material from the ,google ,print        
project47            ,,the ,,sexual     
,,life ,,of   ,,the ,,child    ,by      
,dr4 ,albert ,moll    ,,translated      
,,from ,,the ,,german ,,by   ,,dr4      
,,eden ,,paul    ,,with ,,an            
,,introduction ,,by   ,,edward ,l4      
,,thorndike   ,,professor ,,of          
,,educational ,,psychology   ,,teachers 
,,college1 ,,columbia ,,university      
,,new ,,york   ,,the ,,macmillan        
,,company   #aiai   ,all rights reserved
    ,,copyright1 #aiab1   ,,by ,,the    
,,macmillan ,,company4    ,set up and   
electrotyped4 ,published ,june1 #aiab4  
,,norwood ,,press   ,j4 ,s4 ,cushing    
,co4--,berwick  ,smith ,co4   ,norwood1 
,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4     ,,introduction    
,dr4 ,moll is a gifted physician of long
 experience whose work with those       
problems of medicine and hygiene which  
demand scientific acquaintance with     
human nature has made him well known to 
experts in these fields4 ,in this book  
he has undertaken to describe the origin

 and development1 in childhood and      
youth1 of the acts and feelings due to  
sex2 to explain the forces by which     
sex-responses are directed and          
misdirected2 and to judge the wisdom of 
existing and proposed methods of        
preventing the degradation of a child's 
sexual life4  ,this difficult task is   
carried out1 as it should be1 with      
dignity and frankness4 ,in spite of the 
best intentions1 a scientific book on   
sex-psychology is likely to appear1 at  
least in spots1 to gratify a low        
curiosity2 but in ,dr4 ,moll's book     
there is no such taint4 ,popular books  
on sex-hygiene1 on the other hand1 are  
likely to suffer from a pardonable but  
harmful delicacy whereby the facts of   
anatomy1 physiology1 and psychology     
which are necessary to make their       
principles comprehensible and useful1   
are omitted1 veiled1 or even distorted4 
,dr4 ,moll honors his readers by a      
frankness which may seem brutal to some 
of them4 ,it is necessary4  ,with       

dignity and frankness ,dr4 ,moll        
combines notable good sense4 ,in the    
case of any exciting movement in advance
 of traditional custom1 the forerunners 
are likely to combine a certain         
one-sidedness and lack of balance with  
their really valuable progressive ideas4
 ,the greater sagacity and critical     
power are more often found amongst the  
men of science who avoid public         
discussion of exciting social or moral  
reforms1 and are suspicious of startling
 and revolutionary doctrines or         
practices4 ,it is therefore fortunate   
that a book on the sexual life during   
childhood should have been written by a 
man of critical1 matter-of-fact mind1 of
 long experience as a medical           
specialist1 and of wide scholarship1 who
 has no private interest in any exciting
 psychological doctrine or educational  
panacea4  ,the translation of this book 
will be welcomed by men and women from  
many different professions1 but alike in
 the need of preparation to guide the   

sex-life of boys and girls and to meet  
emergencies caused by its corruption by 
weakness within or attack from without4 
,of the clergymen in this country who   
are in real touch with the lives of     
their charges1 there is hardly a one who
 does not1 every so often1 have to      
minister to a mind whose moral and      
religious distress depends on an        
unfortunate sex history4 ,conscientious 
and observant teachers realize1 in a dim
 way1 that they cannot do justice to    
even the purely intellectual needs of   
pupils without understanding the natural
 history of those instinctive impulses1 
which1 concealed and falsified as they  
are under our traditional taboos1       
nevertheless retain enormous potency4   
,the facts1 so clearly shown in the     
present volume1 that the life of sex    
begins long before its obvious          
manifestations at puberty1 and that the 
direction of its vaguer and less        
differentiated habits in these earlier  
years is as important as its hygiene at 

the more noticeable climax of the early 
'teens1 increase the teacher's          
responsibility4 ,moreover1 there is     
probably not a teacher of ten years'    
standing who has not faced--or by       
ignorance neglected--some emergency     
where moderate insight into the laws    
whereby the vague instincts of sex are  
turned into healthy and unhealthy       
habits1 and form right and wrong        
attitudes1 could have rescued a boy or  
girl from years of wretched anxiety1 or 
degraded conduct1 or both4  ,the social 
worker1 still more emphatically1 knows  
his or her need of a surer equipment for
 the wise direction of the life of sex  
in childhood and its protection from the
 abominable suggestions of those who are
 themselves sexually diseased or        
depraved4 ,the casual questioning of    
medical or legal friends1 reminiscences 
of vague references in the ,bible or    
classic literature1 and the             
miscellaneous experiences which life    
itself throws in one's way1 are         

hopelessly inadequate4  ,the            
conscientious practitioner of medicine1 
too1 will gladly add to the scanty1     
though accurate1 knowledge of the       
sex-instinct and its pathology which is 
all that even the best medical course   
can compass1 the facts presented by a   
specialist in this field4 ,the easiest  
way for those parents who accept the    
responsibility for rational guidance of 
their children in matters of            
sex-behavior to discharge this          
responsibility is by the aid of the     
family physician4 ,for the physician in 
such cases to gain the child's          
confidence1 understand his individual   
dangers and possible false attitudes1   
and give more than perfunctory general  
counsel1 knowledge of the psychology of 
sex-behavior1 as well as its physiology1
 is necessary4 ,in general1 also1 modern
 medical practice must look after the   
prevention of bad habits and unnecessary
 anxieties in respect to the sex-life as
 well as their cure2 and the science of 

preventive medicine in this field       
receives a substantial contribution from
 this summary of the sex-life of        
childhood4  ,there are now many men and 
women who are dissatisfied with doing   
for their children merely what outgrown 
customs decree1 who are willing to give 
time and study1 as well as money and    
affection1 in their service1 and who are
 eager to see or hear or read anything  
pertinent to their welfare4 ,for many   
such parents1 if they are of the        
scientific1 matter-of-fact type1 ,dr4   
,moll's book may prove the means of     
answering many troublesome questions and
 of prompting to a wiser coperation with
 church1 school1 and the medical        
profession in safeguarding their        
own--and1 we may hope1 all              
other--children against blunders and    
contaminations4  ,one word of caution is
 perhaps necessary for those readers who
 are unused to descriptions of symptoms 
of diseases1 abnormalities1 and defects4
 ,such readers are likely to interpret  

perfectly ordinary facts as the symptoms
 which they have been studying4 ,so the 
medical student at the beginning of his 
reading1 fears appendicitis when he has 
slight indigestion1 and sees incipient  
tuberculosis in every household6 ,so the
 embryonic psychologist finds           
'degenerates' in every crowd of boys1   
'hypnotic suggestion' in every popular  
preacher1 and 'aphasia' in any friend   
who forgets names and faces6 ,dr4 ,moll 
gives more protection against such      
exaggerated inferences than is commonly 
given in books on pathology1 but many of
 his readers will do well to be on their
 guard lest they interpret perfectly    
innocent behavior as a symptom of       
abnormality4 ,the mischief done by our  
present ignorance and neglect of        
important features of sex-behavior      
should be prevented without the         
incidence of mischief from exaggerated  
expectations and unwise meddling4  ,it  
would be evasive to shirk mention of the
 fact that many of the most devoted     

servants of health and morals object to 
public discussion of the facts of sex4  
,they discard enlightenment about sex as
 relatively unimportant because a clean 
ancestry1 decency in the family and     
neighborhood1 and noble needs in        
friendship1 love1 and marriage must1 in 
any case1 be the main roots of healthy  
direction and ideal restraint of the    
sex-instinct4 ,or they fear             
enlightenment as a possible stimulus to 
undesirable imagination and             
experimentation4 ,or they dislike1 even 
abhor1 it as esthetically               
repulsive--shocking to an unreasoned but
 cherished craving for silence about    
these things--a craving which the       
customs of our land and time have made  
an unwritten law of society4  ,of the   
first of these three attitudes1 it may  
be said briefly that the relative       
unimportance of enlightenment is a fact1
 but no argument against it4 ,modesty1  
austerity1 and clean living on the part 
of parents will counterbalance much     

negligence in direct guidance or        
protection4 ,but the former need be in  
no wise lessened by improving the       
latter4 ,of the second1 ,i dare affirm  
that if the men and women in ,america   
should stop whatever they are doing for 
an evening and read this book1 there    
would be less harmful imagination as a  
result than from the occupations which  
its reading would replace4 ,of all the  
causes of sexual disorder1 the reading  
of scientific books by reputable men is 
surely the least6 ,the third--that is1  
the esthetic--repulsion toward publicity
 in respect to the natural history of   
sex1 ,i will not pretend to judge4 ,only
 we must not strain at gnats and swallow
 camels4 ,it is no sign of true esthetic
 or moral sensitiveness for a person to 
be shocked by ',ghosts1' ',mrs4         
,warren's ,profession1' or ',the ,sexual
 ,life of the ,child1' who finds        
pleasant diversion in the treatment of  
sex-behavior in the ordinary novel1     
newspaper1 or play4  ,on the whole1 the 

gain from giving earnest men and women  
the facts they need1 seems likely to    
outweigh by much the harm done to such  
light minds as will be misled1 or to    
such sentimental minds as will be       
wounded1 by enlightenment about sex4 ,no
 harm will be done to those men and     
women whose interest in the welfare of  
children makes them eager to face every 
problem that it involves1 and whose     
faith in the ideal possibilities of love
 between the sexes is too well-grounded 
to be disturbed by the facts of its     
natural history4  ,,edward ,l4          
,,thorndike4  ,,may1 #aiab4             
,,preface   ,the number of books and    
essays dealing with sexual topics       
published during recent years is by no  
means small2 but although some of the   
works in question have added            
considerably to our knowledge1 the      
advance of sexual science as a whole has
 not been proportionate to the extent of
 these contributions4 ,the reason is    
that insufficient attention has been    

paid to special problems2 and the       
majority of writers have either repeated
 what has already been said by another1 
in identical or equivalent words1 or    
else they have published comprehensive  
treatises on the sexual life1 which may1
 perhaps1 be of interest to the laity1  
but do not in any way enrich our        
science4 ,further advances in our       
knowledge of the sexual life can be     
effected only by the investigation of   
special problems4 ,such work is1 indeed1
 laborious2 but that it is also         
fruitful1 has been clearly shown1 not   
only in the first instance by von       
,krafft-,ebing1 but more recently1 above
 all1 by ,havelock ,ellis1 whose special
 studies have contributed more to the   
advance of sexual science than the work 
of dozens of other writers4  ,the       
recognition of the need for specialised 
investigations has led me1 in this      
province of scientific work as in other 
departments1 to devote myself to the    
elucidation of certain definite         

problems4 ,for several reasons ,i       
determined to study the sexual life of  
the child4 ,in the first place1 ,i      
believe that an advance in our knowledge
 of the sexual life of the child will   
indirectly enrich our knowledge also of 
the sexual life of the adult4 ,in order 
to understand the sexual life1 the      
gradual development of that life must be
 recognised1 and for this purpose it is 
essential that we should study the      
sexual life of the child4 ,moreover1 the
 modern movement in favour of the sexual
 enlightenment of young persons renders 
indispensable the possession of precise 
knowledge of the sexuality of the child2
 and such knowledge is no less necessary
 to all instructors of youth1 especially
 to those to whom the psychical life of 
children is a matter of concern4 ,judges
 and magistrates also1 as we shall see  
in the seventh chapter1 are very greatly
 interested in this matter3 it is1 in   
fact1 hardly open to question that      
erroneous legal decisions and the unjust

 condemnation of reputed criminals can  
only be avoided by giving our judicial  
authorities the opportunity of obtaining
 sound knowledge concerning the sexual  
life of children in all its modes of    
manifestation4 ,by all these            
considerations ,i have been induced to  
study the problem of the sexuality of   
children from the most widely different 
points of view4 ,although other writers1
 such as ,freud1 ,bell1 and ,ktscher1   
have contributed certain data towards   
the solution of these questions1 no     
comprehensive study of the subject has  
hitherto been attempted4 ,my material   
does not consist only of the reports of 
patients4 ,in addition1 in order to     
avoid a one-sided dependence upon       
pathological considerations1 ,i have    
accepted with greater confidence the    
reports concerning the sexual life of   
children which ,i have received from    
healthy individuals1 both men and women4
 ,i take this opportunity of tendering  
my most heartfelt thanks to all those   

who have assisted me in this manner4    
,,albert ,,moll4       ,,contents       
,page    ,,introduction                 
v    ,,preface                          
xi    ,,contents                        
xiii     ,,chap4    ,i4 ,,introductory  
,,and ,,historical                      
#a    ,subdivisions of the ,period of   
,childhood--,the ,notion of             
,puberty--,methods of ,investigation4   
,rousseau and ,tissot--,the             
,philanthropes--,medical                
,literature--,the ,older                
,psychology--,history of                
,civilisation--,studies of              
,prostitution--,works on                
,zoology--,biographies--,belletristic   
,literature--,erotic                    
,literature--,studies of ,sexual        
,perversions--,recent ,special          
,researches--,diaries4     ,,ii4 ,,the  
,,reproductive ,,organs--,,the ,,sexual 
,,impulse                #ag    ,the    
,male ,reproductive                     
,organs--,erection--,ejaculation--,the  

,voluptuous ,sensation--,female         
,reproductive   ,organs--,menstruation  
and ,ovulation--,peripheral ,processes1 
,erection1 ,ejaculation1 and ,voluptuous
 ,sensation1 in the   ,female--,the     
,reproductive ,organs in ,children4     
,components of the ,sexual              
,impulse--,excitement of the ,sexual    
,impulse--,the ,sexual ,impulse and the 
,voluptuous ,sensation4     ,,iii4      
,,sexual ,,differentiation ,,in         
,,childhood                       #cc   
,secondary ,sexual ,characters--,first  
,period of   ,childhood--,second ,period
 of ,childhood--,psychical ,differences 
in ,children--,the ,teachings of        
,experimental ,psychology--,the         
,teachings of ,empirical ,psychology    
7,erfahrungspsychologie7--,inborn       
,character of ,sexual                   
,differences--,pathological             
,experiences--,criminological           
,experiences4     ,,iv4 ,,symptomatology
                                        
#ej    ,erections in the                

,child--,ejaculation--,origin of        
,ejaculation--,voluptuous ,sensation4   
,the ,undifferentiated ,sexual          
,impulse--,examples--,phenomena of      
,contrectation in the ,child--,the      
,object of                              
,desire--,romanticism--,manifestations  
of   ,love--,jealousy--,love-,letters   
and                                     
,love-,poems--,vanity--,shame--,differen
ces between ,boys and   ,girls--,changes
 in the ,object of ,desire4             
,interdependence of the ,processes of   
,contrectation and                      
,detumescence--,temporal ,relationship  
between these respective   ,processes4  
,masturbation--,the ,voluptuous         
,sensation--,modes of                   
,masturbation--,erogenic                
,zones--,comparison between ,boys and   
,girls4    ,ejaculation as a            
,consequence of ,feelings of            
,anxiety--,pollutions--,madame ,roland's
 ,description--,individual              
,differences--,sexual ,phenomena in the 

,youth of the ,lower   ,animals4    ,the
 ,teachings of                          
,castration--,significance of the       
,reproductive ,glands--,theories4       
,the ,years of ,ripening--,retardation  
of ,sexual ,development4     ,v4        
,,pathology                             
#aad    ,pathologically ,premature      
,menarche in ,girls--,premature         
,puberty in ,boys--,conditions met with 
in ,dwarfs--,sexual                     
,parodoxy--,examples4    ,sexual        
,perversions--,premature                
,development--,congenital   ,character  
of ,perversions--,illusions of          
,memory--,disappearance   of the        
,perversions of ,childhood--,the        
,association   ,theory--,criticism of   
this ,theory--,instances in which       
,perversions could be traced back to a  
very early ,age--,origin   of ,sexual   
,perversions in ,non-,sexual            
,dispositions--,homosexuality and       
,friendship--,sexual ,cruelty   and     
,cruelty of other ,kinds--,diagnostic   

,difficulties--,exhibitionism--,skatophi
lia--,hermaphroditism4     ,,vi4        
,,etiology ,,and ,,diagnosis            
#adf    ,family ,tendencies--,abnormal  
,nervous                                
,system--,race--,climate--,position in  
,life--,town and   ,country--,modern    
,civilisation--,importance of           
,congenital                             
,predisposition--,seduction--,local     
,stimulation--,chemical                 
,stimuli--,psychical ,stimuli4          
,diagnostic ,difficulties--,recognition 
by means of   ,observation--,erroneous  
,diagnoses of ,masturbation--,the ,value
   of ,physical ,signs--,value of a     
,confidant--,misleading   ,statements   
and ,conduct on the part of ,children4  
,non-,sexual ,erections--,non-,sexual   
,manipulations--,sucking                
,movements--,nail-,biting--,imitativenes
s--,impossibility of any   ,definite    
,demarcation of ,sexual ,feelings4      
,,vii4 ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,sexual 
,,life ,,of ,,the ,,child               

#agi    ,the ,sexual ,life and ,morbid  
,hereditary   ,predisposition--,hygienic
 ,dangers--,the ,dangers of             
,masturbation in ,general--,of          
,masturbation in the                    
,child--,masturbation without           
,ejaculation--,exaggerated ,views   to  
be ,avoided--,amatory ,passion and      
,suicide--,freud's                      
,theory--,infectious ,diseases4         
,ethical ,dangers--,masturbation and    
,ethics--,social   ,dangers--,social    
,degradation of ,girls--,seduction of   
,girls--,forensic ,importance of the    
,sexual ,life--,children's              
,evidence--,circumstances affecting     
,culpability--,penal   ,responsibility  
of ,children--,intellectual             
,dangers--,sexuality   and ,altruism4   
,sexual ,perversions and the ,choice of 
a   ,profession--,punishments and       
,masochism--,curiosity of               
,children--,sexuality and ,art--,the    
,question of the ,offspring4            
,importance of ,tardy ,sexual           

,development4    ,,viii4 ,,the ,,child  
,,as ,,an ,,object ,,of ,,sexual        
,,practices              #bai           
,pdophilia ,erotica--,other ,sexual     
,offences against   ,children--,sexual  
,acts ,performed on                     
,children--,significance of   each ,acts
 to the ,child--,artificial ,production 
of ,sexual   ,perversions--,false       
,accusations--,statistics of            
,accusations by   ,children--,reasons   
for ,protecting ,children----,injuries  
effected on ,children by the            
,law--,responsibility of   ,pdophiles4  
,exhibitionism--,sadism--,newspaper     
,advertisement4     ,,ix4 ,,sexual      
,,education                             
#bdf    ,limits of                      
,educability--,general ,hygiene--,custom
 and   ,morality--,inculcation of the   
,sentiments of ,shame and               
,disgust--,influence upon these         
,sentiments of ,habit and               
,example--,morality and                 
,nakedness--,excessive ,sentiments of   

,shame and ,disgust--,the ,nude in      
,art--,morality in   ,fanatics--,erotic 
,books and ,pictures4    ,co-,education 
of the ,sexes--,children's              
,balls--,diversion of   the ,sexual     
,impulse--,religious ,education--,the   
,bible--,the                            
,confessional--,hypnotism--,psycho-,anal
ysis--,counteraction of   ,psychical    
,contagion4    ,sexual                  
,enlightenment--,general ,educational   
,interests--,hygienic ,reasons for      
,enlightenment--,the ,dangers   of      
,venereal ,infection--,of               
,masturbation--,ethical                 
,reasons--,forensic ,reasons--,social   
,reasons--,age at which   ,enlightenment
 is ,desirable--,place of               
,enlightenment2 ,school   or ,home--,the
 ,school ,physician--,importance of the 
,mother--,individualisation--,mode of   
,enlightenment4--,reasons   urged       
against ,enlightenment--,need that the  
,instructor should   be an ,enlightened 
,person--,exaggerated ,views regarding  

the   ,importance of ,sexual            
,enlightenment4    ,physical ,hygienic  
,measures--,stimulation by ,means of the
   ,bed--,local                         
,stimulation--,mechanical               
,measures--,hydrotherapeutic            
,measures--,dirt--,sport and            
,games--,fr's ,method4    ,pedagogy and 
,sexual ,perversions--,dangers from     
,pdophiles--,necessity for ,heterosexual
 ,influences--,dangers   of ,corporal   
,punishment--,the ,right of the ,teacher
 to ,inflict   ,punishment--,conclusion4
     ,,index ,,of ,,subjects            
#cbe    ,,index ,,of ,,names            
#ccg   ,,the ,,sexual ,,life ,,of ,,the 
,,child    ,,chapter ,i  ,,introductory 
,,and ,,historical   ,to speak of the   
sexual life of the child seems at first 
sight to involve a contradiction in     
terms4 ,it is generally assumed that the
 sexual life first awakens at the       
on-coming of puberty 7the attainment of 
sexual maturity of manhood or           
womanhood72 the on-coming of puberty is 

regarded as the termination of          
childhood2 in fact the term child is    
usually defined as the human being from 
the time of birth to the on-coming of   
puberty4 ,but this contradiction is     
apparent merely1 and depends on the     
assumption that the on-coming of puberty
 is indicated by certain outward signs  
7more especially the first menstruation 
and the first seminal emission71        
insufficient attention being paid to the
 long period of development which       
usually precedes these occurrences4 ,and
 yet1 during this period of preliminary 
development1 the occurrence of certain  
manifestations of the sexual life is    
plainly demonstrable4  ,the period of   
childhood is subdivided into several    
sub-epochs1 but the delimitation and    
nomenclature of these varies so much    
with different investigators1 that to   
avoid misunderstanding ,i must first    
define the subdivisions which ,i myself 
propose to employ4 ,if we regard the    
beginning of the fifteenth year as the  

termination of childhood1 we may divide 
childhood into two equal periods1 the   
first extending from birth to the       
completion of the seventh year1 the     
second from the beginning of the eighth 
to the end of the fourteenth year4 ,i   
shall in this work designate these two  
periods as the first and the second     
period of childhood respectively4 ,in   
the first period of childhood1 the first
 year of life may be further            
distinguished as the period of          
infancy4#a ,the first and second periods
 of childhood comprise childhood in the 
narrower sense of the term4 ,the years  
that immediately follow the beginning of
 the fifteenth year ,i shall denote as  
the period of youth4 ,inasmuch as the   
symptoms of this latter come to differ  
from those of childhood proper1 not     
abruptly1 but gradually1 the first      
years1 at least1 of youth will often    
come under our consideration1 and ,i    
shall speak of this period of life as   
the third period of childhood4 ,although

 childhood in the narrower sense        
comprises the first and second periods  
only1 childhood in the wider sense      
includes also the third period4 ,it is  
hardly possible that any                
misunderstanding can arise if the reader
 will bear in mind that whenever ,i     
speak of childhood without              
qualification1 ,i allude only to the    
period of life before the beginning of  
the fifteenth year4 ,for all these      
periods of childhood1 first1 second1 and
 third1 ,i shall for practical          
convenience when speaking of males use  
the word boy1 and when speaking of      
females1 the word girl4  ,the use of    
this terminology must not be regarded as
 implying that the distinctions         
indicated correspond in any way to fixed
 natural lines of demarcation2 on the   
contrary1 individual variations are     
numerous and manifold4 ,not only does   
the rate of development differ in       
different races 7in the ,caucasian race1
 more especially1 the age of puberty    

comes comparatively late1 so that among 
the members of this race childhood is   
prolonged72 but further1 within the     
limits of one and the same race1 notable
 differences occur4 ,more than all have 
we to take into account the differences 
between the sexes1 childhood terminating
 earlier in the female sex than in the  
male--among our own people the ,germans 
this difference is commonly estimated at
 as much as two years4 ,in addition1 in 
this respect1 there are marked          
differences between different classes of
 the population1 a matter to which we   
shall return in ,chapter ,,vi4  ,it is  
also necessary to point out here in what
 sense ,i employ the term puberty       
7nubility1 sexual ripeness1 or          
maturity71 and the associated terms1    
nubile and sexually mature4 ,much       
confusion exists in respect of the      
application of these terms4 ,some use   
puberty to denote a period of time1     
others1 a point of time1 and in various 
other ways the word is differently used 

by different authors4 ,similarly as     
regards the term nubile2 some consider  
an individual to be nubile as soon as he
 or she is competent for procreation1   
others speak of anyone as nubile only   
when the development of the sexual life 
is completed4 ,obviously1 these two     
notions are very different2 for         
instance1 a girl of thirteen who has    
begun to menstruate may be competent for
 the act of procreation1 and yet her    
sexual development may still be far from
 complete4 ,the confusion as regards the
 use of the substantive puberty is no   
less perplexing4 ,one writer uses it to 
denote the time at which procreative    
capacity begins1 and believes he is     
right in assuming that in the male this 
time is indicated by the occurrence of  
the first involuntary sexual orgasm4#b  
,i may point out in passing that there  
is a confusion here between procreative 
capacity and competence for sexual      
intercourse1 for as a rule the first    
seminal emissions contain no            

spermatozoa4 ,but1 apart from such      
confusions1 the term puberty is used in 
various senses4 ,thus1 a second writer  
denotes by puberty the point of time at 
which the sexual development is         
completed2 a third means by puberty the 
period which elapses between the        
occurrence of the first involuntary     
orgasm and the completion of sexual     
development2 a fourth uses the word to  
denote the entire period of life during 
which procreative capacity endures2 and 
finally1 a fifth includes under the     
notion of puberty the whole course of   
life after the completion of sexual     
development4 ,in this work ,i shall mean
 by puberty the period of life between  
the completion of sexual development and
 the extinction of the sexual life4 ,the
 period during which the state of       
puberty is being attained will be spoken
 of as the period of puberal            
development1 and ,i shall therefore     
speak of the beginning and the end of   
the puberal development4 ,the terms     

nubility1 sexual maturity1 nubile1 and  
sexually mature1 will be used with a    
similar signification4 ,as regards the  
puberal development1 let me at the      
outset draw attention to the fact that  
it takes place very gradually2 and      
further1 as we shall see1 that it begins
 much earlier than is commonly believed4
 ,in the young girl1 from the date of   
the first menstruation to the time at   
which she has become fitted for         
marriage1 the average lapse of time is  
assumed by ,ribbing#c to be two years4  
,this is a fair estimate1 but it does   
not correspond to the totality of the   
period of the puberal development4 ,if  
we estimate that period from its true   
beginning its duration greatly exceeds  
two years1 for the first indications of 
the puberal development are manifest in 
the girl long before the first          
menstruation1 and in the boy long before
 the first discharge of semen4 ,the     
approach of puberty is indicated by     
numerous symptoms1 some of which are    

psychical and some physical in          
character4 ,in perfectly healthy        
children1 as will be shown in the       
sequel1 individual symptoms may make    
their appearance as early as the age of 
seven or eight1 and further symptoms    
successively appear during succeeding   
years1 until the puberal development is 
completed4  ,what methods are available 
for the study of the sexual life of the 
child8 ,three methods have to be        
considered3 first1 the observation of   
children2 secondly1 experiment2 and     
thirdly1 reports made by individuals    
regarding their own experiences4 ,as    
regards the last mentioned1 we must     
distinguish clearly between accounts    
reproduced from memory long after the   
incidents to which they relate1 and     
accounts given by children of their     
state at the time of narration4 ,but    
both varieties of clinical history are  
defective4 ,the child is often          
incompetent to describe his             
sensations--think1 for instance1 of the 

processes of the earliest years of life4
 ,even when the child is able to make   
reports1 a sense of shame will often    
interfere with the truthfulness of his  
account4 ,whilst as regards the         
memory-pictures of adults1 recourse to  
this method often fails us because the  
experiences are so remote as to have    
been largely1 if not entirely1          
forgotten4 ,the autobiographies of      
sexually perverse individuals have drawn
 my attention to the fallacious nature  
of memory4 ,its records are uncertain1  
but that especially is recorded which   
has aroused interest4 ,not only the     
interest felt in the experiences at the 
time determines what shall be recorded1 
but also the interest felt later when   
reviving these experiences in memory4   
,childish experiences are very readily  
forgotten1 either if they were          
uninteresting at the time1 or if        
subsequently they have become           
uninteresting4 ,during childhood1 a     
homosexual woman has experienced sexual 

feeling1 directed now towards boys1 now 
towards girls4 ,later in life1 when the 
homosexuality has developed fully1 the  
memory of the inclination towards boys  
fades away1 and her homosexual          
sentiments only are remembered4 ,as a   
result1 we often find that the          
homosexual woman--and the converse is   
equally true of the homosexual          
man--declares at first1 when inquiries  
are made1 that she has never experienced
 any inclination for members of the     
other sex2 whereas1 at any rate in a    
large proportion of cases1 a stricter   
examination of her memory1 or the       
reports of other individuals1 will      
reveal beyond dispute that in childhood 
heterosexual inclinations were not      
lacking4  ,a further defect of memory   
has been made manifest to me by the     
study of perversions4 ,processes which  
in childhood were entirely devoid of any
 sexual tinge1 but which later became   
associated with sex-feelings1 very      
readily acquire false sexual            

associations also when they are revived 
in memory4 ,consider1 for instance1 the 
case of a homosexual man4 ,he remembers 
that1 as a small boy1 he was very fond  
of sitting on his uncle's knees1 and he 
believes that the pleasure he formerly  
experienced was tinged by sexual        
feeling4 ,in reality this was by no     
means the case4 ,his uncle took the boy 
on his knee in order to tell him a      
story4 ,possibly1 also1 the riding      
movements which the uncle imitated by   
jogging his knees up and down gave the  
child pleasure1 which1 however1 was     
entirely devoid of any admixture of     
sexual feeling4 ,but in the             
consciousness of the full-grown man1 in 
whom homosexual feeling has later       
undergone full development1 all this    
becomes distorted4 ,the non-sexual      
motives are forgotten2 he believes that 
even in early childhood he had          
homosexual inclinations1 and that for   
this reason it gave him pleasure to ride
 on his uncle's knees4  ,nor is         

observation in any way adapted to       
furnish us with a clear picture of the  
sexual life of the child4 ,so little can
 be directly observed1 that in the      
absence of reports much would remain    
entirely unknown4 ,from the moment when 
the children gain a consciousness1      
however obscure1 of the nature of sexual
 processes1 they almost invariably      
endeavour to conceal their knowledge as 
much as possible1 so that we shall      
discover its existence only by a rare   
chance4 ,none the less1 the results of  
direct observation are often important2 
sometimes because we are able to watch  
children when they are unaware of our   
attention1 and sometimes because they do
 not as yet fully understand the nature 
of the processes under observation1 and 
for this reason are less secretive4     
,the third method1 that of experiment1  
is available to us only in the form of  
castration4 ,i need not dilate on the   
inadequacy of this application of the   
experimental method1 even apart from the

 fact that it subserves our purposes    
almost exclusively in respect of the    
male sex--for in the case of young      
girls1 castration 7ophorectomy7 is      
almost entirely unknown4  ,thus we see  
that all our methods of investigation   
exhibit extensive lacun1 and further1   
that they are all in many respects      
fallacious2 we shall therefore endeavour
 to supplement each by the others1 in   
order to arrive at results which shall  
be as free from error as possible4 ,thus
 guided1 we learn that sexual incidents 
occur in childhood far more frequently  
than is usually supposed4 ,so common are
 they1 that they cannot possibly escape 
the notice of any practising physician  
or educationalist who pays attention to 
the question1 provided1 of course1 that 
he enjoys the confidence of the parents4
 ,these latter have often been aware of 
such sexual manifestations in their     
children for a long time1 but a false   
shame has prevented them from asking the
 advice of the physician4 ,they have    

been afraid lest he should regard the   
child as intellectually or morally      
deficient1 or as the offspring of a     
degenerate family4 ,in addition1 we have
 to take into account self-deception on 
the part of the parents1 who1 indeed1   
often deceive themselves willingly1     
saying to themselves that the matter is 
of no importance1 and that the symptoms 
will disappear spontaneously4  ,having  
given this brief account of the         
terminology to be employed and of the   
methods of investigation1 ,i propose to 
sketch no less briefly the history of   
the subject4   ,casual references to the
 sexual life of the child are to be     
found even in the older scientific      
literature4 ,in the latter half of the  
eighteenth century1 and at the beginning
 of the nineteenth1 interest in the     
subject became more general4 ,two works1
 in especial1 published almost          
simultaneously1 attracted the attention 
of physicians and educationalists4 ,one 
of these1 ,rousseau's mile1 discusses   

the proper conduct of parents and elders
 in relation to the awakening sexual    
life1 and what they should do in order  
to delay that awakening as much as      
possible4 ,the other1 the celebrated    
work of ,tissot1 depicts the dangers of 
masturbation1 but deals chiefly with    
persons who have attained sexual        
maturity4 ,none the less1 in consequence
 of this book1 much attention was       
directed to the sexual life of the      
child4 ,earlier works on masturbation1  
such as that of ,sarganeck1 for         
instance1 had not succeeded in arousing 
any enduring interest in this question4 
,but ,rousseau's and ,tissot's books    
induced a large number of physicians and
 educationalists to occupy themselves in
 this province of study4 ,thus at this  
early day many authorities were led to  
advocate the sexual enlightenment of    
children1 in order to guide them in the 
avoidance of the dangers of the sexual  
life4 ,an excellent historical and      
critical study of this movement1 written

 by ,thalhofer1 has recently been       
published4#d ,among the educationalists 
who took part in it may be mentioned    
,basedow1 ,salzmann1 ,campe1 and        
,niemeyer4 ,the modern movement in      
favour of sexual enlightenment          
originated chiefly in the endeavour to  
prevent the diffusion of venereal       
diseases2 but the earlier movement1     
occurring at a time when much less was  
known about venereal diseases1 had a    
different aim4 ,this was rather to      
prevent masturbation and other sexual   
excesses1 on account of their direct    
effect upon the organism2 an aim not    
neglected by the modern movement for    
sexual enlightenment1 though subsidiary 
to the object of the prevention of the  
venereal diseases4 ,teachers of that day
 touched1 of course1 upon the subject of
 the sexual life of the child4 ,but this
 was done cursorily1 for when           
instruction was given on the sexual     
life1 not the actual experience of      
children1 but the sexual life of mature 

persons1 was the subject of discourse4  
,this must be said also of the works of 
those physicians who1 like ,hufeland in 
his ,makrobiotik 7written as a sequel to
 the work of ,tissot71 spoke of the     
dangers of masturbation4  ,a few of the 
numerous medical books dealing with the 
puberal development deserve mention in  
this place2 for instance1 ,marro1 ,la   
,pubert 7first edition1 published in    
#ahig71 and ,bacqu1 ,la ,pubert         
7,argenteuil1 #ahgf74 ,a number of      
recent works on masturbation have also  
touched on the topic of the sexual life 
of the child4  ,apart from these recent 
special investigations1 the older and   
the more recent medical and             
anthropological literature contains     
numerous observations which concern the 
subject of this book4 ,more especially  
do we find reports of cases in which the
 external manifestations of sexual      
maturity appeared in very early         
childhood4 ,now we find an account of a 
girl menstruating at four years of age1 

now an account of a three-year-old boy  
who exhibited many of the external signs
 of sexual maturity4 ,even in the older1
 purely psychological works we find     
occasional references to the sexual life
 of the child--a fact that will surprise
 no one who is acquainted with the high 
development of the empirical psychology 
7,erfahrungspsychologie7 of that day    
7#ahjj74 ,the ,venus ,urania of         
,ramdohr1 for instance1 a work on the   
psychology of love1 emphasises the      
frequency of amatory sentiments in      
children4  ,in works dealing with the   
history of civilisation1 we also        
encounter occasional references to our  
subject4 ,take1 for instance1 the       
knightly ,code of ,love 7,liebeskodex71 
a work highly esteemed in the days of   
chivalry1 and legendarily supposed to   
have originated in ,king ,arthur's      
,court4 ,paragraph #f of this ,code     
runs3 ,a man shall not practise love    
until he is fully grown4 ,according to  
,rudeck1#e from whom ,i quote this      

instance1 the aim of the admonition was 
to protect the youth of the nobility    
from unwholesome consequences4          
,obviously1 the love affairs of immature
 persons must have been the determining 
cause of any allusion to the matter4 ,we
 may also draw attention in this        
connexion to many marriage laws1 which  
show that the subject has come under    
consideration1 either because they      
expressly sanction the marriages of     
children1 or1 conversely1 because they  
forbid such unions4 ,at the present day1
 among many peoples 7as1 for instance1  
the ,hindus71 child-marriages are       
frequent2 and in many countries in which
 such marriages are now illegal1 they   
were sanctioned in former ages4 ,many   
works on prostitution also touch on our 
chosen subject4 ,parent-,duchtelet1 in  
his great book1 refers to girls who had 
become prostitutes at the ages of twelve
 or even ten years4 ,i shall show later 
that in individual instances such early 
prostitution is directly dependent upon 

the sexuality of the children concerned4
 ,many ethnological works also          
contribute to our knowledge of the      
sexual life of the child1 describing1 as
 they do1 in certain races1 the early   
awakening of sexual activity4           
,remarkably little material do we find1 
however1 in many works in which we might
 have expected to find a great deal4 ,i 
refer to works on education and on the  
psychology of the child4 ,in exceptional
 instances1 indeed1 as ,i have already  
indicated1 the educationalists have     
taken part in the movement in favour of 
sexual enlightenment4 ,but when we      
consider the enormous importance and    
great frequency of the sexual processes 
of the child1 we are positively         
astounded at the manner in which this   
department of knowledge has been ignored
 by those who have written on the       
science and art of education1 and by    
those psychologists who have occupied   
themselves in the study of the mind of  
the child4 ,has it been a false notion  

of morality by which these investigators
 have been withheld from the elucidation
 of the sexual life of the child8 ,or   
has the reason merely been their        
defective powers of observation8 ,as a  
matter of fact1 ,i suppose that both    
these causes have operated in producing 
this remarkable gap in our knowledge4   
,a certain amount of material is to be  
found in a number of books on zoology1  
and also in a few quite recent works on 
comparative psychology4 ,among works of 
the former class ,i mention especially  
that of ,brehm1 who has reported a      
considerable number of individual       
details2 of books on comparative        
psychology1 one of the most useful for  
our purposes is that of ,groos1#f who   
gives us much valuable information      
regarding love-games of young animals4  
,i may also point out that in the       
autobiographies1 biographies1 memoirs1  
c41 of celebrated persons1 we find much 
information regarding premature amatory 
sentiments4 ,goethe1 in his ,wahrheit   

und ,dichtung1 relates that as a boy of 
ten or so he fell in love with a young  
,frenchwoman1 the sister of his friend  
,derones4 ,of ,alfred de ,musset1 his   
brother and biographer1 ,paul ,musset1  
records that at the early age of four he
 was passionately in love with a girl   
cousin4 ,it is on record that ,dante    
fell in love at the age of nine1 ,canova
 at five1 and ,alfieri at ten4 ,well    
known also is the story of ,byron's     
love1 at eight years of age1 for ,mary  
,duff4 ,mbius tells us of himself that  
when a boy of ten he was desperately    
enamoured of a young married woman4 ,we 
are told of ,napoleon ,i4 that when a   
boy of nine he fell in love with his    
father's cousin1 a handsome woman of    
thirty1 then on a visit to his home1 and
 that he caressed her in the most       
passionate manner4 ,belonging to an     
earlier day was ,felix ,platter1 the    
celebrated ,swiss physician of the      
sixteenth century1 who tells us in his  
autobiography that when he was a child  

he loved to be kissed by a certain young
 married woman4 ,in ,un ,coeur ,simple1 
,flaubert describes the development of  
the love-sentiments4 ,for mankind there 
is so much love in life4 ,at the age of 
four we love horses1 the sun1 flowers1  
shining weapons1 uniforms2 at ten we    
love a little girl1 our playmate2 at    
thirteen we love a buxom1 full-necked   
woman4 ,the first time ,i saw the two   
breasts of a woman1 entirely unclothed1 
,i almost fainted4 ,finally1 at the age 
of fourteen or fifteen1 we love a young 
girl1 who is a little more to us than a 
sister and a little less than a         
mistress2 and then1 at sixteen1 we love 
a woman once more1 and marry her4  ,most
 charmingly ,hebbel describes his first 
experience of love1 when but four years 
old4 ,it was in ,susanna's dull         
schoolroom1 also1 that ,i learned the   
meaning of love2 it was1 indeed1 in the 
very hour when ,i first entered it1 at  
the age of four4 ,first love6 ,who is   
there who will not smile as he reads    

these words8 ,who will fail to recall   
memories of some ,anne or ,margaret1 who
 once seemed to him to wear a crown of  
stars1 and to be clad in the blue of    
heaven and the gold of dawn2 and        
now--but it would be malicious to depict
 the contrast6 ,who will fail to admit  
that it seemed to him then as if he     
passed on the wing through the garden of
 the earth1 flitting from flower to     
flower1 sipping from their honey-cups2  
passing too swiftly1 indeed1 to become  
intoxicated1 but pausing long enough at 
each to inhale its divine perfume6444   
,it was some time before ,i ventured to 
raise my eyes1 for ,i felt that ,i was  
under inspection1 and this embarrassed  
me4 ,but at length ,i looked up1 and my 
first glance fell upon a pale and       
slender girl who sat opposite me3 her   
name was ,emily1 and she was the        
daughter of the parish-clerk4 ,a        
passionate trembling seized me1 the     
blood rushed to my heart2 but a         
sentiment of shame was also intermingled

 with my first sensations1 and ,i       
lowered my eyes to the ground once more1
 as rapidly as if ,i had caught sight of
 something horrible4 ,from that moment  
,emily was ever in my thoughts2 and the 
school1 so greatly dreaded in           
anticipation1 became a joy to me1       
because it was there only that ,i could 
see her4 ,the ,sundays and holidays     
which separated me from her were as     
greatly detested by me as in other      
circumstances they would have been      
greatly desired2 one day when she stayed
 away from school1 ,i felt utterly      
miserable4 ,in imagination she was      
always before my eyes1 wherever ,i went2
 when alone1 ,i was never weary of      
repeating her name2 above all1 her black
 eyebrows and intensely red lips were   
ever before my eyes1 whereas ,i do not  
remember that at this time her voice had
 made any impression on me1 although    
later this became all-important4  ,in   
belletristic literature1 also1 we find  
occasional references to the            

love-sentiment in childhood4 ,groos     
refers to an instance which he thinks   
perhaps the most delicate known to him1 
and one in which the erotic element is  
but faintly emphasised1 namely1         
,gottfried ,keller's ,romeo und ,julia4 
,in a spot entirely covered with green  
undergrowth the girl stretched herself  
on her back1 for she was tired1 and     
began in a monotonous tone to sing a few
 words1 repeating the same ones over and
 over again2 the boy crouched close     
beside her1 half inclined1 he also1 to  
stretch himself at full length on the   
ground1 so lethargic did he feel4 ,the  
sun shone into the girl's open mouth as 
she sang1 lighting up her glistening    
white teeth1 and gleaming on her full   
red lips4 ,the boy caught sight of her  
teeth1 and1 holding the girl's head and 
eagerly examining her teeth1 said1      
',tell me1 how many teeth has one8' ,the
 girl paused for a moment1 as if        
thinking the matter carefully over1 but 
then answered at random1 ',a hundred4'  

',no6' he cried2 'thirty-two is the     
proper number2 wait a moment1 ,i'll     
count yours4' ,he counted them1 but     
could not get the tale right to         
thirty-two1 and so counted them again1  
and again1 and again4 ,the girl let him 
go on for some time1 but as he did not  
come to an end of his eager counting1   
she suddenly interrupted him1 and said1 
',now1 let me count yours4' ,the boy lay
 down in his turn on the undergrowth2   
the girl leaned over him1 with her arm  
round his head2 he opened his mouth1 and
 she began counting3 ',one1 two1 seven1 
five1 two1 one1' for the little beauty  
did not yet know how to count4 ,the boy 
corrected her1 and explained to her how 
to count properly2 so she1 in her turn1 
attempted to count his teeth over and   
over again3 and this game seemed to     
please them more than any they had      
played together that day4 ,at last1     
however1 the girl sank down on her      
youthful instructor's breast1 and the   
two children fell asleep in the bright  

midday sunshine4  ,in erotic literature 
we also occasionally find descriptions  
belonging to our province1 as1 for      
instance1 in the ,satyricon of          
,petronius ,arbiter4 ,indeed1 a certain 
kind of erotic literature1 more         
especially pornographic literature1     
selects this subject by preference4     
,thus1 ,i may allude to the             
,anti-,justine of ,rtif de la ,bretonne4
 ,in a certain section of such          
literature1 improper practices between  
children and their parents and other    
blood relatives play a part4  ,recently1
 in connexion with two different fields 
of study1 attention has been directed to
 the sexual life of the child4 ,the     
first of these is concerned with the    
abnormal1 and especially the perverse1  
manifestations of the sexual life1 a    
study of which ,westphal1 and above all 
von ,krafft-,ebing1 have been the       
founders4 ,the other is the modern      
movement in favour of the sexual        
enlightenment of children4 ,as regards  

the latter1 the literature to which it  
has given rise has not1 indeed1         
contributed much1 beyond a few casual   
references1 in the way of positive      
material concerning the sexual life of  
the child4 ,but none the less1 it is    
this movement which has made it of prime
 importance that our subject should be  
carefully investigated4 ,as regards     
studies of the abnormalities of the     
sexual impulse1 under the name of       
paradoxical sexual impulse cases have   
been published in which that impulse    
manifested itself at an age of life in  
which it is normally non-existent--old  
age and childhood4 ,recent research has 
brought to light a large number of cases
 of this nature4 ,among those who have  
reported such cases1 we must mention    
first of all von ,krafft-,ebing1 and in 
addition1 ,fr1 ,fuchs1 ,plofi1 and      
,lombroso4  ,in addition to these       
various works1 others must be mentioned 
which have arisen mainly out of the     
recently awakened interest in the sexual

 life2 for example1 works on puberty1   
the psychology of love1 and similar     
topics4 ,in his ,fisiologia del ,amore  
7,physiology of ,love71 ,mantegazza     
emphasises the love-manifestations of   
childhood4 ,the same may be said of many
 other general works on the sexual life1
 and more especially1 as previously     
mentioned1 of works on prostitution4    
,certain works on offences against      
morality have also enriched our         
knowledge in this province4  ,it might  
at first sight appear from what has been
 said that the literature of the sexual 
life of the child was extremely         
voluminous1 but this is not in reality  
the case4 ,almost always1 this important
 question is handled in a casual or     
cursory manner4 ,a thorough presentation
 of the subject has not1 as far as my   
knowledge extends1 hitherto been        
attempted4 ,freud rightly insists that  
even in all1 or nearly all1 the works on
 the psychology of the child1 this      
important department is ignored4 ,quite 

recently1 indeed1 special works have    
appeared upon the sexual life of the    
child1 among which ,i must first of all 
mention ,freud's own contribution to the
 subject1 forming part of his ,drei     
,abhandlungen zur sexuellen ,theorie    
7,three ,essays on the ,sexual ,theory1 
,leipzig and ,vienna1 #aije74g ,but what
 this writer describes as an indication 
of infantile sexuality1 viz41 certain   
sucking movements1 has1 in my opinion1  
nothing to do with the sexual life of   
the child--as little to do with         
sexuality as have the functions of the  
stomach or any other non-genital organ4 
,a number of other processes occurring  
in childhood1 which ,freud and his      
followers have recently described as    
sexual in nature1 and as playing a great
 part later in life in connexion with   
hysteria1 neurasthenia1                 
compulsion-neuroses1 the                
anxiety-neurosis1 and dementia prcox1   
have very little true relationship to   
the sexual life of the child4 ,in any   

case1 ,freud has not systematically     
studied the individual manifestations of
 the sexual life of the child4 ,i must  
also mention a small work by ,ktscher1  
,das ,erwachen des                      
,geschlechtsbewusstseins und seine      
,anomalien 7,the ,awakening of the      
,consciousness of ,sex and its          
,anomalies1 ,wiesbaden1 #aijg74         
,ktscher1 however1 does not give any    
detailed account of the sexual life of  
the child2 he starts1 rather1 from the  
sexual life of the adult1 and only as a 
supplement to his account of this does  
he give a few data regarding the        
awakening of the consciousness of sex4  
,in the ,american ,journal of           
,psychology1 ,july #aijb1 we find an    
elaborate study of the sexual life of   
the child4 ,in this paper1 ,a           
,preliminary ,study of the ,emotion of  
,love between the ,sexes1 the writer1   
,sanford ,bell1 devotes much attention  
to the love-sentiments in childhood4 ,he
 discusses1 indeed1 only heterosexual1  

qualitatively normal inclinations1 and  
his essay deals only with the           
psychological aspects of the question4  
,the processes taking place in the      
genital organs do not come within the   
scope of the writer's observations1 and1
 indeed1 are outside the limits of his  
chosen theme4 ,a great many other points
 connected with the question are also   
left untouched4 ,none the less1 the     
paper is full of matter4 ,the same must 
be said of the works of the ,english    
investigator1 ,havelock ,ellis1 who is1 
in my opinion1 the leader of all those  
at present engaged in the study of      
sexual psychology and pathology4        
,unfortunately his writings are not so  
well known in ,germany as they deserve  
to be1 the reason being that owing to   
their strictly scientific character they
 are not so noisily obtruded on the     
public notice as are certain other      
widely advertised and reputedly         
scientific works4 ,in his various books1
 and above all in his six volumes       

entitled ,studies in the ,psychology of 
,sex 7,f4 ,a4 ,davies ,company1         
,philadelphia1 ,pa471 as a part of his  
general contributions to our knowledge  
of the sexual life1 ,havelock ,ellis    
records numerous observations relating  
to the years of childhood2 especially   
valuable in this connexion are the      
biographies given in the third volume of
 the above-mentioned ,studies4  ,a      
valuable source of data for our field of
 inquiry exists in the form of          
unpublished diaries1 autobiographies1   
and albums1 which are not accessible to 
the general public4 ,i have myself had  
the opportunity of studying a number of 
records of this nature1 and have formed 
the opinion that a quantity of          
invaluable material lies hidden in these
 recesses4 ,i may add that the records  
,i have been able to use have not only  
related to living persons2 in addition1 
,i have been able to study a number of  
albums and diaries dating from an       
earlier day4 ,these have remained       

unpublished1 in part because they       
appeared to be of interest only to the  
families of the writers1 and in part    
because many of them were in intention  
purely private memoranda1 a written     
record for the sole use of the writer4  
,speaking generally1 however1 this      
province of research has received but   
little scientific attention2 and of     
comprehensive studies1 intended to throw
 light on every aspect of the sexual    
life of the child1 not a single one is  
known to me4     ,chapter ,,ii  ,,the   
,,sexual ,,organs--,,the ,,sexual       
,,impulse   ,a proper understanding of  
physiological functions is based upon   
anatomical knowledge of the organs      
concerned4 ,for our purpose1 therefore1 
a knowledge of the sexual organs of the 
child is essential4 ,the proper course1 
in this instance1 appears to be to start
 with an account of the adult organs1   
and then to describe the distinctive    
characteristics of the same organs in   
the child4 ,let us1 then1 begin with the

 organs of the adult man4  ,the membrum 
virile or penis is visible externally1  
and behind it is situated the scrotum4  
,within this latter are two ovoid       
structures1 named testicles or testes4  
,each testicle is enveloped in a fibrous
 capsule1 known as the tunica albuginea1
 from which fibrous septa pass into the 
interior of the organ1 thus dividing it 
into a number of separate lobules4 ,each
 lobule is composed of seminiferous     
tubules1 which are greatly convoluted   
and likewise branched1 the branches     
being continuous with those of          
neighbouring tubules1 both within the   
same lobule1 and 7by perforating the    
fibrous septa7 in adjoining lobules4 ,in
 the walls of the seminiferous tubules  
the spermatozoa are formed4 ,the        
seminiferous tubules unite to form the  
efferent ducts 7vasa efferentia71 about 
a dozen in number for each testicle2    
immediately passing out of the testicle1
 these efferent ducts make up the       
epididymis1 situated at the upper and   

back part of the testicle4 ,after       
numerous convolutions1 these unite at   
length on each side to form a single    
canal1 which leaves the epididymis under
 the name of the vas deferens2 this is  
the excretory duct of the testicle1     
conveying the secretion of that organ to
 the exterior4 ,the vas deferens        
traverses the inguinal canal into the   
abdominal cavity1 and therein passes    
downwards to the prostatic portion of   
the urethra 7vide infra74 ,the anterior 
portion only of the penis is visible    
externally1 dependent in front of the   
scrotum2 the posterior portion is       
concealed by the scrotum and the skin of
 the perineum4 ,the terminal segment of 
the penis is formed by the glans1 which 
is covered by the foreskin or prepuce4  
,this last is sometimes artificially    
removed3 either on ritual grounds1 as1  
for instance1 among the ,jews2 or for   
medical reasons1 for example1 when the  
preputial orifice is greatly            
constricted4 ,at the anterior extremity 

of the glans penis is the orifice of the
 urethra 7meatus74 ,the urethra is a    
canal running through the entire length 
of the penis1 opening by its proximal   
extremity into the urinary bladder1 and 
serving for the passage of the urine    
from the bladder to the exterior of the 
body4 ,the main substance of the penis  
is composed of three cavernous bodies1  
the paired corpora cavernosa penis1 and 
the single corpus spongiosum1 or corpus 
cavernosum urethr4 ,these consist of    
what is known as erectile tissue1 a     
spongy mass within whose lacunar spaces 
a large quantity of blood can1 in       
certain conditions1 be retained4 ,when  
this occurs1 the penis becomes notably  
thicker and longer1 and simultaneously  
hard and inflexible4 ,this process is   
known as erection of the penis1 and is  
requisite to render possible the        
introduction of the organ into the      
genital canal of the female4  ,the      
proximal segment of the urethra is      
surrounded by the prostate gland4 ,the  

secretion of this gland is conveyed into
 the urethra by numerous short ducts1   
known as the prostatic ducts4 ,behind   
the prostate1 at the base or fundus of  
bladder1 are the paired seminal         
vesicles4 ,the duct of the seminal      
vesicle joins the vas deferens of the   
same side 7both functionally and        
embryologically the seminal vesicle is  
no more than a diverticulum of the vas  
deferens72 passing on under the name of 
the common seminal or ejaculatory duct1 
the canal opens into the prostatic      
portion of the urethra 7the orifices of 
the two common seminal ducts are in the 
folds of mucous membrane forming the    
right and left lateral margins of the   
prostatic utricle or uterus masculinus74
 ,these ducts convey the secretion of   
the testicles into the urethra along    
which canal it passes to the exterior4  
,behind the posterior part of the       
urethra1 but distal to the prostate     
gland1 are situate also the paired      
glands of ,cowper1 or suburethral       

glands1 whose excretory ducts likewise  
open into the urethra4 ,there are glands
 also in the walls of the seminal       
vesicles1 the vasa deferentia1 and the  
urethra2 the urethral glands are        
commonly known as the glands of ,littr4 
,as previously mentioned1 it is in the  
testicles that the secretion necessary  
for the reproductive act is prepared4   
,this secretion is evacuated during     
sexual intercourse1 and also during     
masturbation and involuntary seminal    
emissions4 ,the testicular secretion is 
a tenacious fluid4 ,when examined       
microscopically1 it is seen to contain  
countless spermatozoa1 structures about 
#ej ,greek3 m 7#a_/ejj inch7 in length1 
with a thick head and a long filiform   
tail4 ,they represent the male          
reproductive cells1 which during coitus 
are introduced into the interior of the 
female reproductive organs2 a single    
spermatozoon unites with the ovum of the
 female to form the fertilised ovum4    
,the spermatozoa are formed in the walls

 of the convoluted seminiferous tubules4
 ,the cells lining these tubules are of 
several different kinds 7although in    
childhood they are not differentiated as
 they are after the puberal development 
has taken place74 ,one variety of these 
cells1 the spermatogonia1 undergo an    
increase of size at puberty1 and from   
these spermatogonia1 after passing      
through several intermediate            
transitional stages1 the spermatozoa are
 formed4  ,it was formerly believed that
 the sole function of the testicles was 
the production of the spermatozoa2      
recently1 however1 the opinion has      
gained ground that these organs have in 
addition another specific function1 that
 of internal secretion4 ,whilst the     
spermatogonia become transformed into   
spermatozoa1 other cellular structures  
of the testicle1 more especially the    
interstitial cells1 produce1 it is      
assumed1 the internal secretion of the  
gland4 ,the constituents of this        
internal secretion1 having been poured  

into the general circulation1 are       
supposed to give rise to the specific   
masculine sexual development1 and1 in   
particular1 to lead to the appearance of
 the secondary sexual characters4 ,this 
matter will subsequently be discussed in
 detail1 and here ,i shall merely add   
that perhaps none of the proper         
constituents of the internal secretion  
find their way into the external        
secretion of the testicle4  ,this       
external secretion of the testicles     
does1 however1 receive the admixture of 
a number of other secretions1 to        
constitute the semen as actually        
discharged1 viz41 the secretion of the  
prostate gland1 that of the seminal     
vesicles1 ,cowper's glands1 and the     
glands of the vasa deferentia1 and      
perhaps also that of the glands of      
,littr4 ,the term semen is1 indeed1     
often applied to the secretion of the   
testicles alone2 but to avoid           
misunderstanding1 ,frbringer#h          
recommends that only the mixed          

secretion1 as actually discharged1      
should be spoken of as the semen1 and   
that this term should never be employed 
to denote the testicular secretion      
alone4  ,in what has gone before1 ,i    
have not only described the structure of
 the male sexual organs1 but have       
alluded also in passing to their        
functions4 ,these latter must1 however1 
be described more fully4 ,let us begin  
with erection1 which1 as we saw1 is due 
to distension of the penis with blood4  
,how is this distension brought about8  
,it results from stimulation of the     
erection centre4 ,until recently1 it was
 supposed that this centre was situated 
in the lumbar enlargement of the spinal 
cord2 but now1 owing to the researches  
of ,l4 ,r4 ,mller1 it is believed to    
form part of the sympathetic plexuses of
 the pelvis4 ,stimulation of the centre 
leads to distension of the penis with   
blood1 and thus to erection of that     
organ4 ,the stimulation of the centre   
can be effected in either of two ways4  

,in the first place1 by psychical       
processes4 ,thus1 in a man1 the sight of
 a woman exercises such a stimulus1 the 
stimulation proceeding from the brain   
along the spinal cord to reach the      
centre4 ,the psychical stimulus may also
 consist of reminiscences4 ,in this way 
the memory of an attractive woman may be
 just as effective in causing erection  
as if she were actually visible at the  
moment2 reading erotic literature may   
have the same result4 ,when the sexual  
impulse is perverted1 the ideas causing 
erection will naturally be themselves of
 a perverse character4 ,thus1 in the    
homosexual male1 erection occurs at the 
sight or remembrance of a man2 in the   
fetichist1 the idea of the fetich is    
operative--in the case of the body-linen
 fetichist1 for instance1 the idea of   
articles of underclothing4  ,in the     
second place1 the activity of the       
erection centre can be aroused by       
physical stimuli4 ,to this category     
belong masturbatory manipulations1      

stimulation of the glans penis and other
 parts of the genital organs4 ,but other
 erogenic areas exist1 the stimulation  
of which produces the same results4     
,among these areas1 the buttocks must be
 particularly mentioned4 ,but individual
 peculiarities play a great part in this
 connexion4 ,thus1 in many persons1 a   
slight stimulation of the nape of the   
neck1 of the scalp1 c41 has an erogenic 
effect4 ,in all cases alike1 the        
stimulus is conducted along the sensory 
nerves to the erection centre1 and it is
 the stimulation of this centre which by
 reflex action leads to distension of   
the penis with blood and its consequent 
erection4 ,the physical stimulus leading
 to erection may also result from some  
pathological process1 such as           
inflammation of the penis or of the     
urethra4 ,finally1 certain internal     
physiological processes may be the      
starting-point of the afferent physical 
stimuli leading to erection2 for        
example1 distension of the bladder1 and 

also of the seminal vesicles1 and of the
 seminiferous tubules of the testicle4  
,in addition1 it is probable that many  
of the processes of growth occurring in 
the reproductive glands act in a similar
 way4 ,these internal stimuli all pass  
to the erection centre along the        
afferent 7sensory7 nerves1 and induce   
erection by reflex action2 and it is    
important to bear in mind that this     
effect may result without any direct    
affection of consciousness by the       
originating afferent impulses4          
,although either kind of stimuli1       
psychical or physical1 acting alone1 may
 give rise to erection1 experience shows
 that in most instances the two         
varieties co-operate in the production  
of this effect4 ,thus1 in the sexually  
mature man1 the accumulation of semen in
 the seminal vesicles gives rise1 not   
only to excitement of the erection      
centre1 but also to voluptuous ideas1   
and these latter1 in their turn1 further
 stimulate the erection centre4         

,normally1 during coitus1 erection is   
followed by ejaculation4 ,a special     
nerve centre for ejaculation is also    
supposed to exist2 and the ejaculation  
centre1 like the erection centre1 was   
formerly believed to be situated in the 
lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord1  
but recent investigations have shown    
that it also most probably forms part of
 the sympathetic plexuses of the pelvis4
 ,this centre also may be stimulated    
either by psychical or by physical      
stimuli4 ,in normal conditions1 however1
 much more powerful stimuli are needed  
to cause ejaculation than those which   
are competent to give rise to erection4 
,for this reason1 erections often occur 
without leading to ejaculation1 whereas 
in normal conditions ejaculation hardly 
ever occurs without erection4 ,in fact1 
ejaculation in the absence of erection  
is almost peculiar to pathological      
states1 and may occur1 for instance1 in 
many forms of impotence1 in which the   
ejaculation centre still remains        

susceptible to stimulation1 whilst the  
erection centre is exhausted4 ,whereas  
stimulation of the erection centre      
exercises its reflex influence through  
the vasomotor nerves1 thus leading to   
distension of the penis with blood1 the 
reflex impulses resulting from          
stimulation of the ejaculation centre   
are transmitted by the motor nerves to  
certain muscles--those1 namely1 whose   
contraction forcibly expels the         
accumulated semen4 ,the contractions of 
the affected muscles occur rhythmically1
 the stimulation of the ejaculation     
centre giving rise to a series of       
contractions alternating with           
relaxations4 ,true ejaculation1         
resulting from the activity of these    
muscles1 must be distinguished from the 
appearance of a drop or two of fluid at 
the urethral meatus1 which occasionally 
occurs at the outset of sexual          
excitement--the so-called urethrorrhoea 
ex libidine4 ,this fluid runs out while 
the ejaculatory muscles are quiescent4  

,it was formerly believed that it       
consisted of the secretion of the       
prostate gland2 but ,frbringer1 to whom 
we are indebted for the most valuable   
researches in this province1 has shown  
that this view is erroneous4 ,these     
drops are1 he states1 derived solely    
from the glands of ,littr and the glands
 of ,cowper 7urethral and suburethral   
glands74  ,sexual excitement is         
accompanied throughout by a sensation of
 pleasure1 specifically known as        
voluptuous pleasure1 the voluptuous     
sensation1 or simply voluptuousness 7in 
,latin1 libido sexualis74 ,several      
stages of the voluptuous sensation must 
be distinguished3 its onset2 the equable
 voluptuous sensation2 the voluptuous   
acme1 coincident with the rhythmical    
contraction of the perineal muscles and 
the ejaculation of the semen2 and1      
finally1 the quite sudden diminution and
 cessation of the voluptuous sensation4 
,associated with the last stage we      
usually have a sense of satisfaction1   

and simultaneously a cessation of the   
sexual impulse2 a sense of ease and calm
 ensues1 and at the same time a feeling 
of fatigue4 ,this voluptuous sensation  
localised in the genital organs must1 of
 course1 be distinguished from the      
general sense of pleasure produced in a 
man by the idea of1 or by contact with1 
a woman in whom he is sexually          
interested4  ,now let us pass on to the 
consideration of the reproductive organs
 in the female4 ,the most conspicuous   
part of the external genital organs     
consists of two large folds1 situated on
 either side of the median line1 and    
known as the labia majora4 ,within these
 are two much smaller folds1 the labia  
minora or nymph4 ,in the median line1 in
 the space between the labia minora1 we 
see two apertures3 the anterior of these
 is the urethral orifice 7meatus71 from 
which the comparatively short and almost
 straight urethra of the female passes  
upwards and backwards to the bladder2   
the posterior aperture is the vaginal   

orifice4 ,the labia minora1 divergent   
posteriorly1 converge as they pass      
forwards like the limbs of a ,v2 at the 
apex of the ,v is the clitoris2 in shape
 and structure this resembles the penis 
of the male1 but it is much smaller1 and
 is solid1 not being perforated by the  
urethra4 ,it contains two corpora       
cavernosa1 which unite to form the body 
of the organ1 whilst the distal         
extremity is known as the glans1 and is 
homologous to the glans penis4          
,posteriorly to the clitoris1 and       
beneath the mucous membrane on either   
side1 is an additional mass of erectile 
tissue1 known as the vaginal bulb1 or   
bulb of the vestibule4 ,just outside the
 vaginal orifice on either side are     
visible the orifices of the ducts of    
,bartholin's glands 7known also as      
,duverney's glands72 these are          
homologous with ,cowper's glands in the 
male4  ,when we attempt to pass from the
 vaginal orifice to the internal        
reproductive organs1 we find that in the

 virgin an obstacle exists1 the hymen or
 maidenhead1 consisting of a duplicature
 of the mucous membrane4 ,it is very    
variable in form1 but in the great      
majority of instances it diminishes the 
size of the vaginal inlet to such an    
extent as to render coitus impossible   
until the hymen has been torn4 ,through 
the vaginal orifice access is gained to 
the interior of the vagina1 a tubular   
structure1 but flattened from before    
backwards1 so that in the quiescent     
state the anterior and posterior walls  
of the passage are in apposition4 ,the  
uterus or womb is a muscular1           
pear-shaped organ1 with an elongated    
central cavity1 which opens into the    
upper part of the vagina4 ,at the upper 
end of the cavity of the uterus are two 
small laterally placed apertures1 which 
lead into the ,fallopian tubes 7or      
oviducts74 ,these tubes pass outwards in
 a somewhat sinuous course towards the  
ovaries1 the reproductive glands of the 
female1 homologous with the testicles in

 the male1 and situated on either side  
of the upper extremity of the uterus4   
,the shape of the ovaries is somewhat   
ovoid4 ,they contain a large number of  
vesicular structures1 the ovarian       
follicles1 the largest1 ripe follicles  
being known as ,graafian follicles1     
whilst the smaller1 partially developed 
follicles are termed primitive ovarian  
follicles1 or primitive ,graafian       
follicles4 ,in the interior of each     
follicle is an ovum4 ,in the sexually   
mature woman1 a ,graafian follicle      
ripens at regular intervals of four     
weeks4 ,when ripe1 the follicle bursts1 
the ovum is expelled1 and passes through
 the ,fallopian tube into the interior  
of the uterus3 here it is either        
fertilised by uniting with a            
spermatozoon derived from the male1 in  
which case it proceeds to develop into  
an embryo2 or else it remains           
unfertilised1 in which case it is       
shortly expelled from the body4  ,in the
 uterus1 as well as in the ovaries1 an  

important change occurs at intervals of 
four weeks1 characterised by an         
increased flow of blood to the organ1   
culminating in an actual outflow of     
blood from the vessels into the uterine 
cavity1 and thence through the vagina to
 the exterior of the body2 the whole    
process is known as menstruation1 the   
monthly sickness or the 7monthly7       
period4 ,after the fertilisation of the 
ovum1 during pregnancy1 that is to say1 
menstruation usually ceases until after 
the birth of the child1 and often until 
the completion of lactation4  ,i do not 
propose to discuss here the nature of   
the connexion between these periodic    
processes in the ovaries and the uterus1
 respectively--that is1 between         
ovulation and menstruation4 ,i shall1   
however1 take this opportunity of       
stating that1 as careful investigations 
have shown1 the periodic processes in   
question are not limited to the uterus  
and the ovaries1 but affect also the    
external genital organs1 which become   

congested simultaneously with           
menstruation2 and further1 that the     
entire feminine organism is affected by 
an undulatory rhythm of nutrition1 the  
rise and fall of which correspond to    
menstruation and to the intermenstrual  
interval1 respectively4  ,i must now    
give some account of the peripheral     
processes occurring in the female       
genital organs in connexion with the    
sexual act4 ,in part1 they are          
completely analogous to those which take
 place in the male4 ,i have already     
pointed out that in many respects the   
clitoris in the female corresponds to   
the penis in the male1 ,in the clitoris1
 also1 erection occurs1 conditioned     
partly by psychical and partly by       
physical stimuli4 ,the psychical stimuli
 consist of ideas relating to the male4 
,the physical stimuli may1 just as in   
the case of the other sex1 vary in their
 nature4 ,thus1 the condition of the    
reproductive glands may act as a        
physical stimulus to erection2 also the 

touching of certain regions of the body1
 especially the clitoris1 the labia     
minora1 or other erogenic zones4 ,under 
the influence of such stimuli1 the venus
 plexuses making up the vaginal bulbs   
also become distended with blood4 ,in   
fact1 speaking generally1 sexual        
excitement is characterised by a        
vigorous flow of blood to the genital   
organs4 ,during coitus1 in woman1 as in 
man1 a process of ejaculation normally  
occurs1 taking the form of rhythmical   
muscular contractions1 affecting not    
only the perineal muscles1 but also the 
muscular investment of the vagina1 and  
occasionally1 perhaps1 the uterus       
itself4 ,these muscular contractions    
also favour the expulsion of a          
secretion1 but this secretion does not  
contain the reproductive cells of the   
female1 and consists merely of a mixture
 of indifferent secretions--the         
secretion of ,bartholin's glands1 that  
of the uterine mucous membrane1 and that
 of the mucous glands of the vagina and 

vulva4 ,in the woman also1 even at the  
outset of the sexual act1 a secretion   
from the local glands takes place1      
whereby the genital region is moistened 
prior to the actual orgasm4 ,we have as 
yet no precise knowledge as to which    
glands are concerned in the production  
of this phenomenon1 which is homologous 
to the urethrorrha ex libidine of the   
male4 ,in woman1 as in man1 the curve of
 voluptuousness exhibits four phases3 an
 ascending limb1 the equable voluptuous 
sensation1 the acme1 and the rapid      
decline4 ,there are1 however1 in this   
respect1 certain differences between man
 and woman1 to which von ,krafft-,ebing 
drew attention1 and whose existence was 
confirmed by ,otto ,alder4#i ,whereas in
 the male the curve of voluptuousness   
both rises and falls with extreme       
abruptness1 in the female both the onset
 and the decline of voluptuous sensation
 are slower and more gradual4 ,there is 
an additional difference between man and
 woman4 ,in woman very often voluptuous 

pleasure is entirely lacking2 certainly 
such absence is far commoner in women   
than in men--a condition of affairs     
which must on no account be confused    
with absence of the sexual impulse4     
,even when the sexual impulse is        
perfectly normal1 the entire voluptuous 
curve with its acme may be wanting4 ,in 
such cases1 the after-sense of complete 
satisfaction1 which occurs more         
especially when ejaculation has been    
associated with an extremity of         
voluptuous pleasure1 it is commonly also
 lacking4 ,finally1 it is necessary to  
add that in woman1 as in man1 the       
reproductive glands appear to have a    
duplex function--such is1 at least1 the 
belief to which recent investigations   
more and more definitely point4 ,the    
ovaries1 that is to say1 do not only    
produce ova2 they also1 like the        
testicles1 furnish an internal          
secretion1 and the absorption and       
distribution of this secretion by the   
blood are supposed to cause the         

development of the secondary sexual     
characters in woman4  ,having now       
concluded our account of the structure  
and functions of the productive organs  
of adults1 let us turn to consider the  
differences between these organs and    
those of children4 ,in the child1 the   
testicles are considerably smaller2     
smaller also are the penis and the other
 genital organs4 ,in the adult1 the root
 of the penis is surrounded by the pubic
 hair2 this hair is absent in the child4
 ,the most important distinctive        
characteristic1 however1 lies in the    
fact that in the child the morphological
 elements upon which the capacity for   
procreation depends1 namely1 the        
spermatozoa1 are not yet present in the 
testicles4 ,the spermatozoa first make  
their appearance during that year of    
life which is usually regarded as the   
year of the puberal development4 ,the   
microscopical appearances of the        
testicle1 of which an account has       
previously been given1 thus naturally   

differ according as the specimen under  
examination has been taken from a child 
or from an adult4 ,as regards the other 
glands considered to form part of the   
genital organs1 some of these secrete   
even in childhood4 ,this matter will be 
subsequently discussed in some detail4  
,in the female sex1 also1 there are     
notable differences in the condition of 
the genital organs between the adult and
 the child4 ,in the first place1 the    
relative sizes of the various organs    
differ greatly4 ,but other differences  
are also noticeable1 not dependent1     
however1 on differences in age1 but on  
whether there has or has not been       
experience of sexual intercourse1 and on
 whether pregnancy and parturition have 
occurred4 ,when we compare a female     
child with an adult woman1 the first    
obvious difference is in the shape of   
the external genital organs4 ,in the    
child1 the vulva is placed much higher  
and more to the front1 so that it is    
distinctly visible even when the thighs 

are in close apposition4 ,in the child1 
also1 the labia majora are less         
developed1 for as womanhood approaches a
 great deposit of fat takes place in    
these structures4 ,again1 in the child1 
the outer surfaces of the labia majora  
and that part of the skin of the abdomen
 just in front of the labia 7the mons   
veneris7 are as hairless as the rest of 
the body1 whereas in the adult woman    
these regions are covered with the pubic
 hair4 ,according to ,marthe            
,francillon1#aj to whom we are indebted 
for an elaborate study of puberty in the
 female sex1 during the puberal         
development changes occur also in the   
clitoris4 ,the genital corpuscles of    
,krause and the corpuscles of ,finger   
7,wollustkrperchen71 the terminals of   
the nerves passing to the erectile      
tissue of the clitoris1 undergo at this 
time a marked increase in size4 ,the    
clitoris itself1 hitherto comparatively 
small1 now attains a length of three to 
four centimetres 7#a4b to #a4f inch71 in

 the quiescent state1 and of four and a 
half to five centimetres 7#a4h to #b    
inches7 when erect4 ,in the virgin also1
 as previously mentioned1 the hymen is  
present1 a structure of very variable   
form4 ,after defloration its remnants   
persist in the form of small prominences
 around the margin of the vaginal inlet 
7caruncul myrtiformes74 ,but1 quite     
independently of defloration1 in the    
child the vaginal orifice is much       
smaller than in the riper girl4 ,the    
uterus undergoes remarkable changes4 ,in
 the foetus1 during the latter part of  
intra-uterine life1 this organ grows    
very rapidly2 but immediately after     
birth its growth is arrested1 so that in
 a girl of nine it is little larger than
 in the new-born infant4 ,during the    
period of puberal development1 however1 
the growth of the organ is once more    
extremely rapid4 ,its shape also changes
 at this time4 ,in the child1 the uterus
 is longer in proportion to its         
thickness2 in childhood1 too1 the       

comparative length of the cervix in     
relation to that of the body of the     
organ is much greater than in the adult 
woman4 ,we need only allude in passing  
to the fact that later in life marked   
changes occur in the uterus as a result 
of pregnancy and parturition4 ,the      
hypermia and the bleeding that take     
place periodically during menstruation  
lead to certain changes in the mucous   
surface of the uterus4 ,ovulation1 which
 in the sexually mature woman recurs at 
four-weekly intervals1 also gives rise  
to certain permanent changes in the     
ovaries4 ,the site of each ruptured     
,graafian follicle becomes cicatrised1  
and in consequence of the formation of  
these little scars1 the ovary no longer 
retains the smoothness of surface which 
was characteristic of the organ in      
childhood4 ,from birth onwards the      
ovaries gradually increase in size1 but 
the growth is disproportionate in       
different diameters4 ,thus1 for         
instance1 during the eighth year of     

life1 growth is chiefly in thickness1 so
 that the ratio between the length and  
the thickness becomes less than before4 
,the structure of the ovaries also      
varies at different ages4 ,in a girl of 
three years1 the primitive ovarian      
follicles number about #djj1jjj2 at the 
age of eight it is estimated that their 
number has been reduced to about        
#cf1jjj4 ,certainly the majority of the 
primitive follicles come to nothing4    
,true ,graafian follicles1 of which an  
account has already been given1 are not 
usually formed prior to the beginning of
 the puberal development2 occasionally1 
however1 they are formed in the ovaries 
of immature girls4   ,let us now pass to
 the consideration of the sexual        
impulse4 ,we learn from personal        
observation that two entirely distinct  
processes participate in this impulse4  
,in the first place1 we have the        
physical processes that take place in   
the genital organs2 these are in part   
unperceived1 but in part they affect    

consciousness in the form of common     
sensations1 or as ordinary tactile and  
other similar sensations4 ,in the second
 place1 we have those higher psychical  
processes by means of which man is      
attracted to woman1 and woman to man4   
,in our actual experience of the normal 
sexual life1 both these groups of       
processes do1 as a matter of fact1 work 
in unison2 but not only is it possible  
for us to distinguish them analytically2
 it is1 in addition1 possible in many   
instances to observe them in action     
clinically isolated each from the other4
 ,a long while ago ,i utilised this     
distinction for the analysis of the     
sexual impulse1 describing the impulse  
in so far as it was confined to the     
peripheral organs as the                
detumescence-impulse 7from detumescere1 
to decrease in size71 and in so far as  
it takes the form of processes tending  
towards bodily and mental approximation 
to another individual1 as the           
contrectation-impulse 7from contrectare 

to touch1 or to think about74 ,the      
distinction will become clearer to our  
minds if we familiarise ourselves first 
with cases in which either process      
occurs independently of the other4 ,the 
detumescence-impulse is sometimes the   
sole manifestation of the sexual        
impulse4 ,certain idiots practise       
masturbation as a physical act1 because 
sensations proceeding from the genital  
organs impel them to do so1 precisely as
 itching of an area of the skin impels  
us to scratch4 ,they masturbate without 
thinking of another person1 and they    
feel no impulsion whatever towards      
sexual contact with another person4     
,analogous phenomena may be witnessed in
 the animal world also1 in connexion    
with the masturbatory acts of monkeys1  
bulls1 and stallions4 ,when a stallion  
kicks its genital organs again and again
 with its hind-foot1 and repeats the    
action until ejaculation ensues1 we are 
hardly justified in assuming that the   
animal has the idea of a mare before its

 mind4 ,we must rather suppose that we  
have to do with a local physical        
stimulus1 to which the stallion reacts  
in the manner above described4 ,the     
other component1 also1 of the sexual    
impulse1 the contrectation-impulse1     
manifests itself1 occasionally1 at any  
rate1 in isolation4 ,certain boys1 long 
before the appearance of any signs of   
the puberal development1 are impelled   
towards physical contact with members of
 the other sex1 to kiss them1 to think  
of them1 although these boys may exhibit
 no tendency whatever to masturbate1 or 
to manipulate their genital organs4 ,it 
often happens1 indeed1 that such a boy  
is himself greatly astonished to find1  
some day1 that these ideas are reflected
 to the genital organs1 giving rise to  
erection2 or1 when he is embracing a    
girl1 to experience erection and        
ejaculation4 ,in the sexually mature    
normal man1 the detumescence-impulse and
 the contrectation-impulse act in       
unison1 and hence he is impelled towards

 intimate contact with the woman1 and is
 ultimately driven to effect            
detumescence by the practice of coitus4 
,nevertheless1 we must hold fast to the 
idea that in the normal adult man the   
sexual processes may also be            
theoretically analysed into these two   
components4  ,this is true also of      
woman1 in whom the processes in the     
genital organs are equally separable    
from those which impel to contact with a
 member of the other sex4 ,but in woman1
 the processes in the genital organs do 
not culminate in the ejection of the    
reproductive cells1 that is1 of the     
ovum1 but1 as we have seen1 in the      
ejaculation of indifferent secretions4  
,in the woman1 also1 the detumescence   
impulse is occasionally met with in     
isolation--for example1 in many female  
idiots4 ,in the animal world1 too1 we   
encounter it as an isolated phenomenon4 
,certain mares1 when rutting1 rub their 
hind quarters against some object in    
their stalls4 ,the contrectation-impulse

 may also manifest itself in isolation  
in woman4 ,it is then directed towards  
the male1 but is not in any way         
associated with the wish for a definite 
sexual act4 ,most commonly1 however1 in 
woman also the two components of the    
sexual impulse are united1 and from this
 union results the impulsion towards    
coitus4 ,but to this extent the         
conditions in woman are apt to differ   
from those in man1 inasmuch as1 in the  
former1 voluptuous sensations are more  
often in abeyance2 or in woman          
voluptuous pleasure may not arise during
 coitus1 but may be produced in some    
other way1 as1 for instance1 by a       
masturbatory act4  ,the sexual impulse1 
and indeed either of its components1 may
 be excited either by bodily or by      
mental stimuli2 but we must always bear 
in mind the fact that in normal adults1 
both male and female1 the two components
 are so intimately associated that they 
can as a rule be separated only by      
artificial analysis4 ,the nature and    

mode of operation of the stimuli need   
not be further discussed1 since enough  
has been said about the matter in our   
description of erection4 ,nor is it     
necessary in this place to deal with    
such differences as may exist between   
the psychosexual life of the child and  
that of the adult1 since this matter    
will be fully considered in the fourth  
chapter4 ,in this chapter my aim has    
merely been to give a general           
description of the sexual impulse4      
,here ,i need allude to one more point  
only1 a knowledge of which is           
indispensable for the understanding of  
the sexual life of the child1 namely1   
the connexion between the central       
processes and the peripheral voluptuous 
sensation4 ,let us ask1 in the first    
place1 by what means the voluptuous     
sensation1 the voluptuous acme1 and the 
sense of satisfaction1 are produced4    
,various factors are here operative4 ,a 
homosexual man1 in heterosexual coitus1 
by keeping present to his imagination   

the idea of coitus with a man1 may      
succeed in obtaining erection and       
ejaculation2 but he does not experience 
the voluptuous acme1 nor does he feel   
the sense of satisfaction4              
,notwithstanding the fact that the      
peripheral processes occur in normal    
fashion1 the sense of satisfaction      
remains in abeyance2 because the act is 
in his case inadequate1 the sexual act  
in which he is engaged lacks harmonious 
relationship to his sexual impulse4 ,but
 the same homosexual man1 embracing a   
man with whom he is in full sympathy1   
will experience alike the voluptuous    
acme and the sense of satisfaction4     
,mutatis mutandis1 the like is true of  
woman4 ,many cases which have been      
regarded as instances of sexual         
ansthesia would appear in quite another 
light if the woman concerned were to    
have intercourse with a sexually        
sympathetic man4 ,i have myself known   
cases in which women were able to       
experience the voluptuous acme in       

intercourse with men whom they earnestly
 loved1 whilst in intercourse with men  
to whom they were indifferent1 the      
voluptuous sensation and the sense of   
satisfaction were wanting1 even though  
in some of these cases the peripheral   
processes culminated in ejaculation4    
,such a physically complete sexual act1 
without voluptuous acme or sense of     
satisfaction1 may occur when the woman1 
having intercourse with a man whom she  
does not love1 pictures in imagination  
that she is having intercourse with her 
lover4 ,unquestionably1 the psychical   
processes are of the greatest importance
 in contributing to the occurrence of   
the voluptuous sensation and the sense  
of satisfaction4 ,on the other hand1 of 
course1 certain peripheral conditions   
must also be fulfilled if the voluptuous
 acme is to ensue4 ,among these         
conditions may be mentioned a certain   
anatomical state of the skin and the    
nerves concerned4 ,experience also shows
 that in the adult the voluptuous acme  

coincides with the act of ejaculation4  
,ejaculation is effected by the         
rhythmical contraction of certain       
definite muscles1 and ,otto ,adler      
believes that it is these contractions  
which are principally effective in      
producing the voluptuous acme1 and that 
actual ejaculation is not indispensable4
 ,he believes1 that is1 that the        
voluptuous acme may occur in the absence
 of any discharge of actual secretion4  
,in any case1 let us hold fast to the   
fact that in the adult1 for the         
occurrence of the voluptuous acme and of
 the sense of full satisfaction1 certain
 central processes are1 in general1     
indispensable4     ,,chapter ,,iii      
,,sexual ,,differentiation ,,in         
,,childhood   ,in the previous chapter1 
,i have described the differences       
between the reproductive organs of men  
and women1 and between those of adults  
and children1 respectively4 ,man and    
woman are1 however1 distinguished one   
from the other1 not only by differences 

in their reproductive organs1 but by    
other qualities as well1 some of these  
being bodily1 others mental4 ,such      
distinctive characters are spoken of as 
secondary sexual characters1 in         
contradistinction to the primary sexual 
characters1 the reproductive organs4    
,our terminology would1 perhaps1 be more
 exact if we were to regard the         
reproductive glands alone1 the testicles
 and the ovaries1 as primary sexual     
characters2 including the rest of the   
genital organs among the secondary      
sexual characters4 ,havelock ,ellis#aa  
distinguishes1 in addition to the       
primary and secondary sexual characters 
7as commonly defined71 tertiary sexual  
characters1 by which he denotes those   
differences between the sexes which do  
not attract our attention when we       
compare individual members of the two   
sexes1 but which become noticeable when 
we compare the average male with the    
average female type4 ,among such        
tertiary sexual characters may be       

mentioned the comparatively flatter     
skull1 the greater size and activity of 
the thyroid gland1 and the lesser       
corpuscular richness of the blood1 in   
women4 ,especially distinct are the     
secondary sexual characters in respect  
of general bodily structure4 ,the form  
of the skeleton is different in the two 
sexes4 ,thus1 in woman the pelvis is    
wider and shallower than in man4 ,in the
 hair also there are notable            
differences3 in woman the hair of the   
head tends to grow much longer1 and     
woman is much less liable than man to   
premature baldness2 the beard1 on the   
other hand1 is a masculine peculiarity4 
,in woman the breasts attain a much     
greater development4 ,the larynx is in  
man more prominent and longer2 in woman 
it is wider and shallower4 ,woman's skin
 is more delicate than man's4 ,and so   
on4  ,now what have we to say regarding 
these sexual differences in the case of 
children8 ,during the age which we have 
defined as the first period of          

childhood1 except in the matter of the  
genital organs1 we can detect hardly any
 important bodily characters            
distinguishing the sexes4 ,still1 even  
at this early age some differences have 
been recorded4 ,thus1 the average weight
 of new-born girls is less than that of 
new-born boys1 the figures given by     
,stratz#ab being1 for boys1 #cejj grams 
7#g4g lbs472 for girls1 #cbej grams     
7#g4ae lbs474 ,according to a very large
 number of measurements1 the mean length
 of the new-born girl is somewhat less  
than that of the new-born boy1 the      
difference amounting to nearly #a cm4   
7#b_/eths inch74 ,craniometric records1 
taken at the end of the first period of 
childhood1 exhibit differences between  
the sexes2 in general1 the measurements 
show that the girl's head is smaller    
than the boy's in respect both of length
 and breadth4 ,further1 dynamometric    
records1 taken from children six years  
of age1 have shown that the grasp in    
girls is less powerful than in boys4    

,but if we except such differences as   
these1 which relate rather to averages  
than to individuals1 and which1         
moreover1 are for the most part         
demonstrable only during the latter part
 of the first period of childhood1 we   
find that1 apart from the reproductive  
organs1 very little difference between  
the sexes can be detected during the    
first years of life4 ,many investigators
 have been unable to confirm the        
assertion that even in the first year of
 life the hips are more powerfully      
developed in girls than in boys4        
,fehling1#ac however1 declares that as  
early as the fifth month of             
intra-uterine life1 sexual differences  
manifest themselves in the formation of 
the pelvis4 ,however this may be1 it is 
beyond question that during the earlier 
years of the first period of childhood  
the differences between the sexes are   
comparatively trifling4 ,but towards the
 end of this period1 sexual             
differentiation becomes more marked4    

