,,reflections     ,,on     ,,!          
,,op]ation     ,,( ,,!     ,,pres5t     
,,sy/em ,,( ,,education4      ,,by      
,,*ri/oph] ,c4 ,,&rews1     ,,c\nsellor 
,,at ,,law4       ,,tra9 ,,up ,a ,,*ild 
,,9 ,,! ,,way ,,he ,,%\ld ,,g2 ,,&1 ,,:5
 ,,he ,,is ,,old1     ,,he ,,w ,,n      
,,dep>t ,,f ,,x4       ,,bo/on3         
,,crosby1 ,,ni*ols1 ,,& ,,company1      
#aaa1 ,,wa%+ton ,,/reet4     #ahec4     
,,bo/on3     ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john        
,,wilson ,,& ,,son1     #bb1 ,,s*ool    
,,/reet4     ,,prefatory ,,note4   ,!   
increas+ importance ( ! subject treat$ (
 has l$ ! au?or to revise an article1   
publi%$ ne>ly two ye>s ago 9 a mon?ly   
j\rnal1 & to pres5t x 9 ! foll[+ pages4 
,8 object is to call att5tion to :at he 
reg>ds a defect 9 ! op]ation ( our      
pres5t sy/em ( education1 & to propose  
"s sugge/ions = its rem$y4 ,t defect    
consi/s 9 ! want ( moral in/ruction 9   
our s*ools4 ,its exi/5ce1 he believes1  
may be attribut$ to ! /ate ( public     
op9ion1 r ?an to any imp]fection 9 !    

sy/em itself4 ,= ?is reason1 he is (    
op9ion t rem>ks on ! subject are m      
necess>y1 & !re=e wor?i] ( !            
consid]ation & indulg5ce ( ! public4    
#ce1 ,,c\rt ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on1           
,may1 #ahec4         ,,!                
,,incomplete ,,op]ation     ,,( ,,our   
,,pres5t ,,sy/em ,,( ,,education4   ,!  
duty ( br++ up ! "y 9 ! way ( usefulness
 has ev] be5 ackn[l$g$ z ( utmo/        
importance to ! well-be+ & safety ( a   
,/ate4 ,s imp]ative 0 ?is obligation    
consid]$ by ,solon1 ! ,a!nian lawgiv]1 t
 he excus$ *ildr5 f ma9ta9+ _! p>5ts1 :5
 old & feeble1 if !y _h neglect$ to     
qualify !m = "s useful art or pr(ession4
 ,al?\gh ?is pr9ciple has univ]sally    
prevail$ 9 e civiliz$ age1 yet ! success
 ( its practical op]ation dep5ds        
entirely ^u :at is und]/ood by necess>y 
k & useful employm5t4 ,if1 z among !    
,lac$emonians & _m o!r nations (        
antiquity1 a useful art consi/$ *iefly 9
 ! exploits ( w>1--9 be+ able to und]go 
privations & h>d%ips1 & 9 wield+        

successfully ! heavy in/rum5ts (        
blood%$1--su* an education z w\ld       
conduce to ! acquirem5t ( t art mu/ be  
e/imat$ on diff]5t gr\nds f t sy/em ^:  
object is to develop ! moral &          
intellectual faculties4  ,f ! di/ant    
pa/1 traditions h come d[n1 ev9c+ 9 _m  
in/ances exempl>y c>e 9 ! culture ( y\?2
 b ! conspicu\s record made ( !m by !   
hi/orian & poet refutes ! idea t !y 7   
common4 ,) ! lapse ( c5turies1          
revolutions 9 ! arts & sci5ces h be5    
effect$1 important 9 !mselves1 b m s = !
 *anges !y h produc$ bo? 9 social &     
political affairs4 ,l hunt]s :o discov] 
9 _! =e/-w&]+s a valuable m9e :i* %apes 
anew _! c\rse ( life1 ! p ( ! old _w1 9 
! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 7 allur$ f
 _! incessant conflicts by ! m pr(itable
 arts ( peace4 ,till !n ! int]e/s (     
le>n+ _h be5 cru%$ by ! sup]/ition &    
bigotry ( ! times4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury  
ev51 ! mo/ celebrat$ univ]sity 9        
,europe1 t ( ,bologna1 be/[$ its *ief   
honors ^u ! pr(essor%ip ( a/rology4 ,b  

^! gr& developm5ts 9 art & sci5ce gave a
 new impulse to social life4 ,!nce=w>d !
 int]e/s ( education began to ?rive4 ,! 
patronage giv5 to popul> in/ruction by  
_m ( ! rul]s ( ,european ,/ates has     
imp>t$ a lu/re to _! annals1 :i* w almo/
 atone = _! he>tless p]v]sion ( human   
rights4 ,= :e!r we consid] ! co]cive    
sy/em ( ,prussia1 :i* n yet exhibits v  
happy practical results2 or ! ,au/rian  
sy/em1 :i* indirectly op]ates co]cively 
by d5y+ employm5t to ^? unprovid$ )     
s*ool-diplomas2 or ! ,bav>ian1 :i* makes
 a c]tificate ( six ye>s' s*ool+        
necess>y to ! contract+ ( a valid       
m>riage or appr5tice%ip2 or1 inde$1 !   
sy/ems ( _m o!r ,cont95tal c\ntries1--we
 f9d mu* to excite *e]+ anticipations4  
,?is c\ntry--?is ,commonweal?           
especially--has ev] be5 di/+ui%$ = be+  
=emo/ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a b5evol5t &      
compreh5sive sy/em ( education4 ,t sy/em
 is1 we believe1 9 ! judgm5t ( =eign]s1 
"o ( ! mo/ orig9al ?+s :i* ,am]ica has  
produc$4 ,=tunately = ! prosp]ity ( ! p 

