,egyptian ,literature ,comprising ,egyptian ,tales1 ,hymns1 ,litanies1 ,invocations1 ,the ,book ,of ,the ,dead1 ,and ,cuneiform ,writings ,edited ,and ,with ,a ,special ,introduction ,by ,epiphanius ,wilson1 ,a4,m4 ,new ,york ,and ,london ,the ,co-,operative ,publication ,society ,copyright1 #aija ,the ,colonial ,press ,,contents ,special ,introduction4 ,the ,book ,of ,the ,dead ,a ,hymn ,to ,the ,setting ,sun ,hymn ,and ,litany ,to ,osiris ,litany ,hymn ,to ,r ,hymn ,to ,the ,setting ,sun ,hymn ,to ,the ,setting ,sun ,the ,chapter ,of ,the ,chaplet ,of ,victory ,the ,chapter ,of ,the ,victory ,over ,enemies4 ,the ,chapter ,of ,giving ,a ,mouth ,to ,the ,overseer ,the ,chapter ,of ,giving ,a ,mouth ,to ,osiris ,ani ,opening ,the ,mouth ,of ,osiris ,the ,chapter ,of ,bringing ,charms ,to ,osiris ,the ,chapter ,of ,memory ,the ,chapter ,of ,giving ,a ,heart ,to ,osiris ,the ,chapter ,of ,preserving ,the ,heart ,the ,chapter ,of ,preserving ,the ,heart ,the ,chapter ,of ,preserving ,the ,heart ,the ,chapter ,of ,preserving ,the ,heart ,the ,heart ,of ,carnelian ,preserving ,the ,heart ,preserving ,the ,heart ,preserving ,the ,heart ,rubric ,beating ,back ,the ,crocodile ,beating ,back ,the ,crocodile ,repulsing ,serpents ,against ,snakes ,against ,serpents ,driving ,away ,apshait ,driving ,back ,the ,merti ,living ,by ,air ,living ,by ,air ,driving ,back ,rerek ,repulsing ,the ,eater ,of ,the ,ass ,abolishing ,the ,slaughterings ,abolishing ,the ,slaughterings ,air ,and ,water ,dominion ,over ,elements ,dominion ,over ,elements ,dominion ,over ,elements ,preservation ,of ,the ,soul ,of ,drinking ,water ,of ,drinking ,water ,preservation ,from ,scalding ,on ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,chapter ,of ,knowledge ,of ,gaining ,mastery ,over ,enemies ,victory ,over ,enemies ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,opening ,the ,underworld ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,of ,lifting ,up ,the ,feet ,of ,journeying ,to ,annu ,of ,transformation ,of ,performing ,transformations ,of ,transformation ,into ,a ,hawk ,of ,transformation ,into ,a ,governor ,of ,transformation ,into ,a ,god ,transformation ,into ,a ,lotus ,transformation ,into ,a ,lotus ,transformation ,into ,ptah ,transformation ,into ,a ,bennu ,bird ,transformation ,into ,a ,heron ,of ,the ,living ,soul ,of ,the ,swallow ,the ,serpent ,sata ,of ,the ,crocodile ,soul ,and ,body ,of ,evil ,recollections ,of ,rescue ,of ,opening ,the ,tomb ,of ,not ,sailing ,to ,the ,east ,of ,the ,ink-,pot ,and ,palette ,of ,being ,nigh ,unto ,thoth ,of ,being ,nigh ,unto ,thoth ,of ,bringing ,a ,boat ,along ,in ,heaven ,of ,bringing ,the ,makhent ,boat ,of ,entering ,the ,boat ,of ,ra ,of ,protecting ,the ,boat ,of ,ra ,of ,going ,into ,the ,boat ,of ,ra ,of ,knowing ,the ,souls ,of ,the ,east ,of ,sekhet-,hetepet ,of ,knowing ,the ,souls ,of ,pe ,of ,knowing ,the ,souls ,of ,nekhen ,of ,knowing ,the ,souls ,of ,khemennu ,of ,coming ,forth ,from ,heaven ,of ,knowing ,the ,souls ,of ,khemennu ,of ,receiving ,paths ,of ,coming ,forth ,from ,re-,stau ,of ,coming ,forth ,from ,re-,stau ,of ,going ,about ,in ,the ,underworld ,of ,entering ,into ,the ,great ,house ,of ,entering ,the ,presence ,the ,introduction ,to ,maati ,the ,introduction ,to ,maati ,the ,negative ,confession ,address ,to ,the ,gods ,of ,the ,underworld ,of ,the ,hour ,apes ,of ,the ,praise ,of ,the ,gods ,adoration ,of ,the ,gods ,of ,the ,qerti ,hymn ,of ,praise ,to ,osiris ,of ,making ,perfect ,the ,khu ,of ,living ,nigh ,unto ,ra ,of ,bringing ,men ,back ,to ,earth ,of ,making ,perfect ,the ,khu ,of ,making ,perfect ,the ,khu ,for ,the ,new ,moon ,of ,travelling ,in ,the ,boat ,of ,ra ,of ,making ,perfect ,the ,khu ,sailing ,in ,the ,great ,boat ,of ,the ,four ,flames ,egyptian ,tales ,the ,taking ,of ,joppa ,the ,doomed ,prince ,anpu ,and ,bata ,setna ,and ,the ,magic ,book ,tales ,of ,the ,magicians ,the ,peasant ,and ,the ,workman ,the ,shipwrecked ,sailor ,the ,adventures ,of ,sanehat ,the ,tell ,amarna ,tablets ,the ,hittite ,invasion ,of ,damascus ,the ,amorite ,treachery ,the ,war ,in ,phnicia ,northern ,palestine ,southern ,palestine ,royal ,letters ,cuneiform ,inscriptions ,and ,hieratic ,papyri ,the ,great ,tablet ,of ,rameses ,,ii ,at ,abu-,simbel ,hymn ,to ,osiris ,travels ,of ,an ,egyptian ,in ,the ,fourteenth ,century ,b4,c4 ,dirge ,of ,menephtah ,hymn ,to ,the ,nile ,the ,solemn ,festal ,dirge ,of ,the ,egyptians ,hymns ,to ,amen ,hymn ,to ,pharaoh ,the ,song ,of ,the ,harper ,hymn ,to ,amen-,ra ,hymn ,to ,ra-,harmachis ,the ,lamentations ,of ,isis ,and ,nephthys ,the ,litany ,of ,ra ,the ,book ,of ,respirations ,the ,epic ,of ,penta-,our ,footnotes ,,special ,,introduction4 ,the wonders of ,egyptian archology are the latest and most precious harvest of scholars and explorers4 ,from ,belzoni to ,flinders ,petrie there has been a succession of discoveries in the valley of the ,nile with which it is hard for ordinary students to keep pace4 ,our knowledge of ,egyptian life to-day is far clearer and more complete than ,bentley's or ,porson's acquaintance with the antiquities of ,greece and ,rome1 and we have far more complete access to the treasures of ,egyptian literature than ,dante or ,thomas ,aquinas had to the remains of ,attic poets and mystics4 ,we know exactly how an ,egyptian of the twelfth dynasty dressed2 what was the position of women in ,egypt2 and what uniform was worn by the ,egyptian soldiers who took part in the campaign against ,khitasis4 ,we can see ,rameses ,,ii riding in his war-chariot2 we know the very names of the horses by whose side his tame lion is running and thirsting for the blood of his master's foes4 ,we know all about the domestic animals1 the funeral customs1 the trades1 the gods1 the agriculture of the ,nile valley thirty centuries ago4 ,we see the whole many-sided civilization portrayed in the brightest colors in the poetry1 the books of ritual1 the hieratic inscriptions1 the tablets1 papyri1 and hieroglyphics which day by day come to light in exhaustless abundance from the mounds and ruins of that fertile plain that stretches from ,thebes to the ,mareotic lake4 ,for instance1 we can learn exact particulars about the mode in which ,rameses ,,ii made war1 from the poem of ,penta-,our1 a ,theban writer of the fourteenth century ,b4,c4 ,it is only by a figure of speech that this poem can be called an epic2 it is rather a historical narrative couched in terms of poetic exaggeration with the object of flattering the royal vanity of ,pharaoh4 ,the campaign in which ,rameses then engaged was directed against ,kadesh1 a city built on an island in the ,orontes4 ,it is1 according to ,penta-,our1 inhabited by a people known as ,khita1 whose spies are brought into the tent of ,rameses and questioned as to the whereabouts of the ,king of ,kadesh4 ,the spies are forced by blows to answer1 and they tell the ,egyptian monarch that the ,king of the ,khita 8is powerful with many soldiers1 and with chariot soldiers1 and with their harness1 as many as the sand of the seashore1 and they are ready to fight behind ,kadesh40 ,the ,king is very angry2 for he had been deceived by false news to the effect that his enemy had fled in terror to ,khilibu4 8,the fault is great10 he cries1 8that the governors of the land and the vassal princes of ,pharaoh have committed1 in neglecting to watch the movements of the ,khita40 ,he sends to bring back the legions he had sent away1 and meanwhile the approach of the enemy is announced4 ,the camp of ,rameses is surprised by the ,asiatics2 many foot-soldiers are killed before they can seize their weapons1 but a faithful band rallies in front of the royal quarters4 ,suddenly a cry is heard2 ,rameses has quickly put on his armor1 seized his lance1 ordered his war lion to be loosed1 and dashed into the fight4 ,pharaoh with his master of the horse1 ,menni1 is soon hemmed in by foes4 8,my ,lord1 ,o generous ,king60 cries ,menni1 8,egypt's great protector in the day of battle6 behold we stand alone in the midst of the enemy1 for the archers and the chariots have left us4 ,let us return1 that our lives may be saved4 ,save us1 ,o my ,lord1 ,rameses ,miamun60 ,then ,rameses called upon ,amen1 his god1 and under his protection charged the enemy1 and 8his hand devoured them in the space of an instant40 ,five times he rushed upon them1 and five times they repulsed him4 ,the sixth time he breaks their ranks and regains his own lines4 ,then the legions of ,ptah1 which had returned to the camp1 join the battle1 and the ,asiatics are routed4 ,the first care of ,rameses is to refresh his brave horses1 ,victory-in-,thebes and ,maut-is-,satisfied4 ,neither they nor ,rameses and his lion are wounded1 though all stained with blood and dust1 while the head-plumes of the team are torn and tattered and their caparison broken4 ,this is a brief account of the main incident in this ,egyptian epic1 which is written with life-like detail and animation4 ,the war concludes with a treaty1 and the marriage of ,rameses with the daughter of the ,king of ,kadesh1 so that henceforth 8the people of ,egypt were of one mind with the princes of ,khita1 which had not been the case since the god ,r40 ,the ,egyptians have always been deeply impressed by the fact of human mortality1 and much of their religious belief and religious ritual is taken up with the rites of burial1 and detailed doctrines as to the experience of the soul after parting from the body4 ,their elaborate embalming of the dead springs from the desire to keep the mortal tenement prepared for the soul's return to it4 ,in their ,book of the ,dead is a full series of prayers1 songs1 and incantations to be employed at funerals1 and by the individual in his journey beyond the tomb4 ,the funeral procession was a very noisy company2 lamentations were heard through its whole length1 but the burden of the hymns was always1 8,to the ,west40 ,this was enlarged upon1 8,to the ,west1 the dwelling of ,osiris2 ,o ,chief1 as thou goest to the ,west1 the ,gods themselves lament1 as thou goest to the ,west40 ,osiris is the judge who weighs the souls1 and allots them happiness or misery1 according to their deserts4 8,the ,book of the ,dead0 is interesting because it teaches how clearly and dogmatically the solemn and precise ,egyptian stated his views and held his convictions concerning the unknown country4 ,four parts of man1 it was said1 survive after death1 namely1 the soul1 the spirit1 the shadow1 and the double4 ,the double remains in the tomb1 and only leaves it in search of food4 ,sometimes it feels its loneliness and avenges itself upon near relations who have forsaken it4 ,but the soul hurries to the bar of ,osiris1 where ,thoth weighs the heart in the scales1 and the innocent are admitted into the ,field of ,beans1 a realm of fertility1 where wheat grows seven cubits high4 ,immortality is spent in feasting1 singing1 conversation1 and games4 ,but the whole of this wonderful book is well worth studying4 ,it shows how what ,addison calls 8this longing after immortality0 led an ancient and deeply religious people to attempt in their burial rites to rob even the grave of its terrors1 and conjured up out of the shadows of the tomb a clear and distinct vision of future life1 wherein man in his complete individuality survived to all eternity4 ,among the most important results of recent ,egyptian exploration must be reckoned the discovery of the tablets of ,tell ,amarna4 ,tell ,amarna is a village in ,upper ,egypt1 and in a pit at the foot of the mountain1 at the base of which it stands1 were discovered hundreds of these relics1 which have since been distributed among the museums of ,london1 ,berlin1 and ,gizeh4 ,the writing on these tablets is cuneiform1 and the matter is of profound historic importance1 illustrating1 as it does1 the relations between ,egypt and western ,asia in the fifteenth century ,b4,c4 ,while the existence of these tablets proves that cuneiform writing was common to ,palestine and ,syria as well as the ,euphrates ,valley1 yet curiously enough the manuscripts of ,tell ,amarna are different from any of the same kind that have been found elsewhere1 and the language resembles somewhat the ,hebrew of the ,old ,testament4 ,while most of these tablets are letters and despatches from friendly powers in ,syria1 and from vassal princes in ,palestine1 others contain interesting legends4 ,the letters are addressed to the ,pharaohs known as ,amenophis ,,iii and ,amenophis ,,iv1 who reigned in the sixteenth and fifteenth centuries ,b4,c4 ,the ,egyptians employed what practically were three alphabets--the hieroglyphic1 the hieratic1 and the demotic4 ,the hieroglyph is a symbol1 denoting something without letters or syllables2 as1 pictures of a bee stand for king4 ,the hieratic handwriting was a transition from symbols to primitive letters2 the papyrus reed1 cut in slices and gummed together1 was used as paper for this writing1 much of which is very beautifully executed in black and red inks4 ,these papyri are constantly being discovered1 but perhaps the earliest 8find0 of importance was that at ,thebes in #ahdf1 when a number of literary compositions were brought to light which must have been executed during the twelfth dynasty1 about twenty-five centuries ,b4,c4 ,the ,egyptian ,tales are works written in a lighter vein than the literature we have already described4 ,they will be read with delight1 and none the less so because they show that the ,egyptians1 who are the ,chinese of the ,mediterranean1 possess that saving quality in literary and political life1 namely1 a sense of humor4 7signed7 ,epiphanius ,wilson ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,dead ,according to the ,theban ,recension ,translated by ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,litt4,d41 ,d4,lit41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,a ,hymn ,to ,the ,setting ,sun ,a ,,hymn ,,of ,,praise ,,to ,,ra ,,when ,,he ,,riseth ,,upon ,,the ,,horizon1 ,,and ,,when ,,he ,,setteth ,,in ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,life4 ,osiris1 the scribe ,ani1 saith3 8,homage to thee1 ,o ,r1 when thou risest as ,tem-,heru-khuti 7,tem-,harmachis74 ,thou art adored by me when thy beauties are before mine eyes1 and when thy radiance falleth upon my body4 ,thou goest forth to thy setting in the ,sektet boat with fair winds1 and thy heart is glad2 the heart of the ,mtet boat rejoiceth4 ,thou stridest over the heavens in peace1 and all thy foes are cast down2 the never-resting stars sing hymns of praise unto thee1 and the stars which rest1 and the stars which never fail glorify thee as thou sinkest to rest in the horizon of ,manu17#a7 ,o thou who art beautiful at morn and at eve1 ,o thou lord who livest and art established1 ,o my lord6 8,homage to thee1 ,o thou who art ,r when thou risest1 and ,tem when thou settest in beauty4 ,thou risest and shinest on the back of thy mother ,nut1 ,o thou who art crowned king of the gods6 ,nut doeth homage unto thee1 and everlasting and never-changing order7#b7 embraceth thee at morn and at eve4 ,thou stridest over the heaven1 being glad of heart1 and the ,lake of ,testes is content thereat4 ,the ,sebau ,fiend hath fallen to the ground2 his arms and his hands have been hacked off1 and the knife hath severed the joints of his body4 ,r hath a fair wind2 the ,sektet boat goeth forth and sailing along it cometh into port4 ,the gods of the south and of the north1 of the west and of the east1 praise thee1 ,o thou divine substance1 from whom all forms of life come into being4 ,thou sendest forth the word1 and the earth is flooded with silence1 ,o thou only ,one1 who didst dwell in heaven before ever the earth and the mountains came into existence4 ,o ,runner1 ,o ,lord1 ,o only ,one1 thou maker of things which are1 thou hast fashioned the tongue of the company of the gods1 thou hast produced whatsoever cometh forth from the waters1 and thou springest up from them over the flooded land of the ,lake of ,horus4 ,let me snuff the air which cometh forth from thy nostrils1 and the north wind which cometh forth from thy mother ,nut4 ,oh1 make thou to be glorious my shining form 7khu71 ,o ,osiris1 make thou to be divine my soul 7ba76 ,thou art worshipped in peace 7or in setting71 ,o lord of the gods1 thou art exalted by reason of thy wondrous works4 ,shine thou with thy rays of light upon my body day by day1 upon me1 ,osiris the scribe1 the teller of the divine offerings of all the gods1 the overseer of the granary of the lords of ,abtu 7,abydos71 the royal scribe in truth who loveth thee2 ,ani1 victorious in peace40 ,hymn ,and ,litany ,to ,osiris ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #ai74 8,praise be unto thee1 ,o ,osiris1 lord of eternity1 ,unnefer1 ,heru-khuti 7,harmachis71 whose forms are manifold1 and whose attributes are majestic1 ,ptah-,seker-,tem in ,annu 7,heliopolis71 the lord of the hidden place1 and the creator of ,het-ka-,ptah 7,memphis7 and of the gods therein1 the guide of the underworld1 whom the gods glorify when thou settest in ,nut4 ,isis embraceth thee in peace1 and she driveth away the fiends from the mouth of thy paths4 ,thou turnest thy face upon ,amentet1 and thou makest the earth to shine as with refined copper4 ,those who have lain down 7i4e41 the dead7 rise up to see thee1 they breathe the air and they look upon thy face when the ,disk riseth on its horizon2 their hearts are at peace inasmuch as they behold thee1 ,o thou who art ,eternity and ,everlastingness60 ,litany 8,homage to thee1 ,o lord of starry deities in ,annu1 and of heavenly beings in ,kher-ba2 thou god ,unti1 who art more glorious than the gods who are hidden in ,annu2 oh grant7#c7 thou unto me a path whereon ,i may pass in peace1 for ,i am just and true2 ,i have not spoken lies wittingly1 nor have ,i done aught with deceit40 8,homage to thee1 ,o ,an in ,antes1 787 ,heru-khuti 7,harmachis71 with long strides thou stridest over heaven1 ,o ,heru-khuti4 ,oh1 grant thou unto me a path whereon ,i may pass in peace1 for ,i am just and true2 ,i have not spoken lies wittingly1 nor have ,i done aught with deceit40 8,homage to thee1 ,o ,soul of everlastingness1 thou ,soul who dwellest in ,tattu1 ,unnefer1 son of ,nut2 thou art lord of ,akert4 ,oh1 grant thou unto me a path wherein ,i may pass in peace1 for ,i am just and true2 ,i have not spoken lies wittingly1 nor have ,i done aught with deceit40 8,homage to thee in thy dominion over ,tattu2 the ,ureret crown is established upon thy head2 thou art the ,one who maketh the strength which protecteth himself1 and thou dwellest in peace in ,tattu4 ,oh1 grant thou unto me a path whereon ,i may pass in peace1 for ,i am just and true2 ,i have not spoken lies wittingly1 nor have ,i done aught with deceit40 8,homage to thee1 ,o lord of the ,acacia tree1 the ,seker boat is set upon its sledge2 thou turnest back the ,fiend1 the worker of evil1 and thou causest the ,utchat to rest upon its seat4 ,oh1 grant thou unto me a path whereon ,i may pass in peace1 for ,i am just and true2 ,i have not spoken lies wittingly1 nor have ,i done aught with deceit40 8,homage to thee1 ,o thou who art mighty in thine hour1 thou great and mighty ,prince1 dweller in ,an-rut-f17#d7 lord of eternity and creator of everlastingness1 thou art the lord of ,suten-henen 7,heracleopolis ,magna74 ,oh1 grant thou unto me a path whereon ,i may pass in peace1 for ,i am just and true2 ,i have not spoken lies wittingly1 nor have ,i done aught with deceit40 8,homage to thee1 ,o thou who restest upon ,right and ,truth1 thou art the lord of ,abtu 7,abydos71 and thy limbs are joined unto ,ta-tchesertet2 thou art he to whom fraud and guile are hateful4 ,oh1 grant thou unto me a path whereon ,i may pass in peace1 for ,i am just and true2 ,i have not spoken lies wittingly1 nor have ,i done aught with deceit40 8,homage to thee1 ,o thou who art within thy boat1 thou bringest ,hpi 7i4e41 the ,nile7 forth from his source2 the light shineth upon thy body and thou art the dweller in ,nekhen47#e7 ,oh1 grant thou unto me a path whereon ,i may pass in peace1 for ,i am just and true2 ,i have not spoken lies wittingly1 nor have ,i done aught with deceit40 8,homage to thee1 ,o creator of the gods1 thou ,king of the ,north and of the ,south1 ,o ,osiris1 victorious one1 ruler of the world in thy gracious seasons2 thou art the lord of the celestial world47#f7 ,oh1 grant thou unto me a path whereon ,i may pass in peace1 for ,i am just and true2 ,i have not spoken lies wittingly1 nor have ,i done aught with deceit40 ,hymn ,to ,r ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #bj74 ,a ,,hymn ,,of ,,praise ,,to ,r ,,when ,,he ,,riseth ,,in ,,the ,,eastern ,,part ,,of ,,heaven4 ,those who are in his train rejoice1 and lo6 ,osiris ,ani1 victorious1 saith3 8,hail1 thou ,disk1 thou lord of rays1 who risest on the horizon day by day6 ,shine thou with thy beams of light upon the face of ,osiris ,ani1 who is victorious2 for he singeth hymns of praise unto thee at dawn1 and he maketh thee to set at eventide with words of adoration4 ,may the soul of ,osiris ,ani1 the triumphant one1 come forth with thee into heaven1 may he go forth in the ,mtet boat4 ,may he come into port in the ,sektet boat1 and may he cleave his path among the never-resting stars in the heavens40 ,osiris ,ani1 being in peace and in triumph1 adoreth his lord1 the lord of eternity1 saying3 8,homage to thee1 ,o ,heru-khuti 7,harmachis71 who art the god ,khepera1 the self-created2 when thou risest on the horizon and sheddest thy beams of light upon the lands of the ,north and of the ,south1 thou art beautiful1 yea beautiful1 and all the gods rejoice when they behold thee1 the ,king of heaven4 ,the goddess ,nebt-,unnut is stablished upon thy head2 and her uri of the ,south and of the ,north are upon thy brow2 she taketh up her place before thee4 ,the god ,thoth is stablished in the bows of thy boat to destroy utterly all thy foes4 ,those who are in the ,tuat 7underworld7 come forth to meet thee1 and they bow in homage as they come toward thee1 to behold thy beautiful ,image4 ,and ,i have come before thee that ,i may be with thee to behold thy ,disk every day4 ,may ,i not be shut up in the tomb1 may ,i not be turned back1 may the limbs of my body be made new again when ,i view thy beauties1 even as are those of all thy favored ones1 because ,i am one of those who worshipped thee whilst ,i lived upon earth4 ,may ,i come in unto the land of eternity1 may ,i come even unto the everlasting land1 for behold1 ,o my lord1 this hast thou ordained for me40 ,and lo1 ,osiris ,ani triumphant in peace1 the triumphant one1 saith3 8,homage to thee1 ,o thou who risest in thy horizon as ,r1 thou reposest upon law which changeth not nor can it be altered4 ,thou passest over the sky1 and every face watcheth thee and thy course1 for thou hast been hidden from their gaze4 ,thou dost shew thyself at dawn and at eventide day by day4 ,the ,sektet boat1 wherein is thy ,majesty1 goeth forth with might2 thy beams shine upon all faces2 the number of thy red and yellow rays cannot be known1 nor can thy bright beams be told4 ,the lands of the gods1 and the eastern lands of ,punt7#g7 must be seen1 ere that which is hidden in thee may be measured4 ,alone and by thyself thou dost manifest thyself when thou comest into being above ,nu 7i4e41 the sky74 ,may ,ani advance1 even as thou dost advance2 may he never cease to go forward1 even as thy ,majesty ceaseth not to go forward1 even though it be for a moment2 for with strides dost thou in one little moment pass over the spaces which would need hundreds of thousands and millions of years for man to pass over2 this thou doest1 and then dost thou sink to rest4 ,thou puttest an end to the hours of the night1 and thou dost count them1 even thou2 thou endest them in thine own appointed season1 and the earth becometh light4 ,thou settest thyself before thy handiwork in the likeness of ,r2 thou risest in the horizon40 ,osiris1 the scribe ,ani1 triumphant1 declareth his praise of thee when thou shinest1 and when thou risest at dawn he crieth in his joy at thy birth3 8,thou art crowned with the majesty of thy beauties2 thou mouldest thy limbs as thou dost advance1 and thou bringest them forth without birth-pangs in the form of ,r1 as thou dost rise up into the upper air4 ,grant thou that ,i may come unto the heaven which is everlasting1 and unto the mountain where dwell thy favored ones4 ,may ,i be joined unto those shining beings1 holy and perfect1 who are in the underworld2 and may ,i come forth with them to behold thy beauties when thou shinest at eventide and goest to thy mother ,nu4 ,thou dost place thyself in the west1 and my two hands are raised in adoration of thee when thou settest as a living being4 ,behold1 thou art the maker of eternity1 and thou art adored when thou settest in the heavens4 ,i have given my heart unto thee without wavering1 ,o thou who art mightier than the gods40 ,osiris ,ani1 triumphant1 saith3 8,a hymn of praise to thee1 ,o thou who risest like unto gold1 and who dost flood the world with light on the day of thy birth4 ,thy mother giveth thee birth upon her hand1 and thou dost give light unto the course of the ,disk4 ,o thou great ,light1 who shinest in the heavens1 thou dost strengthen the generations of men with the ,nile-flood1 and thou dost cause gladness in all lands1 and in all cities1 and in all the temples4 ,thou art glorious by reason of thy splendors1 and thou makest strong thy ka 7i4e41 ,double7 with hu and tchefau foods4 ,o thou who art the mighty one of victories1 thou who art the ,power of all powers1 who dost make strong thy throne against evil fiends2 who art glorious in majesty in the ,sektet boat1 and who art exceeding mighty in the ,atet boat1 make thou glorious ,osiris ,ani with victory in the underworld2 grant thou that in the netherworld he may be without evil4 ,i pray thee to put away his faults behind thee3 grant thou that he may be one of thy venerable servants who are with the shining ones2 may he be joined unto the souls which are in ,ta-tchesertet2 and may he journey into the ,sekhet-,aaru by a prosperous and happy decree1 he the ,osiris1 the scribe1 ,ani1 triumphant40 ,and the god saith3 8,thou shalt come forth into heaven1 thou shalt pass over the sky1 thou shalt be joined into the starry deities4 ,praises shall be offered unto thee in thy boat1 thou shalt be hymned in the ,atet boat1 thou shalt behold ,r within his shrine1 thou shalt set together with his ,disk day by day1 thou shalt see the ,ant fish when it springeth into being in the waters of turquoise1 and thou shalt see the ,abtu fish in his hour4 ,it shall come to pass that the ,evil ,one shall fall when he layeth a snare to destroy thee1 and the joints of his neck and of his back shall be hacked asunder4 ,r saileth with a fair wind1 and the ,sektet boat draweth on and cometh into port4 ,the mariners of ,r rejoice1 and the heart of ,nebt-nkh7#h7 is glad1 for the enemy of her lord hath fallen to the ground4 ,thou shalt behold ,horus on the standing-place of the pilot of the boat1 and ,thoth and ,mat shall stand one upon each side of him4 ,all the gods shall rejoice when they behold ,r coming in peace to make the hearts of the shining ones to live1 and ,osiris ,ani1 victorious1 the scribe of the divine offerings of the lords of ,thebes1 shall be along with them60 ,hymn ,to ,the ,setting ,sun ,from the ,papyrus of ,mut-hetep 7,british ,museum ,no1 #aj1jaj1 sheet #e74 ,,another ,,chapter ,,of ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,the ,,tuat 7,,underworld7 ,,and ,,of ,,passing ,,through ,,the ,,unseen ,,netherworld1 and of seeing the ,disk when he setteth in ,amentet1 when he is adored by the gods and by the ,khus in the underworld1 and when the ,soul which dwelleth in ,r is made perfect4 ,he is made mighty before ,tem2 he is made great before ,osiris2 he setteth his terror before the company of the gods who are the guides of the netherworld2 he maketh long 787 his steps and he maketh his face to enter 787 with that of the great god4 ,now every ,khu1 for whom these words shall have been said1 shall come forth by day in any form which he is pleased to take2 he shall gain power among the gods of the ,tuat 7underworld71 and they shall recognize him as one of themselves2 and he shall enter in at the hidden gate with power4 ,the lady ,mut-hetep1 victorious1 singeth hymns of praise to thee saying3 8,o ,r-,tem1 in thy splendid progress thou risest1 and thou settest as a living being in the glories of the western horizon2 thou settest in thy territory which is in ,manu47#i7 ,thy urus is behind thee1 thy urus is behind thee4 ,homage to thee1 ,o thou who art in peace1 homage to thee1 ,o thou who art in peace4 ,thou art joined unto the ,eye of ,tem1 and it chooseth its powers of protection to place behind thy members4 ,thou goest forth through heaven1 thou travellest over the earth1 and thou journeyest onward4 ,o ,luminary1 the northern and southern halves of heaven come to thee and they bow low in adoration1 and they pay homage unto thee1 day by day4 ,the gods of ,amentet rejoice in thy beauties and the unseen places sing hymns of praise unto thee4 ,those who dwell in the ,sektet boat go round about thee1 and the ,souls of the ,east pay homage to thee1 and when they meet thy ,majesty they cry3 #8,come1 come in peace6' ,there is a shout of welcome to thee1 ,o lord of heaven and governor of ,amentet6 ,thou art acknowledged by ,isis who seeth her son in thee1 the lord of fear1 the mighty one of terror4 ,thou settest as a living being in the hidden place4 ,thy father ,ta-tunen raiseth thee up and he placeth both his hands behind thee2 thou becomest endowed with divine attributes in thy members of earth2 thou wakest in peace and thou settest in ,manu47#aj7 ,grant thou that ,i may become a being honored before ,osiris1 and that ,i may come to thee1 ,o ,r-,tem6 ,i have adored thee1 therefore do thou for me that which ,i wish4 ,grant thou that ,i may be victorious in the presence of the company of the gods4 ,thou are beautiful1 ,o ,r1 in thy western horizon of ,amentet1 thou lord of ,mat1 thou mighty one of fear1 thou whose attributes are majestic1 ,o thou who art greatly beloved by those who dwell in the ,tuat 7underworld72 thou shinest with thy beams upon the beings that are therein perpetually1 and thou sendest forth thy light upon the path of ,re-stau4 ,thou openest up the path of the double ,lion-god1 thou settest the gods upon their thrones1 and the ,khus in their abiding places4 ,the heart of ,naarerf7#aa7 is glad when ,r setteth1 the heart of ,naarerf is glad when ,r setteth40 8,hail1 ,o ye gods of the land of ,amentet who make offerings and oblations unto ,r-,tem1 ascribe ye glory unto him when ye meet him4 ,grasp ye your weapons and overthrow ye the fiend ,seba on behalf of ,r1 and repulse the fiend ,nebt on behalf of ,osiris4 ,the gods of the land of ,amentet rejoice and lay hold upon the cords of the ,sektet boat1 and they come in peace2 the gods of the hidden place who dwell in ,amentet triumph40 8,hail1 ,thoth1 who didst make ,osiris to triumph over his enemies1 make thou ,mut-hetep1 victorious1 to triumph over her enemies in the presence of the great divine sovereign chiefs who live with ,osiris1 the lord of life4 ,the great god who dwelleth in his ,disk cometh forth1 that is1 ,horus the avenger of his father ,unnefer-,r4 ,osiris setteth1 and the ,khus who are in the ,tuat 7underworld7 say3 ,homage to thee1 ,o thou who comest as ,tem1 and who comest into being as the creator of the gods4 ,homage to thee1 ,o thou who comest as the holy ,soul of souls1 who dwellest in the horizon4 ,homage to thee who art more glorious than all the gods and who illuminest the ,tuat with thine ,eye4 ,homage to thee who sailest in thy glory and who goest round about it in thy ,disk40 ,the following variant of the above hymn is translated from the text in the ,papyrus of ,nekhtu-,amen 7,naville1 8,todtenbuch10 ,bd4 ,,ii4 p4 #bc74 ,,another ,,chapter ,,of ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,the ,,tuat 7,,underworld7 ,,and ,,of ,,traversing ,,the ,,unseen ,,places ,,of ,,the ,,underworld1 of seeing the ,disk when he setteth in ,amentet1 when he is adored by the gods and by the ,khus of the ,tuat 7underworld71 and when the divine ,khu which dwelleth within ,r is made perfect4 ,he setteth his might before ,r1 he setteth his power before ,tem1 he setteth his strength before ,khenti-,amentet1 and he setteth his terror before the company of the gods4 ,the ,osiris of the gods goeth as leader through the ,tuat 7underworld71 he crasheth through mountains1 he bursteth through rocks1 he maketh glad 787 the heart of every ,khu4 ,this composition shall be recited by the deceased when he cometh forth and when he goeth in with the gods1 among whom he findeth no opposition2 then shall he come forth by day in all the manifold and exceedingly numerous forms which he may be pleased to take4 ,the ,osiris 444 saith3 8,a hymn of praise to ,r at eventide when he setteth as a living being in ,baakha47#ab7 ,the great god who dwelleth in his ,disk riseth in his two eyes7#ac7 and all the ,khus of the underworld receive him in his horizon of ,amentet2 they shout praises unto ,heru-khuti 7,harmachis7 in his form of ,tem1 and they sing hymns of joy to ,r when they have received him at the head of his beautiful path of ,amentet40 ,he 7i4e41 the deceased7 saith3 8,praise be unto thee1 ,o ,r1 praise be unto thee1 ,o ,tem1 in thy splendid progress4 ,thou hast risen and thou hast put on strength1 and thou settest like a living being amid thy glories in the horizon of ,amentet1 in thy domain which is in ,manu4 ,thy urus-goddess is behind thee2 thy urus-goddess is behind thee4 ,hail to thee1 in peace2 hail to thee1 in peace4 ,thou joinest thyself unto the ,eye of ,horus1 and thou hidest thyself within its secret place2 it destroyeth for thee all the convulsions of thy face1 it maketh thee strong with life1 and thou livest4 ,it bindeth its protecting amulets behind thy members4 ,thou sailest forth over heaven1 and thou makest the earth to be stablished2 thou joinest thyself unto the upper heaven1 ,o ,luminary4 ,the two regions of the ,east and ,west make adoration unto thee1 bowing low and paying homage unto thee1 and they praise thee day by day2 the gods of ,amentet rejoice in thy splendid beauties4 ,the hidden places adore thee1 the aged ones make offerings unto thee1 and they create for thee protecting powers4 ,the divine beings who dwell in the eastern and western horizons transport thee1 and those who are in the ,sektet boat convey thee round and about4 ,the ,souls of ,amentet cry out unto thee and say unto thee when they meet thy majesty 7,life1 ,health1 ,strength671 #8,all hail1 all hail6' ,when thou comest forth in peace there arise shouts of delight to thee1 ,o thou lord of heaven1 thou ,prince of ,amentet4 ,thy mother ,isis embraceth thee1 and in thee she recognizeth her son1 the lord of fear1 the mighty one of terror4 ,thou settest as a living being within the dark portal4 ,thy father ,tatunen lifteth thee up and he stretcheth out his two hands behind thee2 thou becomest a divine being in the earth4 ,thou wakest as thou settest1 and thy habitation is in ,manu4 ,grant thou that ,i may be venerated before ,osiris1 and come thou to me1 ,o ,r-,tem4 ,since thou hast been adored by me that which ,i wish thou shalt do for me day by day4 ,grant thou victory unto me before the great company of the gods1 ,o ,r who art doubly beautiful in thy horizon of ,amentet1 thou lord of ,mat who dwellest in the horizon4 ,the fear of thee is great1 thy forms are majestic1 and the love of thee is great among those who dwell in the underworld40 ,hymn ,to ,the ,setting ,sun ,from a ,papyrus of the nineteenth dynasty preserved at ,dublin 7see ,naville1 8,todtenbuch10 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #ai74 ,a ,,hymn ,,of ,,praise ,,to ,,ra-,,heru-,,khuti 7,,ra-,,harmachis7 ,,when ,,he ,,setteth ,,in ,,the ,,western ,,part ,,of ,,heaven4 ,he 7i4e41 the deceased7 saith3 8,homage to thee1 ,o ,r who in thy sitting art ,tem-,heru-khuti 7,tem-,harmachis71 thou divine god1 thou self-created being1 thou primeval matter from which all things were made4 ,when thou appearest in the bows of thy bark men shout for joy at thee1 ,o maker of the gods6 ,thou didst stretch out the heavens wherein thy two eyes7#ad7 might travel1 thou didst make the earth to be a vast chamber for thy ,khus1 so that every man might know his fellow4 ,the ,sektet boat is glad1 and the ,mtet boat rejoiceth2 and they greet thee with exaltation as thou journeyest along4 ,the god ,nu is content1 and thy mariners are satisfied2 the urus-goddess hath overthrown thine enemies1 and thou hast carried off the legs of ,apep4 ,thou art beautiful1 ,o ,r1 each day1 and thy mother ,nut embraceth thee2 thou settest in beauty1 and thy heart is glad in the horizon of ,manu1 and the holy beings therein rejoice4 ,thou shinest there with thy beams1 ,o thou great god1 ,osiris1 the everlasting ,prince4 ,the lords of the zones of the ,tuat in their caverns stretch out their hands in adoration before thy ,ka 7double71 and they cry out to thee1 and they all come forth in the train of thy form shining brilliantly4 ,the hearts of the lords of the ,tuat 7underworld7 are glad when thou sendest forth thy glorious light in ,amentet2 their two eyes are directed toward thee1 and they press forward to see thee1 and their hearts rejoice when they do see thee4 ,thou hearkenest unto the acclamations of those that are in the funeral chest17#ae7 thou doest away with their helplessness and drivest away the evils which are about them4 ,thou givest breath to their nostrils and they take hold of the bows of thy bark in the horizon of ,manu4 ,thou art beautiful each day1 ,o ,r1 and may thy mother ,nut embrace ,osiris 44417#af7 victorious40 ,the ,chapter ,of ,the ,chaplet ,of ,victory ,from ,lepsius 8,todtenbuch10 ,bl4 #ac4 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,the ,,chaplet ,,of ,,victory4 ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 victorious1 born of ,sheret-,amsu1 victorious1 saith3 8,thy father ,tem hath woven for thee a beautiful chaplet of victory to be placed on thy living brow1 ,o thou who lovest the gods1 and thou shalt live forever4 ,osiris-khent-,amentet7#ag7 hath made thee to triumph over thine enemies1 and thy father ,seb hath decreed for thee all his inheritance4 ,come1 therefore1 ,o ,horus1 son of ,isis1 for thou1 ,o son of ,osiris1 sittest upon the throne of thy father ,r to overthrow thine enemies1 for he hath ordained for thee the two lands to their utmost