,transcriber's ,note3 ,this text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the real 7,unicode_/,,utf-#h7 version of the file4 ,characters that could not be fully displayed have been unpacked and shown in brackets3 en1 em e with overline un1 um u with overline in i with overline 7once only7 ,the forms 7for an1 am7 and 7for om1 on7 have been retained4 ,the text is based on scans of two different physical copies of the same edition2 see end of e-text for one variant reading4 ,other errors are also listed at the end of the e-text4 ,superscripts are shown with carets3 wt1 ye4 ,all pilcrows in the body text were added by the transcriber 7see endnotes74 ,the book was originally 7#aeej7 printed together with ,erasmus's ,the ,education of ,children4 ,the introduction 7#aifa7 mentions ,erasmus briefly2 the ,index refers only to ,sherry's ,treatise4 ,since the two texts have no connection except that ,sherry is assumed to be the translator of the ,erasmus essay1 they have been made into separate e-texts4 ,a ,,treatise ,,of ,,schemes ,,and ,,tropes ,a ,,treatise ,,of ,,schemes ,,and ,,tropes 7#aeej7 by ,,richard ,,sherry and his translation of ,,the ,,education ,,of ,,children by ,,desiderius ,,erasmus ,a facsimile reproduction with an introduction and index by ,,herbert ,w4 ,,hildebrandt ,the ,university of ,michigan ,gainesville1 ,florida ,,scholars' ,,facsimiles ,,reprints #aifa ,,scholars' ,,facsimiles ,,reprints #aah ,n4,w4 #bfth ,street ,gainesville1 ,florida1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,harry ,r4 ,warfel1 ,general ,editor ,reproduced from a copy in and with the permission of ,,bodleian ,,library ,oxford ,l4,c4 ,catalog ,card ,number3 #fa-ejcj ,manufactured in the ,u4,s4,a4 ,letterpress by ,j4 ,n4 ,anzel1 ,inc4 ,photolithography by ,edwards ,brothers ,binding by ,universal-,dixie ,bindery ,,introduction ,richard ,sherry's ,a ,treatise of ,schemes and ,tropes 7#aeej71 a familiar work of the ,renaissance1 is primarily thought of as a sixteenth-century ,english textbook on the figures4 ,yet it is also a mirror of one variation of rhetoric which came to be called the rhetoric of style4 ,as a representative of this stylistic school1 it offers little that is new to the third part of classical rhetoric4 ,instead1 it carries forward the medieval concept that ornateness in communication is desirable2 it suggests that figures are tools for achieving this ornateness2 it supplies examples of ornateness to be imitated in writing and speaking2 it supports knowing the figures in order to understand both secular and religious writings2 it proposes that clarity is found in the figures4 ,in short1 the work assisted ,englishmen to understand eloquence as well as to create it4 ,four-fifths of ancient rhetoric is omitted in the ,treatise4 ,the nod is given to elocution4 ,invention is discussed1 but only as a tool to assist the communicator in amplifying his ideas1 as a means to spin out his thoughts to extreme lengths4 ,arrangement1 memory1 and delivery are overlooked4 ,accordingly1 the ,treatise neatly fits into the category of a ,renaissance rhetoric on style4 ,it is this school which recognized the traditional five ,ciceronian parts of rhetoric1 but considered style to be the most significant precept4 ,the ,treatise is not the first to support an emphasis wholly on style1 nor the foremost4 ,we know that ,aristotle's ,rhetoric1 ,cicero's works on rhetoric1 and ,quintilian's ,institutes discussed the significance of style1 but they had a broad view4 ,however1 in ,england1 about the time of ,bede1 arose a limited concept that rhetoric is mainly style1 particularly that of the figures4 ,it is this latter truncated version of rhetoric that the ,treatise continues in the ,renaissance4 ,rhetoric in ,sherry's work has lost its ancient meaning4 ,the ,treatise is highly prescriptive4 ,it was born in an age of rules4 ,so much so1 that the rhetorician who named his rules and tools was not out of rapport with the period4 ,this accounts for the rigidity1 the love of classification1 and the schematic presentation of the work4 ,it is nothing more than a highly organized dictionary of ancient1 medieval1 and ,renaissance schemes and tropes4 ,in fact1 the major variation from previous ,latin compilers is to be found in the headnotes relative to the various kinds of figures4 ,nor is it as thorough in handling the figures as its predecessors4 ,it utilizes1 however1 the customary ,greek and ,latin terms and supplies a definition1 but here the similarity with contemporaries and ancients ends4 ,it is weak in amplification of examples during an age when amplification was practiced4 ,sherry economizes by selecting usually one example in support of a figure while contemporary cataloguers1 and ancients for that matter1 are more definitive4 ,whether the work was ever popular within the schools or without is unclear4 ,probably it did not have extensive success because only one issue of the work appeared and a revised edition was brought out in #aeee4 ,by contrast1 during the sixteenth century1 ,erasmus' ,de ,copia 7#aeab7 had at least eleven printings1 ,mosellanus' ,table 7c4 #aebi7 had at least eight editions1 ,susenbrotus' ,epitome 7#aeda7 had at least twenty printings1 ,peacham's ,garden 7#aegg7 had two editions1 and ,day's ,secretorie 7#aehf7 underwent at least five editions4 ,some of these works had new editions printed in the seventeenth century and would seem to reflect a greater public acceptance than the ,treatise4 ,some were also written in ,latin while ,sherry moves in the vernacular4 ,it still was an age of ,latin1 and ,sherry in part recognized this by his alternate ,latin and ,english movement in his second rhetoric on style published in #aeee4 ,moreover1 people seemed content to remain with the giants of the ,renaissance1 notably ,erasmus and his ,de ,copia instead of turning to a lesser light such as ,sherry4 ,the ,treatise does have merit4 ,the work cannot be judged entirely by tallying its meager number of editions1 its lack of thoroughness1 or its artificial divisions4 ,its signal contribution rests upon the fact that it is a pioneering effort at permitting the figures to march1 for the first time1 in ,english4 ,here ,sherry had an opportunity to provide the ,english reader with additional words1 ideas1 and material to be employed in vernacular communication4 ,his efforts in his works on rhetoric1 the two editions of the ,treatise1 provided the sixteenth century ,englishman with the identical schemes and tropes which had been a heritage of the ,latin language since antiquity4 ,hence the work can be called a complicated ordering of the figures1 but it is also a sincere attempt to provide in ,english those figures which would lend ornateness to the expression of an idea4 ,to indicate that the ,treatise was part of a continuing school of rhetoric1 we must consider a few rhetoricians subsequent to ,sherry's work4 ,indeed1 one notices the continuance of dictionaries of figures which carry the admonition that the usual manner of utterance was to be despised4 ,thomas ,wilson's ,the ,arte of ,rhetorique 7#aeec71 although preserving the classical idea of rhetoric1 also felt the definition of a figure employed in communication involved the uncommon4 ,twenty-seven years subsequent to ,sherry1 ,england again has a pure catalogue of the figures2 this is ,peacham's ,garden of ,eloquence4 ,more elaborate than the ,treatise1 it too suggests that rhetoric is decoration4 ,continued interest in the stylistic tools is also seen in ,puttenham's ,the ,arte of ,english ,poesie 7#aehi74 ,when we move to the latter part of the sixteenth century and then change the genre as exemplified in ,day's ,the ,english ,secretorie1 we see a stylistic extension to the art of letter writing which borrowed rhetorical terms and rules and applied them to written correspondence4 ,the emphasis in these rhetorics on style is the same3 ornateness in communication is achieved through using the figures4 ,when we look in the opposite direction1 to works which preceded ,sherry1 the figures1 definitions1 and examples in the ,treatise derive more from contemporaries than from the ancients4 ,it relies extensively upon intermediaries4 ,sherry explains that ,erasmus and ,mosellanus will be major sources4 ,hence the ,de ,copia1 the ,ecclesiastae1 and the ,tabulae de schematibus et tropis are used with regularity4 ,although further removed in time1 the ,rhetorica ad ,herennium is the primary ancient source4 ,but beyond this first-hand reliance on the ancients1 examples from ,vergil1 ,cicero1 and ,terence1 to mention several1 as well as definitions of the figures1 depend heavily upon neo-classical intermediaries4 ,appended to the text on the figures of rhetoric is a seemingly gratuitous section entitled ,that chyldren oughte to be taught and brought vp gently in vertue and learnynge1 and that euen forthwyth from theyr natiuitie3 a declamacion of a briefe theme1 by ,erasmus of ,roterodame4 ,this essay occupies almost two-thirds of the ,treatise and receives its first ,english translation from the ,latin at the hands of ,sherry4 ,william ,woodward in his ,desiderius ,erasmus ,concerning the ,aim and ,method of ,education gave us another ,english translation in #aijd4 ,one other translation1 in ,german1 by ,august ,israel1 is entitled ,vortrag ber die ,nothwendigkeit1 die ,knaben gleich von der ,geburt an in einer fr ,freigeborne wrdigen ,weise sittlich und wissenschaftlich ausbilden zu lassen4 ,the reason for the inclusion of the ,erasmian essay is never clearly stated in the other sections of the ,treatise4 ,nor do the other translators suppose a reason4 ,from the internal evidence of the essay and from headnotes preceding it1 we may assume that the purpose is one of supplying readers with an example of amplification of a brief theme1 first illustrated in miniature1 and then full blown into a long declamation4 ,the essay does not appear to be illustrating the numerous figures discussed in the initial section of the work4 ,of ,sherry we know little4 ,beyond the dates in the ,,dnb1 we infer from his works that he had an intense interest in ,english and had a desire for his countrymen to communicate well in the vernacular4 ,he was interested in religion1 was most likely a ,protestant1 and hoped to continue an interest in religion which he developed in his youth4 ,he was also a teacher4 ,and although ,latin was still a living language1 the task of inculcating a new tongue in the students fell to the schoolmaster2 ,sherry was active in this capacity4 ,this does not weaken an acclamation we possess of the man3 ,he was a ,person elegantly learned4 ,,herbert ,w4 ,,hildebrandt ,the ,university of ,michigan ,february #be1 #aifj ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,a ,,treatise ,,of ,,schemes ,,and ,,tropes by ,richard ,sherry #a ,introduction #b ,eloquucion #ag ,of ,evidence and ,plainness #ai ,of the ,three ,kyndes of ,style #ba ,scheme and ,figure #be ,faute #cb ,garnyshyng and ,his ,kyndes #ch ,figures of ,sentence #fb ,proves #gh ,,the ,,education ,,of ,,children by ,desiderius ,erasmus #ig ,a treatise of ,schemes ,tropes very profytable for the better vnderstanding of good authors1 gathered out of the best ,grammarians ,oratours by ,rychard ,sherry ,lon doner4 ,whervnto is added a declamacion1 ,that chyldren euen strayt fr their infancie should be well and gent- ly broughte vp in learnynge4 ,written fyrst in ,latin by the most excel- lent and famous ,clearke1 ,erasmus of ,rotero- dame4 ,to the ryght worshyp ful ,master ,thomas ,brooke ,esquire1 ,rychard ,shyrrey wysheth health euer- lastynge4 ,sidenote3 ,the tytle of thys worcke straunge4 ,i doubt not but that the title of this treatise all straunge vnto our ,englyshe eares1 wil cause some men at the fyrst syghte to maruayle what the matter of it should meane3 yea1 and peraduenture if they be rashe of iudgement1 to cal it some newe fangle1 and so casting it hastily from them1 wil not once vouchsafe to reade it3 and if they do1 yet perceiuynge nothing to be therin that pleaseth their phansy1 wyl count it but a tryfle1 a tale of ,robynhoode4 ,but of thys sorte as ,i doubte not to fynde manye1 so perhaps there wyll be other1 whiche moued with the noueltye thereof1 wyll thynke it worthye to be looked vpon1 and se what is contained therin4 ,sidenote3 ,sheme and ,trope4 ,these words1 ,scheme and ,trope1 are not vsed in our ,englishe tongue1 neither bene they ,englyshe wordes4 ,sidenote3 ,vse maketh straunge thinges familier4 ,no more be manye whiche nowe in oure tyme be made by continual vse1 very familier to most men1 and come so often in speakyng1 that aswel is knowen amongest vs the meanyng of them1 as if they had bene of oure owne natiue broode4 ,who hath not in hys mouthe nowe thys worde ,paraphrasis1 homelies1 vsurped1 abolyshed1 wyth manye other lyke8 ,and what maruail is it if these words haue not bene vsed heretofore1 seynge there was no suche thynge in oure ,englishe tgue where vnto they shuld be applyed8 ,good cause haue we therefore to gyue thankes vnto certayne godlye and well learned men1 whych by their greate studye enrychynge our tongue both wyth matter and wordes1 haue endeuoured to make it so copyous and plentyfull that therein it maye compare wyth anye other whiche so euer is the best4 ,sidenote3 ,oure language falsely accused of barbarousnes4 ,it is not vnknowen that oure language for the barbarousnes and lacke of eloquence hathe bene complayned of1 and yet not trewely1 for anye defaut in the toungue it selfe1 but rather for slackenes of our countrimen1 whiche haue alwayes set lyght by searchyng out the elegance and proper speaches that be ful many in it3 as plainly doth appere not only by the most excellent monumentes of our auncient forewriters1 ,sidenote3 ,gower4 ,chawcer4 ,lidgate4 ,gower1 ,chawcer and ,lydgate1 but also by the famous workes of many other later3 ,sidenote3 ,syr ,thomas ,elyot4 inespeciall of ye ryght worshipful knyght syr ,thomas ,eliot1 which first in hys dictionarye as it were generallye searchinge oute the copye of oure language in all kynde of wordes and phrases1 after that setting abrode goodlye monumentes of hys wytte1 lernynge and industrye1 