,according to ,stratz1 it is at this    
time that the characteristic form of the
 lower half of the body develops4 ,the  
thighs and the hips of the young girl   
exhibit a somewhat more marked deposit  
of fat than is seen in the boy of the   
same age4 ,to a lesser extent the same  
is true of the calves4 ,it is often     
assumed that even in very early         
childhood the sexes can be distinguished
 by the formation of the face4 ,the     
girl's face is said to be rounder and   
fuller than the boy's2 the expression of
 countenance in the former1 to be more  
bashful and modest4 ,stratz1 however1   
urges in opposition to this view1 with  
justice1 in my opinion1 that we have    
here to do only with the effects of     
individual educational influences1 or   
perhaps with individual variations1 from
 which no general conclusions can safely
 be drawn4  ,during the second period of
 childhood sexual differences become    
much more distinct4 ,before considering 
these differences1 ,i must say a few    

words regarding the growth of the child1
 since in this particular there exists a
 notable distinction between the sexes4 
,careful measurements have shown that   
during certain years of childhood growth
 occurs especially in height1 whereas in
 other years the main increase is in    
girth4 ,for this reason1 it is customary
 to follow ,bartels in his subdivision  
of each of the two periods of childhood 
into two subperiods4 ,the age from one  
to four years is the first period of    
growth in girth2 from the beginning of  
the fifth to the completion of the      
seventh year is the first period of     
growth in height2 from the beginning of 
the eighth to the completion of the     
tenth year is the second period of      
growth in girth2 and from the beginning 
of the eleventh to the completion of the
 fourteenth year is the second period of
 growth in height4 ,during these periods
 there are certain differences in       
respect of growth between boys and      
girls4 ,although in general the growth  

in height of the boy exceeds that of the
 girl1 there is a certain period during 
which the average height of girls is    
greater than that of boys4 ,from the    
beginning of the eleventh year onwards1 
the girl grows in height so much more   
rapidly than the boy1 that from this age
 until the beginning of the fifteenth   
year the average height of girls exceeds
 that of boys1 although at all other    
ages the reverse is the case4 ,in our   
consideration of the differences between
 the sexes1 these differences in respect
 of growth must not be overlooked4  ,in 
addition to these1 other important      
differences between the sexes manifest  
themselves during the second period of  
childhood4 ,in the first place1 it is an
 established fact that in the girl the  
secondary sexual characters make their  
appearance earlier than in the boy1 the 
boy remaining longer in the             
comparatively neutral condition of      
childhood4 ,we have seen that in the    
girl1 at the end of the first period of 

childhood1 the lower half of the body   
begins to resemble that of the woman in 
type4 ,during the second period of      
childhood1 this peculiarity becomes more
 marked2 the pelvis and the hips widen1 
the thighs and the buttocks become more 
and more rounded2 the enduring feminine 
characteristics in these respects are   
acquired4 ,more gradually1 the feminine 
development of the upper half of the    
body succeeds that of the lower2 the    
transition from the lower jaw to the    
neck become less abrupt1 and the face   
becomes fuller4 ,the sexual difference  
in the growth of the hair also manifests
 itself in childhood4 ,whether cut or   
uncut1 the girl's hair tends to grow    
longer than the boy's4 ,later1 the      
typical development of the breasts      
occurs4 ,as early as the beginning of   
the second period of childhood1 the     
surface of the areola mamm may become   
slightly raised2 but the typical deposit
 of fat1 leading to the hemispherical   
prominence of the breast1 does not begin

 until towards the close of the second  
period of childhood4 ,even later than   
this is the growth of the axillary and  
pubic hair4 ,various answers are given  
to the question as to the relation in   
time between the appearance of          
menstruation and the development of the 
sexual characters just described4       
,unquestionably there are great         
differences in this respect4 ,whereas   
,axel ,key declared that the secondary  
sexual characters appeared before the   
first menstruation1 according to ,c4 ,h4
 ,stratz this is true only of girls     
belonging to the lower classes2 whilst  
according to his own observations on    
girls belonging to the upper classes of 
society1 the first menstruation precedes
 the development of the breasts and the 
growth of the pubic and axillary hair4  
,concerning a number of sexual          
differences1 during childhood1 authors  
are not agreed4 ,as regards the type of 
breathing1 for instance1 in the adult   
man1 the abdominal type prevails2 that  

is1 the respiratory exchange of gases is
 effected chiefly by movements of the   
diaphragm and the abdominal muscles3    
whereas in the adult woman the          
respiration is costal1 the respiratory  
exchange being effected chiefly by      
movements of the thorax4 ,how unsettled 
our views are in respect of the types of
 respiration in children is well        
displayed by the collection of opinions 
given by ,havelock ,ellis4#ad ,according
 to ,boerhaave1 sexual differences in   
the type of respiration were manifest   
even in very small children2 but his    
observations have not been confirmed by 
others4 ,thus1 ,sibson states that the  
characteristic costal type of           
respiration begins in girls at the age  
of ten1 for which reason some observers 
have assumed that the wearing of the    
corset is the cause of its appearance2  
others1 however1 among whom ,hutchinson 
may be mentioned1 deny this alleged     
causal connexion1 stating that they have
 observed costal respiration in young   

girls who have never worn any           
constricting garments4 ,unquestionably1 
sexual differences in the type of       
respiration become apparent in the later
 years of childhood4  ,i have already   
pointed out that in girls the secondary 
sexual characters begin to make their   
appearance at an earlier age than in    
boys4 ,in the onset of sexual           
differentiation1 the boy thus plays a   
more passive part than the girl1        
inasmuch as he retains longer the       
childish type4 ,none the less1 in the   
boy also certain secondary sexual       
characters begin to develop             
comparatively early4 ,thus1 in the      
second period of childhood1 the boy's   
shoulders often become wider1 his       
muscles stronger1 than those of the     
girl4 ,since at the same period there   
occurs in girls the greater deposit of  
fat previously described1 marked        
differences result in the external      
contours of the respective bodies4 ,the 
boy's body is therefore much more       

angular and knobby1 far less softly     
rounded1 than that of the girl4 ,towards
 the end of the second period of        
childhood1 an additional sexual         
character makes its appearance in the   
male sex1 namely1 the voice breaks4 ,the
 chief remaining differences1 the growth
 of the beard and the pubic hair1 and   
the development of the                  
characteristically masculine larynx1    
usually manifest themselves after the   
close of the second period of           
childhood--that is to say1 during the   
period of youth4  ,as children become   
physically differentiated in respect of 
sex1 so also does a mental              
differentiation ensue4 ,authorities are 
not agreed as to whether mental sexual  
differentiation exists in the very      
earliest years of life4 ,many assume its
 existence1 and profess to have observed
 sexual differences even in the         
movements of quite small children4 ,on  
the other hand1 it is urged that the    
alleged differences are made up out of  

chance1 auto-suggestion on the part of  
the observer1 and the results of        
education4 ,there is1 however1 general  
agreement as to the fact that during the
 second period of childhood mental      
differences become apparent between the 
sexes4 ,such differences are observed in
 the matter of occupation1 of games1 of 
movements1 and numerous other details4  
,since man is to play the active part in
 life1 boys rejoice especially in rough 
outdoor games4 ,girls1 on the other     
hand1 prefer such games as correspond to
 their future occupations4 ,hence their 
inclination to mother smaller children1 
and to play with dolls4 ,watch how a    
little girl takes care of her doll1     
washes it1 dresses and undresses it4    
,when only six or seven years of age1   
she is often an excellent nurse4 ,as    
,padberg#ae pictures her1 she sits at   
the bedside of her sick brother or      
sister1 resembling as she does so an    
angel in human form4 ,her need to occupy
 herself in such activities is often so 

great1 that she pretends that her doll  
is ill4 ,chamisso1 in his poem ,das     
kleine ,mdchen und die ,puppe 7,the     
,little ,girl and her ,doll71 describes 
this relationship between the child and 
her doll1 one whose nature is fully     
understood only by a mother3--    ,wie  
,du mit den kleinen ,kindern1    ,will  
ich alles mit ihr tun1    ,und sie soll 
in ihrer ,wiege    ,neben meinem ,bette 
ruhn4    ,schlft sie1 werd' ich von ihr 
trumen1    ,schreit sie auf1 erwach' ich
 gleich1--    ,mein himmlisch gute      
,mutter1    ,o1 wie bin ich dock so     
reich6    ,all you do for your children1
    ,for my ,doll ,i do instead1    ,and
 in her little cradle    ,she lies      
beside my bed4    ,when she sleeps1 ,i  
dream about her1    ,when she cries1 ,i 
wake up too4    ,my own1 dear1 darling  
,mother1    ,i'm just as rich as you6   
,once ,i saw a little girl of seven     
running up and down the room1 carrying  
all kinds of things as fast as she could
 to her doll4 ,when ,i asked her what   

was the matter1 she told me that her    
doll had the measles1 and she was taking
 care of her4 ,in all kinds of ways1 we 
see the little girl occupying herself in
 the activities and inclinations of her 
future existence4 ,she practises        
housework2 she has a little kitchen1 in 
which she cooks for herself and her     
doll4 ,she is fond of needlework4 ,the  
care of her own person1 and more        
especially its adornment1 are not       
forgotten4 ,i remember seeing a girl of 
three who kept on interrupting her      
elders' conversation by crying out ,new 
clothes6 and would not keep quiet until 
these latter had been duly admired4 ,the
 love of self-adornment is almost       
peculiar to female children2 boys1 on   
the other hand1 prefer rough outdoor    
games1 in which their muscles are       
actively employed1 robber-games1        
soldier-games1 and the like4 ,and       
whereas1 in early childhood1 both sexes 
are fond of very noisy games1 the       
fondness for these disappears earlier in

 girls than in boys4  ,differences      
between the sexes have been established 
also by means of experimental           
psychology1 based upon the examination  
of a very large number of instances4    
,although it must be admitted that some 
of the acquirements of this school are  
still open to dispute1 the data of these
 collective investigations must not be  
ignored4 ,berthold ,hartmann has studied
 the childish circle of thought1 by     
means of a series of experiments which  
are commonly spoken of as the ,annaberg 
experiments4 ,schoolboys to the number  
of #ffj and schoolgirls to the number of
 #feb1 at ages between #e-c_/d and      
#f-c_/d years1 were subjected to        
examination4 ,it was very remarkable to 
see how in respect of certain ideas1    
such as those of the triangle1 cube1 and
 circle1 the girls greatly excelled the 
boys2 whereas in respect of animals1    
minerals and social ideas1 the boys were
 better informed than the girls4        
,characteristic of the differences      

between the sexes1 according to         
,meumann1#af from whom ,i take these    
details1 and some of those that follow1 
is the fact that the idea of marriage   
was known to only #gj boys1 as compared 
to #bbg girls2 whilst the idea of infant
 baptism was known to #ahj boys as      
compared to #bbj girls4 ,the idea of    
pleasure was also much better understood
 by girls than by boys4 ,examination of 
the memory has also established the     
existence of differences between the    
sexes in childhood4 ,in boys the memory 
for objects appears to be at first the  
best developed2 to this succeeds the    
memory for words with a visual content3 
in the case of girls1 the reverse of    
this was observed4 ,in respect of       
numerous details1 however1 the          
authorities conflict4 ,according to     
,lobsien1 boys have a better memory for 
numbers1 words1 and sounds4 ,the same   
investigator informs us that in girls   
the visual memory is distinctly better  
than it is in boys1 this indicating that

 girls' memory for objects is also      
better2 but ,netschajeff1 on the other  
hand1 maintains that boys have a better 
memory for objects perceptible by the   
senses4 ,it is interesting to note that 
certain variations have been shown to   
exist at different ages4 ,during the    
first years of school-life1 boys'       
memories are in general better than     
girls'1 this advantage persisting up to 
the age of ten2 from this time onwards  
until the end of the years spent in     
primary schools1 girls excel boys in the
 matter of memory1 but especially at    
ages of eleven1 twelve1 thirteen1 and   
fourteen4 ,later than this1 the boys    
become equal to the girls1 and still    
later surpass them4 ,very striking is   
the fact1 one upon which a very large   
number of investigators are agreed1 that
 girls have a superior knowledge of     
colours4 ,experimental investigations   
made by means of ,holmgren's test have  
shown that the superiority of girls in  
this respect is remarkable1 and these   

experiments are confirmed by other lines
 of study4  ,there are additional       
psychological data relating to the      
differences between the sexes in        
childhood4 ,i may recall ,stern's       
investigations concerning the psychology
 of evidence1 which showed that girls   
were much more inaccurate than boys4 ,i 
may also refer1 on the other hand1 in   
relation to sexual differentiation1 to  
the experiences obtained by ,hans ,gross
 by means of observations on practical  
life1 although his results are not      
entirely free from certain sources of   
fallacy1 and moreover have been disputed
 by other observers as not generally    
applicable4 ,hans ,gross1 however1 found
 a notable difference between boys and  
girls1 of which ,i shall later give a   
detailed description4 ,here1 ,i shall   
merely quote the comprehensive summary  
given in his ,criminal ,psychology3 ,my 
results show that the boy who has passed
 his first years of childhood is1 if    
well trained1 the best observer and     

witness that can possibly be found1     
because he watches with interest all    
that goes on around him1 stores it      
impartially in his memory1 and          
reproduces it faithfully2 whereas the   
girl of like age is often an            
untrustworthy1 and even a dangerous     
witness4 ,she is inevitably this when1  
after traversing the stages of talent1  
ardour1 reverie1 romanticism1 and       
enthusiasm1 she has passed into a       
condition of ,weltschmerz1 tinged with  
tedium vit4 ,this emotional mental      
atmosphere is entered at an earlier age 
than is commonly imagined2 and when such
 a girl's own personal interests are in 
any way affected by the occurrences     
under examination1 we are never secure  
from gross exaggeration and             
misstatement4 ,petty larceny becomes    
robbery with violence2 a trifling       
incivility1 a serious assault2 a        
harmless pleasantry1 an interesting     
proposal for elopement2 and the foolish 
prattle of children becomes a dangerous 

conspiracy4  ,i shall subsequently      
discuss in detail a psychical difference
 which is the most important of all     
those connected with the sexual life1   
namely1 the direction of the sexual     
impulse1 which attracts the man to the  
woman1 and the woman to the man4 ,we    
shall see to what a considerable degree 
this phenomenon manifests itself even in
 childhood4  ,it has been widely assumed
 that these psychical differences       
between the sexes result from education1
 and are not inborn4 ,to avoid          
misunderstanding1 we must1 in our       
consideration of this question of       
education1 distinguish between two      
distinct classes of phenomena1 those    
which are individual and those which    
have existed for a number of            
generations4 ,the sexually              
differentiated qualities in any         
individual may be regarded as inborn1   
and yet we may admit that the           
differentiation was originally the      
result of education1 if we suppose that 

in earlier generations in either sex    
certain qualities were developed1 and   
that gradually1 by monosexual           
inheritance1 the differences became     
confirmed1 until finally they became    
inborn4 ,others1 however1 assume that   
the psychical characteristics by which  
the sexes are differentiated result     
solely from individual differences in   
education4 ,stern believes that in the  
case of one differential character1 at  
least1 he can prove that for many       
centuries there has been no difference  
between the sexes in the matter of      
education2 this character is the        
capacity for drawing4 ,kerschensteiner  
has studied the development of this     
gift1 and considers that his results    
have established beyond dispute that    
girls are greatly inferior in this      
respect to boys of like age4 ,stern#ag  
points out that there can be no question
 here of cultivation leading to a sexual
 differentiation of faculty1 since there
 is no attempt at a general and         

systematic teaching of draughtsmanship  
to the members of one sex to the        
exclusion of members of the other4      
,without further discussing the         
question1 to what extent in earlier     
generations there has been any          
cultivation of psychical differences1 ,i
 believe that we are justified in       
asserting that at the present time the  
sexual differentiation manifested in    
respect of quite a number of psychical  
qualities is the result of direct       
inheritance4 ,it would be quite wrong to
 assume that all these differences arise
 in each individual in consequence of   
education4 ,it does1 indeed1 appear to  
me to be true that inherited tendencies 
may be increased or diminished by       
individual education2 and further1 that 
when the inherited tendency is not a    
very powerful one1 it may in this way   
even be suppressed4 ,observations on    
animals which exhibit sexual            
differentiation very early in life1 also
 support the notion of the inherited    

character of certain tendencies2 for    
instance1 the movements of male animals 
often differ from those of the females  
of the same species4  ,we must not      
forget the frequent intimate association
 between structure and function4 ,this  
well-proved connexion would lead us a   
priori1 from the more powerful muscular 
development of boys1 to infer the       
different inclinations of the two sexes4
 ,rough outdoor games and wrestling thus
 correspond to the physical constitution
 of the boy4 ,so1 also1 it is by no     
means improbable that the little girl1  
whose pelvis and hips have already begun
 to indicate by their development their 
adaptation for the supreme functions of 
the sexually mature woman1 should       
experience obscurely a certain impulsion
 towards her predestined maternal       
occupation1 and that her inclinations   
and amusements should in this way be    
determined4 ,many1 indeed1 and above all
 the extreme advocates of women's       
rights1 prefer to maintain that such    

sexually differentiated inclinations    
result solely from differences in       
individual education3 if the boy has no 
enduring taste for dolls and cooking1   
this is because his mother and others   
have told him1 perhaps with mockery1    
that such amusements are unsuited to a  
boy2 whilst in a similar way the girl is
 dissuaded from the rough sports of     
boyhood4 ,such an assumption is the     
expression of that general psychological
 and educational tendency1 which        
ascribes to the activity of the will an 
overwhelmingly powerful influence upon  
the development of the organs subserving
 the intellect1 and secondarily also    
upon that of the other organs of the    
body4 ,by the influence of the will1 it 
is supposed by this school1 certain     
association-tracts in the brain are     
developed2 or at least certain tracts   
hitherto functionally inactive are      
rendered functionally active4 ,we cannot
 dispute the fact that in such a way the
 activity of the will may1 within       

certain limits1 be effective1 especially
 in cases in which the inherited        
tendency thus counteracted is           
comparatively weak2 but only within     
certain limits4 ,thus we can understand 
how it is that in some cases1 by means  
of education1 a child is impressed with 
characteristics normally foreign to its 
sex2 qualities and tendencies are thus  
developed which ordinarily appear only  
in a child of the opposite sex4 ,but    
even though we must admit that the      
activity of the individual may operate  
in this way1 none the less are we       
compelled to assume that certain        
tendencies are inborn4 ,the failure of  
innumerable attempts to counteract such 
inborn tendencies by means of education 
throws a strong light upon the          
limitations of the activity of the      
individual will2 and the same must be   
said of a large number of other         
experiences4  ,it is1 moreover1         
established beyond dispute that in      
certain cases1 in consequence of an     

inborn predisposition1 contrary sexual  
inclinations make their appearance1 and 
that these represent a divergency from  
the proper sexual characters4 ,it is    
with these mental sexual differential   
characters just as it is with the       
physical secondary sexual characters1   
any of which may1 on occasion1 make     
their appearance in the wrong sex1 or   
may be wanting in the right one4 ,we    
know that there exist women with beards1
 masculine larynges1 and a masculine    
type of thorax2 and1 on the other hand1 
men with feminine mamm1 feminine        
larynges1 and a feminine type of pelvis4
 ,because we meet with such atypical    
instances1 we are not therefore         
justified in inferring that it is by a  
mere arbitrary sport of nature that in  
the woman a great mammary development is
 normally associated with the           
development of the ovaries1 and that in 
man the growth of the beard is          
associated with the development of the  
testicles4 ,but just as in these        

respects there are certain exceptions1  
whose origin we are not always in a     
position to explain1 so also are there  
exceptional sexual associations in      
respect of the secondary psychical      
sexual characters4 ,thus it comes to    
pass that many women exhibit masculine  
tendencies1 and many men exhibit        
feminine tendencies4 ,unquestionably1   
the fact that psychical qualities1 just 
as much as physical characters1 may     
occasionally make their appearance in   
the wrong sex1 does not invalidate the  
general truth of the statement that     
sexually differentiated psychical       
tendencies are inborn4  ,occasionally1  
indeed1 even in late childhood1 this    
psychical differentiation is still but  
little marked4 ,we must also bear in    
mind the fact that in many instances the
 bodily development of the girl--apart1 
of course1 from the actual reproductive 
organs--differs but little1 even during 
the second period of childhood1 from    
that of the boy2 and that in such cases 

the specific differentiation makes its  
first appearance later than is usual4   
,we find boys also who have entered upon
 the period of youth 7see p4 #a7 without
 exhibiting any trace of downy growth   
upon the upper lip or the chin2 in some1
 the first definite growth of hair on   
the face may not occur until several    
years later4 ,i remember also that ,i   
have seen boys in whom during the period
 of puberal development an enlargement  
of the mamm took place1 going so far    
that it was possible by pressure on the 
glands to expel fluid from the          
mammillary ducts2 at a more advanced    
age1 however1 this mammary growth was   
arrested1 and subsequently atrophy      
ensued4  ,but all these observations    
notwithstanding1 the fact remains well  
established that even in childhood      
notable sexual differences make their   
appearance4 ,other observations1 too1   
confirm this notion of sexual           
differentiation--for example1           
pathological experiences4  ,there are   

some diseases to which women are        
especially liable1 others which occur by
 preference in men4 ,to some extent1    
indeed1 this is explained by the special
 exposure of one sex or the other to    
certain noxious influences4 ,the        
neuroses that appear as the sequel of   
injuries are especially common in the   
male sex1 because the occupations of men
 expose them more than women to injuries
 of all kinds4 ,of such cases1 of       
course1 we do not speak here4 ,but there
 are some unquestionably hereditary     
morbid tendencies which manifest        
themselves by preference in one sex or  
the other1 and such sexual              
predisposition shows itself even in     
childhood4 ,i propose to give instances 
of this2 some quoted from ,mbius1#ah    
some from other authors1 and some taken 
from my own personal experience4        
,chlorosis is a disease of feminine     
youth1 but very often makes its         
appearance in childhood1 especially     
towards the end of the second period of 

childhood1 at this earlier age1 also1   
attacking girls in preference to boys4  
,hmophilia1 on the other hand1 and also 
certain hereditary forms of muscular    
atrophy1 occur chiefly in males1 and    
this in early childhood4 ,diabetes is   
principally a disease of adults1 but    
occasionally it is met with in children 
also2 among adults1 there is a          
considerable preponderance of males     
affected with this disease when diabetes
 occurs in childhood1 the disease also  
exhibits a preference for the male sex1 
although at this time the peculiar      
sex-incidence is less marked than in    
later life4 ,congenital defects of the  
heart are commoner in boys1 the         
proportion obtained from a very large   
number of cases of this kind being #fa4f
 boys3 #ch4d girls4 ,chorea 7,st4       
,vitus's dance7 affects girls more often
 than boys1 the ratio in this case being
 #b4e girls3 #a boy4 ,in the case of    
whooping cough1 we find that two girls  
suffer for every one boy4 ,as regards   

circumscribed facial atrophy1 which     
usually begins during childhood1 a      
preponderance of the disease in the     
female sex is also noticeable4 ,hysteria
 was formerly regarded as a typically   
feminine disease1 and although this view
 has now been shown to be erroneous1 the
 fact remains that girls and women are  
far more often affected than boys and   
men4 ,as regards hysteria in childhood1 
,bruns#ai states that the ratio of girls
 affected is to boys affected as #b3a4  
,it is interesting to note that in the  
earlier years of childhood1 prior1 that 
is to say1 to the age of nine years or  
thereabouts1 no marked difference exists
 in the sex incidence of hysteria1 the  
cases being distributed in the          
proportion1 #ee per cent4 girls1 #de per
 cent4 boys2 but after the age of nine1 
the proportion of girls affected with   
hysteria increases1 while that of boys  
diminishes4 ,eulenburg1#bj indeed1      
records #ag cases of hysteria1 affecting
 children at ages nine to fourteen      

years2 of these nine were boys1 and     
eight girls4 ,clopatt1 on the other     
hand1 collected from the literature of  
the subject #bgb cases of hysteria in   
young children1 #if being boys1 and #agf
 girls4 ,typhoid is commoner in males2  
and ,mbius lays stress on the fact1     
which he regards as especially striking1
 that the difference in the             
sex-incidence of this disease is        
manifest even in childhood4 ,as regards 
colour-blindness1 there is a notable    
preponderance among males1 and since we 
here have to do with a congenital       
affection1 this preponderance is as     
marked among children as among adults4  
,many defects of speech also exhibit a  
notable difference in their             
sex-incidence4 ,hermann ,gutzmann#ba has
 shown that in the case of stammerers we
 find #ga per cent4 boys and #bi per    
cent4 girls4 ,i take this opportunity of
 referring briefly to the fact that1 as 
,max ,marcuse#bb reports1 certain       
diseases of the skin exhibit sexual     

differentiation of type even during     
childhood4 ,the disseminated cutaneous  
gangrene of children is far more        
frequent in girls than it is in boys2   
,broker1 among twelve cases1 found ten  
girls4 ,alopecia areata1 on the other   
hand1 affects both sexes with equal     
frequency1 but affects them at different
 ages4 ,whereas during the first years  
of life girls are more frequently       
attacked2 when the age of twenty is     
passed1 the relation between the sexes  
in this respect are reversed4           
,criminological experiences appear also 
to confirm the notion of an inherited   
sexual differentiation1 in children as  
well as in adults4 ,according to various
 statistics1 embracing not only the     
period of childhood1 but including as   
well the period of youth1 we learn that 
girls constitute one-fifth only of the  
total number of youthful criminals4 ,a  
number of different explanations have   
been offered to account for this        
disproportion4 ,thus1 for instance1     

attention has been drawn to the fact    
that a girl's physical weakness renders 
her incapable of attempting violent     
assaults upon the person1 and this would
 suffice to explain why it is that girls
 so rarely commit such crimes4 ,in the  
case of offences for which bodily       
strength is less requisite1 such as     
fraud1 theft1 c41 the number of youthful
 female offenders is proportionately    
larger1 although here also they are less
 numerous than males of corresponding   
age charged with the like offences4 ,it 
has been asserted that in the law courts
 girls find more sympathy than boys1 and
 that for this reason the former receive
 milder sentences than the latter2 hence
 it results that in appearance merely   
the criminality of girls is less than   
that of boys4 ,others1 again1 refer the 
differences in respect of criminality   
between the youthful members of the two 
sexes to the influences of education and
 general environment4 ,morrison1#bc     
however1 maintains that all these       

influences combined are yet insufficient
 to account for the great disproportion 
between the sexes1 and insists that     
there exists in youth as well as in     
adult life a specific sexual            
differentiation1 based1 for the most    
part1 upon biological differences of a  
mental and physical character4 ,i have  
referred to these criminological data   
for the sake of completeness1 but ,i    
feel it necessary to add that their     
importance in relation to our subject of
 study is comparatively trifling1 since 
most of the cases in question are       
offences committed by persons who can no
 longer properly be regarded as         
children4  ,as we have seen1 during     
childhood1 and especially during the    
second period of childhood1 there exists
 a larger number of sexual differences  
both mental and physical4 ,some of these
 are obviously discernible when we      
compare isolated individuals2 others    
only become apparent when we institute a
 statistical comparison4 ,and when such 

differences appear in childhood1 we find
 that they are quantitatively less      
extensive than the sexual differences of
 adults4 ,for the sexual life is in the 
child less developed than it is in the  
adult4 ,we shall learn that in the      
matter of the sexual impulse1 the child 
exhibits an imperfect differentiation4  
,a similarly imperfect differentiation  
is found in childhood in respect of a   
number of other qualities4 ,thus1 there 
are many diseases which later in life   
manifest a sexual differentiation1 but  
in childhood are undifferentiated4 ,we  
observe a similar age-distinction in    
respect of suicide1 which occurs in     
,europe far more frequently in men than 
in women1 the ratio among suicides being
 three or four men to one woman4 ,among 
child-suicides there is far less        
disproportion between the sexes4        
,according to ,havelock ,ellis1 indeed1 
the suicidal tendency makes its         
appearance in girls at an earlier age   
than in boys4  ,such a marked           

differentiation as there is between the 
adult man and the adult woman certainly 
does not exist in childhood4 ,similarly 
in respect of many other qualities1     
alike bodily and mental1 in respect of  
many inclinations and numerous          
activities1 we find that in childhood   
sexual differentiation is less marked   
than it is in adult life4 ,none the     
less1 we have learned in this chapter1 a
 number of sexual differences can be    
shown to exist even in childhood2 and as
 regards many other differences1 though 
they are not yet apparent1 we are       
nevertheless compelled to assume that   
they already exist potentially in the   
organs of the child4     ,,chapter ,,iv 
,,symptomatology   ,the data recorded in
 the preceding chapter suffice to show  
that the activity of the sexual life    
begins in childhood1 for the secondary  
sexual characters and the other sexual  
peculiarities which manifest themselves 
thus early in life are dependent upon   
sex4 ,we shall now proceed to the       

systematic description of the direct    
manifestations of the sexual life1 and  
we can most usefully begin with the     
genital organs4  ,erections occur during
 childhood2 they have been observed even
 in infancy4 ,they sometimes result from
 external stimuli1 especially of a      
pathological nature1 such as a          
strictured prepuce1 or inflammatory     
states of the penis4 ,occasionally in   
the child1 as normally in the adult     
male1 distension of the bladder with    
urine leads to erection of the penis4   
,although in these cases the erection is
 not induced by sexual processes1 it is 
nevertheless not devoid of significance 
in relation to the sexual life4 ,the    
sensations in the genital organs to     
which the pathological stimuli give rise
 are further increased by the erection1 
and the child's attention is therefore  
increasingly drawn to his sexual organs4
 ,his attention may1 of course1 be      
directed to his genital organs by such  
stimuli as those we have described1 even

 though these latter do not lead to the 
occurrence of erection4 ,by such        
sensations1 the child is very readily   
induced to manipulate his genital       
organs4 ,just as the little child soon  
learns to scratch other itching regions 
of the skin1 so also he learns to       
scratch his genital organs when these   
are the seat of an itching eruption1 or 
when in any other way irritating        
sensations arise in this region4 ,pflger
 and ,preyer#bd have made investigations
 regarding the itching-reflex           
7,kitzelreflexe71 and although in many  
respects their results are divergent1   
yet one point is clearly established by 
both1 namely1 that within a few months  
after birth a distinct itching-reflex is
 in operation1 inasmuch as the child    
endeavours to scratch itching areas4    
,thus1 by itching of the genital organs1
 a child is readily led to practise     
masturbation2 and this is not           
necessarily effected by the hands1 but  
sometimes by the feet1 or by rubbing the

 thighs against one another1 this last  
being generally done when the child is  
in the sitting posture4 ,when erections 
occur in the child1 we cannot always    
trace them to external stimuli1 for in  
many cases they are due to stimuli of   
other kinds4 ,erection may1 in fact1    
result from internal stimuli1 connected 
with the development of the genital     
organs1 and more especially that of the 
testicles4 ,moreover1 such developmental
 stimuli may induce the child to        
manipulate the genital organs1 and thus 
give rise to masturbation1 without in   
the first instance causing erection4 ,it
 appears that such stimuli leading to   
the practice of masturbation occur1     
during the first years of childhood1    
chiefly1 if not exclusively1 in children
 with morbid hereditary predisposition4 
,such processes as these1 viz41         
inflammatory stimuli originating in the 
external genital organs1 or             
developmental stimuli proceeding from   
the testicles1 may lead to the practice 

of masturbation without having directly 
affected the child's consciousness4     
,just as in the pithed frog1 if we      
stimulate one foot with acetic acid1 the
 other foot scratches the irritated     
area1 so a child may1 with his hands or 
in some other way1 scratch itching      
regions of the body1 and1 above all1 of 
the external genital organs1 without its
 being necessary for us to assume that  
he is fully conscious of what he is     
doing4 ,further1 as we have already     
pointed out1 such masturbation may or   
may not be preceded by a reflex         
erection4 ,and just as the boy soon     
learns that itching is relieved by      
scratching1 so also he learns that by   
means of artificial stimulation he may  
induce sensations of a voluptuous       
character4 ,it is the same with the     
little girl1 in whom sensations occur in
 the genital organs1 due in some cases  
to developmental1 and in others to      
pathological stimuli 7skin eruptions are
 an instance of the latter kind71 and   

these lead to manipulations of the      
genital organs4  ,in contradistinction  
to the cases just described1 in which   
the child has learned spontaneously to  
practise artificial stimulation of his  
genital organs1 are the cases in which  
seduction by others is the cause of     
masturbation4 ,nurses sometimes touch1  
stroke1 and stimulate the external      
genital organs of the children entrusted
 to their care--boys and girls          
alike--either to keep them quiet1 or for
 the gratification of their own lustful 
feelings4 ,in this way the child1 who in
 the case of all agreeable sensations   
has a natural desire for their          
repetition1 is gradually led to imitate 
the manipulations which have given rise 
to the voluptuous sensations1 and is    
thus seduced to the practice of         
masturbation4  ,in the preceding        
passages ,i have spoken of all kinds of 
mechanical stimulation of the genital   
organs1 and also of erections#be        
occurring in small children4 ,i now pass

 on to consider ejaculation4 ,whereas   
during normal intercourse in the        
sexually mature man and woman a fluid   
secretion is expelled1 nothing of the   
kind is possible in children1 at least  
such is the general opinion4            
,frequently1 indeed1 as regards the male
 sex1 the end of childhood1 properly    
speaking1 is supposed to be indicated by
 the first ejaculation of semen4        
,matters are1 however1 by no means so   
simple as this4 ,we have seen that the  
testicular secretion1 the most important
 constituent of the semen1 consists1 as 
,frbringer#bf has pointed out1 almost   
entirely of spermatozoa4 ,but how is it 
in the case of children8 ,the           
spermatozoa may be first formed at very 
varying ages4 ,according to the         
investigations of ,mantegazza1#bg they  
rarely make their appearance earlier    
than the eighteenth year of life4       
,frbringer does not unconditionally     
accept this view2 but he has himself1 as
 he has personally informed me1 examined

 boys at ages of fifteen to sixteen in  
whom the ejaculation was entirely devoid
 of spermatozoa4 ,but1 on the other     
hand1 he has found spermatozoa in the   
semen of a boy aged only twelve or      
thirteen years4 ,i have myself examined 
the emissions of boys in a considerable 
number of cases1 and have repeatedly    
found that1 even in the case of boys of 
sixteen1 the ejaculated secretions      
contained no spermatozoa4 ,the reports  
of other investigators also show that as
 regards this point very wide individual
 variations occur4 ,hofmann#bh has      
contributed some data to this           
discussion4 ,a case published by ,klose1
 in which pregnancy is alleged to have  
resulted from intercourse with a boy    
aged nine years1 is1 indeed1 regarded by
 ,hofmann as probably apocryphal4 ,but  
he had personal knowledge of a case in  
which a woman was impregnated by a boy  
fourteen years of age4 ,he assumes that 
when a boy's general development is     
advanced 7masculine habit of body1 large

 penis1 c471 his reproductive capacity  
will also make its appearance at an     
earlier age4 ,but he has met with       
exceptions to this generalisation4      
,thus1 in the post-mortem examination of
 the body of a boy aged fourteen1 whose 
physique was still quite infantile1 he  
found well-developed spermatozoa both in
 the testicles and in the seminal       
vesicles4 ,in the case of two boys aged 
fifteen years1 in whom the genital      
organs were powerfully developed1 he    
found in one abundant spermatozoa1 but  
in the other none at all4 ,in two other 
boys1 also fifteen years of age1 in whom
 the pubic hair had not yet appeared1   
spermatozoa were present4 ,they were    
absent1 again1 in a young man of        
eighteen years4 ,similar variations were
 found by ,haberda4 ,thus1 for example1 
in two boys aged fifteen and seventeen  
years1 respectively1 he found no        
spermatozoa1 notwithstanding the fact   
that in both the pubic hair had grown4  
,on the other hand1 in a boy aged       

#ac-c_/d years1 with an abundance of    
pubic hair1 numerous well-developed     
spermatozoa were present4 ,haberda is of
 opinion that1 speaking generally1 the  
first formation of the spermatozoa is   
associated with the appearance of the   
other indications of puberty4 ,the      
earliest authenticated age at which     
spermotozoa have been known to appear is
 #ac-a_/b years2 they have been found at
 this age by two separate investigators1
 one in ,paris1 the other in ,berlin4   
,notwithstanding the fact that1 as we   
have seen1 such extensive variations    
occur1 we are justified in making the   
general statement that in the case of   
children in our own country no          
spermatozoa are developed2 if exceptions
 ever occur1 they can relate only to the
 last year or year and a half of the    
second period of childhood4  ,we must   
now proceed to ask whether it is        
possible for ejaculation to occur in    
children at a time of life when the     
formation of spermatozoa in the         

testicles has not yet begun2 this       
question must be answered with an       
unconditional affirmative4 ,we have seen
 that the secretions of several other   
glands intermingle with the secretion of
 the testicles4 ,these glands are the   
following3 the prostate gland1 the      
glands of the vesicul seminales and the 
vasa deferentia1 the glands of ,cowper1 
and the glands of ,littr4 ,it is certain
 that these glands begin to secrete at  
different times1 and1 above all1 that   
some of them begin to secrete before    
spermatozoa have appeared in the        
testicles4 ,hence it is rightly believed
 that the capacity for coitus 7potentia 
coeundi7 develops much earlier than the 
capacity for procreation 7potentia      
generandi7--a fact which was well known 
to ,zacchias4#bi ,quae enim hanc        
juventutem vel prcedunt tates1 vel      
sequuntur aut plane semen non effundunt 
aut certe infoecundum aut male foecundum
 effundunt4 ,strassmann#cj considers    
that in our climate the capacity for    

procreation begins at the earliest at   
the end of the fifteenth year1 and the  
capacity for coitus at the end of the   
thirteenth year4 ,in a number of cases  
in which in children ,i found stains on 
the underclothing1 or in some other way 
obtained specimens of the ejaculated    
fluid1 the results of the examination   
for spermatozoa were entirely negative4 
,in a case which came under my notice a 
long time ago1 that of a child seven    
years of age1 ,i had assumed that the   
fluid with which the underclothing was  
stained was produced by inflammatory    
irritation of the urethra consequent    
upon masturbation4 ,subsequent          
experience1 however1 in conjunction with
 the observations of other              
investigators1 has led me to the firm   
conviction that even in our climate we  
do not need to invoke the idea of such  
inflammatory irritation of the urethra  
in order to account for the ejaculation 
of fluid by children--at any rate when  
these are approaching the end of the    

second period of childhood4 ,in the case
 of twelve-year-old boys1 ,i believe    
that such ejaculations of fluid occur in
 quite a large number of cases4 ,one    
instance1 which did not come under my   
own observation1 but was communicated to
 me by one of our best-known            
educationalists1 relates to a boy only  
ten years of age4 ,this boy1            
endeavouring to climb over a fence1     
repeatedly slipped back2 while thus     
engaged1 he experienced his first       
seminal emission4 ,in this way he then  
masturbated several times4#ca  ,let us  
now consider whence the ejaculated fluid
 can be derived prior to the age at     
which it comes to contain spermatozoa4  
,in the first place1 it is possible that
 the testicles themselves1 before they  
begin to form the spermatozoa1 may yet  
furnish an indifferent secretion1       
although in the adult the secretion of  
the testicles consists chiefly of the   
spermatozoa4 ,we have also to consider  
the glands previously enumerated1 whose 

secretions normally form constituents of
 the semen4 ,we possess1 however1 hardly
 any trustworthy information regarding  
the time at which the glands of the vasa
 deferentia begin to secrete4 ,the      
glands of ,cowper1 as ,henle#cb showed  
many years ago1 begin to secrete within 
a few weeks after birth4 ,he believed   
that these glands secreted continuously1
 but that the secretion was retained for
 a time in the ducts1 and was discharged
 intermittently with the urine4 ,for    
this reason he believed that the glands 
of ,cowper did not form a part of the   
reproductive system4 ,subsequent        
investigations1 however1 have led us to 
believe that the secretion of ,cowper's 
glands is one of the constituents of the
 semen4 ,another constituent is the     
secretion of the glands of ,littr1 and  
these glands also perhaps begin to      
secrete at a much earlier age than the  
testicles4 ,we may regard it as certain 
that the seminal vesicles may contain   
secretion before any spermatozoa are    

formed in the testicles4 ,as regards the
 prostate gland1 it is supposed that    
this first begins to secrete at the     
commencement of the age of puberal      
development or even later4 ,according to
 the data collected by ,frisch1 the     
prostate gland1 comparatively small in  
childhood1 first begins to grow quickly 
at the epoch of the puberal development4
 ,during childhood1 the gland tissue is 
comparatively scanty1 although it       
already contains concretions4 ,only     
during the puberal development does the 
prostate gland attain its full size2    
according to the researches of          
,englisch1 who observed #abhb instances1
 this does not occur until after the    
full development of the testicles4      
,beyond question we are justified1 from 
the information at our disposal1 in     
concluding that the prostate gland      
begins to secrete comparatively late4   
,but1 on the other hand1 it is equally  
clear that certain glands whose         
secretion in the adult forms part of the

 semen1 begin to secrete long before any
 spermatozoa have been formed in the    
testicles1 and may in this way give rise
 to the formation of a semen incapable  
of fertilising the ovum4  ,in respect of
 the extrusion of the fluid1 we have to 
recognise two different ways in which   
this is effected3 first1 ejaculation1   
due to a rhythmical expulsive movement2 
and secondly1 the urethrorrhoea ex      
libidine met with in adults1 of which an
 account was given in the second chapter
 7p4 #bb74 ,in my own investigations on 
the subject1 ,i have been able to learn 
nothing regarding the occurrence in     
children of any urethrorrhoea ex        
libidine2 and my information relates    
only to the true ejaculation of a fluid1
 ,i have seen a few cases in which such 
ejaculation occurred in boys at the     
early age of twelve years1 although this
 is quite exceptional1 and1 as already  
mentioned1 in such cases the ejaculated 
fluid contains no spermatozoa4  ,in the 
case of women1 what has been said of the

 glands of ,cowper applies equally to   
the glands of ,bartholin1 the homologues
 of the former both as regards          
significance and development4 ,the      
glands of ,bartholin also begin to      
secrete in sexually immature girls1 and 
even in children4 ,it must be added that
 when ejaculation occurs in sexually    
immature girls1 the products of other   
glands are probably intermingled with   
the secretion of the glands of          
,bartholin 7mucous glands of the uterus1
 of the cervix uteri1 the vagina1 the   
vulva1 and perhaps also of the urethra74
  ,i have distinguished the simple      
outflow of secretion from its forcible  
expulsion--from true ejaculation4 ,this 
latter demands the rhythmical activity  
of certain muscles1 such as takes place 
during coitus4 ,the question arises1    
whether such muscular activity can occur
 before any fluid has been formed       
capable of being ejaculated4 ,when ,i   
compare what is published in the        
literature of the subject with what ,i  

have myself observed in this connexion1 
,i regard the following points as       
definitely established4 ,there are      
certain cases1 and these in young       
persons of both sexes1 in which typical 
rhythmical muscular contractions take   
place in the child1 although no         
ejaculated fluid is discoverable4 ,it   
remains doubtful1 however1 whether a    
small quantity of secretion1 overlooked 
by the observer1 and perhaps not even   
recognisable1 may not1 after all1 be    
ejaculated4 ,i consider it probable that
 this is so4 ,moreover1 we must not     
forget that the rhythmical muscular     
contractions1 which in the adult effect 
ejaculation1 are able to expel the fluid
 from the urethra only when this fluid  
is present in sufficient quantity4 ,when
 the quantity is minimal the fluid is   
retained for a time in that passage1    
owing to the frictional resistance of   
the urethra1 and is perhaps not expelled
 until the next act of micturition4     
,some may1 of course1 object to denote  

such a process by the word ejaculation2 
but ,i myself see no reason why the term
 should not be extended to include the  
rhythmical muscular contraction both in 
the child and the adult1 even in cases  
in which there is not sufficient fluid  
secretion in the urethra for this to be 
visibly extruded by these contractions4 
,what have we to say regarding the      
voluptuous sensation in children8 ,it is
 extremely difficult to form clear ideas
 about this matter1 for the sources of  
fallacy previously described 7p4 #e et  
seq47 are here markedly in operation2   
above all1 in the case of little        
children1 the voluptuous sensation1     
purely subjective in character1 is      
extraordinarily difficult to recognise  
objectively4 ,this much1 however1 may be
 said4 ,it appears to me to be beyond   
question that in childhood1 and even in 
very early childhood1 a sensation may   
sometimes be excited of the same kind as
 the voluptuous sensation of adult life4
 ,none the less1 we must be careful not 

to assume too readily1 in any particular
 case1 that such a sensation has        
actually been experienced4 ,certain     
oscillatory movements on the part of    
infants and other small children have   
frequently been regarded as an          
indication of the practice of           
masturbation1 and of the occurrence of  
voluptuous sensations2 but in my opinion
 that view is to a large extent         
erroneous4 ,such movements may be no    
more than the expression of a general   
sense of well-being1 without having     
anything whatever to do with the sexual 
life or with the specific voluptuous    
sensation4 ,doubtless the voluptuous    
sensation may be experienced by very    
small children1 and even by infants4    
,when we see a child lying with moist1  
widely-opened eyes1 and exhibiting all  
the other signs of sexual excitement1   
such as we are accustomed to observe in 
adults1 we are justified in assuming    
that the child is experiencing a        
voluptuous sensation4 ,but what is      

usually wanting in such cases1 at any   
rate in young children1 is the          
voluptuous acme which in adults occurs  
in association with the act of          
ejaculation4 ,cases have also been      
occasionally reported to me in which1   
even in infancy1 a voluptuous acme has  
occurred2 and still more frequently ,i  
have been told this in respect of       
somewhat older children1 for example1 at
 ages of seven or eight years4 ,i       
believe1 however1 that this voluptuous  
acme is1 at any rate in children1 much  
less common than the equable voluptuous 
sensation which can be aroused by all   
kinds of manipulations and stimulations 
of the peripheral genital organs1 and   
more especially of the glans1 the penis1
 the clitoris1 and the labia minora4    
,the older the child1 the more          
frequently is the voluptuous acme       
attained2 in our own climate1 during the
 last years of the second period of     
childhood1 this occurs comparatively    
often2 the voluptuous acme does not last

 so long as in sexually mature          
individuals1 but is in other respects   
described in identical terms4 ,it is    
experienced simultaneously with the     
occurrence of the rhythmical muscular   
contractions which have previously been 
described4 ,it is possible1 as ,i       
suggested before1 that in such cases the
 ejaculation of a certain quantity of   
glandular secretion always occurs1      
although1 as ,i have also explained1    
this secretion may sometimes be too     
small in quantity to be actually        
expelled from the urethra by the        
muscular extractions4 ,this point is1   
however1 still obscure4 ,but it may be  
regarded as definitely established that 
the equable voluptuous sensation1 and   
more particularly the voluptuous acme1  
may occur at an age at which1 at any    
rate1 secretion does not yet exist in   
sufficient quantity to be expelled from 
the urethra1 and the existence of such  
secretion is therefore not unequivocally
 manifested4 ,in exceptional1 and       

doubtless pathological instances1 and   
above all in cases in which1 owing to   
the practice of masturbation1 there has 
been excessive stimulation1 instead of  
the voluptuous acme1 a painful sensation
 may be experienced4 ,in general1       
however1 in children1 just as in adults1
 the voluptuous acme is associated with 
a sense of satisfaction1 and with the   
subsidence of the previously existing   
sexual excitement4 ,this much is beyond 
question1 that the voluptuous acme and  
the sense of satisfaction associated    
therewith make their appearance         
subsequent to the development of        
erection and the equable voluptuous     
sensation in the genital organs4        
,mutatis mutandis1 this is equally true 
of both sexes4  ,in other respects1     
however1 the voluptuous sensation and   
the voluptuous acme exhibit in the child
 an important difference from the same  
phenomena in the adult1 to which we     
shall have to return later4 ,to sum up1 
we may regard it as certain that        

erections often appear many years before
 the end of the second period of        
childhood2 not infrequently1 indeed1 in 
the beginning of the second period of   
childhood1 and even earlier4 ,these     
erections may very early in life be     
associated with an equable voluptuous   
sensation1 allied to the sensations of  
itching or tickling4#cc ,the voluptuous 
acme and ejaculation do not make their  
appearance until later4 ,these          
statements apply1 in the first place1 to
 boys4 ,the conditions in girls appear1 
however1 to be analogous4 ,but here we  
must be most cautious in drawing        
conclusions1 for the reason that the    
sexual life of the girl is still much   
more obscure to us than that of the boy2
 this difference in our knowledge of the
 sexes is no less marked in the case of 
children than it is in respect of the   
adult man and woman4  ,hitherto we have 
occupied ourselves with the description 
of the peripheral sexual organs1 and of 
the processes of detumescence4 ,we must 

now pass on to the second group of      
sexual phenomena1 the processes of      
contrectation4 ,even in childhood1 these
 processes play an important part2      
indeed1 they generally manifest         
themselves at an earlier age than the   
processes of detumescence4 ,but first1  
let me briefly summarise ,max ,dessoir's
 account of the stages of the sexual    
impulse--stages in which the            
contrectation impulse is alone          
concerned4 ,in its development1 three   
stages may be distinguished4 ,one of    
these is the neutral stage1 in earliest 
childhood1 in which1 speaking generally1
 the processes of contrectation are not 
yet to be observed1 and during which the
 child does not feel attracted towards  
anyone in such a manner as to make it   
necessary for us to assume the          
occurrence of any psychosexual process4 
,this stage is succeeded by the         
extremely important undifferentiated    
stage1 to which ,max ,dessoir#cd has    
drawn attention4 ,its principal         

characteristic is indicated in its name3
 the direction of the impulse is not yet
 completely differentiated4 ,it         
oscillates to and fro1 and depends upon 
the external objects which happen to be 
in the vicinity4 ,this undifferentiated 
stage is of profound importance2 and    
owing to the fact that its existence has
 been ignored in the study of sexual    
perversions1 great confusion has arisen4
 ,during the undifferentiated period1 it
 may happen that quite normal children  
exhibit homosexual excitement1 whose    
importance is apt to be greatly         
over-estimated by their relatives and   
others4 ,during the undifferentiated    
stage a boy may love one of his teachers
 or one of his friends1 and yet in later
 life be perfectly normal2 many a woman1
 again1 who loves her husband ardently  
has earlier1 during the undifferentiated
 period1 passionately loved a           
school-fellow or a governess4 ,on the   
other hand1 during the undifferentiated 
stage a boy may exhibit an inclination  

towards someone of the opposite sex1 the
 governess or the girl-friend of his    
sister1 for instance2 conversely1 the   
girl may be attracted by a boy or a     
young man4 ,this inclination1 whether   
homosexual or heterosexual1 often leads 
to bodily acts1 to contact with the     
beloved person1 embraces1 and kisses1   
without the necessary occurrence of any 
manifestations on the part of the       
external genital organs1 although such  
manifestations may at times ensue4 ,the 
undifferentiated stage is followed by   
the third stage1 in which the           
contrectation impulse becomes           
differentiated1 so that in normal       
individuals the sexual impulse becomes  
unmistakably heterosexual4 ,normally1   
this differentiated stage endures until 
the time of the final extinction of the 
sexual impulse4  ,i do not believe that 
an undifferentiated stage occurs in     
every one without exception4 ,on the    
other hand1 ,i have absolutely no doubt 
that it occurs very frequently          

indeed--far more frequently than is     
commonly believed--and that it occurs in
 persons whose subsequent sexual        
development is perfectly normal4        
,moreover1 during the undifferentiated  
stage1 in addition to heterosexual and  
homosexual inclinations1 perverse       
sentiments may make their appearance4   
,masochistic1 sadistic1 fetichistic     
excitations of all kinds are met with1  
and sexual inclination towards animals  
is by no means rare4 ,as regards the    
last named1 the inclination is directed 
especially towards the animals with     
which the child is most intimately      
associated1 as1 for instance1 a dog1 a  
cat1 a bird1 a horse1 and the like4     
,again1 during the period of            
undifferentiated sexual impulse all     
kinds of disordered ideas may become    
associated with that impulse2 for       
instance1 an impulse may arise to touch 
the saliva1 or some other excretory     
product1 of the beloved being1 human or 
animal1 as the case may be1 and even to 

take such a product into the mouth4     
,many persons completely forget all     
these manifestations of the             
undifferentiated sexual impulse which   
have formed part of their own early     
experiences4 ,the causes of such        
oblivion have been discussed in the     
first chapter 7p4 #e74  ,yet another    
reason may be mentioned for regarding a 
knowledge of the undifferentiated stage 
of the sexual impulse as of great       
importance4 ,in works on the pathology  
of the sexual impulse we are frequently 
assured that in this or that specific   
instance the perversion was inborn1     
because perverse sensations have existed
 since the days of childhood4 ,but the  
existence of the undifferentiated stage 
teaches us that we are not justified in 
inferring1 from the mere fact of the    
primary occurrence of a perverse mode of
 sexual sensibility1 that this          
perversion is congenital2 for the       
primary direction of the contrectation  
impulse during the undifferentiated     

stage often depends to a considerably   
greater extent upon chance than upon an 
inherited predisposition4  ,the         
undifferentiated stage begins at very   
various ages4 ,i have known instances in
 which it could be traced back to the   
fifth1 year of life4 ,i regard it as    
probable1 however1 that it may begin    
even earlier than this4 ,but more       
commonly it begins somewhat later2 not  
infrequently at the age of seven or     
eight1 and very often at the age of nine
 or ten years4 ,as previously mentioned1
 ,i do not maintain that an             
undifferentiated stage is of universal  
occurrence4 ,when such a stage is       
absent1 the symptoms of the             
differentiated sexual impulse often make
 their appearance at the age at which in
 other cases the undifferentiated stage 
of the impulse usually begins4 ,in the  
case of a large number of men1 inquiry  
will show that at the age of nine or ten
 they began to experience an inclination
 towards persons of the female sex2 in a

 good many this occurs even at the age  
of eight1 and in a few yet earlier2 as  
regards women1 mutatis mutandis1 the    
same conditions obtain4 ,in cases in    
which an undifferentiated stage is well 
marked1 its duration is likewise very   
variable4 ,in isolated instances it     
lasts until the age of twenty1 or even a
 few years longer4 ,ordinarily1 however1
 the differentiation of the impulse     
becomes manifest at an earlier          
age--between the ages of fifteen and    
seventeen years4 ,beyond question1 in   
the great majority of cases1 the        
perverse sentiments of childhood        
subsequently disappear spontaneously4   
,but when ,i come to discuss sexual     
perversions in detail1 ,i shall point   
out that this disappearance1 in certain 
circumstances1 fails to occur4  ,i take 
this opportunity of referring to a      
beautiful example of the                
undifferentiated sexual impulse which is
 found in ,wilhelm ,meisters            
,wanderjahren4 ,in the twelfth chapter  

of the second book1 ,wilhelm describes  
one of the earliest incidents of his    
youth3--,the elder of these boys1 a year
 or two my own senior1 the son of the   
fisherman1 seemed to take no pleasure in
 this sport with flowers4 ,this boy1 by 
whom at his first appearance ,i had been
 greatly attracted1 invited me to go    
with him to the river1 a fairly wide    
stream which flowed past at a little    
distance4 ,we sat side by side in a     
shady spot with our fishing-rods4444 ,as
 we sat there quietly1 leaning towards  
one another1 he seemed to grow rather   
weary of our inaction1 and he drew my   
attention to a flat stretch of gravel   
which extended from our feet beneath the
 surface of the water4 ,this would be a 
fine place to bathe4 ,at last1 jumping  
to his feet1 he cried out that the      
chance was too good to be missed1 and   
almost before ,i realised his intention1
 he had stripped1 and was in the water4 
,being a good swimmer1 he soon left the 
shallows1 swam across the stream1 and   

then back again into the deep water near
 the bank on which ,i was sitting4 ,my  
own mood was a strange one4             
,grasshoppers danced round about me1    
ants crawled to and fro1 many-coloured  
beetles hung from the twigs1 and        
brilliant dragon flies hovered in the   
air2 my companion caught sight of a     
great crayfish1 flashing merrily out    
from its hole beneath the roots         
overhanging the water1 and cleverly     
eluding an attempt to seize it by       
darting back into its lair4 ,the air was
 so warm and moist2 in the sunshine one 
longed for the shade1 and even in the   
coolness of the shade one longed for the
 still greater coolness of the water4   
,thus it was easy for him to entice me  
into the stream2 his invitation1 once or
 twice repeated1 proved irresistible1   
notwithstanding my fear of a scolding   
from my parents1 mingled with some dread
 of the unknown element4 ,soon ,i       
undressed upon the gravelly bank1 and   
ventured gently into the water1 not too 

far down the gradually shelving bank2   
here he let me wait awhile1 swimming out
 himself across the stream2 then he     
returned to my side1 and as he left the 
water1 standing upright1 to dry himself 
in the bright sunshine1 it seemed to me 
that my eyes must be dazzled by the     
power of the sun1 so blindingly         
beautiful was the human form--far more  
beautiful than ,i had ever before       
imagined4 ,he seemed to look at me with 
equal attention4 ,dressing quickly1 we  
stood beside each other with all        
barriers broken down1 our spirits were  
drawn closely together1 and with ardent 
kisses we swore eternal friendship4     
,groos rightly sees in this passage a   
delicate intimation of sexual           
sensibility4 ,a little later we read how
 ,wilhelm1 having made an appointment   
with this boy to meet him one evening in
 the forest1 encounters a young girl1 a 
little younger than himself4 ,spring    
flowers of all kinds were growing in the
 beautifully adorned fields1 among the  

grass1 and along the hedges4 ,my        
companion was beautiful1 blond1 gentle2 
we walked trustingly side by side1 each 
holding the other by the hand1 and      
seeming to wish for nothing better in   
the world4444 ,when1 after the lapse of 
so many years1 ,i look back upon my     
former state1 it seems to me to have    
been a truly enviable one4              
,unexpectedly1 in the same instant1 ,i  
experienced the sentiments of friendship
 and of love2 for as ,i unwillingly took
 leave of the beautiful child1 ,i was   
consoled by the thought of explaining   
these ideas to my young boy-friend1 by  
the prospect of confiding in him1 and of
 rejoicing in his participation in these
 newly discovered sentiments4  ,the     
following description of the period of  
the undifferentiated sexual impulse has 
been placed at my disposal3--  ,,case   
#a4--,x4 is now thirty-four years of    
age1 happily married1 with several      
healthy children4 ,he is himself a      
thoroughly healthy man1 with normal     

impulses1 and free from all bodily and  
mental abnormality4 ,his description of 
the period of the undifferentiated      
sexual impulse may best be given in his 
own words4 ,at the age of nine1 when ,i 
was still living in the country1 and was
 being educated by a private tutor1 a   
passionate affection for him took       
possession of me4 ,generally speaking1  
he was good-natured and indulgent1 but  
was at times strict1 ,i used my utmost  
endeavours to be near him as much as    
possible4 ,i was happy when he touched  
me4 ,gradually this inclination         
increased2 everything that he had       
touched1 everything that he had warmed  
with his body1 ,i also wished to touch4 
,if he had drunk from a glass1 ,i       
secretly drank from it myself1 so that  
my lips might touch the very spot where 
his had rested4 ,at the age of ten ,i   
began to attend the public school in the
 town1 ,i sat beside a fellow-pupil who1
 like myself1 came from the country4    
,soon ,i conceived a fondness for him4  

,he was not only my playmate1 ,i wished 
always that we should do our work       
together2 whenever he had any other     
companion than myself1 ,i was profoundly
 unhappy4 ,was this jealousy8 ,i believe
 it was4 ,when he left the school--it   
must have been about a year after ,i had
 entered--,i was at first very unhappy1 
but my fondness for him was soon        
replaced by a passion for his sister1 a 
girl about twelve years of age4 ,i had  
made her acquaintance through so often  
working with her brother1 and through   
visiting his parents' house4 ,she was a 
pretty girl4 ,at first1 after my friend 
had departed1 ,i went to the house      
occasionally1 in order to hear some news
 of him1 and of his doings in the school
 abroad to which he had been sent4 ,in  
the house that had been his home ,i had 
also an indefinite feeling that ,i was  
near him once again4 ,but gradually my  
liking for his sister grew1 and ,i was  
glad that her parents gave me renewed   
invitations to the house1 especially for

 the ,sundays4 ,to be with this girl1 to
 play with her1 were to me an enduring  
source of delight2 and ,i remember that 
at this time ,i even developed a taste  
for girlish amusements1 which had       
hitherto been very disagreeable to me1  
and for which later also my antipathy   
returned4 ,simultaneously with this     
fondness for the girl1 when ,i myself   
was about twelve years old ,i was       
attracted by one of the schoolmasters1 a
 man who ruled his classes very         
strictly4 ,my sentiments for this master
 were of exactly the same character as  
those with which my tutor had formerly  
inspired me1 but the conditions of our  
intercourse were different1 for ,i could
 see him only in school1 and on very    
rare occasions out of school hours1     
whereas in the case of my tutor1 who    
lived with us when ,i was at home1 ,i   
could be with him as much as ,i desired4
 ,this fondness for my schoolmaster     
persisted simultaneously with the       
passion for the girl4 ,when her brother 

came home for the holidays1 ,i saw him  
for a few days only1 for ,i also        
returned home for the holidays4         
,although ,i was by no means indifferent
 to him1 my former passionate affection 
for him had entirely disappeared4 ,my   
passion for his sister and for the      
schoolmaster lasted for a long time4 ,i 
also fell in love with a somewhat       
elderly female cousin who chanced to    
visit our house4 ,growing older1 ,i at  
length attained the age of puberty1 and 
experienced definite erections2 these   
occurred especially when ,i thought of  
my friend's sister2 or when she touched 
me1 as occasionally happened1 without1  
,i believe1 any sexual feeling on her   
part4 ,at this time also when erections 
had already begun1 ,i still felt        
definitely attracted by my schoolmaster1
 and under the influence of this        
attraction erections occasionally       
occurred4 ,somewhat later came the time 
when ,i began to masturbate4 ,i can no  
longer remember with certainty whether  

,i was seduced to this practice by any  
of my school-fellows4 ,we sometimes     
talked to one another about the matter4 
,i continued at times to be influenced  
by the inclinations previously          
mentioned1 viz41 that for my            
schoolmaster1 and that for my friend's  
sister4 ,i experienced also transient   
passion for one of my school-fellows1   
who was remarkable for his pleasing and 
delicately girlish exterior4 ,it was not
 until several years had elapsed1 and   
the occurrence of seminal emissions had 
shown that ,i had attained some degree  
of sexual maturity1 that all inclination
 towards the male sex disappeared1 and  
the inclination towards the female sex  
persisted in isolation4 ,when ,i left   
the town1 in order to attend a different
 school1 my fondness for my friend's    
sister passed away4 ,i was then sixteen 
years of age2 from this time onwards my 
sexual passion was exhibited exclusively
 towards members of the female sex4     
,,case #b4--,this case provides us with 

another description of the              
undifferentiated sexual impulse4 ,x4 is 
thirty years of age4 ,no morbid         
condition is demonstrable in him4 ,he   
remembers that the first sentiments     
which he regards as sexual were         
experienced by him in the country4 ,his 
home was in a town1 but during the      
holidays he was sent to board in the    
country1 in the house of a clergyman4   
,he played much in the open air1 and he 
still recalls quite distinctly the      
passion with which1 first of all1 he    
approached animals4 ,as if by an        
irresistible impulse ,i was attracted1  
now by a goat1 now by a dog1 sometimes  
even by a horse4 ,no excitement of the  
genital organs was noticeable at this   
time1 but ,i have no doubt whatever now 
that these inclinations were sexual in  
their nature4 ,not only did ,i touch the
 animals1 but ,i embraced them and      
kissed them4 ,the warmth and the odour  
proceeding from such an animal1 which is
 now as a rule distasteful to me1 was   

then a source of pleasure4 ,when ,i left
 the country1 ,i took these memories    
away with me1 but gradually they faded  
and became faint4 ,next a fondness for  
one of my school-fellows became most    
marked1 and this lasted for a long time4
 ,i know not how to describe the feeling
 ,i had for him otherwise than as an    
immeasurable1 passionate love4 ,i was   
unhappy when ,i sat above him in the    
class4 ,occasionally we sat side by     
side1 but not always1 since our places  
were determined by our performances in  
class4 ,if ,i was sitting next above    
him1 it was a joy to me to fail         
deliberately to answer a question1      
simply in order to enable him to take my
 place1 and thus to give him pleasure4  
,this relationship continued undisturbed
 for several years2 we rose together    
from class to class and remained        
friends4 ,not until the beginning of the
 true puberal development did this      
fondness begin to wane4 ,i began to     
learn dancing rather early1 and in the  

dancing-class was a girl by whom ,i was 
now greatly attracted4 ,she was of the  
same age as myself--fourteen years4 ,as 
far as ,i can remember1 my inclinations 
were now confined for a time to my boy  
companion and to this girl4 ,at first my
 affection for the boy was the greater1 
but gradually my affection for the girl1
 who was healthy and vivacious in       
appearance1 became stronger4 ,still1    
this passion was a fire of straw1 for   
though1 in the course of the next few   
years1 my fondness for the boy gradually
 declined1 whilst my affection for the  
girl grew stronger1 yet later this girl 
was expelled from my circle of interests
 by others1 my inclinations changing    
rapidly from one girl to another4       
,homosexual sentiments hardly existed   
any more4 ,very occasionally1 indeed1   
even up to my twentieth year1 a certain 
interest was aroused in me by any youth 
with a truly girlish1 milk-white        
countenance4 ,but subsequently this     
homosexual inclination disappeared      

entirely1 and my heterosexual           
development was completed1 so that ,i am
 now1 ,i believe1 in every respect a    
healthy male4  ,,case #c4--,next we have
 the case of a woman1 now married and   
twenty-six years of age1 in whom also   
the undifferentiated sexual impulse was 
clearly manifested4 ,from the age of    
eight to the age of fifteen years she   
attended a day-school for girls1 and    
subsequently1 after receiving private   
tuition for a time1 went to a           
boarding-school4 ,in my earlier years ,i
 can recall no feelings for my          
school-fellows beyond those of simple   
friendship4 ,we kissed one another1 but 
no more intimate contact took place4 ,in
 these kisses1 ,i was not aware of any  
sentiment exceeding pure friendship2 and
 to-day when ,i thoroughly understand   
the nature of the kiss of erotic love1  
,i do not believe that there was any    
erotic element intermingled with these  
first kisses4 ,such simple friendliness 
towards my fellow-schoolgirls persisted 

unaltered even after in my tenth year ,i
 first experienced a sentiment of       
enthusiastic devotion4 ,this latter was 
inspired by an actress1 a remarkably    
beautiful woman visiting our town--,i   
lived then in a town of medium          
size--whose pictures were displayed in  
all the shop windows4 ,although ,i      
realised later that her talents were by 
no means of a high order1 and           
notwithstanding the fact that ,i never  
saw her on the stage1 ,i conceived for  
her an enthusiastic admiration4 ,i tried
 from time to time1 when ,i could do so 
without being observed1 to catch a      
glimpse of her in the street2 almost the
 only possible opportunity was when she 
was on her way to rehearsals4 ,when the 
actress went away1 her place in my heart
 was occupied by a schoolmaster of      
typically masculine appearance1 with a  
full1 fair beard4 ,he gave us lessons in
 history1 literature1 and ,german4      
,nearly all the class were fascinated by
 him1 and ,i by no means less than the  

others4 ,this admiration lasted almost  
the whole of the remaining time during  
which ,i attended the school4 ,when ,i  
went to the boarding-school1 being now  
somewhat older1 and regarded as almost a
 young woman1 ,i was allowed to witness 
a representation of ,faust4 ,the part of
 ,gretchen was played by an actress who 
is still of note to-day1 and she made a 
most enduring impression on me4 ,to my  
great delight ,i was unexpectedly       
presented to her1 and she wrote a line  
or two in my album4 ,unfortunately1 the 
headmistress would not allow us to go   
often to the theatre1 a prohibition     
doubtless in part dependent on the high 
prices of the seats4 ,but ,i still      
remember quite distinctly how ,i        
trembled with joy whenever ,i was       
allowed to go4 ,i remember1 too1 that on
 one occasion1 in which it had been     
arranged that ,i was to go to see a play
 in which this actress did not appear1  
,i shammed illness in order to save up  
the price of the seat1 go that ,i might 

use it on another occasion1 on which ,i 
should be able to see her4 ,this        
particular enthusiasm lasted as long as 
,i remained at the boarding-school4     
,when later ,i grew old enough to marry1
 and when with the approval of my       
parents a gentleman who appeared to love
 me 7though1 in fact1 ,i think he was   
influenced rather by prudential motives7
 began to pay me his addresses1 my      
fondness for the actress soon began to  
fade away4 ,even at the present day1    
however1 ,i esteem this artiste very    
highly indeed1 and the impression which 
she made on my imagination will never be
 entirely expunged from my memory4 ,if  
,i were to see her to-day1 ,i should    
willingly kiss her hands1 in            
thankfulness for the happy hours she has
 given me2 but ,i do not believe that   
any erotic element now remains in my    
feeling for her4 ,i may add that ,i do  
not love my husband passionately1       
although ,i love him well enough4       
,physical contact with the actress of   

whom ,i have spoken would not be        
positively repulsive to me1 but such    
contact would1 as far as ,i am          
concerned1 be entirely devoid of sexual 
feeling1 and the idea of sexual contact 
with a person of my own sex is very     
unpleasant to me2 whereas in sexual     
intercourse with my husband ,i am       
perfectly normal4 ,this patient does not
 belong to the class of sexually        
ansthetic women2 she feels the impulse  
towards sexual intercourse1 and in      
intercourse she experiences normal      
enjoyment4  ,i shall now discuss some of
 the general phenomena of the           
contrectation impulse in the child4     
,sanford ,bell has published cases in   
which as early as the age of two years  
psychosexual phenomena have been        
observed4 ,but in many of ,bell's cases 
a sexual basis for the feelings of      
attraction does not appear to have been 
adequately proved to exist4             
,unquestionably1 however1 sexual        
phenomena are more frequently observed  

in proportion as the child's age        
increases4 ,although in the case of     
children it is very difficult for others
 to arrive at certainty regarding the   
sexual or non-sexual character of       
certain manifestations1 still1 in the   
eighth year of life1 the phenomena of   
the contrectation impulse become so     
frequent--,i am referring here to       
personal observations--that at this time
 of life these phenomena must be        
regarded1 not merely as not             
pathological1 but further1 as not even  
abnormal4 ,the older the child becomes1 
the more are the phenomena of the       
contrectation impulse complicated by    
those of detumescence4 ,the processes of
 contrectation1 however1 may continue to
 manifest themselves during the first   
years of the period of youth in complete
 isolation from any apparent changes in 
the genital organs4 ,the manifestations 
of what is known as calf-love commonly  
occur quite independently of any thought
 of sexual contact4  ,very various are  

the objects of this early attraction4   
,often a boy is attracted by a girl of  
about his own age2 often1 again1 by a   
girl considerably older than himself4   
,on the other hand1 as has been         
previously shown1 when the sexual       
attraction felt by the boy is exhibited 
towards one of his own sex1 it may      
sometimes happen that the object of     
attraction is a boy of his own age1     
sometimes a man considerably older than 
himself4 ,by no means rare are sexual   
inclinations on the part of boys towards
 their masters--in some cases a private 
tutor2 in others1 a schoolmaster4 ,with 
girls similar variations are observed4  
,a girl may love another girl of her own
 age1 and this is extremely common in   
the case of girls at boarding-schools4  
,but a boy1 a friend of her brother's1  
may be the object of a girl's affection4
 ,frequently1 again1 a girl may become  
attached to some one considerably older 
than herself1 commonly a master or a    
governess4 ,persons playing some        

conspicuous part in life very readily   
inspire love3 an artist1 for instance2  
or an actress1 about whom all the papers
 are writing1 and of whom everyone is   
talking4 ,in many cases1 the personal   
appearance plays a considerable part in 
originating the attraction4 ,at times1  
indeed1 affection is inspired by        
individuals devoid of all personal      
charm4 ,but1 speaking generally1 we     
shall find that to the child1 no less   
than to the adult1 in sexual            
relationships beauty is by no means     
indifferent4 ,a pretty girl is more     
attractive to a boy than an ugly one4 ,a
 handsome master will charm a girl much 
more than one who is ill-favoured or    
deformed4 ,other qualities besides      
beauty affect the issue4 ,effeminate    
boys or tomboyish girls are apt to be   
repulsive to other children2 they are   
exposed to mockery and teasing of all   
kinds1 and are very unlikely to give    
rise to erotic sentiments in their      
companions4 ,it is by no means rare for 

the inclinations of children to be      
directed towards their own parents4 ,in 
the case of many children who are fond  
of getting into mother's bed1 sexual    
sentiments lie at the root of the       
desire4 ,moreover1 it is occasionally   
asserted that sexual differentiation    
manifests itself in this connexion in   
very early childhood1 the little boy    
preferring to cuddle his mother2 the    
little girl1 on the other hand1 to be   
caressed by her father4 ,in the chapter 
on diagnosis1 ,i shall consider the     
distinction of such sexual inclinations 
from other sympathetic feelings         
manifested in childhood4 ,it is a       
remarkable fact that the first sexual   
inclinations are very rarely directed   
towards a child's own brother or sister4
 ,i have1 indeed1 been able to observe a
 considerable number of such exceptional
 instances1 both homosexual and         
heterosexual in character4 ,but1 ,i     
repeat1 such cases are comparatively    
rare4 ,we must not1 of course1 confuse  

with genuine sexual inclinations and    
acts1 cases in which from curiosity     
alone brothers and sisters indulge      
together in obscene conversation and    
even improper practices4                
,unquestionably1 the lack of sexual     
sympathy between brothers and sisters   
depends upon a deeply rooted            
psychological causation4 ,above all1 in 
this connexion1 we have to bear in mind 
the slight degree of influence each     
exercises on the senses of the other1   
precisely in consequence of the         
long-continued1 comparatively           
unrestrained intercourse between them4  
,further1 the conventional factors      
implanted in mankind from earliest      
childhood play their part4 ,many1       
perhaps1 will see an additional cause in
 teleological considerations1 aiming at 
the avoidance of in-and-in breeding4    
,many lovers incline to the romantic    
transfiguration of the object of their  
affection1 a process in which the       
imagination plays an important part2 but

 for this to be possible1 it is1 of     
course1 necessary that an age should    
have been attained at which the         
imagination is sufficiently active4 ,the
 age at which the child has learned to  
delight in fairy-tales is here of       
importance2 from the contents of such   
fairy-tales all kinds of ideas are      
transferred to the sexual sphere4       
,romantic embellishment plays a great   
part not merely in childhood1 but also  
later in life2 but in childhood1 this   
tendency often exists to an             
extraordinary degree4 ,the person whom a
 boy loves must be very highly placed2  
for example1 during the period of the   
undifferentiated sexual impulse1 he     
prefers a boy of the highest possible   
birth4 ,similarly1 a young girl who     
loves a boy will invest him in          
imagination with every possible         
attribute of distinction and high rank4 
,often the love is directed towards a   
person of no concrete existence1 or     
towards one who is unattainable4#ce ,we 

may sometimes be in doubt whether we    
have to do with sexual love1 or whether 
some other sentiment may not be in      
operation4 ,for example1 the devotion to
 some saint of either sex may overpower 
all other feelings4 ,where a child is   
enamoured of some definite individual1  
self-deception occurs just as it does in
 adults similarly situated4 ,the faults 
of the beloved one are imaginatively    
transmuted into virtues1 or any possible
 excuse is found for them4 ,is a boy    
attracted by a girl known to be         
habitually untruthful8 ,especially when 
himself unaware that his interest is    
sexual1 he looks out for every merit she
 may possibly possess1 in order that his
 fondness may be justified4 ,her        
untruthfulness is transfigured as       
caution and cleverness2 her vanity      
becomes neatness2 idleness is excused on
 the ground that she has to attend to   
more important duties2 and the boy      
regards his interest in the girl as     
exclusively friendly in character1 and  

as justified by her superlative         
excellences4 ,sometimes1 in children no 
less than in adults1 a sexual           
inclination masquerades as an           
educational interest4 ,thus1 under the  
influence of sexual attraction1 a girl  
becomes intimate with a boy endowed with
 various bad qualities and impulses1 and
 endeavours to utilise this intimacy for
 the boy's advantage1 in order that he  
may free himself of his faults as he    
grows to manhood4 ,such a girl may      
succeed in persuading herself that this 
motive is the exclusive cause of her    
interest in the boy4 ,a similar         
combination of educational and sexual   
motives is1 moreover1 often encountered 
in the case of homosexual sentiments4   
,the child's sexual inclination may     
manifest itself in many different ways4 
,it seeks every opportunity of seeing1  
of being in close proximity to1 of      
touching1 and of kissing the beloved    
person4 ,thus1 many a boy takes part in 
the common sports1 solely because the   

girl whom he loves is one of the        
players4 ,sanford ,bell mentions        
numerous games in which children find   
pleasure chiefly for the reason that    
kissing plays a principal part in them4 
,for kissing is one of the leading      
manifestations of sexual desire2 and    
another is the wish for close proximity 
to and for embracing the beloved person4
 ,a mother who kept a close watch on her
 eight-year-old daughter told me that   
when in play a boy of ten pressed close 
up against the girl2 they kissed one    
another somewhat passionately1 and the  
boy broke out in the nave utterance1    
,you don't know how fond ,i am of you2  
,i do love you so4 ,not infrequently1   
indeed1 children are really troublesome 
to adults in their desire for close     
physical contact4 ,i have known         
instances in which young women or girls 
have been intolerably annoyed by boys   
eight or nine years of age1 who have    
continually followed them about and     
pressed up against them2 this has gone  

on for a long time without those        
concerned recognising the sexual        
foundation of such conduct4 ,love on the
 part of children almost invariably     
gives rise to the desire for physical   
contact of some kind4 ,of course1 other 
manifestations also occur4 ,besides the 
contemplation of the beloved person1    
contemplation of his or her picture     
plays a notable part4 ,a sexual motive  
occasionally underlies the wrestling so 
common among boys--in such cases it is  
the manifestation of a desire for       
intimate physical contact with the      
beloved boy4 ,according to ,sanford     
,bell1 a boy and a girl may also wrestle
 with one another with the same end in  
view of attaining intimate contact2 and 
he states that children lift one another
 with the same object4 ,moreover1       
children are induced to wrestle by      
sexual motives of a somewhat different  
character2 the wish is operative to be  
overcome by1 or1 it may be1 to overcome1
 the beloved boy4 ,herein we see        

displayed very clearly those sexual     
feelings known to us in adults under the
 names of masochism and sadism2 the same
 feelings are occasionally observed also
 in childhood2 in some cases as         
manifestations of the undifferentiated  
sexual impulse1 in others as            
manifestations of developing sexual     
perversions4  ,the more intensely       
passionate the love of the child1 the   
more fantastical is its conduct4 ,the   
child sometimes endeavours to imitate   
the beloved person in every detail1     
often with the most ridiculous results4 
,a boy's mode of dress1 even1 may be    
influenced by his love for a girl1 and  
still more by his love for another boy4 
,the child tries also to imitate the    
movements of the beloved person1 and in 
walking to tread in the same footsteps4 
,the youthful knight seeks in every     
possible way to become pleasing to the  
girl of his choice1 and to exhibit to   
her every attention in his power4 ,he   
does all this1 not merely in imitation  

of the conduct of grown-up persons1 but 
for the gratification of his own        
impulses4 ,sometimes we are able to     
observe the changes of mood that occur  
in the child when the loved one is      
present or absent4 ,the boy bubbles over
 with joy when the girl he loves draws  
near2 sorrow and depression overwhelm   
him when the hour of parting is at hand4
 ,all kinds of fetichistic sentiments   
are also met with even in childhood4    
,every object belonging to the loved one
 is covered with passionate kisses2 and 
everything which has been touched by the
 beloved1 has been endowed for the      
child-lover with a quite exceptional    
value4 ,those lovely girls whom kindly  
or cruel ,nature has predestined to     
awaken desire and to call forth sighs at
 every footstep they take1 are often    
unaware that among the crowd of their   
admirers are numbered boys also1 who    
have hardly outgrown the age of         
childhood1 who kiss in secret every     
flower which their beloved has let fall1

 who are happy if they have been able to
 steal like thieves into the room in    
which the fair one has slept1 who kiss  
the carpet where her foot has pressed1  
to whom she is the most wonderful       
creature in the universe4 ,and when a   
young woman allows a boy to sit on the  
ground beside her1 resting his head on  
her knee1 when her fingers play lightly 
among his curls1 how rarely does she    
know that his heart is beating furiously
 under her caressing touch2 when he     
throws back his curly head1 and she sees
 that his face is reddened1 she does not
 know that this is not simply on account
 of the heat of the fire1 but that he is
 glowing from the effect of an internal 
fire whose nature is a mystery even to  
himself--the fire of ,love4#cf          
,children have also ample experience of 
jealousy4 ,a boy is tortured by its     
pangs when he sees his much-loved friend
 conversing with another4 ,a girl of ten
 may suffer from sleepless nights when  
the governess she loves has spoken      

affectionately to another girl4 ,a child
 may wait for hours before the door or  
in the neighbourhood of the beloved     
person1 simply to snatch a glance in    
passing4 ,speaking generally1 it appears
 to me that children are jealous of     
adults to a less extent than they are   
jealous of children of their own age4   
,very frequently even in childhood      
sexuality gives rise to enduring        
imaginative sexual activity4 ,there     
results that which ,hufeland in his     
,makrobiotik terms psychical onanism1   
viz41 the imaginative contemplation of a
 train of lascivious and voluptuous     
ideas4 ,in many instances there even    
results a poetical treatment of the     
sexual topic4  ,among children1         
love-letters also play their part4      
,sometimes1 indeed1 their contents is so
 harmless that the sexual motive remains
 unsuspected2 but in other cases1 the   
child's sentiments are clearly          
displayed1 even when the whole character
 of the letter is extremely nave4       

,sometimes the letter appears out of    
harmony with the child's conduct in     
other respects4 ,for example1 ,i have   
seen cases in which1 though in          
conversation children spoke to one      
another in an impassioned manner as     
darling and my dear love1 no such       
expressions were used by them in their  
letters4 ,verses are also composed by   
comparatively youthful lovers4 ,as we   
should expect1 such verses are commonly 
deficient in the matter of artistic     
technique4 ,a lady who1 when twelve     
years of age1 had been enamoured of her 
governess1 copied for me from her album 
the following verses3--     ,es gibt    
nichts schneres auf der ,welt1    ,als  
wenn einem ein ,wesen besonders gefllt2 
,und fhlt man sich gezogen hin    ,zu   
einer sssen ,lehrerin1    ,das ist ein  
,glck4    ,und liebt man sie so         
inniglich1    ,dann frchtet wohl gar    
sehr man sich    ,vorm ,abschiedtag444  
,of all things sweet beneath the sun1   
,the sweetest is to love but one2       

,and when the object of one's fondness  
,is one's darling governess1    ,supreme
 the joy4    ,and if one love her so    
intensely1    ,then1 of course1 one     
dreads immensely    ,the day of         
parting4444  ,in this style the poem    
continues for some time1 and            
occasionally we come to verses showing  
that jealousy was felt3--    ,o6 ,du    
,pauline sei kein ,dieb1    ,raub' mir  
nicht ,frulein ----'s ,lieb'4    ,die   
,eifersucht1 die qult mich sehr    ,und 
noch mit jedem ,tage mehr4    ,sie sucht
 mich heim selbst in der ,nacht4    ,o  
,liebe1 ,du hast dies vollbracht4       
,pauline1 you my anger move1            
,stealing my ,miss ----'s love4    ,from
 jealousy ,i've no release2    ,day by  
day my pangs increase2    ,i've jealous 
thoughts too in the night4    ,love1 ,i 
suffer from thy might4  ,many of the    
accompaniments of love may make their   
appearance the very first time the      
passion awakens1 such as the desire to  
please and to astonish the object of    

affection1 whether by mental or by      
bodily excellence1 ,a schoolmaster1 of  
whom a child is enamoured1 will         
frequently find that this child is more 
obedient and more diligent than all the 
others1 the child endeavouring in every 
possible way to inspire a reciprocal    
admiration4 ,i remember a girl who      
during her first years at school was    
extremely idle4 ,although by no means   
lacking in intelligence1 all the efforts
 spent on her failed to bring about a   
proper advance4 ,all at once she became 
most industrious2 no task was too hard  
for her1 and everyone wondered at the   
sudden change1 until after a time the   
enigma was explained4 ,the child1 having
 conceived a great fondness for her     
schoolmistress1 wished to please the    
latter by attention to her lessons4 ,in 
addition1 she was jealous2 afraid lest  
the mistress should prefer some other   
girl4 ,in many instances1 where a       
child's behaviour is puzzling1 such a   
solution of the riddle will become      

apparent when it is looked for4 ,boys1  
again1 endeavour by feats of strength to
 make the greatest possible impression  
upon the girls of their choice1 in      
gymnastic exercises1 for example1 in    
athletic sports1 and games4 ,coquetry   
also occasionally manifests itself very 
early in life4 ,girls try to please boys
 by their dress1 and in similar ways4   
,in boys also similar phenomena may     
often be observed4  ,vanity1 too1 plays 
an important part1 and this all the more
 because a child often wishes to appear 
older than his years1 and despises      
childish ways4 ,if a boy loves a girl   
several years older than himself1 his   
sensitive pride will suffer if1 as      
usually happens in such cases1 the girl 
treats him as a child4 ,goethe1 who at  
the age of ten was inspired by such a   
passion1 describes it in ,wahrheit und  
,dichtung4 ,young ,derones introduced me
 to his sister1 who was a few years     
older than myself1 a very agreeable     
girl1 well-grown1 regularly formed1 a   

brunette1 with black hair and eyes4 ,her
 whole expression was quiet1 and even   
sad4 ,i tried to please her in every    
possible way1 but could not succeed in  
attracting her attention4 ,young girls  
are apt to regard themselves as greatly 
in advance of boys a little younger than
 themselves1 and whilst they look up to 
young men1 they assume the manners of an
 aunt towards any boy who makes them the
 object of his first love4  ,the sense  
of shame makes its appearance in        
childhood4 ,havelock ,ellis and others  
indeed deny this1 pointing out how      
readily shyness is mistaken for the     
sense of shame4 ,the error is common    
enough1 but it certainly does not apply 
to all cases1 for even in childhood we  
often enough encounter distinct         
manifestations of the sexual sense of   
shame4 ,i shall not here discuss the    
question to what extent this sense is   
innate and to what extent acquired1     
since the matter will come up for       
consideration in later part of this     

book4 ,unquestionably1 during childhood1
 the sense of shame in respect of       
certain processes may be awakened by    
means of imitation and education4 ,thus 
we may observe that many children1 boys 
as well as girls1 are greatly           
distressed1 at any rate during the      
second period of childhood1 at having to
 undress in the presence of others1 and 
especially in the presence of persons of
 the opposite sex4 ,it is interesting to
 learn that many homosexuals declare    
that even during childhood they felt    
ashamed when they were compelled to     
undress before someone of their own sex1
 whereas in the presence of a person of 
the opposite sex they were comparatively
 unashamed4  ,sanford ,bell is of       
opinion that girl-children1 although in 
them as in boys the sense of shame      
awakens comparatively early1 are yet    
more aggressive than boys4 ,i have not  
myself been able to observe any such    
difference4 ,in the earlier years of    
childhood ,i have been unable to detect 

any notable difference in this respect  
between the sexes2 but during the latter
 part of the second period of childhood1
 boys are unquestionably more active4   
,in general1 the girl-child1 when in    
love1 displays far less coyness and     
reserve than the young woman4 ,in this  
respect the difference between children 
and adults is most marked4 ,a girl of   
eleven1 for example1 will not make any  
difficulties about the exchange of      
love-letters with the boy she loves1 or 
about appointments for secret meetings2 
whereas the young woman1 at any rate    
when well-behaved and well brought up1  
is cautious in such matters4 ,but none  
the less1 ,i cannot admit that girls are
 more free in their behaviour in these  
respects than boys4 ,we must not forget 
that many typical sexual differences do 
not develop until later in life2 for    
this reason1 if we observe in respect of
 the sense of shame that girls seem     
somewhat defective1 we must contrast    
their condition with that which will    

subsequently develop as age advances1   
and not expect to find prematurely in   
the girl a keener sense of shame than is
 exhibited by the boy4  ,sanford ,bell  
believes that at a certain period during
 childhood1 namely1 between eight and   
twelve years of age1 manifestations of  
love are less noticeable than either    
earlier or later4 ,he alleges as the    
reason of this that at this particular  
age the child tends to conceal its      
fondness from others1 and perhaps even  
from the person beloved2 hence it is    
difficult during these years to observe 
the phenomena4 ,according to this view1 
the difference is apparent merely1 and  
depends only upon greater secretiveness4
 ,it may1 indeed1 be regarded as proved 
that in the course of development1      
especially in the case of boys1 there   
are certain years during which children 
are less inclined to seek the company of
 those of the opposite sex than either  
before or afterwards4 ,this occurs      
especially during the period of         

hobbledehoyhood1 during which boys take 
pleasure above all in rough sports4 ,it 
has1 indeed1 been suggested that this   
phenomenon has a teleological           
significance1 that nature is here       
pursuing a quite definite aim1 to       
minimise by means of sexual antipathy   
the danger attendant on the awakening of
 the sexual impulse4 ,we must not1      
however1 over-value this self-help of   
the part of nature if it exists1 since1 
if boys and girls avoid one another1 the
 perverse activities of the             
undifferentiated sexual impulse may very
 readily appear in place of the         
suppressed heterosexual manifestations4 
,in the child1 the moods of the amatory 
sentiment are exceedingly variable4     
,to-day1 the love may be romantic in    
character2 to-morrow1 on the other hand1
 rather sensual4 ,to-day1 a girl is     
enamoured of some friend of her         
father's2 to-morrow1 she is in love with
 some little friend of her brother's1 or
 with one of her schoolmasters4 ,a      

little later1 a member of her own sex   
becomes the object of passion1 a        
girl-friend of her own1 or some actress 
of note4 ,in general1 especially1 too1  
when the stage of the undifferentiated  
impulse has not been well-marked1 we    
notice that as the years pass the       
inclination gradually comes to relate to
 older persons4 ,since the period of    
childhood embraces a comparatively small
 number of years1 it is naturally not   
easy to establish this point with       
mathematical precision2 but ,i have been
 led to form such an opinion by         
questioning a large number of persons of
 either sex4 ,in this respect we        
sometimes observe that which1 in the    
,satyricon of ,petronius1 ,quartilla    
said long ago1 when young ,giton is     
united to the seven-year-old ,pannychis4
 ,in free phraseology1 ,quartilla       
assures us that she has no remembrance  
of ever having been a virgin4 ,when ,i  
was a child1 ,i made use of children for
 this purpose2 as ,i became older1      

bigger boys served my turn2 and thus1   
from stage to stage1 ,i attained my     
present age4  ,thus we can explain how  
it sometimes happens that a fondness    
conceived in childhood may endure on    
into adult life1 and may even culminate 
in marriage4 ,in large towns1 indeed1   
such an occurrence is comparatively     
rare1 but in small towns and in the     
country1 quite a number of instances    
have been brought to my notice4 ,as     
children1 the two have grown up         
together4 ,their reciprocal fondness    
originated long prior to the formation  
of any conscious sexual sentiments2     
subsequently1 when such sentiments have 
arisen1 and the sexual impulse has      
awakened1 it is natural that sexual     
relations should often ensue4 ,since in 
the country 7in contrast with large     
towns1 in which prostitution is commonly
 rampant7 premarital sexual intercourse 
is comparatively frequent1 we can       
readily understand that such a          
relationship as has been described will 

often culminate in marriage1 for in the 
country marriage is far less often      
prevented by the occurrence of          
pre-marital intercourse than it is in   
large towns4  ,on the whole1 however1   
the amatory manifestations of childhood 
are of brief duration4 ,separation at   
first gives rise to spiritual pain1 but 
this is as a rule soon forgotten2       
similarly when the beloved one is       
snatched away by death1 the child's     
grief is not enduring4 ,commonly such   
painful emotions speedily pass away2 and
 whether the parting is due to death or 
to other causes1 a new passion is apt   
shortly to replace the old4 ,in         
exceptional cases1 however1 the death of
 the beloved one1 or separation         
otherwise effected1 may1 even in the    
child lead to suicide or to severe      
nervous disturbances4  ,hitherto ,i have
 spoken of the processes of detumescence
 and contrectation as isolated          
manifestations4 ,as regards the         
relationships between these respective  

processes1 there are various            
possibilities4 ,in the first place1 one 
may exist when the other is absent1 that
 is to say1 the phenomena of            
detumescence or the phenomena of        
contrectation may appear in isolation4  
,secondly1 the two processes may be in  
complete association each with the      
other4 ,a boy of thirteen years feels   
the impulse to draw near to a girl1 and 
to kiss her2 when this close contact    
takes place1 erection ensues4 ,of all   
the cases known to me1 the earliest age 
at which such a phenomenon occurred is  
given in a case published by ,fr4#cg    
,two cousins1 boy and girl1 were        
playmates from the time they were both  
about three years old4 ,they played at  
being man and wife2 and when they were  
not actually together1 the boy's        
imagination was occupied with the       
subject4 ,he thought continually about  
it1 and when he was in bed at night     
erection occurred1 accompanied by an    
agreeable sensation4 ,he went to sleep1 

and dreamed that other persons got into 
bed with him and touched him4 ,among    
these persons was the little girl1 his  
cousin4 ,such dreams recurred very      
frequently2 the girl1 moreover1 was     
constantly in his waking thoughts4 ,as  
he grew older1 his fondness persisted2  
but when at the age of seventeen he made
 up his mind to tell his cousin of his  
love for her1 she became engaged to     
someone else4 ,consequently he suffered 
from severe nervous shock4  ,in the     
third place1 the two processes1         
contrectation and detumescence1 may     
occur simultaneously1 without the       
detumescence being associated with the  
object of the contrectation impulse4    
,thus cases occur in which boys         
experience organic sensations in the    
genital organs leading them to          
masturbate1 and at the same time love   
someone2 and yet when in the company of1
 and even when embracing the beloved1   
such a boy will not experience any      
specific sensations in the genital      

organs1 nor will any impulse arise      
towards sexual contact with the beloved 
person4  ,when the two processes are    
associated in such a manner that        
proximity to the object of the          
contrectation impulse arouses the       
phenomena of detumescence1 sexual acts  
between the two persons are very likely 
to result--provided1 of course1 that the
 affection is reciprocal4 ,in this way  
many of the sexual acts effected between
 children originate2 and the same is    
true of those in which children at times
 very readily lend themselves to the    
gratification of the sexual passion of  
adults4 ,we learn from experience that  
in such cases attempts at actual        
intercourse may be made by children1    
usually accompanied by erection1 but in 
most cases without ejaculation4 ,i      
append a brief report of one case which 
came under my own observation4  ,,case  
#d4--,x41 twenty-one years of age1      
apparently sprung from a healthy family1
 and at least free from hereditary      

taint1 declares that his first          
experience of sexual sensations occurred
 at the early age of five or six years2 
at this age he became enamoured of a    
servant girl1 who caressed him very     
frequently1 and pressed her genital     
organs against his body4 ,later1 when   
eight or nine years old1 he fell in love
 with a girl of about the same age1 and 
made attempts at coitus4 ,he remembers  
quite distinctly that he then had       
erections1 and also a kind of voluptuous
 sensation1 but no ejaculation4 ,after  
continuing this practice for a          
considerable time1 he became aware1     
being very religiously brought up1 that 
he was behaving very wrongly4 ,he       
therefore gave up all attempts at sexual
 congress1 and lived quite chastely     
until he attained the age of nineteen4  
,throughout this time he neither        
masturbated1 nor endeavoured to effect  
coitus1 nor practised any kind of sexual
 act4 ,at the age of nineteen1 however1 
the sexual impulse becoming very        

powerful1 he began to masturbate1 and   
has continued to do so up to the present
 time--- once1 twice1 thrice1 or even   
four times weekly4 ,once he did not     
masturbate for as long as three months1 
but this was the only prolonged         
continent interval4 ,he experiences a   
normal impulse towards members of the   
other sex4 ,prostitutes are repulsive to
 him2 he is attracted chiefly by girls  
of exceptional intelligence4 ,he feels  
quite certain that to kiss and embrace  
such a girl would be very pleasurable to
 him1 although he is not aware of any   
definite impulse towards coitus4        
,masturbation has always been practised 
by him as a purely physical act1        
unaccompanied1 that is to say1 by any   
imaginative ideas4  ,in most cases1 the 
complete association of the processes of
 detumescence and contrectation1 such as
 occurs in the impulse towards coitus1  
first takes place at a somewhat later   
age4 ,this is so even when the sensory  
element1 which constitutes a part also  

of the contrectation impulse1 has been  
already clearly manifested4 ,the        
contrectation impulse does not consist  
solely in this1 that the boy experiences
 a purely spiritual love for the girl2  
it may rather happen that certain       
definite sexual bodily peculiarities in 
a woman attract him4 ,when such a boy   
one day unexpectedly sees a girl's      
breasts1 this may exercise on him a     
powerful stimulus4 ,similarly1 ,i have  
known instances in which1 in the absence
 of any evidence of definite seduction1 
a woman's genital organs have excited a 
very young boy1 without arousing any    
idea in his mind of contact between his 
own genitals and those of the woman4    
,conversely1 on many girls1 masculine   
attributes1 and especially the male     
genital organs1 sometimes exert a       
stimulating influence4 ,but in these    
cases also1 the complete fusion of the  
processes of detumescence and           
contrectation occurs very gradually4    
,sometimes the boy himself is greatly   

astonished to discover that close       
contact with a person whom he loves     
leads to erection and even ejaculation4 
,at the outset the impulse is much less 
definite than it is in adults4 ,it is by
 gradual stages only that the sense of  
indefinite longing develops into the    
impulse towards sexual union in coitus2 
at first the imagination contemplates   
pictures of a quite indefinite          
character4  ,although1 as we have seen1 
the processes both of detumescence and  
of contrectation may manifest themselves
 primarily in childhood as associated   
conscious sensations1 by far the most   
common event is for the processes of    
contrectation to appear separately1     
before those of detumescence4 ,from an  
inquiry relating to eighty-six          
heterosexual men1 who to the best of my 
belief were sexually normal1 ,i         
ascertained that in more than #ge per   
cent41 the feelings of contrectation    
appeared first1 and not until after this
 had happened was the boy's             

consciousness attracted by sensations in
 the genital organs4 ,this appears      
rather remarkable1 inasmuch as we must  
assume that in the phylogeny of our     
species the processes of detumescence   
appeared earlier4 ,originally1 in the   
earlier ancestral types1 reproduction   
was effected by fission or gemmation    
7simple division or budding71 without   
any necessity for conjugation with      
another individual of the species2 and  
reproduction by gemmation corresponds to
 the processes of detumescence1 to the  
ejaculation of the spermatozoa by the   
male4 ,but although in most individuals 
the processes of detumescence make their
 appearance in consciousness only in a  
secondary manner1 it does not follow    
that in the actual course of development
 they are also secondary4 ,they do not1 
indeed1 enter so early the sphere of    
conscious impulses1 but there is a      
considerable amount of evidence to show 
that important processes are going on in
 the external genital organs long before

 consciousness is directly affected by  
these processes--consider1 for example1 
the consequences of early castration4   
,,case #e4--,this is a typical example  
of the primary awakening of the         
contrectation impulse1 and the secondary
 superposition of the phenomena of      
detumescence4 ,the patient is a man     
thirty-two years of age1 somewhat       
neurasthenic1 but1 as far as ,i could   
ascertain1 free from any other morbid   
manifestations4 ,at the age of seven ,i 
went to school2 at first to a private   
school1 in which little boys and girls  
were co-educated4 ,in our playtime also 
the sexes were not separated2 the girls 
came as friends to my house1 and ,i     
visited them at theirs4 ,soon ,i became 
especially intimate with one of the     
girls2 we did our lessons together4     
,thus it went on until ,i was nine years
 old1 when ,i went to a school for boys 
only4 ,my friendship with the girl at   
the other school persisted1 however2 we 
met from time to time1 and all the more 

readily because a friendship had sprung 
up between our respective parents2 they 
used to make holiday journeys together1 
and we children went with them4 ,from   
the time when we were first at school   
together1 this girl had always been more
 dear to me than the others1 ,i do not  
know what it was in her by which ,i was 
particularly charmed4 ,was it that her  
general appearance seemed sympathetic to
 me2 was it her abundant fair hair1 her 
clear blue eyes1 or her frank and       
natural manner8 ,i do not know4 ,but ,i 
remember quite distinctly that this same
 girl was a favourite with the other    
boys also1 that they preferred to play  
with her1 to have her as their          
companion4 ,but it was to me that the   
girl1 and perhaps her parents also1 gave
 the preference4 ,there was never any   
impropriety in our mutual relations2    
indeed1 it is probable that ,i loved her
 too much for anything of the kind to be
 possible4 ,every night1 before ,i went 
to sleep1 ,i prayed to ,god to watch    

over this girl4 ,as ,i have said before1
 my fondness was reciprocated2 we often 
spoke to one another about our love1 and
 of our dreams of the happy days to     
come1 when we should be grown up1 and   
should become man and wife4 ,this was   
quite a settled matter2 we had arranged 
every detail1 how the wedding should be 
conducted1 and whom we should invite to 
the ceremony4 ,with this girl ,i shared 
all my possessions1 although before ,i  
knew her ,i had been considered         
close-fisted4 ,i was often angry when in
 games with the other girls she failed  
to win4 ,in a word ,i can truthfully    
declare that ,i have hardly ever since  
loved so fondly and so sincerely as ,i  
did then4 ,when ,i went to the boys'    
school1 it was no longer possible for us
 to be together as much as before4 ,thus
 it came to pass1 that the less we saw  
of one another1 the less were my        
thoughts occupied with this girl4 ,but  
,i cannot remember that my fondness for 
her was ever replaced by a similar      

passion for a boy2 nor1 speaking        
generally1 can ,i recall having ever at 
any time had any kind of sexual         
inclination towards one of my own sex4  
,i would not venture absolutely to deny 
that this ever occurred2 but1 bearing in
 mind what ,i have learned from you on  
several occasions1 ,i have carefully    
taxed my memory1 and can only repeat    
what ,i told you at first1 that ,i      
remember nothing of the kind4 ,somewhat 
later1 in my dreams1 boys occasionally  
played a part1 but ,i cannot recall that
 these dreams about boys had any sexual 
complexion4 ,they were vague images of  
boys sympathetic to me1 but these dreams
 were not accompanied by any excitement 
of the genital organs1 or by any other  
sexual manifestation4 ,when ,i was      
thirteen years of age1 my parents and   
those of my girl-friend had taken us to 
spend the summer at a seaside resort4   
,the girl and ,i played together on the 
seashore1 and occasionally1 though we   
were now somewhat old for such an       