limits4 ,atem hath also ordained this1 and the company of the gods hath confirmed the splendid power of the victory of ,horus the son of ,isis and the son of ,osiris forever and forever4 ,and ,osiris ,auf-nkh shall be victorious forever and ever4 ,o ,osiris-khent-,amentet1 the whole of the northern and southern parts of the heavens1 and every god and every goddess1 who are in heaven and who are upon earth will the victory of ,horus1 the son of ,isis and the son of ,osiris1 over his enemies in the presence of ,osiris-khent-,amentet who will make ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 victorious1 to triumph over his enemies in the presence of ,osiris-khent-,amentet1 ,un-nefer1 the son of ,nut1 on the day of making him to triumph over ,set and his fiends in the presence of the great sovereign chiefs who are in ,annu 7,heliopolis72 on the night of the battle and overthrow of the ,seba-fiend in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are in ,abtu2 on the night of making ,osiris to triumph over his enemies make thou ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 triumphant1 to triumph over his enemies in the presence of the great sovereign princes1 who are in the horizon of ,amentet2 on the day of the festival of ,haker in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are in ,tattu2 on the night of the setting up of the ,tet in ,tattu in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are in the ways of the damned2 on the night of the judgment of those who shall be annihilated in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are in ,sekhem 7,letopolis72 on the night of the #8things of the altars in ,sekhem' in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are in ,pe and ,tepu2 on the night of the stablishing of the inheriting by ,horus of the things of his father ,osiris in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are at the great festival of the ploughing and turning up of the earth in ,tattu1 or 7as others say71 in ,abtu2 on the night of the weighing of words10 or 7as others say71 8weighing of locks in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are in ,an-rut-f on its place2 on the night when ,horus receiveth the birth-chamber of the gods in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are in the lands of ,rekhti7872 on the night when ,isis lieth down to watch and to make lamentation for her brother in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are in ,re-stau2 on the night of making ,osiris to triumph over all his enemies40 8,horus repeated these words four times1 and all his enemies fell headlong and were overthrown and were cut to pieces2 and ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 triumphant1 repeated these words four times1 therefore let all his enemies fall headlong1 and be overthrown and cut to pieces4 ,horus the son of ,isis and son of ,osiris celebrated in turn millions of festivals1 and all his enemies fell headlong1 and were overthrown and cut to pieces4 ,their habitation hath gone forth to the block of the ,east1 their heads have been cut off2 their necks have been destroyed2 their thighs have been cut off2 they have been given over to the ,great ,destroyer who dwelleth in the valley of the grave2 and they shall never come forth from under the restraint of the god ,seb40 ,,this ,,chapter ,,shall ,,be ,,recited ,,over ,,the ,,divine ,,chaplet ,,which ,,is ,,laid ,,upon ,,the ,,face ,,of ,,the ,,deceased1 ,,and ,,thou ,,shalt ,,cast ,,incense ,,into ,,the ,,fire ,,on ,,behalf ,,of ,,osiris ,,auf-,,ankh1 ,,triumphant1 ,,born ,,of ,,sheret-,,amsu1 ,,triumphant2 ,,thus ,,shalt ,,thou ,,cause ,,him ,,to ,,triumph ,,over ,,his ,,enemies1 ,,dead ,,or ,,alive1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,among ,,the ,,followers ,,of ,,osiris2 ,,and ,a ,,hand ,,shall ,,be ,,stretched ,,out ,,to ,,him ,,with ,,meat ,,and ,,drink ,,in ,,the ,,presence ,,of ,,the ,,god4 ,,this ,,chapter ,,shall ,,be ,,said ,,by ,,thee ,,twice ,,at ,,dawn--,,now ,,it ,,is ,a ,,never-,,failing ,,charm--,,regularly ,,and ,,continually4 ,the ,chapter ,of ,the ,victory ,over ,enemies4 ,from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni 7,british ,museum ,no4 #i1ijj1 sheet #ab74 8,hail1 ,thoth1 who didst make ,osiris to triumph over his enemies1 snare thou the enemies of ,osiris1 the scribe ,nebseni1 the lord of piety1 in the presence of the great sovereign princes of every god and of every goddess2 in the presence of the great sovereign princes who are in ,annu 7,heliopolis7 on the night of the battle and of the overthrow of the ,sebau-fiend in ,tattu2 on the night of making to stand up the double ,tet in ,sekhem 7,letopolis72 on the night of the things of the night in ,sekhem1 in ,pe1 and in ,tepu27#ah7 on the night of the stablishing of ,horus in the heritage of the things of his father in the double land of ,rekhti7872 on the night when ,isis maketh lamentation at the side of her brother ,osiris in ,abtu 7,abydos72 on the night of the ,haker festival of the distinguishing between the dead 7i4e41 the damned7 and the ,khus on the path of the dead 7i4e41 the damned72 on the night of the judgment of those who are to be annihilated at the great festival of the ploughing and the turning up of the earth in ,naare-rut-f7#ai7 in ,re-stau2 and on the night of making ,horus to triumph over his enemies4 ,horus is mighty1 the northern and southern halves of heaven rejoice1 ,osiris is content thereat and his heart is glad4 ,hail1 ,thoth1 make thou to triumph ,osiris1 the scribe ,nebseni1 over his enemies in the presence of the sovereign princes of every god and every goddess1 and in the presence of you1 ye sovereign princes who passed judgment on ,osiris behind the shrine40 ,in the ,sate ,recension this chapter has no vignette1 but it has the title 8,another ,chapter of the ,chaplet of ,victory10 and is arranged in tabular form4 ,the words1 8,hail1 ,thoth1 make ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 triumphant1 to triumph over his enemies even as thou didst make ,osiris to triumph over his enemies10 which are written in two horizontal lines1 are to be repeated before each column of text4 ,the 8great sovereign princes0 invoked are those of3 7#a7 ,annu 7,heliopolis71 7#b7 ,tattu1 7#c7 ,sekhem 7,letopolis71 7#d7 ,pe and ,tep1 7#e7 ,an-arut-f1 7#f7 the double land of ,rekhti1 7#g7 ,re-stau1 7#h7 ,abtu1 7#i7 the paths of the dead1 7#aj7 the ploughing festival in ,tattu1 7#aa7 ,kher-ba1 7#ab7 ,osiris1 7#ac7 heaven and earth1 7#ad7 every god and every goddess4 ,the rubric reads3 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,recited ,,regularly ,,and ,,always ,,by ,a ,,man ,,who ,,hath ,,purified ,,himself ,,in ,,water ,,of ,,natron1 ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,by ,,day ,,after ,,he ,,hath ,,come ,,into ,,port 7,i4,e41 ,,is ,,dead71 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,perform ,,all ,,the ,,transformations ,,which ,,his ,,heart ,,shall ,,dictate1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,from ,,every ,,fire4 ,the ,chapter ,of ,giving ,a ,mouth ,to ,the ,overseer ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,giving ,a ,,mouth ,,to ,,the ,,overseer ,,of ,,the ,,house1 ,,nu1 ,,triumphant1 ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,he saith3 8,homage to thee1 ,o thou lord of brightness1 thou who art at the head of the ,great ,house1 prince of the night and of thick darkness4 ,i have come unto thee being a pure khu4 ,thy two hands are behind thee1 and thou hast thy lot with thy ancestors4 ,oh1 grant thou unto me my mouth that ,i may speak therewith2 and guide thou to me my heart at the season when there is cloud and darkness40 ,the ,chapter ,of ,giving ,a ,mouth ,to ,osiris ,ani ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #f74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,giving ,a ,,mouth ,,to ,,osiris ,,ani1 ,,the ,,scribe ,,and ,,teller ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,offerings ,,of ,,all ,,the ,,gods1 ,,triumphant1 ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,he saith3 8,i rise out of the egg in the hidden land4 ,may my mouth be given unto me that ,i may speak therewith in the presence of the great god1 the lord of the ,tuat 7underworld74 ,may my hand and my arm not be forced back in the presence of the sovereign princes of any god4 ,i am ,osiris1 the lord of ,re-stau2 may ,i1 ,osiris the scribe ,ani1 triumphant1 have a portion with him who is on the top of the steps 7i4e41 ,osiris74 ,according to the desire of my heart1 ,i have come from the ,pool of ,fire1 and ,i have quenched the fire40 ,opening ,the ,mouth ,of ,osiris ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #ae74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,opening ,,the ,,mouth ,,of ,,osiris4 ,the scribe ,ani1 triumphant1 saith3 8,may the good ,ptah open my mouth1 and may the god of my city loose the swathings1 even the swathings which are over my mouth4 ,moreover1 may ,thoth1 being filled and furnished with charms1 come and loose the bandages1 even the bandages of ,set which fetter my mouth2 and may the god ,tem hurl them at those who would fetter me with them1 and drive them back4 ,may my mouth be opened1 may my mouth be unclosed by ,shu with his iron knife wherewith he opened the mouths of the gods4 ,i am the goddess ,sekhet1 and ,i sit upon my place in the great wind787 of heaven4 ,i am the great goddess ,sah who dwelleth among the ,souls of ,annu 7,heliopolis74 ,now as concerning every charm and all the words which may be spoken against me1 may the gods resist them1 and may each and every one of the company of the gods withstand them40 ,the ,chapter ,of ,bringing ,charms ,to ,osiris ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #ae74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,bringing ,,charms ,,unto ,,osiris ,,ani ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,he saith3 8,i am ,tem-,khepera1 who brought himself into being upon the thigh of his divine mother4 ,those who are in ,nu 7i4e41 the sky7 are made wolves1 and those who are among the sovereign princes are become hyenas4 ,behold1 ,i gather together the charm from every place where it is1 and from every man with whom it is1 swifter than greyhounds and quicker than light4 ,hail1 thou who towest along the ,mkhent boat of ,r1 the stays of thy sails and of thy rudder are taut in the wind as thou sailest up the ,pool of ,fire in the underworld4 ,behold1 thou gatherest together the charm from every place where it is1 and from every man with whom it is1 swifter than greyhounds and quicker than light1 the charm which created the forms of being from the 444 mother1 and which either createth the gods or maketh them silent1 and which giveth the heat of fire unto the gods4 ,behold1 the charm is given unto me1 from wherever it is and from him with whom it is1 swifter than greyhounds and quicker than light10 or 7as others say7 8quicker than a shadow40 ,the ,chapter ,of ,memory ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no1 #aj1dgg1 sheet #e74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,a ,,man ,,to ,,possess ,,memory ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 the overseer of the palace1 the son of the chief chancellor ,amen-hetep1 saith3 8,may my name be given to me in the ,great ,house1 and may ,i remember my name in the ,house of ,fire on the night of counting the years and of telling the number of the months4 ,i am with the ,divine ,one1 and ,i sit on the eastern side of heaven4 ,if any god whatsoever should advance unto me1 let me be able to proclaim his name forthwith40 ,the ,chapter ,of ,giving ,a ,heart ,to ,osiris ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #ae74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,giving ,a ,,heart ,,to ,,osiris ,,ani ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,he saith3 8,may my heart 7ab77#bj7 be with me in the ,house of ,hearts6 ,may my heart 7hat7 be with me in the ,house of ,hearts6 ,may my heart be with me1 and may it rest there1 or ,i shall not eat of the cakes of ,osiris on the eastern side of the ,lake of ,flowers1 neither shall ,i have a boat wherein to go down the ,nile1 nor another wherein to go up1 nor shall ,i be able to sail down the ,nile with thee4 ,may my mouth be given to me that ,i may speak therewith1 and my two legs to walk therewith1 and my two hands and arms to overthrow my foe4 ,may the doors of heaven be opened unto me2 may ,seb1 the ,prince7#ba7 of the gods1 open wide his two jaws unto me2 may he open my two eyes which are blindfolded2 may he cause me to stretch apart my two legs which are bound together2 and may ,anpu 7,anubis7 make my thighs firm so that ,i may stand upon them4 ,may the goddess ,sekhet make me to rise so that ,i may ascend unto heaven1 and may that be done which ,i command in the ,house of the foreign 7double7 of ,ptah 7i4e41 ,memphis74 ,i understand with my heart4 ,i have gained the mastery over my heart1 ,i have gained the mastery over my two hands1 ,i have gained the mastery over my legs1 ,i have gained the power to do whatsoever my ka 7double7 pleaseth4 ,my soul shall not be fettered to my body at the gates of the underworld2 but ,i shall enter in peace and ,i shall come forth in peace40 ,the ,chapter ,of ,preserving ,the ,heart ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheets #ae and #af74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,letting ,,the ,,heart 7,,hati7 ,,of ,a ,,man ,,be ,,taken ,,from ,,him ,,in ,,the ,,underworld47#bb7 ,saith ,osiris ,ani3 8,hail1 ye who carry away hearts6 ,hail1 ye who steal hearts1 and who make the heart of a man to go through its transformations according to his deeds1 let not what he hath done harm him before you47#bc7 ,homage to you1 ,o ye lords of eternity1 ye possessors of everlastingness1 take ye not this heart of ,osiris ,ani into your grasp1 this heart of ,osiris1 and cause ye not words of evil to spring up against it2 because this is the heart of ,osiris ,ani1 triumphant1 and it belongeth unto him of many names 7i4e41 ,thoth71 the mighty one whose words are his limbs1 and who sendeth forth his heart to dwell in his body4 ,the heart of ,osiris ,ani is triumphant1 it is made new before the gods1 he hath gained power over it1 he hath not been spoken to according to what he hath done4 ,he hath gotten power over his own members4 ,his heart obeyeth him1 he is the lord thereof1 it is in his body1 and it shall never fall away therefrom4 ,i1 ,osiris1 the scribe ,ani1 victorious in peace1 and triumphant in the beautiful ,amenta and on the mountain of eternity1 bid thee to be obedient unto me in the underworld40 ,the ,chapter ,of ,preserving ,the ,heart ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #e74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,letting ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,the ,,overseer ,,of ,,the ,,palace1 ,,the ,,chancellor-,,in-,,chief1 ,,nu1 ,,triumphant1 ,,be ,,carried ,,away ,,from ,,him ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,he saith3 8,hail1 thou ,lion-god6 ,i am the ,flower ,bush 7,unb74 ,that which is an abomination unto me is the divine block4 ,let not this my heart 7hti7 be carried away from me by the fighting gods in ,annu4 ,hail1 thou who dost wind bandages round ,osiris and who hast seen ,set6 ,hail1 thou who returnest after smiting and destroying him before the mighty ones6 ,this my heart 7ab7 sitteth and weepeth for itself before ,osiris2 it hath made supplication for me4 ,i have given unto him and ,i have decreed unto him the thoughts of the heart in the ,house of the god ,usekh-hra17#bd7 and ,i have brought to him sand 7sic7 at the entry to ,khemennu 7,hermopolis ,magna74 ,let not this my heart 7hti7 be carried away from me6 ,i make thee to dwell787 upon this throne1 ,o thou who joinest together hearts 7htu7 in ,sekhet-hetep 7with7 years of strength against all things that are an abomination unto thee1 and to carry off food from among the things which belong unto thee1 and are in thy grasp by reason of thy twofold strength4 ,and this my heart 7hti7 is devoted to the decrees of the god ,tem who leadeth me into the dens of ,suti1 but let not this my heart which hath done its desire before the sovereign princes who are in the underworld be given unto him4 ,when they find the leg and the swathings they bury them40 ,the ,chapter ,of ,preserving ,the ,heart ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #ae74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,letting ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,a ,,man ,,be ,,taken ,,away ,,from ,,him ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,osiris ,ani1 triumphant1 saith3 8,turn thou back1 ,o messenger of every god6 ,is it that thou art come to carry away this my heart which liveth8 ,but my heart which liveth shall not be given unto thee4 ,as ,i advance1 the gods hearken unto my offerings1 and they all fall down upon their faces in their own places40 ,the ,chapter ,of ,preserving ,the ,heart ,from the ,papyrus of ,amen-hetep 7,naville1 8,todtenbuch10 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #dj74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,allowing ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,amen-,,hetep1 ,,triumphant1 ,,to ,,be ,,carried ,,away ,,dead ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,the deceased saith3 8,my heart is with me1 and it shall never come to pass that it shall be carried away4 ,i am the lord of hearts1 the slayer of the heart4 ,i live in right and truth 7,mat7 and ,i have my being therein4 ,i am ,horus1 the dweller in hearts1 who is within the dweller in the body4 ,i live in my word1 and my heart hath being4 ,let not my heart be taken away from me1 let it not be wounded1 and may neither wounds nor gashes be dealt upon me because it hath been taken away from me4 ,let me have my being in the body of my father ,seb1 and in the body of my mother ,nut4 ,i have not done that which is held in abomination by the gods2 let me not suffer defeat there1 but let me be triumphant40 ,the ,heart ,of ,carnelian ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #cc74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,a ,,heart ,,of ,,carnelian4 ,osiris ,ani1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am the ,bennu1 the soul of ,r1 and the guide of the gods in the ,tuat 7underworld74 ,their divine souls come forth upon earth to do the will of their kas2 let1 therefore1 the soul of ,osiris ,ani come forth to do the will of his ka40 ,preserving ,the ,heart ,from ,lepsius1 8,todtenbuch10 ,bl4 #af4 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,letting ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,a ,,man ,,be ,,driven ,,away ,,from ,,him ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 triumphant1 born of ,sheret-,amsu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,my heart1 my mother2 my heart1 my mother6 ,my heart of my existence upon earth4 ,may naught stand up to oppose me in judgment2 may there be no opposition to me in the presence of the sovereign princes2 may no evil be wrought against me in the presence of the gods2 may there be no parting of thee from me in the presence of the great god1 the lord of ,amentet4 ,homage to thee1 ,o thou heart of ,osiris-khent-,amentet6 ,homage to you1 ,o my reins6 ,homage to you1 ,o ye gods who dwell in the divine clouds1 and who are exalted 7or holy7 by reason of your sceptres6 ,speak ye fair words for the ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 and make ye him to prosper before ,nehebka4 ,and behold1 though ,i be joined unto the earth1 and am in the mighty innermost part of heaven1 let me remain on the earth and not die in ,amentet1 and let me be a khu therein forever and ever40 ,,this ,,chapter ,,shall ,,be ,,recited ,,over ,a ,,basalt ,,scarab1 ,,which ,,shall ,,be ,,set ,,in ,a ,,gold ,,setting1 ,,and ,,it ,,shall ,,be ,,placed ,,inside ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,the ,,man7#be7 ,,for ,,whom ,,the ,,ceremonies ,,of 8,,opening ,,the ,,mouth0 ,,and ,,of ,,anointing ,,with ,,unguent ,,have ,,been ,,performed4 ,,and ,,there ,,shall ,,be ,,recited ,,by ,,way ,,of ,a ,,magical ,,charm ,,the ,,words3 8,,my ,,heart1 ,,my ,,mother2 ,,my ,,heart1 ,,my ,,mother6 ,,my ,,heart ,,of ,,transformations40 ,preserving ,the ,heart ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #e74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,letting ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,the ,,overseer ,,of ,,the ,,palace1 ,,the ,,chancellor-,,in-,,chief1 ,,nu1 ,,triumphant1 ,,be ,,driven ,,away ,,from ,,him ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,he ,saith3 8,o my heart1 my mother2 ,o my heart1 my mother6 ,o my heart of my existence upon earth4 ,may naught stand up to oppose me in judgment in the presence of the lords of the trial2 let it not be said of me and of that which ,i have done1 #8,he hath done deeds against that which is right and true'2 may naught be against me in the presence of the great god1 the lord of ,amentet4 ,homage to thee1 ,o my heart6 ,homage to thee1 ,o my heart6 ,homage to you1 ,o my reins6 ,homage to you1 ,o ye gods who dwell in the divine clouds1 and who are exalted 7or holy7 by reason of your sceptres6 ,speak ye for me fair things to ,r1 and make ye me to prosper before ,nehebka4 ,and behold me1 even though ,i be joined to the earth in the mighty innermost parts thereof1 let me remain upon the earth and let me not die in ,amentet1 but become a ,khu therein40 ,preserving ,the ,heart ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #ae74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,letting ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,osiris1 ,,the ,,scribe ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,offerings ,,of ,,all ,,the ,,gods1 ,,ani1 ,,triumphant1 ,,be ,,driven ,,from ,,him ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,he saith3 8,my heart1 my mother2 my heart1 my mother6 ,my heart whereby ,i came into being6 ,may naught stand up to oppose me at my judgment2 may there be no opposition to me in the presence of the sovereign princes 7,tchatcha72 may there be no parting of thee from me in the presence of him that keepeth the ,balance6 ,thou art my ka1 the dweller in my body2 the god ,khnemu who knitteth and strengtheneth my limbs4 ,mayest thou come forth into the place of happiness whither we go4 ,may the ,shenit 7i4e41 the divine officers of the court of ,osiris71 who form the conditions of the lives of men1 not cause my name to stink4 ,let it be satisfactory unto us1 and let the listening be satisfactory unto us1 and let there be joy of heart unto us at the weighing of words4 ,let not that which is false be uttered against me before the great god1 the lord of ,amentet4 ,verily how great shalt thou be when thou risest in triumph607#bf7 ,rubric ,from the ,papyrus of ,amen-hetep 7see ,naville1 8,todtenbuch10 ,bd4 ,,ii4 p4 #ii74 ,,these ,,words ,,are ,,to ,,be ,,said ,,over ,a ,,scarab ,,of ,,green ,,stone ,,encircled ,,with ,a ,,band ,,of ,,refined ,,copper ,,and ,,having ,a ,,ring ,,of ,,silver1 ,,which ,,shall ,,be ,,placed ,,on ,,the ,,neck ,,of ,,the ,,khu4 ,,this ,,chapter ,,was ,,found ,,in ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,khemennu 7,,hermopolis ,,magna7 ,,under ,,the ,,feet ,,of ,,the ,,statue ,,of ,,this ,,god4 ,,it ,,was ,,inscribed ,,upon ,a ,,slab ,,of ,,iron ,,of ,,the ,,south1 ,,in ,,the ,,writing ,,of ,,the ,,god ,,himself1 ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,the ,,majesty ,,of ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,the ,,north ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,south1 ,,men-,,kau-,,ra17#bg7 ,,triumphant1 ,,by ,,the ,,royal ,,son ,,heru-,,ta-,,ta-,f1 ,,who ,,discovered ,,it ,,while ,,he ,,was ,,on ,,his ,,journey ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,inspection ,,of ,,the ,,temples ,,and ,,of ,,their ,,estates4 ,beating ,back ,the ,crocodile ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #e74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,beating ,,back ,,the ,,crocodile ,,that ,,cometh ,,to ,,carry ,,away ,,the ,,charm ,,from ,,nu1 ,,the ,,overseer ,,of ,,the ,,palace1 ,,the ,,chancellor-,,in-,,chief1 ,,triumphant1 ,,the ,,son ,,of ,,the ,,overseer ,,of ,,the ,,palace1 ,,amen-,,hetep1 ,,triumphant1 ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,he saith3 8,get thee back1 return1 get thee back1 thou crocodile-fiend ,sui2 thou shalt not advance to me1 for ,i live by reason of the magical words which ,i have by me4 ,i do not utter that name of thine to the great god who will cause thee to come to the two divine envoys2 the name of the one is ,betti17#bh7 and the name of the other is #8,hra-k-en-,mat4'7#bi7 ,heaven hath power over its seasons1 and the magical word hath power over that which is in its possession1 let therefore my mouth have power over the magical word which is therein4 ,my front teeth are like unto flint knives1 and my jaw-teeth are like unto the ,nome of ,tutef47#cj7 ,hail thou that sittest with thine eyeball upon these my magical words6 ,thou shalt not carry them away1 ,o thou crocodile that livest by means of magical words60 ,in the ,turin ,papyrus 7,lepsius1 op4 cit41 ,bl4 #af7 the following lines are added to this chapter3 8,i am the ,prince in the field4 ,i1 even ,i1 am ,osiris1 who hath shut in his father ,seb together with his mother ,nut on the day of the great slaughter4 ,my father is ,seb and my mother is ,nut4 ,i am ,horus1 the first-born of ,r1 who is crowned4 ,i am ,anpu 7,anubis7 on the day of reckoning4 ,i1 even ,i1 am ,osiris the prince who goeth in and declareth the offerings which are written down4 ,i am the guardian of the door of ,osiris1 even ,i4 ,i have come1 ,i have become glorious 7or a ,khu71 ,i have been reckoned up1 ,i am strong1 ,i have come and ,i avenge mine own self4 ,i have sat in the birth-chamber of ,osiris1 and ,i was born with him1 and ,i renew my youth along with him4 ,i have laid hold upon the ,thigh which was by ,osiris1 and ,i have opened the mouth of the gods therewith1 ,i sit upon the place where he sitteth1 and ,i write down the number of the things which make strong787 the heart1 thousands of loaves of bread1 thousands of vases of beer1 which are upon the altars of his father ,osiris1 numbers of jackals1 wolves1 oxen1 red fowl1 geese and ducks4 ,horus hath done away with the sacrifices of ,thoth4 ,i fill the office of priest in the regions above1 and ,i write down there the things which make strong the heart4 ,i make offerings 7or offerings are made to me7 at the altars of the ,prince of ,tattu1 and ,i have my being through the oblations made to him4 ,i snuff the wind of the ,east by his head1 and ,i lay hold upon the breezes of the ,west thereby4444 ,i go round about heaven in the four quarters thereof1 ,i stretch out my hand and grasp the breezes of the south which are upon its hair4 ,grant unto me air among the venerable beings and among those who eat bread40 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,deceased ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,by ,,day1 ,,he ,,shall ,,rise ,,up ,,to ,,walk ,,upon ,,the ,,earth ,,among ,,the ,,living1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,never ,,fail ,,and ,,come ,,to ,,an ,,end1 ,,never1 ,,never1 ,,never4 ,beating ,back ,the ,crocodile ,from ,lepsius1 8,todtenbuch10 ,bll4 #af and #ag4 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,beating ,,back ,,the ,,crocodile ,,that ,,cometh ,,to ,,carry ,,away ,,the ,,magical ,,words ,,from ,,the ,,khu ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 triumphant1 saith3 8,the ,mighty ,one fell down upon the place where he is1 or 7as others say71 upon his belly1 but the company of the gods caught him and set him up again4 ,my soul cometh and it speaketh with its father1 and the ,mighty ,one delivereth it from these eight7#ca7 crocodiles4 ,i know them by their names and what they live upon1 and ,i am he who hath delivered his father from them40 8,get thee back1 ,o ,crocodile that dwellest in the ,west1 thou that livest upon the stars which never rest1 for that which is an abomination unto thee is in my belly1 ,o thou that hast eaten the forehead of ,osiris4 ,i am ,set40 8,get thee back1 ,o ,crocodile that dwellest in the ,west1 for the serpent-fiend ,nau is in my belly1 and ,i will give him unto thee2 let not thy flame be against me40 8,get thee back1 ,o ,crocodile that dwellest in the ,east1 who feedest upon those who eat their own filth1 for that which is an abomination unto thee is in my belly2 ,i advance1 ,i am ,osiris40 8,get thee back1 ,o ,crocodile that dwellest in the ,east1 the serpent-fiend ,nau is in my belly1 and ,i will give him unto thee2 let not thy flame be against me40 8,get thee back1 ,o ,crocodile that dwellest in the ,south1 who feedest upon filth1 and waste1 and dirt1 for that which is an abomination unto thee is in my belly2 shall not the flame be on thy hand8 ,i am ,sept40 8,get thee back1 ,o ,crocodile that dwellest in the ,south1 for ,i am safe by reason of my charm2 my fist is among the flowers and ,i will not give it unto thee40 8,get thee back1 ,o ,crocodile that dwellest in the ,north1 who feedest upon what is offered787 within the hours1 for that which thou abominatest is in my belly2 let not thy venom be upon my head1 for ,i am ,tem40 8,get thee back1 ,o ,crocodile that dwellest in the ,north1 for the goddess ,serqet is in my belly and ,i have not yet brought her forth4 ,i am ,uatch-,maati 7or ,merti740 8,the things which are created are in the hollow of my hand1 and those which have not yet come into being are in my body4 ,i am clothed and wholly provided with thy magical words1 ,o ,r1 the which are in heaven above me and in the earth beneath me4 ,i have gained power1 and exaltation1 and a full-breathing throat in the abode of my father ,ur 7i4e41 the ,mighty ,one71 and he hath delivered unto me the beautiful ,amentet which destroyeth living men and women2 but strong is its divine lord1 who suffereth from weakness10 or 7as others say7 8exhaustion twofold1 therein day by day4 ,my face is open1 my heart is upon its seat1 and the crown with the serpent is upon me day by day4 ,i am ,r1 who is his own protector1 and nothing shall ever cast me to the ground40 ,repulsing ,serpents ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #f74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,repulsing ,,serpents 7,,or ,,worms74 ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 thou serpent ,rerek1 advance not hither4 ,behold ,seb and ,shu4 ,stand still now1 and thou shalt eat the rat which is an abominable thing unto ,r1 and thou shalt crunch the bones of the filthy cat40 ,against ,snakes ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #f74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,letting ,,osiris ,,nu1 ,,triumphant1 ,,be ,,bitten ,,by ,,snakes 7,,or ,,worms7 ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,he saith3 8,o ,serpent6 ,i am the flame which shineth upon the ,opener787 of hundreds of thousands of years1 and the standard of the god ,tenpu10 or 7as others say7 8the standard of young plants and flowers4 ,depart ye from me1 for ,i am the divine ,mftet407#cb7 ,against ,serpents ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #f74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,letting ,,nu1 ,,the ,,chancellor-,,in-,,chief1 ,,triumphant1 ,,be ,,devoured ,,by ,,serpents ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,he saith3 8,hail1 thou god ,shu6 ,behold ,tattu6 ,behold ,shu6 ,hail ,tattu6 ,shu hath the head-dress of the goddess ,hathor4 ,they nurse ,osiris4 ,behold the twofold being who is about to eat me6 ,alighting from the boat ,i depart7871 and the serpent-fiend ,seksek passeth me by4 ,behold sm and aaqet flowers are kept under guard7874 ,this being is ,osiris1 and he maketh entreaty for his tomb4 ,the eyes of the divine prince are dropped1 and he performeth the reparation which is to be done for thee2 he giveth unto thee thy portion of right and truth according to the decision concerning the states and conditions of men40 ,driving ,away ,apshait ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #h74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,driving ,,away ,,apshait4 ,osiris ,nu1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 saith3 8,depart from me1 ,o thou that hast lips which gnaw1 for ,i am ,khnemu1 the lord of ,peshennu17#cc7 and ,i bring the words of the gods to ,r1 and ,i report my message to the lord thereof407#cd7 ,driving ,back ,the ,merti ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #h74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,driving ,,back ,,the ,,two ,,merti ,,goddesses4 ,nu1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 saith3 8,homage to you1 ye two ,rekht goddesses17#ce7 ye two ,sisters1 ye two ,mert goddesses1 ,i bring a message to you concerning my magical words4 ,i shine from the ,sektet boat1 ,i am ,horus the son of ,osiris1 and ,i have come to see my father ,osiris40 ,living ,by ,air ,from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni 7,british ,museum ,no4 #i1ijj1 sheet #ab74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,living ,,by ,,air ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,the scribe ,nebseni1 the lord to whom veneration is paid1 saith3 8,i am the god ,tem1 who cometh forth out of ,nu into the watery abyss4 ,i have received my habitation of ,amentet1 and have given commands with my words to the ,khus whose abiding-places are hidden1 to the ,khus and to the double ,lion-god4 ,i have made journeys round about and ,i have sung hymns of joy in the boat of ,khepera4 ,i have eaten therein1 ,i have gained power therein1 and ,i live therein through the breezes which are there4 ,i am the guide in the boat of ,r1 and he openeth out for me a path2 he maketh a passage for me through the gates of the god ,seb4 ,i have seized and carried away those who live in the embrace of the god ,ur 7i4e41 ,mighty ,one72 ,i am the guide of those who live in their shrines1 the two brother-gods ,horus and ,set2 and ,i bring the noble ones with me4 ,i enter in and ,i come forth1 and my throat is not slit2 ,i go into the boat of ,mat1 and ,i pass in among those who live in the ,atet boat1 and who are in the following of ,r1 and are nigh unto him in his horizon4 ,i live after my death day by day1 and ,i am strong even as is the double ,lion-god4 ,i live1 and ,i am delivered after my death1 ,i1 the scribe ,nebseni1 the lord of piety1 who fill the earth and come forth like the lily of mother-of-emerald1 of the god ,hetep of the two lands40 ,living ,by ,air ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ab74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,living ,,by ,,air ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 the son of the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,amen-hetep1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am the double ,lion-god1 the first-born of ,r and ,tem of ,ha-khebti7871 the gods who dwell in their divine chambers4 ,those who dwell in their divine abodes have become my guides1 and they make paths for me as they revolve in the watery abyss of the sky by the side of the path of the boat of ,tem4 ,i stand upon the timbers787 of the boat of ,r1 and ,i recite his ordinances to the beings who have knowledge1 and ,i am the herald of his words to him whose throat stinketh4 ,i set free my divine fathers at eventide4 ,i close the lips of my mouth1 and ,i eat like unto a living being4 ,i have life in ,tattu1 and ,i live again after death like ,r day by day40 ,driving ,back ,rerek ,from the ,papyrus of ,mes-em-neter 7see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #ec74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,driving ,,back ,,the ,,serpent ,,rerek ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,osiris ,mes-em-neter saith3 8,get thee back1 depart1 retreat787 from me1 ,o ,aapef1 withdraw1 or thou shalt be drowned at the ,pool of ,nu1 at the place where thy father hath ordered that thy slaughter shall be performed4 ,depart thou from the divine place of birth of ,r wherein is thy terror4 ,i am ,r who dwelleth in his terror4 ,get thee back1 ,fiend1 before the darts of his beams4 ,r hath overthrown thy words1 the gods have turned thy face backward1 the ,lynx hath torn open thy breast1 the ,scorpion hath cast fetters upon thee2 and ,mat hath sent forth thy destruction4 ,those who are in the ways have overthrown thee2 fall down and depart1 ,o ,apep1 thou ,enemy of ,r6 ,o thou that passest over the region in the eastern part of heaven with the sound of the roaring thunder-cloud1 ,o ,r who openest the gates of the horizon straightway on thy appearance1 ,apep hath sunk helpless under thy gashings4 ,i have performed thy will1 ,o ,r1 ,i have performed thy will2 ,i have done that which is fair1 ,i have done that which is fair1 ,i have labored for the peace of ,r4 ,i have made to advance thy fetters1 ,o ,r1 and ,apep hath fallen through thy drawing them tight4 ,the gods of the south and of the north1 of the west and of the east have fastened chains upon him1 and they have fettered him with fetters2 the god ,rekes hath overthrown him and the god ,hertit hath put him in chains4 ,r setteth1 ,r setteth2 ,r is strong at his setting4 ,apep hath fallen1 ,apep1 the enemy of ,r1 departeth4 ,greater is the punishment which hath been inflicted on thee than the sting787 which is in the ,scorpion goddess1 and mightily hath she1 whose course is everlasting1 worked it upon thee and with deadly effect4 ,thou shalt never enjoy the delights of love1 thou shalt never fulfil thy desire1 ,o ,apep1 thou ,enemy of ,r6 ,he maketh thee to go back1 ,o thou who art hateful to ,r2 he looketh upon thee1 get thee back6 ,he pierceth thy head1 he cutteth through thy face1 he divideth thy head at the two sides of the ways1 and it is crushed in his land2 thy bones are smashed in pieces1 thy members are hacked off thee1 and the god ,aker hath condemned thee1 ,o ,apep1 thou enemy of ,r6 ,thy mariners are those who keep the reckoning for thee1 ,o ,r1 as thou advancest1 and thou restest there wherein are the offerings made to thee ,as thou advancest1 as thou advancest toward the ,house the advance which thou hast made toward the ,house is a prosperous advance2 let not any baleful obstacle proceed from thy mouth against me when thou workest on my behalf4 ,i am ,set who let loose the storm-clouds and the thunder in the horizon of heaven even as doth the god ,netcheb-ab-f40 8 #8,hail1' saith the god ,tem1 #8make strong your faces1 ,o soldiers of ,r1 for ,i have driven back the god ,nentch in the presence of the divine sovereign princes4' #8,hail1' saith the god ,seb1 #8make ye firm those who are upon their seats which are in the boat of ,khepera1 take ye your ways1 grasping your weapons of war in your hands4' #8,hail1' saith ,hathor1 #8take ye your armor4' #8,hail1' saith ,nut1 #8come and repulse the god ,tch who pursueth him that dwelleth in his shrine and who setteth out on his way alone1 namely1 ,neb-er-tcher1 who cannot be repulsed4' #8,hail1' say those gods who dwell in their companies and who go round about the ,turquoise ,pool1 #8come1 ,o mighty ,one1 we praise and we will deliver the ,mighty ,one who dwelleth in the divine ,shrine1 from whom proceeds the company of the gods1 let commemorations be made for him1 let praise be given to him1 let words of praise be recited before him by you and by me4' #8,hail1' saith ,nut to thy ,sweet ,one4 #8,hail1' say those who dwell among the gods1 #8he cometh forth1 he findeth his way1 he maketh captives among the gods1 he hath taken possession of the goddess ,nut1 and ,seb standeth up4' ,hail1 thou terrible one1 the company of the gods is on the march4 ,hathor quaketh with terror1 and ,r hath triumphed over ,apep40 ,repulsing ,the ,eater ,of ,the ,ass ,from the ,papyrus of ,r 7see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #ed7 and from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #h74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,driving ,,back ,,the ,,eater ,,of ,,the ,,ass4 ,osiris ,r1 triumphant1 saith3 ,i4 8,get thee back1 ,hai1 thou impure one1 thou abomination of ,osiris6 ,thoth hath cut off thy head1 and ,i have performed upon thee all the things which the company of the gods ordered concerning thee in the matter of the work of thy slaughter4 ,get thee back1 thou abomination of ,osiris1 from the ,neshmet boat 444 which advanceth with a fair wind4 ,ye are holy1 ,o all ye gods1 and ye have cast down headlong the enemies of ,osiris2 the gods of ,ta-ur shout for joy4 ,get thee back1 ,o thou ,eater of the ,ass1 thou abomination of the god ,haas who dwelleth in the underworld4 ,i know thee1 ,i know thee1 ,i know thee1 ,i know thee4 ,who art thou8 ,i am4440 ,,ii4 8,on thy face ,o fiend1 and devour me not1 for ,i am pure1 and ,i am with the time which cometh of itself4 ,thou shalt not come to me1 ,o thou that comest7#cf7 without being invoked1 and whose time of coming is unknown4 ,i am the lord of thy mouth1 get thee back1 thou and thy desires7874 ,hail1 ,haas1 with his stone knife ,horus hath cut asunder thy members1 and thou art destroyed within thy company1 and thy bend 7or dwelling-place7 is destroyed for thee by the company of thy gods who dwell in the cities of ,pe and ,tep4 ,he that slayeth thee there is in the form of the ,eye of ,horus1 and ,i have driven thee away as thou wast advancing1 and ,i have vanquished thee by the winds of my mouth4 ,o thou ,eater of those who commit sins1 who dost plunder and spoil1 ,i have committed no sin2 therefore1 let my palette and the writings with hostile charges against me upon them be given unto me4 ,i have done no wrong in the presence of the sovereign princes1 therefore shoot not thy venom at me4 ,i give1 do thou take according to what ,i order2 snatch me not away1 and eat me not1 for ,i am the lord of life1 the ,prince 7,life1 ,health1 ,strength67 of the horizon40 ,abolishing ,the ,slaughterings ,from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni1 sheet #be4 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,driving ,,away ,,the ,,slaughterings ,,which ,,are ,,performed ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,nebseni1 the scribe and designer in the ,temples of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 he to whom fair veneration is paid1 the son of the scribe and artist ,thena1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 ,tem1 ,i have become glorious 7or a ,khu7 in the presence of the double ,lion-god1 the great god1 therefore open thou unto me the gate of the god ,seb4 ,i smell the earth 7i4e41 ,i bow down so that my nose toucheth the ground7 of the great god who dwelleth in the underworld1 and ,i advance into the presence of the company of the gods who dwell with the beings who are in the underworld4 ,hail1 thou guardian of the divine door of the city of ,beta1 thou god ,neti787 who dwellest in ,amentet1 ,i eat food1 and ,i have life through the air1 and the god ,atch-ur leadeth me with him to the mighty boat of ,khepera4 ,i hold converse with the divine mariners at eventide1 ,i enter in1 ,i go forth1 and ,i see the being who is there2 ,i lift him up1 and ,i say that which ,i have to say unto him1 whose throat stinketh for lack of air4 ,i have life1 and ,i am delivered1 having lain down in death4 ,hail1 thou that bringest offerings and oblations1 bring forward thy mouth and make to draw nigh the writings 7or lists7 of offerings and oblations4 ,set thou ,right and ,truth firmly upon their throne1 make thou the writings to draw nigh1 and set thou up the goddesses in the presence of ,osiris1 the mighty god1 the ,prince of everlastingness1 who counteth his years1 who hearkeneth unto those who are in the islands 7or pools71 who raiseth his right shoulder1 who judgeth the divine princes1 and who sendeth ,osiris into the presence of the great sovereign princes who live in the underworld40 ,abolishing ,the ,slaughterings ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #f74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,driving ,,back ,,the ,,slaughterings ,,which ,,are ,,performed ,,in ,,suten-,,henen4 ,osiris ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,o thou land of the sceptre6 7literally1 wood7 ,o thou white crown of the divine form6 ,o thou resting-place of the boat6 ,i am the ,child1 ,i am the ,child1 ,i am the ,child1 ,i am the ,child4 ,hail1 ,abu-ur1 thou sayest day by day3 #8,the slaughter-block is made ready as thou knowest1 and thou hast come to decay4' ,i am ,r1 the stablisher of those who praise him4 ,i am the knot of the god within the ,aser tree1 the doubly beautiful one1 who is more splendid than yesterday 7say four times74 ,i am ,r1 the stablisher of those who praise him4 ,i am the knot of the god within the ,aser tree1 and my going forth is the going forth of ,r on this day40 8,my hair is the hair of ,nu4 ,my face is the face of the ,disk4 ,my eyes are the eyes of ,hathor4 ,my ears are the ears of ,ap-uat4 ,my nose is the nose of ,khenti-khas4 ,my lips are the lips of ,anpu4 ,my teeth are the teeth of ,serqet4 ,my neck is the neck of the divine goddess ,isis4 ,my hands are the hands of ,ba-neb-,tattu4 ,my forearms are the forearms of ,neith1 the ,lady of ,sais4 ,my backbone is the backbone of ,suti4 ,my phallus is the phallus of ,osiris4 ,my reins are the reins of the ,lords of ,kher-ba4 ,my chest is the chest of the ,mighty one of ,terror4 ,my belly and back are the belly and back of ,sekhet4 ,my buttocks are the buttocks of the ,eye of ,horus4 ,my hips and legs are the hips and legs of ,nut4 ,my feet are the feet of ,ptah4 ,my fingers and my leg-bones are the fingers and leg-bones of the ,living ,gods4 ,there is no member of my body which is not the member of some god4 ,the god ,thoth shieldeth my body altogether1 and ,i am ,r day by day4 ,i shall not be dragged back by my arms1 and none shall lay violent hold upon my hands4 ,and shall do me hurt neither men1 nor gods1 nor the sainted dead1 nor those who have perished1 nor any one of those of ancient times1 nor any mortal1 nor any human being4 ,i am he who cometh forth1 advancing1 whose name is unknown4 ,i am ,yesterday1 and ,seer of millions of years is my name4 ,i pass along1 ,i pass along the paths of the divine celestial judges4 ,i am the lord of eternity1 and ,i decree and ,i judge like the god ,khepera4 ,i am the lord of the ,ureret crown4 ,i am he who dwelleth in the ,utchat and in the ,egg1 in the ,utchat and in the ,egg1 and it is given unto me to live with them4 ,i am he that dwelleth in the ,utchat when it closeth1 and ,i exist by the strength thereof4 ,i come forth and ,i shine2 ,i enter in and ,i come to life4 ,i am in the ,utchat17#cg7 my seat is upon my throne1 and ,i sit in the abode of splendor787 before it4 ,i am ,horus and 7,i7 traverse millions of years4 ,i have given the decree for the stablishing of my throne and ,i am the ruler thereof2 and in very truth1 my mouth keepeth an even balance both in speech and in silence4 ,in very truth1 my forms are inverted4 ,i am ,un-nefer1 from one season even unto another1 and what ,i have is within me2 ,i am the only ,one1 who proceedeth from an only ,one who goeth round about in his course4 ,i am he who dwelleth in the ,utchat1 no evil thing of any form or kind shall spring up against me1 and no baleful object1 and no harmful thing1 and no disastrous thing shall happen unto me4 ,i open the door in heaven1 ,i govern my throne1 and ,i open up the way for the births which take place on this day4 ,i am 787 the child who marcheth along the road of ,yesterday4 ,i am ,to-day for untold nations and peoples4 ,i am he who protecteth you for millions of years1 and whether ye be denizens of the heavens1 or of the earth1 or of the south1 or of the north1 or of the east1 or of the west1 the fear of me is in your bodies4 ,i am he whose being has been moulded in his eye1 and ,i shall not die again4 ,my moment is in your bodies1 but my forms are in my place of habitation4 ,i am he who cannot be known1 but the ,red ,ones have their faces directed toward me4 ,i am the unveiled one4 ,the season wherein the god created the heavens for me and enlarged the bounds of the earth and made great the progeny thereof cannot be found out2 but they fail and are not united again4 ,my name setteth itself apart from all things and from the great evil which is in the mouths of men by reason of the speech which ,i address unto you4 ,i am he who riseth and shineth1 the wall which cometh out of a wall1 an only ,one who proceedeth from an only ,one4 ,there is never a day that passeth without the things which appertain unto him being therein2 passing1 passing1 passing1 passing4 ,verily ,i say unto thee1 ,i am the ,sprout which cometh forth from ,nu1 and my ,mother is ,nut4 ,hail1 ,o my ,creator1 ,i am he who hath no power to walk1 the great ,knot who is within yesterday4 ,the might of my strength is within my hand4 ,i myself am not known1 but ,i am he who knoweth thee4 ,i cannot be held with the hand1 but ,i am he who can hold thee in his hand4 ,hail1 ,o ,egg6 ,hail1 ,o ,egg6 ,i am ,horus who lives for millions of years1 whose flame shineth upon you and bringeth your hearts to me4 ,i have the command of my throne and ,i advance at this season1 ,i have opened a path1 and ,i have delivered myself from all evil things4 ,i am the dog-headed ape of gold three palms and two fingers high1 which hath neither arms nor legs and dwelleth in ,het-ka-,ptah 7,memphis71 and ,i go forth as goeth forth the dog-headed ape that dwelleth in ,het-ka-,ptah40 ,air ,and ,water ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ab74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,snuffing ,,the ,,air ,,and ,,of ,,having ,,the ,,mastery ,,over ,,the ,,water ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 ,hp-ur1 god of heaven1 in thy name of #8,divider of heaven1' grant thou unto me that ,i may have dominion over the water1 even as the goddess ,sekhet had power over ,osiris on the night of the storms and floods4 ,grant thou that ,i may have power over the divine princes who have their habitations in the place of the god of the inundation1 even as they have power over their own holy god of whose name they are ignorant2 and may they let me have power even as he hath let them have power40 8,my nostrils are opened in ,tattu10 or 7as others say71 8,my mouth and my nostrils are opened in ,ttu1 and ,i have my place of peace in ,annu1 which is my house2 it was built for me by the goddess ,sesheta1 and the god ,khnemu set it up for me upon its walls4 ,if to this heaven it cometh by the north1 ,i sit at the south2 if to this heaven it cometh by the south1 ,i sit at the north2 if to this heaven it cometh by the west1 ,i sit at the east2 and if to this heaven it cometh by the east1 ,i sit at the west4 ,i draw the hair of my nostrils1 and ,i make my way into every place in which ,i wish to sit40 ,in the ,papyrus of ,nefer-uben-f 7see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #gj7 this chapter ends quite differently1 and reads3 8,i am strong in my mouth and in my nostrils1 for behold ,tem has stablished them2 behold1 ,o ye gods and ,khus4 ,rest thou1 then1 ,o ,tem4 ,behold the staff which blossometh1 and which cometh forth when a man crieth out in your names4 ,behold1 ,i am ,tem1 the tree 787 of the gods in their visible forms4 ,let me not be turned back4444 ,i am the ,am-khent1 ,nefer-uben-f1 triumphant4 ,let neither my flesh nor my members be gashed with knives1 let me not be wounded by knives by you4 ,i have come1 ,i have been judged1 ,i have come forth therein1 ,i have power with my father1 the ,old man1 ,nu4 ,he hath granted that ,i may live1 he hath given strength unto me1 and he hath provided me with the inheritance of my father therein40 ,dominion ,over ,elements ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #af74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,breathing ,,the ,,air ,,and ,,of ,,having ,,dominion ,,over ,,the ,,water ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,osiris ,ani saith3 8,open to me40 ,who art thou8 ,whither goest thou8 ,what is thy name8 8,i am one of you40 ,who are those with thee8 8,the two serpent goddesses ,merti4 ,separate thou from him1 head from head1 when thou goest into the divine ,mesqen chamber4 ,he letteth me set out for the temple of the gods who have found their faces4 #8,assembler of ,souls' is the name of my boat2 #8,making the hair to stand on end' is the name of the oars2 #8,goad' is the name of the hold2 #8,making straight for the middle' is the name of the rudder2 likewise the boat is a type of my being borne onward in the pool4 ,let there be given unto me vessels of milk1 together with cakes1 and loaves of bread1 and cups of drink1 and flesh in the ,temple of ,anpu40 ,,if ,,he 7,i4,e41 ,,the ,,deceased7 ,,knoweth ,,this ,,chapter1 ,,he ,,shall ,,go ,,into1 ,,after ,,coming ,,forth ,,from1 ,,the ,,underworld ,,of ,,the ,,beautiful ,,amentet4 ,dominion ,over ,elements ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #af74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,snuffing ,,the ,,air1 ,,and ,,of ,,having ,,dominion ,,over ,,the ,,waters ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,osiris ,ani saith3 8,hail1 thou sycamore tree of the goddess ,nut6 ,grant thou to me of the water and of the air which dwell in thee4 ,i embrace the throne which is in ,unnu 7,hermopolis71 and ,i watch and guard the egg of ,nekek-ur 7i4e41 the ,great ,cackler74 ,it groweth1 ,i grow2 it liveth1 ,i live2 it snuffeth the air1 ,i snuff the air1 ,i the ,osiris ,ani1 in triumph40 ,dominion ,over ,elements ,from ,lepsius1 8,todtenbuch10 ,bl4 #bc4 ,,another ,,chapter4 ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 triumphant1 saith3 8,let the gates of heaven be opened for me by the god ,thoth and by ,hpi1 and let me pass through the doors of ,ta-qebh7#ch7 into the great heaven10 or 7as others say71 8at the time10 or 7as others say71 8with the strength787 of ,r4 ,grant ye1 ,o ,thoth and ,hpi1 that ,i may have power over the water1 even as ,set had power over his enemies on the day when there were storms and rain upon the earth4 ,let me have power over the divine beings who have mighty arms in their shoulders1 even as the god who is apparelled in splendor and whose name is unknown had power over them2 and may ,i have power over the beings whose arms are mighty40 ,preservation ,of ,the ,soul ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #ae74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,letting ,,the ,,soul ,,of ,a ,,man ,,be ,,taken ,,from ,,him ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,osiris1 the ,scribe ,ani1 saith3 8,i1 even ,i1 am he who came forth from the water-flood which ,i make to overflow1 and which becometh mighty as the river ,nile40 ,of ,drinking ,water ,from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni 7,british ,museum ,no4 #i1ijj1 sheet #d74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,drinking ,,water ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,the scribe ,nebseni 444 saith3 8,may be opened to me the mighty flood by ,osiris1 and may the abyss of water be opened to me by ,tehuti-,hpi1 the lord of the horizon1 in my name of #8,opener4' ,may there be granted to me mastery over the water-courses as over the members of ,set4 ,i go forth into heaven4 ,i am the ,lion-god ,r4 ,i am the ,bull4 ,i have eaten the ,thigh1 and ,i have divided the carcass4 ,i have gone round about among the islands 7or lakes7 of ,sekhet-,aaru4 ,indefinite time1 without beginning and without end1 hath been given to me2 ,i inherit eternity1 and everlastingness hath been bestowed upon me40 ,the last three chapters1 with a single vignette1 are grouped in one in the ,papyrus of ,nefer-uben-f 7see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #gb72 but the order of them as there given is #fa1 #fj1 #fb4 ,in the ,turin ,papyrus 7,lepsius1 op4 cit41 ,bl4 #bc7 the vignette of each is the same1 i4e41 the deceased holding a sail in his left hand4 ,of ,drinking ,water ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #g74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,drinking ,,water ,,and ,,of ,,not ,,being ,,burnt ,,by ,,fire ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 ,bull of ,amentet6 ,i am brought unto thee1 ,i am the oar of ,r wherewith he ferried over the divine aged ones2 let me neither be burnt up nor destroyed by fire4 ,i am ,bet1 the first-born son of ,osiris1 who doth meet every god within his ,eye in ,annu4 ,i am the divine ,heir1 the exalted one7871 the ,mighty ,one1 the ,resting ,one4 ,i have made my name to germinate1 ,i have delivered it1 and thou shalt live through me day by day40 ,preservation ,from ,scalding ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ab74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,being ,,scalded ,,with ,,water4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am the oar made ready for rowing1 wherewith ,r transported the boat containing the divine ancestors1 and lifted up the moist emanations of ,osiris from the ,lake of ,fire1 and he was not burned4 ,i lie down like a divine ,khu1 and like ,khnemu who dwelleth among lions4 ,come1 break away the restraints from him that passeth by the side of this path1 and let me come forth by it40 ,on ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni 7,british ,museum ,no4 #i1ijj1 sheets #bc and #bd74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,by ,,day ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,nebseni1 the lord of reverence1 saith3 8,i am ,yesterday1 ,to-day1 and ,to-morrow1 and ,i have the power to be born a second time2 ,i am the divine hidden ,soul who createth the gods1 and who giveth sepulchral meals unto the denizens of the ,tuat 7underworld71 ,amentet1 and heaven4 ,i am the rudder of the east1 the possessor of two divine faces wherein his beams are seen4 ,i am the lord of the men who are raised up2 the lord who cometh forth from out of the darkness1 and whose forms of existence are of the house wherein are the dead4 ,hail1 ye two hawks who are perched upon your resting-places1 who hearken unto the things which are said by him1 who guide the bier to the hidden place1 who lead along ,r1 and who follow him into the uppermost place of the shrine which is in the celestial heights6 ,hail1 lord of the shrine which standeth in the middle of the earth4 ,he is ,i1 and ,i am he1 and ,ptah hath covered his sky with crystal4 ,hail ,r1 thou who art content1 thy heart is glad by reason of thy beautiful law of the day2 thou enterest in by ,khemennu787 and comest forth at the east1 and the divine first-born beings who are in thy presence cry out with gladness unto thee4 ,make thou thy roads glad for me1 and make broad for me thy paths when ,i shall set out from earth for the life in the celestial regions4 ,send forth thy light upon me1 ,o ,soul unknown1 for ,i am one of those who are about to enter in1 and the divine speech is in my ears in the ,tuat 7underworld71 and let no defects of my mother be imputed unto me2 let me be delivered and let me be safe from him whose divine eyes sleep at eventide1 when he gathereth together and finisheth the day in night4 ,i flood the land with water1 and #8,qem-ur' is my name1 and the garment wherewith ,i am clothed is complete4 ,hail1 thou divine prince ,ati-she-f1 cry out unto those divine beings who dwell in their hair at the season when the god is lifted upon the shoulder1 saying3 #8,come thou who dwellest above thy divine abyss of water1 for verily the thigh of the sacrifice is tied to the neck1 and the buttocks are laid upon the head of ,amentet4' ,may the ,ur-urti goddesses 7i4e41 ,isis and ,nephthys7 grant such gifts unto me when my tears start from me as ,i see myself journeying with the divine ,tena in ,abydos1 and the wooden fastenings which fasten the four doors above thee are in thy power within thy garment4 ,thy face is like that of a greyhound which scenteth with his nose the place whither ,i go on my feet4 ,the god ,akau transported me to the chamber7871 and my nurse is the divine double ,lion-god himself4 ,i am made strong and ,i come forth like him that forceth a way through the gate1 and the radiance which my heart hath made is enduring2 #8,i know the abysses' is thy name4 ,i work for you1 ,o ye ,khus--#d1jjj1jjj1 #fjj1jjj1 #a1jjj1 and #bjj are they--concerning the things which are there4 ,i am over their affairs working for hours and days in setting straight the shoulders of the twelve ,sah gods1 and joining the hands of their company1 each to each2 the sixth who is at the head of the abyss is the hour of the defeat of the ,fiends4 ,i have come there in triumph1 and ,i am he who is in the halls 7or courtyards7 of the underworld1 and ,i am he who is laid under tribute to ,shu4 ,i rise as the ,lord of ,life through the beautiful law of this day1 and it is their blood and the cool water of their slaughter which make the union of the earth to blossom4 ,i make a way among the horns of all those who make themselves strong against me1 and among those who in secret make themselves adversaries unto me1 and who are upon their bellies4 ,i have come as the envoy of my ,lord of lords to give counsel concerning ,osiris2 the eye shall not absorb7#ci7 its tears4 ,i am the divine envoy787 of the house of him that dwelleth in his possessions1 and ,i have come from ,sekhem to ,annu to make known to the ,bennu bird therein concerning the events of the ,tuat 7underworld74 ,hail1 thou ,aukert 7i4e41 underworld7 which hidest thy companion who is in thee1 thou creator of forms of existence like the god ,khepera1 grant thou that ,nebseni1 the scribe and designer to the temples of the ,south and of the ,north1 may come forth to see the ,disk1 and that his journeyings forth787 may be in the presence of the great god1 that is to say1 ,shu1 who dwelleth in everlastingness4 ,let me journey on in peace2 let me pass over the sky2 let me adore the radiance of the splendor which is in my sight2 let me soar like a bird to see the companies787 of the ,khus in the presence of ,r day by day1 who vivifieth every human being that walketh upon the regions which are upon the earth4 ,hail1 ,hemti 7i4e41 ,runner72 ,hail1 ,hemti2 who carriest away the shades of the dead and the ,khus from earth1 grant thou unto me a prosperous way to the ,tuat 7underworld71 such as is made for the favored ones of the god1 because ,i am helpless to gather together the emanations which come from me4 ,who art thou1 then1 who consumest in its hidden place8 ,i am the ,chief in ,re-stau1 and #8,he that goeth in in his own name and cometh forth in that of ,hehi7871 the lord of millions of years1 and of the earth1' is my name4 ,the pregnant goddess hath deposited upon the earth her load1 and hath given birth to ,hit straightway2 the closed door which is by the wall is overthrown1 it is turned upside down and ,i rejoice thereat4 ,to the ,mighty ,one hath his eye been given1 and it sendeth forth light from his face when the earth becometh light 7or at daybreak74 ,i shall not become corrupt1 but ,i shall come into being in the form of the ,lion-god and like the blossoms of ,shu2 ,i am the being who is never overwhelmed in the waters4 ,happy1 yea happy is he that looked upon the funeral couch which hath come to its place of rest1 upon the happy day of the god whose heart resteth1 who maketh his place of alighting thereon4 ,i am he who cometh forth by day2 the lord of the bier which giveth life in the presence of ,osiris4 ,in very truth the things which are thine are stable each day1 ,o scribe1 artist1 child of the ,seshet chamber1 ,nebseni1 lord of veneration4 ,i clasp the sycamore tree1 ,i myself am joined unto the sycamore tree1 and its arms are opened unto me graciously4 ,i have come and ,i have clasped the ,utchat1 and ,i have caused it to be seated in peace upon its throne4 ,i have come to see ,r when he setteth1 and ,i absorb into myself the winds which arise when he cometh forth1 and both my hands are clean to adore him4 ,i have gathered together all my members1 ,i have gathered together all my members4 ,i soar like a bird and ,i descend upon the earth1 and mine eye maketh me to walk thereon in my footsteps4 ,i am the child of yesterday1 and the ,akeru gods of the earth have made me to come into being1 and they have made me strong for my moment of coming forth4 ,i hide with the god ,aba-iu who will walk behind me1 and my members shall germinate1 and my khu shall be as an amulet for my body and as one who watcheth to protect my soul and to defend it and to converse therewith2 and the company of the gods shall hearken unto my words40 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,deceased ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,victorious ,,both ,,upon ,,earth ,,and ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,,he ,,shall ,,do ,,whatsoever ,a ,,man ,,doeth ,,who ,,is ,,upon ,,the ,,earth1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,perform ,,all ,,the ,,deeds ,,which ,,those ,,do ,,who ,,are ,,alive4 ,,now ,,it ,,is ,a ,,great ,,protection ,,given ,,by ,,the ,,god4 ,,this ,,chapter ,,was ,,found ,,in ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,khe-,,mennu ,,inscribed ,,upon ,,the ,,block ,,of ,,iron ,,in ,,letters ,,of ,,lapis-,,lazuli ,,which ,,was ,,under ,,the ,,feet ,,of ,,this ,,god4 ,in the rubric to this chapter as found in the ,papyrus of ,mes-em-neter1 the chapter is said to have been 8discovered in the foundations of the shrine of the divine ,hennu boat by the chief mason in the time of the ,king of the ,north and of the ,south1 ,hesepti17#dj7 triumphant10 and it is there directed that it shall be recited by one who is ceremonially pure and clean1 and who hath not touched women1 and who hath not eaten flesh of animals or fish4 ,chapter ,of ,knowledge ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ac74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,knowing ,,the 8,,chapters ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,by ,,day0 ,,in ,a ,,single ,,chapter4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,osiris ,nu1 triumphant1 begotten of the overseer of the palace1 ,amen-hetep1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am ,yesterday and ,to-morrow2 and ,i have the power to be born a second time4 ,i am the divine hidden ,soul1 who createth the gods1 and who giveth sepulchral meals to the divine hidden beings in the ,tuat 7underworld71 in ,amenti1 and in heaven4 ,i am the rudder of the east1 the possessor of two divine faces wherein his beams are seen4 ,i am the lord of those who are raised up1 the lord who cometh forth from out of the darkness4 ,hail1 ye two divine ,hawks who are perched upon your resting-places1 and who hearken unto the things which are said by him1 the thigh of the sacrifice is tied to the neck1 and the buttocks are laid upon the head of ,amentet4 ,may the ,ur-urti goddesses 7i4e41 ,isis and ,nephthys7 grant such gifts unto me when my tears start from me as ,i look on4 #8,i know the abysses' is thy name4 ,i work for you1 ,o ye ,khus1 who are in number four millions1 six hundred1 and #a1jjj1 and #bjj1 and they are in height twelve cubits4 ,ye travel on joining the hands1 each to each1 but the sixth hour1 which belongeth at the head of the ,tuat 7underworld71 is the hour of the overthrow of the ,fiend4 ,i have come there in triumph1 and ,i am he who is in the hall 7or courtyard7 of the ,tuat2 and the seven787 come in his manifestations4 ,the strength which protecteth me is that which hath my ,khu under its protection1 that is the blood1 and the cool water1 and the slaughterings which abound7874 ,i open a way among the horns of all those who would do harm unto me1 who keep themselves hidden1 who make themselves adversaries unto me1 and those who are upon their bellies4 ,the ,eye shall not eat 7or absorb7 the tears of the goddess ,aukert4 ,hail1 goddess ,aukert1 open thou unto me the enclosed place1 and grant thou unto me pleasant roads whereupon ,i may travel4 ,who art thou1 then1 who consumest in the hidden places8 ,i am the ,chief in ,re-stau1 and ,i go in and come forth in my name of #8,hehi1 the lord of millions of years and of the earth'2 ,i am the maker of my name4 ,the pregnant one hath deposited upon the earth her load4 ,the door by the wall is shut fast1 and the things of terror are overturned and thrown down upon the backbone787 of the ,bennu bird by the two ,samait goddesses4 ,to the ,mighty ,one hath his ,eye been given1 and his face emitteth light when he illumineth the earth1 my name is his name47#da7 ,i shall not become corrupt1 but ,i shall come into being in the form of the ,lion-god2 the blossoms of ,shu shall be in me4 ,i am he who is never overwhelmed in the waters4 ,happy1 yea happy1 is the funeral couch of the ,still-heart2 he maketh himself to alight upon the pool7871 and verily he cometh forth therefrom4 ,i am the lord of my life4 ,i have come to this place1 and ,i have come forth from ,re-a-urt the city of ,osiris4 ,verily the things which are thine are with the ,sariu deities4 ,i have clasped the sycamore tree and ,i have divided787 it2 ,i have opened a way for myself among the ,sekhiu gods of the ,tuat4 ,i have come to see him that dwelleth in his divine urus1 face to face and eye to eye1 and ,i draw to myself the winds which rise when he cometh forth4 ,my two eyes787 are weak in my face1 ,o ,lion-god1 ,babe1 who dwellest in ,utent4 ,thou art in me and ,i am in thee2 and thy attributes are my attributes4 ,i am the god of the ,inundation 7,bh71 and #8,qem-ur-she' is my name4 ,my forms are the forms of the god ,khepera1 the hair of the earth of ,tem1 the hair of the earth of ,tem4 ,i have entered in as a man of no understanding1 and ,i shall come forth in the form of a strong ,khu1 and ,i shall look upon my form which shall be that of men and women forever and forever40 ,i47#db7 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,known ,,by ,a ,,man ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,by ,,day1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,not ,,be ,,repulsed ,,at ,,any ,,gate ,,of ,,the ,,tuat 7,,underworld71 ,,either ,,in ,,going ,,in ,,or ,,in ,,coming ,,out4 ,,he ,,shall ,,perform ,,all ,,the ,,transformations ,,which ,,his ,,heart ,,shall ,,desire ,,for ,,him ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,not ,,die2 ,,behold1 ,,the ,,soul ,,of ,,this ,,man ,,shall ,,flourish4 ,,and ,,moreover1 ,,if ,,he ,,know ,,this ,,chapter ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,victorious ,,upon ,,earth ,,and ,,in ,,the ,,underworld1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,perform ,,every ,,act ,,of ,a ,,living ,,human ,,being4 ,,now ,,it ,,is ,a ,,great ,,protection ,,which ,,hath ,,been ,,given ,,by ,,the ,,god4 ,,this ,,chapter ,,was ,,found ,,in ,,the ,,foundations ,,of ,,the ,,shrine ,,of ,,hennu ,,by ,,the ,,chief ,,mason ,,during ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,his ,,majesty ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,the ,,north ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,south1 ,,hesepti1 ,,triumphant1 ,,who ,,carried ,,it ,,away ,,as ,a ,,mysterious ,,object ,,which ,,had ,,never ,,before ,,been ,,seen ,,or ,,looked ,,upon4 ,,this ,,chapter ,,shall ,,be ,,recited ,,by ,a ,,man ,,who ,,is ,,ceremonially ,,clean ,,and ,,pure1 ,,who ,,hath ,,not ,,eaten ,,the ,,flesh ,,of ,,animals ,,or ,,fish1 ,,and ,,who ,,hath ,,not ,,had ,,intercourse ,,with ,,women4 ,,ii47#dc7 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,deceased ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,victorious ,,both ,,upon ,,earth ,,and ,,in ,,the ,,underworld1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,perform ,,every ,,act ,,of ,a ,,living ,,human ,,being4 ,,now ,,it ,,is ,a ,,great ,,protection ,,which ,,hath ,,been ,,given ,,by ,,the ,,god4 ,,this ,,chapter ,,was ,,found ,,in ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,khemennu1 ,,upon ,a ,,block ,,of ,,iron ,,of ,,the ,,south1 ,,which ,,had ,,been ,,inlaid ,,with ,,letters ,,of ,,real ,,lapis-,,lazuli1 ,,under ,,the ,,feet ,,of ,,the ,,god ,,during ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,his ,,majesty1 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,the ,,north ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,south1 ,,men-,,kau-,,ra 7,,mycerinus7 ,,triumphant1 ,,by ,,the ,,royal ,,son ,,heru-,,ta-,,ta-,f17#dd7 ,,triumphant2 ,,he ,,found ,,it ,,when ,,he ,,was ,,journeying ,,about ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,inspection ,,of ,,the ,,temples4 ,,one ,,nekht787 ,,was ,,with ,,him ,,who ,,was ,,diligent ,,in ,,making ,,him ,,to ,,understand787 ,,it1 ,,and ,,he ,,brought ,,it ,,to ,,the ,,king ,,as ,a ,,wonderful ,,object ,,when ,,he ,,saw ,,that ,,it ,,was ,a ,,thing ,,of ,,great ,,mystery1 ,,which ,,had ,,never ,,before ,,been ,,seen ,,or ,,looked ,,upon4 ,,this ,,chapter ,,shall ,,be ,,recited ,,by ,a ,,man ,,who ,,is ,,ceremonially ,,clean ,,and ,,pure1 ,,who ,,hath ,,not ,,eaten ,,the ,,flesh ,,of ,,animals ,,or ,,fish1 ,,and ,,who ,,hath ,,not ,,had ,,intercourse ,,with ,,women4 ,,and ,,behold1 ,,thou ,,shalt ,,make ,a ,,scarab ,,of ,,green ,,stone1 ,,with ,a ,,rim ,,plated787 ,,with ,,gold1 ,,which ,,shall ,,be ,,placed ,,in ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,a ,,man1 ,,and ,,it ,,shall ,,perform ,,for ,,him ,,the 8,,opening ,,of ,,the ,,mouth40 ,,and ,,thou ,,shalt ,,anoint ,,it ,,with ,,anti ,,unguent1 ,,and ,,thou ,,shalt ,,recite ,,over ,,it ,,these ,,enchantments37#de7 ,of ,gaining ,mastery ,over ,enemies ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ae74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,by ,,day ,,and ,,of ,,gaining ,,the ,,mastery ,,over ,,enemies4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 saith3 8,r sitteth in his habitation of millions of years1 and he hath gathered together the company of the gods1 with those divine beings1 whose faces are hidden1 who dwell in the ,temple of ,khepera1 who eat the god ,bh1 and who drink the drink-offerings which are brought into the celestial regions of light2 and conversely4 ,grant that ,i may take possession of the captives of ,osiris1 and never let me have my being among the fiends of ,suti6 ,hail1 let me sit upon his folds in the habitation of the god ,user-ba 7i4e41 he of the strong ,soul76 ,grant thou that ,i may sit upon the throne of ,r1 and let me have possession of my body before the god ,seb4 ,grant thou that ,osiris may come forth triumphant over ,suti and over the night-watchers of ,suti1 and over the night-watchers of the ,crocodile1 yea the night-watchers of the ,crocodile1 whose faces are hidden and who dwell in the divine ,temple of the ,king of the ,north in the apparel of the gods on the sixth day of the festival1 whose snares are like unto everlastingness and whose cords are like unto eternity4 ,i have seen the god ,abet-ka placing the cord2 the child is laid in fetters1 and the rope of the god ,ab-ka is drawn tight787 444 ,behold me4 ,i am born1 and ,i come forth in the form of a living ,khu1 and the human beings who are upon the earth ascribe praise unto me4 ,hail1 ,mer1 who doest these things for me1 and who art put an end to by the vigor of ,r1 grant thou that ,i may see ,r2 grant thou that ,i may come forth against my enemies2 and grant thou that ,i may be victorious over them in the presence of the sovereign princes of the great god who are in the presence of the great god4 ,if1 repulsing me1 thou dost not allow me to come forth against my ,enemy and to be victorious over him before the sovereign princes1 then may ,hpi--who liveth upon law and order--not come forth into heaven--now he liveth by ,mat--and may ,r--who feedeth upon fish--not descend into the waters6 ,and then1 verily shall ,r--who feedeth upon right and order--come forth into heaven1 and then1 verily1 shall ,hpi--who feedeth upon fish--descend into the waters2 and then1 verily1 the great day upon the earth shall not be in its season4 ,i have come against my ,enemy1 he hath been given unto me1 he hath come to an end1 and ,i have gotten possession of him before the sovereign princes40 ,victory ,over ,enemies ,from ,lepsius1 8,todtenbuch10 ,bl4 #be4 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,by ,,day ,,and ,,of ,,gaining ,,the ,,mastery ,,over ,,enemies4 8,hail1 thou who shinest from the ,moon and who sendest forth light therefrom1 thou comest forth among thy multitudes1 and thou goest round about1 let me rise10 or 7as others say71 8let me be brought in among the ,khus1 and let the underworld be opened unto me4 ,behold1 ,i have come forth on this day1 and ,i have become a ,khu 7or a shining being72 therefore shall the ,khus let me live1 and they shall cause my enemies to be brought to me in a state of misery in the presence of the divine sovereign princes4 ,the divine ka 7double7 of my mother shall rest in peace because of this1 and ,i shall stand upon my feet and have a staff of gold10 or 7as others say71 8a rod of gold in my hand1 wherewith ,i shall inflict cuts