:o d]ive _! support on ?is rugg$ soil1  
_! fa!rs 7 a class ( m5 deeply imbu$ )  
moral s5tim5t1--lov]s ( fre$om & ( k2 m5
 :o s\ght t security ( _! pr9ciples 9 ! 
spread ( moral intellig5ce1 :i* ! sword 
alone w\ld 9 va9 attempt to procure4 ,! 
h&s t wield$ ! axe or guid$ ! canoe 9 ! 
morn+ op5$ ! page ( hi/ory & philosophy 
9 ! ev5+2 & x _c be a matt] ( surprise1 
t1 c\nt+ _! greate/ weal? 9 _! own      
indu/ry & resolution1 !y %\ld at an e>ly
 p]iod turn _! att5tion to ! important  
subject ( education2 & t !y ev5 d5i$    
!mselves _m ( ! com=ts ( life1 9 ord] to
 secure ! bless+s :i* might evolve      
!refrom4  ,! peculi>ity ( our sy/em (   
gov]nm5t is1 t x inve/s ! sov]eignty 9 !
 p2 &1 z x has always be5 ! policy ( e  
nation claim+ to be civiliz$ to educate 
^? :o 7 design$ to gov]n1 x might       
naturally en\gh be inf]r$1 t1 9 ?is     
c\ntry1 means w\ld be provid$ :]eby !   
:ole p might receive an education4 ,&   
?us x is4 ,! true object1 !re=e1 ( su* a
 sy/em ( in/ruction z ! gov]nm5t        

supports1 x mu/ be conc$$ by all1       
consi/s 9 qualify+ ! "y to become good  
citiz5s1--9 tea*+ !m n only :at _!      
duties are1 b mak+ !m ready & will+ to  
p]=m !m4 ,we %\ld discrim9ate betwe5 !  
object ( common s*ools & ! object (     
colleges2 betwe5 an in/itution int5d$ to
 in=m e "o ( :at e "o %\ld "k1 & "o     
design$ to fit p]sons = p>ticul> sph]es 
( life1 by a c\rse ( in/ruction :i* x is
 impracticable = all to pursue4 ,a v    
l>ge majority ( ^? :o ent] our colleges 
are desir\s ( acquir+ t k1 z well z     
discipl9e1 :i* w prep>e !m mo/ ?or\ghly 
= "s "o ( ! le>n$ pr(essions3 x is a    
c\rse prep>atory to "o /ill high]1--a   
gateway by :i* ! indu/ri\s & sagaci\s   
may ) great] ease trav]se ! long & w9d+ 
av5ues ( sci5ce4 ,( a m g5]al nature is 
! object ( t in/ruction provid$ by !    
,/ate = all1 because x is design$ to fit
 !m = a great] v>iety ( duties1 & ! *ief
 ( ^! duties is t ( liv+ ju/ly4 ,if we  
reg>d$ physical res\rces z ! *ief       
elem5ts ( prosp]ity1 or intellectual    

sup]iority ! pr9cipal s\rce ( national  
greatness2 if we foll[$ ! !ory ( !      
,p]sian legislator1 ,zoroa/]1 :o ?\ght t
 to plant a tree1 to cultivate a field1 
& to h a family1 7 ! great duties ( man1
 we might be cont5t ) t in/ruction :i*  
w\ld %>p5 ! intellect1 & furni% u )     
acute & skilful m5 ( bus9ess4 ,b an     
enlight5$ public s5tim5t rejects su* a  
!ory z n>r[ & unsafe4 ,x is surely (    
great importance t *ildr5 %\ld be made  
famili> ) ! common bran*es ( k2 t _!    
m9ds %\ld receive z ?or\gh discipl9e z  
is practicable2 b ( :at transc5d5t      
importance is x t !y %\ld h impress$ ^u 
_! m9ds ! pr9ciples ( tru? & ju/ice1 & !
 true value ( resolute1 e>ne/ indu/ry2 t
 !y %\ld gr[ up 9 ! love ( virtue &     
honor1 & be taught to "k & gov]n        
!mselves6 ,education ( ! he>t1 z well z 
education ( ! m9d1 %\ld be promot$4 ,!  
,/ate %\ld make m5 be=e x makes         
artisans2 citiz5s be=e x makes /atesm54 
,& ?is 9 !ory x proposes to d4 ,! highe/
 praise t c be be/[$ ^u our sy/em (     

