,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,greek lett]s us$ to id5tify />s 7,bay] designation71 are replac$ ) ! full "n ( ! ,greek lett]1 e4g4 ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,! s+le ,greek ^w 9 ! text is translit]at$ )9 braces1 kome4 ,m9or punctuation & hyph5ation inconsi/5cies h be5 correct$4 ,! spell+ ,b]nices = ,b]5ices has be5 reta9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! foll[+ m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$3 p#ge3 e/abli% *ang$ to e/abli%$ p#ii3 ,firman5t *ang$ to ,firmam5t p#aaa3 !y ?\ghts *ang$ to ?y ?\ghts p#abj3 su5 *ang$ to seu5 p#acd3 consequ5c *ang$ to consequ5ce p#adf3 geographieal *ang$ to geographical p#afg3 ,lyrae *ang$ to ,lyrae = consi/5cy p#bhf3 ,remov$ r$undant ^w degrees foll[+ ! degree symbol ,,! ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,milton',s ',,p>adise ,,lo/' ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,typical ,,sun-,,spot ,,! ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,milton',s ',,p>adise ,,lo/' ,,by ,,?omas ,n4 ,,or*>d1 ,m4,d4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,a/ronomical ,,association ,^! are ?y glori\s works1 ,p>5t ( good1 ,almighty6 ?9e ?is univ]sal frame1 ,?us wondr\s fair3 ,?yself h[ wondr\s !n6 ,unspeakable4 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,& ,,bombay #ahif ,all rights res]v$ ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ,a/ronomy #a ,,ii4 ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury #de ,,iii4 ,milton's ,a/ronomical ,k #ha ,,iv4 ,milton & ,galileo #aac ,v4 ,! ,seasons #adj ,,vi4 ,! ,/>ry ,heav5s #aeb ,,vii4 ,! ,/>ry ,heav5s #bjj ,,viii4 ,description ( ,cele/ial ,objects ,m5tion$ 9 ',p>adise ,lo/' #bdd ,,ix4 ,milton's ,imag9ative & ,descriptive ,a/ronomy #cjf ,,illu/rations ,,plates ,a ,typical ,sun-spot ,frontispiece ,v5us on ! ,sun's ,disc ,to face page #ff ,clu/] 9 ,h]cules #bah ,great ,nebula 9 ,orion #bcj ,a ,portion ( ! ,moon's ,surface #bfh ,,9 ,,text ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,! ,ptolemaic ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se #hf #b4 ,milton's ,division ( ,univ]sal ,space #if #c4 ,a ,b9>y ,/> ,sy/em--#gj ,ophiu*i #ahd #d4 ,! ,orbits ( ! ,compon5ts ( ,gamma ,virg9is #ahi #e4 ,app>5t ,orbit ( ! ,companion ( ,sirius #aij #f4 ,a ,sun-spot ,magnifi$ #bdg #g4 ,! ,corona dur+ ! ,eclipse ( ,may #ahhc #bed #h4 ,a ,portion ( ! ,milky ,way #bhi ,,preface ,_m able & cultur$ writ]s h delight$ to expatiate on ! beauties ( ,milton's ',p>adise ,lo/1' & to l+] ) admiration ov] ! l(ty utt]ances express$ 9 8 poem4 ,?\gh consci\s ( 8 inability to d ju/ice to ! sublime/ ( poets & ! noble/ ( sci5ces1 ! au?or has v5tur$ to contribute to ,miltonic lit]ature a "w :i* he hopes w prove to be ( an int]e/+ & in/ructive "*4 ,p]haps ! *oice/ passages 9 ! poem are associat$ ) a/ronomical allusion1 & x is *iefly to ! exposition & illu/ration ( ^! t ?is volume is devot$4 ,! writ] is indebt$ to _m au?ors = in=mation & ref]5ce1 & especially to ,miss ,agnes ,m4 ,cl]ke1 ,pr(essors ,masson & ,"y1 ,mr4 ,james ,nasmy?1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,*amb]s1 & ,sir ,rob]t ,ball4 ,also to ! works ( ! late ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor1 ,sirs ,w4 & ,j4 ,h]s*el1 ,admiral ,smy?1 ,pr(essor ,grant1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,h9d1 ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,b4 ,:atton1 & ,preb5d>y ,webb4 ,mo/ ( ! illu/rations h be5 suppli$ by ! ,publi%]s3 ,messrs4 ,macmillan & ,w4 ,hunt ,co4 h k9dly p]mitt$ ! reproduction ( "s ( _! draw+s4 ,,man*e/]1 ,m>* #ahif4 ,,*apt] ,i ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,a/ronomy is ! olde/ & mo/ sublime ( all ! sci5ces4 ,to a contemplative obs]v] ( ! heav5s1 ! numb] & brilliancy ( ! />s1 ! lu/re ( ! planets1 ! silv]y aspect ( ! ,moon1 ) h] ev]-*ang+ phases1 toge!r ) ! ord]1 ! h>mony1 & unison p]vad+ !m all1 create 9 8 m9d ?\ghts ( wond] & admiration4 ,occupy+ ! abyss ( space indi/+ui%able f inf9ity1 ! />ry heav5s 9 gr&eur & magnific5ce surpass ! l(tie/ conceptions ( ! human m9d2 =1 at a di/ance beyond ! range ( ord9>y vision1 ! telescope reveals clu/]s1 sy/ems1 galaxies1 univ]ses ( />s--suns--! innum]able ho/ ( heav51 ea* %9+ ) a spl5d\r comp>able ) t ( our ,sun1 &1 9 all likelihood1 fulfill+ 9 a simil> mann] ! same b5efic5t purposes4 ,! "t :5 man began to /udy ! />s is lo/ 9 ! antiquity ( prehi/oric ages4 ,! anci5t inhabitants ( ! ,e>? reg>d$ ! heav5ly bodies ) v5]ation & awe1 erect$ temples 9 _! hon\r1 & wor%ipp$ !m z deities4 ,hi/orical records ( a/ronomy c>ry u back sev]al ?\s& ye>s4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ?is "t1 & until a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 a/ronomy 0 associat$ ) a/rology--a sci5ce :i* orig9at$ f a desire on ! "p ( mank9d to p5etrate ! future1 & :i* 0 bas$ ^u ! suppos$ influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies ^u human & t]re/rial affairs4 ,x 0 natural to imag9e t ! ov]rul+ p[] :i* gov]n$ & direct$ ! c\rse ( sublun>y ev5ts resid$ 9 ! heav5s1 & t its decrees might be und]/ood by wat*+ ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies "u its control4 ,x 01 !re=e1 believ$ t by obs]v+ ! configuration ( ! planets & ! positions ( ! con/ellations at ! in/ant ( ! bir? ( an individual1 8 horoscope1 or de/9y1 c\ld be =etold2 & t by mak+ obs]vations ( a some:at simil> nature ! occurr5ce ( ev5ts ( public importance c\ld be pr$ict$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! laws :i* gov]n ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies became bett] kn[n1 & especially aft] ! discov]y ( ! great law ( gravitation1 a/rology ceas$ to be a belief1 ?\gh = long aft] x reta9$ its p[] ov] ! imag9ation1 & 0 (t5 allud$ to 9 ! writ+s ( poets & o!r au?ors4 ,9 ! e>ly dawn ( a/ronomical sci5ce1 ! !ories upheld ) reg>d to ! /ructure ( ! heav5s 7 ( a simple & primitive nature1 & might ev5 be describ$ z grotesque4 ,?is ne$ occasion no surprise :5 we consid] ! difficulties ) :i* anci5t a/ronom]s _h to cont5d 9 _! endeav\rs to r$uce to ord] & h>mony ! complicat$ motions ( ! orbs :i* !y beheld circl+ ar\nd !m4 ,! gr\p+ ( ! />s into con/ellations hav+ fanciful names1 d]iv$ f fable or anci5t my?ology1 occurr$ at a v e>ly p]iod1 & ?\gh devoid ( any me?odical arrangem5t1 is yet suffici5tly well-def9$ to s]ve ! purposes ( mod]n a/ronom]s4 ,sev]al ( ! anci5t nations ( ! e>?1 includ+ ! ,*aldeans1 ,egyptians1 ,h9dus1 & ,*9ese1 claim to h be5 ! e>lie/ a/ronom]s4 ,*9ese records ( a/ronomy reveal an antiquity ( ne> #c1jjj ye>s ,b4,c41 b !y conta9 no evid5ce t _! au?ors possess$ any sci5tific k1 & !y m]ely record ! occurr5ce ( sol> eclipses & ! appe>ances ( comets4 ,x is n kn[n :5 a/ronomy 0 fir/ /udi$ by ! ,egyptians2 b :at a/ronomical in=mation !y h h&$ d[n is n ( a v intelligible k9d1 nor h !y left beh9d any data t c be reli$ ^u4 ,! ,great ,pyramid1 judg+ f ! exactness ) :i* x faces ! c>d9al po9ts1 mu/ h be5 design$ by p]sons :o possess$ a good k ( a/ronomy1 & x 0 probably made use ( = obs]vational purposes4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t correct a/ronomical obs]vations 7 fir/ made on ! pla9s ( ,*aldea1 records ( eclipses hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 ,*aldean cities :i* date back #b1bcd ye>s ,b4,c4 ,! ,*aldeans 7 true a/ronom]s3 !y made correct obs]vations ( ! ris+s & sett+s ( ! heav5ly bodies2 & ! exact ori5tation ( _! temples & public build+s indicates ! precision ) :i* !y obs]v$ ! positions ( cele/ial objects4 ,!y inv5t$ ! zodiac & gnomon1 made use ( sev]al k9ds ( dials1 notifi$ eclipses1 & divid$ ! day into tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,to ! ,greeks belongs ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ /udi$ a/ronomy 9 a regul> & sy/ematic mann]4 ,,?ales 7#fdj ,b4,c47 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ,greek a/ronom]s1 & may be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! sci5ce among t p4 ,he 0 born at ,miletus1 & aft]w>ds repair$ to ,egypt = ! purpose ( /udy4 ,on 8 return to ,greece he f\nd$ ! ,ionian s*ool1 & taught ! sph]icity ( ! ,e>?1 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 & ! true causes ( eclipses ( ! ,sun & ,moon4 ,he also direct$ ! att5tion ( m>9]s to ! sup]iority ( ! ,less] ,be>1 z a guide = ! navigation ( vessels1 z comp>$ ) ! ,great ,be>1 by :i* con/ellation !y usually /e]$4 ,?ales believ$ ! ,e>? to be ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & t ! />s 7 compos$ ( fire2 he also pr$ict$ ! occurr5ce ( a great sol> eclipse4 ,?ales _h = 8 successors ,anaxim&]1 ,anaxim5es1 & ,anaxagoras1 :o taught ! doctr9es ( ! ,ionian s*ool4 ,! next great a/ronom] t we read ( is ,,py?agoras1 :o 0 born at ,samos #eij ,b4,c4 ,he /udi$ "u ,?ales1 & aft]w>ds visit$ ,egypt & ,india1 9 ord] t he might make himself famili> ) ! sci5tific !ories adopt$ by ^? nations4 ,on 8 return to ,europe he f\nd$ 8 s*ool 9 ,italy1 & taught 9 a m ext5d$ =m ! doctr9es ( ! ,ionian s*ool4 ,9 8 speculations ) reg>d to ! /ructure ( ! univ]se he prop\nd$ ! !ory 7?\gh ! reasons by :i* he su/a9$ x 7 fanciful7 t ! ,sun is ! c5tre ( ! planet>y sy/em1 & t ! ,e>? revolves r\nd him4 ,?is !ory--! accuracy ( :i* has s9ce be5 confirm$--receiv$ b little att5tion f 8 successors1 & x sank into oblivion until ! "t ( ,cop]nicus1 by :om x 0 reviv$4 ,py?agoras discov]$ t ! ,morn+ & ,ev5+ ,/>s are "o & ! same planet4 ,among ! fam\s a/ronom]s :o liv$ ab\t ?is p]iod we f9d record$ ! names ( ,meton1 :o introduc$ ! ,metonic cycle into ,greece & erect$ ! fir/ sundial at ,a!ns2 ,eudoxus1 :o p]suad$ ! ,greeks to adopt ! ye> ( #cfe-a_/d days2 & ,nicetas1 :o taught t ! ,e>? complet$ a daily revolution on h] axis4 ,! ,alex&rian s*ool1 :i* fl\ri%$ = ?ree c5turies prior to ! ,*ri/ian era1 produc$ m5 ( em95ce ^: discov]ies & inve/igations1 :5 arrang$ & classifi$1 enabl$ a/ronomy to be reg>d$ z a true !oretical sci5ce4 ,! positions ( ! fix$ />s & ! pa?s ( ! planets 7 det]m9$ ) great] accuracy1 & irregul>ities ( ! motions ( ! ,sun & ,moon 7 inve/igat$ ) great] precision4 ,attempts 7 made to asc]ta9 ! di/ance ( ! ,sun f ! ,e>?1 & also ! dim5sions ( ! t]re/rial sph]e4 ,! obliquity ( ! ecliptic 0 accurately det]m9$1 & an arc ( ! m]idian 0 measur$ betwe5 ,sy5e & ,alex&ria4 ,! names ( ,ari/>*us1 ,erato/h5es1 ,ari/yllus1 ,timo*>is1 & ,autolycus1 are famili>ly kn[n 9 association ) ! advancem5t ( ! a/ronomy ( ?is p]iod4 ,we n[ rea* ! "n ( ,,hipp>*us ( ,bi?ynia 7#adj ,b4,c471 ! mo/ illu/ri\s a/ronom] ( antiquity1 :o did mu* to raise a/ronomy to ! position ( a true sci5ce1 & :o has also left beh9d him ample evid5ce ( 8 g5ius 'z a ma!matician1 an obs]v]1 & a !ori/4' ,we are indebt$ to him = ! e>lie/ /> catalogue1 9 :i* he includ$ #a1jha />s4 ,he discov]$ ! ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes1 & det]m9$ ! motions ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 & also ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 ) great] precision ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he inv5t$ ! sci5ces ( plane & sph]ical trigonometry1 & 0 ! fir/ to use "r asc5sions & decl9ations4 ,! next a/ronom] ( em95ce aft] ,hipp>*us 0 ,,ptolemy 7#acj ,a4,d471 :o resid$ at ,alex&ria4 ,he 0 skill$ z a ma!matician & geograph]1 & also excell$ z a musician4 ,8 *ief discov]y 0 an irregul>ity ( ! lun> motion1 call$ ! 'evection4' ,he 0 also ! fir/ to obs]ve ! effect ( ! refraction ( light 9 caus+ ! app>5t displacem5t ( a heav5ly body f its true position4 ,ptolemy devot$ mu* ( 8 "t to ext5d+ & improv+ ! !ories ( ,hipp>*us1 & compil$ a great treatise1 call$ ! ',almage/1' :i* conta9s ne>ly all ! k we possess ( anci5t a/ronomy4 ,ptolemy's "n is1 h[ev]1 mo/ widely kn[n 9 association ) :at is call$ ! ,ptolemaic !ory4 ,?is sy/em1 :i* orig9at$ long be=e 8 "t1 b ( :i* he 0 "o ( ! able/ exp\nd]s1 0 an attempt to e/abli% on a sci5tific basis ! conclusions & results arriv$ at by e>ly a/ronom]s :o /udi$ & obs]v$ ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,ptolemy reg>d$ ! ,e>? z ! immovable c5tre ( ! univ]se1 r\nd :i* ! ,sun1 ,moon1 planets1 & ! entire heav5s complet$ a daily revolution 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,ptolemy no wor?y successor 0 f\nd to occupy 8 place1 ! /udy ( a/ronomy began to decl9e among ! ,greeks1 & aft] a "t x ceas$ to be cultivat$ by t p4 ,! ,arabs next took up ! /udy ( a/ronomy1 :i* !y prosecut$ mo/ assidu\sly = a p]iod ( f\r c5turies4 ,_! lab\rs 71 h[ev]1 conf9$ *iefly to obs]vational "w1 9 :i* !y excell$2 unlike _! pr$ecessors1 !y paid b little att5tion to speculative !ories--inde$1 !y reg>d$ ) su* v5]ation ! op9ions held by ! ,greeks1 t !y did n feel dispos$ to "q ! accuracy ( _! doctr9es4 ,! mo/ em95t a/ronom] among ! ,arabs 0 ,,albategnius 7#fhj ,a4,d474 ,he correct$ ! ,greek obs]vations1 & made sev]al discov]ies :i* te/ifi$ to 8 abilities z an obs]v]4 ,,ibn ,,yunis & ,,abul ,,wefu 7 ,arab a/ronom]s :o e>n$ a high reputation on acc\nt ( ! numb] & accuracy ( _! obs]vations4 ,9 ,p]sia1 a desc5dant ( ! fam\s ,g5ghis ,khan erect$ an obs]vatory1 :]e a/ronomical obs]vations 7 sy/ematically made4 ,om>1 a ,p]sian a/ronom]1 sugge/$ a re=mation ( ! cal5d> :i*1 if x _h be5 adopt$1 w\ld h insur$ great] accuracy ?an c be atta9$ by ! ,gregorian /yle n[ 9 use4 ,9 #adcc1 ,ulugh ,beg1 :o resid$ at ,sam>c&1 made _m obs]vations1 & con/ruct$ a /> catalogue ( great] exactness ?an 0 kn[n to exi/ prior to 8 "t4 ,! ,arabs may be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 ! cu/odians ( a/ronomy until ! "t ( its revival 9 ano!r qu>t] ( ! ,globe4 ,aft] ! lapse ( _m c5turies1 a/ronomy 0 introduc$ into ,we/]n ,europe 9 #abbj1 & f t date to ! pres5t "t its c>e] has be5 "o ( triumphant progress4 ,9 #abcj1 a translation ( ,ptolemy's ',almage/' f ,arabic into ,lat9 0 accompli%$ by ord] ( ! ,g]man ,emp]or1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii42 & 9 #abeb ,alphonso ,x41 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 himself a zeal\s patron ( a/ronomy1 caus$ a new set ( a/ronomical tables to be con/ruct$ at 8 own exp5se1 :i*1 9 hon\r ( 8 ,maje/y1 7 call$ ! ',alphons9e ,tables4' ,purba* & ,regiomontanus1 two ,g]man a/ronom]s ( di/+ui%$ reputation1 & ,wal!rus1 a man ( consid]able r5[n1 made _m important obs]vations 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! mo/ em95t a/ronom] :o liv$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ?is c5tury 0 ,cop]nicus4 ,,nicolas ,,cop]nicus 0 born ,febru>y #ai1 #adgc1 at ,?orn1 a small t[n situat$ on ! ,vi/ula1 :i* =m$ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! k+doms ( ,prussia & ,pol&4 ,8 fa!r 0 a ,poli% subject1 & 8 "m ( ,g]man extraction4 ,hav+ lo/ 8 p>5ts e>ly 9 life1 he 0 educat$ "u ! sup]vision ( 8 uncle ,lucas1 ,bi%op ( ,erml&4 ,cop]nicus att5d$ a s*ool at ,?orn1 & aft]w>ds ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,crac[1 9 #adia1 :]e he devot$ f\r ye>s to ! /udy ( ma!matics & sci5ce4 ,on leav+ ,crac[ he atta*$ himself to ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna z a /ud5t ( canon law1 & att5d$ a c\rse ( lectures on a/ronomy giv5 by ,nov>ra4 ,9 ! ensu+ ye> he 0 appo9t$ canon ( ,frau5burg1 ! ca!dral city ( ! ,diocese ( ,erml&1 situat$ on ! %ores ( ! ,fris*es ,haff4 ,9 ! ye> #aejj he 0 at ,rome1 :]e he lectur$ on ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,he next sp5t a few ye>s at ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua1 :]e1 besides apply+ himself to ma!matics & a/ronomy1 he /udi$ m$ic9e & obta9$ a degree4 ,9 #aeje ,cop]nicus return$ to 8 native c\ntry1 & 0 appo9t$ m$ical att5dant to 8 uncle1 ! ,bi%op ( ,erml&1 ) :om he resid$ 9 ! /ately ca/le ( ,heilsb]g1 situat$ at a di/ance ( =ty-six miles f ,frau5burg4 ,cop]nicus liv$ ) 8 uncle f #aejg till #aeab1 & dur+ t "t prosecut$ 8 a/ronomical /udies1 & und]took1 besides1 _m ardu\s duties associat$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! diocese2 ^! he fai?fully dis*>g$ until ! dea? ( ! ,bi%op1 :i* occurr$ 9 #aeab4 ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 uncle he took up 8 resid5ce at ,frau5burg1 :]e he occupi$ 8 "t 9 m$itat+ on 8 new a/ronomy & und]tak+ v>i\s duties ( a public "*1 :i* he fulfill$ ) cr$it & di/9ction4 ,9 #aebc he 0 appo9t$ ,adm9i/rator-,g5]al ( ! diocese4 ,?\gh a canon ( ,frau5burg1 ,cop]nicus nev] became a prie/4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( pr(\nd m$itation & ?\ght1 ,cop]nicus1 9 a treatise entitl$ ',de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cele/ium1' prop\nd$ a new !ory1 or1 m correctly speak+1 reviv$ ! anci5t ,py?agorean sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,?is great "w1 :i* he d$icat$ to ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 0 complet$ 9 #aecj2 b he c\ld n be prevail$ ^u to h x publi%$ until #aedc1 ! ye> 9 :i* he di$4 ,9 #aedb ,cop]nicus _h an apoplectic seizure1 foll[$ by p>alysis & a gradual decay ( 8 m5tal & vital p[]s4 ,8 book 0 pr9t$ at ,nuremb]g1 & ! fir/ copy arriv$ at ,frau5burg on ,may #bd1 #aedc1 9 "t to be t\*$ by ! h&s ( ! dy+ man1 :o 9 a few h\rs aft] expir$4 ,! h\se 9 :i* ,cop]nicus liv$ at ,all5/e9 is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & 9 ! walls ( 8 *amb] are visible ! p]=ations :i* he made = ! purpose ( obs]v+ ! />s cross ! m]idian4 ,cop]nicus 0 ! means ( creat+ an entire revolution 9 ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 by transf]r+ ! c5tre ( our sy/em f ! ,e>? to ! ,sun4 ,he acc\nt$ = ! alt]nation ( day & night by ! rotation ( ! ,e>? on h] axis1 & = ! vicissitudes ( ! seasons by h] revolution r\nd ! ,sun4 ,he devot$ ! great] "p ( 8 life to m$itat+ on ?is !ory1 & adduc$ sev]al weighty reasons 9 its support4 ,cop]nicus c\ld n help p]ceiv+ ! complications & entanglem5ts by :i* ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( ! univ]se 0 surr\nd$1 & :i* comp>$ unfav\rably ) ! simple & ord]ly mann] 9 :i* o!r natural ph5om5a pres5t$ !mselves to 8 obs]vation4 ,by p]ceiv+ t ,m>s :5 9 opposition 0 n mu* inf]ior 9 lu/re to ,jupit]1 & :5 9 conjunction resembl$ a /> ( ! second magnitude1 he arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! ,e>? c\ld n be ! c5tre ( ! planet's motion4 ,hav+ discov]$ 9 "s anci5t manuscripts a !ory1 ascrib$ to ! ,egyptians1 t ,m]cury & ,v5us revolv$ r\nd ! ,sun1 :il/ !y accompani$ ! orb 9 8 revolution r\nd ! ,e>?1 ,cop]nicus 0 able to p]ceive t ?is af=d$ him a means ( expla9+ ! alt]nate appe>ance ( ^? planets on ea* side ( ! ,sun4 ,! v>i$ aspects ( ! sup]ior planets1 :5 obs]v$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( _! orbits1 also l$ him to conclude t ! ,e>? 0 n ! c5tral body r\nd :i* !y accompli%$ _! revolutions4 ,z a comb9$ result ( 8 obs]vation & reason+ ,cop]nicus prop\nd$ ! !ory t ! ,sun is ! c5tre ( our sy/em1 & t all ! planets1 includ+ ! ,e>?1 revolve 9 orbits ar\nd him4 ,?is1 :i* is call$ ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 is n[ reg>d$ z1 & has be5 prov$ to be1 ! true !ory ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,,ty*o ,,brahe 0 a celebrat$ ,dani% a/ronom]1 :o e>n$ a des]v$ly high reputation on acc\nt ( ! numb] & accuracy ( 8 a/ronomical obs]vations & calculations4 ,! v>i\s a/ronomical tables t 7 9 use 9 8 "t conta9$ _m inaccuracies1 & x became necess>y t !y %\ld be recon/ruct$ ^u a m correct basis4 ,ty*o possess$ ! practical skill requir$ = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,he 0 born ,decemb] #ad1 #aedf1 at ,knud/orp1 ne> ,hels+borg4 ,8 fa!r1 ,otto ,brahe1 trac$ 8 desc5t f a ,sw$i% family ( noble bir?4 ,at ! age ( ?irte5 ,ty*o 0 s5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag51 :]e x 0 int5d$ he %\ld prep>e himself = ! /udy ( ! law4 ,! pr$iction ( a great sol> eclipse1 :i* 0 to happ5 on ,augu/ #ba1 #aefj1 caus$ mu* public excitem5t 9 ,d5m>k1 = 9 ^? days su* ph5om5a 7 reg>d$ z port5d+ ! occurr5ce ( ev5ts ( national importance4 ,ty*o look$ =w>d ) great eag]ness to ! "t ( ! eclipse4 ,he wat*$ its progress ) int5se int]e/1 & :5 he p]ceiv$ all ! details ( ! ph5om5on occur exactly z !y 7 pr$ict$1 he resolv$ to pursue ! /udy ( a sci5ce by :i*1 z 0 !n believ$1 ! occurr5ce ( future ev5ts c\ld be =etold4 ,f ,cop5hag5 ,ty*o ,brahe 0 s5t to ,leipsic to /udy jurisprud5ce1 b a/ronomy absorb$ all 8 ?\ghts4 ,he sp5t 8 pocket-money 9 pur*as+ a/ronomical books1 &1 :5 8 tutor _h retir$ to sleep1 he occupi$ 8 "t night aft] night 9 wat*+ ! />s & mak+ himself famili> ) _! c\rses4 ,he foll[$ ! planets 9 _! direct & retrograde movem5ts1 & ) ! aid ( a small globe & pair ( compasses 0 able by means ( 8 own calculations to detect s]i\s discrepancies 9 ! ,alphons9e & ,prut5ic tables4 ,9 ord] to make himself m pr(ici5t 9 calculat+ a/ronomical tables he /udi$ ari?metic & geometry1 & le>n$ ma!matics )\t ! aid ( a ma/]4 ,hav+ rema9$ at ,leipsic = ?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he paid f> m att5tion to ! /udy ( a/ronomy ?an to t ( law1 he return$ to 8 native c\ntry 9 consequ5ce ( ! dea? ( an uncle1 :o bequea!d him a consid]able e/ate4 ,9 ,d5m>k he cont9u$ to prosecute 8 a/ronomical /udies1 & incurr$ ! displeasure ( 8 fri5ds1 :o blam$ him = neglect+ 8 int5d$ pr(ession & wa/+ 8 "t on a/ronomy1 :i* !y reg>d$ z useless & unpr(itable4 ,n c>+ to rema9 among 8 relatives1 ,ty*o ,brahe return$ to ,g]many1 & arriv$ at ,witt5b]g 9 #aeff4 ,:il/ resid+ "h he _h an alt]cation ) a ,dani% g5tleman ov] "s "q 9 ma!matics4 ,! qu>rel l$ to a duel ) swords1 :i* t]m9at$ r un=tunately = ,ty*o1 :o _h a portion ( 8 nose cut (f4 ,?is loss he repair$ by +5i\sly contriv+ "o ( gold1 silv]1 & wax1 :i* 0 said to be> a good resemblance to ! orig9al4 ,f ,witt5b]g ,ty*o proce$$ to ,augsburg1 :]e he resid$ = two ye>s4 ,"h he made ! acqua9tance ( sev]al m5 di/+ui%$ = _! le>n+ & _! love ( a/ronomy4 ,dur+ 8 /ay at ,augsburg he con/ruct$ a quadrant ( f\rte5 cubits radius1 on :i* 7 indicat$ ! s+le m9utes ( a degree2 he made _m valuable obs]vations ) ?is in/rum5t1 :i* he us$ 9 comb9ation ) a l>ge sextant4 ,9 #aega ,ty*o return$ to ,d5m>k1 :]e 8 fame z an a/ronom] _h prec$$ him1 & 0 ! means ( procur+ = him a he>ty welcome f 8 relatives & fri5ds4 ,9 #aegb1 :5 return+ "o night f 8 laboratory--= ,ty*o /udi$ al*emy z well z a/ronomy--he beheld :at appe>$ to be a new & brilliant /> 9 ! con/ellation ,cassiopeia1 :i* 0 situat$ ov]head4 ,he direct$ ! att5tion ( 8 companions to ?is wond]ful object1 & all decl>$ t !y _h nev] obs]v$ su* a /> be=e4 ,on ! foll[+ night he measur$ its di/ance f ! ne>e/ />s 9 ! con/ellation1 & arriv$ at ! conclusion t x 0 a fix$ />1 & beyond our sy/em4 ,?is rem>kable object rema9$ visible = sixte5 mon?s1 & :5 at its brighte/ rivall$ ,sirius4 ,at fir/ x 0 ( a brilliant :ite col\r1 b z x dim9i%$ 9 size x became yell[2 x next *ang$ to a r$ col\r1 resembl+ ,aldeb>an2 aft]w>ds x appe>$ l ,saturn1 & z x grew small] x decreas$ 9 brightness1 until x f9ally became invisible4 ,9 #aegc ,ty*o ,brahe m>ri$ a peasant-girl f ! village ( ,knud/orp4 ,?is imprud5t act r\s$ ! res5tm5t ( 8 relatives1 :o1 be+ ( noble bir?1 7 indignant t he %\ld h contract$ su* an alliance4 ,! bitt]ness & mutual ill-feel+ creat$ by ?is affair became s int5se t ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k deem$ x advisable to endeav\r to br+ ab\t a reconciliation4 ,aft] ?is ,ty*o return$ to ,g]many1 & visit$ sev]al cities be=e decid+ :]e he %\ld take up 8 p]man5t resid5ce4 ,8 fame z an a/ronom] 0 n[ s great t he 0 receiv$ ) di/9ction :]ev] he w5t1 & on ! occasion ( a visit to ,hesse-,cassel he sp5t a few pleasant days ) ,william1 ,l&grave ( ,hesse1 :o 0 himself skill$ 9 a/ronomy4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 hav+ recognis$ ,ty*o ,brahe's great m]its z an a/ronom]1 & n wi%+ t 8 fame %\ld add lu/re to a =eign ,c\rt1 express$ a desire t he %\ld return to 8 native c\ntry1 & z an inducem5t (f]$ him a life int]e/ 9 ! isl& ( ,hu51 9 ! ,s\nd1 :]e he und]took to erect & equip an obs]vatory at 8 own exp5se2 ! ,k+ also promis$ to be/[ ^u him a p5sion1 & grant him o!r emolum5ts besides4 ,ty*o gladly accept$ ?is g5]\s (f]1 & dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! obs]vatory occupi$ 8 "t 9 mak+ a magnific5t collection ( in/rum5ts & appliances adapt$ = obs]vational purposes4 ,?is h&some edifice1 ^u :i* ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k exp5d$ a sum ( #bj1jjjl41 0 call$ ',urani5burg' 7',! ,citadel ( ! ,heav5s'74 ,"h ,ty*o resid$ = a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he pursu$ 8 a/ronomical lab\rs ) untir+ en]gy & zeal1 & made a l>ge numb] ( obs]vations & calculations ( mu* sup]ior accuracy to any t exi/$ previ\sly1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds ( great s]vice to 8 successors4 ,dur+ 8 long resid5ce at ,hu51 ,ty*o 0 visit$ by _m di/+ui%$ p]sons1 :o 7 attract$ to 8 isl& home by 8 fame & ! magnific5ce ( 8 obs]vatory4 ,among !m 0 ,james ,,vi4 ( ,scotl&1 :o1 :il/ j\rney+ to ! ,c\rt ( ,d5m>k on ! occasion ( 8 m>riage to a ,dani% pr9cess1 paid ,ty*o a visit1 & enjoy$ 8 hospitality = a week4 ,! ,k+ 0 delight$ ) all t he saw1 & on 8 dep>ture pres5t$ ,ty*o ) a h&some donation1 & at 8 reque/ compos$ "s ,lat9 v]ses1 9 :i* he eulogis$ 8 ho/ & prais$ 8 obs]vatory4 ,! isl& ( ,hu5 is situat$ ab\t six miles f ! coa/ ( ,zeal&1 & f\rte5 f ,cop5hag54 ,x has a circumf]5ce ( six miles1 & consi/s *iefly ( an elevat$ plateau1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* ,ty*o erect$ 8 obs]vatory1 ! site ( :i* is n[ m>k$ by two pits & a few m\nds ( e>?--all t rema9s ( ,urani5burg4 ,all w5t well ) ,ty*o ,brahe dur+ ! lifetime ( 8 noble patron2 b 9 #aehh ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 di$1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 a y\? elev5 ye>s ( age4 ,! ,dani% nobles _h long be5 jeal\s ( ,ty*o's fame & reputation1 & on ! dea? ( ! ,k+ an opportunity 0 af=d$ !m ( intrigu+ ) ! object ( accompli%+ 8 d[nfall4 ,sev]al false accusations 7 br\ght aga9/ him1 & ! ,c\rt p>ty made ! impov]i%$ /ate ( ! ,treasury an excuse = depriv+ him ( 8 p5sion & emolum5ts grant$ by ! late ,k+4 ,ty*o 0 no long] able to be> ! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ 8 e/abli%m5t at ,hu51 & fe>+ t he might be depriv$ ( ! isl& itself1 he took a h\se 9 ,cop5hag51 to :i* he remov$ all 8 small] in/rum5ts4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ! capital he 0 subject$ to annoyance & p]secution4 ,an ord] 0 issu$ 9 ! ,k+'s "n prev5t+ him f c>ry+ on 8 *emical exp]im5ts1 & he besides suff]$ ! indignity ( a p]sonal assault4 ,ty*o ,brahe resolv$ to quit 8 ungrateful c\ntry & seek a home 9 "s =eign l&1 :]e he %\ld be p]mitt$ to pursue 8 /udies unmole/$ & live 9 quietness & peace4 ,he accord+ly remov$ f ! isl& ( ,hu5 all 8 in/rum5ts & appliances t 7 ( a portable nature1 & pack$ !m on bo>d a vessel :i* he hir$ = ! purpose ( transport1 &1 hav+ emb>k$ ) 8 family1 8 s]vants1 & "s ( 8 pupils & assi/ants1 '?is int]e/+ b>que1 freight$ ) ! glory ( ,d5m>k1' set sail f ,cop5hag5 ab\t ! end ( #aeig1 & hav+ cross$ ! ,baltic 9 safety1 arriv$ at ,ro/ock1 :]e ,ty*o f\nd "s old fri5ds wait+ to receive him4 ,he 0 n[ 9 d\bt z to :]e he %\ld f9d a home1 :5 ! ,au/rian ,emp]or ,rudolph1 himself a lib]al patron ( sci5ce & ! f9e arts1 hav+ he>d ( ,ty*o ,brahe's mis=tunes1 s5t him an invitation to take up 8 abode 9 8 dom9ions1 & promis$ t he %\ld be treat$ 9 a mann] wor?y ( 8 reputation & fame4 ,ty*o resolv$ to accept ! ,emp]or's k9d invitation1 & 9 ! spr+ ( #aeii arriv$ at ,prague1 :]e he f\nd a h&some resid5ce prep>$ = 8 reception4 ,he 0 receiv$ by ! ,emp]or 9 a mo/ cordial mann] & treat$ ) ! greate/ k9dness4 ,an annual p5sion ( ?ree ?\s& cr[ns 0 settl$ ^u him = life1 & he 0 to h 8 *oice ( sev]al resid5ces belong+ to 8 ,maje/y1 :]e he might reside & erect a new obs]vatory4 ,f among ^! he select$ ! ,ca/le ( ,b5a*1 9 ,bohemia1 :i* 0 situat$ on an elevat$ plateau & comm&$ a wide view ( ! horizon4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,b5a* ,ty*o receiv$ a visit f ,kepl]1 :o /ay$ ) him = sev]al mon?s 9 ord] t he might c>ry out "s a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,kepl] return$1 & took up 8 p]man5t resid5ce ) ,ty*o1 hav+ be5 appo9t$ assi/ant 9 8 obs]vatory1 a po/ :i*1 at ,ty*o's reque/1 0 conf]r$ ^u him by ! ,emp]or4 ,ty*o ,brahe soon discov]$ t 8 ignorance ( ! language & unfamili>ity ) ! cu/oms ( ! p caus$ him mu* inconv5i5ce4 ,he !re=e ask$ p]mission f ! ,emp]or to be all[$ to remove to ,prague4 ,?is reque/ 0 readily grant$1 & a suitable resid5ce 0 provid$ = him 9 ! city4 ,9 ! meantime 8 family1 8 l>ge in/rum5ts1 & o!r prop]ty1 hav+ arriv$ at ,prague1 ,ty*o 0 soon com=tably settl$ 9 8 new home4 ,?\gh ,ty*o ,brahe cont9u$ 8 a/ronomical obs]vations1 yet he c\ld n help feel+ t he liv$ among a /range p2 nor did ! remembrance ( 8 suff]+s & ! cruel treatm5t he receiv$ at ! h&s ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 subdue ! affection :i* he *]i%$ t[>ds 8 native l&4 ,pond]+ ov] ! pa/1 he became despond5t & l[-spirit$2 a morbid imag9ation caus$ him to brood ov] small tr\bles1 & gloomy1 melan*oly ?\ghts possess$ 8 m9d--symptoms :i* seem$ to presage ! approa* ( "s s]i\s malady4 ,"o ev5+1 :5 visit+ at ! h\se ( a fri5d1 he 0 seiz$ ) a pa9ful illness1 to :i* he succumb$ 9 less ?an a =tnight4 ,he di$ at ,prague on ,octob] #bd1 #afja1 :5 9 8 fifty-fif? ye>4 ,! ,emp]or ,rudolph1 :5 in=m$ ( ,ty*o ,brahe's dea?1 express$ 8 deep regret1 & comm&$ t he %\ld be int]r$ 9 ! pr9cipal *ur* 9 ! city1 & t 8 obsequies %\ld be celebrat$ ) e m>k ( hon\r & respect4 ,ty*o ,brahe /&s out z ! mo/ romantic & prom95t figure 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy4 ,8 indep5d5ce ( "*1 8 ard5t atta*m5ts1 8 /rong hatr$s1 & 8 love ( spl5d\r1 are *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% him f all o!r m5 ( 8 age4 ,?is rem>kable man 0 an a/ronom]1 a/rolog]1 & al*emi/2 b 9 8 latt] ye>s he r5\nc$ a/rology1 & believ$ t ! />s ex]cis$ no influ5ce ov] ! de/9ies ( mank9d4 ,z a practical a/ronom]1 ,ty*o ,brahe has n be5 excell$ by any o!r obs]v] ( ! heav5s4 ,! magnific5ce ( 8 obs]vatory at ,hu51 ^u ! equipm5t & embelli%m5t ( :i* x is /at$ he exp5d$ a ton ( gold2 ! spl5d\r & v>iety ( 8 in/rum5ts1 & 8 +5uity 9 inv5t+ new ones1 w\ld alone h made him fam\s4 ,b x 0 by ! skill & assiduity ) :i* he c>ri$ out 8 num]\s & important obs]vations t he has e>n$ = himself a position ( ! mo/ hon\rable di/9ction among a/ronom]s4 ,9 8 inve/igation ( ! ,lun> !ory ,ty*o ,brahe discov]$ ! ,moon's annual equation1 a ye>ly effect produc$ by ! ,sun's di/urb+ =ce z ! ,e>? approa*es or rec$es f him 9 h] orbit4 ,he also discov]$ ano!r inequality 9 ! ,moon's motion1 call$ ! v>iation4 ,he det]m9$ ) great] exactness a/ronomical refractions f an altitude ( #de deg4 d[nw>ds to ! horizon1 & con/ruct$ a catalogue ( #ggg />s4 ,he also made a va/ numb] ( obs]vations on planets1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! ',rudolph9e ,tables1' & 7 ( invaluable assi/ance to ,kepl] 9 8 inve/igation ( ! laws relat+ to planet>y motion4 ,ty*o ,brahe decl9$ to accept ! ,cop]nican !ory1 & devis$ a sy/em ( 8 own1 :i* he call$ ! ',ty*onic4' ,by ?is arrangem5t ! ,e>? rema9$ /ation>y1 :il/ all ! planets revolv$ r\nd ! ,sun1 :o 9 8 turn complet$ a daily revolution r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,all ! ph5om5a associat$ ) ! motions ( ^? bodies c\ld be expla9$ by means ( ?is sy/em2 b x did n receive mu* support1 & aft] ! ,cop]nican !ory became bett] und]/ood x 0 giv5 up1 & he>d ( no m4 ,we n[ arrive at ! "n ( ,,kepl]1 "o ( ! v greate/ ( a/ronom]s1 & a man ( rem>kable g5ius1 :o 0 ! fir/ to discov] ! real nature ( ! pa?s pursu$ by ! ,e>? & planets 9 _! revolution r\nd ! ,sun4 ,aft] sev5te5 ye>s ( close obs]vation1 he ann\nc$ t ^? bodies travell$ r\nd ! ,sun 9 elliptical or oval orbits1 & n 9 circul> pa?s1 z 0 believ$ by ,cop]nicus4 ,9 8 inve/igation ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! motions ( ! planets he =mulat$ ^? fam\s !orems kn[n z ',kepl]'s ,laws1' :i* w endure = all "t z a pro( ( 8 sagacity & surpass+ g5ius4 ,prior to ! discov]y ( ^? laws ! ,sun1 ?\gh ackn[l$g$ to be ! c5tre ( ! sy/em1 did n appe> to occupy a c5tral position z reg>ds ! motions ( ! planets2 b ,kepl]1 by demon/rat+ t ! planes ( ! orbits ( all ! planets1 & ! l9es connect+ _! apsides1 pass$ ?r\gh ! ,sun1 0 enabl$ to assign ! orb 8 true position ) reg>d to ^? bodies4 ,,john ,,kepl] 0 born at ,weil1 9 ! ,du*y ( ,wurtemb]g1 ,decemb] #ba1 #aega4 ,8 p>5ts1 ?\gh ( noble family1 liv$ 9 r$uc$ circum/ances1 ow+ to causes = :i* !y 7 !mselves *iefly responsible4 ,9 8 y\? ,kepl] suff]$ s mu* f ill-heal? t 8 education _h to be neglect$4 ,9 #aehf he 0 s5t to a mona/ic s*ool at ,maulbronn1 :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ at ! ,re=mation1 & 0 "u ! patronage ( ! ,duke ( ,wurtemb]g4 ,aft]w>ds he /udi$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,tub+51 :]e he di/+ui%$ himself & took a degree4 ,kepl] devot$ 8 att5tion *iefly to sci5ce & ma!matics1 b paid no p>ticul> att5tion to ! /udy ( a/ronomy4 ,mae/l91 ! pr(essor ( ma!matics1 ^: lectures he att5d$1 upheld ! ,cop]nican !ory1 & ,kepl]1 :o adopt$ ! views ( 8 tea*]1 wrote an essay 9 fav\r ( ! diurnal rotation ( ! ,e>?1 9 :i* he support$ ! m rec5t a/ronomical doctr9es4 ,9 #aeid1 a vacancy hav+ occurr$ 9 ! pr(essor%ip ( a/ronomy at ,gratz consequ5t ^u ! dea? ( ,george ,/adt1 ,kepl] 0 appo9t$ 8 successor4 ,he did n seek ?is (fice1 z he felt no p>ticul> desire to take up ! /udy ( a/ronomy1 b 0 recomm5d$ by 8 tutors z a man well fitt$ = ! po/4 ,he 0 ?us 9 a mann] compell$ to devote 8 "t & tal5ts to ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,kepl] direct$ 8 att5tion to ?ree subjects--viz4 '! numb]1 ! size1 & ! motion ( ! orbits ( ! planets4' ,he endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 if any regul> proportion exi/$ betwe5 ! sizes ( ! planet>y orbits1 or 9 ! diff]5ce ( _! sizes1 b 9 ?is he 0 unsuccessful4 ,he !n ?\ght t1 by imag9+ ! exi/5ce ( a planet betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 & ano!r betwe5 ,v5us & ,m]cury1 he might be able to atta9 8 object2 b he f\nd t ?is assumption af=d$ him no assi/ance4 ,kepl] !n imag9$ t z !re 7 five regul> geometrical solids1 & five planets1 ! di/ances ( ! latt] 7 regulat$ by ! size ( ! solids describ$ r\nd "o ano!r4 ,! discov]y aft]w>ds ( two additional planets te/ifi$ to ! absurdity ( ?is speculation4 ,a description ( ^! extraord9>y rese>*es 0 publi%$1 9 #aeif1 9 a "w entitl$ ',prodromus ( ,cosmographical ,diss]tations2 conta9+ ! cosmographical my/]y respect+ ! admirable proportion ( ! cele/ial orbits1 & ! g5u9e & real causes ( ! numb]1 magnitude1 & p]iods ( ! planets1 demon/rat$ by ! five regul> geometrical solids4' ,?is volume1 not)/&+ ! fanciful speculations :i* x conta9$1 0 receiv$ ) mu* fav\r by a/ronom]s1 & bo? ,ty*o ,brahe & ,galileo enc\rag$ ,kepl] to cont9ue 8 rese>*es4 ,galileo admir$ 8 +5uity1 & ,ty*o advis$ him 'to lay a solid f\ndation = 8 views by actual obs]vation1 & !n1 by asc5d+ f ^!1 to /rive to rea* ! causes ( ?+s4' ,kepl] sp5t _m ye>s 9 ^! fruitless endeav\rs be=e he made ^? gr& discov]ies 9 se>* ( :i* he lab\r$ s long4 ,! religi\s diss5sions :i* at ?is "t agitat$ ,g]many 7 accompani$ 9 _m places by mu* tumult & excitem5t4 ,at ,gratz ! ,ca?olics ?reat5$ to expel ! ,prote/ants f ! city4 ,kepl]1 :o 0 ( ! ,re=m$ fai?1 hav+ recognis$ ! dang] ) :i* he 0 ?reat5$1 retir$ to ,hung>y ) 8 wife1 :om he _h rec5tly m>ri$1 & rema9$ !re = ne> twelve mon?s1 dur+ :i* "t he occupi$ himself ) writ+ sev]al %ort treatises on subjects connect$ ) a/ronomy4 ,9 #aeii he return$ to ,gratz & resum$ 8 pr(essor%ip4 ,9 ! ye> #afjj ,kepl] set out to pay ,ty*o ,brahe a visit at ,prague1 9 ord] t he might be able to avail himself ( in=mation conta9$ 9 obs]vations made by ,ty*o ) reg>d to ! ecc5tricities ( ! orbits ( ! planets4 ,he 0 receiv$ by ,ty*o ) mu* cordiality1 & /ay$ ) him = f\r mon?s at 8 resid5ce at ,b5a*1 ,ty*o 9 ! meantime hav+ promis$ t he w\ld use 8 influ5ce ) ! ,emp]or ,rudolph to h him appo9t$ z assi/ant 9 8 obs]vatory4 ,on ! t]m9ation ( 8 visit ,kepl] return$ to ,gratz1 & z !re 0 a r5ewal ( ! religi\s tr\ble 9 ! city1 he resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip1 f :i* he only d]iv$ a small income1 &1 rely+ on ,ty*o's promise1 he aga9 j\rney$ to ,prague1 & arriv$ !re 9 #afja4 ,kepl] 0 pres5t$ to ! ,emp]or by ,ty*o1 & ! po/ ( ,imp]ial ,ma!matician 0 conf]r$ ^u him1 ) a sal>y ( #ajj flor9s a ye>1 ^u condition t he %\ld assi/ ,ty*o 9 8 obs]vatory4 ,?is appo9tm5t 0 ( mu* value to ,kepl]1 because x af=d$ him an opportunity ( obta9+ access to ! num]\s a/ronomical obs]vations made by ,ty*o1 :i* 7 ( great assi/ance to him 9 ! inve/igation ( ! subject :i* he _h *os5--viz4 ! laws :i* gov]n ! motions ( ! planets1 & ! =m & size ( ! planet>y orbits4 ,z an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,emp]or's great k9dness1 ! two a/ronom]s resolv$ to compute a new set ( a/ronomical tables1 & 9 hon\r ( 8 ,maje/y !y 7 to be call$ ! ',rudolph9e ,tables4' ,?is project pleas$ ! ,emp]or1 :o promis$ to defray ! exp5se ( _! publication4 ,logomontanus1 ,ty*o's *ief assi/ant1 _h entru/$ to him t portion ( ! "w relat+ to obs]vations on ! />s1 & ,kepl] _h *>ge ( ! "p :i* embrac$ ! calculations belong+ to ! planets & _! orbits4 ,?is important "w _h sc>cely be5 begun :5 ! dep>ture ( ,logomontanus1 :o obta9$ an appo9tm5t 9 ,d5m>k1 & ! dea? ( ,ty*o ,brahe 9 ,octob] #afja1 necessitat$ its susp5sion = a "t4 ,kepl] 0 appo9t$ ,*ief ,ma!matician to ! ,emp]or 9 succession to ,ty*o--a position ( hon\r & di/9ction1 & to :i* 0 atta*$ a h&some sal>y1 t 0 paid out ( ! ,imp]ial treasury4 ,b ow+ to ! cont9uance ( exp5sive w>s1 :i* entail$ a sev]e dra9 ^u ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 ! public funds became v l[1 & ,kepl]'s sal>y 0 always 9 arre>4 ,?is condition ( ?+s involv$ him 9 s]i\s pecuni>y difficulties1 & ! responsibility ( hav+ to ma9ta9 an increas+ family add$ to 8 anxieties4 ,x 0 ) ! greate/ difficulty t he succe$$ 9 obta9+ paym5t ( ev5 a portion ( 8 sal>y1 & he 0 r$uc$ to su* /raits z to be "u ! necessity ( ca/+ nativities 9 ord] to obta9 money to meet 8 mo/ press+ requirem5ts4 ,9 #afji ,kepl] publi%$ 8 great "w1 entitl$ ',! ,new ,a/ronomy2 or1 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,motions ( ,m>s4' ,x 0 by 8 obs]vation ( ,m>s1 :i* has an orbit ( great] ecc5tricity ?an t ( any ( ! o!r planets1 ) ! exception ( ,m]cury1 t he 0 enabl$1 aft] ye>s ( pati5t /udy1 to ann\nce 9 ?is volume ! discov]y ( two ( ! ?ree fam\s !orems kn[n z ,kepl]'s ,laws4 ,! fir/ is1 t all ! planets move r\nd ! ,sun 9 elliptic orbits1 & t ! orb occupies "o ( ! foci4 ,! second is1 t ! radius-vector1 or imag9>y l9e jo9+ ! c5tre ( ! planet & ! c5tre ( ! ,sun1 describes equal areas 9 equal times4 ,! ?ird law1 :i* relates to ! connection betwe5 ! p]iodic times & ! di/ances ( ! planets1 0 n discov]$ until t5 ye>s lat]1 :5 ,kepl]1 9 #afai1 issu$ ano!r "w1 call$ ! ',h>monies ( ! ,_w1' d$icat$ to ,james ,i4 ( ,engl&1 9 :i* 0 conta9$ ?is rem>kable law4 ,^! laws h elevat$ a/ronomy to ! position ( a true physical sci5ce1 & also =m$ ! />t+-po9t ( ,newton's inve/igations :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,kepl]'s delight on ! discov]y ( 8 ?ird law 0 unb\nd$4 ,he writes3 ',no?+ holds me4 ,i w indulge 9 my sacr$ fury4 ,i w triumph ov] mank9d by ! hone/ confession t ,i h /ol5 ! gold5 vases ( ! ,egyptians to build up a tab]nacle = my ,god f> away f ! conf9es ( ,egypt4 ,if y =give me1 ,i rejoice2 if y are angry1 ,i c be> x4 ,! die is ca/2 ! book is writt51 to be read ei!r n[ or by po/]ity ,i c>e n :i*4 ,x may well wait a c5tury = a read]1 z ,god has wait$ six ?\s& ye>s = an obs]v]4' ,:5 ,kepl] pres5t$ 8 celebrat$ book to ! ,emp]or1 he rem>k$ t x 0 8 int5tion to make a simil> attack ^u ! o!r planets1 & promis$ t he w\ld be successful if 8 ,maje/y w\ld und]take to f9d ! means necess>y = c>ry+ on op]ations4 ,b ! ,emp]or _h m =midable enemies to cont5d ) ne>] home ?an ,jupit] & ,saturn1 & no funds 7 =?com+ to assi/ ,kepl] 9 8 und]tak+4 ,! *air ( ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,l9z hav+ become vacant1 ,kepl] (f]$ himself z a c&idate = ! appo9tm5t1 :i* he 0 anxi\s to obta92 b ! ,emp]or ,rudolph 0 av]se to 8 leav+ ,prague1 & enc\rag$ him to hope t ! arre>s ( 8 sal>y w\ld be paid4 ,b pa/ exp]i5ce l$ ,kepl] to h no v sangu9e expectations on ?is po9t2 nor 0 x until aft] ! dea? ( ,rudolph1 9 #afab1 t he 0 reliev$ f 8 pecuni>y emb>rassm5ts4 ,on ! accession ( ,rudolph's bro!r1 ,mat?ias1 to ! ,au/rian ?rone1 ,kepl] 0 reappo9t$ ,imp]ial ,ma!matician2 he 0 also p]mitt$ to hold ! pr(essor%ip at ,l9z1 to :i* he _h be5 elect$4 ,kepl] 0 n lo? to remove f ,prague1 :]e he _h sp5t elev5 ye>s h>ass$ by pov]ty & o!r dome/ic afflictions4 ,hav+ settl$ ) 8 family at ,l9z1 ,kepl] issu$ ano!r "w1 9 #afah1 entitl$ ',epitome ( ! ,cop]nican ,a/ronomy1' 9 :i* he gave a g5]al acc\nt ( 8 a/ronomical obs]vations & discov]ies1 & a summ>y ( 8 op9ions ) reg>d to ! !ories :i* 9 ^? days 7 ! subject ( controv]sial discussion4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft] its publication x 0 includ$ by ! ,congregation ( ! ,index1 at ,rome1 9 ! li/ ( prohibit$ books4 ,?is occasion$ ,kepl] consid]able al>m1 z he imag9$ x might int]f]e ) ! sale ( 8 works1 or give rise to difficulties 9 ! issue ( o!rs4 ,he1 h[ev]1 0 assur$ by 8 fri5d ,remus t ! action ( ! ,papal au?orities ne$ cause him no anxiety4 ,! ,emp]or ,mat?ias di$ 9 #afai1 & 0 succe$$ by ,f]d9& ,,iii41 :o n only reta9$ ,kepl] 9 8 (fice1 b gave ord]s t all ! arre>s ( 8 sal>y %\ld be paid1 includ+ ^? :i* accumulat$ dur+ ! reign ( ,rudolph2 he also express$ a desire t ! ',rudolph9e ,tables' %\ld be publi%$ )\t delay & at 8 co/4 ,b o!r ob/acles int]v5$1 = at ?is "t ,g]many 0 involv$ 9 a civil & religi\s w>1 :i* int]f]$ ) all peaceful vocations4 ,kepl]'s libr>y at ,l9z 0 seal$ up by ord] ( ! ,jesuits1 & ! city 0 = a "t besieg$ by troops4 ,?is /ate ( public affairs necessitat$ a consid]able delay 9 ! publication ( ! ',tables4' ,! ',rudolph9e ,tables' 7 publi%$ at ,ulm 9 #afbg4 ,!y 7 comm5c$ by ,ty*o ,brahe1 & complet$ by ,kepl]1 :o made 8 calculations f ,ty*o's obs]vations1 & bas$ !m ^u 8 own great discov]y ( ! ellipticity ( ! orbits ( ! planets4 ,!y are divid$ into f\r p>ts4 ,! fir/ & ?ird p>ts conta9 log>i?mic & o!r tables = ! purpose ( facilitat+ a/ronomical calculations2 9 ! second are tables ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & planets2 & 9 ! f\r? are indicat$ ! positions ( "o ?\s& />s z det]m9$ by ,ty*o4 ,kepl] made a special j\rney to ,prague 9 ord] to pres5t ! ',tables' to ! ,emp]or1 & aft]w>ds ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany s5t him a gold *a9 z an ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 appreciation ( ! completion ( ?is great "w4 ,alb]t ,wall5/e91 ,duke ( ,fri$l&1 an accompli%$ s*ol> & a man fond ( sci5tific pursuits1 made ,kepl] a mo/ lib]al (f] if he w\ld take up 8 resid5ce 9 8 dom9ions4 ,aft] duly consid]+ ?is proposal1 ,kepl] decid$ to accept ! ,duke's (f]1 provid$ x receiv$ ! sanction ( ! ,emp]or4 ,?is 0 readily giv51 & ,kepl]1 9 #afbi1 remov$ ) 8 family f ,l9z to ,sagan1 9 ,silesia4 ,! ,duke ( ,fri$l& treat$ him ) great k9dness & lib]ality1 & ?r\gh 8 influ5ce he 0 appo9t$ to a pr(essor%ip 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro/ock4 ,?\gh ,kepl] 0 p]mitt$ to reta9 ! p5sion be/[$ ^u him by ! late ,emp]or ,rudolph1 he 0 unable aft] 8 removal to ,silesia to obta9 paym5t ( x1 & !re 0 a l>ge accumulation ( arre>s4 ,9 a f9al endeav\r to recov] ! am\nt ow+ to him he travell$ to ,ratisbon1 & appeal$ to ! ,imp]ial ,assembly1 b )\t success4 ,! fatigue :i* ,kepl] endur$ on 8 j\rney1 comb9$ ) vexation & disappo9tm5t1 br\ght on a fev]1 :i* t]m9at$ fatally4 ,he di$ on ,novemb] #ae1 #afcj1 :5 9 ! sixtie? ye> ( 8 age1 & 0 int]r$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s *ur*y>d1 ,ratisbon4 ,kepl] 0 a man ( indomitable en]gy & p]sev]ance1 & sp>$ nei!r "t nor tr\ble 9 ! accompli%m5t ( any object :i* he took 9 h&4 ,9 ?9k+ ov] ! =m ( ! orbits ( ! planets1 he writes3 ',i brood$ ) ! :ole en]gy ( my m9d on ?is subject--ask+ :y !y are n o!r ?an !y are--! numb]1 ! size1 & ! motions ( ! orbits4' ,b _m fanciful ideas pass$ ?r\gh ,kepl]'s imag9ative bra9 be=e he hit ^u ! true =m ( ! planet>y orbits4 ,9 8 ',my/]ium ,cosmographicum' he ass]ts t ! five k9ds ( regul> polyh$ral solids1 :5 describ$ r\nd "o ano!r1 regulat$ ! di/ances ( ! planets & size ( ! planet>y orbits4 ,9 support ( ?is !ory he writes z foll[s3 ',! orbit ( ! ,e>? is ! measure ( ! re/4 ,ab\t x circumscribe a dodecah$ron4 ,! sph]e includ+ ?is w be t ( ,m>s4 ,ab\t ,m>s' orbit describe a tetrah$ron2 ! sph]e conta9+ ?is w be ,jupit]'s orbit4 ,r\nd ,jupit]'s describe a cube2 ! sph]e includ+ ?is w be ,saturn's4 ,)9 ! ,e>?'s orbit inscribe an icosah$ron2 ! sph]e inscrib$ 9 x w be ,v5us's orbit4 ,9 ,v5us inscribe an octah$ron2 ! sph]e inscrib$ 9 x w be ,m]cury's4' ,! above quotation is an in/ance ( ,kepl]'s wild & imag9ative g5ius1 :i* ultimately l$ him to make ^? sublime discov]ies associat$ ) planet>y motion :i* are kn[n z ',kepl]'s ,laws4' ,he describes himself z 'tr\blesome & *ol]ic 9 politics & dome/ic matt]s2' b 9 8 relations ) sci5tific m5 he 0 affable & pleasant4 ,he %[$ no jeal\sy ( a rival1 & 0 always ready to recognise m]it 9 o!rs2 nor did he hesitate to ackn[l$ge any error ( 8 own :5 m rec5t discov]ies prov$ t he 0 wrong4 ,"s ( 8 works conta9 passages1 writt5 9 a jocul> /ra91 indicative ( a bright & *e]ful temp]am5t4 ,! foll[+ *>act]i/ic p>agraph ref]s to ! op9ions ( ! ,epicureans ) reg>d to ! appe>ance ( a new />1 :i* !y ascrib$ to a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms3 ',:5 ,i 0 a y\?1 ) pl5ty ( idle "t on my h&s1 ,i 0 mu* tak5 ) ! vanity1 ( :i* "s gr[n m5 are n a%am$1 ( mak+ anagrams by transpos+ ! lett]s ( my "n writt5 9 ,lat9 s z to make ano!r s5t5ce4 ,out ( ,ioannes ,kepl]us came ,s]p5s 9 akuleo 7a s]p5t 9 8 /+72 b n be+ satisfi$ ) ! mean+ ( ^! words1 & be+ unable to make ano!r1 ,i tru/$ ! ?+ to *ance1 &1 tak+ out ( a pack ( play+-c>ds z _m z !re 7 lett]s 9 ! "n1 ,i wrote "o ^u ea*1 & !n began to %uffle !m1 & at ea* %uffle to read !m 9 ! ord] !y came1 to see if any mean+ came ( x4 ,n[1 may all ! ,epicurean gods & goddesses conf\nd ?is same *ance1 :i*1 al?\gh ,i h sp5t a good deal ( "t ov] x1 nev] %[$ me any?+ l s5se1 ev5 f a di/ance4 ,s ,i gave up my c>ds to ! ,epicurean et]nity1 to be c>ri$ away into inf9ity2 & x is said !y are /ill fly+ ab\t !re1 9 ! utmo/ confusion1 among ! atoms1 & h nev] yet come to any mean+4 ,i w tell ^? disputants1 my oppon5ts1 n my own op9ion1 b my wife's4 ,ye/]day1 :5 we>y ) writ+1 & my m9d q du/y ) consid]+ ^! atoms1 ,i 0 call$ to supp]1 & a salad ,i _h ask$ = 0 set be=e me4 ,x seems1 !n1 said ,i al\d1 t if pewt] di%es1 leaves ( lettuce1 gra9s ( salt1 drops ( wat]1 v9eg> & oil1 & slices ( egg1 _h be5 fly+ ab\t 9 ! air f all et]nity1 x might at la/ happ5 by *ance t !re w\ld come a salad4 ,yes1 says my wife1 b n s nice & well dress$ z ?is ( m9e is4' ,not)/&+ ! frequ5t int]ruptions :i*1 ow+ to v>i\s reasons1 ret>d$ 8 lab\rs1 ,kepl] 0 able to br+ to a successful completion ! num]\s & important works ^u :i* he 0 engag$ dur+ 8 lifetime1 ! volum9\s nature ( :i* may be imag9$ :5 x is /at$ t he publi%$ ?irty-?ree sep>ate works1 besides leav+ beh9d tw5ty-two volumes ( manuscript4 ,dur+ 8 rese>*es on ! motions ( ,m>s1 ,kepl] discov]$ t ! planet sometimes travell$ at an accel]at$ rate ( spe$1 & at ano!r "t its pace 0 dim9i%$4 ,at "o "t he obs]v$ x to be 9 advance ( ! place :]e he calculat$ x %\ld be f\nd1 & at ano!r "t x 0 beh9d x4 ,?is caus$ him consid]able p]plexity1 &1 feel+ conv9c$ 9 8 m9d t ! =m ( ! planet's orbit c\ld n be circul>1 he 0 compell$ to turn 8 att5tion to "s o!r clos$ curve1 by :i* ^? inequalities ( motion c\ld be expla9$4 ,aft] ye>s ( c>eful obs]vation & /udy1 ,kepl] arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! =m ( ! planet's orbit is an ellipse1 & t ! ,sun occupies "o ( ! foci4 ,he aft]w>ds det]m9$ t ! orbits ( all ! planets are ( an elliptical =m4 ,hav+ discov]$ ! true =m ( ! planet>y orbits1 ,kepl] next endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! cause :i* regulates ! unequal motion t a planet pursues 9 its pa?4 ,he obs]v$ t :5 a planet approa*$ ! ,sun its motion 0 accel]at$1 & z x rec$$ f him its pace became sl[]4 ,?is he expla9$ 9 8 next great discov]y by prov+ t an imag9>y l9e1 or radius-vector1 ext5d+ f ! c5tre ( ! ,sun to ! c5tre ( ! planet 'describes equal areas 9 equal times4' ,:5 ne> ! ,sun1 or at p]ihelion1 a planet trav]ses a l>g] portion ( its arc 9 ! same p]iod ( "t ?an x does :5 at ! opposite "p ( its orbit1 or :5 at aphelion2 b1 z ! areas ( bo? are equal1 x foll[s t ! planet does n always ma9ta9 ! same rate ( spe$1 & t its velocity is greate/ :5 ne>e/ ! ,sun1 & lea/ :5 mo/ di/ant f him4 ,by ! application ( 8 fir/ & second laws ,kepl] 0 able to =mulate a ?ird law4 ,he f\nd t !re exi/$ a rem>kable relation%ip betwe5 ! mean di/ances ( ! planets & ! times 9 :i* !y complete _! revolutions r\nd ! ,sun1 & discov]$ 't ! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times are to ea* 9 ! same proportion z ! cubes ( ! mean di/ances4' ,! p]iodic "t ( a planet hav+ be5 asc]ta9$1 ! squ>e ( ! mean di/ance & ! mean di/ance itself c be obta9$4 ,x is by ! application ( ?is law t ! di/ances ( ! planets are usually calculat$4 ,^! discov]ies are kn[n z ,kepl]'s ,laws1 & are usually classifi$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ',! orbit describ$ by e planet is an ellipse1 ( :i* ! c5tre ( ! ,sun occupies "o ( ! foci4 #b4 ',e planet moves r\nd ! ,sun 9 a plane orbit1 & ! radius-vector1 or imag9>y l9e jo9+ ! c5tre ( ! planet & ! c5tre ( ! ,sun1 describes equal areas 9 equal times4 #c4 ',! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times ( any two planets are proportional to ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances f ! ,sun4'#a ,^! rem>kable discov]ies d n embrace all ! a*ievem5ts by :i* ,kepl] has immortalis$ 8 "n1 & e>n$ = himself ! pr\d title ( ',legislator ( ! ,heav5s2' he pr$ict$ transits ( ,m]cury & ,v5us1 made important discov]ies 9 optics1 & 0 ! inv5tor ( ! a/ronomical telescope4 ,,galileo ,,galilei1 ! fam\s ,italian a/ronom] & philosoph]1 & ! contempor>y ( ,kepl] & ( ,milton1 0 born at ,pisa on ,febru>y #ae1 #aefd4 ,8 fa!r1 :o trac$ 8 desc5t f an anci5t ,flor5t9e family1 0 desir\s t 8 son %\ld adopt ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e1 & ) ?is int5tion he ent]$ him z a /ud5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa4 ,galileo1 h[ev]1 soon discov]$ t ! /udy ( ma!matics & me*anical sci5ce possess$ a great] attraction = 8 m9d1 &1 foll[+ 8 incl9ations1 he resolv$ to devote 8 en]gies to acquir+ pr(ici5cy 9 ^? subjects4 ,9 #aehc 8 att5tion 0 attract$ by ! oscillation ( a brass lamp susp5d$ f ! ceil+ ( ! ca!dral at ,pisa4 ,galileo 0 impress$ ) ! regul>ity ( its motion z x swung backw>ds & =w>ds1 & 0 l$ to imag9e t ! p5dulum movem5t might prove a valuable me?od = ! correct measurem5t ( "t4 ,! practical application ( ?is idea he aft]w>ds adopt$ 9 ! con/ruction ( an a/ronomical clock4 ,hav+ become pr(ici5t 9 ma!matics1 ,galileo1 :il/ engag$ 9 /udy+ ! writ+s ( ,ar*im$es1 wrote an essay on ',! ,hydro/atic ,balance1' & compos$ a treatise on ',! ,c5tre ( ,gravity 9 ,solid ,bodies4' ,! reputation :i* he e>n$ by ^! contributions to sci5ce procur$ = him ! appo9tm5t ( ,lectur] on ,ma!matics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa4 ,galileo next direct$ 8 att5tion to ! works ( ,ari/otle1 & made no attempt to conceal ! disfav\r ) :i* he reg>d$ _m ( ! doctr9es taught by ! ,greek philosoph]2 nor _h he any difficulty 9 expos+ _! inaccuracies4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* ma9ta9$ t ! heavi] ( two bodies desc5d$ to ! e>? ) ! great] rapidity1 he prov$ to be incorrect1 & demon/rat$ by exp]im5t f ! top ( ! t[] at ,pisa t1 except = ! unequal resi/ance ( ! air1 all bodies fell to ! gr\nd ) ! same velocity4 ,z ! *ief exp\nd] ( ! new philosophy1 ,galileo _h to enc\nt] ! prejudices ( ! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle1 & ( all ^? :o dislik$ any innovation or *ange 9 ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s4 ,! antagonism :i* exi/$ betwe5 ,galileo & 8 oppon5ts1 :o 7 bo? num]\s & influ5tial1 0 int5sifi$ by ! bitt]ness & s>casm :i* he imp>t$ into 8 controv]sies1 & ! attitude assum$ by 8 enemies at la/ became s ?reat5+ t he deem$ x prud5t to resign ! ,*air ( ,ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 appo9t$ to a simil> po/ at ,padua1 :]e 8 fame attract$ cr[ds ( pupils f all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,9 #afaa ,galileo visit$ ,rome4 ,he 0 receiv$ ) mu* di/9ction by ! diff]5t le>n$ societies1 & 0 enroll$ a memb] ( ! ,lyncaean ,academy4 ,9 two ye>s aft] 8 visit to ! capital he publi%$ a "w 9 :i* he decl>$ 8 adhesion to ! ,cop]nican !ory1 & op5ly av[$ 8 disbelief 9 ! a/ronomical facts record$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,galileo ma9ta9$ t ! sacr$ writ+s 7 n int5d$ = ! purpose ( imp>t+ sci5tific in=mation1 & t x 0 impossible = m5 to ignore ph5om5a witness$ ) _! eyes1 or disreg>d conclusions arriv$ at by ! ex]cise ( _! reason+ p[]s4 ,! *ampions ( or?odoxy hav+ become al>m$1 an appeal 0 made to ! ecclesia/ical au?orities to assi/ 9 suppress+ ?is rec5t a/ronomical h]esy1 & o!r obnoxi\s doctr9es1 ! au?or%ip ( :i* 0 ascrib$ to ,galileo4 ,9 #afae1 ,galileo 0 summon$ be=e ! ,inquisition to reply to ! accusation ( h]esy4 ',he 0 *>g$ ) ma9ta9+ ! motion ( ! ,e>? & ! /ability ( ! ,sun2 ) tea*+ ?is doctr9e to 8 pupils2 ) correspond+ on ! subject ) sev]al ,g]man ma!maticians2 & ) hav+ publi%$ x1 & attempt$ to reconcile x to ,scripture 9 8 lett]s to ,m>k ,vels] 9 #afab4' ,^! *>ges hav+ be5 =mally inve/igat$ by ! ,inquisition1 ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e 0 au?oris$ to communicate ) ,galileo1 & in=m him t unless he r5\nc$ ! obnoxi\s doctr9es1 & promis$ 'nei!r to tea*1 def5d1 or publi% !m 9 future1' x 0 decre$ t he %\ld be committ$ to prison4 ,galileo appe>$ next day be=e ! ,c>d9al1 &1 )\t any hesitation1 pl$g$ himself t = ! future he w\ld adh]e to ! pron\ncem5t ( ! ,inquisition4 ,hav+1 z !y imag9$1 sil5c$ ,galileo1 ! ,inquisition resolv$ to condemn ! entire ,cop]nican sy/em z h]etical2 & 9 ord] to effectually accompli% ?is1 besides condemn+ ! writ+s ( ,galileo1 !y inhibit$ ,kepl]'s ',epitome ( ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em1' & ,cop]nicus's own "w1 ',de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cele/ium4' ,:e!r x 0 t ,galileo reg>d$ ! ,inquisition z a body ^: decrees 7 too absurd & unreasonable to be he$$1 or t he dread$ ! consequ5ces :i* might h foll[$ _h he rema9$ ob/9ate1 we "k t1 not)/&+ ! pl$ges :i* he gave1 he 0 soon aft]w>ds engag$ 9 controv]sial discussion on ^? subjects :i* he promis$ n to m5tion aga94 ,on ! accession ( 8 fri5d ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i to ! pontifical ?rone 9 #afbc1 "u ! title ( ,urban ,,viii41 ,galileo und]took a j\rney to ,rome to (f] him 8 congratulations ^u 8 elevation to ! papal *air4 ,he 0 receiv$ by 8 ,hol9ess ) m>k$ att5tion & k9dness1 0 grant$ sev]al prolong$ audi5ces1 & _h conf]r$ ^u him sev]al valuable gifts4 ,not)/&+ ! k9dness ( ,pope ,urban & ! l5i5cy ) :i* he 0 treat$ by ! ,inquisition1 ,galileo1 hav+ ignor$ 8 pl$ge1 publi%$ 9 #afcb a book1 9 dialogue =m1 9 :i* ?ree p]sons 7 suppos$ to express _! sci5tific op9ions4 ,! fir/ upheld ! ,cop]nican !ory & ! m rec5t philosophical views2 ! second p]son adopt$ a neutral position1 sugge/$ d\bts1 & made rem>ks ( an amus+ nature2 ! ?ird individual1 call$ ,simplicio1 0 a believ] 9 ,ptolemy & ,ari/otle1 & bas$ 8 argum5ts ^u ! philosophy ( ! anci5ts4 ,z soon z ?is "w became publicly kn[n1 ! enemies ( ,galileo p]suad$ ! ,pope t ! ?ird p]son held up to ridicule 0 int5d$ z a repres5tation ( himself--an individual reg>dless ( sci5tific tru?1 & firmly atta*$ to ! ideas & op9ions associat$ ) ! writ+s ( antiquity4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft] ! publication ( ! ',dialogues' ,galileo 0 summon$ be=e ! ,inquisition1 &1 not)/&+ 8 feeble heal? & ! infirmities ( advanc$ age1 he 01 aft] a long & t$i\s trial1 condemn$ to abjure by oa? on 8 knees 8 sci5tific beliefs4 ',! c]emony ( ,galileo's abjuration 0 "o ( excit+ int]e/ & ( awful =mality4 ,clo!d 9 ! sackclo? ( a rep5tant crim9al1 ! v5]able sage fell ^u 8 knees be=e ! assembl$ c>d9als1 &1 lay+ 8 h& ^u ! ,holy ,evangeli/s1 he invok$ ! ,div9e aid 9 abjur+1 & dete/+1 & v[+ nev] aga9 to tea* ! doctr9es ( ! ,e>?'s motion & ( ! ,sun's /ability4 ,he pl$g$ himself t he w\ld nev]more1 ei!r 9 words or 9 writ+1 propagate su* h]esies2 & he swore t he w\ld fulfil & obs]ve ! p5ances :i* _h be5 inflict$ ^u him4' ',at ! conclusion ( ?is c]emony1 9 :i* he recit$ 8 abjuration ^w = ^w & !n sign$ x1 he 0 convey$1 9 con=mity ) 8 s5t5ce1 to ! prison ( ! ,inquisition4'#b ,galileo's s>casm1 & ! bitt]ness :i* he imp>t$ into 8 controv]sies1 7 m ! cause ( 8 mis=tunes ?an 8 sci5tific beliefs4 ,:5 he became involv$ 9 difficulties he did n possess ! moral c\rage to enable him to abide by ! consequ5ces ( 8 acts2 nor did he c>e to become a m>tyr = ! sake ( sci5ce1 8 submission to ! ,inquisition hav+ probably sav$ him f a fate simil> to :at befell ,bruno4 ,?\gh x w\ld be impossible to ju/ify ,galileo's want ( fai? 9 8 deal+s ) ! ,inquisition1 yet "o _c help sympa?is+ deeply ) ! ag$ philosoph]1 :o1 9 ?is pa9ful episode ( 8 life1 0 compell$ to g ?r\gh ! =m ( mak+ a retractation ( 8 beliefs "u circum/ances ( a mo/ humiliat+ nature4 ,b ! p]secution ( ,galileo did n delay ! progress ( sci5tific inquiry nor ret>d ! advancem5t ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 :i*1 aft] ! discov]y by ,newton ( ! law ( gravitation1 0 univ]sally adopt$ z ! true !ory ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,f]d9&1 ,duke ( ,tuscany1 hav+ ex]t$ 8 influ5ce ) ,pope ,urban on behalf ( ,galileo1 he 01 aft] a few days' inc>c]ation1 releas$ f prison1 & p]mission 0 giv5 him to reside at ,si5a1 :]e he rema9$ = six mon?s4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds all[$ to return to 8 villa at ,arcetri1 &1 ?\gh reg>d$ z a prison] ( ! ,inquisition1 0 p]mitt$ to pursue 8 /udies unmole/$ = ! rema9d] ( 8 days4 ,galileo di$ at ,arcetri on ,janu>y #h1 #afdb1 :5 9 ! sev5ty-eigh? ye> ( 8 age4 ,?\gh n ! inv5tor1 he 0 ! fir/ to con/ruct a refract+ telescope & apply x to a/ronomical rese>*4 ,) ?is in/rum5t he made a numb] ( important discov]ies :i* t5d$ to confirm 8 belief 9 ! tru?fulness ( ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,on direct+ 8 telescope to ! ,sun1 he discov]$ movable spots on 8 disc1 & conclud$ f 8 obs]vation ( !m t ! orb rotat$ on 8 axis 9 ab\t tw5ty-eight days4 ,he also asc]ta9$ t ! ,moon's illum9ation is due to reflect$ sunlight1 & t h] surface is div]sifi$ by m\nta9s1 valleys1 & pla9s4 ,on ! night ( ,janu>y #g1 #afaj1 ,galileo discov]$ ! f\r moons ( ,jupit]4 ,?is discov]y may be reg>d$ z "o ( 8 mo/ brilliant a*ievem5ts ) ! telescope2 &1 not)/&+ ! improvem5t 9 con/ruction & size ( mod]n in/rum5ts1 no o!r satellite 0 discov]$ until ne> midnight on ,septemb] #i1 #ahib1 :5 ,mr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,b>n>d1 ) ! spl5did telescope ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 add$ 'ano!r gem to ! diadem ( ,jupit]4' ,! phases ( ,v5us & ,m>s1 ! triple =m ( ,saturn1 & ! con/itution ( ! ,milky ,way1 :i* he f\nd to consi/ ( a c\ntless multitude ( />s1 7 additional discov]ies = our k ( :i* we are indebt$ to ,galileo & 8 telescope4 ,galileo made _m o!r important discov]ies 9 me*anical & physical sci5ce4 ,he detect$ ! law ( fall+ bodies 9 _! accel]at$ motion t[>ds ! ,e>?1 det]m9$ ! p>abolic law ( projectiles1 & demon/rat$ t matt]1 ev5 if invisible1 possess$ ! prop]ty ( weight4 ,9 ^! pages a %ort hi/orical description is giv5 ( ! progress made 9 a/ronomical sci5ce f an e>ly p]iod to ! "t 9 :i* ,milton liv$4 ,! discov]ies ( ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 & ,galileo _h rais$ x to a position ( l(ty em95ce1 ?\gh ! law ( gravitation1 :i* acc\nts = ! =m & p]man5cy ( ! planet>y orbits1 /ill rema9$ undiscov]$4 ,!ories =m]ly obscure or conjectural 7 ei!r reject$ or elucidat$ ) accuracy & precision1 & ! sol> sy/em1 hav+ ! ,sun z its c5tre1 ) 8 att5dant family ( planets & _! satellites revolv+ 9 maje/ic orbits ar\nd him1 pres5t$ an impressive spectacle ( ord]1 h>mony1 & design4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,a/ronomy ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,! sev5te5? c5tury embraces ! mo/ rem>kable epo* 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( a/ronomy4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ^? wond]ful discov]ies 7 made :i* h be5 ! means ( rais+ a/ronomy to ! l(ty position :i* x n[ occupies among ! sci5ces4 ,! unrivall$ g5ius & pati5t lab\rs ( ! illu/ri\s m5 ^: names /& out 9 su* prom95ce on ! writt5 pages ( ! hi/ory ( ?is era h r5d]$ x "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & elevat+ ( /udies4 ,?\gh ,cop]nicus liv$ 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 yet ! names ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,kepl]1 ,galileo1 & ,newton1 te/ify to ! greatness ( ! discov]ies t 7 made dur+ ?is p]iod1 :i* h surr\nd$ ! memories ( ^? m5 ) a lu/re ( undy+ fame4 ,=emo/ among a/ronom]s ( less conspicu\s em95ce :o made important discov]ies 9 ?is c5tury we f9d ! "n ( ,huyg5s4 ,,*ri/ian ,,huyg5s 0 born at ,! ,hague 9 #afbi4 ,he 0 ! second son ( ,con/ant9e ,huyg5s1 an em95t diplomati/1 & secret>y to ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,huyg5s /udi$ at ,leyd5 & ,br$a1 & became highly di/+ui%$ z a geometrician & sci5ti/4 ,he made important inve/igations relative to ! figure ( ! ,e>?1 & wrote a le>n$ treatise on ! cause ( gravity2 he also det]m9$ ) great] accuracy inve/igations made by ,galileo reg>d+ ! accel]at$ motion ( bodies :5 subject$ to ! influ5ce ( t =ce4 ,huyg5s admitt$ t ! planets & _! satellites attract$ ea* o!r ) a =ce v>y+ accord+ to ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>es ( _! di/ances1 b reject$ ! mutual attraction ( ! molecules ( matt]1 believ+ t !y possess$ gravity t[>ds a c5tral po9t only1 to :i* !y 7 attract$4 ,?is supposition 0 at v>iance ) ! ,newtonian !ory1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 univ]sally reg>d$ z ! correct "o4 ,huyg5s orig9at$ ! !ory by :i* x is believ$ t light is produc$ by ! undulatory vibration ( ! e!r2 he also discov]$ pol>ization4 ,up to ?is "t ! me?od adopt$ 9 ! con/ruction ( clocks 0 n capable ( produc+ a me*anism :i* measur$ "t ) suffici5t accuracy to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( a/ronom]s4 ,huyg5s endeav\r$ to supply ?is want1 & appli$ 8 me*anical +5uity 9 con/ruct+ a clock t c\ld be reli$ ^u to keep accurate "t4 ,?\gh ! p5dulum motion 0 fir/ adopt$ by ,galileo1 he 0 unable to arrange its me*anism s t x %\ld keep up a cont9u\s movem5t4 ,! oscillation ( ! p5dulum ceas$ aft] a "t1 & a fre% impulse _h to be appli$ to set x 9 motion4 ,consequ5tly1 ,galileo's clock 0 ( no s]vice z a timekeep]4 ,huyg5s ov]came ?is difficulty by s arrang+ ! me*anism ( 8 clock t ! balance1 in/ead ( be+ horizontal1 0 direct$ p]p5dicul>ly1 & prolong$ d[nw>ds to =m a p5dulum1 ! oscillations ( :i* regulat$ ! d[nw>d motion ( ! weight4 ,?is inv5tion1 :i* 0 highly applaud$1 prov$ to be ( great s]vice ev]y:]e1 & 0 especially valuable = a/ronomical purposes4 ,huyg5s next direct$ 8 att5tion to ! con/ruction ( telescopes1 & display$ mu* skill 9 ! gr9d+ & poli%+ ( l5ses4 ,he made sev]al in/rum5ts sup]ior 9 p[] & accuracy to any t exi/$ previ\sly1 & ) "o ( ^! made "s rem>kable discov]ies :5 obs]v+ ! planet ,saturn4 ,! telescopic appe>ance ( ,saturn is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! heav5s4 ,! planet1 surr\nd$ by two brilliant r+s1 & accompani$ by eight att5dant moons1 surpasses all ! o!r orbs ( ! firmam5t z an object ( int]e/ & admiration4 ,to ! nak$ eye1 ,saturn is visible z a /> ( ! fir/ magnitude1 & 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts z ! mo/ remote ( ! planets4 ,travell+ 9 space at a di/ance ( ne>ly "o ?\s& millions ( miles f ! ,sun1 ! planet accompli%es a revolution ( its mighty orbit 9 tw5ty-n9e & a half ye>s4 ,galileo 0 ! fir/ a/ronom] :o direct$ a telescope to ,saturn4 ,he obs]v$ t ! planet pres5t$ a tri=m appe>ance1 & t on ea* side ( ! c5tral globe !re 7 two objects1 9 close contact ) x1 :i* caus$ x to assume an ovoid %ape4 ,aft] fur!r obs]vation1 ,galileo p]ceiv$ t ! lat]al bodies gradually decreas$ 9 size1 until !y became invisible4 ,at ! expiration ( a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t !y reappe>$1 & 7 obs]v$ to g ?r\gh a c]ta9 cycle ( *anges4 ,by ! application ( increas$ telescopic p[] x 0 discov]$ t ! app5dages 7 n ( a r\nd$ =m1 b appe>$ z two small cresc5ts1 hav+ _! concave surfaces direct$ t[>ds ! planet & _! extremities 9 contact ) x1 resembl+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! h&les are atta*$ to a cup4 ,^! objects 7 obs]v$ to g ?r\gh a s]ies ( p]iodic *anges4 ,aft] hav+ become invisible1 !y reappe>$ z two lum9\s /raight b&s1 project+ f ea* side ( ! planet2 dur+ ! next sev5 or eight ye>s !y gradually op5$ out1 & assum$ a cresc5tic =m2 !y aft]w>ds began to contract1 & on ! expiration ( a simil> p]iod1 dur+ :i* "t !y gradually decreas$ 9 size1 !y aga9 became invisible4 ,x 0 p]ceiv$ t ! app5dages complet$ a cycle ( _! *anges 9 ab\t fifte5 ye>s4 ,9 #afef1 ,huyg5s1 ) a telescope con/ruct$ by himself1 0 enabl$ to solve ! enigma :i* = s _m ye>s baffl$ ! ef=ts ( ! able/ a/ronom]s4 ,he ann\nc$ 8 discov]y 9 ! =m ( a ,lat9 cryptograph :i*1 :5 deciph]$1 read z foll[s3-- ',annulo c+itur1 t5ui plano1 nusquam coha]5te1 ad eclipticam incl9atio4' ',! planet is surr\nd$ by a sl5d] flat r+ ev]y:]e di/9ct f its surface1 & incl9$ to ! ecliptic4' ,huyg5s p]ceiv$ ! %ad[ ( ! r+ ?r[n on ! planet1 & 0 able to acc\nt 9 a satisfactory mann] = all ! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 connection ) its v>iable appe>ance4 ,! true =m ( ! r+ is circul>1 b by u x is se5 =e%ort5$2 consequ5tly1 :5 ! ,e>? is above or bel[ its plane1 x appe>s ( an elliptical %ape4 ,:5 ! position ( ! planet is su* t ! plane ( ! r+ passes ?r\gh ! ,sun1 ! edge ( ! r+ only is illum9$1 & !n x becomes invisible = a %ort p]iod4 ,9 ! same mann]1 :5 ! plane ( ! r+ passes ?r\gh ! ,e>?1 ! illum9$ edge ( ! r+ is n ( suffici5t magnitude to appe> visible1 b z ! enlight5$ side ( ! plane becomes m incl9$ t[>ds ! ,e>?1 ! r+ comes aga9 into view4 ,:5 ! plane ( ! r+ passes betwe5 ! ,e>? & ! ,sun1 ! unillum9$ side ( ! r+ is turn$ t[>ds ! ,e>?1 & dur+ ! "t x rema9s 9 ?is position x is invisible4 ,huyg5s discov]$ ! six? satellite ( ,saturn 7,titan71 & also ! ,great ,nebula 9 ,orion4 ,,johann ,,hevelius1 a celebrat$ ,prussian a/ronom]1 0 born at ,dantzig 9 #afaa1 & di$ 9 t city 9 #afhg4 ,he 0 a man ( weal?1 & erect$ an obs]vatory at 8 resid5ce1 :]e1 = a p]iod ( =ty ye>s1 he c>ri$ out a s]ies ( a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,he con/ruct$ a *>t ( ! />s1 & 9 ord] to complete 8 "w1 =m$ n9e new con/ellations 9 ^? spaces 9 ! cele/ial vault :i* 7 previ\sly un-nam$4 ,!y are kn[n by ! names ,camelop>dus1 ,canes ,v5atici1 ,coma ,b]nices1 ,lac]ta1 ,leo ,m9or1 ,lynx1 ,monoc]os1 ,sextans1 & ,vulpecula4 ,he also execut$ a *>t ( ! ,moon's surface1 wrote a description ( ! lun> spots1 & discov]$ ! ,libration ( ! ,moon 9 ,longitude4 ,on ,may #cj1 #affa1 ,hevelius obs]v$ a transit ( ,m]cury1 a description ( :i* he publi%$1 & includ$ ) x ,horrox's treatise on ! fir/-record$ transit ( ,v5us4 ,?is "w1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh sev]al h&s1 became ! prop]ty ( ,hevelius1 :o 0 capable ( appreciat+ its m]its4 ,! manuscript 0 s5t to him by ,huyg5s1 & 9 ackn[l$g+ x he writes3 ',h[ greatly does my ,m]cury exult 9 ! joy\s prospect t he may %ortly fold )9 8 arms ,horrox's long look$-= & belov$ ,v5us6 ,he r5d]s y unfeign$ ?anks t by y\r p]mission ?is mu*-desir$ union is ab\t to be celebrat$1 & t ! writ] is able1 ) y\r concurr5ce1 to introduce !m bo? toge!r to ! public4' ,hevelius made num]\s rese>*es on comets1 & sugge/$ t ! =m ( _! pa?s might be a p>abola4 ,,giovanni ,,dom5ico ,,cass9i 0 born at ,p]9aldo1 ne> ,nice1 9 #afbe4 ,he /udi$ at ,g5oa & ,bologna1 & 0 aft]w>ds appo9t$ to ! ,*air ( ,a/ronomy at ! latt] ,univ]sity4 ,he 0 a man ( high sci5tific atta9m5ts1 & made _m important a/ronomical discov]ies4 ,9 #afga he became ,director ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,p>is1 & devot$ a long life to try+ & difficult obs]vations1 :i* 9 8 lat] ye>s depriv$ him ( 8 eyesight4 ,9 #afdd ,cass9i prov$ beyond d\bt t ,jupit] rotat$ on 8 axis1 & also assign$ 8 p]iod ( rotation ) consid]able accuracy4 ,he publi%$ tables ( ! planet's satellites1 & det]m9$ _! motions f obs]vations ( _! eclipses4 ,he asc]ta9$ ! p]iods ( rotation ( ,v5us & ,m>s2 execut$ a *>t ( ! lun> surface1 & obs]v$ an occultation ( ,jupit] by ! ,moon4 ,cass9i discov]$ ! dual nature ( ,saturn's r+1 hav+ p]ceiv$ t in/ead ( "o !re are two conc5tric r+s sep>at$ by a d>k space4 ,he also discov]$ f\r ( ! planet's satellites--viz4 ,japetus1 ,rhea1 ,dione1 & ,te?ys4 ,he made a ne> approximation to ! sol> p>allax by means ( rese>*es on ! p>allax ( ,m>s1 & inve/igat$ "s irregul>ities ( ! ,moon's motion4 ,cass9i discov]$ ! belts ( ,jupit]1 & also ! ,zodiacal ,light1 & e/abli%$ ! co9cid5ce ( ! nodes ( ! lun> equator & orbit4 ,,jaques ,,cass9i1 son ( ,giovanni1 0 born at ,p>is 9 #afgg4 ,he foll[$ 9 8 fa!r's foot/eps1 & wrote sev]al treatises on a/ronomical subjects4 ,he inve/igat$ ! p]iod ( ! rotation ( ,v5us on h] axis1 & upheld ! results arriv$ at by 8 fa!r1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds confirm$ by obs]vations made by ,s*roet]4 ,cass9i made "s valuable rese>*es ) reg>d to ! prop] motion ( ! />s1 & demon/rat$ t _! *ange ( position on ! cele/ial vault 0 real1 & n caus$ by a displacem5t ( ! ecliptic4 ,he attempt$ to asc]ta9 ! app>5t diamet] ( ,sirius1 & made obs]vations ) reg>d to ! visibility ( ! />s4 ,! ,cass9i family produc$ sev]al g5]ations ( em95t a/ronom]s1 ^: discov]ies & inve/igations 7 ( mu* value 9 advanc+ ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,,olaus ,,roem]1 an em95t ,dani% a/ronom]1 0 born at ,cop5hag5 ,septemb] #be1 #afdd4 ,:5 ,pic>d1 a ,fr5* a/ronom]1 visit$ ,d5m>k 9 #afga1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! exact position ( ',urani5burg1' ! site ( ,ty*o ,brahe's obs]vatory1 he made ! acqua9tance ( ,roem]1 :o 0 engag$ 9 /udy+ ma!matics & a/ronomy "u ,erasmus ,b>tol9us4 ,hav+ p]ceiv$ t ! "y man 0 gift$ ) no ord9>y degree ( tal5t1 he secur$ 8 s]vices to assi/ him 9 8 obs]vations1 &1 on ! conclusion ( 8 lab\rs1 ,pic>d 0 s mu* impress$ ) ! ability display$ by ,roem]1 t he invit$ him to accompany him to ,france4 ,?is invitation he accept$1 & took up 8 resid5ce 9 ! ,fr5* capital1 :]e he cont9u$ to prosecute 8 a/ronomical /udies4 ,9 #afge ,roem] communicat$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces a pap]1 9 :i* he ann\nc$ 8 discov]y ( ! progressive transmission ( light4 ,x 0 believ$ t light travell$ in/antane\sly1 b ,roem] 0 able to demon/rate ! inaccuracy ( ?is conclusion1 & det]m9$ t light travels ?r\gh space ) a measurable velocity4 ,by dilig5tly obs]v+ ! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 ,roem] p]ceiv$ t sometimes !y occurr$ be=e1 & sometimes aft] _! pr$ict$ times4 ,?is irregul>ity1 he discov]$1 dep5d$ ^u ! position ( ! ,e>? ) reg>d to ,jupit]4 ,:5 ! ,e>?1 9 trav]s+ h] orbit1 mov$ r\nd to ! opposite side ( ! ,sun1 !reby br++ ,jupit] into conjunction1 an eclipse occurr$ sixte5 m9utes tw5ty-six seconds lat] ?an x did :5 ,jupit] 0 9 opposition or ne>e/ to ! ,e>?4 ,z !re exi/$ an impression t light travell$ in/antane\sly1 x 0 believ$ t an eclipse occurr$ at ! mom5t x 0 p]ceiv$ 9 ! telescope4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n s4 ,roem]1 aft] a long s]ies ( obs]vations1 conclud$ t ! discrepancies 7 due to ! fact t light travels ) a measurable velocity1 & t x requires a great] l5g? ( "t1 upw>ds ( sixte5 m9utes1 to trav]se ! additional di/ance--! diamet] ( ! ,e>?'s orbit--:i* int]v5es betwe5 ! ,e>? & ,jupit]1 :5 ! planet is 9 conjunction1 z comp>$ ) ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,e>? & ,jupit]1 :5 ! latt] is 9 opposition4 ,?is discov]y ( ,roem]'s 0 ! means ( enabl+ ! velocity ( light to be asc]ta9$1 :i*1 accord+ to rec5t calculations1 is ab\t #ahg1jjj miles a second4 ,z an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! importance ( 8 communication1 ,roem] 0 aw>d$ a seat 9 ! ,academy1 & ap>tm5ts 7 assign$ to him at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 :]e he c>ri$ on 8 a/ronomical /udies4 ,9 #afha ,roem] return$ to ,d5m>k1 & 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag52 he 0 also entru/$ ) ! c>e ( ! city obs]vatory--a duty :i* 8 reputation z an a/ronom] em95tly qualifi$ him to und]take4 ,! transit in/rum5t--a me*anism ( mu* importance to a/ronom]s--0 inv5t$ by ,roem] 9 #afij2 x consi/s ( a telescope fix$ to a horizontal axis1 & adju/$ s z to revolve 9 ! plane ( ! m]idian4 ,x is employ$ 9 obs]v+ ! passage ( ! heav5ly bodies across ! obs]v]'s m]idian4 ,to note accurately by means ( ! a/ronomical clock ! exact in/ant ( "t at :i* a cele/ial body crosses ! c5tre ( ! field ( view is ! ess5tial "p ( a transit obs]vation4 ,small transit in/rum5ts are employ$ = tak+ ! "t & = regulat+ ! obs]vatory clock1 b l>ge in/rum5ts are us$ = delicate & exact obs]vations ( ,"r ,asc5sions & ,decl9ations ( />s ( diff]5t magnitudes4 ,m]idian1 & altitude & azimu? circles1 are important a/ronomical appliances1 :i* owe _! exi/5ce to ! inv5tive skill ( ?is di/+ui%$ a/ronom]4 ,roem] resid$ = _m ye>s at ! obs]vatory 9 ! city ( ,cop5hag51 :]e he pursu$ 8 a/ronomical /udies until ! "t ( 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 #agaj4 ,he m]itori\sly attempt$ to det]m9e ! p>allax ( ! fix$ />s2 & x is said t ! a/ronomical calculations & obs]vations :i* he left beh9d him 7 s volum9\s z to equal 9 numb] ^? made by ,ty*o ,brahe1 ne>ly all ( :i* p]i%$ 9 a great conflagration t de/roy$ ! obs]vatory & a l>ge portion ( ! city ( ,cop5hag5 9 #agbh4 ,among o!r a/ronom]s ( ?is c5tury ^: names des]ve record+ 7 ,desc>tes & ,gass5di1 ^: ma!matical rese>*es 9 _! application to a/ronomy 7 ( mu* value2 ,fabricius1 ,torricelli1 & ,m>aldi1 :o by _! obs]vations & inve/igations add$ _m facts to ! g5]al k ( ! sci5ce2 & ,bay]1 to :om belongs ! di/9ction ( hav+ con/ruct$ ! fir/ />-atlas4 ,9 our own c\ntry dur+ ?is p]iod a/ronomy 0 cultivat$ by a few en?usia/ic m51 :o devot$ _! "t & tal5ts to promot+ ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ce4 ,x1 h[ev]1 receiv$ no recognition z a subject ( /udy at any ( ! ,univ]sities1 & no public obs]vatory exi/$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,?\gh x 0 n until t[>ds ! close ( ! c5tury t ! att5tion ( all ,europe 0 direct$ to ,engl& 9 admiration ( ! discov]ies ( ! illu/ri\s ,newton1 yet a/ronomy _h its humble vot>ies1 & *ief among ^? 0 a "y cl]gyman ( ! "n ( ,horrox4 ,,j]emiah ,,horrox 0 born at ,toxte?1 ne> ,liv]pool1 9 #afai--;close on ?ree c5turies ago4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 family4 ,8 p>5ts h be5 describ$ z p]sons :o occupi$ a humble position 9 life1 b1 z !y 7 able to give _! son a classical education :i* fitt$ him = "o ( ! le>n$ pr(essions1 x is probable !y 7 n s obscure z !y h be5 repres5t$ to be4 ,hav+ receiv$ 8 e>ly education at ,toxte?1 ,horrox aft]w>ds proce$$ to ,cambridge1 & 0 ent]$ z a /ud5t at ,emmanuel ,college on ,may #ah1 #afcb1 :5 9 8 f\rte5? ye>4 ,at ! ,univ]sity he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( classics1 especially ,lat91 :i* 9 ^? days 0 ! language adopt$ by m5 ( le>n+1 :5 engag$ 9 writ+ works ( a philosophical & sci5tific "*4 ,aft] hav+ rema9$ at ,cambridge = ?ree ye>s1 ,horrox return$ to 8 native c\nty1 & 0 appo9t$ curate ( ,hoole1 a place ab\t eight miles di/ant f ,pre/on4 ,hoole is describ$ z a n>r[ l[-ly+ /rip ( l& consi/+ l>gely ( moss1 & almo/ conv]t$ into an isl& by ! wat]s ( ,m>t9 ,m]e on ! s\?1 & ! ,ribble on ! nor?2 &1 ?\gh d\btless an op5 & fav\rable situation = a/ronomical obs]vation1 x c\ld n h be5 attractive z a place ( resid5ce4 ,yet x 0 "h on ,novemb] #bd1 #afci1 t ,horrox made 8 fam\s obs]vation ( ! fir/ record$ transit ( ,v5us1 an occurr5ce ) :i* 8 "n w be = ev] associat$4 ,x 0 :ile at ,cambridge t ,horrox fir/ turn$ 8 att5tion to ! /udy ( a/ronomy4 ,8 love ( ! sublime1 & ! captivat+ influ5ce ex]t$ on 8 m9d by ! contemplation ( ! heav5ly bodies1 induc$ him to adopt a/ronomy z a pursuit cong5ial to 8 ta/es1 & capable ( ex]cis+ 8 highe/ m5tal p[]s4 ,hav+ ?is object 9 view1 he appli$ himself ) mu* e>ne/ness to ! /udy ( ma!matics2 he _h1 h[ev]1 to rely ma9ly ^u 8 own ex]tions1 = at t "t no bran* ( physical or ma!matical sci5ce 0 taught at ,cambridge1 & consequ5tly he obta9$ no pr(essional in/ruction4 ,x 0 s also ) a/ronomy1 :i*1 z a sci5ce1 0 sc>cely kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry2 no regul> record ( a/ronomical obs]vations 0 kept by any individual obs]v]1 & no public obs]vatory exi/$ 9 ,engl& or 9 ,france4 ,! disadvantages & ob/acles :i* ,horrox _h to enc\nt] may be be/ describ$ by quot+ 8 own words4 ,he writes3 ',!re 7 _m h9drances4 ,! ab/ruse nature ( ! /udy1 my inexp]i5ce & want ( means dispirit$ me4 ,i 0 mu* pa9$ n to h any "o to :om ,i c\ld look = guidance1 or inde$ = ! sympa?y ( companion%ip 9 my endeav\rs1 & ,i 0 assail$ by ! languor & we>9ess :i* are insep>able f e great und]tak+4 ,:at !n 0 to be done8 ,i c\ld n make ! pursuit an easy "o1 mu* less increase my =tune1 & lea/ ( all imbue o!rs ) a love = a/ronomy2 & yet to compla9 ( philosophy on acc\nt ( its difficulties w\ld be fooli% & unwor?y4 ,i det]m9$1 !re=e1 t ! t$i\sness ( /udy %\ld be ov]come by indu/ry2 my pov]ty--fail+ a bett] me?od--by pati5ce2 & t in/ead ( a ma/] ,i w\ld use a/ronomical books4 ,arm$ ) ^! weapons ,i w\ld cont5d successfully2 &1 hav+ he>d ( o!rs acquir+ k )\t great] help1 ,i w\ld blu% t any "o %\ld be able to d m ?an ,i1 always rememb]+ t ^w ( ,virgil's-- ,totidem nobis animaeque manusque4 ,hav+ he>d mu* praise be/[$ ^u ! works ( ,lansb]g1 a ,flemi% a/ronom]1 ,horrox ?\ght x w\ld be to 8 advantage to procure a copy ( 8 writ+s4 ,?is he succe$$ 9 obta9+ aft] "s difficulty1 & devot$ a consid]able "t to calculat+ ,ephem]ides1 bas$ ^u ! ,lansb]g ,tables1 b aft] mak+ a numb] ( computations he discov]$ t !y 7 unreliable & inaccurate4 ,9 ! ye> #afcf ,horrox made ! acqua9tance ( ,william ,crabtree1 a devot$ a/ronom]1 :o liv$ at ,br\ghton1 a suburb ( ,man*e/]4 ,a close fri5d%ip soon exi/$ betwe5 ! two m51 & !y c>ri$ on an active correspond5ce ab\t matt]s relat+ to ! sci5ce :i* !y bo? lov$ s well4 ,crabtree1 :o 0 an unbeliev] 9 ,lansb]g1 urg$ ,horrox to disc>d ! ,flemi% a/ronom]'s works1 & devote 8 tal5ts to ! /udy ( ,ty*o ,brahe & ,kepl]4 ,?is advice l$ ,horrox to make a m rigor\s exam9ation ( ! ,lansb]g ,tables1 & aft] comp>+ !m ) ! obs]vations made by ,crabtree1 :i* co9cid$ ) 8 own1 he resolv$ to r5\nce !m4 ,act+ on ! advice ( 8 fri5d1 ,horrox direct$ 8 att5tion to ! writ+s ( ,kepl]4 ,! y\?ful a/ronom] soon realis$ _! value1 & 0 *>m$ ) ! accuracy ( obs]vation & inductive reason+ display$ 9 ! elucidation ( ^? g5]al laws :i* con/itut$ a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy4 ,! ,rudolph9e ,tables1 :i* 7 ! a/ronomical calculations comm5c$ by ,ty*o ,brahe1 & complet$ by ,kepl]1 7 reg>d$ by ,horrox z mu* sup]ior to ^? ( ,lansb]g2 b x occurr$ to him t !y might be improv$ by *ang+ "s ( ! numb]s1 & yet reta9+ ! hypo!ses4 ,to ?is task he appli$ himself ) mu* e>ne/ness & assiduity1 & aft] close application & labori\s /udy he accompli%$ ! ardu\s und]tak+ ( br++ ^? tables to a high /ate ( p]fection4 ,9 8 inve/igation ( ! ,lun> !ory1 ,horrox out/ripp$ all 8 pr$ecessors1 & ,sir ,isaac ,newton di/9ctly affirms he 0 ! fir/ to discov] t ! ,moon's motion r\nd ! ,e>? is 9 ! =m ( an ellipse ) ! c5tre 9 ! l[] focus4 ,besides hav+ made ?is discov]y1 ,horrox 0 able to expla9 ! causes ( ! inequalities ( ! ,moon's motion1 :i* r5d] ! exact computation ( h] elem5ts s difficult4 ,! ,annual ,equation1 an irregul>ity discov]$ by ,ty*o ,brahe1 :i* is produc$ by ! increase & decrease ( ! ,sun's di/urb+ =ce z ! ,e>? approa*es or rec$es f him 9 h] orbit1 _h its value fir/ assign$ by ,horrox4 ,?is he calculat$ to be elev5 m9utes sixte5 seconds1 :i* is )9 f\r seconds ( :at x has s9ce be5 prov$ to be by ! mo/ rec5t obs]vations4 ,! ,evection1 an irregul> motion ( ! ,moon discov]$ by ,ptolemy1 :]eby h] mean longitude is increas$ or dim9i%$1 0 expla9$ by ,horrox z dep5d+ ^u ! libratory motion ( ! apsides1 & ! *ange :i* takes place 9 ! ecc5tricity ( ! lun> orbit4 ,^! discov]ies 7 made by ,horrox be=e he atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty ye>s1 & if 8 reputation _h alone re/$ ^u !m 8 "n w\ld h be5 hon\rably associat$ ) ^? :o h atta9$ to ! highe/ em95ce 9 a/ronomy4 ,ano!r a*ievem5t :i* adds lu/re to ,horrox's "n consi/s 9 8 detection ( ! inequality 9 ! mean motions ( ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,he also direct$ 8 att5tion to ! /udy ( comet>y bodies1 & arriv$ at c]ta9 conclusions ) reg>d to ! nature ( _! movem5ts4 ,at fir/1 he believ$ l ,kepl] t comets 7 project$ 9 /raight l9es f ! ,sun2 ?is supposition hav+ be5 upheld on acc\nt ( ! great elongation ( _! orbits4 ,he next p]ceiv$ t _! velocity increas$ z !y approa*$ ! ,sun1 & decreas$ z !y rec$$ f him4 ,aft]w>ds he says1 ',!y move 9 an elliptic figure or ne> x1' & f9ally he arriv$ at ! conclusion t 'comets move 9 elliptical orbits1 be+ c>ri$ r\nd ! ,sun ) a velocity :i* is probably v>iable4' ,?is !ory has be5 v]ifi$ by num]\s obs]vations1 & is n[ g5]ally accept$ by a/ronom]s4 ,horrox also made a s]ies ( obs]vations on ! tides4 ,he notifi$ ! ext5t ( _! rise & fall at diff]5t p]iods1 & inve/igat$ o!r ph5om5a associat$ ) _! ebb & fl[4 ,aft] hav+ cont9u$ 8 obs]vations = "s "t1 he wrote to 8 fri5d ,crabtree1 & in=m$ him t he _h p]ceiv$ _m int]e/+ details :i* _h n be5 previ\sly describ$1 & he hop$ to be able to arrive at "s important conclusions ) reg>d to _! nature & cause4 ,un=tunately1 ,horrox's writ+s on ?is subject1 along ) _m o!r important pap]s1 h be5 lo/ or de/roy$4 ,we are !re=e ignorant ( ! result ( 8 rese>*es1 :i* 7 ! fir/ und]tak5 by any p]son = ! purpose ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,f 8 /udy ( ! ,lansb]g & ,rudolph9e ,tables1 ,horrox arriv$ at ! conclusion t a transit ( ,v5us w\ld occur on ,novemb] #bd1 #afci4 ,?is transit 0 = "s unacc\ntable reason ov]look$ by ,kepl]1 :o pr$ict$ "o 9 #afca1 & ! next n until #agfa4 ,! transit ( #afca 0 n visible 9 ,europe4 ,we are indebt$ to ,horrox = a description ( ! transit ( #afci--! fir/ t 0 ev] obs]v$ ( :i* !re is any record2 & 7 x n = ! accuracy ( 8 calculations1 ! occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on w\ld h be5 unp]ceiv$1 & no hi/ory ( ! conjunction w\ld h be5 h&$ d[n to po/]ity4 ,z soon z ,horrox _h assur$ himself ( ! "t :5 ! transit w\ld take place1 he wrote to ,crabtree to in=m him ( ! date1 & ask$ him to make obs]vations ) 8 telescope1 & especially to exam9e ! diamet] ( ! planet1 :i* he ?\ght _h be5 ov]-e/imat$4 ,he also reque/$ him to write to ,dr4 ,fo/] ( ,cambridge1 & in=m him ( ! expect$ ev5t1 z x 0 desirable t ! transit %\ld be obs]v$ f sev]al places 9 consequ5ce ( ! possibility ( failure1 ow+ to an ov]ca/ sky4 ,8 lett] is dat$ ,octob] #bf1 #afci4 ,he says3 ',my reason = n[ writ+ is to advise y ( a rem>kable conjunction ( ! ,sun & ,v5us on ! #bd? ( ,novemb]1 :5 !re w be a transit4 ,z su* a ?+ has n happ5$ = _m ye>s pa/1 & w n occur aga9 9 ?is c5tury1 ,i e>ne/ly entreat y to wat* att5tively ) y\r telescope 9 ord] to obs]ve x z well z y c4 ',notice p>ticul>ly ! diamet] ( ,v5us1 :i* is /at$ by ,kepl] to be sev5 m9utes1 & by ,lansb]g to be elev51 b :i* ,i believe to be sc>cely great] ?an "o m9ute4' ,9 describ+ ! me?od :i* he adopt$ = obs]v+ ! transit1 ,horrox writes z foll[s3 ',hav+ att5tively exam9$ ,v5us ) my in/rum5t1 ,i describ$ on a %eet ( pap] a circle1 ^: diamet] 0 ne>ly equal to six in*es--! n>r[ness ( ! ap>tm5t n p]mitt+ me conv5i5tly to use a l>g] size4 ,i divid$ ! circumf]5ce ( ?is circle into #cfj degrees 9 ! usual mann]1 & its diamet] into ?irty equal p>ts1 :i* gives ab\t z _m m9utes z are equival5t to ! ,sun's app>5t diamet]4 ,ea* ( ^! ?irty p>ts 0 aga9 divid$ into f\r equal portions1 mak+ 9 all "o hundr$ & tw5ty2 & ^!1 if necess>y1 may be m m9utely subdivid$4 ,! re/ ,i left to ocul> computation1 :i*1 9 su* small sections1 is q z c]ta9 z any me*anical division4 ,suppose1 !n1 ea* ( ^! ?irty p>ts to be divid$ into sixty seconds1 accord+ to ! practice ( a/ronom]s4 ,:5 ! "t ( ! obs]vation approa*$1 ,i retir$ to my ap>tm5t1 &1 hav+ clos$ ! w9d[s aga9/ ! light1 ,i direct$ my telescope--previ\sly adju/$ to a focus--?r\gh ! ap]ture t[>ds ! ,sun1 & receiv$ 8 rays at "r angles ^u ! pap] already m5tion$4 ,! ,sun's image exactly fill$ ! circle1 & ,i wat*$ c>efully & unceas+ly = any d>k body t might ent] ^u ! disc ( light4 ',al?\gh ! correct$ computation ( ,v5us' motions :i* ,i _h be=e prep>$1 & on ! accuracy ( :i* ,i implicitly reli$1 =bade me to expect any?+ be=e ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ( ! #bd?1 yet s9ce1 accord+ to ! calculations ( mo/ a/ronom]s1 ! conjunction %\ld take place soon]--by "s ev5 on ! #bcrd--,i 0 unwill+ to dep5d entirely on my own op9ion1 :i* 0 n suffici5tly confirm$1 le/ by too mu* self-confid5ce ,i might endang] ! obs]vation4 ,anxi\sly int5t1 !re=e1 on ! und]tak+ ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ! #bcrd1 & on ! :ole ( ! #bd?1 ,i omitt$ no available opportunity ( obs]v+ h] +ress4 ,i wat*$ c>efully on ! #bd? f sunrise to n9e o'clock1 & f a little be=e t5 until noon1 & at "o 9 ! aft]noon1 be+ call$ away 9 ! int]vals by bus9ess ( ! highe/ importance1 :i* = ^! ornam5tal pursuits ,i c\ld n ) propriety neglect4#c ,b dur+ all ?is "t ,i saw no?+ 9 ! ,sun except a small & common spot1 consi/+ z x 7 ( ?ree po9ts at a di/ance f ! c5tre t[>ds ! left1 :i* ,i notic$ on ! prec$+ & foll[+ days4 ,?is evid5tly _h no?+ to d ) ,v5us4 ,ab\t fifte5 m9utes pa/ ?ree 9 ! aft]noon1 :5 ,i 0 aga9 at lib]ty to cont9ue my lab\rs1 ! cl\ds1 z if by div9e int]position1 7 entirely disp]s$1 & ,i 0 once m invit$ to ! grateful task ( repeat+ my obs]vations4 ,i !n beheld a mo/ agreeable spectacle--! object ( my sangu9e wi%es2 a spot ( unusual magnitude & ( a p]fectly circul> %ape1 :i* _h already fully ent]$ ^u ! ,sun's disc on ! left1 s t ! limbs ( ! ,sun & ,v5us precisely co9cid$1 =m+ an angle ( contact4 ,n d\bt+ t ?is 0 really ! %ad[ ( ! planet1 ,i imm$iately appli$ myself s$ul\sly to obs]ve x4 ',9 ! fir/ place1 ) respect to ! incl9ation1 ! l9e ( ! diamet] ( ! circle be+ p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 al?\gh its plane 0 some:at incl9$ on acc\nt ( ! ,sun's altitude1 ,i f\nd t ! %ad[ ( ,v5us at ! a=esaid h\r--namely1 fifte5 m9utes pa/ ?ree--_h ent]$ ! ,sun's disc ab\t #fb deg4 #cj'1 c]ta9ly betwe5 #fj deg4 & #fe deg41 f ! top t[>ds ! "r4 ,?is 0 ! appe>ance 9 ! d>k ap>tm5t2 !re=e1 out ( doors1 b5ea? ! op5 sky1 accord+ to ! laws ( optics1 ! contr>y w\ld be ! case1 & ,v5us w\ld be bel[ ! c5tre ( ! ,sun1 di/ant #fb deg4 #cj' f ! l[] limbs or ! nadir1 z ! ,arabians t]m x4 ,! incl9ation rema9$ to all appe>ances ! same until sunset1 :5 ! obs]vation 0 conclud$4 ',9 ! second place1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ,v5us & ! ,sun ,i f\nd by ?ree obs]vations to be z foll[s3-- ,! ,h\r4 ,di/ance ( ! ,c5tres4 ,at #c4ae by ! clock #ad' #bd'' #c4ce #ac' #cj'' #c4de #ac' #j'' #c4ej ! app>5t sunset4 ,! true sett+ be+ #c4de1 & ! app>5t ab\t #e m9utes lat]1 ! diff]5ce be+ caus$ by refraction4 ,! clock !re=e 0 suffici5tly correct4 ',9 ! ?ird place ,i f\nd aft] c>eful & repeat$ obs]vation t ! diamet] ( ,v5us1 z h] %ad[ 0 depict$ on ! pap]1 0 l>g] inde$ ?an ! ?irtie? "p ( ! sol> diamet]1 ?\gh n m s ?an ! six?1 or at ! utmo/ ! fif? ( su* a "p4 ,!re=e let ! diamet] ( ! ,sun be to ! diamet] ( ,v5us z #cj' to #a' #ab''4 ,c]ta9ly h] diamet] nev] equall$ #a' #cj''1 sc>cely p]haps #a' #bj''1 & ?is 0 evid5t z well :5 ! planet 0 ne> ! ,sun's limb z :5 f> di/ant f x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v5us ,,on ,,! ,,sun',s ,,disc4 ',?is obs]vation 0 made 9 an obscure village :]e ,i h long be5 9 ! habit ( obs]v+1 ab\t fifte5 miles to ! nor? ( ,liv]pool1 ! latitude ( :i* ,i believe to be #ec deg4 #bj'1 al?\gh by common maps x is /at$ at #ed deg4 #ab'1 !re=e ! latitude ( ! village w be #ec deg4 #ce'1 & longitude ( bo? #bb deg4 #cj' f ! ,=tunate ,isl&s1 n[ call$ ! ,can>ies4 ,?is is #ad deg4 #ae' to ! we/ ( ,uraniburg 9 ,d5m>k1 ! longitude ( :i* is /at$ by ,brahe1 a native ( ! place1 to be #cf deg4 #de' f ^! isl&s4 ',?is is all ,i c\ld obs]ve respect+ ?is celebrat$ conjunction dur+ ! %ort "t ! ,sun rema9$ 9 ! horizon3 = al?\gh ,v5us cont9u$ on 8 disc = sev]al h\rs1 %e 0 n visible to me long] ?an half an h\r on acc\nt ( 8 s quickly sett+4 ,nev]!less1 all ! obs]vations :i* c\ld possibly be made 9 s %ort a "t ,i 0 enabl$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce to complete s effectually t ,i c\ld sc>cely h wi%$ = a m ext5d$ p]iod4 ,! incl9ation 0 ! only po9t ^u :i* ,i fail$ to atta9 ! utmo/ precision2 =1 ow+ to ! rapid motion ( ! ,sun x 0 difficult to obs]ve ) c]ta9ty to a s+le degree1 & ,i frankly confess t ,i nei!r did nor c\ld asc]ta9 x4 ,b all ! re/ is suffici5tly accurate1 & z exact z ,i c\ld desire4' ,besides hav+ asc]ta9$ t ! diamet] ( ,v5us subt5ds an angle n mu* great] ?an "o m9ute ( arc1 ,horrox r$uc$ ! horizontal sol> p>allax f fifty-sev5 seconds z /at$ by ,kepl] to f\rte5 seconds1 a calculation )9 "o & a half second ( ! value assign$ to x by ,halley sixty ye>s aft]4 ,he also r$uc$ ! ,sun's semi-diamet]4 ,crabtree1 to :om ,horrox ref]s z '8 mo/ e/eem$ fri5d & a p]son :o has few sup]iors 9 ma!matical le>n+1' made prep>ations to obs]ve ! transit simil> to ^? already describ$4 ,b ! day 0 unfav\rable1 d>k cl\ds obscur$ ! sky & r5d]$ ! ,sun invisible4 ,crabtree 0 9 despair1 & rel9qui%$ all hope ( be+ able to witness ! conjunction4 ,h[ev]1 j be=e sunset !re 0 a break 9 ! cl\ds1 & ! ,sun %one brilliantly = a %ort int]val4 ,crabtree at once seiz$ 8 opportunity1 & to 8 int5se delight obs]v$ ! planet fully ent]$ ^u ! ,sun's disc4 ,in/ead ( proce$+ to take obs]vations1 he 0 s ov]come ) emotion at ! sight ( ! ph5om5on1 t he cont9u$ to gaze ^u x ) rapt att5tion1 nor did he recov] 8 self-possession until ! cl\ds aga9 hid f 8 view ! sett+ ,sun4#d ,crabtree's obs]vation ( ! transit 01 h[ev]1 n a fruitless "o4 ,he drew f memory a diagram %[+ ! exact position ( ,v5us on ! ,sun's disc1 :i* correspond$ 9 e respect ) ,horrox's obs]vation2 he also e/imat$ ! diamet] ( ! planet to be #g_/bjj t ( ! ,sun1 :i* :5 calculat$ gives "o m9ute ?ree seconds2 ,horrox hav+ f\nd x to be "o m9ute twelve seconds4 ,?is transit ( ,v5us is rem>kable z hav+ be5 ! fir/ ev] obs]v$ ( :i* !re is any record1 & = ?is we are indebt$ to ! g5ius ( ,horrox1 :o by a s]ies ( calculations1 display+ a wond]fully accurate k ( ma!matics1 0 enabl$ to pr$ict ! occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on on ! v day1 & almo/ at ! h\r x appe>$1 & ( :i* he & 8 fri5d ,crabtree 7 ! only obs]v]s4 ,hav+ ?\ght x desirable to write an acc\nt ( ! transit1 ,horrox prep>$ an elegant ,lat9 treatise1 entitl$ ',v5us 9 ,sole ,visa'--',v5us se5 9 ! ,sun2' b n kn[+ :at /eps to take ) reg>d to its publication1 he reque/$ ,crabtree to communicate ) 8 booksell] & obta9 8 advice on ! matt]4 ,9 ! meantime ,horrox return$ to ,toxte?1 & arrang$ to fulfil a long-promis$ visit to ,crabtree1 :i* he look$ =w>d to ) mu* pleasure1 z x w\ld af=d him an opportunity ( discuss+ ) 8 fri5d _m matt]s ( int]e/ to bo?4 ,?is visit 0 fru/rat$ 9 a mann] altoge!r unexpect$4 ,= we read t ,horrox 0 seiz$ ) a sudd5 & sev]e illness1 ! nature ( :i* is n kn[n1 & t 8 dea? occurr$ on ! day previ\s to t ( 8 int5d$ visit to 8 fri5d at ,br\ghton4 ,he expir$ on ,janu>y #c1 #afda1 :5 9 ! #bcrd ye> ( 8 age4 ,8 dea? 0 a great grief to ,crabtree1 :o1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 describes x z 'an irrep>able loss3' & x is believ$ t he only surviv$ him a few ye>s4#e ,( ! pap]s left by ,horrox1 only a few h be5 pres]v$1 & ^! 7 discov]$ 9 ,crabtree's h\se aft] 8 dea?4 ,among !m 0 8 treatise on ! transit ( ,v5us :i*1 ) o!r pap]s1 0 pur*as$ by ,dr4 ,wor?+ton1 ,fell[ ( ,emmanuel ,college1 ,cambridge1 a man ( le>n+1 :o 0 capable ( appreciat+ _! value4 ,ultimately1 ! treatise fell into ! possession ( ,hevelius1 a celebrat$ ,g]man a/ronom]1 :o publi%$ x along ) a diss]tation ( 8 own1 describ+ a transit ( ,m]cury4 ,horrox did n live to see any ( 8 writ+s publi%$1 nor 0 any monum5t erect$ to 8 memory until ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,b 8 "n1 ?\gh long =gott5 except by a/ronom]s1 is n[ engrav$ on m>ble 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,_h 8 life be5 sp>$1 x w\ld h be5 difficult to =etell to :at em95ce & fame he might h ris51 or :at fur!r discov]ies 8 g5ius might h enabl$ him to make4 ,few among ,engli% a/ronom]s w hesitate to rank him next ) ! illu/ri\s ,newton1 & all w agree ) ,h]s*el1 :o call$ him '! pride & ! boa/ ( ,briti% ,a/ronomy4' ,,william ,,gascoigne 0 born 9 #afab1 9 ! p>i% ( ,ro?well1 9 ! c\nty ( ,york1 & aft]w>ds resid$ at ,middleton1 ne> ,le$s4 ,he 0 a man ( an inv5tive turn ( m9d1 & possess$ good abilities1 :i* he devot$ to improv+ ! me?ods ( telescopic obs]vation4 ,at an e>ly age he 0 occupi$ 9 obs]v+ cele/ial objects1 mak+ rese>*es 9 optics1 & acquir+ a pr(ici5t k ( a/ronomy4 ,among 8 acqua9tances 7 ,crabtree & ,horrox1 ) :om he c>ri$ on a correspond5ce on matt]s app]ta9+ to _! fav\rite /udy4 ,! measurem5t ( small angles 0 f\nd at all times to be "o ( ! greate/ difficulties :i* a/ronom]s _h to cont5d )4 ,ty*o ,brahe 0 s misl$ by 8 measurem5ts ( ! app>5t diamet]s ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 t he conclud$ a total eclipse ( ! ,sun 0 impossible4 ,gascoigne ov]came ?is difficulty by 8 inv5tion ( ! micromet]4 ,?is in/rum5t1 :5 appli$ to a telescope1 0 f\nd to be ( great s]vice 9 ! correct measurem5t ( m9ute angles & di/ances1 & 0 ! means ( greatly advanc+ ! progress ( practical a/ronomy 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a micromet] consi/s ( a %ort tube1 across ! op5+ ( :i* are /ret*$ two p>allel wires2 ^! be+ int]sect$ at "r angles by a ?ird4 ,! wires are mov$ to or f ea* o!r by delicately con/ruct$ screws1 to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,ea* revolution1 or "p ( a revolution1 ( a screw indicates ! di/ance by :i* ! wires are mov$4 ,?is app>atus1 :5 plac$ 9 ! focus ( a l5s1 gives v accurate measurem5ts ( ! diamet]s ( cele/ial objects4 ,x 0 successfully us$ by ,gascoigne 9 det]m9+ ! app>5t diamet]s ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & sev]al ( ! planets1 & ! mutual di/ances ( ! />s :i* =m ! ,pleiades4 ,crabtree1 aft] hav+ paid ,gascoigne a visit 9 #afci1 describes 9 a lett] to ,horrox ! impression creat$ on 8 m9d by ! micromet]4 ,he writes3 ',! fir/ ?+ ,mr4 ,gascoigne %[$ me 0 a l>ge telescope1 amplifi$ & adorn$ ) new inv5tions ( 8 own1 :]eby he c take ! diamet]s ( ! ,sun or ,moon1 or any small angle 9 ! heav5s or ^u ! e>?1 mo/ exactly ?r\gh ! glass to a second4' ,! micromet] is n[ reg>d$ z an indisp5sable appliance 9 ! obs]vatory2 ! use ( a spid] web reticule in/ead ( wire hav+ improv$ its effici5cy4 ,gascoigne 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ a/ronom]s :o recognis$ ! value ( ! ,kepl]ian telescope = obs]vational purposes1 & ,%]burn affirms t he 0 ! fir/ to con/ruct an in/rum5t ( ?is description hav+ two convex l5ses4 ,:e!r ?is be true or n1 x is c]ta9 t he appli$ ! micromet] to ! telescope1 & 0 ! fir/ to use telescopic sights1 by means ( :i* he 0 able to fix ! optical axis ( 8 telescope1 & asc]ta9 by obs]vation ! app>5t positions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,crabtree1 9 a lett] to ,gascoigne1 says3 ',c\ld ,i pur*ase x ) travel1 or procure x ) gold1 ,i w\ld n be )\t a telescope = obs]v+ small angles 9 ! heav5s2 or want ! use ( y\r device ( a glass 9 a cane ^u ! movable rul] ( y\r sextant1 z ,i rememb] = help+ to ! exact po9t ( ! ,sun's rays4' ,x 0 n kn[n until ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ,gascoigne _h inv5t$ & us$ telescopic sights = ! purpose ( mak+ accurate a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,! accid5tal discov]y ( "s docum5ts :i* conta9$ a description ( 8 appliances 0 ! means by :i* ?is became kn[n4 ,t[nley /ates t ,gascoigne _h complet$ a treatise on optics1 :i* 0 ready = publication1 b t no trace ( ! manuscript c\ld be discov]$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,hav+ embrac$ ! ,royali/ cause1 ,william ,gascoigne jo9$ ! =ces ( ,*>les ,i41 & fell 9 ! battle ( ,m>/on ,moor on ,july #b1 #afdd4 ,! e>ly dea? ( ?is "y & rem>kably clev] man 0 a sev]e bl[ to ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy 9 ,engl&4 ,! inv5tion ( log>i?ms1 by ,b>on ,napi]1 ( ,m]*i/\n1 0 f\nd to be ( ine/imable value to a/ronom]s 9 facilitat+ & abbreviat+ ! me?ods ( a/ronomical calculation4 ,by ! use ( log>i?ms1 ari?metical computations :i* necessitat$ labori\s application = sev]al mon?s c\ld ) ease be complet$ 9 z _m days4 ,x 0 rem>k$ by ,laplace t ?is inv5tion 0 ! means ( d\bl+ ! life ( an a/ronom]1 besides enabl+ him to avoid errors & ! t$i\sness associat$ ) long & ab/ruse calculations4 ,,?omas ,,h>riot1 an em95t ma!matician1 & an assidu\s a/ronom]1 made "s valuable obs]vations ( ! comet ( #afjg4 ,he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ obs]v]s :o made use ( ! telescope1 & x 0 claim$ on 8 behalf t he discov]$ ,jupit]'s satellites1 & ! spots on ! ,sun1 indep5d5tly ( ,galileo4 ,o!r a/ronom]s h be5 desir\s ( %>+ ?is hon\r1 b x has be5 conclusively prov$ t ,galileo 0 ! fir/ :o made ^? discov]ies4 ,! inve/igations ( ,norwood & ,gilb]t1 ! me*anical g5ius ( ,hooke1 & ! pati5t rese>*es ( ,flam/e$--! fir/ ,a/ronom] ,royal--7 ( mu* value 9 p]fect+ _m details associat$ ) ! /udy ( a/ronomy4 ,! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi* 0 f\nd$ 9 #afge4 ,! build+ 0 erect$ "u a w>rant f ,*>les ,,ii4 ,x ann\nces ! desire ( ! ,sov]eign to build a small obs]vatory 9 ! p>k at ,gre5wi*1 '9 ord] to ! f9d+ out ( ! longitude = p]fect+ ! art ( navigation & a/ronomy4' ,?is action on ! "p ( ! ,k+ may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ public ackn[l$gm5t ( ! usefulness ( a/ronomy = national purposes4 ,s9ce its erection1 ! obs]vatory has be5 presid$ ov] by a succession ( tal5t$ m51 :o h rais$ x to a position ( em95ce & usefulness unsurpass$ by any simil> in/itution 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry4 ,! well-kn[n names ( ,flam/e$1 ,halley1 ,bradley1 & ,airy1 te/ify to ! valuable s]vices r5d]$ by ^? pa/ directors ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 9 ! cause ( a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,if we take a g5]al survey ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy z x exi/$ f #afjh to #afgd--;a p]iod t embrac$ ! "t 9 :i* ,milton liv$--we %all f9d t x 0 /ill compass$ by ignorance1 sup]/ition1 & my/]y4 ,a/rology 0 zeal\sly cultivat$2 mo/ p]sons ( rank & position _h _! nativity or horoscope ca/1 & ! belief 9 ! rul+ ( ! planets1 & _! influ5ce on human & t]re/rial affairs1 0 ?r\gh long usage firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! public m9d4 ,inde$1 at ?is "t1 a/ronomy 0 reg>d$ z a h&maid to a/rology2 =1 ) ! aid ( a/ronomical calculation1 ! pr(essors ( ?is occult sci5ce 7 enabl$ to pr$ict ! positions ( ! planets1 & by ?is means practis$ _! art ) an app>5t degree ( tru?fulness4 ,al?\gh ov] "o hundr$ ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce ! dea? ( ,cop]nicus1 8 !ory ( ! sol> sy/em did n f9d _m support]s1 & ! old =ms ( a/ronomical belief /ill reta9$ _! hold on ! m9ds ( ! majority ( philosophic ?9k]s4 ,?is c be p>tly acc\nt$ =1 z _m ( ! ,ptolemaic doctr9es 7 at fir/ associat$ ) ! ,cop]nican !ory1 nor 0 x until a lat] p]iod t !y 7 elim9at$ f ! sy/em4 ,?\gh ,cop]nicus des]v$ ! cr$it ( hav+ transf]r$ ! c5tre ( our sy/em f ! ,e>? to ! ,sun1 yet 8 !ory 0 imp]fect 9 its details1 & conta9$ _m inaccuracies4 ,he believ$ t ! planets c\ld only move r\nd ! ,sun 9 circul> pa?s1 nor 0 he capable ( conceiv+ ( any o!r =m ( orbit 9 :i* !y c\ld p]=m _! revolutions4 ,he 0 !re=e compell$ to reta9 ! use ( cycles & epicycles1 9 ord] to acc\nt = irregul>ities 9 ! uni=mly circul> motions ( ^? bodies4 ,we are indebt$ to ! g5ius ( ,kepl] = hav+ plac$ ! ,cop]nican sy/em ^u a sure & irremovable basis1 & = hav+ rais$ a/ronomy to ! position ( a true physical sci5ce4 ,by 8 discov]y t ! planets travel r\nd ! ,sun 9 elliptical orbits1 he 0 enabl$ to aboli% cycles & epicycles1 :i* creat$ su* confusion & entanglem5t 9 ! sy/em1 & to expla9 _m app>5t irregul>ities ( motion by ascrib+ to ! ,sun 8 true position ) reg>d to ! motions ( ! planets4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,kepl]1 :i* occurr$ 9 #afcj1 ! mo/ em95t support] ( ! ,cop]nican !ory 0 ! illu/ri\s ,galileo1 ^: belief 9 its accuracy & tru?fulness 0 confirm$ by 8 own discov]ies4 ,five ( ! planets 7 kn[n at ?is "t--viz4 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn2 ! latt]1 :i* revolves 9 its orbit at a pr(\nd di/ance f ! ,sun1 =m$ :at at t "t 0 believ$ to be ! b\nd>y ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,! di/ance ( ! ,e>? f ! ,sun 0 approximately kn[n1 & ! orb 0 obs]v$ to rotate on 8 axis4 ,x 0 also asc]ta9$ t ! ,moon %one by reflect$ light1 & t h] surface 0 v>i$ by inequalities resembl+ ^? ( our ,e>?4 ,! elliptical =m ( h] orbit _h be5 discov]$ by ,horrox1 & h] elem5ts 7 comput$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( accuracy4 ,! cl\dy lum9osity ( ! ,milky ,way _h be5 resolv$ into a multitude ( sep>ate />s1 disclos+ ! imm5sity ( ! /ell> univ]se4 ,! cresc5t =m ( ! planet ,v5us1 ! satellites ( ,jupit] & ( ,saturn1 & ! progressive motion & measurem5t ( light1 _h also be5 discov]$4 ,obs]vations 7 made ( transits ( ,m]cury & ,v5us1 & refract+ & reflect+ telescopes 7 inv5t$4 ,! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 a p[] :i* reta9s ! ,e>? & planets 9 _! orbits1 caus+ !m ye> aft] ye> to describe ) un]r+ regul>ity _! oval pa?s r\nd ! ,sun1 0 n kn[n at ?is "t4 ,?\gh ,newton 0 born 9 #afdb1 he did n disclose ! results ( 8 philosophic inve/igations until #afhg--?irte5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,milton--:51 9 ! ',pr9cipia1' he ann\nc$ 8 discov]y ( ! great law ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,kepl]1 ?\gh he discov]$ ! laws ( planet>y motion1 0 unable to det]m9e ! motive =ce :i* guid$ & reta9$ ^? bodies 9 _! orbits4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! g5ius ( ,newton to solve ?is wond]ful problem4 ,?is great philosoph] 0 able to prove 't e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se attracts e o!r p>ticle ) a =ce proportion$ to ! mass ( ! attract+ body1 & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m4' ,newton 0 capable ( demon/rat+ t ! =ce :i* guides & reta9s ! ,e>? & planets 9 _! orbits resides 9 ! ,sun1 & by ! application ( ?is law ( gravitation he 0 able to expla9 ! motions ( all cele/ial bodies ent]+ into ! /ructure ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,?is discov]y may be reg>d$ z ! cr[n+ po9t ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 =1 ^u ! unfail+ en]gy ( ?is my/]i\s p[] dep5d ! ord] & /ability ( ! univ]se1 ext5d+ z x does to all mat]ial bodies exi/+ 9 space1 guid+1 controll+1 & reta9+ !m 9 _! sev]al pa?s & orbits1 :e!r x be a t9y meteor1 a circl+ planet1 or a mighty sun4 ,! nature ( comet>y bodies & ! laws :i* gov]n _! motions 7 at ?is "t /ill en%r\d$ 9 my/]y1 & :5 "o ( ^? erratic w&]]s made its appe>ance 9 ! sky x 0 beheld by ! majority ( mank9d ) feel+s ( awe & sup]/iti\s dread1 & reg>d$ z a h>b+] ( evil & disa/]1 ! precursor ( w>1 ( fam9e1 or ! ov]?r[ ( an empire4 ,newton1 h[ev]1 0 able to dive/ ^? bodies ( ! my/]y ) :i* !y 7 surr\nd$ by prov+ t any conic section may be describ$ ab\t ! ,sun1 consi/5t ) ! law ( gravitation1 & t comets1 not)/&+ ! ecc5tricity ( _! orbits1 obey ! laws ( planet>y motion4 ,beyond ! conf9es ( our sol> sy/em1 little 0 kn[n ( ! magnitude & ext5t ( ! sid]eal univ]se :i* occupies ! inf9itude ( space by :i* we are surr\nd$4 ,! />s 7 recognis$ z self-lum9\s bodies1 inconceivably remote1 & al?\gh !y excit$ ! curiosity ( obs]v]s1 & conjectures 7 made z to _! orig91 yet no conclusive op9ions 7 arriv$ at ) reg>d to _! nature & con/itution1 & except t !y 7 reg>d$ z glitt]+ po9ts ( light :i* illum9e ! firmam5t1 all else app]ta9+ to !m rema9$ an unravell$ my/]y4 ,ev5 ,cop]nicus _h no notion ( a univ]se ( />s4 ,galileo1 by 8 discov]y t ! galaxy consi/s ( a multitude ( sep>ate />s too remote to be def9$ by ord9>y vision1 demon/rat$ h[ va/ are ! dim5sions ( ! />ry heav5s1 & on :at a /up5d\s scale ! univ]se is con/ruct$4 ,b at ?is "t x _h n occurr$ to a/ronom]s1 nor 0 x kn[n until _m ye>s aft]1 t ! />s are suns :i* %9e ) a spl5d\r resembl+ t ( our ,sun1 & 9 _m in/ances surpass+ x4 ,x 0 n until ?is tru? became kn[n t ! glories ( ! sid]eal heav5s 7 fully compreh5d$1 & _! magnific5ce reveal$4 ,x 0 !n asc]ta9$ t ! m9ute po9ts ( light :i* cr[d ! fields ( our l>ge/ telescopes1 9 _! aggregations =m+ sy/ems1 clu/]s1 galaxies1 & univ]ses ( />s1 are %9+ orbs ( light1 among ! c\ntless multitudes ( :i* our ,sun may be numb]$ z "o4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,milton',s ,,a/ronomical ,,k ,x w\ld be reasonable to imag9e t ,milton's k ( a/ronomy 0 compreh5sive & accurate1 & sup]ior to t possess$ by mo/ sci5tific m5 ( 8 age4 ,8 s*ol>ly atta9m5ts1 8 famili>ity ) anci5t hi/ory & philosophy1 8 pr(\nd le>n+1 & ! univ]sality ( 8 g5]al k1 w\ld lead "o to conclude t ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! me*anism ( ! heav5s1 & especially ! obs]vational "p ( x--:i* at all times has be5 a s\rce ( inspiration to poets ( e degree ( excell5ce--0 to him a /udy ( absorb+ int]e/1 & "o calculat$ to make a deep impression ^u 8 dev\tly poetical m9d4 ,! s]i\s "* ( ,milton's v]se1 & ! rev]5t mann] 9 :i* cele/ial incid5ts & objects are describ$ 9 x1 impress "o ) ! belief t 8 contemplation ( ! heav5s1 & ( ! orbs t roll & %9e 9 ! firmam5t ov]head1 af=d$ him mu* enjoym5t & m$itative delight4 ,= no poet1 9 anci5t or 9 mod]n times1 has introduc$ into 8 writ+s ) su* frequ5cy1 or ) su* pleas+ effect1 s _m passages descriptive ( ! beauty & gr&eur ( ! heav5s4 ,no o!r poet1 by ! creative ef=t ( 8 imag9ation1 has so>$ to su* a height2 nor has he ev] be5 excell$ 9 8 descriptions ( ! cele/ial orbs1 & ( ! beautiful ph5om5a associat$ ) _! diff]5t motions4 ,9 8 m9or poems1 :i* 7 compos$ dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,horton1 a *>m+ rural retreat 9 ,buck+ham%ire1 :]e ! fre%ness & v>i$ beauty ( ! l&scape & ! attractive aspects ( ! midnight sky 7 ev] be=e him1 we f9d en*ant+ descriptions ( cele/ial objects1 & especially ( ^? orbs :i*1 by _! brilliancy & lu/re1 h always comm&$ ! admiration ( mank9d4 ,= example1 9 ',l',allegro' !re are ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,"r aga9/ ! ea/]n gate ,:]e ! great ,sun beg9s 8 /ate1 ,rob$ 9 flames & amb] light1 ,! cl\ds 9 ?\s& liv]ies dight2 & 9 ',il ,p5s]oso'-- ,to behold ! w&]+ ,moon1 ,rid+ ne> h] highe/ noon1 ,l "o t _h be5 l$ a/ray ,?r\gh ! heav5's wide pa?less way1 ,& (t z if h] head %e b[$1 ,/oop+ ?r\gh a fleecy cl\d4 ,9 ! happy *oice ( 8 !me1 & by ! compreh5sive mann] 9 :i* he has treat$ x1 ,milton has be5 enabl$ by 8 poetic g5ius to give to ! _w 9 8 ',p>adise ,lo/' a poem :i*1 = sublimity ( ?\ght1 l(t9ess ( imag9ation1 & beauty ( expression 9 metrical v]se1 is unsurpass$ 9 any language4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 our int5tion to deal only ) ^? passages 9 ! poem 9 :i* allusion is made to ! heav5ly bodies1 & to incid5ts & occurr5ces associat$ ) a/ronomical ph5om5a4 ,9 ! exposition & illu/ration ( ^! x has be5 consid]$ desirable to adopt ! foll[+ g5]al classification3-- #a4 ,to asc]ta9 ! ext5t ( ,milton's a/ronomical k4 #b4 ,to describe ! />ry heav5s & ! cele/ial objects m5tion$ 9 ',p>adise ,lo/4' #c4 ,to exemplify ! use :i* ,milton has made ( a/ronomy 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 imag9ative & descriptive p[]s4 ,9 ! e>li] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,ptolemaic !ory--by :i* x 0 believ$ t ! ,e>? 