 ,b4 ,,iii4 *4   
#h4 sect4 #i4  #bd ,by way ( irony1 ,i  
suppose4  #be ,"h we see t ,josephus    
e/eem$ a g5]ation betwe5 ,joseph &      

,moses to be ab\t =ty-two or =ty-?ree   
ye>s2 :i*1 if tak5 betwe5 ! e>li]       
*ildr51 well agrees ) ! duration ( human
 life 9 ^? ages4 ,see ,an!at4 ,rec4 ,"p 
,,ii4 pages #iff1 #ajai1 #ajbj4  #bf ,t 
is ! mean+ ( ,hi]osyla 9 ,greek1 n 9    
,hebrew4     ,,book ,,ii4   #a4 ,9 ! =m]
 book1 mo/ honor$ ,epaphroditus1 ,i h   
demon/rat$ our antiquity1 & confirm$ !  
tru? ( :at ,i h said1 f ! writ+s ( !    
,pho5icians1 & ,*aldeans1 & ,egyptians4 
,i h1 moreov]1 produc$ _m ( ! ,grecian  
writ]s z witnesses !reto4 ,i h also made
 a refutation ( ,mane?o & ,*]emon1 & (  
c]ta9 o!rs ( our enemies4 ,i %all n[ #a 
!re=e beg9 a confutation ( ! rema9+     
au?ors :o h writt5 any ?+ aga9/ u2      
al?\gh ,i confess ,i h _h a d\bt ^u me  
ab\t ,apion #b ! gramm>ian1 :e!r ,i     
ought to take ! tr\ble ( confut+ him or 
n2 = "s ( 8 writ+s conta9 mu* ! same    
accusations :i* ! o!rs h laid aga9/ u1  
"s ?+s t he ha? add$ are v frigid &     
contemptible1 & = ! greate/ "p ( :at he 
says1 x is v scurril\s1 &1 to speak no m

 ?an ! pla9 tru?1 x %[s him to be a v   
unle>n$ p]son1 & :at he lays toge!r     
looks l ! "w ( a man ( v bad morals1 & (
 "o no bett] 9 8 :ole life ?an a        
m\ntebank4 ,yet1 because !re are a great
 _m m5 s v fooli%1 t !y are r caught by 
su* orations ?an by :at is writt5 ) c>e1
 & take pleasure 9 reproa*+ o!r m51 & _c
 abide to he> !m comm5d$1 ,i ?\ght x to 
be necess>y n to let ?is man g (f )\t   
exam9ation1 :o _h writt5 su* an         
accusation aga9/ u1 z if he w\ld br+ u  
to make an answ] 9 op5 c\rt4 ,= ,i also 
h obs]v$1 t _m m5 are v mu* delight$ :5 
!y see a man :o fir/ began to reproa*   
ano!r1 to be himself expos$ to contempt 
on acc\nt ( ! vices he ha? himself be5  
guilty (4 ,h[ev]1 x is n a v easy ?+ to 
g ov] ?is man's disc\rse1 nor to "k     
pla9ly :at he means2 yet does he seem1  
amid/ a great confusion & disord] 9 8   
falsehoods1 to produce1 9 ! fir/ place1 
su* ?+s z resemble :at we h exam9$      
already1 & relate to ! dep>ture ( our   
=efa!rs out ( ,egypt2 &1 9 ! second     

place1 he accuses ^? ,jews t are        
inhabitants ( ,alex&ria2 z1 9 ! ?ird    
place1 he mixes ) ^? ?+s su* accusations
 z conc]n ! sacr$ purifications1 ) ! o!r
 legal rites us$ 9 ! temple4  #b4 ,n[   
al?\gh ,i _c b ?9k t ,i h already       
demon/rat$1 & t abundantly m ?an 0      
necess>y1 t our fa!rs 7 n orig9ally     
,egyptians1 nor 7 !nce expell$1 ei!r on 
acc\nt ( bodily diseases1 or any o!r    
calamities ( t sort2 yet w ,i briefly   
take notice ( :at ,apion adds ^u t      
subject2 = 9 8 ?ird book1 :i* relates to
 ! affairs ( ,egypt1 he speaks ?us3 ,i h
 he>d ( ! anci5t m5 ( ,egypt1 t ,moses 0
 ( ,heliopolis1 & t he ?\ght himself    
oblig$ to foll[ ! cu/oms ( 8 =efa!rs1 & 
(f]$ 8 pray]s 9 ! op5 air1 t[>ds ! city 
walls2 b t he r$uc$ !m all to be direct$
 t[>ds sun-ris+1 :i* 0 agreeable to !   
situation ( ,heliopolis2 t he also set  
up pill>s in/ead ( gnomons1 #c "u :i* 0 
repres5t$ a cavity l t ( a boat1 & !    
%ad[ t fell f _! tops fell d[n ^u t     
cavity1 t x might g r\nd ab\t ! l c\rse 

z ! sun itself goes r\nd 9 ! o!r4 ,?is  
is t wond]ful relation :i* we h giv5 u  
by ?is gramm>ian4 ,b t x is a false "o  
is s pla91 t x /&s 9 ne$ ( few words to 
prove x1 b is manife/ f ! works (       
,moses2 = :5 he erect$ ! fir/ tab]nacle 
to ,god1 he did himself nei!r give ord] 
= any su* k9d ( repres5tation to be made
 at x1 nor orda9 t ^? t came aft] him   
%\ld make su* a "o4 ,moreov]1 :5 9 a    
future age ,solomon built 8 temple 9    
,j]usalem1 he avoid$ all su* ne$less    
decorations z ,apion ha? "h devis$4 ,he 
says fur!r1 h[ he _h he>d ( ! anci5t m51
 t ,moses 0 ( ,hellopolis4 ,to be sure t
 01 because be+ a y\ng] man himself1 he 
believ$ ^? t by _! eld] age 7 acqua9t$ &
 conv]s$ ) him4 ,n[ ?is gramm>ian1 z he 
01 c\ld n c]ta9ly tell :i* 0 ! poet     
,hom]'s c\ntry1 no m ?an he c\ld :i* 0 !
 c\ntry ( ,py?agoras1 :o liv$           
comp>atively b a little :ile ago2 yet   
does he ?us easily det]m9e ! age (      
,moses1 :o prec$$ !m su* a va/ numb] (  
ye>s1 z dep5d+ on 8 anci5t m5's         

relation1 :i* %[s h[ notori\s a li> he  
04 ,b !n z to ?is *ronological          
det]m9ation ( ! "t :5 he says he br\ght 
! lepr\s p1 ! bl9d1 & ! lame out (      
,egypt1 see h[ well ?is mo/ accurate    
gramm>ian ( ours agrees ) ^? t h writt5 
be=e him6 ,mane?o says t ! ,jews dep>t$ 
out ( ,egypt1 9 ! reign ( ,te?mosis1    
?ree hundr$ n9ety-?ree ye>s be=e ,danaus
 fl$ to ,argos2 ,lysimaehus says x 0 "u 
k+ ,boc*oris1 t is1 "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ 
ye>s ago2 ,molo & "s o!rs det]m9$ x z e 
"o pleas$3 b ?is ,apion ( ours1 z des]v+
 to be believ$ be=e !m1 ha? det]m9$ x   
exactly to h be5 9 ! sev5? olympiad1 & !
 fir/ ye> ( t olympiad2 ! v same ye> 9  
:i* he says t ,c>?age 0 built by !      
,pho5icians4 ,! reason :y he add$ ?is   
build+ ( ,c>?age 01 to be sure1 9 ord]1 
z he ?\ght1 to /r5g!n 8 ass]tion by s   
evid5t a "* ( *ronology4 ,b he 0 n aw>e 
t ?is "* confutes 8 ass]tion2 = if we   
may give cr$it to ! ,pho5ician records z
 to ! "t ( ! fir/ com+ ( _! colony to   
,c>?age1 !y relate t ,hirom _! k+ 0     

above a hundr$ & fifty ye>s e>li] ?an ! 
build+ ( ,c>?age2 conc]n+ :om ,i h =m]ly
 produc$ te/imonials out ( ^? ,pho5ician
 records1 z also t ?is ,hirom 0 a fri5d 
( ,solomon :5 he 0 build+ ! temple (    
,j]usalem1 & gave him great assi/ance 9 
8 build+ t temple2 :ile /ill ,solomon   
himself built t temple six hundr$ &     
twelve ye>s aft] ! ,jews came out (     
,egypt4 ,z = ! numb] ( ^? t 7 expell$   
out ( ,egypt1 he ha? contriv$ to h ! v  
same numb] ) ,lysimaehus1 & says !y 7 a 
hundr$ & t5 ?\s&4 ,he !n assigns a c]ta9
 wond]ful & plausible occasion = ! "n ( 
,sabba?2 = he says t :5 ! ,jews _h      
travel$ a six days' j\rney1 !y _h buboes
 9 _! gro9s2 & t on ?is acc\nt x 0 t !y 
re/$ on ! sev5? day1 z hav+ got safely  
to t c\ntry :i* is n[ call$ ,judea2 t !n
 !y pres]v$ ! language ( ! ,egyptians1 &
 call$ t day ! ,sabba?1 = t malady (    
buboes on _! gro9 0 nam$ ,sabbatosis by 
! ,egyptians4 ,& w\ld n a man n[ laugh  
at ?is fell['s trifl+1 or r hate 8      
impud5ce 9 writ+ ?us8 ,we mu/1 x seems1 

fake x = grant$ t all ^! hundr$ & t5    
?\s& m5 mu/ h ^! buboes4 ,b1 = c]ta91 if
 ^? m5 _h be5 bl9d & lame1 & _h all     
sorts ( di/emp]s ^u !m1 z ,apion says !y
 _h1 !y c\ld n h gone "o s+le day's     
j\rney2 b if !y _h be5 all able to      
travel ov] a l>ge des]t1 &1 besides t1  
to fight & conqu] ^? t oppos$ !m1 !y _h 
n all ( !m _h buboes on _! gro9s aft] ! 
six? day 0 ov]2 = no su* di/emp] comes  
naturally & ( necessity ^u ^? t travel2 
b /ill1 :5 !re are _m t5 ?\s&s 9 a camp 
toge!r1 !y con/antly m>* a settl$ space 
9 a day4 ,nor is x at all probable t su*
 a ?+ %\ld happ5 by *ance2 ?is w\ld be  
prodigi\sly absurd to be suppos$4       
,h[ev]1 our admirable au?or ,apion ha?  
be=e told u t !y came to ,judea 9 six   
days' "t2 & aga91 t ,moses w5t up to a  
m\nta9 t lay betwe5 ,egypt & ,arabia1   
:i* 0 call$ ,s9ai1 & 0 conceal$ !re =ty 
days1 & t :5 he came d[n f !nce he gave 
laws to ! ,jews4 ,b1 !n1 h[ 0 x possible
 = !m to t>ry =ty days 9 a des]t place  
:]e !re 0 no wat]1 & at ! same "t to    

pass all ov] ! c\ntry betwe5 t & ,judea 
9 ! six days8 ,& z = ?is grammatical    
translation ( ! ^w ,sabba?1 x ei!r      
conta9s an in/ance ( 8 great impud5ce or
 gross ignorance2 = ! words ,sabbo &    
,sabba? are widely diff]5t f "o ano!r2 =
 ! ^w ,sabba? 9 ! ,jewi% language d5otes
 re/ f all sorts ( "w2 b ! ^w ,sabbo1 z 
he affirms1 d5otes among ! ,egyptians ! 
malady ( a bubo 9 ! gro94  #c4 ,?is is t
 novel acc\nt :i* ! ,egyptian ,apion    
gives u conc]n+ ! ,jews' dep>ture out ( 
,egypt1 & is no bett] ?an a contrivance 
( 8 own4 ,b :y %\ld we wond] at ! lies  
he tells ab\t our =efa!rs1 :5 he affirms
 !m to be ( ,egyptian orig9al1 :5 he    
lies also ab\t himself8 = al?\gh he 0   
born at ,oasis 9 ,egypt1 he pret5ds to  
be1 z a man may say1 ! top man ( all !  
,egyptians2 yet does he =swe> 8 real    
c\ntry & prog5itors1 & by falsely       
pret5d+ to be born at ,alex&ria1 _c d5y 
! #d pravity ( 8 family2 = y see h[     
ju/ly he calls ^? ,egyptians :om he     
hates1 & endeavors to reproa*2 = _h he n

 deem$ ,egyptians to be a "n ( great    
reproa*1 he w\ld n h avoid$ ! "n ( an   
,egyptian himself2 z we "k t ^? :o brag 
( _! own c\ntries value !mselves ^u !   
d5om9ation !y acquire !reby1 & reprove  
su* z unju/ly lay claim !reto4 ,z = !   
,egyptians' claim to be ( our k9dr$1 !y 
d x on "o ( ! foll[+ acc\nts2 ,i mean1  
ei!r z !y value !mselves ^u x1 & pret5d 
to be> t relation to u2 or else z !y    
w\ld draw u 9 to be p>tak]s ( _! own    
infamy4 ,b ?is f9e fell[ ,apion seems to
 broa* ?is reproa*ful appellation aga9/ 
u1 t we 7 orig9ally ,egyptians1 9 ord]  
to be/[ x on ! ,alex&rians1 z a rew>d = 
! privilege !y _h giv5 him ( be+ a fell[
 citiz5 ) !m3 he also is appriz$ ( !    
ill-w ! ,alex&rians be> to ^? ,jews :o  
are _! fell[ citiz5s1 & s proposes to   
himself to reproa* !m1 al?\gh he mu/    
!reby include all ! o!r ,egyptians also2
 :ile 9 bo? cases he is no bett] ?an an 
impud5t li>4  #d4 ,b let u n[ see :at ^?
 heavy & wick$ crimes are :i* ,apion    
*>ges ^u ! ,alex&rian ,jews4 ,!y came   

says he out ( ,syria1 & inhabit$ ne> !  
tempe/u\s sea1 & 7 9 ! neighborhood ( ! 
da%+ ( ! waves4 ,n[ if ! place (        
habitation includes any ?+ t is         
reproa*$1 ?is man reproa*es n 8 own real
 c\ntry1 ,egypt1 b :at he pret5ds to be 
8 own c\ntry1 ,alex&ria2 = all are agre$
 9 ?is1 t ! "p ( t city :i* is ne> ! sea
 is ! be/ "p ( all = habitation4 ,n[ if 
! ,jews ga9$ t "p ( ! city by =ce1 & h  
kept x hi!rto )\t impea*m5t1 ?is is a   
m>k ( _! valor2 b 9 reality x 0 ,alex&] 
himself t gave !m t place = _!          
habitation1 :5 !y obta9$ equal          
privileges !re ) ! ,mac$onians4 ,nor    
call ,i devise :at ,apion w\ld h said1  
_h _! habitation be5 at ,necropolis8 & n
 be5 fix$ h>d by ! royal palace z x is2 
nor _h _! nation _h ! d5om9ation (      
,mac$onians giv5 !m till ?is v day z !y 
h4 ,_h ?is man n[ read ! epi/les ( k+   
,alex&]1 or ^? ( ,ptolemy ! son (       
,lagus1 or met ) ! writ+s ( ! succe$+   
k+s1 or t pill> :i* is /ill /&+ at      
,alex&ria1 & conta9s ! privileges :i* ! 

great ,julius ,caes> be/[$ ^u ! ,jews2  
_h ?is man1 ,i say1 kn[n ^! records1 &  
yet ha? ! impud5ce to write 9           
contradiction to !m1 he ha? %[n himself 
to be a wick$ man2 b if he knew no?+ (  
^! records1 he ha? %[n himself to be a  
man v ignorant3 nay1 :5 lie appe>s to   
wond] h[ ,jews c\ld be call$            
,alex&rians1 ?is is ano!r l in/ance ( 8 
ignorance2 = all su* z are call$ out to 
be colonies1 al?\gh !y be ev] s f>      
remote f "o ano!r 9 _! orig9al1 receive 
_! names f ^? t br+ !m to _! new        
habitations4 ,& :at occasion is !re to  
speak ( o!rs1 :5 ^? ( u ,jews t dwell at
 ,antio* are nam$ ,antio*ians1 because  
,seleucns ! f\nd] ( t city gave !m !    
privileges belong+ !reto8 ,aft] ! l     
mann] d ^? ,jews t inhabit ,ephesus1 & !
 o!r cities ( ,ionia1 enjoy ! same "n ) 
^? t 7 orig9ally born !re1 by ! grant ( 
! succe$+ pr9ces2 nay1 ! k9dness &      
humanity ( ! ,romans ha? be5 s great1 t 
x ha? grant$ leave to almo/ all o!rs to 
take ! same "n ( ,romans ^u !m2 ,i mean 

n p>ticul> m5 only1 b entire & l>ge     
nations !mselves also2 = ^? anci5tly    
nam$ ,ib]i1 & ,tyrrh5i1 & ,sab9i1 are n[
 call$ ,romani4 ,& if ,apion reject ?is 
way ( obta9+ ! privilege ( a citiz5 (   
,alex&ria1 let him ab/a9 f call+ himself
 an ,alex&rian h]eaft]2 = o!rwise1 h[ c 
he :o 0 born 9 ! v he>t ( ,egypt be an  
,alex&rian1 if ?is way ( accept+ su* a  
privilege1 ( :i* he w\ld h u depriv$1 be
 once abrogat$8 al?\gh inde$ ^! ,romans1
 :o are n[ ! lords ( ! habitable e>?1 h 
=bidd5 ! ,egyptians to h ! privileges ( 
any city :atsoev]2 :ile ?is f9e fell[1  
:o is will+ to p>take ( su* a privilege 
himself z he is =bidd5 to make use (1   
endeavors by calumnies to deprive ^? ( x
 t h ju/ly receiv$ x2 = ,alex&] did n   
!re=e get "s ( our nation to ,alex&ria1 
because he want$ inhabitants = ?is 8    
city1 on ^: build+ he _h be/[$ s mu*    
pa9s2 b ?is 0 giv5 to our p z a rew>d1  
because he _h1 ^u a c>eful trial1 f\nd  
!m all to h be5 m5 ( virtue & fidelity  
to him2 =1 z ,hecateus says conc]n+ u1  