education1 "h 9 ,massa*usetts1 is t !   
lead+ object x contemplates is ! moral  
in/ruction ( ! "y4 ,?is is its gr& &    
peculi> feature4 ,^? :o h be5 & are n[  
at ! head ( our educational int]e/s1 h  
s\ght1 by timely ^w & de$1 to c>ry ?is  
purpose into active op]ation4 ,9 s do+1 
!y h attempt$ to give effect to ! law   
:i* expressly orda9s t all in/ructors ( 
y\? %all ex]t _! be/ endeavors to       
impress on ! m9ds ( *ildr5 & y\?        
committ$ to _! c>e & in/ruction1 !      
pr9ciples ( piety1 ju/ice1 & a sacr$    
reg>d to tru?1 love to _! c\ntry1       
humanity & univ]sal b5evol5ce1 sobriety1
 indu/ry & frugality1 *a/ity1 mod]ation 
& temp]ance1 & ^? o!r virtues :i* are ! 
ornam5t ( human society1 & ! basis ^u   
:i* a republican con/itution is f\nd$2 &
 x %all be ! duty ( su* in/ructors to   
endeavor to lead _! pupils1 z _! ages & 
capacities w admit1 into a cle> und]/&+ 
( ! t5d5cy ( ! above-m5tion$ virtues4   
7,rev4 ,/at4 *ap4 #bc1 ,sec4 #g47       
,nobody1 probably1 at ?is day believes1 

t1 9 *]i%+ pr9ciples ( ?is nature1 ! law
 :i* creates ?is sy/em is vision>y or   
impracticable4 ,all are ready to admit1 
t ! human he>t ne$s ! influ5ce ( moral  
discipl9e4 ,yet su* is ! nature ( our   
social exi/5ce t !re is a great t5d5cy  
to po/pone its application1--to let x   
dep5d ^u cont+5cies4 ,:5 ne>ly all ( !  
good or evil t we c possibly d has be5  
done1--aft] temptations h be5 resi/$ or 
yield$ to1--aft] our ye>s beg9 to wane1 
we !n ?9k s]i\sly ( moral improvem5t4   
,prea*]s ! mo/ eloqu5t--= _! eloqu5ce   
comm&s ! highe/ rew>d--we employ to     
exhort u to practise virtues1 :i*1 if we
 _h be5 rightly educat$1 we %\ld h      
practis$ f our e>lie/ y\? ) z mu*       
facility z we read or write4 ,if a *ild 
is to le>n gramm>1 let him comm5ce1 e "o
 w say1 :5 "y1 :ile 8 memory is mo/     
ret5tive4 ,if we are to tea* him ^?     
pr9ciples :i* are to %ape 8 de/9y 9     
life1 & h _! home 9 ! he>t1 %\ld we wait
 till x is lea/ susceptible (           
impression8 ,x _c be d5i$ t too mu*     

indiff]5ce prevails on ?is subject4 ,we 
are apt to %ut our eyes to ! evils :i*  
arise f imp]fect education1 s long z !y 
d n affect our p]sonal int]e/4 ,victims 
( deprav$ appetites & passions we take  
*>ge (1 n out ( reg>d = !m1 or !        
circum/ances :i* h induc$ _! guilt1 b = 
our own protection4 ,:5 a man sunk 9    
crime is held up to public gaze1 ne>ly !
 same feel+ is excit$ :i* actuates boys 
:o foll[ ) noisy je/s a drunk5 woman4   
,r>ely d we /op to inquire1 :y1 if wrong
 influ5ces _h be5 br\ght to be> ^u our  
*>act]s1 we %\ld n h be5 z bad4 ,unless 
su* in/ruction be promot$1 _m :o are n[ 
unconc]n$ = ! mis=tunes ( o!rs w        
!mselves ask = compassion4 ,surely !re w
 come a "t1 says ,dr4 ,johnson ) tru?ful
 en]gy1 :5 he :o laughs at wick$ness 9 8
 companion %all />t f x 9 8 *ild4  ,n[1 
! only sure & legitimate way ( re=m+ ^? 
evils :i* burd5 society is to prev5t _! 
acquir+ any exi/5ce4 ,x is a favorite   
notion ) _m1 t1 by *eck+ vice "h & !re1 
our b5evol5t in/itutions are work+ a    

?or\gh cure4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,:ile we    
furni% subsi/5ce to ^? :om intemp]ance &
 idl5ess h br\ght to de/itution1--:ile  
we erect asylums :]e reason may be      
re/or$ to ! %att]$ m9d1--:ile we enl>ge 
prisons 9 :i* to puni% ! violators ( !  
law1--we %\ld rememb] t "s endeavors    
%\ld be made to prev5t o!rs f requir+ ! 
same *>ities1 & incurr+ ! same p5alties4
 ,in/ead ( /&+ m]ely by ! fatal %oal to 
rescue ! s9k+ crew1 we %\ld raise a w>n+
 signal to av]t future %ipwrecks4  ,all 
exp]i5ce %[s t1 to op]ate successfully1 
?is bran* ( education mu/ be e>ly att5d$
 to4 ,true x is1 t1 j z '! twig is b5t1 
! tree's incl9$2' & true x is1 t on !   
discipl9e ( *ildhood dep5ds ! moral "* (
 manhood4 ,! tree 9 ! =e/1 aft] x has   
gr[n to a consid]able height1 may yet be
 b5t f its natural c\rse1 &1 by         
long-cont9u$ =ce1 be made to gr[ 9 a    
diff]5t direction2 b t *ange w n be     
p]man5t4 ,:5 ! p[] :i* turn$ its c\rse  
is )drawn1 e breeze & e tempe/ t %ake   
its bran*es w aid x 9 gradually assum+  