amusement1 we dug sand-castles4 ,as     
small children we had from time to time 
embraced one another1 but a kiss had    
been the most intimate contact we had   
experienced4 ,one day we were playing on
 the shore--,i remember it very         
distinctly--and were rolling about      
together in the sand2 thus occupied we  
came into close physical contact1 and   
thereupon ,i had an erection4 ,i        
remember too that the sensation of this 
was very agreeable4 ,i cannot describe  
this agreeable feeling with precision1  
but there was no sense of sexual        
gratification1 nor definite voluptuous  
sensation4 ,from this time forward ,i   
always had the desire for close bodily  
contact with the girl4 ,moreover she was
 continually in my thoughts1 and this to
 a much greater extent than formerly4   
,it was my desire to gain a harmless    
pleasure by being always with her2 it   
was impossible for me to imagine that we
 should ever be separated4 ,i had       
naturally heard a great deal about      

marriage4 ,with these and with similar  
thoughts ,i was occupied1 but ,i cannot 
recall my thoughts in a more detailed   
manner4 ,but to this day ,i remember    
very clearly my desire that the girl and
 ,i should never be separated from one  
another4 ,we returned home1 and in the  
ensuing winter1 as in previous winters1 
we met at intervals4 ,naturally1        
physical contact was now much more      
difficult4 ,one night ,i had a dream    
with seminal emission4 ,then1 as for a  
long time before1 ,i had been thinking a
 great deal about the girl2 ,i dreamed  
of one of the scenes on the seashore    
which ,i have just described2 it was in 
this dream that ,i had my first seminal 
emission4 ,my fondness for the girl     
persisted4 ,only when she left the      
day-school in the town1 and was sent    
away to a boarding-school1 did my       
passion gradually abate4 ,at first when 
she went away1 ,i felt very unhappy and 
very lonely4 ,my parents forced me to go
 out for walks with other boys and to   

play with them2 ,i did so only with the 
greatest reluctance4 ,later1 the girl   
did not disappear completely from my    
circle of acquaintances1 but ,i lost all
 interest in her4 ,from school ,i went  
to the university1 having just before   
begun to masturbate4 ,from the time ,i  
went to the university until the present
 day ,i have occasionally had           
intercourse with women1 and my sexual   
development has been perfectly normal4  
,in so far as in what has gone before ,i
 have described the individual          
processes1 there appear to be no        
important differences between the boy   
and the girl1 over and above those      
dependent upon the different structure  
of the genital organs in the respective 
sexes4 ,but one notable difference must 
now be indicated4 ,just as in adult life
 in the female sex sexual ansthesia is  
very frequently observed1 so that in    
coitus the specific voluptuous sensation
 is wanting1 and indeed often enough the
 impulse to coitus itself is actually in

 abeyance 7whereas in men the sexual    
impulse and sexual pleasure are very    
rarely absent71 so also in the case of  
children a similar difference between   
the sexes is conspicuous4 ,in female    
children the peripheral processes of the
 sexual impulse are1 comparatively      
speaking1 far less active than in the   
case of males4 ,thus it happens that1   
although in the girl the phenomena of   
the contrectation impulses are hardly1  
if at all1 less conspicuous than they   
are in the boy1 and appear at as early  
an age in the former as they do in the  
latter1 yet in respect of detumescence  
there is an important distinction       
between girls and boys4 ,a girl who has 
fallen in love with a boy will be       
greatly interested in all his doings1   
and will gladly embrace and even kiss   
him2 but she will be far less disposed  
to proceed to actions in which the      
genital organs play a part than would a 
boy with a like affection for a girl4   
,the same rule holds good when1 in the  

undifferentiated stage of the sexual    
impulse1 homosexual sentiments and      
practices ensue4 ,in such cases1 when   
girls are concerned1 caresses of all    
kinds will follow1 but the genital      
organs will in all probability not be   
involved2 whereas in the case of an     
analogous fondness between two boys1    
manipulation of the genital organs is   
very likely to occur4 ,homosexual       
intimacies between girls are far more   
often platonic than similar intimacies  
between boys4   ,i have had occasion    
several times to allude to the practice 
of masturbation#ch by children1 and will
 now proceed to give a more detailed    
description4 ,i have previously alluded 
to masturbation as a manifestation of   
the detumescence impulse4 ,much more    
frequently1 however1 it occurs in those 
in whom the phenomena of the            
contrectation impulse have also been    
previously manifested4 ,sometimes it is 
a purely organic act1 the individual    
masturbating in the entire absence of   

any imaginative sexual ideas2 but at    
other times the imagination plays a     
notable part in the process1 alike in   
children and in adults4 ,when an        
imaginative idea is concerned in the    
process of masturbation1 it is the idea 
of the object of the contrectation      
impulse2 that is to say1 the boy when   
masturbating thinks now of a girl1 now1 
again 7and this especially during the   
undifferentiated stage of the sexual    
impulse71 of a boy1 or in many cases of 
an adult2 in the cases of girls who     
masturbate similar relationships obtain1
 ,just as during youth masturbation is  
more commonly practised in association  
with than without imaginative sexual    
ideas1 so also is it in the case of     
children2 and even though imaginative   
activity may often be in abeyance when  
the masturbatory act is begun1 during   
the progress of the act the imagination 
usually comes into operation4 ,none the 
less1 masturbation of a purely          
mechanical kind1 in which the           

imagination plays no part1 is           
comparatively more common during        
childhood than it is during youth4 ,the 
peripheral processes of the detumescence
 impulse and the central processes of   
the contrectation impulse are not at    
this early age so intimately associated 
as they are later in life4 ,even when   
the contrectation impulse is already    
awakened1 as usually happens before the 
detumescence impulse becomes active1    
when the detumescence impulse finally   
manifests itself1 its gratification by  
means of masturbation without any       
imaginative activity is comparatively   
common in children4 ,in such cases      
artificial stimulation of the genital   
organs is effected quite independently  
of the longing for intimate physical    
contact with and the embraces of another
 individual4  ,in an earlier chapter    
7pp4 #ca1 #cb7 ,i have explained that in
 the adult the voluptuous sensation is  
closely associated with the psychosexual
 perceptions1 associated1 that is to    

say1 with the mode of the contrectation 
impulse2 ,i stated that as a rule the   
voluptuous sensation was experienced to 
the full in those cases only in which   
the sexual act was one adequate to the  
contrectation impulse of the person     
concerned4 ,but when the association    
between the processes of detumescence   
and those of contrectation has not yet  
occurred1 the voluptuous sensation is   
independent of the contrectation        
impulse4 ,this explains the fact that in
 the child both the peripheral          
voluptuous sensation1 and also the      
voluptuous acme and the sense of        
satisfaction1 are more frequently       
independent of the processes of         
contrectation than is the case in the   
adult ,gradually the two groups of      
processes become associated with one    
another2 and1 as we have learned1 this  
association frequently occurs even in   
childhood4 ,in the latter case1 the     
voluptuous acme and the subjective sense
 of satisfaction ensue only when the    

sexual act or the sexual idea is        
adequate4 ,but we must always remember  
that in the child more often than in the
 adult the voluptuous acme and the sense
 of satisfaction occur independently of 
the processes of contrectation4  ,an    
ejaculation of fluid secretions does not
 invariably occur when masturbation is  
practised4 ,whereas in the adult        
masturbation ordinarily culminates in   
ejaculation1 in the child this is not   
usually the case2 at any rate1 as       
regards many children the occurrence of 
ejaculation is not demonstrable4 ,i     
refer in this connexion to what ,i have 
already stated on page #ed et seq4 ,it  
is self-evident from what has been      
previously said that during the second  
period of childhood masturbation is more
 likely than during the first period to 
culminate in ejaculation4  ,the methods 
by which the artificial stimulation of  
the genital organs is effected are      
extremely variable4 ,the commonest way  
to masturbate is with the hands1 but    

this is by no means the invariable      
practice4 ,all kinds of little artifices
 are employed1 partly to render it      
possible to masturbate unobserved in the
 presence of others1 and partly in order
 to increase the intensity of the       
stimulus4 ,boys sometimes manipulate    
their genital organs through their      
trouser pockets2 some even make a hole  
in the pocket to enable them to         
masturbate more effectually4 ,in other  
cases1 children1 especially girls1 lean 
against some article of furniture--a    
chair or a table--apparently in a       
harmless manner1 but really in such a   
way that pressure is exercised upon the 
genital organs1 which are stimulated by 
pressure or friction4 ,in some1 strong  
mechanical stimulation is required2 in  
others1 weaker stimuli suffice1 because 
the way has previously been sufficiently
 prepared by psychical processes4 ,in   
female children frequently1 but less    
often in males1 masturbation is effected
 by rubbing the crossed thighs one      

against the other4 ,we learn from many  
girls that they tie a knot in the       
nightgown or chemise1 and masturbate by 
rubbing this against the genital organs4
 ,i must allude also to horseback       
riding1 working the treadle of a sewing 
machine1 cycling1 the vibration of a    
carriage or railway train in motion2 we 
must1 however1 be careful not to attach 
undue importance to these factors of    
masturbation1 for in such cases much    
depends upon the individuality1 and much
 also upon the external mechanical      
conditions--- as1 for instance1 on the  
construction of the saddle used in      
cycling and the like4 ,in the case of   
the male genital organs1 the glans penis
 is the most sensitive portion1 and     
mechanical stimulation of this structure
 in especial is likely to induce the    
practice of masturbation2 in the case of
 the female genital organs1 on the other
 hand1 it is the clitoris which is most 
sensitive1 and of which1 therefore1 we  
have especially to think in this        

connexion4 ,but there is a tendency to  
overestimate the proportion of cases in 
which stimulation of the glans penis1 in
 the male1 or the clitoris1 in the      
female1 is the exciting cause of        
masturbation4 ,in a very large number of
 cases of masturbation1 it is not the   
glans1 but some other portion of the    
penis1 which is the focus of            
stimulation4 ,in girls1 also1 in        
numerous instances1 masturbation is     
effected by stimulation of the labia    
minora1 and ,i am inclined to believe   
that the importance of the labia minora 
is in this respect not inferior to that 
of the clitoris4 ,in solitude1 and above
 all in bed1 masturbation can naturally 
be effected much more readily4 ,some    
little girls grasp a pillow between     
their legs in such a way as to give rise
 to a masturbatory stimulus4 ,others    
introduce cylindrical objects into the  
vagina1 a practice much commoner among  
fully-grown girls than among children4  
,still1 physicians are sometimes called 

on to remove such articles from the     
vagin of quite little girls4 ,but it is 
an error to suppose that the hymen is   
frequently ruptured by practices of this
 kind2 the rupture of the hymen is far  
too painful for it to be likely to be   
effected during masturbation4  ,erogenic
 zones1 that is to say1 areas of the    
surface of the body whose stimulation   
gives rise1 directly or indirectly1 to  
voluptuous sensations1 are met with     
often in early childhood4 ,first of all 
we have those parts of the genital      
organs mentioned in the last paragraph2 
secondly1 other regions of the body4    
,thus1 in some individuals1 stimulation 
of the anal and gluteal regions gives   
rise to voluptuous sensations4 ,freud#ci
 maintains that voluntary retention of  
the fces is utilised for this purpose1  
but this appears to me very doubtful4   
,in many children1 however1 gentle      
scratching of the anal region or the    
buttocks1 and also more powerful        
stimulation of the gluteal region1 such 

as occurs in flagellation1 are          
associated with sexual excitement4 ,some
 children1 with this end in view1       
stimulate the anal region with the      
finger or with some instrument4 ,other  
erogenic zones are also at times found  
in children1 but not often2 whereas in  
adults such erogenic zones are numerous1
 but differ greatly in different        
individuals4 ,in this connexion1 ,i need
 merely allude to the production of     
voluptuous sensations by tickling the   
nape of the neck4  ,attempts have often 
been made to determine the comparative  
frequency of masturbation in the two    
sexes4 ,on one point at least all       
writers are agreed1 viz41 that of boys  
an overwhelming majority masturbate     
occasionally4 ,the only point in dispute
 is whether there are any exceptions4   
,for my own part1 ,i am confident that  
exceptions exist4 ,i have received      
direct information on the point from    
leading men of science1 and from others 
whose absolute veracity ,i have never   

had any reason to doubt4 ,healthy men1  
endowed with a normal sexual impulse1   
are occasionally to be found who have   
never masturbated at all4 ,i go further1
 and believe that such persons are by no
 means so rare as many authorities      
maintain4 ,nevertheless1 as regards the 
male sex1 differences of opinion are1   
after all1 not very extensive1 since it 
is only in relation to a minority that  
these differences exist4 ,but when we   
pass to the question of the extent of   
masturbation among girls1 the           
differences become more acute4 ,on this 
point also ,i have endeavoured to obtain
 exact information by means of numerous 
inquiries1 with the following results4  
,among girls1 masturbation is less      
general than it is among boys4 ,among   
those who have never masturbated during 
girlhood1 we find women who as adults   
have powerful sexual impulse4 ,on the   
other hand1 many girls who masturbate do
 so very often4 ,i believe1 indeed1 that
 cases in which masturbation is         

performed twice or thrice in brief      
succession are relatively commoner among
 girls than they are among boys4 ,as    
regards this point my own experience    
harmonises with that of ,guttceit4#dj   
,on the other hand1 ,guttceit's         
assumption that almost all girls who    
attain the age of eighteen or twenty    
years without any opportunity for sexual
 intercourse practise masturbation      
conflicts with my own experience4 ,i am 
acquainted with a number of women of a  
fairly ardent temperament who do not    
masturbate1 although they have no       
opportunity for sexual intercourse4     
,moreover1 this view is confirmed by the
 common experience regarding the        
relative sexual ansthesia of women2 it  
is an admitted fact that complete       
sexuality is in women far less readily  
awakened than it is in men4  ,i must    
take this opportunity of referring at   
some length to a matter which1 though   
somewhat obscure1 is none the less      
profoundly interesting4 ,in many        

instances sexual excitement occurs in   
children as the result of a feeling of  
anxiety2 in boys such anxiety may lead  
to ejaculation1 with or without         
erection1 and with more or less         
voluptuous sensation4 ,a schoolboy      
informed me that he had had a seminal   
emission with a slight sense of         
voluptuous pleasure when in class he was
 in difficulties with a passage of      
unseen translation1 and he was afraid he
 would be unable to finish the passage  
before the end of the lesson4 ,another  
reported to me a precisely similar      
experience2 he was overcome with anxiety
 during a written examination1 and had a
 seminal emission4 ,a third had an      
ejaculation when1 being detected in some
 offence against school discipline1 he  
was sent for by the headmaster1 and was 
afraid he would be expelled4 ,quite a   
number of similar cases have been       
reported to me of sexual excitement     
occurring in childhood as a sequel to   
anxiety4 ,i have recorded the facts1 and

 do not propose to discuss exhaustively 
the theoretical aspect of the matter4   
,perhaps the phenomenon is allied to    
masochism1 since anxiety is to a certain
 extent painful4 ,we may also1 in this  
connexion1 think of the seminal         
emissions sometimes observed in cases of
 suicidal hanging4 ,freud's theory may  
also be mentioned1 that the             
anxiety-neurosis is referable to certain
 sexual processes2 but we must not      
forget that ,freud makes a similar      
assumption in the case of other neuroses
 as well4 ,stekel1#da one of ,freud's   
pupils1 in an elaborate monograph1 also 
lays stress on the sexual factor of the 
anxiety-neurosis4 ,in my own view1      
however1 ,freud's generalisation is too 
comprehensive2 inasmuch as he symbolises
 all things in accordance with his own  
peculiar preconceptions1 the concept    
sexual receives1 in his hands1 an undue 
extension4 ,but ,i do not deny the      
occasional association of sexual        
excitement with a sense of anxiety4     

,certain boys would appear to have a    
peculiar predisposition to the          
occurrence of such processes2 at any    
rate1 several persons have told me that 
during childhood they had frequently had
 ejaculations as a result of feelings of
 anxiety4 ,as a rule1 however1 each of  
these persons has had such an experience
 either once only1 or but very few      
times4 ,two identical instances have    
been reported to me as occurring in     
girls--ejaculation with an indefinite   
voluptuous sensation as a sequel of     
anxiety4 ,these girls were from thirteen
 to fourteen years of age4 ,in one of   
the two1 the phenomenon recurred several
 times2 and even at the present day1    
when she is a fully-grown woman1 she    
occasionally experiences ejaculation in 
connexion with a feeling of anxiety4    
,,case #f4--;,a student1 twenty years of
 age1 described his experiences to me in
 the following terms3--,as regards his  
sexual development1 he remembers that he
 was sixteen years of age when he first 

experienced sexual sensations4 ,before  
this time he had been told by other boys
 about sexual intercourse1 masturbation1
 and many other things4 ,he had1        
however1 never masturbated1 though he   
had once or twice attempted to do so4   
,one day1 when he was in the ,upper     
,second ,class1 a mathematical problem  
was given out1 and as he found a        
difficulty in solving it1 he became     
anxious1 all the more because his       
chances of promotion to a higher class  
were largely dependent on his success4  
,when he had barely finished half the   
necessary calculations1 the master      
announced that there were only ten      
minutes left1 at the end of which time  
the exercise books would be collected4  
,thereupon his anxiety became extreme1  
and simultaneously he experienced his   
first seminal emission4 ,he is unable to
 give a more detailed description of    
what occurred1 and does not remember    
having had an erection2 but1 as he      
expresses it1 the sensation was         

extremely pleasant4 ,subsequently1 when 
in the ,first ,class1 the same          
experience recurred several times1 that 
is to say1 he had a seminal emission as 
a result of a similar feeling of        
anxiety4 ,in other respects his sexual  
development was normal4 ,seminal dreams 
were accompanied by the idea of contact 
with a woman4 ,on one occasion1 however1
 he had a seminal emission during the   
night in association with a feeling of  
anxiety4 ,he dreamed that he was being  
pursued by a mad dog1 when suddenly he  
became1 as it were1 paralysed and unable
 to run a single step further4 ,the     
consequent acute anxiety culminated in  
emission4   ,during sleep1 sexually     
mature men and many sexually mature     
women have from time to time involuntary
 sexual orgasms2#db these occur chiefly 
in persons without opportunities for    
sexual intercourse1 who do not practise 
masturbation4 ,in such involuntary      
orgasms the male ejaculates semen1 the  
female indifferent glandular secretions4

 ,as a rule1 the ejaculation is         
accompanied not merely by a voluptuous  
sensation1 but also by a psychical      
process corresponding with the mode of  
sexual sensibility of the person        
concerned4 ,a normal man during the     
orgasm dreams that he is embracing a    
woman2 a normal woman that she is       
embracing a man2 a homosexual man dreams
 of the embraces of another man4 ,the   
dream-ejaculation is distinguished from 
the waking act of intercourse to this   
extent1 that in the former the          
ejaculation usually takes place during  
the preparatory stages to the act of    
intercourse--during kissing1 physical   
contact1 or the embrace--so that the    
dream stops short of complete sexual    
intercourse4 ,but in other respects the 
dream ordinarily corresponds to the     
psychical processes of the waking state4
 ,the same correspondence exists as     
regards sexual dreams that do not       
culminate in ejaculation4 ,children also
 experience sexual dreams either with or

 without orgasm4 ,in those who have     
never masturbated in the waking state1 a
 sexual dream is commonly the cause of  
the first experience of ejaculation2 and
 this occurs more often than is         
generally believed4 ,more especially in 
the female sex ,i have come across many 
cases in which the orgasm made a primary
 appearance during sleep4 ,in both sexes
 alike it is usual for psychosexual     
phenomena to manifest themselves before 
the erotic dream makes its appearance2 a
 boy1 for instance1 will during his     
waking life have felt an attraction     
towards members of the other sex before 
he has begun to dream of embracing a    
girl4 ,we must not1 however1 forget     
that1 apart from those cases in which a 
dream beyond question first unveils to  
consciousness the psychosexual life1    
dreams are forgotten very rapidly       
indeed1 especially when the memory is   
not stimulated by so vivid an occurrence
 as the sexual orgasm4 ,hence1 even     
though it is true that the psychosexual 

life commonly appears to begin during   
the waking state1 we must admit that it 
is quite likely that psychosexual dreams
 may have previously occurred and have  
been forgotten4 ,thus1 in many          
individuals1 sexual perversions make    
their first appearance in dreams4 ,it   
has even been suggested that dreams may 
exercise a similar influence to that of 
post-hypnotic suggestion2 that is to    
say1 that a dream may be the actual     
originating cause of sexual perversion4 
,this is a matter which ,i cannot       
discuss further1 more especially in view
 of the fact that the whole idea is too 
hypothetical4  ,the earlier the age at  
which the child begins to ripen         
sexually1 the earlier do sexual dreams  
and nocturnal ejaculations make their   
appearance4 ,i have known of numerous   
instances in which children ten or      
eleven years of age have had sexual     
dreams2 occasionally1 even1 ,i have been
 informed of the occurrence of such     
dreams in children of seven or eight    

years of age4 ,in children1 as in       
adults1 the object which is sexually    
exciting in the waking state plays a    
leading part in the sexual dream4 ,but  
in the sexual dreams of children the    
imagination is even more active than it 
is in the sexual dreams of adults4 ,all 
kinds of perverse dreams may1 in        
children1 accompany the emission1 even  
when the corresponding ideas have no    
erotic association in the waking state4 
,things of which the child has learned  
from fairy tales1 stories of robbers1 of
 imprisoned or enchanted princesses1    
princes1 fettered slaves--all may play a
 part in the psychosexual processes of  
the dream-life4 ,anyone unaware of the  
fact that in the great majority of      
children this tendency disappears       
spontaneously in the course of the      
further development of the sexual life  
might too readily infer the existence of
 some morbid perversion4 ,in such       
instances we must1 indeed1 bear in mind 
the possibility of sexual perversion1   

especially in view of the fact that     
sexually perverse adults are often able 
to trace back into childhood the memory 
of sexual dreams characteristic of their
 peculiar type of perversion4           
,occasionally the feelings of anxiety of
 which we have spoken above may1 even in
 dreams1 lead to the occurrence of      
involuntary ejaculations4 ,thus we are  
told of dreams of pursuit by robbers or 
by wild animals1 or of dreams of missing
 a train the dreamer has been running to
 catch1 in which ejaculations occur4 ,in
 isolated cases the dreams of children  
which are associated with ejaculations  
may be quite indistinct2 in such cases1 
just as sometimes in the sexual dreams  
of adults1 it is impossible to recognise
 any definite relationship to the       
psychosexual feelings of the waking     
state4 ,in this connexion no difference 
between the sexes can be shown to exist1
 except this1 that1 at any rate as far  
as my own experience goes1 nocturnal    
ejaculations are much more often absent 

in girls than in boys4 ,occasionally1   
manual or other artificial stimulation  
of the genital organs is effected during
 sleep2 ,i have myself known several    
instances of this1 both in boys and in  
girls4 ,in several cases1 at least1     
there were satisfactory grounds for     
believing that we were not concerned    
with masturbation practised at night in 
the waking state1 but all the           
indications pointed to the fact that the
 processes wore carried on unconsciously
 during sleep4 ,in isolated cases ,i    
have had children watched throughout the
 night1 in order to clear up this point1
 and my conclusion was thus confirmed   
that children do at times play with the 
genital organs during sleep4  ,a        
classical description of her first      
nocturnal orgasm is given by ,madame    
,roland in her ,mmoires                 
,particuliers1#dc written during the    
last months of her life in prison in    
,paris at the time of the ,terror4 ,she 
menstruated for the first time1 she     

informs us1 soon after she had been     
partially enlightened regarding sexual  
matters by her grandmother4 ,even before
 menstruation began1 she had experienced
 sexual excitement in dreams4 ,i had    
sometimes been awakened from a deep     
sleep in a most remarkable manner4 ,my  
imagination played no part in what      
occurred2 it was occupied with far more 
serious matters1 and my tender          
conscience was far too strictly on guard
 against the deliberate pursuit of      
pleasure for me to make any attempt to  
dwell in imagination on what ,i regarded
 as a forbidden province of thought4    
,but an extraordinary outbreak awakened 
my senses from their quiet slumber1 and1
 my constitution being a very vigorous  
one1 a process whose nature and cause   
were equally unknown to me made its     
appearance spontaneously4 ,the first    
result of this experience was the onset 
of great mental anguish2 ,i had learned 
from my ',philothea'#dd that it was     
forbidden to enjoy any bodily pleasure1 

except in lawful wedlock2 this teaching 
recurred to my mind2 the sensations ,i  
had experienced could certainly be      
described as pleasurable2 ,i had1       
therefore1 committed a sin1 and1 indeed1
 a sin of the most shameful and grievous
 character1 because it was the sin most 
of all displeasing to the ,lamb without 
blemish and without spot4 ,great        
disturbance of mind1 prayers and        
penances2 how could ,i avoid a          
repetition of the offence8 for ,i had   
not foreseen it in any way1 but in the  
moment of the experience ,i had taken no
 trouble to prevent it4 ,my watchfulness
 became extreme2 ,i noticed that when   
lying in certain positions ,i was more  
exposed to the danger1 and ,i avoided   
these positions with anxious            
conscientiousness4 ,my uneasiness became
 so great that ultimately ,i came to    
wake up before the catastrophe4 ,when   
unable to prevent it1 ,i would jump out 
of bed1 and1 notwithstanding the cold of
 winter1 stand bare-footed on the       

polished floor1 crossing my arms1 and   
praying earnestly to ,god to guard me   
from the snares of ,satan4 ,she goes on 
to describe her subsequent attempts to  
mortify the flesh by means of fasting4  
,i have hitherto described the          
individual sexual processes which are   
observed during childhood1 ,i have      
already explained that in some1 one     
process1 in some1 another process1 is   
alone present1 or1 at any rate1         
preponderates4 ,for instance1 a girl may
 be sexually attracted towards a boy    
without the genital organs playing any  
conscious part in the attraction4 ,but  
the converse may also occur4 ,moreover1 
the strength of the sexual feeling is   
subject to extensive individual         
variations4 ,in some children the sexual
 impulse is so powerful that scandalous 
misconduct can hardly be avoided2 on the
 other hand1 we see cases in which the  
sexual impulse manifests itself at the  
normal age1 but is so weak that it can  
scarcely be said to play any important  

part in the consciousness of the child4 
,this is true of both components of the 
sexual impulse1 of the phenomena of     
contrectation1 no less than of those of 
detumescence4 ,formerly it was very     
generally believed that in sexually     
perverse persons the sexual sensations  
awakened unusually early in life4 ,there
 is no foundation for this view4 ,normal
 sexual sensations can be detected very 
early in childhood4 ,the existence of   
these was ignored1 simply because the   
study of the normal was neglected for   
the study of the perverse4 ,moreover1   
the strength of the sexual sensations   
has no necessary association with the   
existence of perversions2 these latter  
sometimes occur without being           
particularly strong4 ,on the other hand1
 qualitatively normal sexual sensations 
may be associated with sexual           
hypersthesia1 and they may attain a     
notable strength even during childhood4 
,in the third chapter ,i showed that in 
childhood the sexes are differentiated  

both physically and mentally1 altogether
 apart from the genital organs and the  
sexual impulse2 and ,i pointed out that 
games in particular afforded indications
 of mental sexual differentiation4 ,many
 games1 indeed1 may even be regarded as 
direct manifestations of the sexual     
impulse1 and ,i must therefore now      
return to the consideration of this     
topic2 but ,i shall confine myself to   
certain phenomena observable in the     
animal world1 since the games of animals
 are1 in this connexion1 so much simpler
 than those of children4 ,play          
constitutes a major part of the         
activities of young animals2 think1 for 
instance1 of a kitten playing with a    
hanging tassel or with a ball1 of       
puppies chasing one another1 and of     
young birds playing with fluttering     
wings4 ,the games of young animals often
 exhibit the character of love-games1   
and are in that case sexually           
differentiated4 ,various authors1 and   
especially ,brehm1 have recorded        

numerous examples of this2 ,i give here 
a few instances1 quoted from ,groos4#de 
,the young male1 even before its        
testicles have developed1 woos the      
female by movements1 song1 or other     
characteristic sounds4 ,the female1 also
 sexually immature1 responds            
coquettishly to these advances of the   
male4 ,song1 which ,brehm regards as a  
sign of the awakening of love1 makes its
 appearance at an age when the animal is
 still unfitted for the reproductive    
act4  ,young magpies 7,corvus pica7     
address one another in ,september1 and  
often in ,august and in ,october1 in    
consecutive clucking notes1 and in this 
way make exactly the same kind of noise 
that they are always heard making in    
early spring just before the pairing    
season4 ,the young male green woodpecker
 7,picus viridicanus7 sings in          
,september as beautifully as in ,april1 
as ,i have myself heard more than once2 
the young great spotted woodpecker      
7,picus major7 may even be heard at     

times in autumn1 just as in spring1     
making his characteristic tapping sound 
as he explores hard branches in search  
of insects4 ,both varieties of creeper  
begin to sing before they have changed  
their youthful plumage2 their song      
closely resembles that of the adult     
birds in spring1 but the note is        
somewhat shorter and weaker4 ,similarly1
 both the ,german varieties of crossbill
 commonly begin to sing before losing   
the plumage characteristic of youth4    
,young house-sparrows and hedge-sparrows
 not only chatter and swear at one      
another like the full-grown birds at    
pairing time1 but also like the latter  
the young birds distend their throats1  
let their wings droop1 peck at one      
another1 and in fact behave as exactly  
as they will next spring when fully     
grown4 ,young linnets also begin to sing
 before losing their youthful plumage1  
learn to sing well during the moulting  
season1 and often continue to warble    
right on into the winter2 in a mild     

winter young linnets will sing just as  
well as old ones4 ,the young woodlark   
begins to sing as soon as its first     
moulting is nearly over1 and not only   
does this when perching1 but flies aloft
 like the adult bird in the spring-time1
 and soars for a long time1 singing     
continually4 ,titmice all sing when     
still quite young1 but more especially  
the large crested titmouse and the marsh
 titmouse2 the notes of the young marsh 
titmouse are precisely similar to those 
with which in spring the adult bird     
sings to his mate2 and as regards the   
crested titmouse1 in ,october #ahba1 ,i 
observed a young male bird making       
advances of a most marked character to a
 young hen1 whilst the hen drooped its  
wings and spread out its tail--in short1
 these two young birds were behaving    
exactly as do the full-grown birds      
before pairing in the spring4 ,the young
 cock starling conducts itself precisely
 as if it wished to pair4 ,at the       
beginning of ,september1 as soon as     

moulting is completed1 this bird returns
 to its birthplace1 apparently in order 
to take possession of the nest4 ,it     
perches on the tree-top1 just like the  
full-grown bird in ,march1 and sings    
almost for the whole morning4 ,while    
still perching1 it flaps its wings1     
quarrels with and chases other young    
starlings2 sometimes it even creeps into
 the hollow tree or other hiding-place  
containing the nest in which it was     
hatched4 ,the yellow wagtail sings while
 still in its youthful plumage1 and the 
young birds chase one another about     
while in this condition2 during and     
immediately after the first moulting1   
these birds produce peculiar trilling   
notes1 identical with those with which  
in ,april the cock bird salutes his     
mate1 and they may also be seen in the  
remarkable fluttering flight            
characteristic of many birds in the     
pairing season4 ,the grey wood wren     
begins to sing before the first         
moulting1 but sings more powerfully     

during and after moulting1 right on into
 the month of ,october1 singing like a  
full-grown bird4 ,at the same time this 
bird twists the body from side to side1 
and moves the tail to and fro2 it       
quarrels also with birds of its own     
species1 and quarrels1 too1 with other  
birds1 sometimes with birds as much as  
four times its own size4 ,in ,august and
 ,september young mountain fowl and     
heath fowl utter love calls to each     
other1 not1 indeed1 so loudly as those  
of the adult birds1 nor in association  
with the characteristic movements of the
 body made by these latter in the       
spring-time1 but still unmistakable love
 calls4444 ,according to ,hudson1 many  
kinds of ,american woodpecker carry on a
 kind of duet1 and they practise this   
artistic performance from the very      
earliest youth4 ,on meeting1 the male   
and female1 standing close together1 and
 facing each other1 utter their clear   
ringing concert1 one emitting loud      
single measured notes1 while the notes  

of its fellow are rapid1 rhythmical     
triplets2 their voices have a joyous    
character1 and seem to accord1 thus     
producing a kind of harmony4 ,this      
manner of singing is perhaps most       
perfect in the oven-bird 7,furnarius71  
and it is very curious that the young   
birds1 when only partially fledged1 are 
constantly heard in the nest or oven    
apparently practising these duets in the
 intervals when the parents are absent2 
single measured notes1 triplets1 and    
long concluding trills are all repeated 
with wonderful fidelity1 and in         
character these notes are utterly unlike
 the hunger cry1 which is like that of  
other fledglings4  ,in such cases as    
those just enumerated1 actual copulation
 is not effected2 but animals still     
sexually immature may perform           
coitus-like acts1 and ,groos's work     
contains observations of these made by  
,seitz and others4 ,seitz saw an        
antelope six weeks old making copulatory
 movements4 ,in young dogs such         

movements may often be observed1 also in
 young stallions and young bulls4  ,the 
view that in such cases the movements   
are imitative merely is untenable1 for  
young animals which have never had any  
opportunity of watching the physical    
manifestations of love in older ones1   
will nevertheless themselves exhibit    
such manifestations4 ,at most it remains
 open to dispute whether in these cases 
it is still permissible to speak of     
love-games1 as do ,groos and others1 or 
whether we should not rather speak      
simply of manifestations of the activity
 of the sexual impulse4 ,but the dispute
 does not involve differences of opinion
 regarding matters of fact2 it is purely
 terminological4 ,for1 in the first     
place1 ,groos himself1 who regards the  
games of childhood as a form of         
training1 suitable to the nature of the 
individual1 for its subsequent          
activities1 recognises that games are   
sexually differentiated4 ,he believes   
that we have to do1 not1 as some think1 

with imitative processes1 but with      
preliminary practice1 subserving the    
purposes of self-development2 and he    
considers that girls naturally turn to  
games adapted to train them for their   
subsequent profession of motherhood1    
whilst boys incline to games            
corresponding to their predestined      
activity as men4 ,even if we accept this
 theory of ,groos1 we are compelled to  
recognise a sexual element in the games 
of youthful animals4 ,in addition1      
however1 we must note the fact that     
,groos gives a wider extension to the   
concept of play than other writers1 and 
that he regards as love-games processes 
which others might perhaps describe as  
sexual manifestations4 ,according to    
,groos1 caressing contact is to be      
regarded as playful when1 in the serious
 intercourse between the sexes1 such    
contact appears to be merely a          
preliminary activity rather than an end 
in itself4 ,here two cases are possible3
 in one the carrying out of the         

instinctive activity to its real end is 
prevented by incapacity or by ignorance2
 in the other1 it is prevented by a     
deliberate exercise of will4 ,the former
 occurs in children2 the latter1 often  
enough in adults4 ,whatever view we hold
 regarding this matter1 the sexually    
differentiated love-games of young      
animals must be regarded as a           
manifestation of the sexual life4 ,none 
the less1 in sexually immature animals1 
just as in the case of children1 sexual 
differentiation is not always so marked 
as it is in adults2 and it may happen   
that the sexes may exchange their rles4 
,cases observed by ,seitz have been     
published by ,groos and also by         
myself4#df ,i have myself watched a     
young cow which repeatedly attempted to 
mount another young cow2 ,i have also on
 several occasions seen young bitches   
attempt to cover dogs4 ,to this part of 
our subject belongs the observation of  
,exner1 that when dogs are playing      
wildly with one another one hardly ever 

sees a bitch among them4 ,but if an     
exception should occur1 the bitch is    
usually a young one4 ,in animals1 sexual
 differentiation is not complete until  
sexual maturity is attained1 and the    
same is true of the human species1      
although1 as ,i have shown above1       
children already manifest sexual        
differentiation in their games1 their   
inclinations1 and their general conduct4
  ,i have thought it desirable to refer 
to the play of animals in this place1 as
 well as to treat of the subject in its 
direct relationship to the sexual       
impulse4 ,what is true of play is true  
also of the other interests and         
inclinations of the child1 many of which
 are also associated with the sexual    
life2 these have been described earlier1
 so that here ,i need merely allude to  
the matter in passing4   ,hitherto ,i   
have described the sexual life of the   
child in so far as it is the subject of 
direct observation or can be recalled to
 memory4 ,but it was explained at the   

outset that there is still another way  
of gaining clear knowledge of the       
subject1 namely1 by experiment2 and it  
was shown that castration may be        
regarded as such an experiment4         
,although the reproductive capacity of  
the male is not developed prior to the  
formation of spermatozoa in the         
testicles1 nevertheless we learn from   
the effects of castration that the      
testicles exhibit important functional  
activity much earlier in life4 ,this    
fact was long overlooked1 and its       
importance is even to-day largely       
underestimated1 because we have been    
accustomed to regard the provision of an
 external secretion as the only function
 of the testicle4 ,but it is now firmly 
established that these glands exercise  
influence in other ways4 ,we know that  
bodily and mental development are       
affected by the removal of the          
testicles2 and that the influence is    
greater the earlier in life the         
castration takes place4 ,a number of    

secondary sexual characters remain      
undeveloped4 ,the beard does not grow2  
in many instances a thick panniculus    
adiposus is formed2 there are changes in
 the growth of the bones2 the voice     
remains a soprano2 and the other        
reproductive organs are imperfectly     
developed1 the penis and the prostate   
remaining comparatively small ,an early 
castration does not1 of course1 result  
in the obliteration of all differences  
between the male and the female2 we must
 rather say that a part only of the     
typical differential characters of sex  
remain undeveloped4 ,the earlier        
assumption1 that the secretion of semen 
competent to effect fertilisation       
influenced the development of the       
secondary sexual characters1 has of late
 been more and more generally abandoned4
 ,many considerations tell against such 
a theory1 more especially a comparison  
of the three following facts4 ,first1 if
 castration is not effected until after 
the formation of spermatozoa has already

 begun1 the familiar results of this    
operation are either entirely wanting1  
or else appear to a small extent only1  
and are limited to a small number of the
 secondary sexual characters4 ,secondly1
 the results of castration are most     
marked when the operation is performed  
in early childhood4 ,thirdly1 when      
castration is effected in the later     
years of childhood1 but before the      
secretion of fertilising semen has taken
 place1 the results are intermediate in 
degree1 being much less marked than in  
the second class of cases1 but more     
extensive than in the first4 ,if the    
secretion of a fertilising semen were   
the principal factor in the development 
of the secondary sexual characters1 we  
should expect the results of castration 
to be the same whether the operation    
were performed early in childhood or    
late so long as it was done before any  
spermatozoa had been formed4  ,the      
secondary sexual characters are1        
therefore1 independent of the formation 

of spermatozoa1 and the appearance of   
these characters must depend upon other 
processes1 occurring much earlier in    
life4 ,thus1 in persons who were        
castrated in the eighth or ninth year of
 life1 we note the presence of definite 
secondary sexual characters1 which are1 
indeed1 less strongly developed than in 
normal persons1 but which do not appear 
at all when the castration has been     
effected at a still earlier age4 ,the   
varying views of different authors      
regarding the influence of castration in
 early life upon the development of the 
secondary sexual characters may readily 
be explained with reference to the      
individual differences that may be      
observed in the functional activity of  
the testicles in different males before 
the power of reproduction has been      
acquired4 ,just as in boys the capacity 
for reproduction1 and in girls the      
function of menstruation1 does not      
appear at a fixed and definite age1 so  
also in the case of the other processes 

that come into being under the influence
 of the activity of the reproductive    
glands1 we have to reckon with such     
individual differences4 ,for this       
reason1 in persons who have been        
castrated at the same age1 the          
subsequent course of development may    
vary to some degree1 notwithstanding the
 apparent identity of the determining   
factor in each case4 ,in some1 the      
pelvis1 the beard1 the voice1 and the   
mental qualities1 develop in normal     
fashion2 in others1 there is            
interference with the development of one
 or all of these characters4 ,in certain
 cases1 the bodily structure is         
influenced by castration at an age when 
the mental development is no longer     
affected4 ,this explains the fact that  
many oriental eunuchs1 in whom          
castration is commonly effected shortly 
before the seventh or eighth year of    
life1 while they exhibit the bodily     
configuration characteristic of the     
eunuch1 are nevertheless capable of     

experiencing heterosexual feelings1 and 
even passionate love4  ,in ,western     
countries we rarely have an opportunity 
of studying the full consequences of    
castration1 for with us the operation is
 hardly ever performed so early in life 
as it is in the ,east2 and the reports  
that are available concerning oriental  
and other foreign eunuchs are to a large
 extent untrustworthy4 ,none the less1  
from such reports1 and from accounts    
that have come down to us from earlier  
days in the ,west 7more especially in   
the case of the boys who were formerly  
castrated in ,italy for the preservation
 of the soprano voice71 we obtain       
evidence amply sufficient to justify the
 statements made above4 ,even more      
convincing are observations made on the 
lower animals4 ,for example1 in horses  
which have been castrated at a very     
early age the sexual impulse remains    
undeveloped2 but we have to contrast    
with this the fact that a certain number
 of geldings possess a well-marked      

sexual impulse1 because in these        
animals1 though they were gelded while  
still immature1 the operation was       
performed too late4 ,all these          
observations combine to justify the     
inference that long before spermatozoa  
capable of effecting fertilisation are  
formed in the testicles1 changes occur  
in these glands which are of great      
importance in relation to the sexual    
life1 both in the human species and in  
the lower animals4  ,we cannot speak so 
positively as to the truth of this in   
the case of the reproductive glands in  
women1 the ovaries1 because alike in the
 human female and in the females of the 
lower animals ophorectomy is less       
commonly performed than is castration in
 the male4 ,the literature of our       
subject contains few references to this 
matter4 ,what little information we do  
possess1 derived in part from travellers
 who have had opportunities for         
observation in extra-,european          
countries1 and in part from students of 

animal life1 leads to the same          
conclusion as in the case of males1     
namely1 that long before the age        
commonly regarded as the commencement of
 sexual maturity1 important changes are 
going on in the reproductive glands4    
,no detailed discussion can be attempted
 here of the other observations there   
may be on record to show the existence  
of such sexual processes during         
childhood4 ,we may merely refer1 for    
example1 to the results of the removal  
of one testicle before the commencement 
of puberty2 this is followed by a       
compensatory hypertrophy of the other   
testicle--whereas removal of one        
testicle after the attainment of sexual 
maturity does not lead to any such      
hypertrophy of the remaining testicle1  
or if so1 only in comparatively slight  
degree4  ,although from the facts just  
stated it appears that1 alike in human  
beings and in the lower animals1 before 
the formation of the specific germ-cells
 and sperm-cells has begun in the       

reproductive glands of the respective   
sexes important processes take place in 
these glands1 it still remains obscure  
what is the nature of these processes1  
and in what manner they influence the   
organism4 ,one question complicating    
this problem1 and one which is to-day   
frequently discussed1 is the extent of  
the influence exercised by the          
reproductive glands on the development  
of the secondary sexual characters4 ,i  
can here do little more than state the  
difficulty4 ,whereas it was formerly    
assumed that the reproductive glands    
exercised a direct determining influence
 in this direction1 more recently       
another view has been put forward1 among
 others by ,halban4#dg ,according to    
this theory1 the stimulus proceeding    
from the glands is protective merely1   
not formative1 nor directly stimulating 
the growth of organs4 ,in the fertilised
 ovum1 it is supposed1 the rudiment of  
sex already exists1 likewise the        
rudiment of the reproductive gland1 and 

the rudiments of the appropriate sexual 
characters4 ,that is to say1 the        
development of the secondary sexual     
characters is not determined by the     
presence of the reproductive gland2 but 
the sex of the reproductive gland and   
the associated sexual characters are    
already determined by some common cause 
at the moment of fertilisation4 ,but    
this theoretical controversy has no very
 important bearing on the problem with  
which we are especially concerned2 and  
the influence of the reproductive gland 
upon the development of the secondary   
sexual characters is admitted as fully  
by ,halban as it is by other writers1   
the only difference between the two     
views lying in the dispute whether the  
influence of the glands is of a         
formative or a protective nature4 ,the  
influence exercised by the reproductive 
glands on the development of the        
secondary sexual characters can be      
adequately discussed1 even though the   
precise way in which that influence is  

exerted remains in dispute4  ,as to the 
general nature of the influence1 two    
chief theories have to be considered1   
viz41 the nervous theory and the        
chemical theory4 ,according to the      
former1 we must assume that a stimulus  
originates in the reproductive glands1  
the testicles in the male1 and the      
ovaries in the female1 and that these   
glands excite a kind of reflex          
action--that is1 that the stimulus      
passes to the central nervous system1   
and thence is reflected to the          
periphery1 where it promotes1 either the
 growth of particular parts of the body1
 e4g4 the beard1 or the development of  
definite properties in certain organs1  
e4g4 the characteristics of the male    
larynx or of the female mamma4 ,it is   
possible that the reflected impulse     
stimulates trophic nerves4 ,but it may  
be that in cases of early castration the
 state of affairs is similar to that    
which obtains when from earliest infancy
 one of the sense organs is wanting1 as 

a result of which the corresponding     
portions of the central nervous system  
are found to undergo atrophy4#dh ,on    
this assumption1 the manifest arrest of 
the development of certain organs which 
results from castration is to be        
regarded as the sequel of a partial     
atrophy of certain portions of the      
brain4 ,of late1 however1 the chemical  
theory1 that the results of castration  
are dependent on the lack of the        
internal secretion of the excised       
glands1 has gained ground at the expense
 of the nervous theory4 ,the reason for 
this change of view is that much which  
was unsuspected in former years has     
recently been learned about the chemical
 activities of other glands4 ,it        
suffices to allude to the function of   
the thyroid body4 ,according to this    
chemical theory1 chemical substances are
 prepared in the reproductive glands1   
and these substances exert a specific   
influence in promoting the development  
of the secondary sexual characters4 ,the

 same theory has been invoked to account
 for the alleged ill effects of sexual  
abstinence1 it being suggested that the 
reabsorption of glandular products      
properly destined for excretion may give
 rise to toxic effects4#di ,if it be    
assumed that the testicles can secrete  
substances upon the influence of which  
the development of the secondary sexual 
characters depends1 it is obvious that  
these substances have nothing to do with
 the spermatozoa1 inasmuch as the       
testicles exert the influence under     
consideration at an age at which the    
formation of spermatozoa has not yet    
begun4 ,the substances that act in this 
way must be of a different kind4 ,as was
 pointed out earlier in this book 7p4   
#ai71 recent researches have shown that 
the testicles possess a twofold         
activity2 and some ,french physicians   
even go so far as to say that the       
testicle is not a single gland1 but two 
glands4 ,they distinguish between the   
gland that prepares the spermatozoa and 

the interstitial gland4#ej ,whilst the  
formation of spermatozoa subserves the  
generative act1 the function of the     
interstitial gland is to prepare        
substances which pass into the lymph or 
blood-stream1 and give rise to the      
development of the secondary sexual     
characters4 ,thus1 the effects of       
castration are due1 on this theory1 not 
to the absence of the formation of      
spermatozoa1 but to the absence of the  
products of the interstitial glands4    
,french investigators consider that the 
assumption that such an interstitial    
gland exists is justified by the results
 of experimental work4  ,whichever      
theory we accept1 the chemical or the   
nervous1 both theories harmonise equally
 with the fact that in boys1 before the 
formation of spermatozoa begins1        
processes occur in the testicles which  
powerfully influence the organism4      
,thus1 we learn also from a study of the
 results of castration how active is the
 sexual life even in childhood1 since   

thus early in life influences proceed   
from the reproductive glands whereby the
 development of the secondary sexual    
characters is markedly affected4   ,the 
principal sexual processes occurring in 
childhood have now been described4      
,although we have been forced to admit  
the fact that in the child sexual       
processes are much more extensive than  
has commonly been believed1 we must1 on 
the other hand1 guard ourselves against 
the exaggerations of those who interpret
 everything in sexual terms4 ,in the    
chapter on diagnosis it will be         
necessary to refer to these             
exaggerations once again4  ,as a rule1  
of course1 the manifestations of the    
sexual life of the child increase from  
year to year1 although not always by    
continuous gradations4 ,thus1 in        
consequence of misdirection1 sexual     
manifestations may arise in the child1  
and then1 if these evil communications  
are cut off1 such manifestations may    
cease4 ,but1 altogether apart from      

deliberate seduction1 we may observe    
periods of more rapid and periods of    
less rapid sexual development1 the      
causes of which may remain obscure4     
,individual cases vary to such an       
extent1 that it is impossible to lay    
down a rule to which there are no       
exceptions4 ,this applies equally to    
both components of the sexual impulse1  
to the phenomena of detumescence as well
 as to those of contrectation4  ,but    
although as we have seen1 the           
development of the sexual life is not   
always by regular progression1 yet on   
the whole the increasing intensity of   
sexual manifestations from the years of 
childhood to the termination of the     
period of the puberal development cannot
 be denied4 ,especially extensive are   
the changes occurring at the end of the 
second period of childhood4 ,at this    
period we note more particularly the    
development of the outward signs of     
sexual maturity4 ,in the boy1 we observe
 the growth of the beard and the pubic  

hair1 and a more rapid enlargement of   
the testicles and the other organs of   
reproduction4 ,in the girl1 the breasts 
and the pelvis assume the adult female  
type1 and ovulation and menstruation    
begin4 ,during this period1 also1 the   
mental changes are extremely marked1    
even though in many cases these changes 
may have begun considerably earlier4    
,the internal organic changes make      
themselves felt also in the sphere of   
action4 ,the years of adolescence in the
 male are characterised by an impulse to
 travel1 to adventures1 but in addition 
to all kinds of ideal efforts and to    
religious activity4 ,the loftiest       
ethical ideas alternate with a          
self-conscious bumptiousness4 ,a change 
of disposition manifests itself which is
 sharply contrasted with the behaviour  
at an earlier and a subsequent age4     
,this is no less true of the girl4 ,that
 which formerly was no more than a vague
 indication1 now becomes a manifest     
quality4 ,more and more does the        

feminine mode of feeling display itself4
 ,the tom-boyishness so often seen in   
girls during the second period of       
childhood disappears4 ,the former tomboy
 has become one#ea--    ,in whose orbs a
 shadow lies    ,like the dusk in       
evening skies1  and we see her--        
,standing1 with reluctant feet1         
,where the brook and river meet1        
,womanhood and childhood fleet6         
,gazing1 with a timid glance1    ,on the
 brooklet's swift advance1    ,on the   
river's broad expanse6  ,the            
considerations put forward in this      
chapter show us how necessary it was to 
explain the conception of puberty at the
 very outset of this work4 ,if the      
period of the puberal development be    
understood to correspond to the         
development and ripening of the sexual  
life1 we see that this development      
begins much earlier than is commonly    
assumed in books on the subject4        
,writers have been too ready to identify
 with this developmental period the     

appearance of certain external          
manifestations1 more especially the     
growth of the pubic hair in both sexes1 
the development of the breasts in the   
female1 and the breaking of the voice in
 the male2 and the appearance of certain
 definite outward signs--in the girl1   
the first menstruation1 and in the boy1 
the first ejaculation--has usually been 
regarded as marking a turning-point in  
this development4 ,but neither in the   
boy is the occurrence of the first      
ejaculation a proof of capacity for     
reproduction1 or a proof that the period
 of the puberal development is          
completed2 nor in the girl is the       
occurrence of the first menstruation1   
which may long precede the establishment
 of the far more important function of  
ovulation1 characteristic in either of  
these respects4 ,observations made on   
children1 accounts given by children and
 memories of childhood1 and the results 
of castration 7and ophorectomy71#eb all 
combine to prove the occurrence of      

sexual processes during childhood1 at   
least as early as the beginning of the  
second period of childhood4 ,at this    
time of life1 the psychosexual in       
especial often plays a great part4 ,if1 
notwithstanding all these facts1 anyone 
desires to associate the beginning or   
the end of the puberal development1 as  
was formerly done1 with the appearance  
of the external signs of puberty1 no one
 can prevent this usage4 ,but the       
scientific investigator1 the physician1 
the schoolmaster1 and the parents1      
should all alike fully understand that  
such external processes comprise but a  
small part of all that constitutes      
pubescence4 ,a straining of terminology 
may at times be permissible2 but on no  
account must we allow currency to so    
disastrous an error as the belief that  
the sexual life of the child either     
begins or is completed with the         
appearance of these external signs4 ,the
 sexual life of the child begins long   
before1 and the puberal development is  

not completed till many years after1 the
 appearance of these external signs1    
which by most people are erroneously    
regarded as typical of pubescence4      
,although ,i have detailed a number of  
phenomena characteristic of the sexual  
life of the child1 it must not be       
assumed that these phenomena are common 
to all cases1 or that every individual  
symptom is invariably observed4 ,as ,i  
have previously explained1 numerous     
exceptions occur4 ,in some instances1   
only one symptom is discernible2 in     
others1 another only4 ,the commonest    
early manifestations of the sexual life 
in childhood are1 as was said before1   
the psychosexual phenomena4 ,frequently1
 the individual symptoms are so faintly 
marked that they can be detected only by
 a very thorough and careful            
examination4 ,i wish merely to insist   
upon the fact that during the years of  
childhood which are commonly regarded as
 asexual1 manifestations of the sexual  
life can with care almost always be     

detected1 although at times their       
detection is by no means easy4  ,in     
conclusion1 however1 it is necessary to 
point out that there are a certain      
number of children in whom up to the    
fourteenth year of life1 and even later1
 manifestations of the sexual life are  
hardly discernible2 but we have to      
remember that the results of castration 
prove1 as has been shown above1 that    
even when1 in early life1 the occurrence
 of sexual processes cannot be          
demonstrated1 such processes are        
nevertheless going on4 ,we meet with    
individuals in whom1 even during the    
first years of youth1 the development of
 the sexual life is extremely backward4 
,there are boys of fifteen or sixteen   
who from time to time have an           
involuntary seminal emission1 but who   
exhibit no other indications whatever of
 an active sexual life--neither         
masturbation1 nor any discernible       
psychosexual processes4 ,nevertheless1  
in most cases of this kind1 more careful

 observation will bring to light much1  
besides the occurrence of the           
involuntary seminal emissions1 which    
points to an awakening of sexuality4    
,still1 in some individuals1 it is      
remarkable how long entire sexual       
innocence may persist4 ,this is         
doubtless due in such cases1 not to any 
specially rigorous natural virtue1 but  
simply to the fact that in these cases  
sexual development is much slower than  
the average4 ,those concerned are thus  
devoid of all understanding of the      
sexual1 just in the same way as persons 
born blind lack all understanding of    
colour4 ,in most of the cases in which  
such retardation occurs1 the sexual life
 subsequently becomes entirely normal1  
showing that the only abnormality was   
the exceptional delay in the occurrence 
of the various processes4 ,i have myself
 seen a number of cases in which the    
development of the sexual life was      
delayed to such an extent that          
ejaculation during coitus was not       

effected until towards the end of the   
third decade of life1 although          
erections1 and even occasional nocturnal
 emissions1 had occurred long before4 ,i
 believe that cases of this kind are to 
a small extent only1 if at all1 the     
result of educational influences1 and   
they are in no way dependent upon the   
so-called sexual neurasthenia2 we are   
concerned simply with a retardation of  
development1 dependent upon congenital  
predisposition4     ,,chapter ,v        
,,pathology   ,in the previous chapters 
,i have from time to time mentioned some
 phenomenon of comparatively rare       
occurrence2 but for the most part ,i    
have described those processes only     
which are regularly met with1 which     
cannot be regarded as exceptional       
peculiarities1 and therefore must not be
 considered to be pathological          
manifestations4 ,it is true that much   
that has been described comes within the
 province of the pathological2 for      
example1 many of the active             

manifestations of the sexual impulse    
occurring during the first period of    
childhood1 such as the case quoted from 
,fr on page #ha4 ,for practical reasons1
 however1 such cases as this cannot     
always be dealt with as members of a    
distinct pathological group4 ,on the    
other hand1 it is necessary to give a   
separate consideration to the           
pathological aspect of our subject4     
,many of the cases which must be grouped
 as pathological occur in girls4 ,thus1 
we meet with cases in which menstruation
 becomes established at the age of      
eight1 five1 two1 or even earlier4#ec   
,carus reports the case of a woman whose
 medical history showed that she had    
begun to menstruate at the age of two   
years1 and that she became pregnant for 
the first time when eight years old4 ,in
 girls from ten to twelve years of age1 
pregnancy has many times been observed4 
,a ,french physician had under          
observation a girl who when only three  
mouths old had well-developed breasts1  

and in whom only a little later the     
pubic and axillary hair grew and        
menstruation began4 ,when twenty-seven  
months old1 the child was again seen by 
the same physician1 and at this time    
menstruation was proceeding regularly2  
the features had now lost the infantile 
type1 and the body as a whole exhibited 
all the signs of premature development4 
,a collection of cases made by          
,gebhard#ed contains one case in which  
menstruation was established at birth2  
in quite a number of the cases          
menstruation began during the first year
 of life4  ,a case was reported from    
,new ,orleans in which menstruation     
began at the age of three months and    
continued regularly thereafter4 ,this   
was a case of premature general growth2 
at the age of four years the girl was   
over #d feet high1 and her breasts were 
the size of a large orange4 ,as a       
general rule1 in these cases of         
premature development of the            
reproductive organs in girls1 the great 

size of the breasts attracts especial   
attention4 ,according to ,kisch 7op4    
cit41 p4 #gh71 these girls with         
precocious menstruation and premature   
sexual development very commonly exhibit
 also a comparatively high body-weight1 
great development of fat1 and early     
dentition2 they look older than their   
years1 and their genital organs also    
develop very early1 with hair on the    
pubes and in the axill2 the labia majora
 and the breasts resemble those of      
full-grown women1 and the pelvis also   
has the adult form4 ,commonly also the  
sexual impulse develops early1 whilst in
 other respects the mental development  
lags behind the physical4  ,in the      
post-mortem room1 corresponding         
conditions are occasionally found in the
 ovaries2 and some writers express the  
opinion that such premature sexual      
development is commoner than would      
appear from the comparative rarity of   
reports on the subject4 ,unquestionably1
 examination of the ovaries of young    

girls not infrequently leads to the     
discovery of ripe ovarian follicles2 in 
one case this happened in the body of a 
female infant born prematurely4 ,in a   
girl five years of age1 fifteen         
follicles were counted in the ovaries4  
,ligeois1#ee in post-mortem             
examinations1 twice found mature ova in 
girls two years of age4  ,similar cases 
of premature sexual development are     
occasionally seen also in boys4 ,for    
example1 ,breschet1 in the year #ahbj1  
reported the case of a boy three years  
of age who exhibited all the signs of   
puberty4 ,his voice resembled that of a 
young man of sixteen to eighteen4 ,the  
length of the flaccid penis was #i4f cm4
 7#c-c_/d inches71 its diameter at the  
root was #g4b cm4 7#b-c_/d inches72 the 
length of the organ when erect was #ac4e
 cm4 7#e-a_/d inches74 ,in the presence 
of girls or women the boy's penis became
 erect1 his whole manner became more    
vivacious1 and his hands were directed  
towards the genital organs of these     

females4 ,masturbation was never        
observed4 ,the boy showed many          
additional signs of premature           
development4 ,for instance1 the central 
incisors of the upper jaw were cut at   
the age of three months4 ,breschet also 
quotes a case published by ,mead1 in    
which a boy had undergone the puberal   
development before the end of the first 
year of his life2 when five years of    
age1 he died of pulmonary consumption1  
attended with all the signs of old age4 
,the same writer records another case1  
that of a boy five years of age1 whose  
genital organs were fully developed1 who
 had a well-grown beard1 and exhibited1 
in short1 all the 7physical7            
characteristics of complete sexual      
maturity4 ,in accordance with the       
theoretical views of that day1 more     
especially as a result of the wide      
acceptance of the phrenological         
doctrines of ,gall1 it was generally    
believed that an exceptional development
 of the cerebellum 7which was supposed  

by ,gall to be the seat of the sexual   
impulse7 was the determining cause of   
such premature awakening of the sexual  
impulse4  ,contrasted with the cases    
just described1 are those in which there
 is a retardation of the whole course of
 sexual development1 so that the signs  
of sexual maturity are not manifested   
until an age greatly exceeding the      
average age of puberty4 ,in respect of  
one symptom or several1 many individuals
 may remain throughout life in an       
infantile condition4 ,this is           
occasionally seen1 for example1 in      
dwarfs4 ,it would be of great interest1 
from this point of view1 to make a      
careful study of the sexual behaviour of
 dwarfs4 ,in this respect1 dwarfs appear
 to vary greatly4 ,these differences    
depend1 in part1 at least1 upon the fact
 that many persons are classified as    
dwarfs who do not1 strictly speaking1   
belong to this category4 ,this statement
 applies more especially to those whose 
growth has been impaired by rickets2    

for1 properly speaking1 those only      
should be designated dwarfs who are1    
though small1 generally                 
well-proportioned2 and the term should  
not be applied to those in whom the     
defective stature is consequent on      
rachitis or some similar disease4 ,it   
appears doubtful1 however1 if the       
confusion of terms just mentioned       
explains all the observed differences in
 the sexuality of those commonly spoken 
of as dwarfs4 ,from data communicated to
 me concerning a fairly large community 
of dwarfs1 living in a single place1 and
 in whom the dwarfing appears to have no
 connexion with rickets1 it would seem  
that in the case of true dwarfs there is
 considerable variation in sexual       
behaviour4 ,this particular group of    
dwarfs constitute a society of persons  
living and working together4 ,although  
they are all living in close            
association1 there seems to be a        
striking lack of warmth in their sexual 
relationships4 ,notwithstanding the fact

 that they have been living together for
 ten years1 they still address one      
another formally as ,mr4 and ,miss4 ,in 
the case of the male dwarfs1 with one   
exception all had fully developed       
genital organs2 the exceptional instance
 was that of a member of the community  
then thirty years of age1 in whom the   
genitals were rudimentary4 ,all were    
endowed with normal sexual impulse1 but 
this was directed towards persons of    
normal stature4 ,in one of these dwarfs1
 an ,italian1 the genital organs        
remained undeveloped and hairless until 
he attained the age of twenty-eight2    
then these organs underwent the normal  
degree of growth1 and at the same time  
pubic hair appeared4 ,as already        
mentioned1 the sexual inclinations of   
dwarfs appear as a rule to be directed  
towards fully grown persons1 and ,i knew
 one dwarf twenty years of age who never
 missed an opportunity of pressing up   
against a certain very pretty young     
lady4 ,these observations of my own     

regarding the sexual inclinations in    
dwarfs are confirmed by other cases     
recorded in the literature of the       
subject1 although in isolated instances 
sexual attraction between a male and a  
female dwarf has been observed to       
eventuate in the birth of a child4      
,this is the place in which to refer to 
those cases of which a brief mention was
 made in the first chapter1 to which von
 ,krafft-,ebing has given the name of   
sexual paradoxy4 ,activity of the sexual
 impulse is sometimes observed at an age
 at which this impulse is normally      
quiescent4 ,the term applies alike to   
cases in which the sexual impulse       
becomes active in early childhood1 and  
to cases in which the impulse persists  
to an advanced age4 ,whilst the cases in
 which the phenomena of contrectation   
alone occurred have commonly been       
overlooked1 considerable attention has  
been paid to those cases in which the   
sexual impulse manifests itself by      
peripheral changes1 more especially by  

premature impulse towards masturbation  
or towards actual sexual congress with  
one of the other sex4 ,it was shown1    
however1 in the last chapter1 that      
active manifestations of the sexual     
impulse during childhood are not always 
paradoxical4 ,if we examine cases which 
have been published as coming under this
 latter category 7,i limit myself here  
to cases occurring in childhood1 and am 
not speaking of sexual paradoxy in old  
age71 we find that they are             
characterised more particularly by the  
strength with which the peripheral      
sexual impulse manifests itself4 ,there 
is1 in fact1 a marked distinction       
between cases1 according as we have to  
do with an occasional general sensation 
in the genital organs1 or with          
masturbation to excess and with sexual  
assaults upon others4 ,but we must not  
describe as sexual paradoxy all         
manifestations of the sexual life       
occurring in early childhood4 ,a        
reference to the last chapter will show 

that the cases of sexual paradoxy1 when 
accurately studied1 differ from the     
normal rather quantitatively than       
qualitatively4 ,during the first period 
of childhood1 and more especially during
 the first few years of life1 a case in 
which sexual activity in a child        
threatens the well-being of members of  
that child's social environment is so   
sharply differentiated from the normal  
that there can hardly arise even        
momentary hesitation regarding the      
paradoxical nature of the manifestation4
 ,on the other hand1 we shall do well to
 follow von ,krafft-,ebing in excluding 
from the category of sexual paradoxy    
those cases in which sexual excitement  
is caused solely by peripheral          
inflammatory stimuli1 balanitis         
7inflammation of the glans penis71      
threadworms1 and the like4 ,these are   
not instances of sexual paradoxy1       
because the essential characteristic of 
the latter is that it originates        
centrally1 even though its              

manifestations take a peripheral form4  
,i will now recount three cases which ,i
 regard as pathological in nature1 and  
as examples of a paradoxical sexual     
impulse4  ,,case #g4--,the girl ,x41 six
 years of age1 stated by the mother to  
be free from all morbid inheritance1    
produces the general impression of being
 a nervous subject4 ,she is affected    
with facial muscular spasms1 especially 
affecting the corners of the mouth1 the 
eyelids1 and the neck4 ,her mental      
development1 as far as can be judged    
from my own observations and from the   
account given by the parents1 is        
perfectly normal2 but attention is at   
once attracted by the appearance of     
premature development4 ,the mother      
states that in the second year of life1 
owing to the carelessness of a          
nursemaid1 the child fell out of her    
cradle1 without1 however1 sustaining any
 manifest injury4 ,the mother does not  
think there is any reason to suppose    
that the child has ever been led astray 

in sexual matters4 ,for the past two    
years or more1 the mother has noticed   
that the child likes to press up against
 articles of furniture in such a way    
that her genital organs come into       
contact with narrow edges or corners2   
for example1 the back of a chair1 and   
especially a small portfolio-stand in   
the room4 ,at first the child did this  
very often4 ,then the mother forbade it1
 and the father whipped her several     
times for doing it2 since then it has   
been done more furtively1 but the mother
 has none the less often seen it done4  
,when the child is in bed she plays with
 the genital organs with her fingers4 ,a
 definite orgasm occurs3 there are      
spastic twitchings of the whole body1   
the eyes brighten1 the respiratory      
rhythm changes2 all these changes1      
occurring as they do in association with
 the artificial stimulation of the      
genital organs1 combine to prove that we
 have not to do here with a simple      
spasmodic neurosis1 but with the        

artificial induction of the sexual      
orgasm4 ,the process is1 moreover1      
confined to peripheral manifestations4  
,the most careful observation failed to 
show the existence1 in association with 
the sexual excitement1 of any especially
 tender sentiments towards other        
individuals4  ,,case #h4--,the boy ,y4  
was brought to see me when he was eight 
and a half years of age4 ,from the      
second year of life he had been noticed 
to be subject to masturbatory impulses1 
attended from the first with erection of
 the penis4 ,the practice of            
masturbation increased to such a degree 
that before the boy was four years of   
age it was found necessary to keep him  
separate1 as far as possible1 from his  
brothers and sisters to save these      
latter from being corrupted by him4 ,but
 notwithstanding this precaution1 by the
 time he was five years old he had begun
 to make sexual attacks on a sister one 
year older than himself4 ,he was cunning
 enough to arrange matters in such a way

 that he was alone with his sister1 at  
times when the usual safeguards to keep 
him separate from the other children    
were suspended--for example1 when his   
parents were away1 and when his         
governess 7who had been made fully      
acquainted with the circumstances7 was  
keeping some assignation of her own4    
7,all this was fully elucidated at a    
later date4 ,the distressed parents were
 foolish enough to imagine that a child 
with inherited morbid predispositions of
 this character could be adequately     
safeguarded by means of hired help2 they
 were painfully disillusioned when it   
appeared that the hired assistant1      
instead of watching the child1 was      
pursuing her own pleasures--a point in  
which she merely imitated the parents1  
themselves earnest pleasure-seekers1    
deluding themselves with the belief that
 everything possible was being done for 
their child47 ,although the parents had 
known all about the boy's habit of      
masturbation for many years past1 it was

 only through a fortunate accident1 and 
after the sexual malpractices with the  
sister had been going on for a long     
time1 that these at length came to      
light4 ,it appears that the boy had from
 time to time made sexual advances to   
other girls than his sister4 ,one day1  
while playing with the little daughter  
belonging to a neighbouring family1 he  
endeavoured to lead this child sexually 
astray4 ,the little girl told her       
parents what had happened1 and these    
latter consequently refused to allow her
 to play with ,y4 any more4 ,this       
prohibition led ,y4's parents to inquire
 into the whole matter with great care4 
,it was then discovered that for years  
past ,y4 had been engaged in sexual     
misconduct with his sister1 his usual   
method being to play with her genital   
organs with his hands4 ,in the girl1 the
 frequent repetition of this act had    
given rise to abrasions and local       
inflammations4  ,the following case1 the
 leading features of which are the early

 age at which seminal ejaculation       
occurred1 and the marked hypersthesia of
 the sexual impulse1 may also be        
regarded as an example of sexual        
paradoxy4 ,this patient exhibits a      
number of different perverse modes of   
sexual sensibility1 some of which have  
persisted to the present day4  ,,case   
#i4--,z41 now thirty years of age1      
admits prolonged sexual excesses1 and   
divides his sexual history into two     
periods3 the first period extends from  
the age of seven to the age of twelve1  
before he had learned the use of        
alcohol2 during the second period1 from 
the age of thirteen to the age of       
thirty-years1 his sexual excesses       
occurred under the influence of alcohol4
 ,he gives his own history in the       
following terms3--  ,in very early      
childhood my imagination began to       
exercise itself pleasurably in the      
pictured contemplation of the bodies of 
naked girls4 ,i can also remember       
distinctly that my dreams were chiefly  

concerned with images of this character4
 ,in the later years of childhood 7nine 
to twelve years7 ,i masturbated to great
 excess1 often five to ten times daily1 
sometimes actually while in class at    
school4 ,seminal emission had already   
begun--,i remember this quite distinctly
 at the age of ten1 and perhaps even at 
the age of nine years--but the quantity 
of semen was very small4 ,i found       
several schoolmates with similar        
inclinations to my own1 and with these  
,i practised mutual masturbation4 ,when 
,i was eleven years old ,i became       
acquainted with a boy somewhat younger  
than myself1 and in this case the       
proposal for mutual masturbation came   
from his side4 ,at that time the thought
 that there was anything wrong in the   
practice had never entered my mind2 on  
the contrary1 ,i was always on the      
lookout for boys who would join with me 
in mutual masturbation4 ,such were my   
sexual habits1 until as a boy of        
thirteen ,i for the first time had      

complete sexual intercourse with a      
woman1 a prostitute4 ,thenceforward1 for
 a time1 ,i had intercourse at intervals
 of from four to six weeks1 continuing  
in the meanwhile daily masturbation4    
,subsequently ,i sought and found       
opportunities for intercourse with      
women1 married and unmarried1 about once
 a week1 for money4 ,these almost daily 
venereal excesses appeared to have no   
bad effects on my physical health2 my   
diet was at the time abundant1 if not   
superabundant4 ,on the other hand1 ,i   
lacked effective will-power to make a   
successful stand against the promptings 
of my bodily lusts2 nor was ,i able1    
though not devoid of talent1 to perform 
any arduous or enduring mental work4    
,there ensued also at this early stage a
 great infirmity of purpose1 from which 
,i still suffer to this day4 ,i would   
take up now one thing1 now another1 at  
first with fiery zeal1 soon to cast it  
aside in favour of some new undertaking1
 to be abandoned with the like          

precipitation4  ,having command of      
abundant means1 ,i now1 at the age of   
fifteen1 became enabled to gratify my   
sexual desires without restraint with   
dependents of the other sex2 nor did any
 untoward physical consequences arise to
 impose limitations4 ,after a time1     
ordinary sexual intercourse ceased to   
furnish adequate gratification2 and ,i  
began to excite myself sexually by      
contact with special parts of the body1 
most often the breasts4 ,but the woman  
must not1 as had formerly been my       
desire1 strip herself completely nude2  
for ,i found the most powerful sexual   
stimulus was now exerted by her white   
drawers4 ,the display1 intentional or   
unintentional1 of this article of       
feminine attire sufficed to arouse in me
 sexual feelings4 ,for this reason ,i   
now came to frequent the skating rink1  
in order to obtain a sexual stimulus    
from the glimpse of a woman's drawers   
when putting on her skates4 ,but even   
when a girl was physically beautiful and

 elegantly dressed1 if her drawers were 
not white but coloured1 she produced in 
me no sexual appetite whatever4  ,as a  
result of long-continued excesses1      
attempts at ordinary intercourse no     
longer evoked an adequate sexual        
stimulus1 so that ,i now began the      
practice of cunnilinctus4 ,it was when  
the woman herself became excited through
 the cunnilinctus1 that ,i experienced  
the highest sexual gratification4 ,in   
the intervals1 when ,i had no           
opportunity for sexual intercourse1 ,i  
would endeavour to secure sexual        
gratification by exposing my genital    
organs in the presence of females1 or   
when passing them in the                
street--especially female children4 ,i  
also sought every possible opportunity  
of watching female dependents engaged in
 the act of urination4 ,this gave me    
especially great gratification if1 when 
they were urinating1 ,i could see their 
white underlinen4 ,i also procured      
pornographic literature1 and masturbated

 frequently while reading it4  ,the next
 period in this patient's history now   
begins4 ,but ,i shall not recount his   
case further1 since the subsequent      
episodes have no bearing on the         
questions with which we are especially  
concerned4 ,it will suffice to remark   
that ,z4 now exhibits numerous          
neuropathic and psychopathic            
characteristics4 ,but the various       
psychopathic symptoms1 some of which are
 very severe1 lie altogether outside our
 chosen field of study4  ,paradoxical   
sexual impulse is observed also in the  
lower animals4 ,weston reports the case 
of a colt which when only six weeks old 
attempted to serve its mother2 when     
three months old this animal became so  
troublesome1 owing to its attempts to   
cover other foals and even calves1 that 
castration was necessary4#ef ,the same  
author describes a case of masturbation 
in a foal only two months old2 the      
animal masturbated by arching the back  
to an extreme degree1 and pushing the   

hind feet forward along the surface of  
the belly on either side of the penis4  
,several allusions have been made in    
passing to the subject of sexual        
perversions4 ,a detailed consideration  
of these manifestations is now          
necessary1 owing to the fact that       
perversions exhibit peculiar            
relationships to the sexual life of the 
child1 such relationships being of two  
distinct kinds4 ,in the first place1    
perverse modes of sexual sensibility are
 very common during childhood2 and since
 erroneous views on the subject are     
widely prevalent1 the true significance 
of such perversions demands very careful
 study4 ,in the second place1 it is     
maintained that certain influences      
affecting the sexual life during        
childhood are competent to give rise to 
permanent sexual perversions4 ,we will  
discuss these two questions in the order
 here stated4  ,adult sexual perverts   
frequently declare that their first     
experience of perverse sexual           

sensibility dates from the eighth year1 
or even earlier4 ,thus1 by homosexuals  
we are told that the homosexual         
inclination was felt in very early      
childhood1 in one case directed towards 
a school-fellow1 in another towards some
 near relative1 or towards a resident   
tutor--- or in the case of female       
homosexuals1 towards a girl-companion or
 a governess4 ,moreover1 homosexuals    
often assure us that the homosexual     
inclination has been persistent1 and    
that it has never been interrupted by   
any manifestation of heterosexual       
desire4 ,the assumption that in         
homosexuals the sexual impulse becomes  
active earlier in life than is normal1  
was one of several considerations by    
which von ,krafft-,ebing was led to     
regard homosexuality as a degenerative  
phenomenon1 consequent upon neuropathic 
or psychopathic hereditary taint2 and   
this author held the same view regarding
 other sexual perversions--sadism1 for  
instance4 ,in opposition to this        

opinion1 attention may be drawn to the  
fact1 which was fully considered in the 
last chapter1 that very commonly indeed 
the activity of the normal sexual life  
can also be traced back into the early  
days of childhood4 ,this fact has       
hitherto to a large extent been         
overlooked simply for the reason that   
recent investigations dealing with the  
sexual impulse have in most cases dealt 
exclusively with morbid manifestations2 
whilst the psychologists by profession1 
whose province it was to study the      
normal sexual life1 have with few       
exceptions 7,max ,dessoir1 ,binet1      
,jodl1 and ,ribot7 completely ignored   
this field of inquiry4 ,for this reason 
many phenomena1 e4g41 early activity of 
the sexual impulse1 and hypersthesia of 
that impulse1 have been assumed to be   
characteristic of the perverse modes of 
sexual sensibility1 whereas the like    
phenomena may readily be observed in    
association with a qualitatively normal 
mode of sexual sensibility4  ,the theory

 of the congenital nature of            
homosexuality was based for the most    
part on the common assumption that the  
condition is primary and premature in   
its occurrence1 and that it is exclusive
 of the opposite mode of sexual         
sensibility4 ,but for several reasons   
the inference is not justified4 ,for1   
first of all1 for many cases it is      
incorrect to assume that the homosexual 
inclinations are thus exclusive in their
 character2 as ,i have previously       
explained1 the adult homosexual's belief
 that from early childhood he has never 
experienced any other than homosexual   
inclinations1 depends in many instances 
on an illusion of memory4 ,owing to the 
fact that in consequence of the fuller  
development of homosexuality he is no   
longer interested in the heterosexual1  
he is apt to forget any early           
heterosexual inclinations4 ,secondly1   
the primary appearance of homosexual    
inclinations does not prove that these  
inclinations are congenital2 for in     

homosexuals1 as in heterosexuals1 the   
specialised mode of sexual sensibility  
is preceded by a period in which the    
sexual impulse is undifferentiated2 and1
 in homosexuals and heterosexuals alike1
 chance plays a great part in           
determining which mode of sexual        
sensibility first manifests itself4 ,the
 congenital nature of heterosexuality is
 not disproved by the fact that one who 
in adult life possesses a normal mode of
 sexual sensibility1 may as a schoolboy 
have first experienced sexual desire    
towards a school-fellow2 just as little1
 then1 does a similar early history in  
one who in adult life is homosexual in  
his inclinations1 prove that his        
homosexuality is congenital4 ,in the    
animal world also1 before the occurrence
 of sexual maturity1 the love-games     
occasionally display a similar confusion
 of rles1 so that the sexually immature 
female animal may attempt to cover the  
youthful male4 ,the congenital nature of
 homosexuality is displayed1 not by the 

primary appearance of this mode of      
sensibility1 but by the fact that when  
the puberal development takes place1 the
 homosexual sentiments persist1 and are 
not replaced by heterosexuality4  ,the  
congenital nature of homosexuality has  
been assumed more particularly in those 
cases which are described respectively  
as effemination and viraginity4 ,the    
former name is given by von             
,krafft-,ebing to cases in which in     
homosexual men the entire system of     
feelings and inclinations is influenced 
by the abnormal mode of sexual          
sensibility4 ,such a male homosexual has
 a strong dislike for smoking and       
drinking1 and for all masculine sports2 
on the other hand1 he delights in       
self-adornment1 in art and              
belles-lettres and even in literary     
affectations4 ,the corresponding        
condition in women was by von           
,krafft-,ebing termed viraginity4 ,such 
female homosexuals do not merely        
experience sexual attraction towards    

members of their own sex1 but they also 
exhibit other peculiarities usually     
characteristic of the male1 such as     
dislike of ordinary feminine            
occupations1 a neglect of the arts of   
the toilet1 and a rough and masculine   
mode of behaviour4 ,they exhibit        
inclinations for science rather than for
 art4 ,they sometimes attempt to drink  
and smoke in a masculine manner4 ,von   
,krafft-,ebing and many other writers   
have assumed that the characteristics of
 effemination and of viraginity are     
displayed in early childhood4 ,we are   
told that a boy with these tendencies   
prefers the society of little girls to  
that of boys1 that he likes to play with
 dolls1 and to help his mother in her   
housework4 ,he takes naturally to       
cooking1 sewing1 and darning2 and       
becomes clever in the selection of      
feminine dress1 so that he can help his 
sisters in the choice of their clothes4 
,contrariwise1 the girl who is destined 
in later life to display the            

characteristics of viraginity will be   
found frequenting the playground of the 
boys4 ,such a girl will have nothing to 
do with dolls1 but exhibits a passion   
for the rocking horse and for playing at
 soldiers and robbers4 ,it is           
indisputable that these descriptions    
apply to many cases4 ,but it is         
necessary here to repeat my previous    
warning against over-ready              
generalisation2 for we find that there  
is quite a number of boys and girls who 
exhibit during childhood such contrary  
sexual qualities and inclinations1 and  
yet subsequently undergo a perfectly    
normal1 or at any rate a non-homosexual1
 development of the sexual life4 ,during
 the period of the puberal development1 
the normal heterosexual characteristics 
come to predominate4 ,the               
non-differentiated character of the     
sexual life during childhood forbids us1
 from the mere existence at this period 
of life of such contrary sexual         
tendencies1 to infer that these         

tendencies will necessarily persist1 and
 that the subsequent sexual development 
will also be of an inverted character4  
,we must point out1 in addition1 that   
from childhood onwards many women and   
many men fail to exhibit the psychical  
tendencies appropriate to average       
members of their respective sexes1      
without this justifying the conclusion  
that we have to do with homosexuality4  
,there are heterosexual men who are fond
 of needlework2 and there are           
heterosexual women in whom housework and
 the care of children1 and even in many 
cases the details of their own toilet1  
arouse no interest whatever4 ,because we
 observe1 in any individual1 certain    
contrary sexual tendencies of this      
character1 to draw the inference that in
 such a case we necessarily have to do  
with homosexuality1 would be a most     
disastrous error4  ,apart from these    
considerations1 we have1 when there is a
 history of such tendencies in          
childhood1 to take into account the     

possibility of illusions of memory just 
as much as we have in the cases in which
 adult homosexuals assure us that in    
childhood they never experienced any    
other than homosexual inclinations--a   
matter discussed in the first chapter   
7see pp4 #e and #f74 ,a homosexual man1 
recalling his memories of childhood1    
lays especial stress on all that appears
 to be connected with homosexuality2 he 
is apt to remember those instances only 
in which his conduct exhibited girlish  
characteristics1 and to forget all      
instances of an opposite kind4 ,finally1
 we have to take into consideration the 
various interpretations which are       
tenable of occurrences during childhood4
 ,an adult homosexual who as a child    
once did some needlework for a joke1    
sees in this later a characteristic of  
effemination4 ,a girl who1 for lack of  
companions of her own sex1 was          
accustomed to join in her brother's     
sports1 comes to believe1 when          
subsequently she has developed into a   

homosexual woman1 that her conduct in   
childhood resulted from congenital      
perversion1 whereas in reality this     
conduct was the purely accidental result
 of her childish environment4 ,on the   
other hand1 the withdrawal during       
childhood from the companionship of     
members of the same sex is explicable in
 a converse fashion4 ,homosexual adults 
often tell us that even in boyhood they 
shunned the company of other boys1 and  
sought girl companions1 to join in the  
games of these latter--and they         
endeavour to explain this conduct on    
their part as determined by contrary    
sexual inclinations in early childhood4 
,yet1 in many cases1 boys avoid those of
 their own sex1 and seek the            
companionship of girls1 not for the     
reason just alleged1 but solely because 
these boys thus early experience erotic 
stimulation when associating with girls4
 ,in any case1 we must carefully avoid  
over-estimating the importance of what  
may appear to be contrary sexual        

phenomena during childhood1 and we must 
not be too ready to accept the          
occurrence of such phenomena as a proof 
that sexual perversion had manifested   
itself already during childhood4 ,the   
general possibility of this occurrence  
is1 of course1 not disputed2 but the far
 too common exaggerations of the matter 
cannot be too decisively rejected4  ,the
 case ,i have now to describe is that of
 a woman whose characteristics during   
childhood were thoroughly boyish1 and   
who at this time experienced homosexual 
inclinations2 during the period of the  
puberal development1 however1 the       
homosexual tendencies disappeared1 never
 to return4  ,,case #aj4--,mrs4 ,x41    
twenty-six years of age1 happily married
 for five years past1 enjoys excellent  
health1 with the exception of pains     
during menstruation1 has normal         
intercourse with her husband1           
experiencing sexual impulse of full     
intensity1 and a normal voluptuous      
sensation4 ,the family history is       

healthy on the whole2 some of the       
mother's relatives are described as     
nervous2 but in so large a family1      
otherwise healthy1 this is of trifling  
significance4 ,most of her              
blood-relations are1 so far as          
inheritable morbid conditions are       
concerned1 thoroughly healthy4 ,as a    
girl1 ,x4 7whose statements1 in so far  
as ,i was able to inquire1 were in all  
important respects substantiated by her 
mother7 was at first accustomed to seek 
the companionship of boys only4 ,she was
 continually playing with her brothers  
and their friends1 and was always the   
leader in their wildest games including 
war-games1 and playing at ,indians4     
,during childhood she was almost always 
regarded as the baby1 although she had a
 sister two years younger than herself1 
this sister being altogether girlish in 
her ways4 ,very seldom did ,x4 play with
 anyone but the boys2 when she did on   
rare occasions seek other companionship1
 it was always that of the sister of one

 of her boy friends4 ,the two girls had 
obviously great sympathy each for the   
other1 manifested when they were as yet 
only nine years of age1 and increasing  
as the years went on4 ,the closer her   
association became with this girl1 the  
more did ,x4 withdraw from the          
companionship of the boys1 to devote    
herself to her girl friend4 ,the        
association became more and more        
intimate2 and when they were both       
thirteen years old their endearments    
passed from kisses and embraces to      
manipulation of the genital organs4 ,in 
these latter1 ,x4 always played a       
passive part1 not herself touching her  
own genital organs nor those of her     
friend4 ,occasionally ,x4 would feel    
drawn towards some other girl1 but such 
errant inclinations never lasted long4  
,at about the time when her fondness for
 the other girl began1 that is to say1  
during her tenth year1 ,x41 who was then
 accustomed to compassionate herself for
 not having been born a boy1 began to   

assume a more definitely boyish         
behaviour4 ,under the pretence of       
dressing up1 she used to wear her       
brother's clothes2 occasionally she     
smoked1 although in her home1 and in the
 circle to which her family belonged1   
smoking was disapproved of even in grown
 women4 ,at the age of fourteen1 ,x4    
began to menstruate4 ,the friendship    
between the two girls continued until   
the seventeenth year of life4 ,then ,x4 
gradually came out1 her homosexual      
tendencies disappeared1 and at the same 
time her feminine nature became         
apparent4 ,the desire to dress up as a  
man and the desire to smoke passed away1
 and have never returned1 although ,x4  
now moves in circles in which many women
 smoke4 ,and1 most important fact of    
all1 the homosexual relations were now  
completely broken off4 ,the two girls   
remained on friendly terms2 but alike in
 ,x4 and in her friend the homosexual   
inclinations disappeared1 and the       
improper sexual practices were entirely 

discontinued4 ,x4 began to flirt1 now   
with one man1 now with another1 until   
when nineteen years old she fell in love
 with her present husband1 and married  
him after a two years' engagement4      
,this case shows that neither the       
existence of homosexual inclinations    
during childhood1 nor the simultaneous  
exhibition of other contrary sexual     
mental qualities1 necessarily           
foreshadows the development of permanent
 homosexuality4 ,on the other hand1 we  
must not from the subsequent appearance 
of heterosexuality draw the conclusion  
that this was first acquired intra      
vitam1 for it very often happens that   
congenital heterosexuality first        
manifests itself during the period of   
the puberal development4 ,in an         
analogous case1 in which the homosexual 
and other contrary sexual tendencies and
 inclinations of childhood have         
persisted during the adult sexual life1 
it would be equally erroneous in the    
absence of further evidence to conclude 

that the homosexuality was congenital4  
,i recognise the existence of congenital
 homosexuality1 but ,i consider that the
 reality of this condition is           
established by other grounds than those 
just mentioned4 ,this question has been 
fully discussed by me elsewhere1#eg and 
cannot here be further considered4      
,many investigators regard homosexuality
 as an acquired manifestation4 ,in cases
 in which the existence of homosexuality
 can be traced back into childhood1 they
 explain this on the ground that at a   
time when the individual concerned was  
in a state of sexual excitement1 some   
other person of the same sex must have  
made a marked impression upon his       
imagination4 ,in this way1 they suggest1
 is effected an association whose       
influence endures throughout life4 ,i   
will here say no more than this1 that   
this association theory does not suffice
 to account for the facts4 ,the         
deficiencies of the association theory  
will to some extent become apparent from

 the account ,i am about to give of the 
other sexual perversions4  ,for the     
dispute to what extent sexual           
perversions are congenital and to what  
extent they are acquired1 prevails not  
only concerning homosexuality1 but also 
concerning sadism1 masochism1 sexual    
fetichism1 c4 ,in the case also of these
 latter perversions1 some maintain that 
in those instances in which the         
perversion began in childhood1 some     
early association was the originating   
cause2 whilst others1 from the very fact
 that the perversion appeared very early
 in life and was apparently primary1    
infer that it must be of a congenital   
character4 ,for instance1 a man         
experiences sexual excitement whenever  
he sees a cook or other woman kill a    
fowl2 and when revived in memory1 the   
corresponding ideas exercise a similar  
exciting influence4 ,on inquiry1 we     
learn that when he was eight years old  
he by chance saw a fowl killed1 and then
 immediately felt strong sexual         

excitement4 ,similarly1 many masochists 
and sadists assure us that their first  
experience of their peculiarly tinged   
sexual excitement occurred during       
childhood2 e4g41 in the case of the     
masochist1 when being punished with a   
whipping1 and so on4  ,beyond question1 
the impressions of childhood may result 
in the formation of enduring            
associations4 ,from experiences during  
childhood may originate terrors and     
feelings of disgust which are never     
subsequently overcome4 ,a child who for 
any reason has several times felt a     
strong loathing towards some particular 
article of food1 will retain throughout 
life a dislike to this same substance4  
,felix ,platter relates his own         
experience as follows4 ,when a child1 he
 once saw his sister slicing rings of   
boiled gorge 7see note1 below471 and    
sticking these rings on her finger4 ,the
 sight was so unpleasant to him that he 
had to go away4 ,the disagreeable memory
 has been so persistent1 that ever since

 he has been unable to bear the sight1  
not merely of such rings of flesh1 but  
rings of gold1 silver1 or any other     
material4 ,a child who has once been    
frightened by a dog1 may ever after be  
terrified of all dogs4 ,an individual   
may also1 by a kind of moral contagion1 
be affected by the experiences of       
others4 ,a child who has seen another   
child frightened by a cat1 may for this 
reason acquire an antipathy to cats     
lasting for the whole of life4 ,it is   
upon the undoubted fact of such         
experiences as these1 that those build  
their case who maintain that sexual     
perversions originate in chance         
impressions during childhood or early   
youth4 ,but weighty reasons can be      
alleged against any such generalisation4
    ,note on the expression ,boiled     
,gorge4--,this is a literal             
translation of the ,german gesottne     
,gurgeln1 an apparently forgotten       
article of diet4 ,finding no account of 
it in any ,german dictionary1 ,i        

applied to ,dr4 ,moll1 who writes as    
follows3--,gurgel denotes a   particular
 part of the neck1 in human beings the  
front part1 comprising   the hyoid bone1
 the larynx and trachea1 the pharynx and
 the upper part   of the oesophagus1 the
 thyroid body1 and the adjoining        
muscles4 ,as far   as ,i am aware1 this 
part of the animal body is not now used 
for food4   ,presumably it was so used  
in ,felix ,platter's time1 but ,i cannot
 say if   the 'rings' of which he speaks
 were cut from the trachea1 the         
oesophagus1 or perhaps the great        
blood-vessels4--,,translator',s ,,note4 
,to return to the instance of the man   
who is sexually excited by the sight of 
fowls being killed1 it is true that on  
superficial consideration the case may  
appear to support the theory that we    
have here to do with an acquired        
perversion4 ,we cannot assume that in   
this child the complicated image of the 
killing of a fowl was inborn1 and the   
first inference will therefore be that  

his perversion is purely an acquired    
one4 ,but on closer examination we      
perceive that the matter is less simple 
than appeared at first sight4 ,first of 
all we have to inquire why it is that in
 this particular instance the sight of  
the killing of a fowl induced such a    
perversion1 when in hundreds of other   
cases no such result follows the same   
stimulus4 ,the assumption that in the   
particular case there chanced to occur  
sexual excitement simultaneously with   
the sight of the fowl-killing1 is       
altogether inadequate as an explanation4
 ,for1 first1 this assumption of the    
simultaneous occurrence of sexual       
excitement is in most cases a pure      
supposition1 quite unsupported by proof4
 ,secondly1 even when the two processes1
 the sight of the killing1 and the      
sexual excitement1 do occur             
simultaneously1 it is still open to     
question whether the latter may not have
 been determined by the former2 that is 
to say1 it may be that the perverse mode

 of sexual sensibility previously       
existed1 at least as a predisposition1  
and that the connexion between the      
phenomena is the reverse of what is     
supposed4 ,thirdly1 moreover1 the chance
 view of some occurrence in association 
with sexual excitement does not suffice 
to explain the enduring association of  
sexual excitement with such an          
occurrence throughout the whole of life4
 ,think of persons who have masturbated 
during childhood4 ,when they were       
masturbating1 their eyes have rested on 
various indifferent objects3 underlinen1
 articles of furniture1 pictures1 books1
 c42 but this does not induce the       
association throughout life of sexual   
excitement with the sight of any of     
these articles4  ,apart from these      
considerations1 the fact that some      
external process1 such as the killing of
 a fowl1 has important relationships    
with the content of a subsequent        
perversion1 does not prove that this    
perversion is an acquired one4 ,we may  

rather suppose that in the case of one  
endowed with a congenital predisposition
 to the excitement of the sexual impulse
 by the sight of cruelty1 the particular
 cruel act which will prove the         
determinant in a particular case1 must  
depend upon the chance circumstances of 
the individual's life4 ,on this view1   
if1 in the case under consideration1 the
 fowl-killing had not happened1 at the  
appropriate time1 to awaken the sexual  
impulse1 it must be assumed that some   
other but similar process would have    
been competent to effect this4 ,in any  
case1 the association theory alone will 
not suffice to account for these cases2 
and the possibility cannot be excluded  
that in cases of sadism there is a      
specific abnormal disposition of the    
sexual impulse1 and that the experiences
 during childhood influence the matter  
only in so far as they may determine the
 special manner in which the sadistic   
tendency will subsequently manifest     
itself4 ,it is1 in fact1 very remarkable

 how often some particular act of       
cruelty will1 in a certain individual1  
exercise throughout life a sexually     
exciting influence3 in one person the   
desire to strike may be associated with 
sexual excitement2 in another it may be 
the desire to stab or to cut2 in one    
individual sexual excitement results    
from the sight of a fowl being killed2  
in another1 when the victim is a fish1  
and so on4 ,although we encounter some  
in whom the particular cruel act        
associated with sexual excitement       
changes many times during life2 yet1 on 
the other hand1 we find that there are  
many persons in whom sexual excitement  
is aroused by some special sadistic     
practice1 and by that alone2 and on     
careful inquiry we ascertain that even  
in childhood such an act was associated 
with voluptuous excitement4  ,i will    
take this opportunity of explaining very
 briefly that there is still another    
possible way of explaining these        
enduring associations as being based    

upon impressions received during        
childhood1 without the supposition that 
these impressions of childhood are the  
exclusive determinants2 this is the     
assumption that there exists a          
congenital weakness of the rudiment of  
the normal sexual impulse1 and that it  
is owing to this primary defect that the
 paths of nervous conduction involved in
 the activity of the normal sexual      
impulse so readily become impassable4   
,no further discussion of such disputed 
problems of the sexual life can now be  
attempted4 ,what has been said should   
suffice1 on the one hand1 to prove that 
the experiences of childhood have       
important relationships to the          
occurrence of sexual perversions2 and1  
on the other1 to put the reader on his  
guard against numerous exaggerations4 ,i
 will merely add that whilst the        
examples ,i have given concern only     
homosexuality and sadism1 similar       
considerations will be found to apply1  
mutatis mutandis1 to other sexual       

perversions4  ,notes of a few cases will
 now be given in which more or less     
perverse tendencies can be traced back  
into the days of childhood1 at least in 
so far as the memories of those         
concerned can be regarded as            
trustworthy4  ,,case #aa4--,x41         
thirty-one years of age1 is a           
foot-fetichist4 ,he believes that his   
preference for feet dates from the age  
of six years1 when he began to regard   
with extraordinary interest the feet of 
a servant girl in his father's house    
when she was engaged in washing the     
floor4 ,from the age of six to the age  
of eleven years1 ,x4's memories are     
somewhat confused4 ,thenceforward1      
however1 in the matter of his fondness  
for feet1 his memories are distinct     
enough4 ,when he was twelve years old he
 saw in his parents' house a young girl 
standing bare-footed before the kitchen 
fire2 he seized the opportunity of      
crouching down on the ground quite close
 to the girl's feet1 giving as his      

excuse that he wanted to bask in the    
heat of the fire4 ,while doing this1 he 
yearned to touch or to kiss the girl's  
feet4 ,between the ages of thirteen and 
sixteen he was crazy about the naked    
feet of girls and women4 ,he took every 
opportunity of seeing the servants' feet
 when they were scrubbing the floors1   
and this sight sufficed to induce in him
 erection of the penis4 ,this foot      
fetichism has persisted1 directed       
sometimes towards the feet of women1    
sometimes towards the feet of men4      
,since he grew up1 ,x4 has from time to 
time had normal heterosexual            
intercourse4  ,,case #ab4--,y41         
twenty-five years of age1 homosexual1   
with a special preference for soldiers4 
,in early childhood he noticed in       
himself a great fondness for handsome   
men4 ,when walking in the streets of the
 town as a small boy1 it was the        
soldiers1 in especial1 from among the   
men he met1 who made a strong impression
 upon him4 ,he remembers that when he   

was seven years of age1 he allowed a    
soldier to take him on his knees1 and   
that it gave him great pleasure to      
stroke the man's cheeks4 ,the roughness 
of the cheeks gave him an extremely     
agreeable sensation1 and he sought every
 opportunity of renewing this sensation4
 ,he found cavalry soldiers especially  
stimulating4 ,from the age of eleven    
dates his peculiar delight in the       
well-rounded nates of a cavalry soldier4
 ,as he himself puts it1 with the lapse 
of time1 this has become to him a       
genuine fetich4 ,subsequently1 young    
men-servants also aroused his interest1 
but never to the same degree as cavalry 
soldiers4 ,the homosexual tendency has  
persisted into adult life4  ,,case      
#ac4--,z41 twenty-seven years of age1   
has several times been prosecuted1 on   
account of his attempts to spy upon     
women in public lavatories4 ,it is his  
custom1 when in such a place he can     
observe the genital organs of a woman in
 the act of defcation1 to masturbate4   