,alex&] honor$ our nation to su* a      
degree1 t1 = ! equity & ! fidelity :i* !
 ,jews exhibit$ to him1 he p]mitt$ !m to
 hold ! c\ntry ( ,sam>ia free f tribute4
 ,( ! same m9d also 0 ,ptolemy ! son (  
,lagus1 z to ^? ,jews :o dwelt at       
,alex&ria4 ,= he intru/$ ! =tresses (   
,egypt into _! h&s1 z believ+ !y w\ld   
keep !m fai?fully & valiantly = him2 &  
:5 he 0 desir\s to secure ! gov]nm5t (  
,cyr5e1 & ! o!r cities ( ,libya1 to     
himself1 he s5t a p>ty ( ,jews to       
inhabit 9 !m4 ,& = 8 successor ,ptolemy1
 :o 0 call$ ,philadelphus1 he did n only
 set all ^? ( our nation free :o 7      
captives "u him1 b did frequ5tly give   
money = _! ransom2 &1 :at 0 8 greate/ "w
 ( all1 he _h a great desire ( kn[+ our 
laws1 & ( obta9+ ! books ( our sacr$    
,scriptures2 accord+ly1 he desir$ t su* 
m5 might be s5t him z might int]pret our
 law to him2 &1 9 ord] to h !m well     
compil$1 he committ$ t c>e to no ord9>y 
p]sons1 b orda9$ t ,demetrius ,phal]eus1
 & ,&reas1 & ,ari/eas2 ! fir/1          

,demetrius1 ! mo/ le>n$ p]son ( 8 age1 &
 ! o!rs1 su* z 7 intru/$ ) ! gu>d ( 8   
body2 %\ld take c>e ( ?is matt]3 nor    
w\ld he c]ta9ly h be5 s desir\s ( le>n+ 
our law1 & ! philosophy ( our nation1 _h
 he despis$ ! m5 t made use ( x1 or _h  
he n inde$ _h !m 9 great admiration4    
#e4 ,n[ ?is ,apion 0 unacqua9t$ ) almo/ 
all ! k+s ( ^? ,mac$onians :om he       
pret5ds to h be5 8 prog5itors1 :o 7 yet 
v well affect$ t[>ds u2 = ! ?ird ( ^?   
,ptolemies1 :o 0 call$ ,eu]getes1 :5 he 
_h gott5 possession ( all ,syria by =ce1
 did n (f] 8 ?ank-(f]+s to ! ,egyptian  
gods = 8 victory1 b came to ,j]usalem1 &
 accord+ to our own laws (f]$ _m        
sacrifices to ,god1 & d$icat$ to him su*
 gifts z 7 suitable to su* a victory3 & 
z = ,ptolemy ,philomet] & 8 wife        
,cleopatra1 !y committ$ _! :ole k+dom to
 ! ,jews1 :5 ,onias & ,dosi!us1 bo?     
,jews1 ^: names are laugh$ at by ,apion1
 7 ! g5]als ( _! :ole army4 ,b c]ta9ly1 
in/ead ( reproa*+ !m1 he ought to admire
 _! actions1 & return !m ?anks = sav+   

,alex&ria1 ^: citiz5 he pret5ds to be2 =
 :5 ^! ,alex&rians 7 mak+ w> )          
,cleopatra ! que51 & 7 9 dang] ( be+    
utt]ly ru9$1 ^! ,jews br\ght !m to t]ms 
( agreem5t1 & fre$ !m f ! mis]ies ( a   
civil w>4 ,b !n says ,apion ,onias      
br\ght a small army aft]w>d ^u ! city at
 ! "t :5 ,?orruns ! ,roman ambassador 0 
!re pres5t4 ,yes1 d ,i v5ture to say1 & 
t he did rightly & v ju/ly 9 s do+2 = t 
,ptolemy :o 0 call$ ,physco1 ^u ! dea? (
 8 bro!r ,philomet]1 came f ,cyr5e1 &   
w\ld h eject$ ,cleopatra z well z h]    
sons out ( _! k+dom1 t he might obta9 x 
= himself unju/ly4 #e ,= ?is cause !n x 
0 t ,onias und]took a w> aga9/ him on   
,cleopatra's acc\nt2 nor w\ld he des]t t
 tru/ ! royal family _h repos$ 9 him 9  
_! di/ress4 ,accord+ly1 ,god gave a     
rem>kable atte/ation to 8 righte\s      
proc$ure2 = :5 ,ptolemy ,physco #f _h ! 
presumption to fight aga9/ ,onias's     
army1 & _h caught all ! ,jews t 7 9 !   
city ,alex&ria1 ) _! *ildr5 & wives1 &  
expos$ !m nak$ & 9 bonds to 8 elephants1

 t !y might be trodd5 ^u & de/roy$1 & :5
 he _h made ^? elephants drunk = t      
purpose1 ! ev5t prov$ contr>y to 8      
prep>ations2 = ^! elephants left ! ,jews
 :o 7 expos$ to !m1 & fell viol5tly ^u  
,physco's fri5ds1 & slew a great numb] (
 !m2 nay1 aft] ?is ,ptolemy saw a       
t]rible gho/1 :i* prohibit$ 8 hurt+ ^?  
m52 8 v concub9e1 :om he lov$ s well1 "s
 call h] ,i?aca1 & o!rs ,ir5e1 mak+     
supplication to him1 t he w\ld n        
p]petrate s great a wick$ness4 ,s he    
compli$ ) h] reque/1 & rep5t$ ( :at he  
ei!r _h already done1 or 0 ab\t to d2   
:5ce x is well kn[n t ! ,alex&rian ,jews
 d ) good reason celebrate ?is day1 on !
 acc\nt t !y _h !reon be5 v\*saf$ su* an
 evid5t deliv]ance f ,god4 ,h[ev]1      
,apion1 ! common calumniator ( m51 ha? !
 presumption to accuse ! ,jews = mak+   
?is w> aga9/ ,physco1 :5 he ought to h  
comm5d$ !m = ! same4 ,?is man also makes
 m5tion ( ,cleopatra1 ! la/ que5 (      
,alex&ria1 & abuses u1 because %e 0     
ungrateful to u2 :]eas he ought to h    

reprov$ h]1 :o indulg$ h]self 9 all k9ds
 ( inju/ice & wick$ practices1 bo? )    
reg>d to h] ne>e/ relations & husb&s :o 
_h lov$ h]1 &1 inde$1 9 g5]al ) reg>d to
 all ! ,romans1 & ^? emp]ors t 7 h]     
b5efactors2 :o also _h h] si/] ,ars9oe  
sla9 9 a temple1 :5 %e _h done h] no    
h>m3 moreov]1 %e _h h] bro!r sla9 by    
private trea*]y1 & %e de/roy$ ! gods (  
h] c\ntry & ! sepul*]s ( h] prog5itors2 
& :ile %e _h receiv$ h] k+dom f ! fir/  
,caes>1 %e _h ! impud5ce to rebel aga9/ 
8 son3 #g & successor2 nay1 %e corrupt$ 
,antony ) h] love-tricks1 & r5d]$ him an
 enemy to 8 c\ntry1 & made him trea*]\s 
to 8 fri5ds1 & by 8 means despoil$ "s ( 
_! royal au?ority1 & =c$ o!rs 9 h]      
madness to act wick$ly4 ,b :at ne$ ,i   
enl>ge ^u ?is head any fur!r1 :5 %e left
 ,antony 9 8 fight at sea1 ?\gh he 7 h] 
husb&1 & ! fa!r ( _! common *ildr51 &   
compell$ him to resign up 8 gov]nm5t1 ) 
! army1 & to foll[ h] into ,egypt8 nay1 
:5 la/ ( all ,caes> _h tak5 ,alex&ria1  
%e came to t pit* ( cruelty1 t %e decl>$

 %e _h "s hope ( pres]v+ h] affairs     
/ill1 9 case %e c\ld kill ! ,jews1 ?\gh 
x 7 ) h] own h&2 to su* a degree (      
b>b>ity & p]fidi\sness _h %e arriv$4 ,& 
do? any "o ?9k t we _c boa/ ourselves ( 
any ?+1 if1 z ,apion says1 ?is que5 did 
n at a "t ( fam9e di/ribute :eat among  
u8 ,h[ev]1 %e at l5g? met ) ! puni%m5t  
%e des]v$4 ,z = u ,jews1 we appeal to ! 
great ,caes> :at assi/ance we br\ght    
him1 & :at fidelity we %[$ to him aga9/ 
! ,egyptians2 z also to ! s5ate & its   
decrees1 & ! epi/les ( ,augu/us ,caes>1 
:]eby our m]its to ! ,romans are        
ju/ifi$4 ,apion ought to h look$ ^u ^?  
epi/les1 & 9 p>ticul> to h exam9$ !     
te/imonies giv5 on our behalf1 "u       
,alex&] & all ! ,ptolemies1 & ! decrees 
( ! s5ate & ( ! greate/ ,roman emp]ors4 
,& if ,g]manicus 0 n able to make a     
di/ribution ( corn to all ! inhabitants 
( ,alex&ria1 t only %[s :at a b>r5 "t x 
01 & h[ great a want !re 0 !n ( corn1 b 
t5ds no?+ to ! accusation ( ! ,jews2 =  
:at all ! emp]ors h ?\ght ( ! ,alex&rian

 ,jews is well kn[n1 = ?is di/ribution (
 :eat 0 no o!rwise omitt$ ) reg>d to !  
,jews1 ?an x 0 ) reg>d to ! o!r         
inhabitants ( ,alex&ria4 ,b !y /ill 7   
desir\s to pres]ve :at ! k+s _h =m]ly   
intru/$ to _! c>e1 ,i mean ! cu/ody ( ! 
riv]2 nor did ^? k+s ?9k !m unwor?y (   
hav+ ! entire cu/ody !re(1 ^u all       
occasions4  #f4 ,b besides ?is1 ,apion  
objects to u ?us3 ,if ! ,jews says he be
 citiz5s ( ,alex&ria1 :y d !y n wor%ip !
 same gods ) ! ,alex&rians8 ,to :i* ,i  
give ?is answ]3 ,s9ce y are y\rselves   
,egyptians1 :y d y fight x out "o aga9/ 
ano!r1 & h implacable w>s ab\t y\r      
religion8 ,at ?is rate we mu/ n call y  
all ,egyptians1 nor inde$ 9 g5]al m51   
because y bre$ up ) great c>e bea/s ( a 
nature q contr>y to t ( m51 al?\gh !    
nature ( all m5 seems to be "o & ! same4
 ,n[ if !re be su* diff]5ces 9 op9ion   
among y ,egyptians1 :y are y surpris$ t 
^? :o came to ,alex&ria f ano!r c\ntry1 
& _h orig9al laws ( _! own be=e1 %\ld   
p]sev]e 9 ! obs]vance ( ^? laws8 ,b /ill

 he *>ges u ) be+ ! au?ors ( s$ition2   
:i* accusation1 if x be a j "o1 :y is x 
n laid aga9/ u all1 s9ce we are kn[n to 
be all ( "o m9d4 ,moreov]1 ^? t se>*    
into su* matt]s w soon discov] t !      
au?ors ( s$ition h be5 su* citiz5s (    
,alex&ria z ,apion is2 = :ile !y 7 !    
,grecians & ,mac$onians :o 7 ill        
possession ( ?is city1 !re 0 no s$ition 
rais$ aga9/ u1 & we 7 p]mitt$ to obs]ve 
our anci5t solemnities2 b :5 ! numb] ( !
 ,egyptians !re9 came to be consid]able1
 ! times grew confus$1 & !n ^! s$itions 
brake out /ill m & m1 :ile our p cont9u$
 uncorrupt$4 ,^! ,egyptians1 !re=e1 7 ! 
au?ors ( ^! tr\bles1 :o hav+ n !        
con/ancy ( ,mac$onians1 nor ! prud5ce ( 
,grecians1 indulg$ all ( !m ! evil      
mann]s ( ! ,egyptians1 & cont9u$ _!     
anci5t hatr$ aga9/ u2 = :at is "h s     
presumptu\sly *>g$ ^u u1 is ow+ to !    
diff]5ces t are among/ !mselves2 :ile _m
 ( !m h n obta9$ ! privileges ( citiz5s 
9 prop] times1 b /yle ^? :o are well    
kn[n to h _h t privilege ext5d$ to !m   

all no o!r ?an =eign]s3 = x does n appe>
 t any ( ! k+s h ev] =m]ly be/[$ ^?     
privileges ( citiz5s ^u ,egyptians1 no m
 ?an h ! emp]ors done x m lately2 :ile x
 0 ,alex&] :o introduc$ u into ?is city 
at fir/1 ! k+s augm5t$ our privileges   
!re91 & ! ,romans h be5 pleas$ to       
pres]ve !m always inviolable4 ,moreov]1 
,apion w\ld lay a blot ^u u1 because we 
d n erect images = our emp]ors2 z if ^? 
emp]ors did n "k ?is be=e1 or /ood 9 ne$
 ( ,apion z _! def5d]2 :]eas he ought r 
to h admir$ ! magnanimity & mode/y ( !  
,romans1 :]eby !y d n compel ^? t are   
subject to !m to transgress ! laws ( _! 
c\ntries1 b are will+ to receive !      
honors due to !m aft] su* a mann] z ^?  
:o are to pay !m e/eem consi/5t ) piety 
& ) _! own laws2 = !y d n ?ank p =      
conf]r+ honors ^u !m1 ,:5 !y are        
compell$ by viol5ce s to d4 ,accord+ly1 
s9ce ! ,grecians & "s o!r nations ?9k x 
a "r ?+ to make images1 nay1 :5 !y h    
pa9t$ ! pictures ( _! p>5ts1 & wives1 & 
*ildr51 !y exult = joy2 & "s !re are :o 

take pictures = !mselves ( su* p]sons z 
7 no way relat$ to !m2 nay1 "s take !   
pictures ( su* s]vants z !y 7 fond (2   
:at wond] is x !n if su* z ^! appe>     
will+ to pay ! same respect to _! pr9ces
 & lords8 ,b !n our legislator ha?      
=bidd5 u to make images1 n by way (     
d5unciation be=eh&1 t ! ,roman au?ority 
0 n to be honor$1 b z despis+ a ?+ t 0  
nei!r necess>y nor useful = ei!r ,god or
 man2 & he =bade !m1 z we %all prove    
h]eaft]1 to make ^! images = any "p ( ! 
animal creation1 & mu* less = ,god      
himself1 :o is no "p ( su* animal       
creation4 ,yet ha? our legislator no :]e
 =bidd5 u to pay honors to wor?y m51    
provid$ !y be ( ano!r k9d1 & inf]ior to 
^? we pay to ,god2 ) :i* honors we      
will+ly te/ify our respect to our       
emp]ors1 & to ! p ( ,rome2 we also (f]  
p]petual sacrifices = !m2 nor d we only 
(f] !m e day at ! common exp5ses ( all !
 ,jews1 b al?\gh we (f] no o!r su*      
sacrifices out ( our common exp5ses1 no1
 n = our own *ildr51 yet d we ?is z a   

peculi> honor to ! emp]ors1 & to !m     
alone1 :ile we d ! same to no o!r p]son 
:omsoev]4 ,& let ?is suffice = an answ] 
9 g5]al to ,apion1 z to :at he says )   
relation to ! ,alex&rian ,jews4  #g4    
,h[ev]1 ,i _c b admire ^? o!r au?ors :o 
furni%$ ?is man ) su* 8 mat]ials2 ,i    
mean ,possidonius & ,apollonius ! son ( 
,molo1 #h :o1 :ile !y accuse u = n      
wor%ipp+ ! same gods :om o!rs wor%ip1 !y
 ?9k !mselves n guilty ( impiety :5 !y  
tell lies ( u1 & frame absurd &         
reproa*ful /ories ab\t our temple2 :]eas
 x is a mo/ %ameful ?+ = freem5 to =ge  
lies on any occasion1 & mu* m s to =ge  
!m ab\t our temple1 :i* 0 s fam\s ov]   
all ! _w1 & 0 pres]v$ s sacr$ by u2 =   
,apion ha? ! impud5ce to pret5d t1 !    
,jews plac$ an ass's head 9 _! holy     
place2 & he affirms t ?is 0 discov]$ :5 
,antio*us ,epiphanes spoil$ our temple1 
& f\nd t ass's head !re made ( gold1 &  
wor? a great deal ( money4 ,to ?is my   
fir/ answ] %all be ?is1 t _h !re be5 any
 su* ?+ among u1 an ,egyptian ought by  

no means to h ?r[n x 9 our tee?1 s9ce an
 ass is n a m contemptible animal ?an #i
 & goats1 & o!r su* creatures1 :i* among
 !m are gods4 ,b besides ?is answ]1 ,i  
say fur!r1 h[ comes x ab\t t ,apion does
 n und]/& ?is to be no o!r ?an a        
palpable lie1 & to be confut$ by ! ?+   
itself z utt]ly incr$ible8 ,= we ,jews  
are always gov]n$ by ! same laws1 9 :i* 
we con/antly p]sev]e2 & al?\gh _m       
mis=tunes h befall5 our city1 z ! l h   
befall5 o!rs1 & al?\gh ,!os ,epiphanes1 
& ,pompey ! ,great1 & ,lic9ius ,crassus1
 & la/ ( all ,titus ,caes>1 h conqu]$ u 
9 w>1 & gott5 possession ( our temple2  
yet h !y none ( !m f\nd any su* ?+ !re1 
nor inde$ any ?+ b :at 0 agreeable to ! 
/ricte/ piety2 al?\gh :at !y f\nd we are
 n at lib]ty to reveal to o!r nations4  
,b = ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 he _h no j   
cause = t ravage 9 our temple t he made2
 he only came to x :5 he want$ money1   
)\t decl>+ himself our enemy1 & attack$ 
u :ile we 7 8 associates & 8 fri5ds2 nor
 did he f9d any ?+ !re t 0 ridicul\s4   