its orig9al position1 till h>dly a trace
 ( t p[] :i* attempt$ to guide its gr[? 
c be p]ceiv$4 ,!re may be "s :o w\ld    
neglect t moral influ5ce on ! "y :i* is 
necess>y1 tru/+ 9 ! delusive            
expectation1 t ! law w keep !m 9 ! "r   
pa?2 t ! example ( puni%m5t1 ! t]ror ( !
 gall[s1 ! prison1 or ! p5it5ti>y1 w    
prev5t ! commission ( crime4 ,b let u n 
wait = ! sav+ influ5ce ( ^! ?+s2 = !y   
are b *ecks :i* (t5 r5d] ! next outbreak
 m al>m+4 ,! =ce ( puni%m5t w be f\nd to
 resemble ! application ( p[] 9 *ang+ ! 
gr[? ( ! tree3 weeks1 ye>s ( conf9em5t1 
w n effect a complete re=mation 9 !     
(f5d]4 ,8 life may seem to be *ang$1 8  
habits re=m$2 b1 z he goes out to m+le  
aga9 ) ! _w1 z "o occasion aft] ano!r   
pres5ts itself to him1 8 =m] passions   
beg9 to revive1 ^? e>ly impressions take
 possession ( him1 & he becomes ! same t
 he 0 orig9ally1 only t 8 degrad$       
position r5d]s him f> less able to resi/
 ! temptation to d wrong4 ,impressions &
 habits acquir$ 9 y\? are prov]bially   

la/+4 ,) *>act]i/ic eloqu5ce & f]vor has
 ,"l ,br\gham illu/rat$ ! peculi>       
importance ( e>ly tra9+4 ,9 a ,spee*    
deliv]$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 #ahce ^u "o
 ( ^? measures :i* h conf]r$ s mu* glory
 on 8 "n z well z b5efit ^u 8 c\ntrym51 
he said1 ,if at a v e>ly age a sy/em (  
in/ruction is pursu$ by :i* a c]ta9     
degree ( indep5d5t feel+ is creat$ 9 !  
*ild's m9d1 :ile all mut9\s & p]v]se    
disposition is avoid$1--if ?is sy/em be 
foll[$ up by a con/ant in/ruction 9 !   
pr9ciples ( virtue1 & a correspond+     
advancem5t 9 intellectual pursuits1--if1
 dur+ ! mo/ critical ye>s ( 8 life1 8   
und]/&+ & 8 feel+s are accu/om$ only to 
s\nd pr9ciples & pure & innoc5t         
impressions1 x w become almo/ impossible
 t he %\ld aft]w>d take to vici\s       
c\rses1 because ^! w be utt]ly ali5 to !
 :ole nature ( 8 be+4 ,x w be z         
difficult = him to become crim9al1      
because z =eign to 8 confirm$ habits1 z 
x w\ld be = "o ( y\r lord%ips to g out &
 rob on ! highway4 ,?us1 to comm5ce !   

education ( y\? at ! t5d] age on :i* ,i 
h laid s mu* /ress1 w1 ,i feel confid5t1
 be ! same means ( gu>d+ society aga9/  
crimes4 ,i tru/ e ?+ to habit1--habit1  
^u :i*1 9 all ages1 ! lawgiv]1 z well z 
! s*oolma/]1 has ma9ly plac$ 8          
reliance1--habit1 :i* makes e ?+ easy1 &
 ca/s all difficulties ^u ! deviation f 
! wont$ c\rse4 ,make sobriety a habit1 &
 intemp]ance w be hateful & h>d2 make   
prud5ce a habit1 & reckless pr(ligacy w 
be z contr>y to ! nature ( ! *ild1 gr[n 
an adult1 z ! mo/ atroci\s crimes are to
 any ( y\r lord%ips4 ,give a *ild !     
habit ( sacr$ly reg>d+ tru?1 ( c>efully 
respect+ ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 ( scrupul\sly
 ab/a9+ f all acts ( improvid5ce :i* c  
involve him 9 di/ress1 & he w j z little
 ?9k ( ly+ or *eat+ or /eal+1 or runn+ 9
 debt1 z ( ru%+ into an elem5t 9 :i* he 
_c brea!4  ,! ?\ght may /rike "s1 h[ev]1
 t *ildr5 c receive moral discipl9e at  
home2 t p>5ts are be/ enabl$ to und]/& !
 disposition ( _! *ildr51 & c           
consequ5tly apply ! requisite tra9+ ) m 

success ?an any "o else2 &1 mo/ ( all1  
because x is _! especial duty s to d4 ,s
 we might say1 ) almo/ z mu* reason1 t  
p>5ts c\ld tea* _! *ildr5 ! elem5t>y    
bran*es ( k2 9 ! fir/ place1 because x  
is 9 _! prov9ce to "k ! peculi> turn (  
m9d possess$ by _! *ildr51 & also = !   
equally plausible reason1 t !y are "u a 
great obligation to educate !m4 ,n[1 !re
 is mu* tru? 9 ! obs]vation ( ,s5eca's1 
t p c>ry _! neighbors' faults 9 a bag   
be=e !m1 :i* are easily to be se51 & _! 
own beh9d !m unse52 &1 )\t do+ p>5ts too
 mu* inju/ice1 we may say t !y are      
incl9$ to c>ry ! fail+s ( _! *ildr5 ti$ 
up ) _! own4 ,! fact is1 g5]ally speak+1
 p>5ts are s confid5t t _! *ildr5 d n   
lack 9 hone/y & integrity1 at a "t :5 ^!
 pr9ciples %\ld be =cibly impress$ ^u   
!m1 t !y let ! occasion = moral tra9+   
pass until bad habits are deeply root$ 9
 _! "*4 ,!re are1 we "k1 _m *e]+        
exceptions2 yet1 if moral in/ruction is 
neglect$ 9 ! s*ool1 to a majority ( !   
s*ol>s t neglect w n[h]e be provid$ =1  

