,,*9a1 ,,japan ,,& ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4      
,pres5t-day ,conditions                 
9 ! ,f> ,ea/                          & 
,_! ,be>+ on                            
! ,wa%+ton                              
,conf]5ce                               
by                                      
,,john ,,dewey                          
,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at              
,columbia ,univ]sity                    
,new ,republic ,pamphlet ,no4 #a        
,publi%$ by !                           
,,republic ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,,inc4      
#dba ,we/ ,tw5ty-fir/ ,/reet            
,new ,york ,city                        
#aiba                                   
,copyright #aiba                        
,,republic ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,,inc4       
,introductory ,note   ,! articles foll[+
 are repr9t$ z !y 7 writt5 9 spite ( !  
fact t any picture ( contempor>y ev5ts  
is modifi$ by subsequ5t increase ( k &  
by lat] ev5ts4 ,9 ! ma91 h[ev]1 ! writ] 
w\ld /ill /& by :at 0 said at ! "t4 ,a  
few foot notes h be5 ins]t$ :]e ! text  

is likely to give rise to               
misappreh5sions4 ,! date ( writ+ has be5
 reta9$ z a guide to ! read]4     ,i    
,on ,two ,sides ( ! ,ea/]n ,seas   ,x is
 ?ree days' easy j\rney f ,japan to     
,*9a4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any:]e 9 ! _w  
ano!r j\rney ( ! same l5g? br+s ) x su* 
a complete *ange ( political temp] &    
belief4 ,c]ta9ly x is great] ?an !      
alt]ation p]ceiv$ 9 j\rney+ directly f  
,san ,francisco to ,%anghai4 ,! diff]5ce
 is n "o 9 cu/oms & modes ( life2 t goes
 )\t say+4 ,x conc]ns ! ideas1 beliefs &
 alleg$ in=mation curr5t ab\t "o & !    
same fact3 ! /atus ( ,japan 9 !         
int]national _w & especially its        
attitude t[>d ,*9a4 ,"o f9ds ev]y:]e 9  
,japan a feel+ ( unc]ta9ty1 hesitation1 
ev5 ( weakness4 ,!re is a subtle n]v\s  
t5sion 9 ! atmosph]e z ( a c\ntry on !  
v]ge ( *ange b n kn[+ :]e ! *ange w take
 x4 ,lib]alism is 9 ! air1 b g5u9e      
lib]als are encompass$ ) all sorts (    
difficulties especially 9 comb9+ _!     
lib]alism ) ! devotion to !ocratic robes

 :i* ! imp]iali/ milit>i/s :o rule      
,japan h s skilfully ?r[n ab\t ! ,?rone 
& ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,b :at "o s5ses 9 ,*9a f 
! fir/ mom5t is ! feel+ ( ! all-p]vad+  
p[] ( ,japan :i* is work+ z surely z    
fate to its unhesitat+ conclusion--!    
dom9ation ( ,*9ese politics & indu/ry by
 ,japan ) a view to its f9al absorption4
 ,x is n my object to analyze !         
realities ( ! situation or to inquire   
:e!r ! univ]sal feel+ 9 ,*9a is a       
collective halluc9ation or is gr\nd$ 9  
fact4 ,! ph5om5on is wor?y ( record on  
its own acc\nt4 ,ev5 if x be m]ely      
psy*ological1 x is a fact :i* mu/ be    
reckon$ ) 9 bo? its ,*9ese & its        
,japanese aspects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z to
 ! diff]5ces 9 psy*ological atmosph]e4  
,ev]ybody :o kn[s any?+ ab\t ,japan kn[s
 t x is ! l& ( res]ves & retic5ces4 ,!  
half-in=m$ ,am]ican w tell y t ?is is   
put on = ! mislead+ ( =eign]s4 ,! in=m$ 
"k t x is an attitude %[n to =eign]s    
only because x is deeply engra9$ 9 !    
moral & social tradition ( ,japan2 & t1 

if any?+1 ! ,japanese are m likely to be
 communicative--ab\t _m ?+s at lea/--to 
a sympa!tic =eign]1 ?an to "o ano!r4 ,! 
habit ( res]ve is s deeply emb$d$ 9 all 
! etiquette1 conv5tion & daily c]emony (
 liv+1 z well z 9 ! ideals ( /r5g? ( "*1
 t only ! ,japanese :o h subject$       
!mselves to =eign influ5ces escape x--& 
_m ( !m rev]t4 ,to put x mildly1 !      
,japanese are n a loquaci\s p2 !y h !   
gift ( do+ r ?an ( gab4  ,:5 accord+ly a
 ,japanese /atesman or visit+ diplomati/
 engages 9 unusually prolong$ & frank   
disc\rse sett+ =? ! aims & proc$ures (  
,japan1 ! /ud5t ( politics :o has be5   
long 9 ! ,ea/ at once becomes al]t1 n to
 say suspici\s4 ,a rec5t illu/ration is 
s extreme t x w d\btless seem fanta/ic  
beyond belief4 ,b ! /ud5t at home w h to
 take ^! seem+ fantasies s]i\sly if he  
wi%es to appreciate ! pres5t atmosph]e (
 ,*9a4 ,cables h br\ght fragm5t>y       
reports ( "s addresses ( ,b>on ,goto 9  
,am]ica4 ,d\btless 9 ! ,am]ican         
atmosph]e ^! h ! effect ( reassur+      

,am]ica z to any improp] ambitions on ! 
"p ( ,japan4 ,9 ,*9a1 !y 7 tak5 z       
ann\ncem5ts t ,japan has ab\t complet$  
its plans = ! absorption ( ,*9a1 & t !  
lucubration prelim9>y to op]ations (    
swall[+ are ab\t to beg94 ,! read] is   
=giv5 9 advance any scepticism he feels 
ab\t bo? ! fact itself & ! correctness (
 my report ( ! belief 9 ! alleg$ fact4  
,8 scepticism w n surpass :at ,i %\ld   
feel 9 8 place4 ,b ! suspicion ar\s$ by 
su* /atem5ts z ?is & ! rec5t int]view ( 
,=eign ,m9i/] ,u*ida & ,b>on ,i%ii mu/  
be not$ z evid5ces ( ! univ]sal belief 9
 ,*9a t ,japan has "o mode ( diplomacy =
 ! ,ea/ & ano!r = ! ,we/1 & t :at is    
said 9 ! ,we/ mu/ be read 9 rev]se 9 !  
,ea/4  ,*9a1 :atev] else x is1 is n ! l&
 ( privacies4 ,x is a prov]b t no?+ long
 rema9s secret 9 ,*9a4 ,! ,*9ese talk m 
easily ?an !y act--especially 9         
politics4 ,!y are adepts 9 reveal+ _!   
own %ortcom+s4 ,!y dissect _! own       
weaknesses & failures ) ! mo/           
extraord9>y reasonabl5ess4 ,"o ( !      

defects ^u :i* !y dwell is ! love ( f9d+
 sub/itutes = positive action1 ( avoid+ 
ent]+ ^u a c\rse ( action :i* might be  
irrevocable4 ,"o almo/ wond]s :e!r _!   
p[] ( self-criticism is n itself ano!r (
 ^! sub/itutes4 ,at all ev5ts1 !y are   
frank to ! po9t ( loquacity4 ,betwe5 !  
opposite camps !re are always           
communications fl[+4 ,among (ficial     
enemies !re are sworn fri5ds4 ,9 a l& ( 
p]petual compromise1 etiquette z well z 
necessity dem&s t ! ways = lat]         
accommodations be kept op54 ,consequ5tly
 ?+s :i* are spok5 ( only "u ! brea? 9  
,japan are %\t$ f ! h\setops 9 ,*9a4 ,x 
w\ld h>dly be good ta/e 9 ,japan to     
allude to ! report t influ5tial ,*9ese  
m9i/]s are 9 con/ant receipt ( ,japanese
 funds & ^! corrupt (ficials are !      
ag5cies by :i* political & economic     
concessions 7 wrung f ,*9a :ile ,europe 
& ,am]ica 7 busy ) ! w>4 ,b 9 ,*9a      
nobody ev5 takes ! tr\ble to d5y x or   
ev5 to discuss x4 ,:at is psy*ologically
 mo/ impressive is ! fact t x is m]ely  

tak5 = grant$4 ,:5 x is spok5 (1 x is z 
"o m5tions ! heat on an unusually hot   
day4  ,9 speak+ ( ! feel+ ( weakness    
curr5t 9 ,japan ab\t ,japan itself1 "o  
mu/ ref] to ! economic situation because
 ( its obvi\s connection ) !            
int]national situation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1
 !re is ! /rong impression t ,japan is  
ov]-ext5d$4 ,ev5 9 normal times1 ,japan 
relies m ^u production = =eign m>kets   
?an is reg>d$ 9 mo/ c\ntries z safe     
policy4 ,& !re is ! belief t ,japan mu/ 
d s1 because only by l>ge =eign         
sell+s--l>ge 9 comp>ison ) ! pur*as+ p[]
 ( a p /ill hav+ a l[ /&>d ( life--c x  
pur*ase ! raw mat]ials--& ev5 food--x   
has to h4 ,b dur+ ! w>1 ! dep5d5ce (    
manufactur+ & trade at home ^u ! =eign  
m>ket 0 greatly increas$4 ,! dome/ic    
increase ( weal?1 ?\gh v great1 is /ill 
too mu* 9 ! h&s ( ! few to affect       
s]i\sly ! int]nal dem& = goods4 ,item   
"o1 :i* awak5s sympa?y = ,japan z be+ 9 
a some:at prec>i\s situation4  ,ano!r   
item conc]ns ! labor situation4 ,japan  

seems to feel itself 9 a dilemma4 ,if %e
 passes ev5 reasonably dec5t factory    
laws 7or r attempts _! en=cem5t7 &      
regulates *ild & wom5's labor1 %e w lose
 t advantage ( *eap labor :i* %e n[     
c\nts on to (fset h] _m disadvantages4  
,on ! o!r h&1 /rikes1 labor             
difficulties1 agitation = unions1 etc41 
are con/antly increas+1 & ! t5sion 9 !  
atmosph]e is unmi/akable4 ,! rice riots 
are n (t5 spok5 (1 b _! memory p]si/s1 &
 ! fact t !y came v ne> to assum+ a     
directly political aspect4 ,is !re a    
race betwe5 fulfillm5t ( ! aspirations (
 ! milit>y clans :o /ill hold ! re9s1 & 
! gr[? ( g5u9ely democratic =ces :i* w  
=ev] t]m9ate ^? aspirations8 ,c]ta9ly ! 
defeat ( ,g]many gave a bl[ to          
bureaucratic milit>ism 9 ,japan :i* 9 "t
 w g f>4 ,w x h ! "t requir$ to take    
effect on =eign policy8 ,! hope t x w is
 a l>ge factor 9 /imulat+ lib]al sympa?y
 = a ,japan :i* is beg9n+ to und]go !   
?roes ( transition4  ,z = ! direct      
int]national situation ( ,japan1 ! feel+

 9 ,japan is t ( ! ?reat5+ dang] (      
isolation4 ,g]many is gone2 ,russia is  
gone4 ,:ile ^? facts simplify matt]s =  
,japan some:at1 !re is also ! belief t 9
 tak+ away pot5tial allies1 !y h weak5$ 
,japan 9 ! g5]al game ( balance &       
c\nt]-balance ( p[]4 ,p>ticul>ly does ! 
removal ( imp]iali/ic ,russia relieve ! 
?reat on ,india :i* 0 su* a factor 9 !  
will+ness ( ,great ,brita9 to make !    
(f5sive-def5sive alliance4 ,! revelation
 ( ! milit>i/ic possibilities ( ,am]ica 
is ano!r s]i\s factor4 ,c]ta9ly ! new   
triple ent5te cordiale ( ,japan1 ,italy 
& ,france is no adequate sub/itute = a  
realignm5t ( int]national =ces 9 :i* a  
common und]/&+ betwe5 ,great ,brita9 &  
,am]ica is a dom9ant factor4 ,?is factor
 expla9s1 if x does n excuse1 "s ( !    
qu]ul\sness & /udi$ disc\rtesies ) :i* !
 ,japanese press = "s mon?s treat$      
,presid5t ,wilson1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9    
g5]al & its relation to ! ,league (     
,nations 9 p>ticul>1 :ile x also ?r[s   
light on ! ardor ) :i* ! opportune "q ( 

racial discrim9ation 0 discuss$4 7,!    
,*9ese h an unfail+ refuge 9 a s5se (   
humor4 ,x 0 int]e/+ to note ! delight ) 
:i* !y receiv$ ! utt]ance ( ! ,japanese 
,=eign ,m9i/]1 aft] ,japanese success at
 ,p>is1 t 8 att5tion _h rec5tly be5     
call$ to v>i\s press attacks on ,am]ica 
:i* he mu* deprecat$74 ,9 any case !re  
is no mi/ak+ ! air ( t5sion & n]v\s     
ov]/ra9 :i* n[ att5ds all discussion (  
,japanese =eign relations4 ,9 all       
directions1 !re are *>act]i/ic signs (  
hesitation1 %ak+ ( old beliefs & movem5t
 along new l9es4 ,japan seems to be mu* 
9 ! same mood z t :i* x exp]i5c$ 9 !    
e>ly eighties be=e1 t[>d ! close ( t    
decade1 x cry/alliz$ its in/itutions    
?r\gh acceptance ( ! ,g]man con/itution1
 milit>ism1 educational sy/em1 &        
diplomatic me?ods4 ,s t1 once m1 !      
obs]v] gets ! impression t sub/antially 
all ( ,japan's en]gy1 abundant z t is1  
mu/ be devot$ to h] urg5t problems (    
readju/m5t4  ,come to ,*9a1 & ! diff]5ce
 is incr$ible4 ,x almo/ seems z if "o 7 

liv+ 9 a dream2 or z if "s new ,alice _h
 v5tur$ beh9d an int]national           
look+-glass :]e9 ev]y?+ is rev]s$4 ,t we
 9 ,am]ica %\ld h little idea ( ! /ate (
 ?+s & ! frame ( m9d 9 ,*9a is n        
a/oni%+--especially 9 view ( ! c5sor%ip 
& ! di/raction ( att5tion ( ! la/ few   
ye>s4 ,b t ,japan & ,*9a %\ld be s      
geographically ne>1 & yet e fact t      
conc]ns !m appe> 9 precisely opposite   
p]spective1 is an exp]i5ce ( a life "t4 
,japanese lib]alism8 ,yes1 x is he>d (1 
b only 9 connection ) "o =m :i* ! long+ 
= ! miracul\s deus ex ma*9a takes4      
,p]haps a revolution 9 ,japan may       
int]v5e to save ,*9a f ! fate :i* n[    
hangs ov] h]4 ,b !re is no sugge/ion t  
any?+ less ?an a complete revolution w  
alt] or ev5 ret>d ! c\rse :i* is        
attribut$ to ,japanese diplomacy work+  
h& 9 h& ) ,japanese bus9ess int]e/s &   
milit>ism4 ,! collapse ( ,russia &      
,g]many8 ,^! ?+s only mean t ,japan has 
9 a few ye>s fall5 complete heir to     
,russian hopes1 a*ievem5ts & possessions

 9 ,man*uria & ,out] ,mongolia1 & has _h
 opportunities 9 ,sib]ia ?r[n into h]   
h&s :i* %e c\ld h>dly h hop$ = 9 h] mo/ 
optimi/ic mom5ts4 ,& n[ ,japan has1 ) ! 
bless+ ( ! great ,p[]s at ,p>is1 become 
also ! heir ( ,g]man concessions1       
intrigues & ambitions1 ) add$           
concessions1 wrung 7or b\ght7 f         
incompet5t & corrupt (ficials by secret 
agreem5ts :5 ! _w 0 busy ) w>4 ,if all !
 great ,p[]s are s afraid ( ,japan t !y 
give way to h] e wi%1 :at is ,*9a t %e c
 escape ! doom prep>$ = h]8 ,t is ! cry 
( helplessness go+ up all ov] ,*9a4 ,&  
,japanese propag&i/s take advantage ( ! 
situation1 po9t+ to ! action ( ! ,peace 
,conf]5ce z pro( t ! ,allies c>e no?+ = 
,*9a1 & t ,*9a mu/ ?r[ h]self into !    
arms ( ,japan if %e is to h any         
protection at all4 ,9 %ort1 ,japan /&s  
ready z %e /ood ready 9 ,korea to       
gu>antee ! integrity & indep5d5ce (     
,*9a4 ,& ! fe> t ! latt] mu/1 9 spite ( 
h] animosity t[>d ,japan1 accept ?is    
fate 9 ord] to escape some?+ worse swims

 9 ! s9i/] air4 ,x is ! exact c\nt]p>t (
 ! feel+ curr5t among ! lib]als 9 ,japan
 t ,japan has ali5at$ ,*9a p]man5tly :5 
a consid]ate & sl[] c\rse might h unit$ 
! two c\ntries4 ,if ! economic /raits ( 
,japan are allud$ to1 x is only z a     
reason :y ,japan has hurri$ h]          
diplomatic co]cion1 h] corrupt & secret 
b>ga9+s ) ,*9ese traitors & h] indu/rial
 invasion4 ,:ile ! we/]n _w supposes t !
 milit>y & ! indu/rial p>ty 9 ,japan h  
opposite ideas z to be/ me?ods ( secur+ 
,japanese supremacy 9 ! ,ea/1 x is !    
univ]sal op9ion 9 ,*9a t !y two are     
work+ 9 complete und]/&+ ) "o ano!r1 & !
 diff]5ces t sometimes occur betwe5 !   
,=eign ,(fice 9 ,tokyo & ! ,m9i/ry ( ,w>
 7:i* is extra-con/itutional 9 its      
/atus7 are /ag$ = effect4  ,^! are "s ( 
! aspects ( ! mo/ complete trans=mation 
sc5e t x has ev] be5 ! lot ( ! writ] to 
exp]i5ce4 ,may x turn out to be only an 
extraord9>y psy*ological exp]i5ce6 ,b 9 
! int]e/s ( tru? x mu/ be record$ t e   
resid5t ( ,*9a1 ,*9ese or ,am]ican1 )   

:om ,i h talk$ 9 ! la/ f\r weeks has    
volunte]$ ! belief t all ! se$s ( a     
future great w> are n[ deeply implant$ 9
 ,*9a4 ,to av]t su* a calamity !y look  
to ! ,league ( ,nations or to "s o!r =ce
 outside ! imm$iate sc5e4 ,un=tunately !
 press ( ,japan treats e attempt to     
discuss ! /ate ( op9ion 9 ,*9a or ! /ate
 ( facts z evid5ce t ,am]ica1 hav+ ta/$ 
blood 9 ! w>1 n[ has its eyes on ,asia )
 ! expectation lat] on ( gett+ its h&s  
on ,asia4 ,consequ5tly ,am]ica is       
int]e/$ 9 try+ to fo/] ill-w betwe5 ,*9a
 & ,japan4 ,if ! pro-,am]ican ,japanese 
d n enlight5 _! fell[-c\ntrym5 z to !   
facts1 !n ,am]ica ought to return "s ( !
 propag&a t visits its %ores4 ,b e      
,am]ican :o goes to ,japan ought also to
 visit ,*9a--if only to complete 8      
education4  ,may1 #aiai4     ,,ii       
,%antung1 ,z ,se5 ,f ,)9   #a4  ,am]ican
 apologi/s = t "p ( ! ,peace ,treaty :i*
 relates to ,*9a h ! advantage ( !      
illusions ( di/ance4 ,mo/ ( ! argum5ts  
seem /range to anyone :o lives 9 ,*9a   

ev5 = a few mon?s4 ,he f9ds ! ,japanese 
on ! spot us+ ! old say+ ab\t t]ritory  
consecrat$ by treasure sp5t & blood %$4 
,he reads 9 ,japanese pap]s & he>s f    
mod]ately lib]al ,japanese t ,japan mu/ 
protect ,*9a1 z well z ,japan1 aga9/    
h]self1 aga9/ h] own weak or corrupt    
gov]nm5t1 by keep+ control ( ,%antung to
 prev5t ,*9a f aga9 ali5at+ t t]ritory  
to "s o!r p[]4  ,! hi/ory ( ,european   
aggression 9 ,*9a gives ?is argum5t     
great =ce among ! ,japanese1 :o = ! mo/ 
"p "k no?+ m ab\t :at actually goes on 9
 ,*9a ?an !y us$ to "k ab\t ,korean     
conditions4 ,^! consid]ations1 toge!r ) 
! imm5se expectations rais$ among !     
,japanese dur+ ! w> conc]n+ _! com+     
dom9ation ( ! ,f> ,ea/ & ! unsw]v+ dem& 
( excit$ public op9ion 9 ,japan dur+ !  
,v]sailles ,conf]5ce = ! settlem5t t    
actually result$1 give an ironic turn to
 ! /atem5t s (t5 made t ,japan may be   
tru/$ to c>ry out h] promises4 ,yes1 "o 
is (t5 tempt$ to say1 t is precisely :at
 ,*9a fe>s1 t ,japan w c>ry out h]      

promises1 = !n ,*9a is doom$4 ,to "o :o 
kn[s ! hi/ory ( =eign aggression 9 ,*9a1
 especially ! te*nique ( conque/ by     
railway & f9ance1 ! irony ( promis+ to  
keep economic rights :ile return+       
sov]eignty lies s on ! surface t x is   
h>dly irony4 ,*9a might z well be (f]$  
,kant's ,critique ( ,pure ,reason on a  
silv] platt] z be (f]$ sov]eignty "u su*
 conditions4 ,! latt] is equally        
metaphysical4  ,a visit to ,%antung & a 
%ort resid5ce 9 its capital city1       
,ts9an1 made ! conclusions1 :i* s f> z  
,i "k e =eign] 9 ,*9a has arriv$ at1 a  
liv+ ?+4 ,x gave a vivid picture ( ! _m 
& intimate ways 9 :i* economic &        
political rights are inextricably       
entangl$ toge!r4 ,x made "o realize     
afre% t only a ,presid5t :o kept himself
 innoc5t ( any k ( secret treaties dur+ 
! w>1 c\ld be naive en\gh to believe t !
 promise to return complete sov]eignty  
reta9+ only economic rights is a        
satisfactory solution4 ,x ?rew fre%     
light ^u ! cont5tion t at mo/ & at wor/ 

