file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #bhcce-;h4htm or #bhcce-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/h_ /c_/c_/bhcce_/bhcce-;h_/#bhcce-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/h_ /c_/c_/bhcce_/bhcce-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,! punctuation & spell+ f ! orig9al text h be5 pres]v$ fai?fully4 ,only obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,,h[ ,,two ,,boys ,,made ,,_! ,,own ,,electrical ,,app>atus by ,,?omas ,m4 ,,/4 ,,john1 ,met4 ,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,two ,,boys ,,made ,,_! ,,own ,,electrical ,,app>atus ,by ,,?omas ,m4 ,,/4 ,,john1 ,met4 ,e4 ,,eigh? ,,edition ,price1 po/paid1 #a4jj ,?is book conta9s #ada pages1 #abe illu/rations1 & directions = mak+ #aeb pieces ( app>atus4 ,size1 #ex#g-a_/b2 r$ clo?4 ,,cont5ts3 ,*apt] ,i4 ,cells & ,batt]ies4--,,ii4 ,batt]y ,fluids & ,solutions4--,,iii4 ,miscellane\s ,app>atus & ,me?ods ( ,con/ruction4--,,iv4 ,swit*es & ,cut-,outs4--,v4 ,b9d+-,po/s & ,connectors4--,,vi4 ,p]man5t ,magnets4--,,vii4 ,magnetic ,ne$les & ,compasses4--,,viii4 ,yokes & ,armatures4--,,ix4 ,electro-,magnets4--,x4 ,wire-,w9d+ ,app>atus4--,,xi4 ,induction ,coils & ,_! ,atta*m5ts4--,,xii4 ,contact ,break]s & ,curr5t ,int]rupt]s4--,,xiii4 ,curr5t ,detectors & ,galvanomet]s4--,,xiv4 ,telegraph ,keys & ,s\nd]s4--,,xv4 ,electric ,bells & ,buzz]s4--,,xvi4 ,commutators & ,curr5t ,rev]s]s4--,,xvii4 ,resi/ance ,coils4--,,xviii4 ,app>atus = ,/atic ,electricity4--,,xix4 ,electric ,motors4--,,xx4 ,odds & ,ends4--,,xxi4 ,tools & ,mat]ials4 ,! au?or ( ?is book is a tea*] & writ] ( great +5uity1 & we imag9e t ! effect ( su* a book z ?is fall+ into juv5ile h&s mu/ be highly /imulat+ & b5eficial4 ,x is full ( explicit details & in/ructions 9 reg>d to a great v>iety ( app>atus1 & ! mat]ials requir$ are all )9 ! compass ( v mode/ pocket-money4 ,moreov]1 x is sy/ematic & entirely )\t rhetorical frills1 s t ! /ud5t c g "r along )\t be+ div]t$ f good helpful "w t w lead him to build useful app>atus & make him und]/& :at he is ab\t4 ,! draw+s are pla9 & excell5t4 ,we he>tily comm5d ! book4--,electrical ,eng9e]4 ,^? :o visit$ ! electrical exhibition la/ ,may _c h fail$ to notice on ! s\? gall]y a v int]e/+ exhibit1 consi/+1 z x did1 ( electrical app>atus made by boys4 ,! v>i\s devices !re %[n1 compris+ electro-magnets1 telegraph keys & s\nd]s1 resi/ance coils1 etc41 7 turn$ out by boys foll[+ ! in/ructions giv5 9 ! book ) ! above title1 :i* is unque/ionably "o ( ! mo/ practical little works yet writt5 t treat ( simil> subjects1 =1 ) b a limit$ am\nt ( me*anical k1 & by closely foll[+ ! in/ructions giv51 almo/ any electrical device may be made at v small exp5se4 ,t su* a book fills a long-felt want may be inf]r$ f ! numb] ( inquiries we are con/antly receiv+ f p]sons desir+ to make _! own induction coils & o!r app>atus4--,electricity4 ,at ! electrical %[ 9 ,new ,york la/ ,may "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ exhibits 0 t ( simple electrical app>atus made by ! boys 9 "o ( ! private s*ools 9 ! city4 ,?is app>atus1 made by boys ( ?irte5 to fifte5 ye>s ( age1 0 f designs by ! au?or ( ?is clev] little book1 & x 0 rem>kable to see :at an +5i\s use _h be5 made ( old t9 tomato-cans1 crack]-boxes1 bolts1 screws1 wire1 & wood4 ,) ^! simple mat]ials telegraph in/rum5ts1 coils1 buzz]s1 curr5t detectors1 motors1 swit*es1 armatures1 & an almo/ endless v>iety ( app>atus 7 made4 ,9 8 book ,mr4 ,/4 ,john has giv5 directions 9 simple language = mak+ & us+ ^! devices1 & has illu/rat$ ^! directions ) admirable diagrams & cuts4 ,! little volume is unique1 & w prove exce$+ly helpful to ^? ( our "y read]s :o are =tunate en\gh to possess !mselves ( a copy4 ,= s*ools :]e a c\rse ( elem5t>y sci5ce is taught1 no bett] text-book 9 ! fir/ /eps 9 electricity is obta9able4--,! ,great ,r\nd ,_w4 ,exhibit ( ,exp]im5tal ,electrical ,app>atus ,,at ,,! ,,electrical ,,%[1 ,,madison ,,squ>e ,,g>d51 ,,new ,,york4 ,:ile only #dj pieces ( simple app>atus 7 %[n 9 ?is exhibit1 x gave visitors some?+ ( an idea ( :at "y boys c d if giv5 prop] designs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,two ,,boys ,,made ,,_! ,,own ,,electrical ,,app>atus ,gives ,prop] ,designs--,designs = ov] #aej ,?+s4 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or--7,,li/ ,r7 ,,li/ ,,no4 ,,li/ ,,price ,r#a--;,,fun ,,) ,,magnetism4 ,a book & complete outfit ( app>atus = sixty-"o exp]im5ts4 ,weight #d ounces4 ,price #j4ce ,r#b--;,,fun ,,) ,,electricity4 ,a book & complete outfit ( app>atus = sixty exp]im5ts4 ,weight #a p\nd4 ,price #j4fe ,r#c--;,,fun ,,) ,,puzzles4 ,a book & complete outfit = f\r hundr$ puzzles ) key to !m4 ,"o p\nd4 ,price #j4ce ,r#d--;,,fun ,,) ,,soap-,,bubbles4 ,a book & complete outfit ( app>atus = fancy bubbles & films4 ,"o p\nd4 ,price #j4ce ,r#e--;,,fun ,,) ,,%ad[s4 ,a book & complete outfit ( app>atus = %ad[ pictures1 pantomimes1 etc4 ,"o p\nd4 ,price #j4ce ,r#f--;,,fun ,,) ,,photography4 ,a book & complete outfit ( app>atus = amateur "w4 ,"o p\nd4 ,price #j4fe ,r#g--;,,fun ,,) ,,*emi/ry4 ,a book & complete outfit ( app>atus = =ty-"o exp]im5ts4 ,"o p\nd4 ,price #j4fe ,r#da--;,,electric ,,%oot+ ,,game4 ,absolutely h>mless2 fasc9at+4 ,pap] bullets %ot by electricity4 ,"o p\nd4 ,price #j4ce ,r#db--;,,electric ,,air-,,%ips ,,& ,,o!r ,,games4 ,great fun4 ,get into ! game2 be an aviator at home2 = two play]s4 ,"o p\nd4 ,price #j4ce ,r#dc--;,,electric ,,=tune-,,tell] tells a lot4 ,my/]i\sly electric4 ,comic & o!rwise4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,"o p\nd4 ,price #j4ce ,r#ea--;,,h[ ,,two ,,boys ,,made ,,_! ,,own ,,electrical ,,app>atus4 ,a book conta9+ complete directions = mak+ _m k9ds ( electrical app>atus4 ,sev5? edition2 #ada pages2 clo?4 ,price #a4jj ,r#eb--,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,electricity ,,& ,,magnetism ,,by ,,exp]im5t4 ,a text-book = /ud5ts & o!rs4 ,sy/ematic c\rse = home or s*ool4 #bbj pages2 #bjj exp]im5ts2 clo?2 f\r? edition4 ,price #a4be ,?is book ) #aje pieces ( app>atus complete1 by express #f4be ,r#ec--,,?+s ,a ,,boy ,,%\ld ,,"k ,,ab\t ,,electricity expla9s 9 simple language ?+s a boy wants to "k1 ?+s he %\ld "k4 ,sev5? edition4 #ahj pages2 clo?4 ,price #a4jj ,r#ed--,,real ,,electric ,,toy-,,mak+ ,,= ,,boys conta9s complete directions = mak+ & us+ _m electrical toys4 ,ov] #ajj orig9al draw+s1 diagrams & plates4 ,second edition2 #adj pages1 clo?4 ,price #a4jj ,r#ee--,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,,= ,,amateurs ,,& ,,/ud5ts conta9s !oretical & practical in=mation1 toge!r ) directions = p]=m+ num]\s exp]im5ts on wireless ) simple home-made app>atus4 ,?ird & enl>g$ edition 9 prep>ation4 ,price #a4jj ,r#ef--;,,electrical ,,h&icraft conta9s complete directions = mak+ & us+ ne>ly #aej pieces ( electrical app>atus1 includ+ v>i\s devices & outfits = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,new ideas & inexp5sive supplies4 ,clo?2 #beb pages2 #bej draw+s4 ,second edition4 ,price #a4jj ,r#eg;,c--,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,electric ,,motors ,,by ,,exp]im5t conta9s sixty exp]im5ts t be> directly ^u ! con/ruction1 op]ation & explanation ( electric motors1 toge!r ) mu* helpful in=mation ^u ! app>atus requir$4 ,ov] #ajj pages2 pap] cov]4 ,price #j4ce ,r#eh--,,?+s ,a ,,boy ,,%\ld ,,"k ,,ab\t ,,wireless conta9s mu* practical & "s !oretical in=mation on ! op]ation & explanation ( wireless outfits1 toge!r ) num]\s wir+-diagrams4 ,?ird edition2 #abf pages2 clo?4 ,price #a4jj ,ask y\r ,booksell]1 ,toy-deal] or ,electrical ,/ore = our ,books1 ,games1 ,toys & ,electrical ,app>atus4 ,write = ,catalogue4 ,,?omas ,m4 ,,/4 ,,john1 ,cascade ,ran*1 ,ea/ ,w9dham1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,two ,,boys ,,made ,,_! ,,own ,,electrical ,,app>atus ,conta9+ ,complete ,directions = ,mak+ ,all ,k9ds ( ,simple ,app>atus = ! ,/udy ( ,elem5t>y ,electricity by ,,?omas ,m4 ,,/4 ,,john1 ,met4 ,e4 ,au?or ( ,fun ,) ,magnetism1 ,fun ,) ,electricity1 ,! ,/udy ( ,elem5t>y ,electricity & ,magnetism by ,exp]im5t1 ,?+s ,a ,boy ,%\ld ,"k ,ab\t ,electricity1 etc4 ,eigh? ,edition ,?omas ,m4 ,/4 ,john ,cascade ,ran* ,ea/ ,w9dham ,new ,york ,copyright1 #ahih1 by ,?omas ,m4 ,/4 ,john ,h[ ,two ,boys ,made ,_! ,own ,electrical ,app>atus4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt]4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,cells & ,batt]ies1 #e ,,ii4 ,batt]y ,fluids & ,solutions1 #ae ,,iii4 ,miscellane\s ,app>atus & ,me?ods ( ,con/ruction1 #bj ,,iv4 ,swit*es & ,cut-,outs1 #bh ,v4 ,b9d+-,po/s & ,connectors1 #cb ,,vi4 ,p]man5t ,magnets1 #cg ,,vii4 ,magnetic ,ne$les & ,compasses1 #dj ,,viii4 ,yokes & ,armatures1 #de ,,ix4 ,electro-,magnets1 #ea ,x4 ,wire-,w9d+ ,app>atus1 #fj ,,xi4 ,induction ,coils & ,_! ,atta*m5ts1 #fd ,,xii4 ,contact ,break]s & ,curr5t ,int]rupt]s1 #ge ,,xiii4 ,curr5t ,detectors & ,galvanomet]s1 #gh ,,xiv4 ,telegraph ,keys & ,s\nd]s1 #ib ,,xv4 ,electric ,bells & ,buzz]s1 #ajd ,,xvi4 ,commutators & ,curr5t ,rev]s]s1 #aaj ,,xvii4 ,resi/ance ,coils1 #aad ,,xviii4 ,app>atus = ,/atic ,electricity1 #aag ,,xix4 ,electric ,motors1 #abb ,,xx4 ,odds & ,ends1 #acc ,,xxi4 ,tools & ,mat]ials1 #acg-ada ,a ,,^w ,,to ,,boys4 ,! au?or is well aw>e t ! av]age boy has b few tools1 & he has kept ?is fact con/antly 9 m9d4 ,x is a v easy matt] = a skill$ me*anic to make1 ) prop] tools1 v f9e-look+ pieces ( app>atus4 ,x is n easy to make good app>atus ) few tools & a limit$ am\nt ( skill1 unless y foll[ simple me?ods4 ,by foll[+ ! me?ods giv51 any boy ( av]age ability c make ! app>atus h]e9 describ$4 ,mo/ ( ! illu/rations h be5 made directly f app>atus con/ruct$ by "y boys4 ,x is impossible to describe ! diff]5t pieces ( app>atus 9 any special or logical ord]4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t y h "s book ( simple exp]im5ts & explanations to s]ve z a guide = ! ord]1 & to give y an idea ( j ! app>atus ne$$ = ! special exp]im5ts4 ,x w\ld be fooli% to />t 9 & make all ! app>atus describ$1 )\t be+ able to intellig5tly use x 9 y\r exp]im5ts4 ,take up a sy/ematic c\rse ( simple exp]im5ts1 & make y\r own app>atus1 z ne$$4 ,be=e mak+ any p>ticul> piece ( app>atus1 read :at is said ab\t ! o!r pieces ( ! same g5]al nature4 ,?is w (t5 be a great help1 & x may sugge/ improvem5ts t y w\ld l to h4 ,9 case y\r app>atus does n "w z expect$1 read ! directions aga91 & see if y h foll[$ !m4 ,wrong connections1 poor connections1 %ort circuits1 brok5 wire1 etc41 w make tr\ble4 ,) a little pati5ce & c>e y w be able to locate & correct any tr\bles t may come up 9 su* simple app>atus4 ,,?omas ,m4 ,,/4 ,,john4 ,h[ ,two ,boys ,made ,_! ,own ,electrical ,app>atus ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,cells ,,& ,,batt]ies4 ,,app>atus #a4 #a4 ,c>bon-,z9c ,cell4 ,fig4 #a4 ,if y h "s rubb] b&s y c quickly make a cell out ( rods ( z9c & c>bon4 ,! rods are kept ap>t by putt+ a b&1 ,b1 ar\nd ea* end ( bo? rods4 ,! b>e wires are p9*$ "u ! upp] b&s4 ,! :ole is !n b\nd toge!r by means ( ! b&s1 ,a1 & plac$ 9 a tumbl] ( fluid1 z giv5 9 ,app4 #ae4 ,?is me?od does n make fir/-class connections betwe5 ! wire & rods4 7,see ,sec4 #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,app>atus #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 #b4 ,c>bon-,z9c ,cell4 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 case y want to make y\r cell out ( c>bon & z9c rods1 & d n h any means ( mak+ holes = !m 9 ! wood1 z 9 ,app4 #c & #d1 y w f9d ?is me?od useful4 ,cut grooves1 ,g1 into "o side ( ! wood1 ,a1 :i* %\ld be ab\t #d-a_/b x #a x #a_/b 94 ,! grooves %\ld be q deep1 & s plac$ t ! rods w be ab\t #a_/d 94 ap>t4 ,a /rip ( t91 ,t1 #a_/b 94 wide1 %\ld be b5t ar\nd ea* rod4 ,! screw1 ,s1 put ?r\gh ! two ?icknesses ( t9 w hold ! rod 9 place4 ,ano!r screw1 ,x1 acts z a b9d+-po/4 ,! z9c rod only is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! c>bon rod is arrang$ 9 ! same way4 ,use ! fluid ( ,app4 #ae4 #c4 ,note4 ,:5 ! bi*romate solution ( ,app4 #ae is us$ = cells1 ! /rong curr5t is giv51 among o!r reasons1 because ! z9c is rapidly eat5 up4 ,?is action goes on ev5 :5 ! circuit is brok51 s always remove & wa% ! z9c z soon z y h f9i%$4 ,,app>atus #c4 #d4 ,c>bon-,z9c ,cell4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! wood5 cross-piece1 ,a1 is #d-a_/b x #a x #a_/b 94 ,! c>bon & z9c rods1 ,c & ,z1 are #d 94 long x #a_/b 94 9 diamet]4 ,! holes are bor$1 if y h a brace & bit1 s t !y are #c_/d 94 ap>t1 c5t] to c5t]4 ,?is makes ! rods #a_/d 94 ap>t4 ,to make connections betwe5 ! rods & outside wires1 cut a %all[ slot at ! front side ( ea* hole1 s t y c put a n>r[ /rip ( t9 or copp]1 ,b1 9 ! hole by ! side ( ea* rod4 ,setscrews1 ,s1 screw$ 9 ! side ( ,a1 w hold ! rods 9 place1 & at ! same "t press ! /rips1 ,b1 aga9/ !m4 ,connections c easily be made betwe5 wire & ,b by us+ a spr+ b9d+-po/1 ,d1 or by fa/5+ ! wire direct to ! /rips1 z %[n 9 ,app4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,use ! batt]y fluid giv5 9 ,app4 #ae1 & use a tumbl] = ! batt]y j>4 ,?is cell w run small1 well-made motors1 induction coils1 etc4 7,see ,sec4 #c47 ,,app>atus #d4 #e4 ,c>bon-,z9c ,cell4 ,fig4 #d4 ,! g5]al con/ruction ( ?is cell is ! same z t ( ,app4 #c4 ,!re are #b c>bons1 ,c1 ea* #d x #a_/b 94 ,! holes = ^! are bor$ 9 ,a #a-a_/d 94 ap>t1 c5t] to c5t]4 ,! z9c rod1 ,z1 is a regul> batt]y z9c1 #f x #c_/h 941 & has a b9d+-po/1 ,y1 ( its own4 ,! rods1 ,c1 are held 9 ,a1 & connections are made z expla9$ 9 ,app4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,! wire1 ,x1 is fa/5$ direct to ! /rips1 ,b1 z %[n4 ,:5 ready to use ?is cell1 be sure t ! wire connect+ ! c>bons does n t\* ,z4 7,:y87 ,! o!r wire is connect$ to ,y4 ,! wood5 piece is #d-a_/b x #a x #a_/b 94 ,use ! batt]y fluid ( ,app4 #ae 9 a tumbl]4 ,?is cell w run small motors1 & is good = induction coils1 etc4 7,see ,sec4 #c47 ,,app>atus #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 #f4 ,exp]im5tal ,cell4 ,fig4 #e4 ,cut a /rip ea* ( copp]1 ,c1 & z9c1 ,z4 7,see li/ ( mat]ials47 ,!y %\ld be ab\t #b 94 wide & #d 94 long4 ,pun* a hole ?r\gh ea*1 "o side ( ! c5t]1 = screws1 ,e4 ,! wood5 cross-piece1 ,a1 %\ld be #d-a_/b x #a x #g_/h 94 ,! batt]y-plates1 or elem5ts1 %\ld be screw$ to ?is1 tak+ c>e t ! screws1 ,e1 d n t\* ea* o!r4 ,if ! holes are made 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 ! screws c be arrang$ "s di/ance ap>t4 ,! wires lead+ f ! cell may be fa/5$ "u ! screws ) copp] burs1 or spr+ b9d+-po/s 7,app4 #db7 c be slipp$ on ! top ( ! plates4 ,! solution to be us$ w dep5d ^u :at ! cell is to d4 ,= simple exp]im5ts use ! dilute acid 7,app4 #ad74 ,if = small motors1 use ! =mula giv5 9 ,app4 #ae4 ,! z9c %\ld be well amalgamat$4 7,app4 #bj47 ,,app>atus #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 #g4 ,exp]im5tal ,cell4 ,fig4 #f4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts a comp>ison is made betwe5 cells ) l>ge plates & cells ) small ones4 ,?is =m w be conv5i5t to use :]e n>r[ plates are desir$4 ,^? %[n are #d x #a_/b 94 ,!y are screw$ to ! cross-piece1 :i* is #d-a_/b x #a x #g_/h 94 ,d n let ! screws t\* ea* o!r4 ,! wires are fa/5$ "u ! screw-heads4 ,,app>atus #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 #h4 ,exp]im5tal ,two-fluid ,cell4 ,fig4 #g4 ,?is cell has a z9c /rip1 ,z1 & copp] cyl9d]1 ,c1 = ! elem5ts4 ,! por\s cup1 ,p ,c1 is fully describ$ 9 ,app4 #aa4 ,z is #e x #a 941 & %\ld be well amalgamat$ 7,app4 #bj74 7,/udy reasons = amalgamation47 ,a z9c rod1 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 may be us$ in/ead ( ! /rip4 ,! copp] cyl9d]1 ,c1 ne>ly surr\nds ,p ,c1 & is made f a piece ( ?9 %eet-copp]1 #f x #b 94 ,! n>r[ /rip1 or lead]1 ,a1 is #e x #a_/b 94 ,to fa/5 x to ,c1 pun* two small holes 9 ,c & ,a1 put %ort l5g?s ( /\t copp] wire ?r\gh ! holes1 & hamm] !m d[n s t !y w act z rivets1 ,r4 ,c c be hung c5trally 9 ! tumbl] by b5d+ ,a z %[n4 ,y & ,x are spr+ b9d+-po/s 7,app4 #db74 ,! batt]y wires c be fa/5$ directly to ,z & ,a1 z sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 #i4 ,sett+ up ! ,cell4 ,arrange z 9 ,fig4 #g1 b remove ,z f ,p ,c4 ,p\r "s ( ! acid solution ( ,app4 #ad into ,p ,c until x /&s ab\t #b-a_/b 94 deep1 & at once p\r ! copp] solution ( ,app4 #af 9 ! tumbl]1 on ! outside ( ,p ,c1 until x /&s at ! same height z ! liquid 9 ,p ,c4 ,z soon z ! liquids h soak$ into ,p ,c1 y c put ,z 9 place1 :5 ! cell w be ready = use4 ,remove & wa% ,z1 :5 y h f9i%$1 & if y wi% to use ?is cell occasionally1 remove ! liquids & wa% ,p ,c ?or\ghly 9 wat]4 ,:5 dry x w be z good z new4 ,! acid rapidly acts ^u ,z1 s x is bett] to remove ,z if y wi% to leave ! exp]im5t+ ev5 = a few m9utes only4 ,put a few cry/als ( copp] sulphate 7blue vitriol7 9 ! tumbl] "u ! copp]1 to keep ! copp] solution saturat$4 7,see text-book = ! *emical action 9 ?is two-fluid cell47 ,,app>atus #h4 #aj4 ,two-fluid ,batt]y4 ,fig4 #h4 ,:5 two or m cells are jo9$ toge!r ! comb9ation is call$ a batt]y4 ,fig4 #h %[s two exp]im5tal cells jo9$ 9 s]ies4 7,/udy me?ods ( jo9+ cells47 ,= conv5i5ce1 & to keep !m f be+ easily ov]turn$1 a frame has be5 made = !m4 ,! base1 ,b1 is #h x #d x #g_/h 94 ,to ! back ( ?is is nail$ ! upright bo>d1 ,a1 #h x #d-a_/b x #a_/b 94 ,on ! top ( ,a are #c b9d+-po/s1 #a1 #b1 #c1 :i* consi/ ( metal /rips #a-a_/d x #a_/b 94 ,at ! l[] ends are screws :i* are connect$ ) ! cells1 z %[n4 ,spr+ b9d]s c be easily slipp$ on & (f ! upp] ends ( ! /rips1 s t "o or two cells c be us$ at w4 ,b5t /rips1 ,c1 are nail$ to ,b1 to hold ! tumbl]s firmly 9 place4 ,?is framework is n necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to ! prop] work+ ( ! batt]y1 b ) x y are mu* less liable to upset ! cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,app>atus #i4 #aa4 ,gravity ,cell4 ,fig4 #i4 ,9 ! two-fluid cell ( ,app4 #g ! fluids 7 kept ap>t by ! por\s cup4 ,! gravity cell is really a two-fluid cell 9 :i* ! two liquids are kept sep>ate by ! jo9t action ( ! curr5t & ! =ce ( gravity4 ,?is cell is us$ = telegraph l9es & = o!r clos$-circuit "w4 #ab4 ,con/ruction4 ,! z9c & copp]1 ,z & ,c1 ,fig4 #i1 c be pur*as$ ab\t z *eaply z y c make !m4 ,!re are _m =ms ( ! z9cs1 ! "o %[n be+ call$ ! cr[-foot %ape4 ,! copp] may be />-%ap$1 or z %[n4 ,if y wi% to make ,c1 use ?9 %eet-copp]4 ,bru% copp]1 #a-c_/d 94 wide1 is excell5t = ! purpose4 ,use a piece #ab or #ae 94 long1 & fa/5 to "o end ( x a copp] wire1 ,w1 :i* mu/ be cov]$ ) p>aff9$ pap]1 or ) rubb] or glass tub+1 :]e x passes up ?r\gh ! z9c sulphate solution & ne> ,z4 ,! glass j>1 ,j1 may be made f a l>ge glass bottle4 7,see index = batt]y j>s47 #ac4 ,to ,set ,up ! ,cell4 7,a7 ,place ,c ^u ! bottom ( ,j1 ) ,w 9 ! position %[n4 7,b7 ,put 9 en\gh copp] sulphate cry/als to cov] ! bottom ( ,j1 b d n try to entirely cov] ,c4 ,at ! />t #a_/b lb4 w be en\gh4 7,c7 ,p\r 9 clean wat] until ,j is half full4 7,d7 ,9 ano!r vessel dissolve #a or #b oz4 ( z9c sulphate 9 en\gh wat] to complete fill+1 ,j4 7,e7 ,hang ,z 9 place 7,fig4 #i74 ,z mu/ nev] t\* ,c4 ,!y %\ld be ab\t #c 94 ap>t4 ,a wire is atta*$ to ,z by ! screw1 ,s1 & ! hole1 ,h4 7,f7 ,p\r ! z9c sulphate solution into ,j until x is )9 an in* ( ! top4 ,x %\ld cov] ,z4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 7,g7 ,connect ! wires lead+ f ,z & ,c to y\r s\nd] & key4 7,see diagram47 ,! cell w be weak at fir/1 & x may n be able to run y\r s\nd]4 ,if ?is is ! case1 %ort-circuit x by all[+ ! curr5t to run ar\nd & ar\nd ?r\gh ! s\nd] & key1 ! swit* be+ clos$4 ,y may also %ort-circuit ! cell by jo9+ ! two wires toge!r4 ,?is w1 9 a few h\rs1 make ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! blue & :ite q di/9ct1 :5 ! cell w be /rong]4 ,if y h a %ort l9e only1 ! batt]y may be %ort-circuit$ ?r\gh y\r s\nd] or o!r coils ( wire = #e or #f h\rs a day1 )\t work+ x too mu*4 ,x may be necess>y to draw (f "s ( ! cle> z9c sulphate1 replac+ x ) cle> wat]1 if ! blue l9e gets too l[4 ,add wat] occasionally to make up = evaporation4 #ad4 ,regulat+4 ,! two solutions are kept ap>t by gravity1 z ! copp] sulphate is heavi] ?an ! z9c sulphate4 ,! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! blue & :ite solutions is fairly cle> :5 ! batt]y works well1 & x %\ld be ab\t half way betwe5 ,c & ,z1 or ab\t at ,j1 ,fig4 #i4 ,nev] all[ ! blue to get z high z ,z1 z ?is indicates t ! cell is n work$ en\gh4 ,! divid+ l9e c be l[]$ by all[+ x to run a buzz] or bell = a few h\rs1 or by simply %ort-circuit+ x4 ,if ! blue gets mu* bel[ ,j x indicates t y are work+ ! cell too h>d1 or t y ne$ m copp] sulphate4 ,! h>d] ! cell works1 ! m z9c sulphate is =m$1 & ! l[] ! divid+ l9e becomes4 #ae4 ,gravity ,batt]ies ( two m cells are ne$$ :5 us$ on telegraph l9es4 ,y w ne$ #a cell to ea* s\nd]2 t is1 = a %ort l9e 9 ! h\se ) two s\nd]s1 use #b cells4 ,if y use a few hundr$ feet ( wire runn+ to a fri5d's h\se1 use #c cells4 ,!y mu/ be jo9$ 9 s]ies2 t is1 ! copp] ( "o to ! z9c ( ! o!r4 7,see diagram ( complete telegraph l9e47 ,d n use gr\nd connections = %ort l9es & home-made s\nd]s2 use a return wire4 ,d n use diff]5t k9ds ( cells ^u ! same l9e4 ,,app>atus #aj4 #af4 ,/orage ,batt]y4 ,to %[ ! pr9ciple ( /orage batt]ies x is only necess>y to use two plates ( lead dipp$ 9 ! batt]y fluid ( ,app4 #ad4 ,! cell may be made z 9 ,app4 #e1 ,fig4 #e1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t bo? plates are ( %eet-lead4 ,x w be an advantage to make ! plates r\gh by hamm]+ aga9/ !m a co>se file4 7,see explanations & exp]im5ts ) ?is =m ( cell 9 text-book47 ,,app>atus #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj #ag4 ,por\s ,cups = ,two-fluid ,cells4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,v good por\s cups c be made f ord9>y blott+-pap]s1 ! av]age ones measur+ #i-a_/b x #d 94 ,:ite ones %\ld be us$1 s t y w n be bo!r$ ) ! color com+ out4 ,soak ! edge along "o end ( ! blott] 9 p>aff9e 7,index7 = ab\t #a_/d 94 ,:5 ?is is cold1 roll ! blott] into ! =m ( a cyl9d] t is a little ov] #a 94 inside diamet]1 & h ! p>aff9$ end on ! outside4 ,?is w make #b ?icknesses ( pap] all ar\nd1 & a little to sp>e4 ,rub a hot nail ov] ! p>aff9e to melt x1 & /ick ! end to ! cyl9d]4 ,by putt+ on a little m p>aff9e along ! edge :]e ! end laps ov]1 a good solid cyl9d] c be made4 ,! cyl9d] %\ld be /r5g!n$ /ill m by dipp+ ea* end into melt$ p>aff9e = ab\t #a_/h 94 ,! d>k /ripes ar\nd ! ends & d[n ! front ( ! cyl9d] 7,fig4 #aj7 are to repres5t ! p>aff9e4 ,cut out a bottom ab\t #a_/d 94 l>g] all ar\nd ?an ! cyl9d]4 ,?is may be p>aff9$ to make x /iff4 ,x %\ld be fa/5$ to ! cyl9d] ) p>aff9e4 ,p>aff9e is n act$ ^u or s(t5$ by wat] or acid1 z is ! case ) glue4 ,,app>atus #ab4 #ah4 ,por\s ,cups = ,two-fluid ,cells4 ,in/ead ( ! blott]s ( ,app4 #aa1 y c use %ort l5g?s ( mail+-tubes1 :i* are us$ to protect pictures1 etc41 :5 s5t by mail4 ,if y f9d t ! p>ticul> tube t5ds to unw9d :5 soak$1 y c use a little p>aff9e along ! edges ( ! spiral1 z sugge/$ 9 ,app4 #aa4 ,bottoms c be made = ! cups z be=e4 ,,app>atus #ac4 #ai4 ,por\s ,cups = ,two-fluid ,cells4 ,ord9>y unglaz$ e>!n fl[]-pots make good cups4 ,! hole 9 ! bottom %\ld be clos$ ) a cork1 or by fa/5+ a piece ( pa/ebo>d ov] ! hole ) p>aff9e4 ,! pa/ebo>d may be fa/5$ to ! "u side ( ! bottom m easily ?an to ! upp] side4 #bj4 ,note4 ,x is a good idea to soak ! top edge ( por\s cups = ab\t #a_/d 94 9 p>aff9e to keep ! solutions f crawl+ up by capill>y attraction4 ,if ! solutions con/antly evaporate f ! soak$ tops ( ! cups1 !y n only wa/e b !y get ! :ole ?+ cov]$ ) cry/als4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,batt]y ,,fluids ,,& ,,solutions4 #ba4 ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,,?is ,,acid ,,mu/ ,,be ,,h&l$ ,,) ,,great ,,c>e1 z x 7! conc5trat$7 is v /rong1 & w burn ! h&s1 eat holes 9 clo?+1 c>pets1 etc42 x w ev5 *> wood4 ,d n let any ( x drop any:]e accid5tally4 ,if y wi% to p\r conc5trat$ acid into a bottle1 place ! bottle to be fill$ ^u a plate1 & wipe all drops ( acid f ! outside ( x aft]w>d4 ,! conc5trat$ acid %\ld be kept 9 tightly-cork$ bottles1 z x absorbs moi/ure f ! air v rapidly4 ,ord9>y corks %\ld be p>aff9$ if !y are to be us$ 9 acid bottles1 or !y w be soon eat5 up4 #bb4 ,mix+4 ,:5 sulphuric acid & wat] are mix$1 consid]able heat is produc$4 ,nev] p\r wat] into ! acid1 z ! heat w\ld be produc$ s rapidly t ! vessel conta9+ ! mixture might break4 ,always p\r ! acid into ! wat]1 & ?or\ghly /ir ! mixture at ! same "t4 ,e>!n vessels d n break :5 heat$ z easily z glass ones4 ,! mix+ may be done 9 ord9>y glass fruit-j>s1 if c>e be tak5 to p\r ! acid sl[ly into ! wat]4 ,! j>s %\ld be set 9 "s l>g] di%1 or 9 ! s9k1 be=e add+ ! acid4 ,if !y get too hot1 all[ !m to cool a little be=e proce$+ ) ! mix+4 ,z ! acid is mu* heavi] ?an wat]1 x w imm$iately s9k to ! bottom ( ! j>1 unless con/antly /irr$4 #bc4 ,!re are diff]5t grades ( acid ^u ! m>ket4 ,= batt]y purposes y d n ne$ ! *emically pure 7,c ,p7 acid4 ,! ord9>y comm]cial acid is all "r1 ev5 ?\gh x is a little d>k 9 color4 ,y c get ?is at any drug-/ore4 ,get #e or #aj c5ts' wor? at a "t4 ,,app>atus #ad4 #bd4 ,batt]y ,fluid = ,simple ,cells4 ,= ! simple cell 7,app4 #e71 :5 x is to be us$ = exp]im5ts ) detectors or 9 ! /udy ( pol>ization1 etc41 a v dilute acid is be/4 ,mix #a fluid ounce ( comm]cial acid ) #a p9t ( wat]4 ,?is w make #ag fluid ounces 7,see ,app4 #ai71 & y\r mixture w be "o-sev5te5? acid4 ,make up a p9t or qu>t bottle ( ?is at a "t1 & label x ) ! date3 ,dilute sulphuric acid4 #a "p acid1 #af p>ts wat]4 ,app>atus #ad4 #be4 ,note4 ,d n fail to pa/e a label on all bottles z soon z y h put any?+ into !m4 ,give ! date1 cont5ts1 & any o!r in=mation t w help y to reproduce ! mixture aga94 ,d n write on !m any abbreviations or o!r ?