until "s bad results h ensu$4  ,to c>ry 
out1 !n1 ! primal purpose ( our sy/em ( 
education1 in/ructors %\ld seek to m\ld 
! "* ( _! pupils4 ,sup]visors &         
committee-m5 %\ld require a fai?ful     
dis*>ge ( ?is tru/4 ,:5 !y come to      
exam9e ! s*ool1 if ! /&>d ( intellectual
 atta9m5ts is n s high z might be       
desirable1 !y %\ld yet be> te/imony to  
its advancem5t1 if !y f9d t ^? virtues  
:i* adorn life h be5 held up 9 all _!   
attractiv5ess to ! imitation ( ! pupil4 
,?us h we se5 t ! sy/em itself          
contemplates ! culture ( ! he>t z well z
 ! m9d2 & t x is wise1 practical1 & j 9 
do+ s4 ,we n[ propose to %[ t ?is object
 is g5]ally disreg>d$1 if n entirely lo/
 sight (1 9 our common s*ools2 & to     
illu/rate1 if possible1 ! means :]eby x 
c be m completely c>ri$ into op]ation4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 ! pres5t /ate ( society
 te/ifies to a neglect some:]e (        
inculcat+ habits ( rectitude4 ,!re is a 
want ( ,,consci5ce 9 ! community4 ,!    
preval5ce ( crime1 z se5 by ! returns ( 

public prosecutors & magi/rates1 is b a 
small "p ( ! evid5ce ( ?is fact4 ,we    
might z well judge ( a man's weal? by 8 
dress1 z to =m an op9ion on public      
morals by ! numb] ( puni%able (f5ces    
committ$4 ,&1 inde$1 ! records ( c\rts  
furni% b incomplete evid5ce ( ! numb] ( 
puni%able (f5ces actually committ$2 =   
:]e "o crim9al is br\ght to ! b> (      
ju/ice1 t5 escape detection4 ,we h !    
au?ority ( a v em95t ,judge = ?is rem>k4
 ,b !re are wrongs :i* are n puni%able  
by ! law1 be+ too small & undef9able =  
its cognizance4 ,x is ! bad fai? :i*    
ent]s into contracts1 & deceives ! hone/
 pur*as]1 or dupes ! confid+ v5dor2 !   
bas5ess :i* conspires to w9k d[n cr$it2 
! av>ice :i* gre$ily takes advantage (  
pov]ty1 or ! craft :i* conv]ts x into a 
weapon ( fraud2 ! sc&al :i* sets        
neighbor aga9/ neighbor2 ! fretful      
h>%ness :i* cl\ds ! dome/ic fireside2 ! 
+ratitude :i* spurns p>5tal influ5ce2 ! 
selfi%ness :i* w\ld trade 9 pr9ciples1 &
 b>ga9 away public measures = private   

ga91--^!1 & su* z ^!1 are ! conclusive  
pro(s ( public vice4 ,ev5 ! deplorable  
appe>ances :i* p5ury exhibits are       
c\nt]feit$1 & we hesitate to give alms  
le/ we %\ld enc\rage an impo/or4 ,!     
b5evol5t man di/ru/s ! begg> :o asks = a
 night's lodg+1 & turns him away1 fe>ful
 t he might prove an assass9 or a robb]2
 or he reluctantly calls him back1 le/  
he %\ld rev5ge himself by burn+ 8 b>n4  
,!re are common symptoms :i* %[ a       
pati5t's sickness1 ?\gh !y d n indicate 
! p>ticul> nature ( 8 disease4 ,s ?is   
mutual di/ru/1 :i* *>act]izes ! deal+s (
 m51 indicates ! debility ( public      
morals1 & po9ts ) un]r+ c]ta9ty to !    
neglect ( e>ly discipl9e4  ,b an        
inspection ( ! s*ools w af=d u ! mo/    
reliable evid5ce on ?is subject4 ,f !   
sy/em ( in/ruction n[ pursu$ 9 our be/  
common s*ools1 a s*ol> ( ord9>y capacity
 is enabl$ to become a good read]1      
writ]1 & spell]2 to acquire a v good k (
 geography & ari?metic1 & a little      
insight into natural philosophy1        