,japan _h only tak5 ov] ,g]man rights1 &
 t s9ce we _h acquiesc$ 9 ! latt]'s     
arrogations we _h no call to make a fuss
 ab\t ,japan4 ,x reveal$ ! holl[ness ( !
 claim t pro-,*9ese propag&a _h wilfully
 misl$ ,am]icans into confus+ ! few     
hundr$ squ>e miles ar\nd ! port (       
,ts+-tao ) ! ,prov9ce ( ,%antung ) its  
?irty millions ( ,*9ese population4  ,z 
= ! comp>ison ( ,g]many & ,japan "o     
might suppose t ! objects = :i* ,am]ica 
nom9ally ent]$ ! w> _h made1 9 any case1
 a diff]5ce4 ,b aside f ?is             
consid]ation1 ! ,g]mans exclusively     
employ$ ,*9ese 9 ! railway %ops & = all 
! m9or positions on ! railway itself4 ,!
 railway gu>ds 7! diff]5ce betwe5 police
 & soldi]s is nom9al 9 ,*9a7 7 all      
,*9ese1 ! ,g]mans m]ely tra9+ !m4 ,z    
soon z ,japan invad$ ,%antung & took ov]
 ! railway1 ,*9ese workm5 & ,*9ese      
milit>y gu>ds 7 at once dismiss$ &      
,japanese import$ to take _! places4    
,ts9an-fu1 ! inl& t]m9us ( ! ex-,g]man  
railway1 is ov] two hundr$ miles f      

,ts+-tao4 ,:5 ! ,japanese took ov] !    
,g]man railway bus9ess (fice1 !y at once
 built b>racks1 & today !re are sev]al  
hundr$ soldi]s /ill !re--:]e ,g]many    
kept none4 ,s9ce ! armi/ice ev51 ,japan 
has erect$ a p[]ful milit>y wireless )9 
! gr\nds ( ! g>rison1 aga9/ ( c\rse !   
unavail+ prote/ ( ,*9ese au?orities4 ,no
 =eign] c be f\nd :o w /ate t ,g]many   
us$ h] own]%ip ( port & railway to      
discrim9ate aga9/ o!r nations4 ,no      
,*9ese c be f\nd :o w claim t ?is       
own]%ip 0 us$ to =ce ! ,*9ese out (     
bus9ess1 or to ext5d ,g]man economic    
rights beyond ^? def9itely assign$ h] by
 treaty4 ,common s5se %\ld also tea* ev5
 ! highe/ paid propag&i/ 9 ,am]ica t !re
 is1 f ! /&po9t ( ,*9a1 an imm5se       
di/9ction betwe5 a national m5ace locat$
 half way ar\nd ! globe1 & "o )9 two    
days' sail ov] an inl& sea absolutely   
controll$ by a =eign navy1 especially z 
! remote nation has no o!r foo?old & !  
ne>by "o already dom9ates additional    
t]ritory ( enorm\s /rategic & economic  

value--namely1 ,man*uria4  ,^! facts be>
 ^u ! %ad[y di/9ction betwe5 ! ,ts+-tao 
& ! ,%antung claim1 z well z ^u ! solid 
di/9ction betwe5 ,g]man & ,japanese     
occupancy4 ,if !re /ill seem$ to be a ?9
 wall betwe5 ,japanese possession ( !   
port ( ,ts+-tao & usurpation ( ,%antung1
 x 0 en\gh to /op (f ! tra9 9 ,ts9an-fu 
to see ! wall crumble4 ,= ! ,japanese   
wireless & ! b>racks ( ! army (         
occupation are ! fir/ ?+s t greet y\r   
eyes4 ,)9 a few hundr$ feet ( ! railway 
t connects ,%anghai1 via ! important    
c5t] ( ,ti5ts91 ) ! capital1 ,pek+1 y   
see ,japanese soldi]s on ! nom9ally     
,*9ese /reet1 gu>d+ _! b>racks4 ,!n y   
le>n t if y travel ^u ! ex-,g]man       
railway t[>ds ,ts+-tao1 y are ord]$ to  
%[ y\r passport z if y 7 ent]+ a =eign  
c\ntry4 ,& z y travel along ! road      
7rememb]+ t y are ov] two hundr$ miles f
 ,ts+-tao7 y f9d ,japanese soldi]s at e 
/ation1 & sev]al g>risons & b>racks at  
important t[ns on ! l9e4 ,!n y realize t
 at ! %orte/ possible notice1 ,japan    

c\ld cut all communications betwe5 s\!rn
 ,*9a 7toge!r ) ! ri* ,yang/e region7 & 
! capital1 & ) ! aid ( ! ,s\!rn         
,man*urian ,railway at ! nor? ( !       
capital1 hold ! entire coa/ & desc5d at 
its good pleasure ^u ,pek+4  ,y are !n  
prep>$ to le>n f eye-witnesses t :5     
,japan made its ,tw5ty-"o ,dem&s ^u     
,*9a1 ma*9e guns 7 actually 9 position  
at /rategic po9ts ?r\gh\t ,%antung1 )   
tr5*es dug & s&bags plac$4 ,y "k t !    
,japanese lib]al spoke ! tru?1 :o told  
y1 aft] a visit to ,*9a & 8 return to   
prote/ aga9/ ! action ( 8 gov]nm5t1 t ! 
,japanese already _h su* a milit>y hold 
^u ,*9a t !y c\ld control ! c\ntry )9 a 
week1 aft] a m9imum ( fight+1 if w> %\ld
 arise4 ,y also realize ! effici5cy (   
(ficial control ( in=mation & dome/ic   
propag&a z y recall t he also told y t  
^! ?+s 7 true at ! "t ( 8 visit1 "u !   
,t]au*i cab9et1 b _h be5 completely     
rev]s$ by ! pres5t ,h>a m9i/ry4 ,= ,i h 
yet to f9d a s+le =eign] or ,*9ese :o is
 consci\s ( any diff]5ce ( policy1 save 

z ! end ( ! w> has =c$ ! necessity (    
caution1 s9ce o!r nations c n[ look     
,*9a-w>ds z !y c\ld n dur+ ! w>4  ,an   
,am]ican c get an idea ( ! realities ( !
 pres5t situation if he imag9es a =eign 
g>rison & milit>y wireless 9 ,wilm+ton1 
) a railway f t po9t to a =tifi$        
sea-port controll$ by ! =eign p[]1 at   
:i* ! =eign nation c l&1 )\t resi/ance1 
troops z fa/ z !y c be transport$1 & )  
bases ( supply1 munitions1 food1 uni=ms1
 etc41 already locat$ at ,wilm+ton1 at !
 sea-port & sev]al places along ! l9e4  
,rev]se ! directions f s\? to nor?1 &   
,wilm+ton w /& = ,ts9an-fu1 ,%anghai =  
,new ,york1 ,nank+ = ,philadelphia )    
,pek+ /&+ = ! seat ( gov]nm5t at        
,wa%+ton1 & ,ti5ts9 = ,baltimore4       
,suppose 9 addition t ! ,p5nsylvania    
road is ! sole means ( communication    
betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ! *ief comm]cial &    
indu/rial c5t]s1 & y h ! framework ( !  
,%antung picture z x pres5ts itself     
daily to ! inhabitants ( ,*9a4 ,^u      
second ?\ght1 h[ev]1 ! p>allel is n q   

accurate4 ,y h to add t ! same =eign    
nation controls also all coa/           
communications f1 say1 ,raleigh s\?w>ds1
 ) railway l9es bo? to ! ne>by coa/ & to
 ,new ,orleans4 ,= 7/ill rev]s+         
directions7 ?is corresponds to !        
position ( ,imp]ial ,japan 9 ,man*uria )
 its railways to ,dair5 & ?r\gh ,korea  
to a port twelve h\rs sail f a great    
milit>y c5t] 9 ,japan prop]4 ,^! are n  
remote possibilities nor vague          
progno/ications4 ,!y are accompli%$     
facts4  ,yet ! facts give only !        
framework ( ! picture4 ,:at is actually 
go+ on )9 ,%antung8 ,"o ( ! dem&s ( !   
po/pon$ gr\p ( ! ,tw5ty-"o ,dem&s 0 t   
,japan %\ld supply milit>y & police     
advis]s to ,*9a4 ,!y are n s mu* po/pon$
 b t ,japan en=c$ specific concessions f
 ,*9a dur+ ! w> by diplomatic ?reats to 
re9troduce _! discussion1 or s po/pon$ t
 ,japanese advis]s are n already in/all$
 9 ! police headqu>t]s ( ! city (       
,ts9an1 ! capital city ( ,%antung ( ?ree
 hundr$ ?\s& population :]e ! ,prov9cial

 ,assembly meets & all ! ,prov9cial     
(ficials reside4 ,)9 rec5t mon?s !      
,japanese consul has tak5 a company (   
arm$ soldi]s ) him :5 he visit$ !       
,prov9cial ,gov]nor to make c]ta9 dem&s 
^u him1 ! visit be+ punctuat$ by an     
o/5tati\s surr\nd+ ( ! ,gov]nor's yam5  
by ^! troops4 ,)9 ! pa/ few weeks1 two  
hundr$ cavalry came to ,ts9an & rema9$  
!re :ile ,japanese (ficials dem&$ ( !   
,gov]nor dra/ic measures to suppress !  
boycott1 :ile x 0 ?reat5$ to s5d        
,japanese troops to police ! =eign      
settlem5t if ! dem& 0 n he$$4  ,a =m]   
consul 0 indiscreet en\gh to put into   
writ+ t if ! ,*9ese ,gov]nor did n /op !
 boycott & ! /ud5ts' movem5t by =ce if  
ne$ be1 he w\ld take matt]s into 8 own  
h&s4 ,! *ief tangible *>ge he br\ght    
aga9/ ! ,*9ese z a basis ( 8 dem& =     
protection 0 t ,*9ese /ore-keep]s       
actually refus$ to accept ,japanese     
money 9 paym5t = goods1 n ord9>y        
,japanese money at t1 b ! milit>y notes 
) :i*1 s z to save dra9 ^u ! bullion    

res]ves1 ! army ( occupation is paid4 ,&
 all ?is1 be x rememb]$1 is m ?an two   
hundr$ miles f ,ts+-tao & f eight to    
twelve mon?s aft] ! armi/ice4 ,today's  
pap] reports a visit ( ,japanese to !   
,gov]nor to in=m him t unless he %\ld   
prev5t a private !atrical p]=mance f be+
 giv5 9 ,ts9an by ! /ud5ts1 !y w\ld s5d 
_! own =ces into ! settlem5t to protect 
!mselves4 ,& ! utmo/ !y might ne$       
protection f1 0 t ! /ud5ts 7 to give "s 
plays design$ to fo/] ! boycott6        
,japanese troops ov]ran ! ,prov9ce be=e 
!y made any s]i\s attempt to capture    
,ts+-tao4 ,x is only a slight           
exagg]ation to say t !y took ! ,*9ese   
,ts9an be=e !y took ! ,g]man ,ts+-tao4  
,propag&a 9 ,am]ica has ju/ifi$ ?is act 
on ! gr\nd t a ,g]man railway to ! re> (
 ,japanese =ces w\ld h be5 a m5ace4 ,z  
!re 7 no troops b only legal &          
diplomatic pap]s ) :i* to attack !      
,japanese1 x is a fair inf]5ce t ! m5ace
 0 locat$ 9 ,v]sailles r ?an 9 ,%antung1
 & conc]n$ ! dang] ( ,*9ese control ( _!

 own t]ritory4 ,*9ese h be5 arre/$ by   
,japanese g5d>mes 9 ,ts9an & subject$ to
 a tortur+ ?ird degree ( ! k9d t ,korea 
has made sick5+ly famili>4 ,! ,japanese 
claim t ! injuries 7 receiv$ :ile ! m5 7
 resi/+ arre/4 ,consid]+ t !re 0 no m   
legal gr\nd = arre/ ?an !re w\ld be if  
,japanese police arre/$ ,am]icans 9 ,new
 ,york1 almo/ anybody b ! pacifi/ ,*9ese
 c]ta9ly w\ld h resi/$4 ,b (ficial      
hospital reports te/ify to bayonet w\nds
 & ! m>ks ( flogg+4 ,9 ! int]ior :]e !  
,japanese _h be5 disconc]t$ by ! /ud5t  
propag&a !y raid$ a ,high ,s*ool1 seiz$ 
a s*ool boy at r&om1 & took him to a    
di/ant po9t & kept him lock$ up sev]al  
days4 ,:5 ! ,japanese consul at ,ts9an 0
 visit$ by ,*9ese (ficials 9 prote/     
aga9/ ^! illegal arre/s1 ! consul       
disclaim$ all jurisdiction4 ,! matt]1 he
 said1 0 :olly 9 ! h&s ( ! milit>y      
au?orities 9 ,ts+-tao4 ,8 disclaim] 0   
emphasiz$ by ! fact t "s ( ! kidnapp$   
,*9ese 7 tak5 to ,ts+-tao = trial4  ,!  
matt] ( economic rights 9 relation to   

political dom9ation w be discuss$ lat] 9
 ?is article4 ,x is no pleasure = "o )  
_m w>m fri5ds 9 ,japan1 :o has a great  
admiration = ! ,japanese p z di/9ct f ! 
rul+ milit>y & bureaucratic class1 to   
report su* facts z h be5 /at$4 ,"o might
 almo/ say1 "o might positively say f ! 
/&po9t ( ,japan itself1 t ! wor/ ?+ t c 
be *>g$ aga9/ ! policy ( ,japan 9 ,*9a =
 ! la/ six ye>s is its immeasurable     
/upidity4 ,no nation has ev] misjudg$ ! 
national psy*ology ( ano!r p z ,japan   
has t ( ,*9a4 ,! ali5ation ( ,*9a is    
widespread1 deep1 bitt]4 ,ev5 ! mo/     
pessimi/ic ( ! ,*9ese :o ?9k t ,*9a is  
to und]go a complete economic &         
political dom9ation by ,japan d n ?9k x 
c la/1 ev5 )\t outside int]v5tion1 m ?an
 half a c5tury4  ,today1 at ! beg9n+ ( a
 new ye>1 7#aibj7 ! boycott is mu* m    
complete & effici5t ?an 9 ! mo/ t5se    
days ( la/ summ]4 ,un=tunately1 !       
,japanese policy seems to be "u a truly 
,greek fate :i* drives x on4            
,concessions t w\ld h produc$ a         

revulsion ( feel+ 9 favor ( ,japan a ye>
 ago w n[ m]ely salve ! surface ( !     
w\nd4 ,:at w\ld h be5 welcom$ ev5 eight 
mon?s ago w\ld n[ be receiv$ ) contempt4
 ,!re is b "o way 9 :i* ,japan c n[     
re/ore h]self4 ,x is no?+ less ?an      
complete )drawal f ,%antung1 ) possibly 
a /rictly comm]cial concession at       
,ts+-tao & a real1 n a ,man*urian1 ,op5 
,door4  ,accord+ to ! ,japanese-own$    
newspap]s publi%$ 9 ,ts9an1 ! ,japanese 
milit>y comm&] 9 ,ts+-tao rec5tly made a
 spee* to visit+ j\rnali/s f ,tokyo 9   
:i* he said3 ,! suspicions ( ,*9a _c n[ 
be allay$ m]ely by repeat+ t we h no    
t]ritorial ambitions 9 ,*9a4 ,we mu/    
atta9 complete economic dom9ation ( !   
,f> ,ea/4 ,b if ,*9o-,japanese relations
 d n improve1 "s ?ird p>ty w reap !     
b5efit4 ,japanese resid+ 9 ,*9a incur ! 
hatr$ ( ! ,*9ese4 ,= !y reg>d !mselves z
 ! pr\d citiz5s ( a conqu]+ c\ntry4 ,:5 
! ,japanese g into p>tn]%ip ) ! ,*9ese  
!y manage 9 ! great] numb] ( cases to h 
! pr(its accrue to !mselves4 ,if        

fri5d%ip betwe5 ,*9a & ,japan is to     
dep5d :olly ^u ! gov]nm5t x w come to   
no?+4 ,diplomati/s1 soldi]s1 m]*ants1   
j\rnali/s %\ld rep5t ! pa/4 ,! *ange mu/
 be complete4 ,b x w n be complete until
 ! ,japanese )draw f ,%antung leav+ _!  
nationals !re ^u ! foot+ ( o!r =eign]s 9
 ,*9a4   #b4  ,9 discuss+ ! return to   
,*9a by ,japan ( a metaphysical         
sov]eignty :ile economic rights are     
reta9$1 ,i %all n repeat ! details (    
,g]man treaty rights z to ! railway & ! 
m9es4 ,! read] is assum$ to be famili> )
 ^? facts4 ,! ,g]man seizure 0          
outrage\s4 ,x 0 a flagrant case ( ,might
 mak+ ,"r4 ,z von ,buel[ cynically b    
frankly told ! ,rei*/ag1 :ile ,g]many   
did n int5d to p>tition ,*9a1 %e also   
did n int5d to be ! pass5g] left beh9d 9
 ! /ation :5 ! tra9 />t$4 ,g]many _h !  
excuse ( prior ,european aggressions1 & 
9 turn h] usurpation 0 ! prec$5t = fur!r
 =eign rape4 ,if judgm5ts are made on a 
comp>ative basis1 ,japan is entitl$ to  
all ( ! :ite-wa%+ t c be d]iv$ f !      

provocations ( ,european imp]iali/ic    
p[]s1 includ+ ^? c\ntries t 9 dome/ic   
policy are democratic4 ,& e fairm9d$    
p]son w recognize t1 leav+ ,*9a out ( ! 
reckon+1 ,japan's proximity to ,*9a     
gives h] aggressions ! color (          
self-def5ce 9 a way t _c be urg$ 9      
behalf ( any ,european p[]4  ,x is      
possible to look at ,european           
aggressions 91 say1 ,africa z incid5ts (
 a colonization movem5t4 ,b no =eign    
policy 9 ,asia c %elt] itself beh9d any 
colonization plea4 ,= cont95tal ,asia   
is1 = practical purposes1 ,india & ,*9a1
 repres5t+ two ( ! olde/ civilizations (
 ! globe & pres5t+ two ( its d5se/      
populations4 ,if !re is any su* ?+ 9    
tru? z a philosophy ( hi/ory ) its own  
inn] & inevitable logic1 "o may well    
%udd] to ?9k ( :at ! clos+ acts ( !     
drama ( ! int]c\rse ( ! ,we/ & ,ea/ are 
to be4 ,9 any case1 & ) :atev] com=t may
 be d]iv$ f ! fact t ! ,am]ican cont95ts
 h n tak5 "p 9 ! aggression & h5ce may  
act z a m$iator to av]t ! f9al trag$y1  

resid5ce 9 ,*9a =ces ^u "o ! realization
 t ,asia is1 aft] all1 a l>ge figure 9 !
 future reckon+ ( hi/ory4 ,asia is      
really "h aft] all4 ,x is n simply a    
symbol 9 we/]n algebraic balances (     
trade4 ,& 9 ! future1 s to speak1 x is  
go+ to be ev5 m "h1 ) its awak5$        
national consci\sness ( ab\t half !     
population ( ! :ole globe4  ,let !      
agreem5ts ( ,france & ,great ,brita9    
made ) ,japan dur+ ! w> /& = ! measure (
 we/]n consci\sness ( ! reality ( only a
 small "p ( ,asia1 a consci\sness g5]at$
 by ! patriotism ( ,japan back$ by its  
p[]ful army & navy4 ,! same agreem5t    
measures we/]n unconsci\sness ( !       
reality ( t "p ( ,asia :i* lies )9 !    
conf9es ( ,*9a4 ,an ev5 bett] measure ( 
we/]n unconsci\sness may be f\nd p]haps 
9 su* a trifl+ incid5t z ?is3--,an      
,engli% fri5d long resid5t 9 ,%antung   
told me ( writ+ indignantly home conc]n+
 ! ,briti% "p 9 ! ,%antung settlem5t4 ,!
 reply came1 complac5tly /at+ t         
,japanese %ips did s mu* 9 ! w> t !     