+s t y w soon =get4 ,,app>atus #ae4 #bf4 ,batt]y ,fluid2 ,bi*romate ,solution4 ,= runn+ small motors1 %ock+ coils1 etc41 ?is solution w be f\nd good :5 us$ ) ! z9c & c>bon elem5ts giv5 9 ,app4 #c & #d4 ,! bi*romate de/roys ! hydrog5 bubbles :i* help to pol>ize cells s rapidly :5 ! pla9 dilute acid 7,app4 #ad7 is us$4 7,/udy pol>ization47 ,! z9c us$ 9 ?is fluid mu/ be well amalgamat$ 7,app4 #bj74 ,directions4 ,) #a qu>t ( cold wat] plac$ 9 a glass or e>!n di%1 sl[ly mix #d fluid ounces ( comm]cial sulphuric acid4 ,read ,sec4 #bb c>efully4 ,:5 ?is gets ab\t cold1 add #d ounces ( bi*romate ( pota%4 ,p[d]$ bi*romate w dissolve m quickly ?an ! lump4 ,keep ?is fluid 9 cork$ bottles1 labell$1 ) date3 ,bi*romate ,batt]y ,fluid4 ,app>atus #ae4 #bg4 ,always take ! z9c f ?is fluid z soon z y h f9i%$ exp]im5t+1 or ev5 if y h no use = ! cell = a few m9utes4 ,! z9c & fluid are rapidly de/roy$ 9 bi*romate cells ev5 :5 ! circuit is op54 ,always wa% ! c>bon & z9c z soon z y take !m f ! fluid4 ,,app>atus #af4 #bh4 ,batt]y ,fluid4 ,= #b-;fluid cells 7,app4 #g71 a saturat$ solution ( copp] sulphate 7blue vitriol7 is ne$$4 ,place "s ( ! cry/als 9 a glass j>1 ) wat]1 /ir !m ar\nd1 & add ! sulphate z long z x is dissolv$4 ,a few extra cry/als %\ld be left 9 ! /ock bottle s t ! solution w always be saturat$4 ,,app>atus #ag4 #bi4 ,v9eg> ,batt]y ,fluid4 ,= a few ( ! exp]im5ts ) detectors1 etc41 good /rong v9eg> does well z ! excit+ fluid4 ,?is may be us$ ) ! copp] & z9c or c>bon & z9c elem5ts4 ,! am\nt ( curr5t giv5 ) v9eg> & ,app4 #d or #e is suffici5t to %[ _m ( ! simpl] exp]im5ts4 ,,app>atus #ah4 #cj4 ,batt]y ,fluid4 ,/rong br9e1 made by dissolv+ ord9>y salt 9 wat]1 w produce q a little curr5t ) ,app4 #d or #e4 ,! pres5ce ( ! curr5t is easily %[n ) ! a/atic detectors4 ,,app>atus #ai4 #ca4 ,measures = ,wat]1 ,acids1 etc4 ,if y d n own a graduat$ glass1 su* z druggi/s use = measur+ liquids1 ! foll[+ plan w be f\nd useful4 ,9 ! mix+ ( batt]y fluids1 etc41 :ile x is n necess>y to be absolutely exact1 x is necess>y to "k approximately :at y are do+4 ,an ord9>y glass p9t fruit j> may be tak5 z ! /&>d4 ,?is holds #af fluid ounces1 or #b ord9>y teacupfuls4 ,a teacupful may !n be tak5 z #a_/b p9t1 or #h fluid ounces4 ,y c probably f9d a small bottle t w hold #a or #b oz41 & y c easily tell h[ mu* x holds by fill+ x & c\nt+ ! numb] ( times x is conta9$ 9 ! p9t c4 ,a slim bottle hold+ #a_/b p9t c be made into a conv5i5t measur+ glass by scrat*+ l9es on x ) ! %>p edge ( a h>d file4 ,! l9es %\ld be plac$1 ( c\rse1 s t !y w %[ h[ mu* liquid y mu/ put into x to make #a oz41 #b oz41 etc4 ,in/ead ( ! file m>ks1 a n>r[ /rip ( pap] may be pa/$ ^u ! bottle1 & ! divisions %[n by l9es drawn ^u ! pap]4 ,,app>atus #bj4 #cb4 ,to ,amalgamate ,batt]y ,plates4 ,to keep ! z9c plates or rods 9 cells f be+ eat5 or dissolv$ :5 ! circuit is op5$1 !y %\ld be amalgamat$2 t is1 !y %\ld h a coat+ ( m]cury4 ,! local curr5ts 7see text-book7 aid 9 rapidly de/roy+ ! z9c1 unless x is amalgamat$4 ,d n amalgamate copp] plates--m]ely ! z9c ones4 #cc4 ,place a few drops ( m]cury 9 a butt] di%4 ,dip ! z9c into ! solution ( ,app4 #ad1 !n lay x ^u a flat bo>d4 ,?is is necess>y ) ?9 %eet-z9c1 z x becomes v brittle :5 coat$ ) m]cury1 & w n /& h>d rubb+4 ,if y also dip a v n>r[ piece ( t9 into ! dilute sulphuric acid1 y c use ?is z a spoon & lift "o drop ( m]cury at a "t f ! butt] di% to ! z9c4 ,by tapp+ ! t9 ^u ! z9c1 ! m]cury w leave ! t94 ,put ! m]cury only :]e ! z9c w be "u ! solutions 9 ! cell1 !n rub ! drops ar\nd ) a small clo? t has be5 dipp$ 9 ! acid4 ,! z9c w become v bright & silv]y1 due to ! m]cury4 ,d n get too mu* m]cury on x1 j en\gh to give x a ?9 coat1 z x w make ! ?9 z9c s brittle t x w v easily break4 ,amalgamate bo? sides ( ! z9c4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,app>atus ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,,app>atus #ba4 #cd4 ,= ,anneal+ & ,h>d5+ ,/eel4 7,see text-book = reasons :y "s p>ts ( electrical app>atus %\ld be made ( h>d /eel1 :ile o!r p>ts %\ld be made ( s(t iron47 #ce4 ,to anneal or s(t5 spr+ /eel s t y c b5d x )\t break+ x1 heat x 9 a c&le1 gas1 or alcohol flame until x is r$-hot2 all[ ! /eel to cool 9 ! air sl[ly4 #cf4 ,to h>d5 /eel1 heat z be=e1 !n sudd5ly plunge ! r$-hot piece into cold wat]4 ,?is w make ! /eel v h>d & brittle4 ,small pieces may be held by p9*+ !m betwe5 two pieces ( wood4 ,ne$les & wires may be /uck 9 a cork1 :i* w s]ve z a h&le4 7,see text-book47 ,,app>atus #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 #cg4 ,alcohol ,lamp4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,an alcohol lamp is v useful 9 _m exp]im5ts1 & x is bett] ?an a c&le = anneal+ or h>d5+ /eel ne$les :5 mak+ small magnets 7,app4 #ba74 ,y c make a good lamp by us+ a small bottle ) a wide op5+4 ,a vasel9e bottle or ev5 an ink bottle w d4 ,make a hole ab\t #a_/d 94 9 diamet] ?r\gh ! cork ) a small r\nd file1 or burn x ?r\gh ) a hot nail4 ,make a cyl9d] ( t9 ab\t #a-a_/b 94 long & j l>ge en\gh to pu% ?r\gh ! hole4 ,! t9 may be simply roll$ up4 ,if y h glass tub+1 use a %ort l5g? ( t in/ead ( ! t94 ,= ! wick1 roll up "s flannel clo?4 ,?is %\ld n fit ! inside ( ! t9 tube too tightly4 ,! alcohol %\ld be put into ! lamp :5 y want to use x1 & t left %\ld be put back into ! supply-bottle :5 y h f9i%$1 z alcohol evaporates v rapidly4 ,! flame ( ?is lamp is light-blue 9 color1 & v hot4 ,caution4 ,d n h y\r supply-bottle ( alcohol ne> ! lamp :5 y light ! latt]1 or ne> any o!r flame4 ,! vapor ( alcohol is explosive4 ,,app>atus #bc4 #ch4 ,spool ,hold] = ,wire4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,:5 w9d+ magnets x is necess>y to h ! spool ( wire s arrang$ t x w take c>e ( itself & n int]f]e ) ! w9d+4 ,if y h a brace & bit1 bore a hole 9 a base #g_/h 94 ?ick = a #a_/d 94 d[el4 ,! d[el %\ld fit ! hole tight4 ,! spools ( wire pur*as$ c !n be plac$ ^u ! d[el1 :]e !y w unw9d ev5ly4 ,! base may be nail$ or clamp$ to a table4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,app>atus #bd4 #ci4 ,spool ,hold] = ,wire4 ,if y h no brace & bit to make ,app4 #bc1 nail a spool to a wood5 base1 place a %ort l5g? ( d[el 9 ! spool1 & use ?is comb9ation z a spool hold]4 ,make ! d[el fit ! spool by w9d+ pap] ar\nd x4 ,,app>atus #be4 #dj4 ,to ,make ,holes 9 ,wood4 ,if y h a brace & a set ( bits1 or ev5 a small h&-drill1 x w be an easy matt] to bore holes 9 wood4 ,an awl %\ld be us$ to make holes = screws1 su* z ^? us$ 9 mak+ b9d+-po/s1 etc41 z ! wood is v liable to split if a screw is =c$ into x )\t a previ\sly-made hole4 ,r$-hot nails1 ne$les1 etc41 are easily made to burn holes ( desir$ diamet]s4 ,!y may be heat$ 9 a gas flame or by means ( ! alcohol lamp 7,app4 #bb74 ,flat pieces ( hot /eel w burn n>r[ slots1 & small1 squ>e holes may be made ) hot nails4 ,,app>atus #bf4 #da4 ,to ,make ,holes 9 ,%eet-,metal4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,holes may be pun*$ 9 %eet-t91 copp]1 z9c1 etc41 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,set a block ( h>d wood1 ,w1 on end2 t is1 place x s t y w p\nd directly aga9/ ! end ( ! gra94 ,lay ! metal1 ,t1 to be pun*$1 ^u ?is1 & use a flat-end$ pun*4 ,a %>p bl[ ^u a good pun* ) a hamm] w make a fairly clean hole2 t is1 x w cut out a piece ( metal1 & pu% x d[n into ! wood4 ,a %>p-po9t$ pun* w m]ely pu% ! metal aside1 & leave a v ragg$ edge to ! hole4 ,a pun* may be made ( a nail by fil+ its end flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,app>atus #bg4 #db4 ,to ,pun* ,holes ?r\gh ,?ick ,yokes1 etc4 ,z soon z #e or #f lay]s are to be pun*$ at "o op]ation1 ! process becomes a little m difficult ?an t giv5 9 ,app4 #bf4 ,if y h an anvil1 y c place ! yoke ov] "o ( ! r\nd holes 9 x1 & pun* ! t9 "r d[n into ! hole1 ! ragg$ edges be+ aft]w>d fil$ (f4 ,hold ! yoke z 9 ,app4 #gi or #hj = fil+4 ,z y w probably h no anvil1 lay an old nut f a bolt ^u ! end ( ! block ( wood 7,app4 #bf71 place ! metal to be pun*$ ov] ! hole1 & imag9e t y h an anvil4 ,v good results may be obta9$ by ?is me?od4 ,! size ( nut us$ w dep5d ^u ! size ( hole want$4 ,,app>atus #bh4 #dc4 ,to ,/raight5 ,wires4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to h %ort l5g?s ( wires /raight1 :]e !y are to be made into bundles1 etc4 ,to /raight5 !m1 lay "o or two at a "t ^u a p]fectly flat surface1 place a flat piece ( bo>d ^u !m1 !n roll !m back & =? betwe5 ! two4 ,! upp] bo>d %\ld be press$ d[n ^u ! wires :ile roll+ !m4 ,if prop]ly done1 ! wires c be quickly made z /raight z ne$les4 #dd4 ,pu%-,buttons4 ,ne>ly e h\se has use = "o or m pu%-buttons4 ,! simple act ( press+ y\r f+] ^u a movable button1 or knob1 may r+ a bell a mile away1 or d "s o!r equally wond]ful ?+4 ,,app>atus #bi4 #de4 ,pu%-,button4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,?is is made quickly1 & may be easily fa/5$ to ! w9d[ or door-cas+4 ,"o wire is jo9$ to ,a & ! o!r to ,c4 ,b is a /rip ( t9 or o!r metal1 ab\t #e_/h 94 wide & #b 94 long4 ,x is b5t s t x w n t\* ,a unless x is press$ d[n4 ,?is may be plac$ any:]e1 9 an electric-bell circuit or o!r op5 circuit1 :]e x is desir$ to let ! curr5t pass = a mom5t only at a "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,app>atus #cj4 #df4 ,pu%-,button4 ,fig4 #ae & ,fig4 #af4 ,by plac+ ,app4 #bi 9 a box1 we c make some?+ t looks a little m l a real pu%-button4 ,fig4 #ae %[s a plan ) ! box-cov] remov$1 & ,fig4 #af %[s a view ( ! inside ( x1 a "p ( ! box be+ cut away4 ,c1 ,fig4 #ae1 is a wood5 pill-box #a 94 high & #a-c_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,make a #a_/d 94 hole 9 ! cov] ( ,c = ! button1 ,g1 :i* is a %ort piece ( #a_/d 94 d[el4 ,?is re/s ^u a s+le ?ickness ( t91 ,d1 :i* is cut into a /rip #c_/h 94 wide & ab\t #a-a_/d 94 long4 ,9 ! bottom ( ,c are two holes j l>ge en\gh to all[ ! screws ,e & ,f to pass ?r\gh4 ,! wires1 ,a & ,b1 pass f ! b9d+-po/s1 ,x & ,y1 ?r\gh small holes burn$ ?r\gh ! sides ( ! box1 & are fa/5$ "u ! screw-heads4 ,! :ole box is screw$ to ! wood5 base1 :i* is #c x #d x #g_/h 941 by ! screws1 ,e & ,f4 ,d %\ld h en\gh spr+ 9 x to raise itself & ,g :5 ! pressure ( ! f+] is remov$4 ,! circuit w be clos$ only :5 y press ! button4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,,app>atus #ca4 #dg4 ,pu%-,button4 ,figs4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai4 ,fig4 #ag %[s a top view or plan ( ! app>atus4 ,fig4 #ah is a sectional view2 t is1 we suppose t ! button has be5 cut into two p>ts along its l5g? & ?r\gh ! c5t] l9e4 ,fig4 #ai is an enl>g$ detail draw+ ( ! und]side ( ! spool1 ,c4 ,! same "p is m>k$ by ! same lett] 9 all ( ! figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,saw an ord9>y spool1 ,c1 into two p>ts4 ,"o-half ( ,c w s]ve z ! outside case = ! button4 ,! "p to be press$ ) ! f+] is a %ort l5g? ( #a_/d 94 d[el4 ,to keep ?is f fall+ out ( ! hole 9 ,c1 a %ort piece ( wire nail1 ,n1 has be5 put ?r\gh a small hole 9 its l[] end4 ,a slot1 ,f1 has be5 burn$ or cut into ! und]side ( ,c1 s t ,n c pass up & d[n 9 x :5 ,d is rais$ & l[]$4 ,! rod1 ,d1 re/s ^u ,a1 "o ( ! contacts4 ,?is is a /raight piece ( t91 cut z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 ! n>r[ "p be+ #a_/d 94 wide & #a-a_/d 94 long4 ,! wide "p is #c_/d 94 wide & #a 94 long4 ,! o!r contact1 ,b1 is ! same size z ,a4 ,a deep groove1 a little ov] #a_/d 94 wide1 is cut into ! base s t ! n>r[ "p ( ,b c be b5t d[n bel[ ! end ( ,a4 ,! base %[n is #d x #b-a_/b x #g_/h 94 ,! spool1 ,c1 is fa/5$ to ! base by #b screws or wire nails put up ?r\gh ! base1 _! positions be+ %[n by ! dots at ,e1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,x & ,y1 ,fig4 #ah1 are #b screw b9d+-po/s4 ,x is evid5t t ! curr5t _c pass f ,x to ,y1 unless ! button1 ,d1 be press$ d[n s t ! end ( ,a w t\* ,b4 ,,app>atus #cb4 #dh4 ,sift] = ,iron ,fil+s4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,9 mak+ magnetic figures ) iron fil+s1 x is an advantage to h ! p>ticles ( iron fairly small & uni=m 9 size4 ,a simple sift] may be made by prick+ holes 9 ! bottom ( a pa/ebo>d pill-box ) a p94 ,! sift] may be put away ) ! fil+s 9 x1 provid$ y turn x upside d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,app>atus #cc4 #di4 ,sift] = ,iron ,fil+s4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,pun* small holes 9 ! cov] ( a t9 box ) a small wire nail4 ,if y h occasion to use sift]s = o!r purposes1 ! diff]5t sizes c be made by us+ l>g] & small] nails to pun* ! diff]5t t9 cov]s4 ,b "o size ( nail %\ld be us$ = "o sift]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,app>atus #cd4 #ej4 ,sift]s may be made by prick+ holes 9 an envelope4 ,a sift] ) v small holes c be made ( a piece ( musl9 clo?4 ,?is c be us$ 9 ! =m ( a little bag1 or a piece ( x c be pa/$ ov] ! op5 bottom ( a pill-box4 ,,app>atus #ce4 #ea4 ,to ,cut ,wires1 ,nails1 etc4 ,if y h no wire-cutt]s1 or l>ge %e>s1 y c cut l>ge or small wires by hamm]+ !m aga9/ ! %>p edge ( ano!r hamm]1 an anvil1 or a piece ( iron4 ,d n let ! hamm] itself hit ^u ! edge ( ! anvil4 ,! above process w make a ,v-%ap$ d5t on "o side ( ev5 l>ge wires1 or nails1 :5 !y may be brok5 by b5d+ back & =?4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,swit*es ,,& ,,cut-,,outs4 #eb4 ,swit*es1 ,cut-,outs4 ,:]e app>atus is to be us$ frequ5tly1 su* z = telephone & telegraph l9es1 x pays to make y\r swit*es1 etc41 c>efully4 ,! use ( ^! swit*es1 etc41 w be %[n 9 ! prop] place4 ,_! con/ruction only w be giv5 "h4 ,,app>atus #cf4 #ec4 ,cut-,out4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,details4 ,x1 ,y1 & ,z repres5t #c b9d+-po/s l ,app4 #db4 ,^! are fa/5$ to a wood5 base t is ab\t #c x #e x #c_/d4 ,! ends ( ! wires %[n come f & g to ! o!r pieces ( app>atus4 ,q %[s a /\t wire or /rip ( #b or #c ?icknesses ( t94 ,suppose we h an app>atus1 z1 = example1 an electric bell1 :i* we want to h r+ :5 someone at a di/ance desires to call u4 ,if we use a telephone or telegraph in/rum5t we %all want to cut ! bell out ( ! circuit z soon z we he> ! call & are ready to talk4 ,suppose ! curr5t comes to u ?r\gh ! wire1 ,a1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,x c pass by ! wire1 ,c1 ?r\gh ! bell & back to ,x4 ,if we want$ simply to h ! bell r+1 ! curr5t c\ld pass directly f ,x into ! e>?1 or ov] a return wire back to ! pu%-button at our fri5d's h\se4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we are to use "s o!r in/rum5t1 by lift+ ! end ( ,q out ( ,x & pu%+ x into ,y1 ! bell w be cut out1 & ! curr5t c pass on :]ev] we ne$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,app>atus #cg4 #ed4 ,cut-,out4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! ma9 features ( ?is are l ^? ( ,app4 #cf4 ,! ?ree b9d+-po/s are l ,app4 #df4 ,in/ead ( a b& ( metal to *ange connections1 z ,q 9 ,app4 #cf1 a /\t copp] wire is us$4 ,?is c be easily *ang$ f "o ( ! upp] b9d+-po/s to ! o!r1 !reby ?r[+ 9 or cutt+ out any piece ( app>atus jo9$ ) ! upp] connectors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,app>atus #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 #ee4 ,swit*4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,?is simple swit* has b "o contact po9t1 ,d1 :i* is a screw-head4 ,?is swit* may be us$ any:]e 9 ! circuit by simply cutt+ ! wire c>ry+ ! curr5t1 & jo9+ ! ends ( ! wire to ! b9d+-po/s ,x & ,y4 ,! metal /rip1 ,e1 is made ( #b or #c ?icknesses ( t94 ,x is #e_/h 94 wide & ab\t #e 94 long1 & presses d[n ^u ,d1 :5 swung to ! left1 ?us clos+ ! circuit4 ,! %ort metal /rips %[n are #e_/h x #a-a_/d 94 ,! upp] /rip is jo9$ to ! end ( ,e by a coil$ copp] wire1 ,c ,w4 7,see ,app4 #ej47 ,if ! curr5t ent]s by ! wire1 ,a1 x w pass ?r\gh ,c ,w1 ,e1 ,d & out at ,b4 ,! /rip ,e is pivot$ at ,f by a small screw4 ,! base may be #c or #d x #e x #g_/h 94 ,,app>atus #ci4 #ef4 ,swit*4 ,fig4 #be4 ,by increas+ ! numb] ( contact po9ts & ! wires lead+ f !m1 a swit* may be made to ?r[ 9 "o or m pieces ( app>atus4 ,?is v>iety ( swit* is useful 9 connection ) resi/ance coils 7,index74 ,by jo9+ ! ends ( ! coils ) ! po9ts #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 m or less resi/ance c be easily ?r[n 9 by simply sw++ ! lev]1 ,e1 ar\nd to ! left or "r4 ,! uses ( ?is w be aga9 ref]r$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,details4 ,! base ( ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #be is #d x #e x #g_/h 94 ?ick4 ,! swit*1 ,e1 is a b& ( #b ?icknesses ( t9 #e_/h 94 wide4 ,x is pivot$ at ,f ) a screw4 ,to ! end ( ,e is fa/5$ a copp] wire1 :i* leads to ! upp] b9d+-po/1 ,x 7,app4 #df74 ,! app>atus has #e contact po9ts1 m>k$ #a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 ,^! consi/ ( brass screws & copp] wa%]s4 ,) ,f z a c5t] draw ! arc ( a circle t has a radius ( #d 94 ,place ! screws #a1 #b1 etc41 along ?is arc1 & ab\t #e_/h 94 ap>t1 c5t] to c5t]2 t is1 ! screws are all #d 94 f ,f1 & are1 !re=e1 9 ! =m ( a curve4 ,! la/ screw =ms a "p ( ! b9d+-po/1 ,y4 ,suppose #d pieces ( app>atus1 m>k$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d1 be connect$ ) #a1 #b1 etc41 z %[n4 ,^! may be1 = example1 coils ( wire to be us$ z resi/ance coils4 ,if ! curr5t ent]s at ,x1 x w pass along at ,e & be ready to leave at ,y1 z soon z ,e t\*es "o ( ! contact po9ts4 ,if ,e be plac$ ^u #a1 ! curr5t w be oblig$ to pass ?r\gh all ( ! coils1 ,a1 ,b1 etc41 be=e x c get to ,y4 ,9 ?is case ! resi/ance w be greate/4 ,if ,e be n[ mov$ on to #b1 only ,a w be cut out1 & ! total resi/ance r$uc$4 ,by plac+ ,e ^u #d1 b "o coil1 ,d1 w be 9 ! circuit4 ,:5 ,e is ^u #e ! curr5t w pass ?r\gh ! swit* ) practically no resi/ance4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* curr5t regulators "w4 7,/udy resi/ance 9 text-book47 ,:5 ,e is 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #be no curr5t c pass4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,b9d+-,,po/s ,,& ,,connectors4 #eg4 ,b9d+-,po/s are us$ to make connections betwe5 two pieces ( app>atus1 betwe5 two or m wires1 betwe5 a wire & any app>atus1 etc41 etc4 ,!y are us$ simply = conv5i5ce1 s t ! wires c be quickly fa/5$ or unfa/5$ to ! app>atus4 ,!re are _m ways ( mak+ !m at home4 ,! foll[+ =ms w be f\nd useful & practical4 ,al?\gh "s t are giv5 are really connectors in/ead ( b9d+-po/s1 we %all give !m ! g5]al "n ( b9d+-po/s4 ,,app>atus #dj4 #eh4 ,b9d+-,po/4 ,ab\t ! simple/ =m is a screw1 or a nail ) a flat head4 ,! b>e wire may be plac$ "u ! head ( ! screw or nail be=e =c+ x entirely into ! wood4 ,?is w keep ! end ( ! wire 9 place1 & ano!r wire may be jo9$ electrically to ! fir/ by m]ely t\*+ x to ! screw-head1 or by plac+ x "u ! screw-head4 ,,app>atus #da4 #ei4 ,b9d+-,po/4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,?is consi/s ( a screw & a copp] wa%] or bur4 ,! screw is a r\nd-head$ brass "o1 #e_/h 94 long1 numb] #e or #g4 ,! copp] burs are ,no4 #h1 & fit nicely ar\nd ! screws4 ,by us+ #b burs in/ead ( #a1 sev]al wires may be easily jo9$ toge!r at "o po9t4 ,scrape ! cov]+ f ! ends ( ! wires1 & place !m betwe5 ! burs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,,app>atus #db4 #fj4 ,b9d+-,po/4 ,fig4 #bg4 ,a coil$ spr+ s]ves v well z a connector4 ,"o end %\ld be fa/5$ to ! app>atus1 z %[n1 by clamp+ x "u a screw-head4 ,! o!r end ( ! coil %\ld be pull$ out a little1 away f ! o!r turns1 s t y c /ret* ! spr+ 9 ord] to put ! b>e ends ( wires betwe5 ! turns4 ,any numb] ( wires plac$ betwe5 ^! turns w be p9*$ & electrically connect$4 ,! coil %\ld be ab\t #a_/b 94 long & less ?an #a_/b 94 9 diamet]4 ,y c make a coil by tightly wrapp+ /iff iron wire ar\nd a p5cil4 ,! /eel wire spr+s tak5 f old w9d[-%ades are excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,!y may be cut into l5g?s ) t9n]'s %e>s4 ,,app>atus #dc4 #fa4 ,b9d+-,po/4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,two copp] or t9 /rips fa/5$ at "o end by a screw1 ! upp] /rip be+ b5t a little at "o end1 make a connector t is useful = "s purposes1 :]e y want to make & break ! connection frequ5tly4 ,! b>e end ( ! wire :i* belongs to ! app>atus is fa/5$ "u ! screw-head4 ,! outside wire1 or wires1 to be connect$ are pu%$ betwe5 ! /rips ( metal4 ,ano!r way is to fa/5 ! outside wire to a /rip ( metal ab\t #a_/b 94 wide1 & !n pu% ?is betwe5 ! /rips %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! /rips %[n %\ld be ab\t #c_/d 94 wide & #a-a_/d 94 long4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,app>atus #dd4 #fb4 ,b9d+-,po/4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,a comb9ation made betwe5 ,app4 #db & #dc does well4 ,fa/5 a metal /rip1 #c_/d 94 x #a-a_/d 941 to ! app>atus by means ( a screw4 ,! app>atus wire %\ld be fa/5$ "u ! screw-head4 ,a %ort l5g? ( spr+ may be pu%$ ^u ! upright "p ( ! /rip1 z %[n4 ,into ?is y c quickly fa/5 ! outside wires4 ,,app>atus #de4 #fc4 ,b9d+-,po/4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,?is makes a v simple & practical b9d+-po/ = home-made app>atus4 ,x consi/s ( a screw-eye1 pref]ably ( brass4 ,! circle or eye %\ld be ab\t #c_/h or #a_/b 94 9 diamet]4 ,! ?read on su* a screw-eye w be ab\t #a_/b 94 long4 ,two copp] burs are us$ to p9* ! wires4 ,,app>atus #df4 #fd4 ,b9d+-,po/4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is consi/s ( a screw1 screw-eye1 bur & a metal /rip1 #c_/d x #a-a_/d 94 ,! app>atus wire %\ld be fa/5$ "u ! screw-head4 ,any outside wires :i* are to be jo9$ to ! app>atus %\ld be clamp$ "u ! bur by turn+ ! screw-eye4 ,a small hole %\ld be made 9 ! wood be=e putt+ 9 ! screw-eye4 7,see ,app4 #be47 ,d n turn ! screw-eye too h>d1 or y w spoil ! ?read made 9 ! wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,,app>atus #dg4 #fe4 ,b9d+-,po/4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! size ( ! bolt us$ 9 ?is =m ( b9d+-po/ w dep5d some:at ^u ! ?ickness ( ! base ( ! app>atus4 ,9 g5]al1 a #c_/d or #g_/h 94 base %\ld be us$ :]e screws or screw-eyes are necess>y4 ,) ?is k9d 7,fig4 #cb7 a ?9 base c be us$4 ,! head is %[n c\nt]-sunk into ! bottom ( ! base4 ,?is is n necess>y1 provid$ at lea/ #c heads are plac$ f> en\gh ap>t to =m legs = ! app>atus to /& on4 ,/rips ( wood may be nail$ ^u ! und]side ( ! base to make room = ! heads 9 case !y are n us$ z legs4 ,! wires %\ld be p9*$ betwe5 ! nut & ! copp] bur %[n4 ,if ! bolt is too l>ge = a bur1 an iron wa%] may be us$4 ,a wa%] may be made ( t91 or two nuts may be us$4 ,,app>atus #dh4 #ff4 ,b9d+-,po/4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,?is is a sugge/ion = a comb9ation ( ,app4 #dd & #dg4 ,x is useful 9 s*ool app>atus4 ,wires may be p]man5tly fa/5$ on ! "r1 "u ! nut1 & a spr+1 z 9 ,app4 #dd1 may be slipp$ on ! metal /rip at ! left1 :i* is held "u ! head ( ! bolt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,,app>atus #di4 #fg4 ,m]cury ,connector4 ,a cup ( m]cury may be us$ z a connector4 ,make a small hole ab\t #a_/d 94 9 diamet] & dep?1 9 a piece ( wood1 & place #b or #c drops ( m]cury 9 ?is4 ,! ends ( wires dipp$ 9 ?is w be electrically connect$4 ,,app>atus #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 #fh4 ,connector4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,?is %[s h[ a wire may be fa/5$ to "o end ( a %ort /rip ( t94 ,at ! o!r end ( ! /rip a slot is cut4 ,?is may /raddle ! body ( a screw1 or :5 left pla9 may be us$ to slip betwe5 ! two metal /rips %[n 9 ,app4 #dc4 ,,app>atus #ea4 #fi4 ,b9d+-,po/4 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! ends ( two or m wires may be quickly jo9$ electrically by plac+ !m betwe5 ! nuts ( a %ort bolt4 ,by us+ #c nuts ! bolt w m easily connect a l>ge numb] ( wires4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,make ,additional ,notes & ,sket*es ,"h4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,p]man5t ,,magnets4 #gj4 ,p]man5t ,magnets may be made 9 _m ways & f _m diff]5t k9ds ( /eel4 ,! /eel us$ = ne$les1 wat* & clock spr+s1 files1 cutt+ tools1 etc41 is g5]ally ( good quality1 & x is already h>d en\gh to reta9 magnetism4 7,see ,ret5tivity 9 text-book47 ,,app>atus #eb4 #ga4 ,b> ,magnet4 ,a /raight magnet is call$ a b> magnet4 ,magnetize a sew+-ne$le4 ,= "s exp]im5ts a ne$le-magnet1 z we may call x1 is bett] ?an a l>ge magnet4 ,,app>atus #ec4 #gb4 ,b> ,magnet4 ,a h>ness-ne$le1 :i* is ?ick] & /rong] ?an a sew+-ne$le1 makes an excell5t b> magnet4 ,,app>atus #ed4 #gc4 ,b> ,magnet4 ,= long slim magnets use a knitt+-ne$le4 ,"s knitt+-p9s1 z !y are sometimes call$1 break (f %ort :5 b5t1 b mo/ ( !m w b5d consid]ably be=e break+4 ,^! slim magnets are excell5t = ! /udy ( ,consequ5t ,poles4 7,see text-book47 ,,app>atus #ee4 #gd4 ,flexible ,b> ,magnets4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to h flexible magnets s t !y may be b5t into diff]5t %apes4 ,^! may be made f wat* or clock spr+s1 z su* /eel1 call$ spr+ /eel1 w /raight5 out aga9 z soon z ! pressure is remov$ f x4 ,corset /eels1 dress /eels1 hack-saw blades1 etc41 make good ?9 flexible b> magnets4 ,,app>atus #ef4 #ge4 ,/rong ,b> ,magnets may be made f flat files4 ,! h&le end may be brok5 (f s t ! two ends ( ! file %all be ne>ly alike 9 size4 ,^! %\ld be magnetiz$ ^u an electro-magnet4 ,,app>atus #eg4 #gf4 ,comp\nd ,b> ,magnets are made by fir/ magnetiz+ sev]al ?9 pieces ( /eel1 & !n rivet+ !m toge!r s t _! l poles %all be toge!r1 & pull toge!r4 ,to make a small comp\nd b> magnet1 magnetize sev]al h>ness-ne$les1 or ev5 sew+-ne$les1 & !n b9d !m into a little bundle ) all ! ,n poles at ! same end4 ,melt$ p>aff9e dropp$ 9 betwe5 !m w hold !m toge!r4 ,rubb] b&s may be us$ also1 or1 if b "o end is to be exp]im5t$ )1 ! po9ts may be /uck into a cork1 & ! heads us$ to d ! lift+4 ,,app>atus #eh4 #gg4 ,small ,horse%oe ,magnets may be made f ne$les or f o!r pieces ( /eel us$ = b> magnets4 ,!y %\ld be anneal$ 7,app4 #ba7 at _! c5t]s at lea/1 s t y c b5d !m into ! desir$ %ape4 ,9 ! case ( bright ne$les1 l h>ness-ne$les1 ! "p anneal$ w become black5$4 ,if y heat ! c5t] only1 & ! ends rema9 bright = ab\t #a_/b in*1 y w n ne$ to h>d5 ! ne$le aga94 ,x is an advantage to h ! c5t] ( ! magnet a little s(t1 z x is n !n liable to break4 ,! ends alone may be h>d5$ by hold+ ! b5t portion away f ! c&le or gas flame1 :ile heat+ ! ends4 ,! b5t /eel %\ld be magnetiz$ by draw+ its ends across ! poles ( a horse%oe magnet4 ,,app>atus #ei4 #gh4 ,flexible ,horse%oe ,magnets may be made ( ?9 spr+ /eel4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! poles c be regulat$ at w by b5d+ ! /eel m or less4 ,! poles may be held at any desir$ di/ance ap>t by ?read or wire1 :i* %\ld be w\nd ar\nd ! legs ( ! magnet a little above ! poles4 ,?is w keep ! /eel f /raight5+ out4 ,,app>atus #fj4 #gi4 ,horse%oe ,magnet4 ,fig4 #cf & #cg4 ,magnetize two h>ness-ne$les1 & /ick !m into a cork s t ! poles %all be arrang$ z %[n4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! poles c be regulat$ to suit4 ,?is =ms a v simple & effici5t magnet1 ) ! advantages ( a real horse%oe magnet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,,app>atus #fa4 #hj4 ,armatures4 ,all home-made magnets %\ld be provid$ ) armatures1 or keep]s4 ,^! are made ( s(t iron on ! regul> magnets1 & t5d to keep ! magnet /rong4 7,see text-book47 ,= ! b> magnets describ$1 a piece ( %eet-t91 ^u :i* to lay !m1 is all t is ne$$ = an armature4 ,! l9es ( =ce w pass ?r\gh ?is4 ,= ! horse%oe magnets describ$1 /rips ( t91 s(t iron wires1 or ev5 a wire nail plac$ across ! poles w greatly aid 9 