aswell in historycall knowledge1 as of eyther the ,philosophies1 hathe herebi declared the plentyfulnes of our mother tounge1 loue toward hys country1 hys tyme not spent in vanitye and tryfles4 ,what shuld ,i speake of that ornamente ,syr ,thomas ,wyat8 which beside most excellente gyftes bothe of fortune and bodye1 so flouryshed in the eloquence of hys natiue tongue1 that as he passed therin those wyth whome he lyued1 so was he lykelye to haue bene equal wyth anye other before hym1 had not enuious death to hastely beriued vs of thys iewel3 teachyng al men verely1 no filicitie in thys worlde to be so suer and stable1 but that quicklye it may be ouerthrowen and broughte to the grounde4 ,manye other there be yet lyuynge whose excellente wrytynges do testifye wyth vs to be wordes apte and mete elogantly to declare oure myndes in al kindes of ,sciences3 and that1 what sentence soeuer we conceiue1 the same to haue ,englyshe oracion natural1 and holpen by art1 wherby it may most eloquently be vttered4 ,sidenote3 ,the occasion of thys treatise4 ,of the whych thynge as ,i fortuned to talke wyth you1 ,master ,brooke1 among other matters this present argument of ,schemes and ,tropes came in place1 and offered it selfe1 demed to be bothe profitable and pleasaunte if they were gathered together1 and handsomelye set in a playne ordre1 and wyth theire descriptions hansomely put into our ,englishe tongue4 ,and bicause longe ago1 ,i was well acquaynted with them1 when ,i red them to other in ye ,latin1 and that they holpe me verye muche in the exposicion of goode authores1 ,i was so muche the more ready to make them speak ,english1 partli to renew the pleasure of mine old studies1 and partelye to satysfy your request4 ,sidenote3 ,rodulphus ,agricola4 ,beside this1 ,i was moued also wyth the authorytye of that famous clarke ,rodulphus ,agricola1 whyche in a certeine epistle wryten vnto a frynde of hys1 exhorteth men what soeuer they reade in straunge tongues1 diligently to translate the same into their owne language3 because that in it we sonar perceiue if there be any faute in our speaking1 and howe euerye thynge eyther rightly hangeth together or is darkely1 ruggishly1 and superfluously wrytten4 ,no lerned nacion hath there bene but ye learned in it haue written of schemes fygures1 which thei wold not haue don1 except thei had perceyued the valewe4 ,wherefore after theyr example obtaynyng a lytle lesure1 ,i red ouer sundrye treatises1 as wel of those which wrot long ago1 as of other now in our daies3 fyndynge amonge them some to haue wrytten ouer brieflye1 some confuselye1 and falselye some4 ,sidenote3 ,mosellain4 ,mosellane hathe in hys tables shewed a fewe fygures of grammer1 and so hathe confounded them together1 that his second order called of ,loquucion pertayneth rather to the rhetoricians then to hys purpose4 ,sidenote3 ,quintilian4 ,quintilian briefly hathe wrytten bothe of the ,gramatical and rhetorical ,shemes1 but so that you may soone perceyue he did it by the waye1 as muche as serued hys purpose4 ,sidenote3 ,cicero4 ,cicero in hys boke of an oratour with hys incompetable eloquence hathe so hid the preceptes1 that scarselye they may be tryed oute by theyr names1 or by theyr exples4 ,sidenote3 ,erasmus4 ,erasmus in hys double copye of words and thynges1 hath made as ye tytle declareth but a comentarye of them bothe1 and as it wer a litle bil of remembraunce4 ,wherefore to make these thinges more playne to ye students that lyst to reade them in oure tongue1 ,i haue taken a lytle payne1 more thorowelye to try the definicions1 to apply the examples more aptly1 to make things defused more plaine1 as in dede it shal ryght wel apere to the dylygente4 ,i haue not translated them orderly out of anye one author1 but runninge as ,i sayde thorowe many1 and vsyng myne owne iudgement1 haue broughte them into this body as you se1 and set them in so playne an order1 that redelye maye be founde the figure1 and the vse wherevnto it serueth4 ,thoughe vnto greate wittes occupyed with weightye matters1 they do not greatelye pertayne1 yet to such as perchaunce shal not haue perfecte instructoures1 they may be commodious to helpe them selues for ye better vnderstandynge of such good authors as they reade4 ,for thys darre ,i saye1 no eloquente wryter maye be perceiued as he shulde be1 wythoute the knowledge of them3 for asmuche as al togethers they belonge to ,eloquucion1 whyche is the thyrde and pryncipall parte of rhetorique4 ,the common scholemasters be wont in readynge1 to saye vnto their scholers3 ,hic est figura3 and sometyme to axe them1 ,per quam figuram8 ,but what profit is herein if they go no further8 ,in speakynge and wrytynge nothyng is more folyshe than to affecte or fondly to laboure to speake darkelye for the nonce1 sithe the proper vse of speach is to vtter the meaning of our mynd with as playne wordes as maye be4 ,sidenote3 ,a figure not to be vsed but for a cause4 ,but syth it so chaunseth yt somtyme ether of necessitie1 or to set out the matter more plainly we be compelled to speake otherwyse then after common facion1 onles we wil be ignorante in the sence or meaninge of the mater that excellente authors do wryghte of1 we muste nedes runne to the helpe of schemes fygures3 which verely come no sildomer in the writing and speaking of eloquente english men1 then either of ,grecians or ,latins4 ,many thinges might ,i brynge in to proue not onely a great profyt to be in them but that they are to be learned euen of necessitie1 for as muche as not only prophane authors wythout them may not be wel vnderstand1 but that also they greatelye profit vs in the readinge of holye scripture1 where if you be ignoraunte in the fyguratiue speches and ,tropes1 you are lyke in manye greate doubtes to make but a slender solucion3 ,sidenote3 ,westimerus as ryght wyll do testefy ,castelio ,vestimerus and ,sidenote3 ,augustinus yt noble doctor saint ,augustine4 ,i confesse ,i haue not made the matter here so perfecte as my wyll and desyer is it shoulde haue ben1 and that ,i haue but brieflye touched1 and as it were with my litle fynger poynted to these thinges1 which require a lenger declaracion4 ,for what can be hasted1 and absolute to8 ,but if ,god spare me lyfe1 ,i truste hereafter to make it an introducci1 wherbi our youth not onlye shall saue that moste precious ,iewell1 ,time1 whyle they wander by them selues1 readynge at all aduentures sundry and varyous authors3 but that also thei shalbe able better to vnderstande and iudge of the goodlye gyftes and ornamentes in mooste famous and eloquente oratoures4 ,sidenote3 ,and apte similitude4 ,for as lyke plesure is not to him whiche gooeth into a goodlye garden garnyshed wyth dyuers kindes of herbes and flowers1 and that there doeth no more but beholde them1 of whome it maye be sayde that he wente in for nothynge but that he wold come out1 and to hym which besyde the corporall eie pleasure1 knoeth of eueri one the name propertye3 so verelye much difference is there in readynge good authors1 and in sundrye sortes of menne that do it3 and muche more pleasure1 and profit hathe he whiche vseth arte and iudgement1 then the other1 whiche wyth greate studye in dede turneth them ouer but for lacke of the knowledge of preceptes wanteth also the fruite and delectacyon that he more amplye myghte obtayne4 ,the lyuynge ,god from whome all good giftes do procede1 gyue vs grace so to order all oure words and speache1 that it may be to his honour and glory for euer and euer4 ,amen4 ,geuen at ,london the4 xiii4 day of ,decembre4 ,anno 4,m4,d4,l4 ,a briefe note of eloquci1 the third parte of ,rhetoricke1 wherunto all ,figures and ,tropes be referred4 ,sidenote3 ,eloquucion ,eloquucion1 which the ,greekes call ,phrase1 whereof also the name of eloquence dothe ryse1 as of al partes it is the goodlyest1 so also is it the most profitable and hardeste3 in the whyche is seene that diuine myghte and vertue of an oratoure1 whych as ,cicero in hys oratorie particions defineth1 is nothyng else but wisedom speakyng eloquently4 ,for vnto the maruelous greate inuencion of all thynges1 bothe it addeth a fulnes1 and varietie3 it setteth oute garnysheth wyth lyghtes of eloquent speche1 the thinges that be spoken of and also wyth very graue sentences1 choyse wordes1 proper1 aptly translated1 and wel soundyng1 it bryngeth that greate fludde of eloquence vnto a certein kynd of stile and indyghtyng4 ,and oute of thys greate streame of eloquucion1 not only must we chose apte1 and mete wordes1 but also take hede of placinge1 and settinge them in order4 ,for the myghte and power of eloquucion consisteth in wordes considered by them selues1 and when they be ioyned together4 ,apt wordes by searchyng muste be founde oute1 and after by diligence conueniently coupled4 ,for there is a garnyshynge1 euen when they be pure and fyne by them selues1 and an other1 when they be ioyned together4 ,to chose them oute finely1 and handsomlye to bestow them in their places1 after the mynde of ,cicero and ,quintilian1 is no easy thynge4 ,so ,marcus ,antonius was wonte to say1 that he had knowen many wel spoken men1 but none eloquente4 ,tullye and ,quintilian thoughte that inuencion and disposici were the partes of a wytty and prudent man1 but eloquence of an oratour4 ,for howe to finde out matter1 and set it in order1 may be comen to all men1 whyche eyther make abridgementes of the excellent workes of aunciente wryters1 and put histories in remembraunce1 or that speake of anye matter them selues3 but to vtter the mynde aptely1 distinctly1 and ornately1 is a gyft geuen to very fewe4 ,and because we haue deuided eloquucion into two partes1 that is1 wordes symple1 or considered by them selues1 and compound or ioyned together in speache1 accordyng to thys we saye1 that euerye eloquente oracion must haue in it thre poyntes3 euidence1 which belongeth to the fyrst parte of eloquucion1 composicion dignitie1 which belongeth to the other4 ,of ,euidence and plainenes4 ,of these thynges that we put in eloquucion1 lette thys be the fyrste care1 to speake euidentlye after the dignitye and nature of thynges1 and to vtter suche wordes1 whych as ,cicero sayth in hys oratour1 no man may iustely reprehende4 ,the playne and euident speche is learned of ,gramarians1 and it keepeth the oracion pure1 and without all faute1 and maketh that euerye thyng may seme to be spoken purelye apertlye1 and clerelye4 ,euerye speche standeth by vsuall wordes that be in vse of daylye talke1 and proper wordes that belonge to the thinge1 of the which we shal speke4 ,neyther be properties to be referred onely to the name of the thing1 but much more to the strength and power of the significacion3 must be considered not by hearyng1 but by vnderstandyng4 ,so translacion in the whych comonly is the greatest vse of eloquuci1 applieth wordes not the selfe proper thinges4 ,but yet an vnvsed worde or poetical1 hath also somtyme in the oracion hys dignitie1 and beyng put in place 7as ,cicero sayeth7 oftentymes the oracion may seme greater1 and of more antiquitie1 for that ,poetes do speake in a maner as it were in another tonge1 it is righte sone perceiued4 ,finally two fautes are cmitted in euerye language1 whereby it is not pure3 ,barbarisme1 and ,solecisme4 ,of the whych1 that on is committed1 when anye worde is fautely spoken or writen3 that other1 when in many wordes ioyned together1 the worde that foloweth is not wel applyed to that that goeth before4 ,of composicion and dygnitye1 we wyll speake here after1 when we come to the figures of rethoryque4 ,of the three kyndes of style or endyghtynge4 ,before we come to the precepts of garnishing an oraci1 we thinke good1 bryeflye1 to shewe you of the thre kyndes of stile or endyghting1 in the whych all the eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied4 ,for that there be thre sundry kyndes1 called of the ,grekes characters1 of vs figures1 ,i trowe there is no man1 though he be meanlye learned1 but he knoweth1 namely when we se so manye wryters of sciences1 bothe ,greke and latine1 whych haue ben before tyme1 to haue folowed for the mooste parte sundrye sortes of wrytyng1 the one vnlyke to the other4 ,and there hath bene marked inespecially thre kyndes of endightynge3 ,the greate1 the small1 the meane4 ,the greate kynde4 ,the greate1 the noble1 the mightye1 and the full kynde of endyghtynge1 wyth an incredible1 a certen diuine power of oracion1 is vsed in wayghty causes3 for it hathe wyth an ample maiestye verye garnyshed wordes1 proper1 translated1 graue sentences1 whych ar handled in amplificacion1 and commiseracion1 and it hathe exornations bothe of woordes and sentences1 wherunto in oracions they ascribe verye great strength and grauitie4 ,and they that vse thys kynde1 bee vehement1 various1 copious1 graue1 appoynted and readye thorowlye to moue and turne mens myndes4 ,thys kynd dyd ,cicero vse in the oracion for ,aulus ,cluencius1 for ,sylla1 for ,titus ,annius ,milo1 for ,caius ,rabirius3 agaynste ,catiline1 agaynste ,verres1 agaynste ,piso4 ,but they that can not skyll of it oftentimes fall into fautes1 when vnto them that seemeth a graue oracion1 whych swelleth1 and is puffed vp1 whych vseth straunge wordes hardelye translated1 or to olde1 and that be nowe longe sythens lefte of from vse of daylye talke1 or more graue then the thing requyreth4 ,the small kynde4 ,the small kynde of indighting1 is in a subtile1 pressed1 and fyled oracion1 meete for causes that be a lytel sharper then are in the comon vse of speakynge4 ,for it is a kynde of oracion that is lette downe euen to the mooste vsed custume of pure and clere speakyng4 ,it hathe fyne sentences1 subtile1 sharpe1 teachyng all thynges1 and makynge them more playne1 not more ample4 ,and in the same kynde 7as ,cicero sayeth in hys oratoure7 some bee craftye1 but vnpolyshed1 and of purpose lyke the rude and vnskylfull3 ,other in that leaues are trymme1 that is somwhat floryshynge also and garnyshed4 ,cicero vsed thys kynde in hys philosophicall disputacions1 in the oraci for ,quincius for ,roscius ye ,comedy plaier1 ,terence1 ,plautus in their ,comedies4 ,such as c not hdsomly vse them selues in that mery conceyted slendernes of wordes1 fall into a drye and