,allies c\ld n prop]ly refuse to        
recognize ,japan's claims4 ,! secret    
agreem5ts !mselves h>dly speak z        
eloqu5tly = ! abs5ce ( ,*9a f ! av]age  
we/]n consci\sness4 ,9 say+ t ,*9a &    
,asia are to be enorm\sly significant   
figures 9 future reckon+s1 ! spectre ( a
 milit>y ,yell[ ,p]il is n meant nor ev5
 ! m cr$ible spectre ( an indu/rial     
,yell[ ,p]il4 ,b ,asia has come to      
consci\sness1 & h] consci\sness ( h]self
 w soon be su* a massive & p]si/5t ?+ t 
x w =ce itself ^u ! reluctant           
consci\sness ( ! we/1 & lie heavily ^u  
its consci5ce4 ,& = ?is fact1 ,*9a & !  
we/]n _w are indebt$ to ,japan4  ,^!    
rem>ks are m relevant to a consid]ation 
( ! relation%ip ( economic & political  
rights 9 ,%antung ?an !y p]haps seem4 ,=
 a mom5t's reflection w call to m9d t   
all political =eign aggression 9 ,*9a   
has be5 c>ri$ out = comm]cial & f9ancial
 ends1 & usually ^u "s economic pretext4
 ,z to ! imm$iate "p play$ by ,japan 9  
br++ ab\t a consci\sness :i* w f !      

pres5t "t completely *ange ! relations (
 ! we/]n p[]s to ,*9a1 let "o little    
/ory te/ify4 ,"s repres5tatives ( an    
,engli% mission>y bo>d 7 mak+ a t\r (   
inspection ?r\gh ,*9a4 ,!y w5t into an  
int]ior t[n 9 ,%antung4 ,!y 7 receiv$ ) 
extraord9>y cordiality by ! entire      
population4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds "s ( _!     
accompany+ fri5ds return$ to ! village &
 7 receiv$ ) equally surpris+ coldness4 
,x came out ^u inquiry t ! inhabitants  
_h fir/ be5 mov$ by ! rumor t ^! p 7 s5t
 by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to secure !      
removal ( ! ,japanese4 ,lat] !y 7 mov$  
by indignation t !y _h be5 disappo9t$4  
,x takes no =c+ to see a symbol 9 ?is   
incid5t4 ,"p ( x /&s = ! almo/ incr$ible
 ignorance :i* has r5d]$ ,*9a s impot5t 
nationally speak+4 ,! o!r "p ( x /&s = !
 new _s :i* has be5 ar\s$ ev5 among !   
common p 9 remote di/ricts4 ,^? :o fe>1 
or :o pret5d to fe>1 a new ,box]        
movem5t1 or a def9ite g5]al anti-=eign  
movem5t1 are1 ,i ?9k1 mi/ak54 ,! new    
consci\sness goes mu* deep]4 ,=eign     

policies t fail to take x into acc\nt & 
t ?9k t relations ) ,*9a c be conduct$  
^u ! old basis w f9d ?is new            
consci\sness obtrud+ 9 ! mo/ unexpect$ &
 p]plex+ ways4  ,"o might fairly say1   
/ill speak+ comp>atively1 t x is "p ( ! 
bad luck ( ,japan t h] proximity to     
,*9a1 & ! opportunity ! w> gave h] to   
outdo ! aggressions ( ,european p[]s1 h 
made h] ! fir/ victim ( ?is disconc]t+  
*ange4 ,:atev] ! motives ( ! ,am]ican   
,s5ators 9 completely disassociat+ !    
,unit$ ,/ates f ! peace settlem5t z     
reg>ds ,*9a1 _! action is a p]man5t     
asset to ,*9a1 n only 9 respect to      
,japan b ) respect to all ,*9ese =eign  
relations4 ,j be=e our visit to ,ts9an1 
! ,%antung ,prov9cial ,assembly _h pass$
 a resolution ( ?anks to ! ,am]ican     
,s5ate4 ,m significant is ! fact t !y   
pass$ ano!r resolution to be cabl$ to ! 
,engli% ,p>liam5t1 call+ att5tion to !  
action ( ! ,am]ican ,s5ate & invit+     
simil> action4 ,*9a 9 g5]al & ,%antung 9
 p>ticul> feels ! re9=cem5t ( an ext]nal

 approval4 ,) ?is duplication1 its      
national consci\sness has z x 7         
solidifi$4 ,japan is simply ! fir/      
object to be affect$4  ,! concrete work+
 out ( economic rights 9 ,%antung w be  
illu/rat$ by a s+le case :i* w h to /& z
 typical4 ,po-%an is an int]ior m9+     
village4 ,! m9es 7 n "p ( ! ,g]man      
booty2 !y 7 ,*9ese own$4 ,! ,g]mans1    
:atev] _! ult]ior aims1 _h made no      
attempt at dispossess+ ! ,*9ese4 ,!     
m9es1 h[ev]1 are at ! end ( a bran* l9e 
( ! new ,japanese own$ railway--own$ by 
! gov]nm5t1 n by a private corporation1 
& gu>d$ by ,japanese soldi]s4 ,( ! =ty  
m9es1 ! ,japanese h work$ _! way1 9 only
 f\r ye>s1 into all b f\r4 ,diff]5t     
me?ods are us$4 ,! simple/ is1 ( c\rse1 
discrim9ation 9 ! use ( ! railway =     
%ipp+4 ,d[nright refusal to furni% c>s  
:ile competitors :o accept$ ,japanese   
p>tn]s got !m1 is "o me?od4 ,ano!r m    
elaborate me?od is to s5d b "o c> :5 a  
l>ge numb] is ask$ =1 & !n :5 x is too  
late to use c>s1 s5d ! :ole numb] ask$ =

 or ev5 m1 & !n *>ge a l>ge sum =       
demurrage 9 spite ( ! fact ! m9e no     
long] wants !m or has cancell$ ! ord]4  
,r$ress !re is none4  ,ts9an has no     
special =eign concessions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1
 a treaty port :]e nationals ( all      
fri5dly p[]s c d bus9ess4 ,b ,po-%an is 
n ev5 a treaty port4 ,legally speak+ no 
=eign]s c lease l& or c>ry on any       
bus9ess !re4 ,yet ! ,japanese h =c$ a   
settlem5t z l>ge 9 area z ! entire =eign
 settlem5t 9 ! mu* l>g] t[n ( ,ts9an4 ,a
 ,*9ese refus$ to lease l& :]e !        
,japanese wi%$ to relocate _! railway   
/ation4 ,no?+ happ5$ to him directly4 ,b
 m]*ants c\ld n get %ipp+ space1 or     
receive goods by rail4 ,"s ( !m 7 beat5 
up by ?ugs4 ,aft] a "t1 !y us$ _!       
influ5ce ) _! compatriot to lease 8 l&4 
,imm$iately ! p]secutions ceas$4 ,n all 
! l& has be5 secur$ by ?reats or        
co]cion2 "s has be5 leas$ directly by   
,*9ese mov$ by high prices1 9 spite ( ! 
abs5ce ( any legal sanction4 ,9         
addition1 ! ,japanese h obta9$ control (

 ! electric light works & "s pott]y     
factories1 etc4  ,n[ ev5 admitt+ t ?is  
is typical ( ! me?ods by :i* ! ,japanese
 plant !mselves1 a natural ,am]ican     
reaction w\ld be to say t1 aft] all1 !  
c\ntry is built up indu/rially by ^!    
ent]prises1 & t ?\gh ! rights ( "s      
individuals may h be5 violat$1 !re is   
no?+ to make a national1 mu* less an    
int]national fuss ab\t4 ,m or less      
unconsci\sly we translate =eign incid5ts
 into t]ms ( our own exp]i5ce &         
environm5t1 & ?us miss ! entire po9t4   
,s9ce ,am]ica 0 l>gely develop$ by =eign
 capital to our own economic b5efit &   
)\t political encroa*m5ts1 we lazily    
suppose "s su* sep>ation ( ! economic & 
political to be possible 9 ,*9a4 ,b x   
mu/ be rememb]$ t ,*9a is n an op5      
c\ntry4 ,=eign]s c lease l&1 c>ry on    
bus9ess1 & manufacture only 9 accord )  
express treaty agreem5ts4 ,!re are no   
su* agreem5ts 9 ! cases typifi$ by !    
,po-%an incid5t4 ,we may pr(\ndly       
disagree ) ! clos$ economic policy (    

,*9a1 or we may believe t "u exi/+      
circum/ances x repres5ts ! "p ( prud5ce 
= h]4 ,t makes no diff]5ce4 ,giv5 !     
frequ5t occurr5ce ( su* economic        
invasions1 ) ! back+ ( soldi]s ( !      
,imp]ial ,army1 ) ! ov]t aid ( !        
,imp]ial ,railway1 & ) ! refusal (      
,imp]ial (ficials to int]v5e1 !re is    
cle> evid5ce ( ! attitude & int5tion ( !
 ,japanese gov]nm5t 9 ,%antung4         
,because ! population ( ,%antung is     
directly confront$ ) an imm5se am\nt ( j
 su* evid5ce1 x _c take s]i\sly !       
pr(essions ( vague diplomatic utt]ances4
 ,:at =eign nation is go+ to int]v5e to 
en=ce ,*9ese rights 9 su* a case z      
,po-%an8 ,:i* "o is go+ effectively to  
call ! att5tion ( ,japan to su* evid5ces
 ( its failure to c>ry out its promise8 
,yet ! accumulation ( precisely su*     
seem+ly petty incid5ts1 & n any s+le    
dramatic great wrong1 w secure ,japan's 
economic & political dom9ation (        
,%antung4 ,x is = ?is reason t =eign]s  
resid5t 9 ,%antung1 no matt] 9 :at "p1  

say t !y see no sign :atev] t ,japan is 
go+ to get out2 t1 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ 
po9ts to a det]m9ation to consolidate h]
 position4 ,h[ long ago 0 ! ,portsm\?   
treaty sign$1 & :at 7 its nom9al pl$ges 
ab\t evacuation ( ,man*urian t]ritory8  
,n a mon? w pass )\t some?+ happ5+ :i* w
 give a pretext = delay1 & = mak+ !     
surr5d] ( ,%antung conditional ^u ?is1 t
 & ! o!r ?+4 ,meantime ! p5etration (   
,%antung by means ( railway             
discrim9ation1 railway milit>y gu>ds1   
cont9ual nibbl+s "h & !re1 w be go+ on4 
,x w\ld make ! *apt] too long to speak (
 ! "p play$ by manipulation ( f9ance 9  
a*iev+ ?is process ( attrition (        
sov]eignty4 ,two incid5ts mu/ suffice4  
,dur+ ! w>1 ,japanese trad]s ) !        
connivance ( _! gov]nm5t ga!r$ up imm5se
 am\nts ( copp] ca% f ,%antung & %ipp$ x
 to ,japan aga9/ ! prote/s ( ! ,*9ese   
gov]nm5t4 ,:at does sov]eignty am\nt to 
:5 a c\ntry _c control ev5 its own      
curr5cy sy/em8 ,9 ,man*uria ! ,japanese 
h =c$ ! introduction ( sev]al hundr$    

million doll>s ( pap] curr5cy1 nom9ally1
 ( c\rse1 bas$ on a gold res]ve4 ,^!    
notes are r$eemable1 h[ev]1 only 9      
,japan prop]4 ,& !re is a law 9 ,japan  
=bidd+ ! exportation ( gold4 ,& !re y   
are4  ,japan itself has rec5tly af=d$ an
 object lesson 9 ! actual connection (  
economic & political rights 9 ,*9a4 ,x  
is s beautifully complete a demon/ration
 t x 0 surely unconsci\s4 ,)9 ! la/ two 
weeks1 ,mr4 ,obata1 ! ,japanese m9i/] 9 
,pek+1 has wait$ ^u ! gov]nm5t ) a      
memor&um say+ t ! ,foo*[ incid5t 0 !    
culm9at+ result ( ! boycott2 t if !     
boycott cont9ues1 a s]ies ( su* incid5ts
 is to be appreh5d$1 say+ t ! situation 
has become intol]able = ,japan1 &       
disav[+ all responsibility = fur!r      
consequ5ces unless ! gov]nm5t makes a   
s]i\s ef=t to /op ! boycott4 ,japan !n  
imm$iately makes c]ta9 specific dem&s4  
,*9a mu/ /op ! circulation ( h&bills1 ! 
hold+ ( meet+s to urge ! boycott1 !     
de/ruction ( ,japanese goods t h become 
,*9ese prop]ty--none h be5 de/roy$ t are

 ,japanese own$4 ,volumes c\ld n say m z
 to ! real conception ( ,japan ( !      
connection betwe5 ! economic & !        
political relations ( ! two c\ntries4   
,surely ! pale gho/ ( ,sov]eignty smil$ 
ironically z he read ?is (ficial note4  
,presid5t ,wilson aft] hav+ made 9 !    
case ( ,%antung a %>p & complete        
sep>ation ( economic & political rights1
 also said t a nation boycott$ is )9    
sight ( surr5d]4 ,disassociation ( words
 f acts has gone s f> 9 8 case t he w   
h>dly be able to see ! mean+ ( ,mr4     
,obata's communication4 ,! ,am]ican s5se
 ( humor & fair-play may h[ev] be c\nt$ 
^u to get its po9t4  ,janu>y1 #aibj4    
,,iii  ,h9t]l&s 9 ,*9a   ,"o ( ! two    
,presid5ts ( ,*9a--x is unnecess>y to   
specify :i*--rec5tly /at$ t a r5ewal ( !
 ,anglo-,japanese alliance meant a      
p>tition ( ,*9a4 ,9 ?is division1 ,japan
 w\ld take ! nor? & ,great ,brita9 !    
s\?4 ,probably ! rem>k 0 n meant to be  
tak5 lit]ally 9 ! s5se ( =mal conque/ or
 annexation1 b r symbolically ) ref]5ce 

to ! t5d5cy ( policies & ev5ts4 ,ev5 s1 
! /atem5t w appe> exagg]at$ or wild to  
p]sons outside ( ,*9a1 :o ei!r believe t
 ! ,op5 ,door policy is n[ irrevocably  
e/abli%$ or t ,japan is ! only =eign    
,p[] :i* ,*9a has to fe>4 ,b a rec5t    
visit to ! s\? reveal$ t 9 t section1   
especially 9 ,canton1 ! ,briti% occupy  
mu* ! same position ( suspicion & dread 
:i* is held by ! ,japanese 9 ! nor?4    
,^u ! negative side1 ! ,japanese m5ace  
is negligible 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kwantung1 9
 :i* ,canton is situat$4 ,!re are said  
to be m ,am]icans 9 ,canton ?an         
,japanese1 & ! ,am]ican colony is n     
ext5sive4 ,^u ! positive side ! hi/ory (
 ! ,cassell colli]ies contract is       
in/ructive4 ,x illu/rates ! cause ( !   
popul> attitude t[>d ! ,briti%1 & q     
possibly expla9s ! bitt]ness 9 ! rem>k  
quot$4 ,! contract is notewor?y f :atev]
 /&po9t x is view$1 :e!r t ( "t1 ( !    
conditions x conta9s or ( ! circum/ances
 :i* accompany x4  ,premis+ t ! contract
 deliv]s to a ,briti% company a monopoly

 ( ! ri* coal deposits ( ! prov9ce = a  
p]iod ( n9ety ye>s &--q incid5tally (   
c\rse--! "r to use all means (          
transportation1 wat] or rail1 :>ves &   
ports n[ 9 exi/5ce1 & also to con/ruct1 
manage1 sup]9t5d & "w o!r roads1        
railways wat]ways z may be deem$        
advisable--:i* reads l a monopoly ( all 
fur!r transportation facilities ( !     
prov9ce--fir/ take up ! "t ( ! mak+ ( ! 
contract4 ,x 0 drawn 9 ,april1 #aibj &  
confirm$ a few mon?s lat]4 ,x 0 made1 ( 
c\rse1 ) ! au?orities ( ! ,kwantung     
prov9ce1 subject to confirmation at     
,pek+4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ,kwantung       
prov9ce 0 gov]n$ by milit>y c>pet-bagg]s
 f ! neighbor+ prov9ce ( ,kwangsei1 :i* 
0 practically alone ( ! s\!rn prov9ces  
alli$ ) ! nor!rn gov]nm5t1 !n "u !      
control ( ! ,anfu p>ty4 ,x 0 matt] (    
common k t ! p ( ,canton & ( ! prov9ce 7
 bitt]ly ho/ile to ?is outside control &
 submitt$ to x only because ( milit>y   
co]cion4 ,civil /rife = ! expulsion ( ! 
outsid]s 0 already go+ on1 cont9ually   

ga9+ headway1 & a few mon?s lat] !      
,kwangsei troops 7 defeat$ & expell$ f !
 prov9ce by ! =ces ( ,g5]al ,*51 n[ !   
civil gov]nor ( ,kwantung1 :o receiv$ a 
triumphal ovation ^u 8 entrance into    
,canton4 ,at ?is "t ! pres5t native     
gov]nm5t 0 e/abli%$1 a *ange :i* made   
possible ! return ( ,sun ,yat ,s5 & 8   
foll[]s f _! exile 9 ,%anghai4 ,x is    
evid5t1 !n1 t ! colli]ies contract giv+ 
away ! natural res\rces ( ! p ( !       
prov9ce1 0 kn[+ly made by a ,briti%     
company ) a gov]nm5t :i* no m repres5t$ 
! p ( ! prov9ce ?an ! milit>y gov]nm5t (
 ,g]many repres5t$ ! p ( ,belgium dur+ !
 w>4  ,z to ! t]ms ( ! contract1 !      
/atem5t t x gave ! ,briti% company a    
monopoly ( all ! coal m9es 9 ! prov9ce1 
0 n lit]ally accurate4 ,v]bally1        
tw5ty-two di/ricts are enum]at$4 ,b ^!  
are ! di/ricts along ! l9es ( ! only    
railways 9 ! prov9ce & ! only ones soon 
to be built1 includ+ ! z yet uncomplet$ 
,hank[-,canton railway4 ,possibly ?is   
fact acc\nts = ! anxiety ( ! ,briti%    

p>tn]s 9 ! ,consortium t ! completion ( 
?is l9e be ! fir/ und]tak+ f9anc$ by !  
,consortium4 ,! docum5t also includes   
:at is p]haps a novelty 9 legal docum5ts
 hav+ su* a mom5t\s economic importance1
 namely1 ! words etc4 aft] ! di/ricts   
enum]at$ by "n4  ,= ?is concession1 !   
,briti% syndicate agre$ to pay !        
prov9cial gov]nm5t ! sum ( #a1jjj1jjj   
7silv] ( c\rse74 ,?is million doll>s is 
to be> six p] c5t int]e/ to ! company1 &
 capital & int]e/ are to be paid back to
 ! company by ! prov9cial gov]nm5t out (
 ! divid5ds 7if any7 x is to receive4 ,!
 nature ( ^! divid5ds is set =? 9 an    
article :i* %\ld receive ! c>eful       
att5tion ( promot]s else:]e z a model ( 
! possibilities ( exploit+ contracts4 ,!
 t5 million capital is divid$ equally   
into ,a %>es & ,b %>es4 ,! ,a %>es g    
unres]v$ly to ! directors ( ! company1 &
 ?ree millions ( ! ,b %>es are to be    
allott$ by ! directors ( ! company at _!
 discretion4 ,! o!r two million are aga9
 divid$ into equal portions1 "o portion 

repres5t+ ! sum advanc$ by ! company to 
! prov9ce & to be paid back z j         
specifi$1 :ile ! o!r million--"o-t5? ( !
 capitalization--is to be a tru/ fund ! 
divid5ds ( :i* are to g = ! b5efit ( !  
poor p ( ! prov9ce & = an educational   
fund = ! prov9ce4 ,b be=e any divid5ds  
are paid ^u ! ,b %>es1 eight p] c5t     
divid5ds are to be paid ^u ! ,a %>es & a
 doll> a ton royalty ^u all coal m9$4   
,^? hav+ any famili>ity ) ! coal bus9ess
 ) its usual royalty ( ab\t t5 c5ts a   
ton c easily calculate ! spl5did        
prospects ( ! poor p & ! s*ools1        
prospects :i* repres5t ! total return to
 ! prov9ces ( a concession ( untold     
wor?4 ,! contract also gu>antees to !   
company ! assi/ance ( ! prov9cial       
gov]nm5t 9 expropriat+ ! own]s ( all    
coal m9es :i* h be5 grant$ to o!r       
companies b n yet work$4 ,^! te*nical   
details make dry read+1 b !y ?r[ light  
^u ! _s ) :i* ! ,briti% company und]took
 its pr$atory negotiations ) a gov]nm5t 
r5\nc$ by ! p x pr(ess$ to gov]n4 ,9    

comp>ison ) ! relatively crude me?ods ( 
,japan 9 ,%antung1 !y %[ ! advantages ( 
wide bus9ess exp]i5ce4  ,z = !          
circum/ances & context :i* give add$    
m5ace to ! contract1 ! foll[+ facts are 
significant4 ,hong ,kong1 a ,briti% cr[n
 colony1 lies directly opposite ! riv]  
^u :i* ,canton is situat$4 ,x is ! port 
( export & import = ! va/ di/ricts s]v$ 
by ! m9es & railways ( ! prov9ce4 ,x is 
unnecess>y to po9t out ! hold ^u all    
economic developm5t :i* is giv5 ?r\gh a 
monopoli/ic control ( coal4 ,x is h>dly 
too mu* to say t ! en=cem5t ( ! contract
 w\ld enable ,briti% int]e/s 9 ,hong    
,kong to control ! entire indu/rial     
developm5t ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ ( ! prov9ces 
( ,*9a4 ,x w\ld be a comp>atively easy &
 inexp5sive matt] to provide ! ma9 l& ) 
a fir/ class mod]n h>bor & port ne>     
,canton4 ,b su* a port w\ld t5d to r$uce
 ! assets ( ,hong ,kong to ! possession 
( ! mo/ beautiful sc5]y 9 ! _w4 ,!re is 
already fe> t a new h>bor w be built4   
,_m p]sons ?9k t ! concession ( build+  

su* railways etc41 z are deem$ advisable
 = ! purpose ( ! bus9ess ( ! company &  
to improve ^? n[ exi/+ is ! object ( !  
contract1 ev5 m ?an ! coal monopoly4 ,= 
! ,briti% already own a consid]able "p (
 ! ma9l&1 includ+ "p ( ! railway        
connect+ ! littoral ) ,canton4 ,by      
build+ a cross-cut f ! ,briti% own$     
portion ( ?is railway to !              
,hank[-,canton l9e1 ! latt] w\ld become 
virtually ! ,hank[-,hong ,kong l9e1 &   
,canton w\ld be a way-/ation4 ,) !      
advantages ?us secur$1 ! project =      
build+ a new port c\ld be indef9itely   
block$4  ,dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! contract 
0 be+ secur$1 a congress ( ,briti%      
,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce 0 held 9 ,%anghai4   
,resolutions 7 pass$ 9 favor ( aboli%+  
h5ce=? ! :ole pr9ciple ( special        
nationali/ic concessions1 & ( coop]at+ )
 ! ,*9ese = ! upbuild+ ( ,*9a4 ,at !    
close ( ! meet+ ! ,*airman ann\nc$ t a  
new era = ,*9a _h f9ally dawn$4 ,all ( !
 ,briti% newspap]s 9 ,*9a laud$ ! wise  
action ( ! ,*amb]s4 ,at ! same "t1 ,mr4 

,lamont 0 9 ,pek+1 & 0 sett+ =? t !     
object ( ! ,consortium 0 ! abolition (  
fur!r concessions1 & ! unit+ ( !        
f9ancial res\rces ( ! banks 9 !         
,consortium = ! economic developm5t (   
,*9a itself4 ,by an ironical co9cid5ce1 
! ,hong ,kong-,%anghai ,bank1 :i* is !  
f9ancial p[] beh9d ! contract & ! new   
company1 is ! lead+ ,briti% p>tn] 9 !   
,consortium4 ,x is difficult to see h[ !
 ,briti% c h5ce=? accuse ! ,japanese (  
bad fai? if any ( ! bank+ int]e/s ( t   
c\ntry %\ld ent] ^u indep5d5t           
negotiations ) any gov]nm5t 9 ,*9a4  ,by
 ! "t ! sc5e ( action 0 transf]r$ to    
,pek+ 9 ord] to secure ! confirmation ( 
! c5tral gov]nm5t1 ! ,anfu regime 0 no  
m1 & z yet no confirmation has be5      
secur$4 ,! new gov]nm5t at ,canton has  
decl9$ to recognize ! contract z hav+   
any validity4 ,an (ficial ( ! ,hong     
,kong gov]nm5t has told an (ficial ( !  
,canton gov]nm5t t ! ,hong ,kong        
gov]nm5t /&s beh9d ! en=cem5t ( !       
contract1 & t ,kwantung prov9ce is a    