,?is is atte/$ by _m wor?y writ]s2      
,polybius ( ,megalopolis1 ,/rabo (      
,cappadocia1 ,nicolaus ( ,damascus1     
,timag5es1 ,ca/or ! *ronotog]1 &        
,apollodorus2 #aj :o all say t x 0 out (
 ,antio*us's want ( money t he broke 8  
league ) ! ,jews1 & despoil$ _! temple  
:5 x 0 full ( gold & silv]4 ,apion ought
 to h _h a reg>d to ^! facts1 unless he 
_h himself _h ei!r an ass's he>t or a   
dog's impud5ce2 ( su* a dog ,i mean z !y
 wor%ip2 = he _h no o!r ext]nal reason =
 ! lies he tells ( u4 ,z = u ,jews1 we  
ascribe no honor or p[] to asses1 z d ! 
,egyptians to crocodiles & asps1 :5 !y  
e/eem su* z are seiz$ ^u by ! =m]1 or   
bitt5 by ! latt]1 to be happy p]sons1 & 
p]sons wor?y ( ,god4 ,asses are ! same )
 u :i* !y are ) o!r wise m51 viz4       
creatures t be> ! burd5s t we lay ^u !m2
 b if !y come to our ?ra%+-floors & eat 
our corn1 or d n p]=m :at we impose ^u  
!m1 we beat !m ) a great _m /ripes1     
because x is _! bus9ess to m9i/] to u 9 
our husb&ry affairs4 ,b ?is ,apion (    

ours 0 ei!r p]fectly unskillful 9 !     
composition ( su* fallaci\s disc\rses1  
or h[ev]1 :5 he begun some:at bett]1 he 
0 n able to p]sev]e 9 :at he _h         
und]tak51 s9ce he ha? no mann] ( success
 9 ^? reproa*es he ca/s ^u u4  #h4 ,he  
adds ano!r ,grecian fable1 9 ord] to    
reproa* u4 ,9 reply to :i*1 x w\ld be   
en\gh to say1 t !y :o presume to speak  
ab\t ,div9e wor%ip ought n to be        
ignorant ( ?is pla9 tru?1 t x is a      
degree ( less impurity to pass ?r\gh    
temples1 ?an to =ge wick$ calumnies (   
its prie/s4 ,n[ su* m5 z he are m zeal\s
 to ju/ify a sacrilegi\s k+1 ?an to     
write :at is j & :at is true ab\t u1 &  
ab\t our temple2 = :5 !y are desir\s (  
gratify+ ,antio*us1 & ( conceal+ t      
p]fidi\sness & sacrilege :i* he 0 guilty
 (1 ) reg>d to our nation1 :5 he want$  
money1 !y endeavor to disgrace u1 & tell
 lies ev5 relat+ to futurities4 ,apion  
becomes o!r m5's prophet ^u ?is         
occasion1 & says t ,antio*us f\nd 9 our 
temple a b$1 & a man ly+ ^u x1 ) a small

 table be=e him1 full ( da9ties1 f !    
fi%es ( ! sea1 & ! f[ls ( ! dry l&2 t   
?is man 0 amaz$ at ^! da9ties ?us set   
be=e him2 t he imm$iately ador$ ! k+1 ^u
 8 com+ 91 z hop+ t he w\ld af=d him all
 possible assi/ance2 t he fell d[n ^u 8 
knees1 & /ret*$ out to him 8 "r h&1 &   
begg$ to be releas$2 & t :5 ! k+ bid him
 sit d[n1 & tell him :o he 01 & :y he   
dwelt !re1 & :at 0 ! mean+ ( ^? v>i\s   
sorts ( food t 7 set be=e him ! man made
 a lam5table compla9t1 & ) sighs1 & te>s
 9 8 eyes1 gave him ?is acc\nt ( !      
di/ress he 0 92 & said t he 0 a ,greek &
 t z he w5t ov] ?is prov9ce1 9 ord] to  
get 8 liv+1 he 0 seiz$ ^u by =eign]s1 on
 a sudd51 & br\ght to ?is temple1 & %ut 
up !re91 & 0 se5 by nobody1 b 0 fatt5$  
by ^! curi\s provisions ?us set be=e    
him2 & t truly at ! fir/ su* unexpect$  
advantages seem$ to him matt] ( great   
joy2 t aft] a :ile1 !y br\ght a         
suspicion him1 & at l5g? a/oni%m5t1 :at 
_! mean+ %\ld be2 t at la/ he inquir$ ( 
! s]vants t came to him & 0 by !m in=m$ 

t x 0 9 ord] to ! fulfill+ a law ( !    
,jews1 :i* !y mu/ n tell him1 t he 0 ?us
 f$2 & t !y did ! same at a set "t e    
ye>3 t !y us$ to cat* a ,greek =eign]1 &
 fat him ?us up e ye>1 & !n lead him to 
a c]ta9 wood1 & kill him1 & sacrifice ) 
_! accu/om$ solemnities1 & ta/e ( 8     
entrails1 & take an oa? ^u ?is sacrific+
 a ,greek1 t !y w\ld ev] be at enmity ) 
! ,greeks2 & t !n !y ?rew ! rema9+ p>ts 
( ! mis]able wret* into a c]ta9 pit4    
,apion adds fur!r1 t1 ! man said !re 7 b
 a few days to come ere he 0 to be sla91
 & implor$ ( ,antio*us t1 out ( !       
rev]5ce he bore to ! ,grecian gods1 he  
w\ld disappo9t ! sn>es ! ,jews laid = 8 
blood1 & w\ld deliv] him f ! mis]ies )  
:i* he 0 encompass$4 ,n[ ?is is su* a   
mo/ tragical fable z is full ( no?+ b   
cruelty & impud5ce2 yet does x n excuse 
,antio*us ( 8 sacrilegi\s attempt1 z ^? 
:o write x 9 8 v9dication are will+ to  
suppose2 = he c\ld n presume be=eh& t he
 %\ld meet ) any su* ?+ 9 com+ to !     
temple1 b mu/ h f\nd x unexpect$ly4 ,he 

0 !re=e /ill an impi\s p]son1 t 0 giv5  
to unlawful pleasures1 & _h no reg>d to 
,god 9 8 actions4 ,b z = ,apion1 he ha? 
done :atev] 8 extravagant love ( ly+ ha?
 dictat$ to him1 z x is mo/ easy to     
discov] by a consid]ation ( 8 writ+s2 = 
! diff]5ce ( our laws is kn[n n to reg>d
 ! ,grecians only1 b !y are pr9cipally  
opposite to ! ,egyptians1 & to "s o!r   
nations also = :ile x s falls out t m5 (
 all c\ntries come sometimes & soj\rn   
among u1 h[ comes x ab\t t we take an   
oa?1 & conspire only aga9/ ! ,grecians1 
& t by ! effusion ( _! blood also8 ,or  
h[ is x possible t all ! ,jews %\ld get 
toge!r to ^! sacrifices1 & ! entrails ( 
"o man %\ld be suffici5t = s _m ?\s&s to
 ta/e ( !m1 z ,apion pret5ds8 ,or :y did
 n ! k+ c>ry ?is man1 :osoev] he 01 &   
:atsoev] 0 8 "n1 :i* is n set d[n 9     
,apion's book1 ) great pomp back into 8 
own c\ntry8 :5 he might !reby h be5     
e/eem$ a religi\s p]son himself1 & a    
mighty lov] ( ! ,greeks1 & might !reby h
 procur$ himself great assi/ance f all  

m5 aga9/ t hatr$ ! ,jews bore to him4 ,b
 ,i leave ?is matt]2 = ! prop] way (    
confut+ fools is n to use b>e words1 b  
to appeal to ! ?+s !mselves t make aga9/
 !m4 ,n[1 !n1 all su* z ev] saw !       
con/ruction ( our temple1 ( :at nature x
 01 "k well en\gh h[ ! purity ( x 0 nev]
 to be pr(an$2 = x _h f\r sev]al c\rts  
#ab encompass$ ) cloi/]s r\nd ab\t1 e "o
 ( :i* _h by our law a peculi> degree ( 
sep>ation f ! re/4 ,into ! fir/ c\rt e  
body 0 all[$ to g1 ev5 =eign]s1 & none b
 wom51 dur+ _! c\rses1 7 prohibit$ to   
pass ?r\gh x2 all ! ,jews w5t into !    
second c\rt1 z well z _! wives1 :5 !y 7 
free f all uncleanness2 into ! ?ird c\rt
 w5t 9 ! ,jewi% m51 :5 !y 7 clean &     
purifi$2 into ! f\r? w5t ! prie/s1 hav+ 
on _! sac]dotal g>m5ts2 b = ! mo/ sacr$ 
place1 none w5t 9 b ! high prie/s1 clo!d
 9 _! peculi> g>m5ts4 ,n[ !re is s great
 caution us$ ab\t ^! (fices ( religion1 
t ! prie/s are appo9t$ to g into !      
temple b at c]ta9 h\rs2 = 9 ! morn+1 at 
! op5+ ( ! inn] temple1 ^? t are to     

(ficiate receive ! sacrifices1 z !y d   
aga9 at noon1 till ! doors are %ut4     
,la/ly1 x is n s mu* z lawful to c>ry   
any vessel into ! holy h\se2 nor is !re 
any ?+ !re91 b ! alt> ( inc5se1 ! table 
( %ew-bread1 ! c5s]1 & ! c&le/ick1 :i*  
are all writt5 9 ! law2 = !re is no?+   
fur!r !re1 nor are !re any my/]ies p]=m$
 t may n be spok5 (2 nor is !re any     
fea/+ )9 ! place4 ,= :at ,i h n[ said is
 publicly kn[n1 & support$ by ! te/imony
 ( ! :ole p1 & _! op]ations are v       
manife/2 = al?\gh !re be f\r c\rses ( ! 
prie/s1 & e "o ( !m h above five ?\s& m5
 9 !m1 yet d !y (ficiate on c]ta9 days  
only2 & :5 ^? days are ov]1 o!r prie/s  
succe$ 9 ! p]=mance ( _! sacrifices1 &  
assemble toge!r at mid-day1 & receive ! 
keys ( ! temple1 & ! vessels by tale1   
)\t any ?+ relat+ to food or dr9k be+   
c>ri$ into ! temple2 nay1 we are n all[$
 to (f] su* ?+s at ! alt>1 except+ :at  
is prep>$ = ! sacrifices4  #i4 ,:at !n c
 we say ( ,apion1 b t he exam9$ no?+ t  
conc]n$ ^! ?+s1 :ile /ill he utt]$      

incr$ible words ab\t !m8 b x is a great 
%ame = a gramm>ian n to be able to write
 true hi/ory4 ,n[ if he knew ! purity ( 
our temple1 he ha? entirely omitt$ to   
take notice ( x2 b he =ges a /ory ab\t !
 seiz+ ( a ,grecian1 ab\t ineffable     
food1 & ! mo/ delici\s prep>ation (     
da9ties2 & pret5ds t /rang]s c\ld g into
 a place :]e9to ! noble/ m5 among !     
,jews are n all[$ to ent]1 unless !y be 
prie/s4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! utmo/ degree (
 impiety1 & a volunt>y lie1 9 ord] to ! 
delusion ( ^? :o w n exam9e into ! tru? 
( matt]s2 :]eas su* unspeakable mis*iefs
 z are above relat$ h be5 occasion$ by  
su* calumnies t are rais$ ^u u4  #aj4   
,nay1 ?is miracle or piety d]ides u     
fur!r1 & adds ! foll[+ pret5d$ facts to 
8 =m] fable2 = he says t ?is man relat$ 
h[1 :ile ! ,jews 7 once 9 a long w> ) ! 
,idumeans1 !re came a man out ( "o ( !  
cities ( ! ,idumeans1 :o !re _h wor%ipp$
 ,apollo4 ,?is man1 ^: "n is said to h  
be5 ,zabidus1 came to ! ,jews1 & promis$
 t he w\ld deliv] ,apollo1 ! god (      

,dora1 into _! h&s1 & t he w\ld come to 
our temple1 if !y w\ld all come up )    
him1 & br+ ! :ole multitude ( ! ,jews ) 
!m2 t ,zabidus made him a c]ta9 wood5   
in/rum5t1 & put x r\nd ab\t him1 & set  
?ree r[s ( lamps !re91 & walk$ aft] su* 
a mann]1 t he appe>$ to ^? t /ood a     
great way (f him to be a k9d ( />1 walk+
 ^u ! e>?2 t ! ,jews 7 t]ribly affright$
 at s surpris+ an appe>ance1 & /ood v   
quiet at a di/ance2 & t ,zabidus1 :ile  
!y cont9u$ s v quiet1 w5t into ! holy   
h\se1 & c>ri$ (f t gold5 head ( an ass1 
= s faceti\sly does he write1 & !n w5t 8
 way back aga9 to ,dora 9 great ha/e4 ,&
 say y s1 sir6 z ,i may reply2 !n does  
,apion load ! ass1 t is1 himself1 & lays
 on him a burd5 ( fool]ies & lies2 = he 
writes ( places t h no be+1 & n kn[+ !  
cities he speaks (1 he *anges _!        
situation2 = ,idumea bord]s ^u our      
c\ntry1 & is ne> to ,gaza1 9 :i* !re is 
no su* city z ,dora2 al?\gh !re be1 x is
 true1 a city nam$ ,dora 9 ,pho5icia1   
ne> ,m\nt ,c>mel1 b x is f\r days'      

j\rney f ,idumea4 #ab ,n[1 !n1 :y does  
?is man accuse u1 because we h n gods 9 
common ) o!r nations1 if our fa!rs 7 s  
easily prevail$ ^u to h ,apollo come to 
!m1 & ?\ght !y saw him walk+ ^u ! e>?1 &
 ! />s ) him8 = c]ta9ly ^? :o h s _m    
fe/ivals1 :]e9 !y light lamps1 mu/ yet1 
at ?is rate1 h nev] se5 a c&le/ick6 ,b  
/ill x seems t :ile ,zabidus took 8     
j\rney ov] ! c\ntry1 :]e 7 s _m t5 ?\s&s
 ( p1 nobody met him4 ,he also1 x seems1
 ev5 9 a "t ( w>1 f\nd ! walls (        
,j]usalem de/itute ( gu>ds4 ,i omit !   
re/4 ,n[ ! doors ( ! holy h\se 7 sev5ty 
#ac cubits high1 & tw5ty cubits broad2  
!y 7 all plat$ ov] ) gold1 & almo/ (    
solid gold itself1 & !re 7 no few] ?an  
tw5ty #ad m5 requir$ to %ut !m e day2   
nor 0 x lawful ev] to leave !m op51 ?\gh
 x seems ?is lamp-be>] ( ours op5$ !m   
easily1 or ?\ght he op5$ !m1 z he ?\ght 
he _h ! ass's head 9 8 h&4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1
 he return$ x to u aga91 or :e!r ,apion 
took x1 & br\ght x into ! temple aga91 t
 ,antio*us might f9d x1 & af=d a h&le = 

a second fable ( ,apion's1 is unc]ta94  
#aa4 ,apion also tells a false /ory1 :5 
he m5tions an oa? ( ours1 z if we swore 
by ,god1 ! ,mak] ( ! heav51 & e>?1 &    
sea1 to be> no good w to any =eign]1 &  
p>ticul>ly to none ( ! ,greeks4 ,n[ ?is 
li> ought to h said directly t1 we w\ld 
be> no good-w to any =eign]1 &          
p>ticul>ly to none ( ! ,egyptians4 ,= !n
 8 /ory ab\t ! oa? w\ld h squ>$ ) ! re/ 
( 8 orig9al =g]ies1 9 case our =efa!rs  
_h be5 driv5 away by _! k9sm51 !        
,egyptians1 n on acc\nt ( any wick$ness 
!y _h be5 guilty (1 b on acc\nt ( !     
calamities !y 7 "u2 = z to ! ,grecians1 
we 7 r remote f !m 9 place1 ?an diff]5t 
f !m 9 our in/itutions1 insomu* t we h  
no enmity ) !m1 nor any jeal\sy ( !m4   
,on ! contr>y1 x ha? s happ5$ t _m ( !m 
h come ov] to our laws1 & "s ( !m h     
cont9u$ 9 _! obs]vation1 al?\gh o!rs (  
!m _h n c\rage en\gh to p]sev]e1 & s    
dep>t$ f !m aga92 nor did any body ev]  
he> ?is oa? sworn by u3 ,apion1 x seems1
 0 ! only p]son t he>d x1 = he inde$ 0 !