on the limbs of mine enemy and shall live4 ,the legs of ,sothis are stablished1 and ,i am born in their state of rest40 ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,from the ,papyrus of ,amen-em-heb 7,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #gh74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,by ,,day4 ,the scribe ,mhu saith3 8,i have knowledge4 ,i was conceived by the goddess ,sekhet1 and the goddess ,neith gave birth to me2 ,i am ,horus1 and ,i have come forth from the ,eye of ,horus4 ,i am ,uatchit who came forth from ,horus4 ,i am ,horus and ,i fly up and perch myself upon the forehead of ,r in the bows of his boat which is in heaven40 ,opening ,the ,underworld ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ae74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,opening ,,the ,,underworld4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,the chamber of those who dwell in ,nu is opened1 and the footsteps of those who dwell with the god of ,light are set free4 ,the chamber of ,shu is opened1 and he cometh forth2 and ,i shall come forth outside1 and ,i shall advance from my territory7871 ,i shall receive 444 and ,i shall lay firm hold upon the tribute in the ,house of the ,chief of his dead4 ,i shall advance to my throne which is in the boat of ,r4 ,i shall not be molested1 and ,i shall not suffer shipwreck from my throne which is in the boat of ,r1 the mighty one4 ,hail thou that shinest and givest light from ,hent-she60 ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #g74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,by ,,day4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,the doors of heaven are opened for me1 the doors of earth are opened for me1 the bars and bolts of ,seb are opened for me1 and the first temple hath been unfastened for me by the god ,petra4 ,behold1 ,i was guarded and watched1 but now ,i am released2 behold1 his hand had tied cords round me and his hand had darted upon me in the earth4 ,re-hent hath been opened for me and ,re-hent hath been unfastened before me1 ,re-hent hath been given unto me1 and ,i shall come forth by day into whatsoever place ,i please4 ,i have gained the mastery over my heart2 ,i have gained the mastery over my breast7872 ,i have gained the mastery over my two hands2 ,i have gained the mastery over my two feet2 ,i have gained the mastery over my mouth2 ,i have gained the mastery over my whole body2 ,i have gained the mastery over sepulchral offerings2 ,i have gained the mastery over the waters2 ,i have gained the mastery over the air2 ,i have gained the mastery over the canal2 ,i have gained the mastery over the river and over the land2 ,i have gained the mastery over the furrows2 ,i have gained the mastery over the male workers for me2 ,i have gained the mastery over the female workers for me in the underworld2 ,i have gained the mastery over all the things which were ordered to be done for me upon the earth1 according to the entreaty which ye spake for me saying1 #8,behold1 let him live upon the bread of ,seb4' ,that which is an abomination unto me1 ,i shall not eat2 nay ,i shall live upon cakes made of white grain1 and my ale shall be made of the red grain of ,hpi 7i4e41 the ,nile74 ,in a clean place shall ,i sit on the ground beneath the foliage of the date-palm of the goddess ,hathor1 who dwelleth in the spacious ,disk as it advanceth to ,annu 7,heliopolis71 having the books of the divine words of the writings of the god ,thoth4 ,i have gained the mastery over my heart2 ,i have gained the mastery over my heart's place 7or breast72 ,i have gained the mastery over my mouth2 ,i have gained the mastery over my two hands2 ,i have gained the mastery over the waters2 ,i have gained the mastery over the canal2 ,i have gained the mastery over the river2 ,i have gained the mastery over the furrows2 ,i have gained the mastery over the men who work for me2 ,i have gained the mastery over the women who work for me in the underworld2 ,i have gained the mastery over all the things which were ordered to be done for me upon earth and in the underworld4 ,i shall lift myself up on my left side1 and ,i shall place myself on my right side2 ,i shall lift myself up on my right side1 and ,i shall place myself on my left side4 ,i shall sit down1 ,i shall stand up1 and ,i shall place myself in the path of the wind like a guide who is well prepared40 ,,if ,,this ,,composition ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,deceased ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,by ,,day1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,in ,a ,,position ,,to ,,journey ,,about ,,over ,,the ,,earth ,,among ,,the ,,living4 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,never ,,suffer ,,diminution1 ,,never1 ,,never4 ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,from the ,papyrus of ,mes-em-neter 7,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #ha74 ,,another ,,chapter4 8,i am the ,fire-god1 the divine brother of the ,fire-god1 and ,i am ,osiris the brother of ,isis4 ,my divine son1 together with his mother ,isis1 hath avenged me on mine enemies4 ,my enemies have wrought every kind of evil1 therefore their arms1 and hands1 and feet1 have been fettered by reason of their wickedness which they have wrought upon me4 ,i am ,osiris1 the first-born of the divine womb1 the first-born of the gods1 and the heir of my father ,osiris-,seb7874 ,i am ,osiris1 the lord of the heads that live1 mighty of breast and powerful of back1 with a phallus which goeth to the remotest limits where men and women live4 ,i am ,sah 7,orion7 who travelleth over his domain and who journeyeth along before the stars of heaven1 which is the belly of my mother ,nut2 she conceived me through her love1 and she gave birth to me because it was her will so to do4 ,i am ,anpu 7,anubis7 on the day of the god ,sepa4 ,i am the ,bull at the head of the meadow4 ,i1 even ,i1 am ,osiris who imprisoned his father together with his mother on the day of making the great slaughter2 now1 his father is ,seb1 and his mother is ,nut4 ,i am ,horus1 the first-born of ,r of the risings4 ,i am ,anpu 7,anubis7 on the day of the god ,sepa4 ,i1 even ,i1 am the lord ,tem4 ,i am ,osiris4 ,hail1 thou divine first-born1 who dost enter and dost speak before the divine ,scribe and ,doorkeeper of ,osiris1 grant that ,i may come4 ,i have become a khu1 ,i have been judged1 ,i have become a divine being1 ,i have come1 and ,i have avenged mine own body4 ,i have taken up my seat by the divine birth-chamber of ,osiris1 and ,i have destroyed the sickness and suffering which were there4 ,i have become mighty1 and ,i have become a divine being by the side of the birth-chamber of ,osiris1 ,i am brought forth with him1 ,i renew my youth1 ,i renew my youth1 ,i take possession of my two thighs which are in the place where is ,osiris1 and ,i open the mouth of the gods therewith1 ,i take my seat by his side1 and ,thoth cometh forth1 and ,i am strengthened in heart with thousands of cakes upon the altars of my divine father1 and with my beasts1 and with my cattle1 and with my red feathered fowl1 and with my oxen1 and with my geese1 and with my ducks1 for ,horus my ,chieftain1 and with the offerings which ,i make to ,thoth1 and with the sacrifices which ,i offer up to ,an-heri-ertaitsa40 ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,from the ,papyrus of ,mes-em-neter 7,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #hb74 ,,another ,,chapter4 8,i have sacrificed unto ,an-heri-ertaitsa1 and ,i am decreed to be strengthened in heart1 for ,i have made offerings at the altars of my divine father ,osiris2 ,i rule in ,tattu and ,i lift myself up over his land4 ,i sniff the wind of the east by its hair2 ,i lay hold upon the north wind by its hair1 ,i seize and hold fast to the west wind by its body1 and ,i go round about heaven on its four sides2 ,i lay hold upon the south wind by its eye1 and ,i bestow air upon the venerable beings who are in the underworld along with the eating of cakes40 ,,if ,,this ,,composition ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,deceased ,,upon ,,earth ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,by ,,day1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,have ,,the ,,faculty ,,of ,,travelling ,,about ,,among ,,the ,,living1 ,,and ,,his ,,name ,,shall ,,never ,,perish4 ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni 7,british ,museum ,no4 #i1ijj1 sheet #af74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,by ,,day4 ,the libationer1 the lord of reverence1 ,nebseni1 saith3 8,hail1 thou hawk who risest in heaven1 thou lord of the goddess ,meh-urt6 ,strengthen thou me according as thou hast strengthened thyself1 and show thyself upon the earth1 ,o thou that returnest and withdrawest thyself1 and let thy will be done40 8,behold the god of ,one ,face is with me4 ,i am the hawk which is within the shrine2 and ,i open that which is upon the hangings thereof4 ,behold ,horus1 the son of ,isis40 8,behold ,horus the son of ,isis6 ,strengthen thou me1 according as thou hast strengthened thyself1 and show thyself upon earth1 ,o thou that returnest and withdrawest thyself1 and let thy will be done40 8,behold1 the god of ,one ,face is with me4 ,i am the hawk in the southern heaven1 and ,i am ,thoth in the northern heaven2 ,i make peace with the raging fire and ,i bring ,mat to him that loveth her40 8,behold ,thoth1 even ,thoth6 ,strengthen thou me according as thou hast strengthened thyself1 and show thyself upon earth1 ,o thou that returnest and withdrawest thyself1 and let thy will be done40 8,behold the god of ,one ,face is with me4 ,i am the ,plant of the region where nothing sprouteth1 and the ,blossom of the hidden horizon40 8,behold ,osiris1 yea ,osiris6 ,strengthen thou me according as thou hast strengthened thyself1 and show thyself upon earth1 ,o thou that returnest and withdrawest thyself1 and let thy will be done40 8,behold1 the god of ,one ,face is with me4 ,hail1 thou who standest upon thy legs1 in thine hour10 or 7as others say71 8,hail1 thou who art victorious upon thy legs in thine hour1 thou lord of the two divine ,tchafi17#df7 who livest in the two divine ,tchafi1 strengthen thou me according as thou hast strengthened thyself1 and show thyself upon earth1 ,o thou that returnest and withdrawest thyself1 and let thy will be done40 8,behold1 the god of ,one ,face is with me4 ,hail1 thou ,nekhen who art in thine egg1 thou lord of the goddess ,meh-urt1 strengthen thou me according as thou hast strengthened thyself1 and show thyself upon earth1 ,o thou that returnest and withdrawest thyself1 and let thy will be done40 8,behold1 the god of ,one ,face is with me4 ,the god ,sebek hath stood up within his ground1 and the goddess ,neith hath stood up within her plantation1 ,o thou that returnest and withdrawest thyself1 show thyself upon earth and let thy will be done40 8,behold1 the god of ,one ,face is with me4 ,hail1 ye seven beings who make decrees1 who support the ,scales on the night of the judgment of the ,utchat1 who cut off heads1 who hack necks in pieces1 who take possession of hearts by violence and rend the places where hearts are fixed1 who make slaughterings in the ,lake of ,fire1 ,i know you and ,i know your names1 therefore know ye me even as ,i know your names4 ,i come forth to you1 therefore come ye forth to me1 for ye live in me and ,i would live in you4 ,make ye me to be vigorous by means of that which is in your hands1 that is to say1 by the rod of power which is in your hands4 ,decree ye for me life by your speech year by year2 give me multitudes of years over and above my years of life1 and multitudes of months over and above my months of life1 and multitudes of days over and above my days of life1 and multitudes of nights over and above my nights of life2 and grant that ,i may come forth and shine upon my statue2 and grant me air for my nose1 and let my eyes have the power to see among those divine beings who dwell in the horizon on the day when evil-doing and wrong are justly assessed40 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,recited ,,for ,,the ,,deceased ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,strong ,,upon ,,earth ,,before ,,ra1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,have ,a ,,comfortable ,,burial 7,,or ,,tomb7 ,,with ,,osiris1 ,,and ,,it ,,shall ,,be ,,of ,,great ,,benefit ,,to ,a ,,man ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,,sepulchral ,,bread ,,shall ,,be ,,given ,,unto ,,him1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,into ,,the ,,presence ,,of ,,ra ,,day ,,by ,,day1 ,,and ,,every ,,day1 ,,regularly1 ,,and ,,continually47#dg7 ,coming ,forth ,by ,day ,from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni 7,british ,museum ,no4 #i1ijj1 sheet #c74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,by ,,day ,,and ,,of ,,opening ,,up ,a ,,way ,,through ,,the ,,ammehet4 ,behold the scribe ,nebseni1 triumphant1 who saith3 8,homage to you1 ,o ye lords of ,kas1 ye who are without sin and who live for the limitless and infinite ons of time which make up eternity1 ,i have opened up a way for myself to you6 ,i have become a khu in my forms1 ,i have gained the mastery over my enchantments1 and ,i am decreed to be a khu2 therefore deliver ye me from the crocodile which liveth in this country of right and truth4 ,grant ye to me my mouth that ,i may speak therewith1 and cause that my sepulchral meals be placed in my hands in your presence1 for ,i know you1 and ,i know your names1 and ,i know also the name of the mighty god1 before whose nose ye set your tchefau food2 and his name is #8,tekem4' ,when he openeth up his path in the eastern horizon of heaven1 and when he fluttereth down in the western horizon of heaven1 may he carry me along with him and may ,i be safe and sound6 ,let not the ,mesqet make an end of me1 let not the ,fiend gain the mastery over me1 let me not be turned back at your portals1 and let not your doors be shut in my face1 because my cakes are in the city of ,pe and my ale is in the city of ,tep4 ,and there1 in the celestial mansions of heaven which my divine father ,tem hath stablished1 let my hands lay hold upon the wheat and the barley which shall be given unto me therein in abundant measure1 and may the son of mine own body make ready for me my food therein4 ,and grant ye unto me therein sepulchral meals1 and incense1 and wax1 and all the beautiful and pure things whereon the god liveth1 in very deed forever in all the transformations which it pleaseth me to perform2 and grant me the power to float down and to sail up the stream in ,sekhet-,aarru and may ,i reach ,sekhet-hetep64 ,i am the double ,lion-god40 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter7#dh7 ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,deceased ,,upon ,,earth1 ,,or ,,if ,,it ,,be ,,done ,,in ,,writing ,,upon ,,his ,,coffin1 ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,by ,,day ,,in ,,all ,,the ,,forms ,,which ,,he ,,is ,,pleased ,,to ,,take1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,enter ,,in ,,to ,,his ,,place ,,and ,,shall ,,not ,,be ,,driven ,,back4 ,,and ,,cakes1 ,,and ,,ale1 ,,and ,,joints ,,of ,,meat ,,upon ,,the ,,altar ,,of ,,osiris ,,shall ,,be ,,given ,,unto ,,him2 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,enter ,,in ,,peace ,,into ,,sekhet-,,aarru ,,to ,,know ,,the ,,decree ,,of ,,him ,,who ,,dwelleth ,,in ,,tattu2 ,,there ,,shall ,,wheat ,,and ,,barley ,,be ,,given ,,unto ,,him2 ,,there ,,shall ,,he ,,flourish ,,as ,,he ,,did ,,upon ,,earth2 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,do ,,whatsoever ,,it ,,pleaseth ,,him ,,to ,,do1 ,,even ,,as ,,the ,,company ,,of ,,the ,,gods ,,which ,,is ,,in ,,the ,,underworld1 ,,continually1 ,,and ,,regularly1 ,,for ,,millions ,,of ,,times4 ,of ,lifting ,up ,the ,feet ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #f74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,lifting ,,up ,,the ,,feet ,,and ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,upon ,,the ,,earth4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,perform thy work1 ,o ,seker1 perform thy work1 ,o ,seker1 ,o thou who dwellest in thy house1 and who standest on thy feet in the underworld6 ,i am the god who sendeth forth rays of light over the ,thigh of heaven1 and ,i come forth to heaven and ,i sit myself down by the ,god of ,light 7,khu74 ,hail1 ,i have become helpless6 ,hail1 ,i have become helpless6 but ,i go forward4 ,i have become helpless1 ,i have become helpless in the regions of those who plunder in the underworld40 ,of ,journeying ,to ,annu ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ac74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,journeying ,,to ,,annu 7,,heliopolis7 ,,and ,,of ,,receiving ,a ,,throne ,,therein4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i have come forth from the uttermost parts of the earth1 and ,i have received my apparel787 at the will787 of the ,ape4 ,i penetrate into the holy habitations of those who are in their shrines 7or coffins71 ,i force my way through the habitations of the god ,remren1 and ,i arrive in the habitations of the god ,akhsesef1 ,i travel on through the holy chambers1 and ,i pass into the ,temple of the god ,kemken4 ,the ,buckle hath been given unto me1 it hath placed its hands upon me1 it hath decreed to my service its sister ,khebent1 and its mother ,kehkehet4 ,it placeth me in the eastern part of heaven wherein ,r riseth and is exalted every day2 and ,i rise therein and travel onward1 and ,i become a spiritual body 7sh7 like the god1 and they set me7#di7 on that holy way on which ,thoth journeyeth when he goeth to make peace between the two ,fighting-gods 7i4e41 ,horus and ,set74 ,he journeyeth1 he journeyeth to the city of ,pe1 and he cometh to the city of ,tepu40 ,of ,transformation ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #i74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,a ,,man ,,transforming ,,himself ,,into ,,whatever ,,form ,,he ,,pleaseth4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i have come into the ,house of the ,king by means of the mantis 7abit7 which led me hither4 ,homage to thee1 ,o thou who fliest into heaven1 and dost shine upon the son of the white crown1 and dost protect the white crown1 let me have my existence with thee6 ,i have gathered together the great gods1 ,i am mighty1 ,i have made my way and ,i have travelled along thereon40 ,of ,performing ,transformations ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #aj74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,performing ,,the ,,transformation ,,into ,a ,,hawk ,,of ,,gold4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i have risen1 ,i have risen like the mighty hawk of gold that cometh forth from his egg2 ,i fly and ,i alight like the hawk which hath a back four cubits wide1 and the wings of which are like unto the mother-of-emerald of the south4 ,i have come forth from the interior of the ,sektet boat1 and my heart hath been brought unto me from the mountain of the east4 ,i have alighted upon the ,atet boat1 and those who were dwelling in their companies have been brought unto me1 and they bowed low in paying homage unto me and in saluting me with cries of joy4 ,i have risen1 and ,i have gathered myself together like the beautiful hawk of gold1 which hath the head of a ,bennu bird1 and ,r entereth in day by day to hearken unto my words2 ,i have taken my seat among those first-born gods of ,nut4 ,i am stablished1 and the divine ,sekhet-hetep is before me1 ,i have eaten therein1 ,i have become a khu therein1 ,i have an abundance therein--as much as ,i desire--the god ,nepra hath given to me my throat1 and ,i have gained the mastery over that which guardeth 7or belongeth to7 my head40 ,of ,transformation ,into ,a ,hawk ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheets #ac and #ad74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,the ,,transformation ,,into ,a ,,divine ,,hawk4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 ,great ,god1 come now to ,tattu6 ,make thou smooth for me the ways and let me go round about to visit my thrones2 ,i have renewed787 myself1 and ,i have raised myself up4 ,o grant thou that ,i may be feared1 and make thou me to be a terror4 ,let the gods of the underworld be afraid of me1 and may they fight for me in their habitations which are therein4 ,let not him that would do me harm draw nigh unto me1 or injure787 me1 in the ,house of ,darkness1 that is1 he that clotheth and covereth the feeble one1 and whose name is hidden2 and let not the gods act likewise toward me4 ,hail1 ye gods1 who hearken unto my speech6 ,hail1 ye rulers1 who are among the followers of ,osiris6 ,be ye therefore silent1 ,o ye gods1 when one god speaketh unto another1 for he hearkeneth unto right and truth2 and what ,i speak unto him do thou also speak for me then1 ,o ,osiris4 ,grant thou that ,i may journey round about according to that which cometh forth from thy mouth concerning me1 and grant that ,i may see thine own ,form 7or forms71 and the dispositions of thy ,souls4 ,grant thou that ,i may come forth1 and that ,i may have power over my legs1 and that ,i may have my existence there like unto that of ,neb-er-tcher who is over all4 ,may the gods of the underworld fear me1 and may they fight for me in their habitations4 ,grant thou that ,i may move along therein together with the divine beings who journey onward1 and may ,i be stablished upon my resting-place like the ,lord of ,life4 ,may ,i be joined unto ,isis the divine lady1 and may she protect me from him that would do an injury unto me2 and let not anyone come to see the divine one naked and helpless4 ,may ,i journey on1 may ,i come into the uttermost parts of heaven4 ,i exchange speech with the god ,seb1 ,i make supplication for divine food from ,neb-er-tcher2 the gods of the underworld have fear of me1 and they fight for me in their habitations when they see that thou hast provided me with food1 both of the fowl of the air and of the fish of the sea4 ,i am one of those ,khus who dwell with the divine ,khu1 and ,i have made my form like unto his divine ,form1 when he cometh forth and maketh himself manifest in ,tattu4 ,i am a spiritual body 7sh7 and possess my soul1 and will speak unto thee the things which concern me4 ,o grant thou that ,i may be feared1 and make thou me to be a terror2 let the gods of the underworld be afraid of me1 and may they fight for me in their habitations4 ,i1 even ,i1 am the ,khu who dwelleth with the divine ,khu1 whom the god ,tem himself hath created1 and who hath come into being from the blossom 7i4e41 the eyelashes7 of his eye2 he hath made to have existence1 and he hath made to be glorious 7i4e41 to be ,khus71 and he hath made mighty thereby those who have their existence along with him4 ,behold1 he is the only ,one in ,nu1 and they sing praises 7or do homage7 unto him when he cometh forth from the horizon1 and the gods and the ,khus who have come into being along with him ascribe the lordship of terror unto him40 8,i am one of those worms787 which the eye of the ,lord1 the only ,one1 hath created4 ,and behold1 when as yet ,isis had not given birth to ,horus1 ,i had germinated1 and had flourished1 and ,i had become aged1 and ,i had become greater than those who dwelt with the divine ,khu1 and who had come into being along with him4 ,and ,i had risen up like the divine hawk1 and ,horus made for me a spiritual body containing his own soul1 so that ,i might take possession of all that belonged unto ,osiris in the underworld4 ,the double ,lion-god1 the governor of the things which belong to the ,temple of the nemmes crown1 who dwelleth in his secret abode1 saith unto me3 #8,get thee back to the uttermost parts of heaven1 for behold1 inasmuch as through thy form of ,horus thou hast become a spiritual body1 7sh7 the nemmes crown is not for thee2 but behold1 thou hast the power of speech even to the uttermost parts of heaven4' ,and ,i1 the guardian1 took possession of the things of ,horus which belonged unto ,osiris in the underworld1 and ,horus told aloud unto me the things which his divine father ,osiris spake unto him in years gone by on the day of his own burial4 ,i have given unto thee7#ej7 the nemmes crown through the double ,lion-god that thou mayest pass onward and mayest come to the heavenly path1 and that those who dwell in the uttermost parts of the horizon may see thee1 and that the gods of the underworld may see thee and may fight for thee in their habitations4 ,and of them is the ,auhet47#ea7 ,the gods1 each and all of them1 who are the warders of the shrine of the ,lord1 the only ,one1 have fallen before my words4 ,hail6 ,he that is exalted upon his tomb is on my side1 and he hath bound upon my head the nemmes crown1 by the decree of the double ,lion-god on my behalf1 and the god ,auhet hath prepared a way for me4 ,i1 even ,i1 am exalted in my tomb1 and the double ,lion-god hath bound the nemmes crown upon my head1 and he hath also given unto me the double hairy covering of my head4 ,he hath stablished my heart through his own backbone1 he hath stablished my heart through his own great and exceeding strength1 and ,i shall not fall through ,shu4 ,i make my peace with the beautiful divine ,brother1 the lord of the two uri1 adored be he6 ,i1 even ,i1 am he who knoweth the roads through the sky1 and the wind thereof is in my body4 ,the bull which striketh terror into men shall not drive me back1 and ,i shall pass on to the place where lieth the shipwrecked mariner on the border of the ,sekhet-neheh 7i4e41 ,field of illimitable time71 and ,i shall journey on to the night and sorrow of the regions of ,amenti4 ,o ,osiris1 ,i shall come each day into the ,house of the double ,lion-god1 and ,i shall come forth therefrom into the ,house of ,isis1 the divine lady4 ,i shall behold sacred things which are hidden1 and ,i shall be led on to the secret and holy things1 even as they have granted unto me to see the birth of the ,great ,god4 ,horus hath made me to be a spiritual body through his soul1 and ,i see what is therein4 ,if ,i speak near the mighty ones of ,shu they repulse my opportunity4 ,i am the guardian and ,i take possession of the things which ,horus had from ,osiris in the underworld4 ,i1 even ,i1 am ,horus who dwelleth in the divine ,khu4 ,i have gained power over his crown1 ,i have gained power over his radiance1 and ,i have travelled over the remote1 illimitable parts of heaven4 ,horus is upon his throne1 ,horus is upon his royal seat4 ,my face is like unto that of the divine hawk1 my strength is like unto that of the divine hawk1 and ,i am one who hath been fully equipped by his divine ,lord4 ,i shall come forth to ,tattu1 ,i shall see ,osiris1 ,i shall pay homage to him on the right hand and on the left1 ,i shall pay homage unto ,nut1 and she shall look upon me1 and the gods shall look upon me1 together with the ,eye of ,horus who is without sight7874 ,they 7i4e41 the gods7 shall make their arms to come forth unto me4 ,i rise up as a divine ,power1 and ,i repulse him that would subject me to restraint4 ,they open unto me the holy paths1 they see my form1 and they hear that which ,i speak4 ,down upon your faces1 ye gods of the ,tuat 7underworld71 who would resist me with your faces and oppose me with your powers1 who lead along the stars which never rest1 and who make the holy paths unto the ,hemati abode where is the ,lord of the exceedingly mighty and terrible ,soul4 ,horus hath commanded that ye lift up your faces so that ,i may look upon you4 ,i have risen up like the divine hawk1 and ,horus hath made for me a spiritual body1 through his own soul1 to take possession of that which belongeth to ,osiris in the ,tuat 7underworld74 ,i have bound up the gods with divine tresses1 and ,i have travelled on to those who ward their ,chambers1 and who were on both sides of me4 ,i have made my roads and ,i have journeyed on and have reached those divine beings who inhabit their secret dwellings1 and who are warders of the ,temple of ,osiris4 ,i have spoken unto them with strength1 and have made them to know the most mighty power of him that is provided with two horns to fight against ,suti2 and ,i make them to know concerning him that hath taken possession of the divine food1 and who is provided with the ,might of ,tem4 ,may the gods of the underworld order a prosperous journey for me6 ,o ye gods who inhabit your secret dwellings1 and who are warders of the ,temple of ,osiris1 and whose numbers are great and multitudinous1 grant ye that ,i may come unto you4 ,i have bound up and ,i have gathered together the powers of ,kesemu-enenet10 or 7as others say71 8,kesemiu-enenet2 and ,i have made holy the ,powers of the paths of those who watch and ward the roads of the horizon1 and who are the guardians of the horizon of ,hemati which is in heaven4 ,i have stablished habitations for ,osiris1 ,i have made the ways holy for him1 ,i have done that which hath been commanded1 ,i have come forth to ,tattu1 ,i have seen ,osiris1 ,i have spoken unto him concerning the matters of his first-born son whom he loveth and concerning the wounding of the heart of ,suti1 and ,i have seen the divine one who is without life4 ,yea1 ,i have made them to know concerning the counsels of the gods which ,horus carried out while his father ,osiris was not with him4 ,hail1 ,lord1 thou most mighty and terrible ,soul6 ,verily1 ,i1 even ,i1 have come1 look thou upon me1 and do thou make me to be exalted4 ,i have made my way through the ,tuat 7underworld71 and ,i have opened up the paths which belong to heaven and also those which belong to earth1 and ,i have suffered no opposition therein4 ,exalted be thou upon thy throne1 ,o ,osiris6 ,thou hast heard fair things1 ,o ,osiris6 ,thy strength is vigorous1 ,o ,osiris4 ,thy head is fastened unto thee1 ,o ,osiris4 ,thy brow is stablished1 ,o ,osiris4 ,thy heart is glad1 ,o ,osiris4 ,thy speech787 is stablished1 ,o ,osiris1 and thy princes rejoice4 ,thou art stablished like the ,bull of ,amentet4 ,thy son ,horus hath risen like the sun upon thy throne1 and all life is with him4 ,millions of years minister unto him1 and millions of years hold him in fear2 the company of the gods are his servants1 and the company of the gods hold him in fear4 ,the god ,tem1 the ,governor and only ,one of the gods1 hath spoken these things1 and his word passeth not away4 ,horus is both the divine food and the sacrifice4 ,he hath passed on787 to gather together the members of his divine father2 ,horus is his deliverer1 ,horus is his deliverer4 ,horus hath sprung from the water of his divine father and from his decay4 ,he hath become the ,governor of ,egypt4 ,the gods labor for him1 and they toil for him for millions of years2 and he hath made to live millions of years through his ,eye1 the only ,one of its ,lord 7or ,neb-s71 ,nebt-er-tcher40 ,of ,transformation ,into ,a ,governor ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheets #h and #i74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,being ,,transformed ,,into ,,the ,,governor ,,of ,,the ,,sovereign ,,princes4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am the god ,tem1 the maker of heaven1 the creator of things which are1 who cometh forth from the earth1 who maketh to come into being the seed which is sown1 the lord of things which shall be1 who gave birth to the gods2 ,i am the great god who made himself1 the lord of life1 who maketh to flourish the company of the gods4 ,homage to you1 ,o ye lords of divine things 7or of creation71 ye pure beings whose abodes are hidden6 ,homage to you1 ,o ye everlasting lords1 whose forms are hidden and whose shrines are hidden in places which are unknown6 ,homage to you1 ,o ye gods1 who dwell in the ,tenait7876 ,homage to you1 ,o ye gods of the circuit of the flooded lands of ,qebhu6 ,homage to you1 ,o ye gods who live in ,amentet6 ,homage to you1 ,o ye company of the gods who dwell in ,nut6 ,grant ye that ,i may come unto you1 for ,i am pure1 ,i am divine1 ,i am a khu1 ,i am strong1 ,i am endowed with a soul 7or ,i am mighty71 and ,i have brought unto you incense1 and sweet-smelling gums1 and natron2 ,i have made an end of the spittle which floweth from your mouth upon me4 ,i have come1 and ,i have made an end of the evil things which are in your hearts1 and ,i have removed the faults which ye kept laid up against me4 ,i have brought to you the things which are good1 and ,i make to come into your presence ,right and ,truth4 ,i1 even ,i1 know you1 and ,i know your names1 and ,i know your forms1 which are unknown1 and ,i come into being along with you4 ,my coming is like unto that of the god who eateth men and who liveth upon the gods4 ,i am mighty with you like the god who is exalted upon his resting-place2 the gods come to me in gladness1 and goddesses make supplication unto me when they see me4 ,i have come unto you1 and ,i have risen like your two divine daughters4 ,i have taken my seat in the horizon1 and ,i receive my offerings upon my tables1 and ,i drink drink-offerings at eventide4 ,my coming is received with shouts of joy1 and the divine beings who dwell in the horizon ascribe praises unto me1 the divine spiritual body 7,sh71 the lord of divine beings4 ,i am exalted like the holy god who dwelleth in the ,great ,temple1 and the gods rejoice when they see me in my beautiful coming forth from the body of ,nut1 when my mother ,nut giveth birth unto me40 ,of ,transformation ,into ,a ,god ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #bh74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,the ,,transformation ,,into ,,the ,,god ,,who ,,giveth ,,light ,,in ,,the ,,darkness4 ,saith ,osiris1 the scribe ,ani1 triumphant3 8,i am the girdle of the robe of the god ,nu1 which shineth and sheddeth light upon that which belongeth to his breast1 which sendeth forth light into the darkness1 which uniteth the two fighting deities who dwell in my body through the mighty spell of the words of my mouth1 which raiseth up him that hath fallen--for he who was with him in the valley of ,abtu 7,abydos7 hath fallen--and ,i rest4 ,i have remembered him4 ,i have taken possession of the god ,hu in my city1 for ,i found him therein1 and ,i have led away captive the darkness by my might4 ,i have rescued the ,eye of the ,sun when it waned at the coming of the festival of the fifteenth day1 and ,i have weighed ,sut in the celestial houses against the ,aged one who is with him4 ,i have endowed ,thoth with what is needful in the ,temple of the ,moon-god for the coming of the fifteenth day of the festival4 ,i have taken possession of the ,ureret crown2 ,mat 7i4e41 right and truth7 is in my body2 its mouths are of turquoise and rock-crystal4 ,my homestead is among the furrows which are of the color of lapis-lazuli4 ,i am ,hem-,nu787 who sheddeth light in the darkness4 ,i have come to give light in the darkness1 which is made light and bright by me4 ,i have given light in the darkness1 and ,i have overthrown the destroying crocodiles4 ,i have sung praises unto those who dwell in the darkness1 ,i have raised up those who wept1 and who had hidden their faces and had sunk down in wretchedness2 and they did not look then upon me4 ,hail1 then1 ye beings1 ,i am ,hem-,nu7871 and ,i will not let you hear concerning the matter4 ,i have opened the way1 ,i am ,hem-,nu7871 ,i have made light the darkness1 ,i have come1 having made an end of the darkness1 which hath become light indeed40 ,transformation ,into ,a ,lotus ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #aa74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,the ,,transformation ,,into ,a ,,lotus4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 saith3 8,i am the pure lotus which springeth up from the divine splendor that belongeth to the nostrils of ,r4 ,i have made my way1 and ,i follow on seeking for him who is ,horus4 ,i am the pure one who cometh forth out of the ,field40 ,transformation ,into ,a ,lotus ,from the ,papyrus of ,paqrer 7see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #ic74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,the ,,transformation ,,into ,a ,,lotus4 ,saith ,osiris ,paqrer3 8,hail1 thou lotus1 thou type of the god ,nefer-,temu6 ,i am the man that knoweth you1 and ,i know your names among those of the gods1 the lords of the underworld1 and ,i am one of you4 ,grant ye that ,i may see the gods who are the divine guide in the ,tuat 7underworld71 and grant ye unto me a place in the underworld near unto the lords of ,amentet4 ,let me arrive at a habitation in the land of ,tchesert1 and receive me1 ,o all ye gods1 in the presence of the lords of eternity4 ,grant that my soul may come forth whithersoever it pleaseth1 and let it not be driven away from the presence of the great company of the gods40 ,transformation ,into ,ptah ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheets #i and #aj74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,the ,,transformation ,,into ,,ptah1 ,,of ,,eating ,,cakes1 ,,and ,,of ,,drinking ,,ale1 ,,and ,,of ,,unfettering ,,the ,,steps1 ,,and ,,of ,,becoming ,a ,,living ,,being ,,in ,,annu 7,heliopolis74 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i fly like a hawk1 ,i cackle like the smen goose1 and ,i perch upon that abode of the underworld 7aat7 on the festival of the great ,being4 ,that which is an abomination unto me1 that which is an abomination unto me1 ,i have not eaten2 filth is an abomination unto me and ,i have not eaten thereof1 and that which is an abomination unto my ka hath not entered into my belly4 ,let me1 then1 live upon that which the gods and the ,khus decree for me2 let me live and let me have power over cakes2 let me eat them before the gods and the ,khus who have a favor unto me2 let me have power over these cakes and let me eat of them under the shade of the leaves of the palm tree of the goddess ,hathor1 who is my divine ,lady4 ,let the offering of the sacrifice1 and the offering of cakes1 and vessels of libations be made in ,annu2 let me clothe myself in the taau garment which ,i shall receive from the hand of the goddess ,tait2 let me stand up and let me sit down wheresoever ,i please4 ,my head is like unto that of ,r1 and when my members are gathered together ,i am like unto ,tem2 the four sides of the domain of ,r1 and the width of the earth four times4 ,i come forth4 ,my tongue is like unto that of ,ptah and my throne is like unto that of the goddess ,hathor1 and ,i make mention of the words of ,tem1 my father1 with my mouth4 ,he it is who constraineth the handmaid1 the wife of ,seb1 and before him are bowed all heads1 and there is fear of him4 ,hymns of praise are repeated for me by reason of my mighty acts1 and ,i am decreed to be the divine ,heir of ,seb1 the lord of the earth and to be the protector therein4 ,the god ,seb refresheth me1 and he maketh his risings to be mine4 ,those who dwell in ,annu bow down their heads unto me1 for ,i am their lord and ,i am their bull4 ,i am more powerful than the lord of time1 and ,i shall enjoy the pleasures of love1 and shall gain the mastery over millions of years40 ,transformation ,into ,a ,bennu ,bird ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #aj74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,the ,,transformation ,,into ,a ,,bennu ,,bird4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i came7#eb7 into being from unformed matter4 ,i came into existence like the god ,khepera1 ,i have germinated like the things which germinate 7i4e41 plants71 and ,i have dressed myself like the ,tortoise47#ec7 ,i am of the germs of every god4 ,i am ,yesterday of the four quarters of the world and of those seven ,uri which came into existence in ,amentet1 that is to say1 ,horus1 who emitteth light from his divine body4 ,he is the god who fought against ,suti1 but the god ,thoth cometh between them through the judgment of him that dwelleth in ,sekhem1 and of the ,souls who are in ,annu1 and there is a stream between them4 ,i have come by day1 and ,i have risen in the footsteps of the gods4 ,i am the god ,khensu1 who driveth back all that oppose him40 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,deceased ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,pure ,,by ,,day ,,after ,,his ,,death1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,perform ,,whatsoever ,,transformations ,,his ,,heart ,,desireth4 ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,in ,,the ,,following ,,of ,,un-,,nefer1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,satisfied ,,with ,,the ,,food ,,of ,,osiris ,,and ,,with ,,sepulchral ,,meals4 ,,he ,,shall ,,see ,,the ,,disk1 ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,in ,,good ,,case ,,upon ,,earth ,,before ,,ra1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,triumphant ,,before ,,osiris1 ,,and ,,no ,,evil ,,thing ,,whatsoever ,,shall ,,have ,,dominion ,,over ,,him ,,forever ,,and ,,ever4 ,transformation ,into ,a ,heron ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #aj74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,the ,,transformation ,,into ,a ,,heron4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i have gotten dominion over the beasts that are brought for sacrifice1 with the knives which are held at their heads1 and at their hair1 and at their 444 ,hail1 ,aged ones hail1 ,khus1 who are provided with the opportunity1 the chancellor-in-chief1 the overseer of the palace1 ,nu1 triumphant1 is upon the earth1 and what he hath slaughtered is in heaven2 and what he hath slaughtered is in heaven and he is upon the earth4 ,behold1 ,i am strong1 and ,i work mighty deeds to the very heights of heaven4 ,i have made myself pure1 and ,i make the breadth of heaven a place for my footsteps as ,i go into the cities of ,aukert2 ,i advance1 and ,i go forward into the city of ,unnu 7,hermopolis74 ,i have set the gods upon their paths1 and ,i have roused up the exalted ones who dwell in their shrines4 ,do ,i not know ,nu8 ,do ,i not know ,tatunen8 ,do ,i not know the beings of the color of fire who thrust forward their horns8 ,do ,i not know every being having incantations unto whose words ,i listen8 ,i am the ,smam bull for slaughter which is written down in the books4 ,the gods crying out say3 #8,let your faces be gracious to him that cometh onward4' ,the light is beyond your knowledge1 and ye cannot fetter it2 and times and seasons are in my body4 ,i do not utter words to the god ,hu1 ,i do not utter words of wickedness instead of words of right and truth1 and each day right and truth come upon my eyebrows4 ,at night taketh place the festival of him that is dead1 the ,aged ,one1 who is in ward in the earth40 ,of ,the ,living ,soul ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #i74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,the ,,transformation ,,into ,a ,,living ,,soul1 ,,and ,,of ,,not ,,entering ,,into ,,the ,,chamber ,,of ,,torture2 whosoever knoweth it shall not see corruption4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am the divine ,soul of ,r proceeding from the god ,nu2 that divine soul which is ,god1 ,i am the creator of the divine food1 and that which is an abomination unto me is sin whereon ,i look not4 ,i proclaim right and truth1 and ,i live therein4 ,i am the divine food1 which is not corrupted in my name of ,soul3 ,i gave birth unto myself together with ,nu in my name of ,khepera in whom ,i come into being day by day4 ,i am the lord of light1 and that which is an abomination unto me is death2 let me not go into the chamber of torture which is in the ,tuat 7underworld74 ,i ascribe honor unto ,osiris1 and ,i make to be at peace the hearts of those beings who dwell among the divine things which ,i love4 ,they cause the fear of me to abound1 and they create awe of me in those beings who dwell in their divine territories4 ,behold1 ,i am exalted upon my standard1 and upon my seat1 and upon the throne which is adjudged to me4 ,i am the god ,nu1 and the workers of iniquity shall not destroy me4 ,i am the firstborn god of primeval matter1 that is to say1 the divine ,soul1 even the ,souls of the gods of everlastingness1 and my body is eternity4 ,my ,form is everlastingness1 and is the lord of years and the prince of eternity4 ,i am the creator of the darkness who maketh his habitation in the uttermost parts of the sky1 which ,i love1 and ,i arrive at the confines thereof4 ,i advance upon my feet1 ,i become master of my vine1 ,i sail over the sky which formeth the division betwixt heaven and earth1 ,i destroy the hidden worms that travel nigh unto my footsteps which are toward the lord of the two hands and arms4 ,my soul is the ,souls of the souls of everlastingness1 and my body is eternity4 ,i am the divine exalted being who is the lord of the land of ,tebu4 #8,i am the ,boy in the city and the ,young man in the plain' is my name2 #8he that never suffereth corruption' is my name4 ,i am the ,soul1 the creator of the god ,nu who maketh his habitation in the underworld3 my place of incubation is unseen and my egg is not cracked4 ,i have done away with all my iniquity1 and ,i shall see my divine ,father1 the lord of eventide1 whose body dwelleth in ,annu4 ,i travel787 to the god of night7871 who dwelleth with the god of light1 by the western region of the ,ibis 7i4e41 ,thoth740 ,of ,the ,swallow ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #aj74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,the ,,transformation ,,into ,a ,,swallow4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am a swallow1 ,i am a swallow4 ,i am the ,scorpion1 the daughter of ,r4 ,hail1 ye gods1 whose scent is sweet2 hail1 ye gods1 whose scent is sweet6 ,hail1 ,flame1 which cometh forth from the horizon6 ,hail1 thou who art in the city1 ,i have brought the ,warden of his ,bight therein4 ,oh1 stretch out unto me thy hand so that ,i may be able to pass my days in the ,pool of ,double ,fire1 and let me advance with my message1 for ,i have come with words to tell4 ,oh1 open thou the doors to me and ,i will declare the things which have been seen by me4 ,horus hath become the divine prince of the ,boat of the ,sun1 and unto him hath been given the throne of his divine father ,osiris1 and ,set1 that son of ,nut1 lieth under the fetters which he had made for me4 ,i have made a computation of what is in the city of ,sekhem1 ,i have stretched out both my hands and arms at the word787 of ,osiris1 ,i have passed on to judgment1 and ,i have come that ,i may speak2 grant that ,i may pass on and declare my tidings4 ,i enter in1 ,i am judged1 and ,i come forth worthy at the gate of ,neb-er-tcher4 ,i am pure at the great place of the passage of souls1 ,i have done away with my sins1 ,i have put away mine offences1 and ,i have destroyed the evil which appertained unto my members upon earth4 ,hail1 ye divine beings who guard the doors1 make ye for me a way1 for1 behold1 ,i am like unto you4 ,i have come forth by day1 ,i have journeyed on on my legs1 ,i have gained the mastery over my footsteps before the ,god of ,light1 ,i know the hidden ways and the doors of the ,sekhet-,aaru1 verily ,i1 even ,i1 have come1 ,i have overthrown mine enemies upon earth1 and yet my perishable body is in the grave60 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,deceased1 ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,by ,,day1 ,,he ,,shall ,,not ,,be ,,turned ,,back ,,at ,,any ,,gate ,,in ,,the ,,underworld1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,make ,,his ,,transformation ,,into ,a ,,swallow ,,regularly ,,and ,,continually4 ,the ,serpent ,sata ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #aa74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,the ,,transformation ,,into ,,the ,,serpent ,,sata4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am the serpent ,sata whose years are many47#ed7 ,i die and ,i am born again each day4 ,i am the serpent ,sata which dwelleth in the uttermost parts of the earth4 ,i die1 and ,i am born again1 and ,i renew myself1 and ,i grow young each day40 ,of ,the ,crocodile ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #aa74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,the ,,transformation ,,into ,a ,,crocodile4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am the divine crocodile which dwelleth in his terror1 ,i am the divine crocodile1 and ,i seize my prey like a ravening beast4 ,i am the great and ,mighty ,fish which is in the city of ,qem-ur4 ,i am the lord to whom bowing and prostrations are made in the city of ,sekhem40 ,soul ,and ,body ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #ag74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,causing ,,the ,,soul ,,to ,,be ,,united ,,to ,,its ,,body ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,the ,osiris ,ani1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 thou god ,anniu 7i4e41 ,bringer76 ,hail1 thou god ,pehrer 7i4e41 ,runner71 who dwellest in thy hall6 ,hail1 great ,god6 ,grant thou that my soul may come unto me from wheresoever it may be4 ,if it would tarry1 then let my soul be brought unto me from wheresoever it may be1 for thou shalt find the ,eye of ,horus standing by thee like unto those beings who are like unto ,osiris1 and who never lie down in death4 ,let not the ,osiris ,ani1 triumphant1 lie down in death among those who lie down in ,annu1 the land wherein souls are joined unto their bodies even in thousands4 ,let me have possession of my ba 7soul71 and of my khu1 and let me triumph therewith in every place wheresoever it may be4 ,observe these things which ,i speak1 for it hath staves with it27#ee7 observe then1 ,o ye divine guardians of heaven1 my soul wheresoever it may be47#ef7 ,if it would tarry1 do thou make my soul to look upon my body17#eg7 for thou shalt find the ,eye of ,horus standing by thee like those beings who are like unto ,osiris40 8,hail1 ye gods1 who tow along the boat of the lord of millions of years1 who bring it above the underworld and who make it to travel over ,nut1 who make souls to enter into their spiritual bodies1 whose hands are filled with your ropes and who clutch your weapons tight1 destroy ye the ,enemy2 thus shall the boat of the sun be glad and the great ,god shall set out on his journey in peace4 ,and behold1 grant ye that the soul of ,osiris ,ani1 triumphant1 may come forth before the gods and that it may be triumphant along with you in the eastern part of the sky to follow unto the place where it was yesterday2 and that it may have peace1 peace in ,amentet4 ,may it look upon its material body1 may it rest upon its spiritual body2 and may its body neither perish nor suffer corruption forever40 ,,these ,,words ,,are ,,to ,,be ,,said ,,over ,a ,,soul ,,of ,,gold ,,inlaid ,,with ,,precious ,,stones ,,and ,,placed ,,on ,,the ,,breast ,,of ,,osiris4 ,of ,evil ,recollections ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #h74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,driving ,,evil ,,recollections ,,from ,,the ,,mouth4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 the son of the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,amen-hetep1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 thou that cuttest off heads1 and slittest brows1 thou being who puttest away the memory of evil things from the mouth of the ,khus by means of the incantations which they have within them1 look not upon me with the same eyes with which thou lookest upon them4 ,go thou round about on thy legs1 and let thy face be turned behind thee so that thou mayest be able to see the divine slaughterers of the god ,shu who are coming up behind thee to cut off thy head1 and to slit thy brow by reason of the message of violence sent by thy lord1 and to see787 that which thou sayest4 ,work thou for me so that the memory of evil things shall dart from my mouth2 let not my head be cut off2 let not my brow be slit2 and let not my mouth be shut fast by reason of the incantations which thou hast within thee1 according to that which thou doest for the ,khus through the incantations which they have within themselves4 ,get thee back and depart at the sound of the two speeches which the goddess ,isis uttered when thou didst come to cast the recollection of evil things into the mouth of ,osiris by the will of ,suti his enemy1 saying1 #8,let thy face be toward the privy parts1 and look upon that face which cometh forth from the flame of the ,eye of ,horus against thee from within the ,eye of ,tem1' and the calamity of that night which shall consume thee4 ,and ,osiris went back1 for the abomination of thee was in him2 and thou didst go back1 for the abomination of him is in thee4 ,i have gone back1 for the abomination of thee is in me2 and thou shalt go back1 for the abomination of me is in thee4 ,thou wouldst come unto me1 but ,i say that thou shalt not advance to me so that ,i come to an end1 and ,i say then to the divine slaughterers of the god ,shu1 #8,depart4' 0 ,of ,rescue ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #f74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,letting ,,the ,,soul ,,of ,,nu1 ,,triumphant1 ,,be ,,captive ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,he saith3 8,hail1 thou who art exalted6 ,hail1 thou who art adored6 ,o thou mighty one of ,souls1 thou divine ,soul1 thou possessor of terrible power1 who dost put the fear of thyself into the gods1 thou who art crowned upon thy throne of majesty1 ,i pray thee to make a way for the ba 7soul71 and for the khu1 and for the khaibit 7shade7 of the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant and let him be provided therewith4 ,i am a perfect khu1 and ,i have made my way unto the place wherein dwell ,r and ,hathor40 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,deceased ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,able ,,to ,,transform ,,himself ,,into ,a ,,khu ,,provided ,,with ,,his ,,soul ,,and ,,with ,,his ,,shade ,,in ,,the ,,underworld1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,never ,,be ,,held ,,captive ,,at ,,any ,,door ,,in ,,amentet1 ,,in ,,entering ,,in ,,or ,,in ,,coming ,,out47#eh7 ,of ,opening ,the ,tomb ,from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni 7,british ,museum ,no4 #i1ijj1 sheet #f74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,opening ,,the ,,tomb ,,to ,,the ,,soul ,,and ,,to ,,the ,,shade ,,of ,,osiris the scribe ,nebseni1 the lord of reverence1 born of the lady of the house ,mut-restha1 triumphant1 ,,so ,,that ,,he ,,may ,,come ,,forth ,,by ,,day ,,and ,,have ,,dominion ,,over ,,his ,,fleet4 ,he saith3 8,that which was shut fast hath been opened1 that is to say1 he that lay down in death hath been opened4 ,that which was open hath been shut to my soul through the command of the ,eye of ,horus1 which hath strengthened me and which maketh to stand fast the beauties which are upon the forehead of ,r1 whose strides are long as he lifteth up his legs in journeying4 ,i have made for myself a way1 my members are mighty and are strong4 ,i am ,horus the avenger of his divine father4 ,i am he who bringeth along his divine father1 and who bringeth along his mother by means of his sceptre7874 ,and the way shall be opened unto him who hath gotten dominion over his feet1 and he shall see the ,great ,god in the ,boat of ,r1 when souls are counted therein at the bows1 and when the years also are counted up4 ,grant that the ,eye of ,horus1 which maketh the adornments of light to be firm upon the forehead of ,r1 may deliver my soul for me1 and let there be darkness upon your faces1 ,o ye who would hold fast ,osiris4 ,oh1 keep not captive my soul1 ,oh1 keep not ward over my shade1 but let a way be opened for my soul and for my shade1 and let them see the ,great ,god in the shrine on the day of the judgment of souls1 and let them recite the utterances of ,osiris1 whose habitations are hidden1 to those who guard the members of ,osiris1 and who keep ward over the ,khus1 and who hold captive the shades of the dead who would work evil against me1 so that they shall not work evil against me4 ,may a way for thy double 7ka7 along with thee and along with thy soul be prepared by those who keep ward over the members of ,osiris1 and who hold captive the shades of the dead4 ,heaven shall not keep thee1 the earth shall not hold thee captive1 thou shalt not have thy being with the divine beings who make slaughter1 but thou shalt have dominion over thy legs1 and thou shalt advance to thy body straightway in the earth and to those who belong to the shrine and guard the members of ,osiris40 ,of ,not ,sailing ,to ,the ,east ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #f74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,not ,,sailing ,,to ,,the ,,east ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 phallus of ,r1 who departest from thy calamity which ariseth through opposition7871 the cycles have been without movement for millions of years4 ,i am stronger than the strong1 ,i am mightier than the mighty4 ,if ,i sail away or if ,i be snatched away to the east through the two horns10 or 7as others say71 8if any evil and abominable thing be done unto me at the feast of the devils1 the phallus of ,r shall be swallowed up1 along with the head of ,osiris4 ,and behold me1 for ,i journey along over the fields wherein the gods mow down those who make reply unto their words2 now verily the two horns of the god ,khepera shall be thrust aside2 and verily pus shall spring into being in the eye of ,tem along with corruption if ,i be kept in restraint1 or if ,i have gone toward the east1 or if the feast of devils be made in my presence1 or if any malignant wound be inflicted upon me407#ei7 ,of ,the ,ink-,pot ,and ,palette ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ab74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,praying ,,for ,,an ,,ink-,,pot ,,and ,,for ,a ,,palette4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 aged god1 who dost behold thy divine father and who art the guardian of the book of ,thoth1 behold ,i have come2 ,i am endowed with glory1 ,i am endowed with strength1 ,i am filled with might1 and ,i am supplied with the books of ,thoth1 and ,i have brought them to enable me to pass through the god ,aker who dwelleth in ,set4 ,i have brought the ink-pot and the palette as being the objects which are in the hands of ,thoth2 hidden is that which is in them4 ,behold me in the character of a scribe6 ,i have brought the offal of ,osiris1 and ,i have written thereon4 ,i have made 7i4e41 copied7 the words of the great and beautiful god each day fairly4 ,o ,heru-khuti1 thou didst order me and ,i have made 7i4e41 copied7 what is right and true1 and ,i do bring it unto thee each day40 ,of ,being ,nigh ,unto ,thoth ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #g74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,being ,,nigh ,,unto ,,thoth4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am he who sendeth forth terror into the powers of rain and thunder1 and ,i ward off from the great divine lady the attacks of violence4 ,i have smitten like the god ,sht 7i4e41 the god of slaughter71 and ,i have poured out libations of cool water like the god ,ashu1 and ,i have worked for the great divine lady to ward off the attacks of violence1 ,i have made to flourish my knife along with the knife which is in the hand of ,thoth in the powers of rain and thunder40 ,of ,being ,nigh ,unto ,thoth ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheets #ai and #bj74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,being ,,nigh ,,unto ,,thoth ,,and ,,of ,,giving ,,glory ,,unto ,a ,,man ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am the god ,her-ab-maat-f 7i4e41 #8he that is within his eye'71 and ,i have come to give right and truth to ,r2 ,i have made ,suti to be at peace with me by means of offerings made to the god ,aker and to the ,tesheru deities1 and by making reverence unto ,seb40 8,the following words are to be recited in the ,sektet boat3 ,hail1 sceptre of ,anubis1 ,i have made the four ,khus who are in the train of the lord of the universe to be at peace with me1 and ,i am the lord of the fields through their decree4 ,i am the divine father ,bh 7i4e41 the god of the water-flood71 and ,i do away with the thirst of him that keepeth ward over the ,lakes4 ,behold ye me1 then1 ,o great gods of majesty who dwell among the ,souls of ,annu1 for ,i am lifted up over you4 ,i am the god ,menkh 7i4e41 ,gracious one7 who dwelleth among you4 ,verily ,i have cleansed my soul1 ,o great god of majesty1 set not before me the evil obstacles which issue from thy mouth1 and let not destruction come round about me1 or upon me4 ,i have made myself clean in the ,lake of making to be at peace1 and in the ,lake of weighing in the balance1 and ,i have bathed myself in ,netert-utchat1 which is under the holy sycamore tree of heaven4 ,behold ,i am bathed1 and ,i have triumphed over all mine enemies straightway who come forth and rise up against right and truth4 ,i am right and true in the earth4 ,i1 even ,i1 have spoken787 with my mouth which is the power of the ,lord1 the ,only one1 ,r the mighty1 who liveth upon right and truth4 ,let not injury be inflicted upon me1 but let me be clothed on the day of those who go forward787 to every good thing40 ,of ,bringing ,a ,boat ,along ,in ,heaven ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #i74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,bringing ,,along ,a ,,boat ,,in ,,heaven4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail to thee1 ,o thou ,thigh which dwellest in the northern heaven in the ,great ,lake1 which art seen and which diest not4 ,i have stood up over thee when thou didst rise like a god4 ,i have seen thee1 and ,i have not lain down in death2 ,i have stood over thee1 and ,i have risen like a god4 ,i have cackled like a goose1 and ,i have alighted like the hawk by the divine clouds and by the great dew4 ,i have journeyed from the earth to heaven4 ,the god ,shu hath made me to stand up1 the god of ,light hath made me to be vigorous by the two sides of the ladder1 and the stars which never rest set me on my way and bring me away from slaughter4 ,i bring along with me the things which drive back calamities as ,i advance over the passage of the god ,pen2 thou comest1 how great art thou1 ,o god ,pen6 ,i have come from the ,pool of ,flame which is in the ,sekhet-,sasa 7i4e41 the ,field of ,fire74 ,thou livest in the ,pool of ,flame in ,sekhet-,sasa1 and ,i live upon the staff of the holy god4 ,hail1 thou god ,kaa1 who dost bring those things which are in the boats by the 444 ,i stand up in the boat and ,i guide myself over the water2 ,i have stood up in the boat and the god hath guided me4 ,i have stood up4 ,i have spoken4 ,i am master of the crops4 ,i sail round about as ,i go forward1 and the gates which are in ,sekhem 7,letopolis7 are opened unto me1 and fields are awarded unto me in the city of ,unnu 7,hermopolis71 and laborers787 are given unto me together with those of my own flesh and bone40 ,of ,bringing ,the ,makhent ,boat ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheets #ba and #bb74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,bringing ,,along ,a ,,boat ,,in ,,the ,,underworld4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 ye who bring along the boat over the evil back of ,apepi1 grant that ,i may bring the boat along1 and coil up its ropes in peace1 in peace4 ,come1 come1 hasten1 hasten1 for ,i have come to see my father ,osiris1 the lord of the ansi garment1 who hath gained the mastery with joy of heart4 ,hail1 lord of the rain-storm1 thou ,male1 thou ,sailor6 ,hail1 thou who dost sail over the evil back of ,apep6 ,hail1 thou that dost bind up heads and dost stablish the bones of the neck when thou comest forth from the knives4 ,hail1 thou who art in charge of the hidden boat1 who dost fetter ,apep1 grant that ,i may bring along the boat1 and that ,i may coil up the ropes and that ,i may sail forth therein4 ,this land is baleful1 and the stars have overbalanced themselves and have fallen upon their faces therein1 and they have not found anything which will help them to ascend again3 their path is blocked by the tongue of ,r4 ,antebu is the guide of the two lands4 ,seb is stablished through their rudders4 ,the power which openeth the ,disk4 ,the prince of the red beings1 ,i am brought along like him that hath suffered shipwreck2 grant that my ,khu1 my brother1 may come to me1 and that ,i may set out for the place whereof thou knowest40 8,tell me my name10 saith the wood whereat ,i would anchor2 8,lord of the two lands who dwellest in the ,shrine10 is thy name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,rudder2 8,leg of ,hpiu0 is thy name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,rope2 8,hair with which ,anpu 7,anubis7 finisheth the work of my embalment0 is thy name4 8,tell us our name10 say the ,oar-rests2 8,pillars of the underworld0 is your name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,hold2 8,akar0 is thy name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,mast2 8,he who bringeth back the great lady after she hath gone away0 is thy name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,lower deck2 8,standard of ,ap-uat0 is thy name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,upper post2 8,throat of ,mestha0 is thy name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,sail2 8,nut0 is thy name4 8,tell us our name10 say the ,pieces of leather2 8,ye who are made from the hide of the ,mnevis ,bull1 which was burned by ,suti10 is your name4 8,tell us our name10 say the ,paddles2 8,fingers of ,horus the first-born0 is your name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,mtchabet2 8,the hand of ,isis1 which wipeth away the blood from the ,eye of ,horus10 is thy name4 8,tell us our names10 say the ,planks which are in its hulk2 8,mesthi1 ,hpi1 ,tuamutef1 ,qebh-sennuf1 ,haqau 7i4e41 he who leadeth away captive71 ,thet-em-ua 7i4e41 he who seizeth by violence71 ,maa-an-tef 7i4e41 he who seeth what the father bringeth71 and ,ari-nef-tchesef 7i4e41 he who made himself710 are your names4 8,tell us our name10 say the ,bows2 8,he who is at the head of his nomes0 is your name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,hull2 8,mert0 is thy name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,rudder2 8,aqa0 7i4e41 true one7 is thy name1 ,o thou who shinest from the water1 hidden beam787 is thy name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,keel2 8,thigh 7or ,leg7 of ,isis1 which ,r cut off with the knife to bring blood into the ,sektet boat10 is thy name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,sailor2 8,traveller0 is thy name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,wind by which thou art borne along2 8,the ,north ,wind which cometh from ,tem to the nostrils of ,khenti-,amenti07#fj7 is thy name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,river1 8if thou wouldst travel upon me20 8,those which can be seen10 is thy name4 8,tell us our name10 say the ,river-,banks2 8,destroyer of the god ,au- 7i4e41 he of the specious hand7 in the water-house0 is thy name4 8,tell me my name10 saith the ,ground1 8if thou wouldst walk upon me20 8,the ,nose of heaven which proceedeth from the god ,utu1 who dwelleth in the ,sekhet-,aaru1 and who cometh forth with rejoicing therefrom10 is thy name4 ,,then ,,shall ,,be ,,recited ,,before ,,them ,,these ,,words3 8,hail to you1 ,o ye divine beings with splendid ,kas1 ye divine lords of things1 who exist and who live forever1 and whose double period of an illimitable number of years is eternity1 ,i have made a way unto you1 grant ye me food and sepulchral meals for my mouth1 and grant that ,i may speak therewith1 and that the goddess ,isis may give me loaves and cakes in the presence of the great god4 ,i know the great god before whose nostrils ye place tchefau food1 and his name is ,thekem2 both when he maketh his way from the eastern horizon of heaven and when he journeyeth into the western horizon of heaven may his journey be my journey1 and his going forth my going forth4 ,let me not be destroyed at the ,mesqet chamber1 and let not the devils gain dominion over my members4 ,i have my cakes in the city of ,pe1 and ,i have my ale in the city of ,tepu1 and let the offerings which are given unto you be given unto me this day4 ,let my offerings be wheat and barley2 let my offerings be nti unguent and linen garments2 let my offerings be for life1 strength1 and health3 let my offerings be a coming forth by day in any form whatsoever in which it may please me to appear in ,sekhet-,aarru40 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,deceased ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,into ,,sekhet-,,aarru1 ,,and ,,bread1 ,,and ,,wine1 ,,and ,,cakes ,,shall ,,be ,,given ,,unto ,,him ,,at ,,the ,,altar ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,god1 ,,and ,,fields1 ,,and ,,an ,,estate ,,sown ,,with ,,wheat ,,and ,,barley1 ,,which ,,the ,,followers ,,of ,,horus ,,shall ,,reap ,,for ,,him4 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,eat ,,of ,,that ,,wheat ,,and ,,barley1 ,,and ,,his ,,limbs ,,shall ,,be ,,nourished ,,therewith1 ,,and ,,his ,,body ,,shall ,,be ,,like ,,unto ,,the ,,bodies ,,of ,,the ,,gods1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,into ,,sekhet-,,aarru ,,in ,,any ,,form ,,whatsoever ,,he ,,pleaseth1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,appear ,,therein ,,regularly ,,and ,,continually4 ,of ,entering ,the ,boat ,of ,ra ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheets #bg and #bh74 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,making ,,perfect ,,the ,,khu ,,and ,,of ,,causing ,,him ,,to ,,go ,,forth ,,into ,,the ,,boat ,,of ,,ra ,,along ,,with ,,those ,,who ,,are ,,in ,,his ,,following7874 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i have brought the divine ,bennu to the east1 and ,osiris to the city of ,tattu4 ,i have opened the treasure-houses of the god ,hp1 ,i have made clean the roads of the ,disk1 and ,i have drawn the god ,sekeri along upon his sledge4 ,the mighty and divine ,lady hath made me strong at her hour4 ,i have praised and glorified the ,disk1 and ,i have united myself unto the divine apes who sing at the dawn1 and ,i am a divine ,being among them4 ,i have made myself a counterpart of the goddess ,isis1 and her power 7,khu7 hath made me strong4 ,i have tied up the rope1 ,i have driven back ,apep1 ,i have made him to walk backward4 ,r hath stretched out to me both his hands1 and his mariners have not repulsed me2 my strength is the strength of the ,utchat1 and the strength of the ,utchat is my strength4 ,if the overseer of the house1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 be separated from the boat of ,r1 then shall he 7i4e41 ,r7 be separated from the ,egg and from the ,abtu fish40 ,,this ,,chapter ,,shall ,,be ,,recited ,,over ,,the ,,design ,,which ,,hath ,,been ,,drawn ,,above1 ,,and ,,it ,,shall ,,be ,,written ,,upon ,,papyrus ,,which ,,hath ,,not ,,been ,,written ,,upon1 ,,with ,,ink ,,made ,,of ,,grains ,,of ,,green ,,abut ,,mixed ,,with ,,anti ,,water1 ,,and ,,the ,,papyrus ,,shall ,,be ,,placed ,,on ,,the ,,breast ,,of ,,the ,,deceased2 ,,it ,,shall ,,not ,,enter ,,in ,,to 7,i4,e41 ,,touch7 ,,his ,,members4 ,,if ,,this ,,be ,,done ,,for ,,any ,,deceased ,,person ,,he ,,shall ,,go ,,forth ,,into ,,the ,,boat ,,of ,,ra ,,in ,,the ,,course ,,of ,,the ,,day ,,every ,,day1 ,,and ,,the ,,god ,,thoth ,,shall ,,take ,,account ,,of ,,him ,,as ,,he ,,cometh ,,forth ,,from ,,and ,,goeth ,,in ,,the ,,course ,,of ,,the ,,day ,,every ,,day1 ,,regularly ,,and ,,continually1 ,,into ,,the ,,boat ,,of ,,ra ,,as ,a ,,perfect ,,khu4 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,set ,,up ,,the ,,tet ,,and ,,shall ,,stablish ,,the ,,buckle1 ,,and ,,shall ,,sail ,,about ,,with ,,ra ,,into ,,any ,,place ,,he ,,wisheth4 ,of ,protecting ,the ,boat ,of ,ra ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #bg74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,protecting ,,the ,,boat ,,of ,,ra47#fa7 8,o thou that cleavest the water as thou comest forth from the stream and dost sit upon thy place in thy boat1 sit thou upon thy place in thy boat as thou goest forth to thy station of yesterday1 and do thou join the ,osiris1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 the perfect ,khu1 unto thy mariners1 and let thy strength be his strength4 ,hail1 ,r1 in thy name of ,r1 if thou dost pass by the eye of seven cubits1 which hath a pupil of three cubits1 then verily do thou strengthen the ,osiris1 ,nu1 triumphant1 the perfect ,khu1 and let him be among thy mariners1 and let thy strength be his strength4 ,hail1 ,r1 in thy name of ,r1 if thou dost pass by those who are overturned in death then verily do thou make the ,osiris1 ,nu1 triumphant1 the perfect soul1 to stand up upon his feet1 and may thy strength be his strength4 ,hail1 ,r1 in thy name of ,r1 if the hidden things of the underworld are opened unto thee and thou dost gratify787 the heart of the cycle of thy gods1 then verily do thou grant joy of heart unto the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 and let thy strength be his strength4 ,thy members1 ,o ,r1 are established by 7this7 ,chapter78740 ,,this ,,chapter ,,shall ,,be ,,recited ,,over ,a ,,bandlet ,,of ,,the ,,fine ,,linen ,,of ,,kings ,,upon ,,which ,,it ,,hath ,,been ,,written ,,with ,,anti1 ,,which ,,shall ,,be ,,laid ,,upon ,,the ,,neck ,,of ,,the ,,perfect ,,khu ,,on ,,the ,,day ,,of ,,the ,,burial4 ,,if ,,this ,,amulet ,,be ,,laid ,,upon ,,his ,,neck ,,he ,,shall ,,do ,,everything ,,which ,,he ,,desireth ,,to ,,do ,,even ,,like ,,the ,,gods2 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,join ,,himself ,,unto ,,the ,,followers ,,of ,,horus2 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,stablished ,,as ,a ,,star ,,face ,,to ,,face ,,with ,,septet 7,,sothis72 ,,and ,,his ,,corruptible ,,body ,,shall ,,be ,,as ,a ,,god ,,along ,,with ,,his ,,kinsfolk ,,forever2 ,,and ,,the ,,goddess ,,menqet ,,shall ,,make ,,plants ,,to ,,germinate ,,upon ,,his ,,body2 ,,and ,,the ,,majesty ,,of ,,the ,,god ,,thoth ,,lovingly ,,shall ,,make ,,the ,,light ,,to ,,rest ,,upon ,,his ,,corruptible ,,body ,,at ,,will1 ,,even ,,as ,,he ,,did ,,for ,,the ,,majesty ,,of ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,the ,,north ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,south1 ,,the ,,god ,,osiris1 ,,triumphant4 ,of ,going ,into ,the ,boat ,of ,ra ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #bh74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,going ,,into ,,the ,,boat ,,of ,,ra4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 thou ,great ,god who art in thy boat1 bring thou me into thy boat4 ,i have come forward to thy steps1 let me be the director of thy journeyings and let me be among those who belong to thee and who are among the stars which never rest4 ,the things which are an abomination unto thee and the things which are an abomination unto me ,i will not eat1 that which is an abomination unto me1 that which is an abomination unto me is filth and ,i will not eat thereof2 but sepulchral offerings and holy food will ,i eat1 and ,i shall not be overthrown thereby4 ,i will not draw nigh unto filth with my hands1 and ,i will not walk thereon with my sandals1 because my bread is made of white barley1 and my ale is made of red barley2 and behold1 the ,sektet boat and the ,atet boat have brought these things and have laid the gifts787 of the lands upon the altar of the ,souls of ,annu4 ,hymns of praise be to thee1 ,o ,ur-arit-s1 as thou travellest through heaven6 ,let there be food for thee1 ,o dweller in the city of ,teni 7,this71 and when the dogs gather together let me not suffer harm4 ,i myself have come1 and ,i have delivered the god from the things which have been inflicted upon him1 and from the grievous sickness of the body of the arm1 and of the leg4 ,i have come and ,i have spit upon the body1 ,i have bound up the arm1 and ,i have made the leg to walk4 ,i have entered the boat and ,i sail round about by the command of ,r40 ,of ,knowing ,the ,souls ,of ,the ,east ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ab74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,knowing ,,the ,,souls ,,of ,,the ,,east4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i1 even ,i1 know the eastern gate of heaven--know its southern part is at the ,lake of ,kharu and its northern part is at the canal of the geese--whereout ,r cometh with winds which make him to advance4 ,i am he who is concerned with the tackle787 which is in the divine bark1 ,i am the sailor who ceaseth not in the boat of ,r4 ,i1 even ,i1 know the two sycamores of turquoise between which ,r showeth himself when he strideth forward over the supports of ,shu7#fb7 toward the gate of the lord of the ,east through which ,r cometh forth4 ,i1 even ,i1 know the ,sektet-,aarru of ,r1 the walls of which are of iron4 ,the height of the wheat therein is five cubits1 of the ears thereof two cubits1 and of the stalks thereof three cubits4 ,the barley