0 ! immovable c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & t r\nd x all ! heav5ly bodies complet$ a diurnal revolution--/ill reta9$ its asc5d5cy ov] ! m9ds ( m5 ( le>n+ & sci5ce1 & all ! doctr9es associat$ ) ?is anci5t a/ronomical cre$ 7 /ill religi\sly upheld by ! educat$ classes among ! peoples inhabit+ ! diff]5t civilis$ regions ( ! globe4 ,! ,cop]nican !ory--by :i* ! ,sun is assign$ ! c5tral position 9 our sy/em1 ) ! ,e>? & planets revolv+ 9 orbits r\nd him--obta9$ ! support ( a few p]sons ( advanc$ views & high sci5tific atta9m5ts1 b its doctr9es _h n yet s]i\sly ?reat5$ ! supremacy ( ! old] sy/em4 ,?\gh upw>ds ( "o hundr$ ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce ! dea? ( ,cop]nicus1 yet ! doctr9es associat$ ) ! sy/em ( :i* he 0 ! f\nd] 7 b v t>dily adopt$ up to ?is "t4 ,!re 7 sev]al reasons :i* acc\nt$ = ?is4 ,! ,cop]nican sy/em 0 at fir/ imp]fect 9 its details1 & includ$ sev]al ( ! ,ptolemaic1 doctr9es :i* r5d]$ x less intelligible1 & ret>d$ its acceptance by p]sons :o w\ld o!rwise h be5 incl9$ to adopt x4 ,cop]nicus believ$ t ! planets travell$ r\nd ! ,sun 9 circul> pa?s4 ,?is necessitat$ ! ret5tion ( cycles & epicycles1 :i* gave rise to mu* confusion2 nor 0 x until ,kepl] made 8 great discov]y ( ! ellipticity ( ! planet>y orbits t !y 7 elim9at$ f ! sy/em4 ,z ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( ! univ]se held complete sway ov] ! m9ds ( m5 = upw>ds ( tw5ty c5turies1 x 0 difficult to p]suade _m p]sons to r5\nce ! a/ronomical beliefs to :i* !y 7 s firmly atta*$1 9 fav\r ( ^? ( any o!r sy/em2 s t ! ov]?r[ ( ?is v5]able !ory requir$ a l5g!n$ p]iod ( "t = its accompli%m5t4 ,x 0 ?us 9 8 e>li] ye>s1 :5 ,milton devot$ 8 "t to ! /udy ( lit]ature & philosophy1 :i* he read ext5sively :5 pursu+ 8 academic c>e] at ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 & aft]w>ds at ,horton1 :]e he sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 acquir+ a m pr(ici5t k ( ! lit]>y1 sci5tific1 & philosophical writ+s ( ! age1 t he f\nd ! beliefs associat$ ) ! ,ptolemaic !ory adopt$ )\t d\bt or hesitation by ! num]\s au?ors ^: works he p]us$4 ,8 k ( ,italian enabl$ him to become famili> ) ,dante--"o ( 8 fav\rite au?ors1 ^: poetical writ+s 7 deeply read by him1 & :o1 9 ! elaboration ( 8 poem1 ! ',div9a ,comm$ia1' includ$ ! entire ,ptolemaic cosmology4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,cop]nican !ory _h few support]s1 & ! majority ( ^? :o repres5t$ ! intellect & le>n+ ( ! c\ntry /ill reta9$ _! adh]5ce to ! old =m ( a/ronomical belief4 ,we !re=e f9d t ,milton foll[$ ! traditional way ( ?9k+ by adopt+ ! views associat$ ) ! ,ptolemaic !ory4 ,accord+ to ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 ! ,e>? 0 reg>d$ z ! immovable c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & surr\nd+ x 7 t5 cry/all9e sph]es1 or heav5s1 arrang$ 9 conc5tric circles1 ! l>g] sph]es enclos+ ! small] ones2 & )9 ^? 0 situat$ ! cosmos1 or mundane univ]se1 usually describ$ z '! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?4' ,to ea* ( ! fir/ sev5 sph]es !re 0 atta*$ a heav5ly body1 :i* 0 c>ri$ r\nd ! ,e>? by ! revolution ( ! cry/all9e4 #a/ sph]e3 t ( ! ,moon4 #bnd sph]e3 t ( ! planet ,m]cury4 #crd sph]e3 t ( ! planet ,v5us4 #d? sph]e3 t ( ! ,sun2 reg>d$ z a planet4 #e? sph]e3 t ( ! planet ,m>s4 #f? sph]e3 t ( ! planet ,jupit]4 #g? sph]e3 t ( ! planet ,saturn4 #h? sph]e3 t ( ! fix$ />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,! eigh? sph]e includ$ all ! fix$ />s1 & 0 call$ ! firmam5t1 because x 0 believ$ to imp>t /ead9ess to ! inn] sph]es1 &1 by its diurnal revolution1 to c>ry !m r\nd ! ,e>?1 caus+ ! *ange ( day & night4 ,! sep>ate motions ( ! sph]es1 revolv+ ) diff]5t velocities1 & at diff]5t angles to ea* o!r1 acc\nt$ = ! a/ronomical ph5om5a associat$ ) ! orbs atta*$ to ea*4 ,accord+ to ,ptolemy's s*eme1 ! eigh? sph]e =m$ ! out]mo/ b\nd>y ( ! univ]se2 b lat] a/ronom]s add$ to ?is sy/em two o!r sph]es--a n9?1 call$ ! ,cry/all9e1 :i* caus$ ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes2 & a t5?1 call$ ! ,primum ,mobile1 or ,fir/ ,mov$1 :i* br\ght ab\t ! alt]nation ( day & night1 by c>ry+ all ! o!r sph]es r\nd ! ,e>? once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! ,primum ,mobile enclos$1 z if 9 a %ell1 all ! o!r sph]es1 9 :i* 0 includ$ ! creat$ univ]se1 &1 al?\gh ( va/ dim5sions1 its conception did n ov]:elm ! m9d 9 ! same mann] t ! ef=t to compreh5d inf9itude does4 ,beyond ?is la/ sph]e !re 0 believ$ to exi/ a b\ndless1 uncircumscrib$ region1 ( immeasurable ext5t1 call$ ! ,empyrean1 or ,heav5 ( ,heav5s1 ! incorruptible abode ( ! ,deity1 ! place ( et]nal my/]ies1 :i* ! compreh5sion ( man 0 unable to fa?om1 & ( :i* x 0 impossible = 8 m9d to =m any conception4 ,su* 7 ! imag9ative beliefs ^u :i* ?is anci5t a/ronomical !ory 0 f\nd$1 t = a p]iod ( upw>ds ( two ?\s& ye>s held undisput$ sway ov] ! m9ds ( m51 & ex]cis$ dur+ t "t a pr$om9at+ influ5ce ^u ! imag9ation1 ?\ghts1 & conceptions ( all ^? :o devot$ !mselves to lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & art4 ,( ! tru?fulness ( ?is ass]tion !re is ample evid5ce 9 ! poetical1 philosophical1 & hi/orical writ+s ( anci5t au?ors1 ^: ideas & conceptions reg>d+ ! creat$ univ]se 7 limit$ & circumscrib$ by ?is =m ( a/ronomical belief4 ,9 ! works ( m rec5t writ]s we f9d t x cont9u$ to ass]t its influ5ce2 & among our ,engli% poets1 f ,*auc] d[n to ,%akespe>e1 !re are num]\s ref]5ces to ! natural ph5om5a associat$ ) ?is sy/em1 & mo/ frequ5tly express$ by poetical allusions to '! music ( ! sph]es4' ,! ideas associat$ ) ! ,ptolemaic !ory 7 gratify+ to ! pride & vanity ( man1 :o c\ld reg>d ) complac5cy ! p>am\nt importance ( ! globe :i* he inhabit$1 & ( :i* he 0 ! absolute rul]1 fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & surr\nd$ by t5 revolv+ sph]es1 t c>ri$ along ) !m 9 _! circuit all o!r cele/ial bodies--,sun1 ,moon1 & />s1 :i* w\ld appe> to h be5 creat$ = 8 delectation1 & = ! purpose ( m9i/]+ to 8 requirem5ts4 ,b :5 ! ,cop]nican !ory became bett] und]/ood1 & especially aft] ! discov]y ( ! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 ?is v5]able sy/em ( ! univ]se1 bas$ ^u a pile ( unreasonable & false hypo!ses1 aft] an exi/5ce ( ov] tw5ty c5turies1 sank into oblivion1 & 0 no m he>d (4 ,milton's ,ptolemaism is app>5t 9 "s ( 8 %ort] pieces1 & also 9 8 m9or poems1 ',arcades' & ',comus4' ,8 ',ode on ! ,nativity' is writt5 9 con=mity ) ?is belief1 & ! expression1 ,r+ out ye cry/al sph]es1 indicates a poetical allusion to ?is !ory4 ,b z ,milton grew old] 8 ,ptolemaism became greatly modifi$1 & !re are good reasons = believ+ t 9 8 latt] ye>s he r5\nc$ x entirely 9 fav\r ( ,cop]nicanism4 ,:5 on 8 cont95tal t\r 9 #afch1 he made ! acqua9tance ( em95t m5 :o held views diff]5t f ^? ) :i* he 0 famili>2 & 9 8 int]view ) ,galileo at ,arcetri1 ! ag$ a/ronom] may h impress$ ^u 8 m9d ! sup]iority ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 9 acc\nt+ = ! occurr5ce ( cele/ial ph5om5a1 z comp>$ ) ! ,ptolemaic4 ,on 8 return to ,engl& f ! ,cont95t1 ,milton took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,london1 & liv$ 9 ap>tm5ts 9 a h\se 9 ,/4 ,bride's ,*ur*y>d4 ,hav+ no regul> vocation1 & n wi%+ to be dep5d5t ^u 8 fa!r1 he und]took ! education ( 8 two nephews1 ,john & ,edw>d ,phillips1 ag$ n9e & t5 ye>s respectively4 ,f ,/4 ,bride's ,*ur*y>d he remov$ to a l>g] h\se 9 ,ald]sgate1 :]e he receiv$ z pupils ! sons ( "s ( 8 mo/ intimate acqua9tances4 ,9 ! li/ ( subjects :i* ,milton select$ = ! purpose ( imp>t+ in/ruction to ^? y\?s he includ$ a/ronomy & ma!matics1 :i* =m$ "p ( ! curriculum ( ?is educational e/abli%m5t4 ,! text-book f :i* he taught 8 nephews & o!r pupils a/ronomy 0 call$ ',de ,spha]a ,mundi1' a "w writt5 by ,joannes ,sacrobasco 7,john ,holywood7 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,?is book 0 an epitome ( ,ptolemy's ',almage/1' & !re=e entirely ,ptolemaic 9 its tea*+4 ,x enjoy$ great popul>ity dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & is report$ to h gone ?r\gh z _m z =ty editions4 ,! selection ( a/ronomy z "o ( ! subjects 9 :i* ,milton in/ruct$ 8 pupils af=ds u evid5ce t he mu/ h devot$ consid]able "t & att5tion to acquir+ a k ( ! facts & details associat$ ) ! /udy ( ! sci5ce4 ,9 ! atta9m5t ( ?is he _h to dep5d ^u 8 own ex]tions & ! assi/ance d]iv$ f a/ronomical books2 = at ?is "t a/ronomy receiv$ no recognition z a bran* ( /udy at any ( ! univ]sities2 & 9 ,brita9 ! sci5ce attract$ less att5tion ?an on ! ,cont95t1 :]e ! g5ius ( ,kepl] & ,galileo elevat$ x to a position ( national importance4 ,we %all f9d z we proce$ t ,milton's k ( a/ronomy 0 compreh5sive & accurate2 t he 0 famili> ) ! a/ronomical reasons by :i* _m natural ph5om5a :i* occur ar\nd u c be expla9$2 & t he und]/ood _m ( ! details ( ! sci5ce :i* are unkn[n to ord9>y obs]v]s ( ! heav5s4 ,x is rem>kable h[ l>gely a/ronomy ent]s into ! composition ( ',p>adise ,lo/1' & we d\bt if any au?or c\ld h writt5 su* a poem )\t possess+ a k ( ! heav5s & ( ! cele/ial orbs su* z c only be atta9$ by a pr(ici5t & intimate acqua9tance ) ?is sci5ce4 ,! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( or aga9/ ! ,ptolemaic & ,cop]nican !ories 7 well kn[n to ,milton1 ev5 z reg>ds _! m9ute details2 & 9 ,book viii4 he introduces a sci5tific discussion bas$ ^u ! respective m]its ( ^? !ories4 ,! configuration ( ! cele/ial & t]re/rial sph]es1 & ! great circles by :i* !y are circumscrib$1 he also knew4 ,! causes :i* br+ ab\t ! *ange ( ! seasons2 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic2 ! zodiacal con/ellations ?r\gh :i* ! ,sun travels1 & ! p]iods ( ! ye> 9 :i* he occupies !m1 are embrac$ 9 ,milton's k ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,! motions ( ! ,e>?1 includ+ ! ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes2 ! numb] & di/9ctive appe>ances ( ! planets1 _! direct & retrograde c\rses1 & _! satellites1 are also describ$ by him4 ,! con/ellations1 & _! relative positions on ! cele/ial sph]e2 ! pr9cipal />s1 />-gr\ps1 & clu/]s1 & ! ,galaxy1 te/ify to ,milton's k ( a/ronomy1 & to ! use :i* he has made ( ! sci5ce 9 ! elaboration ( 8 poem4 ,! names ( f\rte5 ( ! con/ellations are m5tion$ 9 ',p>adise ,lo/4' ,^!1 :5 arrang$ alphabetically1 read z foll[s3-- ,&rom$a1 ,aries1 ,a/rea1 ,c5taurus1 ,canc]1 ,capricornus1 ,gem9i1 ,leo1 ,libra1 ,ophiu*us1 ,orion1 ,scorpio1 ,taurus1 & ,virgo4 ,milton's allusions to ! zodiacal con/ellations are *iefly associat$ ) 8 description ( ! ,sun's pa? 9 ! heav5s2 b ) ! cele/ial sign ,libra 7! ,scales7 he has introduc$ a l(ty & poetical conception ( ! means by :i* ! ,creator made kn[n ,8 w :5 !re arose a cont5tion betwe5 ,gabriel & ,satan on 8 discov]y 9 ,p>adise4 ,! ,et]nal1 to prev5t su* horrid fray1 ,hung =? 9 ,heav5 8 gold5 scales1 yet se5 ,betwixt ,a/rea#f & ! ,scorpion sign1 ,:]e9 all ?+s creat$ fir/ he weigh$1 ,! p5dul\s r\nd ,e>? ) balanc$ air ,9 c\nt]poise1 n[ pond]s all ev5ts1 ,battles & realms4 ,9 ^! he put two weights1 ,! sequel ea* ( p>t+ & ( fight3 ,! latt] quick up flew1 & kick$ ! beam4--iv4 #iif-ajjd4 ,orion1 ! f9e/ con/ellation 9 ! heav5s1 did n escape ,milton's obs]vation1 & !re is "o allusion to x 9 8 poem4 ,x arrives on ! m]idian 9 w9t]1 :]e x is conspicu\s z a brilliant assemblage ( />s1 & repres5ts an arm$ giant1 or hunt]1 hold+ a massive club 9 8 "r h&1 & hav+ a %ield ( lion's hide on 8 left arm4 ,a triple-gemm$ belt encircles 8 wai/1 f :i* is susp5d$ a glitt]+ sword1 tipp$ ) a bright />4 ,! two brilliants ,betelgeux & ,bellatrix =m ! giant's %\ld]s1 & ! bright /> ,rigel m>ks ! position ( 8 advanc$ foot4 ,! ris+ ( ,orion 0 believ$ to be accompani$ by /ormy & tempe/u\s wea!r4 ,milton alludes to ?is 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,:5 ) fi]ce w9ds ,orion arm$ ,ha? vex$ ! ,r$ ,sea coa/1 ^: waves o'er?rew ,busiris & 8 ,memphian *ivalry4--i4 #cje-g4 ,&rom$a is describ$ z be+ borne by ,aries1 & 9 ',ophiu*us huge' ,milton locates a comet :i* ext5ds ! :ole l5g? ( ! con/ellation4 ,x is evid5t t ,milton possess$ a precise k ( ! configuration & size ( ! con/ellations1 & ( ! positions :i* !y occupy relatively to ea* o!r on ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,?\gh ,milton 0 conv]sant ) ! ,cop]nican !ory1 & ent]ta9$ a conviction ( its accuracy & tru?fulness1 & d\btless recognis$ ! sup]iority ( ?is sy/em1 :i*1 besides convey+ to ! m9d a nobl] conception ( ! univ]se & ( ! sol> sy/em--?\gh x dim9i%$ ! importance ( ! ,e>? z a memb] ( x--0 capable ( expla9+ ! occurr5ce ( cele/ial ph5om5a 9 a mann] m satisfactory ?an c\ld be arriv$ at by ! ,ptolemaic !ory4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 he select$ ! ,ptolemaic cosmology z ! sci5tific basis ^u :i* he con/ruct$ 8 ',p>adise ,lo/1' & 9 its elaboration adh]$ ) m>k$ fidelity to ?is sy/em4 ,!re 7 _m reasons :y ,milton1 9 ! composition ( an imag9ative poem1 %\ld h *os5 ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( ! univ]se r ?an ! ,cop]nican4 ,?is =m ( a/ronomical belief 0 adopt$ by all ! au?ors ^: works he p]us$ & /udi$ 9 8 y\ng] days1 includ+ 8 fav\rite poet1 ,dante2 & 8 own poetic imag9+s1 z indicat$ by 8 e>ly poems1 7 9 h>mony ) ! doctr9es ( ?is a/ronomical cre$1 a long acqua9tance ) :i* _h1 )\t d\bt1 influ5c$ 8 m9d 9 its fav\r4 ,?is sy/em ( revolv+ sph]es1 ) ! /eadfa/ ,e>? at its c5tre1 & ! :ole enclos$ by ! ,primum ,mobile1 con/itut$ a m attractive & picturesque object = poetic description ?an ! simple & uncircumscrib$ arrangem5t ( ! univ]se express$ by ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,x also af=d$ him an opportunity ( localis+ ^? regions ( space 9 :i* ! *ief incid5ts 9 8 poem are describ$--viz4 ,,heav51 or ,,! ,,empyrean1 ,,*aos1 ,,hell1 & ! ,,mundane ,,univ]se4 ,milton's ,ptolemaism1 ) its adjuncts1 may be und]/ood by ! foll[+3 ,all t portion ( space above ! newly creat$ univ]se1 & beyond ! ,primum ,mobile1 0 kn[n z ,,heav51 or ,,! ,,empyrean--a region ( light1 ( glory1 & ( happ9ess2 ! dwell+-place ( ! ,deity1 ,:o1 ?\gh omnipres5t1 "h visibly reveal$ ,himself to all ! multitude ( angels :om ,he creat$1 & :o surr\nd$ 8 ?rone 9 adoration & wor%ip4 ,und]nea? ! univ]se !re exi/$ a va/ region ( simil> dim5sions to ! ,empyrean1 call$ ,,*aos1 :i* 0 occupi$ by ! embryo elem5ts ( matt]1 t ) incessant turmoil & confusion w>r$ ) ea* o!r = supremacy--a wild abyss-- ,! womb ( ,nature & p]haps h] grave4--ii4 #iaa4 ,! l[] portion ( ?is region 0 divid$ (f f ! rema9d]1 & embrac$ ! locality kn[n z ,,hell--! place ( torm5t1 :]e ! rebelli\s angels 7 driv5 & %ut 9 aft] _! expulsion f ,heav54 ,z f> remov$ f ,god & light ( ,heav5 ,z f ! c5tre ?rice to ! utmo/ pole4--i4 #gc-gd4 ,! ,,new ,,univ]se1 :i* includ$ ! ,e>? & all ! orbs ( ! firmam5t kn[n z ! ,/>ry ,heav5s1 0 creat$ out ( ,*aos1 & hung1 z if susp5d$ by a gold5 *a91 f ! ,empyrean above2 & al?\gh its magnitude & dim5sions 7 inconceivable1 yet1 accord+ to ! ,ptolemaic !ory1 x 0 enclos$ by ! t5? sph]e or ,primum ,mobile4 ,by ?is p>tition+ ( space ,milton 0 able to contrive a sy/em :i* fulfill$ ! requirem5ts ( 8 great poem4 ,! annex$ diagram expla9s ! relative positions ( ! diff]5t regions into :i* space 0 divid$4 ,?\gh !re are traces ( ,cop]nicanism f\nd 9 ',p>adise ,lo/1' yet ,milton has v fai?fully adh]$ to ! ,ptolemaic me*anism & nom5clature ?r\gh\t 8 poem4 ,9 8 description ( ! ,creation1 ! ,e>? is =m$ fir/1 !n ! ,sun1 foll[$ by ! ,moon1 & aft]w>ds ! />s1 all ( :i* are describ$ z be+ 9 motion r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,allusion is also made to ?is anci5t sy/em 9 sev]al prom95t passages1 & 9 ! foll[+ l9es !re is a di/9ct ref]5ce to ! v>i\s revolv+ sph]es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,!y pass ! planets sev51 & pass ! fix$1 ,& t cry/all9e sph]e ^: balance weighs ,! trepidation talk$1 & t fir/ mov$4--iii4 #dha-hc4 ,! sev5 planet>y sph]es are fir/ m5tion$2 !n ! eigh? sph]e1 or t ( ! fix$ />s2 !n ! n9?1 or cry/all9e1 :i* 0 believ$ to cause a %ak+1 or trepidation1 to acc\nt = c]ta9 irregul>ities 9 ! motions ( ! />s2 &1 la/ly1 ! t5? sph]e1 or ,primum ,mobile1 call$ ! 'fir/ mov$' because x set ! o!r sph]es 9 motion4 ,to an un9/ruct$ obs]v]1 ! app>5t motion ( ! heav5ly bodies r\nd ! ,e>? w\ld naturally lead him to conclude t1 ( ! two !ories1 ! ,ptolemaic 0 ! correct "o4 ,we !re=e f9d t ,milton adopt$ ! sy/em mo/ 9 accord ) ! k & intellig5ce possess$ by ! p]sons portray$ by him 9 8 poem2 & 9 describ+ ! natural ph5om5a witness$ 9 ! heav5s by our fir/ p>5ts1 he adh]es to ! doctr9es ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 z be+ mo/ 9 h>mony ) ! simple & primitive conceptions ( ^? creat$ be+s4 ,to _! upw>d gaze1 ! orbs ( heav5 appe>$ to be 9 ceaseless motion2 ! solid ,e>?1 ^u :i* !y /ood1 0 alone immovable & at re/4 ,day aft] day !y obs]v$ ! ,sun pursue 8 /eadfa/ c\rse ) un]r+ regul>ity3 8 ris+ 9 ! ea/1 accompani$ by ! rosy hues ( morn2 8 m]idian spl5d\r1 & 8 s9k+ 9 ! we/1 t9t+ 9 col\rs ( purple & gold inimitable ! fleecy cl\ds float+ 9 ! azure sky1 z he bids f>ewell = a "t to sc5es ( life & happ9ess1 rejoic+ 9 ! light & w>m? ( 8 all-*e]+ beams4 ,) ! adv5t ( night !y beheld ! ,moon1 n[ increas+1 n[ wan+1 pursue h] irregul> pa?1 also to disappe> 9 ! we/2 :il/1 l ! b&s ( an army m>%all$ 9 loose array1 ! con/ellations ( glitt]+ />s1 ) /ately motion1 trav]s$ _! nocturnal arcs1 circl+ ! pole ( ! heav5s4 ,by ref]r+ to ,book viii41 #ae-age1 we f9d an acc\nt ( an int]e/+ sci5tific discussion1 or conv]sation1 betwe5 ,adam & ,raphael reg>d+ ! m]its ( ! ,ptolemaic & ,cop]nican sy/ems1 & ( ! relative importance & size ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,by x we are af=d$ an opportunity ( le>n+ h[ accurate & precise a k ,milton possess$ ( bo? !ories1 & 9 :at cle> & p]spicu\s language he expresses 8 argum5ts 9 fav\r ( or aga9/ ! doctr9es associat$ ) ea*4 ,we may1 ) good reason1 reg>d ! views express$ by ,adam z repres5t+ ,milton's own op9ions1 :i* 7 9 con=mity ) ! ,cop]nican !ory2 & 9 ! ,angel's reply1 ?\gh ( an undecid$ "*1 we are able to p]ceive h[ aptly ,milton describes ! errone\s conclusions ^u :i* ! ,ptolemaic !ory 0 bas$4 ,9 ?is sci5tific discussion1 x w\ld seem r /range t ,adam1 ! fir/ ( m51 %\ld h be5 capable ( su* philosophic reason+1 prop\nd+1 z if by intuition1 a !ory ^u :i* 0 f\nd$ a sy/em t _h n be5 discov]$ until _m c5turies aft] ! "t t a/ronomy became a sci5ce4 ,by attribut+ to ,adam su* a degree ( intellig5ce & wisdom1 ! poet has tak5 a lib]ty :i* enabl$ him to c>ry on ?is discussion 9 a mann] befitt+ ! importance ( ! subject4 ,9 ! foll[+ l9es ,adam expresses to 8 ,angel-gue/1 9 =cible & conv9c+ language1 8 reasons 9 support ( ! ,cop]nican !ory3-- ,:5 ,i behold ?is goodly frame1 ?is ,_w1 ,( ,heav5 & ,e>? consi/+1 & compute ,_! magnitudes--?is ,e>?1 a spot1 a gra91 ,an atom1 ) ! ,firmam5t comp>$ ,& all h] numb]$ />s1 t seem to roll ,spaces incompreh5sible 7= su* ,_! di/ance argues1 & _! swift return ,diurnal7 m]ely to (ficiate light ,r\nd ?is opac\s ,e>?1 ?is punctual spot1 ,"o day & night1 9 all h] va/ survey ,useless besides--reason+1 ,i (t admire1 ,h[ ,nature1 wise & frugal c\ld commit ,su* disproportions1 ) sup]flu\s h& ,s _m nobl] bodies to create1 ,great] s manifold1 to ?is "o use1 ,= aught appe>s1 & on _! ,orbs impose ,su* re/less revolution day by day ,repeat$1 :ile ! s$5t>y ,e>?1 ,t bett] might ) f> less compass move1 ,s]v$ by m noble ?an h]self1 atta9s ,h] end )\t lea/ motion1 & receives1 ,z tribute1 su* a sumless j\rney br\ght ,( incorporeal spe$1 h] w>m? & light2 ,spe$1 to describe ^: swiftness numb] fails4--viii4 #ae-ch4 ,we are enabl$ to p]ceive t ,milton _h =m$ a correct conception ( ! magnitude & proportions ( ! univ]se1 & also ( ! relative size & importance ( ! ,e>?1 :i* he describes z 'a spot1 a gra91 an atom1' :5 comp>$ ) ! surr\nd+ heav5s4 ,he expresses 8 surprise t all ! />s ( ! firmam5t1 ^: di/ances are s remote1 & ^: dim5sions s greatly exce$ ^? ( ?is globe1 %\ld 9 _! diurnal revolution h 'su* a sumless j\rney ( incorporeal spe$ impos$ ^u !m' m]ely to (ficiate light to ! ,e>?1 '?is punctual spot2' & reason+1 wond]s h[ ,nature1 wise & frugal 9 h] ways1 %\ld commit su* disproportions1 by adopt+ means s great to accompli% a result s small1 :5 motion imp>t$ to ! s$5t>y ,e>? w\ld ) great] ease produce ! same effect4 ,! inconceivable velocity ) :i* x w\ld be necess>y = ^? orbs to travel 9 ord] to accompli% a daily revolution r\nd ! ,e>? might be describ$ z almo/ spiritual1 & beyond ! p[] ( calculation by numb]s4 ,! ,angel1 aft] li/5+ to ,adam's argum5t1 expresses approval ( 8 desire to obta9 k1 b answ]s him dubi\sly1 & at ! same "t criticises 9 a sev]e & adv]se mann] ! ,ptolemaic !ory4 ,to ask or se>* ,i blame !e n2 = ,heav5 ,is z ! ,book ( ,god be=e !e set1 ,:]e9 to read 8 wondr\s works1 & le>n ,8 seasons1 h\rs1 or days1 or mon?s1 or ye>s4 ,?is to atta91 :e!r ,heav5 move or ,e>?1 ,imports n1 if ?\ reckon "r2 ! re/ ,f ,man or ,angel ! ,great ,ar*itect ,did wisely to conceal1 & n divulge ,8 secrets1 to be scann$ by !m :o ought ,r admire4 ,or1 if !y li/ to try ,conjecture1 he 8 fabric ( ! ,heav5s ,ha? left to _! disputes1 p]haps to move ,8 laught] at _! qua9t op9ions wide ,h]eaft]1 :5 !y come to model ,heav51 ,& calculate ! />s2 h[ !y w wield ,! mighty frame2 h[ build1 unbuild1 contrive ,to save appe>ances2 h[ gird ! ,sph]e ,) ,c5tric & ,ecc5tric scribbl$ o'er ,cycle & ,epicycle1 ,orb 9 ,orb4--viii4 #ff-hd4 ,:51 ) ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 a/ronomical obs]vations 7 made ) great] accuracy1 x 0 discov]$ t uni=mity ( motion 0 n always ma9ta9$ by ^? bodies :i* 7 believ$ to move 9 circles r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t ! ,sun1 :5 on "o side ( 8 orbit1 _h an accel]at$ motion1 z comp>$ ) ! spe$ at :i* he travell$ :5 on ! o!r side4 ,! planets1 also1 appe>$ to move ) irregul>ity3 sometimes a planet 0 obs]v$ to advance1 !n become /ation>y1 & aft]w>ds affect a retrograde movem5t4 ,^? inequalities ( motion c\ld n be expla9$ by means ( ! revolution ( cry/all9e sph]es alone1 b 7 acc\nt$ = by imag9+ ! exi/5ce ( a small circle1 or epicycle1 ^: c5tre correspond$ ) a fix$ po9t 9 ! l>g] circle1 or ecc5tric1 z x 0 call$4 ,?is small circle revolv$ on its axis :5 c>ri$ r\nd ) ! l>g] "o1 & r\nd x ! planet also revolv$1 :i* :5 situat$ 9 its out] portion w\ld h a =w>d1 & :5 9 its inn] portion a retrograde1 motion4 ,! !ory ( ecc5trics & epicycles 0 suffici5t = a "t to acc\nt = ! inequalities ( motion already describ$1 & by ?is means ! ,ptolemaic sy/em 0 enabl$ to reta9 its asc5d5cy = a long] p]iod ?an x o!rwise w\ld h done4 ,b m rec5t discov]ies br\ght to light discrepancies & difficulties :i* 7 expla9$ away by add+ epicycle to epicycle4 ,?is creat$ a mo/ complicat$ entanglem5t1 & ha/5$ ! d[nfall ( a sy/em :i*1 aft] an exi/5ce ( _m c5turies1 sank into oblivion1 & is n[ rememb]$ z a belief ( bygone ages4 ,! devices :i* ! uphold]s ( ?is sy/em 7 compell$ to adopt1 9 ord] 'to save appe>ances1' ) 'c5tric & ecc5tric1' cycle & epicycle1 'orb 9 orb1' are 9 ?is mann] appropriately describ$ by ,milton1 z indicat+ ! confusion aris+ f a !ory bas$ ^u false hypo!ses4 ,cont9u+ 8 reply1 ! ,angel says3-- ,already by ?y reason+ ?is ,i guess1 ,:o art to lead ?y (fspr+1 & suppose/ ,t bodies bright & great] %\ld n s]ve ,! less n bright1 nor ,heav5 su* j\rnies run1 ,e>? sitt+ /ill1 :5 %e alone receives ,! b5efit4 ,consid]1 fir/1 t great ,or bright inf]s n excell5ce4 ,! ,e>?1 ,?\gh1 9 comp>ison ( ,heav51 s small1 ,nor gli/]+1 may ( solid good conta9 ,m pl5ty ?an ! ,sun t b>r5 %9es1 ,^: virtue on itself works no effect1 ,b 9 ! fruitful ,e>?2 !re fir/ receiv$1 ,8 beams1 inactive else1 _! vig\r f9d1 ,yet n to ,e>? are ^? bright lum9>ies ,(fici\s1 b to !e1 ,e>?'s habitant4 ,&1 = ! ,heav5's wide circuit1 let x speak ,! ,mak]'s high magnific5ce1 :o built ,s spaci\s1 & 8 l9e /ret*$ out s f>1 ,t ,man may "k he dwells n 9 8 own-- ,an edifice too l>ge = him to fill1 ,lodg$ 9 a small p>tition2 & ! re/ ,orda9$ = uses to 8 ,"l be/ kn[n1 ,! swiftness ( ^? ,circles attribute1 ,?\gh numb]less1 to 8 ,omnipot5ce1 ,t to corporeal sub/ances c\ld add ,spe$ almo/ spiritual4 ,me ?\ ?9k'/ n sl[1 ,:o s9ce ! morn+-h\r set out f ,heav5 ,:]e ,god resides1 & ere midday arriv$ ,9 ,ed5--di/ance inexpressible ,by numb]s t h "n4 ,b ?is ,i urge1 ,admitt+ motion 9 ! ,heav5s1 to %[ ,invalid t :i* !e to d\bt x mov$2 ,n t ,i s affirm1 ?\gh s x seem ,to !e :o ha/ ?y dwell+ "h on ,e>?4 ,god1 to remove 8 ways f human s5se1 ,plac$ ,heav5 f ,e>? s f>1 t e>?ly sight1 ,if x presume1 might err 9 ?+s too high1 ,& no advantage ga94--viii4 #he-abb4 ,not)/&+ ! ,angel's sev]e criticism ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 he does n unres]v$ly support ! conclusions arriv$ at by ,adam1 b endeav\rs to %[ t 8 reason+ may n be altoge!r correct4 ,he que/ions ! validity ( 8 argum5t t bodies ( great] size & brightness %\ld n s]ve ! small]1 ?\gh n bright1 & t heav5 %\ld move1 :ile ! ,e>? rema9$ at re/4 ,he argues t great or bright inf]s n excell5ce1 & t ! ,e>?1 ?\gh small1 may conta9 m virtue ?an ! ,sun1 t 'b>r5 %9es1' ^: beams create no b5eficial effect1 except :5 direct$ on ! fruitful ,e>?4 ,he rem9ds ,adam t ^? bright lum9>ies m9i/] n to ! ,e>?1 b to himself1 ',e>?'s habitant1' & directs 8 att5tion to ! magnific5ce & ext5t ( ! surr\nd+ univ]se1 ( :i* he occupies b a small portion4 ,! diurnal swiftness ( ! orbs t move r\nd ! ,e>? he attributes to ,god's omnipot5ce1 t to mat]ial bodies 'c\ld add spe$ almo/ spiritual4' ,! ,angel1 aft] allud+ to 8 rapid flight ?r\gh space1 sugge/s t ,god plac$ heav5 s f> f ,e>? t man might n presume to inquire into ?+s :i* x w\ld be ( no advantage = him to "k4 ,he !n sudd5ly *anges to ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 :i* he lucidly describes 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,:at if ! ,sun ,be c5tre to ! ,_w1 & o!r />s ,by 8 attractive virtue & _! own ,incit$1 dance ab\t him v>i\s r\nds8 ,_! w&]+ c\rse1 n[ high1 n[ l[1 !n hid1 ,progressive1 retrograde1 or /&+ /ill1 ,9 six ?\ see/2 & :at if1 sev5? to ^! ,! planet ,e>?1 s /eadfa/ ?\gh %e seem1 ,ins5sibly ?ree diff]5t motions move8 ,:i* else to sev]al sph]es ?\ mu/ ascribe1 ,mov$ contr>y ) ?w>t obliquities1 ,or save ! ,sun 8 lab\r1 & t swift ,nocturnal & diurnal rhomb suppos$ ,invisible else above all />s1 ! :eel ,( day & night2 :i* ne$s n ?y belief1 ,if ,e>?1 indu/ri\s ( h]self1 fet* day ,travell+ ea/1 & ) h] "p av]se ,f ! ,sun's beam meet night1 h] o!r "p ,/ill lum9\s by 8 ray4 ,:at if t light1 ,s5t f h] ?r\gh ! wide transpicu\s air1 ,to ! t]re/rial ,moon be z a />1 ,enlight5+ h] by day1 z %e by night ,?is ,e>?--reciprocal1 if l& be !re1 ,fields & inhabitants8 ,h] spots ?\ see/ ,z cl\ds1 & cl\ds may ra91 & ra9 produce ,fruits 9 h] s(t5$ soil1 = "s to eat ,allott$ !re2 & o!r ,suns1 p]haps1 ,) _! att5dant ,moons1 ?\ wilt descry1 ,communicat+ male & female light-- ,:i* two great sexes animate ! ,_w1 ,/or$ 9 ea* orb p]haps ) "s t live4 ,= su* va/ room 9 ,nature unpossess$ ,by liv+ s\l1 des]t & desolate1 ,only to %9e1 yet sc>ce to contribute ,ea* orb a glimpse ( light1 convey$ s f> ,d[n to ?is habitable1 :i* returns ,light back to !m1 is obvi\s to dispute4--viii4 #abb-eh4 ,! ,cop]nican !ory1 :i* is less complicat$ & m easily und]/ood ?an ! ,ptolemaic1 is describ$ by ,milton ) accuracy & me?odical skill4 ,! ,sun hav+ be5 assign$ t c5tral position 9 ! sy/em :i* 8 magnitude & importance claim z 8 due1 ! planets circl+ 9 orbits ar\nd him h _! motions describ$ 9 a mann] indicative ( ! precise k :i* ,milton acquir$ ( ?is !ory4 ,at ?is "t ! law ( gravitation 0 unkn[n1 &1 al?\gh ! ellipticity ( ! orbits ( ! planets _h be5 discov]$ by ,kepl]1 ! nature ( ! motive =ce :i* guid$ & reta9$ !m 9 _! pa?s /ill rema9$ a my/]y4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! planets 7 :irl$ r\nd ! ,sun1 z if by ! action ( magnetic fibres2 a mutual attractive influ5ce hav+ be5 suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 !m & ! orb1 simil> to t ( ! opposite poles ( magnets4 ,milton alludes to ?is !ory 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,!y1 z !y move ,_! />ry dance 9 numb]s t compute ,days1 mon?s1 & ye>s1 t[>ds 8 all-*e]+ lamp ,turn swift _! v>i\s motions1 or are turn$ ,by 8 magnetic beam4--iii4 #egi-hc4 ,an important advance ^u ?is !ory 0 made by ,horrox1 :o1 9 8 /udy ( cele/ial dynamics1 attribut$ ! curvil9eal motion ( ! planets to ! influ5ce ( two =ces1 "o projective1 ! o!r attractive4 ,he illu/rat$ ?is by obs]v+ ! pa? describ$ by a /one :5 ?r[n obliquely into ! air4 ,he p]ceiv$ t its motion 0 gov]n$ by ! impulse imp>t$ to x by ! h&1 & also by ! attractive =ce ( ! ,e>?4 ,"u ^! two influ5ces1 ! /one describes a graceful curve1 & 9 its desc5t falls at ! same angle at :i* x rose4 ,h5ce arises ! g5]al law3 ',:5 two sph]es are mutually attract$1 & if n prev5t$ by =eign influ5ces1 _! /raight pa?s are deflect$ into curves concave to ea* o!r1 & correspond+ ) "o ( ! sections ( a cone1 accord+ to ! velocity ( ! revolv+ body4 ,if ! velocity ) :i* ! revolv+ body is impell$ be equal to :at x w\ld acquire by fall+ ?r\gh half ! radius ( a circle describ$ f ! c5tre ( deflection1 its orbit w be circul>2 b if x be less ?an t quantity1 its pa? becomes elliptical4' ,newton aft]w>ds embrac$ ?is law 9 8 great pr9ciple ( gravitation1 & demon/rat$ t ! =ce :i* guides & reta9s ! ,e>? & planets 9 _! orbits resides 9 ! ,sun4 ,by ! orb's attractive influ5ce a planet1 aft] hav+ receiv$ its fir/ impulse1 is deflect$ f its orig9al /raight pa?1 & b5t t[>ds t lum9>y1 & by ! comb9$ action ( ! projective & attractive =ces is made to describe an orbit :i*1 if elliptical1 has "o ( its foci occupi$ by ! ,sun4 ,s ev5ly balanc$ are ^? two =ces1 t "o is unable to ga9 any p]man5t asc5d5cy ov] ! o!r1 & consequ5tly ! planet trav]ses its orbit ) un]r+ regul>ity1 &1 if undi/urb$ by ext]nal influ5ces1 w cont9ue 9 its pa? = all "t4 ,milton describes ! position ( ! planets 9 ! sky z-- ,n[ high1 n[ l[1 !n hid2 & _! motions-- ,progressive1 retrograde1 or /&+ /ill4 ,x is evid5t t ,milton 0 famili> ) ! app>5tly irregul> pa?s pursu$ by ! planets :5 obs]v$ f ! ,e>?4 ,he knew ( _! /ation>y po9ts1 & also ! backw>d loop+s trac$ out by !m on ! surface ( ! sph]e4 ,if obs]v$ f ! ,sun1 all ! planets w\ld be se5 to foll[ _! true pa?s r\nd t body2 _! motion w\ld inv>iably lie 9 ! same direction1 & any v>iation 9 _! spe$ z !y approa*$ p]ihelion or aphelion w\ld be real4 ,b ! planets1 :5 obs]v$ f ! ,e>?1 :i* is itself 9 motion1 appe> to move irregul>ly4 ,sometimes !y rema9 /ation>y = a brief p]iod1 &1 in/ead ( progress+ onw>d1 affect a retrograde movem5t4 ,?is irregul>ity ( motion is only app>5t1 & c be expla9$ z a result ( ! comb9$ motions ( ! ,e>? & planets1 :i* are travell+ toge!r r\nd ! ,sun ) diff]5t velocities1 & 9 orbits ( unequal magnitude4 ,9 8 allusion to ! ,cop]nican sy/em ! 'planet' ',e>?' is describ$ by ,milton z sev5?4 ,?is is n /rictly accurate1 z only five planets 7 kn[n--viz4 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn2 b to make up ! numb] ,milton has includ$ ! ,moon1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! ,e>?'s planet4 ,! ?ree motions ascrib$ to ! ,e>? are--7#a7 ,! diurnal rotation on h] axis2 7#b7 h] annual revolution r\nd ! ,sun2 7#c7 ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes4 ,! rotation ( ! ,e>? on h] axis may be lik5$ to ! sp9n+ motion ( a top1 & is ! cause ( ! alt]nation ( day & night4 ,?is rotatory motion is su/a9$ ) su* exact precision t1 dur+ ! pa/ #b1jjj ye>s1 x has be5 impossible to detect ! m9ute/ diff]5ce 9 ! "t 9 :i* ! ,e>? accompli%es a revolution on h] axis1 & !re=e ! l5g? ( ! sid]eal day1 :i* is #c m9utes #ef seconds %ort] ?an ! mean sol> day1 is inv>iable4 ,9 ?is motion ( ! ,e>? we h a "t-measur+ unit :i* may be reg>d$ z absolutely correct4 ,! ,e>? completes a revolution ( h] orbit 9 #cfe-a_/d days4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( "t %e accompli%es a j\rney ( #ehj millions ( miles1 travell+ at ! av]age rate ( #ff1jjj miles an h\r4 ,! *ange ( ! seasons1 & ! l5g!n+ & %ort5+ ( ! day1 are natural ph5om5a1 :i* occur z a consequ5ce ( ! ,e>?'s annual revolution r\nd ! ,sun4 ,precession is a retrograde or we/]ly motion ( ! equ9octial po9ts1 caus$ by ! attraction ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & planets on ! sph]oidal figure ( ! ,e>?4 ,by ?is movem5t ! poles ( ! ,e>? are made to describe a circul> pa? 9 t "p ( ! heav5s to :i* !y po9t2 s t1 aft] ! lapse ( _m ye>s1 ! /> :i* is kn[n z ! ,pole ,/> w n occupy ! position indicat$ by its "n1 b w be situat$ at a consid]able di/ance f ! pole4 ,^! motions1 ,milton says1 unless attribut$ to ! ,e>?1 mu/ be ascrib$ to sev]al sph]es cross+ & ?w>t+ ea* o!r obliquely2 b ! ,e>?1 by rotat+ f we/ to ea/1 w ( h]self fet* day1 h] o!r half1 av]t$ f ! ,sun's rays1 be+ envelop$ 9 night4 ,?us sav+ ! ,sun 8 lab\r1 & ! 'primum mobile1' 't swift nocturnal & diurnal rhomb1' :i* c>ri$ all ! l[] sph]es along ) x1 & br\ght ab\t ! *ange ( day & night4 ,milton's allusion to ! occurr5ce ( natural ph5om5a 9 ! ,moon simil> to ^? :i* happ5 on ! ,e>? is 9 keep+ ) ! op9ions ent]ta9$ reg>d+ our satellite1 ,galileo hav+ imag9$ t he discov]$ ) 8 telescope cont95ts & seas on ! lun> surface1 :i* l$ to ! belief t ! ,moon 0 ! abode ( intellig5t life4 444 & o!r suns1 p]haps1 ,) _! att5dant moons1 ?\ wilt descry ,communicat+ male & female light4--viii4 #adh-ej4 ,milton 9 ^! l9es ref]s to ,jupit] & ,saturn1 & _! satellites1 :i* _h be5 rec5tly discov]$2 ^? ( ! =m] by ,galileo1 & f\r ( ^? ( ! latt] by ,cass9i4 ,! exi/5ce ( male & female light 0 an idea ent]ta9$ by ! anci5ts1 & :i* is m5tion$ by ,pl9y4 ,! ,sun 0 reg>d$ z a mascul9e />1 & ! ,moon z fem99e2 ! light emanat+ f ea* be+ simil>ly di/+ui%$1 & possess+ diff]5t prop]ties4 ,milton supposes t1 z ! ,e>? receives light f ! />s1 %e returns light back to !m4 ,b 9 8 "t little 0 kn[n ab\t ! />s1 nor 0 x asc]ta9$ h[ di/ant !y are4 ,! ,angel1 9 br++ to a conclusion 8 conv]sation ) ,adam1 deems x unadvisable to v\*safe him a decisive reply to 8 inquiry reg>d+ ! motions ( cele/ial bodies1 & 9 ! foll[+ l9es gives a beautifully poetical summ>y ( ?is elevat$ & philosophic discussion3-- ,b :e!r ?us ^! ?+s1 or :e!r n1 ,:e!r ! ,sun1 pr$om9ant 9 ,heav51 ,rise on ! ,e>?1 or ,e>? rise on ! ,sun2 ,he f ! ea/ 8 flam+ r\nd beg91 ,or %e f we/ h] sil5t c\rse advance ,) in(f5sive pace t sp9n+ sleeps ,on h] s(t axle1 :il/ %e paces ev51 ,& be>s !e s(t ) ! smoo? air along-- ,solicit n ?y ?\ghts ) matt]s hid4--viii4 #aei-fg4 ,9 ?is sci5tific disc\rse betwe5 ,adam & ,raphael1 9 :i* !y discuss ! /ructural arrangem5t ( ! heav5s & ! motions ( cele/ial bodies1 we are af=d$ an opportunity ( le>n+ :at exact & compreh5sive k ,milton possess$ ( bo? ! ,ptolemaic & ,cop]nican !ories4 ,! concise & accurate mann] 9 :i* he describes ! doctr9es belong+ to ea* sy/em indicates t he mu/ h devot$ consid]able "t & att5tion to mak+ himself ma/] ( ! details associat$ ) bo? !ories1 :i* 9 8 "t 7 ! cause ( mu* controv]sy & discussion among philosoph]s & m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 ) its cry/all9e sph]es revolv+ r\nd ! ,e>?1 ! addition to ^? ( cycles & epicycles1 & ! heap+ ( !m ^u ea* o!r1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ph5om5a associat$ ) ! motions ( cele/ial bodies1 are concisely & accurately describ$4 ,! unreasonabl5ess ( ?is !ory1 :5 comp>$ ) ! ,cop]nican1 is cle>ly del9eat$ by ,milton :]e ,adam is made to express 8 views ) reg>d to motion 9 ! heav5s4 ,8 argum5t1 decl>$ 9 logical & p]suasive language1 demon/rates h[ contr>y to reason x w\ld be to imag9e t ! entire heav5s %\ld revolve r\nd ! ,e>? to br+ ab\t a result :i* c\ld be m easily atta9$ by imp>t+ motion to ! ,e>? h]self4 ,! inconceivable velocity ) :i* x w\ld be necess>y = ! cele/ial orbs to travel 9 ord] to accompli% _! daily revolution is describ$ by him z oppos$ to all reason1 & entail+ ^u !m a j\rney :i* x w\ld be impossible = mat]ial bodies to p]=m4 ,none ! less accurate is ,milton's description ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,he describes ! ,sun z occupy+ t position 9 ! sy/em :i* 8 magnitude & supreme importance claim z 8 sole "r1 hav+ ! planets ) _! satellites1 ,t f 8 lordly eye keep di/ance due4--iii4 #egh1 circl+ 9 maje/ic orbits ar\nd him1 ackn[l$g+ 8 controll+ p[]1 & b5d+ to 8 firm b g5tle sway4 ,_! positions1 _! pa?s1 & _! motions1 real & app>5t1 are describ$ 9 fl[+ & h>moni\s v]se4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,milton ,,& ,,galileo ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 "m1 :i* occurr$ 9 #afcg1 ,milton express$ a desire to visit ! ,cont95t1 :]e !re 7 _m places ( int]e/ :i* he (t5 long$ to see4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! cons5t ( 8 k9d & indulg5t fa!r1 he set out on 8 travels 9 ,april #afch1 accompani$ by a s+le man-s]vant1 & arriv$ 9 ,p>is1 :]e he only /ay$ a few days4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ! ,fr5* capital he 0 introduc$ by ,"l ,scudamore1 ! ,engli% ,ambassador at ! ,c\rt ( ,v]sailles1 to ,hugo ,grotius1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s & philosophic ?9k]s ( 8 age4 ,f ,p>is ,milton j\rney$ to ,nice1 :]e he fir/ beheld ! beauty ( ,italian sc5]y & ! classic %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,f ,nice he sail$ to ,g5oa & ,leghorn1 & aft] a %ort /ay at ^? places cont9u$ 8 j\rney to ,flor5ce1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & picturesque ( ,italian cities4 ,situat$ 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,arno1 & encircl$ by slop+ hills cov]$ ) luxuriant vegetation1 ! sides ( :i* 7 /udd$ ) resid5ces half-hidd5 among ! foliage ( g>d5s & v9ey>ds1 ,flor5ce1 besides be+ fam$ = its natural beauty1 0 at t "t ! c5tre ( ,italian culture & le>n+1 & ! abode ( m5 em95t 9 lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,"h ,milton rema9$ = a p]iod ( two mon?s1 & enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip & hospitality ( its mo/ not$ citiz5s1 _m ( :om delight$ to hon\r _! ,engli% visitor4 ,he 0 w>mly welcom$ by ! memb]s ( ! v>i\s lit]>y academies1 :o admir$ 8 compositions & conv]sation2 ! flatt]+ encomiums be/[$ ^u him by ^? le>n$ societies hav+ be5 amply repaid by ,milton 9 *oice & elegant ,lat9 v]se4 ,among ^? :o resid$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,flor5ce 0 ! illu/ri\s ,galileo1 :o 9 8 sorr[-/rick5 old age 0 held a prison] ( ! ,inquisition = hav+ upheld & taught sci5tific doctr9es :i* 7 decl>$ to be h]etical4 ,aft] 8 abjuration he 0 committ$ to prison1 b on ! int]v5tion ( influ5tial fri5ds 0 releas$ aft] a few days' inc>c]ation1 & p]mitt$ to return to 8 home at ,arcetri4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 kept "u /rict surveillance1 & =bidd5 to leave 8 h\se or receive any ( 8 intimate fri5ds )\t hav+ fir/ obta9$ ! sanction ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s ( close conf9em5t at ,arcetri1 dur+ :i* "t he suff]$ mu* f rheumatism & cont9u$ ill-heal?1 aggravat$ by grief & m5tal depression consequ5t ^u ! dea? ( 8 fav\rite daught]1 ,galileo appli$ = p]mission to g to ,flor5ce 9 ord] to place himself "u m$ical treatm5t4 ,?is reque/ 0 grant$ by ! ,pope subject to c]ta9 conditions1 :i* w\ld be communicat$ to him :5 he pres5t$ himself at ! (fice ( ! ,inquisition at ,flor5ce4 ,^! 7 m sev]e ?an he anticipat$4 ,he 0 =bidd5 to leave 8 h\se or receive any ( 8 fri5ds !re1 & ^? injunctions 7 s /rictly adh]$ to t dur+ ,passion ,week he _h to obta9 a special ord] s t he might be able to att5d mass4 ,at ! expiration ( a few mon?s ,galileo 0 ord]$ to return to ,arcetri1 :i* he nev] left aga94 ,an affliction1 p]haps ! mo/ deplorable t c happ5 to any human be+1 0 add$ to ! burd5 ( ,galileo's mis=tunes & woes4 ,a disord] :i* _h "s ye>s previ\sly injur$ ! sight ( 8 "r eye return$ 9 #afcf4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! left eye became simil>ly affect$1 ) ! result t 9 a few mon?s ,galileo became totally bl9d4 ,8 fri5ds at fir/ hop$ t ! disease 0 cat>act1 & t "s relief might be af=d$ by means ( an op]ation2 b x 0 discov]$ to be an opacity ( ! cornea1 :i* at 8 age 0 consid]$ unam5able to treatm5t4 ,?is sudd5 & unexpect$ calamity 0 to ,galileo a mo/ deplorable occurr5ce1 = x necessitat$ ! rel9qui%m5t ( 8 fav\rite pursuit1 :i* he foll[$ ) su* int5se int]e/ & delight4 ,8 fri5d ,ca/elli writes3 ',! noble/ eye is d>k5$ :i* ,nature ev] made2 an eye s privileg$1 & gift$ ) su* r>e qualities t x may ) tru? be said to h se5 m ?an all ( ^? eyes :o are gone1 & to h op5$ ! eyes ( all :o are to come4' ,galileo endur$ 8 affliction ) pati5t resignation & =titude1 & 9 ! foll[+ extract f a lett] by him he ackn[l$ges ! *a/5+ h& ( a ,div9e ,provid5ce3 ',alas6 y\r de> fri5d & s]vant ,galileo has become totally bl9d1 s t ?is heav51 ?is e>?1 ?is univ]se1 :i* ) wond]ful obs]vations ,i _h enl>g$ a hundr$ & a ?\s& times beyond ! belief ( bygone ages1 h5ce=w>d = me is %runk into ! n>r[ space :i* ,i myself fill 9 x4 ,s x pleases ,god2 x %all !n please me also4' ,! rigor\s curtailm5t ( 8 lib]ty :i* prompt$ ,galileo to head 8 lett]s1 ',f my prison at ,arcetri1' 0 relax$ :5 total bl9dness _h sup]v5$ ^u ! infirmities ( age4 ,p]mission 0 giv5 him to receive 8 fri5ds1 & he 0 all[$ to h free int]c\rse ) 8 neighb\rs4 ,milton1 dur+ 8 /ay at ,flor5ce1 visit$ ,galileo at ,arcetri4 ,we are ignorant ( ! details ( ?is ev5tful & int]e/+ int]view betwe5 ! ag$ & bl9d a/ronom] & ! "y ,engli% poet1 :o aft]w>ds immortalis$ 8 "n 9 h]oic v]se1 & :o 9 8 decl9+ ye>s suff]$ f an affliction simil> to t :i* befel ,galileo1 & to :i* he alludes s pa!tically 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,!e ,i revisit safe1 ,& feel ?y sovran vital lamp2 b ?\ ,revisite/ n ^! eyes1 t roll 9 va9 ,to f9d ?y pi]c+ ray1 & f9d no dawn2 ,s ?ick a drop s]5e ha? qu5*$ _! orbs1 ,or dim suffusion veil$4--iii4 #ba-bf4 ,we c imag9e t ,galileo's a/ronomical views1 :i* at t "t 7 ! subject ( mu* discussion among sci5tific m5 & pr(essors ( religion1 & on acc\nt ( :i* he suff]$ p]secution1 7 eag]ly discuss$4 ,x is also probable t ! in=mation communicat$ by ,galileo1 or by "s ( 8 foll[]s1 may h p]suad$ ,milton to ent]ta9 a m fav\rable op9ion ( ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,! int]e/+ discov]ies made by ,galileo ) 8 telescope )\t d\bt =m$ a pleasant subject ( conv]sation1 & ,milton enjoy$ ! privilege ( li/5+ to a detail$ description ( ^! f ! lips ( ! ag$ a/ronom]4 ,! telescope1 its pr9ciple1 its me*anism1 & ! me?od ( obs]v+1 7 mo/ probably expla9$ to him2 & we c believe t an opportunity 0 af=d$ him ( exam9+ ^? 9 ,galileo's obs]vatory1 & ( p]haps te/+ _! magnify+ p[] ^u "s cele/ial object fav\rably situat$ = obs]vation4 ,?\gh ,milton has n fav\r$ u ) any details ( 8 visit to ,galileo1 yet x 0 "o :i* made a la/+ impression ^u 8 m9d1 & 0 nev] aft]w>ds =gott5 by him4 ',!re x 01' he writes1 ',i f\nd & visit$ ! fam\s ,galileo1 gr[n old1 a prison] ( ! ,inquisition = ?9k+ 9 a/ronomy o!rwise ?an ! ,franciscan & ,dom9ican lic5s]s ?\ght4' ,9 ye>s long aft]1 :5 ,milton1 himself feeble & bl9d1 sat d[n to compose 8 ',p>adise ,lo/1' ! remembrance ( ! ,tuscan arti/ & 8 telescope 0 /ill fre% 9 8 memory4 ,by ! inv5tion ( ! telescope & its application to a/ronomical rese>*1 a va/ am\nt ( in=mation & additional detail h be5 le>n$ reg>d+ ! bodies :i* ent] into ! =mation ( ! sol> sy/em2 & by its aid _m new ones 7 also discov]$4 ,on sweep+ ! heav5s ) ! in/rum5t1 ! illimitable ext5t ( ! sid]eal univ]se became app>5t1 & numb]less objects ( int]e/ 7 br\ght )9 ! range ( vision ! exi/5ce ( :i* _h n be5 previ\sly imag9$4 ,! ,galilean telescope 0 inv5t$ 9 #afji4 ,b ! magnify+ p[] ( c]ta9 l5ses1 & _! comb9ation 9 produc+ s+ul> visual effects1 are allud$ to 9 ! writ+s ( sev]al e>ly au?ors4 ,! value ( s+le l5ses z an aid to sight _h be5 long kn[n1 & spectacles 7 9 common use 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,sev]al ma!maticians h describ$ ! wond]ful optical results obta9$ f glasses concave & convex1 ( p>abolic & circul> =ms1 & f 'p]spective glasses1' 9 :i* 7 embodi$ ! pr9ciple ( ! telescope4 ,x is ass]t$ t our c\ntryman1 ,rog] ,bacon 7#abad71 _h "s notion ( ! prop]ties ( ! telescope2 b among ^? famili> ) ! comb9ation ( l5ses ! two m5 :o made ! ne>e/ approa* to ! inv5tion ( ! in/rum5t 7 ,bapti/a ,porta & ,g]olamo ,fraca/ro4 ,! latt]1 :o di$ 9 #aeec1 writes z foll[s3 ',= :i* reason ^? ?+s :i* are se5 at ! bottom ( wat] appe> great] ?an ^? :i* are at ! top2 & if anyone look ?r\gh two eye-glasses1 "o plac$ ^u ! o!r1 he w see ev]y?+ mu* l>g] & ne>]4' ,x is d\btful if ,fraca/ro _h any notion ( con/ruct+ a me*anism :i* might answ] ! purpose ( a telescopic tube4 ,bapti/a ,porta 7#afaa7 is m explicit 9 :at he describes4 ,he writes3 ',concave l5ses %[ di/ant objects mo/ cle>ly1 convex ^? :i* are ne>]2 :5ce !y may be us$ to assi/ ! sight4 ,) a concave glass di/ant objects w be se51 small1 b di/9ct2 ) a convex "o1 ^? ne> at h&1 l>g]1 b confus$2 if y "k rightly h[ to comb9e "o ( ea* sort1 y w see bo? f> & ne> objects l>g] & cle>]4' ,he !n goes on to say3 ',i %all n[ endeav\r to %[ 9 :at mann] we may cont9ue to recognise our fri5ds at ! di/ance ( sev]al miles1 & h[ ^? ( weak sight may read ! mo/ m9ute lett]s f a di/ance4 ,x is an inv5tion ( great utility1 & gr\nd$ on optical pr9ciples2 nor is at all difficult ( execution2 b x mu/ be s divulg$ z n to be und]/ood by ! vulg>1 & yet be cle> to ! %>p-sight$4' ,aft] ?is1 he proce$s to describe a me*anism ! details ( :i* are confus+ & un9telligible1 nor did x appe> to be> any resemblance to a telescopic tube4 ,9 a "w publi%$ by ,?omas ,digges 9 #aeia1 he makes ! foll[+ allusion to 8 fa!r's exp]im5ts ) ! l5ses3 ',my fa!r1 by 8 cont9uall pa9full practices1 assi/$ ) demon/rations ma!maticall1 0 able1 & sundry times ha? by proportionall glasses1 duely situate 9 conv5i5t angles1 n only disc\]$ ?+s f>re (f1 read lett]s1 numb]$ peeces ( money ) ! v]ye coyne & sup]scription !re( ca/ by "s ( 8 fre5ds ( purpose1 ^u d[nes 9 op5 fields2 b also seu5 miles (f1 decl>$ :at ha? be5e doone at t in/ant 9 priuate places4' ,x mu/ be admitt$ t if ,leon>d ,digges _h n con/ruct$ a telescope1 he knew h[ to comb9e l5ses by ! aid ( :i* a visual effect 0 creat$ simil> to t produc$ by ! use ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! inv5tor ( ! telescope 0 a ,dut*man nam$ ,hans ,lipp]%ey1 :o c>ri$ on ! bus9ess ( a spectacle-mak] 9 ! t[n ( ,middelburg4 ,8 discov]y 0 purely accid5tal4 ,x is said t ! in/rum5t--:i* 0 direct$ t[>ds a wea!r-cock on a *ur* spire1 ( :i* x gave a l>ge & inv]t$ image--0 = "s "t exhibit$ 9 8 %op z a curiosity be=e its importance 0 recognis$4 ,! ,m>quis ,sp9ola1 happ5+ to see ?is philosophical toy1 pur*as$ x1 & pres5t$ x to ,pr9ce ,maurice ( ,nassau1 :o imag9$ x might be ( s]vice = ! purpose ( milit>y reconnoitr+4 ,! value ( ! inv5tion 01 h[ev]1 soon realis$1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> telescopes 7 sold 9 ,p>is4 ,9 #afji1 ,galileo1 :5 on a visit to a fri5d at ,v5ice1 receiv$ intellig5ce ( ! inv5tion ( an in/rum5t by a ,dut* optician :i* possess$ ! p[] ( caus+ di/ant objects to appe> mu* ne>] ?an :5 obs]v$ by ord9>y vision4 ,! accuracy ( ?is in=mation 0 confirm$ by lett]s :i* he receiv$ f ,p>is2 & ?is g5]al report1 ,galileo ass]t$1 0 all he knew ( ! subject4 ,fucc>ius1 9 a disp>ag+ lett]1 says t "o ( ! ,dut* telescopes _h be5 br\ght to ,v5ice1 & t he himself _h se5 x4 ,?is /atem5t is n incompatible ) ,galileo's affirmation t he _h n se5 ! orig9al in/rum5t1 & knew no m ab\t x ?an :at _h be5 communicat$ to him 9 ! lett]s f ! ,fr5* capital4 ,x 0 ins9uat$ by ,fucc>ius t ,galileo _h se5 ! telescope at ,v5ice1 b1 z he d5i$ ?is1 we %\ld n hesitate to believe 9 8 v]acity4 ,imm$iately aft] 8 return to ,padua1 ,galileo began to ?9k h[ he might be able to contrive an in/rum5t ) prop]ties simil> to ! "o ( :i* he _h be5 in=m$2 & 9 ! foll[+ words describes ! process ( reason+ by :i* he arriv$ at a successful result3 ',i argu$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! contrivance consi/s ei!r ( "o glass or ( m--"o is n suffici5t1 s9ce x mu/ be ei!r convex1 concave1 or plane4 ,! la/ does n produce any s5sible alt]ation 9 objects2 ! concave dim9i%es !m4 ,x is true t ! convex magnifies1 b x r5d]s !m confus$ & indi/9ct2 consequ5tly1 "o glass is insuffici5t to produce ! desir$ effect4 ,proce$+ to consid] two glasses1 & be>+ 9 m9d t ! plane causes no *ange1 ,i det]m9$ t ! in/rum5t c\ld n consi/ ( ! comb9ation ( a plane glass ) ei!r ( ! o!r two4 ,i !re=e appli$ myself to make exp]im5ts on comb9ations ( ! two o!r k9ds1 & ?us obta9$ t ( :i* ,i 0 9 se>*4' ,galileo's telescope consi/$ ( two l5ses--"o plano-convex1 ! o!r plano-concave1 ! latt] be+ held next ! eye4 ,^! he fix$ 9 a piece ( organ pipe1 :i* s]v$ ! purpose ( a tube1 ! glasses be+ di/ant f ea* o!r by ! diff]5ce ( _! focal l5g?s4 ,an exactly simil> pr9ciple is adopt$ 9 ! con/ruction ( an op]a-glass1 :i* c be accurately describ$ z a d\ble ,galilean telescope4 ,galileo mu/ be reg>d$ z ! inv5tor ( ?is k9d ( telescope1 :i* 9 "o respect diff]$ v mat]ially f ! "o con/ruct$ by ! ,dut* optician4 ,if :at has be5 said ) reg>d to ! inv]t$ wea!r-cock be true1 !n ,lipp]%ey's telescope 0 made ) two convex l5ses1 di/ant f ea* o!r by ! sum ( _! focal l5g?s1 & all objects obs]v$ ) x 7 se5 inv]t$4 ,refract+ a/ronomical telescopes are n[ con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple1 x hav+ be5 discov]$ t = obs]vational purposes !y possess sev]al advantages ov] ! ,galilean in/rum5t4 ,:5 ,galileo _h complet$ 8 fir/ telescope he return$ ) x to ,v5ice1 :]e he exhibit$ x to 8 fri5ds4 ,! s5sation creat$ by ?is small in/rum5t1 :i* magnifi$ only ?ree times1 0 mo/ extraord9>y1 & almo/ am\nt$ to a fr5zy4 ,cr[ds ( ! pr9cipal citiz5s ( ,v5ice flock$ to ,galileo's h\se 9 ord] t !y might see ! magical tube ab\t :i* su* wond]ful reports 7 circulat$2 & = upw>ds ( a mon? he 0 daily occupi$ 9 describ+ 8 inv5tion to att5tive audi5ces4 ,at ! expiration ( ?is "t ! ,doge ( ,v5ice1 ,leon>do ,deodati1 h9t$ t ! ,s5ate w\ld n be av]se to receive ! telescope z a gift4 ,galileo readily acquiesc$ ) ?is desire1 &1 z an ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 m]its1 a decree 0 issu$ confirm+ 8 appo9tm5t z pr(essor at ,padua = life1 & increas+ 8 sal>y f #ejj to #a1jjj flor9s4 ,! public excitem5t creat$ by ! telescope %[$ no signs ( abatem5t4 ,sirturi m5tions t1 hav+ succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ an in/rum5t1 he asc5d$ ! t[] ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 hop+ to be able to use x !re )\t int]ruption4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 detect$ by a few individuals1 & soon surr\nd$ by a cr[d1 :i* took possession ( 8 telescope1 & deta9$ him = sev]al h\rs until _! curiosity 0 satisfi$4 ,eag] inquiries hav+ be5 made z to :]e he lodg$1 ,sirturi1 fe>+ a repetition ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! *ur* t[]1 decid$ to quit ,v5ice e>ly next morn+1 & betake himself to a quiet] & less frequ5t$ neighb\rhood4 ,! in/rum5t 0 at fir/ call$ ,galileo's tube2 ! d\ble eye-glass2 ! p]spective2 ! trunk2 ! cyl9d]4 ,! appellation telescope 0 giv5 x by ,demisiano4 ,galileo next direct$ 8 att5tion to ! con/ruction ( telescopes1 & appli$ 8 me*anical skill 9 mak+ in/rum5ts ( a l>g] size1 "o ( :i* magnifi$ eight times4 ',& at l5g?1' he writes1 'sp>+ nei!r lab\r nor exp5se1 he complet$ an in/rum5t t 0 capable ( magnify+ m ?an ?irty times4' ,galileo n[ comm5c$ an exploration ( ! cele/ial regions ) 8 telescope1 & on c>efully exam9+ "s ( ! heav5ly bodies1 made _m wond]ful discov]ies :i* add$ greatly to ! fame & lu/re ( 8 "n4 ,! fir/ cele/ial object to :i* ,galileo direct$ 8 telescope 0 ! ,moon4 ,he 0 deeply int]e/$ to f9d h[ mu* h] surface resembl$ t ( ! ,e>?1 & 0 able to p]ceive l(ty m\nta9 ranges1 ! illum9$ peaks ( :i* reflect$ ! sunlight1 :il/ _! bases & sides 7 /ill envelop$ 9 d>k %ad[2 great pla9s :i* he imag9$ 7 seas1 valleys1 elevat$ ridges1 depressions1 & inequalities simil> to :at are f\nd on our globe4 ,galileo believ$ ! ,moon to be a habitable _w1 & conclud$ t ! d>k & lum9\s portions ( h] surface 7 l& & wat]1 :i* reflect$ ) unequal int5sity ! light ( ! ,sun4 ,! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle receiv$ ! ann\ncem5t ( ^! discov]ies ) mu* displeasure4 ,!y ma9ta9$ t ! ,moon 0 p]fectly sph]ical & smoo?--a va/ mirror1 ! d>k portions ( :i* 7 ! reflection ( our t]re/rial m\nta9s & =e/s--& accus$ ,galileo '( tak+ a delight 9 di/ort+ & ru9+ ! faire/ works ( ,nature4' ,he appeal$ to ! unequal condition ( ! surface ( our globe1 b ?is 0 ( no avail 9 alt]+ _! preconceiv$ notions ( ! lun> surface4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important discov]y made by ,galileo ) ! telescope 0 t ( ! f\r moons ( ,jupit]4 ,on ! night ( ,janu>y #g1 #afaj1 :5 engag$ 9 obs]v+ ! planet1 8 att5tion 0 attract$ by ?ree small />s :i* appe>$ bright] ?an ^? 9 _! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,!y 7 all 9 a /raight l9e & p>allel ) ! ecliptic2 two ( !m 7 situat$ to ! ea/1 & "o to ! we/ ( ,jupit]4 ,on ! foll[+ night he 0 surpris$ to f9d all ?ree to ! we/ ( ! planet1 & ne>] to ea* o!r4 ,?is caus$ him consid]able p]plexity1 & he 0 at a loss to und]/& h[ ,jupit] c\ld be ea/ ( ! ?ree />s1 :5 on ! prec$+ night he 0 obs]v$ to ! we/ ( two ( !m4 ,galileo 0 unable to reconcile ! alt]$ positions ( ^? bodies ) ! app>5t motion ( ,jupit] among ! fix$ />s z indicat$ by ! a/ronomical tables4 ,! next opportunity he _h ( obs]v+ !m 0 on ! #aj?1 :5 two />s only 7 visible1 & !y 7 to ! ea/ ( ! planet4 ,z x 0 impossible = ,jupit] to move f we/ to ea/ on ,janu>y #h & f ea/ to we/ on ! #aj?1 he conclud$ t x 0 ! motion ( ! />s & n t ( ,jupit] :i* acc\nt$ = ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,galileo wat*$ ! />s att5tively on successive ev5+s & discov]$ a f\r?1 & on obs]v+ h[ !y *ang$ _! positions relatively to ea* o!r he soon arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! />s 7 f\r moons :i* revolv$ r\nd ,jupit] aft] ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,moon revolves r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,hav+ assur$ himself t ! f\r new />s 7 f\r moons t ) p]iodical regul>ity circl$ r\nd ! great planet1 ,galileo nam$ !m ! ,m$icean ,/>s 9 hon\r ( 8 patron1 ,cosmo de' ,m$ici1 ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany4 ,he also publi%$ an essay entitl$ ',nuncius ,sid]eus1' or ! ',sid]eal ,mess5g]1' :i* conta9$ an acc\nt ( ?is important discov]y4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ,galileo's discov]y ( ! f\r satellites ( ,jupit] creat$ a pr(\nd s5sation1 & its significance became at once app>5t4 ,ari/otelians & ,ptolemai/s receiv$ ! in=mation ) mu* disfav\r & incr$ulity1 & _m p]sons positively refus$ to believe ,galileo1 :om !y accus$ ( inv5t+ fables4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! uphold]s ( ! ,cop]nican !ory hail$ x ) satisfaction1 z x decl>$ t ,jupit] ) 8 f\r moons con/itut$ a sy/em ( great] magnitude & importance ?an t ( our globe ) h] s+le satellite1 & t consequ5tly ! ,e>? c\ld n be reg>d$ z ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,:5 ,kepl] he>d ( ?is rem>kable discov]y1 he wrote to ,galileo & express$ himself 9 ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic mann]3 ',i 0 sitt+ idle at home ?9k+ ( y1 mo/ excell5t ,galileo1 & y\r lett]s1 :5 ! news 0 br\ght me ( ! discov]y ( f\r planets by ! help ( ! d\ble eye-glass4 ,wa*5fels /opp$ 8 c>riage at my door to tell me1 :5 su* a fit ( wond] seiz$ me at a report :i* seem$ s v absurd1 & ,i 0 ?r[n into su* agitation at see+ an old dispute betwe5 u decid$ 9 ?is way1 t betwe5 8 joy1 my col\r+1 & ! laught] ( bo?1 conf\nd$ z we 7 by su* a novelty1 we 7 h>dly capable1 he ( speak+1 or ,i ( li/5+4444 ,i am s f> f disbeliev+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! f\r circumjovial planets1 t ,i long = a telescope to anticipate y1 if possible1 9 discov]+ two r\nd ,m>s 7z ! proportion seems to me to require71 six or eight r\nd ,saturn1 & p]haps "o ea* r\nd ,m]cury & ,v5us4' ,! intellig5ce ( ,galileo's discov]ies 0 receiv$ by 8 oppon5ts 9 a _s entirely diff]5t f t manife/$ by ,kepl]4 ,! pr9cipal pr(essor ( philosophy at ,padua1 :5 reque/$ to look at ! ,moon & planets ?r\gh ,galileo's glass1 p]si/5tly decl9$1 & did 8 utmo/ to p]suade ! ,gr& ,duke t ! f\r satellites ( ,jupit] c\ld n possibly exi/4 ,francesco ,sizzi1 a ,flor5t9e a/ronom]1 argu$ t1 z !re are sev5 ap]tures 9 ! head1 sev5 kn[n metals1 & sev5 days 9 ! week1 s !re c\ld only be sev5 planets4 ,to ^! absurd rem>ks ,galileo repli$ by say+ t1 ':atev] _! =ce might be z a reason = believ+ be=eh& t no m ?an sev5 planets w\ld be discov]$1 !y h>dly seem$ ( suffici5t weight to de/roy ! new ones :5 actually se54' ,ano!r individual1 nam$ ,*ri/mann1 writes3 ',we are n to ?9k t ,jupit] has f\r satellites giv5 him by ,nature 9 ord]1 by revolv+ r\nd him1 to immortalize ! "n ( ! ,m$ici1 :o fir/ _h notice ( ! obs]vation4 ,^! are ! dreams ( idle m51 :o love ludicr\s ideas bett] ?an our labori\s & indu/ri\s correction ( ! heav5s4 ,nature abhors s horrible a *aos1 & to ! truly wise su* vanity is dete/able4' ,m>t9 ,horky1 a protege ( ,kepl]'s1 issu$ a pamphlet 9 :i* he made a viol5t attack on ,galileo4 ,he says3 ',i w nev] conc$e 8 f\r new planets to t ,italian f ,padua ?\gh ,i die = x4' ,he !n asks ! foll[+ que/ions1 & replies to !m himself3 7#a7 ,:e!r !y exi/8 7#b7 ,:at !y are8 7#c7 ,:at !y are l8 7#d7 ,:y !y are8 ',! fir/ "q is soon dispos$ ( by ,horky's decl>+ positively t he has exam9$ ! heav5s ) ,galileo's own glass1 & t no su* ?+ z a satellite ab\t ,jupit] exi/s4 ,to ! second1 he decl>$ solemnly t he does n m surely "k t he has a s\l 9 8 body ?an t reflect$ rays are ! sole cause ( ,galileo's errone\s obs]vations4 ,9 reg>d to ! ?ird "q1 he says t ^! planets are l ! smalle/ fly comp>$ to an elephant2 &1 f9ally1 concludes on ! f\r?1 t ! only use ( !m is to gratify ,galileo's ?ir/ ( gold1 & to af=d himself a subject ( discussion4'#g ,galileo did n condesc5d to take any notice ( ?is scurril\s production2 b ,horky1 :o imag9$ t he _h done some?+ clev]1 s5t a copy ( 8 pamphlet to ,kepl]4 ,9 a few days aft] he call$ to see him1 & 0 receiv$ ) su* a /orm ( indignation t he begg$ = m]cy & implor$ 8 =giv5ess4 ,kepl] =gave him1 b insi/$ on 8 mak+ am5ds4 ,he writes3 ',i h tak5 him aga9 into fav\r ^u ?is prelim9>y condition1 to :i* he has agre$--t ,i am to %[ him ,jupit]'s satellites1 & he is to see !m1 & own t !y are !re4' ,! evid5ce 9 support ( ! exi/5ce ( ,jupit]'s satellites became s conclusive t ! oppon5ts ( ,galileo 7 compell$ to r5\nce _! disbelief 9 ^? bodies1 :e!r real or pret5d$4 ,! ,gr& ,duke1 pref]r+ to tru/ to 8 eyes r ?an believe 9 ! argum5ts ( ! pr(essor at ,padua1 obs]v$ ! satellites on sev]al occasions1 along ) ,galileo1 at ,pisa1 & on 8 dep>ture be/[$ ^u him a gift ( "o ?\s& flor9s4 ,sev]al ( ,galileo's enemies1 z a result ( _! obs]vations1 n[ arriv$ at ! conclusion t 8 discov]y 0 incomplete1 & t ,jupit] _h m ?an f\r satellites 9 att5dance ^u him4 ,s*e9] c\nt$ five1 ,rheita n9e1 & o!r obs]v]s increas$ ! numb] to twelve4 ,b x 0 f\nd to be q z haz>d\s to exce$ ! numb] /at$ by ,galileo z x 0 to d5y ! exi/5ce ( any2 =1 :5 ,jupit] _h trav]s$ a %ort di/ance ( 8 pa? among ! fix$ />s1 ! only bodies t accompani$ him 7 8 f\r orig9al att5dants1 :i* cont9u$ to revolve r\nd him ) un]r+ regul>ity 9 e "p ( 8 orbit4 ,galileo did n af=d 8 oppon5ts mu* "t to oppose or controv]t ) argum5t ! discov]ies made by him ) ! telescope be=e 8 ann\ncem5t ( a new "o attract$ public att5tion f ^? already kn[n4 ,he1 h[ev]1 ex]cis$ great] caution 9 disclos+ ! results ( 8 obs]vations1 z o!r p]sons laid claim to hav+ made simil> discov]ies prior to ! "t at :i* 8 7 ann\nc$4 ,he !re=e adopt$ a me?od 9 common use among a/ronom]s 9 ^? days1 by :i* ! lett]s 9 a s5t5ce ann\nc+ a discov]y 7 transpos$ s z to =m an anagram4 ,galileo ann\nc$ 8 next discov]y 9 ?is mann]1 & :i* read z foll[s3-- ,smaismrmilme poeta leumi bvne nugttaviras4 ,?is1 :5 deciph]$1 =m$ ! s5t5ce3-- ,altissimum planetam t]gem9um obs]vavi4 ,i h obs]v$ t ! remote/ planet is triple4 ,galileo p]ceiv$ t ,saturn pres5t$ a tri=m appe>ance1 & t1 in/ead ( "o body1 !re 7 ?ree1 all 9 a /raight l9e1 & app>5tly 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 ! middle "o be+ l>g] ?an ! two lat]al ones4 ,9 a lett] to ,kepl] he rem>k$3 ',n[ ,i h discov]$ a ,c\rt = ,jupit]1 & two s]vants = ?is old man1 :o aid 8 /eps & nev] quit 8 side4' ,kepl]1 :o excell$ z an imag9ative writ]1 repli$3 ',i w n make an old man ( ,saturn1 nor slaves ( 8 att5dant globes2 b r let ?is tricorporate =m be ,g]yon--s %all ,galileo be ,h]cules1 & ! telescope 8 club1 arm$ ) :i* he has conqu]$ t di/ant planet1 & dragg$ him f ! remote/ dep?s ( ,nature1 & expos$ him to ! view ( all4' ,cont9u+ 8 obs]vations1 ,galileo p]ceiv$ t ! two lat]al objects gradually decreas$ 9 size1 & at ! expiration ( two ye>s entirely disappe>$1 leav+ ! c5tral globe visible only4 ,he 0 unable to assign any reason = ?is peculi> occurr5ce1 :i* caus$ him mu* p]plexity1 & he expresses himself ?us3 ',:at is to be said conc]n+ s /range a metamorphosis8 ,are ! two less] />s consum$ aft] ! mann] ( ! sol> spots8 ,h !y vani%$ & sudd5ly fl$8 ,has ,saturn1 p]haps1 dev\r$ 8 own *ildr58 ,or 7 ! appe>ances1 inde$1 illusion or fraud1 ) :i* ! glasses h s long deceiv$ me1 z well z _m o!rs to :om ,i h %[n !m8 ,n[1 p]haps1 is ! "t to revive ! well-nigh )]$ hopes ( ^? :o1 guid$ by m pr(\nd contemplations1 h discov]$ ! fallacy ( ! new obs]vations1 & demon/rat$ ! utt] impossibility ( _! exi/5ce4 ,i d n "k :at to say 9 a case s surpris+1 s unlook$-=1 & s novel4 ,! %ortness ( ! "t1 ! unexpect$ nature ( ! ev5t1 ! weakness ( my und]/&+1 & ! fe> ( be+ mi/ak51 h greatly conf\nd$ me4' ,aft] a c]ta9 int]val ^? bodies reappe>$2 b ,galileo's glass 0 n suffici5tly p[]ful to enable him to asc]ta9 _! nature nor solve ! my/]y1 :i* = upw>ds ( half a c5tury p]plex$ ! able/ a/ronom]s4 ,! elucidation ( ?is inexplicable ph5om5on 0 res]v$ = ,*ri/ian ,huyg5s1 :o1 ) an improv$ telescope ( 8 own con/ruction1 0 able to decl>e t ,saturn's app5dages 7 portions ( a r+ :i* surr\nds ! planet1 & is ev]y:]e di/9ct f its surface4 ,galileo next direct$ 8 att5tion to ! planet ,v5us1 & z a result ( 8 obs]vations 0 l$ to communicate to ! public ano!r anagram3-- ,haec immatura a me jam fru/ra leguntur oy4 ,?is1 :5 r5d]$ correctly1 reads3-- ,cyn?iae figuras aemulatur mat] amorum4 ,v5us rivals ! appe>ances ( ! ,moon4 ,! phases ( ,v5us 7 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,galileo's discov]ies ) ! telescope4 ,:5 obs]v$ ne> inf]ior conjunction ! planet pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a sl5d] cresc5t1 resembl+ ! ,moon :5 a few days old4 ,travell+ f ?is po9t to sup]ior conjunction1 ! illum9$ portion ( h] disc gradually increases1 until x becomes circul>1 l ! full ,moon4 ,?is *ang+ appe>ance ( ,v5us af=d$ ,galileo irresi/ible pro( t ! planet is an opaque body1 :i* d]ives its light f ! ,sun1 & t x circles r\nd ! orb--conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! accuracy & tru?fulness ( ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,x 0 9 ?is mann] t ,galileo ann\nc$ 8 discov]y ( ! phases ( ,v5us1 ! pe]less planet ( our morn+ & ev5+ skies1 ^: sl5d] cresc5t =ms su* a beautiful object 9 ! telescope1 & :o1 z %e trav]ses h] orbit1 exhibits all ! v>i$ *anges ( =m pres5t$ by ! ,moon 9 h] mon?ly j\rney r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,^! v>y+ aspects ( ,v5us 7 n unkn[n to ,milton2 &1 inde$1 he may h be5 in=m$ ( !m by ,galileo 9 8 conv]sation ) him at ,arcetri2 nor has he fail$ to introduce an allusion to ?is beautiful ph5om5on 9 8 poem4 ,9 8 description ( ! ,creation1 aft] ! ,sun 0 =m$1 he adds3-- ,hi!r1 z to _! f\nta91 o!r />s ,repair+1 9 _! gold5 urns draw light1 ,& h5ce ! morn+ planet gilds h] horns4--vii4 #cfd-ff4 ,galileo also discov]$ t ! planet ,m>s does n always pres5t ! appe>ance ( a circul> disc4 ,:5 ne> opposition ! full disc ( ! planet is visible1 b at all o!r times x is gibb\s1 & approa*es ne>e/ to t ( a half-moon :5 at ! quadratures4 ,9 ! ye> #afaj1 on direct+ 8 telescope to ! ,sun1 ,galileo detect$ d>k spots on ! sol> disc4 ,simil> spots1 suffici5tly l>ge to be di/+ui%$ by ! nak$ eye1 _h be5 obs]v$ f "t to "t = c5turies prior to ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 b no?+ 0 kn[n ( _! nature4 ,9 #afji ,kepl] obs]v$ a spot on ! ,sun1 :i* he ?\ght 0 ! planet ,m]cury 9 conjunction ) ! orb2 ! %ort "t dur+ :i* x 0 visible1 9 consequ5ce ( cl\ds hav+ obscur$ ! face ( ! lum9>y1 prev5t$ him f be+ able to det]m9e ! accuracy ( 8 surmise1 b s9ce !n x has be5 asc]ta9$ t no transit ( ,m]cury took place at t "t1 & ,kepl] aft]w>ds ackn[l$g$ t he _h arriv$ at an errone\s conclusion4 ,galileo 0 mu* puzzl$ 9 try+ to f9d out ! true nature ( ! spots4 ,at fir/ he 0 l$ to imag9e t planets l ,m]cury & ,v5us revolv$ r\nd ! ,sun at a %ort di/ance f ! orb1 & t _! d>k bodies1 travell+ across ! sol> disc1 gave rise to ! ph5om5on ( ! spots4 ,aft] fur!r obs]vation1 he asc]ta9$ t ! spots 7 9 actual contact ) ! ,sun2 t !y 7 irregul> 9 %ape & size1 & cont9u$ to appe> & disappe>4 ,sometimes a l>ge spot w\ld break up into sev]al small] ones1 & at o!r times ?ree or f\r small spots w\ld unite to =m a l>ge "o4 ,!y all _h a common motion1 & appe>$ to rotate ) ! ,sun1 f :i* ,galileo conclud$ t ! orb rotat$ on 8 axis 9 ab\t tw5ty-eight days4 ,galileo believ$ t ! spots 7 cl\ds float+ 9 ! sol> atmosph]e1 & t !y int]cept$ a portion ( ! light ( ! ,sun4 ,! ,milky ,way1 t wondr\s zone ( light :i* encircles ! heav5s1 rema9$ = _m ages a s\rce ( p]plexity to anci5t a/ronom]s & philosoph]s1 :o1 9 _! endeav\rs to asc]ta9 its nature1 _h arriv$ at v>i\s absurd & errone\s conclusions4 ,on direct+ 8 telescope to ?is lum9\s tract1 ,galileo discov]$1 to 8 inexpressible admiration1 t x consi/s ( a va/ multitude ( />s1 too m9ute to be visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,he also disc]n$ t its milky lum9osity is creat$ by ! bl5d$ light ( myriads ( />s1 s remote z to be incapable ( def9ition by 8 telescope4 ,9 8 ',nuncius ,sid]eus' he gives an acc\nt ( 8 obs]vations ( ! ,galaxy & expresses 8 satisfaction t he has be5 enabl$ to t]m9ate an anci5t controv]sy by demon/rat+ to ! s5ses ! /ell> /ructure ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,:5 engag$ 9 explor+ ! cele/ial regions ) 8 telescope1 ,galileo obs]v$ a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! fix$ />s1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! planets4 ,ea* ( ! latt] %[$ a r\nd$ disc resembl+ t ( a small moon1 b ! />s exhibit$ no disc1 & %one z vivid sp>kl+ po9ts ( light2 all ( !m1 :e!r ( l>ge or small magnitude1 pres5t+ ! same appe>ance 9 ! telescope4 ,?is l$ him to conclude t ! fix$ />s 7 n illum9$ by ! ,sun1 because _! brilliancy 9 all _! *anges ( position rema9$ unalt]$4 ,b1 9 ! case ( ! planets1 he f\nd t _! lu/re v>i$ accord+ to _! di/ance f ! ,sun2 consequ5tly1 he believ$ !y 7 opaque bodies :i* reflect$ ! sol> rays4 ,on direct+ 8 telescope to ! ,pleiades1 :i*1 to ! nak$ eye1 appe> z a gr\p ( sev5 />s1 he succe$$ 9 c\nt+ =ty lucid po9ts4 ,! nebula ,praesepe 9 ,canc]1 he 0 also able to resolve into a clu/] ( />s4 ,galileo made _m o!r obs]vations ( ! heav5ly bodies ) 8 telescope1 all ( :i* he describes z hav+ af=d$ him 'incr$ible delight4' ,%ortly be=e ! failure ( 8 eyesight1 ,galileo discov]$ ! ,moon's diurnal libration1 a v>iation 9 ! visible edges ( ! ,moon caus$ by its oscillatory motion1 & ! diurnal rotation ( ! ,e>? on h] axis4 ,?\gh ,milton has n fav\r$ u ) any int]e/+ details ( 8 int]view ) ,galileo1 nor express$ 8 op9ions ) reg>d to ! controv]sies :i* at t "t agitat$ bo? ! religi\s & sci5tific worlds ( ?\ght1 & :i* ev5tually culm9at$ 9 a /orm ( ranc\r & hatr$ t bur/ ov] ! devot$ head ( ! ag$ a/ronom]1 & br\ght him to 8 knees1 yet he in=ms u t he 'f\nd & visit$' ,galileo1 :om he describes z 'gr[n old1' & cynically rem>ks t he '0 held a prison] ( ! ,inquisition = ?9k+ 9 a/ronomy o!rwise ?an ! ,franciscan & ,dom9ican lic5s]s ?\ght4' ,milton does n allude to 8 bl9dness1 & yet x w\ld be natural to imag9e t1 _h 8 ho/ suff]$ f ?is affliction at ! "t ( 8 visit1 he w\ld h ref]r$ to x4 ,we le>n t ,milton arriv$ 9 ,italy 9 ! spr+ ( #afch4 ,9 #afcg1 ! affection :i*1 9 ! prec$+ ye>1 depriv$ ,galileo ( ! use ( 8 "r eye1 attack$ ! left also1 :i* began to gr[ dim1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s became sightless2 s t1 al?\gh ,milton has n allud$ to ?is calamity1 ,galileo _h become totally bl9d at ! "t ( 8 visit4 ,h[ mu* ,milton 0 impress$ ) ! fame ( ,galileo & 8 telescope becomes app>5t on ref]r+ to 8 ',p>adise ,lo/4' ,9 x he alludes to ! in/rum5t ^u ?ree diff]5t occasions1 twice :5 9 ! h&s ( ,galileo2 & ! remembrance ( ! same arti/ 0 d\btless 9 8 m9d :5 he m5tions ! 'glaz$ optic tube' 9 ano!r "p ( 8 poem4 ,! int]val t elaps$ f ! date ( ,milton's visit to ,galileo 9 #afch1 to ! publication ( ',p>adise ,lo/' 9 #affg1 includ$ a p]iod ( ab\t ?irty ye>s1 yet ?is l5g? ( "t did n erase f ,milton's memory 8 recollection ( ,galileo & ( 8 pleasant soj\rn at ,flor5ce4 ,! fir/ allusion 9 ! poem to ! ,italian a/ronom] is 9 ! l9es 9 :i* ,milton describes ! %ield c>ri$ by ,satan3-- ,! broad circumf]5ce ,hung on 8 %\ld]s l ! ,moon1 ^: orb ,?r\gh optic glass ! ,tuscan arti/ views ,at ev5+1 f ! top ( ,fesole1 ,or 9 ,vald>no1 to descry new l&s1 ,riv]s1 or m\nta9s1 9 h] spotty globe4--i4 #bhf-ia4 ,galileo is describ$ z hav+ obs]v$ ! ,moon f ! heights ( ,fesole1 :i* =m$ "p ( ! suburbs ( ,flor5ce1 or f ,vald>no1 ! valley ( ! ,arno1 9 :i* ! city is situat$4 ,! belief t ,galileo _h discov]$ cont95ts & seas on ! ,moon ju/ifi$ ,milton 9 imag9+ ! exi/5ce ( riv]s & m\nta9s on ! lun> surface4 ,! expression 'spotty globe' is m descriptive ( ! appe>ance ( our satellite :5 obs]v$ ) ! telescope1 ?an :5 se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,galileo's att5tion 0 attract$ by ! freckl$ aspect ( ! ,moon--a visual effect creat$ by ! numb] ( ext9ct volcanoes scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! orb4 ,9 8 next allusion to ! telescope ,milton associates ,galileo's "n ) ! in/rum5t3-- ,z :5 by night ! glass ,( ,galileo1 less assur$1 obs]ves ,imag9$ l&s & regions 9 ! ,moon4--v4 #bfa-fc4 ,9 ^! l9es ,milton describes ) accuracy ! ext5t ( ,galileo's k ( our satellite4 ,! conclusions :i* ! ,italian a/ronom] arriv$ at ) reg>d to its habitability 7 n support$ by telescopic evid5ce suffici5t to ju/ify su* a belief4 ,galileo writes3 ',_h its surface be5 absolutely smoo? x w\ld h be5 b a va/1 unbless$ des]t1 void ( animals1 ( plants1 ( cities & m52 ! abode ( sil5ce & inaction--s5seless1 lifeless1 s\lless1 & /ripp$ ( all ^? ornam5ts :i* n[ r5d] x s v>iable & s beautiful3'-- ,!re l&s ! ,fi5d1 a spot l :i* p]haps ,a/ronom] 9 ! ,sun's luc5t orb ,?r\gh 8 glaz$ optic tube yet nev] saw4--iii4 #ehh-ij4 ,milton may h rememb]$ t ,galileo 0 ! fir/ a/ronom] :o direct$ a telescope to ! ,sun2 & t he discov]$ ! d>k spots frequ5tly se5 on ! sol> disc4 ,anyone :o has read a hi/ory ( ! life ( ,galileo1 & contemplat$ ! c>e] ( ?is rem>kable man1 8 ard5t /ruggles 9 ! cause ( fre$om & philosophic tru?1 8 victories & rev]ses1 8 brilliant a/ronomical discov]ies1 & 8 inve/igation ( ! laws ( motion1 & o!r natural ph5om5a1 w arrive at ! conclusion t he m]it$ ! di/9ction conf]r$ ^u him by our great ,engli% poet1 :5 he includ$ him among ! r5[n$ few ^: names are f\nd 9 ! pages ( ',p>adise ,lo/4' ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,seasons ,! great pa? ( ! ,sun among ! con/ellations z se5 f ! ,e>? is call$ ! ,ecliptic4 ,x is divid$ into #cfj deg41 & aga9 into twelve equal p>ts ( #cj deg41 call$ ,signs4 ,z "o half ( ! ecliptic is nor?1 & ! o!r half s\?1 ( ! equator1 ! l9e ( int]section ( _! planes is at two po9ts :i* are kn[n z ! equ9octial po9ts1 because1 :5 ! ,sun on 8 upw>d & d[nw>d j\rney arrives at ei!r ( !m ! days & nights are ( equal l5g? all ov] ! _w4 ,! equ9octial po9ts are n /ation>y1 b h a we/]ly motion ( #ej'' annually along ! ecliptic2 at ?is rate !y w require a p]iod ( #be1hfh ye>s to complete an entire circuit ( ! heav5s4 ,milton alludes to ! ecliptic :5 he m5tions ! arrival ( ,satan ^u ! ,e>?3-- ,d[n f ! ecliptic1 sp$ ) hop$ success1 ,?r[s 8 /eep flight 9 _m an airy :eel1 ,nor /aid till on ,niphates top he lights4--iii4 #gdj-db4 ,ext5d+ = #i deg4 on ea* side ( ! ecliptic is a zone or belt call$ ! ,zodiac1 ! mesial l9e ( :i* is occupi$ by ! ,sun1 & )9 ?is space ! pr9cipal planets p]=m _! annual revolutions4 ,x 0 = long believ$ t ! pa?s ( all ! planets lay )9 ! zodiac1 b on ! discov]y ( ! m9or planets1 ,c]es1 ,pallas1 & ,juno1 x 0 asc]ta9$ t !y travell$ beyond ?is zone4 ,! />s situat$ )9 ! zodiac are divid$ into twelve gr\ps or con/ellations1 :i* correspond ) ! twelve signs1 & ea* is nam$ aft] an animal or "s figure :i* x is suppos$ to resemble4 ,! zodiac is ( great antiquity2 ! anci5t ,egyptians & ,h9doos made use ( x1 & !re are allusions to x 9 ! e>lie/ a/ronomical records4 ,! twelve con/ellations ( ! zodiac be> ! foll[+ names3-- ,aries ! ,ram ,taurus ! ,bull ,gem9i ! ,tw9s ,canc] ! ,crab ,leo ! ,lion ,virgo ! ,virg9 ,libra ! ,balance ,scorpio ! ,scorpion ,sagitt>ius ! ,ar*] ,capricornus ! ,goat ,aqu>ius ! ,wat]-be>] ,pisces ! ,fi%es ,9 close association ) ! ,sun's annual j\rney are ! seasons1 ^u ! regul> sequ5ce ( :i* mank9d dep5d = ! v>i\s products ( ! soil ess5tial = ! ma9t5ance & enjoym5t ( life4 ,! revolution ( ! ,e>? 9 h] orbit1 & ! incl9ation ( h] axis to h] annual pa?1 caus+ ! plane ( ! equator to be incl9$ #bc-a_/b deg4 to t ( ! ecliptic1 are ! reasons :i* acc\nt = ! succession ( ! seasons--,spr+1 ,summ]1 ,autumn1 & ,w9t]4 ,ow+ to ! position ( ! ,e>?'s axis ) reg>d to h] orbit1 ! ,sun appe>s to travel #bc-a_/b deg4 nor? & #bc-a_/b deg4 s\? ( ! equator4 ,:51 on ,june #ba1 ! orb atta9s 8 highe/ nor!rn altitude1 we h ! summ] sol/ice & ! longe/ days2 :51 by retrac+ 8 /eps1 he decl9es #bc-a_/b deg4 bel[ ! equator1 at :i* po9t he arrives on ,decemb] #ba1 we h ! w9t] sol/ice & ! %orte/ days4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ^? two seasons are spr+ & autumn4 ,:5 ! ,sun1 on 8 j\rney nor?w>d1 rea*es ! equator1 we h ! v]nal equ9ox1 & at ?is p]iod ( ! ye> ! days & nights are ( equal l5g? all ov] ! globe4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 :51 on 8 return j\rney1 ! ,sun is aga9 on ! equator1 ! autumnal equ9ox occurs4 ,9 summ] ! ,nor? ,pole is incl9$ t[>ds ! ,sun1 consequ5tly 8 rays fall m direct & imp>t mu* m heat to ! nor!rn hemisph]e ?an 9 w9t]1 :5 ! ,pole is turn$ away f ! ,sun4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! incid5ce ( ! sol> rays ^u ! surface ( ! globe1 along ) ! increas$ l5g? ( ! day1 ma9ly acc\nts = ! high temp]ature ( summ] z comp>$ ) t ( w9t]4 ,a/ronomically1 ! seasons comm5ce at ! p]iods ( ! equ9oxes & sol/ices4 ,spr+ beg9s on ,m>* #ba1 ! "t ( ! v]nal equ9ox2 summ] on ,june #ba1 at ! summ] sol/ice2 autumn on ,septemb] #bb1 at ! autumnal equ9ox2 & w9t] on ,decemb] #ba1 at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,?is conv5tional division ( ! ye> is n equally applicable to all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,9 ! arctic & ant>ctic regions spr+ & autumn are v brief1 ! summ] is %ort & ! w9t] ( long duration4 ,9 ! tropics1 ow+ to ! comp>atively slight diff]5ce 9 ! obliquity ( ! ,sun's rays1 "o season is1 z reg>ds temp]ature1 n mu* diff]5t f ! o!r2 b 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ! ,e>? ! vicissitudes ( ! seasons are m p]ceptible & c be be/ di/+ui%$ by ! gr[? ( vegetation1 & ! *anges obs]vable 9 ! foliage ( %rubs & trees4 ,9 spr+ !re is ! budd+1 9 summ] ! blossom1 9 autumn ! fruit-be>+1 & 9 w9t] ! leafless condition ( decidu\s trees1 & ! repose ( vegetable life4 ,! leg5d>y belief t be=e ! ,fall !re reign$ on ! ,e>? a p]petual spr+1 is introduc$ by ,milton 9 8 poem :5 he describes ! pleasant surr\nd+s associat$ ) ! happy conditions ( life t exi/$ 9 ,p>adise3-- ,?us 0 ?is place1 ,a happy rural seat ( v>i\s view3 ,groves ^: ri* trees wept odor\s gums & balm2 ,o!rs ^: fruit1 burni%$ ) gold5 r9d1 ,hung amiable--,hesp]ian fables true1 ,if true "h only--& ( delici\s ta/e4 ,betwixt !m lawns1 or level d[ns1 & flocks ,graz+ ! t5d] h]b1 7 int]pos$1 ,or palmy hillock2 or ! fl[]y lap ,( "s irrigu\s valley spread h] /ore1 ,fl[]s ( all hue1 & )\t ?orn ! rose4 ,ano!r side1 umbrage\s grots & caves ,( cool recess1 o'er :i* ! mantl+ v9e ,lays =? h] purple grape1 & g5tly creeps ,luxuriant2 mean:ile murmur+ wat]s fall ,d[n ! slope hill disp]s$1 or 9 a lake ,t to ! fr+$ bank ) myrtle cr[n$ ,h] cry/al mirror holds1 unite _! /reams4 ,! birds _! quire apply2 airs1 v]nal airs1 ,brea?+ ! smell ( field & grove1 attune ,! trembl+ leaves1 :ile univ]sal ,pan1 ,knit ) ! ,graces & ! ,h\rs 9 dance1 ,l$ on ! et]nal ,spr+4--iv4 #bdf-fh4 ,9 sad contra/ ) ?is *>m+ sylvan sc5e1 we turn to ! unhappy consequ5ces :i* ensu$ z a result ( ! fir/ act ( transgression4 ,milton describes a *ange ( climate *>act]is$ by extremes ( heat & cold :i* succe$$ ! p]petual spr+4 ,! ,sun 0 made to %9e s t ! ,e>? %\ld be expos$ to torrid heat & icy cold unpleasant to endure4 ,! pale ,moon & ! planets 7 giv5 p[] to comb9e ) noxi\s effect1 & ! fix$ />s to %$ _! malignant influ5ces3-- ,! ,sun ,_h fir/ 8 precept s to move1 s %9e1 ,z might affect ! ,e>? ) cold & heat ,sc>ce tol]able1 & f ! nor? to call ,decrepit w9t]1 f ! s\? to br+ ,sol/itial summ]'s heat4 ,to ! blanc ,moon ,h] (fice !y prescrib$2 to ! o!r five ,_! planet>y motions & aspects1 ,9 sextile1 squ>e1 & tr9e1 & opposite1 ,( noxi\s efficacy1 & :5 to jo9 ,9 synod unb5ign2 & taught ! fix$ ,_! influ5ce malignant :5 to %[]-- ,:i* ( !m ris+ ) ! ,sun or fall+1 ,%\ld prove tempe/u\s4 ,to ! w9ds !y set ,_! corn]s1 :5 ) blu/] to conf\nd ,sea1 air1 & %ore2 ! ?und] :5 to roll ,) t]ror ?r\gh ! d>k a]ial hall4--x4 #fea-fg4 ,we are "h af=d$ an opportunity ( le>n+ t ,milton possess$ "s k ( a/rology1 to :i* he makes allusion 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 poem besides4 ,9 8 "t1 a/rology 0 believ$ 9 by _m p]sons1 & !re 7 few le>n$ m5 b :o knew some?+ ( t occult sci5ce4 ,milton may be includ$ among ^? :o devot$ "s att5tion to a/rology4 ,( ?is !re is ample evid5ce1 by ! mann] 9 :i* he expresses himself 9 words & phrases 9 common use among a/rolog]s4 ,! pr(essors ( ?is art recognis$ five planet>y aspects1 viz41 opposition1 conjunction1 sextile1 squ>e1 & tr9e1 ea* possess+ its peculi> k9d ( influ5ce on ev5ts4 ,! ,moon1 ! planets1 & ! con/ellations 9 _! conjunctions & configurations1 7 believ$ to reveal to ^? :o c\ld und]/& ! significance ( _! aspects1 ! de/9y ( individuals & ! occurr5ce ( future ev5ts4 ,! inauspici\s influ5ces ( ! heav5ly bodies are describ$ by ,milton z contribut+ to ! g5]al dis>rangem5t ( ! happy condition ( ?+s t exi/$ be=e ! ,fall4 ,aft] hav+ describ$ ! adv]se physical *anges :i* occurr$ 9 ,nature z a consequ5ce ( ! ,fall1 ,milton makes use ( 8 a/ronomical k 9 expla9+ h[ !y 7 br\ght ab\t1 & sugge/s two hypo!ses3 7#a7 a *ange ( position ( ! ,e>?'s axis2 7#b7 an alt]ation ( ! ,sun's pa? f ! equ9octial road3-- ,"s say he bid 8 ,angels turn askance ,! poles ( ,e>? twice t5 degrees & m ,f ! ,sun's axle2 !y ) lab\r pu%$ ,oblique ! c5tric globe3 "s say ! ,sun ,0 bid turn re9s f ! equ9octial road ,l di/ant bread?--to ,taurus ) ! sev5 ,atlantic ,si/]s1 & ! ,sp>tan ,tw9s1 ,up to ! ,tropic ,crab2 !nce d[n ama9 ,by ,leo1 & ! ,virg91 & ! ,scales1 ,z deep z ,capricorn2 to br+ 9 *ange ,( seasons to ea* clime4 ,else _h ! spr+ ,p]petual smil$ on ,e>? ) v]nant fl[]s4--x4 #ffh-gi4 ,9 support ( ! !ory ( a p]petual spr+1 ,milton assumes t ! ,e>?'s axis 0 direct$ at "r angles to h] orbit1 & t ! plane ( ! equator co9cid$ ) t ( ! ecliptic4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,sun's pa? rema9$ always on ! equator1 :]e 8 rays 7 v]tical1 & nor? & s\? ( ?is l9e ea* locality on ! ,e>? enjoy$ "o con/ant season1 ! "* ( :i* dep5d$ ^u its geographical position4 ,9 :at are n[ ! temp]ate regions ( ! globe !re 0 "o cont9u\s season1 simil> 9 climate & l5g? ( day to :at is exp]i5c$ at ! v]nal equ9ox1 :5 ! ,sun is = a few days on ! equator4 ,!re 0 !n no w9t]1 no summ]1 nor autumn2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! gr[? ( vegetation mu/ h tak5 place "u conditions ( climate entirely diff]5t to :at exi/ on ! ,e>? at ! pres5t "t4 ,! *ange ( position ( ! ,e>?'s axis1 'twice t5 degrees & m f ! ,sun's axle1' is describ$ by ,milton z hav+ be5 accompli%$ by ! might ( angels1 :o ') lab\r pu%$ oblique ! c5tric globe4' 7#b7 ,accord+ to ! ,ptolemaic belief1 ! ,sun revolv$ r\nd ! ,e>?1 b 8 c\rse 0 alt]$ f ! equ9octial road to ! pa? t he n[ pursues1 :i* is ! ecliptic4 ,in/ead ( rema9+ on ! equator1 he travels an equal di/ance f ?is l9e upw>ds & d[nw>ds 9 ea* hemisph]e4 ,! pa? ( ! ,sun 9 ! heav5s is describ$ by ,milton ) m>k$ precision1 & he m5tions 9 regul> ord] ! names ( ! zodiacal con/ellations ?r\gh :i* ! orb travels4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ,taurus ) ! sev5 ,atlantic ,si/]s 7! ,pleiades7 & ! ,sp>tan ,tw9s 7,gem9i71 he ent]s ! ,tropic ,crab 7,canc]71 9 :i* con/ellation he atta9s 8 highe/ nor!rn altitude2 !nce d[nw>ds he travels ?r\gh ,leo1 ,virgo1 & ! ,scales 7,libra71 z deep z ,capricornus1 rea*+ 8 l[e/ po9t ( decl9ation at ! w9t] sol/ice2 & 7 x n = ?is alt]ation ( ! ,sun's pa?1 ! poet in=ms u t p]petual spr+ w\ld h reign$ ^u ! ,e>?4 ,milton 0 evid5tly well acqua9t$ ) ! a/ronomical reasons 7! revolution ( ! ,e>? 9 h] orbit & ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic7 by :i* ! occurr5ce & regul> sequ5ce ( ! seasons c be expla9$4 ,! pa? ( ! ,sun 9 ! heav5s2 8 upw>d & d[nw>d c\rse f ! equator2 ! names ( ! con/ellations ?r\gh :i* ! orb travels1 & ! p]iods ( ! ye> at :i* he ent]s !m1 7 also famili> to him4 ,! grateful *ange ( ! seasons1 & ! v>i$ aspects ( nature peculi> to ea*1 :i* give a *>m & fre%ness to ! roll+ ye>1 mu/ h be5 to ,milton a s\rce ( pleasure & delight1 & h /imulat$ 8 poetic fancy4 ,8 obs]vation ( natural ph5om5a1 & 8 ke5 p]ception ( ! pleas+ *anges :i* accompany !m1 are describ$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,z1 :5 f m\nta9-tops ! dusky cl\ds ,asc5d+1 :ile ! nor? w9d sleeps1 o'erspread ,heav5's *e]ful face1 ! l\r+ elem5t ,sc[ls o'er ! d>k5$ l&skip sn[ or %[]1 ,if *ance ! radiant ,sun1 ) f>ewell sweet1 ,ext5d 8 ev5+ beam1 ! fields revive1 ,! birds _! notes r5ew1 & bleat+ h]ds ,atte/ _! joy1 t hill & valley r+s4--ii4 #dhh-ie4 ,! anci5t poets ,virgil & ,ovid describe ! ,e>? z hav+ be5 creat$ 9 ! spr+2 & associat$ ) ?is season1 :i* to ! he>t inspires ,v]nal delight & joy--iv4 #aed-ee1 7 ! ,graces & ! ,h\rs1 :i* danc$ h& 9 h& z !y l$ on ! et]nal ,spr+4 ,milton alludes to ! seasons on sev]al occasions ?r\gh\t 8 poem1 & to ! natural ph5om5a associat$ ) !m3-- ,z bees ,9 spr+time :5 ! ,sun ) ,taurus rides1 ,p\r =? _! popul\s y\? ab\t ! hive ,9 clu/]s2 !y among fre% dews & fl[]s ,fly to & fro1 or on ! smoo!d plank ,! suburb ( _! /raw-built citadel ,new rubb$ ) balm1 expatiate & conf] ,_! /ate affairs4--i4 #gfh-ge4 ,! ,sun is 9 ! con/ellation ,taurus 9 ,april1 :5 ! w>m? ( 8 rays beg9s to imp>t new life & activity to ! insect _w aft] _! long w9t]'s sleep4 ,9 8 description ( ! repa/ p>tak5 by ! ,angel ,raphael ) ,adam & ,eve 9 ,p>adise1 ,milton writes3-- ,rais$ ( grassy turf ,_! table 01 & mossy seats _h r\nd1 ,& on h] ample squ>e1 f side to side1 ,all ,autumn pil$1 ?\gh ,spr+ & ,autumn "h ,danc$ h& 9 h&4--v4 #cia-ie4 ,9 describ+ ,beelzebub :5 ab\t to address ! ,/ygian ,c\ncil1 he says3-- ,8 look ,drew audi5ce & att5tion /ill z night ,or summ]'s noontide air1 :ile ?us he spake4--ii4 #cjg-cji4 ,! fail+ vision f :i* ,milton suff]$ 9 8 decl9+ ye>s 0 succe$$ by total bl9dness4 ,?is sad affliction he alludes to 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,?us ) ! ye> ,seasons return2 b n to me returns ,day1 or ! sweet approa* ( ev5 or morn1 ,or sight ( v]nal bloom1 or summ]'s rose4--iii4 #dj-dc4 ,we are able to p]ceive h[ mu* ,milton 0 impress$ ) ! beautiful seasons1 & ! v>y+ aspects ( ! ye> :i* accompany !m1 & h[ 8 poetic imag9ation luxuriat$ 9 ! *ang+ v>iety ( nature obs]vable 9 e>? & sky t f day to day af=d$ him exquisite delight2 &1 al?\gh 8 poem 0 writt5 :5 bl9dness _h ov]tak5 him1 yet ^? glad remembrances rema9$ z fre% 9 8 memory z :5 9 8 y\? he roam$ among ! fl[]y mead[s1 ! vocal woodl&s1 & ! w9d+ lanes ( ,buck+ham%ire4 ,! idea express$ by ,milton t ! primitive e>? enjoy$ a p]petual spr+1 ?\gh pleas+ to ! imag9ation1 & well adapt$ = poetic description1 is n su/a9$ by any a/ronomical te/imony4 ,inde$1 ! position ( ! ,e>?1 ) h] axis at "r angles to h] orbit1 is "o :i* may be reg>d$ z be+ ill adapt$ = ! support & ma9t5ance ( life on h] surface1 j z h] pres5t position is ! be/ t c be imag9$ = fulfill+ ?is purpose4 ,a/ronomy tea*es u to rely ) c]ta9ty ^u ! p]man5ce & regul> sequ5ce ( ! seasons4 ,! position ( ! ,e>?'s axis z %e spe$s along 9 h] orbit ?r\gh ! unresi/+ e!r rema9s un*ang$1 & h] rapid rotation has ! effect ( increas+ its /ability4 ,yet1 ! ,e>? p]=ms none ( h] motions ) rigid precision1 & !re is a v sl[ alt]ation ( ! position ( h] axis occurr+1 :i*1 if un*eck$1 w\ld ev5tually produce a co9cid5ce ( ! equator & ! ecliptic4 ,in/ead ( a succession ( ! seasons1 !re w\ld !n be p]petual spr+ ^u ! ,e>?1 &1 al?\gh x w\ld require a great epo* ( "t to br+ ab\t su* a *ange1 !re w\ld result a condition ( ?+s entirely diff]5t to :at n[ exi/s on ! globe4 ,b1 be=e ! ecliptic c h approa*$ suffici5tly ne> ! equator to produce any appreciable effect ^u ! climate ( ! ,e>?1 its motion mu/ cease1 & aft] rema9+ /ation>y = a "t1 x w beg9 to rec$e to its =m] position4 ,! seasons mu/ !re=e foll[ ea* o!r 9 regul> sequ5ce1 & ?r\gh\t all "t1 rem9d+ u ( ! promise ( ! ,creator1 't :ile ! ,e>? rema9e? se$-"t & h>ve/1 & cold & heat1 & summ] & w9t] %all n cease4' ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,/>ry ,,heav5s ,! cele/ial vault1 t1 l a circl+ canopy ( sapphire hue1 /ret*es ov]head f horizon to horizon1 respl5d5t by night ) myriad />s ( diff]5t magnitudes & v>i$ brilliancy1 =m+ clu/]+s & configurations ( fanta/ic %ape & beauty1 arre/s ! att5tion ( ! mo/ casual obs]v]4 ,b to "o :o has /udi$ ! heav5s1 & foll[$ ! ef=ts ( human g5ius 9 unravell+ ! my/]ies associat$ ) ^? bright orbs1 ! impression creat$ on 8 m9d z he gazes ^u !m 9 ! /ill h\rs ( ! night1 :5 ! turmoil ( life is hu%$ 9 repose1 is "o ( wond] & long+ to "k m ( _! be+ & ! hidd5 causes :i* br\ght !m =?4 ,"h1 we h poetry writt5 9 lett]s ( gold on ! sable ve/m5t ( night2 music 9 ! glid+ motion ( ! sph]es2 & h>mony 9 ! orbital sweep ( sun1 planet1 & satellite4 ,milton 0 n only famili> ) '! face ( ! sky1' z x is popul>ly call$1 b also knew ! /ructure ( ! cele/ial sph]e1 & ! great circles by :i* x is circumscrib$4 ,two ( ^?--! colures--he alludes to 9 ! foll[+ l9es1 :5 he describes ! mann] 9 :i* ,satan1 to avoid detection1 compass$ ! ,e>?1 aft] 8 discov]y by ,gabriel 9 ,p>adise1 & 8 flight !nce3-- ,! space ( sev5 cont9u$ nights he rode ,) d>kness--?rice ! equ9octial l9e ,he circl$1 f\r times cross$ ! c> ( night ,f pole to pole1 trav]s+ ea* colure4--ix4 #fc-ff4 ,ari/>*us ( ,samos believ$ ! />s 7 gold5 /uds1 t illum9$ ! cry/al dome ( heav52 b mod]n rese>* has trans=m$ ?is conception ( ! anci5t a/ronom]'s into a univ]se ( blaz+ suns ru%+ ?r\gh regions ( illimitable space4 ,9 ,milton's "t a/ronom]s _h arriv$ at no def9ite conclusion ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! />s4 ,!y 7 kn[n to be self-lum9\s bodies1 situat$ at a remote di/ance 9 space1 b x _h n be5 asc]ta9$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty t !y 7 suns1 resembl+ 9 magnitude & brilliancy our ,sun4 ,inde$1 little 0 kn[n ( ^? orbs until )9 ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s1 :5 ! exploration ( ! heav5s by ! aid ( greatly increas$ telescopic p[]1 0 ! means ( creat+ a new bran* ( a/ronomical sci5ce1 call$ sid]eal a/ronomy4 ,we are indebt$ to ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 m ?an to any o!r a/ronom]1 = our k ( ! /ell> univ]se4 ,x 0 he :o asc]ta9$ ! va/ness ( its dim5sions1 & attempt$ to del9eate its /ructural configuration4 ,he also explor$ ! /> dep?s1 :i* occupy ! inf9itude ( space by :i* we are surr\nd$1 & made _m wond]ful discov]ies1 :i* te/ify to 8 ability z an obs]v]1 & to 8 greatness z an a/ronom]4 ,william ,h]s*el 0 born at ,hanov]1 ,novemb] #ae1 #agch4 ,8 fa!r 0 a musician 9 ! b& ( ! ,hanov]ian ,gu>d1 & tra9$ 8 son 9 8 own pr(ession4 ,aft] f\r ye>s ( milit>y s]vice1 "y ,h]s*el arriv$ 9 ,engl& :5 n9ete5 ye>s ( age1 & ma9ta9$ himself by giv+ lessons 9 music4 ,we he> ( him fir/ at ,le$s1 :]e he foll[$ 8 pr(ession1 & in/ruct$ ! b& ( ! ,durham ,militia4 ,f ,le$s he w5t to ,halifax1 & 0 appo9t$ organi/ !re2 on ! expiration ( twelve mon?s he remov$ to ,ba?1 & 0 elect$ to a simil> po/ at ! ,octagon ,*apel 9 t city4 ,"h1 =tune smil$ ^u him1 & he became a busy & prosp]\s man4 ,besides att5d+ to 8 num]\s private engagem5ts1 he organis$ conc]ts1 oratorios1 & o!r public musical ent]ta9m5ts1 :i* ga9$ him mu* popul>ity among ! cultivat$ classes :i* frequ5t$ ?is fa%ionable resort4 ,not)/&+ 8 num]\s pr(essional engagem5ts1 ,h]s*el 0 able to devote a portion ( 8 "t to acquir+ k on o!r subjects4 ,he became pr(ici5t 9 ,italian & ,greek1 /udi$ ma!matics1 & read books on a/ronomy4 ,9 #aggc he borr[$ a small telescope1 :i* he us$ = obs]vational purposes1 & 0 s captivat$ ) ! appe>ances pres5t$ by ! cele/ial bodies1 t he resolv$ to d$icate 8 life to acquir+ 'a k ( ! con/ruction ( ! heav5s4' ,?is resolution he nobly adh]$ to1 & became "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( a/ronom]s4 ,l _m o!r a/ronom]s1 ,h]s*el possess$ ! requisite skill :i* enabl$ him to con/ruct 8 own telescopes4 ,be+ desir\s ( possess+ a m p[]ful in/rum5t1 & n hav+ ! means to pur*ase "o1 he comm5c$ ! manufacture ( specula1 ! gr9d+ & poli%+ ( :i* _h to be done by h&1 entail+ ! necessity ( t$i\s lab\r & ! ex]cise ( mu* pati5ce4 ,aft] repeat$ failures he at l5g? complet$ a #e-a_/b-;foot ,gregorian reflector1 & ) ?is in/rum5t made 8 fir/ survey ( ! heav5s4 ,hav+ p]ceiv$ ! desirability ( possess+ a m p[]ful telescope1 he equipp$ himself ) a reflector ( tw5ty feet focal l5g?1 & x 0 ) ?is in/rum5t t he made ^? wond]ful discov]ies :i* e/abli%$ 8 reputation z a great a/ronom]4 ,on ,m>* #ca1 #agha1 :5 exam9+ ! />s 9 ! con/ellation ,gem9i1 ,h]s*el obs]v$ a /> :i* pres5t$ an appe>ance slightly diff]5t to t ( ! o!r />s by :i* x 0 surr\nd$2 x look$ l>g]1 _h a p]ceptible disc1 & its light became fa9t] :5 view$ ) a high] magnify+ p[]4 ,aft] hav+ c>efully exam9$ ?is object1 ,h]s*el arriv$ at ! conclusion t he _h discov]$ a comet4 ,he communicat$ intellig5ce ( 8 discov]y to ! ,royal ,society1 &1 a notification ( x hav+ be5 s5t to ! ,cont95tal obs]vatories1 ?is cele/ial visitor 0 subject$ to a close scrut9y2 its progressive motion among ! />s 0 c>efully obs]v$1 & an orbit 0 assign$ to x4 ,aft] x _h be5 "u obs]vation = "s "t1 d\bts 7 express$ z to its be+ a comet1 ^! 7 increas$ on fur!r exam9ation1 & ev5tually x 0 discov]$ t ?is int]e/+ object 0 a new planet4 ,?is important discov]y at once rais$ ,h]s*el to a position ( em95ce & di/9ction1 & f a />-gaz+ musician he became a fam\s a/ronom]4 ,a new planet nam$ ,uranus 0 add$ to our sy/em1 :i* completes a revolution r\nd ! ,sun 9 a little ov] eighty-f\r ye>s1 & at a di/ance ( ne> #a1jjj millions ( miles beyond ! orbit ( ,saturn4 ,h]s*el's "n became a h\sehold ^w4 ,george ,,iii4 invit$ him to ,c\rt 9 ord] t he might obta9 f 8 own lips an acc\nt ( 8 discov]y ( ! new planet2 & s fav\rable 0 ! impression made by ,h]s*el ^u ! ,k+1 t he propos$ to create him ,royal ,a/ronom] at ,w9dsor1 & be/[ ^u him a sal>y ( #bjjl4 a ye>4 ,h]s*el decid$ to accept ! pr(f]$ appo9tm5t1 &1 ) 8 si/] ,c>ol9e1 remov$ f ,ba? to ,dat*et1 ne> ,w9dsor1 9 #aghb1 & f !re to ,sl\gh 9 #aghf4 ,9 #aghh he m>ri$ ! weal?y wid[ ( a ,london m]*ant1 by :om he _h "o son1 :o wor?ily su/a9$ 8 fa!r's high reputation z an a/ronom]4 ,h]s*el 0 creat$ a ,knight 9 #ahaf1 & 9 #ahba 0 elect$ fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society4 ,he di$ at ,sl\gh on ,augu/ #be1 #ahbb1 :5 9 ! eighty-f\r? ye> ( 8 age1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,upton ,*ur*y>d4 ,x is inscrib$ on 8 tomb1 t 'he bur/ ! b>ri]s ( heav52' ! l(ty praise convey$ by ?is expression is n great] ?an :at ,h]s*el m]it$ :5 we consid] ) :at unwe>i$ assiduity & pati5ce he lab\r$ to accompli% ! results describ$ 9 ! words :i* h be5 quot$4 ,by a me?od call$ '/>-gaug+' he accompli%$ an entire survey ( ! heav5s & exam9$ m9utely all ! />s 9 _! gr\ps & aggregations z !y pass$ be=e 8 eye 9 ! field ( ! telescope4 ,he s\nd$ ! dep?s ( ! ,milky ,way1 & explor$ ! wondr\s regions ( t %9+ zone1 peopl$ ) myriads ( suns s closely aggregat$ 9 "s ( its tracts z to sugge/ ! appe>ance ( a mosaic ( />s4 ,he resolv$ num]\s nebulae into clu/]s ( />s1 & p5etrat$ ) 8 great telescope dep? aft] dep? ( space cr[d$ ) 'isl& univ]ses ( />s1' beyond :i* he 0 able to disc]n lum9\s haze & filmy /reaks ( light1 ! evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r univ]ses plung$ 9 dep?s /ill m pr(\nd1 :]e space v]ges on inf9ity4 ,9 8 exploration ( ! />ry heav5s ,h]s*el's lab\rs 7 truly amaz+4 ,on f\r diff]5t occasions he complet$ a survey ( ! firmam5t1 & c\nt$ ! />s 9 sev]al ?\s& gauge-fields2 he discov]$ #b1djj nebulae1 #hjj d\ble />s1 & attempt$ to asc]ta9 ! approximate di/ances ( ! />s by a comp>ison ( _! relative brightness4 ,x _h long be5 surmis$1 ?\gh no actual pro( 0 =?com+1 t ! law ( gravitation by :i* ! ord] & /ability ( our sy/em are ma9ta9$ ex]cises its pot5t influ5ce ov] o!r mat]ial bodies exi/+ 9 space1 & t o!r sy/ems1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 _m respects f t ( ours1 & pres5t+ a m complex arrangem5t 9 _! /ructure1 p]=m _! motions subject to ! guidance ( ?is univ]sal law4 ,! unc]ta9ty ) reg>d to ! controll+ influ5ce ( gravity 0 remov$ by ,h]s*el :5 he made 8 important discov]y ( b9>y /> sy/ems4 ,! compon5ts ( a b9>y /> are usually 9 su* close proximity t1 to ! nak$ eye1 !y appe> z "o />1 & sometimes1 ev5 ) telescopic aid1 x is impossible to di/+ui% !m individually2 b :5 obs]v$ ) suffici5t magnify+ p[] !y c be easily p]ceiv$ z two lucid po9ts4 ,d\ble />s 7 = a long "t believ$ to be a purely optical ph5om5on--an effect creat$ by two />s project$ on ! sph]e s z to appe> ne>ly 9 ! same l9e ( vision1 &1 al?\gh app>5tly almo/ 9 contact1 situat$ at great di/ances ap>t4 ,at "o "t ,h]s*el ent]ta9$ a simil> op9ion ) reg>d to ^? />s4 ,9 #aggi he und]took an ext5sive exploration ( ! heav5s ) ! object ( discov]+ d\ble />s4 ,z a result ( 8 lab\rs he pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 #aghb a li/ ( #bfi newly discov]$ d\ble />s1 & 9 ?ree ye>s aft] he supplem5t$ ?is li/ ) ano!r :i* conta9$ #dcd m new />s4 ,he c>efully measur$ ! di/ances by :i* ! compon5t />s 7 sep>at$1 & det]m9$ _! position angles1 9 ord] t he might be able to detect ! exi/5ce ( any s5sible p>allax4 ,on repeat+ 8 obs]vations tw5ty ye>s aft]1 he discov]$ t ! relative positions ( _m ( ! />s _h *ang$1 & 9 #ahjb he made ! important ann\ncem5t ( 8 discov]y t ! compon5ts ( _m d\ble />s =m indep5d5t sy/ems1 held toge!r 9 a mutual bond ( union & revolv+ r\nd "o common c5tre ( gravity4 ,! importance ( ?is discov]y1 :i* we owe to ,h]s*el's sagacity & accuracy ( obs]vation1 _c be ov]-e/imat$2 :at 0 previ\sly conjecture & surmise1 n[ became precise k e/abli%$ ^u a sure & accurate basis4 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! law ( gravity ex]ts its p[] 9 regulat+ & controll+ ! motions ( all cele/ial bodies )9 ! range ( telescopic vision1 & t ! ord] & h>mony :i* p]vade our sy/em are equally pres5t among o!r sy/ems ( suns & worlds di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! regions ( space4 ,! spectacle ( two or m suns revolv+ r\nd ea* o!r1 =m+ sy/ems ( great] magnitude & importance ?an t ( ours1 convey$ to ! m9ds ( a/ronom]s a k ( ! me*anism ( ! heav5s :i* _h hi!rto be5 unkn[n to !m4 ,dur+ ! _m ye>s :i* ,h]s*el devot$ to ! exploration ( ! />ry heav5s1 & :5 engag$ night aft] night 9 exam9+ & enum]at+ ! v>i\s gr\ps & clu/]s ( />s :i* pass$ be=e 8 eye 9 ! field ( 8 p[]ful telescope1 he did n fail to rememb] ! sublime object ( 8 life1 & to :i* he made all 8 o!r inve/igations subord9ate1 viz41 ! del9eation ( ! /ructural configuration ( ! heav5s1 & ! inclusion ( all aggregations1 gr\ps1 clu/]s1 & galaxies ( />s :i* are app>5tly scatt]$ promiscu\sly ?r\gh\t ! regions ( space into "o gr& h>moni\s design ( cele/ial ar*itecture4 ,hav+ ?is object 9 view1 he explor$ ! wondr\s zone ( ! ,milky ,way1 gaug$ its dep?s1 measur$ its dim5sions1 &1 9 attempt+ to unravel ! intricacies ( its /ructure1 p5etrat$ its recesses f> beyond ! limit atta9$ by any o!r obs]v]4 ,act+ on ! assumption t ! />s are uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t space1 ,h]s*el1 by 8 me?od ( />-gaug+1 conclud$ t ! sid]eal sy/em consi/s ( an irregul> /ratum ( ev5ly di/ribut$ suns1 resembl+ 9 =m a clov5 flat disc1 & t ! app>5t ri*ness ( "s regions z comp>$ ) t ( o!rs c\ld be acc\nt$ = by ! position f :i* x 0 view$ by an obs]v]4 ,! />s w\ld appe> lea/ num]\s :]e ! visual l9e 0 %orte/1 &1 z x became l5g!n$1 !y w\ld increase 9 numb] until1 by cr[d+ beh9d ea* o!r z a great] dep? ( /ratum 0 p5etrat$1 !y w\ld1 :5 v remote1 pres5t ! appe>ance ( a lum9\s cl\d or zone ( light4 ,aft] fur!r obs]vation ,h]s*el 0 compell$ to rel9qui% 8 !ory ( equal /> di/ribution1 & f\nd1 z he approa*$ ! ,galaxy1 t ! />s became mu* m num]\s1 & t 9 ! ,milky ,way itself !re 0 evid5ce ( ! gravitation ( />s t[>ds c]ta9 regions =m+ aggregations & clu/]s :i* w\ld ultimately lead to its break+ up into num]\s sep>ate sid]eal sy/ems4 ,z he ext5d$ 8 survey ( ! heav5s & exam9$ ) great] m9ut5ess ! /ell> regions 9 ! ,galactic tract1 he discov]$ t by 8 me?od ( />-gaug+ he 0 unable to def9e ! complexity ( /ructure & v>iety ( arrangem5t :i* came "u 8 obs]vation2 he also p]ceiv$ t ! />-dep?s are unfa?omable1 & disc]n$ t beyond ! rea* ( 8 telescope !re exi/$ sy/ems & galaxies ( />s situat$ at an appall+ di/ance 9 ! abysmal dep?s ( space4 ,?\gh ! magnitude ( t portion ( ! sid]eal heav5s :i* came "u 8 obs]vation 0 inconceivable z reg>ds its dim5sions1 ,h]s*el 0 able to p]ceive t x =m$ b a "p--& mo/ probably a small "p--( ! /ell> univ]se1 & t )\t a m ext5d$ k ( ?is univ]se1 :i* at pres5t is unatta9able1 x w\ld be impossible to det]m9e its /ructural configuration or discov] ! relation%ips t exi/ among ! sid]eal sy/ems & ,galactic conc\rses ( />s di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t space4 ,h]s*el ultimately ab&on$ 8 />-gaug+ me?od ( obs]vation & conf9$ 8 att5tion to explor+ ! /> dep?s & inve/igat+ ! laws & !ories associat$ ) ! bodies occupy+ ^? di/ant regions4 ,s9ce all ! planets if view$ f ! ,sun w\ld be se5 to move h>moni\sly & 9 regul> ord] r\nd t body1 s !re may be some:]e 9 ! univ]se a c5tral po9t1 or1 z "s p]sons imag9e1 a great c5tral sun1 r\nd :i* all ! sy/ems ( />s p]=m _! maje/ic revolutions ) ! same beautiful regul>ity2 hav+ _! motions controll$ by ! same law ( gravitation1 & possess+ ! same dynamical /ability :i* *>act]ises ! me*anism ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! ext5t ( ! di/ance :i* int]v5es betwe5 our sy/em & ! fix$ />s con/itut$ a problem :i* ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( a/ronom]s f an e>ly p]iod until ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 :o repudiat$ ! ,cop]nican !ory1 ass]t$ z "o ( 8 reasons aga9/ x t ! di/ances by :i* ! heav5ly bodies are sep>at$ f ea* o!r 7 great] ?an ev5 ! uphold]s ( ?is !ory believ$ !m to be4 ,al?\gh ! di/ance ( ! ,sun f ! ,e>? 0 unkn[n1 ,ty*o 0 aw>e t ! diamet] ( ! ,e>?'s orbit mu/ be measur$ by millions ( miles1 & yet !re 0 no p]ceptible motion or *ange ( position ( ! />s :5 view$ f any po9t ( ! va/ circumf]5ce :i* %e trav]ses4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,e>?1 if view$ f ! neighb\rhood ( a />1 w\ld also appe> motionless1 & ! dim5sions ( h] orbit w\ld be r$uc$ to t ( a po9t4 ,?is seem$ incr$ible to ,ty*o1 & he !re=e conclud$ t ! ,cop]nican !ory 0 incorrect4 ,! conclusion t ! />s are orbs resembl+ our ,sun 9 magnitude & brilliancy 0 "o :i*1 ,ty*o urg$1 %\ld n be ha/ily adopt$2 & yet1 if x 7 conc$$ t ! ,e>? is a body :i* revolves r\nd ! ,sun1 x w\ld be necess>y to admit t ! />s are suns also4 ,if ! ,e>?'s orbit1 z se5 f a />1 7 r$uc$ to a po9t1 !n ! ,sun1 :i* occupies its c5tre1 w\ld be r$uc$ to a po9t ( light also1 &1 :5 obs]v$ f a /> ( equal brilliancy & magnitude1 w\ld h ! same resemblance t ! /> has :5 view$ f ! ,e>?1 :i* may be reg>d$ z be+ 9 proximity to ! ,sun4 ,ty*o ,brahe w\ld n admit ! accuracy ( ^! conclusions1 :i* 7 too bewild]+ & ov]:elm+ = 8 m5tal conception4 ,b ! inve/igations ( lat] a/ronom]s disclos$ ! fact t ! heav5ly bodies are situat$ at di/ances m remote f ea* o!r ?an _h be5 previ\sly imag9$1 & t ! reasons :i* l$ ,ty*o to reject ! ,cop]nican !ory 7 bas$ ^u errone\s conclusions1 & c\ld1 ) great] aptitude1 be employ$ 9 its support4 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! di/ance ( ! ,sun f ! ,e>?1 :i* at diff]5t p]iods 0 surmis$ to be t51 tw5ty1 & =ty millions ( miles1 0 mu* great] ?an _h be5 previ\sly e/imat$4 ,lat] calculations det]m9$ x to be n less ?an eighty millions ( miles1 &1 accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t obs]vations1 ! di/ance ( ! ,sun f ! ,e>? is believ$ to be ab\t n9ety-?ree millions ( miles4 ,hav+ once asc]ta9$ ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,e>? & ! ,sun1 a/ronom]s 7 enabl$ to det]m9e ) great] facility ! di/ances ( o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,x 0 n[ kn[n t ! diamet] ( ! ,e>?'s orbit exce$$ #ahc millions ( miles1 & yet1 ) a base l9e ( su* enorm\s l5g?1 & ) in/rum5ts ( ! mo/ p]fect con/ruction1 a/ronom]s 7 only able to p]ceive ! m9ute/ appreciable alt]ation 9 ! positions ( a few />s :5 obs]v$ f opposite po9ts ( ! t]re/rial orbit4 ,x _h long be5 ! ambiti\s desire ( a/ronom]s to accompli%1 if possible1 a measurem5t ( ! abyss :i* sep>ates our sy/em f ! ne>e/ ( ! fix$ />s4 ,no imag9>y measur+ l9e _h ev] be5 /ret*$ across ?is region ( space1 nor _h its unfa?om$ dep?s ev] be5 s\nd$ by any ef=t ( ! human m9d4 ,! />s 7 kn[n to be inconceivably remote1 b h[ f> away no p]son c\ld tell1 nor did !re exi/ any guide by :i* an approximation ( _! di/ances c\ld be arriv$ at4 ,9 attempt+ to calculate ! di/ances ( ! />s1 a/ronom]s h _h rec\rse to a me?od call$ ',p>allax1' by :i* is meant ! app>5t *ange ( position ( a heav5ly body :5 view$ f two diff]5t po9ts ( obs]vation4 ,! annual p>allax ( a heav5ly body is ! angle subt5d$ at t body by ! radius ( ! ,e>?'s orbit4 ,! />s h no diurnal p>allax1 because1 ow+ to _! great di/ance1 ! ,e>?'s radius does n subt5d any measurable angle1 b ! radius ( ! ,e>?'s orbit1 :i* is imm5sely l>g]1 does1 9 ! case ( a few />s1 subt5d a v m9ute angle4 ',?is enorm\s base l9e ( #ahc millions ( miles is b>ely suffici5t1 9 conjunction ) ! use ( ! mo/ delicate & p[]ful a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 to exhibit ! m9ute/ measureable displacem5t ( two or ?ree ( ! ne>e/ />s4'--,proctor4 ,! ef=ts ( e>ly a/ronom]s to detect any p]ceptible alt]ation 9 ! positions ( ! />s :5 obs]v$ f any po9t ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! ,e>?'s orbit 7 unsuccessful4 ,cop]nicus ascrib$ ! abs5ce ( any p>allax to ! imm5se di/ances ( ! />s z comp>$ ) ! dim5sions ( ! t]re/rial orbit4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 ?\gh possess+ bett] appliances1 & in/rum5ts ( m p]fect con/ruction1 0 unable to p]ceive any annual displacem5t ( ! />s1 & br\ght ?is =w>d z evid5ce aga9/ ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,galileo sugge/$ a me?od ( obta9+ ! p>allax ( ! fix$ />s1 by obs]v+ two />s ( unequal magnitude app>5tly ne> to ea* o!r1 ?\gh really f> ap>t4 ,^?1 :5 obs]v$ f diff]5t po9ts ( ! ,e>?'s orbit1 w\ld appe> to *ange _! positions relatively to ea* o!r4 ,! small] & m di/ant /> w\ld rema9 unalt]$1 :il/ ! l>g] & ne>] /> w\ld h *ang$ its position ) respect to ! o!r4 ,by cont9u+ to obs]ve ! l>g] /> dur+ ! "t t ! ,e>? accompli%$ a revolution ( h] orbit1 ,galileo believ$ t its p>allax might be successfully det]m9$4 ,?\gh he did n himself put ?is me?od into practice1 x has be5 tri$ by o!rs ) successful results4 ,9 #affi1 ,hooke made ! fir/ attempt to asc]ta9 ! p>allax ( a fix$ />1 & select$ = ?is purpose ,gamma ,draconis1 a bright /> 9 ! ,head ( ! ,dragon4 ,?is con/ellation pass$ ne> ! z5i? ( ,london at ! "t t he made 8 obs]vations1 & 0 fav\rably situat$1 s z to avoid ! effects ( refraction4 ,hooke made f\r obs]vations 9 ! mon?s ( ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,octob]1 & believ$ t he det]m9$ ! p>allax ( ! />2 b x 0 aft]w>ds discov]$ t he 0 9 error1 & t ! app>5t displacem5t ( ! /> 0 ma9ly due to ! ab]ration ( light--a ph5om5on :i* 0 n discov]$ at t "t4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 ,pic>d1 a ,fr5* a/ronom]1 attempt$ to f9d ! p>allax ( ,alpha ,lyrae1 b 0 unsuccessful4 ,9 #afib-ic1 ,roem]1 a ,dani% a/ronom]1 obs]v$ irregul>ities 9 ! decl9ations ( ! />s :i* c\ld nei!r be ascrib$ to p>allax or refraction1 & :i* he imag9$ result$ f a *ang+ position ( ! ,e>?'s axis4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal causes :i* baffl$ a/ronom]s 9 _! endeav\rs to det]m9e ! p>allax ( ! fix$ />s 0 a ph5om5on call$ ! ',ab]ration ( ,light1' :i* 0 discov]$ & expla9$ by ,bradley 9 #agbg4 ,! peculi> effect ( ab]ration 0 p]ceiv$ by him :5 endeav\r+ to obta9 ! p>allax ( ,gamma ,draconis4 ,ow+ to ! progressive transmission ( light1 conjo9tly ) ! motion ( ! ,e>? 9 h] orbit1 !re results an app>5t slight displacem5t ( a /> f its true position4 ,! ext5t ( ! displacem5t dep5ds ^u ! ratio ( ! velocity ( light z comp>$ ) ! spe$ ( ! ,e>? 9 h] orbit1 :i* is z #aj1jjj to #a4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 ea* /> describes a small ellipse 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 ! c5tral po9t ( :i* w\ld indicate ! place occupi$ by ! /> if ! ,e>? 