feble kynde of oracion4 ,the meane kynde4 ,the mean and temperate kynd of indyghting standeth of the lower1 and yet not of the loweste1 and moste comen wordes and sentences4 ,and it is ryghtyly called the temperate kynde of speakyng1 because it is very nygh vnto the small1 and to the greate kynde1 folowyng a moderacion and temper betwyxt them4 ,and it foloweth as we saye in one tenour1 distinguyshyng all the oracion wyth small ornamentes both of wordes1 and sentences4 ,cicero vseth thys for the lawe of ,manilius1 for ,aulus ,cecinna1 for ,marcus ,marcellus1 and moste of all in hys bookes of offices4 ,in this it is fautye to come to the kynd that is nye vnto it1 whyche is called dissolute1 because it waueth hyther and thyther1 as it were wythout senowes and ioyntes1 standyng surely in no poynte4 ,and suche an oracion can not cause the hearer to take anye heede1 when it goeth so in and out1 and comprehendeth not any thyng wyth perfecte wordes4 ,of ,schemes and ,tropes4 ,sidenote3 ,scheme ,scheme is a ,greke worde1 and signifyeth properlye the maner of gesture that daunsers vse to make1 when they haue won the best game1 but by translacion is taken for the fourme1 fashion1 and shape of anye thynge expressed in wrytynge or payntinge3 and is taken here now of vs for the fashion of a word1 sayynge1 or sentence1 otherwyse wrytten or spoken then after the vulgar and comen vsage1 and that thre sundry waies3 by figure1 faute1 vertue4 ,figure4 ,fygure1 of ,scheme ye fyrst part1 is a behaueoure1 maner1 or fashion eyther of sentence1 oracion1 or wordes after some new wyse1 other then men do commenlye vse to wryte or speake3 and is of two sortes4 ,dianoias1 that is of sentence1 and ,lexeos of worde4 ,figure of ,dianoias1 or sentence1 because it properlye belongeth to oratoures1 we wyll speake of it hereafter in place conuenient1 now wyll we entrete of the figure ,lexeos1 or of worde1 as it perteyneth to the ,gramarians4 ,figure of worde4 ,figure ,lexeos1 or of worde1 is when in speakyng or wrytyng any thynge touchynge the wordes is made newe or straunge1 otherwyse then after ye comen custume3 is of 4ii4 kyndes2 diccion1 construccion4 ,figure of ,diccion4 ,figure of diccion is the transformacion of one word1 either written or pronounced3 hath these partes4 ,sidenote3 ,prosthesis4 ,appositio1 apposici1 the putting to1 eyther of letter or sillable at the begynnyng of a worde1 as3 ,he all to bewretched hym4 ,sidenote3 ,apheresis ,ablatio1 the takynge awaye of a letter or sillable from the begynnynge of a worde1 of a letter1 when we say3 ,the penthesis of thys house is to low1 for the epenthesis4 ,wher note this ye word penthesis is a greke worde1 yet is vsed as an englishe1 as many mo be1 and is called a pentis by these figures1 ,sincope and ,apheresis1 the whole word beynge as is before1 epenthesis1 so called because it is betwyxt ye lyght vs1 as in al occupiers shops cmenli it is4 ,sidenote3 ,epenthesis4 ,interpositio1 when a letter is added betwene the fyrste sillable of a word and the laste1 as3 ,relligi for religion1 relliques for reliques4 ,sidenote3 ,syncope4 ,consicio1 contrary to ,epenthesis1 is when somewhat is cutte of from the myddeste of the worde1 as3 ,idolatry for ,idololatry4 ,sidenote3 ,proparalepsis4 ,preassumpcio1 when a sillable is added to a word1 the significacion of the worde therby nothyng altered1 as3 ,he vseth to slacken his matters1 for to slacke his matters4 ,sidenote3 ,apocope4 ,absissio1 ye cuttyng away of a letter or sillable fr the end of a word1 as3 ,she is a wel fayr may1 for maid4 ,sidenote3 ,ectasis4 ,extensio1 the making lg of a sillable whych by nature is short1 as3 ,this was ordeined by acte1 for ordined4 ,sidenote3 ,systole4 ,contractio1 the makynge short of a sillable which bi nature is lg1 as ,he is a man of good perseueraunce3 wher some men cmit 4ii4 fautes at once1 one yt they take perseueraunce for knoweledge1 which signifieth alwais ctinuance1 an other yt they make this sillable 7ue7 short1 where it is euer longe3 and so do they erre in thys worde1 adherentes1 also1 makyng 7he7 short1 when it is alwayes longe1 as when they saye3 ,i defye hym1 and all his adherentes4 ,sidenote3 ,synolephe4 ,delecio1 puttynge oute1 when 4ii4 vowels comyng together1 the first is as it were put out3 as thone and thother1 for the one and the other4 ,sidenote3 ,antisthecon4 ,littera pro littera4 ,one letter for an other1 as akecorne for okecorne4 ,transposicio4 ,transposing of letters in wrytynge1 as chambre1 for chamber4 ,figure of construccion4 ,figure of construccion is when the order of construccion is otherwyse then after the comen maner4 ,and the kyndes be these4 ,sidenote3 ,prolepsis4 ,presumpcio1 a takynge before1 or generall speakynge of those thynges whych afterwardes be declared more perticulerlye3 as1 in the meane seas that kyng ,henry rode royally to ,calais on a sumpteous courser1 ,lewes in a gorgeous chariot was caried to ,boloygne4 ,sidenote3 ,zeugma4 ,iunctio1 ioynyng1 as ,linacer sayeth1 is when in lyke sentences a certen comen thyng that is put in the one1 and not chaunged in the other is not expressed1 but lefte out3 as in ,vyrgyll4 ,before ,i forget ,cesar1 eyther the ,parthian shall drynke of the flud ,araris1 or ,germany of ,tigris3 here is left out1 shall drynke4 ,or to define it more playnelye4 ,iniunctio1 is when the verbe in diuerse lyke sentences is referred to one3 and that thre maner of waies4 ,sidenote3 ,presozeugma4 ,fyrste when it is set before1 and is called preiunctio1 as3 ,there dyd ouercome in hym1 lechery1 his chastitie1 saucines his feare1 madnesse hys reason4 ,sidenote3 ,mesozeugma4 ,secondlye when it is set in the middes1 is called1 ,media iunctio1 as bewtye1 eyther by age decaieth1 or by syckenes4 ,sidenote3 ,hypozeugma4 ,thyrdly when it is put in the end and is called ,postiunctio1 as bewtie by syckenes1 by sorowe1 or by age decayeth4 ,sidenote3 ,diazeugma4 ,disiunctio1 disiunccion1 when of those thynges of whych we speake1 eyther both1 or eche one of them is concluded with their certen verbe1 thus3 ,the people of ,rome destroyed ,numance1 ouerthrew ,cartage1 cast downe ,corinth1 and raced ,fregels4 ,couetousnes hurteth the bodye1 and corrupteth the mynd4 ,sidenote3 ,silepsis4 ,concepcio1 when in vnlike clauses a certeyn cmon thynge that is put in one of them1 can not agre with the other1 excepte it be chaunged4 ,but thys is more playne in the latine because of the concordes1 albeit in englyshe for the verbe we may vse this example4 ,the ,nobles and the ,kynge was taken4 ,hys head and hys handes were cutte of3 ,in the whyche sentences the verbe agreeth wyth the nexte4 ,sidenote3 ,epergesis4 ,appositio1 when two substtiues are put together immediatly withoute any verbe betwyxt1 the one to declare the other1 as in ,vyrgyll4 ,corid loued faire ,alexis his masters darlynge4 ,sidenote3 ,hyperbaton ,transgressio1 when the ryghte order of wordes is troubled1 hath these kyndes4 ,sidenote3 ,anastrophe4 ,reuersio1 a preposterous order of the woordes contrarye to the good order of speakyng1 as3 ,he fell from of the wall1 for he fel of from the walle4 ,sidenote3 ,hysterologia4 ,prepostera loquutio1 when yt that is done afterwardes1 is set in speaking in the former place1 as3 plucke of my bootes and spurres4 ,sidenote3 ,tmesis ,dissectio1 a cutting1 when the ioynyng of a compound worde is losed by putting somewhat betwixt1 as3 ,hys saying was true1 as here shal appere after1 for hereafter4 ,he shal by punyshed what man so euer offendeth1 for whatsoeuer man4 ,sidenote3 ,parenthesis ,interpositio1 ,interposicion1 is a dissoluci of the order of the words by putting a sentence betwixt1 as3 ,the man 7,i speke it for no harme7 wyl somtime haue his owne wyll4 ,sidenote3 ,eclipsis4 ,defectus1 when somewhat lacketh in speakyng1 but cmenlye vsed to be vnderstand1 as3 ,good morowe1 good nyght4 ,sidenote3 ,antiptosis4 ,casus pro casu1 when one case is putte for another1 as me thynke it is so4 ,faute4 ,of ,scheme1 the second parte is in speach as it were a faute1 which though it be pardoned in ,poetes1 yet in prose it is not to be suffered4 ,the kyndes bee these3 obscure1 inordinate1 barbarous4 ,obscure and hys partes4 ,obscure is1 when ther is a darknes thorow faut1 eyther of the wordes1 or of the settynge of them1 and these ben the partes4 ,sidenote3 ,acyrologia4 ,improprietas1 when a worde nothynge at all in hys proper significacion is broughte into a sentence as a cloude3 as you shall haue syxe strypes you longe for4 ,sidenote3 ,pleonasmus4 ,superabundancia1 when ye sentence is laden with superfluous wordes1 as1 he spake it wyth his mouthe1 he sawe it wyth hys eyes4 ,sidenote3 ,perissologia4 ,sermo superfluus1 when a sentence is added1 ye matter therby made neuer the waightyer1 as ye ,embassadours obteining no peace1 returned backe home1 fr whence they came4 ,sidenote3 ,tautologia4 ,inutilis repeticio eiusdem1 is a vayne repeting agayn of one word or moe in all one sentence1 whyche faute by takyng lytle heede1 ,cicero also fell into1 as in the oracion for ,aulus ,cluencius4 ,therefore that iudgement was not lyke a iudgement ,o ,iudges4 ,sidenote3 ,homiologia4 ,sermo ubique sui similis1 a greater faute then the other1 is when the whole matter is all alyke1 and hath no varietie to auoyde tediousnes1 as3 ,he came thither to ye bath1 yet he saide afterwardes4 ,here one seruaunt bet me4 ,afterwardes he sayde vnto hym3 ,i wyll consider4 ,afterwardes he chyd wyth hym1 cryed more and more when manye were presente4 ,suche a folyshe tellyng of a tale shall you heare in many simple halfe folyshe persons4 ,sidenote3 ,amphibologia4 ,ambiguitas1 when thorow faute of ioynyng the wordes1 it is doutefull to whych the verbe belongeth1 as3 ,hys father loueth hym better then hys mother4 ,sidenote3 ,periergia4 ,sedulitas superflua1 when ther is in speakyng to much diligence and curiositye1 and the sentence ouerladen with superfluous wordes1 whiche faute is the same1 or verye lyke to that1 ,sidenote3 ,macrologia that is called ,macrologia1 whych is when the sentence vpon desyre to seme fyne and eloquent1 is longer then it shulde be4 ,inordinate and his partes4 ,inordinate is1 when eyther order or dignitie lacketh in the wordes3 and the kyndes ben these3 ,sidenote3 ,tapinosis4 ,humiliatio1 when the dygnitye of the thyng is diminyshed by basenes of the worde3 as if we shuld say to a greate prynce or a kynge3 ,if it please your mastershyp4 ,sidenote3 ,aschrologia4 ,turpis loquutio1 when the words be spoken1 or ioyned together1 that they may be wronge into a fylthye sence4 ,of thys it nedeth not to put any example1 when lewde wanton persons wyl soone fynde inowe4 ,sidenote3 ,cacozelia4 ,mala affectatio1 euyll affectaci or leude folowyng1 when the wytte lacketh iudgement1 and fondlye folowyng a good maner of speaking1 runne into a faute1 as when affectyng copy1 we fall into a vaine bablynge1 or laboryng to be brief1 wax bare drye4 ,also if we shuld saye3 a phrase of building1 or an audience of shepe1 as a certen homely felow dyd4 ,sidenote3 ,aschematist ,male figuratum1 when the oracion is all playne and symple1 lacketh his figures1 wherby as it wer wyth starres it might shyne3 which faute is counted of wryters1 not amonge the leaste4 ,sidenote3 ,cacosintheton4 ,male collocatum1 when wordes be naughtelye ioyned together1 or set in a place wher thei shuld not be4 ,sidenote3 ,soraismus4 ,cumulatio1 a mynglyng and heapyng together of wordes of diuerse languages into one speche3 as of ,frenche1 welche1 spanyshe1 into englyshe3 and an vsynge of wordes be they pure or barbarous4 ,and although great authors somtyme in long workes vse some of these fautes1 yet must not their examples be folowed1 nor brought into a cmon vsage of speakyng4 ,barbarie and hys partes4 ,barbarie is a faute1 whych turneth the speche fr his purenes1 and maketh it foule and rude1 and the partes be these4 ,sidenote3 ,barbarismus4 ,barbarismus is1 when a worde is either naughtely wrytten or pronounced ctrary to the ryght law maner of speakynge4 ,and it is done by addicion1 detracci1 chaunging1 transposynge1 eyther of a letter1 a syllable1 tyme1 accent or aspiraci4 ,hereof we haue shewed exampels partly wher they be called figures1 and partly1 doute ye not1 but both the speakynge and wrytyng of barbarouse men wyll gyue you inow4 ,hytherto be referred the fautes of euil pronouncing certein letters1 of to much gapyng1 or contrarye of speakyng in the mouth4 ,sidenote3 ,solecismus4 ,inconueniens structura1 is an vnmete and vnconuenient ioynynge together the partes of spech in construccion1 whych is marked by all thynges that belong to the partes of speche3 as when one parte is put for another1 when gender for gender1 case for case1 tyme for tyme1 mode for mode1 number for number1 aduerbe for aduerbe1 preposicion for preposici1 whych because it is vsed of famous authores1 instede of fautes1 be called figures4 ,vertue4 ,vertue1 or as we saye1 a grace dygnitye in speakynge1 the thyrde kynde of ,scheme1 is when the sentence is bewtyfied and lyfte vp aboue the comen maner of speaking of the people4 ,of it be two kyndes3 ,proprietie and garnyshyng4 ,proprietie and his partes4 ,proprietie is when in wryting and pronunciacion ther be no fautes committed1 but thynges done as they shulde be4 ,the partes bee proposicion1 and accenting4 ,sidenote3 ,analogia4 ,proportio1 proporcion is1 whereby the maner of true wrytynge is conserued4 ,by thys the barbarous tonge is seperated from the verye true and naturall speche1 as be the fyne metals from the grosser4 ,to speke is no faute1 but an obseruacion or markyng1 not leanyng vp cause1 but vpon example4 ,for in eloquence1 the iudgement of excellent men standeth for reason1 as saythe ,quintilian in hys fyrst boke4 ,sidenote3 ,tasis4 ,extensio1 is that wherby a swete and pleasaunt modulacion or tunablenes of wordes is kepte1 because some are spoken wyth a sharpe tenure or accent1 some wyth a flatte1 some strayned out4 ,this grace specially perteineth to a turnyng of ye voyce in pleasaunte pronunciation4 ,garnyshyng and his kyndes4 ,garnishyng as the word it selfe declareth1 is when the oraci is gaylye set oute and floryshed wt diuerse goodly figures1 causyng much pleasauntnes and delectaci to the