therein is in height seven cubits1 the ears thereof are three cubits1 and the stalks thereof are four cubits4 ,and behold1 the ,khus1 each one of whom therein is nine cubits in height1 reap it near the divine ,souls of the ,east4 ,i1 even ,i1 know the divine ,souls of the ,east1 that is to say1 ,heru-khuti 7,harmachis71 and the ,calf of the goddess ,khera1 and the ,morning ,star7#fc7 daily4 ,a divine city hath been built for me1 ,i know it1 and ,i know the name thereof2 #8,sekhet-,aarru' is its name407#fd7 ,of ,sekhet-,hetepet ,from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni 7,british ,museum ,no4 #i1ijj1 sheet #ag74 ,,here ,,begin ,,the ,,chapters ,,of ,,sekhet-,,hetepet1 ,,and ,,the ,,chapters ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,by ,,day2 ,,of ,,going ,,into ,,and ,,of ,,coming ,,out ,,from ,,the ,,underworld2 ,,of ,,coming ,,to ,,sekhet-,,aaru2 ,,of ,,being ,,in ,,sekhet-,,hetepet1 ,,the ,,mighty ,,land1 ,,the ,,lady ,,of ,,winds2 ,,of ,,having ,,power ,,there2 ,,of ,,becoming ,a ,,khu ,,there2 ,,of ,,ploughing ,,there2 ,,of ,,reaping ,,there2 ,,of ,,eating ,,there2 ,,of ,,drinking ,,there2 ,,of ,,making ,,love ,,there2 ,,and ,,of ,,doing ,,everything ,,even ,,as ,a ,,man ,,doeth ,,upon ,,earth4 ,behold the scribe and artist of the ,temple of ,ptah1 ,nebseni1 who saith3 8,set hath taken possession of ,horus1 who looked with the two eyes upon the building787 round ,sekhet-hetep1 but ,i have unfettered ,horus and taken him from ,set1 and ,set hath opened the ways of the two eyes which are in heaven4 ,set hath cast787 his moisture to the winds upon the soul that hath his day 7or his eye7 and who dwelleth in the city of ,mert1 and he hath delivered the interior of the body of ,horus from the gods of ,akert4 ,behold me now1 for ,i make this mighty boat to travel over the ,lake of ,hetep1 and ,i brought it away with might from the palace of ,shu2 the domain of his stars groweth young and reneweth its former strength4 ,i have brought the boat into the lakes thereof so that ,i may come forth into the cities thereof1 and ,i have sailed into their divine city ,hetep4 ,and behold1 it is because ,i1 even ,i1 am at peace with his seasons1 and with his guidance1 and with his territory1 and with the company of the gods who are his first-born4 ,he maketh the two divine fighters 7i4e41 ,horus and ,set7 to be at peace with those who watch over the living ones whom he hath created in fair form1 and he bringeth peace with him2 he maketh the two divine fighters to be at peace with those who watch over them4 ,he cutteth off the hair from the divine fighters1 he driveth away storm from the helpless1 and he keepeth away harm from the ,khus4 ,let me gain dominion within that ,field1 for ,i know it1 and ,i have sailed among its lakes so that ,i might come into its cities4 ,my mouth is strong2 and ,i am equipped with weapons to use against the ,khus2 let them not have dominion over me4 ,let me be rewarded with thy fields1 ,o thou god ,hetep2 that which is thy wish1 shalt thou do1 ,o lord of the winds4 ,may ,i become a khu therein1 may ,i eat therein1 may ,i drink therein1 may ,i plough therein1 may ,i reap therein1 may ,i fight therein1 may ,i make love therein1 may my words be mighty therein1 may ,i never be in a state of servitude therein1 but may ,i be in authority therein4 ,thou hast made strong787 the mouth and the throat787 of the god ,hetep2 ,qetetbu is its787 name4 ,he is stablished upon the watery supports787 of the god ,shu1 and is linked unto the pleasant things of ,r4 ,he is the divider of years1 he is hidden of mouth1 his mouth is silent1 that which he uttereth is secret1 he fulfilleth eternity and taketh possession of everlastingness of existence as ,hetep1 the lord ,hetep4 ,the god ,horus maketh himself to be strong like unto the ,hawk which is one thousand cubits in length and two thousand cubits in width in life2 he hath equipments with him1 and he journeyeth on and cometh where the seat of his heart wisheth in the ,pools thereof and in the cities thereof4 ,he was begotten in the birth-chamber of the god of the city1 he hath offerings made unto him of the food of the god of the city1 he performeth that which it is meet to do therein1 and the union thereof1 in the matter of everything of the birth-chamber of the divine city4 ,when he setteth in life like crystal he performeth everything therein1 and these things are like unto the things which are done in the ,lake of double ,fire1 wherein there is none that rejoiceth1 and wherein are all manner of evil things4 ,the god ,hetep goeth in1 and cometh out1 and goeth backward in that ,field which gathereth together all manner of things for the birth-chamber of the god of the city4 ,when he setteth in life like crystal he performeth all manner of things therein which are like unto the things which are done in the ,lake of double ,fire1 wherein there is none that rejoiceth1 and wherein are no evil things whatsoever4 ,let me live with the god ,hetep1 clothed and not despoiled by the lords of the north7871 and may the lords of divine things bring food unto me2 may he make me to go forward and may ,i come forth1 and may he bring my power to me there1 and may ,i receive it1 and may my equipment be from the god ,hetep4 ,may ,i gain the mastery over the great and mighty word which is in my body in this my place1 and by it ,i will remember and ,i will forget4 ,let me go forward on my journey1 and let me plough4 ,i am at peace in the divine city17#fe7 and ,i know the waters1 cities1 nomes1 and lakes which are in ,sekhet-hetep4 ,i exist therein1 ,i am strong therein1 ,i become a khu therein1 ,i eat therein1 ,i sow seed therein1 ,i reap the harvest therein1 ,i plough therein1 ,i make love therein1 ,i am at peace with the god ,hetep therein4 ,behold ,i scatter seed therein1 ,i sail about among its ,lakes and ,i come forward to the cities thereof1 ,o divine ,hetep4 ,behold1 my mouth is equipped with my horns for teeth1 grant me an overflowing supply of the food whereon the kas and khus live4 ,i have passed the judgment of ,shu upon him that knoweth him1 so that ,i may go forth to the cities thereof1 and may sail about among its lakes and may walk about in ,sekhet-hetep2 and behold1 ,r is in heaven1 and behold1 the god ,hetep is its double offering4 ,i have come onward to its land1 ,i have put on my girdle7871 ,i have come forth so that the gifts which are about to be given unto me may be given1 ,i have made gladness for myself4 ,i have laid hold upon my strength which the god ,hetep hath greatly increased for me4 ,o ,unen-em-hetep17#ff7 ,i have entered in to thee and my soul followeth after me1 and my divine food is upon both my hands1 ,o ,lady of the two lands17#fg7 who stablishest my word whereby ,i remember and forget2 ,i would live without injury1 without any injury being done unto me1 oh1 grant to me1 oh1 do thou grant to me1 joy of heart4 ,make thou me to be at peace1 bind thou up my sinews and muscles1 and make me to receive the air4 ,o ,unen-em-hetep1 thou ,lady of the winds1 ,i have entered in to thee and ,i have opened 7i4e41 shown7 my head4 ,r falleth asleep1 but ,i am awake1 and there is the goddess ,hast at the gate of heaven by night4 ,obstacles have been set before me1 but ,i have gathered together what he hath emitted4 ,i am in my city4 ,o ,nut-urt17#fh7 ,i have entered into thee and ,i have counted my harvest1 and ,i go forward to ,uakh47#fi7 ,i am the ,bull enveloped in turquoise1 the lord of the ,field of the ,bull1 the lord of the divine speech of the goddess ,septet 7,sothis7 at her hours4 ,o ,uakh1 ,i have entered into thee1 ,i have eaten my bread1 ,i have gotten the mastery over choice pieces of the flesh of oxen and of feathered fowl1 and the birds of ,shu have been given unto me2 ,i follow after the gods and ,i come after the divine kas4 ,o ,tchefet17#gj7 ,i have entered in to thee4 ,i array myself in apparel1 and ,i gird myself with the sa garment of ,r2 now behold1 he is in heaven1 and those who dwell therein follow ,r1 and ,i follow ,r in heaven4 ,o ,unen-em-hetep1 lord of the two lands1 ,i have entered in to thee1 and ,i have plunged into the lakes of ,tchesert2 behold me1 for all filth hath departed from me4 ,the ,great ,god groweth therein1 and behold1 ,i have found food therein2 ,i have snared feathered fowl and ,i feed upon the finest of them4 ,o ,qenqentet17#ga7 ,i have entered into thee1 and ,i have seen the ,osiris my father1 and ,i have gazed upon my mother1 and ,i have made love4 ,i have caught the worms and serpents1 and ,i am delivered4 ,and ,i know the name of the god who is opposite to the goddess ,tchesert1 and who hath straight hair and is equipped with two horns2 he reapeth1 and ,i both plough and reap4 ,o ,hast1 ,i have entered in to thee1 ,i have driven back those who would come to the turquoise sky1 and ,i have followed the winds of the company of the gods4 ,the ,great ,god hath given my head unto me1 and he who hath bound on me my head is the ,mighty one who hath turquoise787 eyes1 namely1 ,ari-en-ab-f 7i4e41 he doeth as he pleaseth74 ,o ,usert17#gb7 ,i have come into thee at the head of the house wherein divine food is brought for me4 ,o ,smam17#gc7 ,i have come into thee4 ,my heart watcheth1 my head is equipped with the white crown1 ,i am led into celestial regions1 and ,i make to flourish terrestrial objects1 and there is joy of heart for the ,bull1 and for celestial beings1 and for the company of the gods4 ,i am the god who is the ,bull1 the lord of the gods1 as he goeth forth from the turquoise sky4 ,o divine nome of wheat and barley1 ,i have come unto thee1 ,i have come forward to thee and ,i have taken up that which followeth me1 namely1 the best of the libations of the company of the gods4 ,i have tied up my boat in the celestial lakes1 ,i have lifted up the post at which to anchor1 ,i have recited the prescribed words with my voice1 and ,i have ascribed praises unto the gods who dwell in ,sekhet-hetep40 ,of ,knowing ,the ,souls ,of ,pe ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ah74 ,,another ,,chapter ,,of ,,knowing ,,the ,,souls ,,of ,,pe4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 ,khat1 who dwellest in ,khat1 in ,anpet17#gd7 and in the nome of ,khat6 ,hail1 ye goddesses of the chase who dwell in the city of ,pe1 ye celestial lands7871 ye stars1 and ye divine beings1 who give cakes and ale7871 do ye know for what reason the city of ,pe hath been given unto ,horus8 ,i1 even ,i1 know though ye know it not4 ,behold1 ,r gave the city unto him in return for the injury in his eye1 for which cause ,r said to ,horus1 #8,let me see what is coming to pass in thine eye1' and forthwith he looked thereat4 ,then ,r said to ,horus1 #8,look at that black pig1' and he looked1 and straightway an injury was done unto his eye1 namely1 a mighty storm took place4 ,then said ,horus unto ,r1 #8,verily1 my eye seems as if it were an eye upon which ,suti had inflicted a blow2' and thus saying he ate his heart47#ge7 ,then said ,r to those gods1 #8,place ye him in his chamber1 and he shall do well4' ,now the black pig was ,suti who had transformed himself into a black pig1 and he it was who had aimed the blow of fire which was in the eye of ,horus4 ,then said ,r unto those gods1 #8,the pig is an abominable thing unto ,horus2 oh1 but he shall do well although the pig is an abomination unto him4' ,then the company of the gods1 who were among the divine followers of ,horus when he existed in the form of his own child1 said1 #8,let sacrifices be made to the gods of his bulls1 and of his goats1 and of his pigs4' ,now the father of ,mesthi1 ,hpi1 ,tuamutef and ,qebhsennuf is ,horus1 and their mother is ,isis4 ,then said ,horus to ,r1 #8,give me two divine brethren in the city of ,pe and two divine brethren in the city of ,nekhen1 who have sprung from my body and who shall be with me in the guise of everlasting judges1 then shall the earth blossom and thunder-clouds and rain be blotted out4' ,and the name of ,horus became #8,her-uatch-f' 7i4e41 ,prince of his emerald stone74 ,i1 even ,i1 know the ,souls of ,pe1 namely1 ,horus1 ,mesthi1 and ,hpi40 ,of ,knowing ,the ,souls ,of ,nekhen ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ah74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,knowing ,,the ,,souls ,,of ,,nekhen4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i know the hidden things of the city of ,nekhen1 that is to say1 the things which the mother of ,horus did for him1 and how she made her voice to go forth over the waters1 saying1 #8,speak ye unto me concerning the judgment which is upon me1 and shew me the path behind you1 and let me discover it2' and how ,r said1 #8,this son of ,isis hath perished2' and what the mother of ,horus did for him when she cried out1 saying1 #8,sebek1 the lord of the papyrus swamp1 shall be brought to us4' ,and ,sebek fished for them and he found them1 and the mother of ,horus made them to grow in the places to which they belonged4 ,then ,sebek1 the lord of his papyrus swamp1 said1 #8,i went and ,i found the place where they had passed with my fingers on the edge of the waters1 and ,i enclosed them in my net3 and strong was that net4' ,and ,r said1 #8,so then1 there are fish with the god ,sebek1 and he hath found the hands and arms of ,horus for him in the land of fish2' and that land became the land of the city of ,remu 7i4e41 ,fish74 ,and ,r said1 #8,a land of the pool1 a land of the pool to this net4' ,then were the hands of ,horus brought to him at the uncovering of his face at the festivals of the month and half month in the ,land of ,remu4 ,and ,r said1 #8,i give the city of ,nekhen to ,horus for the habitation of his two arms and hands1 and his face shall be uncovered before his two hands and arms in the city of ,nekhen2 and ,i give into his power the slaughtered beings who are in them at the festivals of the month and half month4' ,then ,horus said1 #8,let me carry off ,tuamutef and ,qebhsennuf1 and let them watch over my body2 and if they are allowed to be there1 then shall they be subservient to the god of the city of ,nekhen4' ,and ,r said1 #8,it shall be granted unto thee there and in the city1 of ,senket 7i4e41 ,sati71 and there shall be done for them what hath been done for those who dwell in the city of ,nekhen1 and verily they shall be with thee4' ,and ,horus said1 #8,they have been with thee and now they shall be with me1 and shall hearken unto the god ,suti when he calleth upon the ,souls of ,nekhen4' ,grant to me that ,i1 even ,i1 may pass on to the ,souls of ,nekhen1 and that ,i may unloose the bonds of ,horus4 ,i1 even ,i1 know the ,souls of ,nekhen1 namely1 ,horus1 ,tuamutef1 and ,qebhsennuf40 ,of ,knowing ,the ,souls ,of ,khemennu ,from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni 7,british ,museum ,no4 #i1ijj1 sheet #g74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,knowing ,,the ,,souls ,,of ,,khemennu 7,hermopolis74 8,the goddess ,mat is carried by the arm at the shining of the goddess ,neith in the city of ,mentchat1 and at the shining of the ,eye when it is weighed4 ,i am carried over by it and ,i know what it bringeth from the city of ,kesi17#gf7 and ,i will neither declare it unto men nor tell it unto the gods4 ,i have come1 being the envoy of ,r1 to stablish ,mat upon the arm at the shining of ,neith in the city of ,mentchat and to adjudge the eye to him that shall scrutinize it4 ,i have come as a power through the knowledge of the ,souls of ,khemennu 7,hermopolis7 who love to know what ye love4 ,i know ,mat1 which hath germinated1 and hath become strong1 and hath been judged1 and ,i have joy in passing judgment upon the things which are to be judged4 ,homage to you1 ,o ye ,souls of ,khemennu1 ,i1 even ,i1 know the things which are unknown on the festivals of the month and half month4 ,r knoweth the hidden things of the night1 and know ye that it is ,thoth who hath made me to have knowledge4 ,homage to you1 ,o ye ,souls of ,khemennu1 since ,i know you each day40 ,of ,coming ,forth ,from ,heaven ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ah74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,from ,,heaven1 ,,and ,,of ,,making ,a ,,way ,,through ,,the ,,ammehet1 ,,and ,,of ,,knowing ,,the ,,souls ,,of ,,annu 7,,heliopolis74 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i have passed the day since yesterday among the great divine beings1 and ,i have come into being along with the god ,khepera4 ,my face is uncovered before the ,eye1 the only ,one1 and the orbit of the night hath been opened4 ,i am a divine being among you4 ,i know the ,souls of ,annu4 ,shall not the god ,ur-ma pass over it as he journeyeth forward with vigor8 ,have ,i not overcome7871 and have ,i not spoken to the gods8 ,behold1 he that is the heir of ,annu hath been destroyed4 ,i1 even ,i1 know for what reason was made the lock of hair of the ,man4 ,r spake unto the god ,ami-haf1 and an injury was done unto his mouth1 that is to say1 he was wounded in that mouth4 ,and ,r spake unto the god ,ami-haf1 saying1 #8,o heir of men1 receive thy harpoon2' and the harpoon-house came into being4 ,behold1 ,o god ,ami-haf1 two divine brethren have come into being1 that is to say1 ,senti-,r came into being1 and ,setem-ansi-f came into being4 ,and his hand stayed not1 and he made his form into that of a woman with a lock of hair which became the divine lock in ,annu1 and which became the strong and mighty one in this temple2 and it became the strong one of ,annu1 and it became the heir of the heir of ,ur-maat-f 7i4e41 the mighty one of the two eyes71 and it became before him the god ,urma of ,annu4 ,i know the ,souls of ,annu1 namely1 ,r1 ,shu1 and ,tefnut40 ,of ,knowing ,the ,souls ,of ,khemennu ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ah74 ,,another ,,chapter ,,of ,,knowing ,,the ,,souls ,,of ,,khemennu 7,,hermopolis74 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,the goddess ,neith shineth in ,matchat1 and the goddess ,mat is carried by the arm of him who eateth the ,eye1 and who is its divine judge1 and the ,sem priest carrieth me over upon it4 ,i will not declare it unto men1 and ,i will not tell it unto the gods2 ,i will not declare it unto men1 and ,i will not tell it unto the gods4 ,i have entered in being an ignorant man1 and ,i have seen the hidden things4 ,homage to you1 ,o ye gods who dwell in ,khemennu1 ye know me even as ,i know the goddess ,neith1 and ye give to the ,eye the growth which endureth4 ,there is joy to me at the judgment of the things which are to be judged4 ,i1 even ,i1 know the ,souls of ,annu2 they are great at the festival of the month1 and are little at the festival of the half month4 ,they are ,thoth the ,hidden one1 and ,sa1 and ,tem40 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,deceased ,,offal ,,shall ,,be ,,an ,,abomination ,,unto ,,him1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,not ,,drink ,,filthy ,,water4 ,of ,receiving ,paths ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #i74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,receiving ,,paths ,,whereon ,,to ,,walk ,,in ,,re-,,stau4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,the paths which are above me lead to ,re-stau4 ,i am he who is girt about with his girdle and who cometh forth from the goddess of the ,ureret crown4 ,i have come1 and ,i have stablished things in ,abtu 7,abydos71 and ,i have opened out paths in ,re-stau4 ,the god ,osiris hath eased my pains4 ,i am he who maketh the waters to come into being1 and who setteth his throne thereon1 and who maketh his path through the funeral valley and through the ,great ,lake4 ,i have made my path1 and indeed ,i am ,osiris4 8,osiris was victorious over his enemies1 and the ,osiris ,nebqet is victorious over his enemies4 ,he hath become as one of yourselves1 ,o ye gods1 his protector is the ,lord of eternity1 he walketh even as ye walk1 he standeth even as ye stand1 he sitteth even as ye sit1 and he talketh even as ye talk in the presence of the ,great ,god1 the ,lord of ,amentet407#gg7 ,of ,coming ,forth ,from ,re-,stau ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #i74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,from ,,re-,,stau4 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i was born in ,re-stau1 and splendor hath been given unto me by those who dwell in their spiritual bodies 7shu7 in the habitation where libations are made unto ,osiris4 ,the divine ministers who are in ,re-stau shall receive me when ,osiris is led into the twofold funeral region of ,osiris2 oh1 let me be a divine being whom they shall lead into the twofold funeral region of ,osiris40 ,of ,coming ,forth ,from ,re-,stau ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #i74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,coming ,,forth ,,from ,,re-,,stau47#gh7 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am the ,great ,god who maketh his light4 ,i have come to thee1 ,o ,osiris1 and ,i offer praise unto thee4 ,i am pure from the issues which are carried away from thee4 ,thy name is made in ,re-stau1 and thy power is in ,abtu 7,abydos74 ,thou art raised up1 then1 ,o ,osiris1 and thou goest round about through heaven with ,r1 and thou lookest upon the generations of men1 ,o thou ,one who circlest1 thou ,r4 ,behold1 verily1 ,i have said unto thee1 ,o ,osiris1 #8,i am the spiritual body of the ,god1' and ,i say1 #8,let it come to pass that ,i shall never be repulsed before thee1 ,o ,osiris4' 0 ,the following is the chapter in a fuller form37#gi7 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,knowing ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,osiris ,,and ,,of ,,entering ,,into ,,and ,,of ,,going ,,out ,,from ,,re-,,stau ,,in ,,all ,,the ,,forms ,,wherein ,,he ,,willeth ,,to ,,come ,,forth47#hj7 ,the scribe ,mes-em-neter1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am the ,great ,name who maketh his light4 ,i have come to thee1 ,o ,osiris1 and ,i offer praise unto thee4 ,i am pure from the issues which are carried away from thee4 ,thy name hath been made in ,re-stau when it hath fallen therein4 ,homage to thee1 ,o ,osiris1 in thy strength and in thy power1 thou hast obtained the mastery in ,re-stau4 ,thou art raised up1 ,o ,osiris1 in thy might and in thy power1 thou art raised up1 ,o ,osiris1 and thy might is in ,re-stau1 and thy power is in ,abtu 7,abydos74 ,thou goest round about through heaven1 and thou sailest before ,r1 and thou lookest upon the generations of men1 ,o thou ,being who circlest1 thou ,r4 ,behold1 verily1 ,i have said unto thee1 ,o ,osiris1 #8,i am the spiritual body of the ,god1' and ,i say1 #8,let it come to pass that ,i shall never be repulsed before thee1 ,o ,osiris4' 0 ,of ,going ,about ,in ,the ,underworld ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #i74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,going ,,in ,,after ,,coming ,,forth ,,from ,,the ,,underworld4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,open unto me8 ,who then art thou8 ,whither goest thou8 ,what is thy name8 ,i am one of you1 #8,assembler of ,souls' is the name of my boat2 #8,making the hair to stand on end' is the name of the oars2 #8,watchful one' is the name of its bows2 #8,evil is it' is the name of the rudder2 #8,steering straight for the middle' is the name of the ,mtchabet2 so likewise the boat is a type of my sailing onward to the pool4 ,let there be given unto me vessels of milk1 together with cakes1 and loaves of bread1 and cups of drink1 and pieces of meat in the ,temple of ,anpu10 or 7as others say71 8,grant thou me these things wholly4 ,let it be so done unto me that ,i may enter in like a hawk1 and that ,i may come forth like the ,bennu bird1 and like the ,morning ,star4 ,let me make my path so that ,i may go in peace into the beautiful ,amentet1 and let the ,lake of ,osiris be mine4 ,let me make my path1 and let me enter in1 and let me adore ,osiris1 the ,lord of life40 ,of ,entering ,into ,the ,great ,house ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #aj74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,entering ,,into ,,the ,,great ,,house4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,homage to thee1 ,o ,thoth4 ,i am ,thoth1 who have weighed the two divine ,fighters 7i4e41 ,horus and ,set71 ,i have destroyed their warfare and ,i have diminished their wailings4 ,i have delivered the ,atu fish in his turning back1 and ,i have performed that which thou didst order concerning him1 and afterward ,i lay down within my eye4 ,i am he who hath been without opposition4 ,i have come2 do thou look upon me in the ,temple of ,nem-hra 7or ,uhem-hra74 ,i give commands in the words of the divine aged ones1 and1 moreover1 ,i guide for thee the lesser deities40 ,of ,entering ,the ,presence ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #aj74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,going ,,into ,,the ,,presence ,,of ,,the ,,divine ,,sovereign ,,princes ,,of ,,osiris4 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,my soul hath built for me a habitation in the city of ,tattu2 ,i sow seed in the city of ,pe1 and ,i plough my field with my laborers7871 and for this reason my palm tree is like ,amsu4 ,that which is an abomination unto me1 that which is an abomination unto me ,i shall not eat4 ,that which is an abomination unto me1 that which is an abomination unto me is filth4 ,i shall not eat thereof2 by sepulchral meals and food ,i shall not be destroyed4 ,the abominable thing ,i shall not take into my hands1 ,i shall not walk upon it in my sandals1 because my cakes are made of white grain1 and my ale is made of red grain1 and behold1 the ,sektet boat and the ,mtet boat bring them to me1 and ,i eat thereof under the branches of the trees1 the beautiful arms of which ,i know4 ,oh1 let splendor be prepared for me with the white crown which is lifted up upon me by the uri-goddesses4 ,hail1 thou guardian of the divine doors of the god ,sehetep-taui 7i4e41 #8he who maketh the world to be at peace'71 bring thou to me that of which they make sepulchral meals2 grant thou that ,i may lift up the branches7874 ,may the god of light open to me his arms1 and may the company of the gods keep silence while the denizens of heaven talk with the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant4 ,i am the leader of the hearts of the gods which strengthen me1 and ,i am a mighty one among the divine beings4 ,if any god or any goddess shall come forth against me he shall be judged by the ancestors of the year who live upon hearts and who make787 cakes787 for me1 and ,osiris shall devour him at his coming forth from ,abtu 7,abydos74 ,he shall be judged by the ancestors of ,r1 and he shall be judged by the ,god of ,light who clotheth heaven among the divine princes4 ,i shall have bread in my mouth at stated seasons1 and ,i shall enter in before the gods ,ahiu4 ,he shall speak with me1 and ,i shall speak with the followers of the gods4 ,i shall speak with the ,disk and ,i shall speak with the denizens of heaven4 ,i shall put the terror of myself into the blackness of night which is in the goddess ,meh-urt1 who is near him that dwelleth in might4 ,and behold1 ,i shall be there with ,osiris4 ,my condition of completeness shall be his condition of completeness among the divine princes4 ,i shall speak unto him with the words of men1 and he shall repeat unto me the words of the gods4 ,a khu who is equipped with power shall come47#ha7 ,i am a khu who is equipped with power2 ,i am equipped with the power of all the khus1 being the form of the ,shu 7i4e41 spiritual bodies7 of ,annu1 ,tattu1 ,suten-henen1 ,abtu1 ,apu1 and ,sennu47#hb7 ,the ,osiris ,auf-nkh is victorious over every god and every goddess who are hidden in ,neter-khertet407#hc7 ,the ,introduction ,to ,maati ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #cj74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,entering ,,into ,,the ,,hall ,,of ,,double ,,ma,,ti2 ,a ,,hymn ,,of ,,praise ,,to ,,osiris1 ,,the ,,governor ,,of ,,amentet4 ,osiris1 the scribe ,ani1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i have come1 and ,i have drawn nigh to see thy beauties2 my hands are raised in adoration of thy name #8,right and ,truth4' ,i came and ,i drew nigh unto the place where the acacia-tree groweth not1 where the tree thick with leaves existeth not1 and where the ground yieldeth neither herb nor grass4 ,then ,i entered into the hidden place1 and ,i spake with the god ,set1 and my protector787 advanced to me1 and his face was clothed 7or covered71 and he fell upon the hidden things4 ,he entered into the ,temple of ,osiris1 and he looked upon the hidden things which were therein2 and the sovereign chiefs of the pylons were in the form of khus4 ,and the god ,anpu spake to those who were on both sides of him with the speech of a man as he came from ,ta-mera27#hd7 he knoweth our paths and our cities4 ,i make offerings7871 and ,i smell the odor of him as if he were one among you1 and ,i say unto him1 ,i am ,osiris1 the scribe ,ani1 triumphant in peace1 triumphant6 ,i have come1 and 7,i7 have drawn nigh to see the great gods1 and ,i feed upon the offerings which are among their food4 ,i have been to the borders of the territory of ,ba-neb-,tettet 7i4e41 the #8,soul1 the lord of ,tattu1' or ,osiris71 and he hath caused me to come forth like a ,bennu bird1 and to utter words4 ,i have been in the water of the stream1 and ,i have made offerings of incense4 ,i have guided myself to the ,shentet tree of the divine children4 ,i have been in ,abu 7or ,abu1 i4e41 ,elephantine87 in the ,temple of the goddess ,satet4 ,i have submerged the boat of mine enemies while ,i myself have sailed over the ,lake in the ,neshmet boat4 ,i have seen the ,shu 7i4e41 the spiritual bodies7 in the city of ,qem-ur4 ,i have been in the city of ,tattu1 and ,i have brought myself to silence therein4 ,i have caused the god to have the mastery over his two feet4 ,i have been in the ,temple of ,tep-tu-f 7i4e41 #8he that is on his hill1' or ,anubis71 and ,i have seen him that is lord of the divine temple4 ,i have entered into the ,temple of ,osiris1 and ,i have arrayed myself in the apparel of him that is therein4 ,i have entered into ,re-stau1 and ,i have seen the hidden things which are therein4 ,i was shrouded therein1 but ,i found a way for myself4 ,i have gone into the city of ,an-aarret-f 7i4e41 the place where nothing groweth71 and ,i covered my nakedness with the garments which were therein4 ,there was given unto me the nti unguent such as women use1 along with the powder of human beings4 ,verily ,sut787 hath spoken unto me the things which concern himself1 and ,i said1 #8,let thy weighing be in787 us4' 0 8,the ,majesty of the god ,anpu saith1 #8,knowest thou the name of this door so as to declare it unto me8' ,and ,osiris1 the scribe ,ani1 triumphant in peace1 triumphant6 saith1 #8,destroyer of the god ,shu' is the name of this door4 ,the ,majesty of the god ,anpu saith1 #8,knowest thou the name of the upper leaf and of the lower leaf8' #8,lord of ,mat upon his two feet' is the name of the upper leaf1 and #8,lord of twofold strength1 the subduer of cattle1' is the name of the lower leaf4 ,the ,majesty of the god ,anpu saith1 #8,since thou knowest pass on1 ,o ,osiris the scribe1 the teller of the divine offerings of all the gods of ,thebes1 ,ani1 triumphant1 the lord of reverence4' 0 ,the ,introduction ,to ,maati ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #ajdgg1 sheet #bb74 ,,the ,,following ,,shall ,,be ,,said ,,when ,,the ,,overseer ,,of ,,the ,,palace1 ,,the ,,chancellor-,,in-,,chief1 ,,nu1 ,,triumphant1 ,,cometh ,,forth ,,into ,,the ,,hall ,,of ,,double ,,ma,,ti7#he7 ,,so ,,that ,,he ,,may ,,be ,,separated ,,from ,,every ,,sin ,,which ,,he ,,hath ,,done ,,and ,,may ,,behold ,,the ,,faces ,,of ,,the ,,gods4 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,homage to thee1 ,o ,great ,god1 thou ,lord of ,double ,mati1 ,i have come to thee1 ,o my ,lord1 and ,i have brought myself hither that ,i may behold thy beauties4 ,i know thee1 and ,i know thy name1 and ,i know the names of the two and forty gods who exist with thee in this ,hall of double ,mati1 who live as warders of sinners and who feed upon their blood on the day when the lives of men are taken into account in the presence of the god ,un-nefer2 in truth #8,rekhti-merti-neb-,mati' 7i4e41 #8twin-sisters with two eyes1 ladies of double ,mati'7 is thy name4 ,in truth ,i have come to thee1 and ,i have brought ,mat 7i4e41 right and truth7 to thee1 and ,i have destroyed wickedness for thee4 ,i have not done evil to mankind4 ,i have not oppressed the members of my family1 ,i have not wrought evil in the place of right and truth4 ,i have had no knowledge of worthless men4 ,i have not wrought evil4 ,i have not made to be the first consideration of each day that excessive labor should be performed for me4 ,i have not brought forward my name for exaltation to honors4 ,i have not ill-treated servants4 ,i have not thought scorn of ,god4 ,i have not defrauded the oppressed one of his property47#hf7 ,i have not done that which is an abomination unto the gods4 ,i have not caused harm to be done to the servant by his chief4 ,i have not caused pain4 ,i have made no man to suffer hunger4 ,i have made no one to weep4 ,i have done no murder4 ,i have not given the order for murder to be done for me4 ,i have not inflicted pain upon mankind4 ,i have not defrauded the temples of their oblations4 ,i have not purloined the cakes of the gods4 ,i have not carried off the cakes offered to the khus4 ,i have not committed fornication4 ,i have not polluted myself in the holy places of the god of my city17#hg7 nor diminished from the bushel4 ,i have neither added to nor filched away land4 ,i have not encroached upon the fields of others4 ,i have not added to the weights of the scales to cheat the seller4 ,i have not misread the pointer of the scales to cheat the buyer4 ,i have not carried away the milk from the mouths of children4 ,i have not driven away the cattle which were upon their pastures4 ,i have not snared the feathered fowl of the preserves of the gods4 ,i have not caught fish with bait made of fish of their kind4 ,i have not turned back the water at the time when it should flow4 ,i have not cut a cutting in a canal of running water4 ,i have not extinguished a fire 7or light7 when it should burn4 ,i have not violated the times7#hh7 of offering the chosen meat-offerings4 ,i have not driven off the cattle from the property of the gods4 ,i have not repulsed ,god in his manifestations4 ,i am pure4 ,i am pure4 ,i am pure4 ,i am pure4 ,my purity is the purity of that great ,bennu which is in the city of ,suten-henen 7,heracleopolis71 for1 behold1 ,i am the nose of the ,god of the winds1 who maketh all mankind to live on the day when the ,eye 7,utchat7 of ,r is full in ,annu 7,heliopolis7 at the end of the second month7#hi7 of the season ,pert 7i4e41 the season of growing7 in the presence of the divine lord of this earth47#ij7 ,i have seen the ,eye of ,r when it was full in ,annu1 therefore let not evil befall me in this land and in this ,hall of double ,mati1 because ,i1 even ,i1 know the names of these gods who are therein and who are the followers of the great god407#ia7 ,the ,negative ,confession ,from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni 7,british ,museum ,no4 #i1ijj1 sheet #cj74 ,the scribe ,nebseni1 triumphant1 saith3 #a4 8,hail1 thou whose strides are long1 who comest forth from ,annu 7,heliopolis71 ,i have not done iniquity4 #b4 8,hail1 thou who art embraced by flame1 who comest forth from ,kher-ba17#ib7 ,i have not robbed with violence4 #c4 8,hail1 thou divine ,nose 7,fenti71 who comest forth from ,khemennu 7,hermopolis71 ,i have not done violence to any man4 #d4 8,hail1 thou who eatest shades1 who comest forth from the place where the ,nile riseth17#ic7 ,i have not committed theft4 #e4 8,hail1 ,neha-hu17#id7 who comest forth from ,re-stau1 ,i have not slain man or woman4 #f4 8,hail1 thou double ,lion-god1 who comest forth from heaven1 ,i have not made light the bushel4 #g4 8,hail1 thou whose two eyes are like flint17#ie7 who comest forth from ,sekhem 7,letopolis71 ,i have not acted deceitfully4 #h4 8,hail1 thou ,flame1 who comest forth as thou goest back1 ,i have not purloined the things which belong unto ,god4 #i4 8,hail1 thou ,crusher of bones1 who comest forth from ,suten-henen 7,heracleopolis71 ,i have not uttered falsehood4 #aj4 8,hail1 thou who makest the flame to wax strong1 who comest forth from ,het-ka-,ptah 7,memphis71 ,i have not carried away food4 #aa4 8,hail1 ,qerti1 7i4e41 the two sources of the ,nile71 who come forth from ,amentet1 ,i have not uttered evil words4 #ab4 8,hail1 thou whose teeth shine1 who comest forth from ,ta-she 7i4e41 the ,fayym71 ,i have attacked no man4 #ac4 8,hail1 thou who dost consume blood1 who comest forth from the house of slaughter1 ,i have not killed the beasts which are the property of ,god4 #ad4 8,hail1 thou who dost consume the entrails1 who comest forth from the mbet chamber1 ,i have not acted deceitfully4 #ae4 8,hail1 thou god of ,right and ,truth1 who comest forth from the city of double ,mati1 ,i have not laid waste the lands which have been ploughed7874 #af4 8,hail1 thou who goest backward1 who comest forth from the city of ,bast 7,bubastis71 ,i have never pried into matters to make mischief4 #ag4 8,hail1 ,aati1 who comest forth from ,annu 7,heliopolis71 ,i have not set my mouth in motion against any man4 #ah4 8,hail1 thou who art doubly evil1 who comest forth from the nome of ,ati17#if7 ,i have not given way to wrath concerning myself without a cause4 #ai4 8,hail1 thou serpent ,uamemti1 who comest forth from the house of slaughter1 ,i have not defiled the wife of a man4 #bj4 8,hail1 thou who lookest upon what is brought to him1 who comest forth from the ,temple of ,amsu1 ,i have not committed any sin against purity4 #ba4 8,hail1 ,chief of the divine ,princes1 who comest forth from the city of ,nehatu17#ig7 ,i have not struck fear into any man4 #bb4 8,hail1 ,khemiu 7i4e41 ,destroyer71 who comest forth from the ,lake of ,kaui1 ,i have not encroached upon sacred times and seasons4 #bc4 8,hail1 thou who orderest speech1 who comest forth from ,urit1 ,i have not been a man of anger4 #bd4 8,hail1 thou ,child1 who comest forth from the ,lake of ,heq-t17#ih7 ,i have not made myself deaf to the words of right and truth4 #be4 8,hail1 thou disposer of speech1 who comest forth from the city of ,unes17#ii7 ,i have not stirred up strife4 #bf4 8,hail1 ,basti1 who comest forth from the ,secret city1 ,i have made no man to weep4 #bg4 