,briti% ,h9t]l&4 ,)9 ! la/ few weeks !  
,gov]nor ( ,hong ,kong & a lead+ ,*9ese 
bank] ( ,hong ,kong :o is a ,briti%     
subject h visit$ ,pek+4 ,rumors 7 rife 9
 ! s\? z to ! object ( ! visit4 ,briti% 
s\rces publi%$ ! report t "o object 0 to
 return ,weihaiwei to ,*9a--9 case ,pek+
 agre$ to turn ov] m ( ! ,kwantung ma9l&
 to ,hong ,kong z a quid pro quo4 ,*9ese
 op9ion 9 ! s\? 0 t "o ma9 object 0 to  
secure ! ,pek+ confirmation ( ! ,cassell
 contract1 9 :i* case #ijj1jjj m w\ld be
 =?com+1 #ajj1jjj hav+ be5 paid d[n :5 !
 contract 0 sign$ ) ! prov9cial         
gov]nm5t4 ,pek+ does n recognize !      
pres5t ,canton gov]nm5t b reg>ds x z an 
outlaw4 ,! cr[d t sign$ ! contract is   
/ill 9 control ( ! neighbor+ prov9ce (  
,kwangsei & !y are reli$ ^u by ! nor? to
 effect ! milit>y subjugation ( ! sec$$ 
prov9ce4 ,fight+ has already1 inde$1    
begun1 b ! ,kwangsei milit>i/s are badly
 9 ne$ ( money2 if ,pek+ ratifies !     
contract1 a l>ge "p ( ! funds w be paid 
ov] to !m--all t isn't lo/ by ! wayside 

to ! nor!rn milit>i/s4#a ,meantime      
,briti% news ag5cies keep up a con/ant  
circulation ( reports t5d+ to discr$it !
 ,kwantung gov]nm5t1 al?\gh all imp>tial
 obs]v]s on ! spot reg>d x z altoge!r ! 
mo/ promis+ "o 9 ,*9a4      #a ,s9ce !  
text 0 writt51 ! newspap]s h /at$       
t ! ,pek+ ,gov]nm5t has (ficially refus$
 to         validate ! agreem5t4  ,^!   
consid]ations n only ?r[ light on "s ( !
 difficulties ( ! function+ ( !         
,consortium1 b !y give an indisp5sable  
backgr\nd = judg+ ! actual effect ( !   
r5ewal ( ! ,anglo-,japanese alliance4   
,by =ce ( circum/ances ea* gov]nm5t1 ev5
 aga9/ its own wi%1 w be compell$ to w9k
 at ! pr$atory policies ( ! o!r2 & !    
t5d5cy w be to create a division (      
sph]es ( influ5ce betwe5 ! nor? & s\? 9 
ord] to avoid m direct conflicts4 ,!    
,engli% lib]als :o /& = ! r5ewal ( !    
alliance on ! gr\nd t x w enable ,engl& 
to ex]cise a *eck on ,japanese policies1
 are m naive ?an 0 ,mr4 ,wilson ) 8     
belief 9 ! sep>ation ( ! economic &     

political control ( ,%antung4  ,x _c be 
too (t5 repeat$ t ! real po9t ( friction
 betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,japan is n 9 
,cali=nia b 9 ,*9a4 ,x is silly--unless 
x is calculat$--= ,engli% au?orities to 
keep repeat+ t "u no circum/ances does !
 alliance mean t ,great ,brita9 w\ld    
support ,japan 9 a w> ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4
 ,! day ! alliance is r5ew$1 ! h&s ( !  
milit>i/s 9 ,japan w be /r5g!n$ & ! h&s 
( ! lib]als--already weak en\gh--be /ill
 fur!r weak5$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 all !     
s\rces ( friction 9 ,*9a betwe5 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates & ,japan w be int5sifi$4 ,i d n 
believe 9 ! pr$ict$ w>4 ,b %\ld x come1 
! fir/ act ( ,japan--s ev]yone 9 ,*9a   
believes--w be to seize ! ports ( nor!rn
 ,*9a & its railways 9 ord] to make sure
 ( an un9t]rupt$ supply ( food & raw    
mat]ials4 ,! act w\ld be ju/ifi$ z      
necess>y to national exi/5ce4 ,great    
,brita9 9 alliance ) ,japan w\ld be 9 no
 position to prote/ 9 any?+ b ! mo/     
p]functory way4 ,! gu>antee ( su*       
ab/95ce w\ld be = ,japan ! next be/ ?+  

to op5 naval & f9ancial support4 ,)\t ! 
gu>antee !y w\ld n d>e ! seizure (      
,*9ese ports4 ,9 rec5t ye>s diplomati/s 
h %[n !mselves capable ( unlimit$       
/upidity4 ,b x is n possible t ! m5 9 ! 
,briti% ,=eign ,(fice are n aw>e ( ^!   
elem5t>y facts4 ,if !y r5ew ! alliance  
!y kn[+ly take ! responsibility = !     
consequ5ces4  ,may #bd1 #aiba4     ,,iv 
,a ,political ,upheaval 9 ,*9a   ,ev5 9 
,am]ica we h he>d ( "o ,*9ese           
revolution1 t :i* ?ru/ ! ,man*u dyna/y f
 ! ?rone4 ,! visitor 9 ,*9a gets us$ to 
casual ref]5ces to ! second revolution1 
t :i* fru/rat$ ,yuan ,%i ,kai's         
aspirations to be emp]or1 & ! ?ird1 !   
defeat 9 #aiag ( ! abortive attempt to  
put ! ,man*u boy emp]or back into p[]4  
,& )9 ! la/ few weeks ! 7,septemb]      
#aibj7 f\r? upheaval has tak5 place4 ,x 
may n be dignifi$ by ! "n ( ! f\r?      
revolution1 = ! head ( ! /ate has n be5 
*ang$ by x4 ,b z a manife/ation ( ! =ces
 t %ape ,*9ese political ev5ts1 = evil &
 = good1 p]haps ?is la/ di/urbance      

surpasses ! la/ two revolutions 9       
significance4  ,*9ese politics 9 detail 
are highly complicat$1 a mess (         
p]sonalities & factions ^: oscillations 
no "o c foll[ :o does n "k a multitude (
 p]sonal1 family & prov9cial hi/ories4  
,b occasionally some?+ happ5s :i*       
simplifies ! tangle4 ,def9ite outl9es   
frame !mselves out ( ! swirl+           
criss-cross ( /rife1 intrigue &         
ambition4 ,s1 at pres5t1 ! complete     
collapse ( ! ,anfu clique :i* own$ !    
c5tral gov]nm5t = two ye>s m>ks ! end ( 
t union ( int]nal milit>ism & ,japanese 
=eign influ5ce :i* 01 = ,*9a1 ! mo/ m>k$
 fruit ( ! w>4 ,:5 ,*9a ent]$ ! w> a ,w>
 ,p>ticipation army 0 =m$4 ,x nev]      
p>ticipat$2 probably x 0 nev] meant to4 
,b its =mation ?rew p[] :olly into ! h&s
 ( ! milit>y clique1 z aga9/ ! civilian 
con/itutionali/s4 ,& 9 return =         
concessions1 secret agreem5ts relat+ to 
,man*uria1 ,%antung1 new railways1 etc41
 ,japan suppli$ money1 munitions1       
in/ructors = ! army & a b5evol5t        

sup]vision ( =eign & dome/ic politics4  
,! w> came to an unexpect$ & untimely   
end1 b by ?is "t ! (fspr+ ( ! m>riage ( 
! milit>ism ( ,yuan ,%i ,kai & ,japanese
 money & influ5ce 0 a lu/y y\?4         
,bol%evism 0 induc$ to take ! place (   
,g]many z a m5ace requir+ ! keep+ up ( !
 army1 & loans & tea*]s4 ,mongolia 0    
p]suad$ to cut h] /r5u\s ties ) ,russia1
 to r5\nce h] indep5d5ce & come aga9 "u 
,*9ese sov]eignty4  ,! army & its       
,japanese support & in/ruction 01       
accord+ly1 cont9u$4 ,9 place ( ! ,w>    
,p>ticipation army appe>$ ! ,fronti]    
,def5se army4 ,m>%al ,tuan1 ! head ( !  
milit>y p>ty1 rema9$ ! nom9al political 
p[] beh9d ! presid5tial *air1 & ,g5]al  
,hsu 7commonly kn[n z little ,hsu1 9    
di/9ction f old ,hsu1 ! presid5t7 0 !   
en]getic manag] ( ! ,mongolian adv5ture 
:i*1 by a happy co9cid5ce1 requir$ a    
bank1 l& developm5t companies & railway 
s*emes1 z well z an army4 ,ab\t ?is     
milit>y c5tre z a nucleus ga!r$ !       
vultures :o f$ on ! c>rion4 ,?is flock  

took ! "n ( ! ,anfu ,club4 ,x did n     
control ! entire cab9et1 b to x belong$ 
! ,m9i/] ( ,ju/ice1 :o manipulat$ !     
police & ! c\rts1 p]secut$ ! /ud5ts1    
suppress$ lib]al j\rnals & imprison$    
inconv5i5t critics4 ,& ! ,club own$ !   
m9i/]s ( f9ance & communications1 ! two 
cab9et places t disp5se rev5ues1 give   
out jobs & make loans4 ,x also regulat$ 
! di/ribution ( intellig5ce by mail &   
telegraph4 ,! reign ( corruption &      
despotic ineffici5cy1 temp]$ only by !  
/ud5t revolt1 set 94 ,9 two ye>s ! ,anfu
 ,club got away ) two hundr$ millions ( 
public funds directly1 to say no?+ ( :at
 0 wa/$ by incompet5cy & ^u ! army4 ,!  
,allies _h set out to get ,*9a into !   
w>4 ,!y succe$$ 9 gett+ ,japan into     
control ( ,pek+ & gett+ ,*9a1           
politically speak+1 into a seem+ly      
hopeless /ate ( corruption & confusion4 
,! milit>i/ic or ,pei-,yang p>ty 01     
h[ev]1 divid$ into two factions1 ea*    
call$ aft] a prov9ce4 ,! ,an:ei p>ty    
ga!r$ ab\t little ,hsu & 0 almo/        

id5tical ) ! ,anfus4 ,! ,*ili faction _h
 be5 oblig$1 s f> z ,pek+ 0 conc]n$1 to 
cont5t itself ) su* leav+s z ! ,anfu    
,club toss$ to x4 ,app>5tly x 0         
hopelessly weak] ?an its rival1 al?\gh  
,tuan1 :o 0 p]sonally hone/ & above     
f9ancial sc&al1 0 support$ by bo?       
factions & 0 ! head ( bo?4 ,ab\t ?ree   
mon?s ago !re 7 a few signs t1 :ile !   
,anfu ,club _h be5 entr5*+ itself 9     
,pek+1 ! rival faction _h be5 quietly   
e/abli%+ itself 9 ! prov9ces4 ,a league 
( ,eight ,tu*uns 7milit>y gov]nors ( !  
prov9ces7 came to ! assi/ance ( !       
presid5t aga9/ "s unusually /rong       
pressure f ! ,anfu ,club4 ,9 spite ( !  
fact t ! milit>y gov]nor ( ! ?ree       
,man*urian prov9ces1 ,*ang ,tso ,l91    
popul>ly kn[n z ! ,emp]or ( ,man*uria1  
l9$ up ) ?is league1 practically nobody 
expect$ any?+ except "s manoeuv]+ to get
 a l>g] %>e ( ! spoils4  ,b late 9 ,june
 ! presid5t invit$ ,*ang ,tso ,l9 to    
,pek+4 ,! latt] saw ,tuan1 told him t he
 0 surr\nd$ by evil advis]s1 dem&$ t he 

cut loose f little ,hsu & ! ,anfu ,club1
 & decl>$ op5 w> ^u little ,hsu--! two  
_h long & notori\sly be5 bitt] enemies4 
,ev5 !n p _h great difficulty 9 believ+ 
t any?+ w\ld happ5 except ano!r ,*9ese  
compromise4 ,! presid5t 0 kn[n to be    
sympa!tic ^u ! :ole ) ! ,*ili faction1 b
 ! presid5t1 if n a typical ,*9ese1 is  
at lea/ typical ( a c]ta9 k9d ( ,*9ese  
m&>91 non-resi/ant1 compromis+1         
conciliat+1 procra/9at+1 cov]+ up1 evad+
 issues1 face-sav+4 ,b f9ally some?+    
happ5$4 ,a m&ate 0 issu$ dismiss+ little
 ,hsu f (fice1 milit>y & civil1 dissolv+
 ! fronti] def5se corps z su*1 & br++ x 
"u ! control ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,w> 7usually 
armies 9 ,*9a belong to "s g5]al or     
,tu*un1 n to ! c\ntry74 ,= almo/        
=ty-eight h\rs x 0 ?\ght t ,tuan _h     
cons5t$ to sacrifice little ,hsu & t !  
latt] w\ld submit at lea/ tempor>ily4   
,!n ) equally s5sational abruptness     
,tuan br\ght pressure to be> on !       
presid5t4 ,! latt] 0 appo9t$ head ( a   
national def5se army1 & rew>ds 7 issu$ =

 ! heads ( ! *iefs ( ! ,*ili faction1   
no?+1 h[ev]1 be+ said ab\t ,*ang ,tso   
,l91 :o _h mean:ile return$ to ,mukd5 & 
:o /ill pr(ess$ allegiance to ,tuan4    
,troops 7 mobiliz$2 !re 0 a ru% (       
(ficials & ( ! weal?y to ! concessions (
 ,ti5ts9 & to ! hotels ( ! legation     
qu>t]4  ,?is sket* is n meant z hi/ory1 
b simply z an indication ( ! =ces at "w4
 ,h5ce x is en\gh to say t two weeks    
aft] ,tuan & little ,hsu _h intimidat$ !
 presid5t & proclaim$ !mselves ! saviors
 ( ! ,republic1 !y 7 9 hid+1 _! enemies 
( ! ,*ili p>ty 7 9 complete control (   
,pek+1 & rew>ds f fifty ?\s& doll>s d[n 
7 (f]$ = ! arre/ ( little ,hsu1 !       
ex-m9i/]s ( ju/ice1 f9ance &            
communications1 & o!r lead]s ( ! ,anfu  
,club4 ,! political turnov] 0 z complete
 z x 0 s5sational4 ,! seem+ly           
impregnable ma/]s ( ,*9a 7 impot5t      
fugitives4 ,! c>efully built up ,anfu   
,club1 ) its milit>y1 f9ancial & =eign  
support1 _h crumbl$ & fall54 ,no c\ntry 
at any "t has ev] se5 a political       

upheaval m sudd5 & m ?or\ghgo+4 ,x 0 n s
 mu* a defeat z a dissolution l t (     
dea?1 a total disappe>ance1 an          
evaporation4  ,corruption _h work$      
inw>d1 z x has a way ( do+4             
,japanese-b\ght munitions w\ld n        
explode2 qu>t]ma/]s vani%$ ) ! funds )  
:i* /ores 7 to be b\ght2 troops w5t )\t 
any?+ to eat = two or ?ree days2 l>ge   
numb]s1 includ+ ! l>g] "p ( "o division1
 w5t ov] to ! enemy en masse2 ^? :o did 
n des]t _h no he>t = fight+ & ran away  
or surr5d]$ on ! slighte/ provocation1  
say+ !y 7 will+ to fight = _! c\ntry b  
saw no reason :y !y %\ld fight = a      
faction1 especially a faction t _h be5  
sell+ ! c\ntry to a =eign nation4 ,9 !  
mann] ( ! defeat ( ! ,anfu clique at !  
height ( its supremacy1 r ?an 9 ! m]e   
fact ( its defeat1 lies ! cr$it side ( !
 ,*9ese political balance %eet4 ,x is a 
/rik+ exhibition ( ! olde/ & be/ fai? ( 
! ,*9ese--! p[] ( moral consid]ations4  
,public op9ion1 ev5 t ( ! coolie on !   
/reet1 0 :olly aga9/ ! ,anfu p>ty4 ,x   

w5t d[n n s mu* because ( ! /r5g? ( !   
o!r side z because ( its own rott5ness4 
,s f> ! results are to all appe>ances   
negative4 ,! mo/ m>k$ is ! disappe>ance 
( ,japanese pre/ige4 ,z "o ( ! lead+ m5 
9 ! ,w> ,(fice said3 ,= ov] a ye> n[ ! p
 h be5 /rongly oppos$ to ! ,japanese    
gov]nm5t on acc\nt ( ,%antung4 ,b n[ ev5
 ! g5]als d n c>e = ,japan any m4 ,x is 
h>dly logical to take ! easy collapse ( 
! ,japanese-support$ ,anfu p>ty z a pro(
 ( ! weakness ( ,japan1 b pre/ige is    
always a matt] ( feel+ r ?an ( logic4   
,_m :o 7 intimidat$ to ! po9t (         
hypnotism by ! idea ( ! irresi/ible p[] 
( ,japan are n[ freely laugh+ at !      
ineffici5cy ( ,japanese lead]%ip4 ,x    
w\ld n be safe to pr$ict t ,japan w n   
come back z a =ce to be reckon$ ) 9 !   
int]nal z well z ext]nal politics (     
,*9a1 b x is safe to say t nev] aga9 w  
,japan figure z sup]man to ,*9a4 ,& su* 
a negation is aft] all a positive       
result4  ,& s 9 its way is ! ov]?r[ ( ! 
,an:ei faction ( ! milit>i/ p>ty4 ,!    

,*9ese lib]als d n feel v optimi/ic ab\t
 ! imm$iate outcome4 ,!y h mo/ly giv5 up
 ! idea t ! c\ntry c be re=m$ by        
political means4 ,!y are sceptical ab\t 
! possibility ( re=m+ ev5 politics until
 a new g5]ation comes on ! sc5e4 ,!y are
 n[ putt+ _! fai? 9 education & 9 social
 *anges :i* w take "s ye>s to consummate
 !mselves visibly4 ,! self-/yl$ s\!rn   
republican con/itutional p>ty has n %[n 
itself 9 mu* bett] light ?an ! nor!rn   
milit>i/ p>ty4 ,9 fact1 its old lead]   
,sun ,yat ,s5 n[ cuts "o ( ! mo/        
ridicul\s figures 9 ,*9a1 z %ortly be=e 
?is upheaval he _h def9itely align$     
himself ) ,tuan & little ,hsu4#b      #b
 ,?is 0 writt5 ( c\rse sev]al mon?s be=e
 ,sun ,yat         ,s5 0 re9/at$ 9      
control ( ,canton by ! successful       
revolt ( 8 local adh]5ts aga9/ ! s\!rn  
milit>i/s :o _h usurp$ p[] & driv5 out  
,sun ,yat ,s5         & 8 foll[]s4 ,b up
 to ! "t :5 ,i left ,*9a1 9             
,july ( ?is ye>1 x 0 true t ! lib]als ( 
nor!rn         & c5tral ,*9a :o 7       

bitt]ly oppos$ to ! ,pek+               
,gov]nm5t1 did n look to ! ,s\!rn       
,gov]nm5t )         mu* hope4 ,! common 
attitude 0 a plague ^u bo? (         y\r
 h\ses & a desire = a new />t4 ,!       
conflict         betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\?    
looms mu* l>g] 9 ! ,unit$         ,/ates
 ?an x did 9 ,*9a4  ,?is does n mean1   
h[ev]1 t democratic op9ion ?9ks no?+ has
 be5 ga9$4 ,! demon/ration ( ! inh]5t   
weakness ( corrupt milit>ism w itself   
prev5t ! developm5t ( any milit>ism z   
complete z t ( ! ,anfus4 ,z "o ,*9ese   
g5tleman said to me3 ,:5 ,yuan ,%i ,kai 
0 ov]?r[n1 ! tig] kill$ ! lion4 ,n[ a   
snake has kill$ ! tig]4 ,no matt] h[    
vici\s ! snake may become1 "s small]    
animal w be able to kill him1 & 8 life w
 be %ort] ?an t ( ei!r lion or tig]4 ,9 
%ort1 ea* successive upheaval br+s ne>] 
! day :5 civilian supremacy w be        
e/abli%$4 ,?is result w be a*iev$ p>tly 
because ( ! repeat$ demon/rations ( !   
uncong5iality ( milit>y despotism to !  
,*9ese _s1 & p>tly because ) e pass+ ye>

 education w h done its "w4 ,suppress$  
lib]al pap]s are com+ to life1 :ile ov] 
tw5ty ,anfu subsidiz$ newspap]s & two   
subsidiz$ news ag5cies h gone out ( be+4
 ,! soldi]s1 includ+ _m (fic]s 9 !      
,an:ei army1 cle>ly %[ ! effects ( /ud5t
 propag&a4 ,& x is wor? :ile to note d[n
 ! "n ( "o ( ! lead]s on ! victori\s    
side1 ! only "o ^: troops did any       
p>ticul> fight+1 & t aga9/ great odds 9 
numb]s4 ,! "n is ,wu ,pei ,fu4 ,he at   
lea/ has n f\ght = ! ,*ili faction aga9/
 ! ,an:ei faction4 ,he has proclaim$ f !
 fir/ t he 0 fight+ to rid ! c\ntry (   
milit>y control ( civil gov]nm5t1 &     
aga9/ traitors :o w\ld sell _! c\ntry to
 =eign]s4 ,he has come out /rongly = a  
new popul> assembly1 to =m a new        
con/itution & to unite ! c\ntry4 ,&     
al?\gh ,*ang ,tso ,l9 has rem>k$ t ,wu  
,pei ,fu z a milit>y subord9ate c\ld n  
be expect$ to int]v5e 9 politics1 he has
 n z yet f\nd x conv5i5t to oppose !    
dem& = a popul> assembly4 ,mean:ile !   
lib]als are organiz+ _! =ces1 h>dly     

expect+ to w9 a victory1 b resolv$1 w9  
or lose1 to take advantage ( !          
opportunity to c>ry fur!r ! education ( 
! ,*9ese p 9 ! mean+ ( democracy4       
,augu/1 #aibj4     ,v  ,divid$ ,*9a     
#a4  ,9 ,janu>y #aibj ! ,pek+ gov]nm5t  
issu$ an edict proclaim+ ! unification (
 ,*9a4 ,on ,may #e? ,sun ,yat ,s5 0     
=mally inaugurat$ 9 ,canton z presid5t (
 all ,*9a4 ,?us ,*9a has )9 six mon?s   
be5 twice unifi$1 once f ! nor!rn /&po9t
 & once f ! s\!rn4 ,ea* act (           
unification is 9 fact a symbol ( !      
division ( ,*9a1 a division express+    
diff]5ces ( language1 temp]am5t1 hi/ory1
 & political policy z well z (          
geography1 p]sons & factions4 ,?is      
division has be5 "o ( ! out/&+ facts (  
,*9ese hi/ory s9ce ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,man*us 
t5 ye>s ago & x has manife/$ itself 9   
int]mitt5t civil w>4 ,yet !re are two   
o!r /atem5ts :i* are equally true1      
al?\gh !y flatly contradict ea* o!r & ! 
"o j made4 ,"o /atem5t is t s f> z ! p (
 ,*9a are conc]n$ !re is no real        

division on geographical l9es1 b only ! 
common division occurr+ ev]y:]e betwe5  
cons]vatives & progressives4 ,! o!r is t
 in/ead ( two divisions 9 ,*9a1 !re are 
at lea/ five1 two p>ties 9 bo? ! nor? & 
s\?1 & ano!r 9 ! c5tral or ,yangtse     
region1#c ea* "o ( ! five splitt+ up    
aga9 m or less on factional & prov9cial 
l9es4 ,& s f> z ! future is conc]n$1    
probably ?is la/ /atem5t is ! mo/       
significant ( ! ?ree4 ,t all ?ree       
/atem5ts are true is :at makes ,*9ese   
politics s difficult to und]/& ev5 9 _! 
l>g] features4      #c ,s9ce ! writ+ (  
?is & ! =m] *apt] !re         are "s    
signs t ,wu ,pei ,fu wants to set up 9  
control (         ! middle di/ricts4    
,by ! good =tune ( circum/ances we 7 9  
,canton :5 ! inauguration occurr$4 ,pek+
 & ,canton are a long way ap>t 9 m ?an  
di/ance4 ,!re is little ex*ange ( actual
 news betwe5 ! two places2 :at filt]s   
?r\gh into ei!r city & gets publi%$     
consi/s mo/ly ( rumors t5d+ to discr$it 
! o!r city4 ,9 ,canton1 ! mon>*y is     

con/antly be+ re/or$ 9 ,pek+2 & 9 ,pek+1
 ,canton is ,bol%eviz$ at lea/ once a   
week1 :ile e o!r week op5 w> breaks out 
betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( ,sun ,yat ,s51 &     
,g5]al ,*5 ,kwang ,m+1 ! civil gov]nor (
 ! prov9ce4 ,!re is no?+ to give !      
impression--ev5 9 circles :i* accept !  
,pek+ gov]nm5t only z an evil           
necessity--t ! pret5sions ( ,sun ,yat   
,s5 repres5t any?+ m ?an ! desires ( a  
small & discr$it$ gr\p to get "s slight 
p[] = !mselves at ! exp5se ( national   
unity4 ,ev5 9 ,fuki51 ! prov9ce next    
nor? ( ,kwantung1 "o f\nd little b      
gossip ^: effect 0 to m9imize !         
importance ( ! s\!rn gov]nm5t4 ,9 =eign 
circles 9 ! nor? z well z 9 lib]al      
,*9ese circles ^u ! :ole1 ! feel+ is    
g5]al t bad z ! de facto ,pek+ gov]nm5t 
may be1 x repres5ts ! cause ( national  
unity1 :ile ! s\!rn gov]nm5t repres5ts a
 p]petuation ( t division ( ,*9a :i*    
makes h] weak & :i* (f]s ! /&+          
invitation to =eign intrigue &          
aggression4 ,only occasionally dur+ !   