,he states that this tendency was well  
marked in him at the age of thirteen    
years4 ,he believes1 indeed1 that at    
this time he was inspired mainly by     
curiosity--by a desire to see what the  
genital organs of a female were like4   
,but he recalls that when a child1 at   
about the age of eight or nine years1 he
 experienced sexual stimulation when a  
girl cousin of six sat on his face2 and 
he thinks that when only five or six    
years old he crawled under the          
petticoats of a servant girl1 in order  
to lay his face against her nates4 ,even
 as early as this he experienced great  
pleasure in the act4  ,,case #ad4--,x41 
is now twenty years of age4 ,he always  
experiences sexual excitement when he   
thinks of the act of whipping4 ,it is   
unnecessary for him to play any active  
part in this himself2 and it is a matter
 of indifference to him whether a man   
beats a woman1 a woman beats a man1 or  
an adult of either sex beats a child4   
,in all cases alike the sight induces   

sexual excitement2 and the imaginative  
reproduction of such a scene is his     
customary stimulus during               
masturbation--this being a fairly       
frequent occurrence4 ,he traces back to 
childhood the stimulus exercised on him 
by a whipping seen or imagined4 ,when   
from seven to nine years of age1 he     
began to find such experiences sexually 
stimulating2 by the age of ten1 he was  
quite clear as to the existence of this 
peculiarity in himself4 ,at this early  
age he struck himself with a stick1     
under the influence of an obscure       
impulse to arouse voluptuous sensations 
by means of the blows2 he did this      
fairly frequently4  ,as regards his     
sexual sensibilities in general1 he is  
by no means indifferent to members of   
the opposite sex4 ,he gladly seeks      
social intercourse with females1 and    
likes to kiss them2 but he does not     
experience any definite sexual impulse  
towards them1 such as might culminate in
 sexual intercourse4 ,three times he has

 had actual intercourse1 but on each    
occasion he has been able to effect     
erection and ejaculation only by means  
of all kinds of artificial stimulation4 
,it is a noteworthy fact that when he   
was fifteen or sixteen years of age he  
became intimate with the members of a   
homosexual circle1 and only by          
considerable effort was he able to free 
himself from these associations4  ,in   
autobiographical literature we from time
 to time come across accounts of such   
perverse modes of sexual sensibility4   
,ulrich von ,lichtenstein1 in whom      
masochistic inclinations were           
unmistakably present1 relates that when 
he was barely twelve years of age he    
became the devoted slave of a grown     
woman2 and he describes his sentiments1 
at this early age and subsequently1     
towards this woman1 who was well born1  
good and beautiful1 chaste in mind and  
body1 and in every respect virtuous4    
,well known1 too1 is the case of        
,rousseau1 of which ,i shall have to    

speak again later2 this writer traces   
his masochistic perversion back to the  
seventh year of his life4 ,i may allude 
also to ,rtif de la ,bretonne1 who was  
born in #agcd1 and certainly experienced
 sexual sentiments in very early        
childhood4 ,in his ,monsieur            
,nicolas1#eh which must be regarded as  
an autobiographical work1 ,rtif relates 
the beginnings1 in the years #agdc-dd1  
of his fetichistic fondness 7which      
endured throughout his life7 for women's
 feet and women's shoes4 ,in purely     
fictional works1 analogous cases are    
also described4 ,thus1 in his ,pour une 
,nuit d',amour1 ,zola depicts a         
sadistic-masochistic relationship       
between two children3--  ,from earliest 
childhood ,thrse von ,morsanne used     
,colombel as the scapegoat and the sport
 of her caprices4 ,he was about six     
months older than she4 ,thrse was a     
dreadful child4 ,not that she was wild  
and uncontrolled1 like the ordinary     
unruly child2 on the contrary1 she was  

extraordinarily serious1 with the       
outward aspect of a well-brought-up     
young lady4 ,but she had most remarkable
 whims and caprices1 ,when she was      
alone1 she would from time to time utter
 inarticulate cries or angry howls4     
,from the age of six she began to       
torment little ,colombel4 ,he was small 
and weakly4 ,she would lead him to the  
back of the park1 to a place where the  
chestnut-trees formed an arbour2 here   
she would spring on his back and make   
him carry her about1 riding sometimes   
round and round for hours4 ,she         
compressed his neck1 and thrust her     
heels into his sides1 so that he could  
hardly breathe4 ,he was the horse1 she  
was the lady on horseback4 ,when he was 
tired out1 and ready to drop from       
exhaustion1 she would bite him till the 
blood flowed1 and would cling to her    
seat so tightly that her nails sank into
 his flesh4 ,and the ride would thus    
start once more4 ,the cruel queen of six
 years old1 borne on the back of the    

little boy who served her as beast of   
burden1 hunted thus on horseback with   
her hair streaming in the wind4         
,afterwards1 when they were with their  
parents1 she would pinch him secretly1  
and by repeated threats would prevent   
him from crying or complaining4 ,thus in
 secret they led a life of their own1   
very different from that which was      
apparent to the eyes of others4 ,when   
they were alone1 she treated him as a   
toy1 to be broken to fragments at her   
pleasure1 simply to see what might be   
inside4 ,was she not the ,marquise8     
,were not people on their knees before  
her8 ,and when she was tired of         
tyrannising over ,colombel in private1  
she would take a peculiar pleasure1 when
 a number of others were present1 in    
tripping him up1 or in running a pin    
into his arm or leg1 whilst at the same 
time she forbade him with a fierce      
glance of her black eyes to show even by
 the movement of an eyelid that she was 
to blame4  ,colombel bore his martyrdom 

with a dull resentment4 ,trembling1 he  
kept his eyes on the ground1 to escape  
the temptation to strangle his young    
mistress4 ,and yet he did not dislike   
being beaten2 it gave him a bitter      
delight4 ,sometimes1 even1 he actually  
sought for a blow1 awaiting the pain    
with a peculiar thrill1 and feeling a   
certain satisfaction in the smart when  
she pricked him with a pin4  ,i have now
 recounted a number of cases in which   
the perversions observed in adults can  
be traced back to early childhood4 ,i   
have shown that it remains doubtful1    
when the specific perversion first makes
 its appearance1 whether it results from
 a congenital predisposition which is   
merely aroused to activity by an outward
 stimulus1 or whether the outward       
stimulus is also the true determinant4  
,a further point has now to be          
considered1 and it is one which1 as far 
as ,i know1 has hitherto been completely
 ignored in the literature of the       
subject4 ,the majority of sexual        

perverts trace back the origin of their 
perversion to a time at which the       
detumescence impulse had not yet been   
awakened4 ,thus1 the homosexual tells us
 of a peculiar impulse he felt in       
childhood to kiss his tutor2 we learn   
from the hair-fetichist that when still 
a child he loved to play with girls'    
hair2 and so on4 ,and we are told that  
these impulses1 voluptuously tinged1    
occurred at a time when erection and    
ejaculation had not yet taken place1 and
 that there was not as yet any of that  
peripheral voluptuous sensation which   
can be clearly differentiated from the  
purely psychical voluptuous sensation4  
,the question then arises1 was this     
voluptuous sensation excited during     
childhood of a truly sexual nature at   
this early age8 ,was the boy's impulsive
 desire to kiss his tutor a sexual      
impulse8 ,from the fact that later in   
life such an impulse is unmistakably    
sexual1 the conclusion is often drawn   
that the earlier inclinations1 and the  

pleasurable sensations associated with  
the corresponding mental processes1 were
 also sexual4 ,the inference is an      
obvious one1 and is doubtless justified 
in many instances4 ,but the following   
point must be taken into consideration4 
,it is a fact that the psychosexual     
processes of the child are less sharply 
differentiated from other psychical     
processes than is the case in the adult2
 and it is therefore possible that the  
specific sexual perversions1 and the    
specific sexual sensibility1 develop out
 of a corresponding sensibility in the  
child which is not yet of a sexual      
character4 ,the observation of ,stanley 
,hall#ei that children display a        
peculiar interest1 not only in their own
 feet1 but also in the feet of other    
persons1 would appear to confirm this   
view4 ,he writes3 ,quite small children 
often display a marked fondness for     
stroking the feet of others1 especially 
when these feet are well formed2 and    
many adults testify to the persistence  

of such an impulse1 whose gratification 
gives them a peculiar pleasure4 ,it may 
readily be supposed1 in many cases of   
foot-fetichism1 that this unmistakably  
sexual phenomenon has originally        
developed out of such a non-sexual      
fondness for feet4  ,unquestionably1    
many of the processes of childhood are  
not to be regarded as sexual1 although  
they are closely related to the sexual  
life4 ,this statement applies to many of
 the friendships between boys or between
 girls1 such as are formed during the   
period in which the sexual impulse is   
still undifferentiated1 or after its    
differentiation has occurred--and such  
friendships must not be identified with 
sexual feelings4 ,at this period of     
life1 we occasionally observe a desire  
in boys to form romantic friendships    
with others of their own sex2 and the   
same is true also of girls4 ,in many    
cases of this kind1 there is no question
 of the presence of any sexual element1 
and we have no right1 therefore1 to     

regard as manifestations of the sexual  
impulse such instances of enthusiastic  
friendship during the period of         
undifferentiated sexual impulse4 ,each  
case must be separately analysed1 in    
order to determine its nature4 ,on the  
other hand1 the sexual character of an  
inclination may sometimes be recognised 
in the early years of childhood1 even in
 cases in which the boy's own genital   
organs are in no way involved4 ,it may  
happen that a boy of eight will display 
a marked interest in the genital organs 
of youths or of men1 and will seize     
every opportunity of peeping at them2   
and in such a case we are as a rule     
justified in assuming the existence of a
 homosexual tendency1 even when there is
 no reflection of sexual disturbance to 
the boys own genital organs4 ,but we    
must guard against the mistake of seeing
 a sexual element in every friendship   
between boys4  ,as with human beings1 so
 also with the lower animals1 it is not 
always possible to differentiate        

friendship from the sexual impulse4     
,robert ,mller has collected a number of
 interesting observations bearing on    
this matter4#fj ,he states that the     
so-called animal friendships1           
friendships between animals of different
 species1 are in many cases determined  
by sexual feelings4 ,he mentions the    
case of a dog ten months old1 which made
 sexual attacks on hens1 and thereby    
killed them2 in another instance1 a     
thorough-bred dog1 two years old1       
exhibited a similar perversion1 and had 
a lasting sexual relationship with a    
hen4 ,he also quotes a case of which a  
man named ,p4 ,momsen was the witness1  
in which a gander attempted to pair with
 a bitch4 ,these examples show that in  
the cases of animal friendship so often 
reported in the newspapers1 the         
existence of an element of perverse     
sexuality is at least possible4 ,but it 
does not1 of course1 follow that every  
strange animal friendship is of a sexual
 nature4  ,this is true1 also1 of other 

perversions--of sadism1 for instance4   
,the tendency to cruelty appears in     
early childhood1 and it is only         
subsequently that this tendency becomes 
definitely associated with the sexual   
life4 ,but even though this association 
7of cruelty with the sexual life7 is    
demonstrable in so many instances1 we   
are not for this reason justified in    
regarding every brutal act1 all         
deliberate cruelty1 as manifestations of
 sadism2 and this reservation applies no
 less to adults than to children4 ,thus1
 delight in the sufferings of others1   
though it may be regarded as analogous  
with sadism1 has no necessary connexion 
with the sexual impulse4 ,just as little
 can we assume that the deliberate      
ill-treatment of animals1 whether on the
 part of children or on that of adults1 
is necessarily the outcome of sadism4   
,felix ,platter relates in his          
autobiography that when as a boy verging
 on maturity he had already chosen his  
future profession as a medical man1 he  

came to the conclusion that he ought to 
accustom himself to the sight of        
disagreeable things2 with this end in   
view1 to habituate himself to see       
without emotion the heart and other     
viscera1 he frequented the              
slaughter-house4 ,subsequently he       
experimented on a little bird1 to       
ascertain if it had blood-vessels1 and  
if it could be bled2 he opened a vein   
with a penknife1 and the little bird    
died4 ,he did the same thing with       
various insects--stag-beetles1          
cock-chafers1 and the like4 ,actions of 
this kind performed by children have1 of
 course1 no connexion with the sexual   
life4 ,when a child tears off the feet  
of an insect1 or mutilates any other    
animal1 the motive is often simply that 
with which the same child will pull a   
watch to pieces4 ,the same act may      
result from various motives2 and for    
this reason we must guard against the   
misconception which might lead us1 from 
every cruel act performed by a child1 to

 diagnose the existence of sadism1 or   
the certainty of a subsequent sadistic  
development4  ,in a case of             
rose-fetichism1 which ,i have published 
elsewhere1 the subject was a            
philologist1 thirty years of age1 who   
had never masturbated during his school 
days1 and until he was nineteen or      
twenty had remained sexually neutral1   
experiencing sexual inclination neither 
towards females nor towards members of  
his own sex4 ,but he had from an early  
age exhibited a very great interest in  
flowers1 and while still a child used to
 kiss them4 ,he is unable1 however1 to  
recall the existence in this connexion  
of any sexual excitement4 ,when about   
twenty-one years old he was introduced  
to a young lady who at the time was     
wearing a large rose fastened into the  
front of her jacket4 ,henceforward1 in  
his sexual sensibility1 the rose assumed
 extraordinary importance4 ,whenever he 
was able1 he bought roses1 kissed them1 
and took them to bed with him4 ,the act 

of kissing a rose induced an erection of
 the penis4 ,in his seminal dreams1 the 
image of the rose always played a       
leading part4  ,this case is extremely  
instructive4 ,a great love for flowers1 
leading to the act of kissing1 occurs in
 many children without any subsequent   
association1 when these children have   
grown up1 of sexual sentiments with     
flowers4 ,such persons will lay little  
stress on their memories of such        
occurrences in childhood--indeed1 in    
adult life these incidents are for the  
most part forgotten4 ,but to ,x41 who   
when grown-up became affected with      
rose-fetichism as a sequel of a specific
 experience1 it seems that his sexual   
fetichism is causally dependent upon his
 childish love of flowers--and probably 
he is right in so thinking4 ,but we must
 not for this reason assume that his    
childish preference had any sexual      
character4 ,it is more likely that the  
abnormally great fondness for flowers1  
beginning in childhood1 was a favouring 

factor of the subsequent development of 
the rose-fetichism4 ,what applies here  
to a pathological instance1 may also be 
assumed to be true of the normal sexual 
life4 ,that is to say1 the experiences  
of childhood1 which have not as yet any 
relationship with sexual life1 are      
nevertheless of great significance in   
relation to the subsequent upbuilding of
 the sexual life1 and above all in      
relation to the development of the      
psychosexual sentiments4  ,for the sake 
of completeness ,i must allude here to  
two additional processes which are also 
related to the sexual life of the child1
 viz41 exhibitionism and skatophilia4   
,as regards exhibitionism1 ,lasgue#fa   
describes as exhibitionists those       
persons who display their genital organs
 to others from a certain distance1     
without attempting any other improper   
manipulations1 and above all without    
making any endeavour to effect sexual   
intercourse4 ,kovalevsky#fb contends    
that the tendency to exhibitionism is   

observed in the male sex especially     
during childhood at the approach of     
puberty1 and in old age4 ,he records the
 following case3 ,the headmistress of a 
boarding-school one day brought to see  
me a boy fourteen years of age1 very    
well behaved and intelligent1 who       
experienced from time to time an        
irresistible impulse1 when he met one of
 the little girls of the school1 to     
expose his penis4 ,as a rule he was able
 to withstand this terrible impulse1 but
 occasionally he yielded to it4 ,he then
 experienced a sense of confusion in his
 head and his vision1 and his whole body
 seemed to become tense1 whilst at the  
same time he experienced a voluptuous   
sensation in the penis and in the body  
generally4 ,this state lasted for one or
 two minutes1 and was succeeded by a    
moderate sense of weakness and a very   
distressing sense of shame4 ,the acts of
 exhibition were never accompanied with 
seminal emission1 although he sometimes 
had such emissions during the night4 ,i 

have myself hardly ever observed this   
form of exhibitionism in children4      
,somewhat commoner1 however1 is the     
mutual and perfectly voluntary          
exhibition of their genital organs by   
children1 generally boys and girls      
together2 in these cases1 as previously 
explained 7p4 #ga71 the acts are        
determined rather by curiosity than by  
the sexual impulse4 ,it is necessary to 
insist upon this fact1 as distinguishing
 exhibitionism in children from         
exhibitionism in adults4 ,a like        
question arises regarding the           
skatological inclinations and interests 
of children1 which are assumed by       
,havelock ,ellis#fc to be intimately    
connected with the sexual life4 ,it is  
an undoubted fact that many children    
before puberty are greatly interested in
 the excretions from the bladder and the
 intestine4 ,stanley ,hall1#fd to whom  
,havelock ,ellis refers1 is of opinion  
that micturitional obscenities1 which   
our returns show to be so common before 

adolescence1 culminate at ten or twelve1
 and seem to retreat into the background
 as sex-phenomena appear4 ,he           
distinguishes between two classes of    
cases3 fouling persons or things1       
secretly from adults1 but openly with   
each other1 and1 less often1 ceremonial 
acts1 connected with the act or the     
product1 that almost suggest the        
skatological rites of savages4 ,i can   
myself1 as a result of numerous         
inquiries1 confirm the existence of     
skatophilia in children4 ,but ,i have   
not yet been able to satisfy myself that
 these processes always1 or even        
usually1 have any connexion with the    
sexual life4 ,such a connexion          
unquestionably exists in some cases1 but
 no less certainly it is not an         
invariable one4 ,skatological           
acts--those1 that is to say1 in which   
the more disgusting excreta play a      
part--arise in some instances out of a  
masochistic mode of sensibility4 ,in    
cases in which adult masochists have    

such inclinations1 it is often          
impossible to trace their existence back
 into childhood4 ,it rather appears1 in 
most of the instances of skatological   
inclinations which have come under my   
own observation1 that these inclinations
 have been superimposed upon other      
masochistic tendencies1 and these latter
 may sometimes be traced back to the    
days of childhood4 ,but in a few cases  
,i have found skatological perversions  
to have originated very early in life4  
,a man with a university education1 with
 an inclination to the practice of      
cunnilinctus1 assured me that this      
inclination began in childhood4 ,another
 man1 whose interest in the female nates
 and anus was unquestionably not the    
result of any excesses1 stated          
positively that he was able to refer the
 origin of this inclination to a        
definite experience of his childhood4   
,when only seven years of age1 he       
experienced the impulse to look at the  
nates of a servant-maid2 and he believes

 that this inclination1 which in his    
case was certainly generalised at a very
 early age1 arose from a still earlier  
experience1 viz41 the chance sight of   
his mother's nates1 when she urinated in
 his presence4 ,his whole account of the
 matter suggests the existence of a     
fetichism directed to the nates1        
impelling him to the most disgusting    
acts1 which he has several times        
performed4 ,a similar case1 but on a    
homosexual basis1 will be found recorded
 as ,case #bj in my work on ,sexual     
,inversion4#fe  ,no detailed account of 
other pathological manifestations of the
 sexual life will now be attempted1     
since this work professes to deal only  
with subjects of a wide and general     
significance4 ,we cannot consider those 
cases1 for instance1 in which there is  
developmental defect of the reproductive
 organs2 those1 for example1 in which   
there is no discoverable development of 
the reproductive glands4 ,but some      
reference may be made to                

hermaphroditism4 ,in the human species  
true hermaphroditism is a very rare     
occurrence1 whereas apparent            
hermaphroditism1 the so-called          
pseudo-hermaphroditism1 is comparatively
 frequent4 ,the sexual life of          
pseudo-hermaphrodites has in some       
instances been very carefully studied1  
more especially with reference to the   
relationship of pseudo-hermaphroditism  
to the direction of the sexual impulse4 
,it appears that in a number of cases of
 pseudo-hermaphroditism1 not only did   
the secondary sexual characters exhibit 
an inverted or contrary sexual          
development1 but the sexual impulse was 
also inverted--was directed1 that is to 
say1 towards individuals of the same sex
 as that to which the                   
pseudo-hermaphrodite really belonged4   
,beyond question1 cases have been       
observed in which pseudo-hermaphrodites 
with testicles have had sexual          
inclination towards males2 and          
pseudo-hermaphrodites with ovaries1     

sexual inclination towards females4 ,in 
many of these cases1 such contrary      
sexual tendencies could be traced back  
into childhood4 ,we have1 of course1 to 
reckon with the fact that in the case of
 pseudo-hermaphrodites the diagnosis of 
the sex is usually based upon the       
formation of the external genital       
organs1 and without any expert          
examination of the reproductive glands2 
thus they are often brought up as       
members of a sex to which they do not   
really belong1 and in consequence of    
this their education is sexually        
inverted4 ,in such cases it may         
reasonably be suggested that the        
homosexuality is the result1 not so much
 of a congenital inversion of the sexual
 impulse1 as of the contrary sexual     
education4  ,for a detailed treatment of
 the subject of hermaphroditism1        
reference should be made to the special 
literature of the subject1 and above all
 to the exhaustive and laborious work of
 ,neugebauer4#ff     ,chapter ,,vi      

,,etiology ,,and ,,diagnosis   ,the last
 chapter dealt with pathological        
phenomena in the sexual life of the     
child4 ,from the considerations urged in
 this and in earlier chapters1 it will  
have become apparent that sexual        
manifestations in childhood are not     
necessarily to be regarded as           
pathological4 ,this conclusion does not 
conflict with the assumption that       
certain factors influence the sexual    
life of the child4 ,the numerous        
individual differences suffice to       
indicate the existence of such factors4 
,many of these are of a pathological    
character1 but others have no connexion 
with the domain of pathology4 ,among the
 factors thus influencing the sexual    
life of the child1 we can distinguish   
those affecting the germinal rudiments  
from those which exercise their         
influence later4 ,those of the former   
group first demand our attention4  ,in  
certain families1 the early awakening of
 sexuality is observed with remarkable  

frequency4 ,these are often neuropathic 
or psychopathic families1 and moreover  
the early awakening of the sexual life  
is frequently associated with           
neuropathic or psychopathic symptoms4   
,but this is by no means always the     
case1 and often enough such persons     
belong to healthy families and are      
themselves healthy4 ,we are therefore   
not entitled to regard the occurrence of
 sexual manifestations in childhood as a
 proof of degeneration or of a morbid   
inheritance4 ,but equally erroneous is  
the opposite view1 that the early       
awakening of sexuality is an indication 
of exceptional endowments4 ,it is true  
that in many persons of genius premature
 sexual passion has been observed1 and  
such manifestations are by no means     
always confined to the contrectation    
impulse4 ,we learn1 too1 in our         
consulting rooms1 that not infrequently 
the most diligent schoolboys exhibit at 
a comparatively early age the phenomena 
alike of contrectation and of           

detumescence4 ,but the fallacy of       
drawing general conclusions from this   
fact is shown by the additional fact    
that in idiots and imbeciles premature  
awakening of the sexual life is also of 
common occurrence4 ,in cases such as    
were formerly described as moral        
insanity1 but which in ,germany to-day  
are classed with imbecility1 sexual     
assaults on others are very common at an
 early age4 ,this is true also of other 
forms of idiocy and imbecility4 ,in     
asylums for such patients1 feeble-minded
 children not infrequently make sexual  
attempts on nurses and on other inmates4
 ,in this connexion1 we have to consider
 both components of the sexual impulse1 
the phenomena of contrectation as well  
as those of detumescence4 ,in the case  
of low-grade idiots1 we often see the   
phenomena of pure detumescence1 without 
the accompaniment of any sexual         
inclination directed towards another    
person2 this is simply physical         
masturbation1 performed under the       

promptings of an organic impulse4 ,but  
not only in imbeciles and idiots1 and in
 persons of genius1 but also in those   
with perfectly normal mental endowments1
 the sexual impulse1 and more especially
 the phenomena of contrectation1 may    
appear at a very early age4 ,persons    
with artistic tendencies develop in this
 way with comparative frequency4 ,we    
must1 for these reasons1 guard against  
the misconception that the early        
awakening of sexuality is per se        
pathological4 ,the fact that the study  
of the sexual life has been undertaken  
chiefly by medical men1 and above all by
 neurologists and alienists1 has        
inevitably introduced a certain bias    
into the results of the investigation4  
,opportunities for the study of the     
sexual life of normal persons have been 
comparatively rare2 for those in whom   
the early awakening of sexuality has    
been recorded have for the most part    
sought medical advice and treatment for 
some other reason1 and the physician has

 taken the opportunity to make inquiries
 into the patient's sexual history4 ,the
 boundary-line between what is          
pathological and what is normal can be  
determined only by an extended study of 
the sexual life in normal persons4 ,by  
very numerous inquiries ,i have done my 
best to effect this2 and a careful      
examination of the accumulated material 
leads to the above-mentioned conclusion1
 that an early awakening of the sexual  
life is commoner in those with an       
abnormal nervous system than it is in   
healthy persons3 but it also appears    
that an abnormal sensitiveness of a     
non-pathological character1 such as is  
exhibited by persons with the artistic  
temperament1 and likewise a disposition 
excitable to a degree which cannot yet  
be called morbid1 predispose the        
subjects to an early awakening of       
sexuality4  ,to attain to clear views on
 this question1 it is necessary to bear 
certain distinctions in mind3 first1 as 
regards the different periods of        

childhood2 and1 secondly1 as regards the
 two components of the sexual impulse   
7detumescence and contrectation74 ,my   
own investigations have led me to draw  
the following conclusions4 ,during the  
first period of childhood1 that is to   
say1 up to the end of the seventh year  
of life1 the occurrence of              
manifestations of the sexual impulse    
must arouse suspicions of the existence 
of a congenital morbid predisposition4  
,but as regards the phenomena of        
detumescence1 which are confined to the 
peripheral genital organs1 we must make 
an exception to this rule if they do not
 appear spontaneously1 but result either
 from local inflammatory or other morbid
 changes1 or from deliberate seduction  
of the child to the performance of      
sexual manipulations2 at any rate1 in   
such cases1 the probability of the      
existence of congenital morbid          
predisposition is greatly diminished4 ,i
 am also forced to regard as suspicious 
the occurrence of phenomena of          

contrectation during the first period of
 childhood1 although not to the same    
extent as are the peripheral            
manifestation of the sexual impulse--and
 ,i hold this view notwithstanding the  
numerous cases recorded by ,sanford     
,bell4 ,passing to the second period of 
childhood1 the phenomena of             
contrectation may appear at the very    
beginning of this period1 that is1      
during the eighth year of life1 without 
justifying the inference that any morbid
 predisposition exists4 ,regarding the  
phenomena of detumescence1 we must not  
hold them to be necessarily morbid when 
they make their appearance during the   
last years of the second period of      
childhood2 but when this occurs earlier1
 during the tenth or eleventh year of   
life for instance1 some suspicion may   
reasonably be aroused4 ,in this general 
survey of the material1 it did not      
appear that any important difference    
existed between the two sexes in the    
matters under consideration2 but ,i     

believe that in girls the phenomena of  
contrectation often make their          
appearance somewhat earlier than in     
boys1 whereas1 on the other hand1 the   
occurrence of the phenomena of          
detumescence at an early age is more    
likely to indicate the existence of     
congenital morbid predisposition in     
girls than it is in boys4  ,in the      
delimitation of the pathological from   
the healthy1 ,i have endeavoured to lay 
down broad general lines4 ,it must not  
be supposed that precisely at the close 
of the first period of childhood1 that  
is to say1 at the end of the seventh    
year of life1 the sexual life1 and our  
opinions as to the significance of its  
manifestations1 undergo sudden          
alterations4 ,our estimates as to the   
significance of phenomena occurring     
during the early months of the eighth   
year of life1 will not differ materially
 from our estimates as to the           
significance of the same phenomena when 
they occur during the last months of the

 seventh year4 ,my conclusions have no  
more than a general application1 based  
as they are on the recorded experiences 
and on my own personal observations of  
numerous persons1 healthy and diseased4 
,let us consider further what are the   
factors favouring an early awakening of 
the sexual life4 ,i have previously     
mentioned the fact that in certain      
families a remarkably early sexual      
development is quite common4 ,this is   
true also of certain races4 ,but the    
data bearing on this question are not   
quite so trustworthy as might be wished4
 ,the fact that among certain nations   
marriage sometimes takes place at a     
remarkably early age1 is no certain     
proof of the early awakening of         
sexuality in persons of this            
nationality2 for the marriage may be a  
purely ceremonial affair1 and may be    
effected long before the individual is  
ripe for sexual intercourse or for      
procreation2 and the first act of       
intercourse may not take place until    

several years after the ceremony of     
marriage4 ,among ourselves1 marriage1   
especially in the case of men1 does not 
as a rule take place until long after   
the age of puberty1 and it therefore    
seems to us very remarkable when1 in    
another race1 men marry ten years       
earlier2 but this must not be taken as a
 proof that sexual development occurs at
 an earlier age4 ,we can gain some      
knowledge of the subject from the       
statistical inquiries which have been   
made regarding the appearance of that   
manifestation of puberty which is most  
readily available for such inquiries1   
namely1 the first occurrence of         
menstruation4 ,ribbing#fg has made a    
study of this question1 and gives the   
following figures regarding the         
commencement of menstruation in women of
 different nationalities in various     
places3 ,swedish ,lapland1 #ah years2   
,christiania1 #af years1 #i months1 #be 
days2 ,berlin1 #ae years1 #g months1 #f 
days2 ,paris #ae years1 #g months1 #ah  

days1 and #ad years1 #e months1 and #ag 
days2 ,madeira1 #ad years1 #c months2   
,sierra ,leone and ,egypt1 #aj years4   
,from these data we should naturally he 
led to infer that there would be great  
variations in the age at which other    
manifestations of the sexual life first 
make their appearance1 and experience   
justifies this inference4  ,some writers
 attribute to climate a great influence 
in this respect2 whilst others regard   
this view as erroneous1 and believe that
 the differences observed depend rather 
on racial peculiarities4 ,by advocates  
of the former view it is assumed that a 
hot climate leads to the early          
appearance of menstruation1 whilst a    
cold climate retards the development of 
this function4 ,those who dispute the   
influence of climate bring forward      
instances of a contrary kind4 ,thus1    
among the ,samoyede ,eskimos1           
menstruation begins at the age of twelve
 or thirteen1 notwithstanding the fact  
that they dwell within the ,arctic      

circle2 whereas1 among the ,danes and   
the ,swedes1 menstruation begins at     
about the age of sixteen or seventeen   
years4 ,again1 we are told that among   
the ,creoles of the ,antilles1 as in    
,france1 menstruation rarely begins     
before the fourteenth year1 whilst in   
the same islands1 girls of ,african race
 begin to menstruate1 as in ,africa1 at 
ten or eleven years of age4#fh ,these   
objections to the climatic theory are   
certainly serious ones4 ,but when we are
 considering the possible influence of  
climate upon menstruation1 we have to   
remember that it is possible that       
climate may exert its influence         
cumulatively in successive generations1 
and may not produce its full effect upon
 the age at which menstruation begins1  
until after the lapse of several        
generations4 ,we certainly lack evidence
 to show that in isolated individuals a 
change of climate affects the first     
appearance of menstruation4 ,but it is  
not impossible that climate may exert   

such an influence in the course of      
several generations4 ,such a view would 
appear to receive support from our      
observations on animals1 for the sexual 
life of the latter is notably influenced
 by the seasons1 and change of season   
resembles in many respects change of    
climate4 ,in most animals1 and more     
especially in those living in a state of
 nature1 the sexual impulse becomes     
active at stated intervals only1 and    
these intervals are related to the      
duration of pregnancy in such a way that
 the birth of the young occurs always at
 a season in which the nutritive        
conditions are favourable4 ,it is widely
 assumed that even in the human species 
there remain vestiges of such a         
periodicity in the sexual impulse4 ,i   
have discussed this matter very fully   
elsewhere1#fi and will here do no more  
than draw attention to the fact that the
 poetry of spring1 which sings partly of
 love alone1 and partly of the relations
 between love and the annual awakening  

of nature1 bears upon the influence of  
this season of the year upon the sexual 
impulse4 ,it seems that the spring also 
exerts an influence upon the            
love-sentiments of the child4 ,it is    
possible that suggestion here plays a   
certain part1 inasmuch as from childhood
 onwards poetry and many observations   
teach that there is a connexion between 
love and the season of spring4 ,sanford 
,bell considers that the importance of  
spring in this connexion depends on the 
fact that at this season children begin 
to meet one another in the open1 subject
 to less restraint1 and perhaps more    
frequently4 ,but he does not exclude the
 possible existence of an inherited     
vestige of periodicity in the sexual    
impulse4  ,it is widely assumed that    
among the higher social classes the     
awakening of the sexual life occurs     
earlier than among the lower4 ,but it   
can hardly be said that trustworthy     
statistics exist to illustrate this     
point2 and the most we can admit is that

 it may be true of the commencement of  
menstruation--though even here the data 
available hardly suffice to afford proof
 of the thesis4 ,it is said that in     
girls of the upper classes menstruation 
begins on the average at an earlier age 
than in girls of the lower classes2 and 
also that menstruation begins earlier in
 towns than in the country4 ,rousseau#gj
 asserted this long ago1 taking his     
facts from ,buffon1 who attributed the  
fact to the sparer and poorer fare of   
the country folk4 ,rousseau1 while      
admitting that menstruation began later 
in the country districts1 considered    
that diet had nothing to do with the    
matter1 since even where 7as in ,valais7
 the peasants enjoyed a liberal fare1   
puberty1 in both sexes1 occurred later  
than in the majority of towns1 in which 
an excessively rich diet was often      
customary4 ,he believed that the        
difference between town and country in  
this respect depended rather upon the   
more enduring repose of the imagination 

in the country1 this latter itself      
arising from the greater fixity of      
customs in the rural districts4         
,speaking generally1 however1 the       
question whether in the country the     
sexual life awakens later than it does  
in the towns1 cannot be said to have    
been decisively answered4  ,closely     
connected with the question of the      
alleged later awakening of the sexual   
life in the country is the belief that  
in the country children are also more   
moral and remain longer uncorrupted4  ,i
 myself do not believe that children are
 more moral in the country1 or that they
 here remain longer uncorrupted than in 
towns1 whether large or small4 ,nor is  
it proved that in former times the      
country possessed any advantage in these
 respects1 as compared with our own days
 and with the modern town4 ,the entire  
fable of rural innocence appears to     
rest1 not upon an actual comparison     
between town and country1 but rather    
upon the more lively interest felt in   

town life1 and especially in the life of
 the great towns3 in towns1 immorality  
has been more carefully studied and more
 often described2 and on account of the 
greater concentration of town life1 it  
is also more readily apparent4 ,but any 
one who studies erotic literature and   
descriptions of manners and customs1 at 
any rate1 anyone who studies these      
without prejudice1 will find ample      
ground for the opinion that even in     
earlier times morality stood in the     
country on no higher level than in the  
towns4 ,the opinion that country life   
was more moral has existed from very    
early times1 and it is interesting to   
observe the way in which in erotic      
literature we at times encounter a      
satirical use of this fact1 describing  
the painful disillusionment of a man who
 has hoped to find perfect innocence in 
his loved one from the country1 and has 
been bitterly disappointed4  ,i do not  
propose to give numerous examples of    
rural immorality in earlier times2 two  

will suffice1 both dating from the      
eighteenth century1 and both bearing on 
the seduction of children4 ,laukhard1#ga
 born in the year #ageh1 at             
,wendelsheim1 in the ,lower ,palatinate1
 tells us how1 when six years of age1 he
 was introduced by a manservant into the
 secrets of the sexual life1 so that he 
was speedily in a position to take part1
 with consummate ability and to the     
admiration of all1 in the most shameless
 lewd sports and conversations of the   
menials of the household4 ,and ,laukhard
 adds in a note that1 in the            
,palatinate1 obscenity was so universal1
 and among the common people the general
 conversation was so utterly shameless1 
that a ,prussian grenadier would have   
blushed on hearing the foul talk of the 
,jacks and ,gills of the ,palatinate4   
,he also relates that he soon found an  
opportunity of practising with one of   
the servant-girls what the manservant   
who had been his instructor had extolled
 to him as the non plus ultra of the    

higher knowledge4 ,if we compare with   
this the descriptions given by ,rtif de 
la ,bretonne1 who was born in the year  
#agcd in the village of ,sacy in ,lower 
,burgundy1 and was the son of a         
well-to-do peasant1 and if we study a   
number of similar accounts of country   
life1 we shall hardly be inclined to    
take a very roseate view regarding rural
 morals in former days4 ,we learn from  
,rtif1#gb that while still quite a      
little boy1 only four years of age1 he  
had the most diverse sexual experiences 
with a grown-up girl1 ,marie ,pit1 after
 she had induced an erection of his     
penis by tickling his genital organs4   
,these and numerous similar accounts1   
which we find in the works of writers of
 previous centuries1 are not likely to  
sustain the conviction that rural morals
 were formerly distinguished by         
exceptional purity4  ,but if this claim 
must be disputed as regards rural life  
in former times1 it is still more       
certain that we must deny that to-day a 

higher moral level obtains in the       
country than in the towns1 and this is  
true above all as regards children4 ,it 
is certain that sexual activity in      
children does not begin later in the    
country4 ,my views as to present        
conditions in the country are derived   
mainly from information directly        
communicated to myself4 ,from a number  
of grown-up persons1 now residing in the
 metropolis1 but born and bred in the   
country1 ,i have received details of    
their own early sexual experiences4 ,i  
have in addition had opportunities for  
direct personal inquiries in rural      
districts and in the smaller country    
towns4 ,lastly1 ,i have received reports
 voluntarily furnished to me by persons 
still residing in the country4          
,combining all these sources of         
information1 ,i am justified in         
asserting that in the country sexual    
practices among children are of         
exceedingly common occurrence4  ,just as
 the recent increasing development of   

large towns has been regarded as        
responsible for immorality and for      
premature sexual activities in children1
 so also has modern civilisation in     
general been blamed for the same        
results4 ,there has always existed a    
tendency to depreciate the morals of    
contemporary periods1 and to exalt in   
comparison the morals of an earlier day4
 ,in books of earlier generations1 in   
those1 for instance1 which appeared     
between the middle of the eighteenth    
century and the middle of the nineteenth
 century1 we find1 just as we find in   
the writings of our own day1            
lamentations upon existing corruption1  
especially as regards the morals of     
children1 and panegyrics upon the       
morality of an earlier time4 ,but when  
we examine the documents of the past1 we
 find adequate proof of the fact that   
morals stood at no higher level in      
former times than to-day1 and1 more     
particularly1 we learn that the sexual  
morals of children were no better then  

than now4 ,if this were otherwise1 how  
could we explain the fact that1 in the  
year #aebg1 for instance1 the ,town     
,council of ,ulm issued an order to the 
brothel-keepers of that town that they  
were no longer to admit to the brothels 
boys of from twelve to fourteen years of
 age1 but rather were to drive them away
 with birch-rods4 ,this fact1 with many 
others1 is recorded by ,hans ,boesch2#gc
 and collectively they suffice to prove1
 not merely that the children of former 
times were no whit more moral than those
 of our own day1 but also that the      
awakening of sexual activity occurred   
just as early then as now4  ,but        
although ,i contest the alleged general 
influence of the life of large towns and
 of modern civilisation upon the        
morality and the sexual activities of   
children1 ,i admit at once that peculiar
 conditions of place and time may exert 
a great influence in these respects4    
,frequently1 no detailed analysis of    
these conditions is possible2 but       

sometimes such an analysis can be       
effected4 ,only by the assumption that  
these special influences exist can we   
understand how it is that such marked   
differences exist at different times in 
the same place4 ,i know certain schools 
in ,berlin in which masturbation1 and   
even mutual masturbation1 are widely    
diffused2 and ,i know others regarding  
which in this respect no unfavourable   
reports can be made4 ,i know1 indeed1 of
 schools about which ,i have received   
from former pupils1 persons whose       
trustworthiness ,i have absolutely no   
reason to doubt1 reports which prove    
that a remarkably high level of sexual  
morality must have existed in these     
schools4 ,on the other hand1 ex-pupils  
of other schools1 attended by boys of   
very various classes of the population1 
have informed me that at these schools  
there was hardly a boy who did not      
masturbate4 ,it is not always possible  
to ascertain the causes of such         
differences4 ,one child1 perhaps1 may   

corrupt an entire class4 ,but ,i believe
 also that the influence of the         
schoolmasters1 and especially that of   
the headmaster1 may be of enormous      
importance in this respect4 ,similar    
differences exist in the country4 ,it is
 even believed by some that there are   
differences between the ,catholic and   
,protestant inhabitants of the rural    
districts4 ,how extensive may be the    
differences even within a comparatively 
small area1 is shown by an example1     
which ,i will quote1 from ,c4           
,wagner4#gd ,one of the districts       
studied by him was the ,province of     
,jagst in ,wrtemberg1 and he reports    
that there is a striking difference     
between the ,alt-,wrtemberg and the     
,franconian districts4 ,the report      
states that in the former district the  
greater number of parents appear to     
recognise it as their sacred duty to    
bring up their children properly and to 
watch over their development4 ,moral    
depravity could not be said to be       

general among the children of this      
region4 ,very different was it in the   
,franconian districts1 in which not only
 were the children cared for much less  
perfectly1 but in which also the        
children saw and heard much too early   
things which impair or destroy the      
innocence and purity of the heart4 ,we  
are told that shamelessness in the      
satisfaction of natural needs was       
general2 some cases of self-abuse were  
reported2 and obscene and lascivious    
conversation was common4 ,the causes    
assigned for this in the report are3    
overcrowding in the dwellings1 there    
being in some cases but a single bed for
 children of school age of different    
sexes2 also that children had been      
present when cattle were performing the 
sexual act4 ,often in the country we are
 told that children have been corrupted 
by grown persons1 through sleeping in   
the same bed with the latter4  ,what has
 just been said bears upon the          
influences which at the opening of this 

chapter ,i classed with the second group
 of the influences affecting the sexual 
life of the child1 namely1 those that   
come into play only after birth4 ,but   
whatever degree of importance we may    
attribute to these1 it cannot be doubted
 that congenital predisposition plays a 
very important part in inducing an early
 awakening of the sexual life4 ,what we 
see in this case is similar to what     
happens in respect of other qualities   
than the sexual4 ,some persons are      
congenitally predisposed to a one-sided 
development2 and in some persons there  
occurs a phenomenally early development 
of certain particular talents4 ,it will 
suffice to remind the reader of children
 who while still quite young can perform
 extraordinary arithmetical operations1 
and of those who at six or seven years  
of age can play beautifully on the piano
 or some other instrument4 ,in these    
latter cases the most important feature 
is the congenital predisposition1 but   
this predisposition has1 of course1 to  

be aroused to activity2 and the same is 
true in the case of the sexual impulse4 
,this explains why it is that the most  
careful education often fails to prevent
 the premature commencement of the      
amatory life2 and it explains also1 on  
the other hand1 why it is that even in  
the most unfavourable circumstances1    
sexual phenomena do not always make     
their appearance during childhood4 ,i   
know of persons who have passed the     
years of childhood in a brothel1 amid   
surroundings obviously calculated to    
turn their attention to sexuality1 but  
in whom nevertheless during childhood no
 development of the sexual life appeared
 to have occurred4 ,the popular saying1 
,what is bred in the bone will not out  
of the flesh1 may be to some degree an  
overstatement1 but nevertheless         
corresponds to the actual facts4 ,but we
 must not go to the other extreme1 and  
refuse to recognise the importance of   
the influences surrounding the          
developing child4 ,we must bear in mind 

that congenital predispositions vary in 
strength2 and a little reflection will  
convince us that the awakening of the   
sexual life will be hindered by a       
favourable environment1 but facilitated 
and accelerated by an unfavourable one4 
,in cases of seduction1 the congenital  
predisposition often plays no more than 
a secondary part4 ,sexual acts in       
childhood resulting from seduction often
 exhibit a merely imitative character1  
and do not appear to proceed from an    
organically conditioned impulse2 in such
 cases the sexual malpractices are often
 discontinued when the seducing         
influence is withdrawn2 but if this     
influence is exercised persistently and 
systematically1 it may have a permanent 
effect even in cases in which the       
congenital predisposition is slight4    
,this is all ,i have to say about the   
relationship between the congenital     
predisposition and the external         
influences of life4 ,turning now to     
consider these influences by themselves1

 we have to distinguish between those   
that are somatic or physical and those  
that are psychical in nature4           
,influences of these two classes may    
co-operate simultaneously1 or may pass  
one into the other2 and1 speaking       
generally1 it is by no means always easy
 to maintain a sharp distinction between
 them4  ,seduction may in some instances
 arise largely by way of physical       
stimulation1 as1 for example1 when      
another person deliberately handles the 
genital organs of a child4 ,nurses      
sometimes stroke or tickle a child's    
genitals in order to put an end to a    
screaming fit4 ,but in some cases--and  
these are more numerous than is commonly
 supposed--nursemaids do this under the 
impulse of their own lustful feelings4  
,such actions are not necessarily the   
outcome of a perverse sexual impulse1   
although they may be due to such an     
impulse in the form of pdophilia1 as ,i 
shall have to explain in detail when ,i 
come to describe that perversion4       

,frequently the offenders are not in the
 least aware of the danger of what they 
are doing1 and do it merely in sport4   
,in many instances the seduction is     
effected by other children1 and often at
 a very early age4 ,recently a case was 
reported to me in which a boy only five 
years of age led older children astray4 
,in schools1 a closet used by both boys 
and girls is by many considered         
extremely dangerous4 ,in the country1   
the fact that children have a long way  
to go to school often gives opportunity 
for improper conduct2 and this is       
especially likely to occur if there are 
copses near the road in which the       
children can conceal themselves from    
observation4 ,when children in the      
country traverse long distances on the  
way to preparatory confirmation classes1
 misconduct is exceptionally likely1 for
 such children are now at an age at     
which the activity of the sexual life is
 becoming more manifest4 ,whether the   
seduction be the work of other children 

or of adults1 the child thus led astray 
is likely subsequently to induce        
artificially as often as possible the   
agreeable sensations with which it has  
now been made acquainted1 more          
especially in view of the fact that in  
children the imitative impulse is far   
more strongly developed than it is in   
adults1 in whom imitative inclinations  
are counteracted by numerous            
inhibitions4 ,what is true of seduction 
is true also of the various affections  
of the genital organs which induce an   
impulse to scratch1 such as eczema1     
prurigo1 urticaria1 c4 ,affections of   
regions adjoining the genital organs may
 also lead to similar troubles--for     
instance1 threadworms in the rectum or  
the vagina4  ,clothing1 also1 especially
 in boys the breeches1 may give rise    
during childhood to unwholesome         
stimulation4 ,hufeland1 in his          
,makrobiotik1 long ago advised against  
the wearing of breeches by little boys4 
,the ,schaumburg-,lippe body-physician1 

,faust1#ge in a work published in the   
year #agia1 strongly recommended that   
boys should not wear breeches4          
,frequently the climbing of the pole in 
the gymnasium is regarded as being the  
etiological factor in the induction of  
premature masturbation4 ,experience     
shows that occasionally the first       
voluptuous sensations do actually arise 
during the act of climbing the pole4 ,a 
similar report is made also in regard to
 the climbing of trees and of gymnastic 
exercises on the parallel and horizontal
 bars4 ,it is obvious that pressure on  
the genital organs will very readily    
arise in these ways4 ,but cases are     
reported in which the child experiences 
sexual excitement from exercising on the
 horizontal bar1 not when he is         
straddling the bar1 but when he is      
hanging to it by the hands4 ,it must in 
these cases remain doubtful whether the 
sexual excitement results from the      
pressure of the breeches1 or is a direct
 result of the hanging posture4 ,where  

pressure is exerted on the genital      
organs1 it is not always the strength of
 the stimulus which is most significant4
 ,a nursemaid may do much more harm by  
gently tickling a child's genital organs
 than by pressing them forcibly4 ,nor   
have we to think only of the quality of 
the stimulus1 but also of its newness2  
for an unfamiliar stimulus may cause    
sexual excitement simply because it is  
unfamiliar4 ,various stimuli have to be 
considered1 in addition to those        
previously enumerated4 ,i may refer here
 to flagellation4 ,it is well known that
 in many children the first experience  
of sexual excitement results from a     
whipping2 indeed1 a perverse mode of    
sexual sensibility lasting throughout   
the whole of life may thus originate4 ,i
 shall return to this matter in the     
chapter on ,sexual ,education4 ,i will  
merely refer here to certain other      
stimuli which have in many cases aroused
 sexual excitement for the first time4  
,penta reports the case of a girl twelve

 years of age who first experienced     
sexual excitement during a railway      
journey4 ,certain men have informed me  
that they became sexually excited for   
the first time while driving over a     
rough stone pavement4 ,it is obvious in 
these cases that the rapidly repeated   
succussion stimulates the peripheral    
genital organs1 and that in this way    
sexual sensibility is awakened4         
,havelock ,ellis#gf reports cases in    
which boys first experienced sexual     
pleasure when wrestling4 ,thus1 a       
physician wrote regarding a boy of      
twelve or thirteen1 that he experienced 
an extraordinarily pleasant sensation   
whilst wrestling with another boy1 and  
that thenceforward he sought every      
opportunity to wrestle1 often three or  
four times daily1 and continued to do   
this until he was nearly nineteen years 
of ago4 ,whilst in this instance we are 
told that contact of the penis with the 
opponent's hips was effected1 and that  
probably the sexual excitement was      

induced in this manner1 ,i must point   
out that a masochistic-sadistic form of 
excitement may also result from         
wrestling1 and that it is to this that  
we must refer the sexual desires and    
voluptuous sensations that are aroused  
in many males by the act of wrestling4  
,chemical stimuli must be regarded as a 
sub-variety of physical stimuli4 ,it is 
sometimes asserted that a diet too rich 
in meat or otherwise too stimulating is 
dangerous in this regard4 ,but an       
examination of the available material   
will show that this opinion lacks       
foundation4 ,there is no proof that the 
sexual impulse can be prematurely       
awakened by a meat diet1 or by any other
 particular diet4 ,i cannot regard such 
an assertion as proved even as regards  
alcohol4 ,although ,i hold very strongly
 that no alcohol should be given to     
children1 this is not because there is  
any proof that in children to whom      
alcohol is given the awakening of the   
sexual impulse occurs earlier than in   

others4 ,but once the awakening of the  
sexual life has taken place1 it is true 
that alcohol may have an exciting       
influence1 and this in two different    
ways4 ,on the one hand1 if so much      
alcohol is taken as to interfere with   
the natural psychical inhibitions1      
sexual practices may occur that would   
not otherwise have occurred4 ,on the    
other hand1 also large quantities of    
alcohol may often induce an             
after-effect1 after the intoxicating    
effects have completely passed away1    
manifesting itself1 it may be1 in the   
form of sexual excitement1 but also1 and
 chiefly1 in the form of common         
sensations in the genital organs4 ,to   
complete the account of this matter it  
is necessary to add that there are many 
persons who consume large quantities of 
alcohol1 who yet are extremely moderate 
in sexual relationships4 ,but alcohol   
should not be administered to children1 
for reasons altogether independent of   
its influence upon the sexual life4     

,psychical stimuli are perhaps even more
 important than physical stimuli4 ,here 
also seduction has to be considered1    
especially during the second period of  
childhood1 in which danger may arise    
from playmates or school-fellows4 ,this 
applies equally to children of either   
sex4 ,danger may also arise from adults1
 not only through systematic seduction  
on the part of grown persons who        
deliberately debase the mind of youth1  
but also in other ways4 ,the            
conversations of adults often lead to   
sexual acts on the part of children1 who
 understand far more of what is said in 
their presence than grownups commonly   
believe4 ,while the child is to all     
appearance immersed in a book1 while a  
girl is playing with her doll1 or a boy 
with his tin soldiers1 the parents or   
some other adults carry on a            
conversation in the child's presence    
under the influence of an utterly false 
belief that the latter's occupation     
engrosses his or her entire attention4  

,yet many children1 in such cases1 are  
listening to what is being said with all
 their ears4 ,especially foolish1       
however1 are those parents who believe  
that by the employment of innuendo they 
are able to conceal from any children   
who may be present the true inwardness  
of their conversation4 ,in these matters
 children are as a rule far sharper than
 their elders are accustomed to believe4
 ,it is hardly necessary for me to point
 out that opportunities for direct      
observation are especially dangerous to 
children4 ,i allude more particularly to
 the case of children living in the same
 house with prostitutes2 but the danger 
is hardly less when the children have an
 opportunity of observing their own     
parents engaged in sexual acts1 or even 
in the mere preparation for such acts4  
,forel#gg quotes the report of an       
experienced physician to the effect that
 the children of peasants who have      
watched the copulation of animals often 
attempt to perform such acts with one   

another1 when bathing1 or when any other
 opportunity offers4  ,in the preceding 
portions of this chapter ,i have        
attempted to distinguish individual     
influences from general influences1 to  
distinguish congenital influences       
affecting the germinal rudiments from   
environmental influences acting after   
birth1 and to distinguish psychical     
stimuli from physical stimuli4 ,but it  
is obvious that the maintenance of a    
sharp distinction in these respects is  
very difficult1 and indeed often quite  
impossible4 ,a few additional           
considerations will elucidate this      
statement4 ,let us consider1 for        
instance1 seduction3 here the separation
 of the psychical from the physical     
element cannot possibly be effected1    
because1 as a rule1 in these cases the  
two elements co-operate simultaneously4 
,let us consider the cases in which1    
owing to a congenital racial            
peculiarity1 the sexual life awakens    
earlier than is usual among ourselves4  

,in such cases1 the manners and customs 
of the race in which this early         
development of sexuality is usual will  
be found to be especially adapted to    
attract the child's attention to sexual 
matters earlier than is here customary4 
,it suffices to remind the reader of the
 celebrations of puberty and of the     
early marriages common among such races4
 ,here it is hardly possible to separate
 the congenital characters from the     
effects of environment4 ,but although1  
for the reasons given1 the              
discrimination between the individual   
factors may be exceedingly difficult1   
still an attempt at discrimination must 
be made1 more especially in view of the 
fact that a purposive sexual education  
can be attempted only when due          
consideration has been paid to the      
various etiological factors4   ,it would
 naturally be of the utmost importance  
to be able to foresee the cases in which
 it is likely that the sexual processes 
of childhood would undergo an           

exceptionally early development4 ,but as
 a rule we are unable to do this2 and we
 must therefore be satisfied with the   
attempt to determine in individual cases
 whether manifestations of the sexual   
life occur during childhood1 and if so1 
which manifestations4 ,but even here we 
encounter difficulties1 which in many   
instances are insuperable1 but in others
 arise from the incompetence of adults4 
,this is all the more deplorable because
 the effectiveness of sexual education  
is minimised through the lack of        
insight4 ,just as in the practice of    
medicine an accurate diagnosis is an    
indispensable prerequisite to correct   
therapeutics1 so also here4 ,since in   
the earliest years the child has no     
conscious understanding of sexual       
processes1 whilst children in whom a    
sexual consciousness has begun to dawn  
conceal most carefully from their elders
 all manifestations of their sexual     
life1 diagnosis is possible only through
 knowledge of mankind in conjunction    

with tact4  ,let us first consider the  
phenomena of contrectation4 ,we shall   
notice sometimes that a little boy1     
perhaps seven years of age or even      
younger1 will withdraw from the society 
of other boys1 and will seek the company
 of some particular individual1 for     
example that of a girl friend of his    
sister1 of about his own age4 ,similar  
phenomena occur in girls4 ,a little girl
 in her tenth year will frequently be   
noticed to find something to speak to   
her mother about whenever a particular  
male friend of the family visits the    
house4 ,even a shrewd and observant     
mother will often fail to take note of  
the reason why on these occasions her   
little daughter invariably comes into   
the room4 ,the child will have every    
possible kind of excuse ready to enable 
her to seek the company of this         
particular person4 ,at times this goes  
further4 ,we then notice that the child 
endeavours to come into physical contact
 with the object of affection1 showing  

him great tenderness1 and showering on  
him caresses4  ,such a desire for       
intimate physical caresses must always  
arouse the suspicion that sexual        
feelings have now been awakened4 ,we    
must not1 of course1 assume that every  
childish caress is sexually determined2 
but we should always bear in mind this  
possibility in cases in which the       
child's desire to caress someone is well
 marked4 ,if such feelings manifest     
themselves towards the end of the first 
period of childhood or at the beginning 
of the second1 observation will be      
comparatively easy1 for the younger the 
child is the less competent is it to    
conceal its feelings4 ,the consciousness
 that there is anything wrong in the    
gratification of such sentiments awakens
 as a rule very gradually indeed4       
,similarly1 it will be far easier in the
 case of children to observe peripheral 
processes in the genital organs than it 
is to make such observations in adults4 
,thus1 even in the case of infants in   

arms1 but more often in the case of boys
 who are somewhat older1 the mother or  
the nurse may be surprised to observe   
erections when the boy is undressed for 
his bath or some other reason1 or when  
he has kicked off the bedclothes at     
night4 ,in other cases the child may be 
seen handling his genital organs1 either
 openly or beneath his clothing4 ,often1
 in the absence of manual stimulation1  
the child adopts some other means of    
stimulating his genital organs4 ,thus1  
in girls the legs will be crossed1 and  
the thighs rubbed lightly each against  
the other4 ,in other cases1 both in boys
 and in girls1 the child will lean      
against a piece of furniture in what    
appears to be a perfectly innocent      
manner2 but in reality pressure is being
 exercised on the genital organs1 it may
 be by the corner of a table1 it may be 
by the back of a chair2 and then the    
stimulus is strengthened by various     
movements4 ,in some such way children   
will effect masturbatory stimulation and

 obtain sexual gratification1 in the    
presence1 not only of their mother1 but 
in that of quite a number of other      
persons4 ,guttceit#gh reports the case  
of a woman who squatted down so that her
 bare heel came into contact with the   
genitals1 and she then masturbated by   
rubbing the two parts together4 ,i      
myself have known the case of a young   
girl who sat with her legs beneath her1 
and masturbated with the boot she was   
wearing4 ,in many instances we are      
enabled1 by watching the child's        
movements1 to ascertain with such       
certainty what it is doing1 that no     
confirmatory evidence is needed4 ,we    
notice1 especially1 that when the orgasm
 is approaching1 the movements change in
 character and rhythm4 ,the eyes become 
bright1 and the face assumes an excited 
and voluptuous expression4 ,this may be 
observed even in infants in arms4       
,townsend#gi reports the case of an     
infant1 eight months old1 who would     
cross her right thigh over the left1    

close her eyes and clench her fists2    
after a minute or two there would be    
complete relaxation1 with sweating and  
redness of face2 this would occur about 
once a week or oftener2 the child was   
quite healthy1 with no abnormal         
condition of the genital organs4  ,in   
the absence of these definite           
indications1 it is necessary to be      
cautious in coming to a diagnosis4      
,failing such caution1 mistakes which   
may entail serious consequences are     
likely to arise4 ,two cases are known to
 me in which1 after suspicion had       
rightly or wrongly been aroused1 the    
child's most harmless movements were    
regarded as masturbatory in character4  
,if a child becomes aware that its      
mother or some other person in authority
 is making such a mistake1 the effect   
will naturally be very unfavourable4 ,we
 have also to reckon with the fact that 
children who are somewhat older1 from   
eight or nine years upwards1 hardly ever
 masturbate when others are present1 but

 only when they believe themselves to be
 unobserved--in bed1 in the closet1 or  
when out walking4 ,in such cases it is  
hardly possible to diagnose masturbation
 with certainty2 more especially in view
 of the fact that the signs that may    
betray an older boy--stains on the shirt
 or other articles of underclothing--are
 usually lacking during the first two   
periods of childhood4 ,it must be added 
that such stains on linen resulting from
 ejaculation do not at first contain    
spermatozoa1 and for this reason their  
diagnostic value is greatly lessened    
7see pp4 #eb-ef74 ,still1 the possible  
appearance of these stains is a matter  
to which attention should always be     
paid1 and this in girls as well as in   
boys4 ,in many instances1 also1 our     
diagnosis may be supported by the       
discovery of articles used for          
onanistic#hj purposes4 ,in the case of  
boys we shall seldom1 comparatively     
speaking1 be able to do this2 although1 
even in boys1 operation is sometimes    

needed for the removal of articles used 
for onanistic purposes1 which have found
 their way into the urethra or the      
bladder4 ,in girls1 such operations are 
more frequently required4 ,hairpins1    
pencils1 and various other articles used
 for onanistic purposes1 are from time  
to time removed from the vagina or the  
female bladder4 ,other signs that are   
supposed to indicate the habitual       
practice of masturbation are of little  
diagnostic value4 ,it is traditionally  
held that masturbation in girls leads to
 elongation of the clitoris1 but there  
appears to be no warrant in fact for    
this opinion4 ,as ,i have previously    
pointed out1 laceration of the hymen    
does not in general result from         
masturbation4 ,other signs1 such as     
local irritation or swelling1 are hardly
 ever seen in boys1 and in girls are    
seen only in cases in which they        
masturbate to excess4 ,in girls1        
moderate reddening of the external      
genital organs has no significance      

whatever2 and ,i take this opportunity  
of giving a special warning against     
inferring from the existence of such    
reddening that masturbation is          
practised1 and also against attaching   
any importance to this symptom in a case
 in which a sexual assault is supposed  
to have been committed on a little girl4
  ,certain other signs which have been  
believed to support a diagnosis of      
masturbation1 do not even justify       
suspicion4 ,among these reputed signs   
may be mentioned3 black lines under the 
eyes1 pallor of the cheeks1 inflammation
 of the eyes1 c4 ,generally speaking1 it
 must be said that in sexually immature 
children nothing but direct observation 
will justify a definite diagnosis of    
masturbation1 except in cases in which  
the child itself makes confession to    
someone in its confidence4 ,for the     
diagnosis of auto-erotism1 however1 it  
is not necessary to establish the       
occurrence in the child of the          
voluptuous acme2 it suffices for this   

diagnosis if there occur signs of those 
general voluptuous sensations which were
 described on page #eh4 ,in many cases  
in which the practice of masturbation is
 diagnosed1 and in cases in which       
children themselves confess to          
masturbating thirty times a day or more1
 we can hardly suppose that the         
voluptuous acme or orgasm is attained4  
,it is sometimes maintained that the    
early appearance of the physical        
manifestations of puberty is an         
indication that psychosexual processes  
are also occurring prematurely4 ,thus1  
,kisch#ha expresses the opinion that in 
many cases premature sexual development 
manifests itself in children by the     
enlargement of the breasts1 and by the  
growth of the axillary and pubic hair1  
in the absence of the commencement of   
menstruation1 ,kussmaul also observed   
cases in which1 in comparatively early  
girlhood1 all the physical signs of     
puberty were present although           
menstruation had not yet begun4         

,according to my own experience1 we must
 be careful to avoid taking an          
exaggerated view of such a connexion4   
,passionate psychosexual processes may  
occur in young children in the absence  
of any physical signs of premature      
sexual development4 ,an impulse to      
masturbate may also arise quite         
independently of the commencement of the
 adult development of the external      
genital organs4 ,psychically determined 
erections may likewise occur1 although  
the physical development is by no means 
far advanced4 ,we shall therefore do    
wisely to avoid taking a narrow view of 
such a connexion1 inasmuch as it may be 
that the physical signs of puberty on   
the one hand1 and the phenomena of      
detumescence and contrectation on the   
other1 may occur in conjunction at a    
very early age1 whilst1 in other cases1 
phenomena of the one class or of the    
other may occur in isolation4 ,this     
statement is true1 not merely of the    
secondary sexual characters1 whose      

development by no means always affords a
 measure for the degree of development  
of the sexual impulse1 but it is true   
also of the reproductive organs         
themselves4 ,halban#hb reports the case 
of a boy six years of age1 whose penis  
was as large as that of a full-grown    
man1 but in whom1 apart from the        
erection1 all the characters were       
infantile4 ,still more often do we note 
the independence in many young men of   
the individual symptoms of sexual       
development from the growth of the      
beard1 for this latter is often still   
lacking at an age when the sexual life  
in general has attained an extensive    
development4 ,still less importance must
 be attached to other occasional signs4 
,according to ,marc d',espine#hc puberty
 occurs early in girls with dark hair1  
grey eyes1 a delicate white skin1 and of
 powerful build2 late1 on the other     
hand1 in girls with chestnut hair1      
greenish eyes1 a coarse1                
darkly-pigmented skin1 and of delicate1 

weakly build2 but the evidence to       
justify any such generalisation is      
lacking4 ,it is possible that the       
opinion quoted is supported to some     
extent by certain associated racial     
peculiarities1 but we must be on our    
guard against accepting inferences of   
too sweeping a character4 ,still less1  
of course1 are such peculiarities a     
trustworthy aid for the diagnosis of the
 occurrence of sexual acts at an early  
age4  ,the safest way of obtaining      
accurate information as to the practice 
of masturbation and other sexual acts is
 by means of confessions made to some   
person in the child's confidence4 ,cases
 are known to me in which children have 
very readily confided in some elder     
person4 ,if this does not often occur1  
the fault commonly lies with the child's
 elder associates1 who do not understand
 how to establish a truly confidential  
relationship with the children under    
their care4 ,if a child finds that no   
one will speak to it about sexual       

matters1 it must ultimately become      
secretive about its own sexual life4    
,the child sees very clearly that every 
word it utters about such things is     
repressed as improper1 and soon learns  
that the whole field of sexuality is    
regarded as something unclean1 about    
which not a word must be uttered4 ,the  
ordinary behaviour of adults inevitably 
produces this impression in the child's 
mind1 and it will readily be understood 
what an effect this has in preventing us
 from gaining information about the     
sexual life of the child4 ,in many      
mothers1 the abhorrence of the sexual is
 carried to such an extreme that while  
in other respects they keep their       
children scrupulously clean1 they feel  
so strongly that the genital organs must
 not be touched1 that they neglect to   
secure the ordinary cleanliness of this 
region of the body4  ,the best confidant
 for a young child will usually be the  
mother1 not only because she sees more  
of the child than the father and because

 her relationship is a more intimate one
 than his1 but in addition because a    
woman's insight into certain things     
generally excels a man's4 ,as a matter  
of fact1 for the reasons stated1        
masturbation in young children is in    
most cases discovered by the mother4 ,it
 will be obvious that ,i speak here only
 of those mothers who have real         
affection for and sympathy with their   
children1 and who share their children's
 interests2 ,i do not refer to those    
mothers who think they have adequately  
fulfilled their maternal duties by      
paying a nurse or a governess1 whilst   
themselves immersed in the pleasures of 
society--or perhaps engaged in the      
preparation and delivery of lectures on 
the best way of bringing up children1 on
 the ,woman's ,movement1 ,woman's       
,suffrage1 and similar topics--or1 it   
may be1 attending these same            
lectures--those who1 in any case1 prefer
 some other occupation to the care of   
their own children4  ,above all1 let not

 those who have the care of children be 
deceived1 either by diligence1 or by    
conduct exemplary in other ways1 or     
indeed by earnest study of the ,bible1  
by pious protestations1 or by regular   
attendance at church4 ,i know a boy of  
twelve1 reputed to be extremely         
religious1 and ostensibly on religious  
grounds going to church every ,sunday2  
but whose real motive in the            
church-going was the hope to meet the   
girl of whom he was enamoured4          
,extensive experience of the conduct of 
adults should teach us the necessity for
 extreme caution in these respects4 ,i  
recall the case of a gentleman whose    
reputation was that of a paragon of all 
the virtues4 ,when others of an evening 
went out to enjoy a glass or two of     
beer1 or in search of even lighter      
pleasures1 he was supposed always to    
turn homewards1 ostensibly in order to  
work4 ,only after some years was the    
fact disclosed that he was an habitual  
loose-liver1 enjoying indiscriminate    

sexual intercourse with unmarried girls 
and with his neighbours' wives1 although
 to his friends and comrades he had     
appeared to be a man of exceptionally   
strict life1 and this above all in      
sexual relationships4 ,the same may be  
true also of quite little children4     
,hebbel relates that in his first year  
at school be sat next to a boy who      
appeared to be engaged in the most      
earnest study of the catechism1 whilst  
under the rose he was pouring into young
 ,hebbel's ear all kinds of obscenities1
 and was asking him if he was still     
stupid enough to believe that children  
were brought by a stork or were found in
 a basket in the cabbage-patch4 ,many   
parents1 too1 know so little about their
 children in these respects1 that they  
are utterly astonished when some day    
their eyes are opened to the facts of   
the case by their family physician4 ,i  
knew a boy of fourteen who went         
regularly to church1 and who in other   
respects was a fine fellow1 and a       

diligent pupil at school ,he was brought
 to see me because he was affected with 
spasmodic movements4 ,on examination1 ,i
 found him to be suffering from a severe
 attack of gonorrhoea1 which he had     
contracted in intercourse with his      
aunt's servant-maid4 ,when ,i told his  
mother the truth1 she was at first      
extremely angry at what she was         
convinced must be a mistake on my part2 
but further inquiry disclosed the fact  
that for a year or more the boy had been
 intimate with prostitutes and other    
girls4  ,i have been writing of         
processes occurring in the reproductive 
organs1 such as erections1 seminal and  
other discharges1 and masturbation2 and 
of the means for the recognition of     
these processes4 ,but it is necessary to
 recognise that we must not assume      
without further inquiry that all        
processes occurring in the genital      
organs are of a sexual nature1 although 
in individual instances the distinction 
between the sexual and the non-sexual   

may be extremely difficult1 or even     
impossible4 ,thus1 of erections         
occurring before the reproductive glands
 ripen1 not all are of a sexual nature4 
,we know1 too1 that even in the adult1  
non-sexual erections may occur4 ,the    
clearest instances of this are met with 
in the form of priapism1 the principal  
characteristic of this condition being  
the occurrence of permanent erection    
which has nothing at all to do with the 
sexual impulse4 ,the same is true for   
the most part of matutinal erections1   
the precise cause of which is not yet   
determined4 ,they are commonly referred 
to distension of the bladder1 which is  
supposed by reflex action to lead to    
distension of the corpora cavernosa of  
the penis4 ,it is certain1 at any rate1 
that these matutinal erections are not  
caused by sexual thoughts1 nor as a rule
 do they induce sexual feelings4 ,we    
must distinguish between these          
processes2 just as recently we have     
learned to distinguish herpes           

progenitalis1 the characteristic of     
which is its localisation to the genital
 organs1 from herpes sexualis1 which is 
directly dependent upon sexual          
processes4 ,if we regard this           
distinction between sexual and          
non-sexual erections as applicable also 
to erections in childhood1 we are       
justified in assuming that many         
erections1 in infants-in-arms1 for      
instance1 are non-sexual in nature1 even
 though in appearance there is nothing  
to distinguish them from sexual         
erections4 ,in infants1 erections may   
arise from external stimuli or from     
distension of the bladder1 which must be
 distinguished from the erections which 
have a definitely sexual causation4 ,we 
must1 of course1 admit the possibility  
that such primarily non-sexual erections
 may secondarily give rise to sexual    
processes2 inasmuch as by the stimuli   
resulting from the erection1 the child's
 attention may be directed to the       
genital organs4 ,just as we must guard  

against regarding every erection in the 
child as a sexual process1 so also must 
we be cautious in our estimate of the   
significance of manual stimulations4    
,children often stimulate various parts 
of the body4 ,some children will rub the
 lobule of the ear1 others will suck    
their fingers1 or will stimulate their  
mouths in other ways4 ,some children    
have the offensive habit of picking     
their nose2 and it is evident that many 
cases in which children stimulate the   
genital organs manually are on the same 
footing with nose-picking and numerous  
similar habits4 ,in such cases we have  
not to do with a specific genital       
sensation to which the child responds2  
but with a stimulus which may be        
pathological1 but is not necessarily    
sexual4 ,in many cases1 indeed1 the     
stimulus is not even pathological4 ,we  
have to take the following point into   
consideration4 ,as soon as the child    
begins to become conscious of the       
existence of its organs1 it fingers     

them4 ,it does this with its nose and   
its ears1 just as it does with its feet2
 and it is obvious that the genital     
organs will receive the same treatment4 
,a gentleman who had grown up in the    
country related to me that as a child he
 had often been present when cows were  
being milked1 and that in the evenings1 
after he had gone to bed1 he performed  
the milking movement on his penis1 and  
was greatly astonished at the fact that 
no milk flowed forth4 ,he assured me    
that the like experience had occurred to
 quite a number of boys who had been his
 playmates in the country4 ,it is       
certain that such manipulations of the  
genital organs1 entirely non-sexual in  
origin1 may lead to the practice of     
masturbation4 ,but we must not          
immediately conclude that every         
manipulation of the genital organs in a 
child is sexually determined4  ,it is   
true that many investigators regard     
numerous movements on the part of       
children as sexual processes1 even when 

the genital organs are in no way        
involved4 ,freud#hd above all1 discovers
 sexuality in the life of the child in  
cases in which1 ,i am convinced1 sexual 
elements play no part whatever4 ,sucking
 movements in children are regarded by  
,freud as sexual phenomena4 ,he         
considers that the lips and the fingers 
are erogenic zones4 ,with just as much  
reason1 every movement might be regarded
 as sexual--as1 for instance1 the       
clenching by a child of its little      
fists4 ,as long ago as #ahgi1           
,lindner1#he of ,budapest1 published an 
able essay about the movements made by  
children sucking their fingers1 lips1   
c41 and suggested that there was some   
connexion between these sucking         
movements and sexual processes4 ,he     
stated that many children1 when sucking 
the lips1 the fingers1 the back of the  
hand or some other part1 or when sucking
 a rubber teat1 simultaneously rubbed   
some other region of the body--in some  
cases the lobule of the ear1 the nipple1

 or the genital organs2 this was        
sometimes done with one hand only1      
sometimes1 if both hands were free1 with
 both4 ,this statement is perfectly     
correct4 ,it may happen that the child  
stops rubbing the genital organs as soon
 as the sucking is interfered with2 or1 
conversely1 the sucking may cease as    
soon as we withdraw the child's hands   
from its genital organs4 ,but1 even in  
these cases1 the friction of the genital
 organs does not necessarily possess a  
specifically sexual character1 since    
friction of the lobule of the ear or of 
some other part of the body is an       
equivalent act4 ,it is certain that     
there is here no intimate connexion     
between the act of sucking and the      
sexual life4 ,thus1 there is no proof   
whatever for the view of ,lindner1 which
 has recently been carried to a still   
greater extreme by ,freud1 that this    
voluptuous sucking 7,wonnesaugen7 is a  
truly sexual process4 ,we may1 indeed1  
assume1 as does ,rohleder1#hf that such 

sucking movements occur with especial   
frequency in children with a congenital 
morbid predisposition1 and that to this 
extent therefore it is connected with   
masturbation4 ,but in my opinion it is  
essential to regard the two movements as
 clearly independent in character4      
,certain other childish habits1 such as 
nail-biting1 have also been described as
 sexual manifestations4 ,what ,i have   
said of sucking movements applies to    
this also4 ,it is true that nail-biting 
and masturbation may both occur in the  
same child1 and ,french writers have    
maintained that there is a causal nexus 
between the two processes4 ,if we regard
 nail-biting as a tic occurring chiefly 
in neuropaths1 and if we assume that the
 neuropathic congenital predisposition  
is the basis of the premature awakening 
of sexuality1 it may be supposed that to
 that extent there exists a relationship
 between the two phenomena1 inasmuch as 
we may refer both manifestations to a   
common cause1 viz41 the neuropathic     

predisposition4 ,but there is no        
justification whatever for regarding1 as
 some do1 one manifestation as the      
direct consequence of the other4        
,speaking generally1 we shall do wisely 
to exercise caution in defining the     
limits of the sexual life of the child4 
,if a boy runs after a girl1 and if the 
two flirt one with the other1 it will   
often be merely from a desire to imitate
 their elders4 ,in many instances1 even1
 in which the genital organs play a part
 in such imitation1 we must distinguish 
what is done from the sexual life proper
 of the child4 ,if children play at     
father and mother1 if the midwife comes1
 and childbirth takes place1 the play   
may certainly depend upon an early      
awakening of the sexual life2 but this  
is not necessarily the case4 ,there may 
be no more than innocent imitation of   
grownups1 as the following case shows4  
,a number of little boys and girls1     
almost all under eight years of age1    
played at being prostitutes1 souteneurs1

 and men-about-town4 ,the little girls  
each demanded a penny when they had     
allowed the little boys to touch their  
genital organs4 ,it was an extremely    
characteristic fact that the leader of  
this band was a feeble-minded boy1 whose
 parents ,i had advised to send him to  
an asylum1 because1 after various       
dangerous actions1 he had attempted one 
night to kill his little sister eighteen
 months old by inserting beans in her   
nose4 ,such acts as that first described
 may1 of course1 depend upon a premature
 awakening of the sexual impulse2 and   
when a number of children engage in     
amusements of this kind we not          
infrequently find that in the leader and
 seducer the sexual impulse is already  
awakened1 whilst the others act merely  
in obedience1 at first1 at least1 to an 
imitative impulse4 ,certainly1 ,i have  
known a few instances in which children 
with premature sexual development very  
rapidly came to a mutual understanding1 
and in whom their intimate association  

was dependent upon prematurely awakened 
sexual impulses4  ,just as sexual acts  
in which the genital organs play a part 
occasionally arise1 not from premature  
awakening of the sexual impulse1 but    
from imitation merely1 so also1 as      
previously explained1 may this happen in
 the case of more harmless processes4   
,braggadocio here plays a great part1   
and also the desire to act like         
grown-ups4 ,thus1 the boy who runs after
 girls1 and makes appointments with     
them1 sometimes does this merely to show
 off before his companions1 and to      
produce in them the impression that he  
is a manly fellow4 ,we must take care to
 separate these cases1 also1 from those 
that are genuinely sexual4  ,if it is   
difficult to separate the sexual from   
the merely imitative1 no less difficult 
may it be to distinguish psychosexual   
processes from others4 ,if a child      
lavishes caresses on mother1 governess1 
or sister1 it may be difficult to       
discover definite characteristics       

enabling us to distinguish whether the  
motive is or is not sexual4 ,but1       
generally speaking1 when a child        
exhibits an intimate and caressive      
affection for its mother we shall not   
incline to think of processes of the    
sexual life4 ,we cannot dispute the     
truth of the statement made by various  
authors1 that in these caressive        
inclinations sexual elements are        
intermingled4 ,but this talk of the     
intermingling of sexual sentiments      
arises in reality only from the fact    
that neither on theoretical nor on      
practical grounds are we in a position  
to draw a clear line of demarcation     
between the sexual and the non-sexual2  
and we must avoid stretching this idea  
of the intermixture of sexual elements  
beyond the fact that a scientifically   
based practical distinction is not      
always possible4  ,we have to admit that
 above all in the mind of the child the 
various feelings comprised under the    
idea of sympathy 7friendship1 affection 

for parents1 love of children1 sexual   
love7 cannot always be marked off each  
from the other after the manner of      
provinces on a map4 ,even jealousy1     
which is often regarded as              
characteristic of the erotic sentiments1
 does not necessarily possess a sexual  
basis4 ,the boy1 in his love for his    
mother1 is jealous of his father1       
jealous of one of his brothers or       
sisters1 jealous even of a dog to which 
his mother pays attention4 ,how little  
jealousy may depend upon a sexual       
motive1 may be learned by the           
observation of animal life2 a dog       
becomes jealous if its master takes     
notice of another dog1 or even pays     
attention to his own children4 ,in      
children1 more especially1 the extension
 of jealousy is far greater than it is  
in adults4 ,whereas in adults this      
sentiment is chiefly1 if not            
exclusively1 associated with the erotic 
feelings1 in children this is by no     
means the case4 ,in the child1 jealousy 

may clearly be associated with every    
possible variety of sympathetic feeling4
 ,for this reason1 it is impossible for 
us to draw a distinction between sexual 
and other psychical processes1 simply on
 the ground of the associated           
manifestation of jealousy4  ,on what    
grounds1 then1 can we decide that       
certain processes are of a sexual       
nature8 ,in many instances1 only the    
subsequent development will show that   
one process was sexual1 another         
non-sexual4 ,if one day a boy1          
embracing1 as often before1 his girl    
friend1 has an erection1 and then       
perhaps endeavours to draw her towards  
him so that her body presses against his
 genital organs1 or even has an         
ejaculation with a voluptuous sensation1
 we may assume the influence of a       
contrectation impulse1 which has existed
 for some time1 but only now has for the
 first time been localised in the       
peripheral genital organs4 ,on the other
 hand1 if in the same boy when he hugs  

his mother no peripheral sexual         
manifestations occur1 either now or     
subsequently1 we must assume that in the
 earlier embraces of his mother there   
was no sexual element4 ,but no such     
simple solution of the difficulty is    
really possible4 ,it may happen that in 
the case of feelings originally sexual  
their further development is inhibited4 
,a boy might experience sexual          
sentiments towards his mother2 but it is
 very probable that in such a case      
convention1 education1 and perhaps also 
the very frequent association with his  
mother1 would repress the growth of     
these sentiments4 ,this criticism is a  
sound one1 and in my opinion the        
materials are lacking to enable us to   
overcome its force4 ,for why should     
certain processes occurring in          
childhood--for example1 a boy's impulse 
to caress his mother--be regarded as    
non-sexual2 and yet the same processes  
subsequently be regarded as sexual1     
merely because they ultimately become   

associated with the phenomena of        
detumescence8 ,take the case of a boy   
seven years of age2 he loves and cuddles
 his mother2 he is drawn also to a girl 
friend of the same age as himself1 and  
kisses her with equal pleasure4 ,the boy
 grows older1 and after some years      
begins to have definite erections when  
he embraces and kisses his friend2 but  
nothing of the kind occurs when he      
embraces and kisses his mother4 ,now1   
have we any right to assert1 simply     
owing to the subsequent appearance of   
these peripheral manifestations in the  
one case and not in the other1 that     
originally1 when between the boy's      
inclination towards his girl friend and 
his inclination towards his mother no   
clear distinction could be drawn1 the   
former was sexual1 the latter non-sexual
 in nature8  ,the dilemma is            
unanswerable1 unless we admit that1 in  
the child1 sympathetic feelings1 which  
we shall subsequently be able to        
classify without difficulty1 are1 when  

they first appear1 not always           
susceptible of any such differentiation2
 and that for this reason we are just as
 little able to distinguish a boy's love
 for his mother from has non-sexual     
friendship for a little girl1 as we are 
able to distinguish either from a sexual
 love for another girl4 ,to a very acute
 observer1 certain slight indications   
may in many cases give some idea of how 
the matter really stands2 but we are    
here largely concerned with subjective  
interpretations1 rather than with       
distinctions that are objectively       
demonstrable4 ,the difficulty of drawing
 distinctions is all the greater in view
 of the fact that in the case of        
non-sexual feelings sexuality constantly
 plays a certain part4 ,our sentiments  
are complex1 and compounded of many and 
various elements2 sexual contrasts play 
their part in family relationships2 and 
it is not by pure chance that harmony   
exists by preference between father and 
daughter1 and between mother and son4   