 fir/ compos] ( x4  #ab4 ,h[ev]1 ,apion 
des]ves to be admir$ = 8 great prud5ce1 
z to :at ,i am go+ to say1 :i* is ?is1  
,t !re is a pla9 m>k among u1 t we nei!r
 h j laws1 nor wor%ip ,god z we ought to
 d1 because we are n gov]nors1 b are r 9
 subjection to ,g5tiles1 sometimes to "o
 nation1 & sometimes to ano!r2 & t our  
city ha? be5 liable to sev]al           
calamities1 :ile _! city ,alex&ria ha?  
be5 ( old "t an imp]ial city1 & n us$ to
 be 9 subjection to ! ,romans4 ,b n[ ?is
 man _h bett] leave (f ?is bragg+1 = e  
body b himself w\ld ?9k t ,apion said   
:at he ha? said aga9/ himself2 = !re are
 v few nations t h _h ! good =tune to   
cont9ue _m g5]ations 9 ! pr9cipality1 b 
/ill ! mutations 9 human affairs h put  
!m into subjection "u o!rs2 & mo/       
nations h be5 (t5 subdu$1 & br\ght into 
subjection by o!rs4 ,n[ = ! ,egyptians1 
p]haps !y are ! only nation t h _h ?is  
extraord9>y privilege1 to h nev] s]v$   
any ( ^? mon>*s :o subdu$ ,asia &       
,europe1 & ?is on acc\nt1 z !y pret5d1 t

 ! gods fl$ into _! c\ntry1 & sav$      
!mselves by be+ *ang$ into ! %apes (    
wild bea/s6 ,:]eas ^! ,egyptians #ae are
 ! v p t appe> to h nev]1 9 all ! pa/   
ages1 _h "o day ( fre$om1 no1 n s mu* z 
f _! own lords4 ,= ,i w n reproa* !m )  
relat+ ! mann] h[ ! ,p]sians us$ !m1 &  
?is n once only1 b _m times1 :5 !y laid 
_! cities wa/e1 demoli%$ _! temples1 &  
cut ! ?roats ( ^? animals :om !y e/eem$ 
to be gods2 = x is n reasonable to      
imitate ! cl[ni% ignorance ( ,apion1 :o 
ha? no reg>d to ! mis=tunes ( !         
,a!nians1 or ( ! ,lac$emonians1 ! latt] 
( :om 7 /yl$ by all m5 ! mo/ c\rage\s1 &
 ! =m] ! mo/ religi\s ( ! ,grecians4 ,i 
say no?+ ( su* k+s z h be5 fam\s =      
piety1 p>ticul>ly ( "o ( !m1 ^: "n 0    
,cresus1 nor :at calamities he met ) 9 8
 life2 ,i say no?+ ( ! citadel ( ,a!ns1 
( ! temple at ,ephesus1 ( t at ,delphi1 
nor ( t5 ?\s& o!rs :i* h be5 burnt d[n1 
:ile nobody ca/ reproa*es on ^? t 7 !   
suff]]s1 b on ^? t 7 ! actors !re94 ,b  
n[ we h met ) ,apion1 an accus] ( our   

nation1 ?\gh "o t /ill =gets ! mis]ies (
 8 own p1 ! ,egyptians2 b x is t        
,seso/ris :o 0 once s celebrat$ a k+ (  
,egypt t ha? bl9d$ him4 ,n[ we w n brag 
( our k+s1 ,david & ,solomon1 ?\gh !y   
conqu]$ _m nations2 accord+ly we w let  
!m alone4 ,h[ev]1 ,apion is ignorant (  
:at e body kn[s1 t ! ,egyptians 7       
s]vants to ! ,p]sians1 & aft]w>ds to !  
,mac$onians1 :5 !y 7 lords ( ,asia1 & 7 
no bett] ?an slaves1 :ile we h enjoy$   
lib]ty =m]ly2 nay1 m ?an t1 h _h !      
dom9ion ( ! cities t lie r\nd ab\t u1 & 
?is ne>ly = a hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s       
toge!r1 until ,pompeius ,magnus4 ,& :5  
all ! k+s e :]e 7 conqu]$ by ! ,romans1 
our ance/ors 7 ! only p :o cont9u$ to be
 e/eem$ _! conf$]ates & fri5ds1 on      
acc\nt ( _! fidelity to !m4#af  #ac4 ,b1
 says ,apion1 we ,jews h n _h any       
wond]ful m5 among/ u1 n any inv5tors (  
arts1 nor any em95t = wisdom4 ,he !n    
enum]ates ,socrates1 & ,z5o1 & ,clean!s1
 & "s o!rs ( ! same sort2 &1 aft] all1  
he adds himself to !m1 :i* is ! mo/     

wond]ful ?+ ( all t he says1 & pron\nces
 ,alex&ria to be happy1 because x ha?   
su* a citiz5 z he is 9 x2 = he 0 !      
fitte/ man to be a witness to 8 own     
des]ts1 al?\gh he ha? appe>$ to all o!rs
 no bett] ?an a wick$ m\ntebank1 ( a    
corrupt life & ill disc\rses2 on :i*    
acc\nt "o may ju/ly pity ,alex&ria1 if x
 %\ld value itself ^u su* a citiz5 z he 
is4 ,b z to our own m51 we h _h ^? :o h 
be5 z des]v+ ( comm5dation z any o!r    
:osoev]1 & su* z h p]us$ our            
,antiquities _c be ignorant ( !m4  #ad4 
,z to ! o!r ?+s :i* he sets d[n z       
blamewor?y1 x may p]haps be ! be/ way to
 let !m pass )\t apology1 t he may be   
all[$ to be 8 own accus]1 & ! accus] ( !
 re/ ( ! ,egyptians4 ,h[ev]1 he accuses 
u = sacrific+ animals1 & = ab/a9+ f     
sw9e's fle%1 & laughs at u = !          
circumcision ( our privy memb]s4 ,n[ z =
 our slaught] ( tame animals =          
sacrifices1 x is common to u & to all   
o!r m52 b ?is ,apion1 by mak+ x a crime 
to sacrifice !m1 demon/rates himself to 

be an ,egyptian2 = _h he be5 ei!r a     
,grecian or a ,mac$onian1 z he pret5ds  
to be1 he _h n %[n any uneas9ess at x2 =
 ^? p glory 9 sacrific+ :ole hecatombs  
to ! gods1 & make use ( ^? sacrifices = 
fea/+2 & yet is n ! _w !reby r5d]$      
de/itute ( cattle1 z ,apion 0 afraid    
w\ld come to pass4 ,yet if all m5 _h    
foll[$ ! mann]s ( ! ,egyptians1 ! _w _h 
c]ta9ly be5 made desolate z to mank9d1 b
 _h be5 fill$ full ( ! wilde/ sort (    
brute bea/s1 :i*1 because !y suppose !m 
to be gods1 !y c>efully n\ri%4 ,h[ev]1  
if any "o %\ld ask ,apion :i* ( !       
,egyptians he ?9ks to be ! mo/ wise &   
mo/ pi\s ( !m all1 he w\ld c]ta9ly      
ackn[l$ge ! prie/s to be s2 = ! hi/ories
 say t two ?+s 7 orig9ally committ$ to  
_! c>e by _! k+s' injunctions1 ! wor%ip 
( ! gods1 & ! support ( wisdom &        
philosophy4 ,accord+ly1 ^! prie/s are   
all circumcis$1 & ab/a9 f sw9e's fle%2  
nor does any "o ( ! o!r ,egyptians assi/
 !m 9 slay+ ^? sacrifices !y (f] to !   
gods4 ,apion 0 !re=e q bl9d$ 9 8 m9d1   

:51 = ! sake ( ! ,egyptians1 he contriv$
 to reproa* u1 & to accuse su* o!rs z n 
only make use ( t conduct ( life :i* he 
s mu* abuses1 b h also taught o!r m5 to 
be circumcis$1 z says ,h]odotus2 :i*    
makes me ?9k t ,apion is h]eby ju/ly    
puni%$ = 8 ca/+ su* reproa*es on ! laws 
( 8 own c\ntry2 = he 0 circumcis$       
himself ( necessity1 on acc\nt ( an ulc]
 9 8 privy memb]2 & :5 he receiv$ no    
b5efit by su* circumcision1 b 8 memb]   
became putrid1 he di$ 9 great torm5t4   
,n[ m5 ( good temp]s ought to obs]ve _! 
own laws conc]n+ religion accurately1 & 
to p]sev]e !re91 b n pres5tly to abuse !
 laws ( o!r nations1 :ile ?is ,apion    
des]t$ 8 own laws1 & told lies ab\t     
ours4 ,& ?is 0 ! end ( ,apion's life1 & 
?is %all be ! conclusion ( our disc\rse 
ab\t him4  #ae4 ,b n[1 s9ce ,apollonius 
,molo1 & ,lysima*us1 & "s o!rs1 write   
treatises ab\t our lawgiv] ,moses1 &    
ab\t our laws1 :i* are nei!r j nor true1
 & ?is p>tly out ( ignorance1 b *iefly  
out ( ill-w to u1 :ile !y calumniate    

,moses z an impo/or & deceiv]1 & pret5d 
t our laws tea* u wick$ness1 b no?+ t is
 virtu\s1 ,i h a m9d to disc\rse        
briefly1 accord+ to my ability1 ab\t our
 :ole con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 & ab\t !  
p>ticul> bran*es ( x4 ,= ,i suppose x w 
!nce become evid5t1 t ! laws we h giv5 u
 are dispos$ aft] ! be/ mann] = !       
advancem5t ( piety1 = mutual communion )
 "o ano!r1 = a g5]al love ( mank9d1 z   
also = ju/ice1 & = su/a9+ labors )      
=titude1 & = a contempt ( dea?4 ,& ,i   
beg ( ^? t %all p]use ?is writ+ ( m9e1  
to read x )\t p>tiality2 = x is n my    
purpose to write an encomium ^u         
ourselves1 b ,i %all e/eem ?is z a mo/ j
 apology = u1 & tak5 f ^? our laws1     
accord+ to :i* we lead our lives1 aga9/ 
! _m & ! ly+ objections t h be5 made    
aga9/ u4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ?is ,apollonius 
does n d l ,apion1 & lay a cont9u$      
accusation aga9/ u1 b does x only by    
/>ts1 & up & cl[n 8 disc\rse1 :ile he   
sometimes reproa*es u z a!i/s1 &        
man-hat]s1 & sometimes hits u 9 ! tee? )

 our want ( c\rage1 & yet sometimes1 on 
! contr>y1 accuses u ( too great        
boldness & madness 9 our conduct2 nay1  
he says t we are ! weake/ ( all !       
b>b>ians1 & t ?is is ! reason :y we are 
! only p :o h made no improvem5ts 9     
human life2 n[ ,i ?9k ,i %all h !n      
suffici5tly disprov$ all ^! 8           
allegations1 :5 x %all appe> t our laws 
enjo9 ! v rev]se ( :at he says1 & t we v
 c>efully obs]ve ^? laws ourselves4 ,&  
if ,i he compell$ to make m5tion ( !    
laws ( o!r nations1 t are contr>y to    
ours1 ^? ought des]v$ly to ?ank !mselves
 = x1 :o h pret5d$ to depreciate our    
laws 9 comp>ison ( _! own2 nor w !re1 ,i
 ?9k1 be any room aft] t = !m to pret5d 
ei!r t we h no su* laws ourselves1 an   
epitome ( :i* ,i w pres5t to ! read]1 or
 t we d n1 above all m51 cont9ue 9 !    
obs]vation ( !m4  #af4 ,to beg9 !n a    
good way backw>d1 ,i w\ld advance ?is1 9
 ! fir/ place1 t ^? :o h be5 admir]s (  
good ord]1 & ( liv+ "u common laws1 & :o
 began to introduce !m1 may well h ?is  

te/imony t !y are bett] ?an o!r m51 bo? 
= mod]ation & su* virtue z is agreeable 
to nature4 ,inde$ _! endeavor 0 to h e  
?+ !y orda9$ believ$ to be v anci5t1 t  
!y might n be ?\ght to imitate o!rs1 b  
might appe> to h deliv]$ a regul> way ( 
liv+ to o!rs aft] !m4 ,s9ce !n ?is is ! 
case1 ! excell5cy ( a legislator is se5 
9 provid+ = ! p's liv+ aft] ! be/ mann]1
 & 9 prevail+ ) ^? t are to use ! laws  
he orda9s = !m1 to h a good op9ion ( !m1
 & 9 oblig+ ! multitude to p]sev]e 9 !m1
 & to make no *anges 9 !m1 nei!r 9      
prosp]ity nor adv]sity4 ,n[ ,i v5ture to
 say1 t our legislator is ! mo/ anci5t (
 all ! legislators :om we h ally :]e    
he>d (2 = z = ! ,lycurguses1 & ,solons1 
& ,zaleucus ,locr5sis1 & all ^?         
legislators :o are s admir$ by !        
,greeks1 !y seem to be ( ye/]day1 if    
comp>$ ) our legislator1 insomu* z ! v  
"n ( a law 0 n s mu* z kn[n 9 old times 
among ! ,grecians4 ,hom] is a witness to
 ! tru? ( ?is obs]vation1 :o nev] uses t
 t]m 9 all 8 poems2 = inde$ !re 0 !n no 

su* ?+ among !m1 b ! multitude 0 gov]n$ 
by wise maxims1 & by ! injunctions ( _! 
k+4 ,x 0 also a long "t t !y cont9u$ 9 !
 use ( ^! unwritt5 cu/oms1 al?\gh !y 7  
always *ang+ !m ^u sev]al occasions4 ,b 
= our legislator1 :o 0 ( s mu* great]   
antiquity ?an ! re/1 z ev5 ^? t speak   
aga9/ u ^u all occasions d always       
confess1 he exhibit$ himself to ! p z _!
 be/ gov]nor & c\nselor1 & includ$ 9 8  
legislation ! entire conduct ( _! lives1
 & prevail$ ) !m to receive x1 & br\ght 
x s to pass1 t ^? t 7 made acqua9t$ ) 8 
laws did mo/ c>efully obs]ve !m4  #ag4  
,b let u consid] 8 fir/ & greate/ "w2 = 
:5 x 0 resolv$ on by our =efa!rs to     
leave ,egypt1 & return to _! own c\ntry1
 ?is ,moses took ! _m tell ?\s&s t 7 ( !
 p1 & sav$ !m out ( _m desp]ate         
di/resses1 & br\ght !m home 9 safety4 ,&
 c]ta9ly x 0 "h necess>y to travel ov] a
 c\ntry )\t wat]1 & full ( s&1 to       
ov]come _! enemies1 &1 dur+ ^! battles1 
to pres]ve _! *ildr51 & _! wives1 & _!  
prey2 on all :i* occasions he became an 

excell5t g5]al ( an army1 & a mo/ prud5t
 c\nselor1 & "o t took ! true/ c>e ( !m 
all2 he also s br\ght x ab\t1 t ! :ole  
multitude dep5d$ ^u him4 ,& :ile he _h  
!m always ob$i5t to :at he enjo9$1 he   
made no mann] ( use ( 8 au?ority = 8 own
 private advantage1 :i* is ! usual "t :5
 gov]nors ga9 great p[]s to !mselves1 & 
pave ! way = tyranny1 & accu/om !       
multitude to live v dissolutely2 :]eas1 
:5 our legislator 0 9 s great au?ority1 
he1 on ! contr>y1 ?\ght he ought to h   
reg>d to piety1 & to %[ 8 great good-w  
to ! p2 & by ?is means he ?\ght he might
 %[ ! great degree ( virtue t 0 9 him1 &
 might procure ! mo/ la/+ security to ^?
 :o _h made him _! gov]nor4 ,:5 he _h   
!re=e come to su* a good resolution1 &  
_h p]=m$ su* wond]ful exploits1 we _h j 
reason to look ^u ourselves z hav+ him =
 a div9e gov]nor & c\nselor4 ,& :5 he _h
 fir/ p]suad$ himself #ag t 8 actions & 
designs 7 agreeable to ,god's w1 he     
?\ght x 8 duty to impress1 above all    
?+s1 t notion ^u ! multitude2 = ^? :o h 

once believ$ t ,god is ! inspector ( _! 
lives1 w n p]mit !mselves 9 any s94 ,&  
?is is ! "* ( our legislator3 he 0 no   
impo/or1 no deceiv]1 z 8 revil]s say1   
?\gh unju/ly1 b su* a "o z !y brag ,m9os
 #ah to h be5 among ! ,greeks1 & o!r    
legislators aft] him2 = "s ( !m suppose 
t !y _h _! laws f ,jupit]1 :ile ,m9os   
said t ! revelation ( 8 laws 0 to be    
ref]r$ to ,apollo1 & 8 oracle at        
,delphi1 :e!r !y really ?\ght !y 7 s    
d]iv$1 or suppos$1 h[ev]1 t !y c\ld     
p]suade ! p easily t s x 04 ,b :i* ( ^! 
x 0 :o made ! be/ laws1 & :i* _h !      
greate/ reason to believe t ,god 0 _!   
au?or1 x w be easy1 ^u comp>+ ^? laws   
!mselves toge!r1 to det]m9e2 = x is "t t
 we come to t po9t4 #ai ,n[ !re are     
innum]able diff]5ces 9 ! p>ticul> cu/oms
 & laws t are among all mank9d1 :i* a   
man may briefly r$uce "u ! foll[+ heads3
 ,"s legislators h p]mitt$ _! gov]nm5ts 
to be "u mon>*ies1 o!rs put !m "u       
olig>*ies1 & o!rs "u a republican =m2 b 
our legislator _h no reg>d to any ( ^!  