keep+ 9 ! /r5g?4 ,! little magnets %\ld n be dropp$ or j>r$4 7,/udy ! !ory ( magnetism 9 text-book47 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,magnetic ,,ne$les ,,& ,,compasses4 #ha4 ,magnetic ,ne$les & ,compasses consi/ *iefly ( a %ort b>-magnet4 ,:5 us$ to tell ! directions1 nor?1 ea/1 etc41 ! app>atus is g5]ally call$ a compass4 ,:5 we speak ( ! ne$le1 we really mean ! compass-ne$le4 ,! little magnet may be almo/ any piece ( magnetiz$ /eel1 provid$ x is arrang$ s t x c easily sw+ ar\nd4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( support+ ! compass-ne$le4 ,x may re/ ^u a pivot1 x may be hung f a f9e ?read1 or x may be float$ ^u wat] ) ! aid ( a cork1 etc4 #hb4 ,uses4 ,we all "k t compasses are us$ to po9t to ! nor? & s\?1 & we speak ( ! po9ts ( ! compass4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ! mo/ important use ( ! compass1 & x has be5 kn[n = c5turies4 ,9 ! laboratory x is us$ to %[ or detect ! pres5ce ( curr5ts ( electricity1 &1 9 connection ) coils ( wire1 x may %[ ! relative /r5g?s ( two curr5ts1 etc4 ,:5 us$ = su* purposes x g5]ally has special =ms & sizes4 7,see ,galvanomet]s & ,detectors47 ,,app>atus #fb4 #hc4 ,compass4 ,an oily sew+-ne$le w float ^u ! surface ( wat]1 :5 x is c>efully let d[n to ! wat]4 ,a little butt] may be rubb$ ^u ! previ\sly-magnetiz$ ne$le to make x float bett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,,app>atus #fc4 #hd4 ,compass4 ,fig4 #ch %[s a magnetiz$ sew+-ne$le float$ ^u a cork4 ,! ne$le may be p]man5tly fa/5$ to ! cork ) a few drops ( melt$ p>aff9e4 ,,app>atus #fd4 #he4 ,compass4 ,fig4 #ci4 ,) a %>p knife make a cut "p way ?r\gh a flat cork4 ,into ! cut pu% a %ort l5g? ( magnetiz$ wat*-spr+4 ,9 ! illu/ration ! spr+ is %[n p>tly remov$ f ! cut4 ,float ! cork4 ,,app>atus #fe4 #hf4 ,compass4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,/ick a p91 ,p1 into a pa/ebo>d1 cork1 or wood5 base1 ,b4 ,b5d a piece ( /iff pap] d\ble1 z %[n1 & !n /ick ?r\gh x1 on ea* side1 a magnetiz$ sew+-ne$le1 ,s ,n4 ,! nor? poles ( ! ne$les %\ld be at ! same end ( ! pap]4 ,:y8 ,balance ! pap] ^u ! p9-pivot1 & see x fly ar\nd to ! nor? & s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,,app>atus #ff4 #hg4 ,compass4 ,fig4 #da4 ,x is an advantage to h a magnetic ne$le t is always ready = use4 ,! support is made by driv+ a p9 ?r\gh ! top ( a wood5 pill-box1 :i* %\ld be ab\t #a-c_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,?is gives pl5ty ( room "u & ar\nd ! ne$le4 ,if ! p9 be left too long1 x w n be possible to put ! bottom & top ( ! box toge!r :5 y want to put ! compass away4 ,cut ! p9 (f 7,app4 #ce7 at ! "r l5g?1 s t ! magnetic ne$le c be safely put away 9 ! clos$ pill-box4 #hh4 ,! ,ne$le1 t is ! %ort b> magnet1 may be made ( wat*-spr+4 ,z ! spr+ is already q h>d & brittle1 x may be easily brok5 into desir$ l5g?s4 ,x is always bett] to make #c or #d ne$les at a "t1 z "s w sw+ m easily ?an o!rs1 & "t w be sav$ 9 mak+ !m4 ,break (f #c or #d pieces ( ?9 spr+1 ea* ab\t #a-a_/b 94 long4 ,b5d !m z 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,a good d5t1 n a hole1 %\ld be made at ! c5t] ( ea* to keep !m ^u ! support or p9-po9t4 ,a c5t] pun*1 n too %>p1 is ! be/ tool to use1 b a slight d5t may be made ) a %>p wire nail1 provid$ ! wat*-spr+ is fir/ anneal$ or s(t5$4 7,see ,app4 #ba47 ,d n place ! spr+ directly ^u iron or /eel :5 mak+ ! d5t1 z ^! might injure ! po9t ( ! pun*1 & ! d5t w\ld n be deep en\gh4 ,fig4 #db %[s a good way to make d5ts 9 /eel spr+s4 ,place #b or #c lay]s ( copp] or lead betwe5 ! anvil & ! spr+4 ,a hamm] or hat*et w d = ! anvil4 ,z ! copp] w give easily1 a good d5t may be made by /rik+ ! pun* or nail ) a hamm]4 ,if ! spr+ has be5 anneal$ be=e d5t+ x1 x %\ld be h>d5$ aga9 7,app4 #ba7 be=e magnetiz+ x1 s t x w reta9 magnetism well4 7,see ,residual ,magnetism 9 text-book47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 #hi4 ,balanc+4 ,aft] a d5t has be5 made1 place ! spr+ ^u its support s t ! p9-po9t %all be 9 ! d5t4 ,x w1 no d\bt1 ne$ balanc+4 ,if "o end is b slightly heavi] ?an ! o!r1 ! spr+ may be balanc$ by magnetiz+ x s t ! light] end %all become a nor? pole4 ,?is w !n t5d to dip & make ! ne$le sw+ horizontally4 ,if "o end is mu* heavi] ?an ! o!r1 x %\ld fir/ be magnetiz$ & !n balanc$ by cutt+ little pieces f ! heavi] end ) t9n]s' %e>s1 or by weight+ ! light] end ) ?read1 :i* may be w\nd ar\nd x4 ,! f9i%$ compass-ne$le %\ld sw+ v freely1 & %\ld f9ally come to re/ 9 an ,n & ,s l9e aft] vibrat+ back & =? sev]al times4 ,,app>atus #fg4 #ij4 ,glass-,cov]$ ,compass4 ,a p]spective view ( ?is app>atus is %[n 9 ! tang5t galvanomet]4 7,see ,index47 ,! outside b&1 ,e1 is made ( ?ick pap]1 #a 94 wide1 & ) su* a diamet] t x j fits ar\nd ! glass4 ,9 ?is model1 ! glass f an old al>m-clock 0 us$1 x be+ #d 94 9 diamet]4 ,f\r pa/ebo>d /rips 7 sew$ to ! inside ( ! pap] b& ,e4 ,!y 7 made #g_/h 94 long1 s t ! glass1 :5 re/+ ^u !m1 w\ld be ne> ! top ( ,e4 ,! ne$le %\ld be n ov] #a 94 long1 if x is to be us$ 9 ! galvanomet]4 ,a long sl5d] pap] po9t] %\ld be /uck to ! top ( ! ne$le4 ,be c>eful to h ! comb9$ ne$le & po9t] well balanc$1 s t x w sw+ freely4 ,a circle graduat$ into #e-;degree spaces %\ld be fa/5$ "u ! ne$le4 #ia4 ,a/atic ,ne$les4 ,9 ! magnetic ne$les s f> describ$1 ! po9t+-p[] has be5 q /rong4 ,by po9t+-p[] we mean ! t5d5cy to sw+ ar\nd to ! ,n & ,s4 ,9 ,app4 #fe ! #b ne$le magnets _h consid]able po9t+-p[]1 because !y help$ ea* o!r4 ,= "s exp]im5ts 9 electricity a magnetic ne$le is requir$ :i* has b little po9t+-p[]2 9 fact1 to detect ! pres5ce ( v feeble curr5ts by means ( ! ne$le1 ! less ! po9t+-p[] ! bett]4 ,c y ?9k ( any way to arrange ,app4 #fe s t x %all h v little po9t+-p[]8 ,,app>atus #fh4 #ib4 ,a/atic ,ne$le4 ,fig4 #dc4 ,turn "o ( ! ne$le magnets ( ,app4 #fe end = end1 s t ! ,n pole ( "o %all be at ! same end ( ! pap] z ! ,s pole ( ! o!r4 ,y c see t by ?is arrangem5t "o ne$le pulls aga9/ ! o!r4 ,! magnetic field /ill rema9s ab\t ! little magnets1 o!rwise ?is comb9ation w\ld be ( no value 9 ! con/ruction ( galvanomet]s4 ,! m ne>ly equal ! magnets are 9 /r5g?1 ! less ! po9t+-p[] ( ! comb9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,,app>atus #fi4 #ic4 ,a/atic ,ne$le4 ,fig4 #dd4 ,magnetize two sew+-ne$les z equally z possible1 by rubb+ !m ov] ! pole ( a magnet an equal numb] ( times4 ,remove ! cov]+ f a piece ( f9e copp] wire1 say ,no4 #cj1 & use ! b>e wire to w9d ab\t ! ne$les1 z %[n4 ,be sure to place ! poles ( ! little magnets z 9 ! ,fig4 ,?is comb9ation may be support$ by a f9e ?read4 ,x is us$ = ,a/atic ,detectors4 7,see ,index47 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,yokes ,,& ,,armatures4 #id4 ,yokes are us$ to fa/5 two /raight electro-magnets toge!r to =m a horse%oe electro-magnet4 ,! reasons = us+ !m %\ld be und]/ood4 ,s(t iron %\ld be us$ = yokes & armatures1 z ?is is ! be/ conductor ( l9es ( magnetic =ce4 ,%eet-t9 is made ( ?9 iron1 :i* is coat$ ) t94 7,try a magnet ^u a t9 c47 ,?is s(t iron is v easily h&l$1 b5t1 & pun*$1 & is v useful = _m purposes4 ,! t9 f old tomato cans1 crack] boxes1 etc41 is j z good z any4 ,! me?od ( mak+ y\r yokes w dep5d entirely ^u ! tools at y\r comm&4 ,sev]al ways are giv54 ,y1 ,fig4 #dg1 %[s ! position ( ! yoke4 ,,app>atus #gj4 #ie4 ,yoke4 ,= ! exp]im5tal magnets 7,app4 #hi7 a fairly l>ge yoke is requir$ 9 ord] to h ! magnets f> en\gh ap>t4 ,if y h only a nail pun* 7,app4 #bf7 ) :i* to make holes 9 t91 y w be oblig$ to pun* b "o ?ickness at a "t4 7,see me?od ( pun*+ %eet-metal1 ,app4 #bf47 ,cut #e or #f pieces ( ! t91 #c-a_/d x #a 94 ,) a c5t] pun* 7tools7 or %>p-po9t$ nail make small d5ts 7#b 94 ap>t7 9 ea* piece to m>k ! places :]e ! holes are to be pun*$4 ,pun* #e_/af 94 holes 9 ea* piece4 ,if y d ?is c>efully1 ! holes 9 ! diff]5t pieces w mat*1 & ! bolts c be pu%$ or screw$ into ^!4 ,:5 screw+ 9 ! bolt magnets turn !m by _! heads2 d n p9* ! coils1 z ?is loos5s ! wire4 ,if y h a good pun*1 x is bett] to make ! yoke z 9 ,app4 #bg1 in/ead ( us+ sep>ate pieces ( t94 ,,app>atus #ga4 #if4 ,yoke4 ,fig4 #de & #df4 ,cut a /rip ( t9 #f 94 long by #c-a_/d 94 wide4 ,b5d "o end ( x s t x w lap ov] #c_/d 94 7,fig4 #df72 hamm] x d[n g5tly1 !n b5d ?is ov] & ov] until ! :ole t9 is us$4 ,! f9al result w be a flat roll1 #c-a_/d by ab\t #a 94 ,?is %\ld be hamm]$ flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,if y h ! tools x is easy to drill two #e_/af holes 9 ?is /rip4 ,!y %\ld be #b 94 ap>t2 t is1 #b 94 f ! c5t] ( "o to t ( ! o!r4 ,/>t ! holes ) a c5t] pun*4 #ig4 ,if y h no way ( drill+ ! holes1 !y mu/ be pun*$4 7,see ,app4 #bg47 ,?is w make ! /rip bulge out on ! und]side ar\nd ! holes4 ,?is bur1 or mo/ ( x1 %\ld be fil$ (f4 7,see ,app4 #gi = me?od ( fil+ ?9 pieces ( metal47 ,! result+ yoke may be held firmly to ! magnets by ! use ( #b extra nuts1 z 9 ,fig4 #fg4 ,rememb] t ! magnets mu/ be held firmly 9 ! yoke4 ,,app>atus #gb4 #ih4 ,yoke4 ,! be/ way ( mak+ ?is1 ( c\rse1 is to cut a piece ( b>-iron ! "r size4 ,= #e_/af bolts ! /rip ( wr\ght iron %\ld be ab\t #c_/d 94 wide & #c_/af or #a_/d 94 ?ick4 ,any blacksmi? c make ?is & pun* or drill ! holes4 ,if taps & dies 7tools7 are at h&1 ! hole may be drill$ & tapp$ to fit ! ?read on ! bolt4 ,x is v easy to make good look+ app>atus if y h1 & c use1 a :ole ma*9e %op full ( tools4 ,! l5g?s ( yokes w dep5d ^u ! special uses to be made ( !m4 ,,app>atus #gc4 #ii4 ,yoke4 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! yoke1 ,y1 is a "p ( a c>riage4 ,?is c be b\ght at a blacksmi?'s4 ,! holes are already 91 b x may require "s fil+ be=e ! nuts ( ! bolt magnets w fit d[n firmly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,,app>atus #gd4 #ajj4 ,t9 ,armatures may be made by b5d+ toge!r #e or #f ?icknesses ( t94 ,diff]5t =ms ( t9 armatures are %[n "u telegraph s\nd]s2 ^! %\ld h a hole pun*$ at ! c5t]2 ?r\gh ?is is put a screw4 ,! l5g? ( ! armature w dep5d ^u ! di/ance ! magnets are plac$ ap>t2 !y %\ld be ab\t #c_/d 94 wide4 ,,app>atus #ge4 #aja4 ,nail ,armatures4 ,fig4 #dh4 ,a nail1 ,n1 plac$ ?r\gh a piece ( wood1 ,a1 w s]ve z a v simple armature4 ,to make x a little heavi]1 if necess>y1 a piece ( anneal$ iron wire1 ,w1 may be w\nd ar\nd ,n4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ! two p>ts fairly alike 9 size & weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,,app>atus #gf4 #ajb4 ,wire ,armatures4 ,fig4 #di4 ,anneal$ iron wires make good armatures4 ,! %ort l5g?s ( wire %\ld be /raight5$ 7,see ,app4 #bh7 be=e b9d+ !m into a bundle4 ,!y may be held toge!r ) ?read or p>aff9e1 until !y are 9 place1 z1 = example1 9 a wood5 piece1 ,a1 ,fig4 #di4 ,! bundle ( wires %\ld fit snugly into ! hole made ?r\gh ,a1 & ! wires %\ld be b\nd toge!r at ea* end ) wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,,app>atus #gg4 #ajc4 ,trembl+ ,armature4 ,fig4 #ej4 ,armatures to be us$ ^u electric bells1 automatic curr5t int]rupt]s1 buzz]s1 etc41 may be call$ trembl+ armatures4 ,!y may be made entirely ( %eet-t94 ,! "p1 ,f1 :i* gives x ! spr+1 %\ld be ab\t #e_/h 94 wide4 ,its l5g? w dep5d ^u ! p>ticul> app>atus to be made4 ,x is made ( #b ?icknesses ( ?9 t94 ,see ,fig4 #ej = dim5sions4 ,! "p ,n projects beyond ,l4 ,?is may be us$ to tap aga9/ a regulat+ screw1 or to fa/5 a hamm] on = an electric bell4 ,! "p1 ,l1 %\ld h ab\t #d lay]s ( t9 on ea* side ( ,f1 & x %\ld p9* ,f tightly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,,app>atus #gh4 #ajd4 ,trembl+ ,armature4 ,fig4 #ea4 ,:5 v rapid motions are desir$ 9 a trembl+ armature1 ,app4 #gg w be a little heavy4 ,a light & quick-act+ armature c be made ( %eet-t94 ,! exact dim5sions w dep5d ^u ! use to be made ( x1 b y w f9d ! foll[+ a guide4 ,cut ! "p1 ,b1 ,e1 out ( ?9 t94 ,! cov]s & bottoms ( t9 cans are ?9n] ?an _! bodies4 ,! n>r[ "p1 ,b1 %\ld be ab\t #a_/d 94 wide & #b 94 long = a small app>atus1 :ile ,e may be #c_/d 94 squ>e4 ,?r\gh ,e is a screw1 :i* holds x firmly to a wood5 piece1 ,d1 ab\t #c_/d 94 squ>e4 ,! "p1 ,e1 c be made long] ?an its wid?1 s t two screws c be us$2 ?is w keep ,a f j>r+ up or d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,,app>atus #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 #aje4 ,to ,file ,?9 ,metal ,/rips4 ,fig4 #eb4 ,:5 %eet-metal is pun*$ by ! me?ods usually employ$ by boys1 a bulge or bur is made on ! und]side ar\nd ! hole4 ,if ?is bur be hamm]$ to flatt5 x1 ! hole is di/ort$ & made small]4 ,x is bett] to file ! bur d[n1 at lea/ "p way4 ,x is n conv5i5t to file a piece ( ?9 metal :5 x is held 9 a vise4 ,x is bett] to use ei!r a metal or a wood5 clamp1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb2 !n ! fil+ c be quickly & easily done4 ,y is ! yoke to be fil$4 ,x is well to place a piece ( metal1 ,i1 betwe5 ! table & ! end ( ! screw4 ,,app>atus #hj4 #ajf4 ,clamp4 ,fig4 #ec4 ,if y h no clamp to hold metal /rips :ile fil+ !m1 y c put a screw1 ,s1 ?r\gh "o hole to hold ! /rip d[n fairly tight4 ,drive a nail1 ,n1 beh9d ! /rip4 ,?is w keep x f turn+ :ile y file ! free end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 99 99 99 99 99 ,electro-,magnetic ,armatures4 ,a description ( ?is =m ( armature is giv5 9 ! *apt] on electric motors4 7,see ,index47 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,electro-,,magnets4 #ajg4 ,electro-,magnets are absolutely necess>y 9 ! con/ruction ( mo/ pieces ( electrical app>atus4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( mak+ !m at home4 ,to quickly make a good-look+ "o1 a w9d] 7,app4 #ic7 is requir$4 ,we %all divide our electro-magnets into f\r p>ts3 ,core1 wa%]s1 insulation1 & coil4 ,( c\rse1 y "k t :5 a curr5t ( electricity passes ?r\gh a wire1 a magnetic field is produc$ ar\nd ! wire4 ,a coil ( wire1 or helix1 has a /rong] field ?an a /raight wire c>ry+ ! same curr5t1 because ea* turn or convolution adds its field to t ( ! o!r turns4 ,by hav+ ! c5t] ( ! helix made ( iron1 in/ead ( air1 wood1 or o!r non-magnetic bodies1 ! /r5g? ( ! magnet is greatly increas$4 ,?is c5tral core may be fix$ p]man5tly 9 ! coil1 or be removable4 ,= our purposes fix$ cores are j z good z movable ones1 & ! coils are easily w\nd ^u !m4 ,:5 wire is w\nd by h& f a spool into a coil1 or ar\nd a core1 x soon becomes twi/$ & tangl$4 ,make a w9d]4 ,?is w keep ! wire /raight & save mu* "t4 ,,app>atus #ha4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 #ajh4 ,electro-,magnet4 ,fig4 #ed4 ,drive a nail into a bo>d s t x w project ab\t #c_/d ( an in*4 ,a s(t1 or wr\ght-iron1 nail is be/1 b a %ort1 ?ick wire-nail w d4 ,if y d n h a ?ick nail1 use an iron screw4 ,w9d #c or #d lay]s ( insulat$ copp] wire ar\nd x1 & fa/5 ! b>e ends ( ! wire d[n ) b5t p9s4 ,numb] #bd wire w be f\nd a good size = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,t\* ! wires lead+ f ! batt]y to ! ends ( ! coil1 & see if ! nail w lift pieces ( iron4 #aji4 ,note4 ,always leave at lea/ #f 94 ( wire at ! ends ( all coils & w9d+s4 ,?is is ne$$ = connections & repairs1 z ! wire is liable to get brok5 at any "t ar\nd ! b9d+-po/s4 #aaj4 ,note4 ,aft] y h w\nd wire ^u a core or spool1 keep x f untwi/+ by tak+ a loop or hit* ar\nd x ) ! wire4 ,fig4 #ee %[s h[ ?is is done4 ,pull ! end ( ! wire en\gh to make ! loop /ay 9 place4 ,,app>atus #hb4 #aaa4 ,electro-,magnet4 ,fig4 #ef4 ,cut anneal$ iron wire into pieces1 #c in*es long1 /raight5 !m 7,app4 #bh71 & tie !m ) ?read into a bundle ab\t #e_/af 94 9 diamet]4 ,melt$ p>aff9e run 9 betwe5 ! wires w hold !m 9 toge!r1 b /\t ?read w d4 ,w9d #c or #e lay]s ( ,no4 #bd insulat$ copp] wire ^u ! s(t iron core4 ,?is is useful = simple exp]im5ts1 & ?is idea may be appli$ to magnets to be us$ 9 pieces ( app>atus4 ,hold ! bundle ( wires 9 a vise1 & file ! ends smoo?1 be=e w9d+ on ! wire4 ,p>aff9e %\ld be us$ to hold ! turns ( insulat$ wire toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,,app>atus #hc4 #aab4 ,electro-,magnet4 ,fig4 #eg4 ,an electro-magnet ) a removable core may be made by w9d+ ! wire on a spool4 ,! core is made1 z 9 ,app4 #hb1 ( s(t iron wires1 b\nd toge!r ) /\t ?read4 ,a bolt may be us$ in/ead ( ! wire1 b ! wire loses its magnetism mu* quick] ?an a s(t /eel bolt w\ld4 7,/udy residual magnetism47 ,?is magnet is /rong en\gh = _m purposes1 b ! wire is too f> f ! core1 on acc\nt ( ! ?ickness ( ! wood1 to make x effici5t4 ,! wire may be w\nd on by h&1 b a w9d] 7,app4 #ic7 w d mu* bett] & quick] "w4 ,,app>atus #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 #aac4 ,horse%oe ,electro-,magnet4 ,fig4 #eh4 ,b5d s(t iron wires1 & make a bundle ( !m4 ,if y wi% to w9d ! wire ar\nd spools1 ! bundle _c be v l>ge4 ,x w be f\nd be/ to make ! bundle ab\t #c_/h 94 9 diamet]1 & n to use ! spools4 ,/rong pap] %\ld be wrapp$ once or twice ar\nd ! legs ( ! horse%oe1 & ! insulat$ wire1 say #d lay]s1 c !n be w\nd directly ^u ?is4 7,see ,sec4 #aae = me?od ( mak+ connection betwe5 ! coils47 ,x is a little tr\blesome to w9d wire ^u a horse%oe l ?is1 & = ,app4 #he4 ,spools are h&i]1 because ea* c be w\nd sep>ately1 & !n be slipp$ 9 place4 ,! ends ( ! horse%oe %\ld be fil$ smoo?4 ,,app>atus #he4 #aad4 ,electro-,magnet4 ,fig4 #ei4 ,an ord9>y iron /aple is useful z ! core ( a small magnet4 ,"o l ?is is %[n also 9 ,fig4 #id1 us$ z a telegraph s\nd]4 ,x takes "s "t to w9d #d lay]s ( wire on to ea* leg ( ! /aple1 s be sure to see ,sec4 #aae ab\t ! me?od ( w9d+4 ,9 ,fig4 #ei ! half-hit*es 7,sec4 #aaj7 are n %[n4 ,coat ! f9i%$ coils ) p>aff9e4 #aae4 ,me?od ( ,jo9+ ,coils4 ,fig4 #fj4 ,if ,a & ,b repres5t ! two cores ( a horse%oe electro-magnet1 ! coils mu/ be jo9$ 9 su* a mann] t ! curr5t w pass ar\nd !m 9 opposite directions1 9 ord] to make !m unlike poles4 ,! curr5t is suppos$ to pass ar\nd ,b1 ,fig4 #fj1 9 ! direction tak5 by clock h&s1 :ile x passes ar\nd ,a 9 an anti-clockwise direction4 ,! inside ends1 ,sec4 #abc1 ( ! coils may be twi/$ toge!r1 or fa/5$ "u a screw-head4 ,9 ,fig4 #fj "o coil is %[n to be a cont9uation ( ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,,app>atus #hf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 #aaf4 ,electro-,magnet4 ,fig4 #fa4 ,w9d #f lay]s ( ,no4 #bd or #be insulat$ copp] wire ar\nd a #e_/af ma*9e-bolt t is #b-a_/b 94 long4 ,fig4 #fa %[s "o me?od ( hold+ ! bolt solidly 9 an upright position1 s t magnetic figures c be easily made & ! magnet /udi$4 ,two nuts are us$1 ! l[] "o be+ c\nt]-sunk1 s t ! base w /& flat ^u ! table4 ,?is bolt is %[n )\t wa%]s 7,sec4 #aai71 & w d fairly well to %[ ! action ( electro-magnets4 ,! ends ( ! wire %\ld always be left #e or #f 94 long1 & be l$ out to b9d+-po/s4 ,! coil may be held 9 place1 & its turns kept f untwi/+ by coat+ x ) p>aff9e4 ,! base may be ( any desir$ size4 ,,app>atus #hg4 #aag4 ,electro-,magnet ,core4 ,fig4 #fb4 ,?is %[s ano!r me?od ( fa/5+ a bolt-core 9 an upright position4 ,?is is done )\t ! use ( two nuts4 ,a /rip ( t91 ,t1 #a 94 wide1 is pun*$ & slipp$ onto ! #e_/af bolt be=e ! nut is screw$ on & ! coil w\nd4 ,?is is fa/5$ to ! base by screws1 ,s4 ,wa%]s1 ,w1 are "h %[n4 7,see ,sec4 #aai = wa%]s47 ,,app>atus #hh4 #aah4 ,bolt ,electro-,magnets are easy to make1 accord+ to ! directions giv51 & !y are1 :5 f9i%$1 m l ! regul> pur*as$ magnets ?an any ( ! o!r =ms describ$4 ,) prop] batt]ies 7,app4 #c1 #d1 etc417 !y c be us$ = a great v>iety ( purposes1 z w be se54 ,!re are _m =ms ( bolts 9 ! m>ket1 b ! ord9>y ma*9e bolt1 #e_/af 94 9 diamet]1 is be/ = our purposes4 ,! ones #b & #b-a_/b 94 long are us$4 #aai4 ,wa%]s or coil ends are us$ on ! bolt magnets s t consid]able wire c be w\nd on closely & ev5ly4 ,^! are made out ( ?ick pa/ebo>d1 :i* cuts smoo!r if x has be5 soak$ 9 melt$ p>aff9e4 ,unless y "k h[1 y w f9d x a h>d job to make ! hole 9 ! exact c5t] ( ! wa%]4 ,! me?od ( easily mak+ wa%]s is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,fir/ place a spool 7! end ( :i* is #g_/h or #a 94 9 diamet]7 ^u ! table1 & lay ! pa/ebo>d ^u ?is4 ,pu% a l>ge r\nd nail ?r\gh ! pa/ebo>d into ! hole 9 ! spool4 ,! nail %\ld be ne>ly z l>ge z ! hole4 ,use ! l>ge nail z a h&le1 & ) ! %e>s cut ar\nd ! edge ( ! spool end4 ,cut ! wa%] z r\nd z possible1 & be c>eful n to cut into ! spool4 ,! holes 9 ! wa%]s w be a little small] ?an ! #e_/af bolt4 ,?is w make ! wa%]s hold tightly to ! bolt :5 y =ce !m on4 ,fig4 #fd %[s ! bolt-core1 ) ! wa%]s 9 place4 ,if y _c get a l>ge nail1 a lead-p5cil1 or %>p5$ d[el1 w d to =ce ?r\gh ! pa/ebo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 #abj4 ,insulation ( ,cores4 ,:ile ! cov]+ on ! wire w\ld probably be all t is necess>y to ?or\ghly insulate ! coil f ! core1 x is bett] to w9d a lay] or two ( p>aff9e pap] ar\nd ! bolt 7,fig4 #fe7 be=e w9d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe-a_/b4 #aba4 ,! ,coils ( wire to be us$ ^u ! bolt-cores %\ld be put on ) ! w9d] 7,app4 #ic74 ,= all ord9>y purposes ,no4 #bd or #be s+le or d\ble cotton cov]$ copp] wire w d4 ,x is bett] to put on an ev5 numb] ( lay]s4 ,! w9d+ 7,see ,fig4 #gj7 beg9s at ! nut-end ( ! bolt1 & by us+ #f or #h lay]s ( wire1 in/ead ( #e or #g1 bo? coil ends w be at ! same end ( ! bolt4 #abb4 ,me?od ( ,w9d+ ! ,coils4 ,! w9d]s us$ = bolt magnets are describ$ 9 ,app4 #ia1 etc4 ,we %all suppose t ! wa%]1 ,w1 ,fig4 #gj1 & ! insulation1 ,i1 are ^u ! bolt be=e screw+ x into ! w9d]-nut1 ,w ,n4 ,make a p9hole1 ,p ,h1 9 ! "r-h& wa%]1 z ne> ! bolt-nut1 ,b ,n1 z possible4 ,/ick ab\t #f 94 ( ! wire ?r\gh ,p ,h1 & w9d ?is end ar\nd ,w ,n1 z %[n1 to hold ! wire4 ,! supply ( wire %\ld be ^u a spool slipp$ onto "s /ation>y rod 7,app4 #bc71 s t y c give y\r entire att5tion to w9d+4 ,beg9 to turn ! w9d] sl[ly at fir/4 ,turn ! h&le t[>ds y :5 x is at ! bottom1 z 9 ,fig4 #gj2 t is1 if y look at x f ! side1 turn ! h&le clockwise4 ,let ! wire slip ?r\gh y\r left h& z ! turns are made1 & guide x s t ! turns w be close toge!r4 ,if !y g on crook$1 unw9d at once1 !n rew9d prop]ly4 ,y c guide ! wire be/ by hold+ y\r left h& ab\t #h or #aj in*es f ! bolt4 ,z soon z y rea* ! left side or head end ( ! bolt1 fe$ ! wire t[>ds ! "r4 ,if at any "t ! lay]s become r\gh on acc\nt ( "o turn slipp+ d[n betwe5 turns ( ! previ\s lay]1 fa/5 a piece ( p>aff9e pap] ar\nd ! coil z soon z ! imp]fect lay] is complet$4 ,w9d on #h lay]s1 & c\nt ! numb] ( turns 9 "o or two ( !m1 s t y c tell ab\t h[ _m turns 9 all y h ar\nd ! core4 ,make a half-hit* 7see ,sec4 #aaj7 ) ! wire :5 ! la/ lay] is f9i%$1 to keep x f unw9d+1 & leave a #f 94 end4 ,! coil %\ld be protect$ by fa/5+ ar\nd x a piece ( d>k-color$ /iff pap]4 ,p>aff9e pap] is good = ?is purpose4 ,) a little practice y w be able to rapidly & neatly w9d on ! wire4 ,! w9d]-nut1 ,w ,n1 mu/ hold ! bolt solidly to keep x f wobbl+4 #abc4 ,we %all call ! />t+ end ( ! wire :i* passes ?r\gh ,p ,h1 ! inside end1 & ! end ( ! la/ lay] ! outside end4 ,?is c pass out betwe5 ! wa%] & ! pap] cov]+4 ,,app>atus #hi4 #abd4 ,exp]im5tal ,horse%oe ,electro-,magnet4 ,fig4 #ff4 ,among ! mo/ useful pieces ( app>atus = home use1 is a good horse%oe electro-magnet4 ,fig4 #ff %[s a v conv5i5t & practical =m4 ,) ?is1 alone1 c be %[n all ! pr9ciples ( telegraph s\nd]s1 electric bells1 etc4 ,!y are excell5t = mak+ magnetic figures 7,see text-book74 ,y are suppos$ to be look+ d[n on ! ,app4 9 ,fig4 #ff4 ,! bolts are #b 94 ap>t c5t] to c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,! bolt magnets are fully describ$ 9 ,app4 #hh2 ! b9d+-po/s1 z ,app4 #df2 ! yoke1 z ,app4 #ga2 ! me?od ( fa/5+ to ! base1 z ,app4 #ij2 ! base is #e x #d x #g_/h 942 ! magnets are made ( #e_/af bolts1 #b-a_/b 94 long4 #abe4 ,to ,jo9 ! ,coils1 fa/5 ! two inside ends 7,sec4#abc7 ( ! wire to a middle b9d+-po/1 & c>ry ! outside ends to ! two outside b9d+-po/s4 ,9 ?is way y c use ei!r magnet alone1 if desir$ 7,see exp]im5ts 9 text-book71 or *ange ! pol>ity at w by *ang+ ! connections4 7,see ,sec4 #aae & #abc47 ,,app>atus #ij4 #abf4 ,fa/5+s = ,electro-,magnet4 ,fig4 #fg4 ,:5 bo? electro-magnets are to be p]man5tly fa/5$ to a base1 especially if t9 yokes are to be us$1 z 9 ,app4 #hi1 x is be/ to use a nut on ea* side ( ! yoke4 ,x is important to h a p]fectly tight connection betwe5 bolt & yoke4 ,sev]al ways ( fa/5+ ! bolts & yokes are %[n2 b x w be f\nd be/ to cut holes 9 ! base = ! l[] nuts1 & to screw ! yoke directly to ! base4 ,?is makes a solid & pleas+ arrangem5t4 ,= ! exp]im5tal magnets 7,app4 #hi7 make ! yoke #c-a_/d 94 long1 & place ! magnets #b 94 ap>t c5t] to c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,wire ,,w9d+ ,,app>atus4 ,,app>atus #ia4 #abg4 ,w9d]4 ,fig4 #fh4 ,9 case y d n h any means ( mak+ a smoo? hole = ! be>+s ( ! w9d]s ( ,app4 #ic & #id1 y c use a spool = ! purpose4 ,b is ! end ( a piece ( bo>d ab\t #a 94 ?ick1 #c 94 wide1 & #f 94 long4 ,! spool1 ,a1 is laid ^u ?is1 a b& ( t91 ,t1 be+ us$ to hold x d[n firmly ^u ! end ( ,b4 ,screws1 ,s1 hold ,t d[n4 ,a /ove-bolt axle 7,see ,app4 #ic7 is %[n1 & by us+ a nut1 z expla9$1 bolt magnets may be w\nd4 ,by us+ ! h&le ( ,app4 #ib1 ?is arrangem5t c be us$ to w9d almo/ any?