la/ few mon?s has "s return$ travell]   
timidly advanc$ ! op9ion t we _h ! wrong
 dope on ! s\?1 & t !y 7 really try+ to 
d some?+ d[n !re4  ,consequ5tly !re 0   
little prep>ation on my "p = ! spectacle
 af=d$ 9 ,canton dur+ ! week ( ,may #e?4
 ,?is 0 ! only demon/ration ,i h se5 9  
,*9a dur+ ! la/ two ye>s :i* gave any   
evid5ce ( be+ a spontane\s popul>       
movem5t4 ,new ,york]s are accu/om$ to   
cr[ds1 processions1 /reet decorations & 
accompany+ en?usiasm4 ,i d\bt if ,new   
,york has ev] se5 a demon/ration :i*    
surpass$ t ( ,canton 9 size1 noise1     
color or spontaneity--9 spite ( tropical
 ra9s4 ,! c\ntry p flock$ 9 9 su*       
masses1 t1 be+ unable to f9d            
accommodation ev5 9 ! riv] boats1 !y    
kept up a p>ade all night4 ,guilds &    
localities :i* 7 n able to get a place 9
 ! regul> procession organiz$ m9or ones 
on _! own acc\nt on ! day be=e & aft] ! 
(ficial demon/ration4 ,mak+ all possible
 all[ance = ! int5sity ( ,cantonese     
local loyalty & ! fact t !y might be    

celebrat+ a ,cantonese affair r ?an a   
pr9ciple1 ! sc5e 0 suffici5tly          
impressive to revise "o's preconceiv$   
ideas & to make "o try to f9d out :at x 
is t gives ! s\!rn movem5t its vitality4
  ,a demon/ration may be popul> & /ill  
be sup]ficial 9 significance4 ,h[ev] "o 
f\nd =eign]s on ! gr\nd--at lea/        
,am]icans--say+ t 9 ! la/ few mon?s ! m5
 9 p[] 9 ,canton 7 ! only (ficials 9    
,*9a :o 7 actually do+ some?+ = ! p     
in/ead ( fill+ _! own pockets & magnify+
 _! p]sonal p[]4 ,ev5 ! nor!rn newspap]s
 _h n entirely omitt$ ref]5ce to !      
suppression ( lic5s$ gambl+4 ,on ! spot 
"o le>n$ t ?is suppression 0 n only     
g5u9e & ?or\gh1 b t x meant a           
r5unciation ( an annual rev5ue ( ne>ly  
t5 million doll>s on ! "p ( a gov]nm5t  
^: *ief difficulty is f9ancial1 &       
:]e--ap>t f motives ( p]sonal squeeze--x
 w\ld h be5 easy to argue t at lea/     
tempor>ily ! end ju/ifi$ ! means 9      
reta9+ ?is s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,engli% pap]s
 ?r\gh\t ,*9a h giv5 mu* praise to !    

gov]nm5t ( ,hong ,kong because x has cut
 d[n its opium rev5ue f eight to f\r    
millions annually ) ! plan = ultimate   
ext9ction4 ,yet ,hong ,kong is prosp]\s1
 x has n be5 t\*$ by civil w>1 & x only 
ne$s rev5ue = ord9>y civil purposes1 n z
 a means ( ma9ta9+ its exi/5ce 9 a      
crisis4  ,"u ! circum/ances1 ! action ( 
! s\!rn gov]nm5t 0 h>dly less ?an h]oic4
 ,?is r5unciation is ! mo/ s5sational   
act ( ! ,canton gov]nm5t1 b "o soon     
le>ns t x is ! accompanim5t ( a         
consid]able numb] ( con/ructive         
adm9i/rative und]tak+s4 ,among ! mo/    
notable are attempts to re=m ! local    
magi/racies ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce1 !        
e/abli%m5t ( municipal gov]nm5t 9       
,canton--some?+ new 9 ,*9a :]e local    
(ficials are all c5trally appo9t$ &     
controll$--bas$ ^u ! ,am]ican           
,commission plan1 & direct$ by graduates
 ( s*ools ( political sci5ce 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates2 plans = introduc+ local         
self-gov]nm5t ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce2 a s*eme
 = introduction ( univ]sal prim>y       

education 9 ,canton to be complet$ 9    
?ree /eps4  ,^! re=ms are prov9cial &   
local4 ,!y are "p ( a g5]al movem5t     
aga9/ c5tralization & t[>d local        
autonomy :i* is ga9+ headway all ov]    
,*9a1 a prote/ aga9/ ! appo9tm5t (      
(ficials f ,pek+ & ! managem5t ( local  
affairs 9 ! int]e/s ( factions--&       
pocketbooks--^: *ief int]e/ 9 local     
affairs is :at c be extract$ 9 ! way (  
pr(it4 ,= ! only analogue ( prov9cial   
gov]nm5t 9 ,*9a at ! pres5t "t is !     
c>pet bag gov]nm5t ( ! s\? 9 ! days     
foll[+ our civil w>4 ,^! ?+s expla9 !   
re/iv5ess ( ! c\ntry1 includ+ c5tral z  
well z s\!rn prov9ces1 "u ,pek+         
dom9ation4 ,b !y d n expla9 ! sett+ up (
 a new national1 or f$]al gov]nm5t1 ) ! 
election ( ,mr4 ,sun ,yat ,s5 z its     
presid5t4 ,to und]/& ?is ev5t x is      
necess>y to g back into hi/ory4  ,9     
,june1 #aiag1 ! p>liam5t 9 ,pek+ 0 ab\t 
to adopt a con/itution4 ,! p>liam5t 0   
controll$ by lead]s ( ! old revolution>y
 p>ty :o _h be5 at logg]heads ) ,yuan & 

) ! executive g5]ally4 ,! latt] accus$  
!m ( be+ ob/ructioni/s1 wa/+ "t 9       
discuss+ & !oriz+ :5 ! c\ntry ne$$      
action4 ,japan _h *ang$ h] tactics      
reg>d+ ! p>ticipation ( ,*9a 9 ! w>1 &  
hav+ got h] position e/abli%$ ?r\gh !   
,tw5ty-"o ,dem&s1 saw a way ( controll+ 
,*9ese ars5als & virtually amalgamat+ ! 
,*9ese armies ) h] own ?r\gh sup]vis+   
,*9a's entrance into ! w>4 ,! ,briti% & 
,fr5* 7 press+ desp]ately = ! same end4 
,p>liam5t 0 sl[ to act1 & ,tang ,%ao    
,yi1 ,sun ,yat ,s5 & o!r s\!rn lead]s 7 
av]se1 s9ce !y reg>d$ ! w> z none (     
,*9a's bus9ess & 7 ^u ! :ole m          
anti-,briti% ?an anti-,g]man--a fact :i*
 p>tly acc\nts = ! %>e ( ,briti% j\rnals
 9 ! pres5t press propag&a aga9/ !      
,canton gov]nm5t4 ,b :at br\ght matt]s  
to a head 0 ! fact t ! con/itution :i* 0
 ab\t to be adopt$ elim9at$ ! milit>y   
gov]nors or tu*uns ( ! prov9ces1 &      
re/or$ ! supremacy ( civil au?ority :i* 
_h be5 de/roy$ by ,yuan ,%i ,kai1 9     
addition to introduc+ a policy (        

dec5tralization4 ,coa*$ by memb]s ( !   
s-call$ progressive p>ty :i* claim$ to  
be con/itutionali/ & :i* _h a           
factionali/ int]e/ 9 ov]?r[+ !          
revolution>ies :o controll$ !           
legislative bran* if n ! executive1 !   
milit>y gov]nors dem&$ t ! presid5t     
susp5d p>liam5t & dismiss ! legislators4
 ,?is dem& 0 m ?an passively support$ by
 all ! ,alli$ diplomats 9 ,pek+ ) !     
honorable exception ( ! ,am]ican        
legation4 ,! presid5t weakly yield$ &   
issu$ an edict dispell+ p>liam5t1       
virtually admitt+ 9 ! docum5t !         
illegality ( 8 action4 ,less ?an a mon? 
aft]w>ds he 0 a refugee 9 ! ,dut*       
legation on acc\nt ( ! f>ce ( mon>*ical 
re/oration /ag$ by ,*ang ,%un--:o at !  
pres5t "t is aga9 com+ to ! front 9 !   
nor? z adjutant to ! plans ( ,*ang ,tso 
,l91 ! pres5t /rong man ( ,*9a4 ,lat]1  
elections 7 held & a new p>liam5t       
elect$4 ,?is p>liam5t has be5 function+ 
z ! legislature ( ,*9a at ,pek+ & elect$
 ! presid5t1 ,hsu ,%i ,*ang1 ! head ( ! 

gov]nm5t recogniz$ by ! =eign ,p[]s--9  
%ort x is ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t f an        
int]national /&po9t1 ! ,pek+ gov]nm5t f 
a dome/ic /&po9t4  ,! revolution>y      
memb]s ( ! old p>liam5t nev] recogniz$ !
 legality ( _! disp]sal1 & consequ5tly  
refus$ to admit ! legal /atus ( ! new   
p>liam5t1 call$ by !m ! bogus p>liam5t1 
& ( ! presid5t elect$ by x1 especially z
 ! new legislative body 0 n elect$      
accord+ to ! rules laid d[n by !        
con/itution4 ,"u ! lead ( "s ( ! old    
memb]s1 ! old p>liam5t1 call$ by its    
oppon5ts ! defunct p>liam5t1 has l$ an  
int]mitt5t exi/5ce ev] s9ce4 ,claim+ to 
be ! sole au!ntic con/itutional body (  
,*9a1 x f9ally elect$ ,dr4 ,sun presid5t
 ( ,*9a & ?us prep>$ ! act ( ! fif? (   
,may1 already report$4  ,su* is !       
te*nical & =mal backgr\nd ( ! pres5t    
s\!rn gov]nm5t4 ,its attack ^u !        
legality ( ! ,pek+ gov]nm5t is d\btless 
te*nically ju/ifi$4 ,b = v>i\s reasons  
its own positive /atus is op5 to equally
 grave d\bts4 ,! t]ms bogus & defunct1 s

 freely ca/ at ea* o!r1 bo? seem to an  
outsid] to be ju/ifi$4 ,x is less       
necess>y to g into ! reasons :i* appe>  
to invalidate ! position ( ! s\!rn      
p>liam5t because ( ! belat$ "* ( its    
f9al action4 ,a prote/ :i* waits f\r    
ye>s to ass]t itself 9 positive action  
is confront$ n ) legal te*nicalities b )
 accompli%$ facts4 ,9 my op9ion1        
legality = legality1 ! s\!rn gov]nm5t   
has a b>e %ade ! bett] ( ! te*nical     
argum5t4 ,b 9 ! face ( a gov]nm5t :i*   
has =eign recognition & :i* has ma9ta9$ 
itself aft] a fa%ion = f\r ye>s1 a legal
 %ad[ is a prec>i\s political basis4 ,x 
is wis] to reg>d ! s\!rn gov]nm5t z a   
revolution>y gov]nm5t1 :i* 9 addition to
 ! pre/ige ( cont9u+ ! revolution>y     
movem5t ( t5 ye>s ago has also a        
consid]able s5tim5tal asset z a prote/ (
 con/itutionalism aga9/ ! milit>y       
usurpations ( ! ,pek+ gov]nm5t4  ,x is  
an op5 secret t ! s\!rn movem5t has n   
receiv$ ! undivid$ support ( all ! =ces 
pres5t 9 ,canton :i* are oppos$ to !    

nor!rn gov]nm5t4 ,tang ,%ao ,yi1 =      
example1 0 notable = 8 abs5ce at ! "t ( 
! inauguration1 hav+ f\nd x conv5i5t to 
visit ! graves ( 8 ance/ors at t "t4 ,! 
prov9cial gov]nor1 ,g5]al ,*5 ,kwang    
,m+1 0 9 favor ( conf9+ ef=ts to !      
e/abli%m5t ( prov9cial autonomy & !     
enc\ragem5t ( simil> movem5ts 9 o!r     
prov9ces1 look+ =w>d to an ev5tual      
f$]al1 or conf$]at$1 gov]nm5t ( at lea/ 
all ! prov9ces s\? ( ! ,yangtse4 ,_m ( 8
 g5]als want$ to po/pone action until   
,kwantung prov9ce _h made a milit>y     
alliance ) ! g5]als 9 ! o!r s\?we/]n    
prov9ces1 s z to be able to resi/ ! nor?
 %\ld ! latt] und]take a milit>y        
exp$ition4 ,o!rs ?\ght ! te*nical legal 
argum5t = ! new move 0 be+ ov]work$1 &  
:ile hav+ no objections to an out & out 
revolution>y movem5t aga9/ ,pek+1 ?\ght 
t ! "t = x _h n yet come4 ,!y are c\nt+ 
on ,*ang ,tso ,l9's attempt+ a mon>*ical
 re/oration & ?9k t ! popul> revulsion  
aga9/ t move w\ld create ! opportune "t 
= su* a movem5t z has n[ be5 prematurely

 und]tak54 ,h[ev] 9 spite ( reports (   
op5 /rife freely circulat$ by ,briti% & 
,pek+ gov]nm5t newspap]s1 mo/ ( !       
opposition elem5ts are n[ loyally       
suppress+ _! opposition & support+ !    
gov]nm5t ( ,sun ,yat ,s54 ,a compromise 
has be5 arrang$ by :i* ! f$]al gov]nm5t 
w conf9e its att5tion to =eign affairs1 
leav+ prov9cial matt]s :olly 9 ! h&s (  
,gov]nor ,*5 & 8 adh]5ts4 ,!re is /ill  
room = friction h[ev]1 especially z to !
 control ( rev5ues1 s9ce at pres5t !re  
are h>dly en\gh funds = "o adm9i/ration1
 let alone two4   #b4  ,! memb]s ( ! new
 s\!rn gov]nm5t are /rik+ly diff]5t 9   
type f ^? "o meets else:]e :e!r 9 ,pek+ 
or ! prov9cial capitals4 ,! latt] m5 are
 lit]ally m$iaeval :5 !y are n late     
,roman ,empire1 ?\gh mo/ ( !m h le>n$ a 
little mod]n patt] to h& out to =eign]s4
 ,! =m] are educat$ m51 n only 9 ! s*ool
 s5se & 9 ! s5se t !y h _h "s special   
tra9+ = _! jobs1 b 9 ! s5se t !y ?9k !  
ideas & speak ! language curr5t among   
progressive folk all ov] ! _w4 ,!y      

welcome inquiry & talk freely ( _!      
plans1 hopes & fe>s4 ,i _h ! opportunity
 ( meet+ all ! m5 :o are mo/ influ5tial 
9 bo? ! local & f$]al gov]nm5ts2 ^!     
conv]sations did n take ! =m ( int]views
 = publication1 b ,i le>n$ t !re are at 
lea/ ?ree angles f :i* ! total situation
 is view$4  ,gov]nor ,*5 has _h no =eign
 education & speaks no ,engli%4 ,he is  
di/9ctively ,*9ese 9 8 tra9+ & outlook4 
,he is a man ( =ce1 capable ( dra/ic    
me?ods1 /raight=w>d intellectually &    
physically1 ( unque/ion$ integrity & (  
almo/ ,sp>tan life 9 a c\ntry :]e       
(ficial position is l>gely priz$ = !    
luxuries x makes possible4 ,= example1  
practically alone among ,*9ese prov9cial
 (ficials ( ! fir/ rank he has no       
concub9es4 ,n only ?is1 b he propos$ to 
! prov9cial assembly a measure to       
dis5fran*ise all p]sons :o h concub9es4 
7,! measure fail$ because x is said its 
passage w\ld h depriv$ ! majority ( !   
assemblym5 ( _! votes47 ,he is by all   
odds ! mo/ impressive ( all ! (ficials  

:om ,i h met 9 ,*9a4 ,if ,i 7 to select 
a man likely to become a national figure
 ( ! fir/ ord] 9 ! future1 x w\ld be1   
unhesitat+ly1 ,gov]nor ,*54 ,he c give &
 also comm& loyalty--a fact :i* 9 itself
 makes him almo/ unique4  ,8 views 9 gi/
 are z foll[s3 ,! problem ( problems 9  
,*9a is t ( real unification4 ,indu/ry &
 education are held back because ( lack 
( /ability ( gov]nm5t1 & ! bett] elem5ts
 9 society seclude !mselves f all public
 ef=t4 ,! "q is h[ ?is unification is to
 be obta9$4 ,9 ! pa/ x has be5 tri$ by  
=ce us$ by /rong individuals4 ,yuan ,%i 
,kai tri$ & fail$2 ,f5g ,kuo ,*ang tri$ 
& fail$2 ,tuan ,*i ,jui tri$ & fail$4 ,t
 me?od mu/ be surr5d]$4 ,*9a c be unifi$
 only by ! p !mselves1 employ+ n =ce b !
 me?ods ( normal political evolution4 ,!
 only way to engage ! p 9 ! task is to  
dec5tralize ! gov]nm5t4 ,futile ef=ts at
 c5tralization mu/ be ab&on$4 ,pek+ &   
,canton alike mu/ all[ ! prov9ces !     
maximum ( autonomy2 ! prov9cial capitals
 mu/ give z mu* au?ority z possible to !

 di/ricts1 & ! di/ricts to !            
communities4 ,(ficials mu/ be *os5 by & 
f ! local di/ricts & ev]y?+ mu/ be done 
to enc\rage local initiative4 ,gov]nor  
,*5's *ief ambition is to introduce ?is 
sy/em into ,kwantung prov9ce4 ,he       
believes t o!r prov9ces w foll[ z soon z
 ! me?od has be5 demon/rat$1 & t        
national unity w !n be a pyramid built  
out ( ! local blocks4  ,) extreme       
self-gov]nm5t 9 adm9i/rative matt]s1    
,gov]nor ,*5 w endeavor to en=ce a      
policy ( c5traliz$ economic control4 ,he
 says 9 effect t ! we/ has develop$     
economic an>*y along ) political        
control1 ) ! result ( capitali/ic       
dom9ation & class /ruggle4 ,he wi%es to 
av]t ?is consequ5ce 9 ,*9a by hav+      
gov]nm5t control f ! fir/ ( all basic   
raw mat]ials & all basic indu/ries1     
m9es1 transportation1 factories = cem5t1
 /eel1 etc4 ,9 ?is way ! prov9cial      
au?orities hope to secure an equable    
indu/rial developm5t ( ! prov9ce1 :ile  
at ! same "t procur+ ample rev5ues )\t  

resort+ to heavy taxation4 ,s9ce almo/  
all ! o!r gov]nors 9 ,*9a are us+ _!    
p[]1 9 comb9ation ) ! exploit+          
capitali/s native & =eign1 to monopolize
 ! natural res\rces ( _! prov9ces =     
private pr(it1 x is n surpris+ t        
,gov]nor ,*5's views are felt to be a   
m5ace to privilege & t he is adv]tis$   
all ov] ,*9a z a dev\t ,bol%evi/4 ,8    
views h special po9t 9 view ( ,briti%   
ef=ts to get an economic /ranglehold ^u 
! prov9ce--ef=ts :i* are dealt ) 9 a    
prior *apt]4  ,ano!r type ( views lays  
*ief /ress ^u ! int]nal political       
condition ( ,*9a4 ,its adh]5ts say 9    
effect3 ,:y make su* a fuss ab\t hav+   
two gov]nm5ts = ,*9a1 :51 9 po9t ( fact1
 ,*9a is torn into doz5s ( gov]nm5ts8 ,9
 ! nor?1 w> is sure to break out soon]  
or lat] betwe5 ,*ang ,tso ,l9 & 8       
rivals4 ,ea* milit>y gov]nor is afraid (
 8 division g5]als4 ,! brigade g5]als   
intrigue aga9/ ! division lead]s1 & ev5 
colonels are do+ all !y c to fur!r _!   
p]sonal p[]4 ,! ,pek+ gov]nm5t is a     