=ms1 b he orda9$ our gov]nm5t to be :at1
 by a /ra9$ expression1 may be t]m$ a   
,!ocracy1 #bj by ascrib+ ! au?ority & ! 
p[] to ,god1 & by p]suad+ all ! p to h a
 reg>d to him1 z ! au?or ( all ! good   
?+s t 7 enjoy$ ei!r 9 common by all     
mank9d1 or by ea* "o 9 p>ticul>1 & ( all
 t !y !mselves obta9$ by pray+ to him 9 
_! greate/ difficulties4 ,he in=m$ !m t 
x 0 impossible to escape ,god's         
obs]vation1 ev5 9 any ( our outw>d      
actions1 or 9 any ( our inw>d ?\ghts4   
,moreov]1 he repres5t$ ,god z unbegott51
 #ba & immutable1 ?r\gh all et]nity1    
sup]ior to all mortal conceptions 9     
pul*ritude2 &1 ?\gh kn[n to u by 8 p[]1 
yet unkn[n to u z to 8 ess5ce4 ,i d n n[
 expla9 h[ ^! notions ( ,god are !      
s5tim5ts ( ! wise/ among ! ,grecians1 & 
h[ !y 7 taught !m ^u ! pr9ciples t he   
af=d$ !m4 ,h[ev]1 !y te/ify1 ) great    
assurance1 t ^! notions are j1 &        
agreeable to ! nature ( ,god1 & to 8    
maje/y2 = ,py?agoras1 & ,anaxagoras1 &  
,plato1 & ! ,/oic philosoph]s t succe$$ 

!m1 & almo/ all ! re/1 are ( ! same     
s5tim5ts1 & _h ! same notions ( ! nature
 ( ,god2 yet dur/ n ^! m5 disclose ^?   
true notions to m ?an a few1 because !  
body ( ! p 7 prejudic$ ) o!r op9ions    
be=eh&4 ,b our legislator1 :o made 8    
actions agree to 8 laws1 did n only     
prevail ) ^? t 7 8 contempor>ies to     
agree ) ^! 8 notions1 b s firmly impr9t$
 ?is fai? 9 ,god ^u all _! po/]ity1 t x 
nev] c\ld be remov$4 ,! reason :y !     
con/itution ( ?is legislation 0 ev]     
bett] direct$ to ! utility ( all ?an o!r
 legislations 71 is ?is1 t ,moses did n 
make religion a "p ( virtue1 b he saw & 
he orda9$ o!r virtues to be p>ts (      
religion2 ,i mean ju/ice1 & =titude1 &  
temp]ance1 & a univ]sal agreem5t ( !    
memb]s ( ! community ) "o ano!r2 = all  
our actions & /udies1 & all our words1 9
 ,moses's settlem5t1 h a ref]5ce to     
piety t[>ds ,god2 = he ha? left none (  
^! 9 susp5se1 or undet]m9$4 ,= !re are  
two ways ( com+ at any sort ( le>n+ & a 
moral conduct ( life2 ! "o is by        

in/ruction 9 words1 ! o!r by practical  
ex]cises4 ,n[ o!r lawgiv]s h sep>at$ ^! 
two ways 9 _! op9ions1 & *oos+ "o ( ^?  
ways ( in/ruction1 or t :i* be/ pleas$ e
 "o ( !m1 neglect$ ! o!r4 ,?us did !    
,lac$emonians & ! ,cretians tea* by     
practical ex]cises1 b n by words2 :ile !
 ,a!nians1 & almo/ all ! o!r ,grecians1 
made laws ab\t :at 0 to be done1 or left
 undone1 b _h no reg>d to ! ex]cis+ !m  
!reto 9 practice4  #ah4 ,b = our        
legislator1 he v c>efully jo9$ ^! two   
me?ods ( in/ruction toge!r2 = he nei!r  
left ^! practical ex]cises to g on )\t  
v]bal in/ruction1 nor did he p]mit !    
he>+ ( ! law to proce$ )\t ! ex]cises = 
practice2 b beg9n+ imm$iately f ! e>lie/
 infancy1 & ! appo9tm5t ( e "o's diet1  
he left no?+ ( ! v smalle/ consequ5ce to
 be done at ! pleasure & disposal ( !   
p]son himself4 ,accord+ly1 he made a    
fix$ rule ( law :at sorts ( food !y %\ld
 ab/a9 f1 & :at sorts !y %\ld make use  
(2 z also1 :at communion !y %\ld h )    
o!rs :at great dilig5ce !y %\ld use 9 _!

 occupations1 & :at times ( re/ %\ld be 
int]pos$1 t1 by liv+ "u t law z "u a    
fa!r & a ma/]1 we might be guilty ( no  
s91 nei!r volunt>y nor out ( ignorance2 
= he did n suff] ! guilt ( ignorance to 
g on )\t puni%m5t1 b demon/rat$ ! law to
 be ! be/ & ! mo/ necess>y in/ruction ( 
all o!rs1 p]mitt+ ! p to leave (f _! o!r
 employm5ts1 & to assemble toge!r = !   
he>+ ( ! law1 & le>n+ x exactly1 & ?is n
 once or twice1 or (t5]1 b e week2 :i*  
?+ all ! o!r legislators seem to h      
neglect$4  #ai4 ,& inde$ ! greate/ "p ( 
mank9d are s f> f liv+ accord+ to _! own
 laws1 t !y h>dly "k !m2 b :5 !y h s9n$1
 !y le>n f o!rs t !y h transgress$ !    
law4 ,^? also :o are 9 ! highe/ &       
pr9cipal po/s ( ! gov]nm5t1 confess !y  
are n acqua9t$ ) ^? laws1 & are oblig$  
to take su* p]sons = _! assessors 9     
public adm9i/rations z pr(ess to h skill
 9 ^? laws2 b = our p1 if any body d b  
ask any "o ( !m ab\t our laws1 he w m   
readily tell !m all ?an he w tell 8 own 
"n1 & ?is 9 consequ5ce ( our hav+ le>n$ 

!m imm$iately z soon z ev] we became    
s5sible ( any ?+1 & ( our hav+ !m z x 7 
engrav5 on our s\ls4 ,our transgressors 
( !m are b few1 & x is impossible1 :5   
any d (f5d1 to escape puni%m5t4  #bj4 ,&
 ?is v ?+ x is t pr9cipally creates su* 
a wond]ful agreem5t ( m9ds among/ u all2
 = ?is entire agreem5t ( ours 9 all our 
notions conc]n+ ,god1 & our hav+ no     
diff]5ce 9 our c\rse ( life & mann]s1   
procures among u ! mo/ excell5t concord 
( ^! our mann]s t is any :]e among      
mank9d2 = no o!r p b ! ,jews h avoid$   
all disc\rses ab\t ,god t any way       
contradict "o ano!r1 :i* yet are frequ5t
 among o!r nations2 & ?is is true n only
 among ord9>y p]sons1 accord+ z e "o is 
affect$1 b "s ( ! philosoph]s h be5     
insol5t en\gh to indulge su*            
contradictions1 :ile "s ( !m h und]tak5 
to use su* words z entirely take away ! 
nature ( ,god1 z o!rs ( !m h tak5 away 8
 provid5ce ov] mank9d4 ,nor c any "o    
p]ceive among/ u any diff]5ce 9 !       
conduct ( our lives1 b all our works are

 common to u all4 ,we h "o sort (       
disc\rse conc]n+ ,god1 :i* is con=mable 
to our law1 & affirms t he sees all ?+s2
 z also we h b "o way ( speak+ conc]n+ !
 conduct ( our lives1 t all o!r ?+s     
ought to h piety = _! end2 & ?is any    
body may he> f our wom51 & s]vants      
!mselves4  #ba4 ,&1 inde$1 h5ce ha?     
aris5 t accusation :i* "s make aga9/ u1 
t we h n produc$ m5 t h be5 ! inv5tors (
 new op]ations1 or ( new ways ( speak+2 
= o!rs ?9k x a f9e ?+ to p]sev]e 9 no?+ 
t has be5 deliv]$ d[n f _! =efa!rs1 & ^!
 te/ify x to be an in/ance ( ! %>pe/    
wisdom :5 ^! m5 v5ture to transgress ^? 
traditions2 :]eas we1 on ! contr>y1     
suppose x to be our only wisdom & virtue
 to admit no actions nor supposals t are
 contr>y to our orig9al laws2 :i*       
proc$ure ( ours is a j & sure sign t our
 law is admirably con/itut$2 = su* laws 
z are n ?us well made are convict$ ^u   
trial to want am5dm5t4  #bb4 ,b :ile we 
are ourselves p]suad$ t our law 0 made  
agreeably to ! w ( ,god1 x w\ld be      

impi\s = u n to obs]ve ! same2 = :at is 
!re 9 x t any body w\ld *ange8 & :at c  
be inv5t$ t is bett]8 or :at c we take  
out ( o!r p's laws t w exce$ x8 ,p]haps 
"s w\ld h ! entire settlem5t ( our      
gov]nm5t alt]$4 ,& :]e %all we f9d a    
bett] or m righte\s con/itution ?an     
ours1 :ile ?is makes u e/eem ,god to be 
! ,gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 & p]mits !      
prie/s 9 g5]al to be ! adm9i/rators ( ! 
pr9cipal affairs1 & )al intru/s !       
gov]nm5t ov] ! o!r prie/s to ! *ief high
 prie/ himself8 :i* prie/s our          
legislator1 at _! fir/ appo9tm5t1 did n 
advance to t dignity = _! ri*es1 or any 
abundance ( o!r possessions1 or any     
pl5ty !y _h z ! gifts ( =tune2 b he     
intru/$ ! pr9cipal managem5t ( ,div9e   
wor%ip to ^? t exce$$ o!rs 9 an ability 
to p]suade m51 & 9 prud5ce ( conduct4   
,^! m5 _h ! ma9 c>e ( ! law & ( ! o!r   
p>ts ( ! p's conduct committ$ to !m2 =  
!y 7 ! prie/s :o 7 orda9$ to be !       
inspectors ( all1 & ! judges 9 d\btful  
cases1 & ! puni%]s ( ^? t 7 condemn$ to 

suff] puni%m5t4  #bc4 ,:at =m ( gov]nm5t
 !n c be m holy ?an ?is8 :at m wor?y k9d
 ( wor%ip c be paid to ,god ?an we pay1 
:]e ! entire body ( ! p are prep>$ =    
religion1 :]e an extraord9>y degree (   
c>e is requir$ 9 ! prie/s1 & :]e ! :ole 
polity is s ord]$ z if x 7 a c]ta9      
religi\s solemnity8 ,= :at ?+s =eign]s1 
:5 !y solemnize su* fe/ivals1 are n able
 to obs]ve = a few days' "t1 & call !m  
,my/]ies & ,sacr$ ,c]emonies1 we obs]ve 
) great pleasure & an un%ak5 resolution 
dur+ our :ole lives4 ,:at are ! ?+s !n t
 we are comm&$ or =bidd58 ,!y are       
simple1 & easily kn[n4 ,! fir/ comm& is 
conc]n+ ,god1 & affirms t ,god conta9s  
all ?+s1 & is a ,be+ e way p]fect &     
happy1 self-suffici5t1 & supply+ all o!r
 be+s2 ! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & ! end ( all
 ?+s4 ,he is manife/ 9 8 works &        
b5efits1 & m conspicu\s ?an any o!r be+ 
:atsoev]2 b z to 8 =m & magnitude1 he is
 mo/ obscure4 ,all mat]ials1 let !m be  
ev] s co/ly1 are unwor?y to compose an  
image = him1 & all arts are un>tful to  

express ! notion we ought to h ( him4   
,we c nei!r see nor ?9k ( any ?+ l him1 
nor is x agreeable to piety to =m a     
resemblance ( him4 ,we see 8 works1 !   
light1 ! heav51 ! e>?1 ! sun & ! moon1 !
 wat]s1 ! g5]ations ( animals1 !        
productions ( fruits4 ,^! ?+s ha? ,god  
made1 n ) h&s1 nor ) labor1 nor z want+ 
! assi/ance ( any to coop]ate ) him2 b z
 8 w resolv$ !y %\ld be made & be good  
also1 !y 7 made & became good           
imm$iately4 ,all m5 ought to foll[ ?is  
,be+1 & to wor%ip him 9 ! ex]cise (     
virtue2 = ?is way ( wor%ip ( ,god is !  
mo/ holy ( all o!rs4  #bd4 ,!re ought   
also to be b "o temple = "o ,god2 =     
lik5ess is ! con/ant f\ndation (        
agreem5t4 ,?is temple ought to be common
 to all m51 because he is ! common ,god 
( all m54 ,high prie/s are to be        
cont9ually ab\t 8 wor%ip1 ov] :om he t  
is ! fir/ by 8 bir? is to be _! rul]    
p]petually4 ,8 bus9ess mu/ be to (f]    
sacrifices to ,god1 toge!r ) ^? prie/s t
 are jo9$ ) him1 to see t ! laws be     

obs]v$1 to det]m9e controv]sies1 & to   
puni% ^? t are convict$ ( inju/ice2 :ile
 he t does n submit to him %all be      
subject to ! same puni%m5t1 z if he _h  
be5 guilty ( impiety t[>ds ,god himself4
 ,:5 we (f] sacrifices to him1 we d x n 
9 ord] to surfeit ourselves1 or to be   
drunk52 = su* excesses are aga9/ ! w (  
,god1 & w\ld be an occasion ( injuries &
 ( luxury2 b by keep+ ourselves sob]1   
ord]ly1 & ready = our o!r occupations1 &
 be+ m temp]ate ?an o!rs4 ,& = our duty 
at ! sacrifices #bb !mselves1 we ought1 
9 ! fir/ place1 to pray = ! common      
welf>e ( all1 & aft] t = our own2 = we  
are made = fell[%ip "o ) ano!r1 & he :o 
pref]s ! common good be=e :at is peculi>
 to himself is above all acceptable to  
,god4 ,& let our pray]s & supplications 
be made humbly to ,god1 n s mu* t he    
w\ld give u :at is good1 = he ha?       
already giv5 t ( 8 own accord1 & ha?    
propos$ ! same publicly to all1 z t we  
may duly receive x1 & :5 we h receiv$ x1
 may pres]ve x4 ,n[ ! law has appo9t$   

sev]al purifications at our sacrifices1 
:]eby we are cleans$ aft] a fun]al1 aft]
 :at sometimes happ5s to u 9 b$1 & aft] 
accompany+ ) our wives1 & ^u _m o!r     
occasions1 :i* x w\ld be too long n[ to 
set d[n4 ,& ?is is our doctr9e conc]n+  
,god & 8 wor%ip1 & is ! same t ! law    
appo9ts = our practice4  #be4 ,b1 !n1   
:at are our laws ab\t m>riage8 ,t law   
owns no o!r mixture ( sexes b t :i*     
nature ha? appo9t$1 ( a man ) 8 wife1 & 
t ?is be us$ only = ! procreation (     
*ildr54 ,b x abhors ! mixture ( a male )
 a male2 & if any "o d t1 dea? is its   
puni%m5t4 ,x comm&s u also1 :5 we m>ry1 
n to h reg>d to portion1 nor to take a  
woman by viol5ce1 nor to p]suade h]     
deceitfully & knavi%ly2 b to dem& h] 9  
m>riage ( him :o ha? p[] to dispose (   
h]1 & is fit to give h] away by !       
ne>ness ( 8 k9dr$2 =1 says ! ,scripture1
 ,a woman is inf]ior to h] husb& 9 all  
?+s4 #bc ,let h]1 !re=e1 be ob$i5t to   
him2 n s t he %\ld abuse h]1 b t %e may 
ackn[l$ge h] duty to h] husb&2 = ,god   

ha? giv5 ! au?ority to ! husb&4 ,a      
husb&1 !re=e1 is to lie only ) 8 wife   
:om he ha? m>ri$2 b to h to d ) ano!r   
man's wife is a wick$ ?+1 :i*1 if any "o
 v5tures ^u1 dea? is inevitably 8       
puni%m5t3 no m c he avoid ! same :o =ces
 a virg9 betro!d to ano!r man1 or       
entices ano!r man's wife4 ,! law1       
moreov]1 enjo9s u to br+ up all our     
(fspr+1 & =bids wom5 to cause abortion (
 :at is begott51 or to de/roy x aft]w>d2
 & if any woman appe>s to h s done1 %e w
 be a murd]] ( h] *ild1 by de/roy+ a    
liv+ creature1 & dim9i%+ human k9d2 if  
any "o1 !re=e1 proce$s to su* =nication 
or murd]1 he _c be clean4 ,moreov]1 !   
law enjo9s1 t aft] ! man & wife h la9   
toge!r 9 a regul> way1 !y %all ba!      
!mselves2 = !re is a defilem5t contract$
 !reby1 bo? 9 s\l & body1 z if !y _h    
gone into ano!r c\ntry2 = inde$ ! s\l1  
by be+ unit$ to ! body1 is subject to   
mis]ies1 & is n fre$ !refrom aga9 b by  
dea?2 on :i* acc\nt ! law requires ?is  
purification to be entirely p]=m$4  #bf4