physiology1 gramm>1 & hi/ory1 z well z  
to ga9 "s habits ( ord] & correct       
deportm5t4 ,x is true also t 9 "s s*ools
 consid]able ef=ts are be/[$ on moral   
culture3 ?is1 h[ev]1 dep5ds ^u ! peculi>
 "* ( ! tea*]4 ,yet x _c be d5i$1 t     
intellectual improvem5t is treat$ z (   
p>am\nt importance2 & t1 if any attempts
 are made at moral tra9+1 !y are purely 
incid5tal2 be+ consid]$ collat]al to !  
o!r lessons4 ,surely no "o w ?9k (      
reproa*+ tea*]s = ?is condition ( ?+s2 =
 !y are gov]n$ by ! public op9ion ( !   
di/rict or t[n !y tea* 91 z mu* z !     
/atesman is gov]n$ by ! public op9ion ( 
! c\ntry4 ,! voice ( ! di/rict is sil5t 
on ! subject4 ,! committee :o exam9$ or 
engag$ !m did n allude to t "p ( _!     
duty1 or inquire into _! qualifications 
= dis*>g+ x4 ,if ! tea*] goes ?r\gh !   
t]m 9 h>mony1 & succe$s 9 advanc+ 8     
pupils 9 an ord9>y degree 9 ! common    
bran*es1 he is ackn[l$g$ to h accompli%$
 8 entire duty4  ,9 attempt+ to %[ !    
mann] 9 :i* ! "r developm5t ( "* may be 

bl5d$ ) ! developm5t ( ! m5tal          
faculties1 x might be prop] to adv]t to 
! me?od a tea*] c\ld pursue ) ! greate/ 
success4 ,a v imp]fect idea only ( any  
policy c be giv51 inasmu* z ! duty mu/  
be left to 8 own discretion4 ,no set    
plan c be adh]$ to2 nei!r c\ld          
text-books be us$ to advantage4 ,he %\ld
 n h an appo9t$ "t = su* an ex]cise1 nor
 resort to =mal lectures1 nor rely ^u ! 
/udi$ maxims :i* morali/s h fram$ 9 !   
closet1 nor dep5d ^u ! /]eotyp$ precepts
 ( philosoph]s4 ,z ! s5tim5ts he        
inculcates are address$ to ! he>t1 s    
also f ! he>t %\ld !y spr+4 ,e "o kn[s t
 ! ev5ts :i* transpire 9 & ab\t !       
s*ool-room furni% too frequ5t           
opportunities = ?is species (           
in/ruction4 ,^! acts ( turpitude he %\ld
 he$1 & make ! subject ( 8 lessons4     
,report comes to him t "s ( 8 pupils h  
be5 guilty ( insult+ & ridicul+ an ag$ &
 infirm p]son4 ,he might give !m "t to  
reflect ^u ! nature ( _! act1 & to      
decide !mselves :e!r x 0 "r or wrong4   

,!n let him %[ ! claims :i* age1 comb9$ 
) feebl5ess1 has ^u our respect &       
sympa?y1 & expose ! cruelty & %ame ( t  
conduct :i* w\ld increase its mis=tunes4
 ,he le>ns1 p]haps1 t a pupil has us$   
pr(ane language dur+ an int]mission4 ,z 
he requires ! s*ool to pause1 let him   
speak 9 simple language ( ! omnipot5ce &
 omnipres5ce ( ! ,creator2 ( ! comm&m5t 
:i* he has orda9$1 t none %\ld take 8 "n
 9 va94 ,by ref]r+ to "s ( ! faculties1 
m5tal & physical1 ) :i* he has be5      
end[$1 let ! tea*] call =? ! gratitude1 
n only ( t pupil b ! :ole s*ool1 = !    
wond]ful goodness ( _! ,mak]4 ,by rem9d+
 !m ( 8 compassion & t5d]ness1 8 inf9ite
 wisdom & p[]1 let him inspire !m ) love
 & rev]5ce = 8 "n4 ,envy & jeal\sy he w 
see prom95t 9 ! "* ( 8 faire/ pupils3   
let him %[ t ! he>t 0 n made = su*      
feel+s2 t1 if !y are nurtur$ !re1 no    
room w be f\nd = noble & g5]\s s5tim5ts4
 ,qu>rels w occur 9 :i* bl[s w be dealt 
lu/ily3 a few simple illu/rations w     
prove t =ce is a dang]\s & imp]fect     

arbit] ( ju/ice4 ,if unhappily falsehood
 prevails1 let him make ha/e to supplant
 a habit1 s fe>ful & p]nici\s1 ?\gh e ?+
 else be laid aside4 ,let him %[ ! great
 inconv5i5ce a man mu/ exp]i5ce 9 ^: ^w 
no confid5ce c be repos$4 ,! fable ( !  
%eph]d-boy :o gave false al>ms to !     
di/ant workm5 ( ! approa* ( wolves1 s t 
:5 ! wolves really came 8 cries 7 9 va91
 w %[ t ly+ is unpr(itable 9 ! end4 ,b 8
 *ief object %\ld be to exhibit ! moral 
turpitude ( ! habit1--! facility ) :i* x
 leads to deep] guilt1--! manifold evils
 :i* x eng5d]s 9 ! community2 & ?us to  
impress ^u ! m9ds ( 8 pupils a sacr$    
reg>d = tru?4 ,su*1 x might seem1 w\ld  
be ! c\rse :i* a high-m9d$ & zeal\s     
tea*] w\ld pursue 9 imp>t+ moral        
in/ruction4 ,b1 :atev] be 8 me?od1 x is 
q c]ta9 t a successful p]=mance ( 8 duty
 9 ?is respect implies great capacity4  
,ext5sive le>n+ w n be a suffici5t      
qualification4 ,an accurate &           
compreh5sive k ( ! sci5ces may h giv5   
vigor to 8 m9d2 he may be famili> ) !   