,this sexual contrast tends to manifest 
itself in all displays of family        
affection4 ,thus1 many men will tell us 
that in early boyhood they loved to kiss
 their mother and sisters1 rather than  
their father and brothers4 ,in my       
experience1 the analogous sexual        
contrast does not show its effects so   
clearly in the case of women as in the  
case of men4 ,i cannot be certain if the
 differences ,i have observed in this   
respect depend merely upon chance4 ,it  
is certainly a fact that men1 in their  
confidences to me1 have remarkably often
 reported childish memories of the      
working of this sexual contrast4 ,and   
conversely1 many homosexuals have       
assured me that in boyhood they kissed  
their father with much greater pleasure 
than their mother4  ,our diagnosis will1
 naturally1 be greatly facilitated in   
those cases in which the phenomena of   
contrectation are plainly reflected to  
the reproductive organs4 ,i1 at any     
rate1 believe that in practice such an  

association suffices completely to      
establish the diagnosis4 ,we can1       
indeed1 recognise this also in the dream
 life1 at least as soon as the first    
nocturnal emissions have occurred4 ,in  
the first edition of my work on         
,contrary ,sexuality 7,berlin1 #ahia71  
,i drew attention to the fact that those
 affected with perverse sexuality       
commonly have perverse dreams2 and ,ncke
 has further discussed the significance 
of sexual dreams for the diagnosis of   
sexual perversions4 ,in children also we
 shall find in their sexual dreams1     
especially when these dreams have begun 
to be accompanied with seminal          
emissions1 a certain assistance in the  
delimitation of their sexual sentiments 
from other manifestations of sympathetic
 sentiment4 ,but this aid in diagnosis  
is not available till comparatively late
 in childhood1 i4e4 not until           
ejaculation has already begun4 ,even    
before this epoch dreams may have a     
sexual character1 and may be conditioned

 by sexual processes4 ,but practically1 
before the occurrence of ejaculation and
 orgasm in dreams1 an exact diagnosis is
 opposed by so many difficulties1 that  
little of value can in this way be      
gained4  ,in this chapter we have       
examined the considerations that must   
guide us in our study and diagnosis of  
the sexual life of the child4 ,it is1   
naturally1 an important question1       
whether signs exist pointing to an      
abnormal development of the sexual life1
 and more especially to the growth of a 
sexual perversion4 ,this matter has been
 discussed with considerable detail1 and
 ,i need not1 in conclusion1 add        
anything to the emphatic warning        
previously given1 against making        
apparently perverse manifestations in   
childhood the basis of a definite       
diagnosis or prognosis4     ,,chapter   
,,vii  ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,sexual 
,,life ,,of ,,the ,,child   ,the problem
 of the significance of sexual phenomena
 in the child is naturally one of great 

importance4 ,we have here1 in fact1 two 
problems to consider3 first1 whether the
 appearance of sexual phenomena in      
childhood indicates a morbid or in other
 ways abnormal state2 and1 secondly1    
what are the consequences of the        
occurrence of sexual phenomena in the   
child4 ,an example will help to         
illustrate the need for drawing this    
distinction4 ,certain malformations of  
the external ear are indications of the 
existence of a morbid degenerative      
condition2 but from the malformation    
itself there is nothing to fear4        
,similarly with the sexual life of the  
child1 it may happen that a             
manifestation indicates the existence of
 morbidity1 although the manifestation  
does not by itself entail upon the child
 any serious consequences4 ,on the other
 hand1 sexual phenomena in the child    
deserve in some cases the most attentive
 study1 owing to the dangers likely to  
result from their occurrence4  ,with    
regard to the first question1 whether   

sexual manifestations in the child      
indicate per se the existence of a      
morbid state1 it is not necessary to say
 much here1 since the subject has been  
fully discussed in the section on       
,etiology 7see page #adh74 ,in any case1
 we must avoid exaggerating the         
importance of sexual feelings in the    
child4 ,ribbing#hg contends that we must
 regard it as abnormal when a boy of    
thirteen or fourteen is obsessed 7hant7 
by erotic ideas4 ,this is true enough if
 there is real obsession by such ideas1 
but it is not true if there is no more  
than an occasional uprising of sexual   
feelings4 ,on page #aah of this work1 ,i
 explained that an over-development of  
the sexual life in the child was an     
indication of the existence of a        
congenital morbid predisposition4       
,passing to the second question1 as to  
the consequences of the occurrence of   
sexual phenomena in the child1 these    
consequences may be very various in     
nature4 ,they arise more especially in  

the hygienic1 social1 ethical1          
educational1 forensic1 and intellectual 
domains4  ,first of all1 then1 let us   
consider the dangers to health4  ,the   
earlier the sexual impulse awakens1 the 
earlier also arises the danger of sexual
 practices1 and more particularly of    
masturbation4 ,common sensations in the 
genital organs1 the feelings associated 
therewith1 the impulse to allay the     
unsatisfied libido--all these may lead  
the boy to handle and rub his penis4    
,the girl is affected by similar        
stimuli4 ,in these cases1 the first act 
of masturbation does not depend upon the
 desire to enjoy a voluptuous sensation1
 but results from the impulse to allay  
vague feelings of uneasiness4 ,only     
subsequently1 when the child has learned
 by experience that mechanical          
stimulation of the genital organs       
induces voluptuous sensations1 or when  
he has been taught this fact by a       
seducer1 does the desire to produce     
voluptuous sensations become the        

mainspring driving to masturbation4 ,the
 danger1 of course1 increases1 in       
proportion as the child comes fully to  
understand that in this way it can      
produce agreeable sensations1 all the   
more because the child is either unaware
 of the injurious consequences of the   
practice1 or1 if it has been informed of
 these consequences1 the knowledge      
cannot weigh in the balance against the 
easily induced enjoyment4 ,but1 let me  
say here at the outset1 the dangers of  
masturbation have been greatly          
exaggerated4 ,chiefly since the         
publication1 at the end of the          
eighteenth century1 of ,tissot's book on
 masturbation1 but to some extent also  
even earlier1 it has been usual to refer
 to masturbation the occurrence of      
innumerable diseases1 including mental  
disorders and locomotor ataxia4 ,i do   
not propose to reproduce the account    
given by ,tissott1 and after him by     
,hufeland1 and also by the innumerable  
quacks and swindlers who trade in the   

cure of secret diseases--these latter1  
preying upon the fears of humanity1     
declare that every possible affliction  
in both sexes may result from           
masturbation1 and recommend innumerable 
miraculous remedies for these often     
imaginary ills4 ,disorders and          
displacements of the uterus1 ulcers and 
cancer1 gastralgia and gastric spasms1  
jaundice1 pains in the nose1 are        
supposed in women to result from        
masturbation1 as well as fluor albus1   
nymphomania1 c4 ,there is hardly a      
single organ of the body of which       
disease and destruction have not by many
 been referred to masturbation4 ,in     
reality all this is false4 ,it is more  
than doubtful whether1 as far as adults 
are concerned1 occasional masturbation  
is necessarily more harmful than normal 
sexual intercourse4 ,according to my own
 observations1 the principal question is
 whether1 in masturbation1 the bodily   
and mental stimuli employed to obtain   
sexual gratification involve an especial

 shock to the nervous system--a greater 
shock than results from normal sexual   
intercourse4 ,more powerful shock may1  
indeed1 arise from the fact that the    
masturbatory act is apt to be repeated  
with excessive frequency2 and we have to
 admit that the chief danger of         
masturbation lies in the fact that there
 is so grave a risk of sexual excess4   
,owing1 too1 to the frequency of        
repetition1 a need will very readily    
arise for an increase in the            
stimulation1 and this may apply alike to
 the bodily stimuli and to the mental2  
and the stronger the stimuli have to be1
 the more powerful also will be the     
general effect on the nervous system4   
,thus the danger of shock to the nervous
 system from masturbation will be seen  
to depend1 first1 upon the frequency    
with which the act is repeated1 and1    
secondly1 upon the increasing intensity 
of the stimulation4 ,to this extent1    
therefore1 masturbation may be more     
dangerous than normal sexual            

intercourse2 for this latter also1      
unless it is to exert an unfavourable   
influence on the health1 must not       
involve mental and bodily stimulation of
 too powerful a kind4 ,the good effects 
of sexual intercourse depend upon its   
adequacy to the feelings1 upon the      
absence of any exhausting imaginative   
activity1 and upon the absence also of  
artificial bodily stimulation4 ,but     
artificial stimuli and exhausting       
imaginative activity are often          
associated with coitus also1 in cases in
 which the stimulus evoked by the       
personality of the sexual partner is    
inadequate4 ,again1 the powerful efforts
 which must as a rule be made by persons
 who desire to repeat the act of        
intercourse several times within a brief
 period1 will have a similar effect upon
 the system to the powerful imaginative 
activity in cases of masturbation4 ,the 
resemblances1 on the one hand1 and the  
differences1 on the other1 between      
masturbation and normal sexual          

intercourse1 will be apparent to those  
who carefully consider the facts just   
stated2 and it will also become apparent
 in what circumstances masturbation must
 be regarded as injurious4 ,this is all 
,i have to say concerning masturbation  
in adults4  ,the idea that masturbation 
is1 generally speaking1 dangerous1 is by
 many restricted to the practice during 
childhood and youth1 the belief in its  
danger at this stage of life being based
 upon the view that the organs are at   
this time insufficiently developed4 ,but
 even this contention cannot be regarded
 as fully established4 ,i will1 in the  
first place1 consider those cases only  
in which masturbation is practised after
 the formation of semen has begun1 but  
when the processes by which bodily      
maturity is attained are not yet fully  
completed4 ,to the theoretical          
assumption that masturbation is         
especially hurtful in cases in which the
 organs are not yet adequately          
developed1 we may oppose the            

consideration that the completer        
development of organs is favoured by    
exercise4 ,we cannot further discuss    
such theoretical speculations1 which    
lack the firm foundation of experience4 
,on the whole1 ,i agree with the        
estimate of the consequences of         
masturbation expressed by               
,aschaffenburg1#hh a man to whom we are 
indebted for the refutation of many     
extravagant views4 ,experience teaches  
that almost all men1 healthy and        
unhealthy1 moral and immoral1 have      
masturbated for some years1 once or     
several times a week1 towards the end of
 the second and during the beginning of 
the third period of childhood4 ,in view 
of this experience1 what right have we  
to maintain seriously that masturbation 
is1 generally speaking1 dangerous to    
health4 ,it is1 of course1 possible to  
contend that these persons would have   
developed better if they had not        
masturbated4 ,but there is equal ground 
for asserting the opposite4 ,we possess 

no evidence whatever to show that those 
young persons who never masturbate are  
in after life stronger and healthier    
than the others4 ,i know some persons   
who have never masturbated4 ,in the case
 of some of these1 it was because the   
impulse to masturbate was lacking2      
others1 notwithstanding the existence of
 a strong impulse1 refrained from       
masturbation under the influence of     
religious or ethical motives4 ,in both  
of these groups1 ,i have seen persons   
exhibiting the very morbid symptoms     
which ,tissot and his followers referred
 to masturbation2 and ,i was quite      
unable to convince myself that          
abstinence from masturbation secured any
 notable advantage4 ,whilst ,i do not   
assert that the morbid phenomena which  
,i observed in these individuals arose  
in consequence of their refraining from 
masturbation1 ,i consider that there is 
no justification for the converse       
assumption in the case of those who did 
masturbate4 ,i believe that many of     

those patients who never masturbated    
were the subjects of congenital morbid  
predisposition1 and that1 as a direct   
consequence of this fact in many of     
them1 the sexual impulse was of minimum 
intensity or developed exceptionally    
late2 ,i consider1 therefore1 that the  
morbid manifestations in the domain of  
the nervous system were dependent1 not  
upon the fact that they did not         
masturbate1 but principally upon the    
congenital morbid predisposition4       
,whilst ,i thus reject the view that    
masturbation in children is generally   
dangerous1 this must not be regarded as 
implying that ,i consider the practice  
altogether indifferent as far as its    
influence upon health is concerned4 ,in 
the child1 as in the adult1 there is    
danger in the fact that the act is so   
easy that it is likely to be repeated   
very frequently1 and thus to become     
habitual4 ,in addition1 the masturbator 
is apt to require strong physical and   
mental stimuli1 and this increase of the

 stimulus may become dangerous4 ,a      
special danger of persistent            
masturbation is to be found in the      
possibility that impotence may result4  
,the masturbator1 being accustomed to   
stimulate his genital organs by         
manipulations1 and by various methods   
increasing in intensity of stimulus1    
will often find subsequently that the   
normal stimuli1 acting in part in the   
form of the sensory processes in the    
genital organs1 and in part in the form 
of the normal psychical influences      
proceeding from without1 are no longer  
competent to induce the normal sexual   
reactions 7erection and ejaculation74   
,this affects chiefly members of the    
male sex1 but in some instances the same
 is true also of women4 ,it is true that
 in women the sexual act is rather of a 
passive character1 erection not being in
 them essential as it is in the male2   
but in the case of women also1          
long-continued masturbation1 whether    
practised in childhood or subsequently1 

may bring about so intimate a dependence
 of sexual desire1 ejaculation1 and     
gratification1 upon the artificial      
stimuli1 that the occurrence of these   
phenomena in normal coitus may be       
hindered or completely inhibited4  ,some
 writers contend that sexual            
perversions1 homosexuality1 for example1
 may be induced by masturbation1 but ,i 
myself doubt this4 ,for such a          
development to be possible1 it is       
necessary that very special influences  
should be in operation1 more            
particularly a congenital               
predisposition1 or the cultivation of   
the perversion by perverse imaginative  
processes--this latter1 indeed1         
occurring very readily in masturbators4 
,but masturbation to excess is far more 
likely to induce general neurasthenia   
than to give rise to sexual perversions4
 ,when ,i speak of excessive            
masturbation1 however1 it must be       
admitted that the term is a relative    
one4 ,what is harmful excess in one     

person is not necessarily excess in     
another4 ,this is true of children as   
well as of adults4 ,i have seen children
 who1 owing to premature awakening of   
the sexual life1 have begun to          
masturbate at a very early age1 without 
any serious effect upon health4 ,having 
seen such children again in adult life1 
after the lapse of more than fifteen    
years1 ,i consider that ,i have had     
opportunities for forming a sound       
judgment upon this point4 ,we have to   
take into account the fact that when a  
youthful masturbator subsequently       
exhibits nervous manifestations1 these  
often result from the anxiety he has    
experienced on being informed of the    
serious consequences of masturbation4   
,not masturbation itself1 but fear of   
the effects of the practice1 is here    
responsible for the resulting injury to 
health4 ,experience teaches that a      
certain sort of popular literature has  
an especially unfavourable influence in 
this respect4 ,moreover1 in many cases1 

self-reproach on moral grounds1 it may  
be in childhood1 but more often later in
 life1 must in such persons be regarded 
as the cause of the appearance of       
nervous and mental symptoms4 ,the dread 
of having committed a deadly sin1 or an 
extremely immoral act1 explains a part  
of the results which are commonly       
referred directly to masturbation4 ,the 
dangers of masturbation must not be     
underestimated1 but exaggeration must   
equally be avoided4 ,i do not believe   
that in children masturbation is1       
generally speaking1 more dangerous than 
it is in adults2 but ,i consider that   
masturbation resulting from a           
spontaneous impulse is less harmful1    
than when artificial bodily and mental  
stimuli are freely employed4 ,and though
 the dangers are slightest when         
masturbation is not continued for a long
 period1 still1 in this connexion1 a    
period of a few years cannot be regarded
 as so very long2 at any rate1 practical
 experience shows us that we must avoid 

over-estimating the importance of       
masturbation even if continued for      
several years4  ,a particular           
description must now be given of        
masturbation as practised in boys before
 the formation of semen has begun--that 
is1 before the fourteenth or fifteenth  
year of life4 ,fr#hi regards orgasm     
without ejaculation as very dangerous1  
and compares its effects with the       
phenomena of fatigue4 ,the nervous      
discharge occurring in the orgasm may   
certainly explain the depressed state of
 many masturbators1 also their tired    
appearance1 dilated pupils1 and languid 
movements4 ,we note also mental         
disturbances as well as physical1       
especially diminished powers of         
attention and memory1 and somnolence up 
to the point of narcolepsy4 ,according  
to ,fr1 the physical and the mental     
symptoms alike can be detected by       
precise investigations4 ,in children    
suspected of masturbation1 dynamometric 
observations disclosed a notable        

diminution1 to the extent even of       
one-half1 when the children were not    
kept under constant observation and when
 other signs of masturbation existed2   
and in these cases experimental         
observation also showed a diminution of 
the power of attention4 ,the test       
applied was to erase some particular    
letter of the alphabet from one page of 
a book4 ,when such a test is employed1  
the practice of masturbation is said to 
have an unfavourable effect1 and to     
cause mistakes4 ,i do not think that    
these so-called precise investigations  
are of much value1 for suggestion on the
 part of the experimenter1 who is       
sometimes prejudiced1 may play a great  
part in producing the results4 ,even    
when transient phenomena of fatigue     
appear1 and are demonstrable by         
experiment1 it does not follow that any 
permanent injury has been done1 and just
 as little do otherwise transient       
manifestations of fatigue necessarily   
indicate anything pathological1 or      

foreshadow the onset of any progressive 
morbid state4  ,the clinical material   
offered in support of the idea that     
masturbation is especially dangerous in 
children too young to have an           
ejaculation should1 moreover1 be        
carefully and critically examined4 ,i   
myself formerly accepted the view of    
most authoritative writers as to the    
grave danger of masturbation in these   
circumstances4 ,but we can no longer do 
this unconditionally4 ,the gradual      
change in my own views arose as follows4
 ,from the commencement of my medical   
practice ,i was frequently consulted    
about masturbation in children4 ,many of
 these cases date from ten1 fifteen1 and
 even twenty years back4 ,i have        
recently instituted inquiries as to the 
present condition of my former patients4
 ,in so far as information was          
obtainable1 ,i have been astonished to  
learn how well boys1 who from the age of
 eight1 nine1 or ten had masturbated for
 several years1 had developed as youths 

and as full-grown men4 ,i have had      
similar experiences in the case of      
girls4 ,among my patients1 ,i have had  
girls who masturbated at the age of five
 or six years2 and ten to twenty years  
later1 when some of them have married1  
,i have gathered information regarding  
their subsequent development1 either    
from the patients themselves or from    
their associates4 ,here also it was very
 remarkable to learn how rarely         
unfavourable consequences have occurred 
from the practice of masturbation in    
early childhood1 notwithstanding the    
dangers commonly supposed to attend     
thereon4 ,especially rare have ill      
consequences been in those cases in     
which masturbation was not pushed to the
 point of inducing orgasm1 but in which 
the children have masturbated simply in 
order to procure agreeable local        
stimulation4 ,but in some instances     
also1 in which orgasm without           
ejaculation had been observed1 no bad   
results have occurred4 ,such results    

are1 however1 much more likely to follow
 in cases in which there has been       
prolonged sexual excitement preparatory 
to the orgasm1 whilst this latter has   
been artificially deferred as long as   
possible4 ,where this has been habitual1
 ,i have1 in some of the patients1 seen 
serious consequences1 and especially    
neurasthenic symptoms1 result from      
masturbation4 ,but the persons thus     
affected were in many cases the subjects
 of such severe hereditary taint1 that  
it was impossible to decide to what     
extent their troubles were due to       
congenital predisposition1 and to what  
extent they were referable to           
masturbation or to other noxious        
influences4 ,it is1 moreover1 probable  
that when the nervous system is less    
resistent in consequence of congenital  
predisposition1 the bad effects of      
masturbation will more readily appear   
than in those whose inheritance is a    
sound one4  ,as a result of these       
experiences1 ,i feel justified in coming

 to the following conclusions regarding 
masturbation during childhood4 ,it has  
not been proved that masturbation during
 childhood1 with or without ejaculation1
 is generally dangerous4 ,the           
possibility of danger resulting from the
 practice is1 however1 increased by     
long-continued and frequently repeated  
masturbation2 also by the artificial    
postponement of the voluptuous acme1 and
 by congenital predisposition to nervous
 disorders4 ,my notes of the cases which
 ,i have seen during many years of      
medical practice show that1 even in     
children1 masturbation does not         
necessarily do any harm4  ,,case        
#ae4--,the girl ,x41 four years of age1 
was brought to see me because it had    
been noticed that she frequently tried  
to handle her genital organs1 and also  
that she stimulated the same organs by  
means of rubbing movements of the       
crossed thighs4 ,her mother had further 
from time to time noticed rocking       
movements1 associated with a fixed      

stare1 which had aroused suspicions of  
the occurrence of the sexual orgasm4    
,various methods were tried to put a    
stop to these practices1 but without    
result4 ,hypnotic treatment was not     
tried1 because the child was still too  
young and her attention wandered too    
much4 ,mechanical methods of control    
were also fruitless4 ,the trouble       
continued for five years1 during all of 
which time the child was under my own   
observation4 ,she went to school1 where 
she proved a diligent scholar1 and was  
one of the most successful pupils2 her  
physical condition was also excellent4  
,thenceforward1 for several years1 ,i   
received no precise information about   
the patient1 although from time to time 
,i saw some of her associates4 ,but     
after about eight years1 ,i had an      
opportunity of learning her later       
history4 ,the child which had begun to  
masturbate when four years old was now a
 young lady of eighteen4 ,when fourteen 
years old she had for some months       

suffered from chlorosis1 but had never  
been troubled by any other serious      
illness4 ,i could not learn with        
certainty whether the habit of          
masturbation had been discontinued2 but 
there had been no definite evidence of  
the practice of masturbation1 or of any 
other artificial sexual stimulation1    
after the age of nine4 ,at the present  
time ,x4 is perfectly healthy4  ,,case  
#af4--,the boy ,y4 was brought to me    
when eight years old4 ,it had been      
noticed that at night1 whether sleeping 
or waking1 he very often handled his    
genital organs4 ,erection of the penis  
had also been observed from time to     
time4 ,his mother and his governess     
believed that he masturbated every      
night4 ,when this had been going on for 
several years1 the patient was brought  
to me for suggestive treatment4         
,mechanical means were simultaneously   
employed1 his hands being fastened at   
night in such a way that he could not   
bring them into contact with his genital

 organs4 ,but he speedily loosed himself
 from his bonds4 ,the trouble abated in 
severity1 but continued none the less   
for several years4 ,i saw the patient   
again when he was twenty-four years of  
age4 ,no abnormality whatever could be  
observed4 ,he had normal sexual potency1
 and was entirely free from neurasthenic
 symptoms4  ,i have hitherto1 in this   
chapter1 spoken only of the dangers of  
auto-erotism4 ,it is hardly necessary to
 mention the fact that the nervous      
system of the child may be injuriously  
affected by other sexual acts1 as1 for  
instance1 by premature sexual           
intercourse4 ,the occurrence of such    
acts is naturally favoured by a         
premature awakening of the sexual life4 
,we have also to consider the results of
 passionate love in children1 apart from
 actual sexual intercourse4 ,in children
 with congenital neuropathic            
predisposition1 these results may be    
serious2 and1 as ,bell points out1      
symptoms of severe nervous shock may    

ensue1 more especially owing to         
separation from the beloved object1 or  
in consequence of rejected affection4   
,the same writer even records several   
attempted suicides consequent upon the  
death of the loved one2 two of these    
occurred in boys of eight and nine years
 of age respectively2 two occurred in   
girls1 aged nine and eleven years4      
,eulenburg1#ij who has made a special   
study of suicide and attempted suicide  
during school-life1 in his enumeration  
of the causes of such acts1 mentions    
several that are germane to our subject4
 ,among these are the following3        
becoming acquainted with the existence  
of a liaison on the part of the loved   
one with another2 unfortunate love2 love
 for a married woman2 neglect of school 
work owing to a love-affair and         
consequent fear of expulsion2 and1      
finally1 love-anxiety4 ,it must1        
however1 be freely admitted that        
,eulenburg's cases relate to schoolboys 
who were fairly old4 ,thus1 one of these

 cases was that of a ,catholic boy in   
one of the higher forms1 who had formed 
a liaison with a girl of sixteen in a   
neighbouring girls' school1 and whose   
,director had intervened1 very          
judiciously1 as it appears1 on learning 
of the affair4 ,the other cases in which
 ,eulenburg mentions the age of those   
concerned were also those of boys no    
longer very young2 in some of these1    
double murder or double suicide         
resulted4 ,in the other comprehensive   
works on suicide1 and even in those     
dealing especially with suicide in      
children1 ,i have been able to find     
comparatively little material bearing on
 this particular question4 ,brierre de  
,boismont1#ia indeed1 tells us that     
children occasionally commit suicide on 
account of jealousy2 here1 however1 he  
does not refer to sexual jealousy1 but  
to jealousy of a more general character 
aroused by preference shown to another  
child4 ,although such serious           
consequences occur chiefly or           

exclusively in children who cannot be   
regarded as perfectly normal1 it is     
nevertheless possible for erotic        
influences to act as the final          
determinant4 ,but such serious results  
are certainly comparatively rare4  ,just
 as in former times masturbation was    
believed to be the cause of all kinds of
 illness1 so to-day1 according to       
,freud#ib and his followers1 the general
 sexual experiences of children are     
responsible for various subsequent      
illnesses4 ,four neuroses 7neurasthenia1
 anxiety-neurosis1 hysteria1 and        
compulsion-neuroses7 are referred by    
,freud to all sorts of disturbances of  
the sexual life1 past or present4       
,hysteria and compulsion-neuroses are   
regarded as a reaction to the sexual    
experiences of childhood2 neurasthenia  
and anxiety-neurosis are referred to    
later sexual experiences4 ,freud        
originally assumed that during the      
childhood of hysterical patients sexual 
seduction by adults or by older children

 played the chief part2 but at a later  
date he has advocated the view that the 
imaginative activities of the days of   
puberty1 which intervene between the    
sexual experiences of childhood and the 
appearance of the hysterical symptoms1  
are responsible for the occurrence of   
the latter4 ,quite recently1 ,abraham#ic
 has insisted that a sexual experience  
may be of some importance in relation   
even to the onset of dementia prcox4    
,but ,i do not consider that ,freud's   
assumption is justified1 nor do ,i think
 that he adequately excludes the effects
 of hetero-and auto-suggestion4 ,it is  
out of the question that in every case  
of the above-mentioned neuroses1 sexual 
experiences should be the cause2 and it 
is equally erroneous to suppose that    
every sexual experience in childhood has
 the effects which he assumes4 ,it is   
true that ,freud and his followers      
report cases which they regard as       
proving their thesis4 ,but ,i am by no  
means satisfied with these clinical     

histories4 ,they rather produce the     
impression that much in the alleged     
histories has been introduced by the    
suggestive questioning of the examiner1 
or that sufficient care has not been    
taken to guard against illusions of     
memory4 ,the impression produced in my  
mind is that the theory of ,freud and   
his followers suffices to account for   
the clinical histories1 not that the    
clinical histories suffice to prove the 
truth of the theory4 ,freud endeavours  
to establish his theory by the aid of   
psycho-analysis4 ,but this involves so  
many arbitrary interpretations1 that it 
is impossible to speak of proof in any  
strict sense of the term4 ,dreams are   
interpreted symbolically at will1 and   
other definite objects are arbitrarily  
assumed to be symbolic representatives  
of the genital organs4 ,i detect the    
principal source of fallacy in this     
arbitrary interpretation of alleged     
symbols4  ,however this may be1 there is
 no justification for the assumption    

that hysteria or other neuroses are     
always1 or even in the great majority of
 instances1 to be regarded as dependent 
upon masturbatory or other sexual acts  
during childhood4 ,we must on no account
 forget that an illness often has a     
dozen causes or more2 and although one  
or another of these may have had a      
preponderating influence in the         
causation1 we have no right arbitrarily 
to select one of them as the efficient  
cause4 ,i do not deny that occasionally 
the sexual life during childhood plays a
 part in inducing a subsequent neurosis2
 but this applies only to a             
comparatively small proportion of cases1
 and we must guard against exaggeration 
in the matter4  ,this is all ,i have to 
say concerning the relationships of the 
sexual life of the child to the         
occurrence of nervous diseases4 ,the    
sexual life has1 of course1 important   
bearings on health in other ways4 ,the  
venereal diseases1 in most cases1 result
 from sexual intercourse2 and it will   

readily be understood that since early  
sexual intercourse is rendered more     
likely by a premature awakening of the  
sexual life1 an increased danger of     
venereal infection will thus arise4     
,although infection in children occurs  
comparatively seldom in consequence of  
spontaneously practised sexual          
intercourse1 and more frequently as the 
result of the mishandling of children by
 perverted or criminal adults1 still    
cases are from time to time observed in 
which infection with venereal disease   
arises in children from spontaneously   
sought sexual intercourse4 ,in          
,jullien's work#id we find a striking   
chapter on gonorrhoea in children1      
illustrated with appropriate cases4 ,he 
writes4 ,in other cases1 little boys1   
sexually premature1 make early attempts 
at sexual intercourse4 ,in ,paris we see
 hardly grown youths appearing at the   
specialist's clinic1 quite proud that   
they need to be treated for gonorrhoea4 
,the very fact that they present        

themselves so coolly at the places for  
the special treatment of venereal       
diseases1 suffices to show that they    
fully understand the cause of their     
illness4 ,in ,jullien's opinion1        
venereal disease is especially serious  
in children1 because many of them       
conceal their condition as long as      
possible in the hope of avoiding        
punishment4 ,barthlemy reported a case  
in which the parents came to consult him
 because the boy was passing water every
 few minutes1 and because at school he  
was repeatedly asking to leave the room 
in order to go to the urinal4           
,examination showed that he was         
suffering from cystitis1 and that this  
was a sequel of gonorrhoea4 ,as regards 
children of the other sex1 ,i have      
myself seen cases of gonorrhoea in which
 sexually immature girls have been      
infected in sexual intercourse of which 
they themselves had been the            
instigators4 ,in most cases1 infection  
in children results from intercourse    

with grown persons1 but it sometimes    
happens that children infect one        
another4 ,little need be said here about
 the dangers of gonorrhoeal infection4  
,although in children the course of the 
disease exhibits many peculiarities1 the
 general results are much the same as in
 adults1 viz41 pain1 orchitis and       
epididymitis with atrophy1 cystitis1 c42
 and in girls1 more especially          
peritonitis4 ,other venereal infections 
may of course also occur in children1   
such as soft chancre and syphilis4 ,no  
detailed account will be given of these 
diseases4 ,although we need further     
information as to the results of        
venereal infection in children1 in      
well-informed medical circles the       
numerous and severe ill consequences of 
such infections are well understood4  ,i
 have in this chapter spoken more       
especially of the dangers threatening   
the child's health from the side of its 
sexual life4 ,these are1 of course1 not 
the only dangers2 the moral and social  

dangers are even greater4 ,first of all1
 in this connexion1 we have to consider 
the practice of masturbation2 but in our
 estimate of its effect upon morals1 we 
must be careful to avoid                
sanctimoniousness4 ,the question why    
masturbation is regarded as immoral has 
never yet been answered1 declamation    
being here commonly mistaken for        
argument4 ,and yet reasons may be found 
for the belief that masturbation may    
sometimes be a positively moral act2 as1
 for instance1 when one who is dominated
 by a very powerful sexual impulse1     
avoids injury to another by means of    
masturbation4 ,consider a case1 for     
example1 in which one who masturbates   
would otherwise transmit venereal       
infection to another1 or would injure   
another by illegitimate sexual          
intercourse4 ,in cases of perverse      
sexual practices in which the offender's
 liability to punishment was under      
discussion in the law court1 ,i have    
more than once called attention to this 

point4 ,take the case of a man whose    
sexual impulse is directed towards      
children1 and who finds great difficulty
 in restraining himself from sexual     
malpractices against children4 ,his     
action is assuredly a far more moral one
 if he satisfies his impulse by the     
practice of masturbation1 rather than by
 a sexual assault upon a child6 ,if1    
notwithstanding these considerations1   
masturbation is generally regarded as an
 immoral act1 the reason for this       
opinion must obviously be sought in     
deeper and more general grounds4 ,in the
 first place1 we have to take into      
account the fact that according to the  
moral code of many persons1 and         
certainly according to the official     
theological code1 the only kind of      
sexual intercourse that is morally      
permissible is that which is known as   
legitimate1 i4e4 connubial intercourse2 
extra-connubial intercourse is          
stigmatised as immoral4 ,masturbation1  
like extra-connubial sexual intercourse1

 is sexual indulgence outside the limits
 of that which is alone permissible by  
the canons of theological morality4     
,owing to the definite teaching of the  
,church in this matter1 the views of the
 common people are inevitably influenced
 thereby1 although the practical        
relationships of life are thus          
completely ignored2 above all1 the fact 
is ignored that marriage does not as a  
rule become possible until long after   
the awakening of the sexual impulse4    
,the purpose of the proscription by     
theological morality of illegitimate    
intercourse and of masturbation is to   
effect the prevention of all varieties  
of sexual indulgence except under the   
form of marriage1 and1 if possible1     
under the form of marriage blessed by   
the ,church4 ,the importance attributed 
to receiving the approval of theological
 morality is seen from the fact that in 
all strata of the population1 however   
much alike in private conversation and  
in political assemblies they may protest

 against the dominion of the ,church1   
nevertheless almost invariably the      
ecclesiastical ceremony is superadded to
 the civil marriage4 ,in our moral      
estimate of masturbation1 we have to    
take another point into consideration4  
,we have seen that long-continued and   
excessive masturbation is dangerous to  
health2 now every voluntary action1 and 
every action that is commonly believed  
to be voluntary1 the effects of which   
are injurious to body or to mind1 is    
considered to be immoral1 unless it is  
performed in pursuit of some lofty      
aim--as1 for instance1 in the case of   
the doctor who exposes himself to some  
deadly infection for the sake of his    
patient's welfare4 ,but these reasons do
 not suffice to account for the fact    
that masturbation is commonly regarded  
as a more immoral act than illegitimate 
sexual intercourse4 ,here1 however1 as  
so often happens1 the popular instinct  
contains a kernel of truth1 which in    
this case relates not so much to the    

individual ethical judgment as to the   
general interest4 ,the popular instinct1
 or we may rather say the soul of the   
people1 commonly regards that as immoral
 which1 if approved1 would entail       
serious general consequences4 ,in this  
ethical judgment we have1 as it were1   
the manifestation of an instinct of     
self-preservation on the part of the    
soul of the people4 ,we must not forget 
that the practice of masturbation is    
extraordinarily easy1 and that if it    
were recognised as a morally permissible
 act1 its frequency would be notably    
increased4 ,the reason last given1      
namely1 the injury to health that may   
result from masturbation1 explains one  
way in which the practice is opposed to 
the general interest4 ,but another      
reason is still more important4 ,the    
practice of masturbation naturally      
limits the frequency of sexual          
intercourse1 not only in its            
illegitimate1 but also in its legitimate
 form4 ,the easier an act is1 the more  

readily1 if it is deleterious1 will     
popular sentiment build a protective    
wall around it4 ,in individual          
instances1 such popular valuations are  
devoid of logical foundation1 and for   
this very reason it is often impossible 
to reject them on logical grounds4 ,but 
they are largely based upon             
considerations of the general interest1 
and for this reason it is often just as 
well that they are impervious to logic4 
,hence1 although in concrete cases of   
masturbation physicians and             
schoolmasters will not always take a    
severe view1 and1 in certain instances1 
as explained above1 it may even be      
considered that masturbation is a       
morally permissible act1 this will not  
affect the general disapproval1 in      
consequence of which a very large number
 of persons refrain from masturbation4  
,moreover1 the absence of such          
disapproval would lead to extremely     
serious consequences4 ,merely in order  
to prevent interference with normal     

sexual intercourse between man and      
woman1 it is necessary that in the      
popular judgment masturbation1 as the   
greatest enemy of sexual intercourse1   
should be condemned4 ,in addition to    
these motives1 there are others closely 
connected with them1 which in some cases
 operate unconsciously4 ,since          
masturbation is practised in solitude1  
if masturbation were regarded as morally
 permissible to men1 the value of woman 
would diminish1 since her wooing and    
winning would be no longer necessary to 
man1 ,analogous considerations naturally
 apply to masturbation in women4 ,the   
need that each sex should regard the    
other as indispensable is a powerful    
motive in bringing about the popular    
condemnation of masturbation2 and it    
must further be remembered that the     
amatory life1 and more especially its   
psychical accompaniments1 in truth only 
attain their fullest development through
 the mutual intercourse of the sexes4   
,the general condemnation of            

masturbation is1 in my view1 most       
readily explained on the considerations 
just outlined4 ,however this may be1 we 
have certainly to reckon with the fact  
that masturbation is regarded as an     
immoral act4 ,but inasmuch as the early 
awakening of the sexual life1 or at     
least the early appearance of the       
phenomena of detumescence1 leads almost 
inevitably to the practice of           
masturbation1 it will readily be        
understood that the child is apt to be  
forced into a line of conduct which     
conflicts with the generally accepted   
ethical code4  ,the social dangers of   
masturbation are very closely connected 
with the ethical dangers1 and we        
frequently find them appearing          
concurrently4 ,in isolated instances1 as
 ,lombroso and ,ferrero have shown1#ie  
premature awakening of sexuality may    
lead to prostitution4 ,in the chapter on
 ,biology and ,psychology1 a special    
section is devoted to sexual            
prematurity1 and the authors contend    

that in ,italy this factor plays a      
greater part than it does elsewhere4 ,it
 is further characteristic that in      
erotic literature women who are famous  
or notorious for their love-adventures  
are commonly described as having been   
the subjects of premature sexual        
development4 ,from the beautiful ,helen1
 who at the age of seven1 according to  
one story1 and at the age of twelve1    
according to another1 was deflowered by 
,theseus1 down to modern times1 we find 
that premature sexual development is    
frequently adduced as a characteristic  
of such women4 ,although it is true that
 in many cases of the seduction of      
children there is no question of sexual 
prematurity1 still1 for a part of the   
cases1 premature sexual development is  
responsible4 ,for it can hardly be      
disputed that the crime of the          
child-seducer is greatly facilitated1 if
 the child meets the seducer halfway4   
,in cases in which sexual offences were 
committed on little girls1 ,tardieu#if  

made a special class of those in which  
the offence was frequently repeated upon
 the same individual4 ,of the #fj cases 
of this kind1 #bi were in little girls  
under eleven years of age1 and #bf were 
in girls from eleven to fifteen years4  
,he states that in these chronic        
victims1 he was first of all struck by  
the premature development of the genital
 organs and the remarkable prematurity  
of general sexual development1 both of  
these conflicting with the age and the  
development of the girls in other       
respects1 ,tardieu certainly paid       
especial attention to the physical      
peculiarities of the genital organs1 and
 he was inclined to refer the premature 
development to the early experience of  
sexual intercourse4 ,but it is possible 
that the real connexion was the reverse 
of this--and1 indeed1 many other        
observations support such a view--in    
that owing to their sexual prematurity  
the children experienced a powerful     
sexual impulse at an unusually early    

age1 and that for this reason they      
became the victims of sexual attempts   
much earlier than others4 ,kisch#ig also
 believes that in many cases of         
premature puberty1 premature sexual     
intercourse is observed1 and parturition
 may even occur at a very early age4 ,he
 writes3 ,a girl in whom menstruation   
began at the age of one year1 gave birth
 to a child when she was ten years old  
7,montgomery74 ,a girl who began to     
menstruate when at the age of nine      
years1 became pregnant very shortly     
afterwards 7d',outreport74 ,the         
well-known case recorded by ,haller1 in 
which at birth the pubic hair was       
already grown1 and in which menstruation
 began at the age of two years1 was also
 one of very early pregnancy1 the girl  
giving birth to a child when nine years 
old4 ,another girl in whom at birth the 
pubes were already covered with hair    
began to menstruate when four years old1
 copulated regularly from the age of    
eight1 and at nine years became         

pregnant1 and was delivered of a        
vesicular mole with an embryo           
7,molitor74 ,a girl began to menstruate 
at the age of two1 had a growth of hair 
on the pubes and developed mamm at the  
age of three1 and became pregnant at the
 age of eight 7,carus74 ,with these     
cases must be classed that observed by  
,martin in ,america of a woman who was a
 grandmother at the age of twenty-six4  
,lantier1 in his travels in ,greece1    
speaks of a mother of twenty-five with a
 daughter of thirteen4  ,whatever the   
real sequence of events--whether in a   
little girl the occurrence of sexual    
intercourse is favoured by the          
spontaneous premature awakening of the  
sexual impulse1 or1 conversely1 it is   
the premature intercourse which awakens 
the impulse and keeps it active         
thereafter--the consequences of         
premature awakening of the sexual       
impulse are always extremely serious1   
and often result in the permanent social
 extinction of the girl concerned4      

,although in many cases she may be      
fortunate enough to escape the fate of  
the prostitute1 none the less in modern 
civilised countries the loss of         
virginity is a serious disgrace1 by     
which her future will be affected       
altogether apart from the moral shocks  
resulting from sexual intercourse in    
early childhood1 and from the           
possibility of impregnation4 ,the case  
is much the same as regards children of 
the male sex4 ,the fact that a boy is   
sexually precocious1 will greatly       
facilitate his being led astray by grown
 females to whom his extreme youth acts 
as a stimulus4 ,moreover1 his sexual    
precocity may deliver the boy to the    
embraces of homosexual men1 an outcome  
which is rendered the more likely by the
 commonly undifferentiated character of 
the childish sexual impulse4 ,there are 
certain homosexual adult males whose    
impulse is especially directed towards  
boys still possessing the milk-white    
face of the child1 and his encounter    

with such a pervert may make all the    
difference to a sexually premature boy4 
,although ,i have been engaged for years
 in the collection of facts bearing on  
this question of homosexuality1 ,i have 
recently been astonished to learn1 in an
 ever-increasing number of cases1 how   
adult homosexuals1 men of thirty years  
and upwards1 form homosexual            
relationships with schoolboys1 and      
regard their right to do this as        
practically self-evident4 ,it is obvious
 that this is likely to do grave moral  
injury to the boy--altogether apart from
 the fact that the production of        
homosexuality is thereby greatly        
facilitated1 however much interested    
homosexuals may contest this assertion4 
,it is clear1 too1 that boys upon whom  
such relationships are imposed will     
sometimes tend to grow up as male       
prostitutes1 just in the same way as    
little girls prematurely seduced in     
consequence of an early awakening of    
sexuality often adopt a life of         

prostitution4  ,children in whom        
sexuality has awakened are especially   
dangerous to their associates1 since    
they readily seduce others to sexual    
malpractices4 ,thus1 it sometimes       
happens1 though happily not often1 that 
children attempt sexual intercourse with
 one another4 ,a question in forensic   
medicine formerly much discussed1 is the
 age at which children are first able to
 effect sexual intercourse4 ,i have no  
doubt whatever that by the end of the   
second period of childhood1 in a        
comparatively large number of boys1     
spontaneous erections occur adequate to 
allow the introduction of the penis into
 the vagina to be effected2 but no doubt
 it might be difficult for such a boy to
 effect complete penetration into the   
vagina of a girl in whom the hymen was  
still intact4 ,pouillet#ih even asserts 
that all boys have the faculty of       
erection in quite early childhood2 and  
he places on record the following       
experiment1 whose repetition had better 

be avoided4 ,if in an infant lying in   
its cradle the edge of the foreskin be  
tickled with a feather1 we shall at once
 see the penis swell up and become      
erect1 and the infant will grasp at it  
with the hand4 ,there is no doubt that  
boys in whom the sexual impulse is      
prematurely awakened may be a danger to 
little girls through attempting         
intercourse with them4 ,more frequently1
 however1 the danger lies1 not in       
attempts at coitus1 but in other        
improper manipulations and contacts1    
which may take almost every conceivable 
form4 ,mutual masturbation is fairly    
common among children1 or one child may 
manipulate the genitals of another2 such
 practices occur more often between two 
boys than between two girls or between  
boy and girl4 ,but experience shows that
 other and more advanced sexual acts may
 occur1 though fortunately less often2  
for instance1 pderastic acts between    
boys1 introduction of the penis of one  
individual into the mouth of another1 c4

 ,ferriani#ii has collected a number of 
cases of this kind1 occurring in        
youthful criminals4 ,in boys he         
distinguishes two groups1 those from the
 tenth to the fourteenth1 and those from
 the fourteenth to the eighteenth year  
of life4 ,he made inquiries regarding   
the sexual life in #fi boys belonging to
 the former group1 and in #dh belonging 
to the latter4 ,of the #fi belonging to 
the former group1 #dh were found to     
masturbate1 in #be improper sexual acts 
with the mouth were admitted1 in #ab    
active pderasty1 and in #ag passive     
pderasty4 ,it is evident that these data
 must not be generalised1 for           
,ferriani's studies related to boys who 
had been morally neglected from the     
earliest days of childhood1 and who had 
been sent to prison as thieves1 beggars1
 and vagabonds4 ,a great danger         
attendant on sexual acts in which one   
child is led astray by another is1 of   
course1 the moral harm which threatens  
the other associates of such children4  

,girls and boys are equally exposed to  
such seduction1 and the seducer also may
 be of either sex4 ,in cases of an      
altogether exceptional character1 danger
 threatens in this respect from a       
child's own brothers or sisters4 ,i     
alluded to this matter in an earlier    
chapter1 on page #ga4 ,among cases which
 have come under my notice1 ,i may      
mention one in which a boy began to     
carry out all kinds of perverse sexual  
acts with his sister1 who was about     
eight years younger than himself1 and   
continued to do this when he had        
attained the age of twenty-nine years4  
,forel#ajj sees1 rightly1 as ,i believe1
 especial danger in the leading of      
others astray by young homosexuals1     
alike in boys' and in girls'            
boarding-schools4 ,in some of these     
cases the seducer's act is merely a     
manifestation of the early              
undifferentiated state of the sexual    
impulse1 but in others it is an early   
sign of a real homosexual development4  

,i append here certain cases from the   
literature of the subject showing the   
great dangers that proceed from such    
premature sexual development4 ,one case 
reported by ,forel#aja was that of a    
girl nine years of age4 ,this girl would
 stimulate sexually all boys of her own 
age or somewhat younger whom she could  
induce to allow her to do so4 ,she did  
this so secretly1 that by mishandling   
the genital organs of her two little    
brothers1 both younger than herself1 she
 slowly brought one to his death1 and in
 the other caused serious injury to the 
bladder and urethra4 ,with an older boy1
 she was accustomed to have actual      
sexual intercourse in the woods4 ,i     
could not1 in this case1 gain any       
definite information regarding          
hereditary taint4 ,such persons commonly
 become criminals in later life1 or at  
least indulge in the most shameless     
masturbation or give themselves up to   
prostitution4  ,a case which at one time
 attracted great attention in ,france   

may here be given in the actual words of
 the report4 ,leo1 thirteen years old1  
demanded the favours of eleven little   
girls1 offering in return1 as the girls 
confessed1 a small reward--a penny or a 
sweet4 ,many others must have been      
compelled by their parents to make no   
complaint1 in order to avoid a          
mortifying publicity4 ,leo is the son of
 a good fellow1 a shoemaker by trade1   
and also a lamplighter4 ,the mother     
having run away1 and the father being   
often out at work1 the boy was left much
 alone4 ,he would then entice into the  
house little girls of the neighbourhood1
 one after another1 in order to commit  
immoral acts with them4 ,one day he     
invited in a little girl of five4 ,the  
girl's brother peeped through the       
window1 and saw ,leo standing naked in  
front of ,mary1 as if he posait pour le 
torse4 ,ultimately the matter was       
reported to the police superintendent of
 the district1 and it transpired that   
not less than ten or eleven little girls

 of the quarter had been thus led       
astray4 ,from time to time he invited   
into the house a number of              
good-for-nothings of the same stamp as  
himself1 and here this youthful         
,casanova organised pleasure-parties of 
a kind usually unknown to those of his  
age4 ,the lad was bound over to come up 
for trial if called upon4 ,such cases as
 this are commoner than is generally    
believed2 and perhaps commoner in the   
country than in the town4  ,the way in  
which such practices spread by moral    
contagion is shown by a report of       
,ferriani1#ajb who made inquiries of    
nine boys1 at ages varying between eight
 and twelve years1 how they had learned 
to masturbate4 ,i4 had been taught by a 
certain ,k41 ,,ii4 by ,i41 ,,iii4 by    
,,iv41 ,,iv4 by ,i41 ,v4 by ,,ii41 ,,vi4
 by ,,iii41 ,,vii4 by ,,iv41 ,,viii4 by 
,,vi41 ,,ix4 by ,,ii4 ,not long ago1 ,i 
myself came across such an epidemic1 in 
which there occurred1 not only          
masturbation1 but1 in addition1 all     

sorts of mutual sexual contacts between 
boys and girls2 a boy of five was the   
primary seducer1 having undertaken the  
sexual enlightenment of a girl of seven1
 and beginning this process with the    
remark that she need no longer believe  
that babies were brought by a stork4    
,these two went on to improper contact1 
and subsequently quite a number of      
children were gradually corrupted by the
 two4  ,to the jurist1 also1 the        
question of the sexual life of the child
 is one of great importance4 ,i do not  
myself share the view of ,ferriani and  
others1 that the sexual life of the     
child1 when it awakes prematurely1 is a 
common cause of crime--although this may
 be true of certain special cases1      
presently to be described4 ,but the     
sexual life of the child is of          
importance from another point of view4  
,in cases in which children are the     
objects of sexual offences1 such as have
 recently so often come before the      
courts1 the question of the capacity of 

the children to give evidence frequently
 plays a great part4 ,the lawyer1 who is
 often ignorant of the extent to which  
sexual imaginations and sexual acts may 
prevail among children1 is apt to assume
 that the child is of necessity sexually
 inexperienced1 and for this reason to  
put a trust in childish evidence which  
is in many instances not justified by   
the facts of the case1 because the      
supposed inexperience may not really    
exist4 ,if judges and magistrates knew  
how much and how often children's brains
 are occupied with sexual imaginations1 
without speaking of the sexual acts     
which many children have engaged in     
while still quite young1 they would be  
more guarded than they are at present in
 their acceptance of children's evidence
 in sexual matters4 ,not infrequently1  
when such a child describes the sexual  
offence which is supposed to have been  
committed1 it is assumed without further
 inquiry that the child's account must  
be accurate1 the grounds for this       

assumption being stated as follows3 ,how
 could such an accusation be invented8  
,the poor child has had no previous     
experience of such matters2 what is now 
described must have actually happened1  
for it is impossible that an            
inexperienced child could construct it  
all out of its own imagination4 ,but to 
anyone who has seriously studied the    
sexual life of the child1 this logic is 
utterly fallacious4 ,still1 the argument
 is none the less a very dangerous one2 
and as an expert witness ,i have        
assisted at several trials as to which  
,i remain convinced to this day that the
 judge has assumed the offender to be   
guilty simply because he 7the judge7 was
 ignorant of the nature of the sexual   
life of the child1 above all as regards 
psychosexual imaginations4 ,some years  
ago there was tried in ,berlin a case in
 which a wealthy banker was accused of  
misconduct with a little girl4 ,in the  
end the accused received a severe       
sentence4 ,in that trial ,i was called  

as an expert witness1 and ,i believe    
that as regards the principal charge the
 banker was wrongfully condemned4 ,the  
principal witness was a girl twelve     
years of age1 and it was her accusation 
which formed the main ground of the     
conviction1 and this notwithstanding the
 fact that the child had subsequently   
withdrawn her charges4 ,in common with  
other expert witnesses1 ,i pointed out1 
in rebuttal of the girl's evidence1 that
 the person on whom the alleged offence 
had been committed was not1 as the      
police magistrate and the judge had both
 assumed1 an inexperienced child1 but   
one in whom sexuality had prematurely   
awakened1 and in whom strongly sensual  
tendencies were manifest2 we showed that
 in her imaginative activities the      
sexual life played a leading part1 and  
that the child herself had at an earlier
 date performed some of the actions with
 which she charged the accused4 ,but the
 child had made so favourable an        
impression on the police magistrate and 

the judge that they firmly believed her 
first statement1 and held that her      
subsequent withdrawal of her accusation 
was due to outside influence4 ,it would 
be well1 in some cases of the kind1 to  
insist upon a complete examination of   
the girl who makes the accusation1 this 
examination to include her bodily state1
 to ascertain if there are indications  
of a prematurely awakened sexual        
life--for example1 any irritation of the
 genital organs by masturbation4 ,we    
shall also do well1 in such cases1 to   
endeavour to ascertain whether the child
 is already fully informed concerning   
the nature of sex4 ,we must always bear 
in mind that things which may give an   
indication regarding this are usually   
kept very secret1 and that none of the  
child's associates may be able to give  
us any information4 ,even though among  
the witnesses we have parents1 masters1 
or governesses all uniting to assure us 
that the child's mind is still perfectly
 innocent1 and that not a suspicion     

regarding matters of sex has yet been   
aroused1 the judge should not allow     
himself to be deceived4 ,sexual         
imaginations often dominate the         
consciousness of the child1 at the very 
time when a display of shamefacedness in
 relation to such things deceives the   
onlookers4 ,in such trials1 it is       
sometimes put forward as a defence1 that
 some third person1 some police         
official1 the examining judge1 or even  
an enemy of the accused1 has reiterated 
the false accusation to the child1 and  
has1 as it were1 suggested it4 ,such an 
assumption is1 for many cases1          
altogether superfluous1 even if we do   
not believe a word of the child's       
accusation1 for it completely           
underestimates the power of the childish
 imagination4 ,the ,french physician1   
,bourdin1#ajc in his work on ,lying     
,children1 gives the case of a little   
girl who by her good behaviour and      
affectionate disposition had won the    
love of her foster-parents4 ,one day    

they were reading aloud the report of a 
scandalous trial1 while the child was in
 the room playing with her dolls1 and to
 all appearance paying no attention to  
the reading4 ,a few days later the      
foster-parents saw the little girl      
putting her dolls together in an        
indecent posture4 ,in answer to earnest 
inquiries1 the child said she was only  
doing what someone had once done to her2
 she then went on to make detailed and  
serious accusations against certain     
other persons4 ,a clever and experienced
 physician was asked to investigate the 
matter before any application was made  
to the law courts4 ,as a result of a    
physical examination of the girl1 he    
declared that what she described could  
not possibly have taken place2 and      
ultimately she admitted that the whole  
accusation was false4 ,as a reason for  
her lies1 she said1 qu'elle avait voulu 
faire comme les dames que l'on avait    
mises dans le journal4 ,such imaginative
 activity may occur in healthy children1

 but it is in the case of those with a  
morbid inheritance that we have         
especially to reckon with these         
possibilities4 ,as with the grown woman1
 so with the child1 the degenerative    
form of hysteria makes those subject to 
it untrustworthy witnesses4 ,this       
applies above all to accusations of     
sexual offences4 ,feeble-mindedness is  
also dangerous in this connexion1 for   
its existence is apt to be overlooked by
 the judge1 although an expert          
examination of the witness--who1 in most
 of these cases1 is of the female       
sex--would facilitate the diagnosis4    
,among the feeble-minded1 we find1 not  
only sexually premature individuals1 but
 also persons with a tendency to        
pathological deceit1 this latter        
sometimes manifesting itself in         
childhood1 and of course lessening or   
completely abolishing the subject's     
credibility as a witness to the         
occurrence of alleged sexual offences4  
,these considerations must not lead us  

to the opposite extreme1 of altogether  
discrediting the assertions of          
child-witnesses2 but they should        
convince us of the need for the         
recognition of a source of fallacy often
 completely overlooked by parents1      
namely1 the indulgence by children in   
sexual imaginative activity1 and the    
frequent existence of unsuspected sexual
 enlightenment4 ,to this extent only do 
such questions form part of my subject4 
,following ,hans ,gross1 ,i have on page
 #da already drawn attention to the fact
 that girls of a certain age are        
untrustworthy witnesses regarding their 
own experiences4 ,but to guard against  
too comprehensive a generalisation in   
this respect1 ,i must point out that    
during the second period of childhood a 
girl may be a highly competent observer1
 and this precisely for matters in which
 her interest has been aroused by the   
development of her sexual life4 ,i may  
quote from ,hans ,gross certain remarks 
bearing on this4#ajd ,we have to        

recognise that in the observation and   
understanding of certain matters1 there 
is no one cleverer than a growing girl4 
,her school-life1 and her personal      
experiences and occupations1 do not     
adequately occupy her energies4 ,sexual 
influences are beginning to become      
active1 and half-unconsciously the girl 
studies her environment in search of    
experiences bearing1 however remotely1  
on this sphere4 ,the little interests   
and amours of the nearer and further    
environment will be by no one discovered
 so speedily as by a bright and lively  
half-grown girl4 ,every variation in the
 mutual interest of the pair she has    
under observation will be noted by such 
a girl with the keenest sympathy4 ,long 
before the two have come to an          
understanding1 she will be aware of     
their sentiments for one another4 ,she  
notes when they are drawing nearer      
together1 and she knows at once when    
they have given open expression to their
 love4 ,whether they become engaged or  

whether they draw apart from one        
another1 the little one knows all about 
it before any of their intimates4       
,moreover1 such a girl will take note of
 all the doings of certain of her       
acquaintances4 ,an interesting beauty1  
or a young man living near at hand1 will
 have no more watchful observer of all  
their doings than a young girl of twelve
 years4 ,she1 too1 will take note more  
accurately than anyone else of all the  
changes of mood of those who are under  
her observation4  ,but the sexual life  
of children is of importance1 not only  
in relation to the question of their    
credibility as witnesses1 but also in   
respect of our decision as to matters of
 fact4 ,sexual attempts on children     
under fourteen years of age are legally 
punishable offences1 and it is a matter 
of indifference whether the offender or 
the child was the instigator4 ,in       
determining the degree of culpability it
 is1 however1 of important whether the  
child against whom the offence has been 

committed was innocent and uncorrupted1 
or was one with previous sexual         
experiences4 ,in addition to this1 we   
have also to take into account the      
question whether the child incited to   
the offence1 under the influence of the 
spontaneous activity of its own sexual  
impulse4 ,all these considerations will 
make it clear that from many points of  
view the sexual life of the child is a  
matter of forensic importance4  ,we must
 not forget that the child itself may be
 threatened with legal dangers as a     
result of the activity of its own sexual
 impulse4 ,the ,german legal code       
decrees different degrees of penal      
responsibility at different ages4       
,children not yet twelve years of age   
are not liable to criminal prosecution4 
,a child over twelve1 but under eighteen
 years of age1 must be exonerated if    
when the offence was committed the child
 did not possess the knowledge enabling 
him or her to understand its            
culpability4 ,by the third paragraph of 

section #agf of the ,german criminal    
code1 any one who has improper sexual   
relations with a person under fourteen  
years of age1 or who induces such a     
person to practise or suffer such       
relations1 is liable to severe          
punishment4  ,if1 therefore1 two        
children of eleven engage in mutual     
misconduct1 they incur no liability to  
legal punishment4 ,but two boys of      
thirteen are liable to prosecution for  
the practice of mutual masturbation4    
,each of them has performed an improper 
act with a child under fourteen years of
 age1 and the liability to punishment in
 each case depends upon the answer to   
the question whether the offender       
possessed sufficient knowledge to enable
 him to understand his culpability4     
,this knowledge is not identical with   
the knowledge that the offence was      
legally punishable2 that is to say1     
either boy would be liable to           
punishment1 even though he had no idea  
whatever that improper sexual relations 

with children under fourteen constituted
 an offence against the law4 ,all that  
is necessary is that he should possess a
 sufficient degree of intelligence to   
understand his culpability1 which is    
quite another thing from his possessing 
knowledge of his legal liability to     
punishment4 ,generally speaking1        
however1 the public prosecutor is       
disinclined to initiate proceedings in  
such cases1 for the most part because it
 is held that the necessary             
understanding of culpability is commonly
 lacking4 ,but such prosecutions have   
more than once occurred4 ,in the year   
#ahii1 in a little town in the ,mark of 
,brandenburg1 proceedings were taken    
against eighteen school-children1 boys  
and girls1 and five pupil-teachers4     
,these twenty-three persons1 who        
appeared in the dock1 had all reached an
 age at which they became liable to     
criminal prosecution2 in the case of a  
number of other boys and girls who were 
concerned in the affair1 no prosecution 

could take place4 ,ultimately1 all the  
accused were discharged1 as it was held 
that when the offence was committed they
 did not possess the requisite          
understanding of its culpable character4
 ,but by order of the court several of  
the accused were transferred to a       
reformatory4 ,since a prosecution may   
take place in such cases1 a conviction  
is also possible4 ,it is evident that as
 soon as a child is twelve years old1 it
 may incur legal liabilities in         
consequence of the activity of the      
sexual impulse4  ,we must not overlook  
the fact that the intellectual side of  
development may be influenced by an     
early awakening of the sexual life1 the 
child inclining1 in this case1 to occupy
 its mind with sexual thoughts1 to the  
neglect of educational opportunities4 ,i
 have seen cases which were regarded as 
instances of aprosexia1#aje the lack of 
the power of concentration being        
attributed to adenoid vegetations1 but  
in which the defect might1 with at least

 as much reason1 have been referred to  
the play of sexual ideas4 ,to the       
teacher1 his pupil's inattentiveness is 
often an insoluble riddle1 merely       
because he ignores in the child the play
 of erotic imagination1 and1 in fact1   
ignores the child's inner life in       
general4 ,and yet1 in such cases1 the   
child's failure to attend to the work of
 the class sometimes depends upon       
nothing more than occupation with       
thoughts about a beloved person4 ,in    
other instances1 the inattention is due1
 not to sexual ideas1 but to sexual     
acts4 ,as a patient of my own put the   
matter3 in boyhood1 while in the ,latin 
class he was supposed to be learning his
 amo1 amas1 amat1 he and his            
school-fellows were studying the subject
 practically beneath the table4         
,naturally1 the stronger the child's    
sexual impulse1 the more will the       
attention wander2 and although in most  
cases1 in children1 the impulse is      
comparatively weak1 in isolated         

instances it may from the first be      
abnormally powerful1 entailing dangers  
to the intellectual development as      
serious as those other dangers          
previously enumerated4 ,according to    
,sanford ,bell1 unfavourable            
consequences to intellectual development
 cannot1 as a general rule1 be          
attributed to the early amatory         
inclinations of childhood4 ,all that is 
likely to be noticed is that on days    
when the child loved by another is away 
from school1 the latter child will be   
less attentive than usual4 ,but the     
circumstances are somewhat different    
when the object of affection is not a   
school-fellow4 ,bell speaks only of     
cases in which the child-lovers are     
members of the same class1 and he refers
 to heterosexual inclinations only4 ,in 
such cases1 the results of early amatory
 inclinations may even be good4 ,hebbel 
relates of himself1 how zealously as a  
little boy he attended school1 simply in
 order to meet in the class the girl he 

loved4 ,the presence of the loved one   
may1 in fact1 powerfully stimulate      
ambition and the desire to work4 ,a     
little girl who has fallen in love with 
her schoolmistress or governess1 will   
strive to please the latter by hard work
 and attention2 and1 similarly1 a boy   
who loves a boy or a girl classmate1    
very often attempts to make an          
impression on the feelings of the loved 
one by his performances at school4      
,whilst we recognise the dangers        
attendant on the development of         
sexuality in the child1 we must not     
overlook the fact that this development 
may have its good side4  ,for1 just in  
the same way1 a child's altruistic      
feelings may be stimulated by love4 ,we 
see cases in which a child tries to help
 the beloved schoolmate in every        
possible difficulty or trouble4 ,such a 
love may also spur the lover on to      
excellence in other fields than the mere
 work of the class4 ,the boy1 while     
still quite young1 seeks to make an     

impression on the girl by courage and   
steadfastness1 just as he will seek to  
do this somewhat later1 when he has     
attained early manhood4  ,a spirited    
description is given by ,grnstein of    
boys engaged in a sham fight4 ,at first 
the contending parties are timorous1    
appearing afraid of one another3--      
,but when the girls draw near1 to view  
,the slaughter of a stricken plain1     
,in mimic battle1 at this cue1      ,the
 boys now join with might and main4     
,under the spell of girlish eyes        
,each strives his courage to display2   
,for wounds or death he may despise1    
,who helps his side to win the day4     
,and as the factions join in strife1    
,they shout amid the battle's din2      
,fighting as if for very life1          
,each one will do his best to win4      
,each hopes the victory to gain2        
,each would the bravest warrior prove4  
,hurrah6 they cry1 and each is fain     
,to win bright glances from his love4   
,as ,i have previously explained1 the   

existence of sexual perversions may     
sometimes be traced back into early     
childhood1 although1 in individual      
cases1 the experiences of childhood may 
throw little light on the subsequent    
sexual life4 ,but we saw that cases     
certainly occur in which the abnormal   
tendencies of the sexual life are       
manifested in early childhood1 and in   
which1 also1 other tendencies of        
childhood are determined by the abnormal
 sexual life4 ,in such cases1 the mental
 life of the child is also profoundly   
affected4 ,such a child feels unhappy on
 account of its abnormal sexual         
relationships4 ,the boy would rather    
have been a girl1 the girl a boy4 ,in   
such a case1 the choice of a future     
profession will also be affected by     
mental peculiarities closely associated 
with the sexual life4 ,the homosexual   
ladies' tailor1 the music-hall artiste  
who makes a speciality of feminine      
impersonations1 the ladies' hairdresser1
 and others in like occupations1 will   

often tell us that the choice of their  
trade or profession was made while they 
were still children4 ,in this connexion1
 ,i may also refer to the sexual life of
 ,catholic priests4 ,it is certain that 
some of these exhibit homosexual        
tendencies4 ,it is often suggested that 
it is their repulsion from heterosexual 
intercourse which leads such men to take
 the ,catholic vow of celibacy4 ,but    
there is another possible factor which  
must not be overlooked4 ,it is not      
unlikely that certain persons1 not      
homosexual1 but in whom sexual          
inclination towards women is primarily  
wanting1 may incline to enter the       
priesthood4 ,yet another possibility is 
pointed out by a ,catholic priest who   
has written on this subject4 ,he is of  
opinion that homosexually inclined boys 
often exhibit even in childhood         
caressive tendencies2 such boys early   
attract the attention of priests1 who   
make use of them in the performance of  
various ecclesiastical ceremonies4 ,for 

this reason1 such boys come under the   
influence of the priesthood at an       
exceptionally early age2 and thus it    
comes about that in an exceptionally    
large proportion of cases they          
themselves enter the priesthood4  ,there
 are other sexual perversions1 in       
addition to those just mentioned1 by    
which the inclinations and occupations  
of the child may be influenced4 ,a      
hair-fetichist1 whose case ,i had       
occasion to study carefully when1 at the
 age of fifteen1 he had to stand his    
trial on account of cutting off girls'  
plaits of hair1 informed me that for one
 or two years before he first committed 
this offence1 he had experienced a      
peculiar stimulus whenever he handled   
hair4 ,in other cases of fetichism which
 ,i have had under observation1 the     
abnormal fetichistic tendency went much 
further back4 ,an underclothing         
fetichist began at the age of seven to  
be greatly interested in his sister's   
and in the maidservant's underclothing1 

touching such articles of clothing as   
often as he could1 and pressing up      
against them in a caressing way4 ,the   
choice of reading is sometimes          
determined by perverse sensibilities1   
the sexual nature of which may often not
 become apparent until a considerable   
period has elapsed4 ,i know certain     
persons with masochistic and with       
sadistic tendencies1 who in childhood   
preferred to read stories about robbers 
and slaves1 the use of fetters and the  
descriptions of violence of all kinds   
playing a peculiar part in their        
imaginations4 ,it must be regarded as   
definitely established that children    
sometimes deliberately incur corporal   
punishment in order to enjoy masochistic
 sexual sensations4 ,the best-known     
instance is that of ,jean ,jacques      
,rousseau1 who at the age of seven was  
chastised by ,mademoiselle ,lambercier1 
and thereupon experienced agreeable     
sensual feelings4 ,he himself tells     
us#ajf how sincere was his affection for

 ,mademoiselle ,lambercier1 and his     
extremely tractable disposition would   
have tended to prevent his deliberately 
seeking to commit an improper act4 ,and 
yet in spite of this the chastisement   
was repeated1 and again he experienced a
 secret stimulation4 ,in a little erotic
 work of the eighteenth century1 ,le    
,joujou des ,demoiselles1 we find under 
the heading of ,le ,fouet 7,a           
,whipping71 the following short poem1   
relating to a girl twelve years of      
age3--     ,a l'ge de douze ans1 pour   
certain grave cas1          ,que je sais
 et ne dirai pas1          ,lise du     
fouet fut menace    ,a sa maman1        
justement courrouce1           ,lise    
repondit firement1          ,vous avez  
tout lieu de vous plaindre1             
,mais pour le fouet tout doucement1     
,je suis d'ge  l'aimer et non pas  le   
craindre4     ,at the age of twelve1 for
 a good reason1          ,which ,i know1
 but will not tell1          ,lise was  
threatened with a whipping4    ,to her  

mother1 justly incensed1           ,lise
 answered proudly1          ,you have   
just cause of complaint1          ,but  
as regards a moderate whipping1    ,i am
 of an age to enjoy and not to fear it4 
,the awakening of sex has further       
effects upon the mental life of the     
child4 ,its curiosity is aroused1 as    
soon as the phenomena of pubescence make
 their appearance1 either in themselves 
or in other children4 ,long before this1
 as a rule1 the navel has to the child  
been an object of curiosity4 ,this part 
of the body seems strange and           
perplexing1 and even in early childhood 
the genital organs may inspire similar  
sentiments4 ,the child observes that in 
respect of such things some reserve is  
the rule1 that a certain shyness is     
manifested in looking at and touching   
the genital organs1 and for these very  
reasons the child's attention is apt to 
be directed to these organs4 ,but       
curiosity becomes much keener when the  
signs of puberty manifest themselves4   

,to many a child1 the looking-glass     
serves as a means for the thorough      
observation of these remarkable signs of
 development4 ,with amazement the child 
watches the growth of the axillary and  
the pubic hair2 and in girls attention  
is aroused by the enlargement of the    
breasts4 ,curiosity then leads the child
 to seek information about these things 
from various books1 and especially from 
an encyclopdia4 ,it is a matter of      
general experience that the article on  
,masturbation is eagerly studied by many
 children1 even before the end of the   
second period of childhood4 ,a search is
 made for anatomical illustrations1 in  
order to see the genital organs of both 
sexes4 ,in many cases brothers and      
sisters arrange to satisfy one another's
 curiosity on this point4 ,elder brother
 and younger1 elder sister and younger1 
or brother and sister will often seek to
 enlighten one another as to differences
 in bodily structure1 especially as     
regards the external genital organs1 by 

means of mutual inspection4 ,such       
childish curiosity may be1 and often is1
 altogether independent of the awakening
 of the sexual life2 the real motive is 
then the rationalist one1 if the        
expression be permitted4 ,but in other  
instances the curiosity is determined1  
or increased1 by the awakening of the   
sexual life4 ,similar considerations    
apply to the observation of the sexual  
acts of animals1 for which opportunities
 occur more especially in the country1  
but sometimes also in the town2 in most 
cases1 the motive for such observation  
in the first instance is pure curiosity1
 independent of sexual processes in the 
child4 ,parents who surprise their      
children thus engaged1 usually regard   
such investigations as signs of gross   
immorality2 but it is unnecessary to    
take so tragic a view4 ,it is simply    
childish curiosity1 on the part of those
 who see nothing wrong in what they are 
doing4 ,that which is immoral in the    
adult is not necessarily immoral in the 

child1 who is merely led by curiosity1  
and by his astonishment at the changes  
taking place in his body1 to study these
 changes closely4 ,it is not immoral for
 a child to wish to study in propri     
person matters about which information  
has been withheld4 ,adults are far too  
ready to interpret the actions of       
children in the light of their own      
feelings--a mistake which cannot be too 
strongly condemned4  ,the curiosity of  
the child about his own body is often   
intermingled with fear2 above all in the
 perfectly innocent1 completely         
unenlightened child1 the first seminal  
emission1 whether it occurs during sleep
 or in the waking hours1 and in the     
girl1 the first appearance of the       
menstrual flow1 may readily cause       
serious alarm4 ,it must not be supposed 
that such alarm is of rare occurrence4  
,even in large towns1 which our         
moralists are apt to regard as          
altogether corrupt1 we sometimes find   
that a boy of fifteen or sixteen may be 

greatly alarmed1 on waking1 to discover 
that he has had a seminal emission1 for 
which he has been prepared neither by   
experience nor by instruction4          
,additional wider influences of the     
sexual life of the child cannot here be 
fully discussed4 ,but when we see that  
in great poets and other artists much of
 their creative work may be effected in 
childhood1 and when1 on the other hand1 
we observe the connexion of many        
artistic productions with the           
psychosexual sphere1 we cannot fail to  
admit the possibility that the sexual   
life of the child is to some extent     
related to art4 ,thus1 we sometimes see 
children endeavouring1 however          
imperfectly1 to express their feelings  
in verse2 and in cases in which nothing 
of the kind occurs1 the erotic feelings 
of childhood may still exercise         
influence later in life4 ,as examples   
from world-literature1 ,i may mention3  
,heine1 who was still a boy when he was 
so greatly attracted by his ,sefchen1   

the executioner's niece1 whose          
personality made a definite impression  
on the poet's maturer work2#ajg ,goethe1
 whose friendship with the sister of the
 little ,derones1 likewise had certain  
artistic results2 ,dante1 who first met 
his ,beatrice at the age of nine years1 
and ever thenceforward remained under   
her spell4 ,if in such cases we inquire 
as to the impressions of childhood1 we  
unquestionably find1 in poets and       
artists1 traces1 sometimes of direct1   
but more frequently of indirect         
influences4  ,mantegazza#ajh goes so far
 as to regard the premature development 
of psychosexual sentiments as a         
peculiarity of richly endowed and       
talented natures4 ,an obscure1          
shamefaced feeling1 by which the boy is 
drawn to the girl1 is1 he thinks1       
manifest in such natures1 even before   
sex has made its profound impression    
upon the developing organism1 and before
 the reproductive organs have assumed   
their adult forms4 ,he compares such    

feelings with the rosy tint which       
appears on the horizon before the       
sunrise1 and he considers that in men of
 a lower type or less highly gifted by  
nature1 the new sentiments known by the 
name of love do not appear until after  
the adult development of the            
reproductive organs4 ,i do not believe  
that this generalisation is well        
founded2 although1 as previously        
mentioned1 ,i consider that the alarm   
which is often caused in elders by the  
appearance in the child of such early   
psychosexual manifestations is not      
warranted1 as a rule1 by the facts of   
the case4  ,the question as to the      
quality of the offspring resulting from 
the sexual intercourse of children1     
either of two children who are both     
sexually mature1 or of a sexually mature
 child with a grown person1 has not1 in 
,europe1 any great or immediate         
practical interest4 ,with us1           
procreation is rarely possible on the   
part of those who are still children1   

for the boy is hardly competent for     
procreation before the completion of the
 second period of childhood1 and in the 
case of girls such competence is rarely 
met with till towards the very end of   
the second period of childhood4 ,but if 
we put the question in a somewhat more  
general form1 and study the quality of  
the offspring of youthful persons in    
whom bodily development is not yet fully
 completed1 the matter becomes one of   
greater practical interest4 ,but for a  
decision even on this point1 data are   
insufficient1 notwithstanding the fact  
that1 according to ,pauline             
,tarnowsky1#aji among the ,russians a   
young girl frequently marries while     
still sexually immature1 at the age of  
sixteen or seventeen1 when1 in that     
country1 menstruation has often not yet 
begun4 ,but there is a country from     
which data bearing on this problem can  
be obtained--data of considerable1 and1 
as some think1 of decisive              
importance--viz4 ,india4 ,in ,india1    

child-marriages occur with extraordinary
 frequency1 and1 according to ,hans     
,fehlinger1#aaj their number continues  
to increase4 ,originally almost confined
 to the ,hindus1 these marriages have   
spread to the ,mohammedans1 the         
,buddhists1 and the ,animists1          
notwithstanding the fact that religious 
reasons for such marriages exist only in
 the case of the ,hindus4 ,in the year  
#ahha1 for every #ajjj persons under #aj
 years of age1 #ii were married1 of     
these #bd being boys1 and #ge girls4 ,in
 the year #aija1 the number of married  
persons under #aj years of age was #aeh 
per #ajjj1 of whom #bj were children    
under #e years old4 ,this is an enormous
 percentage3 and although ,fehlinger    
himself draws attention to the fact that
 marriage in childhood is not always    
tantamount to the beginning of sexual   
intercourse1 since in many cases years  
will intervene between marriage and the 
commencement of cohabitation1 yet in    
many other instances no such interval   

exists4 ,e4 ,rdin#aaa also deals with   
the question of child-marriages in      
,india1 discussing it from the point of 
view of racial degeneration4 ,he states 
that1 with one exception1 modern writers
 are agreed that the consequences of the
 ,indian custom of child-marriage are   
altogether bad--that not a single point 
can be urged in favour of the practice4 
,the solitary writer to urge anything in
 favour of the custom of child-marriage 
is ,sir ,denzil ,ibbetsson1 who asserts 
that in the ,western ,punjab1 where     
child-marriages are exceptional1        
immorality and assaults upon women are  
commoner than in the ,eastern ,punjab1  
where child-marriages are the rule4     
,those who strongly disapprove of       
child-marriages1 point more particularly
 to the fact that when a girl-child is  
married to an adult man1 she often      
receives mechanical injuries in the act 
of intercourse2 and they contend1 in    
addition1 that child-marriage is        
injurious to the offspring4 ,for1 by    

child-marriage1 we obviate any          
possibility of sexual selection within  
the limits of a particular caste1       
inasmuch as persons are bound together  
in marriage whose defective constitution
 and inferior mental endowments may not 
become apparent until long after        
marriage1 and yet the couple1 tied to   
one another for life1 will continue to  
procreate an inferior stock4 ,but1 in   
this connexion1 it must not be forgotten
 that in ,india puberty is attained far 
earlier in life than it is in ,western  
,europe4  ,having dealt with the        
premature development of the sexual     
life1 a few words must now be allotted  
to the consideration of an abnormally   
late awakening of sexuality4 ,this      
latter phenomenon must1 unquestionably1 
be regarded as a morbid manifestation4  
,in the course of my experience1 ,i have
 seen quite a number of people in whom  
the sexual impulse made its first       
appearance very late2 in childhood1 and 
also later1 some of these were regarded 

by their associates as models of        
chastity4 ,they had no intercourse with 
prostitutes1 because even at the age of 
twenty they had not yet experienced any 
definite sexual impulse4 ,they despised 
other young men who practised irregular 
sexual intercourse1 and they themselves 
had no difficulty in refraining from    
such intercourse4 ,but many such persons
 are the subjects of a remarkable       
self-deception2 for a long time they    
really believe themselves to be         
exceptionally moral1 and succeed in     
convincing themselves that their        
abstinence from sexual intercourse is   
dependent upon ethical motives1 whereas 
often the real reason has merely been   
the lack of inclination and of capacity 
for sexual intercourse4 ,in most cases  
the real nature of the case subsequently
 becomes clear to them1 and they come to
 understand that their previous sexual  
abstinence was not determined by ethical
 motives4 ,when we analyse such cases   
more accurately1 we often find that we  

have to do with abnormal                
individualities2 abnormal not merely in 
respect of the retarded development of  
the sexual life1 but also as regards    
other phenomena4 ,not infrequently we   
have to do with neuropathic and         
psychopathic natures1 and the reality of
 this is quite unaffected by the fact   
that the superficial observer is        
convinced that such persons are         
exceptionally moral4 ,i possess a       
considerable number of autobiographical 
case-histories of this kind1 and it is  
quite usual to find that they state that
 their associates have wrongly          
accredited them with peculiar virtue1   
whereas in reality their apparently     
irreproachable conduct depended simply  
upon abnormality of development1 and the
 strict morality was an illusive        
appearance4 ,many of them also produce  
an altogether unmanly1 effeminate1      
bashful1 and timid impression4 ,although
 ,i have always honoured1 and continue  
to hold in honour1 those young men who  

avoid illegitimate sexual intercourse on
 genuinely moral grounds1 the persons   
exhibiting the peculiarities just       
explained must be regarded as           
pathological subjects4 ,if our moralists
 hold up to us as exemplary specimens   
such young men as these1 we have to     
answer that in that case sexual         
abstinence1 and also chastity and       
morality1 may depend upon a pathological
 inheritance4 ,just as we are unable to 
regard eunuchs as exceptionally virtuous
 individuals1 so also must we be        
cautious in our assignment of moral     
motives for the sexual abstinence of    
young men of this nature4#aab  ,in the  
female sex1 also1 there are persons in  
whom the sexual life1 and especially the
 sexual impulse1 awakens very late4     
,this may happen notwithstanding the    
fact that menstruation has begun at the 
normal age4 ,both the peripheral        
phenomena of detumescence1 and also the 
phenomena of contrectation1 may be thus 
retarded2 and the former especially may 

permanently fail to appear4 ,we see     
girls who appear remarkably virtuous1   
because1 while other girls are rejoicing
 at having found an admirer1 they pass  
coldly along1 in the streets and        
elsewhere1 their eyes directed forwards1
 and rigidly avoid exchanging glances   
with any male person4 ,although this    
delayed sexual development does not     
arouse in us the same unsympathetic     
feelings in the case of young women as  
it does in the case of young men1 it is 
none the less necessary to recognise the
 phenomenon in the female sex as well1  
and this not on medical grounds merely1 
but also on educational1 ethical1 and   
social grounds4 ,in fine1 in such cases1
 we have to do with something very      
different from cases in which from a    
true sense of shame or on moral grounds 
a girl maintains her mental and bodily  
chastity2 different1 also1 from the     
cases in which we have to do with women 
whose bodily development is normal1 but 
who in other respects resemble rather   

the type of those in whom the           
reproductive glands have been removed4  
,i may take this opportunity of         
insisting upon the fact that the unduly 
retarded awakening of the sexual life1  
or the complete failure of the sexual   
impulse to appear1 is not especially to 
be desired1 and entails dangers and     
disadvantages just as does a premature  
development of sexuality4 ,i may recall1
 in this connexion1 certain earlier     
experiences4 ,at one time it was assumed
 that there was a mental disorder known 
as pyromania2 the pyromaniac was one    
with an irresistible impulse to light   
incendiary fires4 ,to-day1 we no longer 
admit the existence of any such disease1
 and the impulse to light incendiary    
fires1 when such a morbid impulse       
manifests itself1 is regarded as a      
symptom of imbecility1 of cerebral      
degeneration1 c4 ,but we may take this  
opportunity of reminding the reader that
 ,henke1#aac an earlier investigator1   
regarded pyromania as due chiefly to    

arrest or disturbance of the physical   
and psychical phenomena of puberty4     
,esquirol himself appears to have shared
 this opinion2 and although modern      
psychiatry takes quite a different view 
of pyromania1 we have none the less to  
insist that unduly retarded development 
may1 just as much as premature          
development1 give rise to undesirable   
consequences4     ,,chapter ,,viii      
,,the ,,child ,,as ,,an ,,object ,,of   
,,sexual ,,practices   ,we have now to  
consider a matter which bears but       
indirectly on the sexual life of the    
child1 and yet may be of the greatest   
importance in relation to that life2 we 
have to consider cases in which the     
child is the object of sexual practices 
by others4 ,i have previously referred  
to instances in which one child loves   
another4 ,but the child may also be an  
object of sexual desire to adults2 for  
in certain men and women1 sexual        
inclination is directed towards         
children4 ,by von ,krafft-,ebing this   

state is termed pdophilia erotica4  ,not
 all the cases in which sexual acts are 
performed on children belong to the     
province of pdophilia4 ,it is well known
 that in certain countries--,germany is 
one of them--a superstition prevails    
among certain strata of the population  
to the effect that venereal diseases may
 be cured by means of sexual intercourse
 with children4 ,where this is the      
motive of the sexual act1 the case does 
not belong to the class of pdophilia2   
and many other sexual acts in which     
children play a part must also be       
excepted from this class4 ,it sometimes 
happens that debauchees1 after having   
practised all kinds of venereal         
excesses1 finally take to misusing      
children2 nursemaids1 again1 and other  
servants1 will carry out all sorts of   
sexual acts on the children entrusted to
 their care1 sometimes merely in order  
to quiet the children1 sometimes for    
fun4 ,von ,krafft-,ebing refers to a    
special group of young men who do not   

feel sufficient confidence in their     
sexual potency to attempt intercourse   
with grown women1 also to masturbators  
affected with psychical impotence2 such 
persons are apt to seek an equivalent   
for coitus in improper contacts with    
little girls4  ,one very large group of 
cases belongs to the sphere of          
psychiatry4 ,in quite a number of       
congenital and acquired states of mental
 defect or disorder1 sexual acts        
performed on children appear as symptoms
 of moral and intellectual degeneration4
 ,in this connexion may be mentioned1   
congenital imbecility1 progressive      
paralysis 7paralytic dementia71 senile  
dementia1 chronic alcoholism1 cerebral  
syphilis1 and post-epileptic dementia2  
with or without these conditions1       
epileptic disturbances of consciousness 
may lead to sexual offences against     
children4  ,none of these cases have    
anything to do with poedophilia erotica4
 ,and there are yet other cases which it
 is desirable to distinguish from this  

class1 especially those cases in which a
 marked hypersthesia was the determining
 cause of the sexual act4 ,in such a    
case1 it is to the person thus affected 
almost a matter of indifference with    
whom the sexual act is performed4       
,anything warm and alive will do1 and   
inasmuch as a child is often most       
readily available1 a child often serves 
as victim1 whilst in other cases an     
animal is utilised4  ,fritz             
,leppmann1#aad to whom we are indebted  
for a full and excellent study of cases 
of this kind1 distinguishes the         
influences which are subjective to the  
offender from those which operate from  
without4 ,among the latter he refers    
especially to the ,schlafbursch or      
night-lodger2#aae it may be a young man 
in his prime1 sleeping in the same room 
or even in the same bed with little     
girls2 also to unemployment1 which very 
readily gives occasion for sexual       
excesses2 to the practice of allowing   
little girls to run about without proper

 supervision2 to premature sexual       
development in children1 which renders  
these latter especially liable to be the
 subjects of sexual misconduct2 to      
child-prostitution1 often at the        
instigation of the parents2 to the lack 
of proper sexual reserve2 to obscenity1 
dances1 and popular festivals1 whereby  
the sexual impulse may be stimulated2 to
 unhappy marriage2 and1 above all1 to   
the effects of alcohol4 ,occupation and 
position have also to be considered1    
for1 in the case of many males1 an      
authoritative position 7that of         
schoolmaster1 priest1 doctor1 employer1 
stepfather1 tutor7 gives extraordinary  
facilities for committing sexual        
offences against children4  ,although   
children of all ages1 and even infants  
in arms1 may be the victims of sexual   
misconduct1 in the majority of such     
cases we have to do with children who   
are no longer quite young2 and this is  
true1 more especially1 of most cases of 
pdophilia erotica4 ,this latter passion 

may be directed against children of the 
same sex as the offender1 but more      
commonly it is directed towards children
 of the opposite sex4 ,not infrequently1
 however1 the impulse in such persons   
lacks sharp differentiation1 the        
pdophile showing inclination1 now for   
immature boys1 now again for immature   
girls4 ,occasionally1 pdophilia is the  
only form in which sexual inclination   
exhibits itself in the persons          
concerned2 but in other cases the       
pdophilic impulse alternates with normal
 sexual feelings1 or with some other    
perverse sexual manifestation4 ,a       
homosexual man1 for instance1 may one   
day be sexually attracted by children1  
the next by adult males4 ,less widely   
known1 although1 as ,i think1 far       
commoner than is usually believed1 are  
the cases in which women are sexually   
attracted by immature boys4 ,some of    
those cases of which mention has        
previously been made1 in which          
nursemaids and other female servants    

seduce boys to the practice of          
masturbation1 belong to this category2  
but this does not exhaust cases of such 
a nature4 ,it is not necessary1 when we 
see a woman caressing a boy1 to assume  
at once and in every case that a sexual 
motive is at work2 but unprejudiced     
observation will show that many of these
 cases are sexually determined4 ,an     
interesting case of this nature has been
 published by ,magnan4#aaf ,it was that 
of a lady twenty-nine years of age1 with
 strongly marked hereditary taint1 and  
suffering from very various mental      
abnormalities1 with five nephews1 the   
eldest of whom was thirteen years of    
age4 ,at first1 this eldest nephew was  
the object of her desires4 ,the sight of
 him caused in her intense sexual       
excitement2 she experienced voluptuous  
sensations1 which she was quite unable  
to repress1 sighed1 rolled her eyes1 and
 became flushed2 sometimes she had      
spasmus vagin1 with local secretion4    
,when this boy grew older1 the next     

brother took his place in her desires2  
and in succession these were transferred
 to the other three4 ,at the time when  
,magnan saw the patient1 her sexual     
inclinations were directed towards the  
youngest nephew1 a boy three years of   
age4  ,in many cases1 the sexual        
inclination towards children is primary1
 existing from the first appearance of  
the sexual impulse2 or it may appear    
simultaneously with other inclinations  
without there having been1 as far as can
 be learned1 marked previous sexual     
excesses4 ,there can be no doubt        
whatever that in such cases we have to a
 large extent to do with morbid         
personalities4 ,no small part in these  
cases is played by a purely             
psychological factor1 namely1 the       
innocence of the child4 ,we know that   
also in the case of the normal sexual   
inclination of the male1 innocence on   
the part of the female exerts a notable 
stimulus1 in which connexion the        
question whether we have to do here with

 a result of conventional opinions or   
with an inborn mental disposition1 must 
naturally be left open4#aag ,but it is a
 fact that just as the knowledge of a   
woman's immoral past1 or obscene remarks
 or gestures on her part1 will in many  
men suffice to inhibit sexual desire2   
so1 on the other hand1 for many men1    
innocence in the woman heightens the    
stimulus4 ,in many cases of desire for  
immature girls1 the physical stimulus of
 the narrow vagina may also contribute  
to increase libido2 but the part this   
plays is probably not considerable4     
,apart from the fact that in many cases 
in which men have sexual inclination    
towards such girls1 immissio membri does
 not take place at all1 this            
consideration would in no way explain   
those not very uncommon cases in which  
adult women experience sexual           
inclination for immature boys4  ,in     
connexion with this last point1 it is of
 interest to recall the fact that in    
former days dwarfs1 as well as fools1   

were kept at many courts4 ,in view of   
the tender relationship which obtained  
between many ladies of position and such
 dwarfs1 it has sometimes been inferred 
that the inclination was a sexual one1  
the small size and the undeveloped      
condition of the dwarf exercising a     
peculiar stimulus4  ,the depraver of    
children satisfies his desires in very  
various ways4 ,it will readily be       
understood that the progressive         
paralytic 7paralytic dement7 will act in
 one way1 and the true pdophile in      
another4 ,i shall not1 however1 discuss 
these details here1 but shall merely    
endeavour to give some general ideas on 
the subject4 ,often1 and especially at  
first1 the depraver of children merely  
seeks opportunities for seeing children2
 then he wants to touch the children    
with his hands1 and often to handle     
their genital organs2 and while         
attempting this1 or while doing it1 he  
has ejaculation4 ,in other cases he     
presses the child more and more closely 

into contact with himself1 and          
especially against his own genital      
organs4 ,finally1 we may have more      
complete sexual acts2 and1 especially   
when the child is a girl1 there may be  
attempts at intercourse1 and even       
defloration2 where the child is a boy1  
pseudo-coitus may take place4 ,the      
depraver of children gains his          
opportunities by appeals to the child's 
peculiar weaknesses4 ,he will1 for      
instance1 tempt the child by the offer  
of sweets1 and in this way will         
obviously often gain his ends4 ,many    
such persons hang about in the          
neighbourhood of a school or a          
children's playground1 simply with this 
end in view4 ,some years ago the police 
of a certain large town were informed   
that child-lovers haunted a particular  
place4 ,it appears that here the        
children were in the habit of swinging  
on a chain suspended between two        
pillars1 and that the watchers waited to
 catch a glimpse of the children's      

genital organs1 or merely of their bare 
legs1 when their petticoats flew up     
occasionally in the act of swinging4    
,many pdophiles become sexually excited 
at the mere sight of children           
sympathetic to them4 ,in other cases1 by
 no means rare1 men experience sexual   
excitement whenever they see a little   
girl with short petticoats2 these men   
will follow such little girls all over  
the place1 without1 as a rule1 speaking 
to them or interfering with them in any 
way1 being withheld from doing so either
 by the fear of punishment or by moral  
restraint4 ,to many the mere sight of   
the child appears to afford sufficient  
sexual gratification2 and to others the 
simple contact of their hands with the  
child suffices1 and nothing more is     
attempted4 ,but1 in other cases1        
handling the child's genital organs     
plays the chief part1 frequently because
 the offender can himself obtain sexual 
gratification only through inducing     
sexual excitement in the child and      

watching this excitement4 ,sometimes1   
however1 the offender has no interest in
 the child's genital organs2 far from   
being excited sexually by regarding or  
handling these organs1 he may even find 
them repulsive2 but in such cases the   
sight of general nakedness often induces
 sexual excitement4 ,this is often      
associated with sadistic feelings1 and  
this alike in men and in women4 ,in     
other cases1 a woman will make attempts 
at coitus with a little boy1 having     
first induced erection of his penis by  
manipulating the organ1 by tickling it1 
or in some other way4 ,finally1 there   
are cases in which all kinds of other   
actions are performed4 ,to the more     
complex perversions ,i shall return4    
,here ,i shall only point out that      
children may sometimes be utilised for  
the wildest orgies4 ,a case was formerly
 published by ,tardieu1 in which        
servant-maids in conjunction with their 
lovers carried out with the children    
under their care all sorts of perverse  

acts3 cunnilinctus1 masturbation1 the   
introduction of various objects into the
 vagina and the anus4 ,finally1 it may  
be pointed out that in the lack of an   
object1 the pdophile will naturally     
satisfy himself with the aid of         
imaginative ideas1 masturbating the     
while1 or he may be content with purely 
psychical onanism4 ,we must not forget  
that the imagination usually suggests   
stimuli far stronger than those         
furnished by objective experience1 and  
this applies in a most marked degree to 
pdophilia4 ,many pdophiles also satisfy 
themselves with the aid of erotic and   
obscene literature1 containing          
descriptions of the acts in which they  
are interested1 or with pictures of such
 acts4 ,among obscene pictures and      
photographs1 not a few depict sexual    
acts performed with children2 and there 
is no doubt that these are sometimes    
pictures taken from the life1 children  
having actually been photographed in    
such obscene attitudes4 ,the ,latin     

countries appear to be the principal    
source of such pictures and photographs4
  ,it will readily be understood that   
the performance upon children of sexual 
acts is a very serious matter for the   
children themselves1 especially as      
affecting their sexual morality4 ,it is 
true that in many instances pdophilia   
does not entail any consequences for the
 child1 which completely fails to       
understand that it has been made use of 
for perverse purposes4 ,the offender may
 know how to mask his actions1 so that  
even a third person who is looking on   
may detect nothing more than tender     
caresses1 and may remain altogether     
unaware of the existence of any sexual  
excitement4 ,but in other cases the     
consequences for the children may be    
extremely grave4 ,not only is the child 
in this way prematurely introduced to   
sexual practices1 but its moral         
corruption may result4 ,the danger to   
the child is greater in view of the fact
 that the child depraver often fails to 

realise that he is trespassing against  
the child's rights4 ,i remember a       
gentleman who had been punished with    
imprisonment on account of improper     
relations with a boy1 and who continued 
to assure me that he had done nothing   
wrong in touching the boy's penis4 ,in  
other cases1 well-educated young men and
 women have no idea that unchaste       
conduct with children is an offence     
which may entail severe punishment1 even
 in cases in which the child's genital  
organs are not touched4  ,it should not 
need demonstration that such sexual     
malpractices on children may have       
serious consequences for these latter4  
,a girl may suffer most severely1 alike 
morally and socially1 even though       
defloration has not been effected4 ,it  
is quite conceivable that in such a way 
a girl may be brought to prostitution4  
,certain investigators have studied the 
question at what age defloration had    
been effected in women leading a life of
 prostitution1 and have ascertained that

 in many cases this had taken place in  
childhood4 ,martineau#aah reports cases 
in which defloration had been effected  
at the age of nine or ten years4        
,experience teaches that boys also1     
especially when they have been seduced  
by sexual inverts1 are very apt to adopt
 a life of prostitution4 ,it must also  
be remembered that girls may            
occasionally become pregnant and give   
birth to a child even before they have  
themselves passed the years of          
childhood--another source of social     
danger4 ,in addition1 we have to reckon 
with dangers to physical health2 among  
these we have the direct consequences of
 premature misuse of the genital organs1
 and1 above all1 the danger of venereal 
infection4 ,in a great many cases1      
sexual offences against children are    
brought to light only when1 on examining
 the child1 gonorrhoeal or syphilitic   
infection is disclosed4 ,many           
authorities hold that the superstitious 
hope of curing venereal disease by      

sexual intercourse with an innocent     
child1 is a comparatively frequent      
source of such infection in children4   
,freud1 to whose views ,i have referred 
several times before1 believes that     
sexual attempts on children may give    
rise in the latter to severe            
neuroses--an idea which forms an        
important part of the etiological system
 put forward by this author4  ,we must  
regard it as a peculiar danger of sexual
 relations on the part of a child with  
an adult1 that sexual perversion may be 
induced4 ,i may refer to what ,i said   
about this matter on pp4 #fj-fb4 ,the   
chief danger does not arise from the    
fact that the child is occasionally     
utilised for a homosexual act1 but from 
the circumstance that in the period of  
the undifferentiated sexual impulse1 the
 child's sexual interest1 and especially
 its contrectation impulse1 is directed 
towards one of its own sex1 and that    
thereby a permanent perversion may be   
induced4 ,edward ,carpenter1#aai indeed1

 considers that in such homosexual      
relationships the younger partner makes 
the advances4 ,the younger boy looks on 
the other as a hero1 loves to be with   
him1 thrills with pleasure at his words 
of praise or kindness4 ,in his general  
views on this question1 ,carpenter takes
 a somewhat peculiar position4          
,unfortunately1 he overlooks the fact   
that the elder is not to be exonerated  
because the younger made the first      
advances--at any rate1 in cases in which
 the elder is in a position to          
understand the true nature of such      
relationships4 ,everyday experience     
shows that in many cases the elder      
person is of such an age that there can 
be no doubt upon this point4 ,and apart 
from this1 it is not usual to find that 
it is the younger person who makes the  
sexual advances4 ,in most of the cases  
which have come under my own notice it  
was unquestionably the elder who began  
to lead the younger astray4 ,the matter 
is not as harmless as ,carpenter makes  

out4 ,the same considerations apply to  
sexual intercourse with immature girls4 
,beyond doubt1 there are many girls who 
meet sexual advances halfway1 owing to  
the premature development of their own  
sexual impulse2 and some such girls go  
more than halfway4 ,a common practice of
 pdophiles is to begin by arousing      
sexual excitement in the child1 either  
by manual stimulation1 or else by       
showing the child erotic pictures1 or by
 reading to it from an erotic book4 ,we 
must also admit that in certain cases   
the child meets sexual advances halfway1
 not so much under the stimulus of its  
own sexual impulse1 but for other       
reasons2 for example1 the child may be  
following the instructions of its       
parents1 who regard their child as a    
marketable commodity1 either because    
they have been well paid by the         
pdophile1 or because they wish to use   
the child as an instrument in a         
blackmailing scheme4 ,the point last    
mentioned is one of great               

importance--the fact that intercourse on
 the part of a grown person with a child
 under fourteen years of age is         
sometimes deliberately instigated by the
 child's parents or guardians1 with the 
sole object of securing thereby a       
permanent income from blackmail4 ,in    
other cases1 the instigation may not    
come from the parents or guardians1 or  
not directly from these1 but from       
professional procuresses1 who have      
undertaken to satisfy the desires of    
sexual perverts4 ,i may refer in this   
connexion to the ,pall ,mall ,gazette   
revelations of the ,london of nearly a  
generation ago4  ,false accusations on  
the part of children1 especially on the 
part of little girls1 who allege        
themselves to have been the subjects of 
sexual assaults1 have been mentioned in 
an earlier part of this work1 but the   
matter is one of such outstanding       
importance1 that its further            
consideration will not come amiss4 ,an  
experienced ,berlin lawyer has recently 

emphasised this danger4#abj ,he shows   
that it is a regular practice to utilise
 the existence of certain punishments as
 a means of getting undesired persons   
out of the way1 by bringing false       
accusations against them4 ,immediately  
after the ,franco-,german ,war1 these   
accusations dealt with offences against 
the laws providing for the safety of the
 ,empire and of the individual ,states  
of the ,german ,confederation4 ,at a    
later date1 persons seeking revenge made
 frequent use of accusations of lse     
majest4 ,still more recently1 it is the 
section in the ,german legal code       
dealing with sexual offences against    
children1 which is chiefly utilised for 
such purposes1 ,the good-natured        
householder who1 because it is his      
birthday1 presents a few sweets to      
children assembled in the courtyard of  
his house1 is suspected of an offence   
against sexual morals2 when he finds it 
necessary to give warning to his        
untrustworthy hall-porter1 this latter  

revenges himself by lodging a false     
accusation of this kind4 ,it is a       
melancholy fact that an experienced     
barrister should find it necessary to   
make the following comprehensive        
declaration3 ,as a rule it is of no use 
for the accused person to call expert   
witnesses1 who give the court long      
lectures upon the significance of       
children's evidence1 and upon the import
 of evidence in general4 ,in our own    
experience one accused of such offences 
rarely escapes conviction4 ,he is hardly
 ever spared the terrible ordeal of     
examination and cross-examination4 ,on  
all hands we hear the loud complaints of
 such persons1 declaring that they have 
been wrongfully condemned4 ,my own      
experience in the law courts leads me to
 accept these statements without        
reserve1 and ,i regard as one of the    
gravest scandals of our present penal   
system the ease with which a girl who   
makes a pretty curtsy to the court1 and 
who appears to be shamefaced when giving

 her evidence1 is believed by the judge 
or magistrate4 ,the dangers involved in 
this are obvious to many1 especially to 
those who have much to do with children4
 ,an actor personally known to me1      
constantly received advances both from  
married women and from young girls1 was 
pestered with letters from such persons1
 and to his great distress was several  
times followed in the streets by        
half-mature and immature girls4 ,one    
day1 in the street1 he was walking with 
a friend1 when two girls of about       
thirteen or fourteen years of age began 
to follow him4 ,turning round1 he       
shouted to the girls that they had      
better run off home1 or their father    
would give them a good spanking4 ,to his
 astonished companion he explained that 
only by such drastic methods was he     
able1 as he thought1 to protect himself 
from false accusations4  ,it is very    
generally assumed that sexual offences  
against children are increasing in      
number4 ,as regards the increase in     