+1 :5 us$ toge!r ) ! atta*m5t ( ,app4 #ie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,,app>atus #ib4 #abh4 ,crank = ,w9d]s1 etc4 ,fig4 #fi4 ,?is =m ( crank or h&le w be f\nd easi] to make ?an ! "o 9 :i* a wire is exp&$ 9 ! slot ( a /ove bolt1 & x c be us$ = _m purposes1 especially :]e d[els s]ve z axles4 ,wrap a little pap] ar\nd ! end ( ! #a_/d 94 d[el1 ,d1 & pu% x "p way into ! spool1 ,a1 !n put 9 a set-screw1 ,s1 to keep ,a f twi/+ ^u ,d4 ,! /raight end ( ! wire1 ,h1 %\ld be put into a hole1 ,b1 & ano!r set-screw us$ to fa/5 x into ! spool4 ,,app>atus #ic4 #abi4 ,w9d]4 ,fig4 #gj4 ,= w9d+ bolt magnets1 ?is =m ( w9d] is v useful4 ,x consi/s ( a /ove bolt1 ,s ,b1 #b 94 long 7total l5g?7 & #e_/af 94 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 #acj4 ,h&le or ,crank1 ,h1 is made ( a /\t wire1 #d 94 long1 b5t at ! l[] end z %[n4 ,h is fa/5$ into ! slot ( ,s ,b4 ,to d ?is ! end ( ,h is hamm]$ flat until x w j slip into ! slot4 ,x may be sold]$ !re1 or be made to fit by exp&+ x s t x w press out aga9/ ! sides ( ! slot4 ,to d ?is1 place ,s ,b into a hole 9 an anvil1 or hold x 9 a vise1 be+ c>eful n to injure ! ?read4 ,place ! flatt5$ end ( ,h 9 ! slot1 & /rike x on top s t x w exp& & be p9*$ 9 ! slot2 b d n p\nd x s h>d t y split ! bolt head4 ,?ree or f\r good c5t]-pun* d5ts ^u ! wire ov] ! slot w help to exp& x4 #aca4 ,! ,framework is made ( wood1 ! dim5sions be+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj4 ,a #e_/af hole %\ld be made = ,s ,b1 ! ?read ( :i* w /ick ?r\gh ab\t #a_/d 94 s t ! w9d]-nut1 ,w ,n1 c be turn$ onto x4 ,w ,n %\ld be on b #b or #c ?reads ( ,s ,b4 ,?is w leave "p ( x = ! ?read ( ! bolt magnet1 & :5 ?is & ,s ,b meet 9 c5t] ( ,w ,n !y w b9d aga9/ ea* o!r & hold ! bolt tight4 ,! w9d] c be nail$ or screw$ at ,s to ! edge ( a table or held 9 a vise4 ,,app>atus #id4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 #acb4 ,w9d]4 ,fig4 #ga4 ,?is %[s a w9d] t c be us$ = sev]al purposes by arrang+ diff]5t atta*m5ts4 ,x w be fir/ describ$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga1 :]e x is be+ us$ to w9d a bolt magnet4 ,! pr9cipal dim5sions are %[n 9 ! figure4 ,x is made ( #c_/d 94 wood ab\t #c 94 wide1 ! two out] p>ts ,x & ,z be+ nail$ to ! c5t] "o1 ,y1 :i* is to be held 9 a vise1 or fa/5$ to ! edge ( a table4 ,a #e_/af 94 hole %\ld be made ?r\gh ! upp] "p ,x & ,z at "o side ( ! c5t]1 s t a long #e_/af bolt c be put ?r\gh & us$ z describ$ 9 ,app4 #ic1 if desir$4 ,a small] hole1 #a_/d 941 %\ld be made on ! o!r side ( ! c5t] = a #a_/d 94 d[el4 ,! d[el1 ,d1 is %[n1 & ?is size is a little small] ?an ! hole 9 ord9>y spools1 %[n at ,a & ,b4 ,"o-qu>t] 94 d[els c be made to fit fairly tight into ! holes by wrapp+ pap] ar\nd !m4 ,five-sixte5? bolts c be screw$ into ! spool holes1 %[n by ! bolt magnet 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,to firmly hold a spool f twi/+ ar\nd ^u ! d[el-axle1 a set-screw1 ,s ,s1 is ne$$4 ,^! are small screws1 say #e_/h 94 long1 ,no4 #e4 ,a small hole %\ld be made into ! spool be=e =c+ 9 ! screw4 7,app4 #be47 ,! spools ,a & ,b are fa/5$ 9 ?is way1 by set-screws1 to ,d4 ,! h&le1 ,h1 is made z 9 ,app4 #ic1 9 ?is case a %ort /ove bolt1 ,s ,b1 be+ us$ & screw$ into ,b4 ,fig4 #fi %[s a v simple =m ( h&le = all su* purposes1 :i* may be us$ in/ead ( ! "o "h %[n4 ,! details ( w9d+ on ! wire are giv5 "u ,app4 #hh4 ,,app>atus #ie4 #acc4 ,atta*m5t = ,w9d]4 ,fig4 #gb4 ,by us+ ?is addition to ,app4 #ic or #id1 almo/ any ord9>y k9d ( w9d+s c be made4 ,! wood5 block1 ,a1 may be ab\t #b 94 squ>e & #g_/h 94 ?ick4 ,a set-screw1 ,s1 b9ds x to ! d[el-axle1 ,d1 :i* is made to turn by "o ( ! =ms ( cranks giv51 & :i* is held 9 "o ( ! frameworks4 ,w9d+s l t %[n 9 ,app4 #aab1 ,fig4 #he1 c easily be done ) ?is1 ! upright "p1 ) ! two spools1 be+ screw$ "r to ,a ( ,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,induction ,,coils ,,& ,,_! ,,atta*m5ts4 #acd4 ,induction ,coils1 or %ock+ coils1 are r exp5sive to buy1 & altoge!r too complicat$ = boys to make by ! me?ods usually giv5 9 books4 ,! me?od "h giv5 is simple1 ! mat]ials are *eap1 & if y make !m accord+ to directions1 y w h an app>atus t w1 be able to make y\r fri5ds dance to a r lively tune4 ,! am\nt ( %ock c be regulat$ p]fectly 7,app4 #ajc74 ,w9d+4 ,full in/ructions h be5 giv5 = mak+ bolt magnets 7,app4 #hh74 ,! w9d+ ( our induction coils is done 9 ! same way by ! same w9d] z ! bolt magnets 7,app4 #ic71 or by h&4 ,y w f9d x a v tiresome & tr\blesome job1 h[ev]1 to w9d on #ab or #ae hundr$ turns ( f9e wire by h&4 ,make a w9d]4 ,sev]al diff]5t =ms ( induction coils are %[n4 ,! coil is ! mo/ important feature1 h[ev]1 & we %all consid] t sep>ately4 ,:5 y und]/& ! con/ruction ( "o coil1 y c readily apply ?is to ! diff]5t =ms4 ,"s =m ( contact break]1 or curr5t int]rupt]1 is ne$$ also4 ,^! w be treat$ by !mselves4 ,! connections w be discuss$ "u ea* =m ( app>atus4 ,,app>atus #if4 #ace4 ,induction ,coil2 ,con/ruction ( ,coil ,prop]4 ,figs4 #gc1 #gd4 ,an induction coil is a peculi> & wond]ful app>atus4 ,!re are at lea/ two coils to ea* "o4 ,^! are bo? w\nd ^u ! same core4 ,!y are made ( diff]5t sizes ( wire1 are w\nd sep>ately1 & ! /range/ ?+ ( all is1 t ^! two coils are n connect$ ) ea* o!r 9 any way4 ,if !y 7 n ?or\ghly insulat$ f ea* o!r1 ! coil w\ld be ( no value4 7,/udy induction47 ,! w9d+ ( ! two coils is done z expla9$ 9 ,app4 #hh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 #acf4 ,! ,core is made ( a #e_/af ma*9e bolt1 #b-a_/b 94 long4 ,leave b #b or #c ?reads at ! end1 j en\gh to fa/5 x solidly to ! w9d] 7,app4 #ic74 ,! wa%]s %\ld be ab\t #a-e_/h 94 ap>t inside1 & !y %\ld be made ar\nd a spool 7,sec4 #aai7 t is fully #a 94 9 diamet]4 #acg4 ,! ,inside or ,prim>y ,coil c\ld be w\nd directly ^u ! bolt2 b x is mu* bett] to cov] ! bolt ) "o or two ?icknesses ( p>aff9$ pap]1 ,i 7,index71 z %[n4 ,a p9hole1 ,h1 9 ! wa%] is = ! inside end 7see ,sec4 #abc7 ( ! prim>y coil1 & ! hole1 ,j1 is = ! outside end ( x4 ,! prim>y coil %\ld be made ( #c lay]s ( wire1 :i* %\ld be co>s] ?an t us$ = ! second>y coil4 ,= our purposes x is be/ n to use a wire co>s] ?an ,no4 #bj1 & n f9] ?an ,no4 #bd4 ,use ,no4 #bd insulat$ copp] wire if y are go+ to connect ord9>y batt]ies ) x4 ,a bi*romate cell 7,app4 #d7 is be/4 ,put ab\t #f 94 7see ,sec4 #aji7 ( wire ?r\gh ,h1 & ) ,app4 #ic w9d on #c lay]s ( say ,no4 #bd wire4 ,!re be+ an odd numb] ( lay]s1 ! w9d+ w /op at ! head end ( ! bolt1 :]e a half hit* 7see ,sec4 #aaj7 %\ld be tak5 be=e pass+ ! wire ?r\gh ! hole1 ,j4 ,cut ! wire #f 94 f ! hole4 ,write d[n ! numb] ( turns ( wire to ea* lay] & ! total numb] ( turns4 ,y n[ h a #c-lay] coil1 & a curr5t pass$ ?r\gh ?is w magnetize ! bolt2 y h--s f>--m]ely an electro-magnet4 ,cov] ! prim>y coil ) #b lay]s ( p>aff9$ pap]1 ,k 7,fig4 #gd71 & put "s p>aff9e betwe5 ! edges ( ,k & ! wa%]s1 s t ! wire ( ! second>y coil _c possibly come 9 contact ) t already w\nd on4 #ach4 ,! ,second>y ,coil %\ld be made ( a l>ge numb] ( turns ( f9e wire4 ,d n use any?+ co>s] ?an ,no4 #cj4 ,?is is a good size1 z f9] wire is v easily brok5 by unskill$ h&s4 ,= ! size ( bolt m5tion$ put on #ac lay]s4 ,!re w be ab\t #ajj turns to ea* lay]1 mak+ a total ( ab\t #a1cjj turns ( ,no4 #cj wire4 ,write d[n ! total numb] ( turns 9 y\r coil4 ,to />t ! second>y coil1 make a p9hole1 ,l1 j outside ( ! insulation1 ,k1 ( ! prim>y coil4 ,put #f 94 ( wire ?r\gh ?is1 w9d ! end ar\nd ! nut 7,app4 #ic1 ,fig4 #gj71 & w9d on z ev5ly z possible #ac lay]s4 ,if ! lay]s become r\gh1 x is well to put a b& ( pap] ar\nd aft] ea* #c or #d4 ,:5 y h f9i%$ take a half hit* 7,sec4 #aaj71 & leave a #f-;94 l5g? free4 ,cov] ! second>y coil ) /rong pap]4 ,?is coil may be us$ on any ( ! =ms ( %ock]s giv54 ,,app>atus #ig4 #aci4 ,induction ,coil4 ,fig4 #ge4 ,! base is made ( a piece ( bo>d1 #g x #e x #g_/h 94 ,! locations ( ! diff]5t p>ts are %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! coil is expla9$ 9 detail 9 ,app4 #if4 ,x is fa/5$ to ! base by a ?9 copp] /rip1 #d1 :i* is b5t ov] ! coil & held d[n by screws1 #c4 ,if y hav5't any copp] y c use a n>r[ /rip ( t94 ,d n use a wide piece ( t9 or iron4 ,! coil may be held d[n firmly by /rong tw9e plac$ ar\nd ea* end ( x4 ,! tw9e %\ld pass ?r\gh holes 9 ! base1 & be ti$ on ! und]side ( ! base4 ,! b9d+-po/s are l ,app4 #df4 #adj4 ,! ,curr5t ,int]rupt] consi/s ( a t9 or copp] /rip1 ,r1 #f 94 long & #a_/b or #c_/d 94 wide4 ,at "o end ( ,r is a screw1 ,s1 :i* is us$ z a b9d+-po/ = ! outside end1 ,b1 ( ! prim>y coil4 7,see ,sec4 #acg47 ,along ! c5t] l9e ( ! /rip1 ,r1 are driv5 #a-;94 wire nails1 ,q4 ,^! are plac$ #a_/d 94 ap>t1 & !y %\ld g into ! wood en\gh only to make !m solid4 7,see ,fig4 #ha47 ,d n drive !m 9 s f> t !y w split ! base4 ,a /\t wire1 ,p1 fa/5$ at "o end only completes ! int]rupt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 #ada4 ,! ,connections4 ,! b9d+-po/s1 ,w & ,x1 %\ld be connect$ ) ! wires lead+ f a batt]y4 ,use ! bi*romate batt]ies ( ,app4 #c or #d4 ,a dry batt]y w d4 ,if ! curr5t ent]s at ,x1 x w pass ar\nd ! prim>y coil 7,sec4 #acg7 & out ?r\gh ,b into ,r4 ,x c g no f>!r until ! free end ( ,p is made to t\* ,r1 or "o ( ! nails1 ,q1 :5 ! circuit w be clos$4 ,! curr5t w fly ar\nd & ar\nd ?r\gh ! batt]y1 prim>y coil1 & int]rupt] z long z ! end ( ,p t\*es a nail4 ,! batt]y curr5t does n get into ! second>y coil at all4 ,y c see1 !n1 t ! prim>y circuit1 t is1 ! "o pass+ ?r\gh ! co>se wire1 w be rapidly op5$ & clos$ by bump+ ! free end ( ,p along ^u ! r[ ( nails4 ,! wires1 ,c & ,d1 com+ f ! second>y coil 7,sec4 #ach7 are 9 connection ) ,y & ,z1 to :i* are connect$ ! wires lead+ f ! h&les 7,app4 #aja7 held by ! p]son receiv+ ! %ock4 #adb4 ,to use ! coil1 arrange z expla9$4 ,let y\r fri5d hold ! h&les 7,app4 #aja7 :ile y scrape ! end ( ,p back & =? along ! r[ ( nails4 ,= ^? :o _c /& mu* ( a %ock1 use a regulator 7,app4 #ajc74 ,,app>atus #ih4 #adc4 ,induction ,coil4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,9 case y wi% to make ! int]rupt] z a sep>ate piece ( app>atus1 z ,app4 #ajd1 ?is arrangem5t w be f\nd good4 ,! base is #e x #d x #g_/h 94 ,! coil is expla9$ 9 ,app4 #if1 & ! me?ods ( hold+ x to ! base are giv5 9 ,app4 #ig4 ,! b9d+-po/s are l ,app4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,! ,connections4 ,we %all suppose t y h ! int]rupt] ( ,app4 #ajd1 ,fig4 #ha4 ,! ends ( ! prim>y coil 7,sec4 #acg7 are fa/5$ "u ! screws ( ,x & ,w1 & ^? ( ! second>y coil to ,y & ,z4 ,connect "o batt]y wire ) ,x & ! o!r batt]y wire to ! int]rupt] at ,s1 ,fig4 #ha4 ,fa/5 ! end ( a /\t wire to ,w1 & leave ! o!r end free to scrape along on ! nails1 ,q1 ( ! int]rupt]4 ,?is w !n op5 & close ! prim>y circuit4 ,! h&les 7,app4 #aja7 are connect$ ) ,y & ,z1 z expla9$ 9 ,app4 #ig4 ,use ! batt]y ( ,app4 #c or #d4 ,,app>atus #ii4 #add4 ,induction ,coil4 ,fig4 #gg4 ,if y wi% to fa/5 y\r coil 9 an upright position ! app>atus w look l ,fig4 #gg4 ,! base may be #e x #d x #g_/h 94 ,! b9d+-po/s are l ,app4 #df4 ,! coil is made z expla9$ 9 ,app4 #if2 b to h all ! ends ( ! coils come out at ! bottom1 z %[n1 an ev5 numb] ( lay]s ( wire w be necess>y4 ,x w be j z well to h an odd numb] ( lay]s z be=e1 & to br+ ! wire ends d[n ! side ( ! coil4 ,! coil is fa/5$ to ! base ) screws1 ,s1 pass+ ?r\gh a t9 /rip1 ,t1 :i* has a hole pun*$ = ! bolt4 ,t is squeez$ betwe5 ! regul> nut on ! bolt & an extra "o on ! und]side ( x4 ,see ,fig4 #fa = sugge/ion ( ano!r me?od ( hold+ bolts upright4 ,! connections %\ld be made ) an outside int]rupt]1 batt]y1 & h&les1 z expla9$ 9 ,app4 #ih4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,,app>atus #ajj4 #ade4 ,induction ,coil4 ,fig4 #gh1 #gh-;,a1 #gh-;,b4 ,9 case y wi% to make a l>g] coil ?an ^? already describ$1 ! foll[+ w be f\nd practical4 ,x is made 9 ! same g5]al way z be=e1 an automatic int]rupt]1 h[ev]1 be+ add$4 ,! ,core is a ma*9e-bolt1 #d-a_/b 94 long & #e_/af 94 9 diamet]4 ,y may use a c>riage-bolt ( ! same dim5sions1 if y file away ! squ>e %\ld] at ! head end1 s t x w be ! same size z ! body ( ! bolt4 ,pa/e a piece ( ?ick pap] ^u ! head1 s t ,a w /rike ! pap] in/ead ( ! iron4 ,! ,wa%]s %\ld be made ar\nd a spool t is fully #a 94 9 diamet]4 7,see ,sec4 #aai47 ,! core %\ld be insulat$ ) p>aff9e pap] be=e w9d+ on ! prim>y coil4 7,see ,app4 #hh47 ,! wa%]s are #c-g_/h 94 ap>t1 inside4 ,! w9d+ ( ! coils %\ld be done ) ,app4 #ic1 or "s o!r w9d]4 ,! w9d]-nut1 ,w ,n1 ,fig4 #gj1 mu/ hold ! long core p]fectly tight1 to avoid wobbl+4 ,! base is #h x #e x #g_/h 94 ,! diff]5t p>ts are plac$ z %[n4 ,! coil is fa/5$ to ! base z 9 ,app4 #ig4 ,= b9d+-po/s see ,app4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 #adf4 ,! ,prim>y ,coil 7,sec4 #acg7 is made by w9d+ #c lay]s ( ,no4 #bd insulat$ copp] wire ^u ! insulat$ core4 ,"o end1 #f1 is fa/5$ to ,w 7,see ,sec4 #aji71 & ! o!r end1 #e1 is held "u ! screw-head1 ,r4 ,w9d at lea/ two lay]s ( p>aff9$ pap] ar\nd ?is coil be=e w9d+ on ! second>y coil4 #adg4 ,! ,second>y ,coil 7,sec4 #ach7 is made ( ,no4 #cj insulat$ copp] wire1 !re be+ #aa or #ac lay]s1 ea* hav+ ab\t #bjj turns4 ,?is makes1 9 all1 ab\t #b1ejj turns ( f9e wire4 ,if y\r w9d] works prop]ly & ! long core is /rongly held by ! w9d]-nut1 y w h no tr\ble1 al?\gh x takes a little "t to w9d on s _m turns4 ,! ends ( ?is coil1 #g & #h1 are fa/5$ to ,y & ,z1 :i* are made l ,app4 #df4 ,x w be f\nd be/ to wrap a piece ( ?9 pap] ar\nd ! coil aft] e #c or #d lay]s are w\nd on4 ,?is makes bett] insulation1 & makes ! w9d+ easi]4 ,protect ! coil by cov]+ x ) ?ick pap]4 ,! :ole coil1 :5 complet$1 is ab\t #a 94 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh-;,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh-;,b4 #adh4 ,! ,automatic ,int]rupt] 7,figs4 #gh1 #gh-;,a1 #gh-;,b7 consi/s ( sev]al p>ts4 ,b1 ,e1 ,c is a piece ( ?9 t91 all 9 "o piece4 ,! "p1 ,b1 is #a_/d 94 wide & #a-c_/d 94 long4 ,its exact height above ! base w dep5d ^u ! diamet] ( y\r coil4 ,= ! coil "h describ$1 #a 94 9 diamet]1 ! top edge ( ,b is #e_/h 94 above ! base4 ,see ,fig4 #gh-;,b = %ape ( ,b1 ,e1 ,c be=e b5d+ x1 & = its dim5sions4 ,ar\nd ! end ( ,b are tightly w\nd sev]al turns ( t91 mak+ ! armature or hamm]1 ,a1 :i* %\ld n be all[$ to /rike aga9/ ! head ( ! bolt on acc\nt ( residual magnetism4 7,see text-book47 ,a piece ( ?ick pap] pa/$ on ! head = ,a to /rike ^u is be/4 ,a w probably n get ne> en\gh to ! bolt to /rike x1 b ?is w dep5d ^u h[ y arrange ! p>ts4 ,d is a wood5 piece1 #a 94 high1 #a 94 wide1 & #c_/h or #a_/b 94 ?ick2 x is nail$ to ! base4 ,?r\gh its c5t] is a hole = ! screw-eye1 ,s ,i1 :i* is ! regulat+-screw4 ,f is a piece ( copp]1 brass1 or t91 #e_/h x #a-c_/d 94 ,x is held to ! base by ! screw1 ,s1 & is b5t s t x presses tightly aga9/ ,s ,i4 ,?r\gh ,f is a screw1 ,r1 to hold "o end ( ! prim>y coil4 #adi4 ,adju/m5t & ,use4 ,! batt]y wires %\ld be jo9$ to ,w & ,x1 & ! h&les to ! second>y coil at ,y & ,z1 unless a regulator 7,app4 #ajc7 is us$4 ,let u consid] ! prim>y circuit4 ,if ! curr5t ent]s at ,w x w pass ?r\gh ! prim>y coil & out at ,x1 aft] go+ ?r\gh #e1 ,r1 ,f1 ,s ,i1 ,b1 ,e1 & ,c4 ,! in/ant t ! curr5t passes1 ! bolt becomes magnetiz$2 ?is attracts ,a1 :i* pulls ,b away f ! end ( ,s ,i1 ?us automatically op5+ ! circuit4 ,b at once spr+s back to its =m] position aga9/ ,s ,i1 z ,a is no long] attract$2 ! circuit is clos$ & ! op]ation is rapidly repeat$4 ,b %\ld press g5tly aga9/ ,s ,i1 :i* mu/ be screw$ back & =?1 until ! be/ results are obta9$4 ,:ile n 9 use ,a %\ld be ab\t #a_/h or #c_/af 94 f ! bolt-head4 ,! armature1 ,a1 %\ld vibrate back & =? v rapidly4 ,if ?is coil gives too mu* %ock ) "o cell ( ,app4 #c or #d1 put a regulator 7,app4 #ajc7 betwe5 ,y & "o ( ! h&les 7,app4 #aja74 ,,app>atus #aja4 #aej4 ,h&les = ,%ock+ ,coils4 ,fig4 #gi4 ,ord9>y %eet-t9 makes good h&les4 ,cut #b pieces1 ea* #f x #d-a_/b 941 & connect a /\t copp] wire to ea*4 ,?is may be done z sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #gi1 :]e ! t9 laps tightly ov] ! b>e end ( ! wire1 or by pun*+ #d or #e holes ?r\gh ! t91 & weav+ ! wire back & =? ?r\gh ! holes4 ,be sure t a tight & p]man5t connection is made4 ,! wires jo9$ to ! h&les %\ld be ab\t ,no4 #bj1 & be #d or #e feet long4 ,roll ! t9 into a cyl9d]1 s t ! connection w be on ! inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,,app>atus #ajb4 #aea4 ,h&les = ,%ock+ ,coils4 ,v neat h&les may be made f #d-;94 l5g?s ( brass tub+ t is ab\t #c_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,! wires lead+ to ! coil may be sold]$ to ! h&les4 ,,app>atus #ajc4 #aeb4 ,curr5t ,regulator = ,induction ,coils4 ,fig4 #hj4 ,if y\r coil gives too mu* ( a %ock ) "o cell ( ,app4 #c or #d1 y c pull ! c>bon & z9c p>tly out ( ! solution to weak5 ! %ock1 or y c use a wat] regulator4 ,t is an ord9>y t9 tomato c ne>ly fill$ ) wat]1 ,l is a lamp *imney4 ,"o wire1 ,a1 is fa/5$ to ,t directly1 or by a spr+ b9d+-po/4 ,! o!r wire1 ,b1 is fa/5$ to a piece ( copp]1 ,c1 :i* may be rais$ or l[]$ inside ( ,l4 ,d is a piece ( pa/ebo>d ) a small hole 9 its c5t]4 #aec4 ,use4 ,if ?is app>atus be put any:]e 9 ! prim>y circuit1 ! am\nt ( %ock c be regulat$ by rais+ or l[]+ ,c4 ,:5 ,c is rais$1 ! curr5t has to pass ?r\gh a long] column ( wat] ?an x does :5 ,c is ne> ! bottom ( ,l4 ,:5 ,c t\*es ,t1 ! curr5t passes easily4 ,if x 7 n = ! *imney1 ! curr5t w\ld pass to ! sides ( ,t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,contact ,,break]s ,,& ,,curr5t ,,int]rupt]s4 #aed4 ,contact ,break]s2 ,curr5t ,int]rupt]s4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to make & break ! electric curr5t at frequ5t int]vals4 ,?is c be done by an ord9>y key 7,app4 #aah7 by rapidly rais+ & l[]+ x4 ,x is m conv5i5t1 h[ev]1 to use "s o!r =m ( app>atus4 ,! curr5t may be int]rupt$ automatically2 t is1 x may be made to d ! "w itself 7,app4 #ajj71 or ea* make & break 9 x may be gov]n$ by ! /ud5t4 ,,app>atus #ajd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 #aee4 ,int]rupt]4 ,fig4 #ha4 ,! body ( ?is consi/s ( a /rip ( wood1 #f or #g 94 long1 #a-a_/b 94 wide1 & #g_/h 94 ?ick4 ,cut a /rip ( t9 #a 94 wide & long en\gh to b5d d[n ov] ! ends ( ! wood4 ,fa/5 ! t9 to ! wood ) small wire nails1 driv+ ! nails into ! ends z well z into ! top ( ! /rip4 ,make a c5t] l9e along ! t9 z a guide1 & !n drive #a-;94 wire nails ?r\gh ! t9 into ! wood1 s t !y w make a r[ ! l5g? ( ! wood1 & /& ab\t #a_/d 94 ap>t4 ,on "o end make a hole ?r\gh ! t91 & put 9 a screw-eye b9d+-po/ 7,app4 #de74 ,x is evid5t t if a wire f "o pole ( a batt]y be connect$ ) ! b9d+-po/1 x w also be electrically connect$ ) ! t9 /rip & nails4 ,by t\*+ ! wire f ! o!r batt]y-pole to ! t9 or to any nail1 ! circuit w be clos$4 ,if ?is la/-m5tion$ wire be drawn along entirely above ! t91 s t its end c bump along f "o nail to ano!r1 y c see t ! curr5t w be clos$ e "t a nail is t\*$1 & be op5$ e "t x jumps ?r\gh ! air4 ,?is app>atus c be connect$ ) %ock+ coils1 induction app>atus1 etc41 etc4 ,its use w be m cle>ly %[n 9 connection ) su* app>atus4 ,,app>atus #aje4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 #aef4 ,int]rupt]4 ,fig4 #hb4 ,! nails 9 ?is app>atus are plac$ 9 a circle ab\t #d 94 9 diamet]4 ,!y are electrically connect$ to ea* o!r by a b>e copp] wire1 :i* is w\nd ar\nd ea* nail sev]al times1 & !n l$ out to "o ( ! b9d+-po/s4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! circle is a nail1 or screw1 :i* is connect$ by a wire to ! o!r b9d+-po/1 c>e be+ tak5 n to all[ ! two wires to t\* ea* o!r4 ,ar\nd ! c5tral screw is w\nd "o end ( a /\t wire1 ! o!r end ( :i* rea*es out f ! screw f> en\gh to t\* ! nails4 ,:5 ?is /\t wire t\*es any nail1 a curr5t ent]+ "o b9d+-po/ c pass ?r\gh nails1 screw1 etc41 & out at ! o!r b9d+-po/4 ,:5 ! end ( ! /\t wire is betwe5 two nails1 ! curr5t _c fl[4 ,by plac+ ! f+] aga9/ ?is /\t wire & turn+ x ar\nd rapidly1 ! curr5t c be int]rupt$ z desir$4 ,! base %\ld be ab\t #e x #f x #g_/h 94 ,,app>atus #ajf4 #aeg4 ,int]rupt]4 ,w9d ! end ( ! wire f "o pole ( ! batt]y ar\nd ! h&le ( ! file4 ,scrape ! o!r wire along ! r\gh file4 ,z x jumps f "o ridge to ano!r ! curr5t w be rapidly int]rupt$4 ,,app>atus #ajg4 #aeh4 ,int]rupt]4 ,hold ! end ( ! wire f "o pole ( a batt]y ^u a saw-blade4 ,draw ! o!r wire along ov] ! tee? ( ! saw4 ,z ! wire jumps f "o too? to ! next ! curr5t w be brok54 ,,app>atus #ajh4 #aei4 ,automatic ,int]rupt]4 ,an ord9>y electric bell1 or buzz]1 may be us$ z an int]rupt]4 ,e "t ! vibrat+ armature sw+s1 ! circuit is op5$4 ,! comb9ation ( a batt]y1 induction coil1 & electric bell makes a v good outfit = m$ical purposes4 ,! automatic int]rupt] us$ on ,app4 #ajj %\ld be /udi$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,curr5t ,,detectors ,,& ,,galvanomet]s4 #afj4 ,curr5t ,detectors2 ,galvanomet]s4 ,:5 a wire c>ry+ a curr5t ( suffici5t /r5g? is prop]ly br\ght ne> a magnetic ne$le1 ! latt] w be deflect$ f its ,n & ,s l9e4 ,! conduct+ wire has a magnetic field :ile ! curr5t passes ?r\gh x1 & ?is gives ! wire ! p[] to act ^u a magnetic ne$le j z ano!r magnet w\ld4 ,! action ( detectors1 etc41 dep5ds ^u ?is fact2 &1 /range to say1 ! magnetic field ab\t ! wire disappe>s ! in/ant ! curr5t ceases to pass4 ,! comb9ation1 ?us1 ( a coil ( wire & a magnetic ne$le1 prop]ly arrang$1 makes an in/rum5t ) :i* ! pres5ce ( electricity c be detect$4 ,:5 ! /r5g? ( a curr5t is to be measur$1 or ! /r5g?s ( two curr5ts are to be comp>$1 ! app>atus is call$ a galvanomet]4 ,! me?od ( mak+ ^! pieces ( app>atus w dep5d ^u ! /r5g? ( curr5t to be te/$ or measur$4 ,,app>atus #aji4 #afa4 ,curr5t ,detector4 ,figs4 #ch & #dj %[ magnetic ne$les4 ,^! may be us$ to detect a curr5t by hold+ ! conduct+ wire ne> !m & p>allel to ! ne$le4 ,?is =m is n s5sitive to weak curr5ts4 ,! delicacy ( ! app>atus is increas$ by all[+ ! wire to pass above & bel[ ! ne$le sev]al times z 9 ! next app>atus4 ,,app>atus #aaj4 #afb4 ,curr5t ,detector4 ,fig4 #hc consi/s1 l all detectors1 ( a coil & a magnetic ne$le4 ,! o!r p>ts are m]ely = conv5i5ce4 ,ea* turn ( ! coil helps to move ! ne$le :5 ! curr5t passes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 #afc4 ,! ,coil is made by w9d+ #aj feet ( ,no4 #cj insulat$ copp] wire ar\nd ! end ( a broom-h&le or o!r cyl9d] t is ab\t #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is l5g? ( wire makes ab\t #cb turns ar\nd su* a cyl9d]4 ,! exact l5g? ( wire = ?is makes no diff]5ce4 ,aft] w9d+ x1 ! coil %\ld be slipp$ f ! h&le1 be+ c>eful to hold x 9 su* a way t x _c uncoil & spr+ away f y4 ,tie ! coil toge!r ) ?read1 9 #c or #d places1 to keep x 9 %ape1 & leave #e or #f 94 ( wire free at ea* end1 s t connections c be made ) o!r pieces ( app>atus4 ,aft] ?is is done press ! coil into ! %ape %[n1 ,fig4 #hc4 ,?is br+s ! wire ne> ! ne$le & all[s a long] ne$le to be us$4 ,! coil may be fa/5$ to a pa/ebo>d base4 ,to d ?is1 prick #d holes 9 ! base ne> ! ends ( ! oval coil1 & pass a /rong ?read ?r\gh ^! ) ! aid ( a sew+-ne$le4 ,tie ! ?read on ! und]side ( ! base at ea* end4 ,if ?is is well done1 ! coil w be held firmly 9 an upright position4 ,p>aff9e may be us$ in/ead ( ! ?read4 ,! ends ( ! wire %\ld be made b>e1 & ^! may be sew$ to ! base to keep !m 9 place4 #afd4 ,! ,ne$le may be support$ ^u a p9 or ne$le-po9t4 ,! piece ( ne$le %\ld be /uck ?r\gh a cork :i* has a slot cut into its und]side1 s t x w /raddle ! l[] "p ( ! coil4 ,! height ( ! ne$le-po9t %\ld be fix$ s t ! horizontal ends ( ! magnetic ne$le w be ne> ! axis ( ! coil1 t is1 along its c5tral l9e4 #afe4 ,to ,use ! ,detector1 turn its base ar\nd until ! coil is 9 ! ,n & ,s l9e--t is1 until ! magnetic ne$le is p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! coil & :olly inside ( x4 ,t\* ! ends ( ! coil ) ! two ends ( ! wire1 :i* is suppos$ to c>ry a curr5t4 ,! ne$le w fly ar\nd until x is ne>ly p]p5dicul> to its =m] position1 if ! curr5t is /rong en\gh4 ,,app>atus #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 #aff4 ,curr5t ,detector4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,to make a m sub/antial detector ?an ,app4 #aaj1 ! coil %\ld be fa/5$ to a wood5 base4 ,! coil may be made ( #aj ft4 ,no4 #cj wire1 z expla9$4 7,sec4 #afc47 ,a hole %\ld be made 9 ! base ) a small awl or ) a hot wire1 & into ?is %\ld be set a p91 head d[n4 ,! hole ne$ n be l>g] ?an ! p9-head1 & :5 y f9d out h[ high ! p9-po9t %\ld be above ! base1 ! p9 may be fa/5$ 9 place ) a little p>aff9e1 :i* %\ld be press$ into ! hole ar\nd ! p94 ,! coil may be fa/5$ 9 place ) p>aff9e4 ,! ends ( ! coil may be connect$ ) b9d+-po/s1 describ$ 9 ,app4 #df1 z %[n1 or ) any o!r desir$ =m4 ,! base %\ld be #d x #e x #g_/h in*es4 ,! coil looks well :5 plac$ ab\t #a 94 f ! edge ( ! base4 ,! b9d+-po/s may be ab\t #a 94 f ! edges4 ,,app>atus #aab4 #afg4 ,curr5t ,detector4 ,fig4 #he4 ,?is is m tr\blesome to make ?an ,app4 #aaa1 b p]haps x looks m sci5tific4 #afh4 ,! ,coil is w\nd ar\nd #b ord9>y spools :i* are glu$ to a v]tical piece1 :i*1 9 turn1 is screw$ to a base4 ,y %\ld n use iron nails or screws 9 ! con/ruction ( electrical app>atus1 :5 a magnetic ne$le is to be us$ 9 connection ) x1 z ^! w\ld attract ! ne$le4 ,! spools may be pu%$ onto d[els :i* are fa/5$ into ! v]tical piece4 ,small brass screws are good = ! purpose also1 if y hav5't good glue or ! d[els4 ,?is coil1 etc41 may be us$ 9 connection ) an a/atic ne$le4 ,! coil may be w\nd ) ,app4 #ic or #id1 if y make ! atta*m5t ( ,app4 #ie1 & screw ! upright c>ry+ ! spools to ! atta*m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,! b9d+-po/s1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #he1 are n to be advis$4 ,x w be bett] to use ^? ( ,app4 #de4 ,! magnetic ne$le is support$ by a sew+-ne$le /uck ?r\gh a cork4 ,?is may be fa/5$ to ! base ) p>aff9e4 #afi4 ,x is (t5 tr\blesome to turn ! app>atus ar\nd until ! ne$le becomes p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! coil4 ,to avoid ?is1 a small b> magnet1 %[n 9 ! ,fig4 #he1 may be laid on top ( ! coil4 ,a magnetiz$ sew+-ne$le w d1 & ?is w keep ! magnetic ne$le quiet & p>allel to x :5 ! curr5t is n pass+ ?r\gh ! coil4 ,( c\rse1 x takes a little m curr5t to move ! magnetic ne$le :5 ! b> magnet is 9 place1 ?an x does )\t ! magnet4 #agj4 ,by all[+ ! curr5t to ent] ! "r-h& b9d+-po/1 z y look at x f ! front 7,fig4 #he71 x w g ar\nd ! coil 9 ! direction ( ! h&s ( a clock1 t is1 f left to "r on top4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n necess>y to m]ely detect ! pres5ce ( a curr5t4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to det]m9e ! direction ( curr5ts by means ( a magnetic ne$le1 /udy ! effect ) a s+le turn ( wire at fir/4 7,see text-book47 #aga4 ,dim5sions4 ,! base is #e x #d x #e_/h 94 ,! upright piece is #e x #c-a_/b x #e_/h 94 ,! spools are #b-a_/b 94 ap>t c5t] to c5t]4 ,,app>atus #aac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 #agb4 ,a/atic ,curr5t ,detector4 ,fig4 #hf4 ,! ord9>y magnetic ne$le po9ts to ! nor? q /rongly4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ?is po9t+-p[] mu/ be ov]come by ! magnetic field ar\nd ! coil ( wire1 be=e ! ne$le c be =c$ f ! ,n & ,s l9e4 ,v weak curr5ts w n visibly move ! magnetic ne$le 9 ! detectors s f> describ$4 ,y %\ld rememb] t no action w take place unless ! magnetic field ar\nd ! magnetic ne$le is act$ ^u by t ar\nd ! coil4 ,9 ord] to make an in/rum5t t w be v s5sitive1 we mu/ h /rong fields ab\t ! ne$le & coil1 & we mu/1 at ! same "t1 decrease ! po9t+-p[] ( ! ne$le4 ,we c increase ! /r5g? ( ! field ab\t ! ne$le1 & at ! same "t decrease its po9t+-p[] by us+ an a/atic ne$le4 7,see ,app4 #fi47 ,! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf is a v simple "o1 & x is q s5sitive4 #agc4 ,details ( ,con/ruction4 ,! base is #d x #e x #g_/h 94 ,! coil is made f #aj ft4 ( ,no4 #cj insulat$ copp] wire4 7,see ,sec4 #afc = details ab\t coil mak+47 ,! b9d+-po/s are l ,app4 #da4 ,! ,a/atic ,ne$le is describ$ = ,app4 #fi4 ,! ne$les may be brok5 (f1 if too long = ! coil4 ,!y are support$ by a f9e ?read hung f a screw-eye1 :i* may be turn$ to adju/ ! position ( ! ne$les4 ,?is is n necess>y1 z ! ?read may be hung f a pla9 wire arm t rea*es out f ! upright rod4 ,?is rod is a #f-;94 piece ( d[el1 #a_/d or #e_/af 94 9 diamet]4 ,x /&s 9 an ord9>y spool :i* %\ld be glu$ to ! base4 ,d n nail x to ! base4 ,! wire arm may be ( iron1 z x is "s di/ance above ! ne$le2 b x is bett] to use a /iff brass or copp] "o4 ,9 ! figure "o end ( ! wire is twi/$ ar\nd ! screw-eye1 mak+ a nut = ! screw-eye to turn 94 ,hang ! a/atic ne$le s t ! wire betwe5 ! two p>ts w n q t\* ! coil4 ,! ne$les %\ld be p>allel to ! coil be=e te/+ = curr5ts4 ,!y w fly ar\nd v decid$ly ) ev5 fairly weak curr5ts4 ,,app>atus #aad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 #agd4 ,a/atic ,curr5t ,detector4 ,fig4 #hg4 ,= a description ( ! wood-"w1 coil1 etc41 see ,app4 #aab2 = ! a/atic ne$le see ,app4 #fi2 = ! me?od ( support+ ! ne$le see ,app4 #aac1 ,fig4 #hf4 ,! top "p ( ! coil is spread ap>t a little to all[ ! l[] ne$le to be dropp$ ?r\gh ! op5+ ?us made1 & to all[ ! wire jo9+ ! two ne$les to be free to turn4 ,! ne$les may be brok5 (f a little1 if necess>y1 or an op5+ may be cut into ! v]tical "p ( ! frame1 s t !y c sw+ m freely4 ,?is detector w indicate q feeble curr5ts4 ,,app>atus #aae4 #age4 ,a/atic ,detector4 ,fig4 #hh4 ,z previ\sly ,/at$1 ! s5sitiv5ess ( a detector c be made great] by increas+ ! /r5g? ( ! coil-field = a giv5 curr5t4 ,?is may be done by increas+ ! numb] ( turns ( wire 9 ! coil4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t way w be to use two coils1 "o on ea* side ( ! a/atic ne$le4 #agf4 ,! ,support1 or framework1 is a lamp *imney4 ,by ?is ! a/atic ne$le is susp5d$ & protect$ f air curr5ts4 ,! *imney %\ld be at lea/ #c 94 9 diamet] at ! bottom1 ab\t #aj 94 high1 ) a pla9 r\nd top4 ,^u ! top ( ! *imney is plac$ ! cov] ( a wood5 pill-box1 #b 94 9 diamet]4 #agg4 ,! ,coils %\ld be made sep>ately1 = conv5i5ce4 ,ea* %\ld be ( #aj ft4 ,no4 #cj wire4 7,see details ,sec4 #afc47 ,cut out a r\nd piece ( /iff pa/ebo>d1 j l>ge en\gh to g inside ( ! bottom ( ! *imney4 ,fa/5 ! coils to ?is by sew+ 7,sec4 #afc71 or ) p>aff9e1 s t !y %all be symmetrically locat$ & #c_/h 94 ap>t4 ,! pa/ebo>d circle may be fa/5$ to ! base ) small brass screws4 ,d n use any iron nails or tacks4 ,9 ?is1 all f\r ends ( wire are br\ght out "u ! edge ( ! *imney 7,fig4 #hh74 ,cut little grooves 9 ! base = ! wire to s9k into1 s t ! *imney w re/ firmly ^u ! base all ar\nd4 ,! ends ( ! wires are fa/5$ to ?ree b9d+-po/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 #agh4 ,jo9+ ! ,coils4 ,! end ( "o coil mu/ be jo9$ to ! beg9n+ ( ! o!r prop]ly1 or ! action ( "o w de/roy t ( ! o!r4 ,fig4 #hi %[s ! two coils1 ,a & ,b4 ,if ! curr5t ent]s at ! b9d+-po/1 ,x1 x w pass ?r\gh ! turns ( coil ,a1 9 ! direction ( clock-h&s1 !n out to ,y1 :]e ,b beg9s1 ar\nd ,b 9 ! same way1 & !n to ,z4 ,y may be simply a screw-eye b9d+-po/ 7,app4 #da74 ,by ?is arrangem5t "o or bo? coils c be us$ at a "t4 ,if ! curr5t is v weak1 use bo? coils2 t is1 connect ! ends ( wires to be te/$ ) ! two outside b9d+-po/s4 ,if !y are jo9$ to ! middle & "o outside po/1 "o coil only w be 9 ! circuit4 #agi4 ,! ,base %\ld be ab\t #g x #e x #g_/h 94 ,fa/5 ?ree b5t brass or copp] /rips to ! base ) brass screws to hold ! *imney /eady4 ,by b5d+ !m 9 m or less y c make a snug fit ar\nd ! *imney4 #ahj4 ,adju/+ ! ,ne$le4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! box-cov] is a small hole4 ,! ?read f ! ne$le passes ?r\gh ?is4 ,! upp] end ( ! ?read is w\nd ar\nd a screw-eye1 :i* is screw$ into ! cov] ne> "o edge4 ,by turn+ ! cov] ar\nd1 ! ne$le c be made to hang p>allel to ! coils1 & by turn+ ! screw-eye1 ! ne$le c be rais$ or l[]$4 ,a small hole %\ld be made 9 ! cov] be=e putt+ 9 ! screw-eye1 or y w be liable to split ! wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 #aha4 ,use4 ,?is app>atus w indicate v slight curr5ts2 9 fact1 z feeble ones z ! /ud5t w h occasion to exp]im5t )1 su* z induc$ curr5ts1 curr5ts ( !rmo-electricity1 & curr5ts produc$ by exce$+ly weak batt]ies4 7,see text-book47 ,,app>atus #aaf4 #ahb4 ,tang5t ,galvanomet]4 ,fig4 #ij4 ,= ! uses ( ?is =m ( galvanomet] see text-book4 ,d n use any iron 9 mak+ ?is app>atus4 ,! base is #e x #d x #g_/h 94 ,at its front end are ?ree b9d+-po/s4 ,! pa/ebo>d b&1 ,g1 is #a-a_/d 94 wide & #f 94 9 diamet]4 ,cut ! pa/ebo>d #ba 94 long & #a-a_/d 94 wide1 !n b5d x into ! =m ( a circle4 ,!re w be a lap ( ab\t #c 941 & y c make x solid by sew+ ! two ends toge!r at ! lap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 #ahc4 ,! ,coils maybe made ( ,no4 #bd insulat$ copp] wire1 :i* %\ld be w\nd on be=e fa/5+ ,g to ! base4 ,!re are two sep>ate coils1 "o hav+ five turns & ! o!r t5 turns4 ,leav+ a #f-;94 l5g?1 ,a1 = connections1 w9d five turns ( wire on to ,g1 putt+ !m on clockwise2 t is1 pass !m ov] ! top ( ,g f left to "r4 ,tie ?read ar\nd ,g & ! wire to hold !m toge!r aft] y h five turns on1 & cut a #f-;94 end1 ,b4 ,n[ beg9 ) ,c1 & w9d on t5 turns1 br++ ! end ( !m out at ,d4 ,pun* holes1 ,f1 ?r\gh ,g on ea* side ( ! coils1 run tw9e1 ,t1 ?r\gh !m1 & tie ,t on ! outside ( ,g4 ,d ?is 9 ?ree or f\r places1 to firmly hold ! coils4 #ahd4 ,fa/5+ ,coils to ,base4 ,! b& & coils w n re/ squ>ely ^u ! base1 s cut two pieces ( wood1 ,e1 ab\t #b x #a_/d x #a_/d 941 to be put "u ,g1 "o be+ on ea* side ( ! coil4 ,make holes ?r\gh ! base1 pass /rong cord1 ,h1 ?r\gh !m1 & ov] ! inside ( ,g1 !n tie "u ! base4 ,?is %\ld tightly squeeze ,e1 & hold ,g upright & firm4 #ahe4 ,! ,connections4 ,a & ,b are ! ends ( ! five-turn coil2 ,c & ,d are ! ends ( ! t5-turn coil4 ,if ! batt]y-wires are connect$ ) ,x & ,y1 ! curr5t w pass ?r\gh five turns ( wire2 if connect$ ) ,y & ,z1 x w pass ?r\gh t5 turns2 if ) ,x & ,z1 ! curr5t w pass ?r\gh ! entire fifte5 turns4 ,9 ?is way ! /r5g? ( ! magnetic field ab\t ! coil c be regulat$1 & its effect ^u ! magnetic ne$le1 ,m1 *ang$4 #ahf4 ,to ,support ! ,ne$le1 glue or sew two /rips1 ,i1 to ,g4 ,!y mu/ be 9 su* a position t ! poles ( ,m w be z ne>ly z possible 9 a horizontal l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! circle1 ,g4 ,aft] y h made ,m 7,app4 #ff71 & h f\nd :]e ! pieces1 ,i1 %\ld be1 fa/5 !m to ,g1 & !n to ,i glue a pa/ebo>d /rip1 ,j1 ab\t #a-a_/d 94 wide4 ,run a p91 ,p1 up ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ,j to support ,m4 #ahg4 ,! ,magnetic ,ne$le1 ,m1 %\ld n be ov] #a 94 long = ?is k9d ( an in/rum5t4 7,see ,app4 #ff = full directions = mak+ x47 ,on ! top ( ,m %\ld be fa/5$ a light pap] po9t] or index1 ,l4 ,! %ort end %\ld be made l>ge1 s t ! long slim end w n ov]-turn ,m2 t is1 ! po9t] %\ld balance itself4 ,x may be fa/5$ to ,m ) p>aff9e or a drop ( seal+-wax4 ,if c>efully balanc$1 ! po9t] c be made q long4 #ahh4 ,! ,graduat$ ,circle1 ,k1 is describ$4 7,index47 ,) ?is y c tell ?r\gh h[ _m degrees ! ne$le is deflect$1 :5 ! curr5t passes4 ,! /r5g? ( diff]5t curr5ts c be comp>$1 & _m int]e/+ exp]im5ts p]=m$ ) ! tang5t galvanomet]4 ,= cle>ness1 ! circle1 ,k1 is %[n small4 ,9 ord] to h ! divisions on x f> en\gh ap>t1 ,k %\ld be ab\t #d 94 9 diamet]4 ,! z]o po9ts %\ld be at ! front & back ( ! in/rum5t1 :5 a po9t] is us$ on ! ne$le4 #ahi4 ,h[ to ,use ,x4 ,= full explanations1 & = ! /udy ( exp]im5tal cells1 etc41 by means ( ! tang5t galvanomet]1 see text-book4 ,x w be impossible = y to get ,m exactly 9 ! c5t] ( ,g2 y _c get ! po9t] exactly at "r angles ) ,m2 h5ce1 if y pass a c]ta9 curr5t ?r\gh ! coils1 & ! po9t] reads #bj degrees1 y w f9d1 if y rev]se ! curr5t1 mak+ x g ?r\gh ! coil 9 an opposite direction1 t ! po9t] may read #bd degrees on ! opposite side ( ! z]o4 ,to get ! true read+1 !n1 take ! av]age ( ! two1 :i* 9 ! case m5tion$ w\ld be #bb degrees4 7,see curr5t rev]s]s47 ,,app>atus #aag4 #aij4 ,tang5t ,galvanomet]4 ,fig4 #ia4 ,! base consi/s ( #b p>ts1 ,a & ,b4 ,x is n necess>y to use two pieces if y h wood t is at lea/ #g_/h 94 ?ick4 ,?is is giv5 z a sugge/ion 9 case y h no?+ b ?9 bo>ds4 ,by screw+ ,b to ,a ! base is made ?ick en\gh to take ! screws = b9d+-po/s4 ,! base prop]1 ,a1 is #h-a_/b x #e x #a_/b 94 ,if y make ?is ( #g_/h 94 /uff1 y w n ne$ ,b4 ,! ,back1 ,c1 is #aj x #h-a_/b x #a_/b 94 ,x is screw$ to ! base4 ,d n use nails1 z ^! affect ! magnetic ne$le4 ,f9d ! c5t] ( ,c1 & ) ?is z a c5t]1 draw two circles1 7t is1 ! circumf]5ces ( two circles17 "o #e 94 9 diamet] to %[ :]e to cut out a hole1 ,h1 & ! o!r #g 94 9 diamet] to s]ve z a guide = fa/5+ on ! spools1 ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,! ,spools1 ,f1 are glu$ to ,c4 ,if y h brass screws1 ^! may be us$ in/ead ( ! spools2 !y %\ld be left /ick+ out f ,c ab\t #a 94 ,ar\nd ! spools or screws1 fa/5 a pa/ebo>d b&1 ,g1 on :i* to w9d ! wire4 ,g may be ab\t #a 94 wide2 x %\ld be kept 9 ! circul> =m by sew+ ! ends toge!r :]e !y lap4 7,read directions 9 ,app4 #aaf47 #aia4 ,! ,coils on ?is model are #d 9 numb]4 7,see ,app4 #aaf = ! me?od ( w9d+47 ,! fir/ coil is made ( co>se wire1 ,no4 #ah1 its ends be+ jo9$ to ! b9d+-po/s1 ,v & ,w4 ,! second coil has #e turns ( ,no4 #bd insulat$ copp] wire1 its ends be+ jo9$ to ,w & ,x4 ,! ?ird coil has #aj turns ( ! same size wire1 ,no4 #bd1 & is jo9$ to ,x & ,y4 ,! f\r? coil has #bj turns ( ! same jo9$ to ,y & ,z4 ,if y want to use ! galvanomet] = q weak curr5ts1 x w\ld be well to make a fif? coil ( #bj turns ( ,no4 #cj wire1 & jo9 x ) ,z & a new b9d+-po/4 ,! ends ( ! coils are run ?r\gh small screw-eyes be=e pass+ to ,x1 ,y1 etc4 ,?is is n necess>y1 x m]ely keeps !m 9 place4 ,! ,b9d+-,po/s are l ,app4 #dc4 ,any o!r desir$ /yle may be us$1 ^? ( ,app4 #df be+ pref]r$4 ,! ,hole1 ,h1 is #e 94 9 diamet]4 ,x %\ld be cut out ab\t #a_/b 94 bel[ ! c5t] ( ! circles to all[ = ,d1 & = ! p9-po9t :i* supports ! magnetic ne$le1 ! poles ( :i* %\ld be 9 ! l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! coils4 ,! me?od ( cutt+ ! hole1 ,h1 ?r\gh ,c1 w dep5d ^u ! tools at y\r s]vice4 ,d is ! front edge ( an adju/able table1 l t expla9$4 7,index47 ,x is #d-a_/d 94 wide4 ,x supports ! magnetic ne$le :i* is inside ( ,e4 ,e is ! outside ( a glass-cov]$ compass4 7,see ,app4 #fg = details47 ,! ne$le %\ld n be ov] #a 94 long4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,telegraph ,,keys ,,& ,,s\nd]s4 ,,app>atus #aah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 #aib4 ,telegraph ,keys4 ,fig4 #ib4 ,telegraph keys are m]ely pieces ( app>atus by :i* ! circuit c be conv5i5tly & rapidly op5$ or clos$ at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,an ord9>y pu%-button may be us$ to turn (f & on ! curr5t1 b x is n s conv5i5t z a key4 ,fig4 #ib %[s a side view ( a simple key4 ,c is a metal /rip ab\t #c_/d 94 wide & #d or #e 94 long4 ,at ! left end x is fa/5$ to ! base ) a screw1 ,a4 ,ano!r screw1 ,x1 s]ves z "o b9d+-po/4 ,y is ano!r screw b9d+-po/4 ,w is a %ort wire1 us$ to regulate ! am\nt ( spr+ to ! key4 ,?is is done by mov+ ,w to ! "r or left4 ,if ! curr5t ent]s at ,x1 x w pass along ,c & out at ,y1 :5 ,c is press$ d[n4 ,by mov+ ,c up & d[n accord+ to a previ\sly arrang$ set ( signals1 messages c be s5t by means ( ! electric curr5t4 7,see telegraph alphabet47 ,?is app>atus is n a good "o :]e ! l9e is to be run ) a clos$ circuit batt]y1 or :]e x is to be us$ v (t54 ,x w d1 h[ev]1 = places :]e a pu%-button w\ld be too tiresome to use4 ,! "r end ( ,c is curv$4 ,?is curve s]ves z a h&le4 ,d & ,e are wires lead+ f ,x & ,y4 ,,app>atus #aai4 #aic4 ,telegraph ,key4 ,fig4 #ic4 ,! base is #e x #d x #g_/h 94 ,! key1 ,c1 is made ( two ?icknesses ( t94 ,x is made into a /rip #e-a_/b x #c_/d 941 !n ! front end is b5t up = a h&le1 z sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #ib1 ! front end be+ above ! base s t x w n t\* ! /rap1 ,d1 unless x is press$ d[n4 ,c is fa/5$ to ! base by a screw1 ,h1 :i* also b9ds "o end ( ! copp] wire1 ,c ,w4 ,ab\t #c_/d 94 f ,h is plac$ ,x1 :i* is a screw-eye b9d+-po/4 ,"u ,c is ! wire1 ,w1 :i* is us$ to regulate ! am\nt ( spr+ 9 ,c1 by mov+ x =w>d or backw>d4 ,s ,i %[s ! position ( a screw-eye1 or ( an ord9>y screw put into ! base ?r\gh ,c4 ,! hole 9 ,c %\ld be made s t ,c c move up & d[n easily ar\nd ! screw4 ,?is is us$ to make a click :5 ! key is all[$ to spr+ up4 ,! d[nw>d click is made :5 ,c /rikes ,d at ea* depression4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,! ,/rap1 ,d1 is made ( t94 ,x is #d x #a_/b 94 be=e b5d+ up ! "r end a little4 ,x is fa/5$ to ! base by ! screw1 ,f1 & by ! o!r b9d+-po/1 ,y4 ,its "r end is rais$ en\gh to all[ ! arm1 ,e1 to pass "u x1 b x mu/ press d[n well ^u ,e :5 ,e is =c$ t[>d ,f4 ,! ,sw++ ,arm or ,swit*1 ,e1 is also made ( t91 & measures1 f9i%$1 #d-a_/b x #a_/b 94 ,its front end %\ld be b5t up a little = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+ x4 7,see ,fig4 #ib47 ,e is pivot$ at ,g by a screw1 :i* also b9ds ! wire1 ,c ,w4 ,fig4 #bd %[s ano!r way to make ! pivot & connection4 #aid4 ,op]ation4 ,see ,fig4 #ii = ! details ( ! connections ( a home-made telegraph l9e4 ,:5 y are us+ ! l9e & telegraph+ to y\r fri5d1 ! swit*1 ,e1 ( y\r in/rum5t mu/ be op51 z 9 ,fig4 #ic1 & ! correspond+ swit* on 8 in/rum5t mu/ be clos$2 t is1 ! circuit mu/ be op5$ & clos$ at b "o place at a "t4 ,z soon z y h f9i%$1 y\r swit* mu/ be clos$4 ,he w op5 8 & proce$4 ,:5 y h bo? f9i%$1 bo? swit*es mu/ be clos$4 ,if y\r fri5d left 8 swit* op51 y c\ld n call him ov] ! l9e1 z no curr5t c\ld pass into 8 s\nd]4 #aie4 ,batt]ies4 ,z ! circuit has to be left clos$ = h\rs & p]haps days at a "t1 s t ei!r op]ator c call ! o!r1 a clos$-circuit batt]y is necess>y4 7,see ,app4 #i47 ,a dry cell1 ,leclan*e1 or o!r op5-circuit cell w\ld n be at all suitable = a telegraph l9e1 z x w\ld soon pol>ize4 ,l>ge ,daniel cells1 :i* are #b-;fluid cells l ,app4 #g1 or gravity cells 7,app4 #i7 are ! be/ = y\r l9e4 ,,app>atus #abj4 #aif4 ,telegraph ,s\nd]4 ,fig4 #id4 ,! wood-"w consi/s ( #b p>ts2 ! base1 ,b1 is #f x #d x #c_/d 941 & ! back1 ,a1 is #f x #e x #a_/b 94 ,a is nail$ or screw$ to ,b4 ,! ,magnet1 ,m1 is fully describ$ 9 ,app4 #he4 ,m is held firmly to ,a by cord or wire1 :i* %\ld pass ar\nd x ne> ! poles & at ! curv$ "p4 ,! wire %\ld pass ?r\gh small holes 9 ,a1 & be ti$ at ! back4 ,wire nails driv5 into ,a at ! sides ( ,m w keep x f mov+ ab\t4 ,! wires f ! magnet coils are l$ to two spr+ b9d+-po/s1 ,x & ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 #aig4 ,! ,armature1 ,c1 is made ( a n>r[ piece ( ?9 iron1 ab\t #e-a_/b x #a_/d x #a_/h 94 ,x may be made by b5d+ up #c or #d ?icknesses ( t9 into t %ape4 ,?is is ! "p :i* w be attract$ by ,m1 :5 ! curr5t passes1 & :i* w make ! clicks by :i* ! message c be read4 7,see telegraph alphabet47 ,!re are _m ways by :i* ,c c be held ne> ,m4 ,! figure %[s h[ x c be done entirely ) #a-;94 wire nails4 ,at ! "r end ( ,c two nails are driv5 into ,a above & bel[ ,c4 ,!y are j f> en\gh ap>t to all[ ! left end ( ,c to be rais$ & l[]$ )\t b9d+2 9 o!r words1 ^! nails make a pivot = ,c to sw+ ^u1 & !y help to support x at ! same "t4 ,! left end ( ,c mu/ n q t\* ! poles ( ,m :5 ! curr5t passes1 because ! residual magnetism w\ld keep ,c f dropp+ back into place4 ,to adju/ ! armature1 pass ! curr5t ?r\gh ,m1 hold ,c s t x w n q t\* ! poles1 !n drive 9 ! upp] nail1 #b4 ,put ano!r nail1 #a1 bel[ ,c1 s t ,m w n h to lift ,c m ?an #a_/h or #c_/af 94 ,try ! nails 9 diff]5t positions until ,c quickly rises & falls :5 ! circuit is clos$ & op5$4 ,a nail1 #c1 driv5 9 front ( ,c1 w keep its "r end 9 place4 ,no spr+s are ne$$1 z gravity acts ^u ,c in/antly1 br++ x to ! l[e/ position z soon z ! curr5t ceases to fl[4 #aih4 ,! ,batt]y w dep5d ^u h[ mu* y want to use ! s\nd]4 ,if j to %[ ! pr9ciple ( x1 almo/ any cell ( m$ium /r5g? w d1 l t ( ,app4 #c1 #d or #e4 ,a dry batt]y w d1 b if y use ! s\nd] mu*1 an op5-circuit batt]y w soon use itself up4 ,:]e mu* "w is ne$$ ( ! batt]y use ,app4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,! ,key l ,app4 #aai is be/4 ,pu%-buttons are h&y :]e us$ only = exp]im5ts1 & n = ! actual s5d+ ( messages4 ,,app>atus #aba4 #aii4 ,telegraph ,s\nd]4 ,fig4 #ie4 ,?is makes a simple & effici5t s\nd] = %ort l9es4 ,! base1 ,b1 is #g x #d-a_/b x #g_/h 94 ,! back1 ,a1 is #g x #d-a_/b x #a_/b 942 x is nail$ to ,b4 ,! piece ,d is #d x #c_/d x #c_/d 942 x is nail$ to ,a4 ,c is a wood5 piece #a-a_/b x #c_/d x #c_/d 942 x is nail$ to ,a1 & 9 its top is a screw1 ,e1 :i* is us$ z a regulat+-screw to keep ! armature1 ,l1 f t\*+ ! poles4 #bjj4 ,! ,armature1 ,l1 is expla9$ z ,app4 #gg4 ,! two ?icknesses ( t9 at ,f mu/ n be too ?ick1 or x w take too mu* batt]y p[] to "w ! s\nd]4 ,if y f9d t x is too /iff to b5d d[n1 :5 ! curr5t is on1 try ! arrangem5t ( ,app4 #abb1 :i* is easi] to make & regulate4 ,! :ole po9t dep5ds ^u ! t9 y h4 ,! end ( ,l mu/ tap aga9/ ,e4 ,a hole is pun*$ 9 ! "p ,f1 & a screw1 ,g1 holds x to ,d4 ,l %\ld re/ ab\t #a_/h 94 above ! poles & g5tly press aga9/ a screw or nail1 ,v4 #bja4 ,! ,magnets are l ,app4 #hi4 ,!y are made z 9 ,app4 #hh1 & held d[n l ,app4 #ij4 ,^! %\ld be plac$ v ne> ! back1 ,a1 s t ! armature w be ov] !m4 ,if y\r yoke is n too wide ! coils may re/ aga9/ ,a4 ,y & ,z are b9d+-po/s l ,app4 #df4 #bjb4 ,connections4 ,jo9 ! coils z expla9$ 9 ,sec4 #abe & see ,sec4 #aae4 ,in/ead ( a ?ird or middle b9d+-po/1 z 9 ,fig4 #ff1 hold ! two inside ends betwe5 a screw-head & a copp] bur4 ,! me?od ( jo9+ ! wires = a l9e ) two outfits1 is %[n 9 ,app4 #abd4 ,if y h b "o key1 s\nd]1 & batt]y1 simply jo9 ! l9e wire to ! return wire !re %[n4 ,a gravity cell is be/4 7,see ,app4 #i47 #bjc4 ,h9ts ,ab\t ,adju/+4 ,if y h ! "r spr+ to ! "p ,f1 ( ! armature1 y w h no tr\ble4 ,x mu/ n be s weak t x all[s ,l to /rike ^u ! poles1 z ! residual magnetism 7,text-book7 w hold ,l d[n aft] ! curr5t has ceas$ to pass4 ,no spr+s are necess>y1 if y\r t9 is "r4 ,d n h ,l too f> away f ! poles4 ,! di/ance is regulat$ by ! position ( ,v4 ,if y h tr\ble 9 gett+ x to "w see ,app4 #abb4 ,! poles mu/ be opposite 9 nature4 ,,app>atus #abb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 #bjd4 ,telegraph ,s\nd]4 ,fig4 #if4 ,! magnets1 connections1 etc41 are l ^? ( ,app4 #aba1 no b9d+-po/s1 etc41 be+ "h %[n4 ,! armature is /raight1 h[ev]1 ! "p ,f re/+ ^u ,d4 ,a hole is made 9 ! end ( ,f1 & ?r\gh ?is is a screw or nail1 ,s4 ,! hole mu/ be l>ge en\gh to all[ ,s to pass ?r\gh easily4 ,?is acts z a be>+ or pivot4 ,l is kept up aga9/ ,v by ! rubb]-b&1 ,j1 "o end ( :i* passes ar\nd ! end ( ,l2 to ! o!r end ( ,j is a ?read1 :i* is ti$ ar\nd a screw-eye1 ,k4 ,by turn+ ! screw-eye1 ! b& may be made to pull m or less ^u ,l4 ,9 ?is way ! app>atus may be regulat$ accord+ to y\r batt]y4 ,! g5]al dim5sions & explanations are giv5 9 ,app4 #aba4 ,d is made ( su* a height t x w br+ ,l ab\t #a_/h or #c_/af 94 above ! poles4 ,,app>atus #abc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 #bje4 ,telegraph ,s\nd]4 ,figs4 #ig & #ih4 ,?is app>atus looks a little m l a regul> s\nd] ?an ,app4 #aba & #abb1 b x is mu* h>d] to make & adju/4 ,9 ?is ! l[] nuts ( ! bolts are n sunk into ! base1 & ! magnets are made ( #b-;94 bolts4 ,if y *ange ?is & fa/5 !m l ,app4 #hi & #ij1 x w simply *ange ! dim5sions ( ! small p>ts4 ,! sizes giv5 are = ?is p>ticul> in/rum5t4 ,fig4 #ig %[s a p]spective view1 & ,fig4 #ih is a plan or top-view ( x1 ) dim5sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 #bjf4 ,! ,base1 ,b1 is #f x #d x #g_/h 94 ,! magnet1 ,m1 is expla9$ 9 ,app4 #hi4 ,its wires are atta*$ to ! b9d+-po/s l ,app4 #df4 ,! armature1 ,a1 is #b-a_/b x #c_/d x #a_/h 941 & made z describ$ 9 ,app4 #ga4 ,! piece1 ,d1 is #b-a_/b x #a-c_/h x #a_/b 941 & is screw$ to ,b f bel[1 aft] ! two uprights1 ,c1 are nail$ to x4 ,! uprights1 ,c1 are #b-c_/d x #g_/h x #a_/b 94 ,!y are nail$ to ,d4 ,! nail1 ,n1 runs ?r\gh bo? uprights1 & acts z ! be>+ = ,f to rock up & d[n ^u4 ,! hole = ,n is #b 94 above ,b4 ,x mu/ n be too loose 9 ! holes1 or ,f w rock sidewise1 & all[ ,a to t\* "o ( ! magnets4 ,! upright1 ,e1 is #b-c_/d x #c_/d x #c_/d 941 & is screw$ or nail$ to ,b f bel[4 ,a screw1 ,g1 is put into ! side ( ,e ne> ! top4 ,?is screw has ! und]side ( ! head fil$ flat1 & aga9/ ?is ! screw1 ,l1 taps :5 ! armature is attract$4 ,! arm1 ,f1 :i* c>ries ! armature1 ,a1 is #d-a_/b x #a_/b x #a_/b 941 & is pivot$ by means ( ,n1 :i* passes ?r\gh x & ! uprights ,c4 ,f mu/ sw+ up & d[n freely4 ,! hole = ,n1 9 ?is model1 is #a-c_/d 94 f ! armature end4 #bjg4 ,! armature is fa/5$ to ,f by a screw1 ,s4 ,a copp] bur is put "u ! head ( ,s to aid 9 keep+ ,a f rock+ sidewise4 ,?r\gh ,f1 & ab\t half way betwe5 ,c & ,l1 is put a screw1 ,i1 ! l[] end ( :i* taps aga9/ ! head ( a screw1 ,h1 :i* is put into ,d4 ,by unscrew+ ,h a little1 ,f w be rais$1 & ,a w be br\ght ne>] ! poles ( ,m4 ,! rubb]-b&1 ,j1 is plac$ ov] ! head ( ,i1 & has ti$ to x a ?read1 ,o1 :i* 9 turn is ti$ to a screw-eye1 ,k4 ,k screws into ! end ( ,b1 & by turn+ x "o way or ! o!r1 ! t5sion1 or pull1 on ,j may be increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,!re mu/ be en\gh spr+ 9 ,j to pull ,a up aft] ! curr5t ceases2 x mu/ n pull s mu* t ! magnet _c draw ,a d[n h>d en\gh to make a good click betwe5 ,l & ,g4 ,! ,magnet1 ,m1 is expla9$ 9 ,app4 #hi1 & ! con/ruction ( "o bolt magnet is giv5 9 detail 9 ,app4 #hh4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> s\nd] ! bolts are #b 94 long "u ! heads1 ?us br++ ! tops ( ! bolt-heads ab\t #b-a_/d 94 above ,b4 ,m is held to ! base by a b& ( t91 ,t4 ,! yoke may be screw$ to ,b1 z sugge/$ 9 ,app4 #ij4 ,?is is ! bett] plan4 #bjh4 ,adju/m5t4 ,y w f9d1 al?\gh y make all ( ! p>ts ) ! dim5sions giv51 t y w h to try1 & *ange1 & adju/ be=e ev]y?+ w "w p]fectly4 ,a mu/ n be all[$ to t\* ! poles ( ,m :5 x is pull$ d[n1 on acc\nt ( ! residual magnetism1 :i* w\ld keep x pull$ d[n4 ,adju/ ?is ) ,f4 ,! armature mu/ n be pull$ too f> up f ! poles ( ,m by ! t5sion 9 ,j2 adju/ ?is ) ,i & ,h4 ,if y\r batt]y is weak1 ! pull ( ,j mu/ be small1 j en\gh to raise ,a4 ,! ,batt]y4 ,x is suppos$1 if y make an in/rum5t l ?is1 t y expect to use x = a l9e4 ,9 t case make a regul> gravity batt]y l ! cell ( ,app4 #i4 ,see ,fig4 #ii = l9e connections1 & ,fig4 #ih = plan view ( ?is s\nd]4 ,,app>atus #abd4 #bji4 ,telegraph ,l9e2 ,connections4 ,fig4 #ii %[s ! complete connections = our telegraph l9e1 ) two complete outfits4 ,! capital lett]s are us$ on ! "r side1 ,r1 & small lett]s are on ! left side1 ,l4 ,! batt]ies1 ,b1 b1 are l ,app4 #i4 ,! keys1 ,k1 k1 are l ,app4 #aai4 ,! s\nd]s1 ,s1 s1 are l ,app4 #aba or #abb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 #baj4 ,! two /ations1 ,r & ,l1 may be ne> ea* o!r1 or 9 diff]5t h\ses4 ,! return wire1 ,r ,w1 passes f ! copp] ( b to ! z9c ( ,b4 ,?is is important4 ,if ! cells are n jo9$ prop]ly1 !y w n "w4 ,x is bett] to h ! cells toge!r1 on a %ort l9e1 jo9$ 9 s]ies4 ,! l9e wire1 ,l ,w1 & ! return wire1 ,r ,w1 may be made ( insulat$ copp] wire = %ort l9es 9 ! h\se4 ,ord9>y annunciator wire1 ,no4 #bj1 is good & *eap4 ,! k9d t is d\ble cotton wrapp$1 wax$1 & p>aff9$1 has ab\t #bce ft4 to ! p\nd4 ,y %\ld get at lea/ #e ft4 = #a c5t4 ,if y\r l9e /ret*es f "o h\se to ano!r y w f9d x bett] to use iron wire4 ,galvaniz$ iron or /eel wire ,no4 #ad is good4 ,?is size weighs ab\t #ajj lbs4 to ! mile4 ,! return & l9e wires mu/ n t\* ea* o!r at any po9t2 !y mu/ n t\* any pipe or o!r piece ( metal t w %ort circuit y\r batt]ies4 ,x is be/ to use porcela9 or glass insulators to support y\r wires if ! l9e is long2 b = %ort l9es1 :]e y use a return wire1 y may support ! wires ^u poles or trees by means ( loops made ( /rong cord or wire4 #baa4 ,op]ation4 ,suppose ,r 7"r7 & ,l 7left7 h a l9e4 ,by /udy+ ,fig4 #ii y w see t ,r's swit*1 ,e1 is op5 :ile e is clos$4 ,! :ole sy/em1 !n1 has b "o place :]e ! circuit is op54 ,z soon z ,r presses 8 key1 ,k1 ! circuit is clos$1 ! curr5t f bo? cells ru%es ar\nd ?r\gh ,k1 ,s1 ,l ,w1 s1 k1 b1 ,r ,w1 & ,b4 ,?is magnetizes ! bolts ( bo? ,s & s1 & _! armatures come d[n ) a click ^u ! regulat+-screws1 :]e !y rema9 z long z ! curr5t passes4 ,z soon z ,r raises 8 key ! armatures rise1 mak+ ! up-click4 ,r c1 9 ?is way1 regulate ! "t betwe5 ! two clicks4 ,if he presses ,k d[n & lets x up quickly1 ! two clicks t 8 fri5d ,l he>s f s are close toge!r2 ?is makes :at is call$ a dot4 ,if ,r holds ,k d[n long]1 x makes a long] "t betwe5 ! clicks = ,l to he>1 & ?is makes a da%4 ,r1 ( c\rse1 he>s 8 own s\nd]1 :i* is mak+ ! dots & da%es also4 ,z soon z ,r has f9i%$1 he closes 8 swit*1 ,e4 ,l !n op5s 8 swit* & proce$s to answ]4 ,bo? ,e & e %\ld be left clos$ :5 y are ?r\gh talk+4 7,read ,sec4 #aid1 #aie1 & /udy :at is said 9 ,app4 #i ab\t ! gravity cell to be us$ on su* a l9e47 #bab4 ,telegraph ,alphabet4 ,! lett]s are repres5t$ by comb9ations ( dots1 da%es & spaces4 ,a dot is made by press+ ! key d[n1 & rais+ x at once2 t is1 ! key is rais$ z soon z x /rikes4 ,?is makes ! lett] ,e4 ,! da% is made by press+ d[n ! key1 & all[+ ! curr5t to pass ab\t z long z x takes to make #c dots2 ?is makes ! lett] ,t4 ,a long da% = ,l %\ld take ab\t z long z = #e dots4 ,spaces occur 9 a lett] & betwe5 words4 ,to make a da% y hesitate :ile ! lev] ( ! key is d[n1 to make a space1 y hesitate :ile ! key is up4 ,h is made ) #d dots )\t hesitation or space4 ,by putt+ a space betwe5 ! dots ! lett] 1 ,y or ,z is made accord+ to ! position ( ! space4 ,notice t lett]s conta9+ da%es d n conta9 spaces4 ,a space is really ! opposite ( a da%4 ,! lett]s ,c1 ,e1 ,h1 ,i1 ,o1 ,p1 ,r1 ,s1 ,y1 ,z1 & are made entirely ( dots or ( dots & spaces4 ,y %\ld notice t sev]al lett]s are ! rev]se ( o!rs2 ,a is ! rev]se ( ,n1 ,b ( ,v1 ,d ( ,u1 ,c ( ,r1 ,q ( ,x1 & ,z ( 4 ,! /ud5t %\ld /udy "s book ^u telegraphy1 if he desires to become exp]t4 ,punctuation m>ks are left out ( ! alphabet "h giv51 z boys w f9d v little use = !m4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v ,w ,x ,y ,z #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #j ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,electric ,,bells ,,& ,,buzz]s4 ,,app>atus #abe4 #bac4 ,electric ,buzz]4 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,a buzz] is1 9 con/ruction1 v simil> to an electric bell2 9 fact1 y w h a buzz] by remov+ ! bell f any ord9>y electric bell4 ,!y are us$ 9 places :]e ! l\d s\nd ( a bell w\ld be objectionable4 ,z ! buzz] is easi] to make ?an a bell1 we %all discuss x fir/4 #bad4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts1 7,fig4 #ajj71 is v mu* l t ( ! s\nd] ( ,app4 #aba1 ,fig4 #ie4 ,! armature is1 9 ?is case1 a vibrat+ "o & acts on ! same pr9ciple z ! automatic int]rupt] on ,app4 #ajj1 :i* y %\ld /udy4 7,see ,sec4 #adh47 ,! g5]al dim5sions may be tak5 f ,app4 #aba4 ,! base1 ,b1 9 ?is case is ab\t #a 94 wide4 ,d also is made #a 94 wide4 ,h is #a x #a x #a_/b 941 & is nail$ to ,a4 ,?r\gh its c5t] is a