/uff$ %am1 tak+ ord]s f ! milit>y       
gov]nors ( ! prov9ces1 liv+ only on     
acc\nt ( jeal\sies among ^! g5]als1 & by
 ! grace ( =eign diplomatic support4 ,x 
is actually bankrupt1 & ?is actual /ate 
w soon be =mally recogniz$4 ,! ?+ = u to
 d is to g ahead1 ma9ta9 9 good fai? !  
"w ( ! revolution1 give ?is prov9ce !   
be/ possible civil adm9i/ration2 !n 9 ! 
inevitable approa*+ debacle1 ! s\!rn    
gov]nm5t w be ready to s]ve z ! nucleus 
( a g5u9e recon/ruction4 ,meantime we   
want1 if n ! =mal recognition ( =eign   
gov]nm5ts1 at lea/ _! b5evol5t          
neutrality4  ,dr4 ,sun /ill embodies 9  
himself ! _s ( ! revolution ( #aiaa4 ,s 
f> z t 0 n anti-,man*u x 0 9 ess5ce     
nationali/ic1 & only accid5tally        
republican4 ,! day aft] ! inauguration (
 ,dr4 ,sun1 a memorial 0 d$icat$ to !   
sev5ty-two patriot h]oes :o fell 9 an   
abortive attempt 9 ,canton to ?r[ (f !  
,man*u yoke1 "s six mon?s be=e !        
successful revolt4 ,! monum5t is ! mo/  
in/ructive s+le lesson :i* ,i h se5 9 ! 

political hi/ory ( ! revolution4 ,x is  
compos$ ( sev5ty-two granite blocks4 ,^u
 ea* is engrav$3 ,giv5 by ! ,*9ese      
,national ,league ( ,j]sey ,city1 or    
,melb\rne1 or ,mexico1 or ,liv]pool1 or 
,s+apore1 etc4 ,*9ese nationalism is a  
product ( ,*9ese migration to =eign     
c\ntries2 ,*9ese nationalism on =eign   
%ores f9anc$ ! revolution1 & l>gely     
furni%$ its lead]s & provid$ its        
organization4 ,sun ,yat ,s5 0 !         
inc>nation ( ?is nationalism1 :i* 0 m   
conc]n$ ) free+ ,*9a--& ,asia--f all    
=eign dom9ation ?an ) p>ticul> political
 problems4 ,& 9 spite ( ! movem5t (     
ev5ts s9ce t day1 he rema9s ess5tially  
at t /age1 be+ clos] 9 _s to !          
nationali/s ( ! ,european irr$5ti/ type 
?an to ! _s ( contempor>y "y ,*9a4 ,a   
conv9c$ republican1 he nev]!less        
measures ev5ts & m5 9 ! concrete by :at 
he ?9ks !y w d to promote ! indep5d5ce (
 ,*9a f =eign control1 r ?an by :at !y w
 d to promote a truly democratic        
gov]nm5t4 ,?is is ! sole explanation t c

 be giv5 = 8 un=tunate coquett+ a ye>   
ago ) ! lead]s ( ! n[ fall5 ,anfu ,club4
 ,he all[$ himself to be deceiv$ into   
?9k+ t !y 7 ready to turn aga9/ !       
,japanese if he w\ld give !m 8 support2 
& 8 nationali/ imag9ation 0 inflam$ by !
 gr&iose s*emes ( little ,hsu = ! ,*9ese
 subjugation ( ,mongolia4  ,m op5ly ?an 
o!rs1 ,dr4 ,sun admits & ju/ifies ! new 
s\!rn gov]nm5t z repres5t+ a division ( 
,*9a4 ,if1 he insi/s1 x _h n be5 = !    
secession ( ! s\? 9 #aiag1 ,japan w\ld  
n[ be 9 virtually complete control ( all
 ,*9a4 ,a unifi$ ,*9a w\ld h meant a    
,*9a ready to be swall[$ :ole by ,japan4
 ,! secession localiz$ ,japanese        
aggressions1 made x evid5t t ! s\? w\ld 
fight r ?an be dev\r$1 & gave a brea?+  
spell 9 :i* public op9ion 9 ! nor?      
ralli$ aga9/ ! ,tw5ty-"o ,dem&s & aga9/ 
! milit>y pact ) ,japan4 ,?us x sav$ !  
indep5d5ce ( ,*9a4 ,b1 :ile x *eck$     
,japan1 x did n *eckmate h]4 ,%e /ill   
expects ) ! assi/ance ( ,*ang ,tso ,l9  
to make nor!rn ,*9a h] vassal4 ,!       

support :i* =eign gov]nm5ts 9 g5]al & ! 
,unit$ ,/ates 9 p>ticul> are giv+ ,pek+ 
is m]ely play+ into ! h&s ( ! ,japanese4
 ,! indep5d5t s\? af=ds ! only ob/acle  
:i* causes ,japan to pause 9 h] plan (  
mak+ nor!rn ,*9a 9 effect a ,japanese   
prov9ce4 ,a m ?an usually au!ntic rumor 
says t ^u ! occasion ( ! visit ( !      
,japanese consul g5]al to ! new presid5t
 7no o!r =eign (ficial has made an      
(ficial visit71 ! =m] (f]$ f 8 gov]nm5t 
! (ficial recognition ( ,dr4 ,sun z     
presid5t ( all ,*9a1 if ! latt] w\ld    
recognize ! ,tw5ty-"o ,dem&s z an       
accompli%$ fact4 ,f ! ,japanese /&po9t !
 (f] 0 a safe "o1 z ?is acceptance (    
,japanese claims is ! "o ?+ impossible  
to ! new gov]nm5t4 ,b meantime ! (f]    
naturally confirms ! nationali/s ( ,dr4 
,sun's type 9 _! belief t ! s\!rn split 
is ! key to ma9ta9+ ! political         
indep5d5ce ( ,*9a2 or1 z ,dr4 ,sun puts 
x1 t a divid$ ,*9a is = ! "t be+ ! only 
means to an ultimately indep5d5t ,*9a4  
,^! views are n giv5 z /at+ ! :ole tru? 

( ! situation4 ,!y are ex p>te4 ,b !y   
are giv5 z sett+ =? 9 good fai? !       
conceptions ( ! lead]s ( ! s\!rn movem5t
 & z requir+ s]i\s att5tion if !        
situation ( ,*9a1 dome/ic &             
int]national1 is to be und]/ood4 ,^u my 
own acc\nt1 & n simply z express+ !     
views ( o!rs1 ,i h rea*$ a conclusion q 
=eign to my ?\ght be=e ,i visit$ ! s\?4 
,:ile x is n possible to atta* too mu*  
importance to ! unity ( ,*9a z a "p ( ! 
=eign policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is    
possible to atta* altoge!r too mu*      
importance to ! ,pek+ gov]nm5t z a      
symbol ( t unity4 ,to borr[ & adapt !   
words ( "o s\!rn lead]1 :ile ! ,unit$   
,/ates c h>dly be expect$ to d o!r ?an  
recognize ! ,pek+ z ! de facto gov]nm5t1
 !re is no ne$ to coddle t gov]nm5t &   
give x face4 ,su* a c\rse ma9ta9s a     
nom9al & =mal unity :ile 9 fact enc\rag+
 ! milit>y & corrupt =ces t keep ,*9a   
divid$ & :i* make = =eign aggression4   
,9 my op9ion z ! outcome ( two ye>s'    
obs]vation ( ! ,*9ese situation1 ! real 

int]e/s ( bo? ,*9a & ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
w\ld be s]v$ if1 9 ! fir/ place1 !      
,unit$ ,/ates %\ld take ! lead 9 secur+ 
f ! diplomatic body 9 ,pek+ ! s]v+ (    
express notice ^u ! ,pek+ gov]nm5t t 9  
no case w\ld a re/oration ( ! mon>*y be 
recogniz$ by ! ,p[]s4 ,?is may seem 9   
,am]ica l an unw>rant$ int]v5tion 9 !   
dome/ic affairs ( a =eign c\ntry4 ,b 9  
fact su* int]v5tion is already a fact4  
,! pres5t gov]nm5t endures only 9 virtue
 ( ! support ( =eign ,p[]s4 ,! notice   
w\ld put an end to "o k9d ( intrigue1 "o
 k9d ( rumor & suspicion1 :i* is hold+  
indu/ry & education back & :i* is keep+ 
,*9a 9 a /ate ( unre/ & in/ability4 ,x  
w\ld e/abli% a p]iod ( comp>ative quiet 
9 :i* :atev] con/ructive =ces exi/ may  
come to ! front4 ,! second measure w\ld 
be m extreme4 ,! diplomacy ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates %\ld take ! lead 9 mak+ x cle> t 
unless ! promises ab\t ! disb&+ ( !     
army1 & ! introduction ( g5]al retr5*m5t
 are hone/ly & imm$iately c>ri$ out1 !  
,p[]s w pursue a h>% r ?an a b5evol5t   

policy t[>d ! ,pek+ gov]nm5t1 insi/+ ^u 
imm$iate paym5t ( int]e/ & loans z !y   
fall due & hold+ up ! gov]nm5t to !     
/ricte/ meet+ ( all its obligations4 ,! 
notification to be effective might well 
include a virtual ?reat ( )drawal (     
recognition 9 case ! gov]nm5t does n    
s]i\sly try to put its pr(use promises  
into execution4 ,x %\ld also include a  
def9ite disc\ragem5t ( any exp5ditures  
design$ = milit>y conque/ ( ! s\?4      
,diplomatic recognition ( ! s\!rn       
gov]nm5t is out ( ! "q at pres5t4 ,x is 
n out ( ! "q to put on ! f9ancial screws
 s t ! s\!rn gov]nm5t w be all[$ space &
 "t to demon/rate :at x c d by peaceful 
means to give "o or m prov9ces a dec5t1 
hone/ & progressive civil adm9i/ration4 
,x is unnecess>y to enum]ate ! ob/acles 
9 ! way ( c>ry+ out su* a policy4 ,b 9  
my judgm5t x is ! only policy by :i* !  
,great ,p[]s w n become accomplices 9   
p]petuat+ ! weakness & division ( ,*9a4 
,x is ! mo/ /raight=w>d way ( meet+     
:atev] plans ( aggression ,japan may    

ent]ta94  ,may1 #aiba4     ,,vi         
,f$]alism 9 ,*9a   ,! newcom] 9 ,*9a 9  
obs]v+ & judg+ ev5ts usually makes !    
mi/ake ( atta*+ too mu* significance to 
curr5t happ5+s4 ,occurr5ces take place  
:i* 9 ! we/]n _w w\ld port5d important  
*anges--& no?+ important results4 ,x is 
n easy to loos5 ! habit ( ye>s2 & s !   
visitor assumes t an ev5t :i* is /rik+  
to ! po9t ( s5sationalism mu/ surely be 
"p ( a tra9 ( ev5ts hav+ a def9ite tr5d2
 "s deep-laid plan mu/ be beh9d x4 ,x   
takes a degree ( intellectual pati5ce   
add$ to "t & exp]i5ce to make "o realize
 t ev5 :5 !re is a rhy?m 9 ev5ts ! tempo
 is s ret>d$ t "o mu/ wait a long "t to 
judge :at is really go+ on4 ,mo/        
political ev5ts are l daily *anges 9 !  
wea!r1 fluctuations back & =? :i* may   
s]i\sly affect individuals b :i* tak5 "o
 by "o tell little ab\t ! movem5t ( !   
seasons4 ,ev5 ! occurr5ces :i* are due  
to human int5tion are usually sporadic &
 casual1 & ! obs]v] errs by read+ into  
!m too mu* plot1 too compreh5sive a     

s*eme1 too f>sight$ a plan4 ,! aim beh9d
 ! ev5t is likely to be only "s imm$iate
 advantage1 "s direct increase ( p[]1 ! 
ov]?r[ ( a rival1 ! grasp+ at great]    
weal? by an isolat$ act1 )\t any        
consecutive or sy/ematic look+ ahead4   
,=eign]s are n ! only ones :o h err$1   
h[ev]1 9 judg+ ! ,*9ese political       
situation ( ! la/ few ye>s4 ,beg9n+ two 
ye>s ago1 "o he>d exp]i5c$ ,*9ese )     
political affiliations say+ t x 0       
impossible = ?+s to g on z !y 7 = m ?an 
?ree mon?s long]4 ,"s decisive *ange mu/
 occur4 ,yet outw>dly ! situation has   
rema9$ mu* ! same n only = ?ree mon?s b 
= two ye>s1 ! exception be+ ! ov]?r[ ( !
 ,anfu faction a ye> ago4 ,& ?is        
occurr5ce h>dly m>k$ a def9ite turn 9   
ev5ts1 z x 01 to a consid]able ext5t1   
only a %ift+ ( p[] f ! h&s ( "o set (   
tu*uns to ano!r set4 ,nev]!less at !    
risk ( becom+ a victim ( ! fallacy :i*  
,i h be5 sett+ =?1 ,i w haz>d ! rem>k t 
! la/ few mon?s h reveal$ a def9ite &   
endur+ tr5d--t ?r\gh ! diurnal          

fluctuations ( ! /rife = p]sonal p[] &  
weal? a seasonal political *ange 9      
society is n[ %[+ itself4 ,c]ta9 l9es ( 
cleavage seem to %[ !mselves1 s t ?r\gh 
! welt] ( /rik+1 picturesque1 s5sational
 b mean+less ev5ts1 a def9ite patt]n is 
reveal$4  ,?is patt]n is indicat$ by !  
title ( ?is *apt]--a movem5t t[>d !     
developm5t ( a f$]al =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,9  
call+ ! movem5t "o t[>d f$]alism1 !re   
is1 h[ev]1 m ( a jump into ! remote     
future ?an circum/ances ju/ify4 ,x w\ld 
be m accurate1 z well z m mode/1 to say 
t !re is a well def9$ & seem+ly p]man5t 
tr5d t[>d prov9cial autonomy & local    
self-gov]nm5t accompani$ by a hope & a  
vague plan t 9 ! future ! m or less     
indep5d5t units w recomb9e into ! ,unit$
 or ,f$]at$ ,/ates ( ,*9a4 ,"s :o look  
f> into ! future anticipate ?ree /ages2 
! fir/ be+ ! completion ( ! pres5t      
secessioni/ movem5t2 ! second ! =mation 
( nor!rn & s\!rn conf$]ations           
respectively2 ! ?ird a reunion into a   
s+le /ate4  ,to g into ! detail$ evid5ce

 = ! exi/5ce ( a def9ite & la/+ movem5t 
( ?is sort w\ld presume too mu* on !    
read]'s k ( ,*9ese geography & 8        
acqua9tance ) specific rec5t ev5ts4 ,i  
%all conf9e myself to q g5]al features (
 ! situation4 ,! fir/ feature is ! new  
phase :i* has be5 assum$ by ! long      
hi/oric antagonism ( ! nor? & ! s\?4    
,r\ghly speak+1 ! revolution :i*        
e/abli%$ ! republic & ov]?rew ! ,man*us 
repres5t$ a victory = ! s\?4 ,b !       
trans=mation dur+ ! la/ five ye>s ( !   
nom9al republic into a corrupt olig>*y (
 satraps or milit>y gov]nors or feudal  
lords has repres5t$ a victory = ! nor?4 
,x is a significant fact1 symbolically  
at lea/1 t ! mo/ p[]ful rema9+ tu*un or 
milit>y gov]nor 9 ,*9a--9 "s respects ! 
only p[]ful "o :o has surviv$ !         
vicissitudes ( ! la/ few ye>s--namely   
,*ang ,tso ,l91 is ! uncr[n$ k+ ( ! ?ree
 ,man*urian prov9ces4 ,! s-call$ civil  
w> ( ! nor? & s\? is n1 h[ev]1 to be    
und]/ood z a conflict ( republicanism   
locat$ 9 ! s\? & milit>ism 9 ! nor?4    

,su* a notion is directly contr>y to    
facts4 ,! civil w> till six or eight    
mon?s ago 0 ma9ly a conflict ( milit>y  
gov]nors & factions1 "p ( t /ruggle =   
p]sonal p[] & weal? :i* has be5 go+ on  
all ov] ,*9a4  ,b rec5tly ev5ts h tak5 a
 diff]5t c\rse4 ,9 f\r ( ! s\!rn        
prov9ces1 tu*uns :o seem$ all p[]ful h  
toppl$ ov]1 & ! prov9ces h proclaim$ or 
tacitly assum$ _! indep5d5ce ( bo? !    
,pek+ & ! =m] milit>y ,canton           
gov]nm5ts--! prov9ce 9 :i* ,canton      
situat$ be+ "o ( ! f\r4 ,i happ5$ to be 
9 ,hunan1 ! fir/ ( ! s\!rly prov9ces to 
get comp>ative indep5d5ce1 la/ fall1 n  
long aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! vici\s despot :o 
_h rul$ ! prov9ce ) ! aid ( nor!rn      
troops4 ,= a week a s]ies ( meet+s 7    
held 9 ,*ang%a1 ! capital ( ! prov9ce4  
,! burd5 ( e spee* 0 ,hunan = !         
,hunanese4 ,! slogan embodies ! _s ( two
 p[]s ea* aim+ at becom+ ! c5tral       
au?ority2 x is a conflict ( ! pr9ciple (
 prov9cial autonomy1 repres5t$ by !     
politically m mature s\?1 ) t (         

milit>i/ic c5tralization1 repres5t$ by  
,pek+4  ,z ,i write1 9 e>ly ,septemb]   
7#aiba71 ! imm$iate issue is obscur$ by 
! fight :i* ,wu ,pei ,fu is wag+ ) !    
,hunanese :o ) nom9al indep5d5ce are 9  
aim & int]e/ alli$ ) ! s\?4 ,if1 z is   
likely1 ,wu ,pei ,fu w9s1 he may take "o
 ( two c\rses4 ,he may use 8 add$ p[] to
 turn aga9/ ,*ang ,tso ,l9 & ! nor!rn   
milit>i/s :i* w br+ him into virtual    
alliance ) ! s\!rn]s & e/abli% him z !  
antagoni/ ( ! f$]al pr9ciple4 ,?is is ! 
c\rse :i* 8 e>li] record w\ld call =4   
,or he may yield to ! usual (ficial lu/ 
= p[] & money & try once m ! ,yuan ,%i  
,kai policy ( milit>y c5tralization )   
himself z head1 aft] try+ out           
conclusions ) ,*ang ,tso ,l9 z 8 rival4 
,?is is ! c\rse :i* ! pa/ record (      
milit>y lead]s indicates4 ,b ev5 if ,wu 
,pei ,fu foll[s prec$5t & goes bad1 he w
 only ha/5 8 own f9al end4 ,?is is n    
prophecy4 ,x is only a /atem5t ( :at has
 uni=mly happ5$ 9 ,*9a j at ! mom5t a   
milit>y lead] seem$ to h complete p[] 9 

8 grasp4 ,9 o!r words1 a victory = ,wu  
,pei ,fu may ei!r accel]ate or may ret>d
 ! developm5t ( prov9cial autonomy      
accord+ to ! c\rse he pursues4 ,x _c    
p]man5tly prev5t or deflect x4  ,! basic
 factor t makes "o sure t ?is tr5d t[>d 
local autonomy is a reality & n m]ely "o
 ( ^? mean+less %ift+s ( p[] :i* confuse
 ! obs]v]1 is t x is 9 accord ) ,*9ese  
temp]am5t1 tradition & circum/ance4     
,feudalism is pa/ & gone two ?\s& ye>s  
ago1 & at no p]iod s9ce has ,*9a        
possess$ a work+ c5traliz$ gov]nm5t4 ,! 
absolute empires :i* h come & gone 9 !  
la/ two mill5niums exi/$ by virtue (    
non-int]f]5ce & a religi\s aura4 ,!     
latt] c nev] be re/or$2 & e episode ( ! 
republic demon/rates t ,*9a ) its va/ & 
div]sifi$ t]ritories1 its population (  
betwe5 ?ree hundr$ & fifty & f\r hundr$ 
million1 its multitude ( languages &    
lack ( communications1 its enorm\s local
 atta*m5ts sanctifi$ by ! family sy/em &
 ance/ral wor%ip1 _c be manag$ f a s+le 
& remote c5tre4 ,*9a re/s ^u a network (

 local & volunt>y associations cem5t$ by
 cu/om4 ,?is fact has giv5 x its        
unp>allell$ /ability & its p[] to       
progress ev5 "u ! di/urb$ political     
conditions ( ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,i sometimes
 ?9k t ,am]icans ) _! own traditional   
contempt = politics & _! spontane\s     
reliance ^u self-help & local           
organization are ! ones :o are naturally
 fitt$ to und]/& ,*9a's c\rse4 ,!       
,japanese ) _! +ra9$ reliance ^u ! /ate 
h cont9ually misjudg$ & misact$4 ,!     
,briti% und]/& bett] ?an we d !         
significance ( local self-gov]nm5t2 b !y
 are misl$ by _! rev]5ce = politics s t 
!y _c readily f9d or see gov]nm5t :5 x  
does n take political =m4  ,x is n too  
mu* to say t "o great cause = ! ov]?r[ (
 ! ,man*us 0 ! fact t because ( !       
pressure ( int]national relations !y    
attempt$ to =ce1 especially 9 fiscal    
matt]s1 a c5tralization ^u ! prov9ces   
:olly =eign to ! _s ( ! p4 ,?is creat$  
ho/ility :]e be=e !re _h be5 indiff]5ce4
 ,*9a may possibly n em]ge f h] tr\bles 

a unifi$ nation1 any m ?an a mu* small] 
& less popul\s ,europe em]g$ f !        
break-up ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 a    
s+le /ate4 ,inde$ "o (t5 wond]s1 n t    
,*9a is divid$1 b t %e is n mu* m brok5 
up ?an %e is4 ,b "o ?+ is c]ta94 ,:atev]
 progress ,*9a f9ally succe$s 9 mak+ w  
come f a v>iety ( local c5tres1 n f     
,pek+ or ,canton4 ,x w be effect$ by    
means ( associations & organizations :i*
 ev5 ?\gh !y assume a political =m are n
 prim>ily political 9 nature4           
,criticisms are pass$1 especially by    
=eign]s1 ^u ! pres5t tr5d ( ev5ts4 ,!   
criticisms are m ?an plausible4 ,x is   
evid5t t ! pres5t weakness ( ,*9a is due
 to h] divid$ condition4 ,h5ce x is     
natural to argue t ! pres5t movem5t be+ 
"o ( secession & g5]al dis9tegration w  
increase ! weakness ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is   
also evid5t t _m ( ,*9a's tr\bles are   
due to ! abs5ce ( any effici5t          
adm9i/rative sy/em2 x is reasonable to  
argue t ,*9a _c get ev5 railways &      
univ]sal education )\t a /rong & /able  

c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! 
facts4 ,x is n surpris+ t _m fri5ds (   
,*9a deeply deplore ! pres5t t5d5cy :ile
 "s reg>d x z ! f9al accompli%m5t ( !   
long pr$ict$ breakup ( ,*9a4 ,b rem$ies 
= ,*9a's ills bas$ ^u ignor+ hi/ory1    
psy*ology & actual conditions are s     
utopian t x is n wor? :ile to argue :e!r
 or n !y are !oretically desirable4 ,!  
rem$y ( ,*9a's tr\bles by a /rong1      
c5traliz$ gov]nm5t is on a p> ) cur+    
disease by ! expulsion ( a devil4 ,!    
evil ( sectionalism is real1 b s9ce x is
 real x _c be dealt ) by try+ a me?od   
:i* implies its non-exi/5ce4 ,if ! devil
 is really !re1 he w n be exorciz$ by a 
=mula4 ,if ! tr\ble is int]nal1 n due to
 an ext]nal demon1 ! disease c be cur$  
only by us+ ! factors ( heal? & vigor   
:i* ! pati5t already possesses4 ,& 9    
,*9a :ile ^! factors ( recup]ation &    
gr[? are num]\s1 !y all exi/ 9          
connection ) local organizations &      
volunt>y associations4 ,! increas+      
volume ( ! cry t ! tu*uns mu/ g comes f 