 ,nay1 inde$1 ! law does n p]mit u to   
make fe/ivals at ! bir?s ( our *ildr51 &
 !reby af=d occasion ( dr9k+ to excess2 
b x orda9s t ! v beg9n+ ( our education 
%\ld be imm$iately direct$ to sobriety4 
,x also comm&s u to br+ ^? *ildr5 up 9  
le>n+1 & to ex]cise !m 9 ! laws1 & make 
!m acqua9t$ ) ! acts ( _! pr$ecessors1 9
 ord] to _! imitation ( !m1 & t !y might
 be n\ri%$ up 9 ! laws f _! infancy1 &  
might nei!r transgress !m1 nor h any    
pret5se = _! ignorance ( !m4  #bg4 ,our 
law ha? also tak5 c>e ( ! dec5t burial (
 ! dead1 b )\t any extravagant exp5ses =
 _! fun]als1 & )\t ! erection ( any     
illu/ri\s monum5ts = !m2 b ha? ord]$ t  
_! ne>e/ relations %\ld p]=m _!         
obsequies2 & ha? %[$ x to be regul>1 t  
all :o pass by :5 any "o is buri$ %\ld  
accompany ! fun]al1 & jo9 9 !           
lam5tation4 ,x also orda9s t ! h\se &   
its inhabitants %\ld be purifi$ aft] !  
fun]al is ov]1 t e "o may !nce le>n to  
keep at a great di/ance f ! ?\ghts ( be+
 pure1 if he ha? be5 once guilty (      

murd]4  #bh4 ,! law orda9s also1 t p>5ts
 %\ld be honor$ imm$iately aft] ,god    
himself1 & deliv]s t son :o does n      
requite !m = ! b5efits he ha? receiv$ f 
!m1 b is defici5t on any su* occasion1  
to be /on$4 ,x also says t ! "y m5 %\ld 
pay due respect to e eld]1 s9ce ,god is 
! elde/ ( all be+s4 ,x does n give leave
 to conceal any ?+ f our fri5ds1 because
 t is n true fri5d%ip :i* w n commit all
 ?+s to _! fidelity3 x also =bids !     
revelation ( secrets1 ev5 ?\gh an enmity
 arise betwe5 !m4 ,if any judge takes   
bribes1 8 puni%m5t is dea?3 he t        
ov]looks "o t (f]s him a petition1 & ?is
 :5 he is able to relieve him1 he is a  
guilty p]son4 ,:at is n by any "o       
intru/$ to ano!r ought n to be requir$  
back aga94 ,no "o is to t\* ano!r's     
goods4 ,he t l5ds money mu/ n dem& usury
 = its loan4 ,^!1 & _m m ( ! l sort1 are
 ! rules t unite u 9 ! b&s ( society "o 
) ano!r4  #bi4 ,x w be also wor? our    
:ile to see :at equity our legislator   
w\ld h u ex]cise 9 our int]c\rse )      

/rang]s2 = x w !nce appe> t he made !   
be/ provision he possibly c\ld1 bo? t we
 %\ld n dissolve our own con/itution1   
nor %[ any envi\s m9d t[>ds ^? t w\ld   
cultivate a fri5d%ip ) u4 ,accord+ly1   
our legislator admits all ^? t h a m9d  
to obs]ve our laws s to d2 & ?is aft] a 
fri5dly mann]1 z e/eem+ t a true union  
:i* n only ext5ds to our own /ock1 b to 
^? t w\ld live aft] ! same mann] ) u2   
yet does he n all[ ^? t come to u by    
accid5t only to be admitt$ into         
communion ) u4  #cj4 ,h[ev]1 !re are o!r
 ?+s :i* our legislator orda9$ = u      
be=eh&1 :i* ( necessity we ought to d 9 
common to all m52 z to af=d fire1 &     
wat]1 & food to su* z want x2 to %[ !m !
 roads2 n to let any "o lie unburi$4 ,he
 also w\ld h u treat ^? t are e/eem$ our
 enemies ) mod]ation2 = he do? n all[ u 
to set _! c\ntry on fire1 nor p]mit u to
 cut d[n ^? trees t be> fruit2 nay1     
fur!r1 he =bids u to spoil ^? t h be5   
sla9 9 w>4 ,he ha? also provid$ = su* z 
are tak5 captive1 t !y may n be injur$1 

& especially t ! wom5 may n be abus$4   
,inde$ he ha? taught u g5tl5ess &       
humanity s effectually1 t he ha? n      
despis$ ! c>e ( brute bea/s1 by p]mitt+ 
no o!r ?an a regul> use ( !m1 & =bidd+  
any o!r2 & if any ( !m come to our      
h\ses1 l supplicants1 we are =bidd5 to  
slay !m2 nor may we kill ! dams1 toge!r 
) _! "y ones2 b we are oblig$1 ev5 9 an 
enemy's c\ntry1 to sp>e & n kill ^?     
creatures t labor = mank9d4 ,?us ha? our
 lawgiv] contriv$ to tea* u an equitable
 conduct e way1 by us+ u to su* laws z  
in/ruct u !re92 :ile at ! same "t he ha?
 orda9$ t su* z break ^! laws %\ld be   
puni%$1 )\t ! all[ance ( any excuse     
:atsoev]4  #ca4 ,n[ ! greate/ "p (      
(f5ses ) u are capital2 z if any "o be  
guilty ( adult]y2 if any "o =ce a virg92
 if any "o be s impud5t z to attempt    
sodomy ) a male2 or if1 ^u ano!r's mak+ 
an attempt ^u him1 he submits to be s   
us$4 ,!re is also a law = slaves ( ! l  
nature1 t c nev] be avoid$4 ,moreov]1 if
 any "o *eats ano!r 9 measures or       

weights1 or makes a knavi% b>ga9 & sale1
 9 ord] to *eat ano!r2 if any "o /eals  
:at belongs to ano!r1 & takes :at he    
nev] deposit$2 all ^! h puni%m5ts       
allott$ !m2 n su* z are met ) among o!r 
nations1 b m sev]e ones4 ,& z = attempts
 ( unju/ behavior t[>ds p>5ts1 or =     
impiety aga9/ ,god1 ?\gh !y be n        
actually accompli%$1 ! (f5d]s are       
de/roy$ imm$iately4 ,h[ev]1 ! rew>d =   
su* z live exactly accord+ to ! laws is 
n silv] or gold2 x is n a g>l& ( olive  
bran*es or ( small age1 nor any su*     
public sign ( comm5dation2 b e good man 
ha? 8 own consci5ce be>+ witness to     
himself1 & by virtue ( our legislator's 
prophetic _s1 & ( ! firm security ,god  
himself af=ds su* a "o1 he believes t   
,god ha? made ?is grant to ^? t obs]ve  
^! laws1 ev5 ?\gh !y be oblig$ readily  
to die = !m1 t !y %all come into be+    
aga91 & at a c]ta9 revolution ( ?+s %all
 receive a bett] life ?an !y _h enjoy$  
be=e4 ,nor w\ld ,i v5ture to write ?us  
at ?is "t1 7 x n well kn[n to all by our

 actions t _m ( our p h _m a "t bravely 
resolv$ to endure any suff]+s1 r ?an    
speak "o ^w aga9/ our law4  #cb4 ,nay1  
inde$1 9 case x _h s fall5 out1 t our   
nation _h n be5 s ?or\ghly kn[n among   
all m5 z !y are1 & our volunt>y         
submission to our laws _h n be5 s op5 & 
manife/ z x is1 b t somebody _h pret5d$ 
to h writt5 ^! laws himself1 & _h read  
!m to ! ,greeks1 or _h pret5d$ t he _h  
met ) m5 out ( ! limits ( ! kn[n _w1 t  
_h su* rev]5t notions ( ,god1 & _h      
cont9u$ a long "t 9 ! firm obs]vance (  
su* laws z ours1 ,i _c b suppose t all  
m5 w\ld admire !m on a reflection ^u !  
frequ5t *anges !y _h !re9 be5 !mselves  
subject to2 & ?is :ile ^? t h attempt$  
to write some:at ( ! same k9d = politic 
gov]nm5t1 & = laws1 are accus$ z compos+
 mon/r\s ?+s1 & are said to h und]tak5  
an impossible task ^u !m4 ,& "h ,i w say
 no?+ ( ^? o!r philosoph]s :o h und]tak5
 any ?+ ( ?is nature 9 _! writ+s4 ,b ev5
 ,plato himself1 :o is s admir$ by !    
,greeks on acc\nt ( t gravity 9 8       

mann]s1 & =ce 9 8 words1 & t ability he 
_h to p]suade m5 beyond all o!r         
philosoph]s1 is little bett] ?an laugh$ 
at & expos$ to ridicule on t acc\nt1 by 
^? t pret5d to sagacity 9 political     
affairs2 al?\gh he t %all dilig5tly     
p]use 8 writ+s w f9d 8 precepts to be   
some:at g5tle1 & pretty ne> to ! cu/oms 
( ! g5]ality ( mank9d4 ,nay1 ,plato     
himself confesse? t x is n safe to      
publi% ! true notion conc]n+ ,god among 
! ignorant multitude4 ,yet d "s m5 look 
^u ,plato's disc\rses z no bett] ?an    
c]ta9 idle words set (f ) great         
artifice4 ,h[ev]1 !y admire ,lycurgus z 
! pr9cipal lawgiv]1 & all m5 celebrate  
,sp>ta = hav+ cont9u$ 9 ! firm obs]vance
 ( 8 laws = a v long "t4 ,s f> !n we h  
ga9$1 t x is to be confess$ a m>k (     
virtue to submit to laws4 #bd ,b !n let 
su* z admire ?is 9 ! ,lac$emonians      
comp>e t duration ( !irs ) m ?an two    
?\s& ye>s :i* our political gov]nm5t ha?
 cont9u$2 & let !m fur!r consid]1 t ?\gh
 ! ,lac$emonians did seem to obs]ve _!  

laws exactly :ile !y enjoy$ _! lib]ty1  
yet t :5 !y und]w5t a *ange ( _! =tune1 
!y =got almo/ all ^? laws2 :ile we1 hav+
 be5 "u t5 ?\s& *anges 9 our =tune by ! 
*anges t happ5$ among ! k+s ( ,asia1 h  
nev] betray$ our laws "u ! mo/ press+   
di/resses we h be5 92 nor h we neglect$ 
!m ei!r out ( slo? or = a livelihood4   
#be if any "o w consid] x1 !            
difficulties & labors laid ^u u h be5   
great] ?an :at appe>s to h be5 borne by 
! ,lac$emonian =titude1 :ile !y nei!r   
pl\gh$ _! l&1 nor ex]cis$ any trades1 b 
liv$ 9 _! own city1 free f all su*      
pa9s-tak+1 9 ! enjoym5t ( pl5ty1 & us+  
su* ex]cises z might improve _! bodies1 
:ile !y made use ( o!r m5 z _! s]vants =
 all ! necess>ies ( life1 & _h _! food  
prep>$ = !m by ! o!rs2 & ^! good &      
humane actions !y d = no o!r purpose b  
?is1 t by _! actions & _! suff]+s !y may
 be able to conqu] all ^? aga9/ :om !y  
make w>4 ,i ne$ n add ?is1 t !y h n be5 
fully able to obs]ve _! laws2 = n only a
 few s+le p]sons1 b multitudes ( !m1 h 9

 heaps neglect$ ^? laws1 & h deliv]$    
!mselves1 toge!r ) _! arms1 into ! h&s (
 _! enemies4  #cc4 ,n[ z = ourselves1 ,i
 v5ture to say t no "o c tell ( s _m2   
nay1 n ( m ?an "o or two t h betray$ our
 laws1 no1 n out ( fe> ( dea? itself2 ,i
 d n mean su* an easy dea? z happ5s 9   
battles1 b t :i* comes ) bodily torm5ts1
 & seems to be ! sev]e/ k9d ( dea? ( all
 o!rs4 ,n[ ,i ?9k ^? t h conqu]$ u h put
 u to su* dea?s1 n out ( _! hatr$ to u  
:5 !y _h subdu$ u1 b r out ( _! desire (
 see+ a surpris+ sight1 :i* is ?is1 :e!r
 !re be su* m5 9 ! _w :o believe t no   
evil is to !m s great z to be compell$  
to d or to speak any ?+ contr>y to _!   
own laws4 ,nor ought m5 to wond] at u1  
if we are m c\rage\s 9 dy+ = our laws   
?an all o!r m5 are2 = o!r m5 d n easily 
submit to ! easi] ?+s 9 :i* we are      
in/itut$2 ,i mean work+ ) our h&s1 &    
eat+ b little1 & be+ cont5t$ to eat &   
dr9k1 n at r&om1 or at e "o's pleasure1 
or be+ "u inviolable rules 9 ly+ ) our  
wives1 9 magnific5t furniture1 & aga9 9 

! obs]vation ( our times ( re/2 :ile ^? 
t c use _! swords 9 w>1 & c put _!      
enemies to flight :5 !y attack !m1 _c   
be> to submit to su* laws ab\t _! way ( 
liv+3 :]eas our be+ accu/om$ will+ly to 
submit to laws 9 ^! in/ances1 r5d]s u   
fit to %[ our =titude ^u o!r occasions  
also4  #cd4 ,yet d ! ,lysima*i & !      
,molones1 & "s o!r writ]s1 unskillful   
sophi/s z !y are1 & ! deceiv]s ( "y m51 
reproa* u z ! vile/ ( all mank9d4 ,n[ ,i
 h no m9d to make an inquiry into ! laws
 ( o!r nations2 = ! cu/om ( our c\ntry  
is to keep our own laws1 b n to br+     
accusations aga9/ ! laws ( o!rs4 ,&     
inde$ our legislator ha? expressly      
=bidd5 u to laugh at & revile ^? t are  
e/eem$ gods by o!r p8 on acc\nt ( ! v "n
 ( ,god ascrib$ to !m4 ,b s9ce our      
antagoni/s ?9k to run u d[n ^u !        
comp>ison ( _! religion & ours1 x is n  
possible to keep sil5ce "h1 especially  
:ile :at ,i %all say to confute ^! m5 w 
n be n[ fir/ said1 b ha? be5 already    
said by _m1 & ^! ( ! highe/ reputation  

also2 = :o is !re among ^? t h be5      
admir$ among ! ,greeks = wisdom1 :o ha? 
n greatly blam$ bo? ! mo/ fam\s poets1 &
 mo/ celebrat$ legislators1 = spread+   
su* notions orig9ally among ! body ( ! p
 conc]n+ ! gods8 su* z ^!1 t !y may be  
all[$ to be z num]\s z !y h a m9d to h  
!m2 t !y are begott5 "o by ano!r1 & t   
aft] all ! k9ds ( g5]ation y c imag9e4  
,!y also di/+ui% !m 9 _! places & ways (
 liv+ z !y w\ld di/+ui% sev]al sorts (  
animals2 z "s to be "u ! e>?2 z "s to be
 9 ! sea2 & ! anci5te/ ( !m all to be   
b\nd 9 hell2 & = ^? to :om !y h allott$ 
heav51 !y h set ov] !m "o1 :o 9 title is
 _! fa!r1 b 9 8 actions a tyrant & a "l2
 :5ce x came to pass t 8 wife1 & bro!r1 
& daught] :i* daught] he br\ght =? f 8  
own head made a conspiracy aga9/ him to 
seize ^u him & conf9e h9t1 z he _h      
himself seiz$ ^u & conf9$ 8 own fa!r    
be=e4  #ce4 ,& ju/ly h ! wise/ m5 ?\ght 
^! notions des]v$ sev]e rebukes2 !y also
 laugh at !m = det]m9+ t we ought to    
believe "s ( ! gods to be be>dless & "y1