hole = ! regulat+ screw-eye1 ,i4 ,! end ( ,i presses aga9/ ,f4 ,! exact position ( ,h w h to be det]m9$ aft] ! magnets are 9 place4 ,! armature1 ,l1 %\ld be ab\t #a_/h or #c_/af 94 above ! poles4 ,!y are n all[$ to /rike ! poles1 z a screw1 ,e1 regulates t4 7,see ,sec4 #bjc74 ,y & ,z are two b9d+-po/s1 l ,app4 #df4 ,to ^! are connect$ ! batt]y wires4 ,! /rip ( t9 or copp]1 :i* =ms ,y1 is cut l a lett] ,t !re be+ ?ree holes 9 x1 "o ne> ! end ( ea* arm4 ,! screw-eye1 #b1 & ! screw1 #c1 are put ?r\gh ! horizontal "p ( ! ,t1 & ! regulat+-screw1 ,i1 passes ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! v]tical "p :i* spr+s up aga9/ ,i1 ?us =m+ an electrical connection betwe5 ,y & ,i4 ,! magnets are made & fa/5$ z 9 ,app4 #hi4 #bae4 ,connections4 ,! inside ends ( ! magnet coils1 7,sec4 #abc71 are fa/5$ betwe5 a screw-head & a copp] bur1 ,s4 ,"o outside end goes to ,z1 & ! o!r "u ! screw1 ,g1 :i* holds ,f to ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 #baf4 ,adju/m5t4 ,! "p1 ,f1 & ! screw1 ,e1 mu/ be j high en\gh to keep ,l f /rik+ ! poles ( ,m4 ,if ,f is too weak1 x w b5d d[n to ,m4 ,if ,f is too /rong1 x w take too mu* batt]y p[] to run x4 ,9 case !re is n /r5g? en\gh 9 ,f to quickly raise ,l :5 ! curr5t ceases to pass1 arrange a screw-eye & rubb] b& z %[n 9 ,fig4 #if4 ,i %\ld be sl[ly turn$ "o way or ! o!r1 until x t\*es ,f j "r to all[ ,l to vibrate back & =? rapidly4 #bag4 ,op]ation4 ,we %all suppose t y h all p>ts adju/$ & ! batt]y wires jo9$ to ,y & ,z4 ,if ! curr5t ent]s at ,z1 x w fly ar\nd ?r\gh ! coils1 ?r\gh ,g1 ,f1 up ,i1 ?r\gh ! ,t-%ap$ t9 & out at ,y4 ,! curr5t 0 9 ,l1 b x c\ld n get out at any o!r place ?an at ,y4 ,z soon z ! bolts 7 magnetiz$1 ,l 0 =cibly drawn d[n1 pull+ ,f away f ,i1 ?us op5+ ! circuit4 ,z ! bolts 7 no long] magnets1 ,f sprang "r back to ,i1 ! curr5t pass$ long en\gh to re-magnetize ! bolts4 ,?is op]ation 0 rapidly repeat$4 #bah4 ,use4 ,if y wi% to use ! buzz] simply to call "s "o occasionally1 a dry batt]y or ,leclan*e cell is be/4 ,?is app>atus is good to "w a gravity cell :5 x ne$s regulat+4 ,,app>atus #abf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 #bai4 ,electric ,bell4 ,fig4 #aja4 ,be=e mak+ ?is bell1 c>efully read ! directions & explanations giv5 = ! electric buzz]1 ,app4 #abe4 ,! p>ts are v mu* alike 9 ! two in/rum5ts1 & mo/ ( ! lett]+ ( !m has be5 made ! same 9 ! illu/rations4 ,if y look at ,fig4 #aja f ! side1 ) ! lett]s ,m & ,q at ! bottom1 y w see t ?is bell is m]ely a modifi$ =m ( ,app4 #abe4 ,! ,base is #g x #e x #a_/b 94 ,to ! upp] end ( ?is is nail$ ! cross piece1 ,d4 ,to ,d are fa/5$ ! b9d+-po/s4 ,! ,p>ts1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 ,j1 ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 ,p1 ,q1 are ! same z expla9$ 9 ,app4 #aba & #abe4 ,! ,magnet is fa/5$ to ! base by a t9 /rip1 ,c1 :i* is screw$ d[n at bo? ends4 ,by nail+ a /rip1 l ,d1 along ! left side ( ! base1 ! magnet may be fa/5$ to ?is4 ,?is /rip w\ld take ! place ( ! base ( ,app4 #abe4 ,! piece1 ,f1 ( two ?icknesses ( t91 is made long] ?an x 0 9 ,app4 #abe2 9 fact1 x projects ?r\gh ,l & =ms ! "p ,n4 ,to ! l[] end ( ,n is fa/5$ a l>ge bullet4 ,hold ! cutt+-edge ( a /rong knife-blade ^u ! bullet1 & ) a few taps ( a hamm] drive ! blade into x to make a ga%4 ,put ! end ( ,n into ! cut1 !n hamm] ! bullet s t ,n w be p9*$4 ,if y h no bullet1 cut a long /rip ( t91 ab\t #c_/h 94 wide1 & w9d ?is ab\t ! end ( ,n to s]ve z a ball4 ,! ,bell1 ,e1 may be tak5 f an old al>m-clock4 ,?is is n screw$ directly to ! base1 z x w\ld n r+ well4 ,aft] y h ! ball1 ,o1 prop]ly fix$1 hold ,e1 s t ,o w /rike x ne> its rim2 !n cut a piece ( wood ab\t #e_/h x #e_/h1 & long en\gh to put "u ,e1 to raise its rim to ! "r place4 ,?is piece mu/ be screw$ to ! base f ! und]side1 & on to its top is plac$ ! screw :i* passes ?r\gh ! bell4 ,9 o!r words1 ,e is m\nt$ ^u a rod :i* is fa/5$ to ! base4 ,! ,adju/m5ts are made z 9 ,app4 #abe4 ,by b5d+ ,n a little1 ,o c be made to tap ,e prop]ly4 ,! ,batt]y = a bell t is to be us$ mu* %\ld be an op5 circuit "o1 su* z ! ,leclan*e1 or ! ord9>y dry batt]ies4 ,x is *eap] to buy a dry batt]y ?an x is to make "o suitable = bells4 ,a & ,b %[ wires t lead to ! bell f ! batt]y4 ,"o ( ! wires %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a pu%-button4 ,,app>atus #abg4 #bbj4 ,electric ,bell4 ,by arrang+ ! buzz] ( ,app4 #abe ) a bell1 y c use ! same = an electric bell4 ,! "p1 ,f1 %\ld be made long en\gh to ext5d entirely ?r\gh ,l1 & project beyond ,l = ab\t #b 94 ,to ! end ( ?is is fa/5$ a l>ge bullet1 or a b& ( t94 7,see ,app4 #abf47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,,app>atus #abh4 #bba4 ,comb9ation ,buzz] & ,telegraph ,s\nd]4 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,?is app>atus is good = exp]im5tal purposes1 :]e y d n wi% to g to ! tr\ble to make two sep>ate pieces4 ,= ! dim5sions & explanations see ,app4 #aba & #abe4 ,!re is b a slight *ange 9 ,app4 #abe to make ?is4 #bbb4 ,connections4 ,! inside ends 7,sec4 #abc7 ( ! magnet wires are fa/5$ toge!r at ,s4 ,! outside ends are jo9$ to ! two b9d+-po/s1 ,y & ,z1 made l ,app4 #df4 ,a wire1 ,p1 jo9s ,y ) ! screw 9 ,t1 :i* is a piece ( /iff t9 or copp]1 :i* presses d[n ^u ! top ( ,i4 ,9 ?is way a connection may always be _h betwe5 ,i & ,t4 ,a wire1 ,r1 jo9s ,f electrically ) ,x2 x is held "u ! head ( ! screw1 ,g4 7,see ,app4 #abe ab\t adju/m5ts47 #bbc4 ,op]ation4 ,:5 y wi% to use ! app>atus z a buzz]1 jo9 y\r batt]y wires to ,x & ,z4 ,if ! curr5t ent]s ,z1 x w pass ?r\gh ! magnet coils out to ,y1 ?r\gh ,p1 ,t1 ,i1 ,f1 & ,r to ,x4 ,if y use x z a telegraph s\nd]1 jo9 ! batt]y wires to ,y & ,z4 ,! curr5t w !n pass simply ?r\gh ! coils2 x w n bo!r to g into ,p1 ,f1 etc41 z x has no place x c escape4 ,if us$ simply = exp]im5tal purposes almo/ any cell ( suffici5t /r5g? w d4 ,if = telegraph1 use ,app4 #i2 if = buzz]1 use an op5 circuit cell1 z1 = example1 a dry cell4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,commutators ,,& ,,curr5t ,,rev]s]s4 #bbd4 ,commutators & ,curr5t ,rev]s]s are useful 9 "s exp]im5ts1 z1 = example1 ^? ) tang5t galvanomet]s 7,app4 #aaf1 #aag71 9 :i* read+s are made ) ! curr5t pass+ ar\nd ! coil 9 "o direction1 & aga9 made at once ) ! curr5t rev]s$4 ,! use ( commutators on motors & dynamos %\ld be und]/ood4 ,! rev]s]s h]e9 %[n are1 ( c\rse1 n at all l ^? us$ on motors4 ,curr5t rev]s]s are us$ 9 connection ) ! ne$le-telegraph & _m o!r in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,,app>atus #abi4 #bbe4 ,curr5t ,rev]s]4 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,! base is #e x #d x #g_/h 94 ,to ?is are fa/5$ f\r metal /raps1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d4 ,^! may be made ( brass1 alum9um1 or ev5 ( t94 ,if made ( t91 use "o ?ickness ( metal = ,c & ,d1 & two ?icknesses = ,a & ,b4 ,ea* /rap has two #a_/h 94 holes pun*$ 9 x1 _! positions be+ %[n by ! screw-heads & screw-eye b9d+-po/s4 ,con/ruction4 ,c is #c-c_/d x #a_/b 94 ,fa/5 ?is to ! base fir/4 ,at ! left end is a small screw1 :ile ! "r end is held d[n by ! b9d+-po/1 ,w4 ,! keys1 ,a & ,b1 %\ld h q a little spr+ to !m4 ,^! are cut #e x #c_/d 94 ,! front end ( ea* is b5t ov] a little 7see ! key ,app4 #aah1 ,fig4 #ib7 s t !y may be m easily grasp$4 ,! l5g? aft] b5d+ w be less ?an #e 94 ,! front ends %\ld be rais$ f ! base 7,fig4 #ib7 s t !y w n t\* ,c1 unless press$ d[n4 ,! #a_/h 94 holes 9 ! end ( ,a are ab\t #c_/d 94 ap>t1 "o be+ us$ = a screw to hold x to ! base1 & ! o!r = ! b9d+-po/1 ,y4 ,! /rap1 ,d1 is #c-c_/d x #a_/b 94 ,x is fa/5$ at "o end by a screw1 & at ! o!r end by ,x4 ,d is b5t ab\t #c_/d 94 f ea* end1 s t its middle "p /&s above ! base ab\t #a_/d 94 ,! /raps1 ,a & ,b1 press up aga9/ ,d1 unless !y are held d[n ) ! h&4 #bbf4 ,connections4 ,w & ,x are jo9$ to ! poles ( ! batt]y to be us$4 ,y & ,z are jo9$ to ! app>atus 9 :i* ! curr5t mu/ be pass$ 9 "o direction1 & !n 9 ! opposite direction4 ,a tang5t galvanomet]1 or a ne$le-telegraph in/rum5t1 = example1 may be connect$ ) ,y & ,z4 #bbg4 ,op]ation4 ,suppose t ! batt]y curr5t ent]s at ,w4 ,z long z bo? keys are rais$1 ! curr5t c g no f>!r4 ,n[1 imag9e t we press ,a d[n solidly ^u ,c1 ! curr5t w pass along ,a1 :i* does n n[ t\* ,d1 out ?r\gh ,y into ! galvanomet]1 back to ,z1 into ,d1 & to ! batt]y aga92 t is1 ! curr5t w ent] ! galvanomet] f ,y4 ,n[1 suppose t we let ,a spr+ up aga9/ ,d aga91 & press ,b d[n1 ! curr5t /ill com+ into ,w f ! batt]y2 ! curr5t w pass along ,b1 out ?r\gh ,z1 into ! galvanomet]1 back to ,y1 ?r\gh ,d1 & back to ! batt]y4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! curr5t c be made to pass out ( ,y or ,z to ! galvanomet] at w by press+ d[n ,a or ,b4 ,,app>atus #acj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 #bbh4 ,curr5t ,rev]s]4 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,! wood5 base is #g x #e x #g_/h 94 ,to ?is are fa/5$ two brass or t9 /raps1 ,c & ,d1 #e x #a_/b 94 ,!y are fa/5$ at ! front ends by screws1 ,s1 :ile ! b9d+-po/s1 ,y & ,z1 hold ! o!r ends solid4 ,x & ,w are two screw-eye b9d+-po/s 7,app4 #de74 ,! small squ>e piece ( wood1 ,t1 is #c x #c x #a_/b 94 ,?r\gh ! corn]s ( ,t1 & 9 positions s t !y w be directly ov] ,c & ,d1 are put f\r screw b9d+-po/s1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d 7,app4 #da74 ,! screws1 h[ev]1 pass entirely ?r\gh ,t1 & /ick out ab\t #a_/d 94 on ! und]side ( x4 ,! wire1 ,a1 connects ,w1 #a & #d1 :ile ! wire1 ,b1 connects ,x1 #b & #c4 ,a & ,b mu/ n t\* ea* o!r :]e !y cross on ! top ( ,t4 ,n is a wire nail t s]ves z a h&le4 ,if we 7 to place ,t1 hold+ ! f\r corn] screws1 ^u ! /raps1 ,c & ,d1 x is evid5t t all ! screws w\ld t\* ! /raps1 if !y 7 prop]ly adju/$4 ,we mu/ fix ?+s s t two only c t\* ! /raps at a "t4 ,put a screw1 ,q1 ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ,t1 f ! bottom1 s t x w /ick out ( ! bottom m ?an ! screws1 #a1 #b1 etc4 ,! screws1 #b & #d1 w be lift$ f ,c & ,d :5 ! h&le1 ,n1 is press$ d[n4 ,by rais+ ,n1 ! top1 ,t1 c be made to rock up & d[n ^u ,q z a pivot4 ,by lift+ ,n f> en\gh1 #b & #d w be press$ aga9/ ,c & ,d1 :ile #a & #c w be rais$4 ,a spr+1 ,r1 is %[n jo9$ to ,t & to ! base4 ,?is w hold ! screws1 #b & #d1 d[n ^u ,c & ,d1 unless ,n is press$ d[n4 #bbi4 ,op]ation4 ,we %all fir/ suppose t ! spr+1 ,r1 is hold+ #b & #d 9 contact ) ,c & ,d2 #a & #c w1 ( c\rse1 be held up 9 ! air4 ,imag9e t we h a galvanomet] connect$ ) ,y & ,z4 ,if ! batt]y curr5t ent]s at ,w1 x w pass along ,a to #d1 be=e x c f9d a *ance to escape4 ,x w pass ?r\gh #d into ,d1 & into ! galvanomet] by way ( ,z1 !n back by way ( ,y1 up #b1 & out to ! batt]y f ,x4 ,if we n[ press ! h&le1 ,n1 d[n1 ! curr5t w pass f ,w to #a1 d[n #a ?r\gh ,c & ,y to ! galvanomet]4 ,x w return to ! batt]y by way ( ,z1 ,d1 #c1 ,b1 & ,x4 ,! curr5t c !n be rapidly rev]s$ by rais+ & l[]+ ,n4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,resi/ance ,,coils4 ,,app>atus #aca4 #bcj4 ,resi/ance ,coils4 ,fig4 #aje4 ,= exp]im5ts 9 resi/ance 7,see text-book71 a set ( /&>d resi/ances is necess>y4 ,!re are _m ways 9 :i* ! resi/ances may be made2 y c arrange !m ^u a long bo>d1 ^u a rack1 or w9d ! wires ar\nd spools4 ,we g5]ally speak ( resi/ance coils4 ,! ,ohm is tak5 z ! /&>d4 ,if y use copp] wire1 y may take #i ft4 #i 94 ( ,no4 #cj insulat$ wire z y\r /&>d ,ohm4 ,y c\ld1 ( c\rse1 take any o!r l5g? ( any size z y\r /&>d1 b x w be be/ to make y\r coils ) a c]ta9 numb] ( ,ohms resi/ance4 ,if y h no ,no4 #cj wire1 y may use #ci ft4 #a 94 ( ,no4 #bd insulat$ copp] wire = #a ,ohm4 7,see wire tables 9 text-book47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 #bca4 ,to avoid ! magnetic effect 7,see resi/ance coils1 9 text-book71 ! wire %\ld be measur$ (f1 !n d\bl$1 be=e w9d+ x ^u ! spools4 ,! wire may be held to ! spool ) p>aff9e4 ,fig4 #aje %[s h[ ! d\bl$ wire looks on ! spool1 a few turns only be+ %[n4 ,d n use any nails or o!r iron 9 connection ) ! coils prop]4 #bcb4 ,by mak+ #d coils hav+1 respectively1 #a1 #b1 #b1 & #e ,ohms resi/ance1 y w be able to use any numb] ( ,ohms f #a to #aj4 ,^! w be v h&y 9 connection ) a ,:eat/one's bridge = comp>+ resi/ances4 7,see text-book = exp]im5ts74 ,! coils %\ld be m\nt$ ^u a base ) prop] b9d+-po/s1 s t "o or m coils c be us$ at a "t4 7,see ,app4 #acb47 ,= ! #b-,ohm coil use1 ( c\rse1 twice z mu* ( ! same k9d ( wire z = ! #a-,ohm coil4 ,,app>atus #acb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 #bcc4 ,resi/ance ,coils4 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,! con/ruction ( "o coil is giv5 9 ,app4 #aca4 ,to h ! set ( coils s t !y c be easily us$1 place ! spools ^u a base :i*1 9 ! model1 is #h-a_/b x #d x #g_/h 94 ,! spools are #a-c_/d 94 ap>t1 c5t] to c5t]1 & %\ld be glu$ to ! base4 ,fig4 #ajf is a plan ( ! app>atus4 ,u1 ,v1 etc41 are b9d+-po/s l ,app4 #df4 ,! figures betwe5 !m %[ h[ _m ,ohms resi/ance !re are 9 ! coil above4 ,! coils ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e are w\nd respectively = #a1 #b1 #b1 #e & #aj ,ohms4 #bcd4 ,connections4 ,if y jo9 a ,:eat/one's bridge1 = example1 ) ,u & ,v 7,fig4 #ajf71 ! resi/ance add$ w be b #a ,ohm2 if y jo9 ) ,u & ,w1 ! coils ,a & ,b w be 9 ! circuit & make #c ,ohms resi/ance2 if ,v & ,x1 #d ,ohms2 if ,v & ,y1 #i ,ohms2 if ,u & ,z1 ! :ole1 or #bj ,ohms4 ,,app>atus #acc4 #bce4 ,resi/ance ,coils4 ,= use 9 "s exp]im5ts 9 comp>+ ! resi/ance1 diamet]1 l5g?s1 etc41 ( wires 7,see text-book71 x is v h&y to h coils made a c]ta9 numb] ( met]s long4 7,! met] is a ,fr5* unit ( measure & repres5ts #ci4cgje ( our in*es74 ,g]man-silv] wire has a mu* great] resi/ance ?an copp] wire ( ! same size & l5g?4 7a7 ,make a coil 7,see ,app4 #aca = me?od7 conta9+ #a met] ( ,no4 #cj ,g]man-silv] wire4 7b7 ,make a coil ) #b met]s ,no4 #cj ,g]man-silv] wire4 7c7 ,make "o ) #b met]s ( ,no4 #bh ,g]man-silv] wire4 7d7 ,make "o ) #bj met]s ( ,no4 #cj copp] wire4 ,! above wire mu/ be insulat$ if x is to be w\nd ^u spools4 ,b>e wire may be arrang$ on bo>ds or racks s t ! curr5t may n be %ort circuit$4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,/atic ,,electricity4 #bcf4 ,/atic or ,frictional ,electricity4 ,!re are _m int]e/+ & in/ructive exp]im5ts 9 ?is bran* ( electricity4 ,all t c be done "h is to expla9 a few pieces ( simple app>atus to %[ ! pres5ce ( /atic electricity1 x be+ tak5 = grant$ t y "k h[ to produce x1 & t y h "s book ( simple exp]im5ts4 #bcg4 ,electroscopes are in/rum5ts = %[+ ! pres5ce ( /atic electricity4 ,,app>atus #acd4 #bch4 ,?read ,electroscope4 ,a piece ( ord9>y ?read may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,tie "o end ( x to ! back ( a *air or o!r support4 ,,app>atus #ace4 #bci4 ,pi?-,ball ,electroscope4 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! pi? f eld]1 corn-/alk1 milk-we$1 etc41 is v light & por\s4 ,:5 ?is is ti$ to ! end ( a silk ?read1 we get ! pi?-ball electroscope1 s mu* talk$ ab\t 9 ne>ly e text-book on physics4 ,! upp] end ( ! ?read may be ti$ to any suitable support4 ,fig4 #aag %[s a book1 lead p5cil1 & a small weight to hold ! p5cil /eady4 ,! ?read is ti$ to "o end ( ! p5cil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,,app>atus #acf4 #bdj4 ,support = ,electroscopes1 etc4 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,glue or nail a spool1 ,s1 to a wood5 base1 ,b1 measur+ ab\t #d x #e 94 ,wrap "s pap] ar\nd a #g 94 l5g? ( #a_/d 94 d[el1 ,d1 to make x fit ! hole 9 ,s4 ,w9d "o end ( a wire1 ,w1 ar\nd ! top end ( ,d4 ,to ! out] end ( ,w tie a silk ?read1 ,s ,t1 on ! l[] end ( :i* may be ti$ a piece ( pi? or mat]ial to s]ve z an electroscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,,app>atus #acg4 #bda4 ,c>bon ,electroscope4 ,c>bon w be f\nd to make a mo/ excell5t electroscope1 z x is light & a good conductor ( electricity4 ,light an ord9>y mat* & let x burn until x is *>r$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,! black sub/ance rema9+ is c>bon4 ,tie a small piece ( ! c>bon1 ab\t #a_/d 94 long1 to "o end ( a silk ?read1 & support ! ?read z 9 ,fig4 #ajg or #ajh4 ,,app>atus #ach4 #bdb4 ,pivot$ ,electroscope4 ,fig4 #aji & #aaj4 ,fold a piece ( /iff pap] d\ble1 !n cut x into ! %ape %[n4 ,x %\ld be ab\t #c 94 long & #a 94 wide :5 op5$ out4 ,a hole1 ,b1 ab\t #a_/b 94 9 diamet] %\ld be cut 9 x :ile fold$4 ,a piece ( pap]1 ,c1 %\ld be pa/$ to ,a1 s t its top1 :]e x is creas$1 w be ab\t #a_/h 94 above ! top ( ,a4 ,! support consi/s ( a p91 ,e1 /uck ?r\gh a cork1 ,d4 ,balance ! pap] on ! p91 :i* passes up ?r\gh ! hole1 ,b4 ,an electrifi$ body br\ght ne> ?is app>atus w make x :irl ar\nd v decid$ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,,app>atus #aci4 #bdc4 ,fancy ,electroscope4 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,fold a piece ( /iff pap] d\ble1 !n cut out "s fancy-%ap$ figure1 z sugge/$1 & draw ! face1 clo!s1 etc41 to suit4 ,?is be+ fold$ ?r\gh ! c5t] = cutt+1 x c be balanc$ ^u a p9-po9t z expla9$ 9 ,app4 #ach4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,,app>atus #adj4 #bdd4 ,box-,cov] ,electroscope4 ,fig4 #aab4 ,a pa/ebo>d box-cov]1 balanc$ ^u a p91 makes a fairly good electroscope1 al?\gh x is n ne>ly s s5sitive z ,app4 #ach4 ,! p9 may be /uck 9 ! upp] end ( ! d[el1 ,d1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,,app>atus #ada4 #bde4 ,leaf ,electroscope4 ,fig4 #aac4 ,?is is a v s5sitive in/rum5t1 & c be us$ to tell ! k9d ( /atic electricity on a body1 z well z ! m]e pres5ce ( x4 7,see exp]im5ts 9 text-book47 ,! lamp *imney acts z a support = ! leaves1 ,l1 & x protects !m f curr5ts ( air4 ,a t9 box-cov]1 ,c1 has a small hole pun*$ ?r\gh its c5t]4 ,?r\gh ?is is pu%$ "o end ( a wire1 ,w4 ,?is may be a hairp91 /raight5$4 ,! upp] end is b5t ov] at "r angles1 aft] pass+ x ?r\gh ! hole4 ,! l[] end is b5t z %[n4 ,on ?is horizontal "p is fa/5$ ! leaf4 ,^! %\ld be made ( alum9um leaf1 or ( ,dut* metal4 ,! =m] w /& m r\gh h&l+ ?an ! latt]4 ,goldleaf is us$ = v s5sitive in/rum5ts4 ,x is a little too delicate = unskill$ h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 #bdf4 ,to cut ! alum9um leaf1 place x betwe5 two pieces ( pap]1 !n cut pap] & all into ! desir$ %ape4 ,! piece %\ld be ab\t #c 94 long & #a 94 wide4 ,fold ?is across ! middle1 & /ick x to ! und]side ( ! wire 7,fig4 #aac74 ,saliva w make x adh]e to ! wire1 if y h no?+ bett]4 ,,app>atus #adb4 #bdg4 ,to ,%[ ,:]e a ,*>ge ( ,/atic ,electricity ,resides4 ,fig4 #aad4 ,?is %[s a t9 bak+-p[d] box plac$ ^u a hot tumbl]4 ,a moi/ cotton ?read is hung ov] ! edge ( ! box4 7,see exp]im5ts 9 text-book47 ,! box w become *>g$ by t\*+ x ) a *>g$ body4 ,! ?read w %[ :e!r ! *>ge resides ^u ! inside or ^u ! outside ( ! box4 ,,app>atus #adc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 #bdh4 ,support = ,electrifi$ ,combs4 ,fig4 #aae4 ,9 ! /udy ( /atic electricity1 ord9>y ebonite combs c be us$ to great advantage4 ,a b5t hairp9 w s]ve z a cradle to support !m4 ,a silk ?read may be ti$ to ! wire1 b a n>r[ silk ribbon is bett] ?an ?read1 z x w hold ! comb /eady4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,electric ,,motors4 #bdi4 ,an ,electric ,motor is really a ma*9e4 ,if x be suppli$ ) a prop] curr5t ( electricity1 its armature w revolve2 &1 if a pulley or :eel be fa/5$ to ! revolv+ %aft1 a belt c be atta*$1 & ! motor made to d "w4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( motors1 & _m simple exp]im5ts :i* aid 9 und]/&+ !m4 ,all t c be done "h1 h[ev]1 is to %[ h[ to make simple motors4 7,see text-book = exp]im5ts47 ,,app>atus #add4 #bej4 ,electric ,motor4 ,fig4 #aaf1 #aag4 ,fig4 #aaf %[s a plan or top view1 & ,fig4 #aag %[s a side view1 ) a "p ( ! app>atus remov$1 = cle>ness4 ,! base1 ,b1 is #e x #d x #g_/h 94 ,! upright1 ,u1 is #c-a_/b x #a-a_/b x #a_/b 941 & is nail$ or screw$ to ,b4 ,! b9d+-po/s1 ,x & ,y are l ,app4 #df4 #d is a screw b9d+-po/4 #bea4 ,! ,field-,magnets1 z ! l>ge electro-magnets on a motor are call$1 are made ( #e_/af ma*9e-bolts1 #b-a_/b 94 long4 ,! wa%]s are #a-a_/b 94 ap>t inside4 7,see ,app4 #hh = full directions47 ,! bolt cores are #b 94 ap>t1 c5t] to c5t]4 7,see ,app4 #hi47 ,! t9 yoke1 ,d1 is made l ,app4 #ga1 & x is fa/5$ to ! base1 l ,app4 #ij4 ,! hole = ! screw1 h[ev]1 is made a little to "o side ( ! c5t]1 s t a d5t c be made at ! c5t] = ! bottom ( ! %aft1 #h1 to turn 94 ,make ! d5t ) a c5t] pun*4 ,! yoke is fa/5$ to ,b1 s t "o edge ( x is #a-a_/b 94 f ! back edge ( ,b4 7,fig4 #aaf74 #beb4 ,! ,armature1 ,a1 is made ( #f or #h ?icknesses ( t91 #b-a_/b 94 long & #c_/d wide4 7,see ,app4 #ga47 ,9 its c5t] is pun*$ or drill$ a #a_/d 94 hole1 s t x c be slipp$ onto ! #a_/d 94 s9k-bolt1 #h4 ,if y h taps y c make ! hole a little small] ?an #a_/d 941 & ?read x s t x w screw onto #h4 ,a mu/ be heavy en\gh to revolve a few times :5 once />t$4 ,x is p9*$ betwe5 two nuts1 #i & #aa1 s t x j cle>s ! poles :5 x turns4 7,see ,app4 #ade = ano!r =m ( armature47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 #bec4 ,! %aft or axle1 #h1 is made ( a s9k-bolt t is #c 94 long & #a_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,^! s9k-bolts are ?read$ ov] _! entire l5g?1 & are furni%$ ) two nuts1 #i & #aa1 ,fig4 #aag4 ,file or gr9d ! end ( #h to a po9t1 s t x w turn easily 9 a d5t made = x 9 ! yoke1 ,d1 or 9 a d5t made 9 ano!r piece ( t9 fa/5$ ov] ! yoke4 ,! %aft is held 9 a v]tical position by ! arm1 ,c4 #bed4 ,! ,arm1 ,c1 is made ( #b or #c ?icknesses ( t94 ,x is #c x #c_/d 942 x has 9 "o end a hole = ! %aft to revolve 9 easily1 & 9 its o!r end a slot is cut4 ,a screw-eye & bur are us$ to hold ,c to ! upright1 ,u4 ,by ?is means ! %aft c be mov$ & regulat$ z to position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 #bee4 ,! ,commutator1 #i1 7,fig4 #aag71 is made ( "o ( ! nuts furni%$ ) ! %aft4 ,two ( its corn]s are fil$ or gr\nd (f1 s t x has ! %ape %[n at ! "r1 9 ,fig4 #aag4 ,! copp] wire1 #aj1 rubs aga9/ #i1 z ! po9t$ "p ( x comes ar\nd4 #aj is really a bru%1 & c>ries ! curr5t into #i at ! "r "t4 #bef4 ,connections4 ,jo9 ! two inside ends 7,sec4 #abc7 ( ! coils to #d4 ,! outside end ( #b is jo9$ to ,x2 ! outside end1 #g1 ( ! o!r coil1 #f1 is c>ri$ up "u or ar\nd ! screw-eye1 ,s ,i1 & !n its b>e end rea*es out & g5tly scrapes aga9/ ! top ( ! %aft1 #h4 ,! wire1 #aj1 leads f ,y to ! back ( ! base1 :]e x is c>ri$ up to a screw1 #ab1 :i* holds x to ,u4 ,its b>e end rea*es out to g5tly scrape aga9/ ! commutator1 #i1 :5 x sw+s ar\nd4 ,?is wire1 #aj1 %\ld n press aga9/ #i dur+ ! entire revolution4 #beg4 ,adju/m5t4 ,suppose ! curr5t ent]s at ,x4 ,:5 ! bru%1 #aj1 presses aga9/ ! commutator1 #i1 ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ,x1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 d[n #h to #i1 & out ?r\gh #aj to ,y4 7,! curr5t1 ( c\rse1 goes d[n into ,d & into ! bolt-cores also2 b x c g no f>!r1 if ! coils are prop]ly insulat$1 & ,a is n all[$ to t\* ! cores4 ,x is bett] to h ! end ( ! %aft re/ ^u a piece ( glass1 hav+ a slight depression made ) a file1 or 9 a d5t made 9 t9 :i* re/s ^u wood1 ! t9 hav+ no connection ) ,d47 ,if #aj %\ld cont9ue to press aga9/ #i1 ! curr5t w\ld cont9ue to pass1 & ,a w\ld be held firmly 9 place1 directly ov] #b & #f1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! %aft c\ld n revolve4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! bru% leaves #i 7,see plan ( #i at side ( ,fig4 #aag71 j z ,a gets ov] ! coils1 or an in/ant be=e x gets !re1 ! weight ( ,a w c>ry x beyond ! coils4 ,no curr5t %\ld pass aga91 until ,a is at lea/ at "r angles to a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! coils4 ,if ! curr5t aga9 passes1 ! ends ( ,a w be attract$ by ! bolt-cores4 ,9 o!r words1 ! curr5t %\ld pass a little less ?an "o-half ( ! "t1 & ?is is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,suppose y />t ,a ) y\r f+]2 ! curr5t %\ld be %ut (f automatically j be=e ! c5t] ( ,a gets ov] ! c5t] ( ! bolt-cores4 ,a makes #a_/d ( a revolution )\t curr5t1 & j aft] x gets beyond ?is1 ! curr5t passes = ne>ly #a_/d ( a revolution1 :i* br+s ! ends ov] ! poles aga94 ,! next #a_/d ( a turn x has no curr5t1 because ! flat side ( #i is opposite ! bru%1 #aj1 z dur+ ! fir/ #a_/d4 ,! la/ #a_/d ! curr5t passes aga94 ,! exact position ( ! commutator w dep5d ^u ! way y arrange ! bru%4 ,! positions ( #i & #aj c be f\nd by trial1 s t ! circuit w be promptly op5$ & clos$ at ! prop] mom5t4 ,/>t ! motor by turn+ ! armature4 #beh4 ,batt]ies4 ,! am\nt ( p[] ne$$ w dep5d ^u h[ well y make ! motor4 ,"o cell ( ,app4 #c or #d w run a well made "o1 b x is bett] to use #b cells4 ,jo9 ! wires to ,x & ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,,app>atus #ade4 #bei4 ,armature = ,motors4 ,fig4 #aah %[s ano!r =m ( armature t may be us$ = small motors l ,app4 #add2 9 fact1 y may f9d t ?is =m is easi] to make ?an t ( ,app4 #add4 ,m is a #e_/af ma*9e screw1 #a-a_/b 94 long1 #i be+ ! nut furni%$ ) x4 #i is fil$ z expla9$ 9 ,sec4 #bee1 & =ms ! commutator4 ,c is ! arm 7,sec4 #bed74 ,a is ! armature 7,sec4 #beb74 ,a is held firmly 9 place betwe5 ! spool1 ,e1 & #i4 ,s is a set-screw :i* passes ?r\gh ,e1 & holds ! piece ( #a_/d 94 d[el1 ,f1 9 place4 ,n is a ne$le-po9t fa/5$ 9 ! end ( ,f4 ,n revolves 9 a d5t made 9 a piece ( t91 ,h1 :i* re/s ^u a wood5 /rip1 ,g4 ,g is cut away on its und]side1 s t x w /raddle ! yoke1 ,d1 ,fig4 #aag2 x is nail$ to ! base4 ,?is is giv5 z a sugge/ion4 ,by mak+ ,f a little long]1 ,n c turn 9 a d5t made 9 ! yoke1 bel[ ,g4 #bfj4 ,adju/m5ts4 ,m1 be+ #e_/af 94 9 diamet]1 w screw solidly into ! hole 9 ,e4 ,place #i ^u x fir/1 !n ,a1 & screw x ab\t #a_/b way into ,e4 #i w s]ve z a lock-nut by turn+ x s t x w p9* ,a & hold x firmly aga9/ ! top ( ,e4 ,f %\ld rea* half way into ,e4 ,put ,n 9 place aft] y h ,h & ,g arrang$4 ,y c !n cut ! upp] end ( ,f at su* a place t x w br+ ,a ab\t #a_/h 94 f ! top ( ! magnet-cores4 ,pap] wrapp$ ar\nd ,f w make a good fit 9 ,e4 ,! curr5t %\ld ent] ,m & leave #i1 z fully expla9$ 9 ,app4 #add4 7,see ,sec4 #beg74 ,,app>atus #adf4 #bfa4 ,electric ,motor4 ,fig4 #aai1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb4 ,fig4 #aai %[s a front view1 & ,fig4 #abj a side view ( ! :ole motor4 ,fig4 #aba %[s ! "p t revolves1 & includes ! %aft1 armature & commutator4 ,fig4 #abb %[s a section ( ! commutator4 ,all ! dim5sions are tak5 f a model4 ,y c modify ! size to suit4 #bfb4 ,wood-"w4 ,! base is #g x #e x #g_/h 94 ,! uprights1 ,u1 are #c-a_/b x #a x #c_/d 94 ,!y are screw$ or nail$ to ! base f bel[1 _! #a-;94 sides be+ t[>ds y 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,!y are #d-a_/d 94 ap>t1 inside1 9 ?is model4 ,! piece1 ,a1 is #b-a_/b x #g_/h x #e_/h 941 & is cut away on ! und]side to /raddle ! yoke4 ,fig4 #aah is a sugge/ion z to its %ape4 ,a is screw$ or nail$ to ,b4 #bfc4 ,t9-"w4 ,! horizontal arm1 ,t1 is made ( #c ?icknesses1 & holds ! %aft 9 a v]tical position4 ,t is #f-a_/d x #c_/d4 ,9 its ends are slots1 & 9 its c5t] is a hole s t ! #a_/d 94 %aft c revolve easily1 b n too loosely4 ,! slots all[ an adju/m5t1 ! screws1 ,s1 hold+ ,t to ,u4 ,! %aft re/s 9 a d5t made 9 a piece ( t9 :i* is tack$ to ,a4 ,! yokes are else:]e describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 #bfd4 ,field-,magnets4 ,9 ?is model !y 7 made ( #e_/af bolts1 #b 94 long1 plac$ #b 94 ap>t c5t] to c5t]4 ,! wa%]s are #a-a_/h 94 ap>t inside4 7,see ,app4 #hh = full directions47 ,app4 #hi & #ga %\ld be /udi$4 ,except 9 size1 !y are made z 9 ,app4 #add4 ,!y h #h lay]s ( ,no4 #bd or #be wire4 #bfe4 ,! ,armature1 ,fig4 #aba1 on ?is /yle ( motor consi/s ( a regul> horse%oe electro-magnet1 made 9 ! same g5]al way z ! field-magnets4 ,! electro-magnets1 #ab & #af1 are small]1 h[ev]1 ?an ! field-magnets4 ,! cores are #a_/d 94 /ove-bolts1 #a-a_/d 94 long "u ! head4 ,!y are plac$ #b 94 ap>t1 c5t] to c5t]4 ,!y are insulat$ & w\nd z fully expla9$ 9 ,app4 #hh4 ,^! #a_/d 94 bolts require a *ange 9 y\r w9d]4 7,see ,app4 #adg = ?is47 ,if y wi% to use #e_/af bolts1 y may use ! same axle = y\r w9d] z be=e4 ,! wa%]s are #e_/h 94 ap>t1 inside4 ,! cores are w\nd ) #d or #f lay]s ( ,no4 #bd or #be wire4 ,?is makes !m ab\t #c_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,!y are held 9 a t9 yoke1 #ad1 made ( #e or #f ?icknesses ( t94 #ad is #c x #c_/d 941 & has #c holes pun*$ 9 x4 ,! two outside holes are #b 94 ap>t4 ,?r\gh ^! pass ! bolts1 :i* are held firmly by ! #b nuts4 ,! %aft1 ,s ,b1 is a s9k-bolt1 #c 94 long1 & #a_/d 94 9 diamet]4 7,see ,sec4 #bec47 ,! inside ends 7,sec4 #abc7 ( ! coils %\ld be firmly twi/$ toge!r or held "u ! top nuts to make a good connection betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 #bff4 ,! ,commutator is 9 two p>ts1 :i* mu/ be insulat$ f ea* o!r4 ,! #b sections are made out ( ?9 t9 or copp] 9 ! %ape ( an inv]t$ ,t1 z %[n at #aj1 ,fig4 #aba4 ,! arms ( ! ,t are ab\t #c_/h 94 wide1 ! horizontal ones rea*+ ab\t half ar\nd ! spool1 ,e4 ,! v]tical arm rea*es ov] ! top ( ,e1 & is held d[n by a small screw1 ,j4 ,! sections1 #aj1 mu/ n t\* ! %aft4 ,! outside wires 7,sec4 #abc7 ( #ab & #af are fa/5$ "u ^! screws1 ,j1 & !y mu/ n t\* ! %aft4 ,b5d ! t9 sections s t !y w be z ne>ly r\nd z possible4 ,! spool1 ,e1 has be5 saw$ (f s t x w g betwe5 ! field-magnets4 ,w9d pap] ar\nd ! %aft to make x fit solidly into ,e4 ,s is a small screw t holds ,e 9 place1 if ! pap] does n hold x tight en\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,fig4 #abb %[s a section ( ! spool & t9 sections ) ! bru%es press+ aga9/ !m4 ,! sections d n t\* ea* o!r1 & ! bru%es t\* opposite sections4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! curr5t mu/ pass ?r\gh ! coils #ab & #af 9 ord] to get f "o section ( ! commutator to ! o!r1 provid$ y h no %ort circuits ?r\gh ! %aft or else:]e4 ,! slots 9 ! commutator mu/ be directly "u ! c5t] l9e ( ! yoke1 #ad1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #aba4 #bfg4 ,! bru%es1 #i & #ai1 ,fig4 #abj1 are made ( v ?9 t9 or copp]4 ,!y are cut to ! %ape %[n1 ! n>r[ "p be+ ab\t #a_/h 94 wide1 & long en\gh to rea* at lea/ to ! c5t]-l9e ( ! app>atus4 ,! foot1 or bottom "p ( ! bru%es1 %\ld be ab\t #a-a_/d x #c_/d 94 ,^! are us$ to fa/5 !m to ! base & to make connections4 ,if y h no ?9 metal = bru%es1 use copp] wires1 & arrange !m s t !y w press g5tly aga9/ ! commutator4 #bfh4 ,connections4 ,! inside ends 7,sec4 #abc7 ( ! field-magnets are held at #d4 ,! outside end ( coil #b is jo9$ to ,x1 & t ( coil #f to #h1 ! foot ( ! bru% :i* presses aga9/ #aj4 ,! section1 #aj1 ( ! commutator is jo9$ to #aa1 ! outside end ( coil #ab1 its inside end be+ fa/5$ to ! inside end ( coil1 #af1 ei!r by twi/+ !m toge!r1 or by fa/5+ !m "u ! top nuts ( ! armature yoke1 #ad4 ,! outside end ( coil #af is jo9$ to ! o!r commutator section1 #ah4 ,! bru%1 #ai1 completes ! circuit4 ,9 ! foot ( #ai is ! b9d+-po/1 ,y4 ,if ! curr5t ent]s at ,x1 x w pass ?r\gh #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 & out at ,y1 provid$ #aj & #ah are 9 contact ) #i & #ai4 ,be c>eful n to h any %ort circuits4 ,if1 = example1 ! wire #g t\*es #d1 or if #c t\*es #h1 or if ! wires #aa & #ag t\* ! %aft1 y\r curr5t w n pass :]e y expect1 & y w h tr\ble4 #bfi4 ,adju/m5t4 ,! armature cores %\ld j cle> ! poles ( ! field-magnets z !y turn4 ,?is mu/ be regulat$ by ! ?ickness ( ,a & ! position ( ! nuts on ! %aft1 ,s ,b4 ,! slots 9 ! commutator mu/ be "u ! c5t] ( ! yoke1 #ad4 ,! bru%es1 #i & #ai1 mu/ t\* #aj & #ah1 b n s h>d t !y w /op ! motor4 ,wire bru%es are m easily adju/$ ?an t9 or %eet-copp] ones4 ,! t9 arm1 ,t1 mu/ hold ! %aft prop]ly4 ,! po9t ( ! %aft mu/ all[ x to turn easily4 ,! motor w turn clockwise if ! atta*m5ts are made z %[n4 ,use #a or #b good bi*romate cells1 l ,app4 #c or #d4 #bgj4 ,op]ation4 ,! curr5t w pass ?r\gh ! field-coils 9 ! same direction1 z long z ! batt]y wires are n *ang$4 ,! curr5t is rev]s$ 9 ! armature-coils e "t ! bru%es *ange f "o section to ! o!r ( ! commutator2 t is1 x fl[s 9 "o direction dur+ "o-half ( a revolution1 & 9 ! opposite direction dur+ ! o!r half4 ,?is rev]ses ! poles ( ! armature-magnets e #a_/b revolution4 7,see text-book = full explanations & = simple exp]im5ts ) electric motors47 ,,app>atus #adg4 #bga4 ,atta*m5t = ,w9d]4 ,9 w9d+ small electro-magnets = armature1 etc41 9 :i* cores are us$ t are n #e_/af 94 9 diamet]1 y\r w9d] w h to be slightly *ang$4 ,its #e_/af /ove-bolt w h to be remov$1 & a #a_/d 94 "o put 9 in/ead4 ,?is may be done by mak+ a h&le = ! #a_/d 94 bolt4 ,to keep ?is f wobbl+ 9 ! #e_/af hole1 w9d /iff pap] ar\nd ! bolt until x fits q tightly4 ,! :ole w9d] is expla9$ z ,app4 #ic4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,odds ,,& ,,ends4 ,,app>atus #adh4 #bgb4 ,graduat$ ,circles4 ,fig4 #abc4 ,= compasses 7,app4 #fg71 & = use 9 connection ) tang5t galvanomet]s 7,app4 #aaf71 a graduat$ circle is necess>y4 ,fig4 #abc is a r$uc$ draw+ f an orig9al t is #d 94 9 diamet]4 ,! long l9es are #aj degrees ap>t1 ! smalle/ divisions %[n be+ #e degrees ap>t4 ,s+le degrees c be det]m9$ ) consid]able accuracy ) ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,to divide ! circle4 ,divide ! circumf]5ce into #d equal p>ts2 ^! w be #ij degrees f ea* o!r1 !re be+ #cfj degrees 9 e circle4 ,divide ea* qu>t] into n9e equal p>ts ) a pair ( divid]s2 ^! w be = ! long l9es1 #aj degrees ap>t4 ,divide ea* ( ^! into two equal p>ts4 ,if y are us$ to draw+1 y c divide ! circle /ill m1 b #e-;degree divisions w d4 ,,app>atus #adi4 #bgc4 ,adju/able ,table4 ,fig4 #abd4 ,a table t c be rais$ or l[]$ is useful4 ,! "o %[n at ,d1 ,fig4 #abd1 is us$ = ! galvanomet] ( ,app4 #aag4 ,! dim5sions are giv5 9 ! figure4 ,! upright piece1 ,u1 is fa/5$ to ,d ) brass screws1 n ) nails1 z ^! w\ld affect ! ne$le4 ,x is plac$ at "o side ( ,d s t ! compass ne$le plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ,d w also be 9 ! c5t] ( ! wire coils :5 us$ 9 ,app4 #aag4 ,! table is fa/5$ 9 any position by a screw-eye1 ,s ,i1 :i* presses a copp] wa%]1 ,w1 aga9/ ,u4 ,s ,i works ?r\gh a n>r[ slot1 ,s1 & screws into ! back ( ! galvanomet]4 ,by mak+ ,s long]1 ! table may be us$ = o!r laboratory purposes1 if x is jo9$ ) "s o!r =m ( /&>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,,app>atus #aej4 #bgd4 ,glue ,pot4 ,if y h occasion to use glue1 y c make a good glue pot out ( #b t9 cans1 "o be+ plac$ inside ! o!r4 ,put #a_/d teacupful ( glue 9 ! inside c4 ,if y h "t1 cov] x ) cold wat]1 & let x s(t54 ,if y are 9 a hurry1 cov] x ) hot wat]4 ,set ?is inside c into ! o!r1 9 :i* y h boil+ wat]4 ,d n let ! wat] boil ov]4 ,! sold] w n melt f ord9>y tomato cans1 if y keep wat] 9 !m4 ,?9 ! glue ) a little hot wat] until x drips f ! bru% 9 drops4 ,h ! glue hot & fairly ?91 & apply quickly4 ,hold ! pieces ( wood toge!r by pressure until ! glue h>d5s4 ,,app>atus #aea4 #bge4 ,p>aff9e ,pap] & ,c>dbo>d are extremely useful = insulat+ purposes4 ,! p>aff9e us$ 9 c&les w d1 if y _c get x 9 block =m4 ,:ile ord9>y pap] w d = simple app>atus to w9d ab\t coils1 etc41 y w f9d t p>aff9e pap] c be h&l$ v rapidly4 ,to melt ! p>aff9e y %\ld use a d\ble boil]1 or "o made ( a %all[ bas9 set 9 a pan ( wat]4 ,! wat] %\ld be boil$4 ,?is w melt ! p>aff9e 9 ! bas94 ,/rips ( pap] j pass$ ?r\gh ! melt$ p>aff9e w become soak$1 & ! p>aff9e w quickly h>d5 9 ! air4 ,all[ ?ick c>dbo>d to soak = a m9ute or two1 to drive out all ! air4 ,?is makes excell5t wa%]s = electro-magnets4 7,see ,sec4 #aai47 ,to make "o piece ( ?is pap] /ick to ano!r1 m]ely pass a clean hot nail ov] ! two :]e !y lap4 ,to hold coils ( wire toge!r1 or to wood5 bases1 use a few drops ( p>aff9e appli$ ) a l>ge hot nail4 #bgf4 ,caution4 ,d n heat p>aff9e directly ^u ! fire or ov] a burn]1 unless y wat* x con/antly4 ,x w burn if its temp]ature is rais$ too mu*4 ,x is bett] to heat x ) /eam1 z y d glue4 ,,app>atus #aeb4 #bgg4 ,batt]y ,j>s4 ,= small cells1 use glass tumbl]s4 ,ord9>y glass fruit j>s are good4 ,ev5 e>!n b[ls may be us$1 & = l>ge cells--if y h no?+ bett]--y c use small e>!n crocks or j>s4 #bgh4 ,glass ,bottles c be cut (f s t !y w make excell5t j>s4 ,if y h ?9 bottles1 y c cut !m ) /rong cord4 ,tie "o end ( ! cord1 :i* %\ld be #e or #f feet long1 to a door knob or to a solid po/4 ,tie ! o!r end ar\nd y\r body4 ,make "o complete turn ( ! cord ar\nd ! bottle :]e y wi% to cut x2 draw ! cord tight by /epp+ back1 & ) bo? h&s draw ! bottle back & =? vigor\sly _m times1 s t ! cord w rub x h>d & make x v hot4 ,d n let ! cord move l5g?wise ^u ! bottle4 ,?is w make a circle ar\nd ! bottle t is v hot4 ,imm$iately plunge ! bottle into cold wat]1 ! cold] ! bett]4 ,use ice-wat]1 if y h x4 ,if y produce heat en\gh1 ! bottle %\ld crack all ! way ar\nd v neatly4 ,file (f any %>p corn]s & edges ) a wet file4 #bgi4 ,a hot iron c be us$ ) success to cut (f a bottle4 ,file a deep groove fir/1 hold ! r$-hot iron fir/ on "o side ( file m>k & !n on ! o!r to />t ! crack4 ,y c lead ! crack :]ev] y wi% by keep+ ! iron ab\t #a_/h 94 ahead ( x4 #bhj4 ,a small gas-flame w be mu* bett] ?an a hot iron1 & y may easily use x1 if y h glass tub+1 rubb] tub+1 etc41 9 y\r %op4 ,draw out ! glass s t ! gas w burn 9 a f9e ne$le-l flame ab\t #a 94 long4 ,keep ! po9t ( ! flame ab\t #a_/d 94 ahead ( ! crack4 ,! glass tube %\ld be held 9 a rubb] tube connect$ ) ! gas pipe4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,tools ,,& ,,mat]ials4 #bha4 ,y\r ,work%op4 ,if possible1 keep all y\r "w1 tools & app>atus 9 "o room1 & lock ! door :5 y leave4 ,! "w-b5* may be made ( an old kit*5 table1 or ( a /rong1 l>ge box4 ,! tool *e/ may be made ( any clean box ab\t ! size ( a soap box4 ,%elves c be made by sett+ soap or />* boxes on _! sides1 "o above ! o!r4 #bhb4 ,! tools ne$$ are g5]ally m5tion$ 9 ! prop] places1 "u ! directions = con/ruction4 ,x is bett] to buy y\r tools z requir$1 ?an to buy too _m at once1 "s ( :i* y may n ne$4 ,if y h absolutely no tools1 n ev5 a saw or hamm]1 y w be oblig$ to buy or borr[1 al?\gh a great deal c be done ) a good knife4 ,d n be satisfi$ ) r\gh-look+ pieces ( app>atus4 ,!re are a few important tools ne$$ = ?is "w4 ,:ile sub/itutes c be f\nd = mo/ ( !m1 ! boy :o has access to a wood-work+ b5* & tools w be able to d bett] & m rapid "w ?an ! boy :o has no su* tools4 #bhc4 ,li/ ( tools4 ,! foll[+ tools are ne$$1 if rapid1 accurate "w is desir$3 7#a47 ,lead p5cil4 7#b47 ,a rule1 divid$ into sixte5?s = measur+4 ,a /raight foot rule w d1--co/ "o c5t4 7#c47 ,/eel po9t = scrat*+ l9es on t9 & copp]4 ,a /\t ne$le-po9t is j ! ?+4 7#d47 ,an awl = mak+ holes 9 wood2 "o t is a little less ?an #a_/h 94 9 diamet] is be/4 7,see ,app4 #be47 7#e47 ,a try-squ>e ) a #f 94 blade1 s t y c m>k out y\r app>atus ) squ>e corn]s4 ,y c use a squ>e-corn]$ box or piece ( pa/ebo>d1 if y h no try-squ>e4 7#f47 ,*isels are v useful1 b y c d wond]s ) a good %>p knife4 7#g47 ,screw-driv]4 ,d n use a good knife-blade = a screw-driv]4 7#h47 ,a saw1 "o ) tee? t are n too co>se is to be pref]r$4 7#i47 ,a plane is extremely useful to make y\r wood-"w smoo? & neat2 b a great deal c be done ) ! %>p edges ( brok5 glass1 foll[$ by a good rubb+ ) f9e s&-pap]4 7#aj47 ,a brace & a set ( bits may be ne$$ 9 #b or #c cases1 b ne>ly all ( ! holes c be made z 9 ,app4 #be4 7#aa47 ,pun*es = %eet-t91 etc41 w save mu* "t4 7,see ,app4 #bf1 #bg47 ,= small holes 9 b9d+-po/s1 etc41 use a flat-end$ pun*1 #a_/h 94 9 diamet]4 ,y %\ld h "o #a_/d or #e_/af 94 9 diamet]1 if y make y\r yokes1 armatures1 etc41 z 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,a blacksmi? w help y out ) ?is4 7#ab47 ,a c5t]-pun* or %>p-po9t$ pun* = mak+ d5ts 9 metal4 ,a %>p-po9t$ wire nail w d = t9 & copp]4 7#ac47 ,files = metal4 7#ad47 ,"s sort ( a vice or clamp4 7,see ,app4 #gi1 #hj47 7#ae47 ,%e>s = cutt+ %eet-t91 etc4 ,a pair ( old %e>s w d4 7#af47 ,an anvil or piece ( old iron t may be us$ to hamm] on to flatt5 t91 etc4 ,an old flat-iron makes a good anvil4 7#ag47 ,hamm]4 ,! small holl[ h&le tool sets are v h&y1 & !y conta9 small *isels1 awls1 screw-driv]1 etc4 ,^! sets co/ f #ej c5ts up4 #bhd4 ,mat]ials4 ,= wood y w f9d ! sides & ends ( clean soap or />* boxes ab\t ! "r ?ickness2 !y are fairly smoo? to beg9 )4 ,= ?9 wood use cig> boxes4 ,! pieces f old boxes %\ld be remov$ ) c>e1 & sav$ 9 "o place1 :i* may be call$ y\r lumb] y>d4 ,all nails %\ld be remov$ ) a claw-hamm]4 ,look out = nails :5 us+ a saw1 plane or o!r edg$ tool4 7,see ,sec4 #big47 ,! edges ( bases1 etc41 may be bevell$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ie4 ,?is is n necess>y1 b x adds greatly to ! appe>ance4 #bhe4 ,screw-,eyes4 ,brass screw-eyes1 ) copp] burs1 make excell5t b9d+-po/s4 7,app4 #de1 #df47 ,^? t are #c_/h 94 9 diamet] inside ! circle are ab\t "r4 ,^! are ab\t #a-a_/d 94 long 9 all1 ) a #a_/b 94 ?read4 #bhf4 ,copp] ,burs1 su* z are us$ ) rivets1 are v h&y4 ,! size t is #a_/b 94 9 diamet]1 ) a #a_/h 94 hole1 is good4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 #bhg4 ,copp] ,wire4 ,?is c be b\ght at an electrician's4 ,! only tr\ble1 h[ev]1 9 buy+ small quantities is t y may h to pay a l>ge price 9 proportion4 ,if y get x on #a_/b lb4 spools y c h&le x mu* bett] 7see ,app4 #bc7 ?an y c if y h x 9 a tangle4 ,x is well to h #a_/b lb4 ( ,no4 #bd or #be = electro-magnets1 curr5t-detectors1 etc41 etc4 #a_/b lb4 ( ,no4 #cj w n be too mu*1 if y make induction coils4 ,if y h&le y\r wire c>efully1 s+le cotton-cov]$ w d4 ,d\ble cotton-cov]$ is bett] ?an s+le1 b x co/s m4 ,be c>eful n to injure ! cov]+4 7,see bel[ = splic+ wire47 ,look out = brok5 wire4 #bhh4 ,splic+ ,wire4 ,fig4 #abe4 ,d n simply t\* two wires toge!r & imag9e t y h a good connection2 a m]e twi/ is n suffici5t4 ,clean ! ends ( old wire ?or\ghly ) a file or knife-blade1 & jo9 !m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abe4 #bhi4 ,copp]4 ,%eet-copp] c be pur*as$ at a t9smi?'s or at a h>dw>e /ore4 ,electricians usually h a ?9 v>iety ( copp] call$ bru% copp]1 :i* makes good batt]y-plates1 b9d+-po/s1 etc4 ,y c cut ?is ?9 copp] ) an ord9>y pair ( %e>s4 #bij4 ,iron4 ,= ?9 %eet-iron1 no?+ is bett] ?an %eet-t94 7,see t947 ,hoop iron is ?ick] ?an t91 & makes good yokes1 etc4 ,9 _m cases1 ord9>y nails may be us$ :]e a magnetic sub/ance is ne$$4 ,anneal$ iron wire is extremely s(t4 7,see text-book = exp]im5ts ) /eel & iron47 #bia4 ,/eel4 ,old files1 wat*-spr+s1 clock-spr+s1 corset-/eels1 knitt+-ne$les1 h>ness-ne$les1 hack-saw blades1 sew+-ne$les1 etc41 are g5]ally made ( a good quality ( /eel4 #bib4 ,z9c1 9 ! %eet =m1 c be b\ght at a h>dw>e /ore4 ,= a few c5ts y c get q a l>ge piece4 ,get ! ?ick pieces = heavy batt]y-plates ( an electrician4 ,y d n ne$ any?+ t is ?ick] ?an #a_/h 94 ,! z9c rods are usually amalgamat$4 #bic4 ,lead c be b\ght at a plumb]'s1 t9smi?'s1 or h>dw>e /ore4 ,y may want "s = a /orage cell4 #bid4 ,nails4 ,wire nails are be/ = light "w4 ,get an assortm5t f #a_/b 94 long up to #a-a_/b 94 #bie4 ,screws4 ,x is bett] to use brass screws ar\nd electrical app>atus4 ,= ! small "w1 = b9d+-po/s1 etc41 use #e_/h ,no4 #e4 ,ano!r h&y size is ,no4 #g1 f #c_/d to #a-a_/d 94 long4 ,! r\nd-head$ screws are be/1 unless y want to c\nt]s9k !m4 #bif4 ,t94 ,?is is really ?9 %eet-iron1 cov]$ ) t94 ,save up tomato-cans1 crack]-boxes1 cond5s$-milk cans1 etc4 ,! crack]-boxes are j z good z %eet-t91 z ! pieces are l>ge & clean4 ,y c remove ! sold] f cans by heat+ !m 9 ! kit*5 fire4 ,knock out ! bottoms ) a pok] :5 ! sold] gets s(t4 ,clean ! t9 ) s&-pap]4 #big4 ,c>bons4 ,y c get c>bon rods or plates at an electrician's4 ,if y h arc electric lights 9 y\r city1 y w be able to pick up c>bons2 ^!1 h[ev]1 g5]ally h a coat+ ( copp]1 :i* mu/ be eat5 (f ) dilute nitric acid4 ,?is is a bo!r4 ,y w f9d x *eap] to buy ! #a_/b 94 rods t are #ab 94 long1 & uncoat$4 #bih4 ,%ellac4 ,y\r wood-"w w be mu* improv$ by us+ %ellac ^u x aft] y h ?or\ghly s&-pap]$ x4 ,y c get x1 all prep>$1 at a pa9t /ore4 ,wood-alcohol is us$ to ?9 x if x gets too ?ick4 ,keep x 9 a wide-m\? bottle4 ,pa9t x on quickly & ev5ly ) a bru%1 & d n g ov] x aga9 :5 x is p>tly dry4 ,wait until x is ?or\ghly h>d be=e putt+ on a second coat4 ,x %\ld be fairly ?9 to spread well4 ,clean y\r bru% 9 wood-alcohol be=e putt+ x away1 & keep ! %ellac bottle tightly cork$4 ,a small t9 c or a teacup is be/ to hold ! %ellac :5 us+ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?+s ,a ,,boy ,,%\ld ,,"k ,,ab\t ,,electricity4 ,by ,,?omas ,m4 ,,/4 ,,john1 ,met4 ,e4 ,! book conta9s #ahj pages1 & #bfj illu/rations2 x measures #e x #g-a_/b 941 & is b\nd 9 clo?4 ,sev5? ,edition ,price1 po/paid1 #a4jj ,,cont5ts3 ,*apt] ,i4 ,ab\t ,frictional ,electricity4--,,ii4 ,ab\t ,magnets & ,magnetism4--,,iii4 ,h[ ,electricity is ,g5]at$ by ! ,voltaic ,cell4--,,iv4 ,v>i\s ,voltaic ,cells4--,v4 ,ab\t ,pu%-,buttons1 ,swit*es & ,b9d+-,po/s4--,,vi4 ,units & ,app>atus = ,electrical ,measurem5ts4--,,vii4 ,*emical ,effects ( ! ,electric ,curr5t4--,,viii4 ,h[ ,electroplat+ & ,electrotyp+ are ,done4--,,ix4 ,! ,/orage ,batt]y & ,h[ x ,works4--,x4 ,h[ ,electricity is ,g5]at$ by ,heat4--,,xi4 ,magnetic ,effects ( ! ,electric ,curr5t4--,,xii4 ,h[ ,electricity is ,g5]at$ by ,induction4--,,xiii4 ,h[ ! ,induction ,coil ,works4--,,xiv4 ,! ,electric ,telegraph1 & ,h[ x ,s5ds ,messages4--,,xv4 ,! ,electric ,bell & ,"s ( its ,uses4--,,xvi4 ,! ,telephone1 & ,h[ x ,transmits ,spee*4--,,xvii4 ,h[ ,electricity is ,g5]at$ by ,dynamos4--,,xviii4 ,h[ ! ,electric ,curr5t is ,trans=m$4--,,xix4 ,h[ ,electric ,curr5ts are ,di/ribut$ = ,use4--,,xx4 ,h[ ,heat is ,produc$ by ! ,electric ,curr5t4--,,xxi4 ,h[ ,light is ,produc$ by ! ,inc&esc5t ,lamp4--,,xxii4 ,h[ ,light is ,produc$ by ! ,arc ,lamp4--,,xxiii4 ,x-,rays1 & ,h[ ! ,bones ( ! ,human ,body are ,photograph$4--,,xxiv4 ,! ,electric ,motor & ,h[ x ,does ,"w4--,,xxv4 ,electric ,c>s1 ,boats & ,automobiles4--,,xxvi4 ,a ,^w ,ab\t ,c5tral ,/ations4--,,xxvii4 ,miscellane\s ,uses ( ,electricity4 ,?is book expla9s1 9 simple1 /raight=w>d language1 _m ?+s ab\t electricity2 ?+s 9 :i* ! ,am]ican boy is int5sely int]e/$2 ?+s he wants to "k2 ?+s he %\ld "k4 ,x is free f te*nical language & rhetorical frills1 b x tells h[ ?+s "w1 & :y !y "w4 ,x is brimful ( illu/rations--! be/ t c be _h--illu/rations t are tak5 directly f app>atus & ma*9]y1 & t %[ :at !y are int5d$ to %[4 ,?is book does n conta9 exp]im5ts1 or tell h[ to make app>atus2 our o!r books d t4 ,aft] expla9+ ! simple pr9ciples ( electricity1 x %[s h[ ^! pr9ciples are us$ & comb9$ to make electricity d e-day "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ev]yone ,%\ld ,"k ,ab\t ,electricity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,v ,,appropriate ,,pres5t ,?+s a ,boy ,%\ld ,"k ,ab\t ,wireless ,by ,,?omas ,m4 ,,/4 ,,john1 ,met4 ,e4 ,au?or ( ,?+s a ,boy ,%\ld ,"k ab\t ,electricity1 ,fun ) ,electricity1 ,! ,/udy ( ,elem5t>y ,electricity & ,magnetism by ,exp]im5t1 ,! ,/udy ( ,electric ,motors by ,exp]im5t1 ,electrical ,h&icraft1 ,etc41 ,etc4 #abf ,pages--#aji ,illu/rations & ,diagrams ,b\nd 9 ,clo?--,net #a4jj ,?is book conta9s mu* practical & "s !oretical in=mation reg>d+ ! op]ation & explanation ( wireless outfits4 ,x discusses en\gh ( ! !oretical side to make ! /ud5t sure ( himself & to give a well-r\nd$ k ( ?is mo/ practical subject4 ,! au?or has expla9$ ! v>i\s pieces ( app>atus ne$$ 9 a wireless /ation 9 su* a cle> mann] t ! /ud5t c n fail to und]/& h[ !y "w & :y !y "w4 ,! num]\s draw+s & diagrams simplify ! discussions to su* an ext5t t ! read] w n want to skip a s+le p>agraph4 ,?+s a ,boy ,%\ld ,"k ,ab\t ,wireless w be welcom$ by ?\s&s ( en?usia/s & x %\ld f9d its way into e libr>y4 ,f ,,?omas ,m4 ,,/4 ,,john ,cascade ,ran*4 ,ea/ ,w9dham1--,n4,y4 ,! ,/udy ( ,elem5t>y ,electricity & ,magnetism by ,exp]im5t ,by ,,?omas ,m4 ,,/4 ,,john1 ,met4 ,e4 ,,f\r? ,,edition ,price1 po/paid1 #a4be4 ,! book conta9s #bbj pages & #afh illu/rations4 ,x measures #e x #g-a_/b 941 & x is b\nd 9 gre5 clo?4 ,,cont5ts3 ,"p ,i4 ,magnetism4--,*apt] ,i4 ,iron & ,/eel4--,,ii4 ,magnets4--,,iii4 ,induc$ ,magnetism4--,,iv4 ,! ,magnetic ,field4--,v4 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,/atic ,electricity4--,,vi4 ,electrification4--,,vii4 ,insulators & ,conductors--,,viii4 ,*>g+ & ,dis*>g+ ,conductors4--,,ix4 ,induc$ ,electrification4--,x4 ,cond5sation ( ,electrification4--,,xi4 ,electroscopes4--,,xii4 ,miscellane\s ,exp]im5ts4--,,xiii4 ,atmosph]ic ,electricity4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,curr5t ,electricity4--,,xiv4 ,con/ruction & ,use ( ,app>atus4--,,xv4 ,galvanic ,cells & ,batt]ies4--,,xvi4 ,! ,electric ,circuit4--,,xvii4 ,electromotive ,=ce4--,,xviii4 ,electrical ,resi/ance4--,,xix4 ,measurem5t ( ,resi/ance4--,,xx4 ,curr5t ,/r5g?4--,,xxi4 ,*emical ,effects ( ! ,electric ,curr5t4--,,xxii4 ,electromagnetism4--,,xxiii4 ,electromagnets4--,,xxiv4 ,!rmo electricity4--,,xxv4 ,induc$ ,curr5ts4--,,xxvi4 ,! ,production ( ,motion by ,curr5ts4--,,xxvii4 ,applications ( ,electricity4--,,xxviii4 ,wire ,tables4--,app>atus ,li/4--,index4 ,?is is a text-book = amateurs1 /ud5ts1 & o!rs :o want to take up a sy/ematic c\rse ( electrical exp]im5ts at home or 9 s*ool4 ,x w give a practical & exp]im5tal k ( elem5t>y electricity1 & ?or\ghly prep>e /ud5ts = advanc$ "w4 ,full directions are giv5 = ,,two ,,hundr$ ,,exp]im5ts4 ,! exp]im5ts & discussions are s plann$ t ! /ud5t is always prep>$ = :at foll[s4 ,al?\gh ! exp]im5ts may be p]=m$ ) ! app>atus t is usually f\nd 9 s*ool laboratories1 ! au?or has design$ a complete set ( app>atus = ^? :o want to h _! own outfit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if y want to take up a sy/ematic c\rse ( exp]im5ts--exp]im5ts t w build a la/+ f\ndation = y\r electrical k--?is book w s]ve z a valuable guide4 ,jan4 #a1 #aiah ,,/ud5t',s ,,disc\nt ,,discont9u$ ,,price ,,to ,,all1 #f4be ,ow+ to greatly increas$ co/s ( labor & mat]ials ! disc\nt ( #fe;c =m]ly all[$ on ?is set has be5 discont9u$4 ,complete sets only n[ sold4 ,%ipp+ weight on improv$ sets #aj lbs4 securely pack$ 9 wood5 box4 ,s5t by p>cel po/ if prop] po/age is includ$ 9 y\r remittance2 o!rwise by express *>ges collect4 ,fun ,) ,magnetism & ,fun ,) ,electricity h />t$ m "y m5 ^u electrical c>e]s ?an any o!r sci5tific outfits ev] plac$ be=e ! public4 ,! ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s t h be5 sold 9 all p>ts ( ! _w h furni%$ fun & sci5ce = p ( all ages1 & ! m]e fact t !y are li/$ by ! ,new ,york ,bo>d ( ,education1 & recomm5d to ! pupils & tea*]s ( ! ,new ,york public & private s*ools is a gu>antee ( _! value4 ,7 x n = ! fact t ^! are made 9 su* l>ge quantities & sold by /ores1 ag5ts & mail-ord] h\ses1 ! price w\ld be mu* high]4 ,don't fail to get ^!4 ,!y h a national reputation4 ,,fun ,,) ,,magnetism ,?is outfit conta9s a #cb-page book ( in/ructions1 ) #de illu/rations1 toge!r ) a complete set ( app>atus = p]=m+ #fa fasc9at+ exp]im5ts4 ,x w give y "s new ideas ab\t magnetism & />t y at ! "r place 9 y\r /udy ( electricity4 ,?9k :at t means--to />t "r6 ,! book conta9s exp]im5ts ) ! horse%oe magnet1 ) b> magnets1 ) float+ magnets1 etc41 etc41 ?us giv+ a practical k ( ! subject2 & x is all done 9 su* an int]e/+ way t "o c't help rememb]+ x4 ,e exp]im5t cl9*es "s fact & e fact is important4 ,amus+ ,exp]im5ts4--,some?+ = ,n]v\s ,p to ,try4--,! ,j]sey ,mosquito4--,! ,/amp$e4--,! ,runaway4--,! ,dog-fight4--,! ,:irligig4--,! ,naval ,battle4--,a ,/r+ ( ,fi%4--,a ,magnetic ,gun4--,a ,top ,upside d[n4--,a ,magnetic ,w9dmill4--,a ,compass ,upside d[n4--,! ,magnetic ,acrobat4--,! ,busy ,ant-hill4--,! ,magnetic ,bridge4--,! ,m]ry-g-,r\nd4--,! ,tight-rope ,walk]4--,a ,magnetic ,motor ,us+ ,attractions & ,repulsions4--,& #dc ,o!rs4 ,no4 ,r#a--;,fun ) ,magnetism1 ,complete ,outfit1 po/paid #j4ce ,illu/ration ,,fun ,,) ,,electricity ,! au?or ( ?is ,fun ) ,sci5ce s]ies has sp5t a great deal ( "t & money 9 exp]im5t+ to devise app>atus t w d ! prop] "w & be1 at ! same "t1 simple & *eap1 & 9 no outfit has he succe$$ bett] ?an 9 ,fun ) ,electricity4 ,:5 y ?9k ( an outfit retail+ = #ej;c4 & cov]+ ! :ole subject ( ,/atic ,electricity1 giv+ #fj sci5tific exp]im5ts ^u its production1 conduction & induction1 ) a #ee-page book ( in/ructions ) #ch draw+s1 & a complete set ( app>atus ( #bj articles = p]=m+ ^! #fj exp]im5ts1 y w und]/& :y ! sales ( ?is outfit h be5 enorm\s4 ,z ! subject is pres5t$ 9 a fasc9at+ way--& n z m]e dry sci5ce--e "o likes to d ! exp]im5ts4 ,no wond] ^! sets are highly prais$ by p>5ts & educators 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry6 ,!re is ,fun 9 ^! ,exp]im5ts3 ,*a9 ,lightn+4--,an ,electric ,:irligig4--,! ,baby ,?und]/orm4--,a ,race ) ,electricity4--,an ,electric ,frog ,pond4--,an ,electric ,d+-,dong4--,! ,magic ,f+]4--,daddy ,long-,legs4--,jump+ ,sally4--,an ,electric ,kite4--,v ,%ock+4--,cond5s$ ,lightn+4--,an ,electric ,fly-,trap4--,! ,m]ry ,p5dulum4--,an ,electric ,f]ry-,boat4--,a ,funny ,piece ( ,pap]4--,a ,joke on ! ,family ,cat4--,electricity ,plays ,leap-,frog4--,lightn+ ,goes ,ov] a ,bridge4--,electricity ,c>ries a ,lant]n4--,& #dj ,o!rs4 ,!re isn't an outfit any:]e at any price t gives bett] value = ! money4 ,an ideal pres5t = a boy4 ,no4 ,r#b--;,fun ) ,electricity1 ,complete ,outfit1 po/paid #j4fe ,,fun ,,) ,,puzzles ,"h is an outfit t e boy & girl %\ld h1 = x is amus+1 in/ructive & educational4 ,x is real fun to d puzzles & to puzzle y\r fri5ds1 & ?is book conta9s "s real bra9-teas]s t w make y ?9k4 ,! book conta9s #ae *apt]s1 #hj pages1 & #abh illu/rations1 & measures #ex#g-a_/b in*es4 ,if y c't d any p>ticul> puzzle y w f9d its solution 9 ! key1 :i* is b\nd ) ! book4 ,if y want to w9 prizes by do+ ! puzzles 9 ! magaz9es1 y w f9d ?is book ( f\r hundr$ puzzles a regul> s*ool ( puzzles t w give y a ?or\gh tra9+ = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,! book alone is well wor? ! price1 to say no?