! prov9cial & local int]e/s :i* h be5   
insult$ & violat$ by a nom9ally         
c5traliz$ b actually *aotic situation4  
,aft] ?is negative "w is complet$1 !    
con/ructive rebuild+ ( ,*9a c proce$    
only by utiliz+ local int]e/s &         
abilities4 ,9 ,*9a ! movem5t w be !     
opposite ( t :i* occurr$ 9 ,japan4 ,x w 
be f ! p]iph]y to ! c5tre4  ,ano!r      
objection to ! pres5t t5d5cy has =ce    
especially f ! =eign /&po9t4 ,z already 
/at$1 ! ef=ts ( ! ,man*u dyna/y 9 its   
latt] days to enhance c5tral p[] 7 due  
to int]national pressure4 ,=eign nations
 treat$ ,pek+ z if x 7 a capital l      
,london1 ,p>is or ,b]l91 & 9 its ef=ts  
to meet =eign dem&s x _h to try to      
become su* a c5tre4 ,! result 0 disa/]4 
,b =eign nations /ill want to h a s+le  
c5tre :i* may be held responsible4 ,&   
subconsci\sly1 if n consci\sly1 ?is     
desire is responsible = mu* ( !         
objection ( =eign nationals to ! local  
autonomy movem5t4 ,!y well "k t x is go+
 to take a long "t to realize ! ideal ( 

f$]ation1 & meantime :]e & :at is to be 
! ag5cy responsible = diplomatic        
relations1 ! en=c+ ( indemnities & !    
secur+ ( concessions8  ,9 "o respect !  
secessioni/ t5d5cy is dang]\s to ,*9a   
h]self z well z inconv5i5t to ! p[]s4 ,x
 w readily /imulate ! desire & ability (
 =eign nations to int]f]e 9 ,*9a's      
dome/ic affairs4 ,!re w be _m c5tres at 
:i* to c>ry on intrigues & f :i* to get 
concessions in/ead ( "o or two4 ,!re is 
also dang] t "o =eign nation may l9e up 
) "o gr\p ( prov9ces1 & ano!r =eign     
nation ) ano!r gr\p1 s t int]national   
friction w increase4 ,ev5 n[ "s         
,japanese s\rces & ev5 su* an indep5d5t 
lib]al pap] z ,rob]t ,"y's ,japan       
,*ronicle are />t+ or report+ ! rumor t 
! ,cantonese exp]im5t is support$ by    
subsidies suppli$ by ,am]ican capitali/s
 9 ! hope ( economic concessions4 ,!    
rumor 0 inv5t$ = a s9i/] purpose4 ,b x  
illu/rates ! sort ( situation t may come
 into exi/5ce if !re are sev]al         
political c5tres 9 ,*9a & "o =eign      

nation backs "o & ano!r nation1 ano!r4  
,! dang] is real en\gh4 ,b x _c be dealt
 ) by attempt+ ! impossible--namely     
*eck+ ! movem5t t[>d local autonomy1 ev5
 ?\gh dis9tegration may tempor>ily      
accompany x4 ,! dang] only emphasizes ! 
fundam5tal fact ( ! :ole ,*9ese         
situation2 t its ess5ce is "t4 ,! evils 
& tr\bles ( ,*9a are real en\gh1 & !re  
is no bl9k+ ! fact t !y are l>gely ( h] 
own mak+1 due to corruption1 ineffici5cy
 & abs5ce ( popul> education4 ,b no "o  
:o kn[s ! common p d\bts t !y w w9 ?r\gh
 if !y are giv5 "t4 ,& 9 ! concrete ?is 
means t !y be left politically alone to 
"w out _! own de/9y4 ,!re w d\btless be 
proposals at ! ,pacific ,conf]5ce to    
place ,*9a "u "s k9d ( int]national     
tutelage4 ,?is *apt] & ! ev5ts connect$ 
) ! t5d5cy :i* x reports w be cit$ z %[+
 ?is ne$4 ,"s ( ! s*emes w spr+ f       
motives t are ho/ile to ,*9a4 ,"s w be  
b5evol5tly conceiv$ 9 a desire to save  
,*9a f h]self & %ort5 h] p]iod ( *aos & 
confusion4 ,b ! hope ( ! _w's peace1 z  

well z ( ,*9a's fre$om1 lies 9 adh]+ to 
a policy ( ,h&s ,(f4 ,give ,*9a a *ance4
 ,give h] "t4 ,! dang] lies 9 be+ 9 a   
hurry1 9 impati5ce1 possibly 9 ! desire 
( ,am]ica to %[ t we are a p[] 9        
int]national affairs & t we too h a     
positive =eign policy4 ,& a b5evol5t    
policy ( support+ ,*9a f )\t1 in/ead (  
promot+ h] aspirations f )91 may 9 ! end
 d ,*9a ab\t z mu* h>m z a policy       
conceiv$ 9 malevol5ce4  ,july1 #aiba4   
,,vii  ,a ,p>t+ ( ! ,ways = ,am]ica   #a
  ,! realities ( ,am]ican policy 9 ,*9a 
& t[>d ,*9a are go+ to be m s]i\sly te/$
 9 ! future ?an !y ev] h be5 9 ! pa/4   
,japanese pap]s h be5 full ( prote/s    
aga9/ any attempt by ! ,pacific         
,conf]5ce to place ,japan on trial4     
,w\ld t ,am]ican j\rnals 7 full ( w>n+s 
t ,am]ica is on trial at ! ,conf]5ce z  
to ! s9c]ity & intellig5t goodwill beh9d
 h] amiable pr(essions4 ,! _w w n /op ) 
! ,pacific ,conf]5ce2 ! latt]1 h[ev]    
important1 w n arre/ future developm5ts1
 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates w cont9ue to be on   

trial till %e has e/abli%$ by h] acts a 
p]man5t & def9ite attitude4 ,= !        
realities ( ! situation _c be exhau/$ 9 
any =mula or 9 any set ( diplomatic     
agreem5ts1 ev5 if ! ,conf]5ce conf\nds !
 fe>s ( pessimi/s & results 9 a h>moni\s
 union ( ! p[]s 9 support ( ,*9a's      
legitimate aspirations = free political 
& economic gr[?4  ,! ,conf]5ce1 h[ev]1  
/&s z a symbol ( ! l>g] situation2 & its
 decisions or lack ( !m w be a          
consid]able factor 9 ! det]m9ation (    
subsequ5t ev5ts4 ,sometimes "o is oblig$
 to fall back on a trite phrase4 ,we are
 g5u9ely at a p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,ev5 if we 
%\ld foll[ 9 our old pa?1 !re w\ld none 
! less be a p>t+ ( ! ways1 = we _c      
consi/5tly tread ! old pa? unless we are
 animat$ by a mu* m consci\s purpose & a
 m g5]al & intellig5t k ( affairs ?an h 
controll$ our activities 9 ! pa/4  ,!   
ideas express$ by an ,engli%            
correspond5t ab\t ! fe> t ,am]ica is    
soon to be an active s\rce ( dang] 9 !  
,f> ,ea/ are n conf9$ to p]sons on =eign

 %ores4 ,! prevail+ attitude 9 "s       
circles ( ,am]ican op9ion is t call$ by 
,presid5t ,hibb5 cynical pessimism4 ,all
 pr(ess$ radicals & _m lib]als believe t
 if our c\rse has be5 bett] 9 ! pa/ x   
has be5 due to geographical accid5ts    
comb9$ ) indiff]5ce & ) our undevelop$  
economic /atus4 ,consequ5tly !y believe 
t s9ce we h n[ become :at is call$ a    
_w-p[] & a nation :i* exports in/ead (  
import+ capital1 our c\rse w soon be z  
bad z t ( any ( ! re/ ( !m4 ,9 "s qu>t]s
 ?is op9ion is cle>ly an emotional      
reaction foll[+ ! disillusionm5ts (     
,v]sailles4 ,9 o!rs1 x is due to adh]5ce
 to a =mula3 no?+ 9 int]national affairs
 c come out ( capitalism & ,am]ica is   
emphatically a capitali/ic c\ntry4 ,:e!r
 or n ^! feel+s are correct1 !y are n   
discussable2 nei!r an emotion nor an    
absolute =mula is subject to analysis4  
,b !re are specific elem5ts 9 !         
situation :i* give gr\nds = appreh5sion 
z to ! future4 ,^! specific elem5ts are 
capable ( detection & analysis4 ,an     

adequate realization ( _! nature w be a 
l>ge factor 9 prev5t+ cynical           
appreh5sions f becom+ actual4 ,?is *apt]
 is an attempt at a prelim9>y li/+1     
inadequate1 ( c\rse1 z any prelim9>y    
exam9ation mu/ be4 ,:ile an a priori    
argum5t bas$ on a fatali/ic =mula z to  
h[ a capitali/ic nation mu/ conduct     
itself does n appeal to me1 !re are     
nev]!less concrete facts :i* are sugge/$
 by t =mula4 ,"p ( our comp>atively     
bett] c\rse 9 ,*9a 9 ! pa/ is due to !  
fact t we h n _h ! cont9u\s & close     
alliance betwe5 ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t & big 
bank+ int]e/s :i* is f\nd 9 ! case (    
=eign p[]s4 ,no hone/ well-in=m$ hi/ory 
( developm5ts 9 ,*9a c\ld be writt5 9   
:i* ! ,russian ,asiatic ,bank1 ! ,=eign 
,bank ( ,belgium1 ! ,fr5* ,indo-,*9a    
,bank & ,banque ,indu/rielle1 !         
,yokohama ,specie ,bank1 !              
,hongkong-,%anghai ,bank1 etc41 did n   
figure prom95tly4 ,^! banks "w 9 !      
close/ h>mony1 n only ) railway &       
con/ruction syndicates & big manufactur+

 int]e/s at home1 b also ) _! respective
 =eign (fices4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to   
say t legations & banks h be5 9 mo/     
important matt]s ! "r & left h&s ( !    
same body4 ,am]ican bus9ess int]e/s h   
compla9$ an ! pa/ t ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t 
does n give to ,am]ican trad]s abroad ! 
same support t ! nationals ( o!r /ates  
receive4 ,9 ! pa/ ^! compla9ts h c5tr$  
l>gely ab\t actual wrongs suff]$ or     
believ$ to h be5 suff]$ by ,am]ican     
bus9ess und]tak+s c>ri$ on 9 a =eign    
c\ntry4 ,) ! pres5t expansion ( capital 
& ( comm]ce1 ! same compla9ts & dem&s   
are go+ to be made n ) ref]5ce to       
grievances suff]$1 b ) ref]5ce to       
fur!r+1 to pu%+ ,am]ican comm]cial      
int]e/s 9 connection ) l>ge bank+ gr\ps4
 ,x w\ld take a cr$ul\s p]son to d5y !  
influ5ce ( big bus9ess 9 dome/ic        
politics4 ,z we become m int]e/$ 9      
comm]ce & bank+ ent]prises :at assurance
 h we t ! alliance w n be transf]r$ to  
int]national politics8  ,x %\ld be not$ 
t ! policy ( ! op5 door z affirm$ by !  

great p[]s--& z frequ5tly violat$ by    
!m--ev5 if x be h5ce=? obs]v$ 9 good    
fai?1 does n adequately protect u f ?is 
dang]4 ,! op5 door policy is n prim>ily 
a policy ab\t ,*9a h]self b r ab\t !    
policies ( =eign p[]s t[>d "o ano!r )   
respect to ,*9a4 ,x dem&s equality (    
economic opportunity = diff]5t nations4 
,7 x en=c$1 x w\ld prev5t ! grant+ (    
monopolies to any "o nation3 !re is no?+
 9 x to r5d] impossible a conjo9t       
exploitation ( ,*9a by =eign p[]s1 an   
organiz$ monopoly 9 :i* ea* nation has  
its due %>e ) respect to o!rs4 ,su* an  
organization might conceivably r$uce    
friction among ! great p[]s1 & !reby    
r$uce ! dang] ( future w>s--z long z    
,*9a h]self is impot5t to g to w>4 ,!   
agreem5t might conceivably = a          
consid]able "t be ( b5efit to ,*9a      
h]self4 ,b x is cle> t = ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 to become a p>tn] 9 any su* arrangem5t 
w\ld involve a rev]sal ( our hi/oric    
policy 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,x might be        
te*nically consi/5t ) ! op5 door policy1

 b x w\ld be a violation ( ! l>g] s5se 9
 :i* ! ,am]ican p has und]/ood & prais$ 
t ideal4 ,he is bl9d :o does n see t !re
 are =ces mak+ = su* a rev]sal4 ,& s9ce 
we are all m or less bl9d1 an op5+ ( our
 eyes to ! dang] is "o ( ! conditions ( 
its n be+ realiz$4  ,"o ( ! =ces :i* is 
op]ative is indicat$ by ! phrase t an   
int]national agreem5t on an economic &  
f9ancial basis might be ( value to ,*9a 
h]self4 ,! m]e sugge/ion t su* a ?+ is  
possible is abhorr5t to _m1 especially  
to radicals4 ,!re seems to be some?+    
s9i/] 9 x4 ,s x is wor? expla9+ h[ & :y 
x might be s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w\ld   
obvi\sly t]m9ate ! p>ticul>i/ic grabb+ =
 leas$ t]ritory1 concessions & sph]es ( 
influ5ce :i* has s damag$ ,*9a4 ,at !   
pres5t "t1 ! po9t ( ?is rem>k lies 9 its
 impli$ ref]5ce to ,japan1 z at "o "t x 
might h appli$ to ,russia4 ,fe> (       
,japan's aims 9 ,*9a is n conf9$ to     
,*9a2 ! fe> is widespread4 ,an          
int]national economic arrangem5t may    
!re=e be plausibly pres5t$ z ! easie/ & 

mo/ direct me?od ( reliev+ ,*9a ( !     
,japanese m5ace4 ,= ,japan to /ay out   
w\ld be to give h]self away2 if %e came 
91 x w\ld subject ,japanese activities  
to con/ant scrut9y & control4 ,!re is no
 d\bt t "p ( ! fe> ( ,japan reg>d+ !    
,pacific ,conf]5ce is due to a belief t 
"s su* arrangem5t is contemplat$4 ,!    
case is easily capable ( su* pres5tation
 z to make x appeal to ,am]icans :o are 
really fri5dly to ,*9a & :o hav5't !    
remote/ int]e/ 9 h] economic            
exploitation4  ,! arrangem5t w\ld1 =    
example1 automatically elim9ate !       
,lans+-,i%ii agreem5t ) its emb>rass+   
ambigu\s recognition ( ,japan's special 
int]e/s 9 ,*9a4  ,! o!r factor is       
dome/ic4 ,! di/raction & civil w>s (    
,*9a are commonplaces4 ,s is ! p[]      
ex]cis$ by ! milit>y gov]nors & g5]als4 
,! great] "o's k1 ! m "o p]ceives h[    
intimately ! =m] evil is dep5d5t ^u !   
latt]4 ,! f9ancial plight ( ! ,*9ese    
gov]nm5t1 its cont9ual =eign borr[+s :i*
 ?reat5 bankruptcy 9 ! ne> future1 dep5d

 ^u milit>i/ic dom9ation & wild         
exp5diture = unproductive purposes &    
squeeze4 ,)\t ?is exp5se1 ,*9a w\ld h no
 great difficulty h5ce=? 9 ma9ta9+ a    
balance 9 h] budget4 ,! ret>dation (    
public education ^:                     
advancem5t--especially 9 elem5t>y       
s*ools--is ,*9a's greate/ s+le ne$ is   
due to ! same cause4 ,s is ! gr[? 9     
(ficial corruption :i* is rapidly ext5d+
 into bus9ess & private life4  ,9 fact1 
e "o ( ! ob/acles to ! progress ( ,*9a  
is connect$ ) ! rule ( milit>y factions 
& _! /ruggles ) "o ano!r = complete     
ma/]y4 ,an economic int]national        
agreem5t among ! great p[]s c be made   
:i* w\ld surely r$uce & possibly        
elim9ate ! greate/ evils ( milit>ism4   
,_m lib]al ,*9ese say 9 private t !y    
w\ld be will+ to h a tempor>y           
int]national receiv]%ip = gov]nm5t      
f9ance1 provid$ !y c\ld be assur$ ( its 
nature & ! exact date & conditions ( its
 t]m9ation--a proviso :i* !y are s5sible
 en\gh to recognize w\ld be extremely   

difficult ( atta9m5t4 ,am]ican lead]%ip 
9 =m+ & execut+ any su* s*eme w\ld1 !y  
feel1 af=d ! be/ reassurance z to its   
nature & t]ms4 ,"u su* circum/ances a   
plausible case c be made out = proposals
 :i*1 "u ! guise ( traditional ,am]ican 
fri5d%ip = ,*9a1 w\ld 9 fact commit u to
 a rev]sal ( our hi/oric policy4  ,!re  
are radicals abroad & at home :o ?9k t  
our entrance into a ,consortium already 
proves t we h ent]$ ^u ! road ( rev]sal 
& :o naturally see 9 ! ,pacific         
,conf]5ce ! next logical /ep4 ,i h      
previ\sly /at$ my own belief t our ,/ate
 ,dep>tm5t propos$ ! ,consortium        
prim>ily = political ends1 z a means (  
*eck+ ! policy pursu$ by ,japan ( mak+  
unproductive loans to ,*9a 9 return =   
:i* %e 0 gett+ an imm$iate grip on      
,*9a's natural res\rces & prep>+ ! way =
 direct adm9i/rative & f9ancial control 
:5 ! day ( reckon+ & =eclosure %\ld     
f9ally come4 ,i also said t !           
,consortium 0 betwe5 two /ools1 !       
f9ancial & ! political & t up to !      

pres5t its *ief value _h be5 negative & 
prev5tive1 & t jeal\sy or lack ( int]e/ 
by ,japan & ,great ,brita9 9 any        
con/ructive policy on ! "p ( !          
,consortium 0 likely to ma9ta9 ! same   
condition4 ,i h se5 no reason ?us f> to 
*ange my m9d on ?is po9t1 nor 9 reg>d to
 ! fur!r belief t probably ! int]e/s (  
,*9a 9 ! end w be be/ s]v$ by !         
cont9uation ( ?is det]r5t function4 ,b !
 "q is b\nd to arise3 :y cont9ue !      
,consortium if x isn't do+ any?+8 ,!    
pressure ( =eign p[]s int]e/$ 9 !       
exploitation ( ,*9a & ( impati5t        
,am]ican economic int]e/s may comb9e to 
put an end to ! pres5t r otiose exi/5ce 
l$ by ! ,consortium4 ,! two /ools betwe5
 :i* ! pa/ action ( ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t 
has manag$ to sw+ ! ,consortium may be  
unit$ to =m a s+le solid b5*4  ,at !    
risk ( be+ *>g$ ) cr$ul\s gullibility1  
or some?+ worse1 ,i add t up to ! pres5t
 "t ! ,am]ican phase ( ! ,consortium    
hasn't %[n p]ceptible signs ( becom+ a  
club ex]cis$ by ,am]ican f9ance ov]     

,*9a's economic integrity & indep5d5ce4 
,i believe ! repeat$ /atem5ts ( !       
,am]ican repres5tative t he himself & ! 
int]e/s he repres5ts w\ld be glad if    
,*9a prov$ h] ability to f9ance h] own  
public utilities )\t resort+ to =eign   
loans4 ,?is belief is confirm$ by ! fir/
 public utt]ance ( ! new ,am]ican m9i/] 
to ,*9a :o 9 8 ref]5ce to ! ,consortium 
laid emphasis ^u its det]r5t function & 
^u ! /imulation x has giv5 to ,*9ese    
bank]s to f9ance public utilities4 ,& x 
is ! m]e/ ju/ice to ,mr4 ,/ev5s1 !      
,am]ican repres5tative1 to say t he     
repres5ts ! cons]vative inve/m5t type ( 
bank]1 n ! promotion type1 & t ?us f> 8 
great conc]n has be5 ! problem (        
protect+ ! buy] ( su* securities z are  
pass$ on by ! banks to ! ultimate       
inve/or--s mu* s t he has ar\s$         
criticism f ,am]ican bus9ess int]e/s    
impati5t = spe$y action4 ,b !re is a    
l>g] phase ( ! ,consortium conc]n+ :i*  
,i ?9k appreh5sions may reasonably be   
ent]ta9$4  ,suppose1 if m]ely by way (  

hypo!sis1 t ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t is      
g5u9ely int]e/$ 9 ,*9a & 9 mak+ ! policy
 ( ! op5 door & ,*9ese t]ritorial &     
adm9i/rative integrity a reality1 n     
m]ely a "n1 & suppose t x is int]e/$ 9  
do+ s f an ,am]ican self-int]e/         
suffici5tly enlight5$ to p]ceive t !    
political & economic advancem5t ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates is be/ fur!r$ by a policy 
:i* is id5tical ) ,*9a's ability to     
develop h]self freely & indep5d5tly3 :at
 !n w\ld be ! wise ,am]ican c\rse8 ,9   
%ort1 x w\ld be to view our exi/+       
,european int]e/s & issues 7due to ! w>7
 & our ,f> ,ea/]n int]e/s & issues z    
p>ts ( "o & ! same problem4 ,if we are  
actuat$ by ! motive hypo!tically imput$ 
to our gov]nm5t & we fail 9 its         
realization1 ! *ief reason w be t we    
reg>d ! ,european "q & ! ,asiatic       
problem z two diff]5t que/ions1 or      
because we id5tify !m f ! wrong end4    
,our pres5t f9ancial int]e/ 9 ,europe is
 enorm\s4 ,x involves n m]ely =eign     
gov]nm5tal loans b a multitude ( private

 advances & commitm5ts4 ,^! f9ancial    
entanglem5ts affect n m]ely our indu/ry 
& comm]ce b our politics4 ,!y involve   
mu* m imm$iately press+ conc]ns ?an to  
our ,asiatic relations1 & !y involve    
billions :]e ! latt] involve millions4  
,! dang] "u su* conditions t our        
,asiatic relations w be sacrific$ to our
 ,european is h>dly fanciful4  ,to make 
?is ab/ract /atem5t concrete1 ! firm (  
bank]s1 ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan  ,co41 :i* is   
mo/ heavily involv$ 9 ,european         
indebt$ness to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is !    
firm :i* is ! lead+ _s 9 ! ,consortium =
 ,*9a4 ,x seems almo/ inevitable t !    
,asiatic problem %\ld look l small      
potatoes 9 comp>ison ) ! ,european "o1  
especially z our own indu/rial          
recup]ation is s closely connect$ )     
,european relations1 :ile ! ,f> ,ea/    
cuts a negligible figure4 ,to my m9d !  
real dang] to set out ^u selfi%         
exploitation ( ,*9a3 intellig5t         
self-int]e/1 tradition & ! fact t our   
*ief asset 9 ,*9a is our pa/ fre$om f a 

pr$atory c\rse1 dictate a c\rse (       
coop]ation ) ,*9a4 ,! dang] is t ,*9a w 
be subord9at$ & sacrific$ because (     
prim>y preoccupation ) ! high f9ance &  
politics ( ,europe1 t %e w be lo/ 9 !   
%uffle4  ,! ,european aspect ( ! problem
 c be made m concrete by ref]5ce to     
,great ,brita9 9 p>ticul>4 ,t c\ntry    
suff]s f ! emb>rassm5t ( ! ,japanese    
alliance4 ,%e has already made x        
suffici5tly cle> t %e w\ld l to draw    
,am]ica into ! alliance1 mak+ x         
trip>tite1 s9ce t w\ld be ! easie/ way (
 ma9ta9+ good relations ) bo? ,japan & !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re is no likelihood t 
any su* /ep w be consummat$4 ,b ,briti% 
diplomacy is exp]i5c$ & a/ute4 ,& by =ce
 ( circum/ances our high f9ance has     
contract$ a sort ( economic alliance )  
,great ,brita94 ,!re is no wi% to claim 
sup]ior virtue = ,am]ica or to appeal to
 ! /rong curr5t ( anti-,briti% s5tim5t4 
,b ! ,briti% =eign (fice exi/s & op]ates
 ap>t f ! tradition ( lib]alism :i* has 
ma9ly actuat$ ,engli% dome/ic politics4 