 & o!rs ( !m to be old1 & to h be>ds    
accord+ly2 t "s are set to trades2 t "o 
god is a smi?1 & ano!r goddess is a     
weav]2 t "o god is a w>rior1 & fights ) 
m52 t "s ( !m are h>p]s1 or delight 9   
ar*]y2 & besides1 t mutual s$itions     
arise among !m1 & t !y qu>rel ab\t m51 &
 ?is s f>1 t !y n only lay h&s ^u "o    
ano!r1 b t !y are w\nd$ by m51 & lam5t1 
& take on = su* _! afflictions4 ,b :at  
is ! grosse/ ( all 9 po9t (             
lascivi\sness1 are ^? unb\nd$ lu/s      
ascrib$ to almo/ all ( !m1 & _! am\rs2  
:i* h[ c x be o!r ?an a mo/ absurd      
supposal1 especially :5 x rea*es to !   
male gods1 & to ! female goddesses also8
 ,moreov]1 ! *ief ( all _! gods1 & _!   
fir/ fa!r himself1 ov]looks ^? goddesses
 :om he ha? delud$ & begott5 ) *ild1 &  
suff]s !m to be kept 9 prison1 or dr[n$ 
9 ! sea4 ,he is also s b\nd up by fate1 
t he _c save 8 own (fspr+1 nor c he be> 
_! dea?s )\t %$d+ ( te>s4 ,^! are f9e   
?+s inde$6 z are ! re/ t foll[4         
,adult]ies truly are s impud5tly look$  

on 9 heav5 by ! gods1 t "s ( !m h       
confess$ !y envi$ ^? t 7 f\nd 9 ! v act4
 ,& :y %\ld !y n d s1 :5 ! elde/ ( !m1  
:o is _! k+ also1 ha? n be5 able to     
re/ra9 himself 9 ! viol5ce ( 8 lu/1 f   
ly+ ) 8 wife1 s long z !y might get into
 _! b$*amb]8 ,n[ "s ( ! gods are s]vants
 to m51 & w sometimes be build]s = a    
rew>d1 & sometimes w be %eph]ds2 :ile   
o!rs ( !m1 l malefactors1 are b\nd 9 a  
prison ( brass4 ,& :at sob] p]son is !re
 :o w\ld n be provok$ at su* /ories1 &  
rebuke ^? t =g$ !m1 & condemn ! great   
sill9ess ( ^? t admit !m = true8 ,nay1  
o!rs !re are t h advanc$ a c]ta9        
timor\sness & fe>1 z also madness &     
fraud1 & any o!r ( ! vile/ passions1    
into ! nature & =m ( gods1 & h p]suad$  
:ole cities to (f] sacrifices to ! bett]
 sort ( !m2 on :i* acc\nt !y h be5      
absolutely =c$ to e/eem "s gods z !     
giv]s ( good ?+s1 & to call o!rs ( !m   
av]t]s ( evil4 ,!y also endeavor to move
 !m1 z !y w\ld ! vile/ ( m51 by gifts & 
pres5ts1 z look+ = no?+ else ?an to     

receive "s great mis*ief f !m1 unless !y
 pay !m su* wages4  #cf4 ,:]e=e x       
des]ves our inquiry :at %\ld be !       
occasion ( ?is unju/ managem5t1 & ( ^!  
sc&als ab\t ! ,deity4 ,& truly ,i       
suppose x to be d]iv$ f ! imp]fect k !  
hea!n legislators _h at fir/ ( ! true   
nature ( ,god2 nor did !y expla9 to ! p 
ev5 s f> z !y did compreh5d ( x3 nor did
 !y compose ! o!r p>ts ( _! political   
settlem5ts accord+ to x1 b omitt$ x z a 
?+ ( v little consequ5ce1 & gave leave  
bo? to ! poets to introduce :at gods !y 
pleas$1 & ^? subject to all sorts (     
passions1 & to ! orators to procure     
political decrees f ! p = ! admission ( 
su* =eign gods z !y ?\ght prop]4 ,!     
pa9t]s also1 & /atu>ies ( ,greece1 _h   
h]e9 great p[]1 z ea* ( !m c\ld contrive
 a %ape prop] = a god2 ! "o to be =m$   
out ( clay1 & ! o!r by mak+ a b>e       
picture ( su* a "o4 ,b ^? workm5 t 7    
pr9cipally admir$1 _h ! use ( ivory & ( 
gold z ! con/ant mat]ials = _! new      
/atues :]eby x comes to pass t "s       

temples are q des]t$1 :ile o!rs are 9   
great e/eem1 & adorn$ ) all ! rites (   
all k9ds ( purification4 ,besides ?is1 !
 fir/ gods1 :o h long fl\ri%$ 9 ! honors
 done !m1 are n[ gr[n old :ile ^? t     
fl\ri%$ aft] !m are come 9 _! room z a  
second rank1 t ,i may speak ! mo/       
honorably ( !m ,i c3 nay1 c]ta9 o!r gods
 !re are :o are newly introduc$1 & newly
 wor%ipp$ z we1 by way ( digression1 h  
said already1 & yet h left _! places (  
wor%ip desolate2 & = _! temples1 "s ( !m
 are already left desolate1 & o!rs are  
built anew1 accord+ to ! pleasure ( m52 
:]eas !y ought to h _! op9ion ab\t ,god1
 & t wor%ip :i* is due to him1 always & 
immutably ! same4  #cg4 ,b n[1 ?is      
,apollonius ,molo 0 "o ( ^! fooli% &    
pr\d m54 ,h[ev]1 no?+ t ,i h said 0     
unkn[n to ^? t 7 real philosoph]s among 
! ,greeks1 nor 7 !y unacqua9t$ ) ^?     
frigid pret5sions ( allegories :i* _h   
be5 alleg$ = su* ?+s2 on :i* acc\nt !y  
ju/ly despis$ !m1 b h /ill agre$ ) u z  
to ! true & becom+ notions ( ,god2 :5ce 

x 0 t ,plato w\ld n h political         
settlem5ts admit to ( any "o ( ! o!r    
poets1 & dismisses ev5 ,hom] himself1 ) 
a g>l& on 8 head1 & ) o9tm5t p\r$ ^u    
him1 & ?is because he %\ld n de/roy ! "r
 notions ( ,god ) 8 fables4 ,nay1 ,plato
 pr9cipally imitat$ our legislator 9 ?is
 po9t1 t he enjo9$ 8 citiz5s to h he ma9
 reg>d to ?is precept1 ,t e "o ( !m %\ld
 le>n _! laws accurately4 ,he also      
orda9$1 t !y %\ld n admit ( =eign]s     
int]mix+ ) _! own p at r&om2 & provid$ t
 ! commonweal? %\ld keep itself pure1 & 
consi/ ( su* only z p]sev]$ 9 _! own    
laws4 ,apollonius ,molo did no way      
consid] ?is1 :5 he made x "o bran* ( 8  
accusation aga9/ u1 t we d n admit ( su*
 z h diff]5t notions ab\t ,god1 nor w we
 h fell[%ip ) ^? t *oose to obs]ve a way
 ( liv+ diff]5t f ourselves1 yet is n   
?is me?od peculi> to u1 b common to all 
o!r m52 n among ! ord9>y ,grecians only1
 b among su* ( ^? ,grecians z are ( !   
greate/ reputation among !m4 ,moreov]1 !
 ,lac$emonians cont9u$ 9 _! way (       

expell+ =eign]s1 & w\ld n inde$ give    
leave to _! own p to travel abroad1 z   
suspect+ t ^? two ?+s w\ld introduce a  
dissolution ( _! own laws3 & p]haps !re 
may be "s reason to blame ! rigid       
sev]ity ( ! ,lac$emonians1 = !y be/[$ ! 
privilege ( _! city on no =eign]s1 nor  
inde$ w\ld give leave to !m to /ay among
 !m2 :]eas we1 ?\gh we d n ?9k fit to   
imitate o!r in/itutions1 yet d we       
will+ly admit ( ^? t desire to p>take ( 
ours1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 ,i may reckon to be a
 pla9 indication ( our humanity1 & at ! 
same "t ( our magnanimity also4  #ch4 ,b
 ,i %all say no m ( ! ,lac$emonians4 ,z 
= ! ,a!nians1 :o glory 9 hav+ made _!   
city to be common to all m51 :at _!     
behavior 0 ,apollonius did n "k1 :ile !y
 puni%$ ^? t did b speak "o ^w contr>y  
to ! laws ab\t ! gods1 )\t any m]cy2 =  
on :at o!r acc\nt 0 x t ,socrates 0 put 
to dea? by !m8 ,= c]ta9ly he nei!r      
betray$ _! city to its enemies1 nor 0 he
 guilty ( any sacrilege ) reg>d to any (
 _! temples2 b x 0 on ?is acc\nt1 t he  

swore c]ta9 new oa?s #bf & t he affirm$ 
ei!r 9 e>ne/1 or1 z "s say1 only 9 je/1 
t a c]ta9 demon us$ to make signs to him
 :at he %\ld n d4 ,= ^! reasons he 0    
condemn$ to dr9k poison1 & kill himself4
 ,8 accus] also compla9$ t he corrupt$ !
 "y m51 by induc+ !m to despise !       
political settlem5t & laws ( _! city3 & 
?us 0 ,socrates1 ! citiz5 ( ,a!ns1      
puni%$4 ,!re 0 also ,anaxagoras1 :o1    
al?\gh he 0 ( ,clazom5te1 0 )9 a few    
suffrages ( be+ condemn$ to die1 because
 he said ! sun1 :i* ! ,a!nians ?\ght to 
be a god1 0 a ball ( fire4 ,!y also made
 ?is public proclamation1 ,t !y w\ld    
give a tal5t to any "o :o w\ld kill     
,diagoras ( ,melos1 because x 0 report$ 
( him t he laugh$ at _! my/]ies4        
,protagoras also1 :o 0 ?\ght to h writt5
 some:at t 0 n own$ = tru? by ! ,a!nians
 ab\t ! gods1 _h be5 seiz$ ^u1 & put to 
dea?1 if he _h n fl$ away imm$iately4   
,nor ne$ we at all wond] t !y ?us treat$
 su* consid]able m51 :5 !y did n sp>e   
ev5 wom5 also2 = !y v lately slew a     

c]ta9 prie/ess1 because %e 0 accus$ by  
somebody t %e initiat$ p into ! wor%ip (
 /range gods1 x hav+ be5 =bidd5 s to d  
by "o ( _! laws2 & a capital puni%m5t _h
 be5 decre$ to su* z introduc$ a /range 
god2 x be+ manife/1 t !y :o make use (  
su* a law d n believe ^? ( o!r nations  
to be really gods1 o!rwise !y _h n envi$
 !mselves ! advantage ( m gods ?an !y   
already _h4 ,& ?is 0 ! happy            
adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! ,a!nians6  
,n[ z to ! ,scy?ians1 !y take a pleasure
 9 kill+ m51 & diff] b little f brute   
bea/s2 yet d !y ?9k x reasonable to h _!
 in/itutions obs]v$4 ,!y also slew      
,ana*>sis1 a p]son greatly admir$ = 8   
wisdom among ! ,greeks1 :5 he return$ to
 !m1 because he appe>$ to come fraught )
 ,grecian cu/oms4 ,"o may also f9d _m to
 h be5 puni%$ among ! ,p]sians1 on ! v  
same acc\nt4 ,& to be sure ,apollonius 0
 greatly pleas$ ) ! laws ( ! ,p]sians1 &
 0 an admir] ( !m1 because ! ,greeks    
enjoy$ ! advantage ( _! c\rage1 & _h ! v
 same op9ion ab\t ! gods :i* !y _h4 ,?is

 la/ 0 exemplifi$ 9 ! temples :i* !y    
burnt1 & _! c\rage 9 com+1 & almo/      
entirely enslav+ ! ,grecians4 ,h[ev]1   
,apollonius has imitat$ all ! ,p]sian   
in/itutions1 & t by 8 (f]+ viol5ce to   
o!r m5's wives1 & geld+ 8 own sons4 ,n[1
 ) u1 x is a capital crime1 if any "o   
does ?us abuse ev5 a brute bea/2 & z =  
u1 nei!r ha? ! fe> ( our gov]nors1 nor a
 desire ( foll[+ :at o!r nations h 9 s  
great e/eem1 be5 able to )draw u f our  
own laws2 nor h we ex]t$ our c\rage 9   
rais+ up w>s to increase our weal?1 b   
only = ! obs]vation ( our laws2 & :5 we 
) pati5ce be> o!r losses1 yet :5 any    
p]sons w\ld compel u to break our laws1 
!n x is t we *oose to g to w>1 ?\gh x be
 beyond our ability to pursue x1 & be> !
 greate/ calamities to ! la/ ) mu*      
=titude4 ,&1 inde$1 :at reason c !re be 
:y we %\ld desire to imitate ! laws (   
o!r nations1 :ile we see !y are n obs]v$
 by _! own legislators #bg ,& :y d n !  
,lac$emonians ?9k ( aboli%+ t =m ( _!   
gov]nm5t :i* suff]s !m n to associate ) 

any o!rs1 z well z _! contempt (        
matrimony8 ,& :y d n ! ,eleans & ,!bans 
aboli% t unnatural & impud5t lu/1 :i*   
makes !m lie ) males8 ,= !y w n %[ a    
suffici5t sign ( _! rep5tance ( :at !y (
 old ?\ght to be v excell5t1 & v        
advantage\s 9 _! practices1 unless !y   
entirely avoid all su* actions = ! "t to
 come3 nay1 su* ?+s are ins]t$ into !   
body ( _! laws1 & _h once su* a p[]     
among ! ,greeks1 t !y ascrib$ ^!        
sodomitical practices to ! gods         
!mselves1 z a "p ( _! good "*2 & inde$ x
 0 accord+ to ! same mann] t ! gods     
m>ri$ _! own si/]s4 ,?is ! ,greeks      
contriv$ z an apology = _! own absurd & 
unnatural pleasures4  #ci4 ,i omit to   
speak conc]n+ puni%m5ts1 & h[ _m ways ( 
escap+ !m ! greate/ "p ( ! legislators h
 af=d$ malefactors1 by orda9+ t1 =      
adult]ies1 f9es 9 money %\ld be all[$1 &
 = corrupt+ #bh virg9s !y ne$ only m>ry 
!m z also :at excuses !y may h 9 d5y+ ! 
facts1 if any "o attempts to inquire    
into !m2 = among/ mo/ o!r nations x is a

 /udi$ art h[ m5 may transgress _! laws2
 b no su* ?+ is p]mitt$ among/ u2 = ?\gh
 we be depriv$ ( our weal?1 ( our       
cities1 or ( ! o!r advantages we h1 our 
law cont9ues immortal2 nor c any ,jew g 
s f> f 8 own c\ntry1 nor be s aftright$ 
at ! sev]e/ "l1 z n to be m aftright$ at
 ! law ?an at him4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is be ! 
disposition we are "u1 ) reg>d to !     
excell5cy ( our laws1 let our enemies   
make u ?is concession1 t our laws are   
mo/ excell5t2 & if /ill !y imag9e1 t    
?\gh we s firmly adh]e to !m1 yet are !y
 bad laws not)/&+1 :at p5alties !n d !y 
des]ve to und]go :o d n obs]ve _! own   
laws1 :i* !y e/eem s f> sup]ior to !m8  
,:]eas1 !re=e1 l5g? ( "t is e/eem$ to be
 ! true/ t\*/one 9 all cases1 ,i w\ld   
make t a te/imonial ( ! excell5cy ( our 
laws1 & ( t belief !reby deliv]$ to u   
conc]n+ ,god4 ,= z !re ha? be5 a v long 
"t = ?is comp>ison1 if any "o w b comp>e
 its duration ) ! duration ( ! laws made
 by o!r legislators1 he w f9d our       
legislator to h be5 ! anci5te/ ( !m all4

  #dj4 ,we h already demon/rat$ t our   
laws h be5 su* z h always inspir$       
admiration & imitation into all o!r m52 
nay1 ! e>lie/ ,grecian philosoph]s1 ?\gh
 9 appe>ance !y obs]v$ ! laws ( _! own  
c\ntries1 yet did !y1 9 _! actions1 & _!
 philosophic doctr9es1 foll[ our        
legislator1 & in/ruct$ m5 to live       
sp>+ly1 & to h fri5dly communication "o 
) ano!r4 ,nay1 fur!r1 ! multitude (     
mank9d itself h _h a great incl9ation ( 
a long "t to foll[ our religi\s         
obs]vances2 = !re is n any city ( !     
,grecians1 nor any ( ! b>b>ians1 nor any
 nation :atsoev]1 :i!r our cu/om ( re/+ 
on ! sev5? day ha? n come1 & by :i* our 
fa/s & light+ up lamps1 & _m ( our      
prohibitions z to our food1 are n       
obs]v$2 !y also endeavor to imitate our 
mutual concord ) "o ano!r1 & ! *>itable 
di/ribution ( our goods1 & our dilig5ce 
9 our trades1 & our =titude 9 und]go+ ! 
di/resses we are 91 on acc\nt ( our     
laws2 &1 :at is "h matt] ( ! greate/    
admiration1 our law ha? no bait (       

pleasure to allure m5 to x1 b x prevails
 by its own =ce2 & z ,god himself       
p]vades all ! _w1 s ha? our law pass$   
?r\gh all ! _w also4 ,s t if any "o w b 
reflect on 8 own c\ntry1 & 8 own family1
 he w h reason to give cr$it to :at ,i  
say4 ,x is !re=e b j1 ei!r to condemn   
all mank9d ( indulg+ a wick$            
disposition1 :5 !y h be5 s desir\s (    
imitat+ laws t are to !m =eign & evil 9 
!mselves1 r ?an foll[+ laws ( _! own t  
are ( a bett] "*1 or else our accus]s   
mu/ leave (f _! spite aga9/ u4 ,nor are 
we guilty ( any envi\s behavior t[>ds   
!m1 :5 we honor our own legislator1 &   
believe :at he1 by 8 prophetic au?ority1
 ha? taught u conc]n+ ,god4 ,= ?\gh we  
%\ld n be able ourselves to und]/& !    
excell5cy ( our own laws1 yet w\ld !    
great multitude ( ^? t desire to imitate
 !m1 ju/ify u1 9 greatly valu+ ourselves
 ^u !m4  #da4 ,b z = ! di/9ct political 
laws by :i* we are gov]n$1 ,i h deliv]$ 
!m accurately 9 my books ( ,antiquities2
 & h only m5tion$ !m n[1 s f> z 0       

necess>y to my pres5t purpose1 )\t      
propos+ to myself ei!r to blame ! laws (
 o!r nations1 or to make an encomium ^u 
our own2 b 9 ord] to convict ^? t h     
writt5 ab\t u unju/ly1 & 9 an impud5t   
affectation ( disguis+ ! tru?4 ,& n[ ,i 
?9k ,i h suffici5tly complet$ :at ,i    
propos$ 9 writ+ ^! books4 ,= :]eas our  
accus]s h pret5d$ t our nation are a p (
 v late orig9al1 ,i h demon/rat$ t !y   
are exce$+ anci5t2 = ,i h produc$ z     
witnesses !reto _m anci5t writ]s1 :o h  
made m5tion ( u 9 _! books1 :ile !y _h  
said t no su* writ] _h s done4 ,moreov]1
 !y _h said t we 7 sprung f !           
,egyptians1 :ile ,i h prov$ t we came f 
ano!r c\ntry into ,egypt3 :ile !y _h    
told lies ( u1 z if we 7 expell$ !nce on
 acc\nt ( diseases on our bodies1 x has 
appe>$1 on ! contr>y1 t we return$ to   
our c\ntry by our own *oice1 & ) s\nd & 
/rong bodies4 ,^? accus]s reproa*$ our  
legislator z a vile fell[2 :]eas ,god 9 
old "t b>e witness to 8 virtu\s conduct2
 & s9ce t te/imony ( ,god1 "t itself ha?