classic pages ( ,?ucydides & ,hom]1     
,horace & ,livy2 he may be v]s$ 9 !     
philosophy ( hi/ory1 & yet lack 9 !     
ess5tial elem5ts ( 8 art4 ,he mu/       
possess native tal5t1 a cle> insight (  
human "*1 agreeable address1            
extemporane\s p[]s ( spee*4 ,he mu/ be a
 cle>-?9k+1 consci5ti\s1 practical man2 
& x w be impossible = him to fail 9 8   
und]tak+4 ,su* a tea*] w w9 ! respect & 
e/eem ( 8 pupils3 !y w imitate 8        
example1 & *]i% 8 c\nsel4  ,n[1 !       
inquiry w naturally be made if ! tea*]s 
( common s*ools h ^! qualifications4    
,!re are "s :o are ?us qualifi$4 ,!y are
 ^? :o 9 o!r pr(essions w\ld rise to    
em95ce by ! zeal & ability ) :i* !y n[  
advance our y\? 9 intellectual culture4 
,b !y are an exception to ! common /&>d4
 ,! majority ( tea*]s1 h[ev]1 are q "y4 
,!y are prep>+ !mselves = o!r duties1   
:i* !y consid] m important to _! own    
int]e/s1 if n ! int]e/s ( ! public4 ,n  
exp]i5c$ suffici5tly 9 _! art to excel 9
 its ord9>y labors1 !y d n /& f> en\gh  

above _! pupils to succe$ 9 ?is high] & 
m difficult bran* ( in/ruction4  ,be=e1 
!n1 moral education c be successfully   
promot$1 ! "r k9d ( tea*]s mu/ be       
employ$4 ,!re is b "o way ( obta9+ !m1 &
 t is by pay+ !m lib]al sal>ies4 ,all   
are n philan?ropi/s4 ,"h & !re1 x is    
true1 may be f\nd p]sons dis9t]e/$ en\gh
 to devote _! en]gies to ! public good1 
= _! daily bread alone4 ,b x is ! height
 ( absurdity to expect t m5 ( tal5t &   
le>n+ w cont9ue 9 s ardu\s an occupation
 z t ( tea*+ = small comp5sation1 :5 9  
less labori\s pursuits !y c acquire     
opul5ce4 ,! av]age pay receiv$ by male  
tea*]s ?r\gh\t ! ,commonweal?1 z appe>s 
f ! la/ annual report ( ! le>n$         
,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 is    
#cg4bf p] mon?4 ,! av]age l5g? ( s*ools 
be+ sev5 mon?s & a half1 ! ye>ly sal>y (
 ! tea*] w\ld !re=e be #bgi4de2 out (   
:i* he mu/ pay = 8 bo>d & all o!r       
exp5ses4 ,h>dly adequate to support "o  
man respectably1 x entirely excludes !  
circum/ance ( 8 hav+ a family1 imply+ a 

self-d5ial ( ! common uses ( social     
life4 ,! natural presumption is1 t a    
tea*] is n exempt f ! calamities t      
sometimes befall m52 t he buys a few    
books & a little /ation>y2 t he is z    
unwill+ z any "o to we> ragg$ clo!s2 &1 
unc]ta9 ( cont9u$ employm5t 9 "o place1 
t he incurs "s exp5se 9 *ang+ 8         
locality4 ,b ! /&>d price :i* he        
receives ignores any su* presumption4 ,9
 reg>d to ! paym5t ( female tea*]s1 we  
might suppose t a diff]5t rule w\ld     
prevail2 t 9 a community :]e woman holds
 a high moral1 social1 & intellectual   
position1--:]e m>k$ def]5ce is paid to  
h] "*1--:]e ! great sup]iority ( h]     
influ5ce z a p>5t & a tea*] is          
ackn[l$g$1--"o might inde$ suppose t %e 
w\ld be lib]ally rew>d$ = h] s]vices1   
especially :5 ^? s]vices are r5d]$ 9 h] 
peculi> sph]e ( duty1--t ( tea*+4       
,/range z x may appe>1 su* is n ! case2 
:ile h] labor1 app>5tly n s responsible1
 is (t5 m we>+ ?an ! labor ( !          
s*oolma/]4 ,x seems t ! av]age pay (    

female tea*]s is #ae4cf p] mon?4 ,:5 x  
is rememb]$ t all ! exp5ses ( liv+ are  
to be d$uct$ f ! am\nt paid at ?is rate1
 h] real income %r9ks into ! m]e/       
trifle4 ,!re is n an occupation 9 :i*   
intellig5t "y wom5 c be employ$ t does n
 pres5t great] pecuni>y inducem5ts4 ,"u 
su* circum/ances x mu/ be a matt] (     
surprise t we h z good tea*]s1 bo? male 
& female1 z n[ h *>ge ( our s*ools4 ,w  
any "o1 !n1 = a mom5t suppose t p]sons (
 great] ability ?an !y w be induc$ to   
engage or cont9ue 9 su* an employm5t1 :5
 weal? & influ5ce & happ9ess po9t 9     
ano!r direction8 ,lay+ aside            
suppositions1 let u see :at ! facts are4
 ,) ! majority ( ^? n[ engag$ 9 !       
bus9ess1 tea*+ is a tempor>y employm5t4 
,"s are tea*+ dur+ _! college vacations1
 int5d+1 z soon z !y graduate1 to       
comm5ce _! pr(essional /udies2--!y are  
p]haps our future judges1 or cl]gym51 or
 sagaci\s m]*ants2 o!rs are already     
ab&on+ ! bus9ess to ent] ^u m]cantile   
pursuits4 ,z soon z !y h acquir$        