7 at re/4 ,! %ift+ position ( ! /> is v slight1 & at ! end ( a ye> x returns to its =m] place4 ,prior to ! discov]y ( ab]ration1 a/ronom]s ascrib$ ! app>5t displacem5t ( ! />s aris+ f ?is cause z be+ due to p>allax--a conclusion :i* l$ to errone\s results2 b aft] ,bradley's discov]y ?is s\rce ( error 0 avoid$1 & x 0 f\nd t ! p>allax ( ! />s _h to be consid]ably r$uc$4 ,bessel 0 ! fir/ a/ronom] :o m]it$ ! high di/9ction ( hav+ det]m9$ ! fir/ reliable /ell> p>allax1 & by ?is a*ievem5t he 0 enabl$ to fa?om ! pr(\nd abyss :i* sep>ates our sol> sy/em f ! />s4 ,fr$]ick ,william ,bessel 0 born 9 #agfd at ,m9d51 9 ,we/phalia4 ,x 0 8 int5tion to pursue a m]cantile c>e]1 & he comm5c$ life by becom+ appr5tic$ to a firm ( m]*ants at ,brem54 ,soon aft]w>ds he accompani$ a trad+ exp$ition to ,*9a & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & :ile on ?is voyage pick$ up a good deal ( in=mation ) reg>d to _m matt]s :i* came "u 8 obs]vation4 ,he acquir$ a k ( ,spani% & ,engli%1 & made himself acqua9t$ ) ! art ( navigation4 ,on 8 return home1 ,bessel endeav\r$ to det]m9e ! longitude ( ,brem54 ,! only appliances :i* he made use ( 7 a sextant con/ruct$ by himself1 & a common clock2 & yet1 ) ^? rude in/rum5ts1 he successfully accompli%$ 8 object4 ,dur+ ! next two ye>s he devot$ all 8 sp>e "t to ! /udy ( ma!matics & a/ronomy1 &1 hav+ obta9$ possession ( ,h>riot's obs]vations ( ! celebrat$ comet ( #afjg--kn[n z ,halley's comet--,bessel1 aft] mu* dilig5t application & c>eful calculation1 0 enabl$ to d$uce f !m an orbit1 :i* he assign$ to t rem>kable body4 ,?is m]itori\s a*ievem5t 0 ! means ( procur+ = him a widely kn[n reputation4 ,a vacancy = an assi/ant hav+ occurr$ at ,s*roet]'s ,obs]vatory at ,lili5?al1 ! po/ 0 (f]$ to ,bessel & accept$ by him4 ,"h he rema9$ = f\r ye>s1 & 0 aft]w>ds appo9t$ ,director ( ! new ,prussian ,obs]vatory at ,ko5igsb]g1 :]e he pursu$ 8 a/ronomical lab\rs = a p]iod ( upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s4 ,bessel direct$ 8 en]gies *iefly to ! /udy ( /ell> a/ronomy1 & made _m obs]vations 9 det]m9+ ! numb]1 ! exact positions1 & prop] motions ( ! />s4 ,he 0 rem>kable = ! precision ) :i* he c>ri$ out 8 obs]vations1 & = ! accuracy :i* *>act]is$ all 8 calculations4 ,9 #ahcg ,bessel1 by ! ex]cise ( 8 consummate skill1 endeav\r$ to solve a problem :i* = _m ye>s baffl$ ! ef=ts ( ! able/ a/ronom]s1 viz41 ! det]m9ation ( ! p>allax ( ! fix$ />s4 ,?is _h be5 s frequ5tly attempt$1 & )\t success1 t ! results ( any new obs]vations 7 receiv$ ) incr$ulity be=e _! value c\ld be asc]ta9$4 ,bessel 0 ably assi/$ by ,joseph ,frau5h(]1 an em95t optician ( ,muni*1 :o con/ruct$ a magnific5t heliomet] = ! ,obs]vatory at ,ko5igsb]g1 & 9 its design introduc$ a pr9ciple :i* admirably adapt$ x = micrometrical measurem5t4 ,! /> select$ by ,bessel is a b9>y kn[n z #fa ,cygni1 ! compon5ts be+ ( magnitudes #e4e & #f respectively4 ,x has a l>ge prop] motion1 :i* l$ him to conclude t its p>allax mu/ be consid]able4 ,?is /> w always be an object ( int]e/ to a/ronom]s1 z x 0 ! fir/ ( ! /ell> multitude t reveal$ to ,bessel ! secret ( its di/ance4 ,bessel comm5c$ 8 obs]vations 9 ,octob] #ahcg1 & cont9u$ !m until ,m>* #ahdj4 ,dur+ ?is "t he made #djb measurem5ts1 &1 be=e arriv+ at a conclusive result1 c>efully consid]$ e imag9able cause ( error1 & rigor\sly calculat$ any inaccuracies t might arise !refrom4 ,f9ally1 he det]m9$ ! p>allax ( ! /> to be #j''4cdhc--;a result equival5t to a di/ance ab\t #fjj1jjj times t ( ! ,e>? f ! ,sun4 ,9 #ahdb-dc ,m4 ,pet]s1 ( ! ,pulkova ,obs]vatory1 arriv$ at an almo/ simil> result1 hav+ obta9$ a p>allax ( #j''4cdi2 b by m rec5t obs]vations ! p>allax ( ! /> has be5 increas$ to ab\t half a second4 ,ab\t ! same "t t ,bessel 0 occupi$ ) 8 obs]vation ( #fa ,cygni1 ,pr(essor ,h5d]son1 ( ,ed9burgh1 :5 9 *>ge ( ! ,obs]vatory at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 direct$ 8 att5tion to ,alpha ,c5tauri1 "o ( ! brighte/ />s 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,dur+ #ahcb-cc he made a s]ies ( obs]vations ( ! />1 ) ! object ( asc]ta9+ its mean decl9ation2 &1 hav+ be5 in=m$ aft]w>ds ( its l>ge prop] motion1 he resolv$ to make an endeav\r to det]m9e its p>allax4 ,?is he accompli%$ aft] 8 return to ,scotl&1 hav+ be5 appo9t$ ,a/ronom] ,royal 9 t c\ntry4 ,by an exam9ation ( ! obs]vations made by him at ! ,cape1 he det]m9$ ! p>allax ( ,alpha ,c5tauri to be #a''4af1 b lat] a/ronom]s h r$uc$ x to #j''4ge4 ,pr(essor ,h5d]son's detection ( ! p>allax ( ,alpha ,c5tauri 0 communicat$ to ! ,a/ronomical ,society two mon?s aft] ,bessel ann\nc$ 8 det]m9ation ( ! p>allax ( #fa ,cygni4 ,! p>allax ( #fa ,cygni assigns to ! /> a di/ance ( =ty billions ( miles f ! ,e>?1 & t ( ,alpha ,c5tauri--reg>d$ z ! ne>e/ /> to our sy/em--a di/ance ( tw5ty-five billions ( miles4 ,x is utt]ly beyond ! capacity ( ! human m9d to =m any adequate conception ( ^? va/ di/ances1 ev5 :5 measur$ by ! velocity ) :i* ! e!r ( space is ?rill$ into light4 ,light1 :i* travels twelve millions ( miles 9 a m9ute1 requires #d-a_/c ye>s to cross ! abyss :i* int]v5es betwe5 ,alpha ,c5tauri & ! ,e>?1 & f #fa ,cygni ! p]iod requir$ = light to rea* our globe is r less ?an d\ble t "t4 ,! p>allax ( m ?an a doz5 o!r />s has be5 det]m9$1 & ! light passage ( a few ( ! be/ kn[n is e/imat$ z foll[s3--,sirius1 eight ye>s2 ,procyon1 twelve2 ,altair1 sixte52 ,aldeb>an1 tw5ty-eight2 ,capella1 ?irty2 ,regulus1 ?irty-five2 ,pol>is1 sixty-?ree2 & ,vega1 n9ety-six ye>s4 ,x does n always foll[ t ! brighte/ />s are ^? situat$ ne>e/ to our sy/em1 ?\gh 9 a g5]al way ?is may be reg>d$ z correct4 ,! dim9i%+ magnitudes ( ! />s c be acc\nt$ = ma9ly by _! increas$ di/ances1 r ?an by any diff]5ce 9 _! intr9sic brilliancy4 ,we %\ld n err by inf]r+ t ! mo/ m9ute />s are also ! mo/ remote2 ! telescope reveal+ ?\s&s t are invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions to ?is g5]al rule1 & !re are _m />s ( small magnitude less remote ?an ^? ^: names h be5 enum]at$1 & ^: light passage te/ifies to _! pr(\nd di/ances & surpass+ magnitude :5 comp>$ ) t ( our ,sun4 ,sirius1 '! lead] ( ! heav5ly ho/1' is di/ant fifty billions ( miles4 ,! orb %9es ) a brilliancy f> surpass+ t ( ! ,sun1 & greatly exce$s him 9 mass & dim5sions4 ,arcturus1 ! bright /> 9 ,booetes1 ^: gold5 yell[ light r5d]s x su* a conspicu\s object1 is s f> di/ant t its measurem5t gives no reliable p>allax2 & if we may inf] f :at little we "k ( ! />s1 ,arcturus is believ$ to be ! mo/ magnific5t & massive orb ent]+ into ! /ructure ( t portion ( ! sid]eal sy/em :i* comes )9 our cognisance4 ,judg+ by its relative size & brightness1 ?is /> is t5 ?\s& times m lum9\s1 & may exce$ ! ,sun "o million times 9 volume4 ,d5eb1 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan1 ?\gh a fir/-magnitude />1 possesses no p]ceptible prop] motion or p>allax--a circum/ance indicative ( amaz+ di/ance1 & magnitude equall+1 or surpass+1 ,arcturus & ,sirius4 ,canopus1 9 ! con/ellation ,argo1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 ! brighte/ /> 9 ! heav5s ) ! exception ( ,sirius1 possesses no s5sible p>allax2 consequ5tly1 its di/ance is unkn[n1 ?\gh x has be5 e/imat$ t its light passage _c be less ?an sixty-five ye>s4 ,by e/abli%+ a mean value = ! p>allax ( />s ( diff]5t magnitudes1 x 0 believ$ t an approximation ( _! di/ances c\ld be obta9$ by calculat+ ! "t occupi$ 9 _! light passage4 ,! light p]iod = />s ( ! fir/ magnitude has be5 e/imat$ at ?irty-six & a half ye>s2 ?is applies to ! brighte/ />s1 :i* are also reg>d$ z ! ne>e/4 ,at ! di/ance indicat$ by ?is p]iod1 ! ,sun w\ld %r9k to ! dim5sions ( a sev5?-magnitude /> & become invisible to ! nak$ eye2 ?is ( itself af=ds suffici5t pro( t ! great lum9>y ( our sy/em _c be reg>d$ z "o ( ! lead+ orbs ( ! firmam5t4 ,/>s ( ! second magnitude h a mean di/ance ( fifty-eight light ye>s1 ^? ( ! ?ird magnitude n9ety-two ye>s1 & s on4 ,m4 ,pet]s e/imat$ t light f />s ( ! six? magnitude1 :i* are j visible to ! nak$ eye1 requires a p]iod ( #ach ye>s to accompli% its j\rney hi!r2 :il/ light emitt$ f ! smalle/ />s visible 9 l>ge telescopes does n rea* ! ,e>? until aft] ! lapse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s f ! "t ( leav+ its s\rce4 ,! pr(\nd di/ances ( ! ne>e/ />s by :i* we are surr\nd$ lead u to consid] ! isolat$ position ( ! sol> sy/em 9 space4 ,a p9nacle ( rock1 or =sak5 raft float+ 9 mid-ocean1 is n m di/ant f ! %ore ?an is ! ,sun f 8 ne>e/ neighb\rs4 ,! inconceivable dim5sions ( ! abyss by :i* ! orb & 8 att5dants are surr\nd$ 9 utt] lonel9ess may be p>tially compreh5d$ :5 x is kn[n t light1 :i* travels f ! ,sun to ! ,e>?--a di/ance ( n9ety-?ree millions ( miles--9 eight m9utes1 requires a p]iod ( f\r & a ?ird ye>s to rea* u f ! ne>e/ fix$ />4 ,a sph]e hav+ ! ,sun at its c5tre & ?is ne>e/ /> at its circumf]5ce w\ld h a diamet] ( upw>ds ( fifty billions ( miles2 ! volume ( ! orb :5 comp>$ ) ! dim5sions ( ?is circul> vacuity ( space is z a small %ot to a globe #ijj miles 9 diamet]4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ by ,fa!r ,sec*i t1 if a comet :5 at aphelion 7 to arrive at a po9t midway betwe5 ! ,sun & ! ne>e/ fix$ />1 x w\ld require "o hundr$ million ye>s 9 ! accompli%m5t ( its j\rney ?i!r4 ,& yet ! ,sun is "o ( a gr\p ( />s :i* occupy a region ( ! heav5s adjac5t to ! ,milky ,way & surr\nd$ by t zone2 nor is 8 isolation great] ?an t ( ^? />s :i* are 8 companions1 & :o1 not)/&+ _! pr(\nd di/ance1 influ5ce 8 movem5ts by _! gravitational attraction1 & 9 comb9ation ) ! o!r />s ( ! firmam5t control 8 de/9y4 ,anci5t a/ronom]s1 = ! purpose ( description1 h mapp$ out ! heav5s into num]\s irregul> divisions call$ 'con/ellations4' ,!y are ( v>i\s =ms & sizes1 accord+ to ! configuration ( ! />s :i* occupy !m1 & h be5 nam$ aft] diff]5t animals1 my?ological h]oes1 & o!r objects :i* !y appe> to resemble4 ,9 a few in/ances !re does exi/ a similitude to ! object aft] :i* a con/ellation is call$2 ?is is evid5t 9 ! case ( ,corona ,borealis 7! ,nor!rn ,cr[n71 9 :i* !re c be se5 a conspicu\s arrangem5t ( />s resembl+ a coronet1 & 9 ! con/ellations ( ! ,dolph9 & ,scorpion1 :]e ! />s are s di/ribut$ t ! =ms ( ^? creatures c be readily recognis$4 ,!re is "s slight resemblance to a be> 9 ,ursa ,major1 & to a lion 9 ,leo1 & no great ef=t ( ! m9d is requir$ to imag9e a *air 9 ,cassiopeia1 & a giant 9 ,orion2 b 9 ! majority ( in/ances x is difficult to p]ceive any lik5ess ( ! object aft] :i* a con/ellation is nam$1 & 9 _m cases !re is no resemblance :atev]4 ,! con/ellations are sixty-sev5 9 numb]3 exclud+ ^? ( ! ,zodiac1 :i* h be5 already m5tion$1 ! con/ellations ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e numb] tw5ty-n9e4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are ,ursa ,major & ,m9or1 ,&rom$a1 ,cassiopeia1 ,cepheus1 ,cygnus1 ,lyra1 ,aquila1 ,auriga1 ,draco1 ,booetes1 ,h]cules1 ,pegasus1 & ,corona ,borealis4 ,to an obs]v] ( ! nocturnal sky ! />s appe> to be v unequally di/ribut$ ov] ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,9 "s regions !y are few 9 numb] & ( small magnitude1 :il/ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! heav5s1 & especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,milky ,way1 !y are pres5t 9 great numb]s & =m gr\ps & aggregations ( /rik+ appe>ance & conspicu\s brilliancy4 ,on tak+ a casual glance at ! midnight sky on a cle> moonless night1 "o is /ruck ) ! app>5t c\ntless multitude ( ! />s2 yet ?is impression ( _! va/ numb] is deceptive1 = n m ?an two ?\s& />s are usually visible at "o "t4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 dep5ds ^u ! ke5ness ( vision ( ! obs]v]1 & ! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e4 ,argel&] c\nt$ at ,bonn m ?an #c1jjj />s1 & ,hozeau1 ne> ! equator1 :]e all ! />s ( ! sph]e successively appe> 9 view1 enum]at$ #f1jjj />s4 ,?is numb] may be reg>d$ z includ+ all ! />s 9 ! heav5s t are visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,) ! aid ( an op]a glass ?\s&s ( />s c be se5 t are imp]ceptible to ord9>y vision4 ,argel&]1 ) a small telescope ( #b-a_/b in*es ap]ture1 0 able to c\nt #bcd1jjj />s 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,l>ge telescopes reveal multitudes ( />s utt]ly beyond ! p[] ( enum]ation1 nor d !y appe> to dim9i% 9 numb] z dep? aft] dep? ( space is p5etrat$ by p[]ful in/rum5ts4 ,! />-population ( ! heav5s has be5 reckon$ at #ajj1jjj1jjj1 b ?is e/imate is m]ely an assumption2 rec5t discov]ies made by means ( /ell> photography indicate t ! />s exi/ 9 myriads4 ,x is reasonable to believe t !re is a limit to ! sid]eal univ]se1 b x is impossible to assign its b\nds or compreh5d ! app>5tly inf9ite ext5t ( its dim5sions4 ,sc9tillation or tw9kl+ ( ! />s is a prop]ty :i* di/+ui%es !m f ! planets4 ,x is due to a di/urb$ condition ( ! atmosph]e & is mo/ app>5t :5 a /> is ne> ! horizon2 at ! z5i? x almo/ entirely vani%es4 ,humboldt /ates t 9 ! cle> air ( ,cumana1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! />s d n tw9kle aft] !y rea* an elevation ( #ae deg4 above ! horizon4 ,! pres5ce ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e int5sifies sc9tillation1 & ?is is usually reg>d$ z a progno/ication ( ra94 ,:ite />s tw9kle m ?an r$ ones4 ,! occurr5ce ( sc9tillation c be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! />s are visible z s+le po9ts ( light :i* tw9kle z a :ole1 b 9 ! case ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & planets1 !y =m discs f :i* _m po9ts ( light are emitt$2 !y1 !re=e1 d n sc9tillate z a :ole1 = ! abs5ce ( rays ( light f "o portion ( _! surface is comp5sat$ by ^? f o!r p>ts ( _! discs1 giv+ a mean av]age :i* creates a /ead9ess ( vision4 ,! />s are divid$ into sep>ate classes call$ 'magnitudes1' by :i* _! relative app>5t size & degree ( brightness are di/+ui%$4 ,! magnitude ( a /> does n indicate its mass or dim5sions1 b its light-giv+ p[]1 :i* dep5ds p>tly ^u its size & di/ance1 ?\gh ma9ly ^u ! int5sity ( its lum9osity4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s are t]m$ />s ( ! fir/ magnitude2 !re are t5 ( ^? 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 & an equal numb] s\? ( ! equator1 b !y are n all ( ! same brilliancy4 ,sirius out%9es e o!r /> ( ! firmam5t1 & ,arcturus has no rival 9 ! nor!rn heav5s4 ,! names ( ! fir/-magnitude />s nor? ( ! equator are3 ,arcturus1 ,capella1 ,vega1 ,betelgeux1 ,procyon1 ,aldeb>an1 ,altair1 ,pollux1 ,regulus1 & ,d5eb4 ,! next class 9 ord] ( brightness are call$ second-magnitude />s2 !y are fifty or sixty 9 numb]1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is ! ,pole ,/>4 ,! />s dim9i% 9 lum9osity by successive gradations1 & :5 !y s9k to ! six? magnitude rea* ! utmo/ limit at :i* !y appe> visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,9 great telescopes ?is classification is c>ri$ s l[ z to include />s ( ! eighte5? & tw5tie? magnitudes4 ,ent]+ into ! /ructure ( ! /ell> univ]se we h ,s+le ,/>s1 ,d\ble ,/>s1 ,triple1 ,quadruple1 & ,multiple ,/>s1 ,tempor>y1 ,p]iodical1 & ,v>iable ,/>s1 ,/>-gr\ps1 ,/>-clu/]s1 ,galaxies1 & ,nebulae4 ,,s+le ,,or ,,insulat$ ,,/>s include all ^? orbs suffici5tly isolat$ 9 space s z n to be p]ceptibly influ5c$ by ! attraction ( o!r simil> bodies4 ,!y are believ$ to con/itute ! c5tres ( planet>y sy/ems1 & fulfil ! purpose = :i* !y 7 creat$ by disp5s+ light & heat to ! worlds :i* circle ar\nd !m4 ,! ,sun is an example ( ?is class ( />1 & con/itutes ! c5tre ( ! sy/em to :i* ! ,e>? belongs4 ,reason+ f analogy1 x w\ld be natural to conclude t !re are o!r suns1 numb]less beyond conception1 ! c5tres ( sy/ems ( revolv+ worlds1 & al?\gh we are utt]ly unable to cat* a glimpse ( _! planet>y att5dants1 ev5 ) ! aid ( ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 yet !y h 9 a few in/ances be5 felt1 & h af=d$ unmi/akable indications ( _! exi/5ce4 ,s9ce ! ,sun mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! /ell> multitude t p ! regions ( space1 & ^: surpass+ spl5d\r :5 contra/$ ) t ( o!r lum9>ies c be acc\nt$ = by 8 proximity to u1 x w\ld be ( int]e/ to asc]ta9 8 relative importance :5 comp>$ ) o!r cele/ial orbs :i* may be 8 pe]s or 8 sup]iors 9 magnitude & brilliancy4 ,! ,sun is "o ( a widely scatt]$ gr\p ( />s situat$ 9 ! plane ( ! ,milky ,way & surr\nd$ by t zone1 &1 z a /> among ! />s1 w\ld be includ$ 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,c5taur4 ,al?\gh reg>d$ z "o ( ! lead+ orbs ( ! firmam5t1 & ( supreme importance to u1 a/ronom]s are undecid$ :e!r to classify ! ,sun ) />s ( great] magnitude & brightness1 or assign him a position among m9or orbs ( small] size4 ,mu* unc]ta9ty exi/s ) reg>d to /> magnitudes4 ,?is arises f inability on ! "p ( a/ronom]s to asc]ta9 ! di/ances ( ! va/ majority ( />s visible to ! nak$ eye1 & also on acc\nt ( inequality 9 _! intr9sic brilliancy4 ,among ! />s !re exi/s an indef9ite range ( /ell> magnitudes4 ,!re are _m />s kn[n ^: dim5sions h be5 asc]ta9$ to greatly exce$ ^? ( ! ,sun1 & !re are o!rs ( mu* small] size4 ,no approximation ( ! magnitude ( telescopic />s c be arriv$ at2 _m ( !m may rival ,sirius1 ,canopus1 & ,arcturus1 9 size & spl5d\r1 _! app>5t m9ut5ess be+ a consequ5ce ( _! extreme remot5ess4 ,if ! ,sun 7 remov$ a di/ance 9 space equal to t ( _m ( ! brighte/ />s1 he w\ld 9 appe>ance be r$uc$ to a m9ute po9t ( light or become altoge!r invisible2 & !re are o!r />s1 situat$ at di/ances /ill m remote1 ( :i* suffici5t is kn[n to ju/ify u 9 arriv+ at ! conclusion t ! ,sun mu/ be rank$ among ! m9or orbs ( ! firmam5t1 & t _m ( ! />s surpass him 9 brilliancy & magnitude4 ,,d\ble ,,/>s4--,to ! unaid$ eye1 ^! appe> z s+le po9ts ( light2 b1 :5 obs]v$ ) a telescope ( suffici5t magnify+ p[]1 _! dual nature c be detect$4 ,! fir/ d\ble /> discov]$ 0 ,miz>1 ! middle /> ( ! ?ree 9 ,ursa ,major :i* =m ! tail ( ! be>4 ,! compon5ts are ( ! f\r? & fif? magnitudes1 ( a brilliant :ite col\r1 & di/ant f\rte5 seconds ( arc4 ,9 #afgh1 ,cass9i p]ceiv$ />s :i* appe>$ z s+le po9ts ( light :5 view$ ) ! nak$ eye1 b :5 obs]v$ ) ! telescope pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( be+ d\ble4 ,! a/ronom] ,bode1 9 #agha1 publi%$ a li/ ( eighty d\ble />s1 &1 9 a few ye>s aft]1 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el discov]$ sev]al hundr$s m ( ^? objects4 ,!y are n[ kn[n to exi/ 9 ?\s&s1 ,mr4 ,burnham1 ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 hav+1 by 8 ke5 p]ception ( vision1 contribut$ m ?an any o!r obs]v] to swell _! numb]4 ,all d\ble />s are n b9>ies2 _m ( !m are kn[n z 'optical d\bles'--an impression creat$ by two />s :5 almo/ 9 ! same l9e ( vision1 &1 ?\gh app>5tly ne>1 are situat$ at a great di/ance ap>t & devoid ( any physical relation%ip4 ,b9>y />s consi/ ( two suns :i* revolve r\nd _! common c5tre ( gravity1 & =m real dual sy/ems4 ,! close proximity ( ! compon5ts ( d\ble />s impress$ ! m9ds ( "s a/ronom]s ) ! belief t a physical bond ( union exi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 #agah & #agei1 ,bradley detect$ a *ange ( #cj deg4 9 ! position angle ( ! two />s =m+ ,ca/or1 & 0 v ne>ly discov]+ _! physical connection4 ,9 #agfg1 ! ,rev4 ,john ,mi*ell wrote3 ',x is highly probable 9 p>ticul>1 & next to a c]ta9ty 9 g5]al1 t su* d\ble />s z appe> to consi/ ( two or m />s plac$ v ne> toge!r d really consi/ ( />s plac$ ne> toge!r & "u ! influ5ce ( "s g5]al law4' ,aft]w>ds he says3 ',x is n improbable t a few ye>s may in=m u t "s ( ! great numb] ( d\ble & triple />s :i* h be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,h]s*el are sy/ems ( bodies revolv+ ab\t ea* o!r4' ,*ri/ian ,may]1 a ,g]man a/ronom]1 =m$ a li/ ( /ell> pairs1 & ann\nc$1 9 #aggf1 ! suppos$ discov]y ( 'satellites' to _m ( ! pr9cipal />s4 ,8 obs]vations 71 h[ev]1 n exact en\gh to lead to any useful results1 & ! exi/5ce ( 8 'planet />s' 0 at t "t d]id$1 & believ$ to f9d a place only 9 8 imag9ation4 ,! conclusions arriv$ at by "s a/ronom]s ) reg>d to d\ble />s 7 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ,h]s*el1 :51 by 8 obs]vation ( a *ange 9 ! relative positions ( _m ( _! compon5ts1 he 0 able to ann\nce t !y =m indep5d5t sy/ems 9 mutual revolution1 & are controll$ by ! law ( gravitation4 ,! numb] ( b9>y />s 9 active revolution is kn[n to exce$ #ejj2 b1 besides ^!1 !re are d\btless num]\s o!r comp\nd />s :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! extreme remot5ess & ! close proximity ( _! compon5ts1 are irresolvable into pairs by any optical appliances :i* we possess4 ,! revolution ( two suns 9 "o sph]e pres5ts to our obs]vation a s*eme ( creative design entirely diff]5t to ! s+le-/> sy/em ) :i* we are famili>--"o ( a high] & m complex ord] 9 ! asc5d+ scale ( cele/ial ar*itecture4 ,=1 if we assume t ar\nd ea* revolv+ sun !re circles a ret9ue ( planet>y worlds1 x is obvi\s t a mu* m complicat$ arrangem5t mu/ exi/ among ! orbs :i* ent] into ! =mation ( su* a sy/em ?an is f\nd among ^? :i* gravitate r\nd our ,sun4 ,! common c5tre ( gravity ( a b9>y sy/em is situat$ on a l9e betwe5 bo? />s1 & di/ant f ea* 9 inv]se proportion to _! respective masses4 ,:5 ! />s are ( equal mass _! orbits are ( equal dim5sions1 b :5 ! mass ( "o /> exce$s t ( ! o!r1 ! orbit ( ! l>g] /> is proportionately dim9i%$ z comp>$ ) ! circumf]5ce trav]s$ by ! small] />4 ,:5 _! orbits are circul>--a r>e occurr5ce--bo? />s pursue ea* o!r 9 ! same pa?1 & inv>iably occupy x at diametrically opposite po9ts2 nor is x possible = "o /> to approa* ! o!r by ! m9ute/ int]val ( space 9 any duration ( "t1 s long z ! syn*ron\s h>mony ( _! revolution rema9s undi/urb$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,a ,b9>y ,/> ,sy/em--#gj ,ophiu*i 7,drawn by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,gore47 ,:5 a pair ( suns move 9 an ellipse1 _! orbits int]sect & are ( equal dim5sions :5 ! />s are ( equal mass1 _! common c5tre ( gravity be+ !n at a po9t equidi/ant f ea*4 ,consequ5tly1 nei!r /> c approa* or rec$e f ?is po9t )\t ! o!r affect+ a simil> motion1 !y mu/ be at p]ia/ron & apa/ron toge!r1 & any accel]ation or ret>dation ( spe$ mu/ occur simultane\sly ) ea*4 ,/>s ( unequal magnitude always ma9ta9 a proportionate di/ance f _! common focus1 & bo? simultane\sly occupy correspond+ p>ts ( _! orbits4 ,! nature ( ! motions ( ^? di/ant suns1 & ! =m ( ! orbits :i* !y trav]se1 h be5 inve/igat$ by sev]al em95t a/ronom]s1 & al?\gh ! subject is "o ( mu* difficulty1 on acc\nt ( _! extreme remot5ess & ! m9ute angles :i* h to be dealt )1 necessitat+ ! c>ry+ out ( v ref9$ obs]vations1 yet a consid]able am\nt ( in=mation has be5 obta9$ ) reg>d to ! pa?s :i* !y pursue 9 ! accompli%m5t ( _! revolutions r\nd ea* o!r4 ,! orbits ( ab\t sixty /ell> pairs h be5 comput$1 b only ) p>tial success4 ,"s />s h %[n !mselves to be totally reg>dless ( !ory & computation1 & h %ot ahead f> beyond ! limits ascrib$ to !m1 :il/ o!rs1 by ! sl[ness ( _! motions1 h upset ! calculations ( a/ronom]s z mu* 9 ! opposite direction4 ,s t out ( ?is numb] ! orbits ( n m ?an half a doz5 are satisfactorily kn[n4 ,! dim5sions ( /ell> orbits are ( v v>i$ ext5t4 ,"s pairs are app>5tly s close t ! be/ optical means :i* we possess are incapable ( divid+ !m1 :il/ o!rs revolve 9 wide & spaci\s orbits4 ,! mo/ m>k$ peculi>ity ( ! orbits ( b9>y />s is _! high ecc5tricity2 !y are usually mu* m ecc5tric ?an are ^? ( ! planets1 & 9 "s in/ances approa* 9 =m t ( a comet4 ,! f9e/ b9>y /> 9 ! nor!rn heav5s is ,ca/or1 ! bright] ( ! two lead+ />s 9 ! con/ellation ,gem9i4 ,! compon5ts are ( ! second & ?ird magnitudes1 & ov] five seconds ap>t4 ,!y are ( a brilliant :ite col\r1 & =m a beautiful object 9 ! telescope4 ,9 #agai ,bradley det]m9$ ! relative positions ( ^? />s1 & on comp>+ ! results obta9$ by him ) rec5t measurem5ts x 0 f\nd t !y _h alt]$ to ! ext5t ( #abe deg44 ,travell+ at ! same rate ( spe$1 !y w require a p]iod ( ab\t #dbj ye>s to complete an entire circuit ( _! orbits4 ,?is pace1 h[ev]1 has n be5 ma9ta9$1 =1 _! p]ia/ron hav+ occurr$ 9 #agej1 !y travell$ m rapidly 9 ! la/ c5tury ?an !y are do+ at pres5t1 &1 z _! orbits are s ecc5tric t :5 at apa/ron ! />s are twice z remote f ea* o!r z at p]ia/ron1 !y w = ! next ?ree & a half c5turies cont9ue to slack5 _! pace1 until !y %all h rea*$ ! mo/ remote po9ts ( _! orbits1 :5 !y w aga9 beg9 to approa* ) an increas+ velocity2 s t ! "t 9 :i* an entire revolution c be accompli%$ w n be mu* less ?an #a1jjj ye>s4#h ,z ! di/ance ( ,ca/or is unkn[n1 x is impossible to compute ! comb9$ mass ( its compon5ts4 ,!y are v remote1 _! light p]iod be+ e/imat$ at =ty-f\r ye>s4 ,ca/or is d\btless a m massive orb ?an our ,sun1 & possesses a high] degree ( lum9osity4 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 is ! brighte/ b9>y1 & also ! ne>e/ kn[n /> 9 ! heav5s2 its e/imat$ di/ance be+ tw5ty-five billions ( miles4 ,bo? compon5ts equal />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 & are ( a brilliant :ite col\r4 ,s9ce !y 7 fir/ obs]v$1 9 #agji1 !y h complet$ two revolutions1 & are n[ accompli%+ a ?ird4 ,! ecc5tricity ( _! orbit approa*es 9 =m t ( ,faye's comet1 :i* travels r\nd ! ,sun2 consequ5tly ! />s1 :5 at apa/ron1 are twice _! p]ia/ron di/ance4 ,_! p]iod ( revolution is ab\t eighty-eight ye>s4 ,! mean radius ( _! orbit corresponds to a span ( #a1jjj millions ( miles1 s t ^? orbs are sometimes z close to ea* o!r z ,jupit] is to ! ,sun1 & nev] s f> di/ant z ,uranus4#i ,_! comb9$ mass is twice t ( ! ,sun1 & ! lum9osity ( ea* /> is slightly great]4 ,! d\ble /> #fa ,cygni--"o ( ! ne>e/ to our sy/em--is believ$ to be a b9>y ! compon5ts ( :i* move 9 an orbit ( m spaci\s dim5sions ?an t ( any o!r kn[n revolv+ pair4 ,?\gh !y h be5 "u cont9u\s obs]vation s9ce #agec1 x is only )9 ! la/ few ye>s t any orbital motion has be5 p]ceiv$4 ,"s obs]v]s are dis9cl9$ to admit ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t2 :il/ o!rs believe t ! />s h execut$ a hyp]bolic sweep r\nd _! common c5tre ( gravity & are n[ sep>at+4 ,! radius ( ! orbit 9 :i* ^? bodies travel is sixty-five times ! di/ance ( ! ,e>? f ! ,sun2 :i* means t !y travel 9 an orbit twice ! wid? ( t ( ! planet ,neptune4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t !y complete a revolution 9 ab\t eight c5turies4 ,! unit$ mass ( ! sy/em is ab\t "o-half t ( ! ,sun1 & 9 po9t ( lum9osity !y are mu* inf]ior to t orb4 ,! /> #gj ,ophiu*i 7fig4 #c7 may be reg>d$ z typical ( a b9>y sy/em4 ,! compon5ts are five seconds ap>t1 & ( ! f\r? & six? magnitudes4 ,_! light p]iod is /at$ to be tw5ty ye>s1 & ! comb9$ mass ( ! sy/em is ne>ly ?ree times t ( ! ,sun4 ,! pair travel 9 an orbit f f\rte5 to =ty-two times ! radius ( ! ,e>?'s orbit2 s t :5 at apa/ron !y are ?ree times z di/ant f ea* o!r z :5 at p]ia/ron4 ,!y complete a revolution 9 eighty-eight ye>s4 ,! accompany+ diagram 7fig4 #d7 is a del9eation ( ! beautiful orbits ( ! compon5ts ( ,gamma ,virg9is4 ,^! may be describ$ z elongat$ ellipses4 ,bo? />s be+ ( equal mass1 _! orbits are ( equal dim5sions1 & _! common c5tre ( gravity at a po9t equidi/ant f ea*4 ,any approa* to1 or recession f ?is po9t1 mu/ occur simultane\sly ) ea*2 !y mu/ always occupy correspond+ p>ts ( _! orbits1 & be 9 apa/ron & at p]ia/ron 9 ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,! ellipse describ$ by ?is pair is ! mo/ ecc5tric ( kn[n b9>y orbits1 & approa*es 9 =m ! pa? pursu$ by ,encke's comet r\nd ! ,sun4 ,^! orbs complete a revolution 9 #ahj ye>s1 & :5 9 apa/ron are sev5te5 times m remote f ea* o!r ?an :5 at p]ia/ron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,! ,orbits ( ! ,compon5ts ( ,gamma ,virg9is4 ,f 8 obs]vation ( ! motion ( ,sirius 9 #ahdd1 ,bessel 0 l$ to believe t ! brilliant orb 0 accompani$ by ano!r body1 ^: gravitational attraction 0 responsible = ! irregul>ities obs]v$ 9 ! pa? ( ! great dog-/> :5 pursu+ 8 j\rney ?r\gh space4 ,! elem5ts ( ?is hypo!tical body 7 aft]w>ds comput$ by ,pet]s & ,auw]s1 & its exact position assign$ by ,saf=d 9 #ahfa4 ,on ,janu>y #ca1 #ahfb1 ,mr4 ,alvan ,cl>ke1 ( ,cambridgeport1 ,massa*usetts1 :5 engag$ 9 te/+ a rec5tly con/ruct$ telescope ( great p[]1 direct$ x on ,sirius1 & 0 enabl$ by good =tune to discov] ! companion /> at a di/ance ( t5 seconds f its prim>y4 ,s9ce its discov]y1 ! /> has pursu$ ) su* precision ! !oretical pa? previ\sly assign$ to x t a/ronom]s h _h no hesitation 9 id5tify+ x z ! hypo!tical body ^: exi/5ce ,bessel _h correctly surmis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,app>5t ,orbit ( ! ,companion ( ,sirius4 7,drawn by ,mr4 ,burnham47 ,! ,sirian satellite is a yell[ /> ( ! eigh? magnitude1 & %9es ) a feeble light :5 contra/$ ) ! surpass+ brilliancy ( its neighb\r4 ,a/ronom]s 7 = "s "t 9 d\bt z to :e!r ! unev5 motion :i* *>act]is$ ! pa? ( ,sirius c\ld be ascrib$ to ! attraction ( its obscure att5dant1 :i* pres5t$ su* a m>k$ contra/ to its prim>y1 & sev]al obs]v]s 7 incl9$ to believe t ! di/urb+ body /ill rema9$ undiscov]$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! d5sity ( ! less] /> became kn[n1 x 0 discov]$ t1 weight = weight1 t ( ,sirius exce$$ x only 9 ! proportion ( two to "o1 ?\gh z a light-giv] ! great orb is believ$ to be #e1jjj times m lum9\s4 ,! ,sirian satellite revolves r\nd its prim>y 9 ab\t fifty ye>s1 & at a di/ance tw5ty-eight times t ( ! ,e>? f ! ,sun4 ,! surpass+ brilliancy ( ,sirius z comp>$ ) t ( ! o!r />s ( ! firmam5t has r5d]$ x at all times an object ( int]e/ to obs]v]s4 ,! ,egyptians wor%ipp$ ! /> z ,so?is1 & x 0 believ$ to be ! abode ( ! s\l ( ,isis4 ,! nations inhabit+ ! region ( ! ,nile comm5c$ _! ye> ) ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 & its appe>ance 0 reg>d$ z a sure =]unn] ( ! ris+ ( ! great riv]1 ! f]tilis+ flood ( :i* 0 attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ?is beautiful />4 ,x is believ$ t ! ,mazz>o? 9 ,job is an allusion to ?is brilliant orb4 ,among ! ,romans ,sirius 0 reg>d$ z a /> ( evil om52 its appe>ance above ! horizon aft] ! summ] sol/ice 0 believ$ to be associat$ ) pe/il5ce & fev]s1 consequ5t ^u ! oppressive heat ( ! season ( ! ye>4 ,! dies canicul>es1 or dog-days1 7 reckon$ to beg9 tw5ty days be=e1 & to cont9ue = tw5ty days aft]1 ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 ! dog-/>4 ,dur+ ^? days a peculi> influ5ce 0 believ$ to exi/ :i* creat$ diseases 9 m5 & madness among dogs4 ,hom] alludes to ! /> '^: burn+ brea? ,ta9ts ! r$ air ) fev]s1 plagues & dea?4' ,sirius1 :i* is 9 ,canis ,major 7"o ( ,orion's hunt+ dogs71 is a f> m glori\s orb ?an our ,sun4 ,accord+ to rec5t photometric measurem5ts x emits sev5ty times ! quantity ( light1 & is ?ree times m massive ?an ! great lum9>y ( our sy/em4 ,at ! di/ance ( ,sirius 7fifty billions ( miles7 ! ,sun w\ld %r9k to ! dim5sions ( a ?ird-magnitude />1 & ! light ( sev5ty su* />s w\ld be requir$ to equal 9 appe>ance ! brilliant radiance ( ! great dog-/>4 ,! orb1 ) 8 ret9ue ( att5dant worlds--"s ( :i* are report$ z hav+ be5 se5--is travell+ ?r\gh space ) a velocity ( n less ?an #a1jjj miles a m9ute4 ,an irregul>ity ( motion resembl+ t ( ,sirius has be5 detect$ ) reg>d to ,procyon1 ! less] dog-/>4 ,b 9 ?is case ! companion /> has n z yet be5 se51 ?\gh a c>eful se>* has be5 made = x ) ! mo/ p[]ful ( telescopes4 ,%\ld x be a planet>y body1 illum9$ by its prim>y1 its reflect$ light w\ld n appe> visible to u1 ev5 if x 7 mu* less remote ?an x is4 ,we are able only to p]ceive ! effulg5ce ( brilliant suns scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! regions ( space2 b besides ^?1 !re are d\btless _m fa9tly lum9\s orbs & opaque bodies ( va/ dim5sions occupy+ regions unkn[n to u1 b by a k ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* an enl>g$ conception is convey$ to our m9ds ( ! greatness ( ! univ]se4 ,! mo/ rapid ( kn[n revolv+ pairs is ,delta ,equulei4 ,! compon5ts are s close t only ! f9e/ in/rum5ts c sep>ate !m1 & ?is !y _c d at all times4 ,!y accompli% a revolution 9 elev5 & a half ye>s4 ,! sl[e/ revolv+ pair is ,zeta ,aqu>ii4 ,! motion ( ! compon5ts is s t>dy t to complete a circuit ( _! orbits !y require a p]iod ( ab\t sixte5 c5turies4 ,o!r b9>y />s h _h diff]5t p]iods assign$ to !m2 elev5 pairs h be5 comput$ to revolve r\nd ea* o!r 9 less ?an fifty ye>s1 & fifte5 9 less ?an #ajj b m ?an fifty4 ,!re are o!r comp\nd />s ^: motions appe> to be mu* m leisurely ?an ^? j m5tion$1 & al?\gh no orbital movem5t has1 s f>1 be5 detect$ among !m1 yet1 s va/ is ! scale ^u :i* ! sid]eal sy/em is con/ruct$1 t ?\s&s ( ye>s mu/ elapse be=e !y c h accompli%$ a revolution ( _! orbits4 ,! ,pole ,/> is an optical d\ble1 b ! compon5ts are ( v unequal magnitude4 ,! ,pole ,/> itself is ( ! second magnitude1 b its companion is only ( ! n9?1 & on acc\nt ( its m9ut5ess is reg>d$ z a good te/ = telescopes ( small ap]ture4 ,miz>1 9 ! con/ellation ,ursa ,major1 is a beautiful d\ble />4 ,! compon5ts are wide ap>t1 & c be easily obs]v$ ) a small in/rum5t4 ,!re is a rem>kable /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,lyre 7,epsilon ,lyrae71 describ$ z a d\ble d\ble4 ,?is object c j be di/+ui%$ by a p]son ) ke5 eyesight z consi/+ ( two />s2 :5 obs]v$ ) a telescope !y appe> widely sep>at$1 & ea* /> is se5 to h a companion1 ! entire sy/em =m+ two b9>y pairs 9 active revolution4 ,! pair :i* fir/ cross ! m]idian complete a revolution 9 ab\t #b1jjj ye>s2 ! second pair h a m rapid motion1 & accompli% x 9 half t "t4 ,! two pairs are believ$ to be physically connect$1 & revolve r\nd _! common c5tre ( gravity 9 a p]iod ( "t n mu* "u "o million ye>s4 ,cor ,c>oli1 9 ,canes ,v5atici1 is a pleas+ d\ble />1 ! compon5ts be+ ( a pale :ite & lilac col\r4 ,albireo1 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan1 is "o ( ! lovelie/ ( d\ble />s4 ,! l>g] compon5t is ( ! ?ird magnitude1 & ( a gold5 yell[ col\r2 ! small] ( ! six? magnitude1 & ( a sapphire blue4 ,epsilon ,booetis1 kn[n also z ,mirac1 & call$ by ,admiral ,smy? ',pul*]rima1' on acc\nt ( its surpass+ beauty1 is a delicate object ( *>m+ appe>ance4 ,! compon5ts ( ?is lovely /> are ( ! ?ird & sev5? magnitudes3 ! prim>y orange1 ! second>y sea-gre54 ,! late ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor1 9 describ+ a b9>y /> sy/em1 writes z foll[s3 ',if we reg>d a pair ( />s z =m+ a d\ble sun1 r\nd :i*--or1 r1 r\nd ! common c5tre ( :i*--o!r orbs revolve z planets1 we are /ruck by ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* a s*eme & our own sol> sy/em2 b we f9d ! diff]5ce yet m surpris+ :5 we consid] ! possibility t 9 "s su* s*emes ea* compon5t sun may h its own di/9ct sy/em ( dep5d5t worlds4 ,9 ! =m] case ! ord9>y /ate ( ?+s w\ld probably be su* t bo? suns w\ld be above ! horizon at ! same "t1 & !n1 probably1 _! di/9ctive peculi>ities w\ld only be recognisable :5 "o *anc$ to pass ov] ! disc ( ! o!r1 z our ,moon passes ov] ! ,sun's disc 9 eclipses4 ,= %ort int]vals ( "t1 h[ev]1 at ris+ or sett+1 "o or o!r w\ld be visible alone2 & ! ph5om5a ( sunset & sunrise mu/ !re=e be v v>i$1 & also exquisitely beautiful1 9 worlds circl+ r\nd su* d\ble suns4 ,b :5 ea* sun has a sep>ate sy/em1 ev5 m rem>kable relations mu/ be pres5t$4 ,= ea* sy/em ( dep5d5t worlds1 besides its own prop] sun1 mu/ h ano!r sun--less spl5did1 p]haps 7because f>!r (f71 b /ill bright] beyond comp>ison ?an our moon at ! full4 ,&1 accord+ to ! position ( any planet ( ei!r sy/em1 !re w result = ! "t be+ ei!r an int]*ange ( suns1 in/ead ( ! *ange f night to day1 or else d\ble sunlight dur+ ! day1 & a correspond+ int5sifi$ contra/ betwe5 night & day4 ,:]e ! two suns are v unequal or v diff]5tly col\r$1 or :]e ! orbital pa? ( ea* is v ecc5tric1 s t !y are sometimes close toge!r & at o!rs f> ap>t1 ! v>ieties 9 ! worlds circl+ r\nd ei!r1 or ar\nd ! common c5tre ( bo?1 mu/ be yet m rem>kable4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 we may well say ) ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 t we h "h a /rangely wide & novel field = speculative excursions1 & "o :i* x is n easy to avoid luxuriat+ 94' ,anyone :o takes a cursory glance at ! heav5s on a cle> night c readily p]ceive t !re exi/s consid]able div]sity ( col\r among ! />s4 ,! contra/ betwe5 "s is pron\nc$ & well m>k$1 :il/ o!rs exhibit ref9$ gradations ( hue4 ,! mo/ num]\s class ( />s are ^? :i* are describ$ z :ite or col\rless4 ,!y comprise ab\t "o-half ( ! />s visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,among ! mo/ conspicu\s examples ( ?is type are ,sirius--^: diamond blaze is sometimes m+l$ ) an occasional fla% ( blue & r$--,altair1 ,spica1 ,ca/or1 ,regulus1 ,rigel1 all ! />s ( ,ursa ,major ) ! exception ( "o1 & ,vega--a glitt]+ gem ( pale sapphire1 almo/ col\rless4 ,! light emitt$ by />s ( ?is class gives a cont9u\s spectrum1 ! pr$om9at+ elem5t be+ hydrog51 hav+ a v elevat$ temp]ature & "u relatively high pressure4 ,! vap\rs ( iron1 sodium1 magnesium1 & o!r metals1 are indicat$ z exi/+ 9 small quantities4 ,! second class ( />s is t to :i* our ,sun belongs4 ,!y are ( a yell[ col\r1 & embrace two-?irds ( ! rema9+ />s4 ,! mo/ prom95t examples ( ?is type are ,arcturus1 ,capella1 ,aldeb>an1 ,procyon1 & ,pollux4 ,hydrog5 does n pr$om9ate s mu* 9 ^! z 9 ! ,sirian />s1 & _! spectra resemble closely ! sol> spectrum1 indicat+ t !y are compos$ ( elem5ts simil> to ^? :i* exi/ 9 ! ,sun4 ,! /> :i* be>s ! ne>e/ resemblance to our ,sun1 bo? z reg>ds ! col\r ( its light & physical /ructure1 is ,capella1 ! mo/ conspicu\s /> 9 ! con/ellation ,auriga1 & "o ( ! lead+ brilliants 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,its spectrum pres5ts all ! *>act]i/ics obs]v$ 9 ! sol> spectrum1 & !re exi/s an almo/ id5tical simil>ity 9 _! physical con/itution1 ?\gh ,capella is a mu* m magnific5t orb ?an ! ,sun4 ,! ?ird class ( />s includes ^? :i* are ( a ruddy hue1 su* z ,betelgeux 9 ! "r %\ld] ( ,orion1 ,ant>es 9 ,scorpio1 & ,alpha ,h]culis4 ,_! spectra pres5t a b&$ or column> appe>ance1 & !re is great] absorption1 especially ( ! blue rays ( light4 ,x is believ$ t ! temp]ature ( />s ( ?is col\r is n s elevat$ z t ( ^? belong+ to ! o!r two ord]s1 & t ?is is a suffici5t reason to acc\nt = ! diff]5t appe>ance ( _! spectra4 ,! aid ( a good telescope is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to enable u to p]ceive ! v>i$ col\rs & t9ts ( ! sp>kl+ gems ) :i* ,nature has adorn$ h] />-built edifice ( ! univ]se4 ,mo/ ( ! preci\s /ones on ,e>? h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! heav5s1 pres5t+ 9 a jewell$ =m contra/s ( col\r1 pleas+ h>monies1 & endless v>iety ( %ade4 ,! diamond1 sapphire1 em]ald1 ame?y/1 topaz1 & ruby sp>kle among cr[ds ( />s ( m sombre hue4 ,agate1 *alc$ony1 onyx1 opal1 b]yl1 lapis-lazuli1 & aquam>9e are repres5t$ by ! radiant %e5 emanat+ f di/ant suns1 display+ an inexhau/ible v>iety ( col\r1 bl5d$ 9 t9ts ( untold h>mony4 ,x is among d\ble />s t ! ri*e/ & mo/ v>i$ col\rs pr$om9ate4 ,!re are pairs ( :ite1 yell[1 orange1 & r$ />s2 yell[ & blue1 yell[ & pale em]ald1 yell[ & rose r$1 yell[ & fawn1 gre5 & gold1 azure & crimson1 gold5 & azure1 orange & em]ald1 orange & lilac1 orange & purple1 orange & gre51 :ite & blue1 :ite & lilac1 lilac & d>k purple1 c41 c4 ,!re are companion />s revolv+ r\nd _! prim>ies1 col\r$ olive1 lilac1 russet1 fawn1 dun1 buff1 grey1 & o!r %ades indi/+ui%able by any "n4 ,our k ( b9>y /> sy/ems br+s u to :at may be reg>d$ z ! ?re%old ( ! fabric ( ! heav5s4 ,= x is kn[n t o!r sy/ems exi/ into ! con/ruction ( :i* num]\s />s ent]4 ,^! =m intricate & complex /ell> arrangem5ts1 9 :i* ! compon5t />s are physically unit$ & reta9$ 9 _! orbits by _! mutual attraction4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,/>ry ,,heav5s ,,triple1 ,,quadruple1 ,,& ,,multiple ,,/>s4--,^!1 :5 obs]v$ ) ! nak$ eye1 appe> z s+le />s1 b1 :5 exam9$ ) a high magnify+ p[]1 ea* lucid po9t c be resolv$ into sev]al compon5t />s4 ,!y v>y 9 numb] f ?ree to half a doz5 or m1 & =m sy/ems ( a m complex "* ?an :at are obs]v$ 9 ! case ( b9>y />s4 ,9 ! usual con/ruction ( a triple sy/em1 ! second>y /> ( a b9>y is resolvable into two1 ea* /> be+ 9 mutual revolution1 :il/ !y bo? gravitate r\nd _! prim>y4 ,by ano!r arrangem5t1 a close pair control ! movem5ts ( a di/ant att5dant4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( triple />s is ! tricol\r$ ,gamma ,&rom$ae4 ,! brilliant compon5ts ( ?is sy/em h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! topaz1 ! em]ald1 & ! sapphire--! l>g] /> is ( ! ?ird magnitude & ( a gold5 yell[ col\r2 ! second>y ( ! fif? magnitude & ( an em]ald gre54 ,^! />s are t5 seconds ap>t1 &1 ?\gh !y h be5 "u obs]vation s9ce #aggg1 no orbital movem5t has z yet be5 detect$1 b _! common prop] motion indicates _! close relation%ip & physical connection4 ,9 #ahdb1 ,otto ,/ruve discov]$ t ! companion /> is itself d\ble1 & r\nd x !re gravitates a sapphire sun1 :i* is believ$ to accompli% a revolution ( its orbit 9 ab\t #ejj ye>s4 ,if r\nd ^? suns !re %\ld be circl+ planet>y sy/ems ( worlds inhabit$ by intellig5t be+s1 ! v>i$ effects produc$ by ! light emanat+ f ^? diff]5t col\r$ orbs w\ld be ( a v beautiful & pleas+ nature4 ,a sy/em sugge/ive ( ! endless v>iety ( /ell> arrangem5t t exi/s ?r\gh\t ! sid]eal regions is app>5t 9 ! case ( ! triple /> ,zeta ,cancri4 ,two ( ! />s1 ( magnitudes six & sev51 =m a b9>y 9 rapid revolution1 ! compon5ts ( :i* complete a circuit ( _! orbits 9 fifty-eight ye>s1 :il/ ! m di/ant ?ird />1 ( almo/ simil> magnitude1 accompli%es a wide orbital ellipse r\nd ! o!r two 9 #ejj or #fjj ye>s4 ,^! />s h be5 closely obs]v$ by a/ronom]s dur+ ! pa/ =ty ye>s1 ) ! result t _! motions h appe>$ mo/ p]plex+1 & complicat$ beyond prec$5t4 ',if ?is be really a t]n>y sy/em1' wrote ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 'connect$ by ! mutual attraction ( its p>ts1 its p]turbations w pres5t "o ( ! mo/ intricate problems 9 physical a/ronomy4' ,! second /> revolves r\nd its prim>y1 :il/ ! ?ird pursues a retrograde c\rse1 b its pa?1 in/ead ( be+ ev51 pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a s]ies ( circul> loop+s1 9 trav]s+ :i* ! /> alt]nately quick5s & slack5s its pace1 or at times appe>s to be /ation>y4 ,a/ronom]s h arriv$ at ! conclusion t ^! p]turbations are produc$ by ! pres5ce ( a f\r? memb]1 :i*1 ?\gh invisible1 is probably ! mo/ massive ( ! sy/em--p]haps a magnific5t _w teem+ ) animat$ be+s1 & att5d$ by ?ree suns :i* gravitate r\nd x1 disp5s+ light & heat to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! v>i\s =ms ( life :i* exi/ on its surface4 ,9 ?is sy/em we h an arrangem5t ! rev]se ( :at exi/s 9 ! sol> sy/em1 :]e all ! planets revolve r\nd a pr$om9ant sun2 b "h !re is a /range v]ification ( ! old ,ptolemaic belief ) reg>d to ! pa? ( a sun1 ?\gh 9 ?is in/ance !re are ?ree suns circl+ r\nd a d>k globe :i* !y illum9e & vivify4 ,triple />s occur ) comp>ative frequ5cy ?r\gh\t ! heav5s4 ,9 ,monoc]os !re is a f9e triple />1 discov]$ by ,h]s*el1 :i* he describes z '"o ( ! mo/ beautiful sights 9 ! heav5s4' ,! />s ,xi & ,beta ,scorpii =m triple sy/ems 9 :i* ! compon5ts are diff]5tly arrang$4 ,9 ,xi ! prim>y & second>y consi/ ( two revolv+ />s :i* control ! movem5ts ( a di/ant att5dant2 9 ,beta ! prim>y & second>y />s are 9 mutual revolution1 :il/ r\nd ! =m] !re circles a v close m9ute companion4 ,!re are d\btless _m b9>y />s :i*1 if exam9$ ) adequate telescopic p[]1 w\ld resolve !mselves into triple & multiple sy/ems1 b ! pr(\nd di/ances ( ^? objects r5d] ! detection ( _! compon5ts a mo/ difficult task4 ,quadruple />s are usually arrang$ 9 pairs1 i4e4 ! prim>y & second>y ( a b9>y sy/em are ea* resolvable into two1 =m+ two pairs1 ea* pair be+ 9 mutual revolution1 :ile !y bo? gravitate r\nd _! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,epsilon ,lyrae1 :i* has be5 describ$ z a d\ble d\ble1 is an example ( a quadruple sy/em1 & ,nu ,scorpii is ( a simil> con/ruction1 b m beautiful because its compon5ts are 9 clos] proximity to ea* o!r4 ,close ^u tw5ty ( ^? d\ble d\ble sy/ems h be5 discov]$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! heav5s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( quadruple sy/ems is ,!ta ,orionis1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! ,great ,nebula1 by :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,?is />1 :5 obs]v$ ) a telescope ( l[ p[]1 c be at once resolv$ into f\r sep>ate luc5t po9ts1 s arrang$ z to =m a quadrilat]al figure or trapezium4 ,!y are ( ! fif?1 six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? magnitudes1 & describ$ z pale :ite1 g>net1 fa9t lilac1 & r$4 ,?\gh !y h be5 "u c>eful obs]vation = upw>ds ( two c5turies1 no p]ceptible motion has be5 p]ceiv$ z occurr+ among !m1 nor has !re be5 any *ange 9 _! relative positions--!y appe> to be p]fectly motionless2 b we mu/ n inf] f ?is t no physical bond ( union exi/s betwe5 !m1 = !y are situat$ at an amaz+ di/ance f ! ,e>?4 ,asc5d+ high] 9 ! scale ( cele/ial ar*itecture1 we h multiple />s =m+ sy/ems /ill m elaborate & complex1 into ! /ructure ( :i* num]\s />s ent]1 & !y1 z !y increase 9 numb]1 gradually m]ge into />-clu/]s4 ,if we assume t ar\nd ea* ( ! compon5ts ( a multiple /> !re circles a ret9ue ( planet>y worlds1 we are confront$ ) a mo/ p]plex+ problem z to h[ ! dynamical /ability ( a sy/em s diff]5t f1 & s va/ly m complicat$ ?an1 t ( our sol> sy/em is ma9ta9$--:]e1 z x 71 suns & planets int]m+le--h[ num]\s circl+ orbs c accompli% _! revolutions )\t be+ sway$ & deflect$ f _! pa?s by ! gravitational attraction ( adjac5t memb]s ( ! same sy/em4 ,p]plex+ ?\gh ! arrangem5t ( su* a s*eme may be to our conception1 yet1 ea* orb has be5 weigh$1 pois$1 & adju/$ by ,inf9ite ,wisdom1 to p]=m its intricate motions 9 syn*ron\s h>mony ) o!r memb]s ( ! sy/em--all mov+ 9 unison l ! p>ts ( a complicat$ piece ( me*anism1 & ma9ta9$ 9 /able equilibrium by _! mutual attraction-- ,my/ical dance1 :i* yond] />ry sph]e ,( planets & ( fix$ 9 all h] :eels ,resembles ne>e/2 mazes intricate1 ,ecc5tric1 int]volv$1 yet regul> ,!n mo/1 :5 mo/ irregul> !y seem2 ,& 9 _! motions h>mony div9e ,s smoo?s h] *>m+ tones t ,god's own e> ,li/5s delight$4--v4 #fbj-bg4 ,all ! natural ph5om5a ) :i* we are famili> w\ld1 9 ! case ( planets revolv+ r\nd ! compon5t suns ( a multiple sy/em1 be ( a diff]5t k9d or altoge!r abs5t4 ,in/ead ( be+ illum9$ by "o sun1 ^? worlds w\ld1 at c]ta9 times1 h sev]al suns--"s m di/ant ?an o!rs--above _! horizons1 & ^u v r>e occasions1 if ev]1 w\ld !re be an entire abs5ce ( all ( ^? orbs f _! skies4 ,consequ5tly !re w\ld be no ye> su* z we are famili> )2 no regul> sequ5ce ( seasons simil> to :at is exp]i5c$ on ,e>?2 no alt]nation ( day & night1 = !re w\ld be 'no night !re1' ?\gh1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! prim>y orb1 ! light emitt$ by di/ant suns1 :il/ suffici5t to bani% night1 & beyond comp>ison bright] ?an ! ,moon :5 at full1 w\ld1 9 ! dim9ution ( its int5sity f t ( noonday1 be z grateful a *ange z t ( f day to night :i* occurs on our globe4 ,%\ld ^? suns be diff]5tly col\r$1 ea* emitt+ its own peculi> %ade ( light z x appe>s above ! horizon1 ! v>i$ aspects ( ! p]petual day enjoy$ by ! inhabitants ( ^? circl+ worlds pres5t to ! imag9ation h>monies ( light & %ade ov] :i* x is pleasant to l+]4 ,,tempor>y1 ,,p]iodical1 ,,& ,,v>iable ,,/>s4--,x may seem rem>kable t among s _m ?\s&s ( />s :i* spangle ! firmam5t1 !re %\ld occur no v p]ceptible *ange or v>iation 9 _! aspect & brilliancy4 ,f age to age !y pres5t ! same appe>ance1 %9e ) ! same undim9i%$ spl5d\r1 & rise & set ) ! same regul>ity4 ,s t f "t immemorial ! />s h be5 reg>d$ by mank9d z ! embodim5t ( all t is et]nal & un*angeable4 ,yet1 ! s]5ity ( ! cele/ial regions does n always rema9 undi/urb$--at occasional times a ',nova1' or new />1 blazes =? unexpect$ly 9 ! heav5s1 & p]plexes a/ronom]s2 &1 aft] %9+ ) a v>y+ degree ( brilliancy = a few weeks or mon?s1 gradually dim9i%es 9 size & brightness & ev5tually becomes lo/ to sight4 ,a record has be5 kept ( ab\t tw5ty tempor>y />s t h be5 obs]v$ at v>i\s p]iods s9ce ! "t t reliable data ( ^? objects h be5 publi%$4 ,pl9y m5tions ! appe>ance ( a new /> 9 ! "t ( ,hipp>*us 7#acd ,b4,c472 x 0 se5 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,scorpion1 & x is said t x 0 ! app>ition ( ?is /> :i* induc$ ! celebrat$ a/ronom] to con/ruct :at is kn[n z ! e>lie/ /> catalogue4 ,a new /> is said to h become visible :5 ! ,emp]or ,honorius rul$1 & ano!r dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,o?o1 ab\t #ide ,a4,d4 ,9 ,may #ajab a new /> appe>$ 9 ,aries1 & 9 ,july #abjc ano!r 0 obs]v$ 9 ,scorpio1 :i* resembl$ ,saturn4 ,! mo/ rem>kable /> ( ?is k9d 0 "o obs]v$ by ,ty*o ,brahe1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! con/ellation ,cassiopeia4 ,he fir/ p]ceiv$ x on ,novemb] #aa1 #aegb4 ,9 lu/re x equall$ ,jupit]1 & :5 at its brighte/ rivall$ ,v5us2 x 0 visible at noonday1 & at night its light c\ld be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh /rata ( cl\d :i* r5d]$ all o!r />s invisible4 ,! /> ma9ta9$ its brilliancy = ?ree weeks1 :5 x became ( a yell[i% col\r & p]ceptibly decreas$ 9 size2 x aft]w>ds assum$ a ruddy hue resembl+ ,aldeb>an1 &1 dim9i%+ gradually 9 magnitude & brightness1 ceas$ to be visible 9 ,m>* #aegd4 ,x tw9kl$ m ?an ! o!r />s1 & dur+ ! "t x c\ld be p]ceiv$ its position rema9$ un*ang$4 ,9 #afjd a conspicu\s new /> bur/ =? 9 ,ophiu*us4 ,x surpass$ 9 brilliancy />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 & out%one ! planet ,jupit]1 :i* 0 9 its proximity4 ,kepl] obs]v$ ?is />1 & describ$ x z 'sp>kl+ l a diamond ) prismatic t9ts4' ,x soon began to decl9e aft] its appe>ance2 9 ,m>* #afje x _h %runk to ! dim5sions ( a ?ird-magnitude />1 & 9 a ye> lat] x became entirely lo/ to view4 ,o!r />s ( ! same class1 ?\gh ( a less conspicu\s "*1 h be5 obs]v$ at occasional times4 ,an!lme1 a ,c>?usian monk1 discov]$ "o ne> ,beta ,cygni 9 #afgj2 ano!r appe>$ 9 ,ophiu*us 9 #ahdh2 "o 9 ,scorpio 9 #ahfj2 "o 9 ,corona ,borealis 9 #ahff2 9 ,cygnus 9 #ahgf2 9 ,&rom$a 9 #ahhe2 & 9 ,auriga 9 #ahib4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 advanc$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! sudd5 outbur/s ( ^? />s1 ! light f :i* has probably occupi$ n mu* less ?an "o hundr$ ye>s 9 its passage hi!r4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! collision ( two suns1 or ( two great masses ( matt]1 w\ld create su* ph5om5a2 b1 ap>t f ! improbability ( su* a cata/rophe occurr+ among ! cele/ial orbs1 ! rapid subsid5ce 9 ! lum9osity ( ! obs]v$ objects w\ld indicate t ! outbur/ 0 produc$ by causes ( a m rapidly transitory nature ?an :at w\ld result f ! collision ( two cond5s$ masses ( matt]4 ,a collision occurr+ betwe5 two sw>ms ( meteors has be5 sugge/$ z "o way ( acc\nt+ = ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ^? />s2 b ano!r1 & m plausible1 explanation is t !y are produc$ by a great eruption ( gl[+ gas f ! int]ior ( a sun1 caus+ an enorm\s increase 9 its lum9osity1 :i* subsides aft] a "t1 & is succe$$ by a normal condition ( ?+s4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t all ^? tempor>y />s1 ) ! exception ( two1 h appe>$ 9 ! region ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,9 ?is lum9\s zone ! cond5sation ( small gase\s />s & nebulae is m pron\nc$ ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! heav5s1 & ?is w\ld seem to indicate t !re may be cosmical *anges tak+ place among !m :i* ne$ n be associat$ ) ! occurr5ce ( cata/rophes result+ 9 ! conflagration ( worlds1 & t ,nature1 9 accompli%+ h] purposes1 does n ov]/ep ! uni=m work+ ( h] laws1 ^u :i* dep5d ! /ability & exi/5ce ( ! univ]se4 ,,p]iodical ,,& ,,v>iable ,,/>s are di/+ui%$ f o!r simil> objects by ! fluctuations :i* occur 9 ! quantity ( light emitt$ by !m4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! lum9osity ( "s />s is at times s m>k$ t1 9 a few weeks or mon?s1 !y decl9e f ! fir/ or second magnitudes to invisibility1 &1 aft] ! expiration ( a c]ta9 p]iod1 !y aga9 gradually rega9 _! pri/9e condition4 ,:5 ^! *anges take place ) regul> recurr5ce1 !y are call$ 'p]iodical2' :5 !y occur 9 a v>iable & unc]ta9 mann]1 !y are call$ 'irregul>4' ,ab\t #cjj />s are kn[n z v>iable1 b ! majority ( !m are telescopic objects4 ,_! p]iodical *anges ( brilliancy pres5t e degree ( v>iety2 9 "s />s !y are sc>cely p]ceptible & occur at long int]vals2 9 o!rs1 *anges ( brightness occur 9 a few h\rs or days1 by :i* ! light emitt$ is int5sifi$ _m hundr$s ( times4 ,"s />s accompli% _! cycle ( *ange 9 a few days1 _m 9 a few weeks or mon?s1 & !re are o!rs :i* d n complete _! p]iods until ! expiration ( a numb] ( ye>s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( v>iable />s is call$ ,mira '! wond]ful1' 9 ! con/ellation ,cetus4 ,:5 at its maximum brilliancy x %9es = two or ?ree weeks z a /> ( ! second magnitude4 ,x !n beg9s to gradually decl9e1 & at ! end ( ?ree mon?s becomes invisible4 ,x rema9s invisible = five mon?s1 & !n reappe>s1 & dur+ ! ensu+ ?ree mon?s x rega9s by degrees its =m] brilliancy4 ,mira completes a cycle ( its *anges 9 #ccd days1 &1 dur+ t "t1 oscillates betwe5 a /> ( ! second & t5? magnitude4 ,! v>iability ( ,mira ,ceti 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,david ,fabricius 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ano!r rem>kable /> is ,eta ,argus1 :i* is surr\nd$ by ! great nebula 9 ! con/ellation ,argo ,navis4 ,x is invisible to ! nak$ eye1 b 9 ! telescope x has a r$di% appe>ance1 & is slightly bright] ?an ! />s 9 its vic9ity4 ,x 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,halley 9 #afgg1 & x 0 !n ( ! f\r? magnitude4 ,9 #agea x _h ris5 to ! second magnitude1 & ma9ta9$ its position z a /> ( ?is class until #ahcg1 :51 on ,decemb] #af ( t ye>1 its brilliancy sudd5ly increas$1 & x equall$ 9 a %ort "t ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,x rea*$ its maximum 9 #ahdc1 & !n x 0 surpass$ only by ,sirius4 ,x ma9ta9$ its brilliancy = ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,9 #aheh1 x decl9$ to ! second magnitude1 9 #ahei to ! ?ird1 &1 gradually dim9i%+1 x became invisible to ! nak$ eye 9 #ahfh4 ,x is n[ ( ! sev5? magnitude1 & is aga9 increas+1 & may soon resume its position among ! o!r />s4 ,x is believ$ to h a p]iod ( sev5ty ye>s1 & 9 t "t its light ebbs & fl[s betwe5 ! sev5? & fir/ magnitudes4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ v>iable /> 9 ! heav5s is ,algol 7! demon71 9 ! con/ellation ,p]seus4 ,its light fluctuations c be obs]v$ )\t ! aid ( a telescope1 & x completes a cycle ( its *anges 9 two or ?ree days4 ,= ab\t two days & ?irte5 h\rs x is conspicu\sly visible z a /> ( ! second magnitude2 x !n beg9s to decl9e1 & 9 ab\t f\r h\rs s9ks to ! dim5sions ( a f\r?-magnitude />2 x rema9s 9 ?is condition = tw5ty m9utes1 & !n increases gradually until1 at ! expiration ( f\r h\rs1 x rega9s its =m] brilliancy1 :i* x su/a9s = two days & ?irte5 h\rs1 :5 x aga9 goes ?r\gh ! same cycle ( *anges 9 a precisely simil> mann] to :at has be5 describ$4 ,a/rolog]s h ascrib$ _m evil influ5ces to ! demon />1 :i* adorn$ ! head ( ,m$usa2 nor did x escape ! obs]vation ( anci5t a/ronom]s t ?is malevol5t orb is--z a mod]n writ] amus+ly rem>ks--sl[ly w9k+ at u f out ! dep?s ( space4 ,v>iable />s are f\nd 9 great] numb]s 9 "s p>ts ( ! heav5s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,^? ( a :ite col\r1 & ) %ort] & m regul> p]iods1 are mo/ num]\s 9 ! region ( ! ,milky ,way2 ^? t are small1 ) long p]iods & ( a r$di% hue1 are m widely remov$ f t zone4 ,/>s ( ?is class are all v remote1 & no attempt has z yet be5 made to asc]ta9 ! p>allax ( ,algol4 ,sev]al !ories h be5 sugge/$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! p]iodical brilliancy ( ^? />s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! />s h opaque non-lum9\s pat*es on _! surfaces1 & t dur+ axial rotation _! light ebbs & fl[s accord+ z ! d>k or bright portions are turn$ t[>ds u4 ,?is !ory is highly improbable4 ,ano!r & m plausible reason1 especially ) reg>d to %ort p]iod v>iables1 is1 t ar\nd ^? />s !re revolve opaque bodies or satellites :i* at times int]cept a portion ( _! light by produc+ a p>tial eclipse ( _! discs1 simil> to t caus$ by ! d>k body ( ! ,moon :5 pass+ betwe5 ! ,sun & ! ,e>?4 ,x is n[ kn[n t 9 ! case ( v>iables ( ! ,algol type1 ! p]iodical fluctuations ( _! light arises f ?is cause1 & t r\nd ,algol !re is a d>k _w or satellite travell+1 :i* completes a revolution ( its orbit 9 ab\t sixty-n9e h\rs1 & t1 dur+ ea* circuit1 x int]cepts "o half ( ! light ( its prim>y by p>tially eclips+ ! orb1 & !reby creat+ a dim9ution 9 its app>5t magnitude :i* becomes p]ceptible at recurr+ int]vals4 ,,/> ,,gr\ps4--,^! are pl5tifully scatt]$ ov] ! heav5s &1 by _! conspicu\s brilliancy1 add to ! gr&eur & magnific5ce ( ! midnight sky4 ,! ,hyades 9 ,taurus1 ( :i* ,aldeb>an is ! *ief1 =m+ ! eye ( ! ,bull1 attract att5tion4 ,! />s 9 ,coma ,b]nices =m a ri* gr\p2 ! sickle 9 ,leo1 ! sev5 />s 9 ,ursa ,major1 & ^? 