hearer3 and hath two kyndes1 composicion1 and exornacion4 ,sidenote3 ,sinthesis4 ,composicion is an apte settinge together of wordes1 whych causeth all the partes of an oracion to bee trymmed al alyke4 ,and in it muste be considered that we so order our wordes1 that the sentence decrease not by puttynge a weaker word after a stronger1 but that it styl go vpwarde and increase4 ,there is also a naturall order1 as to saye3 men women1 daye and nyght1 easte1 and weste1 rather then backewardes4 ,in thys muste be auoyded also to often comyng together of vowels1 which make the oracion wyde and gapyng4 ,to muche repetyng of all one letter in the beginning of wordes1 to much repeting of one word1 and that they ende not to much all alyke1 that the sentence be not held on to longe1 which werieth the hearer1 and the speaker3 nor that manye consontes run not to harshely together1 wyth many other1 which ,cicero speaketh of in hys thyrde booke of hys oratour1 and ,quintilian in hys nynth1 wherof here to put examples were to longe4 ,exornacion is a fyne polyshinge of wordes and sentences by disseueryng them wt diuerse goodly colours and tropes or chaungings of speach4 ,tropes4 ,emonge authors manye tymes vnder the name of figures1 ,tropes also be comprehended3 ,neuerthelesse ther is a notable difference betwixt them4 ,in figure is no alteracion in the wordes fr their proper significacions1 but only is the oracion sentence made by them more plesaunt1 sharpe vehement1 after ye affecci of him that speketh or writeth3 to ye which vse although tropes also do serue1 yet properlye be they so called1 because in them for necessitye or garnyshynge1 there is a mouynge and chaungynge of a worde and sentence1 from theyr owne significaci into another1 whych may agre wyth it by a similitude4 ,the former partes ben these4 ,sidenote3 ,metaphora4 ,translatio1 translacion1 that is a worde translated from the thynge that it properlye signifieth1 vnto another whych may agre with it by a similitude4 ,and amonge all vertues of speche1 this is the chyefe4 ,none perswadeth more effecteouslye1 none sheweth the thyng before oure eyes more euidently1 none moueth more mightily the affeccions1 none maketh the oraci more goodlye1 pleasaunt1 nor copious4 ,translacions be diuerse4 ,sidenote3 i4 ,some fr the body to the mynd1 as3 ,i haue but lately tasted the ,hebrue tonge1 for newely begunne it4 ,also ,i smell where aboute you go1 for ,i perceyue4 ,sidenote3 ii4 ,from the reasonable to the vnresonable1 as ,vyrgyll in hys ,georgexe applyed the counselles and fashion of warres belongynge to men2 to bees4 ,sidenote3 iii4 ,from the vnreasonable to the resonable4 ,what whinest thou1 what chatterest thou8 ,that one taken of a wolfe1 that other of a pye4 ,sidenote3 iiii4 ,from the liuinge to the not liuyng4 ,the mouthe of the well1 the fatnes of the earth4 ,the lande wyl spewe them oute4 ,sidenote3 v4 ,from the not lyuynge to the liuyng4 ,cicero florisheth in eloquence4 ,sidenote3 vi4 ,from the liuyng1 to the liuynge4 ,the iews winched against ,moses4 ,sidenote3 vii4 ,from the not liuinge to the not liuynge4 ,the wordes flewe oute of hys mouth4 ,he is good for a greue wounde4 ,sidenote3 ,catachresis4 ,abusio1 when for a certeyne and proper worde1 we abuse a lyke1 or that is nie vnto it1 as when we say3 longe counsel1 lytle talke1 smal matter4 ,here maye we soone perceyue that by abusion wee take wordes that be somwhat nye1 whych property do belong to vnlyke thinges4 ,sidenote3 ,metalepsis4 ,transsumptio1 ,transsumpcion1 is when by degrees we go to yt that is shewed as3 he hyd hym selfe in the blacke dennes4 ,by blacke is vnderstand ful of darkenes consequently stepe downe and verye depe4 ,sidenote3 ,metonomia4 ,metonomya1 ,transnominacion1 when a worde that hathe a proper significacion of hys owne1 beynge referred to another thing1 hath another3 this is done diuerse waies4 ,sidenote3 i4 ,when the chiefe master or doar of a thyng is put for ye thing it self1 as3 ,put vpon you the ,lorde ,iesus ,christ4 ,also3 you play ,iudas wt me4 ,sidenote3 ii4 ,when the place1 or that that cteineth1 is put for the thyng that is in it1 as3 ,all the round earthe prayseth ,god4 ,oxforth 7some say7 hath not forsaken all popery1 for the studentes therin4 ,sidenote3 iii4 ,when that that is conteyned is put for that that doth conteine1 as3 ,the fryer ,austens is goodly buylded1 for ye house wher ye fryers wer4 ,sidenote3 iiii4 ,when the doer is put for that yt is done1 as3 ,god brought the ,israelites out of ,egypte wyth a stretched out arme1 and stronge hande4 ,also3 ,is gods hand drawen in8 for power and strength4 ,sidenote3 v4 ,when yt is done is put for ye doer4 ,sidenote3 ,synecdoche4 ,intellectio1 ,intelleccion when one thyng is vnderstand by another yt is of the same maner and kynd1 and this is done many wayes4 ,sidenote3 i4 ,when of the whole is vnderstd a parte1 as3 ,abraham set a calfe before them1 for calues fleshe4 ,sidenote3 ii4 ,by a parte the whole1 as3 ,he receyued the straungers vnder the succour of hys house rofe1 for into hys house4 ,sidenote3 iii4 ,by one many1 as3 ,the ,frenchem in ye batail had the ouerthrow4 ,sidenote3 iiii4 ,by a kynd ye general1 as3 ,if thou se thyne enemies ,asse fal vnder his burden1 for cattell4 ,sidenote3 v4 ,by the general the kynd3 ,eue the mother of al liuing things1 for of al men3 ,preach to al creaturs1 to al men ,sidenote3 vi4 ,by that goeth before1 the thynge that foloweth1 as3 ,he set hys spurres to hys horse1 for he rode a pace1 or fled faste awaye4 ,sidenote3 vii4 ,by that yt foloweth1 the thinge wente before1 as3 ,i got it wyth the swete of my face1 for wt my labour4 ,sidenote3 viii4 ,by the matter1 ye thynge that is made of it1 as3 ,fleshe and bloude shewed the not it4 ,sidenote3 ix4 ,by the signe1 ye thyng yt is signified as3 ,lo1 naw the toppe of the chymneyes in the villages smoke a farre of3 wherby ,vyrgyl signifieth night to be at hande4 ,sidenote3 ,pronominacio4 ,antonomasia is1 whych for ye proper name putteth some other word3 ,as3 the ,archebyshop confuted the errour1 for ,cranmer4 ,the ,philosopher lyed that the worlde was eternall1 for ,aristotle4 ,the ,apostle sayeth wee be iustified by faythe1 for ,paule4 ,sidenote3 ,periphrasis4 ,circuicio1 is a larger descripcion eyther to garnyshe it1 or if it bee foule to hyde it1 or if it be bryefe to make it more playn3 by etimology1 by sygnes1 by definicion4 ,example of the fyrste3 ,the prouidence of ,scipio ouerthrew ye might of ,carthage4 ,here saue onlye for garnyshyng sake he myghte haue sayde playnlye3 ,scipio ouerthrew ,carthage4 ,of the nexte3 ,when ,saule was doyng his busines1 ,dauid might haue killed hym4 ,doyng hys busines1 ye wot what it meaneth4 ,of ye thyrd1 you haue the larger exposicions vpon the ,gospels called by the name of thys figure4 ,by ,etymologie or shewyng the reas of the name4 ,well maye he be called a parasite1 for a parasite is yt loueth other because of his meat4 ,by sygnes1 as when by certeine notes1 we describe anye thynge1 as if a man vnderstdyng anger wyll saye that it is the boylynge of the mynde1 or color whych bryngeth in palenes into the countenaunce1 fiersenes of the eies1 and tremblyng in the members4 ,by destincion4 ,the arte of well indyghting1 for ,rethorique4 ,the second parte of ,trope4 ,allegoria1 the seconde parte of ,trope is an inuersion of wordes1 where it is one in wordes1 and another in sentence or meanynge4 ,sidenote3 ,aenigma4 ,sermo obscurus1 a riddle or darke allegorie1 as3 ,the halfe is more then the hole4 ,sidenote3 ,paremia4 ,adagium1 a sayinge muche vsed and notable for some noueltye1 as3 ,the wolfe is in our tale4 ,sidenote3 ,ironia4 ,dissimulatio1 is a mockyng whiche is not perceiued by the wordes but eyther by the pronunciacion1 or by the behaueour of the person or by the nature of the thyng1 as ,you are an honest man in deede4 ,sidenote3 ,sarcasmus4 ,amara irrisio1 is a bitter sporting mocke of our enemye1 of a maner of iestyng or scoffinge bytynglye1 a nyppyng tawnte1 as3 ,the ,iewes saide to ,christ1 he saued other1 but he could not saue hym selfe4 ,sidenote3 ,astysmus4 ,festiua urbanitas1 is a certen mery conceyted speakyng1 as on a tyme a mery felow metynge wt one that had a very whyte head1 axed him if he had lyen in the snowe al nyght4 ,sidenote3 ,mycterismus4 ,subsannatio1 a skornyng by some iesture of the face1 as by wrythinge the nose1 putting out the tonge1 pottyng1 or suche lyke4 ,sidenote3 ,antiphrasis4 ,dictio ctrarium significans1 when the mock is in a worde by a contrarye sence1 as when we call a fustilugges1 a minion4 ,sidenote3 ,charientismus4 ,graciosa nugatio1 when wordes roughly spoken be molified by pleasaunt wordes3 as when we saye to hym that threatneth vs3 ,i praye you be good master to me4 ,the fyrst order of the figures ,rethoricall4 ,sidenote3 ,epanaphora ,repeticio1 repeticion1 when in lyke and diuerse thynges1 we take our begynnyng ctinually at one the selfe same word1 thus3 ,to you this thyng is to be ascribed1 to you thanke is to be geuen1 to you thys thynge shal be honour4 ,in this exornacion is much plesantnes1 grauitie1 and sharpnes1 it is much vsed of al oratours1 notably setteth oute1 and garnysheth the oracion4 ,sidenote3 ,antistrophe4 ,conuersio1 conuersion is whych taketh not hys begynnynges at al one and the same worde1 but wt all one worde styll closeth vp the sentence1 it is contrary to that other before1 as3 ,sence the time ye ccord was taken awaye from the citie1 lyberty was taken awai3 fidelity was taken away3 frenship was taken away4 ,sidenote3 ,symploce4 ,cplexio1 complexion cpriseth both two exornacions1 both this1 that whych we declared before1 yt both all one fyrste worde shulde be often repeted1 we shuld turne often to all one laste word1 as3 ,who toke ,sedechias prisoner1 put out both hys eyes8 ,nabuchodonozer4 ,who put ,daniell and hys felowes into the burnyng furnace8 ,nabuchodonozer4 ,who was transformed fr a man into a beast1 eate haye wyth oxen8 ,nabuchodonozer4 ,sidenote3 ,anadiplosis4 ,reduplicatio1 is a continent rehearsyng agayne of all one worde1 or wordes1 for the more vehemence1 and some affect of the mynde4 ,cicero agaynst ,catiline4 ,yet he liueth1 liueth3 yea commeth also into the counsel house4 ,it is thou1 it is thou that troublest all the houshold4 ,also1 dareste thou nowe come into our syght1 ye traitour of thy ctrei8 ,thou traitour ,i say of thy contrei1 darest thou come into oure syght8 ,sidenote3 ,epanodus4 ,traduccio1 ,traduccion is1 whyche maketh that when all one word is oftentymes vsed1 that yet it doth not onlye not displease the mynde1 but also make ye oracion more trim in this wyse3 ,suffer ryches to belonge to riche men1 but prefer thou vertue before ryches4 ,for if yu wylt compare ryches wyth vertue1 thou shalte scarse thynke them meete to be called ryches1 whych ar but hdmaydens to vertue4 ,also1 we are vnto ,god the swete sauour of ,christ4 ,to the one part are we the sauour of death vnto deathe1 and vnto the other part are we the sauour of lyfe vnto lyfe 4ii4,cor4ii4 ,sidenote3 ,sinonimia ,nominis cmunio1 cmunion of the word1 when we renewe not the selfe same worde by rehearsyng agayn1 but chaunge that that is put wyth an other word of the same valewe1 thus3 ,thou hast ouerthrowen the comon wealth euen from the foundacion1 and cast downe the citye1 euen from the roote4 ,the iuste man shall floryshe as the palme tre1 and shall be multiplyed as the ,ceder tre4 ,cicero for 4,q4 ,ligarius4 ,whose syde wolde that poynte of thy swerd haue pricked8 what meaned thy weapons8 what was thy mynde8 what meante thyne eyes8 handes1 that burning of thy mynd8 what desiredst yu8 what wyshedste thou8 ,lytle differeth thys figure from the other before1 only because the wordes be chaunged1 the sentence remayning4 ,sidenote3 ,sinathrismus4 ,frequentacio1 frequentacion is1 when the thynges that be dispersed thorowout all the cause1 are gathered together into one place that ye oracion shulde be the wayghtier1 rebukefuller1 thus3 ,what faute is he without8 why shuld you ,o ,iudges be mynded to deliuer hym8 ,he is an harlot of hys owne bodye1 he lyeth in wayte for others1 gredy1 intemperate1 wanton1 proud1 vnnatural to his parentes1 vnkynd to hys frindes1 troubleous to hys kynsefolke1 stubborn to hys betters1 dysdaynful to his equals1 cruel to hys inferiours1 finally1 intollerable to all men4 ,sidenote3 ,epiphonesis4 ,exclamacio1 exclamaci is1 whiche sheweth the signification of sorowe1 or of anger1 by callyng vpon eyther a man1 a place1 or a thynge8 ,cicero in hys oratour3 ,o deceitful hope of men1 and frayle fortune3 our vayne contencions1 whych often tymes are broken in the myd way1 rushe downe1 and in the fal ar quite ouerthrowen before they can se the hauen4 ,hereunto belgeth expectaci1 obtestaci1 wishyng1 rebuking4 ,sidenote3 ,areia4 ,execracio1 execracion3 ,o fye vpon ,idolatry1 that taketh away the honoure due vnto ,god alone1 and geueth it to synfull creatures1 and ,images made by mans hand4 ,sidenote3 ,deesis4 ,obtestacio1 obtestacion1 when for ,god1 or for mannes sake we vehemently desyre to haue any thynge4 ,as ,cicero for ,publius ,sestius3 ,o ,i praye you1 for the ,gods sakes most herteli besech you1 yt as it was your wylles to saue me1 so you wyl vouchsaf to saue them thorew whose helpe you receiued me agayne4 ,sidenote3 ,euche4 ,votum1 wyshynge3 ,o wolde ,god that the adulterer had bene drowned in the ragyng sea1 whan wyth hys nauye of shyppes he sayled to ,lacedemonia4 ,sidenote3 ,epiplexis ,increpacio1 ,cicero agaynst ,catiline3 ,thynkest thou that thy counselles are not knowen8 and that we knowe not what thou dyddest the laste nyghte8 and what the nyghte before8 ,sidenote3 ,erotesis4 ,interrogacio1 ,euerye interrogaci is not of grauity1 neither yet a ,scheme1 but thys whyche when those thinges be rehearsed vp whiche hurte oure aduersaryes cause1 strengthneth that thynge that is gone before1 thus seynge then that he spake all these wordes1 and dyd all these thynges1 whether dyd he put away our felowes myndes fr the cmon wealthe or not8 ,sidenote3 ,erotema4 ,raciocinatio1 raciocinacion is1 by the whych we our selues axe a reason of oure selfe1 wherefore euerye thynge shulde be spoken1 that oftentymes we demaund of