exp]i5ce1 s t _! s]vices are truly      
valuable to ! public1 !y f9d t _! future
 prospects are to be sacrific$ if !y    
cont9ue long] 9 ! pr(ession4 ,?us1      
in/ead ( reta9+ p]sons 9 ?is mo/        
important ( all pr(essions1 we drive !m 
out ( x to adorn & exalt o!r            
occupations4 ,_m ( ! able/ m5 9 ea* (   
our le>n$ pr(essions 7 once             
s*ool-tea*]s3 if a prop] rew>d _h       
enc\rag$ !m to rema9 9 t capacity1 h[   
visible at ?is day w\ld be ! influ5ce   
:i* !y w\ld h ex]t$ ^u _! pupils6 ,x is 
cle>1 !n1 t ! only means by :i* we c    
reta9 tea*]s :o h ! requisite tal5t &   
ability1 is by pay+ !m adequate sal>ies4
 ,!n our s*ools c furni% moral z well z 
intellectual in/ruction2 & ! object :i* 
our sy/em ( education contemplates c 9 a
 great degree be accompli%$4  ,fully    
aw>e t ! p are peculi>ly s5sitive on !  
subject ( taxation1 especially :5 no    
tangible results are to foll[ its       
increase1 we d n hesitate to say t !    
int]e/s ( education dem& a f> great]    

exp5diture ( money4 ,! _s :i* has       
*>act]iz$ ! p ( ! ,commonweal?1 9 _! pa/
 ef=ts to advance ! cause1 promises     
favorable action on ! subject4 ,9 an age
 :5 a/oni%+ improvem5ts 9 e art & e     
sci5ce are be+ develop$1--:5 nature1 9  
h] mo/ regal & oppos+ /ate1 b5ds to !   
en]gy ( man1--:5 c\ntless sums are      
lavi%$ to gratify & satiate e s5se1 h[  
mortify+ & discr$itable t a great moral 
cause %\ld langui%6 ,ev5 if !           
contribution :i* w\ld be requir$ = ?is  
purpose c\ld 9 any way be felt by !     
poore/ citiz51 x c\ld n be felt z a     
burd52 = he might reg>d x z an inve/m5t 
! mo/ pr(itable & secure1--! income (   
:i* w\ld return to 8 own door full (    
bless+s ^u 8 decl9+ days4 ,:5 solicit$  
to d\ble ! tax :i* he _h =m]ly paid =   
s*ool-purposes1 reg>d+ 8 own int]e/     
m]ely1 & n t ( ! public1 he might       
s9c]ely say1 ,yes1 out ( my limit$ means
 ,i am cont5t to pay freely = su* an    
object4 ,by pay+ ! tea*] m1 am ,i n     
increas+ 8 usefulness8 ,am ,i n do+     

some?+ to br+ up my *ildr5 9 k &        
integrity8 ,w !y n be a great] com=t to 
me1 & m happy & prosp]\s !mselves8      
,besides1 9 a few ye>s1 mu* mis*ief 9 ! 
community may be dim9i%$1 & !re w be a  
small] tax on me & m9e to support       
crim9als & prisons4 ,if all are taught  
to d _! duty z citiz5s1 ,i %all n suff] 
= _! neglect ( do+ s4 ,?\gh !           
correctness ( 8 reason+ w be admitt$1 ! 
argum5t 9 ?is behalf %\ld be plac$ on   
high] gr\nds ?an individual prosp]ity4  
,! b5efits to be d]iv$ by ! public z    
exhibit$ 9 ! abatem5t ( _m social       
evils1--9 ! diffusion ( rational        
happ9ess1--9 ! ga9s ( hone/ indu/ry1 su*
 %\ld be ! inducem5ts to ?is wor?y      
und]tak+4  ,9 conclusion1 we submit t = 
reasons too app>5t to be allud$ to1 &   
too urg5t to be disreg>d$1 m att5tion   
%\ld be devot$ to ! true aim & purpose (
 education1--to a m complete op]ation ( 
! sy/em4 ,m ?an ! pa/ has ne$$1 w !     
future require ! b5efits :i* x unfolds4 
,let ! tea*]'s vocation be elevat$1 &   

advantages w accrue to ! ,/ate1 comp>$ )
 :i*1 exub]ant h>ve/s1 a ?riv+ comm]ce1 
& an ov]fl[+ treasury1 w be b small     
res\rces4 ,we %\ld =m a wise & g5]\s    
prec$5t 9 ?is matt]1 bel[ :i* indiff]5ce
 w n suff] u to fall4 ,we %\ld engage 9 
! ent]prise ) a det]m9ation to c>ry x   
=w>d to ! highe/ degree ( success4 ,x   
may be absurd to expect1 b x is n absurd
 to pursue1 p]fection4