9 ,cassiopeia & ,aquila are famili>ly kn[n to all obs]v]s4 ,besides ^!1 !re are _m o!r gr\ps & aggregations ( />s :i* adorn ! cele/ial vault & enhance ! beauty ( ! heav5s4 ,,/> ,,clu/]s4--,on obs]v+ ! heav5s on a cle>1 d>k night1 !re c be se5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sky closely aggregat$ gr\ps ( />s call$ clu/]s4 ,9 "s in/ances ! compon5t />s are s ne> toge!r t ! nak$ eye is unable to disc]n ! individual memb]s ( ! clu/]4 ,!y !n assume an indi/9ct1 hazy1 cl\dlike appe>ance4 ,upw>ds ( #ejj clu/]s are kn[n to a/ronom]s1 ! majority ( :i* are v remote4 ,_m ( !m conta9 ?\s&s ( />s compress$ into a v small space1 & o!rs are s di/ant t ! l>ge/ telescopes are incapable ( resolv+ _! nebul\s appe>ance into sep>ate />s4 ,/> clu/]s h be5 arrang$ into two classes1 'irregul>' & 'globul>2' b no %>p l9e ( dem>cation exi/s betwe5 !m1 ?\gh ea* h _! di/9ctive peculi>ities4 ,irregul> clu/]s consi/ ( aggregations ( />s br\ght promiscu\sly toge!r1 & pres5t+ an appe>ance devoid ( any /ructural arrangem5t4 ,!y are ( diff]5t %apes & sizes1 possess no di/9ct outl9e1 & are n cond5s$ t[>ds _! c5tre1 l ^? t are globul>4 ,on exam9ation1 !y pres5t an intricate reticulat$ appe>ance2 /reams & bran*es ( />s ext5d outw>ds f ! p>5t clu/]1 sometimes 9 r[s & s9u\s l9es1 &1 9 o!r in/ances1 div]g+ f a common c5tre1 =m+ sprays4 ,sometimes ! />s are se5 to foll[ ea* o!r on ! same curve :i* t]m9ates 9 loops & ar*es ( symmetrical proportions4 ,!re are ?ree conspicu\s clu/]s 9 ! nor!rn sky t are visible to ! nak$ eye--viz4 ! ,pleiades 9 ,taurus1 ! ,great ,clu/] 9 ! sword-h&le ( ,p]seus1 & ,praesepe 9 ,canc]1 commonly call$ ! ,beehive4 ,! clu/] :i* f "t immemorial has _h be/[$ ^u x ! *ief att5tion ( mank9d are ! beautiful ,pleiades or ,sev5 ,si/]s1 & int]tw9$ among its />s are ! leg5d>y & my?ological beliefs ( anci5t nations & untutor$ tribes inhabit+ ! diff]5t regions ( ! globe4 ,:5 view$ ) a telescope ( mod]ate size ! clu/] appe>s z a scatt]$ gr\p1 & num]\s />s become visible t are imp]ceptible to ord9>y vision4 ,9 ! sword-h&le ( ,p]seus !re is a clu/] :i*1 to ! nak$ eye1 appe>s z a small pat* ( lum9\s cl\d4 ,?is inconspicu\s object :5 obs]v$ ) an in/rum5t ( mod]ate p[] is resolv$ into a magnific5t assemblage ( />s1 & pres5ts a spectacle :i* creates 9 ! m9d ( ! behold] m+l$ feel+s ( admiration & amazem5t4 ,no telescope has yet p5etrat$ its utmo/ dep?s1 or reveal$ all ! glories ( ?is %9+ region1 cr[d$ ) glitt]+ po9ts ( light comp>able 9 numb] to ! pebbles /rewn on ! %ore ( a tr\bl$ sea4 ,! clu/] ,praesepe 9 ,canc] is visible on a cle> night to ! unaid$ eye z a small nebula4 ,?is object attract$ ! att5tion ( ,galileo1 to :i* he appli$ 8 newly inv5t$ telescope1 & 0 delight$ to f9d t 8 glass 0 capable ( resolv+ x into a gr\p ( />s ?irty-six 9 numb]1 & all ( comp>atively l>ge magnitude4 ,! disappe>ance ( ,praesepe 9 consequ5ce ( ! cond5sation ( vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e 0 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z a sure indication ( approa*+ ra94 ,9 ! same con/ellation1 ne> ! ,crab's s\!rn claw1 !re is ano!r ri* clu/]1 :i* consi/s ( #bjj />s ( ! n9? & t5? magnitudes4 ,9 ,sobieski's ,%ield !re is a magnific5t fan-%ap$ clu/] ( m9ute />s ) a prom95t "o 9 its c5tre2 & 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross !re is a clu/] :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! v>i$ col\rs ( its compon5t />s1 has be5 comp>$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el to 'a piece ( ri* fancy jewell]y2' eight ( ! pr9cipal />s be+ col\r$ r$1 gre51 & blue4 ,,globul> ,,clu/]s4--,^! h be5 describ$ by ,h]s*el z '! mo/ magnific5t objects t c be se5 9 ! heav5s4' ,!y are all v remote1 ( a r\nd$ =m1 & :5 view$ ) a telescope pres5t ! appe>ance ( 'a ball ( />s4' ,9 "s clu/]s ! con/itu5t />s are di/+ui%able z m9ute po9ts ( light2 9 o!rs1 m remote1 !y are ( a co>se granul> texture1 & 9 ^? /ill m di/ant !y resemble a 'heap ( gold5 s&4' ,"s clu/]s are situat$ at su* a pr(\nd di/ance 9 space t x is impossible ) ! mo/ p[]ful ( telescopes to def9e _! /ell> /ructure2 all t c be di/+ui%$ ( ^! is a cl\dy lum9osity resembl+ 9 appe>ance an irresolvable nebula4 ,globul> clu/]s usually pres5t a radiat$ appe>ance4 ,rays1 bran*es1 & spiral-%ap$ /reams ( />s appe> to fl[ f ! circumf]5ce ( "s2 &1 9 o!r in/ances1 fanta/ic app5dages ( />s project outw>ds f ! p>5t clu/]4 ,!re d\btless exi/s mu* v>iety 9 ! /ructural arrangem5t ( ^! clu/]s1 & an equal div]sity 9 ! magnitude & numb] ( ! />s :i* ent] into _! =mation4 ,! />s 9 "s clu/]s may equal ^? ( ! fir/ magnitude1 & 9 o!rs !y may n exce$ 9 dim5sions ! m9or planets4 ,9 ! telescope !y v>y 9 size f ! elev5? to ! fifte5? magnitude2 ! small] />s occupy ! c5tre ( a clu/]1 :il/ ! l>g] ones are f\nd ne> its circumf]5ce4 ,globul> clu/]s are m cond5s$ t[>ds _! c5tre ?an ^? ( irregul> %ape1 & "s h a nucleat$ appe>ance4 ,?is app>5t cond5sation is n altoge!r ow+ to ! dep? ( /> /rata z view$ f ! circumf]5ce ( ! clu/]1 b !re appe>s to exi/ an attractive =ce 7probably gravitational7 :i* draws ! />s t[>ds its c5tre1 & if ?is 'clu/]+ p[]' 7 n oppos$ by "s o!r c\nt]act+ =ce1 ^? bodies w\ld coalesce into "o mass4 ,x may be 't a c5trifugal impulse pr$om9ates by :i* full-gr[n orbs are driv5 f ! nurs]y ( suns 9 :i* !y 7 re>$ to seek _! sep>ate =tunes & ent] on an indep5d5t c>e] else:]e4' ,x is n kn[n h[ ! dynamical equilibrium ( a /> clu/] is ma9ta9$2 & on acc\nt ( its extreme di/ance no motion is p]ceptible among its compon5t />s4 ,! laws by :i* ^? /ell> aggregations are produc$ & gov]n$ are wrapp$ 9 obscurity1 & ! nature ( ! motions ( _! />s1 :e!r t[>ds conc5tration or diffusion1 _c at pres5t be asc]ta9$4 ,if ^? globul> clu/]s c\ld be obs]v$ suffici5tly ne>1 !y w\ld mo/ probably exp& into va/ sy/ems ( suns occupy+ imm5se regions ( space4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ magnific5t globul> clu/] 9 ! heav5s is ,omega ,c5tauri1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,to ! nak$ eye x resembles a r\nd1 indi/9ct1 comet>y object1 ab\t equal to a /> ( ! f\r? magnitude2 b :5 obs]v$ ) a p[]ful telescope x appe>s z a globe ( consid]able dim5sions compos$ ( innum]able />s ( ! ?irte5? & fifte5? magnitudes1 all exce$+ly m9ute & ga!r$ into small knots & gr\ps4 ,a rem>kable clu/] 9 ,t\cani is describ$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el z 'mo/ magnific5t2 v l>ge2 v bright1 & v mu* compress$ 9 ! middle4' ,! int]ior mass consi/s ( closely aggregat$ pale rose-col\r$ />s1 surr\nd$ by o!rs ( a pure :ite :i* embrace ! rema9d] ( ! clu/]4 ,!re is a f9e globul> clu/] 9 ,sagitt>ius betwe5 ! ,ar*]'s head & ! b[4 ,x 0 obs]v$ by ,hevelius 9 #affe4 ,! c5tral portion is v mu* compress$1 & consi/s ( excessively m9ute />s enclos$ by o!rs ( l>g] size4 ,9 ,aqu>ius !re is a magnific5t ball ( />s ( a beautiful sph]ical =m1 :i* ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el comp>$ to a heap ( f9e s&4 ,num]\s o!r clu/]s are pr(usely di/ribut$ ov] ! heav5s1 occupy+ regions 9 ! pr(\nd dep?s ( space :i* c only be rea*$ by ! aid ( mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts4 ,! f9e/ & mo/ rem>kable object ( ?is class visible 9 ! nor!rn heav5s is ! ,great ,clu/] :i* lies betwe5 ,eta & ,zeta ,h]culis4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,halley 9 #agad1 :o writes3 ',?is is b a little pat*1 b x %[s itself to ! nak$ eye :5 ! sky is s]5e & ! moon abs5t4' ,:5 obs]v$ ) a p[]ful telescope its magnific5ce at once becomes app>5t to ! behold]4 ',p]haps1' says ,dr4 ,ni*ol1 'no "o ev] saw x = ! fir/ "t ?r\gh a telescope )\t utt]+ a %\t ( wond]4' ,at its circumf]5ce ! />s are r scatt]$1 b t[>ds ! c5tre !y appe> s closely aggregat$ t _! comb9$ effulg5ce =ms a p]fect blaze ( light4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el e/imat$ t !re are #ad1jjj />s 9 ! clu/]1 ea* a magnific5t _w b unaccompani$ by any planet>y att5dants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clu/] ,,9 ,,h]cules ,z a result ( m rec5t inve/igations ?is numb] has be5 consid]ably r$uc$1 & x is n[ g5]ally believ$ t ab\t #d1jjj />s ent] into ! =mation ( ! clu/]4 ,z its di/ance f ! ,e>? is unkn[n1 x foll[s t !re mu/ be "s unc]ta9ty atta*$ to any conclusions t may be arriv$ at ) reg>d to ?is sup]b object4 ,miss ,agnes ,cl]ke e/imates ! numb] ( ! con/itu5t />s at #d1jjj1 & 9 support ( h] conclusion ?is tal5t$ lady writes z foll[s3 ',! app>5t diamet] ( ?is object1 includ+ mo/ ( ! scatt]$ />s 9 /reaky masses & l9es :i* =m a sort ( glory r\nd x1 is #h'2 t ( its truly sph]ical portion may be put at #e'4 ,n[1 a globe subt5d+ an angle ( #e' mu/ h 7because ! s9e ( t angle is to radius ne>ly z to #a 3 #fhg7 a real diamet] #a_/fhg ( its di/ance f ! eye1 :i*1 if we assume to be su* z w\ld correspond to a p>allax ( #a_/bj ( a second1 we f9d t ! clu/]1 outli]s ap>t1 measures #eeh1jjj millions ( miles across4 ,light1 9 o!r words1 occupies ?irty-six days 9 trav]s+ x1 b sixty-five ye>s 9 j\rney+ !nce hi!r4 ,its compon5ts may be reg>d$1 on an av]age1 z ( ! twelf? magnitude2 =1 al?\gh ! div]g5t />s rank mu* high] 9 ! scale ( brightness1 ! c5tral ones1 !re is reason to believe1 are notably fa9t]4 ,! sum total ( _! light1 if conc5trat$ into "o /ell> po9t1 w\ld at any rate v little 7if at all7 exce$ t ( a ?ird-magnitude />4 ,& "o /> ( ! ?ird is equival5t to j f\r ?\s& />s ( ! twelf? magnitude4 ,h5ce we arrive at ! conclusion t ! />s 9 ! ,h]cules ,clu/] numb] mu* m ne>ly f\r ?an f\rte5 ?\s&4' ,= :at purpose d ^? ?\s&s ( clu/]+ orbs %9e8 ,:o c tell8 ,night is unkn[n 9 ! regions illum9$ by _! brilliant radiance4 ,?is /up5d\s aggregation ( suns te/ifies to ! magnific5ce ( ! />ry heav5s1 & to ! omnipot5ce ( ! ,creator4 ,,galaxies4--,^! consi/ ( va/ aggregations ( />s :i* =m sep>ate 'isl& univ]ses' float+ 9 ! dep?s ( space2 !y are believ$ to equal 9 magnitude & magnific5ce ! ,milky ,way--! galaxy to :i* our sy/em belongs4 ,,nebulae4--,we n[ rea* ! la/1 & :at are believ$ to be ! mo/ di/ant ( ! kn[n cont5ts ( ! heav5s4 ,!y are all exce$+ly remote1 devoid ( any p]ceptible motion1 fa9tly lum9\s1 &1 ) ! exception ( two ( _! numb]1 invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,halley 0 ! fir/ a/ronom] :o paid any att5tion to ^? objects4 ,9 #agaf he enum]at$ six ( !m1 b ( ?is numb] only two c1 9 a /rict s5se1 be reg>d$ z nebulae1 ! o!rs s9ce !n h be5 resolv$ into magnific5t /> clu/]s4 ,9 #aghd1 ,messi] catalogu$ #ajc nebulae1 & ! ,h]s*els--fa!r & son--9 _! survey ( ! /ell> regions1 discov]$ #d1jjj ( ^? objects4 ,!re are n[ #h1jjj kn[n nebulae 9 ! heav5s1 b ! majority ( !m are n ( mu* int]e/ to a/ronom]s4 ,prior to ! inv5tion ( ! spectroscope x 0 believ$ t all nebulae 7 irresolvable /> clu/]s1 b ! analysis ( _! light by ?is in/rum5t indicat$ t _! composition 0 n /ell> b gase\s4 ,_! spectra consi/ ( a few bright l9es reveal+ ! pres5ce ( hydrog51 nitrog51 & o!r gase\s elem5ts4 ,mu* t is my/]i\s & unc]ta9 is associat$ ) ^? objects :i* appe> to lie f> beyond ! limits ( our sid]eal sy/em4 ,x is n[ g5]ally believ$ t !y exhibit ! e>lie/ /age 9 ! =mation ( />s & planets--in*oate worlds 9 process ( sl[ evolution1 :i* w ev5tually cond5se into sy/ems ( suns1 & planet>y worlds4 ,nebulae pres5t e v>iety ( =m4 ,"s are annul>1 elliptic1 circul>1 & spiral2 o!rs are fan-%ap$1 cyl9drical1 & irregul>1 ) tuft$ app5dages1 rays1 & filam5ts4 ,a fanci$ resemblance to diff]5t animat$ creatures has be5 obs]v$ 9 "s4 ,9 ,taurus !re is a nebula call$ ! ',crab' on acc\nt ( its lik5ess to ! cru/acean2 ano!r is call$ ! ',owl ,nebula' f its resemblance to ! face ( t bird4 ,! ,orion ,nebula sugge/s ! op5$ jaws ( a fi% or sea mon/]1 h5ce call$ ! ,fi%-,m\? ,nebula4 ,!re is a ,horse-,%oe ,nebula1 a ,dumb-,bell ,nebula1 & _m o!rs ( v>i\s %apes & =ms4 ,!y are classifi$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,annul> ,nebulae1 7#b7 ,elliptic ,nebulae1 7#c7 ,spiral ,nebulae1 7#d7 ,planet>y ,nebulae1 7#e7 ,nebul\s ,/>s1 7#f7 ,l>ge ,irregul> ,nebulae4 ,,annul> ,,nebulae4--,^! resemble 9 appe>ance an oval-%ap$ lum9\s r+2 !y are comp>atively few 9 numb]1 & n m ?an a doz5 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! :ole heav5s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable object ( ?is class is ! ,r+ ,nebula1 :i* is situat$ betwe5 ! />s ,beta & ,gamma ,lyrae4 ,x is visible 9 a mod]ate-siz$ telescope z a well-def9$1 flat1 oval r+2 its c5tral "p is n q d>k b is occupi$ by a filmy haze ( lum9\s matt] :i* is prolong$ inw>ds f ! m>g9 ( ! r+4 ,:5 exam9$ ) a high p[] ! edges ( ! r+ h a fr+$ appe>ance1 & num]\s glitt]+ /ell> po9ts become visible bo? )9 & )\t its circumf]5ce4 ,?is nebul\s r+1 ?\gh a small object 9 ! telescope1 is ( enorm\s magnitude1 & if x 7 n m di/ant ?an #fa ,cygni1 "o ( ! ne>e/ ( ! fix$ />s1 its diamet] w\ld n be less ?an #bj1jjj millions ( miles1 b x has be5 e/imat$ by ,h]s*el t x is #ijj times m remote ?an ,sirius4 ,h[ /up5d\s1 !n1 mu/ be its dim5sions1 & h[ bewild]+ to our conception is ! pr(\nd imm5sity ( space 9 :i* x is locat$6 ,an annul> nebula simil> to t ( ,lyra1 b on a small] scale1 is f\nd 9 ,cygnus1 & )9 x !re c be se5 a conspicu\s />4 ,ano!r exi/s 9 ,scorpio :i* conta9s two />s situat$ )9 ! r+ at diametrically opposite po9ts to ea* o!r4 ,,elliptical ,,nebulae4--,! mo/ int]e/+ object ( ?is class is ! ,great ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 call$ '! transc5d5tally beautiful que5 ( ! nebulae'--an appellation :i* x sc>cely m]its4 ,?is object1 :i* is pla9ly visible to ! nak$ eye1 is ( an oval %ape1 ( a milky :ite col\r1 & is situat$ ne> ! mo/ nor!rn /> ( ! ?ree :i* =m ! girdle ( ,&rom$a4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & ,ali ,sufi1 a ,p]sian a/ronom] :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! t5? c5tury1 alludes to x2 b x did n attract mu* att5tion until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,simon ,m>ius 0 ! fir/ to obs]ve ?is object ) a telescope4 ,?is he did on ,decemb] #ae1 #afab2 he describes x z %9+ ) a pale :ite light resembl+ 9 appe>ance ! flame ( a c&le :5 se5 ?r\gh a semi-transp>5t piece ( horn4 ,:5 exam9$ ) a high magnify+ p[] x is se5 to occupy a l>gely ext5d$ area measur+ #d deg4 9 l5g? & #b-a_/b deg4 9 bread?4 ,its lum9osity increases f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre1 :]e !re c be se5 a small nucleus ) an ill-def9$ b\nd>y1 :i* has ! appe>ance ( be+ granul>1 b its composition is n /ell>4 ,two d>k *annels runn+ almo/ p>allel to ea* o!r & to ! axis ( ! nebula h be5 obs]v$ by ,bond2 ^!1 :5 prolong$1 =m into curves :i* t]m9ate 9 two great r+s4 ,!y are wide rifts :i* sep>ate /reams ( nebul\s matt]1 & are indicative t "s =mative processes may be go+ on )9 ! nebula4 ,a/ronom]s h be5 baffl$ 9 _! attempts to discov] ! nature ( ! ,&rom$a ,nebula4 ,?\gh great telescopes h be5 able to r5d] visible ?\s&s ( />s ov] & ar\nd x1 yet ! nebula itself is irresolvable & be>s no trace ( /ell> =mation2 nei!r1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 is its spectrum gase\s1 a circum/ance :i* deep5s ! my/]y associat$ ) ?is object4 ,its di/ance is unkn[n1 & its dim5sions _c be asc]ta9$4 ,o!r elliptical nebulae are f\nd 9 diff]5t regions ( ! heav5s4 ,9 ,ursa ,major !re is an oval nebula resembl+ t ( ,&rom$a1 b on a mu* small] scale4 ,x possesses a nucleus1 & on ! photographic plate !re c be detect$ ! pres5ce ( spiral /ructure1 indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( /reams ( nebul\s matt]4 ,adjac5t to ?is nebula is ano!r ( ! same class ) a d\ble nucleus1 & associat$ ) x is a nebul\s />4 ,,spiral ,,nebulae4--,! great reflector ( ,e>l ,rosse at ,p>son/[n 0 ! successful means by :i* nebulae ( ?is =m 7 discov]$4 ,?is p[]ful telescope 0 capable ( def9+ ) great] accuracy ! /ructural =mation ( ^? objects ?an any o!r in/rum5t 9 use4 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ t spiral coils & convolut$ :orls ent] into ! /ructure ( mo/ nebulae1 indicat+ a simil>ity 9 ! process ( *ange :i* may be go+ on 9 ^! va/ accumulations ( cosmical matt]4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ specim5 ( a spiral nebula is situat$ 9 ,canes ,v5atici4 ,x consi/s ( spiral coils emanat+ f a c5tre ) a nucleus & surr\nd$ by a n>r[ lum9\s r+4 ,9 appe>ance x resembles ! coil$ ma9spr+ ( a wat*4 ,,planet>y ,,nebulae4--,^! h be5 s nam$ on acc\nt ( ! resemblance :i* !y be> to ! discs ( planets4 ,!y are ( uni=m brightness1 circul> 9 %ape1 ) %>ply-def9$ edges1 & are frequ5tly ( a blui% col\r4 ,!y are m num]\s ?an annul> nebulae2 ?ree-f\r?s ( _! numb] are 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 & !y are situat$ 9 or v ne> ! ,milky ,way4 ,^? objects 7 fir/ describ$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 :o 0 r p]plex$ z to :at 0 _! real nature & h[ he %\ld classify !m4 ,he rem>k$ t !y c\ld n be planets belong+ to f>-(f suns1 nor di/ant comets1 nor di/5d$ />s4 ,consequ5tly1 he conclud$ rightly t !y 7 nebulae4 ,:5 obs]v$ ) l>ge telescopes1 !y lose _! planet>y aspect1 & _! %>pness ( outl9e is less app>5t2 _! discs become brok5 up into bright & d>k portions1 & 9 "s1 num]\s m9ute />s h be5 obs]v$1 :il/ o!rs h well-def9$ nuclei4 ,! mo/ prom95t nebula ( ?is class is situat$ 9 ! con/ellation ,ursa ,major1 & is call$ ! ,owl ,nebula1 f its fanci$ resemblance to ! face ( t bird4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el describes x z 'a mo/ extraord9>y object1 a l>ge1 uni=m nebul\s disc1 q r\nd1 v bright1 n %>ply def9$1 b yet v sudd5ly fad+ away to d>kness4' ,:5 exam9$ 9 #ahdh ) ,e>l ,rosse's reflector1 two bright />s 7 discov]$ 9 its int]ior2 ea* 0 9 ! c5tre ( a circul> d>k space surr\nd$ by :orls ( nebul\s matt]--h5ce ! orig9 ( its "n4 ,?is nebula gives a bright l9e spectrum indicative ( gase\s composition4 ,x is believ$ to consi/ *iefly ( hydrog5 & o!r gases :i* =m a globe ( su* /up5d\s magnitude t1 if we surmise its di/ance f ! e>? to be sixty-five light ye>s--an e/imate mu* too l[--'its diamet] w\ld exce$ t ( ! orbit ( ,neptune upw>ds ( #ajj times4'#aj ,)9 its compass ! orbs ( hundr$s ( sol> sy/ems z l>ge z t ( ours w\ld be able to p]=m _! revolutions1 hav+ spaci\s int]vals exi/+ betwe5 ea* sy/em4 ,ano!r int]e/+ planet>y nebula is 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,dragon1 ne> to ! pole ( ! ecliptic2 x is slightly oval1 ( a pale blue col\r1 & conta9s a /> ( ! elev5? magnitude 9 its c5tre4 ,x gives a gase\s spectrum4 ,attempts h be5 made to det]m9e its p>allax1 b )\t success1 & dur+ ! eighty ye>s x has be5 "u obs]vation x has rema9$ app>5tly motionless4 ,its light p]iod1 if e/imat$ at #adj ye>s1 w\ld indicate ! exi/5ce ( a globe ) a diamet] equal to =ty-f\r diamet]s ( ! orbit ( ! planet ,neptune4#aa ,a nebula ( ?is class 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el 9 ! ,c5taur4 ,he describ$ x z resembl+ ,uranus1 b l>g]2 its col\r 0 ( a beautiful ri* blue1 & its light equall$ t ( a /> ( ! sev5? magnitude4 ,,nebul\s ,,/>s4--,^! />s are ea* surr\nd$ by a lum9\s haze sev]al m9utes ( arc 9 diamet] & ( a circul> =m4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 by 8 obs]vation ( ^? objects1 arriv$ at ! conclusion 't !re exi/s 9 space a %9+ fluid ( a nature totally unkn[n to u1 & t ! nebulosity ab\t ^? />s 0 n ( a />ry nature4' ,?irte5 />s ( ?is type h be5 enum]at$ by him & _m o!rs h s9ce be5 discov]$4 ,! 'gl[' :i* surr\nds !m has be5 obs]v$ 9 a few in/ances to h vani%$ )\t leav+ any trace ( nebulosity beh9d1 b ! causes :i* h br\ght ab\t su* a result are entirely unkn[n4 ,! nature ( ^? />s is involv$ 9 consid]able obscurity1 & "o class ( nebula w\ld seem to m]ge into ! o!r2 nebul\s />s ) fa9t aureolae d n diff] mu* f small nebulae int]sp]s$ ) /ell> po9ts4 ,,l>ge ,,irregul> ,,nebulae4--,^! are f\nd 9 bo? hemisph]es1 & are rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! v>i$ appe>ances :i* !y pres5t1 & ! l>ge ext5t ( space :i* _m ( !m occupy4 ,9 "s1 ! nebul\s matt] ( :i* !y are compos$ c be se5 l masses ( tuft$ flocculi1 sometimes pil$ up1 & at o!r times promiscu\sly scatt]$1 resembl+ 9 appe>ance ! foam on ! cre/$ bill[s ( a surg+ ocean r5d]$ sudd5ly motionless1 or cirro-cumuli float+ 9 a tranquil sky4 ,isl&s ( light ) int]v5+ d>k *annels1 promontories project+ into gulfs ( deep %ade1 sprays ( lum9\s matt]1 convolut$ filam5ts1 :orls1 wrea?s1 & spiral /reams all ent] into ! /ructural =mation ( a great nebula4 ,! ,great ,nebula 9 ,argo1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable objects ( ?is class4 ,x consi/s ( bright irregul> masses ( lum9\s matt]1 /reaks & bran*es1 & occupies an area ab\t equal to "o squ>e degree4 ,at its ea/]n bord] is situat$ ! v>iable /> ,eta ,argus1 :i* fluctuates betwe5 ! fir/ & sev5? magnitudes 9 a p]iod ( ab\t sev5ty ye>s4 ,a ri* portion ( ! ,galaxy lies 9 front ( ! nebula1 :i* creates an effect z if x 7 /udd$ ov] ) />s4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 9 describ+ ?is nebula1 writes z foll[s3--',! :ole is situat$ 9 a v ri* & brilliant "p ( ! ,milky ,way1 s ?ickly /rew$ ) />s t1 9 ! area occupi$ by ! nebula1 n less ?an #a1bjj h be5 actually c\nt$4 ,yet x is obvi\s t ^! h no connection :atev] ) ! nebula1 be+1 9 fact1 only a simple cont9uation ov] x ( ! g5]al gr\nd ( ! ,galaxy4 ,! conclusion c h>dly be avoid$ t1 9 look+ at x1 we see ?r\gh & beyond ! ,milky ,way1 f> out into space1 ?r\gh a />less region1 disconnect+ x altoge!r f our sy/em4 ,x is n easy = language to convey a full impression ( ! beauty & sublimity ( ! spectacle :i* ?is nebula (f]s z x ent]s ! field ( view ( a telescope1 fix$ 9 "r asc5sion1 by ! diurnal motion1 u%]$ 9 z x is by s glori\s & innum]able a procession ( />s1 to :i* x =ms a sort ( climax1 & 9 a "p ( ! heav5s o!rwise full ( int]e/4' ,ano!r l>ge bright nebula 7call$ #cj ,doradus71 also 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 is compos$ ( a s]ies ( loops ) intricate w9d+s =m+ a k9d ( op5 network aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! sky :i* x adorns4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el describes x z "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y objects 9 ! heav5s4 ,! ',crab' ,nebula 9 ,taurus1 ! ',horse-,%oe' ,nebula 9 ,sobieski's ,%ield1 & ! ',dumb-,bell' ,nebula 9 ,vulpecula are rem>kable objects1 b ! assi/ance ( a p[]ful telescope is requir$ to br+ out _! di/9ctive features4 ,! ',crab' ,nebula is p>tially resolvable into />s2 ! o!r two are believ$ to be gase\s4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ rem>kable ( all ! nebulae is t kn[n z ! ,great ,nebula 9 ,orion1 :i* 0 discov]$ & del9eat$ by ,huyg5s 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is p]ceptible to ! nak$ eye1 & :5 view$ ) a glass ( l[ p[] c be se5 z a circul> lum9\s haze surr\nd+ ! multiple /> ,!ta ,orionis--"o ( ! />s 9 ! ,giant's ,sword1 & :i* is ( itself a rem>kable object4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s "p ( ! nebula be>s a slight resemblance to ! w+ ( a bird2 x consi/s ( floccul5t masses ( nebul\s matt] possess+ a fa9t gre5i% t+e4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el comp>$ x to a surface /udd$ ov] ) flocks ( wool1 or to ! break+ up ( a mack]el sky :5 ! cl\ds ( :i* x consi/s beg9 to assume a cirr\s appe>ance4 ,its brighte/ portion is occupi$ by f\r conspicu\s />s1 :i* =m a trapezium2 ar\nd ea* !re is a d>k space free f nebulosity1 a circum/ance :i* w\ld seem to indicate t ! />s possess ! p[] ei!r ( absorb+ or ( repell+ ! nebul\s matt] 9 _! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,:5 obs]v$ ) a p[]ful telescope1 ?is nebula appe>s to be ( va/ dim5sions1 &1 ) its efflu5ts1 occupies an area ( #d deg4 by #e-a_/b deg44 ,irregul> bran*+ masses1 /reams1 sprays1 filam5ts1 & curv$ spiral wrea?s project outw>d f ! p>5t mass1 & become gradually lo/ 9 ! surr\nd+ space4 ,?is object rema9$ = long a pr(\nd my/]y2 no telescope 0 capable ( resolv+ x1 nor 0 x kn[n :at ?is 'un=m$ fi]y mi/1 ! *aotic mat]ial ( future suns1' 01 until ! spectroscope reveal$ t x consi/s ( a /up5d\s mass ( inc&esc5t gases--nitrog51 hydrog51 & o!r elem5t>y sub/ances1 occupy+ a region ( space believ$ by "s to equal 9 ext5t ! :ole /ell> sy/em to :i* our ,sun belongs4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 ne> to ! pole ( ! equator1 are two nebul\s cl\ds ( unequal size2 ! l>g] hav+ an area ab\t f\r times t ( ! small]4 ,!y are kn[n z ! ,magellanic ,cl\ds1 hav+ be5 call$ aft] ! navigator ,magellan4 ,bo? are visible on a moonless night1 b 9 bright moonlight ! small] disappe>s4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 :5 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 exam9$ ^? objects ) 8 p[]ful telescope4 ,he describ$ !m 'z consi/+ ( sw>ms ( />s1 globul> clu/]s1 & nebulae ( v>i\s k9ds1 "s portions ( !m be+ q irresolvable1 & pres5t+ ! same milky appe>ance 9 ! telescope t ! nebulae !mselves d to ! nak$ eye4' ,^! are believ$ to be o!r univ]ses ( />s sunk 9 ! pr(\nd dep?s ( space1 our k ( _! exi/5ce be+ dep5d5t ^u ! fa9t nebul\s light :i* left !m1 p]haps1 sev]al ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,orion ,! description ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( nebulae leads u to consid] :at is call$ ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,t ! />s & sol> sy/em _h at "s "t 9 ! pa/ a beg9n+1 is z mu* a matt] ( c]ta9ty z t !y w at "s future "t cease to be4 ,/>s1 l organic be+s1 h _! bir?1 gr[ & arrive at maturity1 !n decl9e into a /ate ( decrepitude1 & f9ally die out4 ,! duration ( ! life ( a />1 :i* may be reckon$ by millions ( ye>s1 dep5ds ^u ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* x c ma9ta9 a temp]ature t r5d]s x capable ( emitt+ light4 ,by ! con/ant radiation ( its heat into space1 a condition ( its con/itu5t p>ticles consequ5t ^u ! gradual contraction ( its mass w ultimately occur1 :i* w result 9 ! exhau/ion ( its /ores ( !rmal en]gy1 ! ext9ction ( its light1 & ! r$uction ( :at 0 once a brilliant orb to ! condition ( a mass ( cold1 opaque1 in]t matt]4 ,inquiries z to ! orig9 ( ! />s h l$ sci5tific m5 to conclude t !y h be5 evolv$ f gase\s nebulae1 & ^! h !re=e be5 reg>d$ z indicat+ ! e>lie/ /age 9 ! =mation ( suns & planets4 ,x is believ$ t ! cond5sation ( ^? att5uat$ masses ( lum9\s matt] into />s is capable ( acc\nt+ = ! g5]ation & =mation ( all ! %9+ orbs :i* ent] into ! /ructure ( ! />ry heav5s4 ,9 ! evolution ( a 'cosmos out ( a *aos' we %\ld expect to f9d />s pres5t+ e /age ( developm5t--"s 9 an embryo /ate & o!rs m advanc$2 />s 9 full vig\r & activity1 />s t h pass$ ! m]idian ( life1 & />s 9 a condition ( decay & on ! v]ge ( ext9ction4 ,! obs]vations ( a/ronom]s h l$ !m to conclude t ?is condition ( 'y\? & age' exi/s among ! /ell> multitude2 b ! *>act]i/ics by :i* x is di/+ui%$ are nei!r v obvi\s nor reliable4 ,! nebul> !ory is incapable ( pro( or demon/ration2 b mod]n discov]ies t5d to support ! accuracy ( its conclusions1 & its pr9ciples h n[ be5 adopt$ by ! majority ( philosophic ?9k]s4 ,! physical *anges :i* are go+ on 9 ! nebulae t[>ds /ell> evolution1 or 9 fully =m$ />s t[>ds dissolution1 are s sl[ t ! life ( an individual1 or ev5 ! hi/orical records ( ! pa/1 are incapable ( furni%+ any evid5ce ( alt]ation 9 _! condition4 ,a p]iod ( "t inf9itely great] ?an :at has elaps$ s9ce ! bir? ( sci5ce mu/ pass be=e any?+ c be kn[n ( ! life hi/ory ( ! />s2 inde$1 ! allott$ span ( man's exi/5ce on ?is planet may h t]m9at$ ere ! evolution ( a l>ge nebula into a /> clu/] c h tak5 place4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis 0 fir/ prop\nd$ by ,kant1 :o sugge/$ t ! sun & planets orig9at$ f a va/ & diffus$ mass ( cosmical matt]4 ,?is !ory 0 aft]w>ds support$ by ,h]s*el & by ! great ,fr5* a/ronom] ,laplace4 ,z a result ( close & cont9u$ obs]vation ( ! diff]5t classes ( nebulae1 ,h]s*el arriv$ at ! conclusion t !re exi/s 9 space a widely diffus$ '%9+ fluid1' ( a nature totally unkn[n to u1 & t ! nebulosity :i* he p]ceiv$ to surr\nd "s />s 0 n ( a />ry nature4 ,he fur!r adds t ?is self-lum9\s matt] 'seem$ m fit to produce a /> by its cond5sation ?an to dep5d on ! /> = its exi/5ce4' ,8 sagaci\s conclusion ) reg>d to ! non-/ell> nature ( ?is nebul\s matt] 0 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ! spectroscope2 = at t "t x 0 believ$ t ev5 ! fa9te/ nebulae 7 irresolvable /> clu/]s4 ,9 #ahaa ,h]s*el read a pap] be=e ! ,royal ,society 9 :i* he prop\nd$ 8 fam\s nebul> hypo!sis1 & /at$ 8 reasons = believ+ t nebulae1 by _! gradual cond5sation1 7 trans=m$ into />s4 ,hav+ assum$ t !re exi/s a highly att5uat$ self-lum9\s sub/ance diffus$ ov] va/ regions ( space1 he endeav\r$ to %[ t by ! law ( attraction its p>ticles w\ld h a t5d5cy to coalesce & =m aggregations ( nebul\s matt]1 & t ea* ( ^!1 by ! cont9u$ action ( ! same =ce1 w\ld gradually cond5se & ultimately acquire ! consi/5ce ( a />4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge irregul> nebulae1 num]\s c5tres ( attraction w\ld orig9ate 9 ! mass1 r\nd :i* ! nebul\s p>ticles ( matt] w\ld arrange !mselves2 ea* nucleus1 :5 cond5sation _h be5 complet$1 w\ld become a />1 & ! entire nebula w\ld 9 ?is mann] be trans=m$ into a clu/] ( />s4 ,h]s*el believ$ t he c\ld trace ! diff]5t /ages ( nebul> cond5sation :i* result 9 ! evolution ( a />4 ,9 l>ge1 fa9tly lum9\s nebulae ! process ( cond5sation _h only comm5c$2 9 o!rs t 7 small] & bright] x 0 9 a m advanc$ /age2 9 ^? t conta9$ nuclei !re 0 evid5ce ( nasc5t />s2 &1 f9ally1 !re c\ld be se5 9 "s nebulae m9ute /ell> po9ts--new-born suns--int]sp]s$ among ! haze ( ! trans=m+ mass4 ,by ?is !ory ,h]s*el 0 able to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a associat$ ) nebul\s />s & ! suppos$ *anges :i* 7 obs]v$ 9 "s nebulae4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis z describ$ by ,h]s*el 0 n receiv$ ) mu* fav\r1 nor did x unsettle mu* ! belief t all nebulae 7 va/ /ell> aggregations1 & t _! cl\dy lum9osity 0 a consequ5ce ( ! inadequacy ( telescopic p[] to resolve !m into _! compon5t />s4 ,laplace1 :o 0 highly gift$ z a geometrician1 demon/rat$ h[ ! sol> sy/em c\ld h be5 evolv$ 9 accordance ) dynamical pr9ciples f a sl[ly rotat+ & sl[ly contract+ sph]oidal nebula4 ,! rotatory motion ( a nebula1 9 ob$i5ce to a well-kn[n me*anical law1 increases z its d5sity becomes great]1 & ?is goes on until ! tang5tial =ce at ! equator ov]comes ! gravitational attraction at its c5tre4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 a revolv+ r+ ( nebul\s matt] is ?r[n (f f ! p>5t mass1 & by ?is means equilibrium is re/or$ betwe5 ! two =ces4 ,z ! rotatory velocity ( ! nebula cont9ues to increase ) its contraction1 ano!r r+ is ca/ (f1 & 9 ?is mann] a succession ( revolv+ r+s may be deta*$ f ! cond5s+ sph]oid2 ea* newly-=m$ r+ be+ ne>] to ! c5tre ( ! contract+ mass & revolv+ 9 a %ort] p]iod ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,9 ! evolution ( our sy/em1 ! c5tral mass ( ! nebula became ! ,sun & ea* ( ! revolv+ r+s1 by _! cond5sation into "o mass1 =m$ a planet4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ?\gh on a dim9i%$ scale1 ! elem5t>y planets1 :il/ 9 a nebul\s /ate1 p>t$ ) annul> portions ( _! sub/ance1 out ( :i* 7 evolv$ _! sy/ems ( satellites4 ,?is !ory furni%$ a plausible reason1 :i* 0 capable ( expla9+ h[ ! orbs :i* con/itute ! sol> sy/em came into exi/5ce1 &1 ?\gh hypo!tical1 yet ! mann] 9 :i* x acc\nt$ = ! ord]ly & symmetrical g5esis ( ! sy/em r5d]$ x attractive & fasc9at+ to sci5tific m9ds4 ,! evid5ce 9 support ( ! nebul\s orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em1 if n conclusive1 is ( mu* weight & importance4 ,! rem>kable h>mony ) :i* ! orbs ( ! sy/em p]=m _! motions is /rongly indicative ( _! common orig9 & t _! evolution occurr$ 9 subord9ation to ! law ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,! foll[+ are ! *>act]i/ic po9ts 9 fav\r ( ?is !ory3-- #a4 ,all ! planets revolve r\nd ! ,sun 9 ! same direction1 & !y all occupy ne>ly ! same plane4 #b4 ,_! satellites1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ,uranus & ,neptune1 p]=m _! revolutions 9 ob$i5ce to ! same law4 #c4 ,! rotation on _! axes ( ! ,sun1 planets1 & satellites is 9 ! same direction z _! orbital motion4 ,betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit] !re revolves a rem>kable gr\p ( small planets or planetoids4 ,on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( a planet 9 ?is region1 :]e1 accord+ to ! laws ( planet>y di/ances1 "o ought to be f\nd1 ! exi/5ce ( ^? small bodies 0 suspect$ = "s ye>s prior to _! discov]y4 ,! fir/ 0 detect$ by ,piazzi at ,pal]mo 9 #ahja2 two o!rs 7 discov]$ by ,olb]s 9 #ahjb & #ahjg1 & "o by ,h>d+ 9 #ahjd4 ,= "s "t x 0 believ$ t no m planetoids exi/$1 b 9 #ahde a fif? 0 detect$ by ,h5cke1 & f t ye> until n[ upw>ds ( #cjj ( ^? small bodies h be5 discov]$4 ,_! magnitudes are ( v>i$ ext5t2 ! diamet] ( ! l>ge/ is believ$ n to exce$ #dej miles1 & t ( ! small] ones f tw5ty to ?irty miles4 ,x 0 surmis$ at "o "t1 :5 only a few ( ^? bodies 7 kn[n1 t !y 7 ! fragm5ts ( a planet :i* met ) "s t]rible cata/rophe2 b s9ce ! discov]y ( s _m o!r planetoids ?is !ory _c be ma9ta9$4 ,accord+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis1 ^! bodies are ! consolidat$ portions ( a nebul\s r+ :i* rema9$ sep>ate in/ead ( hav+ coalesc$ into "o mass s z to =m a planet4 ,! uni=m cond5sation ( ! r+ w\ld result 9 ! =mation ( a multitude ( small planets simil> to :at are f\nd betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,9 ,saturn's r+ we h a rem>kable in/ance ( annul> consolidation 9 :i* ! =m ( ! r+ has be5 pres]v$4 ,! r+ is believ$ to consi/ ( myriads ( m9ute bodies1 ea* ( :i* travels 9 an orbit ( its own z x pursues its pa? r\nd ! planet2 ! close approximation & exce$+ m9ut5ess ( ^? mov+ objects create ! appe>ance ( a solid cont9u\s r+4 ,?\gh1 by means ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 x is impossible to expla9 all ! ph5om5a associat$ ) ! motions ( ! orbs :i* ent] into ! /ructure ( ! sol> sy/em1 yet ?is does n detract mu* f ! m]its ( ! !ory1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( :i* are bas$ ^u ! evolution ( ! sol> sy/em f a rotat+ nebula4 ,! retrograde motions ( ! satellites ( ,uranus & ,neptune1 ! velocity ( ! inn] ,m>tian moon1 & o!r abnormalities 9 ! sy/em1 h n z yet be5 expla9$1 b d\btless !re are reasons by :i* ^? peculi>ities c be acc\nt$ = if !y 7 only kn[n1 'felix qui potuit cognosc]e causas omnium r]um4' ,no attempt has be5 made to supplant ! nebul> hypo!sis by any o!r !ory ( cosmical evolution4 ,mod]n inve/igations & discov]ies h /r5g!n$ its position1 & at pres5t x is ! only means by :i* we c acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! visible mat]ial univ]se by :i* we are surr\nd$4 ,9 ! days :5 ,milton liv$--?ree hundr$ ye>s ago--! nocturnal heav5s pres5t$ ! same appe>ance to an obs]v] z !y d at ! pres5t "t4 ,! />s pursu$ _! id5tical pa?s1 & look$ d[n ^u ! ,e>? ) ! same aspect ( s]5e tranquillity1 reg>dless ( ! vicissitudes :i* affect ! inhabitants ( ?is t]re/rial sph]e4 ,! con/ellations t adorn ! cele/ial vault duly appe>$ 9 _! seasons1 & 9 ! asc5d+ scale ,( ,heav5 ! />s t u%] ev5+ rose4--iv4 #ced-ee4 ,! w9t] glories ( ,orion1 ! sc9tillat+ brilliancy ( ,sirius1 & ! spangl$ firmam5t1 be>+ no impress ( *ange or v>iation :i* w\ld lead "o to conclude t ! heav5s 7 o!r ?an et]nal1 attract$ !n1 z n[1 ! admiration ( behold]s4 ,ap>t f ! orbs :i* con/itute ! sol> sy/em1 little 0 kn[n ( ! sid]eal heav5s beyond ! visual effect creat$ by ! nocturnal aspect ( ! />-lit sky4 ,?\gh anci5t philosoph]s haz>d$ an op9ion t ! />s 7 suns1 !y receiv$ b scant att5tion f e>ly a/ronom]s1 by :om !y 7 m]ely reg>d$ z conv5i5t fix$ po9ts :i* enabl$ !m to det]m9e ) great] accuracy ! positions ( ! planets & ! pa?s trac$ out by !m 9 ! heav5s4 ,! ,ptolemai/s1 :o believ$ 9 ! diurnal revolution ( ! sph]es1 assign$ to ! />s a v subord9ate place 9 _! cosmology1 :i* 0 ! "o adopt$ by ,milton2 & al?\gh ,cop]nicus relegat$ !m to _! prop] location 9 space1 yet he _h no cle> conception ( a univ]se ( />s4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 :o decl9$ to accept ! ,cop]nican !ory1 disbeliev$ t ! />s 7 suns1 & ,galileo1 :o discov]$ ! /ell> nature ( ! ,milky ,way1 rem>k$ t ! />s 7 n illum9$ by ! ,sun's rays 9 ! same mann] t ! planets are1 b express$ no op9ion ) reg>d to _! physical con/itution4 ,x is only )9 ! pa/ fifty ye>s t pro( has be5 obta9$ ( ! real nature ( ! />s4 ,by ! spectroscopic analysis ( _! light x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! elem5ts ( matt] :i* ent] into _! composition exi/ 9 a condition simil> to :at is f\nd 9 ! ,sun4 ,! />s are !re=e suns1 _m ( !m surpass+ 9 magnitude & brilliancy ! great lum9>y ( our sy/em4 ,?\gh ,milton makes frequ5t allusion to ! magnific5ce ( ! />ry heav5s1 we h no evid5ce t he reg>d$ ! />s z suns1 nor does he ref] to !m z su* 9 any "p ( 8 poem4#ab ,:at impress$ him mo/ 0 _! numb] & brilliancy1 to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ! foll[+ passages3 ,ab\t him all ! ,sanctities ( ,heav5 ,/ood ?ick z />s4--iii4 #fj-fa4 ,& s[$ ) />s ! ,heav5s ?ick z a field4--vii4 #ceh4 ,among/ innum]able />s1 t %one ,/>s di/ant1 b nigh h& seem$ o!r worlds4--iii4 #efd-fe4 h] reign ,) ?\s& less] lights dividual holds1 ,) ?\s& ?\s& />s1 t !n appe>$ ,spangl+ ! hemisph]e4--vii4 #cha-hd4 ,milton describes ! numb] ( ! fall5 angels z an ho/ ,innum]able z ! />s ( night4--v4 #gdd-de1 & ! att5tion ( ,satan is direct$ by ! ar*angel ,uriel to ! multitude ( />s =m$ f ! *aotic elem5ts ( matt]3 ,numb]less z ?\ see/1 & h[ !y move2 ,ea* _h 8 place appo9t$1 ea* 8 c\rse2 ,! re/ 9 circuit walls ?is univ]se4--iii4 #gai-ba4 ,?\gh ,milton 0 d\btless famili> ) ! lead+ orbs ( ! firmam5t & knew _! names1 & ! con/ellations 9 :i* !y are situat$1 yet he makes no direct allusion to any ( !m 9 8 poem4 ,nei!r ,arcturus1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 nor ,sirius1 :i* attract$ ! att5tion ( ,hom]1 :o comp>$ ! brightness ( ,a*illes' arm\r to ! dazzl+ brilliancy ( ! dog-/>1 f9ds a place 9 ',p>adise ,lo/4' ,& yet ! sup]ior magnitude & brilliancy ( "s />s :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( o!rs did n escape ,milton's obs]vation :51 9 describ+ ! l(ty em95ce ( ,satan 9 heav51 prior to 8 fall1 he repres5ts him z bright] once amid/ ! ho/ ,( angels ?an t /> ! />s among4--vii4 #acb-cc4 ,!re is b "o /> to :i* ,milton makes individual allusion1 &1 ?\gh n ( any conspicu\s brilliancy1 yet x is "o ( mu* importance to a/ronom]s-- ! fleecy /> t be>s ,&rom$a f> (f ,atlantic seas ,beyond ! horizon4--iii4 #eeh-fj4 ,?is is ,alpha ,arietis1 ! fir/ po9t 9 ! con/ellation ( t "n1 :i* signifies ! ,ram1 & f :i* ! "r asc5sions ( ! />s are measur$ on ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,9 ! "t ( ,hipp>*us ! ecliptic int]sect$ ! cele/ial equator 9 ,aries1 :i* indicat$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! a/ronomical ye> & ! occurr5ce ( ! v]nal equ9ox2 b1 ow+ to precession1 ?is po9t is n[ #cj deg4 we/w>d ( ,aries & 9 ! con/ellation ,pisces4 ,! /> 0 call$ ,hamal by ! ,arabs1 signify+ a %eep1 & ! animal is repres5t$ z look+ backw>ds4 ,manilius writes3-- ,fir/ ,aries1 glori\s 9 8 gold5 wool1 ,looks back & wond]s at ! mighty ,bull4 ,aries is associat$ ) ! leg5d ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 9 que/ ( :i* ,jason & 8 valiant crew sail$ 9 ! %ip ',argo4' ,9 ! autumn1 ,&rom$a is situat$ above ,aries1 & w\ld seem to be borne by ! latt]1 :i* acc\nts = ,milton's description ( ! relative positions ( ^? two con/ellations4 ,milton alludes to ! />ry sph]e 9 sev]al passages 9 8 poem1 & also m5tions ! />ry pole above :i* he so>$ 9 imag9ation up to ! ,empyrean or ,heav5 ( ,heav5s4 ,8 contemplation ( ! ,galaxy mu/ h impress$ 8 m9d ) ! magnitude & ext5t ( ! sid]eal univ]se1 = he 0 aw>e t ?is lum9\s zone :i* encircles ! heav5s consi/s ( myriads ( />s1 s remote z to be incapable ( def9ition by unaid$ vision4 ,milton's description ( ?is va/ assemblage ( />s is wor?y ( its magnific5ce1 & ! purpose ) :i* he poetically associates ?is glorifi$ highway te/ifies to ! sublimity ( 8 ?\ghts & to ! orig9ality ( 8 g5ius4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( 8 poem 9 :i* he describes ! glories ( ! cele/ial regions1 & in/ances ! beautiful ph5om5a associat$ ) ! individual orbs ( ! firmam5t1 we are able to p]ceive ) :at exquisite delight he beheld !m all4 ,! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 & ! important discov]ies made by ,kepl]1 ,galileo1 & ,newton 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 7 ! means ( effect+ a rapid advance 9 ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy2 b t bran* ( x kn[n z sid]eal a/ronomy 0 n !n 9 exi/5ce4 ,! /> dep?s1 ow+ to inadequate telescopic p[]1 rema9$ unexplor$1 & ! secrets associat$ ) ^? di/ant regions 7 inviolable1 & lay beyond ! rea* ( human k4 ,! physical con/itution ( ! />s 0 unkn[n1 nor 0 x asc]ta9$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty t !y 7 suns4 ,! k possess$ by a/ronom]s 9 ^? days 0 b meagre comp>$ ) :at is n[ kn[n ( ! sid]eal heav5s4 ,milton's a/ronomical k1 we f9d1 0 comm5surate ) :at 0 kn[n ( ! /ell> univ]se1 & ?is he has conspicu\sly display$ 9 8 poem4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,description ,,( ,,cele/ial ,,objects ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ',,p>adise ,,lo/' ,,! ,,sun ,! surpass+ spl5d\r ( ! ,sun1 z comp>$ ) t ( any ( ! o!r orbs ( ! firmam5t1 is n m impressive ?an 8 /up5d\s magnitude1 & ! important functions :i* x is 8 pr]ogative to fulfil4 ,situat$ at ! c5tre ( our sy/em--( :i* he may be reg>d$ z 'bo? eye & s\l'--! orb has a diamet] approa*+ #a1jjj1jjj miles1 & a mass #gej times great] ?an t ( all ! planets comb9$4 ,^!1 by 8 attractive p[]1 he reta9s 9 _! sev]al pa?s & orbits1 & ev5 f> di/ant ,neptune ackn[l$ges 8 pot5t sway4 ,) prodigal lib]ality he disp5ses 8 va/ /ores ( light & heat1 :i* illum9e & vivify ! worlds circl+ ar\nd him1 & ^u ! con/ant supply ( :i* all animat$ be+s dep5d = _! exi/5ce4 ,depriv$ ( ! light ( ! ,sun1 ?is _w w\ld be envelop$ 9 p]petual d>kness1 & we %\ld all mis]ably p]i%4 ,! ,sun is di/ant f ! ,e>? ab\t #ic1jjj1jjj miles4 ,8 diamet] is #hfg1jjj miles1 or ne>ly f\r times ! ext5t ( ! radius ( ! ,moon's orbit4 ,! mass ( ! orb exce$s t ( ! ,e>? #ccj1jjj times1 & 9 volume #a1cje1jjj times4 ,! ,sun is a sph]e1 & rotates on 8 axis f we/ to ea/ 9 #be days #h h\rs4 ,! velocity ( a po9t at ! sol> equator is #d1djg miles an h\r4 ,! d5sity ( ! ,sun is only "o-f\r? t ( ! ,e>?1 or1 9 o!r words1 bulk = bulk1 ! ,e>? is f\r times heavi] ?an ! ,sun4 ,! =ce ( gravity at ! ,sun's surface is tw5ty-sev5 times great] ?an x is on ! ,e>?2 x w\ld !re=e be impossible = be+s con/itut$ z we are to exi/ on ! sol> surface4 ,! dazzl+ lum9\s envelope :i* indicates to ! nak$ eye ! b\nd>y ( ! sol> disc is call$ ! ,,photosph]e4 ,x is mo/ brilliant at ! c5tre ( ! ,sun1 & dim9i%es 9 brightness t[>ds ! circumf]5ce1 :]e its lum9osity is b "o-f\r? t ( ! c5tral portion ( ! disc4 ,! photosph]e consi/s ( gase\s vap\rs or cl\ds1 ( irregul> =m & size1 sep>at$ by less brilliant int]/ices1 & gl[+ :ite ) ! heat d]iv$ f ! int]ior ( ! ,sun4 ,9 ! telescope ! photosph]e is n ( uni=m brilliancy1 b pres5ts a mottl$ or granul> appe>ance1 an effect creat$ by ! int]mixture ( spaces ( unequal brightness4 ,small nodules ( int5se brilliance1 resembl+ 'rice-gra9s1' b :i*1 accord+ to ,nasmy?1 are ( a will[-leaf %ape ) po9t$ extremities1 :i* =m a network ov] portions ( ! photosph]e1 are spr9kl$ pr(usely ov] a m fa9tly lum9\s backgr\nd4 ,^! 'gra9s' consi/ ( irregul> r\nd$ masses1 hav+ an area ( sev]al hundr$ miles4 ,by ! application ( a high magnify+ p[] !y c be resolv$ into 'granules'--m9ute lum9\s dots :i* con/itute "o-fif? ( ! ,sun's surface & emit ?ree-f\r?s ( ! light4 ,?is granulation is n uni=m ov] ! surface ( ! photosph]e2 9 "s p>ts x is indi/9ct1 & appe>s to be replac$ by int]lac+ filam5t\s b&s1 :i* are mo/ app>5t 9 ! p5umbrae ( ! spots & ar\nd ! spots !mselves4 ,! 'granules' are ! tops ( asc5d+ masses ( int5sely lum9\s vap\r2 ! comp>atively d>k 'pores' consi/ ( simil> desc5d+ masses1 :i*1 hav+ radiat$ _! en]gy1 are return+ to be aga9 heat$ und]nea? ! surface ( ! photosph]e4 ,9 c]ta9 regions ( ! photosph]e sev]al d>k pat*es are usually visible1 :i* are call$ 'sun-spots4' ,at occasional times !y are almo/ entirely abs5t f ! sol> disc4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t !y occupy a zone ext5d+ f #aj deg4 to #ce deg4 nor? & s\? ( ! sol> equator1 b are n f\nd 9 ! equatorial & pol> regions ( ! ,sun4 ,a sun-spot is usually describ$ z consi/+ ( an irregul> d>k c5tral portion1 call$ ! umbra2 surr\nd+ x is an edg+ or fr+e less d>k1 consi/+ ( filam5ts radiat+ inw>ds call$ ! p5umbra4 ,)9 ! umbra !re is sometimes se5 a /ill d>k] spot1 call$ ! nucleus4 ,! umbra is g5]ally uni=mly d>k1 b at times filmy lum9\s cl\ds h be5 obs]v$ float+ ov] x4 ,! nucleus is believ$ to be ! orifice ( a tubul> depression 9 ! floor ( ! umbra1 prolong$ d[nw>ds to an unkn[n dep?4 ,! p5umbra is brighte/ at its inn] edge1 :]e ! filam5ts pres5t a m>k$ contra/ :5 comp>$ ) ! d>k cavity ( ! umbra :i* !y surr\nd & ov]hang4 ,sometimes l5g!n$ processes unite ) ^? ( ! opposite side & =m b&s & 'bridges' across ! umbra4 ,! d>ke/ portion ( ! p5umbra is its ext]nal edge1 :i* /&s out conspicu\sly aga9/ ! adjo9+ bright surface ( ! ,sun4 ,"o p5umbra w sometimes enclose sev]al umbrae :il/ ! nuclei may be entirely want+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,a ,sun-spot magnifi$4 7,janss547 ,sun-spots usually appe> 9 gr\ps2 l>ge isolat$ spots are ( r>e occurr5ce1 & are g5]ally accompani$ by sev]al small] ones ( less p]fect =mation4 ,! exact mom5t ( ! orig9 ( a sun-spot _c be asc]ta9$1 because x arises f an imp]ceptible po9t2 x gr[s v rapidly1 & (t5 atta9s its full size 9 a day4 ,prior to its appe>ance !re is an unusual di/urbance ( ! sol> surface ov] ! site ( ! spot3 lum9\s ridges1 call$ faculae1 & d>k 'pores' become conspicu\s1 betwe5 :i* greyi% pat*es appe>1 t seem to lie und]nea? a ?9 lay] ( ! photosph]e2 ?is is rapidly dispell$ & a fully =m$ spot comes into view4 ,:5 a sun-spot has complet$ its p]iod ( exi/5ce1 ! photosph]ic matt] ov]:elms ! p5umbra1 & ru%es into ! umbra1 :i* x oblit]ates1 caus+ ! spot to disappe>4 ,! duration ( sun-spots is subject to consid]able v>iation2 "s la/ = weeks or mon?s1 & o!rs = a few days or h\rs4 ,a spot :5 once fully =m$ ma9ta9s its %ape1 :i* is usually r\nd$1 until ! p]iod ( its break+ up4 ,spots ( long duration rotate ) ! ,sun4 ,^? :i* become visible at ! edge ( ! ,sun's limb h be5 obs]v$ to travel across 8 disc 9 less ?an a =tnight1 disappe>+ at ! m>g9 ( ! opposite limb2 aft]w>ds1 if suffici5tly long-liv$1 !y h reappe>$ 9 twelve or ?irte5 days on ! surface ( ! orb :]e fir/ obs]v$4 ,x 0 by obs]vation ( ! spots t ! p]iod ( ! axial rotation ( ! ,sun became kn[n4 ,sun-spots v>y v mu* 9 size--"s are only a few hundr$ miles 9 wid?1 :il/ o!rs h a diamet] ( #dj1jjj or #ej1jjj miles or upw>ds4 ,9 "s in/ances ! umbra alone has a bread? ( #bj1jjj or #cj1jjj miles--?ree times ! ext5t ( ! diamet] ( ! ,e>?4 ,spots ( ?is size are visible to ! nak$ eye :5 ! ,sun is p>tially obscur$ by fog1 or :5 8 brilliancy is dim9i%$ by vap\rs ne> ! horizon4 ,a ye> seldom passes )\t ! occurr5ce ( sev]al ( su* spots be+ record$4 ,! l>ge/ sun-spot ev] obs]v$ _h a diamet] ( ab\t #aej1jjj miles4 ,a gr\p ( spots1 includ+ _! p5umbrae1 w occupy an area ( _m millions ( squ>e miles4 ,by long obs]vation x has be5 asc]ta9$ t sun-spots increase & dim9i% 9 numb] ) p]iodical regul>ity1 & t a maximum sun-spot p]iod occurs at ! end ( ea* elev5 ye>s4 ,:5 spots are num]\s on ! ,sun's disc !re is great di/urbance ( ! sol> surface1 accompani$ by fi]ce ru%es ( int5sely heat$ gases4 ,?is sol> activity is kn[n to influ5ce t]re/rial magnetism by caus+ a m>k$ oscillation ( ! magnetic ne$le1 & giv+ rise to s-call$ 'magnetic /orms1' accompani$ by magnific5t displays ( aurorae1 ) v>iations 9 electrical e>?-curr5ts4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t sun-spots h a pron\nc$ effect ^u magnetic t]re/rial ph5om5a1 b h[ ?is is produc$ rema9s unkn[n4 ,besides sun-spots1 !re are se5 on ! sol> disc bright floccul5t /reaks or ridges ( lum9\s matt] call$ faculae2 !y are f\nd ov] ! :ole surface ( ! ,sun1 b are mo/ num]\s ne> ! limb & 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! spots4 ,!y h be5 comp>$ to imm5se waves--va/ upheavals ( photosph]ic matt]1 indicative ( enorm\s pressure1 & (t5 ext5d+ 9 l5g? = _m ?\s&s ( miles4 ,ne>ly all obs]v]s h arriv$ at ! conclusion t sun-spots are depressions or cavities 9 ! photosph]e1 b consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to h[ !y are =m$4 ,! mo/ commonly accept$ !ory is t !y are caus$ by ! pressure ( desc5d+ masses ( vap\r hav+ a r$uc$ temp]ature1 :i* absorb ! light & prev5t x rea*+ u4 ,our k ( ! ,sun is insuffici5t to admit ( any accurate conclusion on ?is po9t2 ?\gh we are able to p]ceive t ! surface ( ! orb is 9 a /ate ( viol5t agitation & p]petual *ange1 yet 8 great di/ance & int5se lum9osity prev5t our capability ( p]ceiv+ ! ultimate m9ut] details :i* g to =m ! texture ( ! sol> surface4 ',be>+ 9 m9d t a second ( arc on ! ,sun repres5ts #dee miles1 x foll[s t an object #aej miles 9 diamet] is ab\t ! m9imum visible ev5 z a m]e ma!matical po9t1 & t any?+ t is suffici5tly l>ge to give ! slighte/ impression ( %ape & ext5sion ( surface mu/ h an area ( at lea/ a qu>t] ( a million squ>e miles2 ord9>ily speak+1 we %all n ga!r mu* in=mation ab\t any object t cov]s less ?an a million4'#ac ,s9ce ! ,briti% ,isl&s h only an area ( #abj1gjj squ>e miles1 x is evid5t t on ! surface ( ! ,sun !re are _m ph5om5a & physical *anges occurr+ :i* escape our obs]vation4 ,?\gh ! *anges :i* occur 9 ! spots & faculae appe> to be sl[ :5 obs]v$ ?r\gh ! telescope1 yet 9 reality !y are n s4 ,trem5d\s /orms & cyclones ( int5sely heat$ gases1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! flames aris+ f a great furnace1 sweep ov] diff]5t areas ( ! ,sun ) a velocity ( hundr$s ( miles an h\r4 ,va/ ridges & cre/s ( inc&esc5t vap\r are upheav$ by ! action ( int]nal heat1 :i* exce$s 9 int5sity ! temp]ature at :i* ! mo/ refractory ( t]re/rial sub/ances c be volatilis$2 & d[nru%es ( ! same photosph]ic matt] take place aft] x has p>t$ ) "s ( its /ores ( !rmal en]gy4 ,sun-spots ( consid]able magnitude h be5 obs]v$ to gr[ rapidly & !n disappe> 9 a v %ort p]iod ( "t2 occasionally a spot is se5 to divide into two or m portions1 ! fragm5ts fly+ asund] ) a velocity ( n less ?an #a1jjj miles an h\r4 ,x is by ^! upheavals & convulsions ( ! sol> atmosph]e t ! light & heat are ma9ta9$ :i* illum9e & vivify ! worlds t gravitate r\nd ! ,sun4 ,dur+ total eclipses ( ! ,sun1 sev]al ph5om5a become visible :i* h enabl$ a/ronom]s to ga9 "s fur!r k ( ! nature ( ! sol> app5dages4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! ,,*romosph]e1 :i* consi/s ( lay]s ( inc&esc5t gases t envelop ! photosph]e & completely surr\nd ! ,sun4 ,its av]age dep? is f #e1jjj to #f1jjj miles1 & :5 se5 dur+ an eclipse is ( a beautiful rose col\r1 resembl+ a %eet ( flame4 ,z se5 9 pr(ile at ! edge ( ! ,sun's disc1 x pres5ts an irregul> s]rat$ appe>ance1 an effect creat$ by ! protub]ance ( lum9\s ridges & processes--masses ( flame :i* arise f ov] its entire surface4 ,! *romosph]e consi/s *iefly ( gl[+ hydrog51 & an elem5t call$ helium1 :i* has be5 rec5tly discov]$ 9 a t]re/rial sub/ance call$ cleveite2 !re are also pres5t ! vap\rs ( iron1 calcium1 c]ium1 titanium1 b>ium1 & magnesium4 ,f ! surface ( ?is ocean ( fire1 jets & po9t$ spires ( flam+ hydrog5 %oot up ) amaz+ velocity1 & atta9 an altitude ( t51 tw5ty1 fifty1 & ev5 "o hundr$ ?\s& miles 9 a v %ort p]iod ( "t4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ( an evanesc5t nature1 *ange rapidly 9 =m & appe>ance1 & (t5 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r or two die d[n s z n to be recognisable4 ,^! prom95ces1 z !y are call$1 h be5 divid$ into two classes4 ,"s are 9 masses t float l cl\ds 9 ! atmosph]e1 :i* !y resemble 9 =m & appe>ance2 !y are usually atta*$ to ! *romosph]e by a s+le /em1 or by sl5d] columns2 occasionally !y are entirely free4 ,^! are call$ quiesc5t prom95ces2 !y consi/ ( cl\ds ( hydrog51 & are ( m la/+ duration ?an ! o!r v>iety1 call$ eruptive or metallic prom95ces4 ,! latt] are usually f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( sun-spots1 &1 besides hydrog51 conta9 ! vap\rs ( v>i\s metals4 ,!y are ( diff]5t =ms1 & pres5t ! appe>ance ( filam5ts1 spikes1 & jets ( liquid fire2 o!rs are pyramidal1 convolut$1 & p>abolic4 ,^! outbur/s1 b5d+ ov] l ! jets f a f\nta91 & desc5d+ 9 graceful curves ( flame1 asc5d f ! surface ( ! *romosph]e ) a velocity (t5 exce$+ #ajj miles 9 a second1 & frequ5tly rea* an enorm\s height1 b are ( transi5t duration4 ,!y are closely connect$ ) sun-spots1 & are evid5ce ( ! trem5d\s =ces t are 9 action on ! surface ( ! ,sun4 ,! ,,corona is an aureole ( light :i* is se5 to surr\nd ! ,sun dur+ a total eclipse4 ,x is an impressive & beautiful ph5om5on1 & is only visible :5 ! ,sun is conceal$ beh9d ! d>k body ( ! ,moon4 ,pr(essor ,"y gives ! foll[+ graphic description ( ! corona3 ',f beh9d x ! ,moon /ream out on all sides radiant filam5ts1 beams1 & %eets ( pe>ly light1 :i* rea* to a di/ance sometimes ( sev]al degrees f ! sol> surface1 =m+ an irregul> /ellate halo1 ) ! black globe ( ! ,moon 9 its app>5t c5tre4 ,! portion ne>e/ ! ,sun is ( dazzl+ brightness1 b /ill less brilliant ?an ! prom95ces1 :i* blaze ?r\gh x l c>buncles4 ,g5]ally ?is inn] corona has a pretty uni=m height1 =m+ a r+ ?ree or f\r m9utes ( arc 9 wid?1 sep>at$ by a some:at def9ite outl9e f ! out] corona1 :i* rea*es to a mu* great] di/ance & is f> m irregul> 9 =m4 ,usually !re are sev]al rifts1 z !y h be5 call$1 l n>r[ beams ( d>kness1 ext5d+ f ! v edge ( ! ,sun to ! out] night1 & mu* resembl+ ! cl\d %ad[s :i* radiate f ! ,sun be=e a ?und]%[]4 ,b ! edges ( ^! rifts are frequ5tly curv$1 %[+ !m to be some?