,germany1 the following figures are     
given by ,mittelmaier4#aba ,for sexual  
offences against children1 the          
convictions in the year #ahig numbered  
#cjhe2 and in the year #aijd1 #dcgh4    
,but of hardly any offences specified in
 the code can we say with more certainty
 than we can of sexual offences against 
children1 that the convictions bear no  
necessary relationship to the number of 
offences actually committed4 ,my own    
experience in the law courts leads me to
 see in the figures nothing more than an
 increase in the number of convictions  
for such offences--convictions which may
 have involved the innocent as well as  
the guilty4 ,however this may be1       
historical studies prove that sexual    
offences against children are no new    
thing4 ,long ago1 ,martial1 in the sixth
 and eighth epigrams of his ninth book1 
complained of the procurement of        
children1 referring to boys rather than 
to girls4 ,otto ,stoll#abb reports cases
 from uncivilised countries2 and to his 

account of the defloration of children  
he appends the following words3 ,from   
all such details1 we draw the           
ethnologically remarkable inference1    
that those human beings who have        
attained the highest level of           
civilisation1 relapse frequently in the 
matter of the sexual life to the rudest 
instincts of savagery2 and that in this 
respect neither does one civilised      
country much excel another1 nor is      
'civilised man' in a position to cast   
many reproaches in the teeth of the     
savage4 ,finally1 ,i may refer to the   
experience of a ,parisian ,police       
,commissary1#abc who in the middle of   
the nineteenth century described        
prostitution in ,paris1 and devoted a   
special chapter to the subject of       
child-prostitution4 ,beyond question1   
the committing of sexual offences       
against children is no peculiar         
privilege of the civilised world or of  
modern times2 although it remains       
possible that there has of late been    

some increase in the number of such     
offences4  ,it is obviously right that  
children should receive special         
protection from the law4 ,the higher    
limit of the age of protection varies   
from ten to eighteen years4 ,ten years  
is the age-limit in certain ,states of  
the ,american ,union2 seventeen is the  
age-limit in ,finland4#abd ,according to
 ,mittelmaier1 two considerations should
 guide us in regard to the protection of
 children3 bodily immaturity1 and moral 
weakness4 ,the existence of the former  
leads the normal and healthy man to     
regard sexual approaches to children as 
unnatural and detestable4 ,but1 apart   
from the question of immaturity1 we have
 to recognise that in children the moral
 sphere also deserves consideration2    
that notwithstanding the possible recent
 development of physical maturity1 the  
child as such requires protection1 in   
order to prevent the occurrence of such 
moral corruption as will render it      
incapable1 when grown-up1 of obeying the

 moral law4 ,no thoughtful person can   
refuse to admit the child's right to    
protection4  ,but here a peculiar point 
needs attention1 concerning1 namely1 the
 treatment in the law courts of such    
offences against children4 ,i consider  
that by legal intervention in these     
cases the child's morals are sometimes  
more gravely endangered than by the     
original offence4 ,if a man has         
momentarily laid his hand on the knee of
 a girl of ten1 the child can hardly be 
said to have been injured1 and will     
certainly have received much less injury
 than would result1 if the case be      
brought into court1 from                
cross-questioning of the child1 not     
merely by its own relatives1 but also by
 the police1 the magistrate and his     
colleagues 7in the court of first       
instance71 by the public prosecutor and 
the counsel for the defence 7in the     
higher court71 and perhaps in addition  
by expert witnesses4 ,when such a child 
is asked1 whether the offender did not  

put his hand higher than the knee1      
whether he did or did not actually touch
 the genital organs1 grave dangers may  
arise from such questioning4 ,there is a
 further danger1 in that some times1 in 
such a case1 the child is present in    
court throughout the entire proceedings4
 ,some years ago1 in ,hamburg1 ,i was   
called as an expert witness in a case of
 this kind4 ,in this instance1 the      
presiding judge1 and also the public    
prosecutor and the defending counsel1   
exhibited the greatest possible         
delicacy1 when one child was under      
examination1 in sending the others1 as  
far as possible1 out of court4 ,but ,i  
have also been present at trials in     
which no such precautions were taken1   
but in which every child was allowed to 
hear all the uncleanness in the evidence
 of the other children1 and perhaps also
 in that of adults4 ,knowledge of the   
world1 and1 above all1 tact1 will best  
save the judge from treating children   
wrongly in this matter4 ,the way in     

which a trial is conducted1 which is    
often an extremely mechanical one1 will 
not always enable the judge to avail    
himself of the means requisite for the  
protection of children from             
contamination in the course of such a   
prosecution4 ,when we take a            
comprehensive view of the harm that may 
be done to children by sexual offences  
committed against them and by the       
consequent legal proceedings1 we shall  
find1 in my opinion1 that from the legal
 proceedings arises a notable proportion
 of the injury4  ,the examination of the
 mental condition of the child-depraver 
is a matter of the utmost importance4   
,in cases in which we find that the     
offender is suffering from some         
pronounced mental disorder1 such as     
progressive paralysis 7paralytic        
dementia71 senile dementia1 or an       
epileptic disturbance of consciousness1 
there can be no doubt as to the         
existence of irresponsibility2 but it   
must never be forgotten that in the     

early course of such diseases1 these    
sexual perversions often make their     
appearance at a time when no other      
definite signs of the brain disease have
 as yet appeared1 and that for this     
reason the conviction of innocent       
persons--old men1 for instance--on      
account of sexual offences against      
children1 often occurs4 ,kirn1#abe who  
in the ,freiburg prison had under       
observation six old men at ages from    
sixty-eight to eighty-one1 all convicted
 for sexual offences against little     
girls1 states that in all of these there
 were intellectual defects1 and in      
several of them pronounced symptoms of  
senile dementia4 ,the psychiatric expert
 must examine all such cases with the   
utmost care4 ,we may also express a wish
 that judges were not inclined to regard
 themselves as experts in this field1 of
 which1 as a rule1 they have no expert  
knowledge whatever4  ,cases in which    
there is no definite mental disorder    
belong to a different category4 ,fritz  

,leppmann1 to whom we are indebted for  
the most comprehensive studies in this  
field of inquiry1 comes to the          
conclusion that there is no such thing  
as a truly congenital sexual inclination
 towards children4 ,such inclinations   
often appear1 indeed1 in congenitally   
tainted or weak-minded individuals2 but 
he considers that we have no right to   
speak of the perverse impulse as being  
itself congenital4 ,even if we admit    
this1 and refuse to recognise the       
existence of a congenital perverse      
impulse towards children1 still we have 
to admit that certain opportunities and 
conditions may not only lead to the     
committing of sexual offences against   
children1 but may also induce pdophile  
tendencies4 ,and the fact cannot be     
contested that this danger arises more  
especially in those who are much        
associated with children2 especially1   
that is to say1 in schoolmasters and    
tutors1 on the one hand1 and in         
schoolmistresses and governesses1 on the

 other1 ,now1 in every case that comes  
under our notice1 two points must be    
taken into consideration4 ,in the first 
place1 if a remarkably large number of  
teachers come before the law courts     
charged with sexual offences against    
children1 we have to remember that a    
certain proportion of these cases must  
arise from the false accusations to     
which those persons precisely are       
exposed who are much associated with    
children4 ,the second point1 on account 
of which limits are imposed on the      
extent of the last-mentioned etiological
 factor1 is that certain persons adopt  
the profession of schoolmaster or       
mistress1 or tutor or governess1 either 
because they are aware of the fact that 
their sexual impulse is directed towards
 children1 or else1 and this is         
commoner1 because1 while they are but   
obscurely conscious of it1 they are     
influenced thereby in the choice of a   
profession1 without having any definite 
intention to make use of the children   

under their care in the gratification of
 their sexual desires4 ,it is an        
indefinite impulse towards children     
which is here operative1 and sometimes  
determines the choice of occupation4 ,i 
have seen cases in which there seemed to
 be a sort of mania for giving education
 and instruction1 but in which on closer
 examination it appeared that the       
interest in the children was a sexual   
one4 ,two cases which have been reported
 to me show that in the case of women   
also opportunity very easily awakens the
 sexual impulse2 in these cases the     
giving of baths to the children under   
their care1 first definitely gave rise  
in two governesses to such perverse     
inclinations1 and in one of them        
subsequently led to serious sexual      
malpractices with the children4  ,as    
regards the psychiatric treatment of    
true pdophilia1 as a rule in such cases 
there is no possibility of pleading     
extenuating circumstances1 as provided  
for by ,section #ea of the ,imperial    

,criminal ,code4 ,by this section1 the  
offence escapes punishment if the       
offender was at the time in a state of  
unconsciousness1 or was suffering from a
 morbid disturbance of mental activity1 
by which free voluntary choice was      
rendered impossible4 ,in general1 such  
persons must be held to be legally      
responsible4 ,it may indeed1 in         
individual cases1 be possible to plead  
extenuating circumstances1 or1 when it  
is legally permissible1 to plead the    
existence of partial                    
responsibility--this latter more        
especially in cases in which symptoms of
 mental degeneration exist4 ,but by     
itself a qualitatively abnormal sexual  
impulse gives the offender just as      
little right to plead irresponsibility1 
as a qualitatively abnormal sexual      
impulse gives the right to invade the   
sphere of interests of another4 ,the    
fact that pdophile tendencies occur in  
those who are in other respects         
admirable persons does not countervail  

the need that children should be        
protected4 ,it would be an error to     
assume that only morally defective      
persons are thus affected4 ,i may       
mention in passing that ,dostoiewski is 
said to have exhibited such pdophile    
tendencies--at any rate for a time4     
,from the circle of my own              
acquaintanceship1 ,i have learned that  
such a tendency may exist in those who  
are in other respects morally and       
intellectually sound4   ,in the sexual  
inclination of adults towards children1 
we find a source of serious danger2 but 
the risks are greatly enhanced by the   
fact that the pdophile tendency is often
 complicated by other sexual            
perversions4 ,exhibitionism in the male 
is exhibited not only towards adult     
females1 but also towards children1     
commonly towards girls1 but in          
exceptional instances towards boys4 ,it 
appears that in these cases the stimulus
 of innocence plays the chief part4 ,in 
many cases1 the exhibitionist is        

satisfied with exposing his genital     
organs2 and only in comparatively rare  
cases1 which by many are not included in
 the category of exhibitionism1 do we   
find that the exhibitionist also        
masturbates1 sometimes in the presence  
of the child1 sometimes after going     
elsewhere1 ,the fetichistic tendencies  
of adults are also in many instances    
directed towards children4 ,well-known  
cases are those of the hair fetichists  
who not infrequently cut plaits of hair 
from the heads of schoolgirls2 but other
 hair fetichists are satisfied with     
cutting from the head smaller fragments 
of hair4  ,sexual inclinations towards  
children are especially apt to be       
associated with sadistic acts4 ,in a    
comparatively large proportion of cases1
 children are the victims of            
lust-murder1 if this term be used in its
 strictly limited signification1 and not
 to include all possible sexual acts    
complicated with murder1 but simply to  
signify cases in which the very act of  

murder provides a sexual stimulus1 or   
when the corpse is utilised for a       
lustful act2 that is to say1 we must    
exclude from lust-murder proper1 all the
 cases in which1 for other reasons than 
a sadistic impulse1 the sexual act is   
complicated with murder1 as when the    
female witness of a previous sexual     
crime must be got out of the way4       
,children1 too1 are often the victims of
 other sexual acts1 such as rape1 which 
in a few instances only can be included 
in the category of sadism4 ,in some     
cases force is employed only because the
 victim resists the act of violation1   
and here there is no question of sadism2
 but the rape is sadistic when the use  
of force is per se a sexual stimulus4   
,moreover1 children are often endangered
 by stabbers4  ,in the year #ahii1 there
 was much anxiety in the city of        
,cologne on account of such a stabber4  
,those injured were all schoolgirls1 and
 ultimately no children were sent alone 
to school1 but they were always         

accompanied by a servant or a relative4 
,in #aija1 there was a similar series of
 cases in ,moscow1 a number of          
half-grown girls being stabbed by a man 
with a dagger4 ,in the year #ahif1 a    
stabber appeared in ,berlin4 ,he enticed
 schoolgirls into the vestibule of a    
house1 under the pretence that he wanted
 to brush some mud from their clothing2 
then1 drawing a knife1 he would inflict 
on the child a long and deep incised    
wound4 ,in the summer of #aija1 the     
inhabitants of northern ,berlin were    
terrorised by a man who stabbed one girl
 fatally1 and wounded two others        
severely4 ,a remarkable point about this
 case was that the stabber made three   
separate assaults in a single afternoon1
 at very brief intervals4 ,unless the   
offender is discovered1 it is naturally 
impossible to ascertain whether he has  
acted under the influence of some       
ordinary mental disorder 7such as mania 
or post-epileptic insanity71 or if he is
 a sexual pervert4 ,the act alone will  

not enable us to answer this question4  
,boys also are liable to such attacks1  
as we learn from what happened in       
,breslau in the year #ahhi4 ,a student  
of philosophy in that town enticed to   
his dwelling an eight-year-old boy whom 
he met in a public lavatory1 and wounded
 the boy's penis with a sharp-pointed   
knife4 ,it appeared that the offender   
had done the same thing before to other 
boys4 ,ultimately1 having been examined 
by a committee of experts1 he was on    
their recommendation adjudged to be     
insane4 ,in the year #ahfi1 ,berlin was 
disturbed by the doings of a certain ,x4
 ,this man had made use of two boys for 
sexual purposes1 and had inflicted on   
them horrible injuries3 in one1 he cut  
off the testicles1 and inflicted other  
severe wounds1 so that the boy died2 in 
the other1 he introduced a walking-stick
 through the anus1 and pushed it roughly
 onwards until it had perforated the    
lung4  ,far commoner than the acts of   
such stabbers are the cases in which the

 striking of children is to the sadist a
 source of sex-stimulation4 ,erotic     
literature is full of the description of
 such perversions4 ,thus1 in a          
well-known pornographic eroticon1 we    
find pictures of a girl who has to      
subserve the perverse lusts of a wealthy
 boyar 7,russian territorial magnate71  
the latter mishandling the child most   
horribly with cane and knout4 ,in the   
,english erotic literature1 it is       
remarkable how often and how fully the  
flagellation of children is described4  
,almost typical are the ,english        
educational works in which1 with little 
variation1 we find descriptions of the  
flogging of little girls in order to    
excite the perverse lusts of the        
schoolmistresses4 ,not very long ago1 in
 a certain ,english newspaper1 a special
 column was devoted to accounts of the  
chastisement of children1 and especially
 of girls4 ,anyone who reads this column
 with care could not fail to recognise  
that for the most part these            

chastisements were the expression of    
perverse sexual sensibilities4 ,the     
available material shows1 indeed1 that  
in ,england this sexually perverse      
whipping of children is no mere matter  
of imaginative literary expression1 but 
that such perversities are a matter of  
actual experience4 ,such things are1    
however1 by no means confined to        
,england1 as is shown by a large number 
of recorded observations4  ,in ,paris1  
not long ago1 the following case was    
noted4 ,a woman entered into relations  
with the parents of girls of eleven and 
twelve years of age1 in order to hire   
the children as the subjects of         
chastisement for perverse sexual        
purposes4 ,the parents1 who must have   
known for what their children were      
wanted1 received payment4 ,apparently   
the woman did not do this for the       
satisfaction of any perversion of her   
own1 but for her perverse husband or for
 other perverts1 who watched the        
whippings through spy-holes4 ,in        

,germany1 some years ago1 there was an  
important trial1 in which ,i was called 
as an expert witness1 of a man who had  
flogged his pupils 7with one exception1 
they had all been boys7 solely to obtain
 perverse sexual gratification4  ,many  
of these cases obtain publicity through 
the columns of the daily press1 although
 occasionally1 in part from             
sensationalism1 and in part from sheer  
ignorance1 a case may be allotted to the
 category of sadism1 which really has   
nothing to do with this perversion1 or  
whose sadistic character is doubtful4   
,this applies1 for example1 to the      
well-known ,dippold case4 ,here1 the    
sons of a wealthy ,berlin family were   
mishandled by a private tutor to such an
 extent that one of the children died4  
,neither by the legal proceedings in    
this case1 nor by any subsidiary        
evidence1 was it established1 in my     
opinion1 that sexual motives existed for
 the maltreatment2 and only when such   
motives exist have we any right to speak

 of sadism4 ,as a rule1 such cases are  
elucidated only when the mental life of 
the offender is very carefully analysed4
 ,therefore1 in a great many cases1     
while there may be grounds for          
suspecting the existence of sadism1     
adequate proof of this is not           
forthcoming4 ,some cases bearing on this
 matter will now be briefly recorded4   
,a furniture polisher1 twenty-five years
 of age1 induced two young fellows to   
enter his dwelling1 and there1 under the
 threat that if they resisted they would
 be severely punished by their parents1 
he made them submit to a thrashing with 
a cane4 ,a similar case was reported in 
,paris some years ago4 ,a man           
thirty-seven years of age1 supposed to  
have formerly been a private tutor1 took
 boarders into his house for love1 and  
not because he made his living by doing 
so4 ,he also had under his care an      
orphan boy1 and it appeared that this   
child was grossly ill-treated4 ,when the
 authorities entered the house1 they    

found the boy entirely unclothed1 but   
wrapped in rags2 he was fastened to the 
crossbars of the window1 and quite      
exposed to the cold winter air4 ,to     
prevent the child from crying out1 a gag
 had been placed in his mouth4 ,of      
dubious nature1 also1 was a case which  
occurred at ,berlin in the year #aijf1  
in which a girl twelve years of age was 
enticed away by another girl1 and taken 
to a man who1 at the suggestion of the  
second girl1 drew two teeth from the    
first4 ,in the case reported from       
,salzwedel some years ago1 it is        
possible that the offender was insane2  
but he may have been sadistically       
inclined4 ,an eleven-year-old fifth-form
 boy was enticed away by a young man of 
twenty1 who took the lad to a hotel1    
gagged him1 beat him unmercifully with a
 walking cane1 threatening him with a   
revolver to prevent his calling for     
help4 ,the boy suffered also two severe 
contused wounds of the head4 ,the       
offender himself put cold compresses on 

these4 ,when the police who were in     
search of the boy broke into the room1  
the young man shot himself4  ,in the    
year #ahia1 the following case occurred 
in ,berlin4 ,a young man1 not yet       
eighteen years old1 had in three cases  
undressed boys1 and performed improper  
acts on them4 ,then he misused and bound
 the boys4 ,the youth1 who had          
previously been convicted of theft1 was 
on this occasion sentenced to ten years'
 imprisonment for an offence against    
7sexual7 morality4 ,at ,liegnitz1 a few 
years ago1 a pupil-teacher was sent to  
prison for three months1 because he had 
lured little boys to a remote field1 and
 there had mishandled them by beating   
them with a walking-stick4 ,the court   
held that these acts had been performed 
under the influence of the sexual       
impulse1 resulting from a sadistic      
tendency4 ,about two years ago1 a       
teacher of the pianoforte committed     
suicide in ,berlin1 because he had been 
accused of ill-treating children1       

apparently owing to a sadistic tendency4
 ,the children were nine or ten years   
old2 he had undressed them and then     
flogged them4 ,the matter had1 it       
seemed1 been kept secret for a long     
time1 until the parents of some of the  
children discovered traces of the       
ill-treatment1 and this led to the      
charge being brought4 ,a case which     
attracted considerable attention        
occurred in ,berlin in the year #ahif4  
,a man1 supposed to be a ,russian       
prince1 entered a well-known saddler's  
shop in the ,potsdamerstrasse1 asked to 
be shown some dogwhips1 and1 on the     
pretext of wishing to try their quality1
 persuaded some boys employed in the    
establishment to allow him to try the   
whips on their persons4 ,the boys were  
handsomely paid for this1 and the       
practice went on until the head of the  
firm intervened and forbade it4 ,whilst 
some regarded the matter as a joke1     
others expressed the suspicion that it  
was a case in which the rein had been   

given to sadistic tendencies4 ,a similar
 case was that of the author1 ,x41 which
 occurred in ,hamburg a few years ago4  
,x4 was acquainted with a woman named   
,y41 who lived in ,berlin4 ,the latter's
 son1 eleven years of age1 was sent to  
reside with ,x4 for educational         
purposes2 and without proper cause1 but 
under the pretext of educational        
necessities1 this lad was severely      
mishandled by ,x4 ,the boy was          
frequently taken from his bed1 stripped 
naked1 and then struck with a switch4   
,the boy's mother stated that her boy   
had been put under the care of ,x4      
because the lad needed severe           
discipline1 being untruthful and        
dishonest4 ,further charges were made   
against ,x4 of various indecent acts    
against the boy4 ,teachers and others1  
who were acquainted with this boy1      
deposed that he was well behaved and not
 untruthful1 and that he had in no way  
merited such punishments as had been    
inflicted on him4 ,a very remarkable    

case was reported six years ago1 from   
one of the minor ,german principalities4
 ,here1 children who had been sentenced 
to imprisonment were pardoned by the    
,prince1 on condition that they         
submitted to a whipping2 and the        
remarkable feature in the case was that 
not only did the ,prince make a point of
 seeing the whipping1 but himself in    
part administered it4 ,in some of the   
reports of this case it was added that  
the children were stripped naked4  ,it  
is a not infrequent reproach against    
,catholic priests1 monks1 nuns1 c41 that
 they make use of the children entrusted
 to their care for perverse1 sadistic   
acts4 ,i may recall the ,graubund       
scandal of ,september #aijf1 in which   
girls and women were whipped by an      
acolyte until the blood ran2 also an    
affair which occurred in ,christiania   
about fourteen years ago1 where1 at a   
home kept by an unmarried woman1 for    
children from the age of two years until
 their confirmation1 a horrible and     

elaborate system of punishments was in  
use1 whippings and other tortures being 
the order of the day4 ,in many          
biographies and other works giving      
descriptions of life in the cloister1 we
 find additional details3 for instance1 
in the memoirs of the ,countess         
,kaunitz1 mother of the well-known      
statesman ,kaunitz1 we find an account  
of the severe whippings which were      
administered to her during her childhood
 spent in a nunnery4  ,all kinds of     
subterfuges are employed by the sexual  
pervert to make the punishment appear   
harmless and legitimate4 ,schoolmasters 
find this comparatively easy1 inasmuch  
as they are able to allege misconduct   
such as would ordinarily be visited with
 a verbal reprimand1 if not completely  
overlooked1 as the reason for a         
whipping4 ,obviously1 some of the       
excuses will be remarkable4 ,in one case
 the flagellant asserted that he wished 
to write a work on education1 and had   
therefore to ascertain how many strokes 

a child could endure4 ,in a case which  
came under my own notice the offender   
stated that he wished to make the       
children courageous4  ,the expert who   
studies the advertisements in the       
newspapers will observe that they often 
subserve such perverse tendencies4      
,educational advertisements may be      
classified in three groups4 ,those of   
the first group are perfectly harmless  
7in appearance74 ,to this class belong  
advertisements in which a teacher offers
 instruction to children4 ,since this is
 the ordinary form of serious           
advertisement1 it attracts no special   
attention2 there is nothing suspicious  
about it1 and it is merely intended to  
lead to correspondence with those who   
have boys or girls to place as pupils4  
,the advertiser hopes that in the course
 of instruction he will find opportunity
 for inflicting chastisement without    
giving rise to any suspicion4 ,the      
second group has a definitely suspicious
 air1 some catch-word being employed to 

manifest to initiates the existence of a
 perverse tendency2 but there is nothing
 more than this to excite suspicion4    
,among such catch-words1 are the words  
energetic1 severe1 ,english instruction4
 ,in some cases an energetic governess  
desires children to instruct2 in others 
it is some one else who desires an      
energetic instructress4 ,it may be that 
the actual advertiser is on the lookout 
for the energetic instructress2 here we 
have to do with masochism4 ,but in other
 instances1 the advertiser wants the    
energetic instructress for children1 and
 the wording of the advertisement       
sometimes indicates that the            
advertiser's aim is to experience sexual
 excitement in watching the instructress
 chastise the children4 ,since these    
advertisements are intelligible only to 
initiates1 they naturally receive       
answers from persons who have failed to 
understand their purport2 but the sadist
 7male or female7 and the masochist     
7male or female7 is aware that the use  

of the word energetic refers to this    
sexual perversion4 ,of course1 however1 
an advertisement in which an energetic  
tutor or governess is asked for1 may he 
perfectly innocent4 ,if an advertisement
 inserted in all good faith has really  
been open to a double meaning1 the      
advertiser will sometimes be greatly    
astonished by the receipt of all sorts  
of perverse offers4 ,a married woman of 
my acquaintance advertised for energetic
 supplementary instruction for her son1 
a rather naughty boy of ten2 and        
received1 in addition to many serious   
answers several answers from perverts1  
who stated that they would be delighted 
to be able to handle a boy in the sense 
she mentioned4 ,in many cases1          
notwithstanding the use of the words    
energetic or severe1 we recognise from  
the general wording of the advertisement
 that it is seriously intended1 and not 
issued with a perverse aim2 but at other
 times we derive an opposite impression4
 ,when an energetic instructress        

advocates her ,anglo-,american methods  
of education1 hardly any room for doubt 
remains2 and such advertisements as this
 belong to our third group4  ,i will now
 give some of the advertisements which  
,i have been collecting for years1 some 
belonging to the second1 and some to the
 third group1 in illustration of what   
has just been said4 ,certain of the     
advertisements which ,i have classed in 
the second group1 were probably not     
issued with a perverse intent2 this     
being partly shown by the context1      
although without this context they would
 have been suspicious4  ,the following  
advertisements belong to the second     
group3 ,boy of seven to be placed under 
simple and scrupulous care1 for the     
purposes of energetic education 7premium
 paid74 ,boys and girls of a fair age   
received in a strict and severe         
boarding-school4 ,a strict1 disciplinary
 master required to teach ,english at a 
preparatory school for the ,army4 ,the  
following advertisements are extremely  

suspicious3 ,a fairly well-educated     
gentleman offers energetic gratuitous   
supplementary instruction4 ,severe      
education for boys and girls2 energetic 
gentleman offers also free supplementary
 lessons4 ,distinguished1 experienced   
lady gives advice and help in difficult 
educational questions2 defects of       
character1 c41 treated with success4    
,advertiser recommends himself for the  
severe chastisement of naughty children4
  ,many advertisements worded as above1 
or similarly1 are1 as was pointed out   
above1 shown by the context to be       
seriously meant1 and must not then be   
interpreted as perverse2 but in the     
absence of such a context1 the use of   
the catch-words so well known to sexual 
perverts would have rendered them highly
 suspicious4 ,education of ,boys1 strict
 if necessary1 diligence at school1     
school-work under continuous control1 c4
 ,this advertisement was probably not   
issued with perverse intent1 since the  
advertiser's full name and address were 

given1 and a number of additional       
details suggested that it was seriously 
meant4 ,the same is true of the         
following advertisements3 ,private      
tutor1 elderly1 experienced1 severe     
instructor1 holds classes1 and also     
takes private pupils4 ,daily            
supplementary lessons desired by a      
student in the fourth form of the       
,gymnasium ,school at ,x4 ,an energetic 
and experienced governess wanted4 ,an   
experienced and energetic governess1    
thoroughly competent in the ,english    
language1 very musical1 desires morning 
or afternoon employment as teacher of   
children or adults4 ,officer desires    
board with small family1 preferably with
 authority over sons1 with whom strict  
care would gladly be taken4 ,some pupils
 under eleven years of age wanted to    
live with our own well-behaved          
children--no objection to those         
difficult to manage4 ,energetic         
assistance1 strict individual           
instruction in the family1 c4 ,the last 

few advertisements are appended in      
illustration1 although the context      
7which is not in all cases given in its 
entirety7 shows that they had no        
perverse intent4  ,speaking generally1  
in view of the significance attached by 
sexual perverts to the words energetic1 
strict1 severe1 ,english methods1       
discipline1 c41 it will be wise1 alike  
for those offering and for those seeking
 instruction1 to exercise the utmost    
care when there is any possibility of   
mistake2 as thus only is it possible to 
avoid being misled by the overtures of  
perverts4  ,advertisements belonging to 
the third group1 some examples of which 
will now be given1 have of late become  
much rarer4 ,here are some3             
,distinguished1 energetic lady desires  
fairly old boys and girls for strict    
education4 ,distinguished lady desires a
 child of fair age 7girl by preference71
 to receive into the house for strict   
education and training4 ,distinguished  
lady wishes to undertake the strict care

 and education of children of fair age1 
boys and girls1 whose relatives have    
gone abroad4 ,artist offers to teach    
,french and ,english1 strict and        
energetic4 ,strict1 energetic tutor     
desires children of fair age for strict 
education4 ,energetic widow desires a   
boy of fair age and of good family1 for 
strict education4 ,apply 'energetic1'   
,post-,office1 ,no4----4 ,girl1 seven   
years old1 received by energetic lady   
for strict education4 ,tutor undertakes1
 gratuitously1 strict education of      
growing children2 especially suitable   
for cultured widow1 who lacks herself   
the requisite energy4 ,unexceptionable  
references4 ,pupils requiring energetic 
management1 even if fairly old1 received
 by a gentleman for strict education4   
,half-grown girl received in strict     
board by a governess4 ,the perverse     
character of these advertisements is    
rendered unmistakable by the fact that  
the catch-words are all italicised4     
,naughty children2 recommended for      

severe discipline2 replies to ',free4'  
,governess1 from ,england1 recommends   
her admirable boarding establishment for
 pupils of fair age4 ,apply             
',hearneshouse4' ,no doubt is possible  
in this case1 since ,hearneshouse is the
 title of a sadistic novel4 ,strict     
task-mistress wanted for a naughty girl 
of fourteen4 ,those replying to this    
advertisement should describe their     
methods of instruction4 ,here it is     
obvious that the advertiser hopes for   
sexual excitement from reading the      
descriptions of chastisement for which  
he asks4 ,english1 strict method1       
offered by gentleman4 ,highly cultured  
lady seeks position as ,english         
gouvernante4 ,delight ,william1 ,post   
,office1 ,no4----4 ,governess           
,housekeeper2 cultured and distinguished
 lady wanted1 good-looking1 age twenty  
to twenty-eight1 for the education of   
two motherless children1 knowledge of   
,english language required4 ,good       
presence requisite1 and must be         

extremely energetic4 ,here it is        
possible that the advertiser really     
wants a housekeeper2 but the            
advertisement is perverse in character4 
,governess1 youthful1 energetic1 very   
strict1 either ,englishwoman or         
,frenchwoman1 wanted for spoiled        
children4 ,very good salary4 ,energetic 
gentleman1 severe disciplinarian1 offers
 ,english instruction to boys and girls 
of fair age4 ,no shadow of doubt is     
possible as to the perverse nature of   
this last advertisement4 ,the same is   
true of the one that follows3 ,gentleman
 offers strict instruction to older     
boys4 ,replies to ',english1' c_/o      
,office of this paper4  ,an             
advertisement which appeared about four 
years ago in a ,hamburg paper had a     
tragi-comic sequel4 ,it ran as follows3 
,difficult educational opportunity4     
,advertiser1 residing in ,hanover1 with 
pretty daughter of twelve years1 wishes 
to place her under strict discipline in 
the care of a widow with a daughter of  

similar age4 ,arrangements must be made 
to enable the advertiser herself to stay
 with the lady in ,hamburg when visiting
 that town from time to time4 ,in       
replying to the office of this paper1   
give a detailed account of the methods  
of punishment4 ,a gentleman who         
suspected that this advertisement was   
issued by a sexual pervert1 and was     
anxious about the future of the child1  
sent a reply in the simulated           
handwriting of a woman4 ,the answer he  
received showed that the child was1 in  
fact1 being subjected to perverse       
maltreatment1 and in order to rescue the
 girl1 after consultation with some     
friends1 he communicated the facts to   
the ,public ,prosecutor4 ,however1 that 
official refused to interfere at this   
time4 ,then the advertisement appeared  
once more1 and this time the offender   
was arrested4 ,the gentleman thereupon  
wrote to the ,public ,prosecutor1       
blaming him for not having taken action 
on the first occasion4 ,the ,public     

,prosecutor regarded this as libellous1 
and actually brought an action for libel
 against the philanthropic gentleman4   
,happily the ,public ,prosecutor lost   
his case2 but none the less1 in view of 
what happened1 a good citizen may well  
hesitate in future to take similar      
action in the public interest1 if1 for  
some trifling excess of zeal1 he is to  
render himself liable to an action for  
libel4  ,as ,i said above1 of late      
years1 in ,berlin at any rate1 such     
advertisements appear less often2 or    
those that do appear belong chiefly to  
the second group4 ,doubtless we owe this
 to the action of the authorities1 and  
more especially to a paragraph of the   
,lex ,heinze1#abf of whose existence but
 few persons are aware1 and of which1 as
 my own note-books show1 certain sexual 
perverts have only become aware to their
 sorrow through a legal prosecution4 ,i 
refer to the paragraph by which the     
issue of advertisements for an immoral  
purpose is declared to be a punishable  

offence4 ,the newspapers have now become
 cautious about the insertion of        
advertisements whose immoral purpose is 
plainly perceptible4 ,moreover1 the     
perverts themselves who used to issue   
such advertisements1 having through the 
activity of the authorities learned the 
significance of the paragraph in        
question1 no longer advertise in        
unmistakable terms4     ,,chapter ,,ix  
,,sexual ,,education   ,in view of the  
dangers to which children are exposed   
from the side of the sexual life1 the   
question presses whether and how it is  
possible to prevent these dangers       
arising1 or1 if prevention has failed1  
to minimise them4 ,to enable us to      
answer this question1 the general       
question of sexual education will have  
to be considered4 ,in so far as sexual  
manifestations in the child may arise   
from hereditary taint1 the sociologist  
will endeavour to prevent them by       
hindering marriage or procreation on the
 part of those likely to give birth to  

such children 7eugenics74 ,our present  
knowledge1 however1 does not enable us  
to say1 when an individual exhibits some
 particular tendency to sexual          
aberration1 whether this same tendency  
will appear as a concrete symptom in the
 descendants4 ,apart1 indeed1 from      
certain cases of very severe taint1 we  
are hardly in a position even to predict
 with any high degree of probability    
that the offspring will exhibit morbid  
endowments4 ,there are marriages which  
we expect to result in the birth of     
congenitally defective children1 and in 
spite of this the offspring are healthy2
 and conversely1 we sometimes meet with 
affections which we are in the habit of 
regarding as dependent upon hereditary  
transmission1 and yet we fail1 in these 
cases1 to find any evidence of such     
affections in the progenitors4 ,and1    
apart from these theoretical            
considerations1 the physician's advice  
is not of much importance1 for          
experience teaches us that in questions 

of marriage his advice is very rarely   
followed4  ,the less power we have to   
operate by control of the congenital    
factors1 the more necessary shall we    
feel it to be to minimise the dangers   
threatening the child by influencing its
 environment4 ,it is true that in this  
department1 as in others1 there is much 
diversity of opinion regarding the      
limits of educability4 ,some contend    
that we can mould the child like wax1 a 
view which prevailed especially during  
the period of enlightenment in the      
eighteenth century2 others maintain that
 organic development is predetermined at
 the time of procreation1 and that      
subsequent influences can have no       
effect4 ,although we must be careful not
 to overestimate the power of education1
 it would be no less erroneous to assume
 that development is inalterably        
predetermined at the time of            
procreation4 ,this applies to the       
efficacy of educational influences in   
general1 and to educational influences  

affecting the sexual life in particular4
 ,the following consideration must be   
given due weight4 ,the power of the     
educator is limited1 not merely by the  
child's hereditary dispositions1 but    
also by the nature of its environment4  
,rudolf ,lehmann1 in his work on        
,education and the ,educator 7,erziehung
 und ,erzieher71 rightly points out that
 ,rousseau1 in his mile1 when discussing
 the problems of education1 neglects too
 much the influences of environment4 ,if
 we wish our reasoning to furnish us    
with results of practical value1 and not
 to remain confined to the purely       
theoretical plane1 we must give due     
weight to this consideration4 ,this     
applies with equal force to the matter  
of sexual education4 ,we know that the  
sexual impulse may be excited by        
innumerable external stimuli4 ,such     
stimuli are continuously in operation1  
and the best educator has no power to   
exclude their influence4 ,the mere      
association of the child with persons of

 the opposite sex provides such stimuli4
 ,but a separation of the sexes will not
 do away with them1 as is proved1 not   
only by the homosexual manifestations of
 the undifferentiated sexual impulse1   
but also by those that arise            
transiently1 at any rate1 when the      
members of one sex are completely       
segregated from those of the other--as  
in boarding-schools1 on board ship1 and 
in prisons4 ,the educator cannot even   
count on being at all times able to     
safeguard the child from the sight of   
sexual acts4 ,in the country1 but also  
in the town1 children have opportunities
 for this2 not only when the members of 
a large family sleep in a single room1  
and the children can watch their parents
 and others in the act of sexual        
intercourse2 but in various other ways4 
,the mere kissing of affianced lovers   
must in this sense be regarded as a     
sexual act1 and how is it possible so to
 bring up a child that it will never    
have an opportunity of seeing anything  

of the kind8 ,if we go further1 and     
recognise that through the association  
of ideas such a sexual stimulus may     
arise from witnessing the coupling of   
animals--of dogs1 for instance1 in the  
street--we shall understand how the     
educator's powers are limited by the    
milieu in which he has to work4 ,we     
have1 therefore1 to recognise clearly   
from the first1 that in the education of
 the child the complete exclusion of    
sexual stimuli is impossible4           
,obviously1 when the external noxious   
influences exceed a certain measure1 we 
may endeavour to effect an improvement  
by measures of general hygiene1 through 
the activities of the central           
government1 the municipality1 or the    
community at large4 ,in this connexion1 
we think of better housing conditions1  
of the separation of children from      
night-lodgers1 and the like measures4   
,but1 even here1 we must guard against  
making ,utopian demands1 after the      
manner of many fanatics on the subject  

of social hygiene1 whose proposals are  
often quite incompatible with the       
maintenance of human intercourse4       
,independently of such impracticable    
demands for future reforms1 the         
educationalist of to-day seeks to       
protect the child from unduly frequent  
sexual excitement4 ,but sometimes the   
result is other than he expects4 ,sport 
is recommended to divert the mind from  
sexual ideas1 and yet ,i have known     
cases in which marked sexual excitement 
has been induced in this way4 ,i am not 
now referring to mechanical stimulation 
through bicycling or horseback-riding1  
of which ,i shall speak later2 but many 
a child has been sexually excited       
through playing tennis with a           
girl-companion1 and many a boy has been 
sexually excited through rowing with    
another4 ,still1 the fact that here and 
there a child may have been sexually    
excited in such a way1 is no reason for 
condemning what is invaluable to the    
enormous majority of children4  ,this is

 all that need be said regarding the    
manner in which general influences may  
counteract the efforts of the           
educationalist4 ,but experience shows   
that the good effects of education are  
also seriously impaired by individual   
factors1 especially by congenital       
predisposition1 or by a tendency        
acquired very early in life4 ,although  
we no longer assume that human impulses1
 emotions1 and sentiments take their    
course quite independently of the       
influence of other psychical powers1    
such as the reason and the will1 still1 
unprejudiced observation shows that the 
power of the reason and the will is less
 than many persons imagine4 ,in very    
many cases we are able to see how       
difficult it is1 in a child of ten or   
less1 to exert any notable influence    
upon the impulses1 the emotions1 and the
 sentiments4 ,this is no less true in   
the positive than it is in the negative 
aspect4 ,in one child it may be just as 
difficult to induce a fondness for music

 or reading1 as it is in another to     
break it of an inclination for romping  
or other games4 ,the same is true of the
 emotions--fear1 for instance4 ,in many 
cases1 logically planned efforts may be 
altogether out of relationship to the   
result4 ,above all1 great weight must be
 laid upon the consideration that there 
is a tendency to overrate the effect of 
education in the form of precept as     
compared with the effect of example4 ,a 
child may receive the best of           
instruction without result1 if in its   
own environment it is continually seeing
 something precisely the opposite of    
that which it is being told4 ,this      
applies with equal force to the sexual  
life1 which can be influenced far more  
readily by example than by good         
teaching1 if the latter1 though daily   
repeated1 conflicts with what the child 
sees every day in the conduct of its    
relatives and companions4  ,although1   
for this reason1 we must avoid forming  
an exaggerated idea of the utility of   

individual sexual education1 this is not
 meant to imply that we should assume a 
perfectly passive attitude1 and leave   
everything to the uncontrolled course of
 development1 in order to allow the     
child1 as the modern phrase goes1 to    
live its own life4  ,before passing to  
consider details1 we must consider the  
elementary bases of all matters         
connected with the education of         
children--namely1 morality and custom4  
,these two words are connected by their 
inner significance1 and not merely by   
etymological meaning2#abg but they      
represent different standards for       
passing judgment upon our actions4      
,certain things conflict with           
established custom1 without its being   
permissible for us to speak of them as  
immoral4 ,if at a social gathering for  
which evening dress is the rule1 a      
gentleman turns up in light tweeds1 he  
is guilty of a breach of custom1 but not
 of an immoral action4 ,if an officer in
 the army1 having impregnated a young   

girl of the working class1 marries her1 
his action is a moral one in the        
positive sense1 but in spite of this he 
commits an offence against the customs  
of his class4 ,moreover1 we have to     
remember that an act which is immoral or
 opposed to custom at a certain time and
 among a certain people1 may at another 
time1 or among another people1 be       
neither the one nor the other4 ,in such 
matters1 opinions change2 and this      
applies also to the case of actions     
connected with the sexual life4         
,herodotus relates that in ,babylon the 
virgins had1 for a money payment1 and in
 honour of the ,goddess of ,love1 to    
give themselves to a strange man2 and   
similar customs are reported of other   
peoples of antiquity4#abh ,in providing 
for the sexual education of the child1  
we have to take into account such       
changes of view2 but we have also to    
consider the matter in relation to the  
present condition of our civilisation1  
for the child is to be a citizen of a   

real1 not of an imaginary ,state4       
,intimately related to custom and       
morality are certain psychical          
processes1 especially the sentiment of  
shame4 ,this is aroused by actions which
 are considered immoral by ourselves or 
by members of our environment1 and by   
actions which conflict with established 
custom4 ,the child detected in a lie is 
ashamed1 either because the act is      
immoral1 or more often because the act  
is by others regarded as immoral2 for   
the opinion of others plays a great part
 in the causation of shame4 ,the man who
 has forgotten to put on his necktie1   
and in that condition appears in public1
 is ashamed1 because he has committed a 
breach of custom4 ,this dependence of   
the sense of shame upon morality and    
custom is true above all in matters of  
sex4 ,a girl who is undressing in a     
hotel room1 and has forgotten to bolt   
the door1 so that a strange man suddenly
 enters by mistake1 is ashamed2 equally 
ashamed is a girl who encounters an     

exhibitionist with his penis exposed4   
,these examples suffice to show that the
 sentiment of shame1 which is associated
 with great discomfort1 is a safeguard  
against immorality and against breaches 
of custom4  ,similar relations exist for
 the sense of disgust1 which is allied  
to the sense of shame4 ,shame is felt in
 the performance of an action disgusting
 to others1 if against one's will one is
 watched in the process4 ,defcation is  
usually effected in some retired place3 
in the onlooker1 defcation arouses      
disgust2 whilst by the person defcating1
 if he knows that he is being observed1 
shame is felt4 ,normal sexual           
intercourse between a man and a woman1  
objectively regarded1 is a no less      
unsthetic act than pseudo-coitus between
 two men4 ,none the less1 in most       
persons1 the sight of the former act    
arouses less disgust than that of the   
latter4 ,this difference depends upon   
the fact that by most persons homosexual
 intercourse is also felt to be immoral4

 ,in this relationship between the sense
 of disgust and immorality1 it is often 
impossible to determine what is primary 
and what is secondary4 ,a mutual        
retroaction occurs3 the sense of disgust
 is increased1 because the act is       
regarded as immoral2 and1 on the other  
hand1 a strong sense of disgust may     
increase the perception of immorality4  
,the same mutual relationships with the 
ideas of morality are found in connexion
 with the sense of shame4 ,beyond       
question1 the sentiments of shame and of
 disgust are closely connected with the 
ideas of custom and morality2 for shame 
and disgust arise especially in         
connexion with matters which conflict   
with our ideas of morality4 ,it will1   
therefore1 readily be understood that in
 moral education it is of the greatest  
importance what are the processes in    
connexion with which the instructor     
seeks to arouse the sentiments of shame 
and disgust2 and1 on the other hand1 it 
is obvious that the ideas of morality   

induced by education1 favour the        
development1 in certain specific        
relationships1 of the sentiments of     
shame and disgust4  ,it is a disputed   
question whether the sentiments of shame
 and disgust are inborn4 ,in this       
controversy1 two matters are confused1  
between which it is necessary to        
distinguish3 the general disposition to 
experience such sentiments1 and the     
special disposition to react with these 
sentiments to specific occurrences4 ,the
 fact is incontestable1 that the general
 disposition to these sentiments is     
inborn4 ,inborn1 also1 is the           
association of specific bodily processes
 with the corresponding mental states3  
blushing1 with the sentiment of shame2  
retching and vomiting1 with the         
sentiment of disgust2 these associations
 are certainly not chance products of   
education4 ,the only point in doubt is1 
to what extent the tendency is inborn to
 experience these sentiments as a result
 of certain specific stimuli4 ,by some  

it is assumed1 that when we experience  
disgust at the sight of certain         
animals--a worm1 for instance--such     
concrete reactions depend upon inborn   
dispositions2 whereupon the further     
problem emerges1 how did our ancestors  
acquire the disposition they have       
transmitted to us1 their descendants4   
,others believe that influences         
operating after birth have led to the   
association with the sight or idea of   
the worm of the tendency to feel        
disgust4 ,very early in life1 the child 
has seen others exhibit disgust at a    
worm2 doubtless he has often been told  
how disgusting this animal is2 and thus 
gradually the sentiment of disgust has  
become associated with the sight or the 
idea of the worm4#abi ,with the         
sentiment of shame1 similar conditions  
obtain4 ,if a human being feels shame in
 connexion with certain matters1 and    
therefore avoids them1 this may depend  
upon influences operating in the        
individual life 7imitation1 education1  

suggestion1 c471 by which the feeling of
 shame has been associated with certain 
perceptions4 ,on the other hand1 it is  
possible that shame may be dependent    
upon a special inborn disposition4      
,certain processes in the animal        
world--for example1 the fact that many  
animals deposit their excrement in      
hidden places1 and the fact that bitches
 and other female animals sometimes     
behave in a way which is interpreted as 
the exhibition of shame--may be regarded
 as the result of an inborn disposition4
 ,but others refer to the slight degree 
in which little girls appear to feel    
shame1 as an indication that this       
sentiment is acquired during the        
individual life4 ,undoubtedly1 we       
sometimes find manifestations of shame  
in very early childhood4 ,sikorsky#acj  
reports that his son exhibited typical  
shame at the early age of three and a   
half years4 ,the boy was washing        
himself1 having for this purpose taken  
off his coat and bared the upper part of

 the body4 ,when his father unexpectedly
 entered the room1 the boy was ashamed  
and startled1 and said pleadingly1 as he
 endeavoured to cover himself by        
crossing his hands over the breast1     
,please don't come in1 for ,i haven't   
got my shirt on4 ,sikorsky rightly      
points out that this position of the    
arms is typical of the sentiment of     
shame4 ,still1 such cases are           
comparatively rare2 and in contrast with
 them we may often note that older      
children1 even girls of eight or a      
little more1 will in play raise their   
petticoats so high that it is necessary 
to turn away if we wish to avoid seeing 
the genital organs1 and often a word of 
reproof is needed from the mother or    
nurse to indicate to the child that it  
is doing something improper4 ,the fact  
that in little children the sense of    
shame is so little developed1 but that  
subsequently this sentiment becomes     
clearly manifest1 has been used as an   
argument against the theory that it is  

inborn2 but this argument cannot be     
accepted without reserve1 for an inborn 
quality may not manifest itself until a 
certain definite age is reached--as we  
see clearly in the case of the sexual   
impulse--and this apart from the        
consideration that the development of an
 inborn quality may be inhibited by     
influences acting during the individual 
life4 ,whatever view we take of this    
problem1 there can be no doubt as to the
 possibility of exerting a marked       
influence upon both qualities1 the      
sentiment of disgust and the sentiment  
of shame1 by means of influences        
operating during the lifetime of the    
individual4 ,thus1 by education and     
habituation1 it is possible to learn to 
repress disgust towards certain animals 
or certain excreta1 as is done by the   
physician1 and by nurses1 male and      
female4 ,the sentiment of disgust also  
depends largely upon general customs4   
,the civilised ,european makes a mock of
 the fact that other races1 certain     

oriental races1 for instance1 eat foods 
which to us are disgusting4 ,a ,european
 invited as a guest at certain foreign  
banquets1 is thoroughly disgusted when  
he sees food put into the mouth with the
 fingers instead of with knife and fork4
 ,and yet there is no great difference  
in respect of our own practice1 when we 
put a piece of chocolate1 a grape1 or   
the like1 into our own mouths4 ,if1 in  
,europe1 we saw someone eating a pigeon 
in the same way as that in which we are 
accustomed to eat a crayfish1 many      
persons would experience disgust4 ,and  
yet1 objectively considered1 there is no
 reason to be less disgusted at the     
eating of crayfishes than when some     
other kind of animal is eaten in the    
same manner4 ,such modification of the  
sentiment of disgust by habit and custom
 applies also to sexual matters4 ,a girl
 who experiences disgust at the sight of
 semen or the act of its ejaculation1   
may1 through habituation1 cease to feel 
such disgust4  ,similarly with the      

sentiment of shame1 we find that in some
 persons it is aroused by matters to    
which others are more or less completely
 indifferent--and this is true no less  
of the sexual sense of shame than of    
shame in general4 ,we note the way in   
which habit or other influences may     
diminish or even entirely suppress the  
sentiment of sexual shame1 from the fact
 that prostitutes willingly undress in  
the presence of a strange man without   
any sense of shame 7although it must be 
admitted that some remnants of shame may
 remain even in many prostitutes74      
,finally1 the experience of the         
marriage-bed shows how rapidly the      
sentiment of shame in respect of certain
 situations may disappear or largely    
diminish4 ,although a refined woman may 
long1 and in some cases permanently1    
manifest a certain reserve towards her  
husband1 still1 there is an enormous    
degree of difference between the        
intensity of the sentiment of shame     
which a young bride experiences when    

undressing on her bridal night and that 
which she experiences in the like       
situation after a year of married life4 
,other circumstances show that these    
sentiments are influenced1 not merely by
 individual habituation1 but also by the
 nature of general customs4 ,a lady of  
the nobility1 president1 perhaps1 of a  
,ladies' ,society for the ,promotion of 
,public ,morals1 may regard the short   
skirts of a music-hall dancer as the    
acme of impropriety1 and yet will not   
hesitate for a moment to go into society
 in the evening in a low dress1 with her
 breasts plainly visible to anyone      
standing by her when she is seated4 ,the
 same lady would probably be furious at 
the suggestion that she should show     
herself to men in the dress of a        
ballet-dancer1 but with a high corsage4 
,and yet1 experience shows that in other
 circumstances the short skirt is quite 
acceptable1 inasmuch as when bicycling  
first obtained a vogue among the upper  
classes1 ladies of high standing were to

 be seen in the streets with short      
skirts and visible calves4 ,in ,germany1
 and in many other countries1 it was for
 long regarded as improper for men and  
women to bathe in common4 ,the          
,americans1 however1 saw no impropriety 
in mixed bathing1 and of late years even
 the ,germans find it possible for the  
sexes to mix in bathing without any     
offence to the sense of shame4 ,here we 
have nothing more than the revival of an
 old custom1 for in former centuries    
mixed bathing was practised in          
,germany4#aca  ,from the examples just  
given1 we see clearly the way in which  
the objects and situations with which   
are associated manifestations of shame  
and disgust1 depend upon habituation and
 general custom4 ,but just because this 
is so1 both these sentiments are in the 
highest degree adapted to furnish       
protection against actions which are    
opposed to dominant custom1 or are      
condemned by the prevailing moral code4 
,by the sense of shame1 the young girl  

is prevented from surrendering her      
person to any man who desires her4      
,shame interferes with the very         
preparations for the sexual act2 for    
example1 with the act of undressing in  
the presence of a man4 ,the sentiment of
 disgust may also exert a protective    
influence1 for disgust is aroused in    
women by the semen and its ejaculation1 
and by many other things connected with 
the sexual act4  ,all these             
considerations combine to show how      
important it is that proper care should 
be taken to promote in the child the    
proper development of the sentiments of 
shame and disgust1 and also of the moral
 ideas4 ,it need hardly be said1 that   
the sentiments of shame and disgust are 
not the only psychical aids in the      
sexual education of children4 ,there are
 others1 such as the fear of            
disagreeable consequences1 which deters 
human beings from many immoral actions1 
and often enough at the outset greatly  
furthers the development of moral ideas2

 also there is direct instruction1 the  
influence of which will be considered   
later4  ,but in the moral education of  
children1 and also in the disquisitions 
of adults upon morality1 mistakes are   
made4 ,in particular1 no distinction is 
made whether anything is to be regarded 
as immoral per se1 or whether it is only
 considered immoral in certain          
circumstances4 ,this is shown very      
clearly in the formation of opinions1   
from the standpoint of sexual morality1 
regarding nakedness and the sexual life4
 ,because1 in particular situations1    
nakedness is immoral1 the child is often
 taught to regard nakedness as being per
 se disgraceful4 ,similarly with the    
sexual life4 ,instead of aiming at its  
proper control1 the idea instilled is   
that the mere mention of sexuality1 and 
even its very existence1 are things     
gravely immoral4 ,the very same persons 
who teach the child to repeat the       
commandment1 ,honour thy father and thy 
mother1 educate it also in such a way   

that it is forced to regard the act to  
which it owes its own existence as      
something which must have rendered its  
parents unclean4 ,it has to be admitted 
that at times it is by no means easy1 in
 these matters1 to find the right way2  
its discovery demands1 not interest     
merely1 but also intelligence2 it is1   
perhaps1 an art4 ,but often the right   
course is not so very difficult to find2
 and if we only exercise reasonable care
 in the repression of hypocrisy and of  
perverse moral ideas1 we shall be able  
to educate the child in such a way that 
he will come to understand that exposure
 of his person is not a matter of pure  
indifference1 and yet will not regard   
nakedness as something unclean4 ,the    
little girl who draws her petticoats too
 high1 will stop doing so when her      
mother forbids it4 ,a child will not    
always ask the reason for such a        
prohibition2 and if it does ask1 all the
 mother need answer in this case1 as in 
so many others in which the child is not

 yet competent to understand the reason1
 is that it will understand well enough 
when it is older4 ,when the child is    
older1 and when its understanding has   
enlarged1 the mother need make no       
difficulty about explaining the true    
reason in a suitable manner4  ,in       
respect also of the sentiment of        
disgust1 exaggerations must carefully be
 avoided4 ,from a feeling of shame1 and 
for fear of arousing disgust in others1 
many young girls refrain1 when in the   
company of other persons1 from retiring 
to satisfy the calls of nature4 ,the    
physician knows that this may result not
 merely in discomfort1 but in           
consequences by no means indifferent to 
health4 ,in this respect also1 a just   
mean must be the aim of education4 ,the 
child has to be taught that1 alike for  
sthetic and for hygienic reasons1 the   
evacuation of the excreta must be       
effected in a retired place4 ,but it is 
necessary to avoid going to the extreme 
of producing in the child the impression

 that there is something disgusting in  
the faintest intimation of such a       
physical need1 or of making it feel that
 there is something essentially shameful
 in the fulfilment of these natural     
functions4 ,the same considerations     
apply also to the sentiment of disgust  
in relation to the sexual life4 ,in this
 also overstatement must be avoided4    
,the education of young girls aims to a 
large extent at inducing them to regard 
the sexual act1 not merely as something 
of which they should be ashamed1 but as 
something in itself disgusting4 ,it is  
well known that quite a number of women 
are altogether unable to give themselves
 up to the sexual act in such a way as  
to derive from it real enjoyment and    
satisfaction4 ,a part of the severe     
disillusionment following marriage1     
depends upon the lack of normal sexual  
sensibility in the wife2 and it is by no
 means improbable that this state       
depends in some cases upon the education
 received in girlhood4 ,if it is        

impressed on anyone from childhood      
upwards that a particular act is        
disgusting and shameful1 ultimately     
inhibitions may arise1 owing to which   
the natural impulse to the performance  
of that act1 and its natural course and 
natural enjoyment1 may be prevented4    
,and although the widely prevalent lack 
of sexual sensibility in women has      
additional causes1 nevertheless ,i      
regard it as probable that in some of   
the cases1 at any rate1 this            
insensibility directly results from     
educational influences4 ,in this matter1
 too1 we must guard against             
exaggeration4 ,we must educate children1
 boys as well as girls1 in the belief   
that to mishandle the genital organs is 
forbidden alike by divine and by human  
law4 ,but we must not teach them to     
regard the sexual act as in itself      
disgusting2 more especially in view of  
the fact that such an idea conflicts    
with the lofty ethical significance of  
the act to which we all owe our         

existence4  ,what has been said about   
nakedness1 has bearings also upon the   
relationships of the education of       
children to the matter of the nude in   
art4 ,no intelligent person will deny   
the importance to art of the            
representation of the nude4 ,a clothed  
,venus is a thing with which the        
connoisseur would prefer to dispense4   
,although ,i am not myself an           
enthusiastic adherent of the movement   
started a few years back with a great   
flourish of trumpets for the            
introduction of art into the education  
of children--a movement which has       
already perceptibly slackened--,i do not
 wish to deny the important bearings of 
art upon the education of the child4    
,children who are still comparatively   
young1 have not as a rule much          
understanding of art4 ,none the less1 we
 must not withhold from the child       
possibilities of appreciating the       
beauties of the nude4 ,apart from this  
purely educational aim1 we have to      

remember that it is impossible to       
preserve children completely from the   
sight of the nude in art4 ,we might1 of 
course1 exclude them from our museums2  
but our own houses also often contain   
nude statuary1 and books with           
illustrations of the nude figure2 and   
nude statues are to be seen also in     
places of public resort4 ,a demand for  
the removal of such nude figures is so  
stupid1 that it hardly deserves serious 
discussion--outside of the columns of   
the comic papers4 ,a classical          
education1 too1 gives so many           
opportunities for the sight or the      
mention of the nude--for instance1      
delineations of the gods of the ancient 
mythology that the demands of the       
morality-fanatics could be met only by  
cutting off the child from the most     
beautiful sources of culture4 ,but now1 
let those who1 in the lower classes of  
our schools1 have seen in the text-books
 of mythology pictures of unclad gods   
and goddesses1 seriously ask themselves 

whether in this connexion they ever     
experienced even the faintest           
uncleanness of thought6 ,if in one among
 thousands of such children1 the sight  
of such a picture is followed by an     
undesired result1 we have further to    
remember that this fact does not give us
 the right to deprive thousands of other
 children of the spiritual nourishment  
requisite for their emotional and       
sthetic development1 and for their      
general culture4 ,there is no need for  
any anxiety about this question of the  
nude in art2 and we must avoid          
suggesting to children that there is    
anything peculiar about the nakedness of
 statuary4 ,we are1 indeed1 justified in
 asking whether the replacement or      
concealment of the genital organs by a  
fig-leaf--a practice supposed to have   
been initiated by the influence of the  
,jesuits about the middle of the        
eighteenth century--is a sound one2 or  
whether this is not the very way to lead
 to objectionable conversations between 

children4 ,the child compares the work  
of art with its own body and with the   
bodies of others which it has seen1     
notes the difference at once1 and is    
thereby incited to improper             
conversation4  ,those who wish to       
prevent children seeing artistic        
representations of the nude are         
influenced by two very different        
motives1 although by the                
morality-fanatics themselves these      
motives are not clearly distinguished4  
,sometimes we are told that the sight of
 the nude in art may awaken the child's 
sexual impulse1 sometimes that morality 
forbids such representations of the     
nude4 ,these two reasons must not be    
confused2 for even if well-developed    
moral ideas may repress sexual acts1 it 
does not follow that everything which is
 immoral is also sexually exciting4 ,a  
great many pictures are immoral1 and yet
 do not tend in the very least to induce
 sexual excitement--it suffices to      
mention illustrations of scatological   

scenes4 ,another source of error lies in
 the fact that things which appear      
sexual to the adult1 may to the child be
 entirely devoid of sexual colouring4   
,there is an amusing anecdote of a      
little girl who had been bathing with   
other children1 and on her return home  
was asked whether boys had been bathing 
as well as girls2 ,i don't know1 said   
the little one1 for they were all naked6
 ,this story is based upon a profound   
insight into the nature of the child1   
for children in general do not regard   
nakedness as sexually important--though 
a few exceptions to this rule may be    
encountered4 ,just because the child is 
so often taught that nakedness is in    
itself immoral1 we are apt also to teach
 it to experience sexual excitement at  
the sight of a nude statue2 whereas if  
the child had simply been taught that   
nakedness at unsuitable times and places
 was wrong1 no such reaction would      
ensue4 ,i remember the time in which the
 strong agitation took place which led  

to the passing of the ,lex ,heinze2#acb 
and ,i was acquainted with a            
gentleman--he was a patient of mine--who
 was a member of the party by which the 
new law was so strongly demanded4 ,when 
one day he came to see me1 bringing with
 him his little boy1 the latter noticed 
in my waiting-room a nude statue of a   
woman1 but which the little boy took for
 a man4 ,the child1 who was obviously   
attempting to repeat something he had   
often heard said1 asked his father      
navely3 ,papa1 if that were a woman1 it 
would be improper1 wouldn't it8 ,this   
remark is at once natural and           
characteristic2 the child would never   
have felt the possibility that the      
statue was in any way improper1 unless  
his education had led him to regard     
nakedness as disgraceful1 or as immoral 
and improper4 ,there is no doubt that   
our clothing is intimately connected    
with the development of the sentiment of
 shame and with the formation of our    
ideas of morality4 ,but the more we     

learn so to form the mind of the child  
that it will not regard nakedness as    
being per se immoral1 the sooner shall  
we be able1 not only to instil into     
children truly moral ideas1 but also to 
safeguard them against the risks of     
premature sexual excitement4  ,the      
considerations just stated apply mutatis
 mutandis to the question of what       
children should be allowed to read4     
,although we should give to children    
neither obscene or erotic books1 still1 
we should not withhold from them every  
poem which deals with love4 ,if such    
were our rule1 we should have to forbid 
the most beautiful works in our         
literature1 and also our folk-tales4    
,read1 for example1 ,grimm's tales1 and 
you will find many passages which our   
morality-fanatics would reject as       
improper2 for instance1 the story of the
 ,sleeping ,beauty in the ,wood1 and    
many others1 telling of beauty1 love1   
and kisses4 ,the same remark applies to 
the folk-songs4 ,there are persons1     

indeed1 who would like to edit such     
songs and stories especially for the use
 of children4 ,the case will be         
remembered in which the song1 ,in einem 
khlen ,grunde1 was so modified for the  
use of children that they were told1 not
 of the beloved maiden who dwelt there1 
but of an uncle instead6 ,now1 either   
the child that hears this song for the  
first time has as yet no understanding  
of the idea of love1 and in that case   
there will be no danger in singing in   
its original form this song whose full  
beauty will not until later become      
manifest to the child2 or else it has   
some understanding1 and then the        
replacement of the girl by an uncle will
 certainly do nothing to safeguard the  
child's morality1 but will merely       
corrupt its taste4 ,the assumption that 
by hearing such a song1 the awakening of
 sexuality can possibly be antedated1 is
 almost ridiculous2 and little or no    
proof has been offered that anything of 
the sort ever occurs4 ,one who in such a

 song sees the least suspicion of       
immorality1 and who thinks that the     
hearing of it entails danger to a child1
 not only betrays the corruption of his 
own taste1 but lays himself open to the 
countercharge that his own moral        
endowments are somewhat defective4      
,similar conditions apply to the        
theatre1 and to the other factors in the
 mental development of children1 and of 
human beings in general4 ,it is quite   
impossible to isolate children from     
every intimation of the erotic or the   
sexual4 ,let us remember the wide       
diffusion of the newspapers of our day4 
,we cannot prevent children from reading
 newspapers2 a statement that applies   
not to large towns merely1 but to small 
towns and to the country districts as   
well4 ,i speak here1 not only of        
newspapers which are known to be        
sensational1 but of others as well4 ,the
 more serious periodicals are to-day    
often inclined to devote a good deal of 
space to many sexual occurrences2 they  

even err in transforming many non-sexual
 matters into sexual ones1 giving them a
 superfluous erotic background4 ,they   
miss no chance of converting an ordinary
 murder into a lust-murder2 of          
describing a common assault as the      
outcome of sadism2 and of writing of any
 woman of whom mention has to be made in
 connexion with some public occurrence1 
as a young lady of surpassing beauty4   
,but apart from all this1 the newspapers
 are to-day so full of sexual matters   
7the question of sexual enlightenment1  
the prevention of the venereal diseases1
 the suppression of prostitution1 the   
protection of motherhood1 c471 that with
 the best will in the world it is       
impossible to keep children from reading
 about such things4 ,nor can this be    
regarded as unfortunate1 so long as     
these questions are treated in a        
moderate manner4  ,it is altogether     
different as regards erotic and obscene 
books and pictures4 ,unfortunately such 
products obtain a wide currency in      

schools1 in part as printed             
pornographica1 and in part passed from  
hand to hand in the written form4 ,thus1
 from a number of girls' schools come   
reports of the circulation of thoroughly
 obscene writings among girls from      
twelve to fourteen years of age4        
,especial favourites are descriptions of
 the wedding-night1 mostly in manuscript
 form2 also an obscene version of the   
story of ,faust and ,gretchen2 and quite
 a number of other improper poems pass  
from hand to hand in girls' schools4 ,in
 boys' schools1 the circulating matter  
consists rather of obscene printed books
 and pictures4 ,it is evident that the  
advertisements in many newspapers       
indicate the chief source of such       
articles4 ,there is a trade in obscene  
pictures advertised under the harmless  
title of ,parisian ,landscapes4 ,for the
 most part these advertisements         
originate in ,paris2 to a lesser extent 
they come from ,hungary1 ,austria1      
,italy1 and ,spain4 ,the ,german traders

 in such commodities do not venture to  
advertise their wares in the ,german    
newspapers2 nor is there any evidence in
 foreign newspapers of such             
advertisements proceeding from ,germany4
 ,through the meritorious activity of   
the ,volksbund zur ,bekmpfung des       
,schmutzes in ,wort und ,bild 7,the     
,popular ,league for the ,suppression of
 ,obscene ,writings and ,pictures71     
these advertisements have of late almost
 disappeared from our newspapers4 ,but  
it can hardly be doubted that formerly  
immeasurable harm was done to children  
in this way4 ,this is shown by the fact 
that half-grown boys often buy such     
things and circulate them among their   
school-fellows1 all the more in view of 
the comparatively low price at which    
they can be obtained4 ,the wide         
diffusion of the evil is proved by the  
frequency with which such things are    
confiscated in boys' schools1 and with  
which obscene photographs are found even
 in girls' schools4#acc ,for the        

suppression of such pornographica in    
recent days we have certainly in great  
part to thank the ,league above named1  
whose efforts for good must not be      
confounded with the obscurantist aims of
 the pious and hypocritical individuals 
to whom every nude statue is an improper
 object4  ,the frequency with which such
 pornographica are circulated in schools
 is subject to very great variations2   
but in the production of these          
differences1 certain factors which are  
sometimes given great weight1 really    
play a comparatively small part4 ,thus1 
it is commonly supposed that there is a 
great difference in this respect between
 large towns and small2 but in the      
schools of small towns1 pornographic    
writings and pictures are at least as   
common as in those of large towns2 and1 
indeed1 the addresses to which          
pornographic photographs are despatched 
from ,paris are usually in the small    
towns4 ,thus the determining influence  
is not the difference between the large 

town and the small2 and the character of
 the school depends1 not only upon the  
moral level of its pupils1 but above all
 upon the moral level and the personal  
influence of the head of the school and 
the assistant teachers4 ,i know certain 
schools1 and some of these in large     
towns1 in which hardly a single improper
 word is spoken by the pupils1 and where
 no sexual improprieties take place     
among the children1 even though it has  
to be assumed that many of them indulge1
 at any rate from time to time1 in      
solitary masturbation4 ,but1 on the     
whole1 the spirit of such schools is an 
admirable one1 in contrast to others1 in
 which extremely loose manners prevail4 
,above all1 therefore1 we must avoid    
thinking that we state the truth of this
 matter by using the catch-word of the  
corruption of the great towns4  ,it     
cannot be contested that the diffusion  
of these things among children involves 
serious dangers alike to their morals   
and to their health4 ,speaking          

generally1 upon adults pornographic     
objects have rather a repellent than a  
sexually exciting effect4 ,in the case  
of children in whom no sexual           
sensibility has as yet developed1 they  
exercise no sexual stimulation1 but may 
later give rise to ill effects4 ,but it 
is to ripening children and young       
persons1 who do not yet understand the  
sexual life1 but to whom it is first    
displayed in this form1 that such       
pornographic objects are especially     
dangerous4 ,thus we find that many      
offenders against sexual morality show  
children obscene pictures1 in order to  
excite them sexually1 and render them   
compliant4 ,such sexual excitement is   
per se bad for the child's health2 but  
the moral dangers are even more         
important4 ,children who have become    
familiar with such obscene objects may  
perhaps suffer in consequence from an   
inadequate development or even from a   
complete inhibition of the higher       
psychical elements of the sexual life4  

,the grave injury inflicted on children 
by these pornographica cannot possibly  
be doubted4 ,what has been said above   
should1 however1 suffice to show that   
the nude in art has no necessary        
connexion with this danger from         
pornographic objects2 although          
unfortunately1 for business reasons1    
many persons hypocritically attempt to  
justify by false reference to the       
interests of art1 drawings of the nude  
really intended to furnish erotic       
stimulus4   ,the much-discussed question
 of the common education of the sexes   
7coeducation7 is related to the mental  
hygiene of the sexual life of the child4
 ,i shall deal with this question only  
in so far as it bears upon our subject2 
and shall not consider whether other    
reasons1 such as the different          
endowments of the sexes1 are decisively 
opposed to coeducation4 ,but coeducation
 has been opposed also for reasons of   
sexual education1 on two grounds3 that  
it leads to a premature awakening of the

 sexual life1 and that it gives rise to 
immoral practices between the children4 
,it is true that when boys and girls    
associate freely together the first     
sexual feelings of boys are directed    
towards girls4 ,but a separation of boys
 and girls at school would here be of   
little use4 ,not only would some other  
person of the female sex be apt to take 
the place of a girl school-fellow1 some 
person the boy often sees1 it may be a  
grown woman1 it may be a child 7a       
school-friend of the boy's sister or of 
the family1 a girl-cousin1 or some girl 
employed about the house72 but in many  
cases1 if the sexes are separated in    
youth1 both in boys and in girls the    
sexual impulse1 when it awakens1 may    
perhaps be directed towards a member of 
the same sex4 ,i may refer1 in this     
connexion1 to what was said on page #fj 
about the undifferentiated sexual       
impulse4  ,a further problem is that of 
the sexual practices which may result   
from the sexual impulse4 ,it is an      

indisputable fact that many boys1 when  
the contrectation impulse is            
intermingled with the detumescence      
impulse1 readily take to sexual         
practices with others4 ,examples of this
 constantly occur in boarding-schools1  
and in all other kinds of educational   
institutions2 even in day-schools1 where
 the children live apart from one       
another1 we may observe that            
occasionally they begin sexual practices
 very early in life 7mutual             
masturbation1 and intimate physical     
contact1 especially contact involving   
the genital organs74 ,we must always    
bear in mind the possibility that       
coeducation may lead to the more        
frequent occurrence of such practices   
between boys and girls4 ,but we must    
avoid over-estimating this danger4 ,in  
the first place1 there are many         
institutions1 higher schools and others1
 attended only by pupils of one sex1 in 
which mutual sexual practices never take
 place1 and in which neither boys nor   

girls1 even though sexual inclinations  
arise in them1 ever effect sexual       
intimacies with other children4         
,although mutual masturbation is fairly 
common in schools1 it cannot be regarded
 as the general rule4 ,further1 it may  
be pointed out that when boys and girls 
are educated in common1 the girls'      
natural instincts of self-defence will  
in many cases lead them to repel        
improper sexual advances4 ,this is      
proved by the actual experience of      
coeducation4 ,finck#acd gives reports   
regarding coeducation in the schools of 
the western states of the ,american     
,union1 and informs us that there every 
girl has her beau of fourteen to        
seventeen years of age4 ,notwithstanding
 the fact that these are boys of a fair 
age1 undesirable consequences have not  
been observed4 ,this view is            
substantiated by the reports made to me 
personally by ,american men and women1  
in whose truthfulness and judgment ,i   
have complete confidence4 ,during a     

lengthy ,american tour1 and on other    
occasions1 ,i have elaborately          
questioned ,american physicians1        
ministers of religion1 school-teachers1 
and fathers and mothers of families1    
regarding this matter4 ,their universal 
opinion was that no such undesirable    
results of coeducation were ever        
observed4 ,indeed1 ,i received numerous 
assurances regarding the customary      
sexual abstinence of ,american young men
 who had been educated in common with   
,american girls4 ,in many of these      
circles1 a young man known to indulge in
 sexual intercourse1 whether with a     
prostitute or in a so-called intimacy1  
was immediately ostracised2 and this    
shows that as far as the question of    
sexual chastity is concerned1 the       
results of the coeducation of the sexes 
are at least not more unfavourable than 
those of the separate education of the  
sexes4 ,i am well aware that many doubt 
the harmlessness of these conditions in 
,america1 and declare the account given 

of them hypocritical4#ace ,my own       
information1 however1 leads me to       
contest this for numerous cases4 ,of    
course we have to remember that the     
population of the ,united ,states of    
,america is an extremely composite one1 
made up of numerous nationalities1 whose
 customs differ as much as do those of  
the different social strata4 ,the above 
remarks refer chiefly to the old        
,anglo-,american circles4 ,it is        
indisputable that even in these circles 
certain changes have recently taken     
place4 ,the ,americans refer this to    
their more extensive relations with     
,europe1 in consequence of which        
,european customs and opinions1 by which
 sexual abstinence is not demanded of   
young men1 have been gradually          
introduced into those circles of        
,american life in which formerly other  
views obtained4  ,but even if we believe
 that in isolated instances coeducation 
may lead to unfortunate results in the  
way of sexual practice1 we have to      

remember the objections which may be    
adduced from the standpoint of sexual   
education against the separate education
 of the sexes4 ,especially we have to   
think of the fact that by the separation
 of the sexes during childhood we may   
favour the development of homosexuality4
 ,apart from this consideration1 ,i     
believe that in girls the capacity for  
self-protection arises much earlier in  
life when frequent association of boys  
and girls is permitted--a method of     
education which in ,europe of late1 at  
any rate outside the school1 has become 
far more common than in former days1 and
 one which is greatly favoured by the   
joint playing of games and other joint  
sports4  ,if the question be asked      
whether the sexual life awakens earlier 
in children who mix freely with those of
 the opposite sex1 or in those whose    
companionship is confined to members of 
their own sex1 we find it difficult to  
detect any notable difference in this   
respect4 ,as regards boys in            

boarding-schools1 the information       
available certainly suffices to lead us 
to this conclusion2 and from such       
information as ,i have received from    
girls' schools1 and from the behaviour  
of schoolgirls 7some of these quite     
young71 ,i infer that no notable        
difference in the age at which sexual   
sensibility first makes its appearance1 
results from the coeducation or the     
separate education of the sexes4  ,one  
condition has to be imposed1 if         
coeducation is not to entail any        
dangers4 ,the child must not be allowed 
to regard such education as             
experimental1 and as possibly dangerous4
 ,if the child were to be enlightened   
with all sorts of warnings1 dangers     
might ensue4 ,it is necessary that the  
child should regard coeducation as      
something perfectly natural4 ,in this   
connexion1 the matter assumes a         
different aspect1 according as          
coeducation is undertaken from the      
outset1 or only after the children are  

already half-grown4 ,from the latter    
course1 perils might sometimes arise1 as
 ,gertrud ,bumer rightly insists4#acf   
,from the earliest days of childhood    
onwards1 coeducation should appear to   
the child as a matter of course2 only if
 this is not the case1 may the practice 
prove dangerous from the sexual         
standpoint1 and especially from the     
standpoint of sexual morality4  ,here1  
of course1 ,i make no attempt to offer a
 decisive opinion one way or the other  
upon the disputed question of           
coeducation of the sexes4 ,my sole aim  
has been to show that certain of the    
objections commonly made to coeducation1
 on the grounds with which we are       
especially concerned in this book1 do   
not bear examination4  ,better reasons  
can be found for objecting to some other
 modes of association on the part of    
children of the two sexes4 ,the most    
important of these are common dancing   
lessons and children's balls4 ,these are
 not so recent a development as is often

 assumed4 ,more than a century ago1     
,pockels1#acg the distinguished         
psychologist and educationalist1        
objected strongly to dancing parties for
 children1 which commonly lasted1 he    
tells us1 from five o'clock in the      
afternoon till midnight1 and sometimes  
even on into the small hours of the     
morning4 ,beyond question1 the          
association of children in dances can by
 no means be regarded as more innocuous 
than coeducation1 all the more in view  
of the fact that the children at such   
dances are often fairly old--towards the
 end of the second period of childhood1 
or in the early years of the period of  
youth4 ,for my own part1 the danger of  
children's balls appears to me to       
affect1 not so much the sphere of sexual
 morality1 as that of hygiene and       
general morality4 ,as regards the danger
 to health1 ,i have known parents who   
were always complaining of the way in   
which their children were overworked at 
school1 and yet saw nothing wrong in    

these same children going to dancing    
lessons on two evenings every week4  ,in
 conclusion1 ,i will report a case which
 proves that when children are inclined 
to sexual practices1 they will find     
sufficient opportunity1 even in the     
absence of coeducation4 ,this was the   
case of a boy of eight and a girl of    
seven years1 who stripped quite naked   
and got into bed together2 from the fact
 that spots of blood were found on the  
bed-clothing1 it appeared that very     
definite sexual malpractice had taken   
place4 ,the girl's sexual history was   
followed up for three years after this4 
,she showed herself much inclined to    
make sexual advances towards adults1    
pressing herself up against them in a   
way which innocent persons interpreted  
as manifesting the caressive            
inclinations of the child4  ,having     
given this illustrative case1 ,i must   
not omit to state that similar incidents
 may1 of course1 occur from time to time
 in connexion with the coeducation of   

children4 ,but we must avoid the error  
of attributing to external              
chance-influences1 such as coeducation1 
occurrences which are dependent upon the
 very nature of human beings2 for such  
things happen whatever method of        
education be adopted4 ,naturally1 the   
difference between the sexes must not be
 ignored2 but in children the existence 
of sexual differentiation must not be   
incessantly and anxiously emphasised4   
,brothers and sisters1 when they have   
reached a certain age1 should certainly 
not be placed naked together in a bath4 
,but this is to be avoided1 not for fear
 lest thereby sexual excitement might   
result in the children1 but because to  
do so would be in opposition to the     
customs of our time1 and it is precisely
 by such contrasts with generally       
accepted customs1 that the attention of 
children is aroused4 ,further1 we may   
approve of the fact that in consequence 
of the movement for child-protection    
7,kinderschutz71 the misuse of children 

in various ways--in the theatre1 for    
example--has undergone a notable        
diminution4 ,but in this matter also1   
the decisive factor is not exclusively  
the interest of sexual morality1 but    
rather the rights of the children       
themselves4 ,the same consideration     
applies1 in part1 to an earlier         
movement4 ,in ,france1 in the year      
#ahdh1 the appearance of children on the
 stage was legally prohibited1 one      
reason alleged for this enactment being 
the moral dangers resulting from the    
mixing of the sexes in such conditions1 
but reference was also made more        
particularly to the need for the better 
protection of the physical and mental   
powers of the children4#ach  ,i come now
 to the description of certain other    
mental influences necessary for the     
child4 ,a very important point is that  
we should use our utmost endeavours to  
divert the child from the sexual        
impulse4 ,the more the awakening of this
 impulse threatens to force itself upon 

the child's attention1 the more         
necessary is it to bring into play the  
measured activity of other faculties and
 interests4 ,we think here as much of   
methods of sthetic culture1 reading1 and
 the theatre1 as of bodily sports and   
games4 ,at the same time1 it must be our
 aim to cultivate the general strength  
of the will1 since this is needed alike 
for the control of the sexual impulse1  
and for the overcoming of other         
temptations and passions4 ,the general  
moral education of the child1 the       
formation of its character1 and the     
encouragement of a pursuit of ideal     
aims1 are all also of the greatest      
possible importance in relation to      
sexual education4 ,nothing is better    
adapted to ensure personal happiness and
 a high moral standard1 than the        
inculcation of idealism1 which must on  
no account be confused with aloofness   
from the everyday affairs of the world4 
,by many persons1 an especial stress is 
laid upon the value of religious        

education1 for the purpose of directing 
in proper paths the sexual life of the  
child1 and of giving help in the mastery
 of its temptations4 ,but               
notwithstanding the fact that ,i value  
most highly a genuinely religious       
education1 ,i feel that for the purposes
 just mentioned we cannot place much    
reliance upon that which in our schools 
of to-day passes by the name of         
religious education4 ,i have been       
personally acquainted with too many     
persons brought up on strictly religious
 lines1 adherents of the most diverse   
creeds1 but chiefly ,protestants1       
,catholics1 and ,jews1 whose religious  
education has been of remarkably little 
use to them in this respect4 ,among     
children1 ,i have known some who        
masturbated immoderately1 and yet their 
progress in their religious studies was 
extraordinary4 ,i have known of serious 
epidemics of masturbation1 in some cases
 of mutual masturbation1 in             
boarding-schools in which the day's work

 was always begun with prayers and      
hymns4 ,quite recently1 another case has
 been reported to me1 of a so-called    
exemplary school1 where the educational 
methods had a strong religious trend1   
and yet seduction to mutual masturbation
 played a great part4 ,in spite of these
 experiences1 ,i do not dispute the fact
 that even in association with the      
modern methods of religious             
instruction--but not always in          
consequence of these--many have been    
withheld from masturbatory and other    
sexual acts4 ,these cases fall into     
three groups4 ,the first group consists 
of cases in which the sexual impulse is 
very weak1 so that very little is       
requisite to prevent the occurrence of  
sexual practices4 ,to the second group  
belong the cases of those who are kept  
in check by the fear of ,god's anger1   
which will be visited1 they are taught  
in their lessons on religion1 upon all  
unrighteous acts4 ,the third group is   
comprised of those rare natures who are 

really profoundly inspired by religious 
ethical sentiments1 and in whom even the
 ordinary unpractical methods of        
religious instruction have not been able
 to inhibit the development of genuinely
 religious feelings4 ,these three groups
 may readily be recognised among adults 
as well as among children4 ,but when ,i 
compare the number of the children and  
young persons making up these three     
groups with the number of those to whom 
religious instruction has been quite    
useless1 ,i feel justified in a certain 
scepticism4 ,i do not pretend to assert 
that those who have received religious  
instruction have become more immoral    
than the others2 but ,i am certainly    
entitled to contest the assertion that  
religious instruction induces a loftier 
sexual morality4 ,indeed1 a further     
limitation is needed here1 and one to   
the discredit of religious instruction4 
,a portion1 even1 of those persons      
comprising the exceptional cases just   
enumerated1 have not thereby attained to

 spiritual peace4 ,tormented1 and at    
times almost mastered1 by the sexual    
impulse1 they struggle unceasingly under
 the influence of terror lest they      
should commit a deadly sin by yielding  
to this impulse4 ,the mental            
condition#aci of such persons--,i speak 
chiefly of young men--is in some cases  
such that a doctor may well doubt if he 
be not justified in advising them to    
indulge in illegitimate sexual          
intercourse4 ,i have myself never given 
such advice in these cases1 nor do ,i   
intend to give it in similar cases in   
the future4 ,i refrain from doing so on 
ethical grounds1 which ,i have discussed
 in great detail in connexion with the  
sexual question in my work on ,medical  
,ethics4#adj ,the physician has no right
 to advise his patient to the           
performance of an act which is regarded 
by the latter as a deadly sin4 ,but all 
the more because ,i have felt unable to 
give such advice1 do ,i feel it my duty 
to insist here upon the seamy side of   

the education by which this state of    
mind is induced4  ,my view that what is 
commonly called religious education does
 not as a rule help the subject to      
master the sexual impulse1 has been     
forced upon me by the numerous          
confessions entrusted to me by persons  
who have received such an education4    
,very recently1 ,i was shown a diary in 
which a young man1 obviously very       
religious and pious1 to whom ,god was   
the source of all hope1 and who thanked 
,god for ,his grace on every page1      
refers again and again to the fact that 
he has found himself unable to overcome 
the lower forms of sensuality4 ,he      
writes3 ,in resisting this powerful     
sensual impulse1 religion was of some   
help1 but unfortunately not very much4  
,when ,i was only twelve years of age1  
the impulse towards the lower forms of  
sensuality made its appearance1 and     
speedily attained great intensity4      
,again and again ,i believed myself to  
be strong enough to withstand it1 only  

to pass from a weak and inefficient     
resistance1 to a profound fall4 ,and    
later he writes3 ,but the lower         
sensuality persisted1 however much and  
however often ,i resisted it4 ,my       
imagination continually produced the    
horrible pictures4 ,and though in       
desperate rage ,i clenched my teeth to  
drive them away1 they always left traces
 in my soul1 and from time to time ,i   
fell4 ,how ,i have struggled1 how ,i    
have fought6 ,how often with tears have 
,i sought ,god's protection and help1   
praising ,god with holy zeal and faith4 
,in my room ,i knelt1 praying for grace 
and strength4 ,i write this1 not for    
self-glorification1 but to show you1    
dear reader1 how terrible1 how gigantic 
is the struggle for virtue4             
,notwithstanding all that ,i have       
written1 ,i do not for a moment dispute 
the fact that a religious education may 
effect admirable results1 both in       
respect of sexual matters1 and of       
others4 ,indeed1 ,i am firmly convinced 

of this4 ,but the religious education   
competent to do this does not consist   
merely of learning ,bible texts by      
heart2 nor is its chief aim the         
inculcation of precepts which are to-day
 impossible of fulfilment--as the child 
sees at every turn in the conduct of the
 members of its own environment4 ,i     
refer to the religious education which  
has an internal reality1 and arises     
spontaneously out of the demands of     
morality4 ,i do not mean the sort of    
education which regards it as almost a  
disgrace that we come naked into the    
world2 not the religious education which
 regards man as soiled by the fact that 
he is born from his mother's womb2 nor  
that which considers every sexual act as
 essentially sinful1 and asceticism as  
man's salvation4 ,it is not religious   
education of such a kind that will have 
any good effect in the matter of sexual 
education2 but that religious education 
only which is in complete accord with   
our ideas of morality1 and which is     

based1 not so much upon the historical  
and material contents of the ,bible1 as 
upon the internal and everlasting truths
 of religion4  ,the sexual dangers of   
the ,bible have often been pointed out4 
,but this work would be incomplete1 if  
,i omitted making a fresh reference to  
the matter4 ,in the ,bible1 sexual      
processes are repeatedly mentioned4 ,in 
the mind of the child a conflict        
inevitably arises when1 on the one hand1
 he finds that everything of a sexual   
nature is diligently concealed from him1
 and1 on the other1 in the ,holy ,book  
which is put before him as the basis of 
his moral instruction1 he finds that so 
much attention is paid to sexual things4
 ,it is not the actual accounts of      
sexual things in the ,bible which       
constitute the danger1 but the contrast 
between the plain speaking of the ,bible
 in these matters1 and the general      
affectation of secrecy outside its      
pages4 ,an additional point of          
importance is the fact that in the      

,bible sexual topics are handled in a   
way which is by no means always         
delicate4 ,i may recall the frequency   
with which the idea of the whore is     
employed for purposes of comparison2 and
 ,i may refer also to the occasional use
 of strongly erotic language1 as1 for   
example1 in the ,song of ,solomon4 ,a   
further danger lies in the fact that the
 ,bible contains descriptions of customs
 which are no longer in harmony with    
modern ideas2 it suffices to mention the
 accounts of polygamy in the ,old       
,testament4 ,unless the distinction     
between what is historical and what is  
truly religious is carefully explained  
to the child1 the latter's moral ideas  
will very readily become confused4  ,in 
this connexion1 ,i must also refer to   
the ,catholic confessional1 about which 
of late years a good deal has been      
written4 ,i may recall the disquisitions
 on the moral teaching of ,liguori4 ,the
 father confessors have to read books in
 which are discussed the questions of   

casuistry with which they have to deal1 
in order to learn what authoritative    
decisions have been given regarding the 
concrete cases on which they are asked  
to pass judgment4 ,in these books1      
sexual misconduct plays a leading part4 
,this is also true of the confessional  
manuals written to assist the penitents 
in the discovery of their sins1 in which
 sexual errors also find a place4       
,opinions as to the wisdom of giving    
such manuals to penitents are certainly 
very divergent4 ,when we read the       
authoritative decisions1 for the use of 
confessors1 pronounced by ,catholic     
theologians upon sexual faults1 we are  
sometimes astonished at the practical   
insight displayed in these decisions2   
the opinions expressed must1 indeed1    
often appear dubious to the strict      
moralist1 and yet they are occasionally 
marvellously well adapted to the        
practical requirements of the case4 ,in 
many instances1 however1 even this      
cannot be admitted2 and however right   

from the practical point of view the    
decisions may sometimes be1 we must not 
overlook the dangers of the             
confessional4 ,cases have been          
personally known to me in which1 at the 
confessional1 penitents have been       
cross-questioned in such a way about    
sexual details that unfavourable        
consequences were1 in my opinion1       
extremely likely to ensue4 ,this        
statement applies with equal force to   
the case of children1 who have to go to 
confession as soon as they arrive at the
 age of reason4#ada ,no one will dispute
 the assertion that the                 
father-confessors gather much experience
 in the exercise of their profession1   
and that most of them possess sufficient
 tact to avoid asking improper          
questions4 ,but to assert this of all of
 them would be to rush to the other     
extreme2 and for the same reason that in
 the latter part of this chapter ,i     
shall express myself as opposed1 at any 
rate in part1 to sexual instruction in  

schools1 do ,i think that to ask such   
questions of children as are sometimes  
asked in confession1 may in certain     
circumstances lead to very undesirable  
results4 ,when the child penitent       
describes to the confessor sexual faults
 7masturbation1 c471 however well       
intentioned the words of the confessor  
may be1 it is impossible that they      
should be so individually adapted as is 
really necessary in such cases2 and the 
detailed discussion of these matters    
which sometimes follows is open to grave
 objection4 ,in what ,i have just said1 
it is far from my intention to attack   
one of the sacraments of the ,catholic  
,church2 but the matter is one to which 
it was necessary to allude1 and ,i will 
merely add that the error must be       
avoided of taking as a basis for        
criticism much that is written with a   
party bias against the ,catholic        
,church1 and much also of the mockery of
 the confessional which abounds in      
erotic literature4 ,for example1 when   

,michelet#adb asserts that1 in matters  
concerning love and the sexual life1 a  
,french girl of fifteen is as far       
advanced as an ,english girl of         
eighteen1 and when he refers this to the
 effect of a ,catholic education in     
accelerating the process of human       
development1 it is necessary to observe 
that these far-reaching generalisations 
are not supported by any jot of proof4  
,in the earlier parts of this chapter1  
,i have discussed certain questions     
belonging to the psychical sphere in    
their bearings upon sexual education4 ,i
 have now to refer to two specialised   
methods of treatment3 first of all1 the 
one which has initiated the whole of the
 newer psychotherapy1 namely1 hypnotism2
 and1 secondly1 the psycho-analytic     
method4 ,hypnotism has been employed    
against all kinds of sexual processes1  
both in adults and in children4 ,as far 
as children are concerned1 it is        
masturbation1 in especial1 for the      
prevention of which hypnotic suggestion 

has been tried4 ,when the child is old  
enough to be hypnotised1 good results   
will occasionally be obtained2 but in   
many other cases the desired end can    
unquestionably be attained without the  
induction of the hypnotic state1 either 
by suggestion in the waking state1 or   
else by the other methods to be         
described in the present chapter4  ,here
 are brief notes of a case in which     
hypnotic suggestion was employed with   
beneficial results4  ,,case #ag4--,x41 a
 boy eleven years of age1 was diligent  
at school4 ,for some time past he had   
withdrawn from the companionship of all 
his school-fellows1 and his parents had 
noticed that he was continually in the  
company of a schoolgirl two years older 
than himself4 ,he availed himself of    
every opportunity to play with this     
girl4 ,when they sat together at table1 
it was noticed that they endeavoured to 
secure physical contact by bringing     
their knees together4 ,in addition1 they
 were often seen kissing one another4   

,it was obvious that the two had a      
mutual inclination each for the other4  
,if anyone gave the boy a present of    
money1 he shared it with the girl4 ,the 
two wrote letters to one another1 and   
some of these letters fell into the     
parents' hands4 ,thereafter the two were
 watched1 so that this exchange of      
letters became impossible4 ,at first1   
the matter was not regarded seriously2  
on the contrary1 the two were teased    
about it1 especially the boy4 ,the      
latter became very unhappy1 and for a   
time it was believed that the intimacy  
had been broken off4 ,in reality1 the   
rupture was apparent merely1 and was    
simulated to escape the teasing4 ,in    
secret1 they continued to meet4 ,whereas
 regarding the girl few details were at 
my disposal1 ,i had a good deal of      
information about the boy4 ,it was      
astonishing how many excuses he made to 
deceive his relatives4 ,sometimes he was
 supposed to be writing his             
home-lessons1 sometimes to be at a      

gymnastic lesson or at church1 when in  
reality he was with his girl friend4 ,it
 had been observed before that the boy  
occasionally played with his genital    
organs4 ,since a complete separation    
from the girl gave rise in the boy to a 
state of profound depression1 followed  
by his paying attentions to a somewhat  
older girl living in his house1 his     
parents now sought my advice4 ,the boy  
proved to be extremely susceptible to   
hypnotism and to hypnotic suggestion1   
and it was remarkable how rapidly a     
complete change in his demeanour was    
effected4 ,since then ,i have seen the  
boy occasionally1 the last time being   
when he was about fifteen and a half    
years of age4 ,there had been no return 
of the sexual tendencies previously     
observed4 ,quite recently1 indeed1 he   
had been known to masturbate            
occasionally2 and it was for this reason
 that he was again brought to consult   
me4 ,but for four years previously1     
notwithstanding the fact that he had    

been very carefully watched1 no improper
 conduct had been detected4             
,undoubtedly1 the recent practice of    
masturbation would have escaped notice1 
had not the parents been made very      
anxious by the earlier experiences4 ,no 
special treatment was now undertaken1   
since it appeared that there was nothing
 more amiss than is observed in average 
boys of his age2 symptoms which in most 
cases disappear spontaneously1 and      
without treatment4  ,a short account    
must also be given here of the method of
 ,breuer and ,freud1 or the             
psycho-analytic method4 ,it is true that
 this method is applicable to adults    
only1 but its aim is to relieve the ill 
effects of sexual experiences during    
childhood4 ,i have before pointed out   
that in ,freud's view four neuroses     
always result from previous sexual      
experiences2 and two of these1 hysteria 
and compulsion-neuroses 7,zwangsneurose7
 are considered by him to depend upon   
sexual experiences during childhood4    