our selues a declaracion of euery proposicion after thys maner3 ,thys was well ordeined of oure elders to depryue no kynge of hys lyfe whome they had taken in batayl4 ,why so8 for the power whyche fortune had geuen vs1 it to consume in the punyshement of them whom the same fortune a lytle before had set in hyeste degree1 were agaynste reason4 ,yea but he brought a greate army agaynst you8 ,i wyl not remember it4 ,why so8 ,for it is the poynte of a valiaunte man1 suche as contend for the vyctorye1 them to count enemyes3 suche as be ouercome1 those to count men3 so that fortitude maye diminishe war1 humanitie increase peace4 ,but he if he had ouercome1 wolde he haue done so8 ,verelye he wolde not haue bene so wyse4 ,why shulde ye spare hym then8 because such foly ,i am wont to despise1 not to folowe4 ,sidenote3 ,prosapodosis4 ,subiectio1 when we axe of oure selfe what can be saide agaynst vs1 and answere to our selues thus3 ,shall we tary in synne8 ,god forbyd4 ,or compell our aduersarye to answer thus3 ,o ,iewes1 what can you say for denyall of ,christe4 ,wyl you saye that you haue not youre ,messias8 but your prophets say the contrarye4 ,your ,types are confounded4 ,whom wyl you be iudged by8 by ,hystories8 ,oures declare that you be out of the way1 shall come agayne to ,christ4 ,sidenote3 ,antiphora4 ,tacite obiectioni responsio4 when we make answere to a thynge that myght priuely be obiected agaynst vs1 as in the fyrst epystle of ,ouide1 ,penelope wylling her husband ,vlysses to come home hymselfe1 and wryte nothyng vnto her4 ,wher he myght haue layed for hys tarying the warres1 she priuely toke away yt excuse1 saying3 ,troy is destroied4 ,sidenote3 ,aporia4 ,dubitatio1 ,dubitacion2 when wee doute of two thynges1 or of many1 which we shuld inespecially speke of4 ,much hurted the cmonwealth at that tyme1 whether ,i shuld saye the folyshenesse of the consolles1 or the malyce1 or bothe1 ,i can not tell4 ,sidenote3 ,apophasis4 ,expeditio1 expedicion1 when many reasons rehearsed vp1 wherby a thynge myghte be done or not1 the other are taken away1 and one left that we entende1 thus3 ,it muste needes bee that thys controuersie touching the sacrament must stand eyther vpon the much pressyng and rigour of the wordes2 or vpon the meanynge and vnderstandynge of them4 ,the wordes as they stande1 brynge wyth them greate inconuenience1 to wytte1 to expositoures1 and the other textes4 ,the meaning doth not so but auoydeth al these incueniences1 satisfieth reason1 expositours1 texts of the scripture1 wherfore wyt1 expositour1 scripture thinketh it better to take the sentence1 then the worde4 ,sidenote3 ,epilogus4 ,conclusio1 conclusi is1 which by a brief argumentacion of these thinges that be spoken before or done1 inferreth that thynge that necessarilye shulde folowe1 thus3 ,and if a reuelacion wer geuen to the ,troianes1 yt ,troy myght not be taken without ye arowes of ,philectetes1 and thei did nothing else but strike ,alexander to kyl him that in dede was ,troy to be taken4 ,sidenote3 ,epitrope4 ,permissio1 permission1 when we shew yt we geue graunt any thyng altogether to a mans wyll1 thus3 ,because al thynges taken away1 only is left vnto me my body mynd1 these thynges1 whych only ar lefte vnto me of many1 ,i graunte them to you and to your power4 ,sidenote3 ,anacinosis4 ,cmunicacio1 cmunicacion is1 when we leaue sumwhat to ye ,iudges to be estemed1 thus3 ,i leaue vnto you o iudges to be thought what hurt ye cm welth shal take hereof ,diuisio1 ,sidenote3 ,dialisis4 diuision is which diuiding one thyng fr another1 endeth them both by shewing a reas1 thus3 why shuld ,i lay ani thing to thi charge8 if yu bee good1 yu haste not deserued it1 if thou be naught1 thou carest not for it4 ,also1 what shuld ,i speake of myne owne good turnes towarde the4 ,if thou do remember them1 ,i shuld but trouble you3 ,if you haue forgotten them1 when by deede ,i haue profited nothyng1 what good can ,i do in wordes8 ,sidenote3 ,antitheton4 ,contentio1 contencion1 when the reason stdeth by contrary wordes or contraries be rehearsed by cparison1 thus3 ,flattery hath pleasaunt begynnynges1 but the same hathe verye bytter endynges4 ,cicero agaynst ,catiline3 when they coulde not lyue honestlye1 they had rather dye shamefully4 ,they that be after the fleshe1 care for these thynges yt be of the fleshe4 ,they that be after the spirite1 care for the thynges of the spirite4 ,sidenote3 ,antithesis4 ,contrarium1 contrary is1 that of two diuerse thynges confirmeth ye one bryefely and easelye1 thus3 ,for he that alwayes wyll be an enemy to hys owne rekenyngs1 how shuld a man trust that he wold be a frind to other mens matters8 ,he that in familiare cmunicacion and company of hys friendes wyl neuer say truth1 thinkest then yt he wil absteine from a lye in a cmon audience4 ,sidenote3 ,colon4 ,membrum oracionis1 a member of the reas is so called when a thinge is shewed perfitely in fewe wordes the whole sentence not shewed1 but receyued agayne wt an other parte1 thus3 ,thou dyddest bothe profite thyne enemie1 and hurte thy frynd4 ,thys exornacion may be made of two partes only1 but the perfiteste is made of thre1 thus3 ,thou diddest profite thine enemy1 hurt thi frind1 and dydst no good to thy selfe4 ,sidenote3 ,dialyton4 ,articulus1 article is1 when eche word is set asunder by cutting the oracion thus4 ,by sharpnes1 voyce1 countenaunce1 thou madeste thyne enemyes afrayd4 ,thou destroyedst thyne enemyes wyth enuye1 wronges1 power1 falsehead4 ,sidenote3 ,isocolon4 ,compar1 euen or equall1 is when the oracion hath in it the partes of the whyche we spake before1 that they be made of euen number of sillables3 but thys equalitie must not stand by numbrynge of them1 but by perceyuyng of it in ye mynd4 ,christe afore the ,iudge was led1 on hys head a croune of thorne was putte1 in token that in dede1 the kynge of ,iews he was borne4 ,here be some mo wordes in on member then in an other1 yet sound they to the eare of lyke lengthe4 ,sidenote3 ,homioptot ,similiter cadens1 fallyng al alike is1 when in the same construccion of wordes ther be two wordes or mo which be spoken alyke in the selfe same cases1 thus3 ,thou praysest a man nedye of vertue1 plenteful of money4 ,cicero for ,flaccus3 ,there is in them no varietie of opinion1 none of wyll1 none of talke4 ,sidenote3 ,homoteleto4 ,similiter desinens1 endynge al alyke1 when words or sentences haue alyke endyng1 as3 ,thou dareste do fylthely1 and studiest to speke baudely4 ,content thy selfe wt thy state1 in thy herte do no man hate1 be not the cause of stryfe and bate4 ,sidenote3 ,climax4 ,gradacio1 is1 when we rehearse again the word yt goth next before1 descend to other thinges by degrees thus3 ,to ,affrican industry gat vertue1 vertue glory1 glory hatered4 ,sidenote3 ,orismus4 ,definicio1 definici1 wher by ye proper effect of any thynge is declared briefely absolutely in this wyse3 ,this is not diligence but couetousnes1 because yt diligence is a nedy sauing of thine own3 couetousnes is a wrongful desyre of other mens4 ,sidenote3 ,metabasis4 ,transicio1 transici is1 wherby briefly we monyshe what hath ben spoken1 what may folowe1 as3 ,what he hath ben to hys contrey ,i haue told1 now ye shal hear how he hath shewed him self to hys parentes4 ,also ,cicero for the law of ,manilius3 ,because we haue spoken of ye kind of the warre1 now wyll we shewe a fewe thynges of the greatnes of it4 ,sidenote3 ,paralepsis4 ,occupatia1 occupacion is1 when we make as though we do not knowe1 or wyl not know of ye thyng yt wee speke of most of al1 in this wyse3 ,i wyl not say that yu tokest money of our felowes1 ,i wyl not stand much in thys that yu robbedst kingdoms1 cityes1 and al mens houses3 ,i passe ouer thy theftes1 al thy rauyns4 ,sidenote3 ,asindeton4 ,dissolutio1 when the oracion lacketh coniunccions1 thus3 ,obey thy parentes1 be ruled by thi kinsfolke1 folow thy fryndes1 obey the lawes4 ,sidenote3 ,apostrophe4 ,auersio1 auersion1 when we turne our speche from them to whom we dyd speake to another personne1 eyther present or absent1 or to a thing to the whych we fayne a person1 as a precher1 speaking of priestes1 that feede not the flocke1 may fytly turn hys speche vnto ,peter1 sayinge3 ,o ,peter1 ,i wold thou liuedst1 sawest what thy brethren do1 howe far they be gone fr that thou prescribedst them to do4 ,againe3 ,o world1 howe pleasant be the thynges that thou dost promyse1 how bytter ben they that thou geuest4 ,sidenote3 ,anangeon4 ,necessum1 necessitie1 when we cfesse the thynge to be done1 but excuse it by necessitye1 eyther of ye person or tyme1 thus3 ,i confesse that thys ,i dyd4 ,but the woman that thou gauest me1 dyd deceyue me4 ,also1 somtyme ,i was in that opinion1 but the tyme so required4 ,sidenote3 ,anaclasis4 ,refractio1 that is the turninge backe agayne of a worde into a ctrary significacion1 thus3 ,i knowe kynge ,ezechias that all thys lyfe is but bitternes1 but ,i praye thee1 gyue me suche bytternes4 ,sidenote3 ,bomphiologia4 ,verborum bombus1 when small triflyng thynges are set out wyth great gasyng wordes4 ,example of this haue you in ,terrence of the boasting souldiar1 creping smel feast4 ,sidenote3 ,miosis4 ,diminutio1 when greate matters are made lyghte of by wordes1 as when he was wel beaten bi a knaue1 that knaue wyll saye he dyd but a lytle stryke hym4 ,sidenote3 ,liptote4 ,extenuatio1 the makyng lesse of a thynge to auoyde arrogance1 thus3 ,if ,i haue any wit ,o ,iudges1 if any exercyse of endyghtyng1 al may ,i thanke ,archias the ,poete of4 ,cicero for ,archias4 ,sidenote3 ,diasirmus4 ,eleuacio1 when we make lyghte of1 and dyspyse great argumentes brought agaynst vs1 whych to aunswer vnto it is labour1 and we saye they perteyne not to the purpose1 or that they are vnworthy to be answered vnto1 or that we kepe them tyll another tyme3 ,of thys ther nedeth none example4 ,as oute of lytle springs ariseth greate fluddes3 so now these preceptes of grammer finyshed1 and the fyrste order of the ,rethorical figures3 ,we nowe come vnto that greate declaracion of eloquence1 called of ,quintilian ,cicero1 the ornametens of sentence4 ,figures of sentence4 ,sidenote3 ,particio4 ,particion called also diuision distribucion rethoricall1 is when a thing that mai be generally spoken1 is more largely declared1 and diuided into partes4 ,example3 ,he is perfitely seene in all the sciences4 ,this sentence spoken as it were in a summe1 may be enlarged1 if seuerally you reherse vp al the kindes of learning4 ,there is no kynd of doctrine at al but he is exquisitely sene in it4 ,there is no science1 but he hathe learned it thorowly1 and so learned it1 that you wolde thynke he had labored onely in it4 ,so maruelouslye he knoweth all the fables of al the ,poetes1 he so aboundeth in the floures of the ,rethoricians3 ,he hath so boulted oute the paynefull rules of the gramarians4 ,so perfitely knoweth he the subtilnesse of the ,logicians1 and hath so soughte oute the priuities of natural thynges1 and ouercome the harde poyntes of supernaturall wisedome3 he hathe passed thorowe the secretes of the diuines1 and hath thorowlie perceyued the mathematical demstracions4 ,he so knoweth the mocions of the starres1 the reasons of numbers1 the measurynges of the earth1 the situacions1 names spaces of cities1 mountaynes1 fluddes1 and fountaynes1 he so knoweth the difference and harmonies of tunes3 ,he so remembreth all hystoryes olde and late3 ,so knoweth all good authors1 all antiquities nouelties1 and also is perfitelye well seene as wel in ,greke as latyne4 ,finallye whatsoeuer learnynge hathe bene found and taught of good authors1 al that thorowlye hath he perceyued1 knowen and remembred4 ,here these wordes1 he is perfitelye seene in all the sciences1 bee declared in theyr partes4 ,sidenote3 ,enumeracio4 ,enumeracion is much lyke vnto thys1 when not beynge contente at once to declare the ende of the matter1 we rehearse vp all yt went before it was done4 ,sidenote3 ,enumeraci of thynges that go before ,example3 ,cicero oppressed the mischeuous purposes of ,catiline4 ,thus maye you set it forth3 ,the myscheuous enterpryses of ,catiline by most vngracious yonge men1 whych went about the destruccion of the citie of ,rome1 ,m ,tullius the consull dyd quickelye smell out by hys foresyghte1 and by hys singuler vigilancye sought them oute1 by his hyghe prudence espyed them1 by his incredible eloquence conuinced them1 and by hys graue authoritie repressed them1 by force of armes subdued them1 with great happines toke them quyte awaye4 ,sidenote3 ,enumeraci of the causes4 ,hitherto also apperteineth1 when we expound a thyng not barely1 but repete the causes also sumwhat before1 and of what begynnynges it came of4 ,as if not contente to haue sayd1 that the ,frenchmen made bataile with the ,neapolitans1 we rehearse also what wer the causes of theyr stryfe1 who was the setter forward1 and what was the occasion of the warre1 what hope and truste eyther of them had to the victorye4 ,of these ar many examples in ,saluste ,liuie4 ,sidenote3 ,enumeraci of effectes1 consequentes4 ,from thys differeth not when we do not simplye shewe forthe the matter1 but reherse also those thynges that eyther go with it1 or folowe it1 as thus3 ,we thanke the of thys warre4 ,thus maye you dilate the matter4 ,the treasure spente vpon the ,barbariens1 the youthe broken wyth laboures1 the corne troden downe1 the catel driuen awaye1 stretes and vyllages euery where set on fyre1 fieldes lefte desolate1 walles ouerthrowen1 houses robbed1 temples spoyled1 so many olde men chylderles1 so manye orphanes1 so manye wyddowes1 so many virgins shamefully defiled1 ye maners of so many yong men made worse by leude liberty1 so many men slayne1 so great mourning1 so many good artes loste1 lawes oppressed1 religion blotted1 al thynges of god and man confounded1 all good order of the citie corrupted3 ,i say all this heape of myschiefs that riseth of war1 we mai thke the only of it1 which wast ye beginner of this war ,sidenote3 ,energia4 ,enargia1 euidence or perspicuitie called also descripcion rethoricall1 is when a thynge is so described that it semeth to the reader or hearer yt he beholdeth it as it were in doyng4 ,of thys figure ben many kyndes4 ,the fyrste1 