 be5 discov]$ to h borne witness to !   
same ?+4  #db4 ,z to ! laws !mselves1 m 
words are unnecess>y1 = !y are visible 9
 _! own nature1 & appe> to tea* n       
impiety1 b ! true/ piety 9 ! _w4 ,!y d n
 make m5 hate "o ano!r1 b enc\rage p to 
communicate :at !y h to "o ano!r freely2
 !y are enemies to inju/ice1 !y take c>e
 ( righte\sness1 !y bani% idl5ess &     
exp5sive liv+1 & in/ruct m5 to be cont5t
 ) :at !y h1 & to be labori\s 9 _!      
call+2 !y =bid m5 to make w> f a desire 
( gett+ m1 b make m5 c\rage\s 9 def5d+ !
 laws2 !y are inexorable 9 puni%+       
malefactors2 !y admit no sophi/ry (     
words1 b are always e/abli%$ by actions 
!mselves1 :i* actions we ev] propose z  
sur] demon/rations ?an :at is conta9$ 9 
writ+ only3 on :i* acc\nt ,i am s bold z
 to say t we are become ! tea*]s ( o!r  
m51 9 ! greate/ numb] ( ?+s1 & ^? ( !   
mo/ excell5t nature only2 = :at is m    
excell5t ?an inviolable piety8 :at is m 
j ?an submission to laws8 & :at is m    
advantage\s ?an mutual love & concord8 &

 ?is s f> t we are to be nei!r divid$ by
 calamities1 nor to become injuri\s &   
s$iti\s 9 prosp]ity2 b to contemn dea?  
:5 we are 9 w>1 & 9 peace to apply      
ourselves to our me*anical occupations1 
or to our tillage ( ! gr\nd2 :ile we 9  
all ?+s & all ways are satisfi$ t ,god  
is ! inspector & gov]nor ( our actions4 
,if ^! precepts _h ei!r be5 writt5 at   
fir/1 or m exactly kept by any o!rs be=e
 u1 we %\ld h ow$ !m ?anks z disciples  
owe to _! ma/]s2 b if x be visible t we 
h made use ( !m m ?an any o!r m51 & if  
we h demon/rat$ t ! orig9al inv5tion (  
!m is our own1 let ! ,apions1 & !       
,molons1 ) all ! re/ ( ^? t delight 9   
lies & reproa*es1 /& confut$2 b let ?is 
& ! =ego+ book be d$icat$ to !e1        
,epaphroditus1 :o art s great a lov] (  
tru?1 & by ?y means to ^? t h be5 9 l   
mann] desir\s to be acqua9t$ ) ! affairs
 ( our nation4     ,,apion ,,book #b    
,,footnotes  #a ,! =m] "p ( ?is second  
book is writt5 aga9/ ! calumnies (      
,apion1 & !n1 m briefly1 aga9/ ! l      

calumnies ( ,apollonius ,molo4 ,b aft]  
t1 ,josephus leaves (f any m p>ticul>   
reply to ^? adv]s>ies ( ! ,jews1 & gives
 u a l>ge & excell5t description &      
v9dication ( t !ocracy :i* 0 settl$ = ! 
,jewi% nation by ,moses1 _! great       
legislator4  #b ,call$ by ,tib]ius      
,cymbalum ,mundi1 ,! drum ( ! _w4  #c   
,?is seems to h be5 ! fir/ dial t _h be5
 made 9 ,egypt1 & 0 a little be=e ! "t t
 ,ahaz made 8 fir/ dial 9 ,judea1 & ab\t
 anno #gee1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! sev5?      
olympiad1 z we %all see pres5tly4 ,see  
#b ,k+s #bj3aa2 ,isaiah #ch3h4  #d ,!   
burial-place = dead bodies1 z ,i        
suppose4  #e ,"h beg9s a great defect 9 
! ,greek copy2 b ! old ,lat9 v]sion     
fully supplies t defect4  #f ,:at error 
is "h g5]ally believ$ to h be5 committ$ 
by our ,josephus 9 ascrib+ a deliv]ance 
( ! ,jews to ! reign ( ,ptolemy ,physco1
 ! sev5? ( ^? ,ptolemus1 :i* has be5    
univ]sally suppos$ to h happ5$ "u       
,ptolemy ,philopat]1 ! f\r? ( !m1 is no 
bett] ?an a gross error ( ! mod]ns1 & n 

( ,josephus1 z ,i h fully prov$ 9 !     
,au!ntic4 ,rec4 ,"p ,i4 p4 #bjj-bja1    
:i!r ,i ref] ! inquisitive read]4  #g   
,si/]'s son1 & adopt$ son4  #h ,call$ m 
prop]ly ,molo1 or ,apollonius ,molo1 z  
h]eaft]2 = ,apollon9s1 ! son ( ,molo1 0 
ano!r p]son1 z ,/rabo in=ms u1 lib4 xiv4
  #i ,furones 9 ! ,lat91 :i* :at animal 
x d5otes does n n[ appe>4  #aj ,x is    
great pity t ^! six pagan au?ors1 "h    
m5tion$ to h describ$ ! fam\s pr(anation
 ( ! ,jewi% temple by ,antio*us         
,epiphanes1 %\ld be all lo/2 ,i mean s  
f> ( _! writ+s z conta9$ t description2 
?\gh x is pla9 ,josephus p]us$ !m all z 
extant 9 8 "t4  #aa ,x is rem>kable t   
,josephus "h1 &1 ,i ?9k1 no :]e else1   
reckons up f\r di/9ct c\rts ( ! temple2 
t ( ! ,g5tiles1 t ( ! wom5 ( ,israel1 t 
( ! m5 ( ,israel1 & t ( ! prie/s2 z also
 t ! c\rt ( ! wom5 admitt$ ( ! m51 ,i   
suppose only ( ! husb&s ( ^? wives t 7  
!re91 :ile ! c\rt ( ! m5 did n admit any
 wom5 into x at all4  #ab ,judea1 9 !   
,greek1 by a gross mi/ake ( !           

transcrib]s4  #ac ,sev5 9 ! ,greek1 by a
 l gross mi/ake ( ! transcrib]s4 ,see ( 
! ,w>1 ,b4 ,v4 *4 #e4 sect4 #d4  #ad    
,two hundr$ 9 ! ,greek1 contr>y to !    
tw5ty 9 ! ,w>1 ,b4 ,,vii4 *1 #e4 sect4  
#c4  #ae ,?is notori\s disgrace belong+ 
peculi>ly to ! p ( ,egypt1 ev] s9ce !   
times ( ! old prophets ( ! ,jews1 not$  
bo? sect4 #d already1 & "h1 may be      
confirm$ by ! te/imony ( ,isidorus1 an  
,egyptian ( ,pelusium1 ,epi/4 lib4 i4   
,ep4 #dhi4 ,& ?is is a rem>kable        
completion ( ! anci5t pr$iction ( ,god  
by ,ezekiel #bi3ad1 #ae1 t ! ,egyptians 
%\ld be a base k+dom1 ! base/ ( !       
k+doms1 & t1 x %\ld n exalt itself any m
 above ! nations4  #af ,! tru? ( :i*    
/ill fur!r appe>s by ! pres5t obs]vation
 ( ,josephus1 t ^! ,egyptians _h nev]1 9
 all ! pa/ ages s9ce ,seso/ris1 _h "o   
day ( lib]ty1 no1 n s mu* z to h be5    
free f despotic p[] "u any ( ! mon>*ies 
to t day4 ,& all ?is has be5 f\nd       
equally true 9 ! latt] ages1 "u !       
,romans1 ,s>ac5s1 ,mamelukes1 & ,turks1 

f ! days ( ,josephus till ! pres5t ago  
also4  #ag ,?is language1 t ,moses1     
p]suad$ himself t :at he did 0 accord+  
to ,god's w1 c mean no m1 by ,josephus's
 own con/ant notions else:]e1 ?an t he 0
 firmly p]suad$1 t he _h fully satisfi$ 
himself t s x 01 viz4 by ! _m           
revelations he _h receiv$ f ,god1 & !   
num]\s miracles ,god _h enabl$ him to   
"w1 z he bo? 9 ^! v two books aga9/     
,apion1 & 9 8 ,antiquities1 mo/ cle>ly &
 frequ5tly assures u4 ,?is is fur!r     
evid5t f sev]al passages l[]1 :]e he    
affirms t ,moses 0 no impo/or nor       
deceiv]1 & :]e he assures t ,moses's    
con/itution ( gov]nm5t 0 no o!r ?an a   
!ocracy2 & :]e he says !y are to hope = 
deliv]ance out ( _! di/resses by pray]  
to ,god1 & t )al x 0 ow+ 9 "p to ?is    
prophetic _s ( ,moses t ! ,jews expect$ 
a resurrection f ! dead4 ,see almo/ z   
/range a use ( ! l words1 to p]suade    
,god1 ,antiq4 ,b4 ,,vi4 *4 #e4 sect4 #f4
  #ah ,t is1 ,moses really 01 :at !     
hea!n legislators pret5d$ to be1 "u a   

,div9e direction2 nor does x yet appe> t
 ^! pret5sions to a sup]natural conduct1
 ei!r 9 ^! legislators or oracles1 7 m]e
 delusions ( m5 )\t any demoniacal      
impressions1 nor t ,josephus took !m s  
to be2 z ! anci5te/ & contempor>y au?ors
 did /ill believe !m to be sup]natural4 
#ai ,?is :ole v l>ge passage is correct$
 by ,dr4 ,hudson f ,eusebius's citation 
( x1 ,prep4 ,evangel4 viii4 #h1 :i* is  
"h n a little diff]5t f ! pres5t ,,mss4 
( ,josephus4  #bj ,?is expression       
itself1 t ,moses orda9$ ! ,jewi%        
gov]nm5t to be a !ocracy1 may be        
illu/rat$ by t p>allel expression 9 !   
,antiquities1 ,b4 ,,iii4 *4 #h4 sect4   
#i1 t ,moses left x to ,god to be pres5t
 at 8 sacrifices :5 he pleas$2 & :5 he  
pleas$1 to be abs5t4 ,bo? ways ( speak+ 
s\nd h>% 9 ! e>s ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 z 
d sev]al o!rs :i* ,josephus uses to !   
hea!ns2 b /ill !y 7 n v improp] 9 him1  
:5 he all along ?\ght fit to accommodate
 himself1 bo? 9 8 ,antiquities1 & 9 ^! 8
 books aga9/ ,apion1 all writt5 = ! use 

( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 to _! notions &  
language1 & ?is z f> z ev] tru? w\ld    
give him leave4 ,?\gh x be v obs]vable  
)al1 t he nev] uses su* expressions 9 8 
books ( ! ,w>1 writt5 orig9ally = !     
,jews beyond ,euphrates1 & 9 _!         
language1 9 all ^! cases4 ,h[ev]1       
,josephus directly supposes ! ,jewi%    
settlem5t1 "u ,moses1 to be a ,div9e    
settlem5t1 & inde$ no o!r ?an a real    
!ocracy4  #ba ,^! excell5t acc\nts ( !  
,div9e attributes1 & t ,god is n to be  
at all kn[n 9 8 ess5ce1 z also "s o!r   
cle> expressions ab\t ! resurrection ( !
 dead1 & ! /ate ( dep>t$ s\ls1 etc41 9  
?is late "w ( ,josephus1 look m l !     
exalt$ notions ( ! ,ess5s1 or r         
,ebionite ,*ri/ians1 ?an ^? ( a m]e ,jew
 or ,ph>isee4 ,! foll[+ l>ge acc\nts    
also ( ! laws ( ,moses1 seem to me to %[
 a reg>d to ! high] int]pretations &    
improvem5ts ( ,moses's laws1 d]iv$ f    
,jesus ,*ri/1 ?an to ! b>e lett] ( !m 9 
! ,old ,te/am5t1 :5ce alone ,josephus   
took !m :5 he wrote 8 ,antiquities2 nor1

 z ,i ?9k1 c "s ( ^! laws1 ?\gh g5]ally 
excell5t 9 _! k9d1 be prop]ly n[ f\nd   
ei!r 9 ! copies ( ! ,jewi% ,p5tateu*1 or
 9 ,philo1 or 9 ,josephus himself1 be=e 
he became a ,naz>5e or ,ebionite        
,*ri/ian2 nor ev5 all ( !m among ! laws 
( ca?olic ,*ri/ianity !mselves4 ,i      
desire1 !re=e1 ! le>n$ read] to consid]1
 :e!r "s ( ^! improvem5ts or            
int]pretations might n be peculi> to !  
,ess5s among ! ,jews1 or r to ! ,naz>5es
 or ,ebionites among ! ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh  
we h inde$ b imp]fect acc\nts ( ^?      
,naz>5es or ,ebionite ,*ri/ians         
transmitt$ d[n to u at ?is day4  #bb ,we
 may "h obs]ve h[ kn[n a ?+ x 0 among ! 
,jews & hea!ns1 9 ?is & _m o!r in/ances1
 t sacrifices 7 /ill accompani$ )       
pray]s2 :5ce mo/ probably came ^?       
phrases ( ! sacrifice ( pray]1 !        
sacrifice ( praise1 ! sacrifice (       
?anksgiv+4 ,h[ev]1 ^? anci5t =ms us$ at 
sacrifices are n[ g5]ally lo/1 to ! no  
small damage ( true religion4 ,x is "h  
also exce$+ rem>kable1 t al?\gh ! temple

 at ,j]usalem 0 built z ! only place :]e
 ! :ole nation ( ! ,jews 7 to (f] _!    
sacrifices1 yet is !re no m5tion ( !    
sacrifices !mselves1 b ( pray]s only1 9 
,solomon's long & fam\s =m ( devotion at
 its d$ication1 #a ,k+s #h42 #b         
,*ronicles #f4 ,see also _m passages    
cit$ 9 ! ,apo/olical ,con/itutions1     
,,vii4 #cg1 & ,( ! ,w>1 above1 ,b4      
,,vii4 *4 #e4 sect4 #f4  #bc ,?is text  
is no :]e 9 our pres5t copies ( ! ,old  
,te/am5t4  #bd ,x may n be amiss to set 
d[n "h a v rem>kable te/imony ( ! great 
philosoph] ,cic]o1 z to ! pref]5ce (    
laws to philosophy3--,i w1 says he1     
boldly decl>e my op9ion1 ?\gh ! :ole _w 
be (f5d$ at x4 ,i pref] ?is little book 
( ! ,twelve ,tables alone to all !      
volumes ( ! philosoph]s4 ,i f9d x to be 
n only ( m weight1' b also mu* m        
useful4--,oratore4  #be we h obs]v$ our 
times ( re/1 & sorts ( food all[$ u dur+
 our di/resses4  #bf ,see :at ^? novel  
oa?s 7 9 ,dr4 ,hudson's note1 viz4 to   
swe> by an oak1 by a goat1 & by a dog1 z

 also by a g&]1 z say ,philo/ratus &    
o!rs4 ,?is swe>+ /range oa?s 0 also     
=bidd5 by ! ,tyrians1 ,b4 ,i4 sect4 #bb1
 z ,spanheim "h notes4  #bg ,:y         
,josephus "h %\ld blame "s hea!n        
legislators1 :5 !y all[$ s easy a       
composition = simple =nication1 z an    
obligation to m>ry ! virg9 t 0 corrupt$1
 is h>d to say1 see+ he _h himself truly
 in=m$ u t x 0 a law ( ! ,jews1 ,antiq4 
,b4 ,,iv4 *4 #h4 sect4 #bc1 z x is ! law
 ( ,*ri/ianity also3 see ,horeb         
,cov5ant1 p4 #fa4 ,i am almo/ ready to  
suspect t1 =1 we %\ld "h read1 & t      
corrupt+ w$lock1 or o!r m5's wives1 is !
 crime = :i* ^! hea!ns wick$ly all[$ ?is
 composition 9 money4  #bh ,or =        
corrupt+ o!r m5's wives ! same all[ance4