,freud1 who originally worked out this  
method in co-operation with ,breuer1 but
 subsequently further developed it by   
himself1 assumes that the hysterical    
symptoms which result from the noxious  
influences of sexual experiences during 
childhood1 are always permanently       
allayed if we succeed in making the     
subject once more actively conscious of 
them1 and enable the emotions thereby   
again aroused in the mind of the patient
 to obtain an efficient outlet 7sie zum 
abreagieren zu bringen74 ,if we are     
able1 either with or without the aid of 
hypnotism1 to reawaken the effect which 
was originally experienced as a result  
of the sexual trauma1 the hysterical    
symptoms will be permanently relieved4  
,originally1 he endeavoured to reawaken 
the memory of the sexual trauma by means
 of the induction of profound hypnosis4 
,later1 however1 he was able to do this1
 without the aid of hypnotism1 by       
conversing with the patient1 and by     
awaking his memory by means of          

questions4 ,this method1 to which       
formerly ,freud gave the name of the    
cathartic method1 but which is now      
generally known as the psycho-analytic  
method1 has to some extent been further 
developed by ,freud's pupils4 ,freud's  
view is that by means of psycho-analysis
 he is enabled1 from the sphere of the  
unconscious1 or rather of the           
subconscious1 to restore to the         
supra-consciousness the lost sexual     
experiences of childhood or of later    
life2 and by this means to effect a     
permanent cure of the most diverse      
diseases4 ,no detailed criticism of this
 method of treatment will here be       
attempted1 but my views on the matter   
will to some extent have become apparent
 from what has been said in earlier     
parts of this book4 ,the value of       
,freud's work appears to me to consist  
chiefly in this1 that he has insisted   
more definitely than other writers upon 
the reality of subconscious processes4  
,but ,i believe that the general sexual 

etiology which he assumes to exist can  
from no point of view be regarded as    
sound1 even with the limitation which he
 later imposed upon his own doctrine1   
namely1 that it is not the sexual       
experience itself1 but the reaction     
against this experience1 which is       
etiologically significant4 ,recently1 ,i
 have several times tried to treat by   
the psycho-analytic method some of the  
cases for which that method is supposed 
to be suitable1 and as a result of my   
experience ,i have been forced more and 
more to the conclusion that1            
notwithstanding all the other advantages
 of the psycho-analytic method1 the     
importance of the factor of sexual      
experiences in the causation of disease 
has been greatly over-estimated by      
,freud4 ,moreover1 ,i believe that the  
cures effected by ,freud 7as to the     
permanence of which1 in view of the     
insufficiency of the published          
materials1 no decisive opinion can as   
yet be given71 are explicable in another

 way4 ,a large proportion of the good   
results are certainly fully explicable  
as the results of suggestion4 ,the      
patient's confidence in his physician1  
and the fact that the treatment requires
 much time and patience1 are two such   
powerful factors of suggestion1 that    
provisionally it is necessary to regard 
it as possible that suggestion explains 
the whole matter4  ,there are1 of       
course1 many other psychological        
influences to which attention must also 
be directed4 ,one of the most important 
of these is the avoidance of psychical  
contagion4 ,a boy who is sexually       
premature1 or in whom some other        
striking sexual manifestations have     
occurred1 may exercise an extremely     
harmful influence upon other children4  
,we must endeavour to remove such a boy 
from the companionship of others1 and in
 this country this often can be effected
 through the instrumentality of the ,law
 of ,guardianship 7,frsorgegesetz74 ,but
 it will by no means always be easy to  

find the guilty person4 ,it is extremely
 common for such an abnormal child to   
set the tone for the others2 and such a 
child may be making remarkable progress 
in study1 although its sexual and moral 
level is a very low one4 ,a number of   
other measures will be inferred from    
what has been said in the section on    
etiology4 ,these are social rather than 
medical problems4 ,we must avoid letting
 children have the chance of seeing     
others engaged in sexual intercourse2   
they must not live in too close and     
intimate an association with other      
children2 they must not grow up in the  
society of prostitutes2 children who are
 past infancy should not share a common 
bed4 ,as regards school-life1 it is     
supposed to be a matter of great        
importance that there should be separate
 closets for the two sexes4 ,i am myself
 doubtful if this last matter is one of 
much moment4  ,in any case1 we can      
interfere for the special protection of 
children who have been exposed to       

peculiar risks1 and have for this reason
 been led astray sexually4 ,i have seen 
children who have been taught sexual    
misconduct1 either by a nursemaid or by 
other children1 and have practised such 
misconduct for a time2 but in whom a    
complete cure has resulted from         
separation from the seducer4 ,in some   
cases1 of course1 it will be necessary  
to do more than this1 and to subject the
 child to some special treatment2 and in
 rare instances1 in which the sphere of 
the sexual is already markedly          
developed1 it may be necessary that this
 treatment should be institutional4 ,but
 such cases are certainly very uncommon4
 ,a matter of importance is that the    
parents or other persons responsible for
 the care and guidance of the child1    
should understand the psychical         
management of children2 for example1    
that they should not fall into the      
common error of regarding the           
love-affairs of children as a joke1 and 
that they should not1 by this attitude1 

actually encourage the children in their
 course of conduct4   ,one part of      
sexual education is made up by the      
question of the purposive sexual        
enlightenment of children--a matter much
 discussed at the present day4 ,i have  
shown1 on page #h1 that this question is
 not1 as many suppose1 a new one4 ,those
 who have written on the subject of     
sexual enlightenment use this term with 
somewhat various meanings4 ,as regards  
the extension of the term1 it may be    
applied to either 7or both7 of two      
fields1 which we may term the objective 
and the subjective aspects of the sexual
 life4 ,to the objective side belong the
 physiological processes by means of    
which is effected the reproduction of   
organisms1 whether plants1 animals1 or  
human beings4 ,in explanation of these  
it is necessary to describe the         
reproductive organs1 and the processes  
of conjugation1 fertilisation1 and      
fructification1 as they have long been  
customarily taught in the botany class2 

and the nourishment of the nursing      
infant from the breast of the mother may
 also be described4 ,to the subjective  
side1 belong the relationships of the   
sexual processes to the individual      
organism1 the good and the bad effects  
of the sexual impulse1 c4 ,in this      
connexion1 reference will be made to the
 dangers of masturbation1 sexual        
excesses1 pregnancy1 venereal infection1
 and so on4 ,by many writers1 these two 
fields are not distinguished each from  
the other with sufficient clearness4    
,the question1 whether children should  
be taught about the methods of          
reproduction in plants1 animals1 and    
human beings1 must not be confused with 
the question whether they should be     
taught about masturbation or the        
venereal diseases4 ,it is possible to   
teach children that self-abuse is a     
harmful practice1 without giving them   
any account of the physiological        
processes of reproduction2 and1         
conversely1 these processes may be      

described1 without any special reference
 to the bearings of the matter on the   
individual life4 ,of course1 the two    
fields are interconnected2 and some     
writers suggest that in teaching        
children and young persons a proper     
respect for the genital organs1 such    
teaching should be based upon a         
knowledge of the subsequent function of 
these organs in the work of             
reproduction4 ,the individual processes 
cannot at once be referred to one field 
or the other2 involuntary sexual orgasm1
 menstruation1 the puberal development1 
inasmuch as they exhibit both a         
subjective and an objective aspect1     
belong to both fields4 ,this is also    
true of the sexual act itself1 in       
connexion with which1 moreover1 the     
principal difficulties of sexual        
enlightenment arise4  ,having thus      
considered the general significance of  
sexual enlightenment1 we have next to   
ask what are the grounds on which such  
enlightenment is thought to be          

desirable4 ,these will have become      
partly apparent from what has been said 
regarding the importance of the sexual  
life of the child2 but this does not    
exhaust the matter1 for the sexual      
enlightenment of the child may also     
comprise instruction concerning the     
entire subsequent development of the    
sexual life4 ,the reasons for sexual    
enlightenment may be classified under   
various heads2 the chief of these are   
reasons of health1 of social life1 of   
law1 morality1 education1 and the       
intellectual development4  ,to consider 
first the matter of intellectual        
development1 we have here to think1 not 
so much of a limitation of the          
intellectual growth in consequence of   
the sexual thoughts of the child1 as of 
the fact that instruction in the nature 
of sexual processes1 at least as far as 
the objective field is concerned1       
promotes the general culture4 ,the      
degree to which even adults are ignorant
 about such matters1 is hardly credible4

 ,there are persons who believe that    
every egg laid by a hen will develop    
into a chicken if incubated by the      
mother1 or if kept for the proper time  
in an artificial incubator2 there are   
persons who do not know what the hard   
roe and soft roe of fishes are1 who do  
not understand the nature of the        
spawning process1 and are1 in fact1     
quite uninstructed concerning the       
process of reproduction in fishes4 ,i   
have conversed with adults who did not  
know wherein a wether differs from a    
ram1 or a bullock from a bull2 and who  
were even ignorant1 as regards great    
groups of the animal kingdom1 whether   
they reproduced their kind by means of  
eggs or living young4 ,but on such      
matters as these1 every cultured person 
should be sufficiently informed1 and    
should not be capable of being shamed by
 the superior knowledge of an uneducated
 child from the country4 ,on one        
occasion1 ,i even saw a married woman1  
actually twenty-eight years of age1 who 

had been examined by a gynecologist1 and
 for whom the latter had recommended the
 operative division of the hymen2 but   
the lady confused this operation with   
ophorectomy1 and it was by no means an  
easy matter to make her understand the  
difference between the two4 ,it will    
readily be understood that every grown  
man and woman ought ultimately to be    
fully informed concerning all such      
matters4 ,in part1 such instruction will
 take place at school1 and more         
especially in the case of processes in  
the vegetable and lower animal world2   
these things will be explained in       
connexion with instruction in natural   
history and biology4 ,but information   
about the human reproductive organs     
cannot be given in the school1 unless to
 children of a considerable age2 for    
these matters1 direct personal          
instruction at home is more suitable4   
,apart from the demands of general      
culture there are other reasons why     
sexual enlightenment is desirable4      

,these chiefly concern the subjective   
aspects of the sexual life1 whilst the  
objective processes serve principally   
for preparatory instruction4  ,first of 
all1 grounds of health have to be       
considered4 ,it may be desirable to     
enlighten the child regarding the       
dangers of masturbation1 those of       
ordinary illegitimate sexual            
intercourse1 and those of sexual        
excesses4 ,no detailed discussion of    
these points is here necessary1 since   
they have been dealt with before at     
considerable length1 especially on p4   
#ahj et seq4 ,here ,i will merely point 
out that this aspect of enlightenment   
affects the entire future of the child  
and the family it will one day have4    
,the first consideration here is the    
danger of venereal infection1 and it is 
this danger1 in close association with  
the other prophylactic efforts of our   
time1 which has given rise to the recent
 movement in favour of sexual           
enlightenment4 ,in this connexion the   

dangers may be explained that threaten  
the male from gonorrhoeal infection1 not
 only in his own person1 but also in the
 persons of his future wife and         
children4 ,the wife may be infected by  
the husband1 and the visual powers of   
the new-born child may also be          
endangered4 ,ophthalmia of the new-born1
 which often leads to blindness1        
commonly depends upon conjunctival      
infection received during the act of    
parturition4 ,syphilis was referred to  
on p4 #aib4 ,here it may be added that  
still-births and abortion and           
miscarriage may result from syphilitic  
infection either of the mother or of the
 embryo4 ,or the child may be born      
alive1 but suffering from syphilitic    
infection4 ,even when no actual         
infection of the offspring results1     
syphilis favours the occurrence of a    
general degeneration of the progeny4 ,if
 we desire to safeguard human beings    
against such dangers as these1 we shall 
feel it necessary to enlighten them     

before it is too late2 and in view of   
the fact that from a single act of      
intercourse infection may result by     
which the health may be permanently     
injured1 such enlightenment is no less  
necessary for girls than for boys4  ,i  
need not describe the dangers to health 
resulting from masturbation and sexual  
excesses1 for these have previously been
 considered in detail2 but it is        
necessary to allude to the exaggerated  
statements which are sometimes          
encountered regarding the dangers of    
masturbation1 especially in popular     
works on the subject1 so that the       
physician may be on his guard about this
 matter4 ,a child who during and after  
the act of masturbation has a keen sense
 of wrong-doing1 and consequently       
suffers much from self-reproach1 may1 if
 the fear is superadded of having done  
serious permanent injury to health1 be  
affected with grave hypochondriacal     
manifestations4 ,many instances of this 
have come under my notice1 in young men 

and young women of sixteen or           
thereabouts4 ,even when the practice of 
masturbation has long been discontinued1
 and the patient is quite grown up1 such
 symptoms may arise1 owing to the       
persistence of the fear of disastrous   
results1 and the auto-suggestive        
influence of this fear4 ,nowhere is more
 tact required by the physician than in 
his dealings with those who masturbate  
or have masturbated4 ,there is even a   
real danger that a moral lecture may    
cause a shock to the system2 in the case
 of some young men it may sometimes be  
better to acquiesce in masturbation1    
rather than to alarm them by talking    
about the disastrous consequences of the
 indulgence4 ,i refer to those          
unfortunate creatures who suffer from   
severe hypersthesia of the sexual       
impulse1 and who for social reasons are 
not in a position to satisfy the impulse
 in any other way than by masturbation1 
or who refrain from illicit intercourse 
in the well-grounded fear of venereal   

infection4 ,the physician who has seen a
 number of such cases1 who has learned  
how they continually relapse into the   
practice of masturbation1               
notwithstanding all their good          
resolutions and their conviction that   
masturbation is at once dangerous and   
immoral1 will be likely to feel that it 
is better1 not indeed to recommend      
masturbation1 but from time to time     
tacitly to permit it4 ,to do in these   
cases what it is well to do in certain  
others1 namely1 to describe the bad     
effects of masturbation1 may give rise  
to grave conditions of depression1 and  
even to suicide4 ,certainly1 in such    
cases1 we must carefully avoid alarming 
the patients too seriously about the    
consequences of masturbation4  ,in      
undertaking the sexual enlightenment of 
the child1 those phenomena of the sexual
 life should not be forgotten which are 
shown by experience to arouse in the    
ripening child1 now curiosity1 and now  
anxiety--and the chief among these are  

involuntary sexual orgasm and           
menstruation4 ,imagine the state of mind
 of the girl who has never heard a word 
about menstruation1 and awakens one     
morning with blood flowing from the     
genital organs2 or that of the boy1 who 
has his first nocturnal seminal         
emission1 without having received any   
information as to its significance4     
,similar considerations apply to some of
 the other signs of puberty2 and        
especially to the growth of the pubic   
hair1 which has made many a child       
extremely anxious4 ,although1 by the    
time this age is reached1 a child has   
commonly been sufficiently informed     
about these things by his playfellows1  
we meet with instances in which nothing 
of the kind has occurred4  ,hitherto ,i 
have been considering the hygienic      
grounds for effecting sexual            
enlightenment2 but there are also       
important ethical reasons for such      
enlightenment4 ,it is not possible in   
our life to speak the truth always and  

unconditionally2 but this fact does not 
give us the right to lie to children    
without good cause4 ,especially         
dangerous is it to relate to children   
fables about the stork or the           
cabbage-garden1 at a time when they have
 long been enlightened about sex from   
other sources4 ,i recall the case of a  
girl seven years of age1 whose mother   
was still in the habit of telling her   
that babies were brought by the storks2 
but this child was accustomed to join   
with other girls and boys in playing at 
father1 mother1 and midwife1 wherein    
they displayed a comparatively exact    
knowledge of the processes of           
reproduction and birth4 ,we are not     
surprised when a woman tells us that as 
a child her confidence in her mother was
 seriously shaken from the moment when  
she was enlightened by others concerning
 the sexual life1 and she recognised    
that what her mother had told her about 
the matter was quite untrue4 ,i do not  
mean to imply that stories of the stork 

and cabbage-garden variety are to be    
altogether excluded4 ,it would be as    
reasonable to prohibit all kinds of     
fairy tales4 ,some tell us that we      
should tell children fairy stories only 
so long as they regard the whole of life
 as a fairy tale4 ,but in view of the   
vivid imagination of childhood1 no such 
sharp distinction is practicable4 ,let  
the reader recall his own childhood4    
,does the child regard the fairy tale as
 a lie1 even after he has began to doubt
 if the world of fairy stories has any  
actual existence8 ,certainly not4       
,similarly with regard to the stork     
fable4 ,i consider that the complete    
suppression of this fable1 unless we    
replace it with some like poetical      
fancy1 can do nothing but harm to the   
child's nature4 ,all that we must ask is
 that such a story shall not for too    
long be put before the child as fact4   
,when the child's development has gone  
far enough1 it will be well to dispense 
with the stork story4 ,this is suggested

 by considerations both of prudence and 
of morals1 and the like considerations  
urge us to describe to the child1       
tactfully and at the proper time1 the   
true nature of the reproductive         
processes4  ,such a course is desirable1
 if merely for the reason that when a   
child is sexually enlightened by other  
children1 this is usually effected in so
 coarse a manner as very readily to     
undermine the bases of respect for the  
sexual life of humanity4 ,a child who   
has been instructed regarding this grave
 and important matter by his parents and
 in a proper manner1 is in a position to
 reject offers of a coarse method of    
enlightenment2 but by the customary--too
 long customary--plan1 as far as        
children are concerned1 of altogether   
ignoring the sexual life1 children are  
deprived of the power of repelling      
obscene methods of enlightenment4  ,the 
legal dangers to which reference was    
made on p4 #bja et seq4 are additional  
reasons for undertaking the sexual      

enlightenment of the child4 ,i pointed  
out that1 in certain circumstances1 a   
boy of thirteen who undertook sexual    
practices with a girl of twelve was     
committing a punishable offence4 ,but   
sexual enlightenment is desirable1 not  
merely for those of this age1 but also  
for those who are somewhat older4 ,a    
large number of people are completely   
ignorant of our penal code in these     
relationships4 ,i recall the case of a  
sexually perverse young man of twenty   
who on a number of occasions performed  
the following acts with boys of about   
thirteen years of age4 ,he would go to a
 public bath1 induce a boy of thirteen  
or so to enter his dressing cubicle1    
and1 as if in joke1 tie the boy's hands 
together4 ,in reality1 as he did this1  
he experienced sexual excitement to the 
point of ejaculation4 ,this latter      
occurred especially when he touched the 
boy's body--not his genital organs4 ,he 
had absolutely no idea that such acts   
were punishable with imprisonment1 in   

accordance with the third paragraph of  
,section #agf of the ,criminal ,code2   
and it gave him a terrible shock when ,i
 explained to him that he had rendered  
himself liable to imprisonment4 ,some   
persons even believe that they may      
handle children's genital organs1 for   
the purpose of exciting themselves      
sexually1 without rendering themselves  
liable to punishment4 ,it is obvious    
that on these grounds also enlightenment
 on sexual matters may be extremely     
desirable4  ,finally1 there are certain 
social and economic reasons for sexual  
enlightenment4 ,these reasons are       
closely connected with those bearing    
upon health1 but they may in part be    
separated from the latter4 ,no one will 
deny that illegitimate sexual           
intercourse may entail grave social     
consequences4 ,for women these dangers  
are much greater than they are for men2 
but for men1 even1 they are by no means 
inconsiderable4 ,as far as women are    
concerned1 the danger of extra-marital  

impregnation occupies the first place4  
,the importance of this of course varies
 greatly in various regions and in      
different social strata4 ,in the        
servant-class in the country1 for       
instance1 pre-marital sexual            
intercourse1 and even pre-marital       
motherhood1 is far from having the      
seriousness which attaches to these     
things among the old peasant families   
firmly rooted to the soil4 ,among the   
servant-class in towns1 the matter has a
 more serious aspect than among the same
 class in the country4 ,on the other    
hand1 in many artistic circles in the   
,metropolis1 pre-marital intercourse1   
even on the part of women1 is regarded  
far more indifferently than in other    
strata of society4 ,none the less1 for a
 girl of the upper ranks1 extra-marital 
pregnancy is for the most part          
tantamount to social annihilation4 ,even
 here exceptions occur1 and we shall    
find good families of the aristocracy   
and the upper bourgeoisie in which a    

woman who has given birth to an         
illegitimate child1 or even one who is  
manifestly a cocotte1 will be socially  
recognised1 provided she has attained   
some great position1 such as that of a  
great artist1 for instance4 ,in such    
cases we may even find that women who on
 other occasions are unable adequately  
to express their hatred and contempt for
 prostitutes and similar unfortunate    
beings1 will yet be proud of their      
friendship with such a woman1 and will  
boast of it in public4 ,but such        
opportunities of social recovery are    
open to very few2 most women of the     
upper classes sink rapidly and far in   
the social scale as soon as it is       
publicly known that they have experience
 of illegitimate intercourse4 ,for this 
reason1 such consequences must be taken 
into the reckoning4 ,the objection need 
not be raised that the sexual           
enlightenment would not safeguard a     
girl1 since1 when she gives herself to a
 man1 a girl knows well enough that     

children are the result of sexual       
intercourse4 ,the objection is unsound1 
if we only have a right understanding of
 what we mean by sexual enlightenment1  
and if at the same time we do not       
neglect the general sexual education4   
,enlightenment should not be limited to 
merely making the person concerned aware
 of the consequences of sexual acts2 it 
should1 as it were1 become ingrained in 
the flesh and blood1 so as to influence 
the actions1 even unconsciously4 ,a girl
 brought up in this way will defend     
herself instinctively against the wiles 
of a seducer4 ,but only by such an      
education1 by one which is not confined 
to the mere imparting of information1   
can we produce in the girl greater      
powers of self-protection and a more    
enduring self-consciousness1 and so save
 her from the far too common fate of    
behaving like a stupid unripe creature1 
and believing all the asseverations of  
the first man who makes love to         
her--asseverations which the man        

himself1 in the moment of passion1 very 
probably believes4 ,let me1 then1 repeat
 that all that appertains to the sexual 
enlightenment must became part of the   
flesh and blood of the subject2 only    
from this can we expect good results1   
whereas a sexual education which        
consists merely in the acquirement of   
information1 is altogether valueless4   
,but by a true sexual enlightenment1 in 
the sense above defined1 it is probable 
that many a girl may be safeguarded from
 prostitution2 and many a child1 boys as
 well as girls1 may be better protected 
against the attempts of pdophiles4 ,and 
these considerations apply1 not merely  
to childhood1 but also to subsequent    
life--especially as regards girls4 ,how 
many girls enter upon marriage quite    
ignorant and altogether inexperienced4  
,they commit themselves to the keeping  
of a man of whom they know hardly       
anything at all4 ,the parents are often 
satisfied with the most meagre          
information4 ,it is considered improper 

to ask for detailed information         
regarding the husband's past life1 and  
hence it often happens that a girl is   
delivered up to an unscrupulous man     
suffering from venereal infection1      
simply because she has never been       
adequately informed regarding the       
serious step she is undertaking1        
regarding the completely new mode of    
life upon which she is so suddenly      
entering4 ,we thus see that there are   
ample grounds for explaining to a girl  
in good time precisely what she will    
undertake in entering the married state4
  ,a question of importance is at what  
age the sexual enlightenment can most   
wisely be effected4 ,some advise that   
enlightenment should begin with our     
answers to the first questions the child
 propounds upon the subject2 others     
contend that it is better to wait till  
it is somewhat older than this4 ,there  
is truth in both these views2 but the   
matter and manner of our communications 
must be appropriate to the age of the   

child with which we are dealing4 ,when a
 young man is being sent to the         
university1 it is wise to instruct him  
concerning the dangers of venereal      
infection2 but to inform him that human 
beings come into the world as the result
 of an act of sexual intercourse would  
be altogether superfluous4 ,conversely1 
if a child asks its parents where its   
little brother has come from1 we do not 
need to say anything about syphilis and 
gonorrhoea2 but none the less we can    
give such a child an account suitable   
for one of its age of the way in which  
human beings come into the world4       
,speaking generally1 it may be said that
 the biology and physiology of          
reproduction--that is to say1 the       
objective processes--may be described at
 a comparatively early age2 but that    
cautions regarding masturbation should  
not1 in average cases1 be given before  
the age of thirteen or fourteen2 and    
that instruction about the risks of     
venereal infection should be deferred   

until even later than this4 ,in the case
 of boys1 in so far as enlightenment in 
the school is concerned1 information    
about venereal infection may1 for       
practical reasons1 best be given about  
the time the boys are preparing to leave
 for a higher school4 ,in the case of   
girls1 for whom a caution against risks 
of impregnation and against prostitution
 are especially in question1 we have    
also1 as far as sexual enlightenment in 
the school is under consideration1 to   
recommend the time when they are about  
to leave school4 ,but if we prefer that 
sexual enlightenment1 or at any rate a  
part of such enlightenment1 should be   
effected at home rather than in the     
school 7a course which ,i regard as     
essentially preferable71 it will be     
impossible to lay down a fixed rule as  
to the age at which this should take    
place4 ,to a lively girl of twelve or   
thirteen years1 a great deal can be said
 far better by the mother1 than can be  
said to a girl considerably older1 say  

at fifteen1 by the school physician1    
schoolmaster1 or schoolmistress4        
,speaking generally1 in the case of     
girls1 the enlightenment may well begin 
at a somewhat earlier age than in the   
case of boys--at any rate as regards the
 subjective processes of the sexual     
life4  ,on the whole1 it may be regarded
 as definitely established that the     
child may well receive information about
 the objective processes at a very early
 age1 and this long before the time     
commonly regarded as marking the        
commencement of puberty4 ,but as regards
 the subjective processes1 it is better 
that there should be some delay4 ,it    
may1 indeed1 be asked whether it would  
not be preferable that in the case also 
of the subjective processes1 the child  
should be instructed before they        
actually make their appearance in the   
child's own consciousness1 to render    
possible the adoption on the child's    
part of a more objective attitude       
towards these phenomena4 ,but in reality

 such a course offers no advantages4    
,the child is quite unable to understand
 the dangers of the sexual life1 as long
 as it has no actual experience of      
sexual feelings4 ,for this reason1 it is
 better to accept the view of those who 
contend that1 as far as the subjective  
processes of the sexual life are        
concerned1 we should wait till near the 
end of the second period of childhood   
before beginning the enlightenment4 ,but
 we must not forget what has previously 
been pointed out1 that the puberal      
development may begin at a time when    
nothing of the sort is apparent to the  
eye of the observer2 and we must also   
bear in mind that the first seminal     
emission and the first menstruation are 
by no means so important1 as marks of   
the puberal development1 as is commonly 
believed4 ,for the fulfilment of the    
aims of the sexual enlightenment1       
however1 it does not so much matter when
 the first physical manifestations of   
the puberal development make their      

appearance1 but when the first sexual   
feelings and sentiments1 which must be  
distinguished from the unconscious and  
purely physical symptoms1 are           
experienced4 ,the important matter is1  
not whether follicles have already      
matured in the ovary1 but what influence
 such a process has exercised upon the  
mental life of the child4 ,for this     
reason1 in our study of the individual  
case1 we must have some knowledge of the
 psyche of the child with which we are  
concerned4  ,a matter also within the   
scope of our subject is the question by 
whom the sexual enlightenment may best  
be effected4 ,this question is connected
 with the questions for what reason and 
at what age enlightenment should take   
place4 ,as regards these points1 it lies
 between the school and the home4 ,some 
writers contend that so far as possible 
every thing1 others1 that1 at any rate1 
a great deal1 should be imparted at     
school4 ,the latter view is also my own4
  ,in so far as the enlightenment has to

 do with purely biological processes1   
and especially in so far as it relates  
to processes in the vegetable and lower 
animal world1 it can be effected in the 
school1 and in the first years of the   
second period of childhood2 but of      
course the giving of such instruction at
 school does not prevent a father who   
goes out walking with his son1 or a     
mother with her daughter1 from seizing  
opportunities of giving information     
about the sexual processes of           
plant-life4 ,at school1 education       
regarding such biological processes will
 form a part of the lessons in botany   
and zoology2 or will be imparted in the 
class on general biology1 if such a     
class exists4 ,instruction in hygiene1  
such as is often advised1 has little to 
do with the matters we are now          
considering2 and at any rate could      
merely involve an elementary account of 
such processes4 ,the school may even be 
the best place for sexual enlightenment 
regarding the sexual life of human      

beings1 at least in the case of the     
older pupils4 ,there is no adequate     
reason for objecting to boys about to   
leave school being warned by a          
schoolmaster or a physician about the   
dangers of venereal disease2 and at the 
same time a plea may be put forward     
against the view that it is incumbent   
upon every young man to prove his       
strength by the maximum indulgence in   
sexual intercourse4  ,but the matter is 
very different as regards the           
enlightenment concerning the subjective 
processes of the sexual life of those   
who are still quite young4 ,it is       
impossible to approve of the suggestion 
that a girl of twelve or a boy of       
fourteen should receive instruction in  
school as to the dangers of             
masturbation4 ,enlightenment of this    
sort must be given in a purely          
individual manner1 and for this reason  
the school is here out of the question4 
,it may be objected to this that we now 
and again encounter a schoolmaster who  

is able to establish between himself and
 his pupils a relationship of complete  
personal confidence1 and that such a man
 is just as well able as the father to  
instruct his boys about these matters2  
mutatis mutandis1 the same              
considerations apply to the exceptional 
schoolmistress as compared with the     
mother4 ,but although it must be        
admitted that such cases really exist1  
they are--and this is no fault of master
 or mistress--such rare exceptions1 that
 it is out of the question to base upon 
their existence a general rule that     
enlightenment upon these particular     
points should be given in the school4   
,enlightenment regarding the earliest   
manifestations of the sexual life1      
whether about the feelings or about the 
peripheral processes1 demands such a    
degree of individualisation1 that a     
schoolmaster or a schoolmistress1 who   
has to teach from thirty to fifty pupils
 at once1 or even a larger number than  
this1 is quite unable to undertake      

anything of the kind4 ,such             
enlightenment can be properly effected  
only by an individual confidant1 and by 
one who makes the fullest possible      
allowance for the child's own           
individuality4 ,such a confidant is most
 suitable1 if only for the reason that  
enlightenment on these questions can    
best be effected1 above all in the case 
of little children1 as far as possible  
in response to spontaneous inquiries1 or
 at least when an opportunity is        
afforded by some chance occurrence4 ,the
 express manufacture of an opportunity1 
such as would be necessary in the       
school1 might entail very unfortunate   
consequences2 and even if1 in response  
to a wide demand of our day1 instruction
 in hygiene is given in school1 either  
by a schoolmaster or a medical man1 the 
anticipation of such topics might have  
undesirable results4 ,in the ,german    
,medical ,congress of the year #aijh1 it
 was evident that even the advocates of 
hygienic instruction in the school were 

not all prepared to answer with an      
unqualified affirmative the question    
whether the school was the best place   
for effecting sexual enlightenment2 and 
a resolution proposed by ,scheyer was   
adopted1 to the effect that this        
,congress considers that the question of
 the school taking part in the work of  
sexual enlightenment is one which it    
would at present be premature to        
discuss4  ,those who are inclined to    
assume to-day that we have left the     
older authorities far in the rear1 would
 do well sometimes to study the works   
they despise4 ,basedow in his           
,elementarbuch fr die ,jugend und fr    
ihre ,lehrer und ,freunde 7,handbook for
 ,young ,persons1 their ,teachers1 and  
their ,friends71 gives some ideas as to 
how a mother may best enlighten her     
children regarding sex-differences4     
,looking at a chest of drawers1 one of  
the children says to the mother that the
 purpose of clothing is to protect the  
body from cold and heat1 and to cover   

the private parts4 ,the mother replies  
that the last-named use of clothing is  
indeed very important1 and that it is   
very naughty to allow these parts of the
 body to be seen1 unless in cases of the
 greatest need4 ,but the child goes on  
to say that an additional use of        
clothing is to help us to know one      
person from another1 and to distinguish 
the female sex from the male2 and her   
little brother remarks that he knows of 
no difference between the sexes other   
than that shown by the clothing3 ,if ,i 
were dressed like my sister1 ,i should  
be a girl4 ,no1 no1 my child1 answers   
the mother1 as time goes on1 a girl's   
form becomes very different from that of
 a young man4 ,in men1 a beard grows2   
but not in women4 ,men cannot give birth
 to a child1 nor can they suckle a      
child2 they can only procreate children1
 or become fathers4 ,for this reason1   
even from the time they are born1 their 
bodies are different from those of      
little girls4 ,and not only are their   

bodies different2 their inclinations are
 different also2 c4 c4 ,although we may 
be disinclined to accept everything that
 ,basedow and other early               
educationalists have said about such    
matters1 none the less1 in these old    
writings the modern educationalist will 
find much that is suggestive4  ,of late 
years1 now that the school physician has
 gained a higher position1 the          
suggestion is sometimes made that it is 
by him that the sexual enlightenment may
 best be undertaken4 ,as far as children
 of a fair age are concerned1 and in the
 matter of imparting warnings against   
the dangers of venereal infection1 ,i   
share this view4 ,but as regards        
enlightenment as to the personal sexual 
life in the case of a child of thirteen 
or so1 ,i am compelled to differ4 ,my   
reasons will be obvious from what has   
been said before4 ,the principal reason 
is that the enlightenment ought to be   
effected by someone who enjoys the      
child's personal confidence4            

,undoubtedly there are certain school   
physicians who fulfil this condition2   
and to such persons this task may1 of   
course1 be entrusted4 ,the very fact    
that they enjoy the children's          
confidence suffices to show that they   
possess certain special qualifications  
for such a task1 and further1 that they 
have the faculty of coming to a real    
understanding with children4 ,but the   
fact that a man is appointed to the     
position of school physician1 does not  
by itself prove that he possesses to an 
adequate degree the fine perceptions and
 the tact that are needed in effecting  
the sexual enlightenment2 nor does it   
prove that he is the person best fitted 
to enlighten the children with whom he  
has to deal4 ,in this difficult matter1 
we cannot be too careful in formulating 
any general rule4 ,the person who is to 
effect the sexual enlightenment must    
possess1 not merely a theoretical       
knowledge of the processes of sex1 but  
also the faculty of making these        

processes intelligible at the right     
moment and in the right way4 ,but how is
 the school physician or the            
schoolmaster to know1 in individual     
cases1 the degree to which the sexual   
life has developed8 ,he must have       
definitely abandoned the old view that  
either the child's age in years or the  
external physical signs of puberty can  
be regarded as indicating with any      
degree of precision the progress of     
psychosexual puberty4 ,but since this   
latter1 the psychosexual development1   
should most often guide us in the choice
 of the right moment for effecting the  
sexual enlightenment1 we are compelled  
to depend upon an individual            
consideration of the child1 such as will
 be possible only to a person who is    
fully in its confidence4 ,we learn from 
everyday experience that even very near 
relatives1 if they have failed to       
penetrate the child's intimate psyche1  
may have utterly erroneous conceptions  
of its mental life4 ,they completely    

ignore the extent to which the sexual   
imaginative activity has already        
developed2 they know nothing as to      
whether the originally obscure          
sensibility of the child has now become 
focussed in a particular direction1 so  
that its feelings are stimulated by     
definite individuals2 they are ignorant 
of the degree to which the child's      
genital organs have become subject to   
the peripheral changes characteristic of
 sex4 ,in the fourth chapter of this    
work ,i have discussed the wide         
individual differences which children   
exhibit in these various respects2 and a
 mere reference to the matter here      
should suffice to show that the most    
careful and detailed individual         
examination of the child-soul is        
indispensable1 and that the observance  
of a mechanical routine in the process  
of sexual enlightenment would be even   
worse than no enlightenment at all4  ,it
 is a question of great importance1 who1
 outside the school1 is the person best 

fitted to undertake the sexual          
enlightenment2 and ,i have repeatedly   
expressed my preference for the         
selection of the mother4 ,but a mother  
who is unable to superintend the general
 education of her children1 because she 
is compelled to spend most of her time  
away from home engaged in earning a     
livelihood1 is not fitted to undertake  
the sexual enlightenment of her         
children2 equally unfitted for this is  
the mother who leaves the education of  
her children in the hands of hired      
assistants1 whilst herself occupied in  
attending public meetings1 perhaps on   
behalf of the woman's movement1 of the  
education of children1 of the promotion 
of the sexual enlightenment1 of rational
 dress1 or the like1 whilst her children
 at home are abandoned to moral         
corruption2 and the same considerations 
apply to the mother whose nights are so 
much occupied in dancing and feasting1  
that the greater part of her days have  
to be spent in bed4 ,fortunately1       

however1 there are many mothers who have
 very different conceptions of their    
duties to home and children4 ,we find   
such mothers very often among the class 
of skilled artisans1 but also among the 
cultured middle class1#adc although     
among these latter the desire to ape the
 manners of the so-called upper classes 
is unfortunately far too general4 ,i    
have seen cases in which the mother was 
still the confidant of her sons after   
they had entered the period of early    
manhood2 and thus ,i have known a mother
 who in the case of a son of sixteen and
 even of eighteen years1 was in a       
position to allay the grave anxiety     
awakened by the first occurrence of     
nocturnal emissions4 ,but where the     
mother is not the confidant1 some other 
person must take this place1 as1 for    
instance1 a governess or a near         
relative4 ,in the case of boys1 the     
father is often the person best able to 
undertake the sexual enlightenment2 or  
it may be a physician who enjoys the    

lad's confidence1 and especially a      
family physician in the old and         
excellent sense of the term2 in other   
cases it may be an elder brother1 or an 
old family friend4 ,much good in such   
cases may be done by a friend1 older1   
indeed1 than the child who is to receive
 enlightenment2 and yet not so much     
older as to make the child feel that a  
mutual understanding is hardly possible4
 ,in any case1 next to the possession of
 a cultivated intelligence by the person
 who undertakes to effect the sexual    
enlightenment1 the point of greatest    
importance is that this latter person   
should receive the full confidence of   
the child4 ,only when the child has such
 perfect trust1 will it accept as true  
what it is told1 and not suspect that1  
as has so often been the case1 it is    
being put off with hypocritical         
phrases--for children recognise the     
hypocritical character of much of what  
they are told about sexual matters at an
 age far earlier than most elders are   

willing to believe4 ,but another reason 
why the person who undertakes the       
enlightenment must be one who has the   
child's fullest confidence1 is that in  
that case only can the child be expected
 to be absolutely straightforward4 ,a   
very frequent mistake in dealing with   
children is to mistrust them needlessly4
 ,let us suppose that a child has been  
discovered to masturbate1 and that it is
 spoken to very earnestly in order to   
break it off the habit4 ,i have known   
cases in which1 although everything     
pointed to the fact that the child had  
abandoned its bad habit1 yet1 when it   
denied masturbating any longer1 it was  
accused of lying4 ,a child will         
naturally never give its confidence     
again to one who has once unjustly      
reproached it in this manner4 ,on the   
other hand1 a child is far more likely  
to acknowledge its faults to one in whom
 it has perfect confidence4 ,the child's
 confidence can be gained only by an    
individual confidant4 ,in the presence  

of such a confidant1 a child loses all  
sense of false shame1 and this is an    
indispensable precondition for effecting
 a really valuable enlightenment4 ,where
 no individual is forthcoming who       
fulfils the requirements just specified1
 it is usually better to dispense with  
the enlightenment2 and above all1 in    
this matter1 a mechanical routine must  
be avoided4  ,i will now briefly report 
a case in which a younger brother made a
 confidant of his elder brother1 and    
will show how unwise it would be to lay 
down any general rule as to who is the  
person best fitted to undertake the     
sexual enlightenment of a child4  ,,case
 #ah4--,one day a student of medicine   
came to me to ask my advice about his   
younger brother1 a lad of thirteen4     
,this latter1 an intelligent boy1 was   
attending the upper third class of the  
higher school4 ,the boy confessed to his
 brother that he masturbated to excess1 
and that he found that scenes of cruelty
 especially aroused sexual stimulation4 

,i asked the student to bring his young 
brother to see me1 and the latter made  
on me a very favourable impression1     
especially in the matter of his         
frankness4 ,he spoke to me quite openly1
 and attended most carefully to all my  
advice4 ,i explained to him truthfully  
that his future was endangered1 not only
 by the masturbation1 but also by the   
perverse ideas2 ,i told him that the    
danger of a combination of masturbation 
with perverse ideas was especially      
serious2 and ,i assured him that he was 
still at an age when it remained        
possible for him to develop into a      
normal man4 ,some years later1 ,i saw   
the young man once more4 ,his subsequent
 development had been excellent1 and he 
was almost free from perverse sexual    
sensibility4  ,in this case it would    
have been utterly wrong to insist on the
 lad's being enlightened by his father1 
his mother1 his guardian1 or his        
schoolmaster4 ,the particular           
circumstances of the life often point   

out the right way4 ,in this instance1 it
 was his older brother in whom the lad  
had complete confidence4 ,now1 if the   
elder brother had consulted the parents 
in this difficulty1 such a course would 
not merely have destroyed the younger's 
confidence in his elder brother's       
silence and discretion1 but would have  
undermined the lad's confidence in      
general4 ,especially towards the        
parents1 but also towards other         
relatives1 a feeling of shame commonly  
exists--perhaps a mistaken feeling1 but 
one with which we have to reckon4 ,often
 it is the parents' own fault1 when they
 fail to gain the confidence of their   
children4  ,the question has also been  
mooted whether the sexual enlightenment 
of girls should not be entrusted to some
 companion of the same sex1 more        
especially in cases in which the mother 
is for one reason or another unfitted   
for this task4 ,this view is altogether 
erroneous4 ,sex has comparatively little
 to do with the question4 ,for example1 

,heidenhain1 whose practical experience 
in these matters is most extensive1 has 
shown that the enlightenment of girls   
may be effected most admirably by a male
 physician endowed with the requisite   
qualities4#add ,the thing that matters  
is not the sex of the person who effects
 the enlightenment1 but the manner in   
which the enlightenment is effected4    
,to sum up4 ,the sexual enlightenment of
 the child is advisable4 ,the biological
 processes of sex in the vegetable and  
lower animal world may be taught in     
school as early as the second period of 
childhood4 ,a warning against the       
dangers of venereal infection may be    
given at school to the senior pupils    
shortly before they leave1 or at some   
similar suitable opportunity4 ,but for  
effecting enlightenment regarding the   
processes of the individual sexual life1
 the school is unsuitable2 this matter  
can best be undertaken by some private  
person1 and above all by the mother4    
,choice of the time for this last phase 

of the sexual enlightenment must be     
guided1 in part by the questions of the 
child1 in part by the child's physical  
maturity1 but more especially by the    
indications of psychosexual development4
  ,deliberately ,i avoid discussing the 
question as to the precise words and    
phrases with which the child's          
enlightenment is to be effected4        
,moreover1 this question is subordinate 
to another1 namely1 to what extent      
instruction in natural science has      
prepared the way1 in the child's mind1  
for such enlightenment4 ,both in        
,germany and in ,austria1 schemata have 
been drawn up for systematic preparation
 of this kind4#ade ,speaking generally1 
we may draw the following conclusions4  
,we have to distinguish according to the
 age of the child with which we have to 
deal4 ,where we have to caution a young 
man about to leave one of the higher    
schools1 about the dangers of venereal  
infection1 our difficulties are         
inconsiderable4 ,but where we have to do

 with a girl of eight1 who has asked her
 mother where her baby brother has come 
from2 or with a boy of fourteen1 whom we
 wish to protect because he has taken to
 sexual malpractices with his           
school-fellows1 our difficulties are    
great4 ,in such cases1 tact1 which      
cannot always be taught1 and a desire   
for the best interests of the child1    
must show us the right path4 ,it is     
obvious that each case will require     
individual consideration and treatment4 
,an intelligent mother1 who constitutes 
half the child's world and more1 can    
describe these matters to her child1 can
 even describe the sexual act1 whose    
existence most persons prefer to conceal
 from children4 ,it is by no means      
impossible to present even this act to  
the child's mind in a tactful way4 ,it  
can be done in a poetical manner1 and   
yet without departing from the strict   
truth4 ,the same considerations apply to
 the act of birth4 ,in a book dealing   
with this subject1 a mother is asked by 

her child where children come from1 and 
she answers as follows3 ,you see1 little
 one1 how fruit grows upon a tree2 in   
just the same way1 little children grow 
within the body of the mother4 ,beyond  
question1 there is no justification for 
the assumption that sexual enlightenment
 can be effected only in a repulsive    
manner2 and this view depends merely    
upon the fact that through a perversion 
of moral ideas certain persons regard as
 unclean things which are essentially   
clean4 ,everything depends upon the     
person who effects the enlightenment1   
upon finding a suitable opportunity1 and
 upon choosing words and phrases adapted
 to the child's intelligence4 ,success  
will often follow upon replying in an   
illuminating way to some chance question
 of the child4 ,in other cases1 there   
may be indications for making the       
enlightenment part of a festival        
occasion--a method described in an old  
book1 in which the father effects the   
enlightenment of his children to the    

accompaniment of public prayers4#adf    
,the description shows a truly religious
 spirit1 and a genuine love for         
children2 it shows1 further1 that       
natural processes may be described      
truthfully to children without wounding 
in any way their sense of shame4 ,there 
is no ground whatever for the belief    
that to a fairly advanced child a       
serious person cannot suitably describe 
all the natural processes of the human  
body1 including sexual intercourse4 ,the
 child to whom these things are         
described in a well-considered way1 will
 receive no kind of injury to its moral 
sentiments2 nor will such a description1
 once more1 if it is couched in         
well-chosen words1 provoke in the child 
any tendency to laughter4 ,the secrecy  
with which the sexual life is           
surrounded1 confused by many with the   
sentiment of shame1 often gives rise to 
the belief that the child has the same  
feelings about the sexual life as the   
adult4 ,but the unspoiled child has     

absolutely no feeling that the sexual   
life is in any way unclean2 and for this
 very reason1 no great difficulty arises
 in the sexual enlightenment of such an 
unspoiled child--an enlightenment which 
includes a description of the sexual    
act4 ,i have myself on several occasions
 been asked by parents with a proper    
care for the future morality and health 
of their children1 to undertake the     
necessary enlightenment of these latter4
 ,i am absolutely convinced that when   
the child has complete trust in the     
person who effects the enlightenment1   
the explanation of everything is fully  
possible4 ,in this book1 ,i have more   
than once proved that a description of  
sexual intercourse1 appealing as it does
 rather to the intellectual side of the 
child's mind1 need have no bad influence
 at all upon its emotional life2 and in 
the further course of this chapter ,i   
shall have to speak of the matter once  
again4 ,i may add here that there are   
books written specially for the purpose 

of assisting parents in the instruction 
of their children in these matters4#adg 
,from what ,i have written it will have 
been obvious that ,i regard the sexual  
enlightenment of the child as very      
desirable2 but it does not follow from  
this that ,i regard it as something that
 must be undertaken4 ,not everything is 
practicable which may seem desirable4   
,we must not forget that there are      
dangers associated with the sexual      
enlightenment4 ,it will not be right    
simply to ignore a reason often alleged 
against the desirability of sexual      
enlightenment1 namely1 that in this way 
it is possible that the child's thoughts
 will be turned in the sexual direction4
 ,this is unquestionably possible1 and  
the danger can only be avoided by great 
adroitness4 ,but when we remember that  
such adroitness is not found everywhere1
 we shall have to admit1 however much we
 may wish that the sexual enlightenment 
of children should invariably be        
effected1 that it will often be         

necessary to dispense with it1 because  
the person suitable to undertake the    
enlightenment of a particular child is  
not forthcoming4  ,if the right person  
is not to be found1 the idea of the     
sexual enlightenment must be abandoned4 
,however unsympathetic and even         
dangerous the manner in which1 as a     
rule1 children mutually enlighten one   
another about sexual matters1 even more 
serious dangers may attach to the       
enlightenment of a child by an adult    
unsuited for this difficult task4 ,inept
 enlightenment may entail extremely     
serious consequences1 and more          
especially it is likely to bring about  
the particular evil results that we are 
most eager to avoid1 that is to say1 it 
may direct the attention of the child to
 its own sexual inclinations4 ,we have  
also to take into account the fact that 
there are persons who cannot discuss    
sexual topics without themselves        
becoming sexually excited2 and we cannot
 afford to ignore the danger that among 

those who undertake to effect the sexual
 enlightenment of children there may be 
persons who will gladly seize every     
opportunity of speaking to the children 
upon sexual matters1 intoxicating       
themselves the while with their own     
sexual imaginings4 ,the grave danger of 
allowing an unsuitable person to        
undertake the sexual enlightenment is   
obvious from the existence of those     
persons who teach that homosexual       
inclinations occurring in children      
indicate that they are permanently      
homosexual--a view which1 as has been   
shown1 is utterly erroneous4 ,but let us
 suppose that one who holds such a      
doctrine is the person who has          
undertaken the sexual enlightenment of a
 child1 and we can hardly doubt what the
 result will be1 namely1 to foster      
homosexuality4 ,the greatest possible   
care must therefore be exercised in the 
selection of the person who is to       
undertake the sexual enlightenment4     
,nor must we expect too much from the   

sexual enlightenment4 ,although to      
adults the way in which one schoolboy   
instructs another about matters of sex  
may appear to be extremely unpleasant1  
yet1 as a matter of practical           
experience1 this method has not had the 
disastrous results that some believe to 
attach to it4 ,unquestionably1 the      
,germans and other civilised races have 
done much very important work1 not only 
in the intellectual field1 but also in  
that of ethics and in that of social    
life4 ,still we have learned that       
disadvantages are entailed by the       
rough-and-ready methods of sexual       
enlightenment hitherto commonly         
practised4 ,will these ill-effects      
disappear with the realisation of the   
modern efforts for a purposive and      
deliberate sexual enlightenment8 ,even  
though the modern ideas on the subject  
are to be preferred1 it must not be     
supposed that their adoption will       
immediately result in the disappearance 
of all the unfavourable aspects of the  

sexual life4 ,we shall not thereby      
transform children into little angels2  
and ,i doubt very much if the new       
methods of enlightenment will have much 
effect in diminishing the frequency of  
masturbation among children4 ,i am led  
to this conviction by my experience that
 at the time when the process of sexual 
ripening begins1 a child does not       
usually possess an adequate sense of the
 dangers of such malpractices4 ,i am    
certainly afraid that nothing we can do 
will greatly lessen the prevalence of   
masturbation among children4 ,i would   
rather venture to hope for a diminution 
in the prevalence of venereal diseases1 
as a result of the newer methods of     
sexual enlightenment2 but even here     
there will be many cases in which       
passion will gain the victory over all  
possible prudential considerations4 ,the
 same remarks apply also to pregnancy1  
and to the other consequences of the    
sexual life4  ,i am1 moreover1 sceptical
 because the very persons to whom to-day

 we have to look to effect the sexual   
enlightenment of children1 are          
themselves to a great extent also in    
need of enlightenment2 and in respect of
 many of the questions about which the  
child has to be enlightened1 no general 
harmony of scientific opinion can as yet
 be said to obtain4 ,take1 for example1 
the question whether masturbation during
 the period of sexual development is or 
is not a physiological act2 or the      
question whether sexual abstinence can  
do any harm to the health4 ,it is true  
that such differences in scientific     
opinion are not so extensive as gravely 
to affect the question of the sexual    
enlightenment of the child4 ,in the     
matter of sexual abstinence1 for        
example1 the majority of physicians are 
to-day agreed upon the view that such   
abstinence in general does no harm2 and 
that those1 if any1 whose health may be 
unfavourably influenced by sexual       
abstinence1 constitute at most a very   
small minority4 ,in my own view1 the    

persons who may suffer from this cause  
are those affected with hypersthesia of 
the sexual impulse1 and in whom the     
impulse is dominant to such a degree    
that it interferes with all their       
alternative activities4 ,but it is      
certainly only an extremely small       
percentage of persons about whom1 among 
medical men able to speak               
authoritatively1 that there is any      
difference of opinion4  ,a more serious 
matter is the extent to which erroneous 
views about sexual questions still      
prevail among the populace4 ,a father   
who starts with the false assumption    
that his son must inevitably have       
intercourse with so many prostitutes and
 must seduce so many girls--in a word1 a
 father who regards sexual abstinence as
 unmanly1 or as necessarily dangerous to
 health 7and fathers who hold such      
opinions are no rarity7--such a father  
must himself be sexually enlightened    
before we give him the right to         
enlighten his son4 ,those also          

themselves greatly need enlightenment   
who1 for instance1 advise a young       
bridegroom who has always lived a chaste
 life to visit a prostitute before      
marriage1 in order to prove his sexual  
potency4 ,as if potency in intercourse  
with an experienced prostitute1 skilled 
in all the tricks of her trade1 were a  
proof that the bridegroom will prove    
sexually potent in intercourse with a   
chaste woman2 or as if1 on the other    
hand1 the fact that a man proves        
impotent when he attempts intercourse   
with a prostitute whose embraces are    
repulsive to him1 were in any sense     
whatever a proof that the same man will 
fail to effect intercourse with the     
woman he loves4 ,thus1 many full-grown  
men are in need of enlightenment about  
this matter of sexual potency1 and      
especially need information regarding   
the extent of the individual variations 
in this matter4 ,we hear of young men   
who believe themselves to be ill1 simply
 because they are not sexually potent to

 a degree that enables them to effect   
complete sexual intercourse several     
times in brief succession4 ,their error 
often depends upon the fact that they   
have been told by other young men that  
normal sexual potency enables a man to  
have repeated intercourse at intervals  
of a few minutes4 ,as regards the       
informants1 it may be that1 having had  
such exceptional potency on one or two  
occasions1 they really believe it to be 
a normal requisite of full manhood2 more
 often1 however1 the mistake originates 
from a young man taking at its face     
value the boasting of one of his        
comrades who has lied freely about his  
own virile potency4 ,i have known       
similar things happen in the case of    
women1 among whom boasting about the    
intensity of the voluptuous sensations  
experienced during sexual intercourse is
 by no means uncommon4 ,there are a     
great many women in whom voluptuous     
sensations during intercourse are       
entirely lacking1 and in whom even      

sexual desire may be in abeyance4       
,sometimes this is a matter of no great 
importance4 ,but wives whose            
women-friends have boasted to such an   
extent of the intensity of the          
voluptuous sensations experienced in    
sexual intercourse1 are apt to          
overestimate the importance of the lack 
of such voluptuous pleasure in their own
 experience of the sexual act2 and it is
 therefore desirable that women should  
know the true facts of the case4 ,we    
have further to remember that many of   
the disillusionments of marriage depend 
upon the fact that before marriage girls
 have allowed their imaginations to run 
riot concerning the intensity of        
enjoyment they will experience in sexual
 intercourse2 all the greater is their  
disillusionment if they are among those 
who fail1 after all1 to experience      
sexual pleasure to the full4  ,in       
conclusion1 ,i may refer to another     
instance of the way in which the        
importance of the sexual enlightenment  

is apt to be over-estimated1 namely1 as 
regards the effect of the enlightenment 
in furnishing protection against the    
venereal diseases4 ,it is by this very  
error attaching to so much of what is   
said about the sexual enlightenment1    
that attention is readily diverted from 
a far more important field4 ,namely1 in 
moral questions1 a child is far more    
easily influenced by good example1 than 
by any amount of good instruction by    
word of mouth4 ,example arouses a       
stimulus towards imitative action1      
whilst1 in countless cases1 the listener
 has no inclination whatever to do what 
he is merely told4 ,this applies even to
 very little children1 who adopt for    
themselves the practices they observe in
 their elders to a far greater extent   
than is commonly believed--although1 as 
,bleuler#adh has shown1 in this         
imitativeness the conceptual life may   
play a comparatively small part4 ,if1   
therefore1 from the first the principal 
stress is laid on giving a good example1

 the subsequent sexual enlightenment    
would be rendered far easier1 and its   
success to a large extent assured4 ,in a
 pure household1 it is not so necessary 
that a child should be fully            
enlightened2 or rather1 the child's     
enlightenment will be extremely easy4   
,conversely in the case of an impure    
household4 ,unless the greatest care is 
taken that children shall never be      
exposed to the contagion of bad example1
 how readily may it happen1 that the    
child1 after it has received the sexual 
enlightenment1 and has been cautioned   
against any kind of obscene talk1 is    
allowed to watch all sorts of improper  
acts and to listen to obscenities6 ,such
 mischances may occur1 not only1 as     
self-satisfied parents are apt to       
imagine1 through the misconduct of      
servants or strangers1 but often the    
members of the child's own family may be
 the persons at fault4 ,adults believe  
that a child hears nothing1 when in     
reality it is paying careful attention  

to that which is not intended for       
childish ears1 and to that which gives  
the lie to what the child has just been 
told in the form of the sexual          
enlightenment4 ,and this may happen     
without the grown-up persons having made
 any indiscreet connected speeches in   
the child's presence4 ,various slight   
indications1 gestures1 a stolen laugh1  
c41 may be interpreted by the child     
after its own fashion1 which is often   
one directly conflicting with the sense 
of the lesson previously given4 ,how    
easily may it happen that a boy is      
taught that the seduction of a girl is a
 wicked thing1 or a girl is told that   
she must never be so ignorant or so     
stupid as to become the victim of a     
seducer1 and yet a few minutes later the
 child may overhear the instructor      
relating the heroic deeds of a cousin1  
who has seduced so and so many girls of 
the lower orders6  ,thus the importance 
of the sexual enlightenment must on no  
account be over-estimated4 ,rather      

should the words of the old proverb     
always be kept in mind3 ,as the old     
birds sing1 so will the young birds     
chirp4 ,those who guide their own       
conduct in accordance with this         
principle1 will find the sexual         
enlightenment of their children an easy 
matter2 but in other houses1 the        
theoretical enlightenment may be        
effected as carefully as you please1 and
 yet it will do but little good4 ,it is 
evident that the earlier movement in    
favour of the sexual enlightenment1 to  
which ,i referred on page #h1 failed    
because the expectations of its         
advocates were pitched too high1 and    
because the emotional life of the child 
was ignored--an error rightly pointed   
out by ,thalhofer4 ,i have no doubt that
 in a few decades the efforts of our own
 day on behalf of the sexual            
enlightenment1 in so far as they lay the
 principal stress upon the theoretical  
enlightenment1 and expect its           
enforcement to initiate the golden age1 

will arouse similar feelings of         
amusement to those with which we        
ourselves now contemplate the failures  
of the past4   ,the above is all ,i have
 to say about the psychical aids to the 
sexual enlightenment of the child1 ,i   
turn now to consider the hygienic       
measures--those with a direct effect    
upon the body4 ,speaking generally1     
these are identical with those which are
 recommended for the treatment of       
masturbation4  ,when the child awakes in
 the morning1 it should not be permitted
 to lie in bed too long1 above all1 not 
in a hot feather-bed4 ,to send children 
to bed1 or to keep them in bed all day1 
as a punishment1 as a means of depriving
 them of liberty1 is1 from this point of
 view1 a practice which must            
unreservedly be condemned4 ,very        
dangerous1 from this outlook1 is also   
the rule common in boarding-schools and 
similar places1 in accordance with which
 the children are sent to bed at a fixed
 time1 and are not in any circumstances 

allowed to leave their beds before a    
fixed time in the morning4 ,everything  
must be done strictly according to the  
rules4 ,now although we may admit that  
no such institution can be carried on   
without some discipline1 yet it is      
necessary to point out that when there  
is a rule in a boarding-school that no  
inmate shall get out of bed before seven
 o'clock in the morning1 children that  
are wide awake and lively at an earlier 
hour are exceedingly likely to take to  
masturbation4 ,the dangers attendant    
upon prolonged lying in bed arises from 
a combination of mental and physical    
influences4 ,among the physical         
influences1 the warmth of the bed is the
 most important2 among the mental       
influences1 we have to consider the lack
 of occupation1 and the ease with which 
the genital organs are handled4  ,we    
have further to take steps to allay as  
far as possible all kinds of local      
irritation of the genital organs4 ,among
 these may be mentioned3 phimosis and   

skin-eruptions of the genital region1   
which latter may lead to scratching1 and
 so give rise to masturbation1 even     
apart from the fact that the itching    
itself may favour the occurrence of     
voluptuous sensations4 ,in addition1 we 
have to think of the clothing4 ,i       
pointed out before that breeches which  
pressed on the perineum sometimes led to
 the practice of masturbation4 ,hence   
this article of dress1 breeches1        
knickerbockers1 or trousers1 should be  
made loose and comfortable4 ,with regard
 to the proposal to do away with        
breeches altogether in the case of      
children1 a recommendation which1 as    
previously explained1 has been made by  
several authorities1 ,i cannot think    
that we should gain much thereby1 for1  
to be effective1 this measure would have
 to be continued up to a comparatively  
advanced age1 and would thus involve a  
complete remodelling of our customary   
dress4 ,it may be doubted however1 if   
attention to this point will do much to 

prevent premature sexual stimulation2   
for the danger is not so great as has   
sometimes been suggested4 ,still1 a     
careful mother will take care that the  
tailor does not cut her little boy's    
breeches so as to fit too closely3 for  
though this may please the parental eye1
 it is undoubtedly dangerous to the     
child4 ,i have previously referred to   
the dangers attendant upon climbing the 
pole in the gymnasium2 and here will    
merely add that a number of teachers of 
gymnastics regard pole-climbing as an   
exercise of very great value1 whilst    
they believe that the danger of sexual  
stimulation in climbing results from the
 use of too thin a pole1 and does not   
occur in climbing a thick pole1 or in   
climbing a rope4 ,it has been suggested1
 in this connexion1 that the            
rocking-horse should be eliminated from 
the list of permissible toys4           
,objections have also been made1 on the 
ground of the possibility of improper   
sexual stimulation1 against bicycling   

and horseback-riding2 but ,i think these
 objections are largely unfounded1 for1 
as far as bicycling is concerned1 a     
well-shaped saddle cannot improperly    
stimulate the genital organs2 and just  
as little does such stimulation occur in
 horseback exercise unless when the     
lower part of the trunk is pressed      
forward against the front peak of the   
saddle1 as in halting1 or in passing    
from a faster to a slower pace4 ,of     
course1 for horseback exercise1 the     
breeches must be properly cut1 as       
otherwise they may exercise injurious   
pressure on the genital organs when the 
rider is in the saddle4 ,intestinal     
stimulation may also give rise to reflex
 excitation of the genital organs2 for  
example1 intestinal worms may initiate  
such reflex disturbance4 ,mantegazza#adi
 lays especial stress upon stimulation  
of the rectum1 being of opinion that    
stimulation of this region is very      
likely to lead to the development of    
pderastic inclinations4 ,there are no   

grounds for such an assumption2 but it  
is quite true that stimulation of the   
anal or gluteal region will very readily
 irradiate to the sphere of the         
genitals4 ,for all these reasons1       
constipation1 and more especially the   
accumulation of large scybalous masses  
in the rectum1 are above all to be      
avoided4  ,in cases of obstinate        
inclination to masturbate1 all kinds of 
local measures have been recommended to 
prevent manipulation and artificial     
stimulation of the penis or the vulva4  
,but speaking generally1 no great       
reliance can be placed in any of these  
local measures4 ,moreover1 casual local 
stimulation1 especially towards the end 
of the second period of childhood1 has  
no very profound etiological            
significance4 ,the chief stimuli giving 
rise to reflex excitement of the genital
 organs are of an organic nature1 and   
are therefore but little influenced by  
external measures4 ,besides1 the fact   
that among races who never wear         

breeches1 the boys masturbate freely1   
and perhaps even more freely than do    
boys in ,europe1 proves that such       
external stimuli as the pressure        
exercised by breeches on the genital    
organs play no decisive part in the     
causation of masturbation4  ,i purposely
 refrain from further reference here to 
such measures as a methodical hardening 
by hydrotherapeutic procedures1 and the 
like4 ,in special text-books1 whether   
upon masturbation1 or upon              
hydrotherapeutics1 ample information    
will be found about these matters4  ,the
 suggestion has also been made that from
 the sexual outlook the diet of children
 is a matter worthy of the most earnest 
attention4 ,nothing should be given to  
the child which may exert a sexually    
stimulating effect2 especially we must  
avoid giving heavy foods late in the    
evening4 ,more detailed directions are  
also given as to the use of particular  
kinds of food1 some of which may be     
consecrated by tradition1 and yet seem  

to have but small reasonable foundation4
 ,to this category belong the           
prohibition or limitation of            
flesh-foods1 and the prohibition of     
asparagus1 celery1 and other articles of
 diet4 ,there is no proof that such     
things have a stimulating influence upon
 the sexual impulse1 either in children 
or in adults4 ,we might more readily    
incline to believe that certain spices  
may have such an influence2 but even as 
regards these1 no great anxiety need be 
felt4 ,as regards alcohol1 many maintain
 it has an exciting influence upon the  
sexual life1 and thus gives rise to all 
kinds of excesses4 ,this is true of a   
good many cases1 but the rule is by no  
means so general as is commonly assumed4
 ,i recall that in my own student days  
we often classified the students into   
two groups1 the alcoholic and the       
sexual2 those of the former group spent 
their money upon alcohol1 those of the  
latter group upon women4 ,my own        
experience of these days certainly leads

 me to dispute the assertion that those 
addicted to alcohol are generally more  
inclined than others to indiscriminate  
sexual intercourse4 ,but this           
reservation is necessary1 that at that  
time actual abstainers were almost      
unknown among the students1 and we      
classified in the alcoholic group those 
who consumed very large quantities of   
alcohol2 whilst the members of the      
sexual group certainly also consumed    
alcohol1 though not very much4 ,beyond  
question1 the common belief that there  
is an association between the free use  
of alcohol and sexual excesses is one   
which lacks foundation4 ,this view is to
 too great an extent based upon criminal
 statistics1 and upon the records of the
 perversions to which the sexual        
perverts among alcoholics have been     
inclined4 ,but think of the countless   
normal persons in whom the enjoyment of 
alcohol induces no tendency to sexual   
excesses2 and1 on the other hand1       
abstainers from alcohol have been       

personally known to me whom no one could
 venture to call moderate in their      
sexual relations4 ,but although ,i make 
all these reservations with regard to   
the effects of the use of alcohol by    
adults1 ,i am in full accord with the   
view that the use of alcohol should be  
prohibited to children4 ,alcohol cannot 
do any good to children1 and the        
possibility that in individual instances
 it may stimulate the sexual            
imagination1 is one which cannot be     
denied4 ,but this fact does not justify 
us in advising against the moderate use 
of alcohol by adults4#aej  ,passing to  
consider the general mode of life1 we   
certainly agree with ,hufeland1 who1 in 
his ,makrobiotik1 recommends vigorous   
bodily activity4 ,he contends that      
children who go to bed at night         
healthily tired out1 will not be likely 
to think of masturbation4 ,in the       
present age of sports and games it will 
not be found difficult to fulfil this   
indication2 and we see as a matter of   

fact that a great deal of trouble is    
taken to give children every opportunity
 of keeping in active movement4 ,even in
 our large towns1 in which1 owing to the
 lack of a sufficiency of open spaces1  
great difficulties have arisen in this  
respect1 much has of late been done to  
improve matters4 ,for many years past in
 ,england special efforts have been made
 to provide such playgrounds for        
children and adults4  ,i take this      
opportunity of drawing attention to a   
method recommended by ,fr for the cure  
of masturbation1 which ,i have myself   
found of good use in several cases1 but 
which appears to be almost entirely     
unknown4 ,it is that the child addicted 
to masturbation during the night hours  
should be watched by a trustworthy      
person2 every time the child puts its   
hand to its genital organs1 or          
endeavours to stimulate these organs    
mechanically in some other way1 the     
attendant must immediately intervene1   
and draw the hands from beneath the     

bed-clothing4 ,this plan may be adopted 
whether the child masturbates while     
asleep or while awake4 ,but good can be 
expected from the method above all in   
those cases in which the child          
masturbates during sleep1 and in which  
it commonly wakes up directly it is     
interfered with4 ,in most cases the     
children treated in this way soon give  
up the practice of masturbation1 even   
though the evil is of long standing4    
,but it will be advisable to continue to
 supervise the child for some time after
 a cure has apparently been effected1   
lest what may have become a nervous     
automatism should be resumed after a    
brief intermission4 ,the chief          
difficulty in the practical application 
of this method lies in the choice of a  
trustworthy person to watch the child4  
,as a rule1 the mother will be the most 
suitable1 but now and again we shall    
find a hired nurse to whom this         
extremely difficult task may safely be  
entrusted4 ,in a number of cases with   

which ,i have had to deal1 ,i have      
recommended the mother to undertake the 
duty herself1 because she seemed to me  
the most trustworthy person available4  
,but it is a very regrettable fact that 
many mothers are altogether unwilling to
 make the necessary sacrifice for their 
child's good2 and most of them are quite
 ready to believe that some woman whom  
they can hire for a few shillings a     
night will perform the duty which they  
themselves as mothers have renounced4   
,such lack of proper feeling is         
especially common among those who belong
 to what are termed the upper classes of
 society--to the aristocracy whether of 
birth or of wealth--whereas among the   
middle classes ,i have found mothers far
 more ready to make the necessary       
sacrifices4   ,in sexual education1 the 
sexual perversions must receive especial
 attention4 ,i must first of all refer  
again to two matters1 of which some     
account has previously been given3 the  
influencing of congenital inborn        

tendencies2 and the undifferentiated    
sexual impulse4 ,as regards the former1 
we have to take the following data into 
consideration4 ,the fact that the       
indications lead us to believe that a   
particular sexual perversion is inborn1 
need not induce us to think there is no 
hope of counteracting this perversion by
 well-planned educational influences4 ,i
 have already written at considerable   
length about the undifferentiated sexual
 impulse1 and have shown that perverse  
manifestations during the period of the 
undifferentiated sexual impulse do not  
prove that a permanent perversion has   
developed4 ,but everything possible     
should be done to guard against the     
further development of any such perverse
 mode of sexual sensibility1 including  
sexual qualities in the wider sense of  
the term4 ,we know1 for example1 that   
many homosexual men have a tendency to  
dress in girls' clothing1 and many      
homosexual women to go about in men's   
clothing1 and1 in both cases1 to adopt  

the inclinations and occupations of the 
opposite sex4 ,during the period of the 
undifferentiated sexual impulse1 we must
 not attach too much importance to the  
appearance of inclinations of this kind2
 but it would be equally erroneous to   
ignore them altogether4 ,boys who adopt 
a girlish behaviour1 should not be      
encouraged in doing so by treating the  
matter as a joke4 ,if a boy frequently  
dresses up as a girl1 or a girl as a    
boy1 and if we observe between two boys1
 or between two girls1 an unduly        
intimate friendship at an age which     
corresponds to the period of the        
undifferentiated sexual impulse1 it will
 be as well to modify the children's    
education accordingly4 ,a girl with such
 inclinations should1 for example1 be   
thrown as much as possible into the     
society of lads of an appropriate age4  
,in the case of those who are still     
quite young1 there is no doubt that by  
the proper measures we can in part check
 the development of perverse            

manifestations1 and in part completely  
repress them2 notwithstanding the fact  
that interested agitators1 whose        
principal aim is to secure the repeal of
 ,section #age of the ,german ,imperial 
,criminal ,code1 maintain the contrary1 
and assert that homosexual tendencies   
appearing in the child necessarily      
indicate the future development of      
permanent homosexuality4 ,parents1      
tutors1 schoolmasters1 and physicians1  
must not allow themselves to be led     
astray by these agitators1 who falsify  
the data of science4 ,in the interest of
 truth1 in the interest of the children 
endangered by these perversions1 and in 
the interest of civilisation1 these     
misstatements must be contradicted4     
,the chief danger associated with the   
appearance of sexual perversions lies in
 the fact that the child thus affected1 
whether boy or girl1 endeavours again   
and ever again to revive these          
pleasurably-toned sensations2 and above 
all in the fact that as soon as the     

genital organs are sufficiently mature1 
the boy or girl obtains sexual          
gratification by masturbating           
simultaneously with the imaginative     
contemplation of perverse ideas4 ,such  
perverse psychical onanism1 accompanied 
or unaccompanied by physical            
masturbatory acts1 is eminently adapted 
to favour the development of the        
perversion4 ,obviously1 the actual      
performance of the corresponding        
perverse sexual act will be just as     
dangerous as is perversely associated   
masturbation4 ,thus1 a boy who is       
homosexually inclined may masturbate    
while allowing his imagination to run   
riot upon homosexual ideas2 or he may   
take to homosexual acts with one or more
 other male persons4 ,every sort of     
gratification that is associated with   
perverse images1 is dangerous2 and no   
less dangerous is the spontaneous       
cultivation of such perverse sexual     
images4  ,a very real and serious danger
 to children is to be found in my       

opinion in the risk of the progressive  
cultivation of homosexuality1 if they   
become victims of a pdophile4 ,the adult
 homosexual will sometimes conceal a    
perverse inclination directed towards   
children under the cloak of friendship  
or of an educational interest4 ,i have  
previously referred to the danger that  
the child1 at a time of life when its   
own sexual impulse is still             
undifferentiated1 may sometimes         
reciprocate such a feeling4 ,when ,i    
recall the light-heartedness with which 
homosexual males have acknowledged to me
 their experiences of sexual intercourse
 with apprentice-boys1 and with pupils  
attending the higher forms of our       
secondary schools1 and when ,i think of 
the readiness with which homosexual     
women seek opportunities of sexual      
intercourse with immature or partially  
mature girls1 it seems to me that there 
are good grounds for the utterance of an
 urgent warning4 ,my experiences in this
 department further lead me to believe  

that if ,section #age of the ,german    
,imperial ,criminal ,code is to be      
repealed1 a further alteration in the   
,code will also be indispensable1       
namely1 that the ,age of ,protection    
7,schutzalter--equivalent to the ,age of
 ,consent in the ,english ,criminal ,law
 ,amendment ,act7 should be raised to   
the completion of the eighteenth year1  
and that the protection should apply1   
not merely to the actions now specified 
in ,section #age as unnatural vice1 but 
to all acts of sexual impropriety in the
 widest sense of the term4 ,recently    
this proposal has been approved by a    
resolution of the ,reichstag4#aea       
,there are certain additional points    
about which it is unnecessary to write  
here1 for the reason that these have all
 been considered in some appropriate    
connexion earlier in this book4 ,for    
example1 ,i have insisted upon the      
importance of anyone who possesses      
children's confidence taking steps for  
the removal of corrupted children from  

the environment of uncorrupted ones4    
,where we have reason to believe1 in the
 case of a particular child1 that a     
perverse mode of sexual sensibility is  
developing1 we shall occasionally find  
it preferable rather to attempt to      
hinder the growth of the perversion1    
than to try to check the general        
manifestations of the sexual impulse4   
,thus1 in the case of a boy of fourteen1
 who is continually affected with       
homosexual imaginings1 we shall find it 
far more difficult to repress sexual    
manifestations altogether1 than to      
divert the homosexual sensibility into  
heterosexual channels4 ,if a boy        
affected in this way be thrown much into
 the society of girls1 or conversely1 a 
girl into the society of boys 7at       
dances1 games of lawn-tennis1 c471 the  
subsequent effect is likely to be good1 
because the sexual pervert1 even if his 
perverse tendency be congenital1 can    
nevertheless be educated out of his     
perversion4 ,it should hardly be        

necessary to state expressly1 that when 
,i speak of finding for the homosexual  
associates of the opposite sex1 ,i am   
not thinking of suggesting intimate     
sexual intercourse4 ,apart from moral   
considerations1 we could not1 in the    
cases under consideration1 expect any   
benefit to accrue on medical grounds2 my
 reference was to a purely platonic     
association4  ,no one need suggest that 
all these recommendations are           
superfluous1 for the reason that1       
according to my own previous account of 
the matter1 the undifferentiated        
condition of the sexual impulse is      
spontaneously replaced by the normal    
heterosexual impulse4 ,for1 first of    
all1 the signs that give rise to anxiety
 may not be manifestations of the       
undifferentiated sexual impulse1 but may
 be the first manifestations of a       
developing congenital perversion2 and1  
secondly1 it is by no means improbable  
that1 even in the entire absence of any 
congenital tendency to sexual           

perversion1 unfavourable external       
conditions may lead to the further      
development of the perverse             
manifestations of the undifferentiated  
period4 ,i may refer in this connexion  
to what was said upon p4 #cab et seq4   
,it is necessary to refer at length to  
one additional educational method which 
plays a very important part in sexual   
development1 namely1 punishment4 ,the   
sexual perversions known by the names of
 sadism and masochism have of late      
attracted much attention from students  
of the sexual life4 ,in sadism1 sexual  
excitement occurs in association with   
the infliction of ill-treatment1        
humiliation1 or pain upon others2 in    
masochism the sexual excitement results 
from the experience of such             
ill-treatment1 humiliation1 or pain by  
the masochist in person4 ,but in sadism1
 it is not essential that the sadist    
should himself play the active part2    
very often1 the maltreatment by a second
 person of a third suffices to cause    

sexual excitement in the sadist who     
looks on4 ,masochistic and sadistic     
modes of sensibility are frequently     
associated in the same individual4 ,as  
far as the relationship of these        
perversions to punishment is concerned1 
we learn from many adult masochists and 
sadists that their first experience of  
sexual excitement occurred when as      
children they received a whipping1 or   
saw another child whipped--at school1   
for instance4 ,the oft-quoted case of   
,rousseau has previously been mentioned 
in this work4 ,it is thus evident that  
the subject of the punishment of        
children needs to be considered1 not    
merely from the general educational     
point of view1 but also from the special
 outlook of sexual education4 ,the      
principal question is whether as a      
result of corporal punishment1 either   
personally experienced or witnessed1 an 
enduring sexual perversion may be       
induced in a child2 and this problem    
must be carefully distinguished from    

another problem1 which1 however1 is also
 of very great importance1 namely1 that 
of the sexual excitement which may be   
experienced by the person who inflicts  
the punishment4 ,the significance of the
 materials available to guide us to a   
conclusion upon these questions1 is not1
 however1 perfectly clear in all cases4 
,i may refer to what was said upon p4   
#acj et seq42 and will here merely add  
that the question whether the infliction
 of corporal punishment really          
originates a perversion in the sufferer1
 or whether it merely awakens to        
activity a pre-existent tendency1 and   
one which1 in the absence of this       
particular exciting cause1 would almost 
certainly have been awakened by some    
other and unavoidable cause1 some       
influence acting from without--this is a
 question to which conflicting answers  
have been given4  ,but corporal         
punishment entails other dangers1 in    
addition to the risk of the origination 
or the awakening of a sexual perversion4

 ,certain children1 having experienced  
sexual stimulation as a result of such  
punishment1 will endeavour to secure its
 repetition4 ,i have known cases in     
which sexual perverts have deliberately 
misconducted themselves in school1 in   
order to be punished1 and thus to enjoy 
voluptuous sensations4 ,finally1 there  
is a third danger to be taken into      
account1 and this is a danger of whose  
reality ,i have been convinced by the   
direct confessions of schoolmasters and 
schoolmistresses1 that they have struck 
their pupils for the purpose of thereby 
enjoying sexual stimulation4 ,even if no
 such admissions had ever been made to  
me1 ,i should have regarded it as by no 
means improbable that such incidents    
should from time to time occur4 ,let no 
reader draw the inference that whenever 
a master chastises a naughty boy1 he    
acts always under the influence of a    
sadistic inclination2 ,i do not even    
consider that sadistic inclinations are 
a frequent cause of the infliction of   

corporal chastisement4 ,the danger of   
such sweeping generalisations is        
obvious1 especially in view of the fact 
that to-day many children1 even1 know   
what sadism is4 ,hence a schoolboy who  
has been punished might readily         
attribute sadistic motives to his       
master2 and might even make a definite  
accusation of this kind4  ,when we come 
to ask what practical conclusions may be
 drawn from our recognition of the      
relationships between corporal          
punishment and sexual perversions1 the  
first point that occurs to our minds is 
to consider whether the corporal        
punishments which may possibly give rise
 to such perverse stimulations are in   
fact absolutely indispensable4 ,although
 in this matter ,i find myself in       
opposition to a great many physicians   
and to not a few educationalists1 ,i    
remain of the opinion that we cannot    
propose to do away altogether with      
corporal punishments in our schools2 at 
any rate1 such punishment remains1 ,i   

consider1 essential1 so long as certain 
other reforms are still wanting4 ,among 
the reforms which are indispensable     
preliminaries to the complete abolition 
of corporal punishment1 is one giving a 
greater power to expel insolent and     
undisciplined boys4 ,not until such a   
power is granted can corporal           
punishments be abolished from our       
schools4 ,for a flogging is oftentimes  
the only punishment of which a rough and
 ill-conditioned boy is afraid4         
,moreover1 and altogether apart from    
this consideration1 the discipline of   
our schools is to-day endangered in     
various ways3 for instance1 by public   
disquisitions about overwork in schools2
 by the conduct of many parents1 who    
prejudice their children against the    
schools in a most indiscreet manner2 and
 by attacks in the newspapers on the    
schoolmasters--attacks which are often  
unfair and inconsiderate4 ,further1 the 
recent widely advertised public         
pronouncements against the right of the 

schoolmaster to inflict corporal        
punishment1 are hardly calculated to    
strengthen the discipline of our        
schools1 or to assist the masters in the
 performance of what must be at best    
extremely difficult duties4 ,so long1   
therefore1 as we lack the safeguard to  
discipline that would be provided by    
extensive powers of expelling           
undesirables1 ,i consider that corporal 
punishment is essential to the          
discipline of our schools4              
,unquestionably it would be a good thing
 if we could entirely dispense with the 
use of corporal punishments1 or at least
 dispense with them in all cases in     
which there might be any possibility of 
their doing harm1 as by giving rise to  
sexual stimulation4 ,but unfortunately  
we have no means of ascertaining        
beforehand what are the cases in which  
corporal punishment is likely to do     
harm4 ,there is no possibility of       
withholding the right to inflict        
corporal punishment from those masters  

in especial who might use it to gratify 
their own sexual passions--if only for  
the reason that we have no means of     
finding out who these persons are4 ,for 
it is not the masters with free views   
about sexual questions who are          
especially open to suspicion from the   
point of view we are now considering2   
nor is it the masters who are morally   
defective or irreligious4 ,indeed1 ,i am
 acquainted with some extremely pious   
schoolmasters who1 according to their   
own admissions to me1 have experienced  
sexual excitement when chastising       
children2 and some of these have in     
other respects had admirable characters4
 ,cases recorded1 not merely in erotic  
literature1 but also in historical      
literature1 show that religion affords  
no safeguard against such temptations2  
we learn1 for instance1 that in the     
cloister1 monks and nuns have utilised  
their right to inflict punishment in    
order to procure sexual excitement4 ,for
 these reasons1 it is inadmissible to   

infer1 because a schoolmaster is a      
religious man1 that therefore he is the 
one to whom the right to inflict        
corporal punishment may safely be       
entrusted4  ,the danger of an excessive 
use of powers of administering corporal 
punishment1 and more especially the     
danger of awakening the sexuality of    
children prematurely and with perverse  
associations1 may be minimised by the   
proper treatment of schoolmasters4 ,we  
must not treat our schoolmasters in such
 a way that behind them they always feel
 the presence of the inspector1         
compelling them to force the pupils     
through the prescribed1 but excessive   
tasks4 ,nor must the schoolmaster's own 
work be excessive1 for nervous          
overstrain will very readily lead to    
outbreaks of violence4 ,it seems also   
desirable that the right of             
administering corporal punishment should
 not be entrusted to masters who are    
still quite young1 for a certain        
experience is needed to guide them to a 

reasonable moderation4 ,what ,i have    
said of schoolmasters applies1 mutatis  
mutandis1 to schoolmistresses and       
governesses4 ,there are many reasons for
 the belief that the danger that the    
right to inflict corporal punishment may
 be utilised to procure erotic          
excitement for the person exercising    
that right1 is considerably greater in  
women than it is in men4 ,even if we    
take no notice of erotic literature1 in 
which sadism in women manifested by the 
mishandling of children is so frequent a
 motif1 we shall find quite a number of 
experiences of actual life which compel 
us to admit the frequency of such       
perverse sensibilities in women4 ,among 
various records bearing upon this       
matter1 ,i may remind readers of those  
of the upper class women of ancient     
,rome1 and of the horrible punishments  
they inflicted upon their female slaves2
 and also of ,american women of the     
slave-owning class1 in the ,south before
 the war1 who sometimes flogged young   

male slaves in the most terrible way4   
,whether this matter is regarded as one 
of great or of small importance1 it is  
as well to inquire whether it is not    
possible that the necessary disciplinary
 punishment should be inflicted in such 
a way as to reduce to a minimum any     
dangers from the sexual point of view4  
,now1 we learn from experience1 that    
when a perversion is traced back to its 
origination in a chastisement endured   
during childhood1 this chastisement was 
as a rule the customary whipping of the 
buttocks4 ,far less frequently1 and     
indeed hardly ever1 are we told that any
 other form of punishment has initiated 
a sexual perversion4 ,this may1 of      
course1 depend merely upon the fact that
 other modes of punishment are far less 
common4 ,but there are many reasons for 
supposing that stimulation of the       
buttock is especially apt to induce     
sexual excitement4 ,it is possible1     
also1 that another factor is in         
operation here1 namely1 the fact that   

the child undergoing punishment is      
commonly placed across the elder's knees
 in such a way that pressure upon the   
child's genital organs is almost        
unavoidable4 ,moreover1 when we bear in 
mind the fact that other methods of     
chastisement may involve dangers to     
health 7boxing the ears1 for instance1  
may threaten the integrity of the sense 
of hearing71 the question which is the  
best method of corporal punishment      
becomes a very serious one4 ,i have     
myself elsewhere expressed the opinion  
that as far as the possible effects on  
health are concerned1 and especially    
from the point of view of sexual        
hygiene1 blows upon the palm of the hand
 perhaps constitute the least dangerous 
form of corporal punishment4 ,but ,i by 
no means suppose that even here danger  
is altogether excluded1 or that no      
sexual stimulation can possibly ensue   
from such chastisement4 ,for the local  
physical stimulation is not the only    
matter we have to consider in connexion 

with a whipping upon the buttocks4 ,in  
quite a number of cases in which we are 
told that some experience during        
childhood has been the initiating cause 
of subsequent masochism or sadism1 there
 has been no question of purely physical
 causation1 as by a whipping upon the   
buttocks4 ,i may recall the case in     
which sexual perversion appeared to have
 developed out of witnessing the        
slaughter of animals1 so that the only  
stimulus acting upon this child belonged
 to the psychical sphere4 ,the cases1   
also1 in which a child refers the origin
 of his perversion to having looked on  
at a whipping 7in school1 for instance7 
show that such perversions are not only 
aroused by mechanical stimuli1 but may  
depend also upon psychological factors4 
,for these reasons ,i consider that we  
are not justified in assuming1 if       
whipping upon the buttocks were         
altogether done away with1 and if blows 
upon the palm of the hand became the    
only permissible form of corporal       

punishment1 that permanent sexual       
perversions would then become           
impossible4 ,with further reference to  
what ,i have said above about discipline
 in schools1 ,i may add that the kernel 
of the problem is this3 is the          
probability that corporal punishment    
will lead to permanent sexual           
perversion1 or will induce sexual       
excitement1 sufficiently great1 to      
render it necessary that corporal       
punishment should be completely         
abolished from our schools1 so long as  
our schoolmasters possess no other      
adequate means of making certain of     
their pupils observe the discipline of  
the school8 ,it is unconditionally      
necessary that the discipline of our    
schools should be maintained2 and those 
who are unreservedly opposed to corporal
 punishment in all its forms should make
 it their business to see that some     
other adequate means are provided for   
the maintenance of school-discipline4   
,however strongly we may feel that it is

 essential that there should be no abuse
 by schoolmasters of their right to     
administer corporal punishment1 none the
 less1 even in this ,century of the     
,child1 we need safeguards also against 
the abuse of sentimentality4   ,in this 
chapter ,i have attempted to deal with a
 few only of the problems of sexual     
education4 ,to discuss the subject      
exhaustively would have been impossible 
within the limits of this book2 nor have
 ,i endeavoured to take into            
consideration the enormous mass of      
literature relating to the modern       
movement in favour of the sexual        
enlightenment4 ,i have made no reference
 to the fact that it has recently been  
recommended that every girl should spend
 a year of service                      
,dienstjahr--analogous to the term of   
military service obligatory on all males
 in ,germany in hospitals1 asylums1 c41 
whereby she would gain enlightenment    
concerning many things which will be of 
value to her in her subsequent married  

life4 ,all such proposals are so much   
matters of detail1 that ,i have thought 
it inadvisable to discuss them here4    
,the most important requirement of all  
is certainly a good educator--a word    
used here in the widest possible        
signification4 ,the best of all         
educators for the child should be its   
own mother2 although we may agree with  
the assertion recently made by          
,eschle#aeb and others1 that the father 
has important duties to fulfil as       
instructor1 even during the child's     
first year of life4 ,nevertheless1 the  
father1 even if his professional        
training gives him especial skill in    
these directions1 is not really likely  
to do very much in the educational way  
for his infant offspring4 ,it is to the 
mother1 above all1 that the care of     
infants and young children is of        
necessity entrusted4 ,we have1 however1 
to remember that a large proportion of  
mothers1 especially those belonging to  
the ranks of the proletariat1 take part 

in the work of breadwinning for the     
family1 and are thus prevented from     
giving as much attention to their       
children as might be wished4 ,but in the
 families of the well-to-do there is    
often no question of the mother herself 
playing the principal part in the       
education of her children1 since it is  
customary for her to depute so many of  
her maternal duties to hired            
substitutes4 ,it has recently been      
maintained that it is to the ,woman's   
,movement that we owe the fact that the 
question of the sexual enlightenment has
 now become a live one2 but this is     
certainly an overstatement1 though it is
 not to be denied that women have had   
some influence in this direction4 ,but  
if the women who play a prominent part  
in the ,woman's ,movement would do more 
than they have done as yet to impress   
upon the women of the well-to-do classes
 an understanding of their duties       
towards their children1 they would      
certainly be doing excellent work4 ,no  

paid substitute can adequately replace  
for the child the benefits it will      
derive if its mother herself does all   
that she could and should do4 ,a mother 
who seriously devotes herself to the    
care of her child1 need have no anxiety 
about the risks of its being misused by 
others for sexual purposes4 ,such a     
mother keeps herself fully acquainted   
with her child's sentiments4 ,she is in 
a position to choose the best moment for
 effecting the child's sexual           
enlightenment1 and she can best judge   
when the use of the stork story is no   
longer justified4 ,of such a mother1 a  
child far more readily makes a          
confidant4 ,moreover1 if the mother     
devotes a great deal of time and pains  
to the personal care of her child1 this 
has1 in the case of a boy1 the great    
advantage of inculcating a greater      
respect for the female sex in general   
than is apt to be found in boys to-day4 
,i consider this last-mentioned point to
 be one of the utmost importance in     

relation to the sexual enlightenment1   
for only in such a way can the boy when 
grown to manhood be led instinctively to
 refrain from the seduction of          
girls--with all the misery which such a 
course usually involves for the victims4
 ,similarly1 a young man brought up to  
respect women will refrain from making a
 mock of pregnancy1 whether legitimate  
or illegitimate4 ,when we see a young   
woman bearing a new life in her womb1   
owing her position it may be to all the 
subtle arts of the seducer1 and note how
 cruelly she is treated by the law and  
what scorn and contempt are poured upon 
her by society and by the individual1 we
 cannot fail to welcome most heartily   
the movement for the ,protection of     
,motherhood 7,mutterschutzbewegung7     
which has recently made such progress in
 ,germany4 ,when children are properly  
educated1 there is reason to hope that  
sexual matters will be less often       
treated in an obscene spirit than is the
 case to-day4 ,nor need we fear1 when   

such education becomes the rule1 that   
every allusion to sexual things may     
involve dangers to the child4 ,precisely
 because the sexual life will then be   
known to the child in a natural way1    
will there be less reason to dread the  
deliberate cultivation by children of   
sexual topics of conversation4 ,when at 
school the love adventures of ,mars and 
,venus are the subject of the lesson1 in
 children thus educated no unclean      
thoughts need arise4 ,it must never be  
forgotten1 however1 that when the       
imagination has been perverted1         
opportunities for unclean thoughts recur
 with extraordinary frequency2 and      
indeed by no means whatever can such    
opportunities be altogether avoided4    
,since this is so1 we must strengthen   
the child against the dangers it will   
inevitably encounter1 and must be       
careful not to pervert its imagination  
by a false prudery4  ,of course we must 
avoid leading the child to dwell too    
much upon sexual topics1 and fortunately

 human beings have numerous other       
interests4 ,the sphere of the sexual    
must be regarded as a fraction merely of
 the general educational field4 ,the    
inculcation of true ideas of morality1  
and of a sense of honour not confined to
 externals but one by which the entire  
being is permeated--these will be the   
safest essentials of a good sexual and  
general education4   #a ,infancy appears
 to be the best ,english term to        
represent the ,german ,snglingsalter1   
literally age of suckling4 ,it is true  
that the legal denotation of the term   
infancy is the period from a person's   
birth to the attainment of the age of   
twenty-one years1 but in common speech  
an infant is a child during the first   
two or three years of life1 whilst      
writers on infant mortality restrict the
 term to the sense employed in the text4
 ,thus ,newman1 in ,the ,health of the  
,state 7p4 #ajh71 writes3 ,infants are  
children under twelve months of         
age4--,,translator',s ,,note4  #b       

,involuntary ,sexual ,orgasm4--,this is 
a very cumbrous rendering of the ,german
 ,pollution4 ,in ,english we greatly    
need a general term1 first1 to denote   
all involuntary emissions of semen1     
whether nocturnal or diurnal2 and1      
secondly1 to denote involuntary sexual  
orgasm in the female as well as in the  
male4 ,in the case of the female1 the   
term seminal emission is inapplicable2  
but the term pollution may be applied in
 ,english 7as it is in ,german7 to such 
phenomena in either sex4 ,by ,american  
writers the term pollution is now       
generally used 7e4g41 ,allen1 ,disorders
 of the ,male ,sexual ,organs1          
,twentieth ,century ,practice1 vol4 vii4
 p4 #fab et seq474 ,my first            
inclination1 therefore1 was to adopt the
 rendering pollution in this            
translation4 ,but this word inevitably  
connotes the ideas of physical          
uncleanness and moral defilement1 and   
its use would thus assist the survival  
of medieval ideas of the essentially    

corrupt nature of sexual passion--such  
ideas as are exemplified by the quaint  
survival among certain occultists of the
 medieval doctrine of incubi and        
succubi1 by the belief that sexual      
dreams are induced by the thought-forms 
of other persons tormented by           
ungratified sexual desire6 ,for this    
reason ,i have not attempted to         
acclimatise the word pollution in this  
country4--,,translator',s ,,note4  #c   
,l',hygine sexuelle1 ,paris1 #ahie1 p4  
#bg4  #d ,thalhofer1 ,die ,sexuelle     
,pdagogik bei den ,philanthropen1       
,kempten1 #aijg4  #e ,rudeck1 ,die      
,liebe 7,leipzig1 undated71 p4 #aeh4  #f
 ,groos1 ,die ,spiele der ,tiere 7,the  
,games of ,animals71 ,jena1 #ahif4  #g  
,see a translation by ,dr4 ,brill1 of   
,new ,york1 of ,freud's ,selected       
,papers on ,hysteria and other          
,psychoneuroses 7#aiji74  #h ,die       
,strungen der ,geschlechtsfunctionen des
 ,mannes 7,the ,disturbances of the     
,male ,sexual ,functions71 #bnd ed41    