called effiguracion or descripcion of a thynge1 whereby the figure and forme of it is set out3 as of the vniuersall flud4 ,the seconde1 the descripcion of a personne1 when a man is described1 as are the noble menne in ,plutarch1 and the ,emperours in ,suetonius4 ,howe be it the rethoricianes vse thys worde ,prosopopeia1 that is descripcion of a personne to comprehende the sixe kyndes folowinge4 ,sidenote3 ,charactirismus4 ,the thyrde kinde is called ,charactirismus1 that is the efficcion or pycture of the bodye or mynde1 as ,dauus describeth ,crito1 ,mitio describeth ,demea4 ,sidenote3 ,prosopographia4 ,the 4iiii4 is the fainyng of a pers called ,prosopographia1 and is of 4ii4 sorts4 ,fyrst ye descripci of a fained person1 as ,vyrgyl in the syxt of ,eneid1 faineth ,sibil to be mad1 fayneth the persons in hell4 ,an other forme is when we fayne pers1 cmunicacion1 or affecte of a man or of a beaste1 to a dumme thynge1 or that hath no bodye1 or to a dead man3 as to the ,harpies1 furies1 deuils1 slepe hongar1 enuie1 fame1 vertue1 iustice1 and suche lyke1 the poetes fayne a person1 and communicacion4 ,this seconde fashion the ,poetes do call ,prosopopey4 ,sidenote3 ,aetopeia4 ,the fyrst kind is called ,a,etopeia1 that is an expressi of maners or mylde affeccions1 and hath thre kyndes3 of the whych the fyrst is a significacion or expression of maners somewhat longer1 as of wittes1 artes1 vertues1 vices4 ,thus we expresse ,thraso a boaster1 and ,demea a sowre felowe4 ,the seconde forme1 is an expression of naturall propensitie1 and inclinacions to naturall affeccions1 as of the fathers loue toward the chyldren 4c4 of fryendshyppe1 neyghbourhod cetr4 as you maye se in hystoryes4 ,the thyrd kynde is the expression of lighter affeccions1 as when wee go about by fayre meanes to gette the mery affeccions of menne to vs ward or to other1 when the mynd is lyft vp into hope1 myrth1 laughter1 and as be louyng salutations1 promises1 cmunynges together in familiar epistles and dialogues1 and the getting of loue and fauour in the begynnynges1 and finallye thys figure doth teach1 that ,rethorique is a part of flattery4 ,sidenote3 ,pathopeia4 ,the sixt kynde of rethoricall descripcion is ,pathopeia1 that is expressyng of vehement affeccions and perturbacions1 of ye whych ther be two sortes4 ,the fyrste called ,donysis1 or intencion1 and some call it imaginacion1 wherby feare1 anger1 madnes1 hatered1 enuye1 and lyke other perturbacions of mynde is shewed and described1 as in ,ciceros inuectiues4 ,another forme is called ,oictros1 or cmiseracion1 wherby teares be pyked out1 or pyty is moued1 or forgeuenes1 as in ,ciceros peroracis1 and complaintes in ,poets3 ,and to be shorte ther is gotten no greater admiracion or commendacion of eloquence then of these two1 ,a,etopeia1 and ,pathopeia1 if they be vsed in place4 ,sidenote3 dialogismus ,the 4vii4 kind is ,dialogismus whych is how often a short or long communicacion is fayned to a person1 accordyng to the comelines of it4 ,such be the concious in ,liuie1 other historians4 ,sidenote3 ,mimisis4 ,the 4viii4 kynd is called ,mimisis1 that is folowing eyther of the wordes or manoures whereby we expresse not onlye the wordes of the person1 but also the gesture3 and these foresayd sixe kindes ,quintiliane dothe put vnder ,prosopopeia4 ,the 4ix4 kynde is the descripcion of a place1 as of ,carthage in the fyrst of ,eneid4 ,referre hither ,cosmographie and ,geographie4 ,the 4x4 kynd is called ,topotesia1 that is ficcion of a place1 when a place is described such one peraduenture as is not1 as of the fieldes called ,elisii in ,virgil3 refer hither ,astrothesiam1 that is the descripci of starres4 ,the 4xi4 kinde is ,chronographia1 that is the descripcion of the tyme1 as of nyght1 daye1 and the foure tymes of the yere4 ,sidenote3 ,amplificacio ,a greate parte of eloquence is set in increasing and diminyshing1 and serueth for thys purpose1 that the thyng shulde seme as great as it is in dede1 lesser or greater then it seemeth to manye4 ,for the rude people haue commonly a preposterous iudgement1 and take the worst thynges for the beste1 and the beste for the worst4 ,al amplificacion and diminucion is taken eyther of thinges1 or of wordes4 ,of thynges ryse effeccions1 of words those fashions that nowe ,i wyll shewe4 ,the first waye of increasyng or diminishing is by chaungynge the worde of the thynge1 when in encreasynge we vse a more cruell worde1 and a softer in diminyshynge1 as when we call an euyll man a thiefe1 and saye he hathe kylled vs1 when he hathe beaten vs4 ,and it is more vehemente if by correccion we compare greater wordes wyth those that we put before3 ,as thou haste broughte not a thyefe1 but an extorcioner1 not an adulterer1 but a rauysher4 c4 ,lyke vnto this is ,hyperbole1 whyche say the more then the truthe is in deede1 as when we saye3 ,the crye was hearde to heauen1 meanyng it was a greate crye4 ,an other kynde is by increase1 whyche is when the thynges goyng before beynge exaggerate1 we come from them to the hyeste3 ,as agaynste ,verres4 ,it is a myscheuous deede to bynde a ,citizen of ,rome1 haynous to beate hym1 what8 shall ,i saye to hange hym8 ,an other waye of increase is1 when wythoute distinccion in the context and course of the oracion1 the circumstaunces sette in order1 somewhat alwayes is added bygger then the fyrste1 and that we come to the hyest by a swyfte pace4 ,as he was not ashamed to playe at dyce wyth iesters in the common cokerye1 beynge a prieste1 a ,person1 a ,diuine1 and a ,monke4 ,there is another kynde of amplyfienge that is by comparison contrary to increase4 ,for as in increase the thynges that go before beyng exaggerat1 we go from them to the hyest1 so comparison taketh increase of the lesser1 whych if they be greater in all mens opinions1 that must nedes appeare verie greate that we wyll haue amplified3 ,and comparison is made by ficcion1 by puttynge to an example4 ,by ficcion1 eyther in one degree1 or in many4 ,as in the fyrst part of the amplifiyng of ,antonies vomite1 for he fayneth it had happened vnto hym at supper beyng but a priuate person4 ,if at supper in these great bowles of thine thys happened vnto thee1 who wolde not haue counted it a shame3 ,but now in ye syght of the people of ,rome beynge a cmon officer1 master of the horse1 to whom it was shame once to belch1 he wyth hys gobbets of meat that stanke al of wyne1 fylled al his lap1 and the iudgement seate4 ,here amplificacion is taken of smaller thinges1 and is made by one degree of many degrees1 this maye be an example4 ,if a m gaue the euery yere 4xl4 pound1 woldest yu not thanke him8 ,if a friend had redemed the out of prison wt hys money1 woldest thou not loue hym8 ,if eyther in battell or shypwracke a man by hys valiantnes had saued the1 woldest thou not worshyp hym as ,god1 and saye thou were neuer able to make hym amendes8 ,what ingratitude is it then that ,christ ,god man1 which hathe made the1 to whom thou dost owe al that thou hast1 c4 so to dispyse hym1 so wyth dayely fautes to anger him1 for so great beniuolence to geue hym agayn so great contumelye and despyte8 ,neyther skylleth it that we haue rehearsed ficcion and comparicion amonge argumentes1 for there is no cause why that amplificacion and oruacion shuld not be taken out of the same places from whence ther commeth probacion4 ,nor it is no newes the selfe same thynges to be applyed to diuerse vses4 ,as of all circumstaunces both of the thyng1 and of the person are taken argumentes1 but euen oute of the selfe same are set affeccions and exaggeracions1 whych is manifest in the kynde demonstratiue3 ,as when we prayse chastitie in a yonge man1 we go not aboute to perswade that he was chaste1 but that that vertue shulde appeare greater in floryshyng age4 ,to lyke vse serue examples and similitudes1 as in ,esaye3 ,the ,oxe knewe hys owner1 and the ,asse the maunger of hys master1 but ,israel hathe not knowen me4 ,the example of the ,oxe the ,asse is not vsed for this to proue that the ,hebrewes dyd not knowe their ,god1 but that the impietie and folishnes of that nacion shulde be amplified4 ,the same may be applied to profe after thys maner4 ,if the ,oxe and ,asse knowledge theyr masters1 of wh they are norished and do serue them1 how much more conueniente is it1 that m shuld knowledge hys maker and norisher1 and serue him bothe in bodye and mynd4 ,contrarye1 when ,paul sayth3 no man serueth in warre on his owne wages1 he proueth by similitudes1 that it is not comelye1 that they that war vnder the gospell1 shulde be compelled to be carefull for their liuynge4 ,he shuld haue applied it to amplifiyng1 if he had propouned it thus4 ,they that serue vnder a capteine be not careful for their liuyng1 but lokinge for the sustenaunce of their capteine1 only studye for thys to do hym faythful seruice1 howe muche more shame is it that some menne that haue promised to fyght vnder ,christ in the gospel1 to distrust such a capteyne1 and studye all they can to gather riches4 ,cparison by puttyng to example is1 when by setting out as it were a lyke example1 wee brynge to passe that that we exaggerate may be thought either very lyke1 eyther equal1 either bygger4 ,and in this kynd both the whole is cpared to the whole1 the partes to partes3 as in the oracion of ,cicero for ,milo4 ,did ,i pray you yt noble m ,scipio being a priuat pers kil ,tiberius ,gracchus whych shaked the cm wealthe but a lytle1 shall wee beynge consulles suffer ,catiline1 that gothe aboute to wast the whole worlde wyth murther and fyre8 ,here both ,catiline is compared to ,gracchus1 and the estate of the common wealthe to the whole world1 a lytle shakyng to slaughter1 fyer and wastyng1 and a priuate person to the consuls4 ,ther is an amplificacion also when contraries be set together1 wherby bothe the partes seme bygger1 and more euidente4 ,as when exhorting men to liberalitie1 we shewe howe foule a faute couetousenes is1 that the foulnes of the faute being exaggerate1 the goodlines of the vertue shulde be more encreased4 ,there is another kynd of amplifiyng called reasonynge1 when of those thinges that eyther folowe or go before1 the hearer doth gather how great that thynge is that we wolde to be amplified4 ,by thynges that go before1 as when ,homer armeth ,achylles1 or ,hector to batayle1 by the greate preparacion1 we gather how sore ye sight shal be4 ,of thinges yt folowe3 ,how much wyne ,antony dranke1 when yt hauyng such a strong body he was not able to digeste it1 but spewed it vp the nexte daye after4 ,of thynges ioyned to3 as when ,maro sayeth to ,poliphemus3 ,he had the bodye of a pineapple tree for a staffe in hys hande4 ,manye other kyndes ben there of amplifiynge1 which who so wyl se more at large1 may read that right excellent boke of the famouse doctor ,erasmus1 whych he intituled the preacher4 ,the inuencion of many proposicions is1 when the chyefe state or principal proposion of the cause is declared and proued by manye other proposicions and argumentes1 so set in iuste order that there be no confusion of proposions4 ,and proposicions be taken partely of those that be cmon1 and partly of those thynges that belonge properlye to the cause3 ,as if a man wolde counsell ,tullye not to take the condicion offered of ,antony1 that is1 that by burnynge of hys bookes called philippia1 he shulde haue hys lyfe1 hy myght vse commonly these proposicions4 ,fyrste yt no man oughte to by his life so dere1 that therby he shulde lose hys immortall name4 ,to thys generall may serue a perticuler taken oute of circumstaunces1 that it oughte not to be done1 inespecialy of ,cicero1 whych by so many laboures hathe gotten vnto hym selfe an excellente and euerlastyng name1 and that hath shewed moste eloquently by putting out so manye noble workes that deathe ought to be despised1 inespeciallye seynge that now he hath not much tyme to lyue beynge an olde man4 ,agayn1 another principall proposicion shall be taken of the circumstaunces4 ,that nothynge is worse1 then that ,cicero beyng a very good m shulde owe his lyfe to ,antonye the worst man of the world4 ,the third proposicion shal be ciectural3 how that ,antony craftely goeth about that the bookes beynge burned1 in the whych he perceiueth bothe hys owne immortal infamye to be1 and the immortal glory of ,cicero1 when he hath afterwardes taken awaye hys lyfe1 he maye vtterlye extinguyshe ,cicero4 ,a copious heaping of probacions4 ,sidenote3 ,proues4 ,so when proposicions be found1 remaineth argumentaci or proues1 called in ,greke ,pistis1 because they make suretye of a doutefull thyng4 ,sidenote3 ,two sortes of proues4 ,of proues some be artificiall1 some vnartificial4 ,vnartificial be1 foreiudgementes1 rumoures1 tormentes1 tabelles1 othe1 wytnesses1 diuinacion1 oracles4 ,sidenote3 ,signes be referred to proues vnartificial1 why8 ,to these be referred whych the ,greekes cal ,symeia or sygnes3 ,for they also commonlye are not set by the wytte of hym that disputeth1 but are ministred otherwyse4 ,sidenote3 ,signes wherfore4 ,they be called signes properlye1 whyche rysynge of the thynge it selfe that is in question come vnder the sences of menne1 ,sidenote3 ,signes be referred to tyme4 as threatninges1 whych be of the time that is paste1 cryinge herde oute of a place1 whyche is of the tyme presente1 palenesse of hym whyche is axed of the murther1 whyche is of the tyme folowynge1 or that bloud leapte oute of the bodye latelye slayne1 when he came that dyd the murther4 ,sidenote3 ,two maner of signes4 ,also of signes some bee necessary1 as that he liueth whiche dothe breathe1 and some probable1 as bloude in the garmente1 whych myghte also come oute of the nose1 or otherwyse4 ,sidenote3 ,proues taken oute of circumstauces4 ,also proues and argumentes are taken oute of circumstaunces1 partly of the person1 partlye of the cause or thyng it self1 and be called also of the ,rethoricians places1 neyther cleane contrarie to those that ,aristotle hath taughte1 neyther the very same3 for some agree wyth them1 some be all one1 and some diuerse4 ,sidenote3 ,how proues of circumstaunces differ fr ,aristotels places4 ,onlye differeth the manour of teachynge1 because the ,rethoricianes do teache a patrone1 the philosopher generally