+ else ?an real %ad[s4 ,sometimes !re are n>r[ bright /ream]s z long z ! rifts1 or long]4 ,^! are (t5 incl9$1 or occasionally ev5 ne>ly tang5tial to ! sol> surface1 & frequ5tly are curv$4 ,on ! :ole1 ! corona is usually less ext5sive & brilliant ov] ! sol> poles1 & !re is a recognisable t5d5cy to accumulation above ! middle latitudes1 or spot zones2 s t1 speak+ r\ghly1 ! corona %[s a disposition to assume ! =m ( a quadrilat]al or f\r-ray$ />1 ?\gh 9 almo/ e individual case ?is =m is greatly modifi$ by abnormal /ream]s at "s po9t or o!r4' ,! corona surr\nds ! ,sun & its o!r envelopes to a dep? ( _m ?\s&s ( miles4 ,x consi/s ( v>i\s elem5ts :i* exi/ 9 a condition ( extreme t5uity2 hydrog51 helium1 & a sub/ance call$ coronium appe> to pr$om9ate1 :il/ f9ely divid$ %9+ p>ticles ( matt] & electrical dis*>ges resembl+ ^? ( an aurora assi/ 9 its illum9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,! ,corona dur+ ! ,eclipse ( ,may #ahhc4 ,we possess no k ( ! physical /ructure ( ! int]ior ( ! ,sun1 nor h we any t]re/rial analogy to guide u z to h[ matt] w\ld behave :5 subject$ to su* conditions ( extreme temp]ature & pressure z exi/ 9 ! int]ior ( ! orb4 ,yet we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! ,sun is ma9ly a gase\s sph]e :i* is sl[ly contract+1 & t ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 ?is process is be+ trans=m$ into heat s extreme z to r5d] ! orb a great f\nta9 ( light4 ,milton 9 8 poem makes m frequ5t allusion to ! ,sun ?an to any ( ! o!r orbs ( ! firmam5t1 &1 9 all 8 ref]5ces to ! great lum9>y1 describes him 9 a mann] wor?y ( 8 unrivall$ spl5d\r1 & ( 8 supreme importance 9 ! sy/em :i* he upholds & gov]ns4 ,aft] hav+ alight$ on ,m\nt ,niphates1 ,satan is describ$ z look+ ,sometimes t[>ds ,heav5 & ! full-blaz+ ,sun1 ,:i* n[ sat high 9 8 m]idian t[]4--iv4 #bi-cj4 ,he !n addresses him ?us3-- ,o ?\ t ) surpass+ glory cr[n$1 ,look'/ f ?y sole dom9ion l ! god ,( ?is new ,_w--at ^: sight all ! />s ,hide _! dim9i%$ heads--to !e ,i call1 ,b ) no fri5dly voice1 & add ?y "n1 ,o ,sun1 to tell !e h[ ,i hate ?y beams1 ,t br+ to my remembrance f :at /ate ,i fell1 h[ glori\s once above ?y sph]e4--iv4 #cb-ci4 ,on ano!r occasion3-- ,! gold5 ,sun 9 spl5d\r like/ ,heav5 ,allur$ 8 eye4--iii4 #egb-gc4 ,9 describ+ ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! day1 ,milton seldom fails to associate ! ,sun ) ^! times1 & rightly s1 s9ce !y are br\ght ab\t by ! app>5t diurnal j\rney ( ! orb across ! heav5s4 ,comm5c+ ) morn+1 he says3-- ,mean:ile1 ,to re-salute ! _w ) sacr$ light1 ,leuco!a wak$1 & ) fre% dews embalm$ ,! ,e>?4--xi4 #acc-cf4 ,soon z !y =? 7 come to op5 sight ,( day-spr+1 & ! ,sun--:o1 sc>ce up-ris51 ,) :eels yet hov]+ o'er ! ocean-brim1 ,%ot p>allel to ! ,e>? 8 dewy ray1 ,discov]+ 9 wide l&skip all ! ea/ ,( ,p>adise & ,ed5's happy pla9s4--v4 #ach-dc or "s r5[n$ metropolis ,) gli/]+ spires & p9nacles adorn$1 ,:i* n[ ! ris+ ,sun gilds ) 8 beams4--iii4 #edi-ea4 :ile n[ ! m\nt$ ,sun ,%ot d[n direct 8 f]vid rays1 to w>m ,e>?'s inmo/ womb4--v4 #cjj-cjb4 = sc>ce ! ,sun ,ha? f9i%$ half 8 j\rney1 & sc>ce beg9s ,8 o!r half 9 ! great zone ( ,heav54--v4 #eeh-fj4 ,to sit & ta/e1 till ?is m]idian heat ,be ov]1 & ! ,sun m cool decl9e4--v4 #cfi-gj4 ,& ! great ,light ( ,day yet wants to run ,mu* ( 8 race1 ?\gh /eep4 ,susp5se 9 ,heav51 ,held by ?y voice1 ?y pot5t voice he he>s1 ,& long] w delay1 to he> !e tell ,8 g5]ation1 & ! ris+ bir? ,( ,nature f ! unapp>5t deep4--vii4 #ih-ajc4 ,! decl9+ day & approa* ( ev5+ are describ$ z foll[s3-- ,mean:ile 9 utmo/ longitude1 :]e ,heav5 ,) ,e>? & ,ocean meets1 ! sett+ ,sun ,sl[ly desc5d$1 & ) "r aspect ,aga9/ ! ea/]n gate ( ,p>adise ,levell$ 8 ev5+ rays4--iv4 #eci-dc4 ! ,sun n[ fall5 ,b5ea? ! ,azores2 :e!r ! ,prime ,orb1 ,incr$ible h[ swift1 _h ?i!r roll$ ,diurnal1 or ?is less volubil ,e>?1 ,by %ort] flight to ! ea/1 _h left him !re ,array+ ) reflect$ purple & gold ,! cl\ds t on 8 we/]n ?rone att5d4--iv4 #eia-ig4 ! p>t+ ,sun ,beyond ! ,e>?'s gre5 ,cape & v]dant ,isles ,hesp]ian sets1 my signal to dep>t4--viii4 #fcj-cb4 ,n[ 0 ! ,sun 9 we/]n cad5ce l[ ,f noon1 & g5tle airs due at _! h\r ,to fan ! ,e>? n[ wak$1 & u%] 9 ,! ev5+ cool4--x4 #ib-ie4 = ! ,sun1 ,decl9$1 0 ha/+ n[ ) prone c>e] ,to ! ,ocean ,isles1 & 9 ! asc5d+ scale ,( ,heav5 ! />s t u%] ev5+ rose4--iv4 #ceb-ee4 ,9 ! combat betwe5 ,mi*ael & ,satan1 :i* end$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! rebel angels1 ,milton1 9 8 description ( _! arm\r1 says3-- two broad suns _! %ields ,blaz$ opposite4--vi4 #cje-cjf1 & 9 describ+ ! fad$ spl5d\r ( ! ru9$ ,ar*angel1 ! poet comp>es him to ! ,sun :5 se5 "u conditions :i* tempor>ily deprive him ( 8 dazzl+ brilliancy & glory3-- z :5 ! ,sun new-ris5 ,looks ?r\gh ! horizontal mi/y air ,%orn ( 8 beams1 or1 f beh9d ! ,moon ,9 dim eclipse1 disa/r\s twilight %$s ,on half ! nations1 & ) fe> ( *ange ,p]plexes mon>*s4--i4 #eid-ii4 ,?is passage af=ds u an example ( ! sublimity ( ,milton's imag9ation & ( 8 skill 9 adapt+ ! gr&e/ ph5om5a 9 ,nature to ! illu/ration ( 8 subject4 ,,! ,,moon ,! ,moon is ! ,e>?'s satellite1 & next to ! ,sun is ! mo/ important ( ! cele/ial orbs s f> z its relations ) our globe are conc]n$4 ,besides af=d+ u light by night1 ! ,moon is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide--a ph5om5on ( mu* importance to navigators4 ,! ,moon is almo/ a p]fect sph]e1 & is #b1afj miles 9 diamet]4 ,! =m ( its orbit is t ( an ellipse ) ! ,e>? 9 ! l[] focus4 ,x revolves r\nd its prim>y 9 #bg days #g h\rs1 at a mean di/ance ( #bcg1jjj miles1 & ) a velocity ( #b1bgc miles an h\r4 ,its equatorial velocity ( rotation is #aj miles an h\r4 ,! d5sity ( ! ,moon is #c4eg t ( wat]1 or #j4fc t ( ! ,e>?2 eighty globes1 ea* ( ! weight ( ! ,moon1 w\ld be requir$ to c\nt]balance ! weight ( ! ,e>?1 & fifty globes ( a simil> size to equal x 9 dim5sions4 ,! orb rotates on its axis 9 ! same p]iod ( "t 9 :i* x accompli%es a revolution ( its orbit2 consequ5tly ! same illum9$ surface ( ! ,moon is always direct$ t[>ds ! ,e>?4 ,to ! nak$ eye ! ,moon appe>s z l>ge z ! ,sun1 & x v rapidly *anges its =m & position 9 ! sky4 ,its motions1 :i* are ( a v complex "*1 h be5 = _m ages ! subject ( inve/igation by ma!maticians & a/ronom]s1 b _! difficulties may n[ be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 f9ally ov]come4 ,! phases ( ! ,moon are always int]e/+ & v beautiful4 ,! orb is fir/ se5 9 ! we/1 aft] sunset1 z a delicate sl5d] cresc5t ( pale light2 ea* night x increases 9 size1 :il/ x travels ea/w>d1 until x atta9s ! figure ( a half moon2 /ill gr[+ l>g] z x pursues its c\rse1 x f9ally becomes a full respl5d5t globe1 ris+ ab\t ! "t t ! ,sun sets & situat$ directly opposite to him4 ,!n1 9 a rev]se mann]1 aft] full moon1 x goes ?r\gh ! same phases1 until1 z a sl5d] cresc5t1 x becomes invisible 9 ! sol> rays2 aft]w>ds to re-appe> 9 a few days1 &1 9 its mon?ly r\nd1 to und]go ! same cycle ( *anges4 ,! phases ( ! ,moon dep5d ^u ! *ang+ position ( ! orb ) reg>d to ! ,sun4 ,! ,moon %9es by reflect$ light d]iv$ f ! ,sun1 & z "o half ( its surface is always illum9$ & ! o!r half totally d>k1 ! cresc5t increases or dim9i%es :51 by ! ,moon's *ange ( position1 we see m or less ( ! bright side4 ,visible at fir/ z a sl5d] cresc5t ne> ! sett+ ,sun1 ! angul> di/ance f ! orb & ! wid? ( ! cresc5t increase daily1 until1 at ! expiration ( sev5 days1 ! ,moon is di/ant "o qu>t] ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! heav5s f ! ,sun4 ,! ,moon is !n a semi-circle1 or 9 quadrature4 ,at ! end ( o!r sev5 days1 ! di/ance ( ! ,moon f ! ,sun is at its greate/--half ! circumf]5ce ( its orbit4 ,x is !n visible z a circul> disc & we behold ! orb z full moon4 ,! wan+ ,moon1 z x gradually decreases1 pres5ts ! same aspects rev]s$1 &1 f9ally1 its sl5d] cresc5t disappe>s 9 ! ,sun's rays4 ,! convex edge ( ! cresc5t is always turn$ t[>ds ! ,sun4 ,! ris+ ( ! ,moon 9 ! ea/ & its sett+ 9 ! we/ is an effect due to ! diurnal rotation ( ! ,e>? on h] axis1 b ! orb c be p]ceiv$ to h two motions besides3 "o f we/ to ea/1 :i* c>ries x r\nd ! heav5s 9 #bi4ec days1 & ano!r f nor? to s\?4 ,! we/ to ea/ motion is /eady & cont9u\s1 b1 ow+ to ! ,sun's attractive =ce1 ! ,moon is made to sw]ve f its pa?1 giv+ rise to irregul>ities ( its motion call$ ,,p]turbations4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! annual equation1 discov]$ by ,ty*o ,brahe--a ye>ly effect produc$ by ! ,sun's di/urb+ influ5ce z ! ,e>? approa*es or rec$es f him 9 h] orbit2 ano!r irregul>ity1 call$ ! evection1 is a *ange 9 ! ecc5tricity ( ! lun> orbit1 by :i* ! mean longitude ( ! ,moon is increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,elliptic inequality1 p>allactic inequality1 ! v>iation1 & secul> accel]ation1 are o!r p]turbations ( ! lun> motion1 :i* dep5d directly or indirectly on ! attractive influ5ce ( ! ,sun & ! motion ( ! ,e>? 9 h] orbit4 ,z ! plane ( ! ,moon's orbit is incl9$ at an angle ( r m ?an #e deg4 to ! ecliptic1 x foll[s t ! orb1 9 its j\rney r\nd ! ,e>?1 int]sects ?is great circle at two po9ts call$ ! ',nodes4' ,:5 cross+ ! ecliptic f s\? to nor? ! ,moon is 9 its asc5d+ node1 & :5 cross+ f nor? to s\? 9 its desc5d+ node4 ,9 ,decemb] ! ,moon rea*es ! mo/ nor!rn po9t ( its c\rse1 & 9 ,june ! s\!rnmo/4 ,consequ5tly we h dur+ ! w9t] nights ! greate/ am\nt ( moonlight1 & 9 summ] ! lea/4 ,9 ! ev5+s ! moonlight is lea/ 9 ,m>* & greate/ 9 ,septemb]1 :5 we h :at is call$ ! ,h>ve/ ,moon4 ,! telescopic appe>ance ( ! ,moon is v int]e/+ & beautiful1 especially if ! orb is obs]v$ :5 wax+ & wan+4 ,z no aque\s vap\r or cl\d obscures ! lun> surface1 all its details c be p]ceiv$ ) great cle>ness & di/9ctness4 ,inde$1 ! topography ( ! ,moon is bett] kn[n ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 = ! :ole ( its surface has be5 mapp$ & del9eat$ ) great accuracy & precision4 ,! ,moon is 9 no s5se a duplicate ( its prim>y1 & no analogy exi/s betwe5 ! ,e>? & h] satellite4 ,evid5ce is want+ ( ! exi/5ce ( an atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! ,moon2 no cl\ds or exhalations c be p]ceiv$1 & no wat] is believ$ to exi/ on ! lun> surface4 ,consequ5tly !re are no oceans1 seas1 riv]s1 or lakes2 no f]tile pla9s or =e/-clad m\nta9s1 su* z are f\nd ^u ! ,e>?4 ,inde$1 all ! conditions ess5tial = ! support & ma9t5ance ( organic life by :i* we are surr\nd$ appe> to be nonexi/5t on ! ,moon4 ,our satellite has no seasons2 its axial rotation is s sl[ t "o lun> day is equal 9 l5g? to f\rte5 ( our days2 ?is p]iod ( sun%9e is succe$$ by a night ( simil> duration4 ,! alt]nation ( su* l5g!n$ days & nights subjects ! lun> surface to great extremes ( heat & cold4 ,:5 view$ ) a telescope1 ! surface ( ! ,moon is p]ceiv$ to consi/ ( l(ty m\nta9 *a9s ) rugg$ peaks1 num]\s ext9ct volcanoes call$ crat] m\nta9s1 hills1 clefts1 *asms1 valleys1 & level pla9s--a region ( desolation1 pres5t+ to our gaze ! %att]$ & upturn$ fragm5ts ( ! ,moon's cru/1 convuls$ by =ces ( a volcanic nature :i* h long s9ce exp5d$ _! en]gies & di$ out4 ,! m\nta9 ranges on ! ,moon resemble ^? ( ! ,e>?1 b !y h a m rugg$ outl9e1 & _! peaks are m precipit\s1 "s ( !m ris+ to a height ( #bj1jjj feet4 ,!y are call$ ! ,lun> ,alps1 ,ap5n9es1 & ,cordill]as1 & embrace e v>iety ( hill1 cliff1 m\nd1 & ridge ( comp>atively l[ elevation4 ,! pla9s are l>ge level areas1 :i* are situat$ on v>i\s p>ts ( ! lun> surface2 !y are ( a d>k] hue ?an ! m\nta9\s regions by :i* !y are surr\nd$1 & 7 at "o "t believ$ to be seas4 ,!y are analog\s to ! prairies1 /eppes1 & des]ts ( ! ,e>?4 ,valleys4--,"s ( ^! are ( spaci\s dim5sions2 o!rs are n>r[1 & contract into gorges & *asms4 ,clefts or rills are long cracks or fissures ( consid]able dep?1 :i* ext5d sometimes = hundr$s ( miles across ! v>i\s /rata ( :i* ! ,moon's cru/ is compos$4 ,! *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,moon's surface are ! crat] m\nta9s3 !y are v num]\s on c]ta9 portions ( ! lun> disc1 & give ! ,moon ! freckl$ appe>ance :i* x pres5ts 9 ! telescope1 & :i* ,galileo lik5$ to ! eyes 9 ! fea!rs ( a peacock's tail4 ,!y are believ$ to be ( volcanic orig91 & h be5 classifi$ z foll[s3 ',wall$ pla9s1 m\nta9 r+s1 r+ pla9s1 crat] pla9s1 crat]s1 crat]lets1 & crat] cones4' ,upw>ds ( #ac1jjj ( ^! m\nta9s h be5 enum]at$1 & #a1jjj are kn[n to h a diamet] exce$+ n9e miles4 ,wall$ pla9s consi/ ( circul> areas :i* h a wid? v>y+ f #aej miles to a few hundr$ y>ds4 ,!y are enclos$ by rocky ramp>ts1 :il/ ! c5tre is occupi$ by an elevat$ peak4 ,! dep? ( ^! =mations1 :i* are (t5 f> bel[ ! level ( ! ,moon's surface1 ranges f #aj1jjj to #bj1jjj feet4 ,m\nta9 r+s1 r+ pla9s1 & crat] pla9s resemble ^? already describ$1 b are on a small] scale2 ! floors ( ! l>g] ones are frequ5tly occupi$ by crat]s & crat]lets4 ,! latt] exi/ 9 l>ge numb]s1 & "s portions ( ! ,moon's surface appe> honeycomb$ ) !m1 ! small] crat]s re/+ on ! sides ( l>g] ones & occupy+ ! bottoms ( ! m ext5sive areas4 ,!re is no k9d ( =mation on ! ,e>?'s surface t c be comp>$ ) ^! crat] m\nta9s1 :i* indicate t ! ,moon 0 at "o "t a fi]y globe convuls$ by int]nal =ces :i* f\nd an outlet 9 ! num]\s volcanoes scatt]$ ov] h] surface4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! volcanic m\nta9s h be5 nam$ aft] di/+ui%$ m54 7#a7 ,cop]nicus is "o ( ! mo/ impos+2 its crat] is #ef miles 9 diamet]1 & situat$ at its c5tre is a m\nta9 ) six peaks #b1djj feet 9 height4 ,! r+ by :i* x is surr\nd$ rises #aa1jjj feet above ! floor ( ! crat]1 & consi/s ( t]races believ$ to h be5 creat$ by ! p>tial congelation & p]iodic subsid5ce ( a lake ( molt5 lava :i* occupi$ ! enclos$ area4 7#b7 ,ty*o is "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t & p]fect ( lun> volcanoes1 & is also rem>kable z be+ a c5tre f :i*1 :5 ! ,moon is full1 !re radiates a numb] ( bright /reaks :i* ext5d across ! lun> surface1 ov] m\nta9 & valley1 ?r\gh r+ & crat]1 = _m hundr$s ( miles4 ,_! nature is unkn[n1 & no?+ resembl+ !m is f\nd on ! ,e>?4 ,ty*o has a diamet] ( #ej miles & a dep? ( #ag1jjj feet4 ,! peak :i* rises f ! floor ( ! crat] atta9s a height ( #f1jjj feet1 & ! ramp>t consi/s ( a s]ies ( t]races :i* give v>iety to ! appe>ance ( ! inn] wall4 ,! surface ( ! ,moon r\nd ,ty*o is honeycomb$ ) small volcanoes4 7#c7 ,clavius is "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive ( ! wall$ pla9s2 x has a diamet] ( #adb miles & an area ( #af1ejj squ>e miles4 ,! rocky annulus :i* surr\nds x is v l(ty & precipit\s1 & at "o po9t rea*es a height ( #ag1cjj feet4 ,upw>ds ( #ij crat]s h be5 c\nt$ )9 ?is space1 "o ( ! peaks atta9+ to an elevation ( #bd1jjj feet above ! level floor ( ! pla94 ,x is believ$ t ! l[e/ dep?s ( ?is wild & precipit\s region are nev] p5etrat$ by sunlight1 !y are s ov]%ad[$ by t[]+ crag & fell :i* int]cept ! sol> rays2 &1 z !re is no atmosph]e to cause reflection1 !y are consequ5tly envelop$ 9 p]petual d>kness4 7#d7 ,plato has a diamet] ( ab\t #fj miles & an area ( #b1gjj squ>e miles2 its c5tral peak rises to a height ( #g1cjj feet4 ,x has an irregul> ramp>t :i* is brok5 up into t]races av]ag+ ab\t #d1jjj feet high2 ?ree cones1 ea* ) an elevation ( f #g1jjj to #i1jjj feet1 re/ on its we/]n bord]4 7#e7 ,!ophilus is ! deepe/ ( ! visible crat]s on ! ,moon4 ,x has a diamet] ( #fd miles1 & ! inn] edge ( ! r+ rises f ! level floor to a height rang+ f #ad1jjj to #ah1jjj feet4 ,a gr\p ( m\nta9s occupies ! c5tre ( ! area1 ! highe/ peak ( :i* rea*es an elevation ( #e1bjj feet4 ,cyrillus & ,ca?>9a1 two adjac5t crat]s1 are ea* ab\t #af1jjj feet deep & connect$ by a wide valley4 7#f7 ,ari/>*us is ! brighte/ spot on ! ,moon1 & appe>s almo/ dazzl+ 9 ! telescope4 ,! crat] has a diamet] ( #db miles1 ! c5tre ( :i* is occupi$ by a /eep m\nta94 ,! ramp>t on ! we/]n side rises to a height ( #g1ejj feet1 on ! ea/ x becomes a plateau :i* connects x ) a small] crat] call$ ,h]odotus4 ,bright /reaks radiate f ,ari/>*us :5 !re is full moon1 & ext5d = a consid]able di/ance ov] ! surface ( ! orb4 ,?\gh ! face ( ! ,moon has be5 c>efully scann$ = two c5turies & a half1 & sel5ograph]s h mapp$ & del9eat$ h] features ) ! utmo/ accuracy & precision1 yet no p]ceptible *ange ( a reliable "* has be5 p]ceiv$ to occur on any "p ( ! orb4 ,! surface ( ! hemisph]e direct$ t[>ds ! ,e>? appe>s to be an alt]nation ( des]t pla9s1 craggy wild]nesses1 & ext9ct volcanoes--a region ( desolation unoccupi$ by any liv+ ?+1 & '^u :i* ! light ( life has nev] dawn$4' ,ow+ to ! abs5ce ( an atmosph]e1 !re is nei!r diffuse daylight nor twilight on ! ,moon4 ,e portion ( ! lun> surface n expos$ to ! ,sun's rays is %r\d$ 9 d>kness1 & black %ad[s c be obs]v$ fr++ prom95ces ( silv]y :it5ess4 ,if ! ,moon 7 envelop$ 9 an atmosph]e simil> to t :i* surr\nds ! ,e>?1 ! reflection & diffusion ( light among ! m9ute p>ticles ( wat]y vap\r :i* p]meate x w\ld give rise to a gradual transition f light to d>kness2 ! lun> surface w\ld be visible :5 n illum9$ by ! direct rays ( ! ,sun1 & be=e sunrise & aft] sunset1 dawn & twilight w\ld occur z ^u ! ,e>?4 ,b ^u ! ,moon !re is no dawn1 & ! d>kness ( night envelops ! orb until ! appe>ance ( ! edge ( ! ,sun's disc above ! horizon1 !n 8 dazzl+ rays illum9e ! summits & l(tie/ peaks ( ! lun> m\nta9s :il/ yet _! sides & bases are wrapp$ 9 deep gloom4 ,s9ce ! pace ( ! ,sun across ! lun> heav5s is #bh times sl[] ?an x is ) u1 !re is cont9u\s sun%9e on ! ,moon = #cjd h\rs1 & ?is long day--equal to ab\t a =tnight ( our "t--is succe$$ by a night ( simil> duration4 ,z !re is no atmosph]e ov]head to diffuse or reflect ! light1 ! ,sun %9es 9 a pit*-black sky1 & at lun> noonday ! planets & con/ellations c be se5 display+ a brilliancy ( great] int5sity ?an c be p]ceiv$ on ,e>? dur+ ! d>ke/ night4 ,e portion ( ! ,moon's surface is bleak1 b>e1 & unt\*$ by any s(t5+ influ5ces4 ,no g5tle gale ev] sweeps d[n h] valleys or di/urbs ! dead calm t hangs ov] ?is _w2 no cl\d ev] temp]s ! fi]ce gl>e ( ! ,sun t p\rs d[n 8 unmitigat$ rays f a sky ( inky blackness2 no refre%+ %[] ev] falls ^u h] arid m\nta9s & pla9s2 no s\nd ev] breaks ! pr(\nd /illness t reigns ov] ?is realm ( solitude & desolation4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,moon',s ,,surface ,z might be expect$1 ,milton makes frequ5t allusion to ! ,moon 9 ',p>adise ,lo/1' & does n fail to set =? ! di/9ctive *>ms associat$ ) ! unrivall$ que5 ( ! firmam5t4 ,! majority ( poets w\ld mo/ likely reg>d a description ( ev5+ z incomplete )\t an allusion to ! ,moon4 ,milton has adh]$ to ?is s5tim5t1 z may be p]ceiv$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- till ! ,moon1 ,ris+ 9 cl\d$ maje/y1 at l5g? ,app>5t que51 unveil$ h] pe]less light1 ,& o'er ! d>k h] silv] mantle ?rew4--iv4 #fjf-fji4 n[ reigns ,full-orb$ ! ,moon1 & ) m pleas+ light1 ,%ad[y sets (f ! face ( ?+s4--v4 #da-dc4 ,! association ( ! ,moon ) ! nocturnal revels & dances ( elves & fairies is felicit\sly express$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- or fa]y elves1 ,^: midnight revels1 by a =e/ side ,or f\nta91 "s belat$ peasant sees1 ,or dreams he sees1 :ile ov]head ! ,moon ,sits arbitress1 & ne>] to ! ,e>? ,:eels h] pale c\rse4--i4 #gha-hf4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is1 we h ,milton's description ( ! ,moon :5 affect$ by ! demoniacal practices ( ! 'night-hag' :o 0 believ$ to de/roy infants = ! sake ( dr9k+ _! blood1 & apply+ _! mangl$ limbs to ! purposes ( incantation4 ,! leg5d is ( ,sc&9avian orig9 & ! locality ,lapl&3-- ,nor ugli] foll[ ! night-hag1 :5 call$ ,9 secret1 rid+ ?r\gh ! air %e comes1 ,lur$ ) ! smell ( infant blood1 to dance ,) ,lapl& wit*es1 :ile ! lab\r+ ,moon ,eclipses at _! *>ms4--ii4 #ffb-ff4 ,9 8 description ( ! massive %ield c>ri$ by ,satan1 ! poet comp>es x ) ! full moon3-- 8 pond]\s %ield ,e!real temp]1 massy1 l>ge1 & r\nd1 ,beh9d him ca/4 ,! broad circumf]5ce ,hung on 8 %\ld]s l ! ,moon4--i4 #bhd-hg4 ,! phases display$ by ! ,moon 9 h] mon?ly j\rney r\nd ! ,e>?1 & :i* l5d a v>iety ( *>m to ! appe>ances pres5t$ by ! orb1 are poetically describ$ by ,milton 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- b !re ! neighb\r+ ,moon 7,s call t opposite fair />7 h] aid ,timely int]poses1 & h] mon?ly r\nd ,/ill end+1 /ill r5ew+1 ?r\gh mid-,heav5 ,) borr[$ light h] c\nt5ance tri=m ,h5ce fills & empties1 to enlight5 ! ,e>?1 ,& 9 h] pale dom9ion *ecks ! night4--iii4 #gbf-cb4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ aptly ,milton describes ! subdu$ illum9ation ( ! ,moon's reflect$ light1 z comp>$ ) ! brilliant radiance ( ! blaz+ ,sun1 & h[ ! di/+ui%+ glory peculi> to ea* orb is appropriately set =? 9 ! v>i\s passages 9 :i* !y are describ$2 _! contra/$ spl5d\r enhanc+ r ?an detract+ f ! gr&eur & beauty belong+ to ea*4 ,,! ,,planet ,,e>?#ad ,no loveli] planet circles r\nd ! ,sun ?an ! planet ,e>?1 ) h] oceans & cont95ts1 h] m\nta9s1 valleys1 riv]s1 lakes1 & pla9s2 surr\nd$ by heav5's azure1 radiant ) ! sunlight ( h] day & adorn$ by night ) c\ntless sp>kl+ po9ts ( gold4 ,?is beautiful _w1 ! abode ( ,,man1 is ( p>am\nt importance to u1 & is ! only "p ( ! univ]se ( :i* we h any direct k4 ,! ,e>? may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! ,sun's num]\s family1 & is situat$ ?ird 9 ord] f ! refulg5t orb1 r\nd :i* x revolves 9 an elliptical orbit at a mean di/ance ( #ib1hjj1jjj miles4 ,! ,e>? is ne>e/ to ! ,sun at ! end ( ,decemb]1 & fur!/ away at ! beg9n+ ( ,july2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^? di/ances is #c1bej1jjj miles--! ext5t ( ! ecc5tricity ( ! planet's orbit4 ,! figure ( ! ,e>? is t ( an oblate sph]oid2 x is slightly flatt5$ at ! poles & bulges at ! equator4 ,its pol> or %orte/ diamet] is #g1hii miles1 its equatorial diamet] is #g1ibf miles--great] ?an ! o!r by #bg miles4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! ,e>? at ! equator is #bd1hii miles1 & ! total area ( its surface is #aig1jjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,its mean d5sity is #e-a_/b times great] ?an t ( wat]4 ,! two pr9cipal motions p]=m$ by ! ,e>? are3 7#a7 ,rotation on its axis2 7#b7 its annual revolution r\nd ! ,sun4 ,! ,e>? always rotates 9 ! same mann]1 & 9 ! same direction1 f we/ to ea/4 ,z ! axis ( rotation corresponds ) ! %orte/ diamet] ( ! planet1 x af=ds /rong evid5ce t ! ,e>? assum$ its pres5t %ape :il/ rapidly rotat+ r\nd its axis :5 9 a fluid or pla/ic condition4 ,?is w\ld accord ) ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,! ends ( ! ,e>?'s axis are call$ ! poles ( ! ,e>?2 "o is ! nor?1 ! o!r ! s\? pole4 ,! nor? pole is direct$ t[>ds a /> 9 ! ,less] ,be> call$ ! ,pole ,/>4 ,! s\? pole is direct$ to a correspond+ opposite "p ( ! heav5s4 ,! ,e>?'s axis is incl9$ #fc deg4 #cc' to ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 & is always direct$ to ! same po9t 9 ! heav5s4 ,! ,e>? accompli%es a revolution on its axis 9 #bc h\rs #ef m9utes #d seconds mean sol> "t1 :i* is ! l5g? ( ! sid]eal day4 ,?is rate ( rotation is inv>iable4 ,at ! equator1 :]e ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe exce$s #bd1jjj miles1 ! velocity ( a po9t on its surface is upw>ds ( #a1jjj miles an h\r1 b1 z ! poles are approa*$1 ! tang5tial velocity dim9i%es1 & at ^? po9ts x is entirely abs5t4 ,! ,e>? accompli%es a revolution ( h] orbit 9 #cfe days #f h\rs #i m9utes2 9 h] j\rney r\nd ! ,sun %e travels a circuit ( #ehj1jjj1jjj miles at an av]age pace ( #ff1jjj miles an h\r4 ,! ,e>? has o!r slight motions call$ p]turbations1 :i* are produc$ by ! gravitational attraction ( o!r memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ,precession ( ! ,equ9oxes1 :i* is caus$ by ! attraction ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & planets1 on ! protub]ant equatorial region ( ! globe4 ,?is attraction has a t5d5cy to turn ! ,e>?'s axis at "r angles to h] orbit1 b x only results 9 ! sl[ rotation ( ! pole ( ! equator r\nd t ( ! ecliptic1 :i* is occurr+ at ! rate ( #a deg4 9 #gj ye>s1 & w require a p]iod ( #be1hfh ye>s to complete an entire revolution ( ! heav5s4 ,! spot on ,e>? r\nd :i* is c5tr$ ! *ief int]e/ 9 ,milton's poem is ,p>adise1 :i* 0 situat$ 9 ! ea/ ( ,ed51 a di/rict ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,x 0 "h :]e ,god orda9$ t man %\ld fir/ dwell--a place creat$ = 8 enjoym5t & delight4 ,satan1 aft] 8 soliloquy on ,m\nt ,niphates1 directs 8 way to ,p>adise1 & arrives fir/ 9 ,ed51 :]e he beholds f a di/ance ! ,happy ,g>d5-- ,s on he f>es1 & to ! bord] comes ,( ,ed51 :]e delici\s ,p>adise1 ,n[ ne>]1 cr[ns ) h] enclosure gre51 ,z ) a rural m\nd1 ! *ampa9 head ,( a /eep wild]ness1 ^: hairy sides ,) ?icket ov]gr[n1 grotesque & wild1 ,access d5i$2 & ov]head upgrew ,insup]able high? ( l(tie/ %ade1 ,c$>1 & p9e1 & fir1 & bran*+ palm1 ,a sylvan sc5e1 &1 z ! ranks asc5d1 ,%ade above %ade1 a woody !atre ,( /atelie/ view4 ,yet high] ?an _! tops ,! v]dur\s wall ( ,p>adise up-sprung2 ,:i* to our g5]al sire gave prospect l>ge ,into 8 ne!r empire neighb\r+ r\nd4 ,& high] ?an t wall1 a circl+ r[ ,( goodlie/ trees1 load5 ) faire/ fruit1 ,blossoms & fruits at once ( gold5 hue1 ,appe>$1 ) gay enamell$ col\rs mix$2 ,on :i* ! ,sun m glad impress$ 8 beams ,?an 9 fair ev5+ cl\d1 or humid b[1 ,:5 ,god ha? %[]$ ! ,e>?3 s lovely seem$ ,t l&skip4 ,& ( pure n[ pur] air ,meets 8 approa*1 & to ! he>t inspires ,v]nal delight & joy1 able to drive ,all sadness b despair4 ,n[ g5tle gales1 ,fann+ _! odorif]\s w+s1 disp5se ,native p]fumes1 & :isp] :5ce !y /ole ,^? balmy spoils4--iv4 #aca-ei4 ,satan1 hav+ ga9$ admission to ! ,g>d5 by ov]leap+ ! tangl$ ?icket ( %rubs & bu%es :i* =m$ an imp5etrable b>ri] & prev5t$ any access to ! enclosure )91 he flew up on to ! ,tree ( ,life-- ,b5ea? him1 ) new wond]1 n[ he views1 ,to all delight ( human s5se expos$1 ,9 n>r[ room ,nature's :ole weal?2 yea1 m6-- ,a ,heav5 on ,e>?3 = blissful ,p>adise ,( ,god ! g>d5 01 by ,him 9 ! ea/ ,( ,ed5 plant$1 ,ed5 /ret*$ h] l9e ,f ,auran ea/w>d to ! royal t[]s ,( great ,seleucia1 built by ,grecian k+s1 ,or :]e ! sons ( ,ed5 long be=e ,dwelt 9 ,telass>4 ,9 ?is pleasant soil ,8 f> m pleasant g>d5 ,god orda9$4 ,out ( ! f]tile gr\nd he caus$ to gr[ ,all trees ( noble/ k9d = sight1 smell1 ta/e2 ,& all amid !m /ood ! ,tree ( ,life1 ,high em95t1 bloom+ ambrosial fruit ,( vegetable gold2 & next to life1 ,our dea?1 ! ,tree ( ,k1 grew fa/ by-- ,k ( good1 b\ght de> by kn[+ ill4 ,s\?w>d ?r\gh ,ed5 w5t a riv] l>ge1 ,nor *ang$ 8 c\rse1 b ?r\gh ! %aggy hill ,pass$ und]nea? +ulf$2 = ,god _h ?r[n ,t m\nta91 z 8 g>d5 m\ld1 high rais$ ,^u ! rapid curr5t1 :i*1 ?r\gh ve9s ,( por\s e>? ) k9dly ?ir/ up-drawn1 ,rose a fre% f\nta91 & ) _m a rill ,wat]$ ! g>d52 !nce unit$ fell ,d[n ! /eep glade1 & met ! ne!r flood1 ,:i* f 8 d>ksome passage n[ appe>s1 ,& n[1 divid$ into f\r ma9 /reams1 ,runs div]se1 w&]+ _m a fam\s realm ,& c\ntry :]e( "h ne$s no acc\nt2 ,b r to tell h[1 if ,art c\ld tell ,h[1 f t sapphire f\nt ! crisp$ brooks1 ,boil+ on ori5t-pe>l & s&s ( gold1 ,) mazy error "u p5d5t %ades ,ran nect>1 visit+ ea* plant1 & f$ ,fl[]s wor?y ( ,p>adise1 :i* n nice ,art ,9 b$s & curi\s knots1 b ,nature boon ,p\r$ =? pr(use on hill1 & dale1 & pla91 ,bo? :]e ! morn+ ,sun fir/ w>mly smote ,! op5 field1 & :]e ! unpi]c$ %ade ,imbr[n$ ! noontide b[]s4--iv4 #bje-df4 ,milton's description ( ,p>adise is n less rem>kable 9 its way ?an ! lurid sc5es depict$ by him 9 ,p&emonium4 ,! v]satility ( 8 poetic g5ius is n[h]e m app>5t ?an 9 ! *>m+ pa/oral v]se conta9$ 9 ?is "p ( 8 poem4 ,! poet has lavi%$ ! :ole weal? ( 8 luxuriant imag9ation 9 8 description ( ,ed5 & blissful ,p>adise ) its 'v]nal airs' & 'g5tle gales1' its v]dant meads1 & murmur+ /reams1 'roll+ on ori5t-pe>l & s&s ( gold2' its /ately trees lad5 ) blossom & fruit2 its spicy groves & %ady b[]s1 ov] :i* !re brea!d ! et]nal ,spr+4 ,9 ,book ,,ix4 ,satan expresses himself 9 an eloqu5t apo/rophe to ! primitive ,e>?1 ov] :i* he previ\sly w&]$ = sev5 days-- ,o ,e>?1 h[ l to ,heav51 if n pref]r$ ,m ju/ly1 seat wor?i] ( gods1 z built ,) second ?\ghts1 re=m+ :at 0 old6 ,= :at ,god1 aft] bett]1 worse w\ld build8 ,t]re/rial ,heav51 danc$ r\nd by o!r ,heav5s1 ,t %9e1 yet be> _! bright (fici\s lamps1 ,light above light1 = !e alone1 z seems1 ,9 !e conc5tr+ all _! preci\s beams ,( sacr$ influ5ce6 ,z ,god 9 ,heav5 ,is c5tre1 yet ext5ds to all1 s ?\ ,c5tr+ receiv'/ f all ^? orbs2 9 !e1 ,n 9 !mselves1 all _! kn[n virtue appe>s1 ,productive 9 h]b1 plant1 & nobl] bir? ,( creatures animate ) gradual life ,( gr[?1 s5se1 reason1 all summ$ up 9 ,man1 ,) :at delight ,i c\ld h walk$ !e r\nd1 ,if ,i c\ld joy 9 aught--sweet int]*ange ,( hill & valley1 riv]s1 woods1 & pla9s1 ,n[ l&1 n[ sea1 & %ores ) =e/ cr[n$1 ,rocks1 d5s1 & caves4--ix4 #ii-aah4 ,?\gh x is impossible to reg>d ! ,e>? z possess+ ! importance ascrib$ to x by ! anci5t ,ptolemai/s2 nev]!less1 our globe is a great & mighty _w1 & appe>s to be "o ( ! mo/ fav\rably situat$ ( all ! planets1 be+ nei!r ne> ! ,sun nor yet v f> di/ant f ! orb2 & al?\gh1 :5 comp>$ ) ! univ]se1 x is no m ?an a leaf on a tree 9 ! mid/ ( a va/ =e/2 /ill1 x is n ! lea/ important among o!r circl+ worlds1 & unfail+ly fulfils ! "p allott$ to x 9 ! great s*eme ( creation4 ,,! ,,planet ,,hesp]us ,?is is ! beautiful morn+ & ev5+ />1 ! pe]less planet t u%]s 9 ! twilight & ! dawn1 ! h>b+] ( day & unrivall$ que5 ( ! ev5+4 ,v5us1 call$ aft] ! ,roman goddess ( ,love1 & also id5tifi$ ) ! ,greek ,aphrodite ( ideal beauty1 is ! "n by :i* ! planet is popul>ly kn[n2 b ,milton does n s designate x1 & ! "n ',v5us' is n f\nd 9 ',p>adise ,lo/4' ,! anci5ts call$ x ,lucif] & ,phosphor :5 x %one z a morn+ /> be=e sunrise1 & ,hesp]us & ,vesp] :5 x became visible aft] sunset4 ,x is ! mo/ lu/r\s ( all ! planets1 & at times its brilliancy is s m>k$ z to ?r[ a di/9ct %ad[ at night4 ,v5us is ! second planet 9 ord] f ! ,sun4 ,its orbit lies betwe5 t ( ,m]cury & ! ,e>?1 & 9 =m approa*es ne>] to a circle ?an t ( any ( ! o!r planets4 ,x travels r\nd ! ,sun 9 #bbd4g days1 at a mean di/ance ( #fg1jjj1jjj miles1 & ) an av]age velocity ( #hj1jjj miles an h\r4 ,its p]iod ( rotation is unkn[n4 ,by ! obs]vation ( dusky spots on its surface1 x has be5 surmis$ t ! planet completes a revolution on its axis 9 #bc-a_/d h\rs2 b o!r obs]v]s d\bt ?is & are incl9$ to believe t x always pres5ts ! same face to ! ,sun4 ,:5 at inf]ior conjunction ,v5us approa*es ne>] to ! ,e>? ?an any o!r planet1 its di/ance !n be+ #bg1jjj1jjj miles4 ,its greate/ elongation v>ies f #de deg4 to #dg deg4 #ab'2 x !re=e c nev] be mu* m ?an ?ree h\rs above ! horizon be=e sunrise1 or aft] sunset4 ,v5us is a morn+ /> :5 pass+ f inf]ior to sup]ior conjunction1 & dur+ ! o!r half ( its synodical p]iod x is an ev5+ />4 ,! planet atta9s its greate/ brilliancy at an elongation #dj deg4 we/ or ea/ ( ! ,sun--five weeks be=e & aft] inf]ior conjunction4 ,x is at ^! p]iods1 :5 at its greate/ brilliancy1 t x ca/s a %ad[ at night4 ,?\gh s pleas+ an object to ! unaid$ eye1 ,v5us1 :5 obs]v$ ) ! telescope1 is (t5 a s\rce ( disappo9tm5t--?is is on acc\nt ( its dazzl+ brilliancy1 :i* r5d]s any accurate def9ition ( its surface impossible4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el writes3 ',! int5se lu/re ( its illum9at$ "p dazzles ! sight1 & exagg]ates e imp]fection ( ! telescope2 yet we see cle>ly t its surface is n mottl$ ov] ) p]man5t spots l ! ,moon2 we notice 9 x nei!r m\nta9s nor %ad[s1 b a uni=m brightness1 9 :i* sometimes we may inde$ fancy1 or p]haps m ?an fancy1 bright] or obscur] portions1 b c seldom or nev] re/ fully satisfi$ ( ! fact4' ,x is believ$ t ! surface ( ! planet is invisible on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( a cl\d-lad5 atmosph]e by :i* x is envelop$1 & :i* may s]ve z a protection aga9/ ! int5se gl>e ( ! sun%9e & heat p\r$ d[n by ! n f>-di/ant ,sun4 ,s*roet]1 a ,g]man a/ronom]1 believ$ t he saw l(ty m\nta9s on ! surface ( ! planet1 b _! exi/5ce has n be5 confirm$ by any o!r obs]v]4 ,! ,sun if view$ f ,v5us w\ld h a diamet] ne>ly half z l>ge aga9 z :5 se5 f ! ,e>?2 x is !re=e probable t ! planet is subject$ to a mu* high] temp]ature ?an :at is exp]i5c$ on our globe4 ,! phases ( ,v5us are simil> to ^? exhibit$ by ! ,moon1 & are caus$ by a *ange 9 position ( ! illum9$ hemisph]e ( ! planet ) reg>d to ! ,e>?4 ,at sup]ior conjunction ! :ole enlight5$ disc ( ! planet is turn$ t[>ds ! ,e>?1 b is invisible by be+ lo/ 9 ! ,sun's rays4 ,%ortly be=e or aft] x arrives at ?is po9t1 its =m is gibb\s1 ! illum9$ portion be+ less ?an a circle b great] ?an a semi-circle4 ,at its greate/ elongation we/ or ea/ ( ! ,sun ! planet resembles ! ,moon 9 quadrature--a half moon--& betwe5 ^? po9ts & inf]ior conjunction x is visible z a beautiful cresc5t4 ,x becomes n>r[] & %>p] z x approa*es inf]ior conjunction1 until x resembles a curv$ lum9\s ?read prior to its disappe>ance at ! conjunction4 ,aft] hav+ pass$ ?is po9t x reappe>s on ! o!r side ( ! ,sun z ! morn+ />4 ,x w\ld be only natural to imag9e t ?is pe]less orb1 ! mo/ beautiful & lu/r\s ( ! planets1 ^u :i* m5 h gaz$ ) long+ admiration1 & designat$ ! emblem ( 'all beauty & all love1' %\ld h impress$ ,milton's poetical imag9ation ) its *>m+ appe>ance1 & /imulat$ ! fl[ ( 8 captivat+ muse4 ,he addresses ! orb z ,faire/ ( ,/>s1 la/ 9 ! tra9 ( night1 ,if bett] ?\ belong n to ! dawn1 ,sure pl$ge ( day1 t cr[n'/ ! smil+ morn ,) ?y bright circlet1 praise ,him 9 ?y sph]e ,:ile day arises1 t sweet h\r ( prime4--v4 #aff-gj4 ,9 ^! l9es ! poet alludes to ,v5us z ! morn+ />4 ,9 ! o!r passages 9 8 poem ,milton associates ! planet sometimes ) ! morn+ & at o!r times ) ! ev5+-- ,8 c\nt5ance1 z ! ,morn+ ,/> t guides ,! />ry flock4--v4 #gjh-gji4 ,or if ! ,/> ( ,ev5+ & ! ,moon ,ha/e to ?y audi5ce1 ,night ) h] w br+ ,sil5ce1 & ,sleep li/5+ to !e w wat*4--vii4 #ajd-ajf4 ,& h5ce ! morn+ planet gilds h] horns4--vii4 #cff4 ,! ,sun 0 sunk & aft] him ! ,/> ,( ,hesp]us1 ^: (fice is to br+ ,twilight ^u ! ,e>?1 %ort arbit] ,twixt day & night4--ix4 #dg-ej4 & bid ha/e ! ,ev5+ ,/> ,on 8 hill top to light ! bridal lamp4--viii4 #eai-bj4 ,milton knew ( ! phases ( ,v5us & 0 aw>e t at c]ta9 times ! planet 0 visible 9 ! telescope z a beautiful cresc5t4 ,! l9e 9 :i* he m5tions h] z gild+ h] horns is an allusion to ?is appe>ance ( ,v5us4 ,,! ,,pleiades ,! beautiful clu/] ( ! ,pleiades or ,sev5 ,si/]s has be5 reg>d$ ) hall[$ v5]ation f "t immemorial4 ,! happy influ5ces believ$ to be %$ d[n ^u ! ,e>? by ^? />s & _! close association ) human de/9ies h r5d]$ !m objects ( almo/ sacr$ int]e/ among ! diff]5t races ( mank9d4 ,9 e region ( ! globe & 9 e clime1 among civilis$ nations & savage feti%-wor%ipp+ tribes1 ! same b5ign influ5ces 7 ascrib$ to ! />s :i* =m ?is int]e/+ gr\p4 ,9 ,greek my?ology !y 7 kn[n z ! sev5 daught]s ( ,atlas & ,pleione4 ,diff]5t v]sions are giv5 ( _! fate4 ,by "s writ]s x is said !y di$ f grief 9 consequ5ce ( ! dea? ( _! si/]s1 ! ,hyades1 or on acc\nt ( ! fate ( _! fa!r1 :o1 = treason1 0 condemn$ by ,zeus to be> on 8 head & h&s ! vault ( heav51 on ! m\nta9s ( nor?-we/ ,africa :i* be> 8 "n4 ,accord+ to o!rs !y 7 ! companions ( ,diana1 &1 9 ord] to escape f ,orion1 by :om !y 7 pursu$1 ! gods translat$ !m to ! sky4 ,all writ]s agree 9 say+ t aft] _! dea? or translation !y 7 trans=m$ into />s4 ,_! names are ,alcyone1 ,electra1 ,maia1 ,m]ope1 ,/]ope1 ,taygeta1 & ,cela5o4 ,! sev5? ,atlantid is said to be ! 'lo/ ,pleiad1' b x c be p]ceiv$ )\t difficulty by a p]son possess+ good eyesight4 ,9 ! book ( ,job !re is a beautiful allusion to ! ,pleiades 7*ap4 xxxviii47 :5 ,god speaks out ( ! :irlw9d & asks ! patri>* to answ] ,him-- ,can/ ?\ b9d ! sweet influ5ces ( ! ,pleiades1 or loose ! b&s ( ,orion8 ,can/ ?\ br+ =? ,mazz>o? 9 8 season8 or can/ ?\ guide ,arcturus ) 8 sons8 ,kn[e/ ?\ ! ord9ances ( heav58 can/ ?\ set ! dom9ion !re( 9 ! e>?8 ,admiral ,smy? says t ?is noble passage is m correctly r5d]$ z foll[s3 ,can/ ?\ b9d ! delightful teem+s ( ,*eemah8 ,or ! contractions ( ,*esil can/ ?\ op58 ,can/ ?\ draw =? ,mazz>o? 9 8 season ,or ,ayee% & 8 sons can/ ?\ guide8 ,he writes3 ',9 ?is v e>ly description ( ! c>d9al con/ellations1 ,*eemah d5otes ,taurus ) ! ,pleiades2 ,*esil is ,scorpio2 ,mazz>o? is ,sirius 9 ! *amb]s ( ! s\?2 & ,ayee% ! ,great] ,be>1 ! ,hebrew ^w signify+ a bi]1 :i* 0 %ap$ by ! f\r well-kn[n bright />s1 :ile ! ?ree =m+ ! tail 7 consid]$ z *ildr5 att5d+ a fun]al4' ,! ,greeks at an e>ly p]iod 7 attract$ by ?is clu/] ( />s1 & ,hesiod alludes to !m 9 8 writ+s4 ,"o passage conv]t$ into rhyme reads z foll[s3 ,!re is a "t :5 =ty days !y lie1 ,& =ty nights1 conceal'd f human eye2 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ! revolv+ ye>1 ,:5 ! swa9 %>ps ! scy!1 aga9 appe>4 ,_! heliacal ris+ 0 consid]$ a fav\rable "t = sett+ out on a voyage1 & _! midnight culm9ation1 :i* occurr$ %ortly aft] ! middle ( ,novemb]1 0 celebrat$ by "s nations ) fe/ivals & public c]emonies4 ,consid]able div]sity ( op9ion exi/$ among ! anci5ts ) reg>d to ! numb] ( />s :i* con/itute ?is gr\p4 ,x 0 affirm$ by "s t only six 7 visible1 :il/ o!rs ma9ta9$ t sev5 c\ld be se54 ,ovid writes3 ,quae septem dici1 sex tam5 esse sol5t4 ,hom] & ,attalus m5tion six2 ,hipp>*us & ,aratus sev54 ,! leg5d ) reg>d to ! lo/ ,pleiad w\ld seem to indicate t1 dur+ a p]iod 9 ! pa/1 ! /> possess$ a sup]ior brilliancy & 0 m di/9ctly visible ?an x is at ! pres5t "t4 ,?is may h be5 s1 =1 %\ld x belong to ! class ( v>iable />s1 !re w\ld be a p]iodic ebb & fl[ ( its light1 by :i* its fluctuat+ brilliance c\ld be expla9$4 ,:5 look$ at directly only six />s c be se5 9 ! gr\p1 b %\ld ! eye be turn$ sideways m ?an ?is numb] become visible4 ,sev]al obs]v]s h c\nt$ z _m z t5 or twelve1 & x is /at$ by ,kepl] t 8 tutor1 ,mae/l91 0 able to enum]ate f\rte5 />s & mapp$ elev5 9 _! relative positions4 ,) telescopic aid ! numb] is l>gely increas$--,galileo obs]v$ ?irty-six ) 8 in/rum5t & ,hooke1 9 #affd1 c\nt$ sev5ty-eight4 ,l>ge mod]n telescopes br+ into view sev]al ?\s& />s 9 ?is region4 ,! ,pleiades are situat$ at a pr(\nd di/ance 9 space4 ,_! light p]iod is e/imat$ at #bej ye>s1 indicat+ a di/ance ( #a1ejj billions ( miles4 ,our ,sun if ?us f> remov$ w\ld be r$uc$ to a t5?-magnitude />4 ',!re c be little d\bt1' says ,miss ,agnes ,cl]ke1 't ! sol> brilliancy is surpass$ by sixty to sev5ty ( ! ,pleiades4 ,& x mu/ be 9 "s cases enorm\sly surpass$2 by ,alcyone #a1jjj1 by ,electra #dhj1 by ,maia ne>ly #djj times4 ,sirius itself takes a subord9ate rank :5 comp>$ ) ! five mo/ brilliant memb]s ( a gr\p1 ! real magnific5ce ( :i* we c ?us 9 "s degree appreh5d4' ,?is is ! only /> clu/] :i* c be p]ceiv$ to be mov+ 9 space1 or :i* has an asc]ta9$ common prop] motion4 ,its con/itu5ts =m a magnific5t sy/em 9 :i* ! />s be> a mutual relation%ip to ea* o!r1 & p]=m intricate int]nal revolutions1 :il/ !y 9 sy/emic union drift along ?r\gh ! dep?s ( space4 ,!re are two allusions to ! ,pleiades 9 ',p>adise ,lo/4' ,9 describ+ ! pa? ( ! newly creat$ ,sun1 ,milton introduces !m z indicative ( ! joyfulness associat$ ) ! bir? ( ! ,univ]se-- ,fir/ 9 8 ea/ ! glori\s lamp 0 se51 ,reg5t ( day1 & all ! horizon r\nd ,inve/$ ) bright rays1 jocund to run ,8 longitude ?r\gh heav5's high road2 ! grey ,dawn1 & ! ,pleiades be=e him danc$1 ,%$d+ sweet influ5ce4--vii4 #cgj-ge4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! ,e>? 0 creat$ 9 ! spr+2 & t[>ds ! end ( ,april ?is gr\p rises a little be=e ! ,sun & prec$es him 9 8 c\rse1 '%$d+ sweet influ5ces4' ,! anci5ts believ$ t ! good or evil influ5ces ( ! />s 7 ex]cis$ n 9 ! night b dur+ ! day1 :5 _! rays m+l$ ) ^? ( ! ,sun4 ,! p]nici\s influ5ce ( ! ,dog-/> is m5tion$ by ,lat9 writ]s z be+ mo/ pron\nc$ dur+ ! dog-days1 at ! end ( summ] & comm5cem5t ( autumn1 ! "t ( ! heliacal ris+ ( ?is />4 ,! o!r allusion to ! ,pleiades is 9 ,book ,x41 l9e #fgc1 :]e ,milton1 9 describ+ ! alt]$ pa? ( ! ,sun consequ5t ^u ! ,fall1 m5tions h[ ! orb travels ?r\gh ,taurus ) ! ,sev5 ,atlantic ,si/]s--! sev5 daught]s ( ,atlas1 ! ,pleiades1 :i* are situat$ on ! %\ld] ( ! animal repres5t+ ?is zodiacal con/ellation4 ,,! ,,galaxy ,! ,galaxy or ,milky ,way is ! great lum9\s zone encircl+ ! heav5s1 :i* c be se5 ext5d+ across ! sky f horizon to horizon4 ,its diffus$ nebul\s appe>ance caus$ ! anci5ts mu* p]plexity1 & _m qua9t op9ions 7 haz>d$ z to ! nature ( ?is cele/ial highway2 b ! my/]y associat$ ) x 0 n solv$ until ,galileo direct$ 8 newly inv5t$ telescope to ?is luc5t object1 :51 to 8 int5se delight1 he discov]$ t x consi/s ( myriads ( />s--millions ^u millions ( suns s di/ant z to be individually indi/+ui%able to ord9>y vision1 & s closely aggregat$1 t _! bl5d$ light gives rise to ! milky lum9osity signifi$ by its "n4 ,?is /ellif]\s zone almo/ completely encircles ! sph]e1 :i* x divides into two ne>ly equal p>ts1 & is incl9$ at an angle ( #fc deg4 to ! cele/ial equator4 ,9 ,c5taurus x divides into two portions1 "o indi/9ct & ( int]rupt$ cont9uity1 ! o!r bright & well def9$2 ^!1 aft] rema9+ ap>t = #abj deg41 reunite 9 ,cygnus4 ,! ,milky ,way is ( irregul> outl9e & v>ies 9 bread? f #e deg4 to #af deg42 x int]sects ! equ9octial 9 ! con/ellations ,monoc]os & ,aquila1 & approa*es 9 ,cassiopeia to )9 #bg deg4 ( ! nor? pole ( ! heav5s2 an equal di/ance int]v5es betwe5 x & ! s\? pole4 ,its poles are 9 ,coma ,b]nices & ,cetus4 ,! />s 9 ! galactic tract are v unev5ly di/ribut$2 9 "s ( its ri*e/ regions z _m />s z are visible to ! nak$ eye on a cle> night h be5 c\nt$ )9 ! space ( a squ>e degree4 ,9 o!r p>ts !y are mu* less num]\s1 & !re h be5 obs]v$ besides1 adjac5t to ! mo/ lum9\s portions ( ! zone1 d>k int]vals & w9d+ *annels almo/ entirely devoid ( />s4 ,an in/ance ( ?is k9d occurs 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 :]e !re exi/s 9 a ri* /ell> region a l>ge oval-%ap$ d>k vacuity1 #h deg4 by #e deg4 9 ext5t1 t appe>s to be almo/ entirely d5ud$ ( />s4 ,9 look+ at x1 an impression is creat$ t "o is gaz+ into an empty void ( space f> beyond ! ,milky ,way4 ,?is gulf ( ,cimm]ian d>kness 0 call$ by e>ly navigators ! ,coal ,sack4 ,simil> d>k spaces1 ?\gh n ( su* magnitude1 are se5 9 ,ophiu*us1 ,scorpio1 & ,cygnus4 ,! ,galaxy1 :5 view$ ) a p[]ful telescope1 is f\nd to consi/ ( cong]ies ( />s1 va/ /ell> aggregations1 great lum9\s tracts resolvable into cl\ds ( />s ( ov]p[]+ magnific5ce1 sup]b clu/]s ( v>i\s ord]s1 & convolut$ nebul\s /reams w&]+ ') mazy error' among 'isl&s ( light & lakes ( d>kness1' resolv$ by ! telescope into banks ( %9+ worlds4 ,! conc\rses ( />s :i* ent] into ! =mation ( ?is wond]ful zone exhibit 9 a m>vell\s degree ! amaz+ pr(usion 9 :i* ^! orbs exi/ 9 c]ta9 regions ( space2 yet ^? multitudes ( />s p]=m _! motions 9 h>moni\s unison & 9 ord]ly array1 & by _! mutual attraction su/a9 ! dynamical equilibrium ( ?is /up5d\s galactic r+1 ! diamet] ( :i*1 accord+ to "o au?ority1 is n trav]s$ by light 9 less ?an #ac1jjj ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,a ,portion ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 to :om we are indebt$ = mo/ ( :at we "k ( ! ,milky ,way1 comm5c$ a s]ies ( obs]vations 9 #aghe ) ! object ( acquir+ a k ( ! /ructure ( ! sid]eal heav5s4 ,9 ! accompli%m5t ( ?is object1 to :i* he devot$ a consid]able "p ( 8 life1 he und]took a sy/ematic survey ( t portion ( ! ,galaxy :i* is visible 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,by a me?od call$ />-gaug+1 :i* consi/$ 9 ! enum]ation ( ! />s 9 ea* successive telescopic field z ! in/rum5t mov$ sl[ly ov] ! region "u obs]vation1 he f\nd t ! dep? ( ! /> /rata c\ld be approximately asc]ta9$ by c\nt+ ! />s along ! l9e ( vision2 ^? 7 mo/ num]\s :]e ! visual l9e appe>$ ( ! greate/ l5g? & fewe/ 9 numb] :]e x 0 %orte/4 ,h]s*el p]ceiv$ ! int]nal /ructure ( ! ,galaxy to be exce$+ly intricate & complex1 & t x embrac$ )9 its conf9es an endless v>iety ( sy/ems1 clu/]s1 & gr\ps1 bran*es1 sprays1 ar*es1 loops1 & /ream+ filam5ts ( />s1 all ( :i* comb9$ to =m ?is lum9\s zone4 ',x is inde$1' says a well-kn[n a/ronom]1 'only to ! mo/ c>eless glance1 or :5 view$ ?r\gh an atmosph]e ( imp]fect transp>5cy1 t ! ,milky ,way seems a cont9u\s zone4 ,let ! nak$ eye re/ ?\ghtfully on any "p ( x1 &1 if circum/ances be fav\rable1 x w /& out r z an accumulation ( pat*es & /reams ( light ( e conceivable v>iety ( =m & brightness1 n[ side by side1 n[ heap$ on ea* o!r2 aga9 spann+ across d>k spaces1 int]tw9+ & =m+ a mo/ curi\s & complex network2 & at o!r times d>t+ (f into ! neighb\r+ skies 9 bran*es ( caprici\s l5g? & %ape :i* gradually ?9 away & disappe>4' ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 :o 0 occupi$ = f\r ye>s at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 9 explor+ ! cele/ial regions ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 describes ! com+ on ( ! ,milky ,way z se5 9 8 #bj-;foot reflector4 ,he fir/ rem>ks 't all ! />s visible to u1 :e!r by unassi/$ vision or ?r\gh ! be/ telescopes1 belong to & =m "p ( a va/ /ratum or consid]ably flatt5$ & unsymmetrical cong]ies ( />s 9 :i* our sy/em is deeply & ecc5trically plung$2 &1 moreov]1 situat$ ne> a po9t :]e ! /ratum bifurcates or spreads itself out into two %eets4' ',z ! ma9 body ( ! ,milky ,way comes on ! frequ5cy & v>iety ( ^? masses 7nebul\s7 increases2 "h ! ,milky ,way is compos$ ( sep>ate or slight or /rongly connect$ cl\ds ( semi-nebul\s light1 &1 z ! telescope moves1 ! appe>ance is t ( cl\ds pass+ 9 a scud1 z sailors call x4' ,! ,milky ,way is l s&1 n /rew$ ev5ly z ) a sieve1 b z if flung d[n by h&fuls 7& bo? h&s at once71 leav+ d>k int]vals1 & all consi/+ ( />s ( ! f\rte5?1 sixte5?1 tw5tie? magnitudes d[n to nebulosity1 9 a mo/ a/oni%+ mann]4 ,aft] an int]val ( comp>ative pov]ty1 ! same ph5om5on1 & ev5 m rem>kable1 ,i _c say x is nebul\s1 x is all resolv$1 b ! />s are inconceivably num]\s & m9ute2 !re mu/ be millions & all almo/ equally mass$ toge!r4 ,yet !y n[h]e run to nuclei or clu/]s mu* bright] 9 ! middle4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? h\r 7,"r ,asc5sion7 ! globul> clu/]s beg9 to come 92 !y consi/ ( />s ( excessive m9ut5ess1 b yet n m s ?an ! gr\nd ( ! ,milky ,way1 on :i* n only !y appe> project$1 b ( :i* x is v probable !y =m a "p4 ',f ! =ego+ analysis ( ! telescopic aspect ( ! ,milky ,way 9 ?is int]e/+ region1 ,i ?9k x c h>dly be d\bt$ t x consi/s ( portions diff]+ exce$+ly 9 di/ance1 b br\ght by ! effect ( projection into ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 visual l9e2 9 p>ticul>1 t at ! ant]ior edge ( :at we h call$ ! ma9 /ream1 we see =e%ort5$ a va/ & illimitable area scatt]$ ov] ) discont9u\s masses & aggregates ( />s 9 ! mann] ( ! cumuli ( a mack]el sky1 r ?an ( a /ratum ( regul> ?ickness & homog5e\s =mation4' ,! pr(\nd di/ance at :i* ! />s ( ! ,galaxy are situat$ 9 space precludes ! possibility ( our obta9+ any def9ite k ( _! magnitude & ( ! ext5t ( ! int]vals by :i* !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 nor c we le>n any?+ ( ! details associat$ ) ! sy/ems & comb9ations into :i* !y ent]4 ,x is believ$ t ! majority ( ! />s 9 ! ,milky ,way equal or surpass ! ,sun 9 brilliancy & spl5d\r4 ,!y are t5? to fifte5? magnitude />s2 n[1 ! ,sun at ! di/ance indicat$ by ^! magnitudes w\ld 9 ! telescope appe> a mu* fa9t] object2 he w\ld n rea* ! fifte5? magnitude4 ,consequ5tly1 ! galactic />s are reg>d$ z 8 pe]s or sup]iors 9 magnitude & brilliancy4 ,^? myriads ( suns are all 9 motion--9 nature a /ation>y body is unkn[n--& !y are suffici5tly f> ap>t s z n to be unduly influ5c$ by _! mutual gravitational attraction2 a di/ance p]haps equal to t :i* sep>ates our ,sun f ! ne>e/ fix$ /> may int]v5e betwe5 ea* ( ^? orbs4 ,9 ! deepe/ recesses ( ! ,milky ,way1 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 0 able to c\nt #ejj />s rec$+ 9 regul> ord] beh9d ea* o!r2 betwe5 ea* !re exi/$ an int]val ( space1 probably n less ext5sive ?an ! int]/ell> spaces among ! />s by :i* we are surr\nd$4 ,! ri*e/ galactic regions 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e are f\nd 9 ,p]seus1 ,cygnus1 & ,aquila4 ,night aft] night c\ld be sp5t 9 sweep+ ! telescope ov] fields :]e ! />s c be se5 9 amaz+ pr(usion4 ,9 ! int]val ( a qu>t] ( an h\r1 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el obs]v$ #aaf1jjj />s pass be=e him 9 ! telescope1 & on ano!r occasion he p]ceiv$ #beh1jjj />s 9 ! space ( =ty-"o m9utes4 ,9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan !re is a region ab\t #e deg4 9 bread? :i* conta9s #cca1jjj />s4 ,photography reveals 9 a rem>kable mann] ! amaz+ ri*ness ( ?is /ellif]\s zone2 ! impress ( ! />s on ! s5sitive plate ( ! cam]a1 9 "s in/ances1 resembles a %[] ( desc5d+ sn[flakes4 ,?\gh ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 0 able to fa?om ! ,galaxy 9 mo/ ( its tracts1 yet !re 7 regions :i* 8 great telescopes 7 unable to p5etrate entirely ?r\gh4 ,9 ,cepheus !re is a spot :]e he obs]v$ ! />s become 'gradually less till !y escape ! eye s t appe>ances "h fav\r ! idea ( a succe$+ m di/ant clu/]+ "p4' ,he p]ceiv$ ano!r 9 ,scorpio ':]e1 ?r\gh ! holl[s & deep recesses ( its complicat$ /ructure1 we behold :at has all ! appe>ance ( a wide & indef9itely prolong$ area /rew$ ov] ) discont9u\s masses & cl\ds ( />s :i* ! telescope at l5g? refuses to analyse4' ,! ,great ,clu/] 9 ,p]seus1 :i* lies 9 ! ,milky ,way1 also baffl$ ! p5etrative capacity ( ,h]s*el's in/rum5ts4 ,we _c help quot+ ,pr(essor ,ni*ol's description ( ,h]s*el's obs]vation ( ?is rem>kable object4 ,he says3 ',9 ! ,milky ,way1 ?rong$ all ov] ) spl5d\rs1 !re is "o portion n unnotic$ by ! g5]al obs]v]1 ! spot 9 ! sword-h& ( ,p]seus4 ,t spot %[s no />s to ! nak$ eye2 ! milky light :i* glorifies x comes f regions to :i* unaid$ we _c pi]ce4 ,b to a telescope ( consid]able p[] ! space appe>s light$ up ) unnumb]$ orbs2 & ^! pass on ?r\gh ! dep?s ( ! inf9ite1 until1 ev5 to t p5etrat+ glass1 !y escape all scrut9y1 )draw+ into regions unvisit$ by its p[]4 ,%all we adv5ture into ^! deep] retirem5ts8 ,!n1 assume an in/rum5t ( high] efficacy1 & lo6 ! *ange is only repeat$2 ^? sc>ce obs]v$ be=e appe> z l>ge orbs1 &1 beh9d1 a new s]ies beg9s1 %ad+ gradually away1 lead+ t[>ds f>!r my/]ies6 ,! illu/ri\s ,h]s*el p5etrat$ on "o occasion into ?is spot1 until he f\nd himself among dep?s ^: light c\ld n h rea*$ him 9 mu* less ?an #d1jjj ye>s2 no m>vel t he )drew f ! pursuit1 conceiv+ t su* abysses mu/ be endless6' ,! ,milky ,way may be reg>d$ z a univ]se by itself1 & our ,sun z "o ( its myriad />s4 ,milton 0 aw>e ( ! /ell> con/itution ( ! ,milky ,way1 :i* 0 "o ( ,galileo's discov]ies4 ,! poet gives a s+ul>ly accurate description ( ?is lum9\s pa?1 :i* he glorifies z ! way by :i* ! ,deity return$ up to ! ,heav5 ( ,heav5s aft] ,he f9i%$ ,8 great "w ( creation-- ,s sung ,! glori\s tra9 asc5d+3 ,he ?r\gh ,heav51 ,t op5$ wide h] blaz+ portals1 l$ ,to ,god's et]nal h\se direct ! way-- ,a broad & ample road1 ^: du/ is gold1 ,& pavem5t />s1 z />s to !e appe> ,se5 9 ! ,galaxy1 t ,milky ,way ,:i* nightly z a circl+ zone ?