,vienna1 #aija1 p4 #h4  #i ,otto ,adler1
 ,die mangelhafte ,geschlechtsempfindung
 des ,weibes 7,inadequacy of ,sexual    
,sensation in ,woman71 ,berlin1 #aijd1  
p4 #ed et seq4  #aj ,marthe ,francillon1
 ,essai sur la ,pubert chez la ,femme1  
,paris1 #aijf4  #aa ,man and ,woman1    
#dth ed41 ,london1 #aijd4  #ab ,der     
,krper des ,kindes 7,the ,body of the   
,child71 ,stuttgart1 #aijc4  #ac        
,halban1 ,die ,entstehung des           
,geschlechtscharakters 7,the ,origin of 
,sexual ,differentiation71 ,archiv fr   
,gynkologie1 vol4 lxx41 ,heft #b4 p4    
#bfh4  #ad ,man and ,woman1 ,london4    
#ae ,weib und ,mann1 ,berlin1 #ahig1 p1 
#aaf4  #af ,meumann1 ,vorlesungen zur   
,einfhrung in die experimentelle        
,pdagogik und ihre psychologische       
,grundlagen 7,introductory ,lectures on 
,experimental ,pedagogy and its         
,psychological ,basis71 ,leipzig1 #aijg1
 vol4 i4 p4 #ade4  #ag ,zeitschrift fr  
,psychologie1 ,leipzig1 #aijf1 p4 #chd4 
#ah ,geschlecht und ,krankheit 7,sex and

 ,disease71 ,halle1 #aijc4  #ai ,die    
,hysterie im ,kindesalter 7,hysteria in 
,childhood71 #bnd ed41 ,halle1 #aijf4   
#bj ,die ,hysterie des ,kindes          
7,hysteria in the ,child71 p4 #h1       
,berlin1 #aije4  #ba ,vorlesungen ber   
,strungen der ,sprache 7,lectures on    
,disturbances of ,speech71 p4 #aje4     
,berlin1 #ahic4  #bb ,hautkrankheiten   
und ,sexualitt 7,diseases of the ,skin  
in ,relation to ,sex74 ,reprinted from  
the ,wiener ,klinik1 #aijf4  #bc        
,william ,douglas ,morrison1            
,jugendliche ,uebeltter 7,youthful      
,delinquents71 p4 #bh4 ,leipzig1 #ahii4 
#bd ,die ,seele des ,kindes 7,the ,soul 
of the ,child7 p4 #adg1 #dth ed41       
,leipzig1 #ahie4  #be ,although in      
various other parts of this book ,i draw
 attention to the fact that the sexual  
processes of childhood described by me  
are not to be witnessed in every child1 
but that on the contrary there are many 
children in whom such sexual phenomena  
are by no means to be observed1 ,i take 

this additional opportunity of stating  
categorically that erections naturally  
occur in children less frequently than  
in adults2 they are in fact notably less
 common in the former1 but nevertheless 
erection is not1 in my opinion1 a       
pathological manifestation even in very 
early childhood4 ,the comparatively     
slight capacity for erection possessed  
by children1 as compared with adults1   
is1 for example1 shown by the fact to   
which ,jullien draws attention1 in his  
work ,seltenere und weniger bekannte    
,tripperformen 7,rare and ,little ,known
 ,forms of ,gonorrhoea71 ,vienna and    
,leipzig1 #aijg1 that the painful       
erections 7chordee7 which so commonly   
accompany gonorrhoea in adults1 are very
 rare indeed in the case of gonorrhoea  
in children1 and even in the case of    
older children are hardly ever observed4
  #bf ,op4 cit41 p4 #h4  #bg ,the       
,hygiene of ,love4  #bh ,lehrbuch der   
,gerichtlichen ,medizin 7,text-book of  
,forensic ,medicine71 p4 #eh1 #gth ed41 

,vienna1 #ahie4  #bi ,pauli ,zacchiae1  
,quaestiones ,medico-,legales1 lib4 i1  
p4 #bf1 ,lipsi1 #afcj4  #cj ,lehrbuch   
der ,gerichtlichen ,medizin 7,text-book 
of ,forensic ,medicine71 p4 #fd1        
,stuttgart1 #ahie4  #ca ,in the next    
chapter ,i shall describe certain       
analogous pathological processes4  #cb  
,handbuch der ,eingeweidelehre          
7,handbook of ,splanchnology71 #bnd ed41
 ,brunswick1 #ahgc4  #cc ,german1       
,kitzelgefhl4 ,in ,german1 the word     
,kitzel signifies both itching and      
tickling and is likewise used to denote 
both sexual desire and sexual           
gratification4 ,consult my note         
,itching1 ,ticking1 and ,sexual         
,sensibility1 in the ,english edition of
 ,bloch's ,the ,sexual ,life of ,our    
,time1 pp4 #dc1 #dd4--,,translator4  #cd
 ,zur ,psychologie der ,vita ,sexualis  
7,contributions to the ,psychology of   
the ,sexual ,life71 ,zeitschrift fr     
,psychiatrie1 vol4 #a4  #ce ,compare    
,mrs4 ,browning's graceful treatment of 

a young girl's imaginings1 in her       
well-known poem1 ,the ,romance of a     
,swan's ,nest4    ,little ,ellie sits   
alone    4 4 4 4 4   ,while she thinks  
what shall be done1      ,and the       
sweetest pleasure chooses          ,for 
her future within reach4    ,little     
,ellie in her smile      ,chooses1 ',i  
will have a lover         ,riding on a  
steed of steeds3   ,he shall love me    
without guile1   4 4 4 4 4   ,and the   
steed shall be red-roan1      ,and the  
lover shall be noble1         ,with an  
eye that takes the breath3   ,and the   
lute he plays upon      ,shall strike   
ladies into trouble1         ,as his    
sword strikes men to death4'   4 4 4 4 4
  ,and later1 little ,ellie imagines her
 lover kneeling at her knee to tell     
her--    ',i am a duke's eldest son1    
,thousand serfs do call me master1      
,but1 ,o love1 ,i love but thee6'       
--,,translator',s ,,note4  #cf          
,mantegaaza1 ,fisiologia del ,amore4    
#cg ,prcocit et ,impuissance ,sexuelle1 

,annales des ,maladies des ,organes     
,gnito-,urinaires1 vol4 i4 ,no4 #b1     
#aijf4  #ch ,by masturbation or onanism 
,i understand the artificial mechanical 
stimulation of the genital organs4      
,etymologically and strictly1 onanism   
denotes coitus interruptus 7,gen4       
xxxviii4 #i72 masturbation              
7manustupration71 artificial stimulation
 of the genital organs with the hand4   
#ci ,drei ,abhandlungen zur             
,sexualtheorie1 p4 #da1 ,leipzig1 #aije4
 ,for reference to ,english translation1
 see footnote to p4 #ad4  #dj ,dreissig 
,jahre ,praxis1 ,part ,i4 p4 #cjf1      
,vienna1 #ahgc4  #da ,nervse            
,angstzustnde und ihre ,behandlung1     
,berlin1 #aijh4  #db ,see note to page  
#c4  #dc ,translated from the ,german   
edition of the ,memoirs of ,madame      
,roland1 ,part ,i41 p4 #hb et seq41     
,belle-,vue1 near ,constance1 #ahdd     
7,bibliothek ausgewhlter ,memoiren des  
,,xviii4 und ,,xix4 ,jahrhunderts1      
berausgegeben von ,f4 ,e4 ,pipitz and   

,g4 ,fink74  #dd ,the ,introduction to a
 ,devout ,life1 by ,st4 ,francis of     
,sales1 published early in the          
seventeenth century4  #de ,die ,spiele  
der ,tiere 7,the ,games of ,animals71   
,jena1 #ahie1 p4 #bee et seq4  #df      
,moll1 ,untersuchungen ber die ,libido  
,sexualis1 ,berlin1 #ahig1 p4 #cgd4  #dg
 ,die ,entstehung der                   
,geschlechtscharaktere 7,the ,origin of 
the ,sexual ,characters71 ,archiv fr    
,gynkologie1 ,berlin1 #aijc1 vol4 lxx4  
#dh ,gall maintained that as a result of
 castration the development of the      
cerebellum was hindered1 and that this  
failure of development could be detected
 by external examination of the         
occipital region4  #di ,jastrowitz1     
,einiges ber das ,physiologische und ber
 die aussergewhnlichen ,handlungen im   
,liebesleben der ,menschen              
7,physiological ,considerations         
regarding the ,amatory ,life of         
,mankind1 and regarding certain unusual 
,features of that ,life71 p4 #af et     

seq41 ,leipzig1 #aijd4  #ej ,ancel et   
,bouin1 ,insuffisance spermatique et    
,insuffisance diastmatique1 ,la ,presse 
,mdicale1 ,january #acth1 #aijf4  #ea   
,the quotation in the ,german original1 
from the ,german poet ,storm1 would have
 lost life and spirit in any translation
 possible to me4 ,i have therefore      
replaced it by an appropriate quotation 
from ,longfellow4--,,translator',s      
,,note4  #eb ,in the ,german language   
the word castration is used of both     
sexes2 i4e41 it signifies removal of the
 ovaries as well as removal of          
testicles4--,,translator',s ,,note4  #ec
 ,a record of such cases will be found  
in the article on ,menstruation1 p4 #gjj
 of the ,dictionnaire des ,sciences     
,mdicales1 ,dechambre1 ,paris1 #ahgc4   
#ed ,kisch1 ,the ,sexual ,life of       
,woman1 pp4 #gi-hj1 ,english translation
 by ,m4 ,eden ,paul2 ,rebman1 ,london1  
#aiaj4  #ee ,trait de ,physiologie1 vol4
 i4 p4 #bfj1 ,paris1 #ahfi4  #ef ,the   
reference will be found in the          

,jahresbericht ber die ,leistungen und  
,fortschritte auf dem ,gebiete der      
,erkrankungen des ,urogenitalapparates1 
second year of issue1 ,berlin1 #aijg4   
#eg ,untersuchungen ber die ,libido     
,sexualis 7,researches into the ,nature 
of the ,sexual ,impulse71 ,berlin1      
#ahig1 chap1 iii4  #eh ,paris1 #ahhc1   
vol4 i1 p4 #ia4  #ei ,s4 ,hall1 ,the    
,early ,sense of ,self1 ,am4 ,journ4 of 
,psych41 ,april #ahih4  #fj             
,sexualbiologie1 ,berlin1 #aijg1 p4 #dh 
et seq4  #fa ,union mdicale1 ,may #ahgg4
  #fb ,psychopathologie lgale1 ,paris1  
#aijc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afi4  #fc ,havelock 
,ellis1 ,studies in the ,psychology of  
,sex1 vol4 v41 ,erotic ,symbolism1 c41  
p4 #ec et4 seq4  #fd ,the ,early ,sense 
of ,self1 ,american ,journal of         
,psychology1 ,april #ahih1 p4 #cfa4  #fe
 ,moll1 ,die kontrre ,sexualempfindung1 
,case #bj1 #crd ed41 ,berlin1 #ahih4    
#ff ,neugebauer1 ,hermaphroditismus beim
 ,menschen 7,hermaphroditism in the     
,human ,species71 ,leipzig1 #aijh4  #fg 

,l',hygine sexuelle et ses ,consquences 
morales1 p4 #bf1 ,paris1 #ahie4  #fh    
,jacobus ,x----1 ,lois ,gnitales1 p4    
#af1 ,paris1 #aijf4  #fi ,albert ,moll1 
,untersuchungen ber die ,libido         
,sexualis 7,studies concerning the      
,sexual ,impulse71 p4 #bef et4 seq41    
,berlin1 #ahig4  #gj mile 7at the       
beginning of ,book ,,iv474  #ga         
,magister ,laukhards ,leben und         
,schicksale1 von ihm selbst beschrieben1
 bearbeitet von ,viktor ,petersen 7,the 
,life and ,fortunes of ,master          
,laukhard1 described in his own words1  
and edited by ,viktor ,petersen71 vol4  
i4 p4 #ae1 ,stuttgart1 #aijh4  #gb      
,monsieur ,nicolas1 vol4 i4 p4 #ea1     
,paris 7,liseux71 #ahhd4  #gc           
,kinderleben in der deutschen           
,vergangenheit 7,child ,life in ,old    
,germany71 p4 #aab1 ,leipzig1 #aijj4    
#gd ,die geschlechtlich-sittlichen      
,verhltnisse der evangelischen          
,landbewohner im ,deutschen ,reiche1    
dargestellt auf ,grund der von der      

,allgemeinen ,konferenz des deutschen   
,sittlichkeitsvereine veranstalteten    
,umfrage 7,the ,state of ,sexual        
,morality among the ,protestant         
,inhabitants of the ,german ,empire1 as 
shown by an ,inquiry instituted by the  
,general ,conference of the ,german     
,societies for the ,promotion of ,public
 ,morals71 vol4 ii pp4 #efb-c1 ,leipzig1
 #ahig4 ,the collective investigation   
made by ,wagner1 ,wittenberg1 and       
,hckstdt1 as a part of the inquiry      
instituted by the ,general ,conference  
of the ,german ,societies for the       
,promotion of ,public ,morals1 is       
certainly the most exhaustive of which  
any record at present exists4  #ge ,wie 
der ,geschlechtstrieb des ,menschen in  
,ordnung zu bringen usw4 7,how to       
,control the ,human ,sexual ,impulse1   
c471 ,brunswick1 #agia4  #gf ,studies in
 the ,psychology of ,sex1 vol4 iii42    
,analysis of the ,sexual ,impulse1 pp4  
#ei-fj and footnote1 ,davis1            
,philadelphia1 #aijh4  #gg ,the ,sexual 

,question1 ,rebman1 ,london1 #aijh1 pp4 
#dhe-hf4  #gh ,dreissig ,jahre ,praxis  
7,thirty ,years of ,medical ,practice71 
,wrzburg1 #aijg1 p4 #cje4  #gi ,quoted  
by ,havelock ,ellis1 ,studies in the    
,psychology of ,sex1 vol4 i41 #crd ed41 
,davis1 ,philadelphia1 #aiaj1 p4 #agi4  
,the original paper is by ,c4 ,w4       
,townsend1 ,thigh ,friction in ,children
 under ,one ,year1 ,annual ,meeting of  
the ,american ,pediatric ,society1      
,montreal1 #ahif4 ,five cases are       
recorded by this writer1 all in female  
infants4  #hj ,regarding the precise    
significance of the terms iomasturbation
 and onanism1 see the author's footnote 
to page #hg4 ,the adjectives            
corresponding to those words are        
respectively masturbatory and onanistic4
 ,by ,german writers1 onanismus or      
onanie1 and onanistisch1 are often used 
where1 strictly speaking1 the words are 
inapplicable1 since reference is made to
 cases in which sexual gratification is 
obtained by direct manipulation4 ,in    

this translation1 ,i prefer for such    
cases to use the words masturbation     
7i4e4 manustupration7 and masturbatory2 
and to limit the use of the terms       
onanism and onanistic to cases in which 
no direct use is made of the hand4      
,where sexual gratification is obtained 
without any mechanical act at all1 it to
 preferable to speak of psychical       
onanism1 or else to employ the general  
term introduced by ,havelock ,ellis for 
the description of all varieties of     
self-induced sexual stimulation and     
sexual gratification--whether mechanical
 or psychical--viz4 auto-erotism        
7adjectival form1 auto-erotic74 ,see    
,havelock ,ellis1 ,studies in the       
,psychology of ,sex1 vol4 i41 #crd ed41 
#aiaj4 ,part ,,iii41 ,auto-,erotism3 ,a 
,study of the ,spontaneous              
,manifestations of the ,sexual          
,impulse4--,,translator',s ,,note4  #ha 
,kisch4 ,the ,sexual ,life of ,woman1   
,english translation by ,m4 ,eden ,paul1
 ,rebman1 ,london1 #aiaj1 p4 #ha4  #hb  

,die ,entwicklung der                   
,geschlechtscharaktere1 ,archiv fr      
,gynkologie1 vol1 lxx4 p4 #bci1 ,berlin1
 #aijc4  #hc ,kisch1 ,the ,sexual ,life 
of ,woman1 ,english translation by ,m4  
,eden ,paul1 ,rebman1 ,london1 #aiaj1 p4
 #hb4  #hd ,drei ,abhandlungen zur      
,sexualtheorie 7,three ,essays on the   
,sexual ,question7 p4 #cf et seq41      
,leipzig and ,vienna4 ,for reference to 
,english translation1 see footnote1 p4  
#ad4  #he ,jahrbuch fr ,kinderheilkunde1
 #ahgi4  #hf ,die ,masturbation1 p4 #ej1
 ,berlin1 #ahii4  #hg ,l',hygine        
sexuelle1 ,paris1 #ahie1 p4 #bc4  #hh   
,die ,beziehungen des sexuellen ,lebens 
zur ,entstehung von ,nerven- und        
,geisteskrankheiten 7,relationships of  
the ,sexual ,life to the ,causation of  
,nervous and ,mental ,diseases71        
,mnchener ,med4 ,wochenschrift1 ,no4    
#cg1 #aijf4  #hi ,quelques mots sur     
l'onanisme 7,a ,few ,words on           
,masturbation71 ,annales des maladies   
des organes gnito-urinaires1 #aije1 ,no4

 #h4  #ij ,schlerselbstmorde 7,suicide  
during ,school-,life71 ,zeitschrift fr  
pdagogische ,psychologie1 ,april #aijg1 
p4 #ba et seq4  #ia ,du ,suicide1 #bnd  
ed41 ,paris1 #ahfe1 p4 #aci4  #ib ,for a
 comprehensive account of these views1  
see ,lwenfeld1 ,sexualleben und         
,nervenleiden 7,the ,sexual ,life and   
,nervous ,diseases71 #dth ed41          
,wiesbaden1 #aijf1 chap4 xiv4  #ic ,das 
,erleiden sexueller ,traumen usw4 7,the 
,ill ,effects of ,sexual ,dreams71      
,zentralblatt fr ,nervenheilkunde1      
,november #ae1 #aijg4  #id ,seltene und 
weniger bekannte ,tripperformen 7,rare  
and little-known forms of ,gonorrhoea71 
,german translation by ,george          
,merzbach1 ,vienna and ,leipzig1 #aijg4 
#ie ,la ,donna delinquente1 la          
,prostituta e la ,donna normale 7,woman 
as ,criminal and ,prostitute71 p4 #cgd1 
,turin1 #ahic4 ,english readers will    
find an account of this widely-read book
 in ,kureila's ,cesare ,lombroso1 a     
,modern ,man of ,science1 pp4 #ee-fd1   

translated by ,m4 ,eden ,paul2 ,rebman1 
,london1 #aiaa--,,translator',s ,,note4 
#if tude mdico-lgale sur les ,attentats 
aux ,moeurs1 p4 #ca1 ,paris1 #aheg4  #ig
 ,kisch1 ,the ,sexual ,life of ,woman p4
 #hj1 translated by ,m4 ,eden ,paul2    
,rebman1 ,london1 #aiaj4  #ih           
,l',onanisme chez l'homme1 p4 #ii1 #bnd 
ed1 ,paris4  #ii ,minorenni             
,delinquenti1 p4 #ahd1 ,milan1 #ahie4   
#ajj ,the ,sexual ,question1 p4 #dhb et 
seq41 ,rebman1 ,london1 #aijh4  #aja    
,op4 cit41 p4 #bcj4  #ajb ,delinquenza  
precoce e senile1 p4 #aig1 ,como1 #aija4
  #ajc ,les ,enfants menteurs1 ,mmoire  
lu  la ,socit mdico-psychologique1      
sances du #ac et #bg ,nov4 #ahhb4  #ajd 
,handbuch fr ,untersuchungerichter      
7,manual for ,police ,magistrates71     
,part ,i4 p4 #aaj1 #eth ed41 ,munich1   
#aijh4  #aje ,aprosexia is the technical
 term for inability to fix the mind upon
 any subject4  #ajf ,in the first book  
of ,les ,confessions4  #ajg ,strodtmann1
 ,h4 ,heines ,leben und ,werke1 vol4 i4 

p4 #bg et seq41 ,berlin1 #ahgc4  #ajh   
,fisiologia del ,amore4  #aji ,les      
,femmes homicides1 ,paris1 #aijh4 p4 #ci
 et seq4  #aaj ,beitrge zur ,kenntnis   
der ,lebens- und                        
,entwicklungsbedingungen der ,inder     
7,contributions to our ,knowledge of the
 ,conditions of ,life and ,development  
of the ,natives of ,india71 ,archiv fr  
,rassen- und ,gesellschaftsbiologie1    
#aijg1 p4 #hci et seq4  #aaa ,archiv fr 
,rassen- und ,gesellschaftsbiologie1    
#aijf1 p4 #iaf4  #aab ,we are           
irresistibly reminded1 in this          
connexion1 of the reputed higher        
morality of age as compared with youth1 
of which ,la ,rochefoucauld says 7,maxim
 #aib73 ,when our vices leave us1 we    
flatter ourselves that it is we who     
leave them4--,,translator',s ,,note4    
#aac ,esquirol refers to this in his    
great work on ,mental ,disorders4  #aad 
,die ,sittlichkeitsverbrecher           
7,offenders against ,sexual ,morality74 
,see also ,vierteljahrsschrift fr       

gerichtliche ,medizin und offentliche   
,sanittswesen1 ,third ,series1 xxix1 #b4
  #aae ,the custom of taking in a man as
 a night-lodger in crowded working-class
 tenements appears1 unhappily1 to be    
commoner in the large towns of ,germany 
and ,austria than it is in this country4
 ,see1 for instance1 ,adelheid ,popp's  
,jugendgeschichte einer ,arbeiterin     
7#crd ed41 ,reinhardt1 ,munich1 #aiaj1  
pp4 #ai1 #bj74 ,but such lodgers are by 
no means unknown in the overcrowded     
quarters of ,english                    
towns4--,,translator',s ,,note4  #aaf   
,psychiatrische ,vorlesungen1 ,leipzig1 
#ahib1 p4 #da4  #aag ,compare ,george   
,meredith on the male egoist's demand   
for innocence 7,the ,egoist1 p4 #aje73  
,the capaciously strong soul among women
 will ultimately detect an infinite     
grossness in the demand for purity      
infinite1 spotless bloom4 ,the frequency
 with which young widows remarry        
suggests that the demand for innocence  
in women is largely a result of         

conventional opinions4--,,translator',s 
,,note4  #aah ,la ,prostitution         
,clandestine1 p4 #da et seq41 ,paris1   
#ahhe4  #aai ,the ,intermediate ,sex1   
,swan ,sonnenschein1 ,london1 #aijh1 p4 
#hf4  #abj ,werthauer1                  
,sittlichkeitsdelikte der ,grosstadt    
7,offences against ,morality in ,large  
,towns71 p4 #gh et seq41 ,berlin and    
,leipzig1 #aijh4  #aba ,verbrechen und  
,vergehen wider die ,sittlichkeit4      
,entfhrung4 ,gewerbsmssige ,unzucht     
7,crimes and ,misdemeanours against     
,morality4 ,abduction1 ,professional    
,unchastity71 p4 #aae4 ,reprint from the
 ,fergleichende ,darstellung des        
,deutschen und ,auslndischen            
,strafrechts 7,comparative ,statement of
 ,german and ,foreign ,criminal ,law74  
#abb ,das ,geschlechtsleben in der      
,vlkerpsychologie 7,the ,sexual ,life in
 ,folk-,psychology71 p4 #eeg1 ,leipzig1 
#aijh4  #abc ,braud1 ,les ,filles       
,publiques de ,paris1 ,paris1 #ahci4    
#abd ,for fuller details1 see           

,mittelmaier1 op4 cit41 p4 #aaf4  #abe  
,ueber die klinisch-forensische         
,bedeutung des perversen ,sexualtriebes 
7,the ,clinical and ,legal ,significance
 of ,perversions of the ,sexual         
,impulse7 ,allgemeine ,zeitschrift fr   
,psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche 
,medizin1 vol4 xxxix1 p4 #bbj et seq41  
,berlin1 #ahhc4  #abf ,see footnote to  
page #bfj4  #abg ,compare ,havelock     
,ellis1 ,studies in the ,psychology of  
,sex1 vol4 vi42 ,sex in ,relation to    
,society 7,philadelphia1 #aiaj1 p4      
#cfh72 ,but altogether outside          
theoretical morality1 or the question of
 what people 'ought' to do1 there       
remains practical morality1 or the      
question of what1 as a matter of fact1  
people actually do4 ,this is the really 
fundamental and essential morality4     
,latin mores and ,greek ,greek3 thos    
both refer to custom1 to the things that
 are1 and not to the things that 'ought 
to be4' ,the etymological connexion1 of 
which ,dr4 ,moll speaks1 between the    

words morality 7or ethics7 and custom1  
thus subsists through the intermediation
 of the dead languages4 ,but in ,german1
 the etymological connexion between     
,sitte 7custom7 and ,sittlichkeit       
7morality7 is immediately               
apparent4--,,translator',s ,,note4  #abh
 ,for details1 see ,rosenbaum1          
,geschichte der ,lustseuche 7,history of
 ,venereal ,disease71 ,halle1 #ahic1 p4 
#eb et seq4  #abi ,it is surprising that
 the author makes no reference to the   
close association1 in many cases1 of the
 sentiment of disgust with unpleasant   
smells4 ,the earthworm1 the cockroach1  
and the bed-bug are regarded as         
peculiarly disgusting1 and all have a   
particularly offensive odour4 ,the      
unpleasant smell of the alvine          
evacuations is assuredly a large element
 in the disgust these                   
inspire4--,,translator',s ,,note4  #acj 
,die seelische ,entwicklung des ,kindes 
7,the ,mental ,development of the       
,child71 #bnd ed41 ,leipzig1 #aijh1 p4  

#ij4  #aca ,for fuller details1 see the 
work of ,rudeck1 ,geschichte der        
ffentlichen ,sittlichkeit in            
,deutschland 7,history of ,public       
,morals in ,germany71 #bnd ed41 ,berlin1
 #aije1 p4 #d et seq4 ,cf4 also1 ,alfred
 ,martin1 ,deutsches ,badewesen in      
vergangenen ,tagen 7,german ,bathing    
,customs in ,former ,days71 ,jena1      
#aijf4  #acb ,a ,german law dealing with
 offences against sexual                
morals4--,,translator',s ,,note4  #acc  
,i owe to private information1 most     
kindly given me by ,dr4 ,bohn1 my       
knowledge of numerous details bearing on
 this question4  #acd ,romanische ,liebe
 und persnliche ,schnheit 7,romantic    
,love and ,personal ,beauty71 #bnd ed41 
,breslau1 #ahid1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eh4  #ace 
,this does not conflict with the fact   
that in these circles also much         
hypocrisy is practised--much more       
certainly than in our own country       
7,germany74 ,to a still greater extent  
is this true of ,england1 where also in 

many circles all illegitimate sexual    
intercourse is proscribed1 thus leading 
to the practice of hypocrisy4 ,because a
 large proportion of the population does
 not practise illegitimate intercourse1 
those who do indulge in it are led to   
conceal as far as possible their own    
illegitimate intercourse2 as a result of
 this we find side by side and          
simultaneously in the same circle1 on   
the one hand a prohibition of           
illegitimate intercourse based upon     
genuine conviction1 and on the other a  
hypocritical condemnation of such       
intercourse4 ,further1 we have to admit 
that the question is an exceptionally   
difficult one1 precisely on account of  
the hypocrisy and lies in which the     
sexual life is enveloped4 ,naturally1   
where illegitimate intercourse is       
forbidden1 those who do indulge are far 
more careful1 and especially in guarding
 against venereal infection1 lest the   
illness should betray them to others4 ,a
 communication made to me very recently 

suggests the need for great caution in  
our judgment in these matters4 ,a       
foreign university professor gives his  
students very fine lectures on the      
sexual life1 laying great stress on the 
beauty and importance of sexual         
abstinence4 ,the lecturer was convinced 
that as a result of his lectures his    
students were exceptionally chaste and  
abstinent4 ,but a colleague of this same
 professor at the university is no less 
firmly convinced1 and this as the result
 of reports from members of his friend's
 audience1 that the assumed chastity of 
the students is purely imaginary1 and   
that in actual fact their lives are just
 as loose as those of students in       
general4  #acf ,see the article on      
,coeducation in ,buch von ,kinde 7,the  
,book of the ,child71 edited by ,adele  
,schreiber1 vol4 ii1 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 p4
 #dh4  #acg ,versuch einer              
,charakteristik des weiblichen          
,geschlechtes 7,attempt at a            
,characterization of the ,female ,sex71 

,hanover1 #agig1 vol4 i4 p4 #ie4  #ach  
,pougin1 ,dictionnaire du ,thtre1       
,paris1 #ahhe1 p4 #gae4  #aci ,the      
description of such a mental state will 
be found in a diary1 shown to ,nystrm by
 a young friend of his1 and published by
 the former in his work on ,the ,sexual 
,life and its ,laws 7,das               
,geschlechtsleben und seine ,gesetze71  
,berlin1 #aijd1 p4 #abi4  #adj ,moll1   
,aerztliche ,ethik1 ,stuttgart1 #aijb1  
pp4 #bbj-ca4  #ada ,theologians are not 
agreed as to when the age of reason is  
attained4 ,gousset1 in his              
,moraltheologie zum ,gebrauch der       
,pfarrer und ,beichtvter 7,german       
translation of the seventh edition of a 
,french work1 ,moral ,theology for the  
,use of ,priests and                    
,father-,confessors71 ,aix1 #aheb1 vol4 
ii4 p4 #bdd1 demands that children      
should go to confession as soon as they 
are seven years of age2 other           
authorities consider that the age of    
reason begins only in the last years of 

childhood4  #adb ,l',amour1 #eth ed41   
,paris1 #ahfa1 p4 #gb4  #adc ,from what 
has been said before1 it will have      
become evident that the question has    
different aspects in different strata of
 the population4 ,i have attempted      
merely to formulate general principles1 
not to furnish an answer for every      
possible concrete question4 ,differences
 between town and country1 between      
richer and poorer1 between cultured and 
uncultured1 must be given due           
consideration4 ,in the case of those    
belonging to the less cultured and the  
poorer strata of society1 a special use 
in this connexion may be found for those
 social institutions which have of late 
come into being in various localities as
 the fruit of voluntary effort          
corresponding to our ,children's ,care  
,committees1 c41 in                     
,england--,,translator1 and conducted by
 women of the cultured and well-to-do   
classes4 ,these institutions may be     
utilised for imparting the sexual       

enlightenment1 at any rate in so far as 
they permit of an individual study of   
the child-psyche4  #add ,sexuelle       
,belehrung der aus der ,volksschule     
entlassenen ,mdchen 7,the ,sexual       
,instruction of ,girls ,leaving the     
,elementary ,school71 ,leipzig1 #aijg4  
#ade ,among others by ,k4 ,hller3 ,die  
,aufgabe der ,volksschule 7,the ,task of
 the ,elementary ,school71 ,proceedings 
of the ,third ,congress of the ,german  
,society for the ,suppression of the    
,venereal ,diseases1 at ,mannheim1 in   
the ,year #aijg4 ,in these ,proceedings1
 which were published as the seventh    
volume of the ,zeitschrift zur          
,bekmpfung der ,geschlechtskrankheiten  
7,journal for the ,suppression of the   
,venereal ,diseases71 the reader will   
find a vast amount of material bearing  
upon this question4  #adf ,briefe ber   
die wichtigsten ,gegenstnde der         
,menschheit 7,letters ,concerning       
,matters of the ,utmost ,importance to  
,mankind71 written by ,r41 and published

 by ,s4 ,i4 ,teil1 ,leipzig1 #agid1 p4  
#ajj et seq4 ,to all who are interested 
in the subject under discussion1 ,i     
strongly recommend the perusal of this  
book1 which seems to-day to have been   
entirely forgotten4  #adg ,for example1 
,max ,oker-,blom3 ,beim ,onkel ,doktor  
auf dem ,lande4 ,a book for parents1    
#bnd ed41 ,vienna and ,leipzig1         
#aijf4--;,an ,english version1 ,how my  
,uncle the ,doctor ,instructed me in    
,matters of ,sex1 has been published by 
the ,american ,society of ,sanitary and 
,moral ,prophylaxis1 #cc1 ,west #dbnd   
,street1 ,new ,york4 ,a list of a number
 of such books will be found in a       
footnote to p4 #fhd of my translation of
 ,bloch's ,the ,sexual ,life of ,our    
,time4 ,as ,oker-,blom himself says of  
this vital matter of sexual             
enlightenment1 ,better a year too early 
than an hour too late4--,,translator4   
#adh ,affektivitt1 ,suggestibilitt1     
,paranoia1 ,halle1 #aijf4  #adi         
,anthropologisch-kulturhistorische      

,studien ber die ,geschlechtsverhltnisse
 des ,menschen 7,anthropological and    
,historical ,studies concerning the     
,sexual ,life of ,mankind71 #bnd ed41   
,jena1 #ahhh1 p4 #ajf4  #aej ,there is  
one bearing of the use of alcohol in    
relation to irregular sexual            
intercourse1 the importance of which    
,dr4 ,moll appears to me largely to     
ignore in his discussion of the subject1
 and that is the effect which even      
moderate doses of alcohol have in       
blunting the finer sensibilities1 and in
 disturbing the balance of the judgment4
 7,the author's only reference to the   
subject is on page #cdh1 where he       
writes1 ,if so much alcohol is taken as 
to interfere with the natural psychical 
inhibitions1 sexual practices may occur 
that would not otherwise have occurred47
 ,to take the woman's point of view     
first1 it is1 ,i believe1 a common      
experience with prostitutes that1 in the
 earlier days at any rate1 they find it 
difficult to ply their trade unless     

under the influence of alcohol4 ,turning
 to the man's point of view1 there is   
quite a considerable proportion of young
 men who1 however strong their sexual   
impulse1 object to meretricious         
intercourse at once on ethical and      
sthetic grounds4 ,the ethical ground is 
that intercourse with a prostitute      
infringes the elementary principle of   
civilised morals1 that one human being  
should not use another as a mere means  
to the ends of the former1 but that each
 of us must treat all human beings as   
ends in themselves2 considering the     
general character of prostitution1 the  
fact that obligations to the individual 
prostitute are supposed to be discharged
 by a conventional money payment1 does  
not countervail the fact that this moral
 principle is infringed4 ,on the sthetic
 objections to prostitution1 it is      
hardly necessary to enlarge2 they have  
been felt by all men with refined       
sensibilities4 ,but it is precisely     
these refined sensibilities which are   

blunted by even moderate doses of       
alcohol--doses insufficiently great to  
abate the sexual impulse itself4 ,i do  
not mean to suggest that prostitution   
would not continue1 in the present      
economic and social conditions1 were    
there no intoxicants in the world2 but  
,i think an evening spent in quiet      
observation in the promenade of a       
fashionable ,london music-hall will     
convince most people that the           
above-described effects of alcohol are  
by no means purely                      
imaginary4--,,translator',s ,,note4     
#aea ,the arguments against raising the 
,age of ,consent for women beyond the   
age of sixteen now specified in the     
,criminal ,law ,amendment ,act of #ahhe1
 as ably summarised by ,havelock ,ellis1
 should be consulted in this connexion4 
,see his ,studies in the ,psychology of 
,sex1 vol4 vi41 ,sex in ,relation to    
,society1 pp4 #ebh-cj4 ,davis1          
,philadelphia1 #aiaj4--,,translator',s  
,,note4  #aeb ,die ,anfnge einer        

,erziehung zu geistiger und krperlicher 
,gesundheit whrend des ersten           
,lebensjahres 7,the ,beginnings of an   
,education for the ,maintenance of      
,mental and ,bodily ,health1 as applied 
during the ,first ,year of ,life71      
,fortschritte der ,medizin1 #aijh1 ,no4 
#ba4     ,,index ,,of ,,subjects        
,,abreaction1 #bgh    ,abstinence1      
sexual4 ,see ,sexual abstinence         
,accuracy1 sexual differences in1 #da   
,accusations1 false1 by children1 #bbg  
,acme1 voluptuous4 ,see ,orgasm2 and    
also ,voluptuousness    ,adenoids1 #bjg 
,adequacy of sexual act1 #ca1 #cb1 #hh1 
#hi    ,advertisements1 perverse1       
#bdj-bde    ,age for the sexual         
enlightenment1 #bhi-bij    ,age of      
consent1 #bcj1 #cad1 #cae    ,age of    
reason1 #bge    ,alarm at sexual        
manifestations1 #bac    ,albums1 #ae    
,alcohol1 #afj1 #afa1 #bbj1 #bba1       
#caj-caa     and the sexual impulse1    
#afj1 #afa     unsuitable for children1 
#afa    ,alcoholism1 #bbj    ,alienists 

and the study of sexual life1 #adg      
,alopecia areata1 #dg    ,altruism and  
love1 #bjh    ,amatory passion and      
suicide1 #ahh1 #ahi    ,ansthesia       
sexualis1 #hg1 #ib    ,animal           
friendships1 #aci1 #adj    ,animals1    
sexual fondness for1 #fa1 #ff4 ,see also
 ,bestiality     sexual paradoxy in1    
#abc     sexual phenomena in young1     
#ii-ajc    ,anthropology1 works on1 #h1 
#i    ,anus1 #ia    ,anxiety causing    
ejaculation1 #ib-id     in the          
masturbator1 #ahd    ,anxiety-neurosis1 
#ad1 #ic1 #aij    ,aprosexia1 #bjg      
,art and sexuality1 #bac-bae     the    
nude in1 #beh-bfj    ,assaults1 sexual4 
,see ,sexual assaults    ,association of
 contrectation and detumescence1 #ha-hg 
theory of sexual perversions1 #acj-acc  
,autobiographies1 #aj-ab1 #ae           
,auto-erotism1 #aff1 #ahh4 ,see also    
,masturbation and ,onanism              
,auto-,suggestion1 #aij     ,,balanitis1
 #aah    ,balls1 children's1 #bfh1 #bfi 
,bars1 parallel and horizontal1 and     

sexual stimulation1 #aei    ,bartholin's
 glands1 #bc1 #be     secretion of1 #be1
 #ef    ,bathing1 mixed1 #bee    ,beard1
 a secondary sexual character1 #cd1 #ch 
,beauty and the sexual impulse1 #gj     
,bed1 #cjg    ,beggars1 #aii            
,belletristic literature1 love in1 #ab  
,bestiality1 #fa1 #ff    ,bible1 the1   
#bgc1 #bgd    ,bicycling4 ,see ,cycling 
,biographies1 #aj-ab    ,blackmail1 #bbg
    ,bladder1 distension of1 causing    
erection1 #ej    ,blindness1 #bhc       
,boarding-schools1 #bjj1 #bdg    ,books 
and pictures erotic1 #bfj-bfd    ,boot1 
masturbation with1 #afd    ,boys        
frequenting brothels1 #aed              
,braggadocio1 #agd    ,breasts1 sexual  
differences in1 #cd1 #cf    ,breathing1 
sexual differences in1 #cg    ,breeches 
and sexual stimulation1 #aei1 #cjg1 #cjh
    ,brothels1 boys frequenting1 #aee   
,brother and sister1 rarity of sexual   
desire between1 #ga     improper sexual 
acts between1 #ga1 #aii1 #bjj     elder1
 effects sexual enlightenment1 #big     

,bulb1 vaginal1 or bulb of the          
vestibule1 #bc     ,,cabbage-,,patch1   
babies in1 #agj1 #bhe    ,calf-love1 #gj
    ,cancer1 #ahj    ,caressive         
inclinations and sexuality1 #afc1 #afd1 
#age    ,caruncul myrtiformes1 #bh      
,cases3--     #a4 ,undifferentiated     
sexual impulse1 #fd     #b4             
,undifferentiated sexual impulse1 #ff   
#c4 ,undifferentiated sexual impulse1   
#fg     #d4 ,coitus in childhood1 #hb   
#e4 ,development of sexual impulse1 #hd 
#f4 ,anxiety causing ejaculation1 #ic   
#g4 ,sexual paradoxy1 #aai     #h4      
,sexual paradoxy1 #aai     #i4 ,sexual  
paradoxy1 #aba     #aj4 ,disappearance  
of early perversions1 #abh     #aa4     
,foot fetichism1 #acd     #ab4          
,homosexual1 fondness for soldiers1 #acd
     #ac4 ,case of a ,voyeur1 #ace      
#ad4 ,flagellation fetichism1 #ace      
#ae4 ,onanism by thigh friction in a    
girl of four1 #ahg     #af4             
,masturbation in a boy of eight1 #ahh   
#ag4 ,masturbation treated by hypnotic  

suggestion1 #bgf     #ah4 ,sexual       
enlightenment by an elder brother1 #big 
,castration defined1 #aaa n4     effects
 of1 #ajc-aji    ,catamenia4 ,see       
,menstruation    ,cathartic method1 #bgh
    ,catholic confessional1 #bgd-bgf    
priests1 homosexual1 #bji1 #baj         
sadistic1 #bci    ,catholicism and      
sexual morality1 #bgd-bgf    ,caution   
requisite in diagnosing masturbation1   
#afe    ,century of the ,child1 the1    
#cba    ,ceremonial observant of        
attainment of puberty1 #afb    ,cervix  
uteri4 ,see ,uterus    ,chancre1 soft1  
#aib    ,characters1 sexual1 ,see       
,sexual characters    ,child1 as object 
of sexual practices1 #bai-bde           
defined1 #a     sexual life of1 its     
importance1 #agi-bah    ,child-depraver4
 ,see ,pdophilia    ,child-life in old  
,germany1 #aee    ,child-lover4 ,see    
,pdophilia    ,child-marriage1 #i1 #adi1
 #bad1 #bae    ,child-marriages1        
offspring of1 #bad1 #bae                
,child-prostitution1 #bbj               

,child-protection1 #bcj1 #bfi1 #bgj     
against sexual offences1 #bcj           
,child-suicides1 #dh                    
,child-witnesses1 credibility of1       
#bja-bje    ,childhood1 frequency of    
sexual incidents in early1 #g           
periods of1 #a1 #b     sexual           
differentiation in1 #cc-di     sexual   
experiences in1 as a factor in disease1 
#bgg-bgi     sub-epochs of1 #a1 #b      
,children1 false accusations of assaults
 on1 #bbg-bbi     in the law courts1    
#bcj1 #bca     legal protection of1 ,see
 ,age of consent     sexual acts with1  
to cure venereal diseases1 #bai         
,children's care committees1 #bie       
dances1 #bfh1 #bfi    ,chordee1 #eb n4  
,church1 the1 and sexual indulgence1    
#aic    ,circumcision1 #ah              
,civilisation1 modern1 and precocious   
sexuality1 #aef1 #aeg    ,clap4 ,see    
,gonorrhoea    ,class1 social1 and      
precocious sexuality1 #aea-aeb          
,climate and precocious sexuality1      
#aej-aea    ,climbing the pole1 #aei1   

#cjh    ,clinical histories of the      
sexual life1 value of1 #e1 #f           
,clitoris1 #bc1 #bg1 #bh    ,closets    
common to both sexes1 danger of1 #aeh1  
#bgi    ,clothing and sexual            
stimulation1 #aei    ,code1 ,german     
,criminal1 #bjf    ,code of love1 #i    
,coeducation of the sexes1 #bfd-bgj     
,coitus4 ,see also ,sexual intercourse  
capacity for1 #ed    ,colour sense1     
sexual differences in1 #dj              
,compulsion-neuroses1 #ad1 #aij1 #bgg   
,concealment4 ,see ,secretiveness       
,confessional1 the1 #bgd-bgf            
,confident1 #aff1 #afh1 #afi1 #bib1     
#bif1 #big1 #cbc    ,congenital         
homosexuality1 #abd-acj                 
predisposition1 #aac1 #abd-acj1 #adf1   
#adh1 #aef1 #aeg1 #agc1 #agi1 #ahc1     
#ahd1 #ahg1 #baf-bah1 #bdf1 #bdh        
,conjunctivitis1 ,see ,ophthalmia       
,connubial intercourse1 #aic            
,consent1 age of1 ,see ,age of consent  
,consequences1 the fear of1 #bef        
,consequences of sexual phenomena in    

childhood3--     ethical1 #aib-aie      
forensic1 #bja-bjg     hygienic1        
#ahj-aib     intellectual1 #bjg-bji     
social1 #aie-bja    ,constipation1 #cji 
,contagion of example1 #cje       moral4
 ,see ,moral contagion       psychical1 
#bgi    ,contrary sexuality4 ,see       
,sexual inversion    ,contrectation and 
contrectation-impulse1 #bi-ca1 #fj-ga1  
#ha-hg1 #adg1     #adh1 #afc1 #afd1 #agg
     and detumescence1 importance of    
their association1 #agg                 
,conversation1 indiscreet1 before       
children1 #afa       obscene1 #agj1     
#cje1 #cjf    ,coquetry1 #gg            
,corporal punishment1 #aei1 #caf-cba    
,corpus cavernosum clitoridis1 #bc      
penis1 #ah     urethra1 #ah             
spongiosum1 #ah    ,corpuscles1         
,finger's1 #bg     genital1 #bg         
,krause's1 #bg    ,corpuscular richness1
 sexual differences in1 #cc             
,corruption of children by pdophiles1   
#bbe-bbg     of town-life1 reputed1     
#aeb-aef1 #bfd    ,country versus town  

as influencing sexual morality1         
#aeb-aef1 #bfd    ,courage and love1    
#bjh    ,cowper's glands1 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1
 #bc1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef    ,credibility of  
children's evidence1 #bja-bje    ,crime1
 sexual differences in1 #dg1 #dh        
,criminal code1 ,german1 #bjf1 #cac1    
#cad     responsibility in children1    
#bjf     of pdophiles1 #bca-bcd         
,criminals1 youthful1 #aii1 #bjj        
,cruelty4 ,see ,sadism    ,culpability  
in children1 circumstances affecting1   
#bje1 #bjf    ,cunnilinctus1 #abb1 #adc1
 #bbd    ,curiosity of children         
regarding sexual development1 #baa-bac  
,custom and morality1 #bdi1 #bej        
,cycling1 #ij1 #bdh1 #cjh    ,cystitis1 
gonorrhoeal1 #aib     ,,dances for      
children1 #bfh1 #bfi    ,danger to      
children of legal proceedings1 #bcj1    
#bca    ,dangers1 hygienic4 ,see        
,health1 dangers to     of corporal     
punishment1 #caf1 #cag     of           
masturbation commonly exaggerated1      
#ahj-ahc1 #bhc-bhd     of the sexual    

enlightenment1 #cja-cjb     social4 ,see
 ,social dangers    ,dcolletage1 #bee   
,degradation1 social4 ,see ,social      
degradation    ,demarcation1 strict1 of 
sexual feelings impossible1 #agf1 #agg  
,dementia1 paralytic1 #bbj1 #bca        
post-epileptic4 #bbj1 #bca     prcox1   
#ad1 #aij     senile1 #bbj1 #bca        
,depraver of children4 ,see ,pdophilia  
,depression in masturbators1 #ahe       
,detumescence and detumescence-impulse1 
#bi-ca1 #gj1 #ha-hg1 #adg1 #adh1        
#afd1 #aff     in association with      
contrectation1 #ha-hg    ,development1  
puberal4 ,see ,puberal development      
sexual4 ,see ,sexual development        
,diagnosis1 #afb-agh     difficulties   
of1 #afb     errors in1 #afe     of     
sexual perversions1 #agh    ,diaries1   
#ae    ,diet and sexual stimulation1    
#afj1 #cji    ,differentiation1 sexual1 
in childhood1 #cc-di    ,diligence as a 
love-manifestation1 #gg1 #bjh           
,disease1 sexual differences in1 #de-dg 
,diseases falsely attributed to         

masturbation1 #ahj1 #aha     venereal4  
,see ,venereal diseases    ,disgust and 
shame1 #bej-beh    ,distinguished       
governess1 #bda-bdc    ,diversion of the
 sexual impulse1 #bgj    ,doctor1 the1  
and illegitimate intercourse1 #bgb      
and masturbation1 #bhd    ,dolls1 #ch1  
#ci1 #dc    ,drawing1 sexual differences
 in capacity for1 #db    ,dreams1       
sexual1 #ha1 #id-ih1 #aac1 #agh1 #aij1  
#bac1 #bhe    ,duct4 ,see under specific
 names as1 ,prostatic ducts1 ,seminal   
duct1 c4    ,duverney's glands1 #bc     
,dwarfs as objects of sexual desire1    
#bbc     sexual phenomena in1 #aaf1 #aag
    ,dynamometry in habitual            
masturbators1 #ahe     ,,early awakening
 of sexuality1 #adf-aeb    ,economic and
 social reasons for the sexual          
enlightenment1 #bhg1 #bhh    ,eczema1   
#aeh    ,educability1 limits of1        
#bdf-bdh    ,education and sexual       
differentiation1 #da-de     religious1  
#bgj-bgf     sexual1 #bdf-cbd4 ,see also
 ,coeducation     works on1 #i          

,educational advertisements1 #bdj-bde   
,educational reasons for the sexual     
enlightenment1 #bha-bhb                 
,effemination1 #abe1 #abf    ,egoism1   
sexual4 ,see ,sexual egoism             
,ejaculation1 #ba1 #bb1 #be1 #bf1 #cj1  
#cb1 #eb-eg1 #hi1 #ib1 #ih1 #aac1       
#ahe-ahh     during sleep1 #id-ih1 #aac 
from anxiety1 #ib-id     in the child1  
#eb-eg1 #hi     in the female1 #be1 #bf1
 #cj     in the male1 #ba1 #bb1 #cj     
masturbation without1 #ahe-ahh          
,ejaculation-centre1 #ba1 #bb           
,ejaculatory duct1 #ah                  
,embellishment1 romantic1 of object of  
love1 #ga1 #gb    ,emission1 seminal1 #c
 n41 #ec4 ,see also ,ejaculation     the
 first1 causing alarm1 #bab1 #bac       
,emissions1 nocturnal4 ,see ,sexual     
dreams    ,empirical psychology4 ,see   
,psychology1 empirical    ,energetic    
instruction1 #bda-bdc    ,english       
instruction1 #bdj-bde    ,enlightenment1
 the sexual1 #g1 #h1 #bhj-cjf           
,environment4 ,see ,education           

,epididymis1 #ag    ,epididymitis1 #aib 
,epilepsy1 #bbj1 #bca1 #bce    ,erectile
 tissue1 #ah    ,erection1 in the child1
 #ej-eb     in the female1 #be1 #cj     
in the male1 #bj-bb1 #cj     of the     
clitoris1 #be     of the penis1 #ah1    
#bj-bb1 #aih    ,erection-centre1 #bj   
,erections1 matutinal1 #aga             
non-sexual1 #agj                        
,erfahrungspsychologie1 #i    ,erogenic 
areas1 #ba1 #be1 #ia1 #agb     zones1   
#ba1 #be1 #ia1 #agb    ,erotic books and
 pictures1 #bfj-bfd     literature1 love
 in1 #ac     obsession1 #agi            
,ethical4 ,see also ,moral     dangers  
of precocious sexuality1 #aib-aie       
reasons for the sexual enlightenment1   
#bhe-bhf    ,ethics4 ,see ,morality     
,etiology1 #adf-afb     and diagnosis1  
#adf-agh    ,eugenic considerations     
opposed to child-marriage1 #bae         
,eugenics1 #bdf    ,eunuchs4 ,see       
,castration    ,evidence of children1   
#bja-bje    ,exaggerated expectations   
regarding the sexual enlightenment1     

#cjb-cjf    ,examination1 physical1 of  
child witnesses1 #bjc    ,example versus
 precept1 #bdi1 #cje    ,excess1 sexual4
 ,see ,sexual excess    ,exhibitionism1 
#abb1 #ada1 #adb1 #bcd    ,experimental 
psychology4 ,see ,psychology1           
experimental     study of the sexual    
life1 #f     ,,fairy-,,tales1 #ga1 #bhe 
,fallopian tubes1 #bd    ,false         
accusations by children1 #bbg-bbi       
,family tendencies4 ,see also           
,congenital predisposition    ,fanatics1
 morality-1 #bei1 #bfj    ,feather-bed1 
#cjg    ,feeble-mindedness1 #bjf        
,fellatio1 #aii    ,fertilisation1 #bd  
,fetichism1 sexual1 #fa1 #gd1 #ge1 #abb1
 #acj1 #bcd    ,fickleness1 #gi1 #hj    
,fig-leaf1 the1 #bei    ,finger's       
corpuscles1 #bg    ,first love1         
description of1 #aa1 #ab    ,fission1   
#hd    ,flagellation1 #ia1 #aei1 #bce1  
#bdj1 #cah1 #cbj     fetichism1 cases   
of1 #ace1 #baj1 #baa1 #bcg-bdj          
,flogging4 ,see ,corporal punishment2   
and also ,flagellation    ,fluor albus1 

#aha    ,follicles1 ,graafian1 #bd1 #bh 
,graafian1 primitive1 #bd     ovarian1  
#bd     ovarian primitive1 #bd          
,foot-fetichism1 #acd1 #ach             
,forensic4 ,see also ,legal aspects of  
sexual life of the child1     #bja-bjg  
reasons for the sexual enlightenment1   
#bhf    ,foreskin1 #ah1 #ej             
,friendship and homosexuality1 #ach1    
#aci    ,friendships of animals1        
#aci1adj    ,frsorgegesetz #bgi         
,,games of animals1 sexual phenomena in1
 #ii-ajc     sexual differences in1 #ch1
 #ci1 #ii    ,gastralgia1 #ahj          
,geldings1 #aje1 #ajf    ,gemmation1 #hd
    ,genital corpuscles1 #bg     organs4
 ,see ,sexual organs    ,german         
,criminal ,code1 #bjf    ,girth1 sexual 
differences in1 #ce    ,gland1 ,see     
under specific name as ,prostate gland1 
,cowper's glands1 c4    ,glans          
clitoridis1 #bc     penis1 #ah          
,gonorrhoea1 #agj1 #bbj1 #bhc     in    
children1 #eb1 #aia1 #aib    ,graafian  
follicles4 ,see ,follicles    ,growth1  

sexual differences in1 #ce1 #cf         
,guardianship1 law of1 #bgi             
,gymnastic exercises and sexual         
stimulation1 #aei1 #cjh     ,,hair1     
pubic1 #bf1 #bg     sexual differences  
in1 #cc    ,hairdressers1 homosexual1   
#bji    ,hair fetichism1 #ach1 #baj1    
#bcd    ,hanging posture and sexual     
stimulation1 #ahi    ,health and the    
sexual enlightenment1 #bhb1 #bhe        
dangers to1 from sexual phenomena during
 childhood1 #ahj-aib    ,heel1          
masturbation with1 #afd    ,height1     
sexual differences in1 #ce              
,hereditary taint4 ,see ,congenital     
predisposition    ,heredity1 morbid4    
,see ,congenital predisposition     and 
sexual differentiation1 #da-de          
,hermaphroditism1 #add1 #ade    ,herpes 
progenitalis1 #aga     sexualis1 #aga   
,hetero-suggestion1 #aij    ,home versus
 school for the sexual enlightenment1   
#bia-big    ,homosexuality1 #abc-acj1   
#acc1 #acd1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bji1     
#bbf1 #bbg1 #cac-caf     and            

coeducation1 #bfg     and occupation1   
#bji1 #baj     early memories of1 #e1 #f
     the fostering of1 #cjb             
,homosexuals1 shame in1 #gh             
,horizontal bar and sexual stimulation1 
#aei    ,horse-back riding1 #cjh        
,housing conditions1 bad1 #bbj1 #bdg1   
#bdh    ,hygiene of the sexual life of  
the child1 #cjf-cab     social1 #bdh    
,hygienic dangers4 ,see ,health1 dangers
 to     reasons for the sexual          
enlightenment1 #bhb-bhe    ,hymen1 #bc1 
#bh1 #ia1 #aih     not lacerated in     
masturbation1 #ia1 #aff                 
,hypersthesia1 sexual4 ,see ,sexual     
hypersthesia    ,hypnotic treatment of  
sexual aberrations1 #bgf1 #bgg          
,hypochondriasis in masturbators1 #bhc1 
#bhd    ,hypocrisy regarding the sexual 
life1 #bff1 #bif    ,hysteria1 #ad1 #df1
 #aij1 #bjd1 #bgg     ,,idealism1 #bgj  
,idiocy1 #adg    ,idiots1 masturbation  
in1 #bi    ,ignorance regarding the     
sexual life1 #bha-bhb1 #bhh             
,illegitimate intercourse1 #aic1 #bhg   

,illusions of love1 #gb     of memory1  
#d-f1 #abe1 #abg    ,imagination in     
children1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bid1 #bie  
its part in masturbation1 #hh           
perverse1 #cbd      and masturbation1   
#ahd    ,imbecility1 #adg1 #bbj         
,imitative acts1 #agd1 #cje     sexual  
acts1 #aeg1 #afb    ,immaturity1        
stimulus of1 #bba    ,immoral acts1     
definition of1 #aid    ,impersonator1   
feminine1 #bji    ,importance of the    
sexual life of the child1 #agi-bah      
,impotence1 psychical1 #bai    ,impulse1
 contrectation1 ,see ,contrectation     
impulse     detumescence4 ,see          
,detumescence impulse     sexual4 ,see  
,sexual ,impulse    ,inattentiveness1   
#bjg    ,incubi1 #c n4    ,india1       
child-marriages in1 #bae    ,infancy    
defined1 #b1 and note    ,infection1    
venereal4 ,see ,venereal diseases       
,inheritance4 ,see ,heredity            
,innocence as a sexual stimulus1 #bbb   
of rural life1 reputed1 #aeb-aef        
,insanity1 moral4 ,see ,moral insanity  

,instinct1 sexual4 ,see ,sexual impulse 
,instinctive chastity in girls1 #bhh    
,intellect1 the1 and precocious         
sexuality1 #bjg-bjh    ,intercourse1    
sexual4 ,see ,sexual intercourse        
,interdependence of contrectation and   
detumescence1 #ha-hg    ,internal       
secretion of ovaries1 #bf     of        
testicles1 #ai    ,interstitial gland of
 the testicle1 #ajh    ,inversion1      
sexual4 ,see ,sexual inversion          
,irresponsibility4 ,see ,responsibility 
,irritation1 local1 of genitals1 #cjg   
,irrumato1 #aii    ,itching1 #ei        
,itching-reflex1 #ej1 #ea               
,,jaundice1 #aha    ,jealousy1 #ge1     
#age1 #ahi     ,,kinderschutz1 #bfi1    
#bgj    ,kissing1 #gc    ,kitzel1 #ei   
,kitzel reflexe1 #ej    ,knightly code  
of love1 #i    ,krause's corpuscles1 #bg
     ,,labia majora1 #bc1 #bg           
minora1 #bc    ,ladies' tailor1 #bji    
,larynx1 sexual differences in1 #cd1 #ch
    ,laudatis temporis acti1 #aed       
,law of guardianship1 #bgi              

,law-courts1 children in1 #bja-bje      
danger to children in1 #bcj1 #bca       
,legal4 ,see also ,forensic             
relationships of sexual life of the     
child1 #bja-bjg    ,legitimate          
intercourse1 #aic    ,lse majest1 #bbh  
,levity regarding sexual manifestations 
in childhood1 #bhj    ,lex ,heinze1     
#bdd1 #bfj    ,libidio sexualis1 #bb    
,liebeskodex1 #i    ,life1 sexual4 ,see 
,sexual life    ,limits of educability1 
#bdf-bdh    ,literature1 belletristic1  
love in1 #ab     erotic1 love in1 #ac   
of the sexual life of the child1 #g-af  
,littr's glands1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #ed1 #ee
    ,looking-glass1 #bab    ,love1 code 
of1 #i     first4 ,see ,first love      
in belletristic literature1 #ab     in  
young children1 #ahh1 #ahi              
,love-games of animals1 #ii-ajc         
,love-illusions1 #gb    ,love-letters1  
#ge    ,love-poems1 #gf    ,lust-murder4
 ,see ,sadism2 also ,stabbers    ,lying 
,children1 #bjc    ,lying-in-bed1 #cjg  
,,maiden ,tribute of ,modern ,babylon4  

,see ,pall ,mall ,gazette               
,maidenhead4 ,see ,hymen    ,mamma4 ,see
 ,breast    ,manifestations of love in  
childhood1 #gc-hj    ,manipulations of  
the genital organs1 non-sexual1 #aga    
,manu-stupration1 #hg1 #aff             
,marriage1 #i     early4 ,see also      
,child-marriage1 #adi     laws1 #i      
medical advice concerning1 #bdf         
,masochism1 #fa1 #gd1 #acj1 #aca1 #acf1 
#acg1 #afj1 #baj1 #caf1 #cag1 #cba      
,masochistic advertisements1 #bdj-bde   
,masturbatio reservatus1 #ahg           
,masturbation1 #g1 #h1 #bi1 #cj1 #ea1   
#eb1 #hg-ib1 #if1 #ig1 #aai-aba1 #aee1  
#aef1 #afd-agc1 #ahj-aie1 #bfe1 #bhc1   
#bhd1 #bia1 #bib1 #cjc1 #cji1 #caa1     
#cab4 ,see also ,onanism     books on1  
#g1 #h     comparative frequency in boys
 and girls1 #ia1 #ib     dangers of     
excess1 #aha     defined1 #hg1 #afe     
diagnosis of1 #afd-agc     during sleep1
 #if1 #ig     enlightenment regarding1  
#bia-bib     exaggerated views of its   
dangers1 #ahj-ahc1 #bhc1 #bhd     ,fr's 

treatment1 #caa1 #cab     in animals1   
#bi1 #cj     in childhood1 #ahb-aia     
in idiots1 #bi     in schools1 #aee     
is it physiological8 #cjc     methods   
of1 #hi1 #ia     moral contagion of1    
#bja     moral judgments regarding1     
#aib-aie     mutual1 and coeducation1   
#bfe     physical signs of1 #aff        
sexual perversions and1 #ahd     tacit  
permission of1 #bhd     without         
ejaculation1 #ahe-ahh    ,maturation1   
#bd    ,maturity1 sexual1 defined1 #c1  
#d    ,matutinal erections1 #aga        
,meatus1 urethral1 in the female1 #bc   
in the male1 #ah    ,medical ethics1    
#bgb    ,membrum virile1 #ag            
,memoirs1 #aj-ab    ,memory1 illusions  
of1 #d-f1 #abe1 #abg     sexual         
differences in1 #dj    ,menarche prcox1 
#aad1 #aae     tardive1 #aaf            
,menstrual rhythm1 #bd1 #be             
,menstruation1 #bd1 #be1 #bh     age at 
commencement in various countries1 #aej 
precocious1 #aad1 #aae     retarded1    
#aaf     the first1 causing alarm1 #bab1

 #bac1 #bhd    ,mental differences      
between the sexes1 #ch-de    ,methods of
 investigation1 #d-g    ,micturitional  
obscenities1 #adc    ,milking movements1
 #agb    ,mind1 sexual differences in1  
#ch-de    ,mirror4 ,see ,looking-glass  
,mishandling of children1 #aia1 #bai-bde
    ,mixed bathing1 #bee    ,mode of    
sexual enlightenment1 #bih-cja          
,monks1 sadistic1 #bci    ,mons veneris1
 #bg    ,monthly period4 ,see           
,menstruation    ,moral contagion of    
masturbation1 #bja     corruption of    
children by pdophiles1 #bbe-bbg         
dangers of precocious sexuality1        
#aib-aie     insanity1 #adg             
judgments on masturbation1 #aib-aie     
,morality4 ,see also ,sexual morality   
and custom1 #bdi1 #bej     and          
nakedness1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfj     sexual1 
,catholicism and1 #bgd-bgf              
,morality-fanatics1 #bei1 #bfj          
,morbid heredity4 ,see ,congenital      
predisposition    ,mother1 the1 and the 
sexual enlightenment1 #bie-big          

,motherhood1 pre-marital1 #bhg          
,motherhood protection1 #cbc            
,music-hall artiste1 #bji               
,mutterschutzbewegung1 #cbc             
,,nail-,,biting1 #agc    ,nakedness4    
,see also ,nude1 the     and sexual     
morality1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfj              
,narcolepsy1 #ahe    ,necrophilia1 #bcd 
,nervous system1 abnormal1 #adf         
,neurasthenia1 #ad1 #aij     from       
masturbation1 #ahg     sexual4 ,see     
,sexual neurasthenia    ,neurologists   
and the study of the sexual life1 #adg  
,neuropathia1 #adf4 ,see also           
,congenital predisposition    ,neuroses 
and sexual experiences 7,freud's        
theories71 #ahi-aia1 #bbf1     #bgg-bgi 
,newspaper advertisements1 perverse1    
#bdj-bde    ,newspapers1 the erotic in1 
#bfa1 #bfb    ,night-lodger1 #bbj1 #bdh 
,nocturnal emissions4 ,see ,sexual      
dreams    ,non-sexual erections1 #aga   
manipulations of the genital organs1    
#aga    ,nose-picking1 #aga    ,nubile1 
defined1 #c1 #d    ,nude1 the1 in art1  

#beh-bfj    ,nuns1 sadistic1 #bci       
,nurses and masturbation1 #eb1 #aeh1    
#aei1 #bbe    ,nymph1 #bc               
,nymphomania1 #aha     ,,object of      
sexual practices1 the child as1 #bai-bde
    ,objective elements of the sexual   
enlightenment1 #bij1 #bia    ,obscene   
conversation1 #aec1 #aef    ,observation
 of sexual acts by children #afa1 #afb  
of sexual processes in young children1  
#afd     of the sexual life1 #f         
sexual differences in1 #da    ,obsession
 by erotic ideas1 #agi    ,occupation   
and sexual offences against children1   
#bba1 #bcb1 #bcc     and sexual         
perversion1 #bji1 #baj    ,offences1    
sexual4 ,see ,sexual offences           
,offspring of child-marriages1 #bad1    
#bae    ,onanism4 ,see also             
,masturbation     defined1 #hg1 #afe    
psychical1 #aff    ,ophorectomy1 effects
 of1 #ajf    ,operation to remove       
foreign bodies from vagina or female    
bladder1 #aff    ,ophthalmia of the     
new-born1 #bhc    ,opportunity and the  

sexual enlightenment1 #bic    ,orchitis1
 #aib    ,organs1 genital4 ,see ,sexual 
organs    ,organs1 reproductive4 ,see   
,sexual organs    ,orgasm1 involuntary  
sexual1 #c1 #id-ih     defined1 #c n4   
sexual1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #eg-ei4 ,see
 also ,voluptuousness     signs of1     
#afd1 #afe     without ejaculation1 #ahe
    ,ovarian follicles4 ,see ,follicles 
,ovaries1 #bd1 #bh     removal of4 ,see 
,ophorectomy    ,over-crowding1 #bbj1   
#bdg1 #bdh    ,over-development of      
sexuality in children1 #agi             
,oviducts4 ,see ,fallopian tubes        
,ovulation1 #bd1 #be1 #bh    ,ovum1 #bd 
,p,,derasty1 #aii    ,pdophiles1        
responsibility of1 #bca-bcd1 #bfd       
,pedophilia erotica1 #aeh1 #bai-bcd1    
#cad1 #cae    ,pall ,mall ,gazette      
revelations1 #bbg    ,panniculus        
adiposus1 #ajc    ,paradoxical sexual   
impulse1 #ac    ,paradoxy1 sexual1 #ac1 
#aag-abc    ,parallel bars and sexual   
stimulation1 #aei    ,paralytic         
dementia1 #bbj1 #bca    ,parents1 sexual

 element in fondness for1 #ga1 #agf     
,parisian ,landscapes1 #bfb    ,passion1
 amatory1 and suicide1 #ahi    ,passive 
character of sexual act in women1 #ahd  
,pathological1 the1 in the sexual life  
over-estimated1 #adg1 #adh              
,pathology1 #aad-ade    ,pelvis1 sexual 
differences in1 #cc1 #cd    ,penis1 #ag1
 #ah1 #bf1 #fj    ,perineum1 #ah        
muscles of1 #be    ,period1 monthly4    
,see ,menstruation    ,periodicity in   
the sexual impulse1 #aea    ,periods of 
infancy1 childhood1 and youth1 #b       
,peritonitis1 #aib    ,perverse         
advertisements1 #bdj-bde                
,perversions1 sexual4 ,see ,sexual      
perversions    ,philanthropes1 the1 #h  
,phimosis1 #cjg    ,physical examination
 of child witnesses1 #bjc    ,pictures  
and books1 erotic1 #bfj-bfd    ,place   
for the sexual enlightenment1 #bia-bie  
,plait-cutting1 #baj1 #bcd    ,play of  
animals1 sexual phenomena in1 #ii-ajc   
,play1 sexual differences in1 #ch1 #ci1 
#ii    ,pleasure1 voluptuous4 ,see      

,voluptuousness    ,poetry4 ,see ,verses
    ,pole-climbing1 #aei1 #cjh          
,pollution1 #c n4    ,polygamy in the   
,old ,testament1 #bgd    ,pornographica1
 #bfb-bfd    ,potency1 sexual4 ,see     
,sexual potency    ,potentia coeandi1   
#ed     generandi1 #ed    ,practices1   
sexual4 ,see ,sexual practices          
,precept versus example1 #bdi1 #cje     
,precocious sexuality1 #adf-aeb         
,precocity1 sexual1 and coeducation1    
#bfg     sexual1 dangerous to others1   
#bgi     in boys1 #aae1 #aaf     in     
girls1 #aad1 #aae    ,predisposition1   
congenital4 ,see ,congenital            
predisposition    ,pregnancy1           
precocious1 #aig1 #bbe1 #bbf            
,pre-marital sexual relations1 #bhg     
,prematurity1 sexual1 in boys1 #aae1    
#aaf     in girls1 #aad1 #aae           
,prepuce1 #ah1 #ej    ,priapism1 #aga   
,priests1 ,catholic4 ,see ,catholic     
priests     homosexual1 #bji1 #baj      
,procreation1 capacity for1 #ed         
,procurement1 #bbg    ,prognosis of     

sexual precocity1 #afb    ,progressive  
paralysis1 #bbj1 #bca    ,prolapse of   
uterus1 #ahj    ,prostate gland1 #ah1   
#ee1 #ef     secretion of1 #bj1 #ee1 #ef
    ,prostatic ducts1 #ah     secretion1
 #bj     utricle1 #ah    ,prostitutes1  
#aih1 #bjj1 #bbe1 #bbi1 #bcj     male1  
#aih1 #bbe    ,prostitution in children1
 #bbi-bcj    ,protection of children4   
,see ,age of consent2 and also          
,child-protection     of motherhood1    
#cbc    ,prurigo1 #aeh                  
,pseudo-coitus1 #bbc                    
,pseudo-hermaphroditism1 #add           
,psyches1 sexual differences in1 #ch-de 
,psychiatric causes of sexual offences  
against children1 #bai1 #bbj            
,psychiatrists4 ,see ,alienists         
,psychical contagion1 #bgi              
differences between the senses1 #ch-de  
impotence1 #bai     onanism1 #aff n4    
stimuli and precocious sexuality1 #afa1 
#afb    ,psycho-analysis1 #aij1 #bgg-bgi
    ,psychology1 empirical1 #i          
empirical1 and sex differences1 #dj1 #da

     experimental1 and sex differences1 
#ci-dj     of sex1 #ae    ,psychology1  
works on1 #i1 #aj    ,psychopathia1 #adf
     sexualis4 ,see ,sexual perversions 
,psychosexual development and the sexual
 enlightenment1 #bij     phenomena1     
early appearance of1 #fi1 #afg1 #bad    
,puberal development1 #d1 #aaa1 #aab    
individual variations in1 #aab          
physical changes1 #bf-bi    ,puberty1   
books on1 #h     ceremonial observance  
of1 #afb     defined1 #c1 #d     signs  
of1 #aaa1 #aab    ,pubescence1 #aji-aab4
 ,see also ,puberal development         
premature1 #aad-aaf     retarded1 #aaf1 
#aag    ,pubic hair4 ,see ,hair         
,punishment1 corporal4 ,see ,corporal   
punishment    ,punishments and          
masochism1 #baj1 #baa    ,pyromania1    
#bah     ,,quacks and secret diseases1  
#ahj     ,,race and precocious          
sexuality1 #adi1 #aej                   
,railway-travelling and sexual          
stimulation1 #afj    ,reading influenced
 by sexual perversions1 #baj            

,reading-matter for children1 #bfj-bfd  
,reasons against the sexual             
enlightenment1 #cja-cjb    ,redness of  
vulva not pathognomonic of masturbation1
 #aff    ,religiosity1 #afi             
,religious education1 #bgj-bgf          
,reproductive organs4 ,see ,sexual      
organs    ,respect for womanhood1 its   
cultivation in boys1 #cbc               
,responsibility1 criminal1 in children1 
#bjf     of pdophiles1 #bca-bcd         
,retardation of sexual development1     
#aab1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag    ,revelations  
of the ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 #bbg       
,rhythm1 menstrual1 #bd1 #be            
,ripening1 years of1 #aji-aab           
,romantic transfiguration of object of  
love1 #ga1 #gb    ,romanticism1 #ga1 #gb
    ,rose-fetichism1 #adj1 #ada         
,rubbing movements1 #agb1 #agc    ,rural
 innocence1 the table of1 #aeb-aef      
,,sadism1 #fa1 #gd1 #abd1 #acj-acc1     
#acf1 #acg1 #adj1 #afj1 #baj1 #bcd-bde1 
#caf1     #cag1 #cba    ,sadistic       
advertisements1 #bdj-bde                

,satisfaction1 sexual1 the sense of1    
#bc1 #ca1 #cb      in children1 #ei     
,schlafbursch1 #bbj4 ,see also          
,night-lodger    ,school1 the1 as a     
field for the sexual enlightenment1 #bhb
     versus home for the sexual         
enlightenment1 #bia-big                 
,school-doctor1 the1 and the sexual     
enlightenment1 #bic1 #bid    ,schools1  
masturbation in1 #aee    ,schutzalter4  
,see ,age of consent    ,scrotum1 #ah   
,season and the sexual impulse1 #aea    
,secrecy surrounding the sexual life1   
#cjj    ,secret diseases1 #ahj          
,secretion1 internal4 ,see ,internal    
secretion     prostatic1 #bj            
testicular1 #ai    ,secretiveness of    
children regarding their sexual life1   
#afc1 #afh1 #afi    ,seduction a cause  
of masturbation1 #eb     in childhood1  
#aeg1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afb1 #ahj1 #aij1     
#aif1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjj1       #bba1 #bhj
    ,segregation of the sexes1 #bdg     
,self-abuse4 ,see ,masturbation         
,self-reproach1 moral1 in masturbators1 

#bhb1 #bhd    ,semen1 #bj1 #ee1 #ef1    
#ajd     constituents of1 #ee1 #ef      
definition1 #bj    ,seminal duct1       
common1 #ah     vesicles1 #ah     glands
 of1 #bj     their distension causes    
erection1 #ba    ,seminiferous tubules1 
#ag1 #ai    ,senile dementia1 #bbj      
,sensation1 voluptuous4 ,see            
,voluptuousness    ,severe education1   
#bda-bdc    ,sewing-machine1 #ij        
,sexes1 coeducation of1 #bfd-bgj        
segregation of1 #bdg    ,sexual         
abstinence from tardy sexual            
development1 #baf-bah     is it harmful8
 #cjc    ,sexual act1 enlightenment     
concerning1 #bha    ,sexual             
differentiation in1 #ahd    ,sexual acts
 in children1 #hb1 #ahh1 #aih1 #aii1    
#bjj1 #bfe1 #bfi    ,sexual acts        
witnessed by children1 #afa1 #afb1 #bab1
 #bdg1 #bdh    ,sexual ansthesia1 #hg1  
#ib    ,sexual assaults1 false          
accusations by children1 #bbg-bbi       
,sexual characters1 primary4 ,see       
,sexual organs     secondary1 #cc-di    

effect of contrectation on1 #ajc-aji    
tertiary1 #cc1 #cd    ,sexual contrasts1
 #agg    ,sexual desire1 #ei n4         
,sexual development1 ,see also ,puberal 
development     precocious1 #aad-aaf1   
#afg1 #afh       in boys1 #aae1 #aaf    
in girls1 #aad1 #aae     retarded1 #aab1
 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag1 #afh1 #baf-bah       
,sexual differences1 are they congenital
 or acquired8 #da-de    ,sexual         
differentiation in childhood1 #cc-di1   
#gh1 #gi1 #adh1 #adi    ,sexual dreams1 
#ha1 #id-ih1 #aac1 #agh1 #aij     alarm 
at their first appearance1 #bac1 #bhe   
and the diagnosis of sexual perversion1 
#agh    ,sexual education1 #bdf-cbd     
and nakedness #bef1 #beg     and sexual 
perversions1 #cab-cba    ,sexual egoism1
 ,george ,meredith on1 #bbb    ,sexual  
enlightenment1 the1 #g1 #h1 #bhj-cjf    
,sexual excess and masturbation1 #aha1  
#ahc    ,sexual experiences and neuroses
 7,freud's theories71 #ahi-aia1 #bgg-bgi
    ,sexual feelings1 their strict      
demarcation from non-sexual feelings    

impossible1 #agf1 #agg    ,sexual       
fetichism4 ,see ,fetichism1 sexual      
,sexual glands1 their influence upon    
bodily development1 #ajc-aji    ,sexual 
gratification1 #ei n4    ,sexual        
hypersthesia1 #ih1 #aba1 #abd1 #bhd1    
#cjc    ,sexual impulse1 #ac1 #bf1      
#bi-cb1 #fj-fi1 #hd1 #hg1 #aag-abc1     
#aea1 #bgj     absence of1 #bf1 #hg     
components of1 #bi-ca     development   
of1 #hd     diversion of1 #bgj          
paradoxical1 #ah1 #aag-abc              
periodicity in1 #aea     premature1 or  
retarded4 ,see ,sexual paradoxy         
undifferentiated stage1 #fj-fi1 #cab1   
#cac    ,sexual incidents in childhood1 
frequency of1 #g    ,sexual intercourse1
 age at which first possible1 #aih      
and masturbation1 resemblances and      
differences1 #aha1 #ahb     consent to4 
,see ,age of consent     illegitimate1  
may the doctor advise8 #bgb             
pre-marital1 #bhg    ,sexual inversion1 
#dd    ,sexual life1 childish memories  
of1 #e1 #f     clinical histories of1   

#e1 #f     experiments on1 #f           
literature dealing with1 #g-af          
observation of1 #f     of the child1    
importance of1 #agi-bah    ,sexual      
morality and nakedness1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfj
     and religion1 #bgj-bgf     and the 
sentiment of shame1 #bee-beg            
,catholicism and1 #bgd-bgf    ,sexual   
neurasthenia1 #aac    ,sexual offences  
against children1 #aif1 #bje-bjg1       
#bai-bde    ,sexual organs1 differences 
in children and adults1 #bf-bi          
female1 #bc-bf     male1 #ag-bc         
,sexual orgasm4 ,see ,orgasm    ,sexual 
paradoxy1 #ac1 #aag-abc    ,sexual      
perversions1 #ac1 #ad1 #fa1 #gd1 #ge1   
#aba1 #abc-add1 #agh1 #ahd1 #aii1       
#bjj1 #bji-bac1 #bbf1 #bbg4 ,see also   
under the individual persons     and    
choice of occupation1 #bji1 #baj     and
 masturbation1 #ahd     and sexual      
education1 #cab-cba     induced by      
pdophiles1 #bbf1 #bbg     literature of1
 #ac1 #ad     their diagnosis by means  
of sexual dreams1 #agh    ,sexual play1 

#agd    ,sexual potency1 normal and     
abnormal1 #cjd     testing before       
marriage1 #cjd    ,sexual practices1 the
 child as an object of1 #bai-bde        
,sexual precocity1 #afg1 #agd1 #aie1    
#aif1 #aig1 #bbj     and sexual         
perversions1 #bji    ,sexual            
satisfaction4 ,see ,satisfaction        
,sexual topics in the ,bible1 #bgc1 #bgd
    ,sexuality and altruism1 #bjh1 #bji 
and art1 #bac-bae4 ,see also ,nude1 the 
and talent1 #bac1 #bad     precocious1  
#adf-aeb    ,sexually perverse          
advertisements1 #bdj-bde    ,shame1     
#gg-gi     and disgust1 #bej-beh     in 
relation to sexual morality1 #bee-beg   
,shock1 nervous1 from love1 in young    
children1 #ahh1 #ahi    ,signs of       
puberty1 #aaa1 #aab    ,sister and      
brother1 rarity of sexual desire        
between1 #ga4     ,see also ,brother and
 sister    ,skatophilia1 #ada-add1 #bei 
,skeleton1 sexual differences in1 #cc   
,skin1 diseases of1 sexual differences1 
#dg     sexual differences in1 #cd      

,skirts1 short1 #bee    ,skull1 sexual  
differences in1 #cc    ,sleeping with   
grown persons a cause of corruption in  
children1 #aef    ,smells1 unpleasant1  
and the sentiment of disgust1 #beb      
,social and economic reasons for the    
sexual enlightenment1 #bhg1 #bhh        
dangers of masturbation1 #aie-bja       
degradation1 through precocious         
sexuality1 #aig1 #aih     illegitimate  
intercourse1 #bhg     hygiene1 #bdh     
,sociology1 works on1 #i    ,soldiers1  
homosexual fondness for1 #acd    ,song  
of ,solomon1 #bgd    ,spasm1 gastric1   
#aha    ,specialised studies of the     
sexual life of the child1 #ad-ae        
,spermatogonia1 #ai    ,spermatozoa1    
#ag1 #ai1 #bg1 #ec-ef1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #afe 
age at which first formed1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee
    ,stabbers1 sexual1 #bce    ,stains  
on underlinen1 #afe    ,stammering1 #dg 
,steadfastness and love1 #bjh           
,stimulation1 excessive1 and            
masturbation1 #aha1 #ahc     local1 a   
cause of sexual misconduct1 #aeh-afa    

psychical1 #afa-afb    ,stork-stories1  
#agj1 #bhe    ,strict education1        
#bda-bdc    ,students1 sexual morality  
of1 #bff    ,sub-consciousness1 the1    
#bgh    ,subjective elements of the     
sexual enlightenment1 #bij1 #bia        
,suburethral glands1 #ah1 #bb4 ,see also
 ,cowper's glands    ,succession and    
sexual stimulation1 #afj    ,succubi1 #c
    ,sucking movements1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc
    ,suffrages4 ,see ,woman's suffrage  
,suggestion1 #aij1 #bgi4 ,see also      
,hypnotism    ,suicide from love in     
childhood1 #hj1 #ahi     sexual         
differences in1 #dh    ,summary of views
 on the sexual enlightenment1 #bih      
,superstition regarding cure of venereal
 diseases1 #bai1 #bbf                   
,symptomatology1 #ej-aac    ,syphilis1  
#aib1 #bbf1 #bhc     cerebral1 #bbj     
,,taint1 hereditary4 ,see ,congenital   
predisposition    ,talent and sexuality1
 #bac1 #bad    ,tardy sexual            
development1 #baf-bah    ,teachers and  
sexual offences against children1 #bcb1 

#bcc    ,teaching and example1 #bdi     
,testes1 #ag    ,testicles1 #ag         
internal secretion of1 #ajc-aji         
removal of4 ,see ,castration            
secretion of1 #ai    ,theatre1 the1 #bfa
    ,theological morality and sexual    
intercourse1 #aic    ,therapy1 #bgf-bhj 
,thieves1 #aii    ,thigh-friction1 #afd1
 #afe1 #ahg    ,threadworms1 #aah1 #aei 
,thyroid1 sexual differences in1 #cc    
,tic1 #agc    ,tickling1 #ei            
children's genital organs1 #aeh1 #aei   
,tissue1 erectile1 #ah    ,town-life and
 precocious sexuality1 #aeb-aef1 #bfd   
,transfiguration1 romantic1 of object of
 love1 #ga1 #gb    ,treatment of sexual 
aberrations1 #bgf-bhj    ,tress-cutting1
 #baj    ,tubes1 ,fallopian4 ,see       
,fallopian tubes    ,tubules1           
seminiferous1 #ag    ,tunica albuginea1 
#ag     ,,underclothing1 stains on1 #afe
    ,underclothing-fetichism1 #abb1     
#abc1 #baj    ,undifferentiated sexual  
impulse4 ,see ,sexual impulse           
,unemployment1 #bbj    ,united ,states1 

sexual morality in1 #bff1 #bfg    ,urban
 corruption1 the fable of1 #aeb-aef     
,urethra1 male1 #ah    ,urethral glands1
 #ai1 #bb4 ,see also ,littr's glands    
meatus4 ,see ,meatus    ,urethrorrhoea  
ex libidine1 #bb1 #bf1 #ef              
,urticaria1 #aeh    ,uterus1 #bd1 #bh   
masculinus1 #ah     prolapse of1 #ahj   
,utricle1 prostatic1 #ah                
,,vagabonds1 #aii    ,vagina1 #bd       
,vaginal bulb1 #bc     glands1 #be1 #eg 
orifice1 #bc    ,vanity1 #gg            
,variability of amatory sentiments in   
childhood1 #gi1 #hj    ,variations in   
the puberal development1 #aab    ,vas   
deferens1 #ag    ,vasa efferentia1 #ag  
,venereal diseases and the sexual       
enlightenment1 #cje     in children1    
#aia-aib1 #bbf     superstition about   
their cure1 #bai1 #bbf     infection and
 the sexual enlightenment1 #bhc1 #bhi1  
#bia1 #bic1 #bii1       #cjc    ,verses 
written by children in love1 #gf        
,vesicul seminales1 #ah1 #ee            
,vestibule1 #bce    ,viraginity1 #abe1  

#abf    ,virile potency4 ,see ,sexual   
potency    ,visual-memory1 sexual       
differences in1 #dj    ,voice1 sexual   
differences in1 #cg    ,voluptuous      
sucking1 #agc    ,voluptuousness1 #bb1  
#bc1 #be1 #bf1 #ca1 #cb1 #eg-ei     in  
children1 #eg-ei1 #hh1 #hi     in the   
female1 #be1 #bf     in the male1 #bc1  
#be     in women1 its intensity1 #cjd1  
#cje    ,voyeur1 case of1 #ace          
,vulva1 #bg    ,vulval glands1 #be1 #eg 
,,weight1 sexual differences in1 #cd    
,wollustkrperchen1 #bg    ,woman's      
movement1 the1 #dc1 #afi1 #cbb          
suffrage1 #aie    ,womb4 ,see ,uterus   
,women1 inculcation of respect for1 #cbc
     valuation of1 #aie    ,wonnesaugen1
 #agc    ,wrestling1 #gd1 #afj          
,,youth1 defined1 #b     ,,zoology1     
works on1 #aj    ,zwangsneurose1 #bgg   
,,index ,,of ,,names     ,,abraham1     
,karl1 #aij    ,adler1 ,otto1 #bf1 #cb  
,alderi1 #aj    ,allen1 #c n4    ,ancel1
 #ajh    ,arbiter 7,elegantium74 ,see   
,petronius    ,aschaffenburg1 #ahb      

,,bacqu1 #h    ,bartels1 #ce            
,barthlemy1 #aib    ,basedow1 #h1 #bic  
,bumer1 ,gertrud1 #bfh    ,bell1        
,sanford1 vi1 #ae1 #fi1 #gc1 #gd1 #gh1  
#gi1 #adh1 #aea1 #ahh1 #bjh    ,braud1  
#bbi    ,binet1 #abd    ,bleuler1 #cje  
,bloch1 ,iwan1 #cja    ,blom4 ,see      
,oker-,blom    ,boerhaave1 #cg          
,boesch1 ,hans1 #aee    ,bohn1 #bfc     
,boismont1 de4 ,see de ,boismont        
,bouin1 #ajh    ,bourdin1 #bjc          
,brehm1 #aj1 #ii    ,breschet1 #aae1    
#aaf    ,bretonne4 ,see ,rtif           
,breuer1 #bgg    ,brierre de ,boismont4 
,see de ,boismont    ,brill1 #ad        
,broker1 #dg    ,browning1 ,mrs41 #gb   
,bruns1 #df    ,buffon1 #aeb    ,byron1 
#aj     ,,campe1 #h    ,canova1 #aj     
,carpenter1 ,edward1 #bbf1 #bbg         
,carus1 #aad1 #aig    ,casanova1 #bja   
,chamisso1 #ch    ,clopatt1 #df         
,,dante1 #aj1 #bac    de ,boismont1 #ahi
    de ,musset1 ,alfred1 #aj            
,derones1 #aj1 #bac    d',espine1 ,marc1
 #afh    ,dessoir1 ,max1 #fj1 #abd      

,dippold1 #bcf    ,dostoiewski1 #bcc    
d',outreport1 #aig    ,duchtelet1       
,parent-1 #i    ,duff1 ,mary1 #aj       
,,eden ,paul4 ,see ,paul    ,ellis1     
,havelock1 v1 #ae1 #cc1 #cg1 #dh1 #gh1  
#adb1 #adc1 #afj1 #afe1 #aff1 #bdi1     
#cae    ,englisch1 #ef    ,eschle1 #cbb 
,esquirol1 #bah    ,eulenburg1 #df1 #ahi
    ,exner1 #ajb     ,,faust1 #aei      
,fehling1 #cd    ,fehlinger1 ,hans1     
#bad1 #bae    ,fr1 #ac1 #ha1 #aad1 #ahe1
 #caa    ,ferrero1 #aie    ,ferriani1   
#aii1 #bja    ,finck1 #bfe    ,flaubert1
 #aa    ,forel1 #afb1 #bjj              
,francillon1 ,marthe1 #bg    ,francis1  
,st41 of ,sales1 #ig    ,freud1 vi1 #ad1
 #ia1 #ic1 #agb1 #agc1 #aij1 #bbf #bgg1 
#bgh1 #bgi    ,frisch1 #ef    ,fuchs1   
#ac    ,frbringer1 #bj1 #bb1 #eb        
,,gall1 #ajh1 #aaf    ,gebhard1 #aae    
,goethe1 #aj1 #fb1 #fc1 #gg1 #bac       
,gousset1 #bge    ,grimm1 #bfa          
,groos1 #aj1 #ab1 #fc1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb  
,gross1 ,hans1 #da1 #bjd1 #bje          
,grnstein1 #bjh    ,guttceit1 #ib1 #afd 

,gutzmann ,hermann1 #dg     ,,haberda1  
#ec    ,halban1 #cd1 #ajg1 #afh         
,hall1 ,stanley1 #ach1 #adb    ,haller1 
#aig    ,hartmann1 ,berthold1 #ci       
,havelock ,ellis4 ,see ,ellis           
,hebbel1 #aa1 #agj1 #bjh    ,heidenhain1
 #bih    ,heine1 #bac    ,henke1 #bah   
,henle1 #ee    ,herodotus1 #bej         
,hofmann1 #ec    ,hller1 ,k41 #bii      
,hckstdt1 #aef    ,hudson1 #aja         
,hufeland1 #h1 #ge1 #aei1 #ahj1 #caa    
,hutchinson1 #cg     ,,ibbetsson1 ,sir  
,denzil1 #bae     ,,jastrowitz1 #ajh    
,jodl1 #abd    ,jullien1 #eb1 #aia      
,,kaunitz1 #bci    ,keller1 ,gottfried1 
#ab    ,kerschensteiner1 #db    ,key1   
,axel1 #cf    ,kirn1 #bca    ,kisch1    
#aae1 #afg1 #afh1 #aif    ,klose1 #ec   
,ktscher1 vi1 #ad    ,kovalevsky1 #adb  
,krafft-,ebing1 von1 v1 #ac1 #bf1 #aag1 
#aah1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #bai            
,kurella1 #aie    ,kussmaul1 #afg       
,,lambercier1 ,mademoiselle1 #baj1 #baa 
,lantier1 #aig    ,la ,rochefoucauld1   
#bag    ,lasgue1 #adb    ,laukhard1 #aec

    ,lehmann1 ,rudolf1 #bdg             
,leppmann1 ,fritz1 #bbj1 #bcb           
,lichtenstein1 ,ulrich von1 #acf        
,ligeois1 #aae    ,liguori1 #bgd        
,lindner1 #agb    ,lobsien1 #dj         
,lombroso1 #ac1 #aie    ,longfellow1    
#aaj    ,lwenfeld1 #ahi     ,,magnan1   
#bba1 #bbb    ,mantegazza1 #ac1 #eb1    
#ge1 #bac1 #cjh    ,marcuse1 ,max1 #dg  
,marro1 ,martial1 #bbi    ,martin1 #aig 
,martin1 ,alfred1 #bee    ,martineau1   
#bbe    ,mead1 #aaf    ,meredith1       
,george1 #bbb    ,merzbach1 ,george1    
#aia    ,meumann1 #dj    ,michelet1 #bge
    ,mittelmaier1 #bbi1 #bcj    ,mbius1 
#aj1 #de1 #df    ,molitor1 #aig         
,moll1 #add1 #ade1 #aea1 #bej1 #bgb1    
#caj    ,momsen1 ,p41 #aci              
,montgomery1 #aig    ,morrison1 #dh     
,mller1 ,l4 ,r41 #bj    ,mller1 ,robert1
 #aci    ,musset1 de1 ,see de ,musset   
,musset1 ,paul1 #aj     ,n,,cke1 #agh   
,napoleon ,i41 #aj    ,netschajaff1 #dj 
,neugebauer1 #ade    ,newman1 #b        
,niemeyer1 #h    ,nystrm1 #bgb          

,,oker-,,blom1 ,max1 #cja    ,outreport1
 d'4 ,see d',outreport     ,,padberg1   
#ch    ,parent-,duchtelet1 #i    ,paul1 
,eden1 #aae1 #afg1 #afh1 #aie1 #aif     
,plofi1 #ac    ,penta1 #aei             
,peterson1 ,viktor1 #aec    ,petronius  
,arbiter1 #ac1 #hj    ,pflger1 #ej      
,platter1 ,felix1 #aj1 #aca1 #adj       
,pockels1 #bfh    ,popp1 ,adelheid1 #bbj
    ,pougin1 #bgj    ,pouillet1 #aih    
,preyer1 #ej     ,,ramdohr1 #i    ,rtif 
de la ,bretonne1 #ac1 #acf1 #aec        
,ribbing1 #d1 #aej1 #agi    ,ribot1 #abd
    ,rohleder1 #agb    ,roland1 ,madame1
 #ig    ,rosenbaum1 #bej    ,rousseau1  
#g1 #acf1 #aeb1 #baj1 #bdg1 #cag        
,rudeck1 #i1 #bee    ,rdin1 ,e41 #bae   
,,salzmann1 #h    ,sanford ,bell4 ,see  
,bell    ,sarganeck1 #g    ,scheyer1    
#bib    ,schreiber1 ,adele1 #bfh        
,seitz1 #aja1 #ajb    ,sibson1 #cg      
,sikorsky1 #bec    ,stanley ,hall4 ,see 
,hall    ,stekel1 #ic    ,stern1        
,william1 #da1 #db    ,stoll1 ,otto1    
#bbi    ,strassmann1 #ed    ,stratz1 ,c4

 ,h41 #cd1 #ce1 #cf    ,strodtmann1 #bac
     ,,tardieu1 #aif1 #bbd              
,tarnowsky1 ,pauline1 #bad              
,thalhofer1 #h1 #cjf    ,tissot1 #g1 #h1
 #ahj1 #ahc    ,townsend1 #afe     ,,von
 ,krafft-,ebing4 ,see ,krafft-,ebing    
,,wagner1 ,c41 #aee1 #aef    ,werthauer1
 #bbg    ,weston1 #abc    ,westphal1 #ac
    ,wittenberg1 #aef     ,x----1       
,jacobus1 #aej     ,,zacchias1 #ed      
,zola1 #acf  ,printed in the ,united    
,states of ,america4