+ ( ! outfit ( numb]s1 c\nt]s1 pictures1 etc4 ,cont5ts ( ,book3 ,*apt] 7#a7 ,secret ,writ+4 7#b7 ,magic ,triangles1 ,squ>es1 ,rectangles1 ,hexagons1 ,crosses1 ,circles1 etc4 7#c7 ,dropp$ ,lett] & ,dropp$ ,^w ,puzzles4 7#d7 ,mix$ ,prov]bs1 ,prose & ,rhyme4 7#e7 ,^w ,diamonds1 ,squ>es1 ,triangles1 & ,rhomboids4 7#f7 ,num]ical ,enigmas4 7#g7 ,jumbl$ ,writ+ & ,magic ,prov]bs4 7#h7 ,dissect$ ,puzzles4 7#i7 ,hidd5 & ,conceal$ ,words4 7#aj7 ,divid$ ,cakes1 ,pies1 ,g>d5s1 ,f>ms1 etc4 7#aa7 ,bicycle & ,boat ,puzzles4 7#ab7 ,v>i\s ,^w & ,lett] ,puzzles4 7#ac7 ,puzzles ) ,c\nt]s4 7#ad7 ,comb9ation ,puzzles4 7#ae7 ,mazes & ,labyr9?s4 ,secret ,writ+ is expla9$ 9 ?is book1 & x %[s h[ y c write lett]s to y\r fri5ds & be sure t no "o c read !m unless !y are also 9 ! secret4 ,?is "o ?+ alone w give y a great deal ( enjoym5t4 ,get ?is outfit & h "s fun4 ,no4 ,r#c--;,fun ) ,puzzles1 ,complete ,outfit1 po/paid #j4ce 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fun ,,) ,,soap-,,bubbles ,fancy ,bubbles & ,films are n easily bl[n )\t special app>atus1 & ev5 ) ! prop] outfit "o mu/ "k h[4 ,t's :y we furni% a #af-page book ) e set to %[ j h[ to d x4 ,) ! aid ( ! #ba illu/rations & ! directions y c produce rem>kable results t w surprise & ent]ta9 y\r fri5ds4 ,a *ild c d x z well z a gr[n p]son4 ,illu/ration ,soap-,bubble ,p>ties us+ ^! outfits create real s5sations4 ,:y n be ! fir/ 9 y\r t[n to give a ,fun ) ,soap-,bubbles ,p>ty8 ,j write & ask ab\t ! price = any special numb] ( !m--say six or a doz54 ,cont5ts ( ,book3 ,tw5ty-"o ,illu/rations4--,introduction4--,! ,colors ( ,soap-,bubbles4--,! ,outfit4--,soap ,mixture4--,useful ,h9ts4--,bubbles ,bl[n ) ,pipes4--,bubbles ,bl[n ) ,/raws4--,bubbles ,bl[n ) ! ,horn4--,float+ ,bubbles4--,baby ,bubbles4--,smoke ,bubbles4--,bomb%ell ,bubbles4--,danc+ ,bubbles4--,bubble ,games4--,support$ ,bubbles4--,bubble ,clu/]4--,susp5d$ ,bubbles4--,bubble ,lamp ,*imney4--,bubble ,l5ses4--,bubble ,basket4--,bubble ,bell[s4--,to ,draw a ,bubble ,?r\gh a ,r+4--,bubble ,acorn4--,bubble ,bottle4--,a ,bubble ,)9 a ,bubble4--,ano!r ,way4--,bubble ,%ade4--,bubble ,hammock4--,wre/l+ ,bubbles4--,a ,smok+ ,bubble4--,soap ,films4--,! ,t5nis ,racket ,film4--,fi%-net ,film4--,pan-%ap$ ,film4--,b[ & ,arr[ ,film4--,bubble ,dome4--,d\ble ,bubble ,dome4--,pyramid ,bubbles4--,turtle-back ,bubbles4--,soap-,bubbles & ,frictional ,electricity4 ,!re is no?+ m beautiful ?an ! airy-fairy soap-bubble ) its ev]*ang+ colors4 ,?is outfit gives ! be/ possible amusem5t = old & "y4 ,no4 ,r#d--;,fun ) ,soap-,bubbles1 ,complete ,outfit1 po/paid #j4ce ,?ree extra packages ( prep>$ soap1 po/paid 4#aj ,,fun ,,) ,,%ad[s ,no wond] %ad[-mak+ has be5 popul> = sev]al c5turies6 ,:at c\ld give ke5] delight ?an comical %ad[-pictures1 pantomimes1 ent]ta9m5ts1 etc48 ,pr(essional %ad[i/s use wires1 =ms1 & v>i\s devices to aid !m1 & t is :y !y get su* wond]ful results on ! /age4 ,d y want to d ! same ?+ "r 9 y\r own home & ent]ta9 y\r fri5ds ) all k9ds ( fancy %ad[s8 ,y c d x ) ?is outfit1 = ! book conta9s #ajj illu/rations & diagrams ) directions = us+ ! num]\s articles includ$ 9 ! box4 ,y w be surpris$ to see h[ easily y c make ^! funny %ad[s ) ! aid ( ! outfit4 ,bett] get "o n[ & make %ad[s l a pr(essional4 ,illu/ration ,! ,outfit conta9s ev]y?+ necess>y = all ord9>y %ad[ pictures1 %ad[ ent]ta9m5ts1 %ad[ plays1 etc4 ,! foll[+ articles are includ$3 ,"o book ( ,in/ructions call$ ,fun ) ,%ad[s2 #a ,%ad[ ,scre52 #b ,%eets ( ,trac+ ,pap]2 #a ,coil ( ,wire = ,movable ,figures2 #a ,c>dbo>d ,frame = ,circul> ,scre52 #a ,c>dbo>d ,h\se = ,/age ,sc5]y2 #a ,jo9t$ ,wire ,fi%-pole & ,l9e2 #b ,b5t ,wire ,sc5]y ,hold]s2 #d ,clamps = ,scre52 #a ,wire ,figure ,support2 #a ,wire = ,o>2 #b ,spr+ ,wire ,table ,clamps2 #a ,wire ,c&le/ick ,hold]2 #e ,c>dbo>d ,plates conta9+ ! foll[+ pr9t$ figures t %\ld be cut out ) %e>s2 #ab ,"* ,hats2 #a ,boat2 #a ,o>-blade2 #a ,fi%2 #a ,c&le/ick2 #a ,c>dbo>d ,plate conta9+ pr9t$ p>ts = mak+ movable figures4 ,no4 ,r#e--;,fun ) ,%ad[s1 ,complete ,outfit1 po/paid #j4ce 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fun ,,) ,,photography ,popul> ,pa/imes are num]\s1 b to _m !re is no?+ m fasc9at+ ?an photography4 ,! magic ( sun%9e1 ! wond]s ( nature1 & ! beauties ( art are tools 9 ! h&s ( ! amateur photograph]4 ,if y want to get a />t 9 ?is up-to-date hobby1 ?is outfit w help y4 ,y w enjoy ! "w & be delight$ ) ! beautiful pictures y c make4 ,! ,outfit conta9s ev]y?+ necess>y = mak+ pr9ts--toge!r ) o!r articles to be us$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! foll[+ ?+s are includ$3 ,"o ,illu/rat$ ,book ( ,in/ructions1 call$ ,fun ,) ,photography2 #a ,package ( ,s5sitiz$ ,pap]2 #a ,pr9t+ ,frame1 includ+ ,glass1 ,back1 & ,spr+2 #a ,set ( ,masks = ,pr9t+ ,frame2 #a ,set ( ,patt]ns = ,fancy ,%apes2 #a ,book ( ,negatives 7,pat5t$7 ,ready = ,use2 #f ,%eets ( ,blank ,negative ,pap]2 #a ,alphabet ,%eet2 #a ,package ( ,c>d ,m\nts2 #a ,package ( ,fold+ ,m\nts2 #a ,package ( ,fixo4 ,illu/ration ,cont5ts ( ,book3 ,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction4--,photography4--,magic ,sun%9e4--,! ,outfit4--,,ii4 ,g5]al ,in/ructions4--,! ,s5sitiz$ ,pap]4--,h[ ! ,effects are ,produc$4--,negatives4--,pr9ts4--,pr9t+ ,frames4--,our ,pr9t+ ,frame4--,putt+ ,negatives 9 ,pr9t+ ,frame4--,pr9t+4--,develop+4--,fix+4--,d ry+--- ,trimm+4--,fancy ,%apes4--,m\nt+4--,,iii4 ,negatives & ,h[ to ,make ,!m4--,! ,pap]4--,mak+ ,transp>5t ,pap]4--,mak+ ! ,negatives4--,pr9t$ ,negatives4--,p]=at$ ,negatives4--,negatives ,made f ,magaz9e ,pictures4--,gr\nd ,glass ,negatives4--,,iv4 ,nature ,photography4--,aids to ,nature ,/udy4--,f]ns & ,leaves4--,photograph+ ,leaves4--,p]=at+ ,leaves4--,dry+ ,leaves1 ,f]ns1 etc41 = ,negatives4--,fl[]s4--,v4 ,miscellane\s ,photographs4--,magnetic ,photographs4--,comb9ation ,pictures4--,initial ,pictures4--,"n ,plates4--,*ri/mas1 ,ea/] & ,bir?day ,c>ds4 ,no4 ,r#f--;,fun ) ,photography1 ,complete ,outfit1 ,po/paid #j4fe ,,fun ,,) ,,*emi/ry ,illu/ration3 ,fun ,) ,*emi/ry ,*emi/ry is univ]sally consid]$ to be an int]e/+ subject1 ev5 9 s*ool1 & x is c]ta9ly an important "o 9 ^! days ( sci5tific progress4 ,?is outfit />ts y at ! "r place & pres5ts ! elem5ts ( ! subject 9 a mo/ int]e/+ fa%ion4 ,! exp]im5ts are s enjoyable t y w take pleasure 9 do+ !m ov] & ov] aga91 & y w want to d !m = y\r fri5ds4 ,y c h a lot ( fun ) ?is set1 & ev5 if y h tak5 advanc$ c\rses 9 ! subject y w f9d some?+ new 9 ^! exp]im5ts4 ,! m y "k ab\t *emi/ry ! m y w enjoy x1 = !n y c m easily appreciate :at a spl5did outfit ?is is = ! money4 ,! ,outfit conta9s ov] #bj diff]5t articles1 includ+ *emicals1 te/-tubes1 adju/able r+-/&1 litmus pap]1 filt] pap]1 glass tub+1 etc42 9 fact1 ev]y?+ ne$$ = ! =ty-"o exp]im5ts4 ,! ,book ( ,in/ructions is fully illu/rat$1 & measures #ex#g-a_/b in*es4 ,fun ,f\nd ,"h3 ,f ,:ite to ,black1 or ! ,phantom ,%ip4--,yell[ ,te>s4--,smoke ,pe>ls4--,an ,ocean ( ,smoke4--,a ,t9y ,:irlw9d4--,a ,smoke ,cascade4--,an ,explosion 9 a ,teacup4--,a ,gas ,factory 9 a ,te/-,tube4--,mak+ ,*>coal4--,flame ,goes ,ov] a ,bridge4--,a ,smoke ,toboggan-,slide4--,f\nta9s ( ,flame4--,mak+ an ,acid4--,mak+ an ,alkali4--,a ,*emical ,fight4--,?r\gh ,walls ( ,flame4--,an ,artificial ,gas ,well4--,a ,lampblack ,factory4--,/eam f a ,flame4--,! ,flame t ,committ$ ,suicide4--,*emical ,s\p4--,a ,baby ,skat+-,r9k4--,a ,magic ,milk-,%ake4--,! ,wiz>d's ,brea?4--,a ,*emical ,curta94--,scrambl$ ,*emicals4--,& ,_m ,o!r ,exp]im5ts4 ,no4 ,r#g--;,fun ) ,*emi/ry1 ,complete ,outfit1 po/paid #j4fe 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electric ,,%oot+ ,,game ,%oot+ ,animals by electricity is c]ta9ly a mo/ orig9al game1 & x w furni% a va/ am\nt ( amusem5t to all4 ,! game is pat5t$ & copyright$--because x is really a br&-new idea 9 games--& x br+s into use t mo/ my/]i\s some?+ call$ electricity4 ,:ile ! electricity is p]fectly h>mless1 !re be+ no batt]ies1 acids or liquids1 x is v active & y w h pl5ty to laugh at4 ,x is s simple t ! smalle/ *ild c play x & s fasc9at+ t gr&pa w want to try x4 ,! game-pres]ve is neatly pr9t$ 9 colors1 & ! birds & wild animals are well wor? hunt+4 ,ea* has a fix$ value--& "s ( !m mu/ n be %ot at all--s !re is ample *ance = skill4 ,tissue-pap] bullets are actually %ot f ! electric gun by electricity1 & x is truly a weird sight to see !m %oot ?r\gh ! air impell$ by ?is unse5 =ce4 ,! ,outfit conta9s ! ,game-,pres]ve1 ! ,electric ,gun1 ! ,%oot+-,box1 & ! ,electric ,bullets1 toge!r ) complete illu/rat$ directions1 all plac$ 9 a neat box4 ,no4 ,r#da--;,electric ,%oot+ ,game1 complete1 po/paid #j4ce 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,idea ,,tit-,,tat-,,toe ,spl5did game = two1 ?ree1 or f\r play]s2 great improvem5t ^u ! good old game2 fasc9at+ game in/antly le>n$2 no?+ bett] = *ildr5's p>ties & progressive bir?day p>ties2 box ) game-bo>d1 #ab m51 directions2 disc\nt = p>ty ord]s4 ,no4 ,r#ba--,new ,idea ,tit-,tat-,toe1 sample1 po/paid #j4ae ,electric ,air-,%ips & ,o!r ,games 7pat5t$7 ,illu/ration ,?is is ! age ( air-%ips & electricity1 s :at c\ld be m up-to-date ?an electric air-%ips t w float & dive & race ar\nd at ! w ( ! op]ator8 ,9 ?is game ,mr4 ,/4 ,john has aga9 made use ( a sci5tific pr9ciple1 ! air-%ips be+ actually controll$ by electricity4 ,!y are made to act 9 a mo/ peculi> mann]1 ) no wires1 no fuss1 no dang]4 ,!y are "u p]fect control & c be made to asc5d to ! ceil+1 drop to ! floor or race across ! room1 z desir$4 ,y simply c't imag9e h[ ent]ta9+ x is to see a lot ( excit$ p manag+ ^! a]ial rac]s1 ea* eag] to w94 ,! outfit conta9s illu/rat$ directions & mat]ials = two play]s1 includ+ ! app>atus = produc+ ! electricity & ! repell] = manag+ ! air-%ips 9 mid-air4 ,! little air-%ips are actually made ( metal & !y c be in/antly =m$4 ,"h's ! late/ sport = all ages1 because ! little ones c play too4 ,get into ! game & be an aviator4 ,no4 ,r#db--;,electric ,air-,%ips & ,o!r ,games1 po/paid #j4ce ,,aviation ,,t\rnam5ts ,,at ,,home ,,real ,,electric ,,toy-,,mak+ ,,= ,,boys ,by ,,?omas ,m4 ,,/4 ,,john4 ,met4 ,e4 ,?is book conta9s #adj pages & ov] "o hundr$ orig9al draw+s1 diagrams1 & full-page plates4 ,x measures #ex#g-a_/b 941 & is b\nd 9 clo?4 ,,second ,,edition ,price1 po/paid1 #a4jj ,,cont5ts3 ,*apt] ,i4 ,toys ,op]at$ by ,p]man5t ,magnets4--,,ii4 ,toys ,op]at$ by ,/atic ,electricity4--,,iii4 ,mak+ ,electromagnets = ,toys4--,,iv4 ,electric ,batt]ies4--,v4 ,circuits & ,connections4--,,vi4 ,toys ,op]at$ by ,electromagnets4 ,,vii4 ,mak+ ,sol5oids = ,toys4--,,viii4 ,toys ,op]at$ by ,sol5oids4--,,ix4 ,electric ,motors4--,x4 ,p[]1 ,spe$1 & ,ge>+4--,,xi4 ,%aft+ & ,be>+s4--,,xii4 ,pulleys & ,w9d+-,drums4--,,xiii4 ,belts & ,cables4--,,xiv4 ,toys ,op]at$ by ,electric ,motors4--,,xv4 ,miscellane\s ,electric ,toys4--,,xvi4 ,tools4--,,xvii4 ,mat]ials4--,,xviii4 ,v>i\s ,aids to ,con/ruction4 ,:ile plann+ ?is book1 ,mr4 ,/4 ,john def9itely decid$ t he w\ld n fill x ) descriptions ( complicat$1 ma*9e-made in/rum5ts & app>atus1 "u ! "n ( ,toy-,mak+1 = x is j z impossible = mo/ boys to get ! p>ts = su* ?+s z x is = !m to d ! requir$ ma*9e "w ev5 aft] !y h ! raw mat]ials4 ,great c>e has be5 tak5 9 design+ ! toys :i* are describ$ 9 ?is book1 9 ord] to make !m s simple t any boy ( av]age ability c con/ruct !m out ( ord9>y mat]ials4 ,! au?or c p]sonally gu>antee ! designs1 = !re is no guesswork ab\t !m4 ,e toy 0 made1 *ang$1 & exp]im5t$ ) until x 0 z simple z possible2 ! draw+s 7 !n made f ! p]fect$ models4 ,z ! result ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( "w & exp]im5t+ :i* 7 requir$ to orig9ate & p]fect s _m new models1 ! au?or feels t ?is book may be truly call$ ,real ,electric ,toy-,mak+ = ,boys4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e ,boy ,%\ld ,make ,electrical ,toys4 ,a ,,motor ,,t ,,c ,,d ,,?+s ,! ,/ ,j4 ,motor ,no4 #a 7,li/ ,no4 #bbja7 is design$ = /ud5ts & o!rs :o want a small motor = exp]im5tal purposes z well z = all ( ! "w t any small motor c d4 ,we believe ?is to be ! be/ small motor made1 & we "k t x c be us$ 9 m ways ?an any o!r motor ( equal co/ ev] built4 ,x has f\r b9d+-po/s1--mak+ x possible to en]gize ! field or armature sep>ately1--& s x c be us$ 9 circuits ) rev]s]s & rheo/ats = exp]im5ts4 ,! spe$ & direction ( rotation c be *ang$ at w1 ?us adapt+ x = runn+ toys1 etc4 ,z ! b9d+-po/s are m\nt$ ^u ! frame1 ?is motor c be tak5 f ! base = rem\nt+ & us+ 9 _m ways1 & z x has a ?ree-pole armature x w />t promptly 9 any position4 ,! %aft c>ries a pulley1 & a fan c be add$ at any "t4 ,"o cell w give a high spe$1 & m cells may be add$1 accord+ to ! "w x has to d4 ,motor ,no4 #a /&s #c-a_/b in*es high4 ,x is f9i%$ 9 black enamel ) nickel-plat$ trimm+s1--/rong & well made4 ,) x are furni%$ ?ree nickel-plat$ connect+-/raps1 :i* are to be us$ = connect+ ! field & armature 9 s]ies or %unt4 ,s mu* c be done ) ?is motor t x is simply impossible to tell x "h2 9 fact1 x is us$ z ! basis = a :ole book ( #fj exp]im5ts call$ ,! ,/udy ( ,electric ,motors by ,exp]im5t1 &1 :5 us$ 9 connection ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,motor ,outfits1 x w give a practical k ( motors t no o!r plan c give4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbja ,^! motors & motor outfits h be5 highly prais$ by electrical exp]ts & educators z be+ invaluable to /ud5ts4 ,!y c d ev]y?+ ! big motors c d1 & if us$ ) ! rheo/ats1 rev]s]s & o!r app>atus 9 ! outfits1 ! /ud5t w h a :ole motor laboratory4 ,:y n get a motor t has bra9s & t c d tricks & exp]im5ts8 ,any good motor w g :5 y turn on ! p[]2 b t doesn't mean mu* :5 x comes to und]/&+ ?+s4 ,no4 #bbja--,/4 ,j4 ,motor ,no4 #a1 ) ,wir+-,diagrams #a4ce ,if s5t by mail1 po/age extra1 %ipp+ weight "o p\nd4 ,,/4 ,j4 ,,electric ,,motor ,,outfit ,^! outfits h be5 design$ = /ud5ts & o!rs :o want to d real exp]im5tal "w ) motors1 s z to get "r d[n to ! bottom ( ! matt] & ?or\ghly ma/] ! f\ndation pr9ciples ( ! subject4 ,x is simply a/oni%+ to see h[ mu* c be le>n$ ) "o ( ^! outfits1 especially if ! "w be done z fully detail$ 9 ,! ,/udy ( ,electric ,motors by ,exp]im5t4 ,e electrical laboratory %\ld h "o ( ^! sets1 & ! m y "k ab\t motors ! m y w appreciate an outfit ( ?is k9d4 ,don't simply read ab\t motors--get "r d[n to ! practical "p ( x & exp]im5t = y\rself4 ,e exp]im5t w settle an important po9t 9 y\r m9d4 ,,electric ,,motor ,,outfit ,no4 #bbbf,x conta9s ev]y?+ ne$$ = sixty int]e/+ & pr(itable exp]im5ts4 ,) ! improv$ app>atus t we n[ give we feel t ?is is ! mo/ complete set ev] sold = ! money4 ,! foll[+ articles are includ$1 pack$ 9 a wood5 box3 ,,! ,,/4 ,j4 ,,motor1 fully describ$ on ano!r page1 is well call$ ,a motor t c d ?+s4 ,,! ,,five-,,po9t ,,rheo/at is us$ z a />t+-box 9 ! armature-circuit & 9 v>i\s o!r ways to regulate spe$4 7,see cut47 ,,! ,,elev5-,,po9t ,,rheo/at is us$ to regulate ! field-magnetism1 z "o me?od ( spe$-regulation1 & = o!r purposes4 7,see cut47 ,,! ,,d\ble-,,key ,,curr5t ,,rev]s] is1 really1 a key1 a two-po9t swit*1 & a curr5t-rev]s] comb9$4 ,on ?is acc\nt x c be us$ 9 _m ways1 %[n 9 num]\s wir+-diagrams4 7,see cut47 ,,! ,,h&y ,,curr5t-,,detector is us$ z a curr5t-detector & z a device = /udy+ ! c\nt]-electromotive =ce ( motor :ile runn+4 ,,! ,,two-,,po9t ,,swit* is useful 9 quickly swit*+ ! curr5t :]ev] x is ne$$1 & = _m o!r exp]im5ts4 ,,! ,,/rap ,,key protects ! batt]ies & closes ! circuit4 ,,! ,,m9iature ,,electric ,,lamp ,,& ,,socket are us$ 9 ! motor-circuit to prove c]ta9 ?+s & =m an attractive addition to ! outfit4 ,,! ,,magnetic ,,ne$le 9 ! new outfits is nickel-plat$ & s]ves z a compass = /udy+ ! magnetism ( ! poles1 etc4 ,,9 ,,addition to ! articles m5tion$ above1 ! outfit conta9s a ,set ( ,wires = ,connections1 a ,box ( ,iron-,fil+s = /udy+ l9es ( =ce1 an ,exp]im5tal ,package conta9+ ,iron1 ,/eel1 etc41 ?ree ,connect+-,wires1 & ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,in/ructions1 call$ ,! ,/udy ( ,electric ,motors by ,exp]im5t4 ,?is conta9s #aj *apt]s1 #aaj pages1 & ov] #gj illu/rations & diagrams4 ,b\nd 9 /iff pap]4 ,,batt]ies are n includ$1 unless ord]$ extra4 ,?ree ( our ,no4 #aaja batt]ies co/ #cf;c41 & extra po/age = #b lbs4 ,no4 #bbbf,x--,complete ,motor ,outfit1 z above 7,p4 weight1 #c lbs47 #c4ge 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,electric ,,motors ,,by ,,exp]im5t conta9s ,sixty ,exp]im5ts t ,be> ,directly ^u ! ,con/ruction1 ,op]ation1 & ,explanation ( ,electric ,motors1 toge!r ) ,mu* ,helpful ,in=mation ^u ! ,exp]im5tal ,app>atus ,requir$4 ,?is book w be a great help to ^? :o want to d real exp]im5tal "w ) motors4 ,x conta9s #aj *apt]s1 #aaj pages1 ov] #gj illu/rations & diagrams1 & y c n af=d to be )\t x4 ,no4 ,r#eg,p--,/udy ( ,motors1 b\nd 9 pap]1 po/paid #j4ce ,no4 ,r#eg;,c--,/udy ( ,motors1 b\nd 9 clo?1 po/paid #j4fj ,fun ,) ,telegraphy 7,,pat5t$7 ,,two ,,great ,,outfits ,,= ,,/ud5ts ,illu/ration ,^! two outfits are simil> 9 con/ruction1 al?\gh !y diff] 9 details1 ea* be+ design$ = its special "w4 ,! keys1 s\nd]s & b9d+-po/s are neatly m\nt$ ^u eboniz$ bases measur+ #f-a_/bx#c-c_/d 941 ^! also s]v+ z s\nd+-bo>ds4 ,fun ) ,telegraphy is ! orig9al l[-price telegraph outfit = /ud5ts t has sold by ! ?\s&s & giv5 univ]sal satisfaction4 ,x is consid]$ ! be/ #ej-;c5t outfit ev] produc$1 &1 al?\gh we h made sev]al improvem5ts lately1 ! price is ! same z be=e4 ,9 connection ) a peculi> oscillat+ electro-magnet & a que] anvil1 ! s\nd+-bo>d aids 9 giv+ out a l\d1 cle> click t is f\nd else:]e only 9 noisy railroad s\nd]s4 ,?is outfit is be/ adapt$ = a le>n]'s set ( "o in/rum5t & a batt]y to be us$ on ! table = practis+1 ei!r ) or )\t ! codegraph1 & n = telegraph+ ov] wires to o!r /ations4 ,outfit3 ,illu/rat$ ,book ( ,in/ructions1 call$ ,fun ) ,telegraphy2 ,telegraph ,key2 ,telegraph ,s\nd]2 ,nickel-,plat$ ,b9d+-,po/s2 ,insulat$ ,wires = ,connections4 ,no4 ,r#h--;,fun ) ,telegraphy1 )\t batt]y1 po/paid #j4ej ,no4 ,r#h1 ,r#h;,b--,fun ) ,telegraphy1 ) "o dry batt]y1 po/paid1 4#fe ,improv$ ,telegraphy ,no4 #b4--;,9 answ] to a numb] ( reque/s = an improv$ outfit = regul> l9e "w betwe5 two /ations a few hundr$ feet ap>t1 we n[ (f] ?is set1 :i* is1 9 g5]al1 simil> 9 plan to our fir/ ,telegraphy ,no4 #b4 ,we h replac$ ! s+le electro-magnet ( ! old set1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 ) two l>g] ones ( sup]ior con/ruction1 ?us mak+ ! in/rum5t mu* m s5sitive4 ,! key has also be5 greatly improv$1 & we n[ h a f9e set at l[ co/4 ,no exp5sive gravity batt]ies are ne$$ ) ?is +5i\s arrangem5t1 z x is design$ to "w ) dry batt]ies :i* are clean & *eap4 ,by means ( a peculi> swit*1 ei!r /ation may call ! o!r at any "t1 ev5 ?\gh ! l9e is kept on op5 circuit4 ,!re is absolutely no wa/e ( curr5t :5 ! l9e is n 9 use--&1 ev5 !n1 only at ! in/ant ! dots & da%es are made4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a great advantage ov] ! old-fa%ion$ me?ods ) gravity batt]ies :i* amateurs h h]et(ore be5 oblig$ to use4 ,) ?is in/rum5t y h a le>n]'s set z well z "o t c be us$ to s5d messages to ano!r /ation4 ,if y d n c>e = ! sup]ior advantages ( ,semi-,wireless1 ?is outfit w give entire satisfaction = ord9>y "w4 ,outfit3 ,illu/rat$ ,book ( ,in/ructions call$ ,telegraphy ,numb] ,two2 ,improv$ ,telegraph ,key2 ,telegraph ,s\nd] ) ,d\ble ,electromagnets3 ,special ,swit* = controll+ ! batt]ies2 ,nickel-plat$ ,screw ,b9d+-po/s2 ,insulat$ ,wires = connections4 ,no4 #bcjg--;,improv$ ,telegraphy ,numb] ,two 7no batt]ies71 po/paid1 #a4jj ,no4 #bcjg;,b--,same z ,no4 #bcjg1 b ) two dry batt]ies1 po/paid1 #a4ce ,! ,codegraph 7,,pat5t$7 ,,note--,cont95tal ,code s5t unless o!rwise ord]$4 ,illu/ration ,! ,codegraph is a br&-new s*eme = ?or\ghly & rapidly le>n+ ! telegraphic code1 & x has be5 work$ out ) ! beg9n] 9 m9d4 ,?is code-le>n+ sy/em really adapts itself to ! beg9n]1 & x gives a p]sonal t\* to ea* individual /ud5t accord+ to 8 ne$s4 ,no o!r sy/em c d s mu*1 = ! /ud5t sees1 he>s & feels e lett] & signal4 ,! greate/ tr\ble t e "o has 9 le>n+ by li/5+ to regul> messages is 9 sep>at+ ! lett]s & words z !y come 9 s fa/4 ,!re is no "t to ?9k1 & lett]s pile up 9 ! m9d4 ,! codegraph avoids all confusion because e lett] is "u p]fect control & may be repeat$ z _m times z desir$2 h>d ?+s c be made easy2 words & s5t5ces c be built at w4 ,we gu>antee t any "o ( av]age ability c make rapid improvem5t ) ! codegraph4 ,:at ,x ,is4 ,a complete codegraph outfit1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 has ?ree ma9 p>ts3 7#a7 ,! plate & p51 7#b7 "s =m ( key & s\nd] & 7#c7 two batt]ies4 ,:ile any key & s\nd] c be us$ ) ! plate1 we wi% to call especial att5tion to ! duplex s\nd] %[n1 z ?is has be5 design$ to d d\ble "w4 ,if y already h ,fun ) ,telegraphy1 = example1 & want to ord] ! ,codegraph ,plate & ,p51 we w include1 free ( *>ge1 an extra atta*m5t = connect+ up y\r in/rum5t4 ,! ,plate & ,p54 ,:5 ! p5 is lightly drawn ov] ! plate1 ! s\nd] responds & %[s exactly h[ e lett] & signal %\ld s\nd4 ,! /ud5t c !n practise ea* lett] until p]fect4 ,! surface ( ! plate is cov]$ ) a special insulat+ enamel1 b>e spots correspond+ to correct dots & da%es4 ,! poli%$ brass plate measures ab\t #fx#h in*es & has a mo/ elegant appe>ance4 ,! book tells all ab\t practis+1 etc4 ,duplex ,codegraph ,key & ,s\nd]1 z %[n1 has a d\ble action & is ! late/ ?+ 9 code-le>n+ devices4 ,by ! m]e turn+ ( a swit* y c h ! ord9>y telegraph clicks or ! wireless buzzes1 mak+ two s\nd]s 9 "o & at ! co/ ( "o4 ,! comb9ation s\nd] & a sub/antial key are m\nt$ ^u a f9ely f9i%$ base ) nickel-plat$ trimm+s1 b9d+-po/s1 swit*1 etc4 ,if y want to become an op]ator 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 no matt] :e!r y h ev] tri$ be=e or n1 get "o ( ^! outfits & beg9 at once4 ,y w be pleas$ "r f ! />t1 because y w make rapid progress "r f ! />t4 ,no4 #bcej--;,codegraph ,plate & ,p51 ) ,book ( ,in/ructions #a4jj ,if s5t by mail1 po/age extra 4#ab ,no4 #bcea--;,duplex ,codegraph ,key & ,s\nd] 7no batt]ies7 #a4jj ,if s5t by mail1 po/age extra 4#aj ,no4 #aajb--,two ,dry ,batt]ies1 z %[n 4#be ,if s5t by mail1 po/age extra 4#aj ,special--,complete ,codegraph ,outfit1 z 9 cut1 po/paid #b4ej ,,telegraph ,,& ,,telephone ,,sets 7,,li/ ,t7 ,,orig9al ,,outfits t are wor?y ( y\r att5tion & t give f9e results2 products ( hundr$s ( exp]im5ts & models t give be/ value = lea/ money4 ,a complete l9e ( outfits beg9n+ ) ,fun ) ,telegraphy & end+ ) comb9$ ,semi-,wireless ,telegraph1 ,telephone & ,electric ,light ,signal ,sets1 ) endless possibilities4 ,don't =get to add po/age accord+ to weight & zone4 ,li/ ,no4 ,li/ ,price #bcjb--,,new ,,fun ,,) ,,telegraphy4 ,a ,book1 ,key1 ,s\nd]1 ,wires4 ,nicely m\nt$1 s5sitive1 adju/able1 improv$1 practical4 7,p4 ,wt4 #a lb47 #j4ce #bcjb;,b#a--,same z ,no4 #bcjb1 b ) #a dry batt]y4 7,p4 ,wt4 #a lb47 #j4ej #bcjh--,,new ,,telegraphy ,,numb] ,,two4 ,= regul> l9e-"w3 has +5i\s swit*2 uses dry batt]ies4 ,key1 ,s\nd]1 ,book1 ,wires4 7,p4 ,wt4 #a lb47 #j4ge #bcjh;,b#b--,same z ,no4 #bcjh b ) two dry batt]ies4 7,p4 ,wt4 #b lbs47 #a4jj #bcjd--;,,click]buzz ,,two-,,/ation ,,telegraph ,,outfit4 ,special value2 l\d1 resonant1 sub/antial1 v neat & does sev]al ?+s4 ,complete ) two sep>ate ,no4 #behj ,,wond]buzz ,in/rum5ts1 ,morse ,code1 ,cont95tal ,code1 ,wire = %ort ,l9e1 ,pkg4 small ,telegraph blanks1 ,in/ructions & ,wir+ ,diagrams4 7,p4 ,wt4 #b lbs47 #b4jj #bcjd;,b#d--,same z ,no4 #bcjd b ) f\r dry batt]ies4 7,p4 ,wt4 #c lbs47 #b4ej #bcej--;,,codegraph ,,plate1 ,,p5 ,,& ,,book4 ,tea*es ,cont95tal ,wireless ,code1 giv+ correct s\nds on y\r buzz] or on ours4 ,orig9al1 practical1 solves home /udy4 7,weight #a p\nd47 ,price #a4jj #bcee--;,,codegraph ,,outfit ,,m\nt$ on eboniz$ base ) ,high-pit* ,nickel-plat$ ,buzz]1 ,b9d+-po/s & ,key1 ,books & ,wires4 ,f9e set = practice & /udy4 ,cont95tal ,code4 7,weight1 #b lbs47 ,price #b4ge #bcee;,b#b--,same z #bcee1 b ) #b batt]ies4 7,wt4 #c lbs47 ,price #c4jj #behj--,,semi-,,wireless ,,wond]buzz1 a real wond] t c actually be us$ 9 #dj hookups4 ,a basic in/rum5t ar\nd :i* to build ,code-tea*+ ,devices1 ,bl9k] ,signal ,sy/ems1 num]\s ,click ,telegraphs1 ,buzz ,telegraphs1 ,semi-wireless ,telegraphs1 sev]al ,telephone ,plans1 comb9$ ,telegraph & ,telephone s*emes ov] ! same wire1 actual ,room-to-room ,wireless1 etc41 etc4 ,c't beg9 to tell x all "h4 ,an all-useful in/rum5t ) directions4 7,weight1 #a lb47 ,price #a4jj #begf--,,! ,,wond]phone is a practical1 inexp5sive telephone set2 s5sitive1 /rong & well made4 ,outfit = "o /ation3 ,receiv]1 ,c>bon ,gra9 ,transmitt]1 bo? ) flexible wires1 ,comb9ation ,b9d+-po/ & ,in/rum5t ,support1 ,batt]y ,box1 ,wire = ,connections1 #ej ft4 ( ,l9e ,wire1 ,directions4 7,weight1 #a lb47 ,price #a4ej #begf;,b#b--,same z ,no4 #begf1 b ) #b batt]ies1 7,wt4 #b lbs47 ,price #a4ge #behb--,,semi-,,wireless ,,telegraph1 ,,telephone1 ,,& ,,electric ,,light ,,signal ,,set4 ,a ,comb9ation ( ! ,wond]buzz1 ! ,wond]phone1 ,night ,signal ,atta*m5t1 & a ,lot ( ,extras1 ,l9e ,wire1 ,etc4 ,a set t beats !m all & does mo/4 ,no o!r sy/em does s mu* = ! money & no o!r c d s mu* = t5 times ! money4 ,a wond] comb9ation ( usefulness4 ,please read ab\t ! ,wond]buzz & ! ,wond]phone4 ,! late/ ^w 9 telegraphy f ,cascade ,ran*4 7,weight1 #b lbs47 ,price #b4ge #behb;,b#b--,same z ,no4 #behb b ) #b batt]ies4 7,wt4 #c lbs47 #c4jj ,no4 ,,/jc--,,save-,,"t-,,jiffy-,,code4 ,le>n to s5d & receive sl[ly 9 an h\r or less4 ,9 a day y c telegraph 9 a jiffy1 any message1 punctuation1 numb]s1 s5t5ce-signals & ! :ole bus9ess4 ,e boy a telegraph]4 ,fun to make y\r own ,ciph] ,codes on ?is z a basis4 ,complete1 po/paid #f;c41 two = #j4aj #bdbe--;,,d&y ,,h&iphone4 ,an inexp5sive h\se-to-h\se telephone4 ,s5sitive1 attractive1 practical1 effici5t4 ,r+s bell or buzz] to call1 us+ dry batt]ies4 ,w "w z f> z any batt]y-phone1 & f>!r ?an _m ( !m4 ,a d&y ,h&iphone4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,be sure to add po/age accord+ to weight & zone4 ,,?omas ,m4 ,,/4 ,,john1 ,cascade ,ran*1 ,ea/ ,w9dham1 ,n4,y4