helpeth iudgement4 ,sidenote3 ,circumstces of person4 ,circumstaunces of the person ben these4 ,kinred1 nacion1 contrey1 kynde1 age1 bryngynge vp1 or discipline1 hauioure of the body1 fortune1 condicion1 nature of the mynde1 studies1 affectacion1 wordes forespoken1 deedes done before1 commocion1 counsell1 name4 ,sidenote3 ,kynred4 ,kynred monisheth vs to csider of what progeny a man dothe come4 ,for it is semely1 and happeneth cmonlye that the sonnes be lyke the forefathers1 and thereof procedeth causes to lyue well or euyll3 ,sidenote3 ,nacion ,naci sheweth what disposicion and maners euery nacion hath peculiarly of theyr owne4 ,sidenote3 ,kynd4 ,the difference of kynde is knowen to euerye man3 ,sidenote3 ,age4 ,to diuerse ages diuerse thyngs be conueniente4 ,sidenote3 ,educacion4 ,it skylleth more by whom1 and by what wayes men be brought vp1 then of whom they be begotten4 ,sidenote3 ,hauiour of the bodie4 ,the hauioure of the bodye comprehendeth fayrnes or foulnes1 strength or weaknes3 ,for more credible is the accusacion of lecherye in a fayre body then in a foule1 and violence more probable in the strong1 then in the weake4 ,sidenote3 ,fortune ,fortune perteineth to ryches1 kynred1 friendes1 seruitures1 dignities1 honours4 ,sidenote3 ,condicion4 ,condicion comprehendeth manye thynges3 as whether he be noble or not noble1 an officer1 or a priuate person1 a father or a sonne1 a citizen or a straunger1 a fre man1 or a seruaunt1 a maried manne1 or a single man1 a father or none1 hauinge had but one wyfe1 or two4 ,sidenote3 ,the nature of the mynd ,the nature of the mynde hath manifold varieties in men4 ,some be fearful1 some strong1 some gentle1 some vehement1 chaste1 lecherous1 glorious1 modeste c4 ,sidenote3 ,studies ,studies1 for other be the maners of the rustical1 then of the lawyer1 of the marchaunte1 then of the ,soldier1 of the shipman then of the phisicion4 ,sidenote3 ,affectacion4 ,to these they adde affectacion3 ,for it skylleth muche what maner man euerye one wolde seme to be1 whether he be ye same or not3 as ryche1 or eloquent1 iuste or mightie1 mery or sad1 a fauorer of the people1 or of the great men4 ,sidenote3 ,wordes spoken1 deedes done before ,both wordes that be spoken before time1 and dedes that be done1 be also considered4 ,for of thynges that be paste1 the present be estemed1 also thinges that be to come4 ,sidenote3 ,commocion ,cmocion in thys differeth from the nature of the mynde1 because that one is perpetuall1 that other for a whyle3 as anger is commocion1 rancour the nature of the mynde1 and feare a cmocion1 fearefulnesse nature4 ,sidenote3 ,name4 ,to these they adde the name of the person1 of whence many tymes an argument is taken3 as ,cicero iesteth muche vpon ,verres1 or sweepers name1 because beyng a strong thief1 he swepte altogether4 ,thus haue we shewed that much matter may be taken of thynges belongyng to a personne1 so maye be also of those that belonge to a thynge or cause1 whiche places bee so handeled of ,quintiliane1 that he myngleth them wyth the places whyche ,aristotle hathe comprehended in hys eyghte bookes of ,topyckes4 ,sidenote3 ,circumstaunces of things be these4 ,circumstances of the thynges be these3 ,cause1 place1 tyme1 chaunce1 facultie1 instrumente1 manour4 ,and fyrste of euerye thinge there be foure causes1 efficient1 materiall1 formall and finall4 ,matter is the receptacle of al formes4 ,the forme causeth it to be thys1 and not another thynge3 as the reasonable soule geueth to the body that it is a man1 and the soule because it is a substaunce hathe her vnnamed forme1 whereby she is a soule1 and not an aungel4 ,sidenote3 ,fine or ende4 ,and what soeuer is made1 is made to a certen ende1 and one thynge maye haue diuerse endes3 as nature hathe geuen brestes vnto women to geue milke1 and also for comlynesse of theyr bodies1 neyther doth any man that is of a sounde mynde take vpon hym anye businesse1 but for that he desyreth to haue some thynge3 nor there is nothynge desyred1 but vnder the consideracion of good or profite4 ,so the ende whyche is laste in effecte1 and fyrste in intencion1 loketh vpon the gettinge of profites1 increase1 and cfirmacion of them1 and also vpon them1 eschuynge of disprofites1 diminyshynge1 or puttyng them awaye4 ,but in chosyng them1 false perswacion deceyueth manye1 whylest by errour they beleue that to be good yt is naughte4 ,this place therfore serueth for many thynges1 to make more or lesse4 ,greatly happy shulde men be1 if euerye man wolde looke vpon the marke1 not the whych desyre hathe sette before hym1 but whyche ,god and honest reason hath prefixed4 ,and of such strengthe is the ende1 that hereof is taken the felicitie of euery thyng4 ,to fast that the body maye obeye the mynde1 to do good workes is an holy deede4 ,to fast to be counted holye1 is hypocrisie4 ,to faste to encrease thy good1 is couetousenesse4 ,to faste to be whole in thy bodie is phisycke1 and so of praiynge1 almose1 and other laudable workes4 ,after lyke maner must be wayed the secondarie endes4 ,sidenote3 ,place4 ,an other circumstaunce of a thynge1 is the place1 whose qualitie oftentimes maketh the faute either greter or lesser3 as to steale an holye thing out of an holy place1 is worse then some other kynde of theft4 ,sidenote3 ,tyme4 ,no lesse matter of argumentacion ministreth the qualitie of time1 which signifieth two thynges4 ,sidenote3 ,time hathe two significacions4 ,fyrst it is taken playnly for the time present1 past1 or to come3 ,seconde it signifieth oportunitie to do a thynge1 and so when a man cometh as we wold haue it1 we saye he cometh in time4 ,and in the seuenth of ,ihon1 when ,christ sayth3 ,my tyme is not yet come1 tyme is taken for oportunitie of tyme4 ,and lykewyse in the syxt to the ,galat4 ,therfore whyle we haue tyme4 c4 ,sidenote3 ,chaunce4 ,the ,rethoricianes put chaunce vnder tyme1 because the ende of a thynge perteyneth to the time that foloweth3 but of thys wyll we speke in the place called ,euent4 ,facultie is a power to do the thynge that is taken in hand3 and in coniectures two thinges speciallye be considered3 whether he could or wold4 ,wyll is gathered of hope to performe it1 and is made more probable when the nature of the mynde is ioyned to it3 as it is not like he wyl abide in his glorye1 because he is enuious and ambicious4 ,also when we counsell one to leaue of vayne mournynge1 when it is not in his power to get agayne that is gone4 ,sidenote3 ,instrument4 ,instrument semeth to be a part of facultie3 for instrumentes sometyme are cause of oure hablenes to do a thinge3 and it is a more mischeuous deede to kyl with venome then with swearde4 ,and to instrument so nie is the manour of doyng1 that almoste it is all one4 ,but more properlye perteyne to the manour or fashion1 those thynges that be eyther excused1 or made greater by wyl3 ,as lesse faute is it to fall into a vice by ignorance or frailtie1 then of a purpose and full deliberacion4 ,the vse of circumstances profiteth to amplifie1 to extenuate1 to euidence1 to confirmacion1 and probabilitie4 ,and hytherto be referred also the common places that indifferentlye apperteyne to all kyndes and partes of causes1 of the whyche ,rodulphe entreateth1 and ,aristotle in his ,topyckes4 ,but before we speake of them1 it is to be noted1 that thys woorde place1 is taken foure maner of wayes4 ,they are called common places1 because thei be entreated of1 of bothe partes1 althoughe not in all one cause3 as he that is sore spoken agaynste by witnesses1 swadeth that we shulde not geue credite to witnesses4 ,contrarye1 he that is holpen by them speaketh in defence of wytnesses1 and so of other that we spake of before1 when we entreated of vnartificial argumentes4 ,lyke to thys sorte be sentences1 whyche wee exaggerate as it were wythoute the cause1 but so that they serue to the cause whiche wee haue in hande3 as bee the amplificacions of vertues1 and the exaggeracions of vices4 ,as when wee accuse anye manne that by euyll companions he was broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede4 ,a common place shall bee1 wyth wordes to exaggerate howe much it profiteth to keepe goodnesse1 to bee in companye wyth good men1 and contrarye howe greate myschyefe the companye of euyll men dothe cause4 ,in the third sence places be called seates of argumentes1 whyche the ,rethoricianes do applie to eche kyndes of causes3 ,as in the kynde suasorie1 honest1 profitable1 pleasaunt easye1 necessarie4 c4 ,in demonstratiue kynde1 kynred1 contrey1 goodes of the bodye and of the mynde4 ,in the ,iudiciall kynde1 inespecial deniall1 those that we spake of euen nowe4 ,the fourth places be general1 whych declare what belongeth to euerye thynge1 and howe oute of eche of them there be taken argumentes1 partly necessary1 and partlye probable4 ,these be commen to the ,oratours with the ,logicians1 albeit ,aristotle hathe seperatelye written of them in hys ,topickes2 and in his ,rethorickes hathe not touched them1 and they profite much both to iudgement1 and to endightynge1 but the varietie of authors hath made the handlynge of them sumwhat darke1 because amonge them selues they can not wel agre1 neyther of the names1 neyther of the number1 neyther of the order4 ,sidenote3 ,examples4 ,an example is a rehearsall of a thynge that is done1 and an applyynge of it vnto our cause1 eyther for similitude or dissimilitude1 profitable to perswade1 garnyshe1 and delyght4 ,examples1 some be taken out of hystories1 some of tales1 some of fayned argumentes1 in comedies2 and bothe sortes be dilated by parable and comparacion4 ,comparacion sheweth it equall1 lesse1 or bygger4 ,parable is a feete similitude1 whych sheweth ye example that is brought1 either like1 vnlyke or ctrarye4 ,lyke as ,camillus restored the common wealth of the ,romaines that was oppressed by the ,frenchmen1 and when it was brought into extreme losse1 by theyr valiauntnesse expelled the ,barbariens3 ,so ,valla1 whan thorowe the ignorce of ye ,barbarians1 learnyng was destroyed1 restored it agayn1 as it wer from death into hys former brightnes4 ,vnlike4 ,as not lyke thanke is done to ,laurence and ,camillus1 because that the one moued by vertue wyth the ieopardie of hys lyfe deliuered his contrey from the vngracious1 that other styrred vp by desyre of fame1 or rather wyth an euyll luste to checke manye1 not restored agayn the latten tong oppressed1 but brought it as it were into certen rules4 ,ctrary1 ,brutus kylled hys chyldren goyng about treason1 ,manlius punished by death the valiauntnes of hys sonne4 ,comparacion sheweth ye thing yt is brought1 eyther equall1 lesse1 or bigger3 ,lesse1 as our elders haue warred oftentymes1 because theyr marchauntes and mariners wer euyl entreated4 ,what mynd ought you to be in1 so many thousande citizens of ,rome slaine at one message1 and one time8 ,equall1 as in the same ,cicero4 ,for it happed vnto me to stand for an offyce wyth two gentlemenne1 that one very naughte1 that other very gentle1 yet ouercame ,i ,catiline by dignitie1 and ,galba by fauoure4 ,bygger3 ,as for ,milo1 they saye he shulde not lyue that confesseth he hathe kylled a man1 when ,m4 ,horacius was quitte1 whyche kylled hys owne syster4 ,sidenote3 ,parable4 ,parable1 which some call similitude1 some cparacion1 is a comparyng of a thyng yt hath no life1 or no bodye to our cause and purpose1 for some thyng that is lyke or vnlyke4 ,and as example is taken of ye dede of a man1 and the person of an hystorye1 or that is fabulous and fayned1 so is comparison taken of thinges that be done1 or that be ioyned to them by nature1 or by chaunce4 ,as ,attilius retournyng agayne to hys enemies is an example of kepynge faythe and promise3 ,but a shyp in the whych the sayles be hoysed vp1 or taken down after the blowyng of the winde1 is a parable whiche teacheth a wyse man to geue place to tyme1 and applye hymselfe to the world that is presente4 ,and lyke fashion is of dilatyng a parable1 as we haue shewed in example4 ,for sometime it is noted in a word as3 ,doest thou not vnderstand that the sayles muste be turned8 ,sometyme it is more largelye declared1 as in the oracion for ,murena4 ,and if vnto menne that sayle out of the hauen4 c4 ,analogie4 ,icon1 called of the latines ,imago1 an ,image in ,englyshe1 is muche lyke to a similitude1 and if you declare it is a similitude3 as if you saye3 ,as an ,asse wyll not be driuen from her meat1 no not with a club1 vntyl she be full3 no more wil a warriour reste from murther vntyll he hath fylled his mynd with it4 ,this is a similitude3 but if you saye that a man flewe vpon his enemies like a dragon1 or lyke a lyon1 it is an ,image4 ,howbeit an ,image serueth rather to euidence or grauitie1 or iocunditie1 then to a profe4 ,there is also a general comparacion1 speciallye in the kynde demonstratiue1 person wyth person1 and one thing with an other1 for praise or dispraise ,sidenote3 ,indicacio4 ,indicacio1 or authoritie1 is the cparing of an other mans saying or sentence vnto our cause3 of the whiche ther be seuen principal kyndes4 ,the fyrst a comon morall sentence1 as a common principle perteyning to maners3 as continuall laboure ouercommeth all thynges1 and as be the sentences of ,salomon and ,cato3 and all morall philosophy is ful of suche sentences4 ,the seconde are common rules1 whych be called dignities in euery science4 ,the 4iii4 a prouerb4 ,the fourth called ,chria1 which is a very short exposicion of any dede or worde wyth the name of the author recited4 ,the fyfte an ,enthimeme1 whyche is a sentence of contraries3 as if it be a great praise to please good men1 surely to please euyl men it is a greate shame4 ,the syxte called ,a,enos1 that is a saying or a sentence1 taken out of a tale1 as be the interpretacions of fables1 and theyr allegories4 ,the seuen is any answere taken out of the mouth of ,god1 or taken out of the cmaundement of ,god4 ,sidenote3 ,exergasia4 ,expolicion is1 when we tarye in one thynge1 speakynge the same in diuerse wordes and fashions1 as though it were not one matter but diuerse4 ,a goodlye example of the moste largest expolicion is rehearsed in ,erasmus1 whych1 because it is very profitable1 ,i wyll wholye rehearse it4 ,a wyse man for the cmon wealth sake shall