,x /&s peculi>ly = ! ,empire side ( !   
,briti% ,empire1 no matt] :at p>ty is 9 
! saddle 9 dome/ic affairs4 ,e res\rce w
 be employ$ to br+ ab\t a settlem5t at !
 ,pacific ,conf]5ce :i*1 ev5 ?\gh x     
includes "s degree ( compromise on ! "p 
( ,great ,brita91 w b5d ! ,asiatic      
policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,briti%   
traditions 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 in/ead (       
committ+ ,great ,brita9 to comb9+ ) !   
,unit$ ,/ates 9 mak+ a reality ( !      
integrity ( ,*9a to :i* bo? c\ntries are
 nom9ally committ$4 ,x does n seem an   
extreme /atem5t to say t ! imm$iate     
issues ( ! ,conf]5ce dep5d ^u ! way 9   
:i* our f9ancial commitm5ts 9 ,europe   
are treat$1 ei!r z reasons = our mak+   
concessions to ,european policy or on ! 
o!r h& z a means ( secur+ an adh]5ce ( !
 ,european p[]s to ! traditional        
,am]ican policy4  ,a publici/ 9 ,*9a :o 
is ( ,briti% orig9 & a s9c]e fri5d (    
,*9a rem>k$ 9 private conv]sation t if !
 ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld n secure ! adh]5ce (
 ,great ,brita9 to h] ,asiatic policy by

 p]suasion 7he 0 deplor+ ! ,japanese    
alliance7 %e might d s by buy+ x--?r\gh 
remission ( h] national debt to u4 ,x is
 n necess>y to resort to ! measure s    
baldly sugge/$4 ,b ! rem>k at lea/      
sugge/s t our involvem5t 9 ,european1   
especially ,briti%1 f9ance & politics   
may be treat$ 9 ei!r ( two ways = ei!r (
 two results4   #b  ,t ! ,*9ese p       
g5]ally speak+ has a less antagoni/ic   
feel+ t[>d ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an t[>ds o!r
 p[]s seems to me an und\bt$ fact4 ,!   
feel+ has be5 di/urb$ at div]s times by 
! treatm5t ( ! ,*9ese ^u ! ,pacific     
coa/1 by ! exclusion act1 by ! turn+ ov]
 ( our int]e/ 9 ! build+ ( !            
,pek+-,canton 7or ,hank[7 railway to a  
,european gr\p1 by ! ,lans+-,i%ii       
agreem5t1 & f9ally by ! "p play$ by     
,presid5t ,wilson 9 ! ,v]sailles        
decision reg>d+ ,%antung4 ,^?           
di/urbances 9 ! ma91 h[ev]1 h made !m   
dubi\s z to our skill1 en]gy &          
intellig5ce r ?an z to our good-w4      
,am]icans1 tak5 individually &          

collectively1 are to ! ,*9ese--at lea/  
su* 0 my impression--a r simple folk1   
tak+ ! ^w 9 its good & its deprecatory  
s5se4 ,9 not+ ! ,*9ese reaction to !    
propos$ ,pacific ,conf]5ce1 x 0 int]e/+ 
to see ! comb9ation ( an almo/ unlimit$ 
hope t ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 to lead 9      
protect+ !m f fur!r aggressions & 9     
rectify+ exi/+ evils1 ) a lack (        
confid5ce1 a fe> t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld 
h some?+ put ov] on x4  ,fri5dly feel+  
is ( c\rse ma9ly bas$ ^u a negative     
fact1 ! fact t ! ,unit$ ,/ates has tak5 
no "p 9 leas+ t]ritories1 e/abli%+      
sph]es & sett+ up extra-national        
po/-(fices4 ,on ! positive side /&s !   
contribution made by ,am]icans to       
education1 especially m$ical1 & t (     
girls & wom51 & to philan?ropy & relief4
 ,politically1 !re are ! e>ly s]vice (  
,burl+hame1 ! op5 door policy ( ,john   
,hay 7?\gh failure to ma9ta9 x 9 fact   
:ile secur+ signatures to x on pap] is a
 consid]able "p ( ! ,*9ese belief 9 our 
defective en]gy7 & ! "p play$ by !      

,unit$ ,/ates 9 mod]at+ ! t]ms ( !      
settlem5t ( ! ,box] outbreak1 9 addition
 to a consid]able numb] ( m9or helpful  
acts4 ,*9a also rememb]s t we 7 ! only  
nation to take exception to ! treaties  
embody+ ! ,tw5ty-"o ,dem&s4 ,:ile our   
exception 0 *iefly made on ! basis ( our
 own int]e/s :i* ^! treaties might      
injuri\sly affect1 a s5tim5t exi/s t !  
prote/ 0 a pl$ge ( assi/ance to ,*9a :5 
! "t %\ld be opportune = rais+ ! :ole   
"q4 ,& )\t d\bt ! res]vation made on    
,may #af1 #aiae1 by our ,/ate ,dep>tm5t 
is a /rong c>d at ! =?com+ ,conf]5ce if 
! ,dep>tm5t wi%es to play x4  ,f an     
,am]ican /&po9t1 ! op5 door pr9ciple    
repres5ts "o ( ! only two e/abli%$      
pr9ciples ( ,am]ican diplomacy1 ! o!r   
be+1 ( c\rse1 ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 ,9    
connection ) s5tim5tal or ideali/ic     
associations :i* h clu/]$ ab\t x1 x     
con/itutes u 9 "s vague fa%ion 9 bo? !  
,*9ese & ,am]ican public op9ion a sort (
 gu>dian or at lea/ spokesman ( !       
int]e/s ( ,*9a 9 relation to =eign p[]s4

 ,al?\gh1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 a =m] *apt]1 !
 op5 door policy directly conc]ns o!r   
nations 9 _! relation to ,*9a r ?an ,*9a
 h]self1 yet ! violation ( ! policy by  
o!r p[]s has be5 s frequ5t & s mu* to ! 
detrim5t ( ,*9a1 t ,am]ican int]e/1     
pre/ige & moral s5tim5t are n[ implicat$
 9 su* an en=cem5t ( x z w r$\nd to !   
advantage ( ,*9a4  ,citiz5s ( o!r       
c\ntries are (t5 irritat$ by a sugge/ion
 ( su* a relation%ip betwe5 ! ,unit$    
,/ates & ,*9a4 ,x pres5ts itself z a    
proclamation ( sup]ior national virtue  
"u cov] ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates aims to   
e/abli% its influ5ce 9 ,*9a at ! exp5se 
( o!r c\ntries4 ,! irritation is        
exasp]at$ by ! fact t ! situation z x   
/&s is an und\bt$ economic & political  
asset ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,*9a4 ,we may 
conc$e )\t argum5t any cont5tion t !    
situation is n due to any sup]ior virtue
 b r to cont+5cies ( hi/ory &           
geography--9 :i* respect x is n unlike  
_m ?+s t pass = virtues ) individuals4  
,! cont5tion may be admitt$ )\t         

controv]sy because x is n p]t95t to !   
ma9 issue4 ,! "q is n s mu* h[ ! /ate ( 
affairs came ab\t z :at x n[ is1 h[ x is
 to be treat$ & :at consequ5ces are 9   
fl[ f x4 ,x is a fact t up to ! pres5t  
an intellig5t self-int]e/ ( ,am]ica has 
co9cid$ ) ! int]e/s ( a /able1 indep5d5t
 & progressive ,*9a4 ,x is also a fact t
 ,am]ican traditions & s5tim5ts h ga!r$ 
ab\t ?is consid]ation s t n[ !re is     
widespread conviction 9 ! ,am]ican p (  
moral obligations ( assi/ance & fri5dly 
protection ow$ by u to ,*9a4 ,at pres5t1
 no policy c be ent]$ ^u t does n be> ! 
semblance ( fairness & goodwill4 ,we h  
at lea/ s mu* protection aga9/ ! dang]s 
discuss$ 9 ! prior *apt]4  ,among       
,am]icans 9 ,*9a & presumably at home   
!re is a /rong feel+ t we %\ld adopt = !
 future /rong] & m positive policies ?an
 we h ma9ta9$ 9 ! pa/4 ,?is feel+ seems 
to me fraught ) dang]s unless we make v 
cle> to ourselves 9 j :at respects we   
are to cont9ue & make good 9 a m        
positive mann] our traditional policy4  

,to "s ext5t our pa/ policy has be5 "o (
 drift+4 ,radical *ange 9 ?is respect   
may g fur!r ?an appe>s ^u ! surface 9   
alt]+ o!r fundam5tal aspects ( our      
policy4 ,:at is condemn$ z drift+ is 9  
effect l>gely ! same ?+ t is also prais$
 z non-int]f]5ce4 ,a detail$ settl$     
policy1 no matt] h[ con/ructive x may   
appe> to be1 c h>dly help involv+ u 9 ! 
dome/ic policies ( ,*9a1 an affair (    
factions & a game :i* ! ,*9ese und]/& & 
play mu* bett] ?an any =eign]s4 ,su* an 
involvem5t w\ld at once less5 a pres5t  
l>ge asset 9 ,*9a1 alo(ness f int]nal   
intrigues & /ruggles4  ,! specific      
prote/s ( ,*9ese 9 ?is c\ntry--ma9ly    
,cantonese--aga9/ ! ,consortium seem to 
me ma9ly bas$ on misappreh5sion4 ,b _!  
g5]al attitude ( opposition nev]!less   
conveys an important lesson4 ,x is bas$ 
on a belief t ! effect ( ! ,consortium w
 be to give ! ,pek+ gov]nm5t a factiti\s
 advantage 9 ! int]nal conflict :i* is  
wag+ 9 ,*9a1 s t to all int5ts &        
purposes x w m>k a tak+ ( sides on our  

"p4 ,x is well rememb]$ t ! effect ( !  
reorganization loan ( ! prior           
,consortium--9 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 n a
 p>tn]--0 to give ,yuan ,%i ,kai ! funds
 :i* seat$ him & ! milit>i/ faction aft]
 him1 firmly 9 ! gov]nm5tal saddle4     
,view+ ! matt] f a l>g] po9t ( view ?an 
t ( ,canton vs4 ,pek+1 ! mo/ fundam5tal 
objection ,i he>d br\ght by ,*9ese aga9/
 ! ,consortium 0 9 effect z foll[s3 ,!  
republican revolution 9 ,*9a has /ill to
 be wr\ght out2 ! beg9n+ ( t5 ye>s ago  
has be5 arre/$4 ,x rema9s to fight x    
out4 ,! inevitable effect ( increas$    
=eign f9ancial & economic int]e/ 9 ,*9a1
 ev5 admitt+ t its indu/rial effect 0   
advantage\s to ,*9a1 w\ld be to create  
an int]e/ 9 /abiliz+ ,*9a politically1  
:i* 9 effect w\ld mean to sanctify !    
/atus quo1 & prev5t ! developm5t ( a    
revolution :i* _c be accompli%$ )\t     
int]nal disord]s t w\ld affect =eign    
inve/m5ts unfavorably4 ,^! consid]ations
 are n m5tion$ = ! sake ( ?r[+ light on 
! ,consortium3 !y are cit$ z an         

illu/ration ( ! probability t a too     
positive & con/ructive developm5t ( our 
tradition ( goodwill to ,*9a w\ld       
involve u 9 an int]f]5ce ) ,*9ese       
dome/ic affairs injuri\s to ,*9a's      
welf>e1 to t free & indep5d5t developm5t
 9 :i* we pr(ess su* int]e/4  ,b h[1 x w
 be ask$1 are we to protect ,*9a f =eign
 depr$ations1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,japan1 h[
 are we to *ange our nom9al goodwill    
into a reality1 if we d n ent] mu* m    
positive & detail$ policies8 ,if !re 0 9
 exi/5ce at ! pres5t "t any su* ?+ z a  
diplomacy ( peoples z di/9ct f a        
diplomacy ( gov]nm5ts1 ! "q w\ld mean   
some?+ q diff]5t f :at x n[ means4 ,z   
?+s n[ /& ! p %\ld pr(\ndly di/ru/ !    
politicians' love = ,*9a4 ,x is too     
frequ5tly ! rev]se side ( fe> & incipi5t
 hatr$ ( ,japan1 color$ p]haps by       
anti-,briti% feel+4  ,!re %\ld be no    
disguis+ ( ! situation4 ,! aggressive   
activities ( o!r nations 9 ,*9a1 c5t]+ b
 n exhau/$ at ?is "t 9 ,japan1 are n    
m]ely s\rces ( tr\ble to ,*9a b !y are  

pot5tial causes ( tr\ble 9 our own      
int]national relation%ips4 ,we are      
committ$ by our tradition & by ! pres5t 
actualities ( ! situation to attempt+   
some?+ positive = ,*9a z respects h]    
int]national /atus1 to live up to our   
responsibility is a mo/ difficult &     
delicate matt]4 ,we h on ! "o side to   
avoid gett+ entangl$ 9 quasi-imp]iali/ic
 ,european policies 9 ,asia1 :e!r "u !  
guise ( altruism1 ( putt+ ourselves 9 a 
position :]e we c ex]cise a m effective 
sup]vision ( _! behavior1 or by means ( 
economic expansion4 ,on ! o!r side1 we h
 to avoid drift+ into t k9d ( cov]t or  
av[$ antagonism to ,european & ,japanese
 imp]ialism :i* w only increase         
friction1 enc\rage a comb9ation         
especially ( ,great ,brita9 &           
,japan---or ( ,france & ,japan--aga9/ u1
 & br+ w> appreciably ne>]4  ,we ne$ to 
be> 9 m9d t ,*9a w n be sav$ f outside  
h]self4 ,ev5 if by a successful w> we   
%\ld relieve ,*9a f ,japanese           
encroa*m5ts1 f all encroa*m5ts1 ,*9a    

w\ld n ( necessity be br\ght ne>] h]    
legitimate goal ( ord]ly & prosp]\s     
int]nal developm5t4 ,ap>t f ! "q ( h[ f>
 w> c n[ settle any fundam5tal issues   
)\t begett+ o!rs z dang]\s1 ,*9a ( all  
c\ntries is ! "o :]e settlem5t by =ce1  
especially by outside =ce1 is lea/      
applicable1 & mo/ likely to be enorm\sly
 diss]viceable4 ,*9a is us$ to tak+ "t  
to deal ) h] problems3 %e c nei!r und]/&
 n pr(it by impati5t me?ods ( ! we/]n _w
 :i* are pr(\ndly ali5 to h] g5ius4     
,moreov] a civilization :i* is on a     
cont95tal scale1 :i* is s old t ! re/ ( 
u are p>v5us 9 comp>ison1 :i* is ?ick & 
closely wov51 _c be hurri$ 9 its        
developm5t )\t disa/]4 ,trans=mation f  
)9 is its sole way out1 & we c be/ help 
,*9a by try+ to see to x t %e gets ! "t 
%e ne$s 9 ord] to effect ?is            
trans=mation1 :e!r or n we l ! p>ticul> 
=m x assumes at any p>ticul> "t4  ,a    
successful w> 9 behalf ( ,*9a w\ld leave
 unt\*$ h] problems ( education1 (      
factional & sectional =ces1 ( political 

immaturity %[+ itself 9 pres5t          
incapacity = organization4 ,x w\ld      
affect h] indu/rial gr[? und\bt$ly1 b 9 
all human probability = ! worse1        
increas+ ! likelihood t %e w\ld ent] ^u 
an indu/rialization :i* w\ld repeat !   
wor/ evils ( we/]n indu/rial life1 )\t !
 immunities1 resi/ances & rem$ial       
measures :i* ! ,we/ has evolv$4 ,!      
imag9ation _c conceive a worse crime ?an
 fa/5+ we/]n indu/rialism ^u ,*9a be=e  
%e has develop$ )9 h]self ! mean+ ( cop+
 ) ! =ces :i* x w\ld release4 ,! dang]  
is great en\gh z x is4 ,w> wag$ 9 ,*9a's
 behalf by we/]n p[]s & we/]n me?ods    
w\ld make ! dang] practically           
irresi/ible4 ,9 addition we %\ld ga9 a  
p]man5t int]e/ 9 ,*9a :i* is likely to  
be ( ! mo/ dang]\s "* to ourselves4 ,if 
we 7 n committ$ by x to future          
imp]ialism1 we %\ld be lucki] ?an we h  
any "r to hope to be4 ,^! ?+s are said  
aga9/ a m5tal prote/ to admitt+ ev5 by  
implication ! prospect ( w> ) ,japan1 b 
x seems necess>y to say !m4  ,^! rem>ks 

are negative & vague z to our future    
c\rse4 ,!y imply a confession ( lack (  
su* wisdom z w\ld enable me to make     
positive def9ite proposals4 ,b at lea/  
,i h confid5ce 9 ! wisdom & goodwill ( !
 ,am]ican & o!r peoples to deal ) !     
problem1 if !y are only call$ into      
action4 ,& ! fir/ condition ( call+     
wisdom & goodwill into effective exi/5ce
 is to recognize ! s]i\sness ( ! problem
 & ! utt] futility ( try+ to =ce its    
solution by impati5t & hurri$ me?ods4   
,pro-,japanese apologetics is dang]\s2 x
 obscures ! realities ( ! situation4 ,an
 irritat$ anti-,japanism t w\ld ha/5 !  
solution ( ! ,*9ese problem m]ely by    
attack+ ,japan is equally fatal to      
discov]+ & apply+ a prop] me?od4  ,m    
specifically & also m g5]ically1 prop]  
publicity is ! greate/ ne$4 ,if1 z      
,secret>y ,hughes has intimat$1 a       
settlem5t ( ! problems ( ! ,pacific is  
made a condition ( arriv+ at an agreem5t
 reg>d+ r$uction & limitation (         
armam5ts1 x is likely t ! ,conf]5ce     

might bett] nev] be held4 ,9 eag]ness to
 d some?+ :i* w pass z a settlem5t1 ei!r
 ,*9a's--& ,sib]ia's--int]e/s w be      
sacrific$ 9 "s unfair compromise1 or    
irritation & friction w be increas$--& 9
 ! end s w armam5ts4 ,9 any lit]al s5se1
 x is ridicul\s to suppose t ! problems 
( ! ,pacific c be settl$ 9 a few weeks1 
or mon?s--or ye>s4 ,yet ! discussion ( !
 problems1 9 sep>ation f ! "q ( armam5t1
 may be ( great use4 ,= x may fur!r t   
publicity :i* is a pre-condition ( any  
g5u9e settlem5t4 ,?is involves ! public 
9 diplomacy4 ,b x also involves a wid]  
publicity1 "o :i* w enlight5 ! _w ab\t !
 facts ( ,asia1 int]nal & int]national4 
,scepticism ab\t ,=eign ,(fices1 z !y   
are at pres5t conduct$1 is ju/ifi$4 ,b  
scepticism ab\t ! p[] ( public op9ion1  
if x c be ar\s$ & in/ruct$1 to re%ape   
,=eign ,(fice policies means            
hopelessness ab\t ! future ( ! _w4 ,let 
ev]y?+ possible be done to r$uce        
armam5t1 if only to secure a naval      
holiday on ! "p ( ! ?ree great naval    

p[]s1 & if only = ! sake ( less5+       
taxation4 ,let ! ,conf]5ce on ,problems 
devote itself to discuss+ & mak+ kn[n z 
fully & widely z possible ! elem5t &    
scope ( ^? problems1 & ! fe>s--or %\ld  
"o call !m hopes8--( ! cynics w be      
fru/rat$4 ,x is n s important t a       
decision 9 ! ,am]ican s5se ( ! ,yap "q  
be f9ally & =ev] arriv$ at1 z x is t !  
ne$ ( ,*9a & ! ,ori5t 9 g5]al = fre] &  
full] communications ) ! re/ ( ! _w be  
made cle>--& s on1 d[n or up ! li/ (    
ag5da4 ,! comm]cial op5 door is ne$$4 ,b
 ! ne$ is great] t ! door be op5$ to    
light1 to k & und]/&+4 ,if ^! =ces w n  
create a public op9ion :i* w 9 "t secure
 a la/+ & j settlem5t ( o!r problems1   
!re is no rec\rse save despair (        
civilization4 ,lib]als c d some?+ bett] 
?an pr$ict+ failure & impugn+ motives4  
,!y c "w = ! op5$ door ( op5 diplomacy1 
( cont9u\s & intellig5t inquiry1 (      
discussion free f propag&a4 ,to %irk ?is
 responsibility on ! alleg$ gr\nd t     
economic imp]ialism & organiz$ gre$ w   

surely br+ ! ,conf]5ce to failure is    
sup9e & snobbi%4 ,x is "o ( ! factors t 
may lead ! ,unit$ ,/ates to take ! wrong
 c\rse 9 ! p>t+ ( ! ways4  ,octob]1     
#aiba4