\ see/ ,p[d]$ ) />s4--vii4 #egc-ha4 ,,comets ,records ( ! appe>ance ( ^! rem>kable objects h be5 h&$ d[n f e>lie/ times2 & :5 "o ( ^? my/]i\s visitors1 travell+ f out ! dep?s ( space1 became visible 9 our skies1 x 0 reg>d$ ) appreh5sion & dread z betok5+ ! occurr5ce ( calamities & direful ev5ts among ! nations ( ! ,e>?4 ,! ^w comet is d]iv$ f ! ,greek kome1 signify+ 'hair1' to :i* ! hazy1 lum9\s appe>ance ( ^? objects be>s "s resemblance4 ,a comet consi/s ( a bright c5tral "p call$ ! nucleus2 ?is is surr\nd$ by lay]s ( nebul\s matt] call$ ! coma1 & bo? comb9$ =m ! head1 f :i* a long app5dage ext5ds call$ ! tail4 ,! nucleus & tail are n ess5tial p>ts ( a comet1 = _m h be5 obs]v$ 9 :i* bo? h be5 want+4 ,! tail is frequ5tly v conspicu\s1 & pres5ts consid]able div]sity bo? z reg>ds its appe>ance & l5g?4 ,9 "s comets x is entirely abs5t1 & 9 o!rs x has be5 obs]v$ to /ret* ov] an arc ( sixty or sev5ty degrees1 indicat+ a l5g? ( #ajj to #aej million miles4 ,sometimes x is /raight1 & at o!r times x is curv$ at ! extremity2 x has be5 obs]v$ bifurcat$ into two bran*es2 &1 on r>e occasions1 comets h be5 se5 ) two or m tails4 ,! tail ( a comet is always direct$ away f ! ,sun2 x increases 9 size z ! comet approa*es ! orb1 & dim9i%es z x rec$es f him4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! degree ( heat to :i* ! comet is expos$1 :i* has ! effect ( driv+ (f or evaporat+ "s ( ! matt] compos+ ! head4 ,dur+ ! "t ! comet is travell+ r\nd ! ,sun !re is a cont9u\s emission ( ?is highly att5uat$ matt]1 :i* is visible z ! tail1 b :5 ! comet beg9s to rec$e f ! orb & rea*es cool] regions ( space ! tail dim9i%es 9 size z ! temp]ature becomes r$uc$1 & ultimately x disappe>s4 ,! appe>ance ( a comet 9 ! sky is (t5 sudd5 & unexpect$1 & "o ( ^? erratic w&]]s may become visible at any "t & 9 any "p ( ! heav5s4 ,x 0 rem>k$ by ,kepl] t !re are z _m comets 9 ! sky z !re are fi%es 9 ! ocean4 ,?is may or may n be true1 = !y only become visible :5 !y approa* ! ,sun1 & ! "t dur+ :i* !y rema9 s does n usually exce$ a few weeks or mon?s4 ,anci5t a/ronom]s 7 mu* p]plex$ ) ! motions ( comets1 :i* appe>$ to be mu* m irregul> ?an ^? ( o!r cele/ial bodies & uncon=m$ to any kn[n laws4 ,ty*o ,brahe believ$ t comets mov$ 9 circul> orbits1 & ,kepl] imag9$ t !y travell$ 9 /raight l9es outw>ds f ! ,sun4 ,newton1 h[ev]1 0 able to demon/rate t any conic section c be describ$ ab\t ! ,sun consi/5t ) ! law ( gravitation1 & t ! orbits ( comets correspond ) ?ree ( ! f\r sections into :i* a cone c be divid$4 ,consequ5tly1 !y obey ! laws ( planet>y motion4 ,comets :i* move 9 ellipses ( kn[n ecc5tricity & return ) p]iodical regul>ity may be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! sol> sy/em4 ,tw5ty ( ^! are kn[n1 & elev5 ( !m h m ?an once pass$ _! p]ihelion4 ,^? mo/ famili>ly kn[n complete _! p]iods 9 ye>s z foll[s3--,encke's #c4c2 ,swift's1 #e4e2 ,w9necke's1 #e4f2 ,tempel's1 #f2 ,brors5's1 #e4e2 ,faye's1 #g4d2 ,tuttle's1 #ac4h1 & ,halley's1 #gf4 ,comets ) p>abolic & hyp]bolic orbits may be reg>d$ z /ray objects :i* visit our sy/em once1 & dep>t nev] to return aga94 ,besides ^? already m5tion$ !re are _m comets ) orbits ( su* m>k$ ecc5tricity t _! ellipses :5 ne> p]ihelion _c be di/+ui%$ f p>abolae4 ,! great comets ( #aghj1 #ahaa1 #ahdc1 #aheh1 #ahfa1 & #ahhb trav]se orbits approa*+ ?is =m1 & "s ( !m require hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ye>s to accompli% a circuit ( _! pa?s4 ,num]\s in/ances ( ! appe>ance ( rem>kable comets h be5 record$ 9 ! annals ( anci5t nations4 ,! e>lie/ records ( comets are by ! ,*9ese1 :o 7 c>eful obs]v]s ( cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,a comet is said to h appe>$ at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,mi?ridates 7#acd ,b4,c471 :i* _h a disc z l>ge z t ( ! ,sun2 a great comet also became visible 9 ! heav5s ab\t ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,julius ,caes> 7#dd ,b4,c471 & ano!r 0 se5 9 ! reign ( ,ju/9ian 7#eca ,a4,d474 ,a rem>kable comet 0 obs]v$ 9 #aajf1 & 9 #adef1 ! ye> 9 :i* ! ,turks obta9$ possession ( ,con/ant9ople & ?reat5$ to ov]run ,europe1 a great comet appe>$1 :i* 0 reg>d$ by ,*ri/5dom ) om9\s =ebod+s4 ,! celebrat$ a/ronom] ,halley 0 ! fir/ to pr$ict ! return ( a comet4 ,hav+ become acqua9t$ ) ,newton's inve/igations1 :i* %[$ t ! =ms ( ! orbits ( comets 7 ei!r p>abolae or extremely elongat$ ellipses1 he subject$ ! next great comet1 :i* appe>$ 9 #afhb1 to a s]ies ( obs]vations1 calculat$ its orbit1 & pr$ict$ t x w\ld return to p]ihelion 9 sev5ty-five or sev5ty-six ye>s4 ,on ref]r+ to pa/ records he discov]$ t a great comet appe>$ 9 #afjg1 :i* pursu$ a pa? simil> to ! "o trac$ out = 8 comet1 ano!r 0 se5 9 #aeca1 & "o 9 #adef4 ,halley p]ceiv$ t ! int]vals betwe5 ^? dates correspond$ to a p]iod ( ab\t sev5ty-six ye>s1 ! "t :i* he calculat$ w\ld be requir$ = 8 comet to complete a revolution ( its orbit4 ,he !re=e _h no hesitation 9 pr$ict+ t ! comet w\ld appe> aga9 9 #ageh4 ,halley knew t he w\ld n be alive to witness ! ev5t1 & alludes to x 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ',:]e=e if x %\ld return accord+ to our pr$iction ab\t ! ye> #ageh1 imp>tial po/]ity w n refuse to ackn[l$ge t ?is 0 fir/ discov]$ by an ,engli%man4' ,z ! "t approa*$ :5 ! comet %\ld be draw+ ne> to our sy/em1 mu* int]e/ 0 excit$ among a/ronom]s1 :o w\ld h an opportunity af=d$ !m ( te/+ ! accuracy ( ,halley's pr$iction4 ,an em95t ,fr5* ma!matician nam$ ,clairaut comput$ anew1 by a me?od r diff]5t to t adopt$ by ,halley1 ! ret>d+ effect ( ! attraction ( ! planets ^u ! spe$ ( ! comet1 & arriv$ at ! conclusion t x w\ld rea* p]ihelion ab\t ! middle ( ,april #agei2 b1 ow+ to unkn[n influ5ces--,uranus & ,neptune n hav+ be5 discov]$--x might be a mon? be=e or beh9d ! calculat$ "t4 ,clairaut made ?is ann\ncem5t on ,novemb] #ad1 #ageh4 ,a/ronom]s 7 n[ int5tly on ! look-out = ! comet1 & night aft] night ! sky 0 swept by telescopes 9 se>* ( ! expect$ visitor1 :i* = upw>ds ( sev5ty ye>s _h be5 pursu+ its solit>y pa? invisible to mortal eyes4 ,b ! m5tal vision ( ! ma!matician did n fail to foll[ ?is cele/ial object1 :i* 0 n[ ann\nc$ z be+ on ! conf9es ( our sy/em4 ,! comet 0 fir/ obs]v$ on ,decemb] #be1 #ageh1 x soon became conspicu\s 9 ! heav5s1 & rea*$ p]ihelion on ,m>* #ab1 #agei1 a mon? be=e ! "t assign$ to x by ,clairaut b )9 ! limit ( error all[$ = unkn[n influ5ces4 ,halley's comet return$ aga9 9 #ahce1 & may be expect$ ab\t ! ye> #aiaa4 ,! p]iodic appe>ance ( ?is comet has be5 trac$ back to ! ye> #acje4 ,! celebrat$ comet ( #afhj 0 not$ z hav+ be5 ! "o :i* af=d$ ,newton an opportunity ( mak+ obs]vations :i* l$ to 8 discov]y t comets describe orbits r\nd ! ,sun 9 con=mity ) ! diff]5t sections ( a cone4 ,! comet ( #ahaa 0 obs]v$ = _m weeks 9 ! nor!rn heav5s z a brilliant object ) a beautiful fan-%ap$ tail2 x completes a revolution ( its orbit 9 ab\t #c1jjj ye>s4 ,! comet ( #ahdc 0 also a spl5did object4 ,x possess$ a tail #bjj million miles 9 l5g?1 & approa*$ )9 #cb1jjj miles ( ! ,sun4 ,! heat to :i* x 0 expos$ 0 suffici5t to volatilize ! mo/ infusible sub/ances kn[n to exi/4 ,donati's comet ( #aheh w be long rememb]$ z "o ( ! mo/ impressive ( cele/ial spectacles3 its tail ext5d$ ov] an area ( =ty degrees1 & envelop$ ! /> ,arcturus1 :i* c\ld be se5 %9+ ?r\gh x ) undim9i%$ brilliancy4 ,its p]iod is e/imat$ to be #b1ajj ye>s4 ,a great comet appe>$ 9 #ahfa1 ?r\gh ! tail ( :i* ! ,e>? pass$ )\t any p]ceptible effect hav+ result$4 ,no rem>kable comets h appe>$ dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,9 #ahhj1 #ahha1 & #ahhb1 sev]al 7 obs]v$1 & t ( #ahha 0 ! fir/ successfully photograph$4 ,comets consi/ ( cosmical matt] :i* exi/s 9 a condition ( extreme t5uity1 & especially s 9 ! coma & tail4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el describ$ !m z almo/ spiritual 9 texture1 & small />s h be5 se5 %9+ ?r\gh _! d5se/ p>ts )\t any p]ceptible dim9ution ( _! light4 ,! nucleus is believ$ to be compos$ ( a cong]ies ( meteoric fragm5ts1 & ^!1 :5 expos$ to ! ,sun's heat1 ?r[ (f lum9\s nebul\s p>ticles t are swept by "s repulsive =ce into space & =m ! app5dage kn[n z ! tail4 ,comets may be reg>d$ z cele/ial objects t are p]fectly innocu\s4 ,nei!r fe> nor dread ne$ be appreh5d$ f _! visits2 !y come to please & in/ruct1 n to injure or de/roy4 ,milton does n fail to introduce into 8 poem sev]al allusions to comets1 & 9 do+ s expresses ! ideas & s5tim5ts :i* 9 8 "t 7 associat$ ) ^? objects4 ,9 describ+ ! ho/ile meet+ betwe5 ,satan & ,dea? be=e ! ,gates ( ,hell1 he writes3 ,on ! o!r side1 ,inc5s$ ) indignation1 ,satan /ood ,unt]rifi$1 & l a comet burn$1 ,t fires ! l5g? ( ,ophiu*us huge ,9 ! arctic sky1 & f 8 horrid hair ,%akes pe/il5ce & w>4--ii4 #gjf-aa4 ,?is passage is em95tly descriptive ( ! appe>ance ( a great comet1 & ! occasion on :i* x is introduc$ adds to ! int5sity ( ! lurid imag9+s & feel+s ( t]ror & dismay ) :i* ^! objects h always be5 reg>d$4 ,! comp>ison ( ! enrag$ ,pr9ce ( ,hell ) "o ( ^? my/]i\s & fi]y look+ visitors to our skies 0 a gr& conception ( ! poet's1 & "o wor?y ( ! mighty combatant4 ,ophiu*us 7! ,s]p5t-be>]7 is a l>ge con/ellation :i* occupies a r b>r5 region ( ! heav5s to ! s\? ( ,h]cules4 ,x has a l5g? ( ab\t =ty degrees1 & is repres5t$ by ! figure ( a man be>+ a s]p5t 9 bo? h&s4 ,x is n easy to imag9e :y ,milton %\ld h assign$ ! comet to ?is un9t]e/+ con/ellation2 he may possibly h se5 "o 9 ?is "p ( ! sky1 or 8 poetical e> may h p]ceiv$ t ! expression ',ophiu*us huge1' :i* has ab\t x a pond]\s rhy?m1 0 well adapt$ = ! poetic description ( a comet4 ,! only o!r allusion 9 ! poem to a comet is ne> its conclusion1 :5 ! ,*]ubim desc5d to take possession ( ! ,g>d51 prior to ! removal ( ,adam & ,eve-- ,high 9 front advanc$1 ,! br&i%$ sword ( ,god be=e !m blaz$1 ,fi]ce z a comet2 :i* ) torrid heat1 ,& vap\r z ! ,lybian air adu/ ,began to p>* t temp]ate clime4--xii4 #fcb-cf4 ,,fall+ ,,/>s ,on any cle> night an obs]v] c1 by att5tively wat*+ ! heav5s1 p]ceive a few ( ^? objects :i* become visible = a mom5t z a /reak ( light & !n vani%4 ,!y are ! result ( ! combu/ion ( small meteoric masses hav+ a cele/ial orig91 & travell+ ) cosmical velocity1 & :i*1 9 _! headlong flight1 become s heat$ by contact ) ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e t !y are conv]t$ into gl[+ vap\r4 ,?is vap\r :5 x cools cond5ses into f9e p[d] or du/1 & gradually desc5ds ^u ! ,e>?'s surface1 :]e x c be detect$4 ,%oot+ />s become visible at a height v>y+ betwe5 tw5ty & "o hundr$ & ?irty miles1 & _! av]age velocity has be5 e/imat$ at ab\t ?irty miles a second4 ,?\gh casual fall+ />s c be se5 at all times 9 e "p ( ! heav5s1 yet !re are c]ta9 p]iods at :i* !y appe> 9 l>ge numb]s1 & h be5 obs]v$ to radiate f c]ta9 well-def9$ p>ts ( ! sky4 ,:5 ! radiant po9t is ov]head1 ! fall+ />s spread out & resemble a p>a*ute ( fire2 b :5 x is bel[ ! horizon1 ! />s asc5d upw>ds l rockets into ! sky4 ,! radiant po9t is fix$ among ! />s1 s t at ! comm5cem5t ( a %[] x may be ov]head1 & be=e ! t]m9ation ( ! display x may h travell$ bel[ ! horizon4 ,! radiant is usually nam$ aft] ! con/ellation 9 :i* x is obs]v$4 ,! ,novemb] meteors are call$ ,leonids1 because !y radiate f a po9t 9 ! con/ellation ,leo2 ^? 9 ,taurus are call$ ,taurids2 9 ,p]seus1 ,p]seids2 9 ,lyra1 ,lyraids2 & 9 ,&rom$a1 ,&rom$es1 because _! radiant po9ts are situat$ 9 ^? con/ellations4 ,! fall+ />s t h attract$ mo/ att5tion are ^? :i* appe> on or ab\t ,novemb] #ac4 ,e ye> at ?is p]iod !y c be se5 9 great] or less numb]s1 & on ref]r+ to num]\s pa/ records x has be5 asc]ta9$ t a magnific5t display ( ^? objects occurs e ?irty-?ree ye>s4 ,! e>lie/ hi/orical allusion to ?is meteoric %[] is by ,!ophanes1 :o wrote t 9 ! ye> #dgb ,a4,d4 ! sky at ,con/ant9ople appe>$ to be on fire ) fall+ />s4 ,9 ! ye> #ijb ,a4,d4 ano!r rem>kable display took place1 & f t "t until #ahcc twelve conspicu\s displays are record$ z hav+ occurr$ at recurr+ int]vals ( ?irty-?ree ye>s4 ,! gr&e/ display ( ?is k9d t 0 ev] witness$ occurr$ 9 #ahcc4 ,x 0 visible ov] ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 &1 hav+ comm5c$ at midnight1 la/$ = f\r or five h\rs4 ,! fall+ />s 7 s num]\s t !y appe>$ to ra9 ^u ! ,e>?1 & caus$ ! utmo/ con/]nation & t]ror among ^? :o witness$ ! ph5om5on1 _m p]sons hav+ imag9$ t ! end ( ! _w 0 at h&4 ,! regul> recurr5ce ( ^! meteoric displays has be5 satisfactorily expla9$ by ! assumption t r\nd ! ,sun !re travels 9 an elliptical orbit ) planet>y velocity a va/ %oal ( meteoric bodies "s millions ( miles 9 l5g? & sev]al hundr$ ?\s& miles 9 bread?4 ,! ne>e/ po9t ( _! orbit to ! ,sun co9cides ) ! ,e>?'s orbit1 & ! mo/ di/ant "p ext5ds beyond ! orbit ( ,uranus4 ,^! bodies accompli% a circuit ( _! orbit 9 #cc-a_/d ye>s4 ,! ,e>? 9 h] annual revolution int]sects ! pa? ( ! meteors1 & :5 ?is occurs "s fall+ />s c always be se52 b :5 ! int]section happ5s at ! "t ! %oal is pass+1 !n !re results a gr& meteoric display4 ,num]\s o!r meteoric sw>ms travel 9 orbital pa?s r\nd ! ,sun4 ,milton1 9 8 poem1 alludes to fall+ />s ^u two occasions4 ,9 describ+ ! fall ( ,mulcib] f ,heav5 he says3-- f morn ,to noon he fell1 f noon to dewy eve1 ,a summ]'s day2 & ) ! sett+ sun ,dropt f ! z5i? l a fall+ />1 ,on ,lemnos ! ,a,egaean isle4--i4 #gdb-df4 ,! rapid flight ( ! ar*angel ,uriel f ! ,sun to ! ,e>? is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,?i!r came ,uriel1 glid+ ?r\gh ! ev5 ,on a sunbeam1 swift z a %oot+ /> ,9 autumn ?w>ts ! night1 :5 vap\rs fir$ ,impress ! air1 & %[s ! m>9] ,f :at po9t ( 8 compass to bew>e ,impetu\s w9ds4--iv4 #eee-fj4 ,milton m5tions ! season ( ! ye> 9 :i* ^? />s are mo/ frequ5tly se51 & ref]s to an anci5t belief by :i* !y 7 reg>d$ z ! precursors ( /ormy wea!r4 ,a translation f ,virgil conta9s a simil> allusion to !m-- ,(t %alt ?\ see ere brood+ /orms arise1 ,/> aft] /> glide headlong d[n ! skies4 ,! /&>d borne by ! ,*]ub ,azazel is describ$ z hav+-- ,%one l a meteor /ream+ to ! w9d4--i4 #ecg4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,milton',s ,,imag9ative ,,& ,,descriptive ,,a/ronomy ,! !me *os5 by ,milton = 8 great epic1 viz4 ! ,fall ( ,man & 8 expulsion f ,p>adise--p]haps ! mo/ mom5t\s incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race--0 "o wor?y ( ! g5ius ( a great poet & 9 ! treatm5t ( :i* ,milton has be5 sublimely successful4 ,! newly creat$ ,e>?2 ! unta9t$ lovel9ess ( ! ,p>adise 9 :i* our fir/ p>5ts dwelt dur+ _! innoc5ce2 _! temptation2 _! fall & removal f ! happy g>d51 furni%$ a !me :i* af=d$ him an opportunity = ! display ( 8 unrivall$ poetic g5ius4 ,?\gh ! *ief int]e/ 9 ! poem is c5tr$ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 & its occupants1 yet ,milton 0 enabl$1 by ! compreh5sive mann] 9 :i* he treat$ 8 subject1 to introduce into 8 "w a cosmology :i* embrac$ n only ! sy/em to :i* our globe belongs1 b ! entire />ry heav5s by :i* we are surr\nd$4 ,b ! univ]sality ( 8 g5ius did n re/ "h4 ,9 ! utt]ance ( 8 sacr$ song he so>$ beyond ! />ry sph]e1 describ+ himself z wrapt above ! pole--! />ry pole--up to ! ,empyrean1 or ,heav5 ( ,heav5s1 ! ineffable abode ( ! ,deity & ! blissful habitation ( angelic be+s :o1 9 adoration & wor%ip1 surr\nd ! ?rone ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,desc5d+ to t ne!r _w at ! opposite pole ( ! univ]se1 9 ! l[e/ dep? ( ,*aos1 ! place prep>$ by ,et]nal ,ju/ice = ! rebelli\s1 he unfolds to our horror-/rick5 gaze ! t]rors ( ?is inf]nal region2 its fi]y deluge ( ev]-burn+ sulphur2 its 'regions ( sorr[2' its 'doleful %ades'--! unhappy abode ( fall5 angels :o '9 floods & :irlw9ds ( tempe/u\s fire1' alt]nat$ by exposure to un5durable cold & icy torm5t1 exp]i5ce ! direful consequ5ces ( _! apo/acy4 ,milton's ',p>adise ,lo/' may be reg>d$ z ! l(tie/ intellectual ef=t 9 ! :ole range ( lit]ature4 ,9 x we f9d all t 0 kn[n ( sci5ce1 philosophy1 & !ology4 ,! !me1 f\nd$ ^u a ,bible n>rative1 itself writt5 "u div9e inspiration1 embraces ! entire sy/em ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e z reveal$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 & _m ( ! noble/ passages 9 ! sacr$ volume are introduc$ into ! poem express$ 9 ! l(ty utt]ance ( fl[+ & h>moni\s v]se4 ,! *oice/ classical writ+s ( ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors2 ! my?ological & traditional beliefs ( anci5t nations2 hi/orical incid5ts ( val\r & r5[n & all t 0 great & good 9 ! annals ( mank9d 7 laid "u contribution by ,milton 9 ! illu/ration & embelli%m5t ( 8 poem4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a basis or f\ndation ^u :i* to con/ruct 8 great epic1 ,milton f\nd x necess>y to localise ! regions ( space 9 :i* ! pr9cipal ev5ts m5tion$ 9 8 poem are describ$ z hav+ occurr$4 ,! unfa?omable abyss ( space may be reg>d$ z an uncircumscrib$ sph]e b\ndless on all sides r\nd1 & s f> z we c compreh5d ( inf9ite ext5t4 ,?is sph]e ,milton divid$ into two hemisph]es--an upp] & a l[]4 ,! upp] 0 call$ ,heav51 or ! ,empyrean--a glorifi$ region ( b\ndless dim5sions2 ! l[] hemisph]e embrac$ ,*aos--a d>k1 fa?omless abyss 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( matt] exi/$ 9 a /ate ( p]petual tumult & wild upro>4 ,! occurr5ce ( a rebellion 9 ,heav5 necessitat$ a fur!r division ( ! sph]e4 ,! revolt1 head$ by ,lucif]1 "o ( ! highe/ ar*angels1 aft]w>ds kn[n z ,satan1 :o drew aft] him a ?ird ( ! angelic ho/1 conte/$ ! supremacy ( ,heav5 ) ,mi*ael & ! angels :i* kept _! loyalty4 ,aft] two days' battle-- ,him ! ,almighty ,p[] ,hurl$ headlong flam+ f ! e!real sky1 ,) hide\s ru9 & combu/ion1 d[n ,to bottomless p]dition2 !re to dwell ,9 adamant9e *a9s & p5al fire4--i4 #dd-dh4 ,hav+ be5 precipitat$ ov] ! cry/al wall ( ,heav5 into ! deep abyss1 ,milton says3-- ,n9e days !y fell2 conf\nd$ ,*aos ro>$1 ,& felt t5fold confusion 9 _! fall ,?r\gh 8 wild ,an>*y2 s huge a r\t ,encumb]$ him ) ru94 ,hell at la/1 ,yawn+1 receiv$ !m :ole1 & on !m clos$4--vi4 #hga-ge4 ,hell1 ,milton locates 9 ! l[e/ dep? ( ,*aos1 a region cut (f f ! body ( ,*aos1 ?r\gh :i* ! expell$ angels fell = n9e days be=e rea*+ _! de/9$ habitation4 ,!re are n[ ?ree divisions ( space3 ,,heav51 ,,*aos1 & ,,hell4 ,b a f\r? is requir$ to enable ,milton to complete 8 s*eme = ! del9eation ( 8 poem4 ,! ,e>? & />ry univ]se 7 n z yet call$ into exi/5ce1 b aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! rebelli\s angels1 ,god1 by circumscrib+ a portion ( ,*aos situat$ imm$iately und]nea? ! ,empyrean1 creat$ ! ,mundane ,univ]se1 or ! ',heav5s & ! ,e>?4'#ae ,?is new univ]se ,he reclaim$ f ,*aos1 & ) ! embryo elem5ts ( matt]-- ,8 d>k mat]ials to create new worlds4--ii4 #iaf4 ,he =m$ ! ,e>? & all ! c\ntless %9+ orbs visible ov]head1 & ! myriads m :i* ! telescope reveals1 scatt]$ 9 app>5tly endless pr(usion ov] ! circul> imm5sity ( space4 ,x is ?is new univ]se--! ,e>? & ,/>ry ,heav5s--t claims our *ief att5tion1 & 9 ! del9eation ( ,milton's imag9ative & descriptive p[]s x is to ?is late/ manife/ation ( ,div9e wisdom & might t our rem>ks %all pr9cipally apply4 ,aft] ! expulsion ( ! rebel angels f ,heav51 ,god s5t ,8 ,son1 ! ,messiah to create ! new univ]se--a "w ( omnipot5ce describ$ by ,milton 9 a mann] wor?y ( s magnific5t a display ( almighty p[]-- ,mean:ile ! ,son ,on 8 great exp$ition n[ appe>$1 ,girt ) omnipot5ce1 ) radiance cr[n$ ,( maje/y div9e3 sapi5ce & love ,imm5se2 & all 8 ,fa!r 9 ,him %one4 ,ab\t 8 *>iot numb]less 7 p\r$ ,*]ub & ,s]aph1 ,pot5tates & ,?rones1 ,& ,virtues1 w+$ ,spirits1 & *>iots w+$ ,f ! arm\ry ( ,god1 :]e /& ( old ,myriads1 betwe5 two braz5 m\nta9s lodg$ ,aga9/ a solemn day1 h>ness$ at h&1 ,cele/ial equipage2 & n[ came =? ,spontane\s1 = )9 !m ,_s liv$1 ,att5dant on _! ,"l4 ,heav5 op5$ wide ,h] ev]-dur+ gates1 h>moni\s s\nd6 ,on gold5 h+es mov+1 to let =? ,! ,k+ ( ,glory1 9 8 p[]ful ,^w ,& ,_s1 com+ to create new worlds4 ,on ,heav5ly gr\nd !y /ood1 & f ! %ore ,!y view$ ! va/ immeasurable abyss ,outrage\s z a sea1 d>k1 wa/eful1 wild1 ,up f ! bottom turn$ by furi\s w9ds ,& surg+ waves1 z m\nta9s to assault ,heav5's high?1 & ) ! c5tre mix ! pole4 ',sil5ce1 ye tr\bl$ ,waves1 & ?\ ,deep1 peace6' ,said !n ! omnific ,^w3 'y\r discord end6' ,nor /ay$2 b on ! w+s ( ,*]ubim ,uplift$1 9 pat]nal glory rode ,f> into ,*aos1 & ! ,_w unborn2 ,= ,*aos he>d 8 voice4 ,him all 8 tra9 ,foll[$ 9 bright procession1 to behold ,creation1 & ! wond]s ( 8 might4 ,!n /ay$ ! f]vid :eels1 & 9 8 h& ,he took ! gold5 compasses1 prep>$ ,9 ,god's et]nal /ore1 to circumscribe ,?is ,univ]se1 & all creat$ ?+s4 ,"o foot he c5tr$1 & ! o!r turn$ ,r\nd ?r\gh ! va/ pr(undity obscure2 ,& said1 ',?us f> ext5d1 ?us f> ?y b\nds2 ,?is be ?y j circumf]5ce1 ,o ,_w6' ,?us ,god ! ,heav5 creat$1 ?us ! ,e>?1 ,matt] un=m$ & void4 ,d>kness pr(\nd ,cov]$ ! abyss2 b on ! wat]y calm ,8 brood+ w+s ! ,_s ( ,god outspread1 ,& vital virtue infus$1 & vital w>m?1 ,?r\gh\t ! fluid mass2 b d[nw>d purg$ ,! black1 t>t>e\s1 cold1 inf]nal dregs1 ,adv]se to life2 !n f\nd$1 !n conglob$ ,l ?+s to l2 ! re/ to sev]al place ,disp>t$1 & betwe5 spun out ! ,air2 ,& ,e>? self balanc$ on h] c5tre hung4--vii4 #aib-bdb4 ,milton beg9s 8 n>rative ( ! ,creation by describ+ ! progress ( ! ,deity on ,8 great exp$ition1 accompani$ by ho/s ( angels & surr\nd$ ) all ! solemn pomp & spl5d\r ( ,heav54 ,! brilliant ?rong hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ,heav5's gates1 :i* op5$ wide _! portals1 !y beheld 9 front ( !m ! d>k abyss ( ,*aos--a tempe/-toss$ sea ( w>r+ elem5ts upturn$ 9 wild confusion4 ,at ,god's in/ant comm& sil5ce & peace reign$ ov] ! deep1 & tranquil calm succe$$ noisy discord4 ,!n on ! w+s ( ,*]ubim ,he rode f> into ,*aos1 & ) ,8 gold5 compasses decre$ ! dim5sions ( ! univ]se by circumscrib+ ! va/ vacuity ( space4 ,into ! elem5ts :i* ha/$ to _! sev]al places1 ,8 ,_s infus$ vital w>m? & caus$ ! =mless mass ( matt] to assume ! figure ( a sph]e1 & ?us ! ,e>? pois$ on h] axis unsupport$1 & 9 d>kness %r\d$ hung susp5d$ 9 space4 ,! plac+ ( ! gold5 compasses 9 ! h&s ( ! ,creator1 ) :i* ,he measur$ out ! heav5s1 is a noble conception on ! "p ( ,milton1 & "o mo/ appropriate1 s9ce ! con/ruction ( ! univ]se is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( geometrical sci5ce4 ',let !re be ,light6' said ,god2 & =?) ,light ,e!real1 fir/ ( ?+s1 qu9tess5ce pure1 ,sprung f ! ,deep2 & f h] native ea/ ,to j\rney ?r\gh ! a]y gloom began1 ,sph]$ 9 a radiant cl\d2 = yet ! ,sun ,0 n2 %e 9 a cl\dy tab]nacle ,soj\rn$ ! :ile4 ,god saw ! light 0 good2 ,& light f d>kness by ! hemisph]e ,divid$2 light ! day1 & d>kness night ,he nam$4 ,?us 0 ! fir/ day ev5 & morn3 ,nor pass$ uncelebrat$1 nor unsung ,by ! cele/ial quires1 :5 ori5t light ,exhal+ fir/ f d>kness !y beheld2 ,bir?day ( ,heav5 & ,e>?2 ) joy & %\t ,! holl[ univ]sal orb !y fill$1 ,& t\*$ _! gold5 h>ps1 & hymn+ prais$ ,god & 8 works3 ,creator ,him !y sung1 ,bo? :5 fir/ ev5+ 01 & :5 fir/ morn4--vii4 #bdc-fj4 ,! appe>ance ( ,light1 :i* sprung into exi/5ce at ! fiat ( ! ,creator1 0 ! next great ev5t witness$ by behold+ angels--bir?day ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 fir/ morn+ & fir/ ev5+1 :i* ! cele/ial *oirs celebrat$ ) praise & %\ts ( joy4 ,! creation ( ! firmam5t 0 ! great "w ( ! second day4 ,aga9 ,god said1 ',let !re be firmam5t ,amid ! wat]s1 & let x divide ,! wat]s f ! wat]s6' ,& ,god made ,! firmam5t1 expanse ( liquid1 pure1 ,transp>5t1 elem5tal air1 diffus$ ,9 circuit to ! utt]mo/ convex ,( ?is great r\nd--p>tition firm & sure1 ,! wat]s und]nea? f ^? above ,divid+2 = z ! ,e>?1 s ,he ! ,_w ,built on circumflu\s wat]s calm1 9 wide ,cry/all9e ocean1 & ! l\d misrule ,( ,*aos f> remov$1 le/ fi]ce extremes ,contigu\s might di/emp] ! :ole frame3 ,& ,heav5 he nam$ ! ,firmam5t4 ,s ev5 ,& morn+ *orus sung ! second day4--vii4 #bfa-bge4 ,aft] describ+ ! ga!r+ ( ! wat]s (f ! face ( ! globe into seas1 caus+ ! dry l& to appe>1 :i* at ! ^w ( ,god became clo!d ) vegetation1 r5d]+ ! ,e>? a habitable abode1 ,milton proce$s to describe ! creation ( ! heav5ly bodies-- ,aga9 ! ,almighty spake3 ',let !re be ,lights ,high 9 ! expanse ( ,heav51 to divide ,! day f night2 & let !m be = signs1 ,= seasons1 & = days1 & circl+ ye>s2 ,& let !m be = lights1 z ,i orda9 ,_! (fice 9 ! firmam5t ( ,heav51 ,to give light on ! ,e>?6' & x 0 s4 ,& ,god made two great ,lights1 great = _! use ,to ,man1 ! great] to h rule by day1 ,! less by night1 alt]n2 & made ! ,/>s1 ,& set !m 9 ! firmam5t ( ,heav5 ,to illum9ate ! ,e>?1 & rule ! day ,9 _! vicissitude1 & rule ! night1 ,& light f d>kness to divide4 ,god saw1 ,survey+ 8 great "w1 t x 0 good3 ,=1 ( cele/ial bodies1 fir/1 ! ,sun1 ,a mighty sph]e ,he fram$1 unlightsome fir/1 ,?\gh ( e!real m\ld2 !n =m$ ! ,moon ,globose1 & e magnitude ( ,/>s1 ,& s[$ ) />s ! ,heav5 ?ick z a field4 ,( light by f> ! great] "p he took1 ,transplant$ f h] cl\dy %r9e1 & plac$ ,9 ! ,sun's orb1 made por\s to receive ,& dr9k ! liquid light2 firm to reta9 ,h] ga!r$ beams1 great palace n[ ( ,light4 ,hi!r1 z to _! f\nta91 o!r />s ,repair+1 9 _! gold5 urns draw light1 ,& h5ce ! morn+ planet gilds h] horns2 ,by t9cture or reflection !y augm5t ,_! small peculi>1 ?\gh1 f human sight ,s f> remote1 ) dim9ution se54 ,fir/ 9 8 ea/ ! glori\s lamp 0 se51 ,reg5t ( day1 & all ! horizon r\nd ,inve/$ ) bright rays1 jocund to run ,8 longitude ?r\gh ,heav5's high road2 ! grey ,dawn1 & ! ,pleiades be=e him danc$1 ,%$d+ sweet influ5ce4 ,less bright ! ,moon1 ,b opposite 9 levell$ we/ 0 set ,8 mirror1 ) full face borr[+ h] light ,f him2 = o!r light %e ne$$ none ,9 t aspect1 & /ill t di/ance keeps ,till night2 !n 9 ! ea/ h] turn %e %9es1 ,revolv$ on ,heav5's great axle1 & h] reign ,) ?\s& less] lights dividual holds1 ,) ?\s& ?\s& />s t !n appe>$ ,spangl+ ! hemisph]e4 ,!n fir/ adorn$ ,) _! bright lum9>ies1 t set & rose1 ,glad ev5+ & glad morn cr[n$ ! f\r? day4--vii4 #cci-hf4 ,! fir/ creation 0 ,light1 & ,milton1 accord+ to ,scriptural te/imony1 ascribes its orig9 to ! bidd+ ( ! ,creator4 ',god said1 ,let !re be light2 & !re 0 light6' ,! ,sun he describes z a mighty sph]e1 b at fir/ non-lum9\s4 ,!re 0 light1 b no sun4 ,! reason usually giv5 9 explanation ( ?is ph5om5on is1 t ! heav5ly bodies 7 creat$ at ! same "t z ! ,e>?1 b 7 r5d]$ invisible by a canopy ( vap\r & cl\d :i* envelop$ ! newly-=m$ globe2 & t aft]w>ds1 :5 x disp]s$1 !y appe>$ 9 ! firmam5t1 %9+ 9 all _! pri/9e spl5d\r4 ,milton does n1 h[ev]1 adh]e to ?is view ( ?+s1 b says t light = ! fir/ ?ree days soj\rn$ 9 a cl\dy %r9e or tab]nacle1 & 0 aft]w>ds transplant$ 9 ! ,sun1 :i* became a great palace ( light4 ,he expresses himself 9 a some:at simil> mann] 9 ,book ,,iii41 :i* op5s ) an address to ,light--"o ( ! mo/ beautiful passages 9 ! poem1 9 :i* he alludes to 8 bl9dness :5 express+ 8 ?\ghts & s5tim5ts ) reg>d to ?is e!real m$ium1 :i* conveys to u ! pleasurable s5sation ( vision-- ,hail1 holy ,light6 (fspr+ ( ,heav5 fir/-born6 ,or ( ! ,et]nal co-et]nal beam1 ,may ,i express !e unblam$8 s9ce ,god is light1 ,& nev] b 9 unapproa*$ light ,dwelt f et]nity--dwelt !n 9 !e1 ,bright efflu5ce ( bright ess5ce increate6 ,or he>'/ ?\ r1 pure ,e!real /ream1 ,^: f\nta9 :o %all tell8 ,be=e ! ,sun1 ,be=e ! ,heav5s ?\ w]t1 & at ! voice ,( ,god1 z ) a mantle1 did/ inve/ ,! ris+ _w ( wat]s d>k & deep1 ,won f ! void & =mless ,inf9ite4--iii4 #a-ab4 ,! ,sun hav+ become a luc5t orb1 ,milton poetically describes h[ ! planets repair to him z to a f\nta91 & 9 _! gold5 urns draw light2 & h[ ! morn+ planet ,v5us gilds h] horns illum9$ by 8 rays4 ,! poet associates joy\s ideas ) ! new-born univ]se4 ,! ,sun1 n[ ! glori\s reg5t ( day1 beg9s 8 j\rney 9 ! ea/1 light+ up ! horizon ) 8 beams2 :il/ be=e him danc$ ! grey dawn1 & ! ,pleiades %$d+ sweet influ5ces4 ,!re exi/$ an anci5t belief t ! ,e>? 0 creat$ 9 ! spr+1 & 9 ,april ! ,sun is 9 ! zodiacal con/ellation ,taurus1 9 :i* are also situat$ ! ,pleiades2 !y rise a little be=e ! orb1 & prec$e him 9 8 pa? ?r\gh ! heav5s4 ,! />s ( ?is gr\p h always be5 reg>d$ ) a peculi> sacr$ness1 & _! rays1 m+l+ ) ^? ( ! ,sun1 7 believ$ to %$ sweet influ5ces ^u ! ,e>?4 ,! ,moon1 less bright1 ) borr[$ light1 9 h] turn %9es 9 ! ea/1 &1 ) ! ?\s& ?\s& lum9>ies t spangle ! firmam5t1 reigns ov] ! night4 ,we le>n 9 ,book ,,iii4 t ! ar*angel ,uriel1 :o 0 beguil$ by ,satan1 witness$ ! ,creation1 & describ$ h[ ! heav5ly bodies 7 br\ght into exi/5ce1 he hav+ p]ceiv$ :at we %\ld call ! gase\s elem5ts ( matt] roll$ into :orls & vortices :i* became cond5s$ into suns & sy/ems ( worlds4 ,?is mighty angel says3-- ,i saw :51 at 8 ^w ! =mless mass1 ,?is ,_w's mat]ial m\ld1 came to a heap3 ,confusion he>d 8 voice1 & wild ,upro> ,/ood rul$1 /ood va/ ,inf9itude conf9$2 ,till at 8 second bidd+ d>kness fl$1 ,light %one1 & ord] f disord] sprung4 ,swift to _! sev]al qu>t]s ha/$ !n ,! cumbr\s elem5ts1 ,e>?1 ,flood1 ,air1 ,fire2 ,& ?is e!real qu9tess5ce ( ,heav5 ,flew upw>d1 spirit$ ) v>i\s =ms1 ,t roll$ orbicul>1 & turn$ to />s ,numb]less1 z ?\ see/1 & h[ !y move2 ,ea* _h 8 place appo9t$1 ea* 8 c\rse2 ,! re/ 9 circuit walls ?is ,univ]se4--iii4 #gjh-ba4 ,9 8 sublime description ( ! ,creation ,milton has adh]$ ) m>k$ fidelity to ! ,mosaic v]sion1 z n>rat$ 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 :5 ,god1 by specific acts 9 c]ta9 /at$ p]iods ( "t1 creat$ ! visible univ]se & all t x conta9s4 ,! successive acts ( creation are describ$ 9 words almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ,scripture1 embelli%$ & adorn$ ) all ! weal? ( expression :i* our language is capable ( af=d+4 ,! sev]al sc5es pres5t$ to ! imag9ation1 & witness$ by ho/s ( admir+ angels z ea* portion ( ! magnific5t "w 0 accompli%$1 are full ( a gr&eur & maje/y wor?y ( ! l(tie/ conceivable ef=t ( ,div9e p[] & might4 ,! return ( ! ,creator aft] ! completion ( ,8 great "w is describ$ by ,milton 9 a mann] wor?y ( ! progress ( ,deity ?r\gh ! cele/ial regions4 ,! :ole creation rang ) jubilant delight1 & ! bright ?rong :i* witness$ ! wond]s ( ,8 might foll[$ ,him ) acclamation1 asc5d+ by ! glorifi$ pa? ( ! ,milky ,way up to ,8 high abode--! ,heav5 ( ,heav5s-- ,"h f9i%$ ,he1 & all t ,he _h made ,view$1 & behold6 all 0 entirely good4 ,s ev5 & morn accompli%$ ! six? day3 ,yet n till ! ,creator f 8 "w ,desi/+1 ?\gh unwe>i$1 up return$1 ,up to ! ,heav5 ( ,heav5s1 ,8 high abode1 ,!nce to behold ?is new creat$ ,_w1 ,! addition ( 8 empire1 h[ x %[$ ,9 prospect f ,8 ?rone1 h[ good1 h[ fair1 ,answ]+ 8 great idea4 ,up ,he rode1 ,foll[$ ) acclamation1 & ! s\nd ,symphoni\s ( t5 ?\s& h>ps1 t tun$ ,angelic h>monies3 ,! ,e>?1 ! ,air ,res\nd$ 7?\ rememb]'/1 = ?\ he>d'/7 ,! ,heav5s & all ! con/ellations rung1 ,! planets 9 _! /ations li/5+ /ood1 ,:ile ! bright pomp asc5d$ jubilant4 ',op5 ye ev]la/+ gates6' !y sung2 ',op5 ye ,heav5s6 y\r liv+ doors2 let 9 ,! great ,creator1 f 8 "w return$ ,magnific5t1 8 six days' "w1 a ,_w2 ,op51 & h5ce=? (t2 = ,god w deign ,to visit (t ! dwell+s ( j m51 ,delight$2 & ) frequ5t int]c\rse ,?i!r w s5d 8 w+$ mess5g]s ,on err&s ( sup]nal grace4' ,s sung ,! glori\s tra9 asc5d+3 ,he ?r\gh ,heav51 ,t op5$ wide h] blaz+ portals1 l$ ,to ,god's et]nal h\se direct ! way-- ,a broad & ample road1 ^: du/ is gold1 ,& pavem5t />s1 z />s to !e appe> ,se5 9 ! ,galaxy1 t ,milky ,way ,:i* nightly z a circl+ zone ?\ see/ ,p[d]$ ) />s4--vii4 #edh-ha4 ,milton1 ?r\gh\t 8 description ( ! ,creation1 su/a9s ) l(ty eloqu5ce 8 sublime conception ( ?is late/ display ( almighty p[]2 & inve/s ) becom+ maje/y all ! acts ( ! ,creator1 :o1 :5 ,he f9i%$ ,8 great "w1 saw t all 0 entirely good4 ,%ortly aft] ! creation ( ! new univ]se1 ,satan1 hav+ escap$ f ,hell1 plung$ into ! abyss ( ,*aos1 &1 aft] a long & ardu\s j\rney upw>ds1 9 :i* he _h to fight 8 way ?r\gh ! surg+ elem5ts t rag$ ar\nd him l a tempe/u\s sea1 he rea*$ ! upp] conf9es ( ?is region :]e less confusion prevail$1 & :]e a glimm]+ dawn ( light p5etrat$ its d>kness & gloom1 indicat+ t ! limit ( ! empire ( ,*aos & anci5t ,night _h be5 rea*$ by ! adv5tur\s fi5d4 ,pursu+ 8 way ) great] ease1 he leisurely beholds ! sight :i* is op5+ to 8 eyes--a sight r5d]$ m glori\s by 8 long soj\rn 9 d>kness4 ,he sees3-- ,f> (f ! empyreal ,heav51 ext5d$ wide ,9 circuit1 undet]m9$ squ>e or r\nd1 ,) opal t[]s & battlem5ts adorn$ ,( liv+ sapphire1 once 8 native seat1 ,&1 fa/ by1 hang+ 9 a gold5 *a91 ,?is p5d5t ,_w1 9 bigness z a /> ,( smalle/ magnitude close by ! ,moon4--ii4 #ajdg-ec4 ,he gazes ^u 8 native ,heav5 :]e once he dwelt1 & obs]ves ! p5d5t _w 9 que/ ( :i* he j\rney$ hi!r--hung by a gold5 *a9 f ! ,empyrean & no l>g] ?an a /> ( ! smalle/ magnitude :5 close by ! ,moon4 ,9 ?is passage ,milton does n allude to ! ,e>?1 :i* 0 invisible1 b to ! entire />ry heav5s--! newly creat$ univ]se reclaim$ f ,*aos1 :i*1 :5 contra/$ ) ! ,empyrean1 appe>$ 9 size no l>g] ?an ! m9ute/ /> :5 comp>$ ) ! full moon4 ,pursu+ 8 j\rney1 ! new univ]se z x is approa*$ exp&s into a globe ( va/ dim5sions2 its convex surface--r\nd :i* ! *aotic elem5ts 9 /ormy aspect l[]$--seem$ a b\ndless cont95t1 d>k1 desolate1 & />less1 except on ! side next to ! wall ( ,heav51 :i* ?\gh f>-di/ant af=d$ x "s illum9ation by its reflect$ light4 ,satan1 hav+ alight$ on ?is convex %ell :i* enclos$ ! univ]se1 w&]$ long ov] its bleak & dismal surface1 until 8 att5tion 0 attract$ by a gleam ( light :i* appe>$ ?r\gh an op5+ at its z5i? "r und]nea? ! ,empyrean4 ,?i!r he direct$ 8 /eps1 & p]ceiv$ a /ructure resembl+ a /aircase1 or ladd]1 :i* =m$ ! only means ( communication betwe5 ,heav5 & ! new creation1 & ^u :i* angels desc5d$ & asc5d$-- ,f> di/ant he descries1 ,asc5d+ by degrees magnific5t ,up to ! wall ( ,heav51 a /ructure high2 ,at top :]e(1 b f> m ri*1 appe>$ ,! "w z ( a k+ly palace gate1 ,) frontispiece ( diamond & gold ,embelli%$2 ?ick ) sp>kl+ ori5t gems ,! portal %one1 inimitable on ,e>? ,by model1 or by %ad+ p5cil drawn4 ,! /airs 7 su* z :]eon ,jacob saw ,angels asc5d+ & desc5d+1 b&s ,( ,gu>dians bright1 :5 he f ,esau fl$ ,to ,padan ,aram1 9 ! field ( ,luz ,dream+ by night "u ! op5 sky1 ,& wak+ cri$1 ',?is is ! gate ( ,heav54'--iii4 #eja-ae4 ,sometimes ?is my/]i\s /ructure 0 drawn up to ,heav5 & invisible4 ,at ! "t t ,satan rea*$ ! op5+1 ! /airs 7 l[]$1 & /&+ at _! base he look$ d[n ) wond] ^u ! entire />ry univ]se-- ,su* wond] seiz$1 ?\gh aft] ,heav5 se51 ,! ,_s malign1 b mu* m envy seiz$1 ,at sight ( all ?is ,_w beheld s fair1 ,r\nd he surveys 7& well might1 :]e he /ood ,s high above ! circl+ canopy ,( night's ext5d$ %ade7 f ea/]n po9t ,( ,libra to ! fleecy /> t be>s ,&rom$a f> (f ,atlantic seas ,beyond ! horizon2 !n f pole to pole ,he views 9 bread?1 & )\t long] pause1 ,d[n "r into ! ,_w's fir/ region ?r[s ,8 flight precipitant1 & w9ds ) ease ,?r\gh ! pure m>ble air 8 oblique way ,among/ innum]able />s1 t %one ,/>s di/ant1 b nigh h& seem$ o!r worlds1 ,or o!r worlds !y seem$1 or happy isles1 ,l ^? ,hesp]ian ,g>d5s fam$ ( old1 ,=tunate fields1 & groves1 & fl[]y vales2 ,?rice happy isles6 ,b :o dwelt happy !re ,he /aid n to inquire3 above !m all ,! gold5 ,sun1 9 spl5d\r like/ ,heav5 ,allur$ 8 eye3 ?i!r 8 c\rse he b5ds ,?r\gh ! calm firmam5t1 7b up or d[n ,by c5tre or ecc5tric h>d to tell ,or longitude7 :]e ! great lum9>y1 ,alo( ! vulg> con/ellations ?ick1 ,t f 8 lordly eye keep di/ance due1 ,disp5ses light f f>4 ,!y1 z !y move ,_! />ry dance 9 numb]s t compute ,days1 mon?s1 & ye>s1 t[>ds 8 all-*e]+ lamp ,turn swift _! v>i\s motions1 or are turn$ ,by 8 magnetic beam1 t g5tly w>ms ,! ,univ]se1 & to ea* inw>d "p ,) g5tle p5etration1 ?\gh unse51 ,%oots invisible virtue ev5 to ! ,deep2 ,s wondr\sly 0 set 8 /ation bright4--iii4 #eeb-hg4 ,! ,ptolemaic cosmology hav+ be5 adopt$ by ,milton 9 ! elaboration ( 8 poem1 he describes ! univ]se 9 con=mity ) ! doctr9es associat$ ) ?is =m ( a/ronomical belief4 ,to ea* ( ! fir/ sev5 sph]es :i* revolv$ r\nd ! /eadfa/ ,e>? !re 0 atta*$ a heav5ly body2 ! eigh? sph]e embrac$ all ! fix$ />s1 a c\ntless multitude2 ! n9? ! cry/all9e2 & enclos+ all ! o!r sph]es z if 9 a %ell 0 ! t5? sph]e1 or ,primum ,mobile1 :i* 9 its diurnal revolution c>ri$ r\nd ) x all ! o!r sph]es4 ,! n9e inn] sph]es 7 transp>5t1 b ! t5? 0 an opaque solid %ell-l /ructure1 :i* enclos$ ! new univ]se & con/itut$ ! b\nd>y betwe5 x & ,*aos und]nea? & ! ,empyrean above4 ,x 0 on ! surface ( ?is sph]e t ,satan w&]$ until he discov]$ ! op5+ at its z5i?1 :]e1 by means ( a /aircase or ladd]1 communication 0 ma9ta9$ ) ! ,empyrean4 ,/&+ on ! l[] /eps ( ?is /ructure he paus$ = a mom5t to look d[n into ! glori\s univ]se :i* lay b5ea? him-- ano!r ,heav5 ,f ,heav5-gate n f>1 f\nd$ 9 view ,on ! cle> hyal9e ! glassy sea4--vii4 #fag-ai4 ,he beholds x 9 all its dim5sions1 f pole to pole1 & longitud9ally f ,libra to ,aries1 !n )\t hesitation precipitates himself d[n into ! _w's fir/ region1 & w9ds 8 way ) ease among ! fix$ />s4 ,ar\nd him he sees innum]able %9+ worlds1 sp>kl+ & glitt]+ 9 endless pr(usion ov] ! circumscrib$ imm5sity ( space--mighty con/ellations t %one f af>2 clu/]+ aggregations ( />s2 float+ isl&s ( light2 tw9kl+ sy/ems ris+ out ( dep?s /ill m pr(\nd1 & a zone lum9\s ) ! light ( myriads ( lucid orbs v]g+ on ! conf9es ( ! univ]se4 ,all ^! worlds ! fi5d pass$ unhe$$1 nor /ay$ he to inquire :o dwelt happy !re4 ,9 spl5d\r above !m all ! ,sun attract$ 8 att5tion &1 direct+ 8 c\rse t[>ds ! great lum9>y ( our sy/em1 he alights on ! surface ( ! orb4 ,milton n[ makes a digression 9 ord] to describe :at ,satan obs]v$ 9 ! ,sun aft] hav+ l&$ !re4 ,! poet embraces an opportunity = ex]cis+ 8 imag9ative & descriptive p[]s by giv+ an ideal description ( :at1 judg+ f ! appe>ance ( ! orb1 might be ! natural condition ( ?+s exi/+ on 8 surface-- ,!re l&s ! ,fi5d1 a spot l :i* p]haps ,a/ronom] 9 ! ,sun's luc5t orb ,?r\gh 8 glaz$ optic tube1 yet nev] saw4 ,! place he f\nd beyond expression bright1 ,comp>$ ) aught on ,e>?1 metal or /one2 ,n all p>ts l1 b all alike in=m$ ,) radiant light1 z gl[+ iron ) fire2 ,if metal1 "p seem$ gold1 "p silv] cle>2 ,if /one1 c>buncle mo/ or *rysolite1 ,ruby or topaz1 to ! twelve t %one ,9 ,a>on's brea/plate1 & a /one besides1 ,imag9$ r (t ?an else:]e se52 ,t /one1 or l to t1 :i* "h bel[ ,philosoph]s 9 va9 s long h s\ght1 ,9 va91 ?\gh by _! p[]ful art !y b9d ,volatile ,h]mes1 & call up unb\nd ,9 v>i\s %apes old ,proteus f ! sea1 ,dra9$ ?r\gh a limbec to 8 native =m4 ,:at wond] !n if fields & regions "h ,brea! =? elixir pure1 & riv]s run ,potable gold1 :51 ) "o virtu\s t\*1 ,! ar*-*emic ,sun1 s f> f u remote1 ,produces1 ) t]re/rial hum\r mix$1 ,"h 9 ! d>k s _m preci\s ?+s ,( col\r glori\s1 & effect s r>e8 ,"h matt] new to gaze ! ,devil met ,undazzl$2 f> & wide 8 eye comm&s2 ,= sight no ob/acle f\nd "h1 nor %ade1 ,b all sun%9e1 z :5 8 beams at noon ,culm9ate f ! equator1 z !y n[ ,%ot upw>d /ill direct1 :5ce no way r\nd ,%ad[ f body opaque c fall2 & ! air1 ,n[h]e s cle> %>p5$ 8 visual ray ,to objects di/ant f>1 :]eby he soon ,saw )9 "h a glori\s ,angel /&4--iii4 #ehh-fbb4 ,! physical /ructure ( ! int]ior ( ! ,sun is unkn[n2 all t we see ( ! orb is ! photosph]e--! dazzl+ lum9\s envelope :i* indicates to ! eye ! b\nd>y ( ! sol> disc1 & :i* is ! s\rce ( light & heat4 ,milton1 9 8 imag9ative & beautifully poetical description ( ! ,sun1 is n m fanciful 9 8 conception ( ! nature ( ! refulg5t orb ?an a r5[n$ a/ronom] 7,sir ,william ,h]s*el7 :o writes 9 ! foll[+ /ra93 ',a cool1 d>k1 solid globe1 its surface div]sifi$ ) m\nta9s & valleys1 clo!d 9 luxuriant vegetation & ri*ly /or$ ) inhabitants1 protect$ by a heavy cl\d-canopy f ! intol]able gl>e ( ! upp] lum9\s region1 :]e ! dazzl+ coruscations ( a sol> aurora "s ?\s&s ( miles 9 dep? evolv$ ! /ores ( light & heat :i* vivify our _w4' ,satan1 disguis$ z a *]ub1 makes himself kn[n to ,uriel1 ,reg5t ( ! ,sun4 ,! upright ,s]aph 9 response to 8 reque/ directs him to ! ,e>?1 ! abode ( ,man-- ,look d[nw>d on t ,globe1 ^: hi!r side ,) light f h5ce1 ?\gh b reflect$1 %9es1 ,t place is ,e>?1 ! seat ( ,man2 t light ,8 day1 :i* else1 z ! o!r hemisph]e1 ,night w\ld invade2 b !re neighb\r+ ,moon 7,s call t opposite fair />7 h] aid ,timely int]poses1 & h] mon?ly r\nd ,/ill end+1 /ill r5ew+1 ?r\gh mid-,heav51 ,) borr[$ light h] c\nt5ance tri=m ,h5ce fills & empties1 to enlight5 ! ,e>?1 ,& 9 h] pale dom9ion *ecks ! night4--iii4 #gbb-cb4 ,x w\ld be impossible n to feel impress$ ) ! accuracy & compreh5siv5ess ( ,milton's a/ronomical k2 & h[ he has unit$ 9 *>m+ poetic expression ! dry details ( sci5ce ) ! div9e inspiration ( ! heav5ly muse4 ,! di/9ctive appe>ances ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 planets1 & />s2 _! functional importance z reg>ds ?is t]re/rial sph]e2 ! spl5d\r & lu/re peculi> to ea*2 & ! glory display$ 9 ! entire creat$ heav5s1 are portray$ ) a skill indicative ( a ma/]ly k ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,desc5d f ,heav51 ,urania1 by t "n ,if rightly ?\ art call$1 ^: voice div9e ,foll[+1 above ! ,olympian hill ,i so>1 ,above ! flight ( ,pegasean w+6 ,! mean+1 n ! "n1 ,i call2 = ?\ ,nor ( ! ,muses n9e1 nor on ! top ,( old ,olympus dwell'/2 b heav5ly-born1 ,be=e ! hills appe>$ or f\nta9 fl[$1 ,?\ ) ,et]nal ,wisdom did/ conv]se1 ,wisdom ?y si/]1 & ) h] did/ play ,9 pres5ce ( ! ,almighty ,fa!r1 pleas$ ,) ?y cele/ial song4 ,up l$ by !e1 ,into ! ,heav5 ( ,heav5s ,i h presum$1 ,an e>?ly gue/1 & drawn empyreal air1 ,?y temp]+4 ,) l safety guid$ d[n1 ,return me to my native elem5t2 ,le/1 f ?is fly+ /e$ unre9$1 7z once ,bel]ophon1 ?\gh f a l[] clime7 ,dism\nt$1 on ! ,aleian field ,i fall1 ,errone\s !re to w&]1 & =lorn4 ,half yet rema9s unsung1 b n>r[] b\nd ,)9 ! visible diurnal sph]e4 ,/&+ on ,e>?1 n rapt above ! pole1 ,m safe ,i s+ ) mortal voice1 un*ang$ ,to ho>se or mute1 ?\gh fall5 on evil days1 ,on evil days ?\gh fall51 & evil tongues1 ,9 d>kness1 & ) dang]s compass$ r\nd1 ,& solitude2 yet n alone1 :ile ?\ ,visit'/ my slumb]s nightly1 or :5 morn ,purples ! ea/4 ,/ill gov]n ?\ my song1 ,urania1 & fit audi5ce f9d ?\gh few4--vii4 #a-cb4 ,! ,muses 7 ,greek my?ological div9ities :o possess$ ! p[] ( inspir+ song1 & 7 ! patrons ( poets & musicians4 ,accord+ to ,hesiod !y 7 n9e 9 numb] & presid$ ov] ! arts4 ,urania 0 ! ,goddess ( ,a/ronomy1 & ,calliope ! ,goddess ( ,epic ,poetry4 ,!y are describ$ z ! daught]s ( ,zeus1 & ,hom] alludes to !m z ! goddesses ( song :o dwelt on ! summit ( ,m\nt ,olympus4 ,!y 7 ! companions ( ,apollo1 & accompani$ ) song 8 play+ on ! lyre at ! banquets ( ! ,immortals4 ,milton does n invoke ! my?ological goddess1 b ,urania ! ,heav5ly ,muse1 ^: aid he also implores at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 poem prior to 8 flight above ! ,aonian ,m\nt4 ,"u h] div9e guidance he asc5d$ to ! ,heav5 ( ,heav5s & brea!d empyreal air1 h] temp]+2 9 l mann] he reque/s h] to lead him d[n to 8 native elem5t le/ he %\ld meet ) a fate simil> to :at befell ,bell]ophon4 ,half 8 task he has complet$1 ! o!r half1 conf9$ to n>r[] b\nds )9 ! visible diurnal sph]e1 rema9s unsung1 & 9 its fulfilm5t he /ill implores 8 cele/ial patroness to gov]n 8 song4 ,! natural ph5om5a :i* occur z a consequ5ce ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies & ! diurnal rotation ( ! ,e>? on h] axis1 are accompani$ by agreeable alt]nations 9 ! aspect ( nature ) :i* e "o is famili>4 ,! rosy foot/eps ( morn2 ! sol> spl5d\r ( noonday2 ! fad+ hues ( ev52 & night ) h] jewell$ c\rts & /reams ( molt5 />s1 h be5 sung ) raptur\s admiration by poets ( e nation & 9 e age4 ,!y1 z ard5t lov]s ( nature1 h describ$ 9 *oice/ language ! pleas+ vicissitudes br\ght ab\t by ! real & app>5t motions ( ! cele/ial orbs4 ,9 ?is respect ,milton is unsurpass$ by any poet 9 anci5t or 9 mod]n times4 ,! occasions on :i* he describes ! heav5ly bodies1 or alludes to !m 9 association ) o!r ph5om5a1 te/ify to ! felicity ( 8 ?\ghts & to ! greatness ( 8 poetic g5ius4 ,surely no poet has ev] giv5 u a loveli] description ( ev5+1 or has add$ m to its exquisite beauty by 8 allusion to ! cele/ial orbs1 ?an ,milton :5 he describes ! fir/ ev5+ 9 ,p>adise-- ,n[ came /ill ,ev5+ on1 & ,twilight gray ,_h 9 h] sob] liv]y all ?+s clad2 ,sil5ce accompani$2 = bea/ & bird1 ,!y to _! grassy c\*1 ^! to _! ne/s ,7 slunk1 all b ! wakeful night+ale4 ,%e all night long h] amor\s descant sung2 ,sil5ce 0 pleas$4 ,n[ gl[$ ! firmam5t ,) liv+ sapphires3 ,hesp]us t l$ ,! />ry ho/1 rode brighte/1 till ! ,moon1 ,ris+ 9 cl\d$ maje/y1 at l5g? ,app>5t que51 unveil$ h] pe]less light1 ,& o'er ! d>k h] silv] mantle ?rew4--iv4 #eih-fji4 ,9 ! av[al ( h] conjugal love1 ,eve1 ) *>m+ expression1 associates ! orbs ( ! firmam5t ) ! delightful appe>ances ( nature :i* pres5t$ !mselves to h] obs]vation aft] %e awoke to ! consci\sness ( intellig5t exi/5ce4 ,sweet is ! brea? ( ,morn1 h] ris+ sweet1 ,) *>m ( e>lie/ birds3 pleasant ! ,sun1 ,:5 fir/ on ?is delightful l& he spreads ,8 ori5t beams1 on h]b1 tree1 fruit1 & fl[]1 ,gli/]+ ) dew2 fragrant ! f]tile ,e>? ,aft] s(t %[]s2 & sweet ! com+ on ,( grateful ,ev5+ mild2 !n sil5t ,night1 ,) ?is h] solemn bird1 & ?is fair ,moon1 ,& ^! ! gems ( ,heav51 h] />ry tra93 ,b nei!r brea? ( ,morn1 :5 %e asc5ds ,) *>m ( e>lie/ birds2 nor ris+ ,sun ,on ?is delightful l&2 nor h]b1 fruit1 fl[]1 ,gli/]+ ) dew2 nor fragrance aft] %[]s2 ,nor grateful ,ev5+ mild2 nor sil5t ,night1 ,) ?is h] solemn bird2 nor walk by ,moon1 ,or glitt]+ />-light1 )\t !e is sweet4 ,b :]e=e all night long %9e ^!8 = :om ,?is glori\s sight1 :5 sleep ha? %ut all eyes8--iv4 #fda-eh4 ,"o ( ! *>ms ( ,milton's v]se is ! dev\tly poetical s5tim5t :i* p]vades x4 ,8 ?\ghts1 ?\gh s]i\s1 are n au/]e or gloomy1 & x is 9 8 l(tie/ mus+s t 8 rev]5ce becomes mo/ app>5t4 ,?is feel+ is conspicu\s 9 ,adam's reply to ! inquiry address$ to him by ,eve-- ,daught] ( ,god & ,man1 accompli%$ ,eve1 ,^! h _! c\rse to f9i% r\nd ! ,e>? ,by morr[ ev5+1 & f l& to l& ,9 ord]1 ?\gh to nations yet unborn1 ,m9i/]+ light prep>$1 !y set & rise2 ,le/ total ,d>kness %\ld by night rega9 ,h] old possession1 & ext+ui% life ,9 ,nature & all ?+s2 :i* ^! s(t fires ,n only enlight51 b ) k9dly heat ,( v>i\s influ5ce fom5t & w>m1 ,temp] or n\ri%1 or 9 "p %$ d[n ,_! /ell> virtue on all k9ds t gr[ ,on ,e>?1 made h]eby apt] to receive ,p]fection f ! ,sun's m pot5t ray4 ,^!1 !n1 ?\gh unbeheld 9 deep ( night1 ,%9e n 9 va92 nor ?9k1 ?\gh m5 7 none1 ,t ,heav5 w\ld want spectators1 ,god want praise3 ,millions ( spiritual creatures walk ! ,e>? ,unse51 bo? :5 we wake1 & :5 we sleep3 ,all ^! ) ceaseless praise 8 works behold ,bo? day & night4 ,h[ (t5 f ! /eep ,( e*o+ hill or ?icket1 h we he>d ,cele/ial voices to ! midnight air1 ,sole1 or responsive ea* to o!r's note ,s++ _! ,great ,creator6 ,(t 9 b&s ,:ile !y keep wat*1 or nightly r\nd+ walk1 ,) heav5ly t\* ( in/rum5tal s\nds ,9 full h>monic numb] jo9$1 _! songs ,divide ! night1 & lift our ?\ghts to ,heav54--iv4 #ffj-hh4 ,! ,morn+ ,hymn ( ,praise :i* ,adam & ,eve (f] up 9 conc]t to _! ,mak] conta9s _! l(tie/ ?\ghts & mo/ rev]5t s5tim5ts1 express$ 9 melodi\sly fl[+ v]se4 ,9 _! solemn invocations !y call ^u ! orbs ( ! firmam5t to jo9 9 prais+ & extoll+ ! ,creator1 & 9 _! dev\t en?usiasm & adoration address by "n ^? t are mo/ conspicu\s4 ,hesp]us1 'faire/ ( />s1' is ask$ to praise ,him 9 h] sph]e4 ,! ,sun1 great image ( 8 ,mak]1 is told to ackn[l$ge ,him 8 great]1 & to s\nd ,8 praise 9 8 et]nal c\rse4 ,! ,moon1 ! fix$ />s1 & ! planets are call$ ^u to res\nd ! praise ( ! ,creator1 ^: glory is decl>$ 9 ! ,heav5s-- ,faire/ ( ,/>s1 la/ 9 ! tra9 ( night1 ,if bett] ?\ belong n to ! dawn1 ,sure pl$ge ( day1 t cr[n'/ ! smil+ morn ,) ?y bright circlet1 praise ,him 9 ?y sph]e ,:ile day arises1 t sweet h\r ( prime4 ,?\ ,sun1 ( ?is great _w bo? eye & s\l1 ,ackn[l$ge ,him ?y great]2 s\nd 8 praise ,9 ?y et]nal c\rse1 bo? :5 ?\ climb'/1 ,& :5 high noon ha/ ga9$1 & :5 ?\ fall'/4 ,moon1 t n[ meet'/ ! ori5t ,sun1 n[ flie/ ,) ! fix$ />s1 fix$ 9 _! orb t flies2 ,& ye five o!r w&]+ ,fires1 t move ,9 my/ic dance1 n )\t song1 res\nd ,8 praise1 :o out ( d>kness call$ up ,light4--v4 #aff-gi4 ,milton's conception ( cele/ial di/ances1 & ( ! va/ regions ( int]/ell> space1 is f9ely describ$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,d[n ?i!r prone 9 flight ,he spe$s1 & ?r\gh ! va/ e!real sky ,sails betwe5 worlds & worlds1 ) /eady w+ ,n[ on ! pol> w9ds2 !n ) quick fan ,w9n[s ! buxom air1 till1 )9 so> ,( t[]+ eagles4--v4 #bff-ga4 ,z 9 _! morn+1 s 9 _! ev5+ devotions1 our fir/ p>5ts nev] fail to introduce a ref]5ce to ! cele/ial orbs z indicat+ ! p[] & goodness ( ! ,creator1 made manife/ 9 ! beauty & greatness ( ,8 works-- ,?us1 at _! %ady lodge arriv$1 bo? /ood1 ,bo? turn$1 & "u op5 sky ador$ ,! ,god t made bo? ,sky1 ,air1 ,e>? & ,heav5 ,:i* !y beheld2 ! ,moon's respl5d5t globe1 ,& />ry pole4--iv4 #gbj-bd4 ,! num]\s extracts conta9$ 9 ?is volume impress ^u "o's m9d h[ l>gely a/ronomy ent]s into ! composition ( ',p>adise ,lo/1' & ( h[ mu* assi/ance ! k ( ?is sci5ce 0 to ,milton 9 ! elaboration ( 8 poem4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be h>d to imag9e h[ su* a "w c\ld h be5 writt5 except by a poet :o possess$ a pr(ici5t & compreh5sive k ( a/ronomy4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,milton's poetry is its sublimity1 :i* is ! natural outcome ( ! magnific5ce ( 8 conceptions & ( 8 own pure imag9ative g5ius4 ,among all ! fields ( lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & philosophy explor$ by him1 he f\nd none m cong5ial to 8 ta/es1 or t af=d$ 8 imag9ation m fre$om = its l(tie/ flights1 ?an ! sublime/ ( sci5ces--a/ronomy4 ,:e!r we admire mo/ ! accuracy ( 8 a/ronomical k1 or ! wond]ful creations ( 8 poetic fancy1 or 8 beautiful descriptions ( ! cele/ial orbs1 x is app>5t t 9 ?is doma9 ( sci5ce1 z a poet1 he /&s alone & )\t a rival4 ,9 8 *oice ( ! ,ptolemaic cosmology ,milton adopt$ a sy/em ) :i* he _h be5 famili> f 8 y\?--! same :i* 8 fav\rite poet ,dante introduc$ into 8 poem1 ',! ,div9a ,comm$ia1' & :i* 0 well adapt$ = poetic description4 ,! picturesque conception ( t5 revolv+ sph]es1 c>ry+ along ) !m ! orbs assign$ to ea*1 :i*1 by _! revolution r\nd ! /eadfa/ ,e>?1 br\ght ab\t ) unfail+ regul>ity ! successive alt]nation ( day & night1 & 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs exhibit$ ! pleas+ vicissitudes ( dawn1 ( sun%9e1 ( twilight1 & ( d>kness1 reliev$ by ! s(t effulg5ce ( ! nocturnal sky1 af=d$ ,milton a fav\rable basis ^u :i* to con/ruct a cosmical epic4 ,! ,cop]nican !ory--) :i* he 0 equally conv]sant1 & 9 ! accuracy & tru?fulness ( :i* he believ$--?\gh less complicat$ ?an ! ,ptolemaic 9 its details1 did n possess ! same attractiv5ess = poetic description t belong$ to ! old] sy/em4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory !re is1 surr\nd+ u on all sides1 a b\ndless uncircumscrib$ ocean ( space1 to :i* x is impossible to assign any conceivable limit2 9 e ef=t to compreh5d its dim5sions or fa?om its dep?s1 ! m9d recoils ^u itself1 baffl$ & discomfit$1 ) a consci\s feel+ t !re c be no ne>] approa* to ! end :5 end !re is none t c be conceiv$ (4 ,int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! regions ( ?is azure va/ ( space is ! /ell> univ]se1 :i* to our compreh5sion is z inf9ite z ! abyss 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,! sol> sy/em1 ?\gh ( magnific5t dim5sions1 is b a unit 9 ! a/ronomical :ole1 9 :i* are embrac$ millions ( o!r simil> units--o!r sol> sy/ems1 p]haps diff]+ 9 con/ruction f t ( ours1 ) billions ( miles ( int]/ell> space int]v5+ betwe5 ea*2 yet s va/ are ! dim5sions ( ! cele/ial sph]e t ^? di/ances :5 measur$ ^u x s9k into utt] insignificance4 ,z ! rec$+ dep?s ( space are p5etrat$ by p[]ful telescopes1 !y are f\nd to be p]vad$ ) />s & />ry ar*ipelagoes1 di/ribut$ 9 pr(usion ov] ! circul> imm5sity & ext5d+ away into abysmal dep?s1 beyond ! rea* ( visibility by any optical means :i* we possess4 ,to ! univ]se !re is no kn[n end--n[h]e 9 imag9ation c its b\nd>y be rea*$6 ,?is bewild]+ conception ( ! cosmos did n tr\ble ! m9ds ( pre-,cop]nican ?9k]s4 ,!y reg>d$ ! /eadfa/ ,e>? z ! mo/ important body 9 ! univ]se2 nor 7 ! cele/ial orbs :i* circl$ r\nd x believ$ to be v f> di/ant4 ,ty*o ,brahe imag9$ t ! />s 7 n mu* m remote ?an ! planets4 ,epicurus ?\ght ! />s 7 small cry/al mirrors 9 ! sky :i* reflect$ ! sol> rays1 & ! ,v5]able ,b$e rem>k$ t !y ne$$ assi/ance f ! ,sun's light 9 ord] to r5d] !m m lum9\s4 ,! adoption ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em by ,milton af=d$ great] scope = ! ex]cise ( 8 imag9ative p[]s1 & enabl$ him to br+ )9 ! m5tal grasp ( 8 read]s a conception ( ! univ]se :i* 0 n lo/ 9 ! imm5sity associat$ ) ! ,cop]nican view ( ?+s4 ,besides1 x also furni%$ him ) a di/9ctly def9$ basis ^u :i* to erect ! sup]/ructure ( 8 poem4 ,above ! circumscrib$ univ]se 0 ,heav5 or ! ,empyrean2 und]nea? x 0 ,*aos1 f :i* x _h be5 reclaim$1 & 9 ! l[e/ dep? ( :i* ,milton locat$ ! inf]nal _w call$ ,hell4 ,^! f\r regions embrac$ univ]sal space2 & 9 ! elaboration ( 8 great epic ,milton reli$ ^u 8 imag9ative g5ius1 8 brilliant s*ol>%ip1 8 va/ erudition1 & ! div9e inspiration ( ! heav5ly muse4 ,) ^!1 aid$ by ! p[] & vig\r ( 8 intellect1 he 0 enabl$ to produce a cosmical epic t surpass$ all previ\s ef=ts ( a simil> k9d1 & :i* /ill rema9s )\t a p>allel4 ,"o ( ! di/+ui%+ features ( ,milton's m9d 0 8 wond]ful imag9ation1 & 9 its ex]cise he beheld ^? sublime cele/ial & t]re/rial visions on :i* he re>$ fabrics ( spl5d\r & beauty1 describ$ 9 h>moni\s numb]s ) ! f]vid eloqu5ce & *>m ( a true poet4 ,an example ( ! l(t9ess & orig9ality ( 8 imag9ation is af=d$ u 9 8 description ( ! ,creation1 ! ma9 facts ( :i* he d]iv$ f ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 & ^u ^! he elaborat$ 9 full & /rik+ detail 8 magnific5t conception ( ! ef=ts ( ,div9e ,might1 :i* 9 six successive creative acts call$ into exi/5ce ! univ]se & all t x conta9s4 ,! ris+ ( ! ,e>? out ( ,*aos2 ! creation ( light & ( ! orbs ( ! firmam5t2 ! joyfulness associat$ ) ! onw>d c>e] ( ! new-born ,sun2 ! subdu$ illum9ation ( ! full-orb$ ,moon1 & ! ?\s& ?\s& />s t spangle ! nocturnal sky--all ^! af=d$ ,milton a ri* field 9 :i* 8 imag9ation luxuriat$1 & 9 ! description ( :i* he f\nd subject-matt] wor?y ( 8 gift$ intellect4 ,milton gives an ampl] & m detail$ description ( ! new univ]se 9 8 n>ration ( ,satan's j\rney ?r\gh space 9 se>* ( ?is _w1 & br+s m vividly be=e ! imag9ation ( 8 read]s ! glories ( ! cele/ial regions4 ,! fi5d1 hav+ em]g$ f ! d>k abyss ( ,*aos into a region ( light1 fir/ beheld ! new creation f su* a di/ance t to 8 view x appe>$ z a /> susp5d$ by a gold5 *a9 f ! ,empyrean4 ,?is /ell> conception ( ! poet's h>monis$ ) ! views ( ! ,ptolemai/s1 :o believ$ t ! univ]se 0 ( limit$ ext5t1 & ?\gh its dim5sions 7 va/ beyond compreh5sion1 x 01 nev]!less1 enclos$ by ! t5? sph]e or ,primum ,mobile4 ,x 0 on ! surface ( ?is sph]e t ,satan alight$1 & ov] :i* he w&]$1 until attract$ by a beam ( light t appe>$ ?r\gh an op5+ at its z5i?1 :]e1 by means ( a /air or ladd]1 communication 0 ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! new univ]se & ,heav5 above4 ,hi!r ! undaunt$ fi5d hi$1 &1 /&+ on ! l[] /eps ( ?is /ructure1 mom5t>ily paus$ to gaze ^u ! glori\s sight :i* bur/ ^u 8 view be=e direct+ 8 flight d[n into ! newly creat$ univ]se4 ,milton !n describes 8 progress ?r\gh ! /ell> regions1 8 l&+ 9 ! ,sun & :at he saw !re1 & ! t]m9ation ( 8 j\rney :5 he desc5ds f ! ecliptic d[n to ! ,e>?4 ,9 do+ s ! poet gives a wond]fully beautiful description ( ! />ry univ]se1 ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,e>? 7,book ,,iii4 #edj-gdb71 enhanc$ & adorn$ ) 8 own poetic imag9+s d]iv$ f fable1 philosophy1 & sci5ce4 ,milton makes m frequ5t allusion to ! ,sun ?an to any ( ! o!r orbs ( ! firmam5t4 ,?is we %\ld expect3 ! poet always gives ! orb ! prec$5ce :i* is 8 due1 & nev] fails1 :5 ! occasion requires x1 to surr\nd him ) ! 'surpass+ glory' :i* m>ks 8 pre-em95ce above all o!r occupants ( ! sky4 ,! ,moon1 8 consort--pe]less 9 ! subdu$ effulg5ce ( h] borr[$ light2 ! beautiful /> ( ev5+1 ,hesp]us2 ! sid]eal heav5s ) _! untold glories2 ! ,galaxy1 ov]p[]+ 9 ! magnific5ce ( its cl\ds & /reams ( />s--all ^! h _! beauties & *>ms mirror$ 9 ! pages ( ?is rem>kable poem4 ,t ! obs]vation ( ! cele/ial orbs1 _! phases1 & ! v>i$ ph5om5a :i* occur z a consequ5ce ( _! motions1 7 to ,milton an unfail+ s\rce ( enjoym5t & ( m$itative delight1 is evid5t f ! frequ5cy ) :i* he alludes to !m4 ,! foll[+ l9es also te/ify to ?is3-- ,= wond]ful inde$ are all 8 works1 ,pleasant to "k1 & wor?ie/ to be all ,_h 9 remembrance always ) delight6 ,b :at creat$ m9d c compreh5d ,_! numb]1 or ! wisdom inf9ite ,t br\ght !m =?1 b hid _! causes deep8--iii4 #gjc-gjh4 ,x is v pleasant1 z ,milton says1 to sit & rightly spell ,( e /> t heav5 do? %[4 ,x is also pleasant to "k ! a/ronomy ( 8 ',p>adise ,lo/1' & to l+] ov] ! delightful & h>moni\s utt]ances associat$ ) ! sublime/ ( sci5ces1 express$ 9 ! melodi\s language ( ,engl&'s greate/ epic poet4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,london ,,footnotes3 #a ,*amb]s's ,h&book ( ,a/ronomy4 #b ,brew/]'s ,m>tyrs ( ,sci5ce4 #c ,! transit occurr$ on a ,sunday1 & ! 'bus9ess ( ! highe/ importance' to :i* ,horrox alludes 0 8 cl]ical duties4 #d ,a fresco by ! late ,mr4 ,=d ,maddox-,br[n1 depict+ ,crabtree obs]v+ ! transit ( ,v5us1 adorns ! int]ior ( ! ,man*e/] ,t[n ,hall4 #e ,william ,crabtree di$ on ,augu/ #a1 #afdd1 ag$ #cd ye>s4 #f ,! con/ellation ,virgo4 #g ,life ( ,galileo 7,libr>y ( ,useful ,k74 #h ,miss ,cl]ke's ,sy/em ( ! ,/>s4 #i ,miss ,cl]ke's ,sy/em ( ! ,/>s4 #aj ,miss ,cl]ke's ,sy/em ( ! ,/>s4 #aa ,ibid4 #ab ,an expression 9 ,book ,,viii4 #adh-di w\ld seem to indicate t ?is 0 inaccurate1 b ! l9es '& o!r suns p]haps ,) _! att5dant moons1 ?\ wilt descry1' are an allusion to ! planets ,jupit] & ,saturn1 ^: satellites _h be5 rec5tly discov]$4 #ac ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,maund]1 9 ,k1 ,m>* #ahid4 #ad ,?\gh n a cele/ial body1 x is consid]$ desirable to describe ! ,e>? z a memb] ( ! sol> sy/em4 #ae ,see diagram1 *ap4 iii4 p4 #if4