eschue no peryll3 euen for thys cause that it happeneth often1 that wher he wold not dye for the common wealth1 he perysheth yet of necessitie wyth the cmon wealth4 ,and because all the commodities we haue be taken of our contrey1 ther ought no incmoditie to be counted paynfull1 taken for our contrey4 ,they therfore that flye that peryll which must be taken for the cmon wealth1 do folyshely3 for neither can they auoyde it1 and they be found vngrate to the citie4 ,but they that by their owne peril put away the perils of their ctrei1 they are to be counted wyse1 seyng that bothe they geue to the cmon wealth that honour yt they shulde geue1 and had rather dye for many1 then wt many4 ,for it is much against reason that receiuing thy naturall lyfe by thy contrey1 to deliuer it agayne to nature when she compelleth the1 and not to geue it to thy ctrey when she desyreth the4 ,and where yu mayst wyth hye valiauntnes honour die for thy contrei1 to haue rather lyke a cowarde to liue in shame4 ,and for thy fryndes and parentes1 and other acquayntance to put thy selfe in peryll3 for the cmon wealth in the whyche both it that most reuerende name of the contrey is conteyned1 not to be willynge to come in ieopardye4 ,wherfore as he is to be dyspised whyche being vpon the sea had rather haue hym selfe safe1 then the ship3 so is he to be rebuked1 whych in ieopardye of the commen wealthe1 prouideth more for his own then for ye cmon wealthe4 ,when the shyppe hathe ben broken1 many haue ben saued3 ,but after the shypwrake of the ctrey no man can escape4 ,whyche thynge me thynketh ,decius dyd wel perceiue1 whych reported wholy to haue bestowed hym selfe1 and for the sauegard of his men of war to haue run amonge the myddest of hys enemyes4 ,wherfore he loste not hys lyfe1 but let it go3 for he redemed for a thynge of verye small pryce1 a ryght dere thyng4 ,he gaue his life1 but he receiued his contrei4 ,he loste his life1 but he inioyed glorye1 whyche written to his greate prayse1 shyneth euerye daye more and more4 ,wherefore if we haue proued both by reason by exple1 that we be bounde to put oure selfe in peryll for the common wealthe1 they are to be counted wyse men1 whych for the sauegarde of the contrey auoyde no peryll4 ,it wolde be meete to exercyse chyldren in suche themes1 wherby shal be gotten bothe wysedome and eloquence4 ,and here me thynketh ,i maye ryghte well ende these ,rethoricall preceptes1 although ,i be not ignoraunt that much helpeth bothe to persuasions and copye1 the proper handlyng of tales taken oute of the nature of beastes1 dreames1 fayned narracions1 sumwhat lyke vnto the truth1 wt allegories much vsed of diuines4 ,but because they requyre a longer treatie1 for this tyme ,i leaue them of1 addynge vnto these before written rules of oratory1 a declamacion bothe profitable and verye elo- quente1 wrytten by ,erasmus vnto the moste noble ,duke of ,cleue1 as here appe- reth after4 ,impryn- ted at ,london by ,iohn ,day1 dwellinge ouer ,aldersgate1 beneth saint ,martyns4 ,and are to be sold at his shop by the litle conduit in ,chepesyde at the sygne of the ,resurrec- tion4 ,cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum4 ,per septennium4 ,,index ,,to ,,authors ,,and ,,orators ,afer1 ,publius ,terentius1 #bc1 #fa ,africanus1 ,julius1 #eh ,agricola1 ,rodolphus1 #h1 #hf ,antonius1 ,marcus 7#adc-hg ,b4,c471 #ah ,archias1 ,aulus1 #fa ,aristotle1 #hj1 #hb1 #hf1 #hh ,augustine1 ,saint1 #ad ,brooke1 ,thomas1 #b1 #g ,caecina1 ,aulus1 #bd ,calpurnius1 ,lucius 7,piso71 #bb ,castellio1 ,sebastianus1 #ad ,catiline1 ,lucius1 #bb1 #dh1 #ea1 #ef1 #fd1 #ge1 #ij ,chaucer1 ,geoffrey1 #e ,cicero1 ,marcus ,tullius1 #aj1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #cc1 #ci1 #da1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei1 #fa1 #fb1 #fd1 #fh1 #ge1 #gg1 #gh1 #hb1 #ij ,cluencius1 ,aulus1 #bb1 #cc ,elyot1 ,thomas1 #e ,erasmus1 ,desiderius1 #a1 #aj1 #gg1 #ic1 #if1 #ig ,flaccus1 ,lucius1 #eh ,gower1 ,john1 #e ,homer1 #gf ,ligarius1 ,quintus1 #di ,linacre1 ,thomas1 #bi ,livy1 ,titus1 #fe1 #fi ,lydgate1 ,john1 #e ,manilius1 ,gaius1 #bd1 #ei ,marcellus1 ,marcus ,claudius1 #bd ,milo1 ,titus ,annius1 #bb1 #ge1 #ij ,mosellanus1 ,petrus 7,peter ,schade71 #i ,murena1 ,lucius1 #ia ,ovid1 #ec ,plautus1 ,titus1 #bc ,plutarch1 #hf ,quintilian1 #aj1 #ah1 #cg1 #ci1 #fb1 #fi1 #hb ,quintus1 ,caius1 #bc ,rabirius1 ,gaius1 #bb ,roscius1 ,quintus1 #bc ,sallust1 ,gaius1 #fe ,sestius1 ,publius1 #ea ,sulla1 ,lucius1 #bb ,suetonius1 ,gaius1 #ff ,vergil1 #bi1 #cj1 #dj1 #dd1 #fg1 #fi ,verres1 ,gaius1 #bb1 #ga1 #hb ,westimerus1 ,bartholomew 7,westheimer71 #ad ,wyatt1 ,thomas1 #f ,,index ,,of ,,figures ,transcriber's ,note3 ,spelling in the ,index generally corresponds to spelling in the body text4 ,when the spelling in the body text is different1 it is shown here in braces4 ,ablatio1 #bf ,absissio1 #bg ,abusio1 #da ,acyrologia1 #cb ,adagium1 #de ,aenigma1 #de ,aenos1 #ic ,aetopeia1 #fg1 #fi ,allegoria1 #de ,amara irrisio1 #df ,ambiguitas1 #cc ,amphibologia1 #cc ,amplificacio1 #gj1 #gf ,anacinosis1 #ee ,anaclasis1 #fj ,anadiplosis1 #dh ,analogia1 #cg1 #ia ,anangeon1 #fj ,anastrophe1 #ca ,antiphora1 #ec ,antiphrasis1 #df ,antiptosis1 #ca ,antisthecon1 #bh ,antithesis1 #ef ,antitheton1 #ef ,antistrophe1 #dg ,antonomasia1 #dd ,apheresis1 #bf ,apocope1 #bg ,apophasis1 #ed ,aporia1 #ed ,apostrophe1 #fj ,appositio1 #bf1 #cj ,areia1 #ea ,articulus1 #eg ,aschematiston1 #ce ,aschematist ,aschrologia1 #cd ,asindeton1 #ei ,astrothesiam1 #fi ,astysmus1 #df ,auersio1 #fj ,barbarie1 #ce ,barbarismus1 #cf ,bomphiologia1 #fa ,cacosintheton1 #ce ,cacozelia1 #cd ,casus pro casu1 #ca ,catachresis1 #da ,charactirismus1 #ff ,charientismus1 #df ,chria1 #ic ,chronographia1 #fi ,circuicio1 #dd ,circumstances of thynges1 #hc ,climax1 #eh ,colon1 #eg ,commonplaces1 #hf ,common places ,common rules1 #ib ,communicacio1 #ee ,cmunicacio ,compar1 #eg ,comparison1 #ga1 #ge1 #ij #ge ,cparison ,complexio1 #dg ,cplexio ,composicion1 #ch ,concepcio1 #cj ,conclusio1 #ee ,consicio1 #bg ,construccion1 #bh ,contentio1 #ef ,contractio1 #bg ,contraries1 #gf ,contrarium1 #ef ,conuersio1 #dg ,correction1 #gj ,correccion ,cosmographie1 #fi ,cumulatio1 #ce ,deesis1 #ea ,defectus1 #ca ,definicio1 #eh ,definicion1 #de ,delecio1 #bh ,description1 #ff1 #fi ,descripcion ,dialisis1 #ee ,dialogismus1 #fi ,dialyton1 #eg ,dianoias1 #be ,diasirmus1 #fa ,diazeugma1 #cj ,diccion1 #bf ,dictio contrarium significans1 #df ,dictio ctrarium significans ,diminutio1 #fa ,disiunctio1 #cj ,dissectio1 #ca ,dissimulatio1 #de ,dissolutio1 #ei ,distribucion1 #fb ,diuisio1 #ee ,donysis1 #fh ,dubitatio1 #ed ,eclipsis1 #ca ,ectasis1 #bg ,effiguracion1 #ff ,eleuacio1 #fa ,eloquucion1 #ag ,energia1 #ff ,enthimeme1 #ic ,enumeracio1 #fc ,epanaphora1 #dg ,epanodus1 #dh ,epenthesis1 #bg ,epergesis1 #cj ,epilogus1 #ee ,epiphonesis1 #ej ,epiplexis1 #ea ,epitrope1 #ee ,erotema1 #eb ,erotesis1 #ea ,etymologie1 #de ,euche1 #ea ,exaggeration1 #ga exaggerate ,example1 #gd1 #ge1 #hh ,exclamacio1 #ej ,execracio1 #ea ,exergasia1 #ic ,exornacion1 #ci ,expeditio1 #ed ,expolicion1 #ic ,extensio1 #bg1 #cg ,extenuatio1 #fa ,faute 7fault71 #cb2 obscure1 #cb2 inordinate1 #cd2 barbarous1 #ce ,festiua urbanitas1 #df ,ficcion1 #gb ,frequentacio1 #ej ,fygure1 of scheme1 #be2 of diccion1 #bf2 of words1 #bf2 of construction1 #bh2 rethoricall1 #dg2 of sentences1 #fb ,garnyshyng1 #ch ,geographie1 #fi ,graciosa nugatio1 #df ,gradacio1 #eh ,homiologia1 #cc ,homioptoton1 #eh ,homioptot ,homotelento1 #eh ,homotelento ,humiliatio1 #cd ,hyperbaton1 #cj 7last line7 ,hyperbole1 #ga ,hypozeugma1 #bi ,hysterologia1 #ca ,icon1 #ia ,image1 #ia ,improprietas1 #cb ,inconueniens structura1 #cf ,increase1 #ga ,increpacio1 #ea ,indicacio1 #ib ,iniunctio1 #bi ,inordinate1 #cd ,intellectio1 #db ,interpositio1 #bg1 #ca ,interrogacio1 #ea ,inuencion1 #gg2 proposicions1 #gg2 artificial proues1 #gh2 unartificial proues1 #gi1 #hj2 ,vnartificial circumstances of thynges1 #hc2 commonplaces1 #hf ,common places ,ironia1 #de ,isocolon1 #eg ,iunctio1 #bi ,lexeos1 #be1 #bf ,liptote1 #fa ,littera pro littera1 #bh ,macrologia1 #cd ,mala affectatio1 #cd ,male collocatum1 #ce ,male figuratum1 #ce ,media iunctio1 #bi ,membrum oracionis1 #eg ,mesezeugma1 #bi ,metabasis1 #ei ,metalepsis1 #da ,metaphora1 #dj ,metonomia1 #db ,mimisis1 #fi ,miosis1 #fa ,morall sentence1 #ib ,mouth of ,god1 #ic ,mycterismus1 #df ,necessum1 #fj ,nominis communio1 #di ,nominis cmunio ,obscure1 #cb ,obtestacio1 #ea ,occupatia1 #ei ,oictros1 #fh ,orismus1 #eh ,parable1 #ij ,paralepsis1 #ei ,paremia1 #de ,parenthesis1 #ca ,particio1 #fb ,pathopeia1 #fh1 #fi ,periergia1 #cc ,periphrasis1 #dd ,perissologia1 #cb ,permissio1 #ee ,pistis1 #gh ,pleonasmus1 #cb ,postiunctio1 #bi ,preassumpcio1 #bg ,preiunctio1 #bi ,prepostera loquutio1 #ca ,presozeugma1 #bi ,presumpcio1 #bh ,probacions1 #gh ,prolepsis1 #bh ,pronominacio1 #dd ,proparalepsis1 #bg ,proportio1 #cg ,proposicions1 #gg ,proprietie1 #cg ,prosapodosis1 #ec ,prosopographia1 #ff ,prosopopeia1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi #fg ,prosopopey ,prosthesis1 #bf ,prouerb1 #ic ,proues 7proof71 #gh-ij ,raciocinatio1 #eb ,reasonynge1 #gf ,reduplicatio1 #dh ,refractio1 #fj ,repeticio1 #dg2 inutilis1 #cc ,rethoricall1 figures1 #dg2 diuision1 #fb ,reuersio1 #ca ,sarcasmus1 #df ,scheme1 #c1 #be2 faute of1 #cb2 vertue of1 #cg ,sedulitas superflua1 #cc ,sentence1 figures of1 #fb ,sermo1 superfluus1 #cb2 ubique sui similis1 #cc2 obscurus1 #de ,silepsis1 #cj ,similiter cadens1 #eh2 desinens1 #eh ,similitudes1 #gd ,sinathrismus1 #ej ,sinonimia1 #di ,sinthesis1 #ch ,solecismus1 #cf ,soraismus1 #ce ,style1 kinds1 #ba2 greate1 #bb2 small1 #bc2 meane1 #bd ,subsannatio1 #df ,subiectio1 #ec ,superabundancia1 #cb ,sygnes1 #de1 #gi ,symeia1 #gi ,symploce1 #dg ,syncope1 #bg ,synecdoche1 #db ,synolephe1 #bh ,systole1 #bg ,tapinosis1 #cd ,tacite objectioni responsio1 #ec obiectioni ,tasis1 #cg ,tautologia1 #cc ,tmesis1 #ca ,topotesia1 #fi ,traduccio1 #dh ,transgressio1 #cj ,transicio1 #ei ,translatio1 #dj ,transposicio1 #bh ,transsumptio1 #da ,tropes1 #c1 #ci-df ,turpis loquutio1 #cd ,verborum bombus1 #fa ,votum1 #ea ,worde1 #bf2 compound1 #ai2 simple1 #ai symple ,zeugma1 #bi 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,paragraphs ,some paragraph breaks in this e-text are conjectural4 ,the printed book had the following kinds of breaks3 --conventional paragraph with indented first line --unambiguous paragraph with non-indented first line --ambiguous paragraph3 previous line ends with blank space1 but the space is not large enough to contain the first syllable of the following line --sentence break corresponds to line break3 this happens randomly in any printed book1 and only becomes ambiguous when the book also has non-indented paragraphs ,in this e-text1 the second type of paragraph is marked with a pilcrow 4 ,the third type has a pilcrow but no paragraph break4 ,the fourth type is not marked4 ,errors and ,inconsistencies 7,noted by ,transcriber7 ,unless otherwise noted1 spelling and punctuation are unchanged4 ,note on homotele7n7to ,in the facsimile edition1 the body text has homoteleto but the ,index has homotelento4 ,in the other available text1 the body text has homotelento with clear overline4 ,the correct form is homeoteleuton 7in this book's spelling1 probably homioteleuton74 ,spelling3 ,the pattern of initial v1 non-initial u is followed consistently4 ,the spelling they is more common than thei4 ,the form then is normally used for both then and than2 than is rare4 ,the most common spelling is wyll1 but wyl1 wil and will also occur4 ,word ,division3 ,line-end hyphens were completely arbitrary2 words split at line break were hyphenated about two-thirds of the time4 ,the presence or absence of a hyphen has not been noted4 ,hyphenless words at line-end were joined or separated depending on behavior elsewhere in the text3 ,always one word 7re-joined at line break73 som7e7what1 without1 afterward7e7s ,usually one word3 often77times1 what77so77euer ,one or two words3 an77other ,usually two words3 it_/him_/my44477self_/selues2 shal77be2 straight77way ,always two words3 here to ,roman ,numerals3 ,numbers were printed with leading and following 4period4 ,when the number came at the beginning or end of a line1 the outer period was sometimes omitted4 ,these have been silently supplied for consistency4 ,contents3 ,faute #cb #cc ,text3 because that in it we sonar perceiue text unchanged3 sooner to make things defused more plaine text unchanged3 variant of diffused8 ,sidenote3 ,and apte similitude4 text unchanged3 error for ,an wordes not the selfe proper thinges text unchanged3 error for them selfe8 ,idolatry for ,idololatry4 ,idololatty ,sidenote3 ,presozeugma4 text unchanged3 usual form is ,prozeugma ,sidenote3 ,hyperbaton ,hyperbation ,antonomasia ,antonomasias ,occupatia1 occupacion text unchanged3 correct form is ,occupatio ,sidenote3 ,energia4 text reads ,euergia3 intended form may be ,enargia as in ,latin ,sidenote3 ,charactirismus4 text unchanged3 usual form is ,characterismus and these foresayd sixe kindes text unchanged3 eight items have been listed ,the inuencion of many proposicions is1 when the chyefe state or principal proposion of the cause is declared and proued by manye other proposicions and argumentes1 so set in iuste order that there be no confusion of proposions4 text unchanged3 proposion 7twice7 may be errors for proposicion ,kynred monisheth vs to csider ,rynred ,punctuation and mechanical errors3 ,sidenote3 ,the occasion of thys treatise4 trea_/ ise at line break with invisible t to al men 4 missing by etimology1 by sygnes1 by definicion4 4 missing ,cicero for 4,q4 ,ligarius4 punctuation as shown by callyng vpon eyther a man1 a place1 or a thynge8 8 in original ,i graunte them to you and to your power to _/ to at line break ye beginner of this war 4 missing the fyrst is a significacion or expression of maners of _/ of at line break he was broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede4 1 for 4 for praise or dispraise 4 missing ,index3 ,cicero 444 #ij #ij1 ,vergil1 #bi1 #cj1 #dj1 #dd1 #fg1 #fi #fg #fi ,charientismus ,charietismus ,execracio ,excracio ,media iunctio iniunctio ,mesozeugma ,mesezeugma