8,hail1 thou whose face is turned backward1 who comest forth from the ,dwelling1 ,i have not committed acts of impurity1 neither have ,i lain with men4 #bh4 8,hail1 ,leg of fire1 who comest forth from ,akhekhu1 ,i have not eaten my heart47#ajj7 #bi4 8,hail1 ,kenemti1 who comest forth from the city of ,kenemet1 ,i have abused no man4 #cj4 8,hail1 thou who bringest thine offering1 who comest forth from the city of ,sau 7,sas71 ,i have not acted with violence4 #ca4 8,hail1 thou god of faces1 who comest forth from the city of ,tchefet1 ,i have not judged hastily4 #cb4 8,hail1 thou who givest knowledge1 who comest forth from ,unth1 ,i have not 444 and ,i have not taken vengeance upon the god4 #cc4 8,hail1 thou lord of two horns1 who comest forth from ,satiu1 ,i have not multiplied my speech overmuch4 #cd4 8,hail1 ,nefer-,tem1 who comest forth from ,het-ka-,ptah 7,memphis71 ,i have not acted with deceit1 and ,i have not worked wickedness4 #ce4 8,hail1 ,tem-,sep1 who comest forth from ,tattu1 ,i have not uttered curses on the king4 #cf4 8,hail1 thou whose heart doth labor1 who comest forth from the city of ,tebti1 ,i have not fouled787 water4 #cg4 8,hail1 ,ahi of the water1 who comest forth from ,nu1 ,i have not made haughty my voice4 #ch4 8,hail1 thou who givest commands to mankind1 who comest forth from ,sau7871 ,i have not cursed the god4 #ci4 8,hail1 ,neheb-nefert1 who comest forth from the ,lake of ,nefer7871 ,i have not behaved with insolence4 #dj4 8,hail1 ,neheb-kau1 who comest forth from thy city1 ,i have not sought for distinctions4 #da4 8,hail1 thou whose head is holy1 who comest forth from thy habitations1 ,i have not increased my wealth1 except with such things as are justly mine own possessions4 #db4 8,hail1 thou who bringest thine own arm1 who comest forth from ,aukert 7underworld71 ,i have not thought scorn of the god who is in my city40 ,address ,to ,the ,gods ,of ,the ,underworld ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #bd74 ,,then ,,shall ,,the ,,heart ,,which ,,is ,,righteous ,,and ,,sinless ,,say37#aja7 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,homage to you1 ,o ye gods who dwell in the ,hall of double ,mati1 ,i1 even ,i1 know you1 and ,i know your names4 ,let me not fall under your knives of slaughter1 and bring ye not forward my wickedness unto the god in whose train ye are2 and let not evil hap come upon me by your means4 ,oh1 declare ye me right and true in the presence of ,neb-er-tcher1 because ,i have done that which is right and true in ,ta-mera 7,egypt74 ,i have not cursed ,god1 and let not evil hap come upon me through the king who dwelleth in my day4 ,homage to you1 ,o ye gods1 who dwell in the ,hall of double ,mati1 who are without evil in your bodies1 and who live upon right and truth1 and who feed yourselves upon right and truth in the presence of the god ,horus1 who dwelleth in his divine ,disk3 deliver ye me from the god ,baba who feedeth upon the entrails of the mighty ones upon the day of the great judgment4 ,oh1 grant ye that ,i may come to you1 for ,i have not committed faults1 ,i have not sinned1 ,i have not done evil1 ,i have not borne false witness2 therefore let nothing evil be done unto me4 ,i live upon right and truth1 and ,i feed upon right and truth4 ,i have performed the commandments of men as well as the things whereat are gratified the gods1 ,i have made the gods to be at peace with me by doing that which is his will4 ,i have given bread to the hungry man1 and water to the thirsty man1 and apparel to the naked man1 and a boat to the shipwrecked mariner4 ,i have made holy offerings to the gods1 and sepulchral meals to the ,khus4 ,be ye then my deliverers1 be ye then my protectors1 and make ye not accusation against me in the presence of the great god4 ,i am clean of mouth and clean of hands2 therefore let it be said unto me by those who shall behold me1 #8,come in peace2 come in peace1' for ,i have heard that mighty word which the spiritual bodies 7shu77#ajb7 spake unto the ,cat in the ,house of ,hapt-re4 ,i have been made to give evidence before the god ,hra-f-ha-f 7i4e41 he whose face is behind him71 and he hath given a decision concerning me4 ,i have seen the things over which the persea tree spreadeth its branches within ,re-stau4 ,i am he who hath offered up prayers to the gods and who knoweth their persons4 ,i have come and ,i have advanced to make the declaration of right and truth1 and to set the balance upon what supporteth it within the region of ,aukert4 ,hail1 thou who art exalted upon thy standard1 thou lord of the ,atefu crown1 whose name is proclaimed as #8,lord of the winds1' deliver thou me from thy divine messengers who cause dire deeds to happen1 and who cause calamities to come into being1 and who are without coverings for their faces1 for ,i have done that which is right and true for the ,lord of right and truth4 ,i have purified myself and my breast with libations1 and my hinder parts with the things which make clean1 and my inner parts have been in the ,pool of ,right and ,truth4 ,there is no single member of mine which lacketh right and truth4 ,i have been purified in the ,pool of the ,south1 and ,i have rested in the northern city which is in the ,field of the ,grasshoppers1 wherein the divine sailors of ,r bathe at the second hour of the night and at the third hour of the day4 ,and the hearts of the gods are gratified787 after they have passed through it1 whether it be by night1 or whether it be by day1 and they say unto me1 #8,let thyself come forward4' ,and they say unto me1 #8,who1 then1 art thou8' ,and they say unto me1 #8,what is thy name8' #8,i am he who is equipped under the flowers and ,i am the dweller in his olive-tree1' is my name4 ,and they say unto me straightway1 #8,pass thou on'2 and ,i passed on by thy city to the north of the olive-tree4 ,what1 then1 didst thou see there8 ,the leg and the thigh4 ,what1 then1 didst thou say unto them8 ,let me see rejoicings in those lands of the ,tenkhu47#ajc7 ,and what did they give unto thee8 ,a flame of fire and a tablet 7or sceptre7 of crystal4 ,what1 then1 didst thou do therewith8 ,i buried them by the furrow of ,mnat as #8things for the night4' ,what1 then1 didst thou find by the furrow of ,mnat8 ,a sceptre of flint1 the name of which is #8,giver of winds4' ,what1 then1 didst thou do to the flame of fire and the tablet 7or sceptre7 of crystal after thou hadst buried them8 ,i uttered words over them in the furrow1 and ,i dug them out therefrom27#ajd7 ,i extinguished the fire1 and ,i broke the tablet 7or sceptre71 and ,i created a pool of water4 #8,come1 then1' they say1 #8and enter in through the door of this ,hall of double ,mati1 for thou knowest us4' 0 8 #8,we will not let thee enter in through us1' say the bolts of the door1 #8unless thou tellest us our names2' #8,tongue of the ,balance of the place of right and truth' is your name4 #8,i will not let thee enter in by me1' saith the right lintel of the door1 #8unless thou tellest me my name2' #8,balance of the support of right and truth' is thy name4 #8,i will not let thee enter in by me1' saith the left lintel of the door1 #8unless thou tellest me my name2' #8,balance of wine' is thy name4 #8,i will not let thee pass over me1' saith the threshold of this door1 #8unless thou tellest me my name2' #8,ox of the god ,seb' is thy name4 #8,i will not open unto thee1' saith the fastening of this door1 #8unless thou tellest me my name2' #8,flesh of his mother' is thy name4 #8,i will not open unto thee1' saith the socket of the fastening of the door1 #8unless thou tellest me my name2' #8,living eye of the god ,sebek1 the lord of ,bakhau1' is thy name4 #8,i will not open unto thee and ,i will not let thee enter in by me1' saith the guardian of the leaf of this door1 #8unless thou tellest me my name2' #8,elbow of the god ,shu when he placeth himself to protect ,osiris' is thy name4 #8,we will not let thee enter in by us1' say the posts of this door1 #8unless thou tellest us our names2' #8,children of the uri-goddesses' is your name47#aje7 #8,thou knowest us1' they say1 #8pass on1 therefore1 by us4' 8 #8,i will not let thee tread upon me1' saith the floor of the ,hall of double ,mati1 #8because ,i am silent and ,i am holy1 and because ,i do not know the names of thy two feet wherewith thou wouldst walk upon me2 therefore tell them to me4' #8,traveller787 of the god ,khas' is the name of my right foot1 and #8,staff of the goddess ,hathor' is the name of my left foot4 #8,thou knowest me1' it saith1 #8pass on therefore over me4' 0 8 #8,i will not make mention of thee1' saith the guardian of the door of this ,hall of double ,mati1 #8unless thou tellest me my name2' #8,discerner of hearts and searcher of the reins' is thy name4 #8,now will ,i make mention of thee to the god4 ,but who is the god that dwelleth in his hour8 ,speak thou it' 7i4e41 his name74 ,mau-,taui 7i4e41 he who keepeth the record of the two lands7 is his name4 #8,who then is ,mau-,taui8' ,he is ,thoth4 #8,come1' saith ,thoth4 #8,but why hast thou come8' ,i have come1 and ,i press forward that ,i may be mentioned4 ,what now is thy condition8 ,i1 even ,i1 am purified from evil things1 and ,i am protected from the baleful deeds of those who live in their days2 and ,i am not among them4 #8,now will ,i make mention of thee to the god4'7#ajf7 #8,tell me now1 who is he7#ajg7 whose heaven is of fire1 whose walls are surmounted by living uri1 and the floor of whose house is a stream of water8 ,who is he8 ,i say4' ,it is ,osiris4 #8,come forward1 then3 verily thou shalt be mentioned to him4 ,thy cakes shall come from the ,eye of ,r1 and thine ale shall come from the ,eye of ,r1 and the sepulchral meals which shall be brought to thee upon earth shall come from the ,eye of ,r4 ,this hath been decreed for the ,osiris the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant4' 0 7,,the ,,making ,,of ,,the ,,representation ,,of ,,what ,,shall ,,happen ,,in ,,this ,,hall ,,of ,,double ,,maati47 ,,this ,,chapter ,,shall ,,be ,,said ,,by ,,the ,,deceased ,,after ,,he ,,hath ,,been ,,cleansed ,,and ,,purified1 ,,and ,,when ,,he ,,is ,,arrayed ,,in ,,apparel1 ,,and ,,is ,,shod ,,with ,,white ,,leather ,,sandals1 ,,and ,,his ,,eyes ,,have ,,been ,,painted ,,with ,,antimony1 ,,and ,,his ,,body ,,hath ,,been ,,anointed ,,with ,,unguent ,,of ,,anti1 ,,and ,,when ,,he ,,offereth ,,oxen1 ,,and ,,feathered ,,fowl1 ,,and ,,incense1 ,,and ,,cakes1 ,,and ,,ale1 ,,and ,,garden ,,herbs4 ,,and1 ,,behold1 ,,thou ,,shalt ,,draw ,a ,,representation ,,of ,,this ,,in ,,color ,,upon ,a ,,new ,,tile ,,moulded ,,from ,,earth ,,upon ,,which ,,neither ,a ,,pig ,,nor ,,other ,,animals ,,have ,,trodden4 ,,and ,,if ,,thou ,,doest ,,this ,,book ,,upon ,,it ,,in ,,writing1 ,,the ,,deceased ,,shall ,,flourish1 ,,and ,,his ,,children ,,shall ,,flourish1 ,,and ,,his ,,name ,,shall ,,never ,,fall ,,into ,,oblivion1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,as ,,one ,,who ,,filleth 7,i4,e41 ,,satisfieth7 ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,the ,,king ,,and ,,of ,,his ,,princes1 ,,and ,,bread1 ,,and ,,cakes1 ,,and ,,sweetmeats1 ,,and ,,wine1 ,,and ,,pieces ,,of ,,flesh ,,shall ,,be ,,given ,,unto ,,him ,,upon ,,the ,,altar ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,god2 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,not ,,be ,,turned ,,back ,,at ,,any ,,door ,,in ,,amentet1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,brought ,,in ,,along ,,with ,,the ,,kings ,,of ,,upper ,,and ,,lower ,,egypt1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,in ,,the ,,train ,,of ,,osiris7#ajh7 ,,continually ,,and ,,regularly ,,forever4 ,of ,the ,hour ,apes7#aji7 ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #bd74 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 the son of the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,amen-hetep1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 ye four apes who sit in the bows of the boat of ,r1 who convey right and truth to ,neb-er-tcher1 who sit in judgment on my misery and on my strength1 who make the gods to rest contented by means of the flame of your mouths1 who offer holy offerings to the gods and sepulchral meals to the khus1 who live upon right and truth1 and who feed upon right and truth of heart1 who are without deceit and fraud1 and to whom wickedness is an abomination1 do ye away with my evil deeds1 and put ye away my sin which deserved stripes upon earth1 and destroy ye any evil whatsoever that belongeth unto me17#aaj7 and let there be no obstacle whatsoever on my part toward you4 ,oh1 grant ye that ,i may make my way through the underworld 7ammehet71 let me enter into ,re-stau1 let me pass through the hidden pylons of ,amentet4 ,oh1 grant that there may be given to me cakes1 and ale1 and sweetmeats7871 even as they are given to the living khus1 and grant that ,i may enter in and come forth from ,re-stau40 8,the four apes make answer1 saying1 #8,come1 then1 for we have done away with thy wickedness1 and we have put away thy sin1 along with the sin deserving of stripes which thou didst commit upon earth1 and we have destroyed all the evil which belonged to thee upon the earth4 ,enter1 therefore1 into ,re-stau1 and pass thou through the hidden pylons of ,amentet1 and there shall be given unto thee cakes1 and ale1 and sweetmeats7871 and thou shalt come forth and thou shalt enter in at thy desire1 even as do those khus who are favored of the god1 and thou shalt be proclaimed 7or called7 each day in the horizon4' 0 ,of ,the ,praise ,of ,the ,gods ,from the ,tomb of ,rameses ,,iv 7see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #ada2 ,lefbure1 8,tombeau de ,ramss ,,iv10 ,plate #ac74 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,praise ,,of ,,the ,,gods ,,of ,,the ,,qerti7#aaa7 ,,which ,a ,,man ,,shall ,,recite ,,when ,,he ,,cometh ,,forth ,,before ,,them ,,to ,,enter ,,in ,,to ,,see ,,the ,,god ,,in ,,the ,,great ,,temple ,,of ,,the ,,underworld4 ,and he shall say3 8,homage to you1 ,o ye gods of the ,qerti1 ye divine dwellers in ,amentet6 ,homage to you1 ,o ye guardians of the doors of the underworld1 who keep ward over the god1 who bear and proclaim the names of those who come into the presence of the god ,osiris1 and who hold yourselves ready1 and who praise him1 and who destroy the ,enemies of ,r4 ,oh1 send ye forth your light and scatter ye the darkness which is about you1 and behold ye the holy and divine ,mighty ,one1 ,o ye who live even as he liveth1 and call ye upon him that dwelleth within his divine ,disk4 ,lead ye the ,king of the ,north and of the ,south1 7,usr-,mat-,r-setep-en-,amen71 the son of the ,sun1 7,r-meses-meri-,amen-,r-heq-,mat71 through your doors1 may his divine soul enter into your hidden places1 for he is one among you1 and he hath shot forth calamities upon the serpent fiend ,apep1 and he hath beaten down the obstacles which ,apep set up in ,amentet4 ,thy word hath prevailed mightily over thine enemies1 ,o great ,god1 who livest in thy divine ,disk2 thy word hath prevailed mightily over thine enemies1 ,o ,osiris1 ,governor of ,amentet2 thy word hath prevailed mightily over thine enemies in heaven and in earth1 ,o thou ,king of the ,north and of the ,south1 7,usr-,mat-,r-setep-en-,amen71 the son of the ,sun1 7,r-meses-meri-,amen-,r-heq-,mat71 and over the sovereign princes of every god and of every goddess1 ,o ,osiris1 ,governor of ,amentet2 he hath uttered words in the presence of the god in the valley of the dead1 and he hath gained the mastery over the mighty sovereign princes4 ,hail1 ye doorkeepers7871 hail1 ye doorkeepers1 who guard your gates1 who punish souls1 who devour the bodies of the dead1 who advance over them at their examination in the places of destruction1 who give right and truth to the soul and to the divine khu1 the beneficent one1 the mighty one1 whose throne is holy in ,akert1 who is endowed with soul like ,r and who is praised like ,osiris1 lead ye along the ,king of the ,north and of the ,south1 7,usr-,mat-,r-setep-en-,amen71 the son of the ,sun1 7,r-meses-meri-,amen-,r-heq-,mat71 unbolt ye for him the doors1 and open ye the place of his ,qerti for him4 ,behold1 make ye his word to triumph over his enemies1 and indeed let meat-offerings and drink-offerings be made unto him by the god of the double door1 and let him put on the nemmes crown of him that dwelleth in the great and hidden shrine4 ,behold the image of ,heru-khuti 7,harmachis71 who is doubly true1 and who is the divine ,soul and the divine and perfect ,khu2 he hath prevailed with his hands4 ,the two great and mighty gods cry out to the ,king of the ,north and ,south 7,usr-,mat-,r-setep-en-,amen71 the son of the ,sun1 7,r-meses-meri-,amen-,r-heq-,mat71 they rejoice with him1 they sing praises to him and clap their hands1 they accord him their protection1 and he liveth4 ,the ,king of the ,north and ,south 7,usr-,mat-,r-setep-en-,amen71 the son of the ,sun1 7,r-meses-meri-,amen-,r-heq-,mat71 riseth like a living soul in heaven4 ,he hath been commanded to make his transformations1 he hath made himself victorious before the divine sovereign chiefs1 and he hath made his way through the gates of heaven1 and of earth1 and of the underworld1 even as hath ,r4 ,the ,king of the ,north and ,south1 7,usr-,mat-,r-setep-en-,amen71 the son of the ,sun1 7,r-meses-meri-,amen-,r-heq-,mat71 saith1 #8,open unto me the gates of heaven1 and of earth1 and of the underworld1 for ,i am the divine soul of ,osiris and ,i rest in him1 and let me pass through their halls4 ,let the gods sing praises unto me when they see me2 let me enter and let favor be shown unto me2 let me come forth and let me be beloved2 and let me go forward1 for no defect or failure hath been found clinging unto me4' 0 ,adoration ,of ,the ,gods ,of ,the ,qerti ,from the ,papyrus of ,ptah-mes 7,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #adb74 ,a ,,chapter ,,to ,,be ,,recited ,,on ,,coming ,,before ,,the ,,divine ,,sovereign ,,chiefs ,,of ,,osiris ,,to ,,offer ,,praise ,,unto ,,the ,,gods ,,who ,,are ,,the ,,guides ,,of ,,the ,,underworld4 ,osiris1 the chief scribe and draughtsman1 ,ptah-mes1 triumphant1 saith3 8,homage to you1 ,o ye gods who dwell in the ,qerti1 ye gods who dwell in ,amentet1 who keep ward over the gates of the underworld and are the guardians thereof1 who bear and proclaim the names of those who come into the presence of ,osiris1 who praise him and who destroy the enemies of ,r4 ,oh1 send forth your light and scatter ye the darkness which is about you1 and look upon the face of ,osiris1 ,o ye who live even as he liveth1 and praise ye him that dwelleth in his ,disk1 and lead ye me away from your calamities4 ,let me come forth and let me enter in through your secret places1 for ,i am a mighty prince among you1 for ,i have done away with evil there1 and ,i have beaten down the obstacles787 which have been set up in ,amentet4 ,thou hast been victorious over thine enemies1 ,o thou that dwellest in thy ,disk2 thou hast been victorious over thine enemies1 ,o ,thoth1 who producest787 statutes2 thou hast been victorious over thine enemies1 ,o ,osiris1 the chief scribe and draughtsman1 ,ptah-mes1 triumphant2 thou hast been triumphant over thine enemies1 ,o ,osiris1 thou ,governor of ,amentet1 in heaven and upon earth in the presence of the divine sovereign chiefs of every god and of every goddess2 and the food787 of ,osiris1 the ,governor of ,amentet1 is in the presence of the god whose name is hidden before the great divine sovereign chiefs4 ,hail ye guardians of the doors1 ye gods who keep ward over their habitations7871 who keep the reckoning and who commit souls to destruction1 who grant right and truth to the divine soul which is stablished1 who are without evil in the abode of ,akert1 who are endowed with soul even as is ,r1 and who are 444 as is ,osiris1 guide ye ,osiris the chief scribe1 the draughtsman1 ,ptah-mes1 triumphant1 open ye unto him the gates of the underworld1 and the uppermost part of his estate and his ,qert4 ,behold1 make ye him to be victorious over his enemies1 provide ye him with the offerings of the god of the underworld1 make noble the divine being who dwelleth in the nemmes crown1 the lord of the knowledge of ,akert4 ,behold1 stablish 444 this soul in right and truth1 and let it become a perfect soul that hath gained the mastery with its two hands4 ,the great and mighty gods cry out1 #8,he hath gotten the victory1' and they rejoice in him1 and they ascribe praise unto him with their hands1 and they turn unto him their faces4 ,the living one is triumphant1 and is even like a living soul dwelling in heaven1 and he hath been ordered to perform his transformations4 ,osiris triumphed over his enemies1 and ,osiris1 the chief scribe and draughtsman1 ,ptah-mes1 triumphant1 hath gained the victory over his enemies in the presence of the great divine sovereign chiefs who dwell in heaven1 and in the presence of the great divine sovereign chiefs who dwell upon the earth40 ,hymn ,of ,praise ,to ,osiris ,from ,lepsius1 8,todtenbuch10 ,bl4 #ea4 ,a ,,hymn ,,of ,,praise ,,to ,,osiris4 ,the ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 triumphant1 saith3 8,homage to thee1 ,o ,osiris ,un-nefer1 triumphant1 thou son of ,nut1 thou first-born son of ,seb1 thou mighty one who comest forth from ,nut1 thou ,king in the city of ,nifu-ur17#aab7 thou ,governor of ,amentet1 thou lord of ,abtu 7,abydos71 thou lord of souls1 thou mighty one of strength1 thou lord of the atef crown in ,suten-henen1 thou lord of the divine form in the city of ,nifu-ur1 thou lord of the tomb1 thou mighty one of souls in ,tattu1 thou lord of sepulchral offerings1 thou whose festivals are many in ,tattu4 ,the god ,horus exalteth his father in every place 7or shrine71 and he uniteth himself unto the goddess ,isis and unto the goddess ,nephthys2 and the god ,thoth reciteth for him the mighty glorifyings which are within him1 and which come forth from his mouth1 and the heart of ,horus is stronger than that of all the gods4 ,rise up1 then1 ,o ,horus1 thou son of ,isis1 and avenge thy father ,osiris4 ,hail1 ,o ,osiris1 ,i have come unto thee2 ,i am ,horus and ,i have avenged thee1 and ,i feed this day upon the sepulchral meals of oxen1 and feathered fowl1 and upon all the beautiful things offered unto ,osiris4 ,rise up1 then1 ,o ,osiris1 for ,i have struck down for thee all thine enemies1 and ,i have taken vengeance upon them for thee4 ,i am ,horus upon this beautiful day of thy fair rising in thy ,soul which exalteth thee along with itself on this day before thy divine sovereign princes4 ,hail1 ,o ,osiris1 thy ka hath come unto thee and is with thee1 and thou restest therein in thy name of ,ka-,hetep4 ,i maketh thee glorious in thy name of ,khu1 and it maketh thee like unto the ,morning ,star in thy name of ,pehu1 and it openeth for thee the ways in thy name of ,ap-uat4 ,hail1 ,o ,osiris1 ,i have come unto thee and ,i have set thine enemies under thy feet in every place1 and thou art triumphant in the presence of the company of the gods and of the divine sovereign chiefs4 ,hail1 ,o ,osiris1 thou hast received thy sceptre and the place whereon thou art to rest1 and thy steps are under thee4 ,thou bringest food to the gods1 and thou bringest sepulchral meals unto those who dwell in their tombs4 ,thou hast given thy might unto the gods and thou hast created the ,great ,god2 thou hast thy existence with them in their spiritual bodies1 thou gatherest thyself unto all the gods1 and thou hearest the word of right and truth on the day when offerings to this god are ordered on the festivals of ,uka40 ,of ,making ,perfect ,the ,khu ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ag74 ,,another ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,perfect ,,the ,,khu1 ,,which ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,recited ,,on ,,the ,,birthday ,,of ,,osiris1 ,,and ,,of ,,making ,,to ,,live ,,the ,,soul ,,forever47#aac7 ,the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,the heavens are opened1 the earth is opened1 the ,west is opened1 the ,east is opened1 the southern half of heaven is opened1 the northern half of heaven is opened1 the doors are opened1 and the gates are thrown wide open to ,r as he cometh forth from the horizon4 ,the ,sektet boat openeth for him the double doors and the ,mtet boat bursteth open for him the gates2 he breatheth1 and the god ,shu7#aad7 cometh into being1 and he createth the goddess ,tefnut4 ,those who are in the following of ,osiris follow in his train1 and the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 followeth on in the train of ,r4 ,he taketh his iron weapon and he forceth open the shrine even as doth ,horus1 and pressing onward he advanceth unto the hidden things of his habitation with the libations of his divine shrine2 the messenger of the god that loveth him4 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 bringeth forth the right and the truth1 and he maketh to advance the going forward7#aae7 of ,osiris4 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 taketh in his hands the cordage and he bindeth fast the shrine4 ,storms are the things which he abominateth4 ,let no water-flood be nigh unto him1 let not the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 be repulsed before ,r1 and let him not be made to turn back2 for1 behold1 the ,eye is in his two hands4 ,let not the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 walk in the valley of darkness1 let him not enter into the ,lake of those who are evil1 and let him have no existence among the damned1 even for a moment4 ,let not the ,osiris ,nu fall headlong among those who would lead him captive1 and let not his soul go in among them4 ,let his divine face take possession of the place behind the block1 the block of the god ,septu40 8,hymns of praise be unto you1 ,o ye divine beings of the ,thigh1 the knives of ,god work in secret1 and the two arms and hands of ,god cause the light to shine2 it is doubly pleasant unto him to lead the old unto him along with the young at his season4 ,now1 behold1 the god ,thoth dwelleth within his hidden places1 and he performeth the ceremonies of libation unto the god who reckoneth millions of years1 and he maketh a way through the firmament1 and he doeth away with storms and whirlwinds from his stronghold1 and the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 arriveth in the places of his habitations4 ,o ye divine beings of the ,thigh1 do ye away with his sorrow1 and his suffering1 and his pain1 and may the sorrow of the ,osiris ,nu be altogether put away4 ,let the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 gratify ,r1 let him make a way into the horizon of ,r1 let his boat be made ready for him1 let him sail on happily1 and let ,thoth put light into his heart2 then shall the ,osiris ,nu1 triumphant1 praise and glorify ,r1 and ,r shall hearken unto his words1 and he shall beat down the obstacles which come from his enemies4 ,i have not been shipwrecked1 ,i have not been turned back in the horizon1 for ,i am ,r-,osiris1 and the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 shall not be shipwrecked in the ,great ,boat4 ,behold him whose face is in the god of the ,thigh1 because the name of ,r is in the body of the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 and his honor is in his mouth2 he shall speak unto ,r1 and ,r shall hearken unto his words40 8,hymns of praise unto thee1 ,o ,r1 in the horizon1 and homage unto thee1 ,o thou that purifiest with light the denizens of heaven1 ,o thou who hast sovereign power over heaven at that supreme moment when the paddles of thine enemies move with thee6 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 cometh with the ordering of right and truth1 for there is an iron firmament in ,amentet which the fiend ,apep hath broken through with his storms before the double ,lion-god1 and this will the ,osiris ,nu set in order2 ,o hearken ye1 ye who dwell upon the top of the throne of majesty4 ,the ,osiris ,nu shall come in among thy divine sovereign chiefs1 and ,r shall deliver him from ,apep each day so that he may not come nigh unto him1 and he shall make himself vigilant4 ,the ,osiris ,nu shall have power over the things which are written1 he shall receive sepulchral meals1 and the god ,thoth shall provide him with the things which should be prepared for him4 ,the ,osiris ,nu maketh right and truth to go round about the bows in the ,great ,boat1 and hath triumph among the divine sovereign chiefs1 and he establisheth it for millions of years4 ,the divine chiefs guide him and give unto him a passage in the boat with joy and gladness2 the first ones among the company of the sailors of ,r are behind him1 and he is happy4 ,right and truth are exalted1 and they have come unto their divine lord1 and praises have been ascribed unto the god ,neb-er-tcher4 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 hath taken in his hands the weapon and he hath made his way through heaven therewith2 the denizens thereof have ascribed praises unto him as unto a divine being who standeth up and never sinketh to rest4 ,the god ,r exalteth him by reason of what he hath done1 and he causeth him to make of none effect the whirlwind and the storm2 he looketh upon his splendors1 and he stablisheth his oars1 and the boat saileth round about in heaven1 rising like the sun in the darkness4 ,thoth1 the mighty one1 leadeth the ,osiris ,nu within his eye1 and he sitteth upon his thighs in the mighty boat of ,khepera2 he cometh into being1 and the things which he saith come to pass4 ,the ,osiris ,nu advanceth1 and he journeyeth round about heaven unto ,amentet1 the fiery deities stand up before him1 and the god ,shu rejoiceth exceedingly1 and they take in their hands the bows of the boat of ,r along with his divine mariners4 ,r goeth round about and he looketh upon ,osiris4 ,the ,osiris ,nu is at peace1 the ,osiris ,nu is at peace4 ,he hath not been driven back1 the flame of thy moment hath not been taken away from him1 ,o ,r1 the whirlwind and storm of thy mouth have not come forth against him1 he hath not journeyed upon the path of the crocodile--for he abominateth the crocodile--and it hath not drawn nigh unto him4 ,the ,osiris ,nu embarked in thy boat1 ,o ,r1 he is furnished with thy throne1 and he receiveth thy spiritual form4 ,the ,osiris ,nu travelleth over the paths of ,r at daybreak to drive back the fiend ,nebt2 he cometh upon the flame of thy boat1 ,o ,r1 upon that mighty ,thigh4 ,the ,osiris ,nu knoweth it1 and he attaineth unto thy boat1 and behold he sitteth therein2 and he maketh sepulchral offerings40 ,,this ,,chapter ,,shall ,,be ,,recited ,,over ,a ,,boat ,,of ,,the ,,god ,,ra ,,which ,,hath ,,been ,,painted ,,in ,,colors ,,in ,a ,,pure ,,place4 ,,and ,,behold ,,thou ,,shalt ,,place ,a ,,figure ,,of ,,the ,,deceased ,,in ,,the ,,bows ,,thereof1 ,,and ,,thou ,,shalt ,,paint ,a ,,sektet ,,boat ,,upon ,,the ,,right ,,side ,,thereof1 ,,and ,,an ,,atet ,,boat ,,upon ,,the ,,left ,,side ,,thereof1 ,,and ,,there ,,shall ,,be ,,made ,,unto ,,them ,,offerings ,,of ,,bread1 ,,and ,,cakes1 ,,and ,,wine1 ,,and ,,oil1 ,,and ,,every ,,kind ,,of ,,fair ,,offering ,,upon ,,the ,,birthday ,,of ,,osiris4 ,,if ,,these ,,ceremonies ,,be ,,performed ,,his ,,soul ,,shall ,,have ,,existence1 ,,and ,,shall ,,live ,,forever1 ,,and ,,shall ,,not ,,die ,a ,,second ,,time4 ,the following is from the rubric to this chapter in the ,sate ,recension 7see ,lepsius1 op4 cit41 ,bl4 #ec73 8,he shall know the hidden things of the underworld1 he shall penetrate the hidden things in ,neter-khertet 7the underworld740 8,this chapter was found in the large hall787 of the ,temple under the reign of his ,majesty ,hesepti1 triumphant1 and it was found in the cavern of the mountain which ,horus made for his father ,osiris ,un-nefer1 triumphant4 ,now since ,r looketh upon this deceased in his own flesh1 he shall look upon him as the company of the gods4 ,the fear of him shall be great1 and the awe of him shall be mighty in the heart of men1 and gods1 and ,khus1 and the damned4 ,he shall be with his soul and shall live forever2 he shall not die a second time in the underworld2 and on the day of weighing of words no evil hap shall befall him4 ,he shall be triumphant over his enemies1 and his sepulchral meals shall be upon the altar of ,r in the course of each day1 day by day40 ,of ,living ,nigh ,unto ,ra ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheets #ag and #ah74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,having ,,existence ,,nigh ,,unto ,r47#aaf7 ,the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 ,nu1 triumphant1 saith3 8,i am that god ,r who shineth in the night4 ,every being who followeth in his train shall have life in the following of the god ,thoth1 and he shall give unto him the risings of ,horus in the darkness4 ,the heart of ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 is glad because he is one of those beings1 and his enemies have been destroyed by the divine princes4 ,i am a follower of ,r1 and ,i have received his iron weapon4 ,i have come unto thee1 ,o my father ,r1 and ,i have advanced to the god ,shu4 ,i have cried unto the mighty goddess1 ,i have equipped the god ,hu1 and ,i alone have removed the ,nebt god from the path of ,r4 ,i am a ,khu1 and ,i have come to the divine prince at the bounds of the horizon4 ,i have met and ,i have received the mighty goddess4 ,i have raised up thy soul in the following of thy strength1 and my soul liveth through thy victory and thy mighty power2 it is ,i who give commands in speech to ,r1 in heaven4 ,homage to thee1 ,o great god in the east of heaven1 let me embark in thy boat1 ,o ,r1 let me open myself out in the form of a divine hawk1 let me give my commands in words1 let me do battle in my ,sekhem7871 let me be master under my vine4 ,let me embark in thy boat1 ,o ,r1 in peace1 and let me sail in peace to the beautiful ,amentet4 ,let the god ,tem speak unto me1 saying1 #8,wouldst thou enter therein8' ,the lady1 the goddess ,mehen1 is a million of years1 yea1 two million years in extent1 and dwelleth in the ,house of ,urt and ,nif-urt and in the ,lake of a million years2 the whole company of the gods move about among those who are at the side of him who is the lord of divisions of places7874 ,and ,i say1 #8,on every road and among these millions of years is ,r the lord1 and his path is in the fire1 and they go round about behind him1 and they go round about behind him4' 0 ,of ,bringing ,men ,back ,to ,earth ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #ah74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,causing ,a ,,man ,,to ,,come ,,back ,,to ,,see ,,his ,,house ,,upon ,,earth47#aag7 ,the ,osiris ,ani saith3 8,i am the ,lion-god coming forth with extended strides4 ,i have shot arrows and ,i have wounded the prey2 ,i have shot arrows and ,i have wounded the prey4 ,i am the ,eye of ,horus1 and ,i pass through the ,eye of ,horus at this season4 ,i have arrived at the furrows2 let the ,osiris ,ani advance in peace407#aah7 ,of ,making ,perfect ,the ,khu ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #af74 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,making ,,perfect ,,the ,,khu1 ,,which ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,recited ,,on ,,the ,,day ,,of ,,the ,,month4 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 saith3 8,r riseth in his horizon1 and his company of the gods follow after him4 ,the god cometh forth out of his hidden habitations1 and food falleth out of the eastern horizon of heaven at the word of the goddess ,nut who maketh plain the paths of ,r1 whereupon straightway the ,prince goeth round about4 ,lift up then thyself1 ,o thou ,r1 who dwellest in thy divine shrine1 draw thou into thyself the winds1 inhale the north wind1 swallow thou the skin787 of thy net on the day wherein thou breathest right and truth4 ,thou separatest the divine followers1 and thou sailest in thy boat to ,nut2 the divine princes march onward at thy word4 ,thou takest count of thy bones1 thou gatherest together thy members1 thou settest thy face toward the beautiful ,amentet1 and thou comest1 being renewed each day4 ,behold1 thou art that ,image of gold1 and thou dost possess the splendors of the disks of heaven and art terrible2 thou comest1 being renewed each day4 ,hail1 the horizon rejoiceth1 and there are shouts of joy in the rigging of thy boat2 when the gods who dwell in the heavens see the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 they ascribe unto him as his due praises which are like unto those ascribed unto ,r4 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 is a divine prince and he seeketh787 the ureret crown of ,r1 and he1 the only one1 is strong in good fortune 787 in that supreme body which is of those divine beings who are in the presence of ,r4 ,the ,osiris ,nu is strong both upon earth and in the underworld2 and the ,osiris ,nu is strong like unto ,r every day4 ,the ,osiris ,nu shall not tarry1 and he shall not lie without motion in this land forever4 ,being doubly beautiful he shall see with his two eyes1 and he shall hear with his two ears2 rightly and truly1 rightly and truly4 ,the ,osiris ,nu is like unto ,r1 and he setteth in order the oars of his boat among those who are in the train of ,nu4 ,he doth not tell that which he hath seen1 and he doth not repeat that which he hath heard in the secret places4 ,hail1 let there be shouts of joy to the ,osiris ,nu1 who is of the divine body of ,r1 as he journeyeth over ,nu1 and who propitiateth the ,,ka of the god with that which he loveth4 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 is a hawk1 the transformations of which are mighty 7or manifold7407#aai7 ,,this ,,chapter ,,shall ,,be ,,recited ,,over ,a ,,boat ,,four7#abj7 ,,cubits ,,in ,,its ,,length ,,and ,,made ,,of ,,green ,,porcelain ,,on ,,which ,,have ,,been ,,painted ,,the ,,divine ,,sovereign ,,chiefs ,,of ,,the ,,cities2 ,,and ,a ,,heaven ,,with ,,its ,,stars ,,shall ,,also ,,be ,,made1 ,,and ,,this ,,thou ,,shalt ,,have ,,made ,,ceremonially ,,pure ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,natron ,,and ,,incense4 ,,and1 ,,behold1 ,,thou ,,shalt ,,make ,,an ,,image ,,of ,,ra ,,in ,,yellow787 ,,color ,,upon ,a ,,new ,,plaque ,,and ,,set ,,it ,,at ,,the ,,bows ,,of ,,the ,,boat4 ,,and ,,behold1 ,,thou ,,shalt ,,place ,,an ,,image ,,of ,,the ,,khu ,,which ,,thou ,,dost ,,wish ,,to ,,make ,,perfect ,,and ,,place ,,it ,,in ,,this ,,boat1 ,,and ,,thou ,,shalt ,,make ,,it ,,to ,,travel ,,about ,,in ,,the ,,boat ,,which ,,shall ,,be ,,made ,,in ,,the ,,form ,,of ,,the ,,boat ,,of ,,ra2 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,see ,,the ,,god ,,ra ,,himself ,,therein4 ,,let ,,not ,,the ,,eye ,,of ,,any ,,man ,,whatsoever ,,look ,,upon ,,it ,,with ,,the ,,exception ,,of ,,thine ,,own ,,self1 ,,or ,,thy ,,father17#aba7 ,,or ,,thy ,,son1 ,,and ,,guard ,,this ,,with ,,great ,,care47#abb7 ,,now ,,these ,,things ,,shall ,,make ,,the ,,khu ,,perfect ,,in ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,ra1 ,,and ,,it ,,shall ,,give ,,unto ,,him ,,power ,,with ,,the ,,company ,,of ,,the ,,gods2 ,,and ,,the ,,gods ,,shall ,,look ,,upon ,,him ,,as ,a ,,divine ,,being ,,like ,,unto ,,themselves2 ,,and ,,mankind ,,and ,,the ,,dead ,,shall ,,look ,,upon ,,him ,,and ,,shall ,,fall ,,down ,,upon ,,their ,,faces1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,seen ,,in ,,the ,,underworld ,,in ,,the ,,form ,,of ,,the ,,radiance ,,of ,,ra4 ,of ,making ,perfect ,the ,khu ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #ag74 ,,another ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,perfect ,,the ,,khu47#abc7 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 saith3 8,homage to thee1 ,o thou who art within thy divine shrine1 who shinest with rays of light and sendest forth radiance from thyself1 who decreest joy for millions of years unto those who love him1 who givest their hearts' desire unto mankind1 thou god ,khepera within thy boat who hast overthrown ,apep4 ,o ye children of the god ,seb1 overthrow ye the enemies of ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 and destroy ye them from the boat of ,r2 and the god ,horus shall cut off their heads in heaven where they are in the form of feathered fowl1 and their hind parts shall be on the earth in the form of animals and in the ,lake in the form of fishes4 ,every male fiend and every female fiend shall the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 destroy1 whether he descendeth from the heaven1 or whether he cometh forth from the earth1 or whether they come upon the waters1 or whether they advance toward the stars1 the god ,thoth1 the son of ,aner1 coming forth from the ,anerti1 shall hack them in pieces4 ,the ,osiris ,nu is silent and dumb7872 cause ye this god1 the mighty one of slaughter1 the being greatly to be feared1 to make himself clean in your blood and to bathe himself in your gore1 and ye shall certainly be destroyed by him from the boat of his father ,r4 ,the ,osiris ,nu is the god ,horus to whom his mother the goddess ,isis hath given birth1 and whom the goddess ,nephthys hath nursed and dandled1 even like ,horus when he repulsed the fiends of the god ,suti2 and when they see the ureret crown stablished upon his head they fall down upon their faces and they glorify him4 ,behold1 when men1 and gods1 and ,khus1 and the dead see the ,osiris ,nu in the form of ,horus with the ureret crown stablished upon his head1 they fall down upon their faces4 ,and the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 is victorious over his enemies in the heights of heaven1 and in the depths thereof1 and before the divine sovereign chiefs of every god and of every goddess40 ,,this ,,chapter ,,shall ,,be ,,recited ,,over ,a ,,hawk ,,standing ,,and ,,having ,,the ,,white ,,crown ,,upon ,,his ,,head1 ,,and ,,over ,,figures ,,of ,,tem1 ,,shu1 ,,tefnut1 ,,seb1 ,,nut1 ,,osiris1 ,,isis1 ,,suti1 ,,and ,,nephthys ,,painted ,,in ,,yellow ,,color ,,upon ,a ,,new ,,plaque1 ,,which ,,shall ,,be ,,placed ,,in ,a ,,model ,,of ,,the ,,boat ,,of ,,the ,,sun1 ,,along ,,with ,a ,,figure ,,of ,,the ,,deceased ,,whom ,,thou ,,wouldst ,,make ,,perfect4 ,,these ,,shalt ,,thou ,,anoint ,,with ,,cedar ,,oil1 ,,and ,,incense ,,shall ,,be ,,offered ,,up ,,to ,,them ,,on ,,the ,,fire1 ,,and ,,feathered ,,fowl ,,shall ,,be ,,roasted4 ,,it ,,is ,,an ,,act ,,of ,,praise ,,to ,,ra ,,as ,,he ,,journeyeth1 ,,and ,,it ,,shall ,,cause ,a ,,man ,,to ,,have ,,his ,,being ,,along ,,with ,,ra ,,day ,,by ,,day1 ,,whithersoever ,,the ,,god ,,voyageth2 ,,and ,,it ,,shall ,,destroy ,,the ,,enemies ,,of ,,ra ,,in ,,very ,,truth ,,regularly ,,and ,,continually4 ,for ,the ,new ,moon ,from ,lepsius 8,todtenbuch10 ,bl4 #ee4 ,,another ,,chapter ,,to ,,be ,,recited ,,when ,,the ,,moon ,,reneweth ,,itself ,,on ,,the ,,day ,,of ,,the ,,month4 ,the ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 triumphant1 saith3 8,osiris unfettereth10 or1 as others say1 8openeth the storm cloud in the body of heaven1 and is unfettered himself2 ,horus is made strong happily each day4 ,he whose transformations are great 7or many7 hath offerings made unto him at the moment1 and he hath made an end of the storm which is in the face of the ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 triumphant4 ,verily he cometh1 and he is ,r in his journeying1 and he is the four celestial gods in the heavens above4 ,the ,osiris ,auf-nkh1 triumphant1 cometh forth in his day1 and he embarketh among the tackle of the boat40 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,the ,,deceased ,,he ,,shall ,,become ,a ,,perfect ,,khu ,,in ,,the ,,underworld1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,not ,,die ,,therein ,a ,,second ,,time1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,eat ,,his ,,food ,,side ,,by ,,side ,,with ,,osiris4 ,,if ,,this ,,chapter ,,be ,,known ,,by ,,him ,,upon ,,earth ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,like ,,unto ,,thoth1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,adored ,,by ,,the ,,living ,,ones2 ,,he ,,shall ,,not ,,fall ,,headlong ,,at ,,the ,,moment ,,of ,,royal ,,flame ,,of ,,the ,,goddess ,,bast1 ,,and ,,the ,,mighty ,,princess ,,shall ,,make ,,him ,,to ,,advance ,,happily4 ,of ,travelling ,in ,the ,boat ,of ,ra ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #bh74 ,,another ,,chapter ,,of ,,travelling ,,in ,,the ,,great ,,boat ,,of ,,ra4 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 saith3 8,behold now1 ,o ye luminaries in ,annu1 ye people in ,kher-ba1 the god ,kha787 hath been born2 his cordage hath been completed1 and the instrument wherewith he maketh his way hath he grasped firmly4 ,i have protected the implements of the gods1 and ,i have delivered the boat ,kha787 for him4 ,i have come forth into heaven1 and ,i have travelled therein with ,r in the form of an ape1 and have turned back the paths of ,nut at the staircase of the god ,sebek40 ,of ,making ,perfect ,the ,khu ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #af74 ,,another ,,chapter ,,of ,,making ,,perfect ,,the ,khu2 it shall be recited on the festival of ,six4 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 saith3 8,behold now1 ,o ye luminaries in ,annu 7,heliopolis71 ye people in ,kher-ba1 the god hath been born2 his cordage787 hath been completed1 and the instrument wherewith he maketh his way he hath grasped firmly2 and the ,osiris ,nu is strong with them to direct the implement of the gods4 ,the ,osiris ,nu hath delivered the boat of the sun therewith 444 and he cometh forth into heaven4 ,the ,osiris ,nu sailed round about in heaven1 he travelleth therein unto ,nut1 he journeyeth along with ,r1 and he voyageth therein in the form of apes2 he turneth back the water-flood which is over the ,thigh of the goddess ,nut at the staircase of the god ,sebaku4 ,the hearts of ,seb and ,nut are glad and repeat the name which is new4 ,un-neferu reneweth his youth1 ,r is in his splendors of light1 ,unti hath his speech1 and lo1 the god of the ,inundation is ,prince among the gods4 ,the taste of sweetness hath forced a way into the heart of the destitute one1 and the lord of thy outcries hath been done away with1 and the oars787 of the company of the gods are in vigorous motion4 ,adored be thou1 ,o divine ,soul1 who art endowed more than the gods of the ,south and ,north in their splendors6 ,behold1 grant thou that the ,osiris ,nu may be great in heaven even as thou art great among the gods2 deliver thou him from every evil and murderous thing which may be wrought upon him by the ,fiend1 and fortify thou his heart4 ,grant thou1 moreover1 that the ,osiris ,nu may be stronger than all the gods1 all the ,khus1 and all the dead4 ,the ,osiris ,nu is strong and is the lord of powers4 ,the ,osiris ,nu is the lord of right and truth which the goddess ,uatchit worketh4 ,the strength which protects the ,osiris ,nu is the strength which protects the god ,r in heaven4 ,o god ,r1 grant thou that the ,osiris ,nu may travel on in thy boat in peace1 and do thou prepare a road whereon thy boat may journey onward2 for the force which protecteth ,osiris is the force which protecteth thee4 ,the ,osiris ,nu driveth back the ,crocodile from ,r day by day4 ,the ,osiris ,nu cometh even as doth ,horus in the splendors787 of the horizon of heaven1 and he directeth ,r through the mansions of the sky2 the gods rejoice greatly when the ,osiris ,nu repulseth the ,crocodile4 ,the ,osiris ,nu hath the amulet787 of the god1 and the cloud of ,nebt shall not come nigh unto him1 and the divine guardians of the mansions of the sky shall not destroy him4 ,the ,osiris ,nu is a divine being whose face is hidden1 and he dwelleth within the ,great ,house as the chief of the ,shrine of the god4 ,the ,osiris ,nu carrieth the words of the gods to ,r1 and he cometh and maketh supplication unto the divine lord with the words of his message4 ,the ,osiris ,nu is strong of heart1 and he maketh his offering at the moment among those who perform the ceremonies of sacrifice40 ,,this ,,chapter ,,shall ,,be ,,said ,,over ,a ,,figure ,,of ,,the ,,deceased ,,which ,,shall ,,be ,,placed ,,in ,a ,,model ,,of ,,the ,,boat ,,of ,,the ,,sun1 ,,and ,,behold1 ,,he ,,that ,,reciteth ,,it ,,shall ,,be ,,washed1 ,,and ,,shall ,,be ,,ceremonially ,,pure1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,have ,,burnt ,,incense ,,before ,,ra1 ,,and ,,shall ,,have ,,offered ,,wine1 ,,and ,,cakes1 ,,and ,,roasted ,,fowl ,,for ,,the ,,journey ,,of ,,the ,,deceased ,,in ,,the ,,boat ,,of ,,ra4 ,,now1 ,,every ,,khu ,,for ,,whom ,,such ,,things ,,are ,,done ,,shall ,,have ,,an ,,existence ,,among ,,the ,,living ,,ones1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,never ,,perish1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,have ,a ,,being ,,like ,,unto ,,that ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,god2 ,,no ,,evil ,,thing ,,whatsoever ,,shall ,,attack ,,him4 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,like ,,unto ,a ,,happy ,,khu ,,in ,,amentet1 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,not ,,die ,a ,,second ,,time4 ,,he ,,shall ,,eat ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,drink ,,in ,,the ,,presence ,,of ,,osiris ,,each ,,day2 ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,borne ,,along ,,with ,,the ,,kings ,,of ,,the ,,north ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,south ,,each ,,and ,,every ,,day2 ,,he ,,shall ,,quaff ,,water ,,at ,,the ,,fountain-,,head2 ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,forth ,,by ,,day ,,even ,,as ,,doth ,,horus2 ,,he ,,shall ,,live ,,and ,,shall ,,become ,,like ,,unto ,,god2 ,,and ,,he ,,shall ,,be ,,hymned ,,by ,,the ,,living ,,ones1 ,,even ,,as ,,is ,,ra ,,each ,,and ,,every ,,day ,,continually ,,and ,,regularly ,,forever4 ,sailing ,in ,the ,great ,boat ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #bh74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,sailing ,,in ,,the ,,great ,,boat ,,of ,r ,,to ,,pass ,,over ,,the ,,circle ,,of ,,bright ,,flame4 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 saith3 8,hail1 ye bright and shining flames that keep your place behind ,r1 and which slay behind him1 the boat of ,r is in fear of the whirlwind and the storm2 shine ye forth1 then1 and make ye yourselves visible4 ,i have come daily along with the god ,sek-hra from the bight of his holy lake1 and ,i have seen the ,mat goddesses pass along1 and the lion-gods who belong unto them4 ,hail1 thou that dwellest in the coffer who hast multitudes of plants7871 ,i have seen what is there4 ,we rejoice1 and their princes rejoice greatly1 and their lesser gods787 are glad4 ,i have made a way in front of the boat of ,r1 ,i have lifted myself up into his divine ,disk1 ,i shine brightly through his splendors2 he hath furnished himself with the things which are his1 taking possession thereof as the lord of right and truth4 ,and behold1 ,o ye company of the gods1 and thou ancestor of the goddess ,isis17#abd7 grant ye that he may bear testimony to his father1 the lord of those who are therein4 ,i have weighed the 444 in him as chief1 and ,i have brought to him the goddess ,tefnut and he liveth4 ,behold1 come1 come1 and declare before him the testimony of right and truth of the lord ,tem4 ,i cry out at eventide and at his hour1 saying1 ,grant ye unto me that ,i may come4 ,i have brought unto him the jaws of the passages of the tomb2 ,i have brought unto him the bones which are in ,annu 7,heliopolis72 ,i have gathered together for him his manifold parts2 ,i have driven back for him the serpent fiend ,apep2 ,i have spit upon his gashes for him2 ,i have made my road and ,i have passed in among you4 ,i am he who dwelleth among the gods1 come1 let me pass onward in the boat1 the boat of the lord ,sa4 ,behold1 ,o ,heru-ur1 there is a flame1 but the fire hath been extinguished4 ,i have made my road1 ,o ye divine fathers and your divine apes6 ,i have entered upon the horizon1 and ,i have passed on to the side of the divine princes1 and ,i have borne testimony unto him that dwelleth in his divine boat4 ,i have gone forward over the circle of bright flame which is behind the lord of the lock of hair which moveth round about4 ,behold1 ye who cry out over yourselves1 ye worms in your hidden places1 grant ye that ,i may pass onward1 for ,i am the mighty one1 the lord of divine strength1 and ,i am the spiritual body 7sh7 of the lord of divine right and truth made by the goddess ,uatchit4 ,his strength which protecteth is my strength which protecteth1 which is the strength which protecteth ,r4 ,grant ye that ,i may be in the following of ,r1 and grant ye that ,i may go round about with him in ,sekhet-hetep and in the two lands4 ,i am a great god1 and ,i have been judged by the company of his gods2 grant that divine1 sepulchral meals may be given unto me40 ,of ,the ,four ,flames ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu 7,british ,museum ,no4 #aj1dgg1 sheet #bf74 ,,the ,,chapter ,,of ,,the ,,four ,,blazing ,,flames ,,which ,,are ,,made ,,for ,,the ,,khu4 ,behold1 thou shalt make four square troughs of clay1 whereon thou shalt scatter incense1 and thou shalt fill them with the milk of a white cow1 and by means of these thou shalt extinguish the flame4 ,the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 saith3 8,the fire cometh to thy ,,ka1 ,o ,osiris1 governor of ,amenti2 the fire cometh to thy ,,ka1 ,o ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant4 ,he that ordereth the night cometh after the day4 ,the flame cometh to thy ,,ka1 ,o ,osiris1 governor of those in ,amenti7#abe7 and the two sisters787 of ,r come likewise4 ,behold1 the flame riseth in ,abtu 7,abydos7 and it cometh2 and ,i cause it to come to the ,eye of ,horus4 ,it is set in order upon thy brow1 ,o ,osiris1 governor of ,amenti17#abf7 and it is fixed within thy shrine and riseth upon thy brow2 it is set in order upon thy breast1 ,o ,osiris ,nu1 and it is fixed upon thy brow4 ,the ,eye of ,horus is protecting thee1 ,o ,osiris1 governor of ,amenti1 and it keepeth thee in safety2 it casteth down headlong all thine enemies for thee and all thine enemies have fallen headlong before thee4 ,o ,osiris ,nu1 the ,eye of ,horus protecteth thee1 it keepeth thee in safety1 and it casteth down headlong all thine enemies4 ,thine enemies have fallen down headlong before thy ,,ka1 ,o ,osiris1 governor of ,amenti1 the ,eye of ,horus protecteth thee1 it keepeth thee in safety1 and it hath cast down headlong all thine enemies4 ,thine enemies have fallen down headlong before thy ,ka1 ,o ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant1 the ,eye of ,horus protecteth thee1 it keepeth thee in safety1 it hath cast down headlong for thee all thine enemies1 and thine enemies have fallen down headlong before thee4 ,the ,eye of ,horus cometh1 it is sound and well1 and it sendeth forth rays like unto ,r in the horizon2 it covereth over with darkness the powers of ,suti1 it taketh possession thereof and it bringeth its flame against him upon its feet7874 ,the ,eye of ,horus is sound and well1 thou eatest the flesh787 of thy body by means thereof1 and thou givest praise787 thereto4 ,the four flames enter into thy ,,ka1 ,o ,osiris1 governor of ,amenti1 the four flames enter into thy ka1 ,o ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant4 ,hail1 ye children of ,horus1 ,mesthi1 ,hpi1 ,tuamutef and ,qebhsennuf1 ye have given your protection unto your divine ,father ,osiris1 the governor of ,amenti1 grant ye your protection to the ,osiris ,nu1 triumphant4 ,now1 therefore1 inasmuch as ye have destroyed the opponents of ,osiris1 the governor of ,amenti1 he liveth with the gods1 and he hath smitten ,suti1 with his hand and arm since light dawned upon the earth1 and ,horus hath gotten power1 and he hath avenged his divine ,father ,osiris himself2 and inasmuch as your divine father hath been made vigorous through the union which ye have effected for him with the ,ka of ,osiris1 the governor of ,amenti--now the ,eye of ,horus hath avenged him1 and it hath protected him1 and it hath cast down headlong for him all his enemies1 and all his enemies have fallen down before him--even so do ye destroy the opponents of the ,osiris ,nu1 the overseer of the palace1 the chancellor-in-chief1 triumphant4 ,let him live with the gods1 let him smite down his enemy1 let him destroy him when light dawneth upon the earth1 let ,horus gain power and avenge the ,osiris ,nu1 let the ,osiris ,nu have vigor through the union which ye have effected for him with his ka4 ,o ,osiris ,nu1 the ,eye of ,horus hath avenged thee1 it hath cast down headlong all thine enemies for thee1 and all thine enemies have fallen down headlong before thee4 ,hail1 ,osiris1 governor of ,amenti1 grant thou light and fire to the happy soul which is in ,suten-henen 7,heracleopolis72 and ,o ye children of ,horus grant ye power unto the living soul of the ,osiris ,nu within his flame4 ,let him not be repulsed and let him not be driven back at the doors of ,amentet2 oh let his offerings of bread and of linen garments be brought unto him among those of the lords of funeral oblations1 oh1 offer ye praises as unto a god1 to the ,osiris ,nu1 destroyer of his opponents in his form of right and truth and in his attributes of a god of right and truth40 ,,egyptian ,,tales ,translated from the ,papyri ,edited by ,wm4 ,flinders ,petrie1 ,hon4 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,edwards ,professor of ,egyptology1 ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,the ,taking ,of ,joppa ,there was once in the time of ,king ,men-kheper-ra a revolt of the servants of his ,majesty who were in ,joppa2 and his ,majesty said1 8,let ,tahutia go with his footmen and destroy this wicked ,foe in ,joppa40 ,and he called one of his followers1 and said moreover1 8,hide thou my great cane1 which works wonders1 in the baggage of ,tahutia that my power may go with him40 ,now when ,tahutia came near to ,joppa1 with all the footmen of ,pharaoh1 he sent unto the ,foe in ,joppa1 and said1 8,behold now his ,majesty1 ,king ,men-kheper-ra1 has sent all this great army against thee2 but what is that if my heart is as thy heart8 ,do thou come1 and let us talk in the field1 and see each other face to face40 ,so ,tahutia came with certain of his men2 and the ,foe in ,joppa came likewise1 but his charioteer that was with him was true of heart unto the ,king of ,egypt4 ,and they spoke with one another in his great tent1 which ,tahutia had placed far off from the soldiers4 ,but ,tahutia had made ready #bjj sacks1 with cords and fetters1 and had made a great sack of skins with bronze fetters1 and many baskets3 and they were in his tent1 the sacks and the baskets1 and he had placed them as the forage for the horses is put in baskets4 ,for while the ,foe in ,joppa drank with ,tahutia1 the people who were with him drank with the footmen of ,pharaoh1 and made merry with them4 ,and when their bout of drinking was past1 ,tahutia said to the ,foe in ,joppa1 8,if it please thee1 while ,i remain with the women and children of thy own city1 let one bring of my people with their horses1 that they may give them provender1 or let one of the ,apuro run to fetch them40 ,so they came1 and hobbled their horses1 and gave them provender1 and one found the great cane of ,men-kheper-ra 7,tahutmes ,,iii71 and came to tell of it to ,tahutia4 ,and thereupon the ,foe in ,joppa said to ,tahutia3 8,my heart is set on examining the great cane of ,men-kheper-ra1 which is named #8444 tautnefer4' ,by the ka of the ,king ,men-kheper-ra it will be in thy hands to-day2 now do thou well and bring thou it to me40 ,and ,tahutia did thus1 and he brought the cane of ,king ,men-kheper-ra4 ,and he laid hold on the ,foe in ,joppa by his garment1 and he arose and stood up1 and said1 8,look on me1 ,o ,foe in ,joppa2 here is the great cane of ,king ,men-kheper-ra1 the terrible lion1 the son of ,sekhet1 to whom ,amen his father gives power and strength40 ,and he raised his hand and struck the forehead of the ,foe in ,joppa1 and he fell helpless before him4 ,he put him in the sack of skins and he bound with gyves the hands of the ,foe in ,joppa1 and put on his feet the fetters with four rings4 ,and he made them bring the #bjj sacks which he had cleaned1 and made to enter into them #bjj soldiers1 and filled the hollows with cords and fetters of wood1 he sealed them with a seal1 and added to them their rope-nets and the poles to bear them4 ,and he put every strong footman to bear them1 in all #fjj men1 and said to them1 8,when you come into the town you shall open your burdens1 you shall seize on all the inhabitants of the town1 and you shall quickly put fetters upon them40 ,then one went out and said unto the charioteer of the ,foe in ,joppa1 8,thy master is fallen2 go1 say to thy mistress1 #8,a pleasant message6 ,for ,sutekh has given ,tahutia to us1 with his wife and his children2 behold the beginning of their tribute1' that she may comprehend the two hundred sacks1 which are full of men and cords and fetters40 ,so he went before them to please the heart of his mistress1 saying1 8,we have laid hands on ,tahutia40 ,then the gates of the city were opened before the footmen3 they entered the city1 they opened their burdens1 they laid hands on them of the city1 both small and great1 they put on them the cords and fetters quickly2 the power of ,pharaoh seized upon that city4 ,after he had rested ,tahutia sent a message to ,egypt to the ,king ,men-kheper-ra his lord1 saying3 8,be pleased1 for ,amen thy good father has given to thee the ,foe in ,joppa1 together with all his people1 likewise also his city4 ,send1 therefore1 people to take them as captives that thou mayest fill the house of thy father ,amen ,ra1 king of the gods1 with men-servants and maid-servants1 and that they may be overthrown beneath thy feet for ever and ever40 ,the ,doomed ,prince ,there once was a king to whom no son was born2 and his heart was grieved1 and he prayed for himself unto the gods around him for a child4 ,they decreed that one should be born to him4 ,and his wife1 after her time was fulfilled1 brought forth a son4 ,then came the ,hathors to decree for him a destiny2 they said1 8,his death is to be by the crocodile1 or by the serpent1 or by the dog40 ,then the people who stood by heard this1 and they went to tell it to his ,majesty4 ,then his ,majesty's heart sickened very greatly4 ,and his ,majesty caused a house to be built upon the desert2 it was furnished with people and with all good things of the royal house1 that the child should not go abroad4 ,and when the child was grown1 he went up upon the roof1 and he saw a dog2 it was following a man who was walking on the road4 ,he spoke to his page1 who was with him1 8,what is this that walks behind the man who is coming along the road80 ,he answered him1 8,this is a dog40 ,the child said to him1 8,let there be brought to me one like it40 ,the page went to repeat it to his ,majesty4 ,and his ,majesty said1 8,let there be brought to him a little pet dog1 lest his heart be sad40 ,and behold they brought to him the dog4 ,then when the days increased after this1 and when the child became grown in all his limbs1 he sent a message to his father saying1 8,come1 wherefore am ,i kept here8 ,inasmuch as ,i am fated to three evil fates1 let me follow my desire4 ,let ,god do what is in his heart40 ,they agreed to all he said1 and gave him all sorts of arms1 and also his dog to follow him1 and they took him to the east country1 and said to him1 8,behold1 go thou whither thou wilt40 ,his dog was with him1 and he went northward1 following his heart in the desert1 while he lived on all the best of the game of the desert4 ,he went to the chief of ,naharaina4 ,and behold there had not been any born to the chief of ,naharaina1 except one daughter4 ,behold1 there had been built for her a house2 its seventy windows were seventy cubits from the ground4 ,and the chief caused to be brought all the sons of the chiefs of the land of ,khalu1 and said to them1 8,he who reaches the window of my daughter1 she shall be to him for a wife40 ,and many days after these things1 as they were in their daily task1 the youth rode by the place where they were4 ,they took the youth to their house1 they bathed him1 they gave provender to his horses1 they brought all kinds of things for the youth1 they perfumed him1 they anointed his feet1 they gave him portions of their own food2 and they spake to him1 8,whence comest thou1 goodly youth80 ,he said to them1 8,i am son of an officer of the land of ,egypt2 my mother is dead1 and my father has taken another wife4 ,and when she bore children1 she grew to hate me1 and ,i have come as a fugitive from before her40 ,and they embraced him1 and kissed him4 ,and after many days were passed1 he said to the youths1 8,what is it that ye do here80 ,and they said to him3 8,we spend our time in this3 we climb up1 and he who shall reach the window of the daughter of the chief of ,naharaina1 to him will be given her to wife40 ,he said to them1 8,if it please you1 let me behold the matter1 that ,i may come to climb with you40 ,they went to climb1 as was their daily wont3 and the youth stood afar off to behold2 and the face of the daughter of the chief of ,naharaina was turned to them4 ,and another day the sons came to climb1 and the youth came to climb with the sons of the chiefs4 ,he climbed1 and he reached the window of the daughter of the chief of ,naharaina4 ,she kissed him1 she embraced him in all his limbs4 ,and one went to rejoice the heart of her father1 and said to him1 8,one of the people has reached the window of thy daughter40 ,and the prince inquired of the messenger1 saying1 8,the son of which of the princes is it80 ,and he replied to him1 8,it is the son of an officer1 who has come as a fugitive from the land of ,egypt1 fleeing from before his stepmother when she had children40 ,then the chief of ,naharaina was exceeding angry2 and he said3 8,shall ,i indeed give my daughter to the ,egyptian fugitive8 ,let him go back whence he came40 ,and one came to tell the youth1 8,go back to the place thou camest from40 ,but the maiden seized his hand2 she swore an oath by ,god1 saying1 8,by the being of ,ra ,harakhti1 if one takes him from me1 ,i will not eat1 ,i will not drink1 ,i shall die in that same hour40 ,the messenger went to tell unto her father all that she said4 ,then the prince sent men to slay the youth1 while he was in his house4 ,but the maiden said3 8,by the being of ,ra1 if one slay him ,i shall be dead ere the sun goeth down4 ,i will not pass an hour of life if ,i am parted from him40 ,and one went to tell her father4 ,then the prince made them bring the youth with the maiden4 ,the youth was seized with fear when he came before the prince4 ,but he embraced him1 he kissed him all over1 and said3 8,oh1 tell me who thou art2 behold1 thou art to me as a son40 ,he said to him3 8,i am a son of an officer of the land of ,egypt2 my mother died1 my father took to him a second wife2 she came to hate me1 and ,i fled a fugitive from before her40 ,he then gave to him his daughter to wife2 he gave also to him a house1 and serfs1 and fields1 also cattle and all manner of good things4 ,but after the days of these things were passed1 the youth said to his wife1 8,i am doomed to three fates--a crocodile1 a serpent1 and a dog40 ,she said to him1 8,let one kill the dog which belongs to thee40 ,he replied to her1 8,i am not going to kill my dog1 which ,i have brought up from when it was small40 ,and she feared greatly for her husband1 and would not let him go alone abroad4 ,and one went with the youth toward the land of ,egypt1 to travel in that country4 ,behold the crocodile of the river1 he came out by the town in which the youth was4 ,and in that town was a mighty man4 ,and the mighty man would not suffer the crocodile to escape4 ,and when the crocodile was bound1 the mighty man went out and walked abroad4 ,and when the sun rose the mighty man went back to the house2 and he did so every day1 during two months of days4 ,now when the days passed after this1 the youth sat making a good day in his house4 ,and when the evening came he lay down on his bed1 sleep seized upon his limbs2 and his wife filled a bowl of milk1 and placed it by his side4 ,then came out a serpent from his hole1 to bite the youth2 behold his wife was sitting by him1 she lay not down4 ,thereupon the servants gave milk to the serpent1 and he drank1 and was drunk1 and lay upside down4 ,then his wife made it to perish with the blows of her dagger4 ,and they woke her husband1 who was astonished2 and she said unto him3 8,behold thy ,god has given one of thy dooms into thy hand2 he will also give thee the others40 ,and he sacrificed to ,god1 adoring him1 and praising his spirits from day to day4 ,and when the days were passed after these things1 the youth went to walk in the fields of his domain4 ,he went not alone1 behold his dog was following him4 ,and his dog ran aside after the wild game1 and he followed the dog4 ,he came to the river1 and entered the river behind his dog4 ,then came out the crocodile1 and took him to the place where the mighty man was4 ,and the crocodile said to the youth1 8,i am thy doom1 following after thee44440 7,here the papyrus breaks off47 ,anpu ,and ,bata ,once there were two brethren1 of one mother and one father2 ,anpu was the name of the elder1 and ,bata was the name of the younger4 ,now1 as for ,anpu he had a house1 and he had a wife4 ,but his little brother was to him as it were a son2 he it was who made for him his clothes2 he it was who followed behind his oxen to the fields2 he it was who did the ploughing2 he it was who harvested the corn2 he it was who did for him all the matters that were in the field4 ,behold1 his younger brother grew to be an excellent worker1 there was not his equal in the whole land2 behold1 the spirit of a god was in him4 ,now after this the younger brother followed his oxen in his daily manner2 and every evening he turned again to the house1 laden with all the herbs of the field1 with milk and with wood1 and with all things of the field4 ,and he put them down before his elder brother1 who was sitting with his wife2 and he drank and ate1 and he lay down in his stable with the cattle4 ,and at the dawn of day he took bread which he had baked1 and laid it before his elder brother2 and he took with him his bread to the field1 and he drave his cattle to pasture in the fields4 ,and as he walked behind his cattle1 they said to him1 8,good is the herbage which is in that place02 and he listened to all that they said1 and he took them to the good place which they desired4 ,and the cattle which were before him became exceeding excellent1 and they multiplied greatly4 ,now at the time of ploughing his elder brother said unto him3 8,let us make ready for ourselves a goodly yoke of oxen for ploughing1 for the land has come out from the water1 it is fit for ploughing4 ,moreover1 do thou come to the field with corn1 for we will begin the ploughing in the morrow morning40 ,thus said he to him2 and his younger brother did all things as his elder brother had spoken unto him to do them4 ,and when the morn was come1 they went to the fields with their things2 and their hearts were pleased exceedingly with their task in the beginning of their work4 ,and it came to pass after this that as they were in the field they stopped for corn1 and he sent his younger brother1 saying1 8,haste thou1 bring to us corn from the farm40 ,and the younger brother found the wife of his elder brother1 as she was sitting tying her hair4 ,he said to her3 8,get up1 and give to me corn1 that ,i may run to the field1 for my elder brother hastened me2 do not delay40 ,she said to him3 8,go1 open the bin1 and thou shalt take to thyself according to thy will1 that ,i may not drop my locks of hair while ,i dress them40 ,the youth went into the stable2 he took a large measure1 for he desired to take much corn2 he loaded it with wheat and barley2 and he went out carrying it4 ,she said to him1 8,how much of the corn that is wanted1 is that which is on thy shoulder80 ,he said to her3 8,three bushels of barley1 and two of wheat1 in all five2 these are what are upon my shoulder40 ,thus said he to her4 ,and she conversed with him1 saying1 8,there is great strength in thee1 for ,i see thy might every day40 ,and her heart knew him with the knowledge of youth4 ,and she arose and came to him1 and conversed with him1 saying1 8,come1 stay with me1 and it shall be well for thee1 and ,i will make for thee beautiful garments40 ,then the youth became like a panther of the south with fury at the evil speech which she had made to him2 and she feared greatly4 ,and he spake unto her1 saying3 8,behold thou art to me as a mother1 thy husband is to me as a father1 for he who is elder than ,i has brought me up4 ,what is this wickedness that thou hast said to me8 ,say it not to me again4 ,for ,i will not tell it to any man1 for ,i will not let it be uttered by the mouth of any man40 ,he lifted up his burden1 and he went to the field and came to his elder brother2 and they took up their work1 to labor at their task4 ,now afterward1 at eventime1 his elder brother was returning to his house2 and the younger brother was following after his oxen1 and he loaded himself with all the things of the field2 and he brought his oxen before him1 to make them lie down in their stable which was in the farm4 ,and behold the wife of the elder brother was afraid for the words which she had said4 ,she took a parcel of fat1 she became like one who is evilly beaten1 desiring to say to her husband1 8,it is thy younger brother who has done this wrong40 ,her husband returned in the even1 as was his wont of every day2 he came unto his house2 he found his wife ill of violence2 she did not give him water upon his hands as he used to have1 she did not make a light before him1 his house was in darkness1 and she was lying very sick4 ,her husband said to her1 8,who has spoken1 with thee80 ,behold she said3 8,no one has spoken with me except thy younger brother4 ,when he came to take for thee corn he found me sitting alone2 he said to me1 #8,come1 let us stay together1 tie up thy hair4' ,thus spake he to me4 ,i did not listen to him1 but thus spake ,i to him3 #8,behold1 am ,i not thy mother1 is not thy elder brother to thee as a father8' ,and he feared1 and he beat me to stop me from making report to thee1 and if thou lettest him live ,i shall die4 ,now behold he is coming in the evening2 and ,i complain of these wicked words1 for he would have done this even in daylight40 ,and the elder brother became as a panther of the south2 he sharpened his knife2 he took it in his hand2 he stood behind the door of his stable to slay his younger brother as he came in the evening to bring his cattle into the stable4 ,now the sun went down1 and he loaded himself with herbs in his daily manner4 ,he came1 and his foremost cow entered the stable1 and she said to her keeper1 8,behold thou thy elder brother standing before thee with his knife to slay thee2 flee from before him40 ,he heard what his first cow had said2 and the next entering1 she also said likewise4 ,he looked beneath the door of the stable2 he saw the feet of his elder brother2 he was standing behind the door1 and his knife was in his hand4 ,he cast down his load to the ground1 and betook himself to flee swiftly2 and his elder brother pursued after him with his knife4 ,then the younger brother cried out unto ,ra ,harakhti1 saying1 8,my good ,lord6 ,thou art he who divides the evil from the good40 ,and ,ra stood and heard all his cry2 and ,ra made a wide water between him and his elder brother1 and it was full of crocodiles2 and the one brother was on one bank1 and the other on the other bank2 and the elder brother smote twice on his hands at not slaying him4 ,thus did he4 ,and the younger brother called to the elder on the bank1 saying3 8,stand still until the dawn of day2 and when ,ra ariseth1 ,i shall judge with thee before him1 and he discerneth between the good and the evil4 ,for ,i shall not be with thee any more forever2 ,i shall not be in the place in which thou art2 ,i shall go to the valley of the acacia40 ,now when the land was lightened1 and the next day appeared1 ,ra ,harakhti arose1 and one looked unto the other4 ,and the youth spake with his elder brother1 saying3 8,wherefore earnest thou after me to slay me in craftiness1 when thou didst not hear the words of my mouth8 ,for ,i am thy brother in truth1 and thou art to me as a father1 and thy wife even as a mother3 is it not so8 ,verily1 when ,i was sent to bring for us corn1 thy wife said to me1 #8,come1 stay with me'2 for behold this has been turned over unto thee into another wise40 ,and he caused him to understand of all that happened with him and his wife4 ,and he swore an oath by ,ra ,harakhti1 saying1 8,thy coming to slay me by deceit with thy knife was an abomination40 ,then the youth took a knife1 and cut off of his flesh1 and cast it into the water1 and the fish swallowed it4 ,he failed2 he became faint2 and his elder brother cursed his own heart greatly2 he stood weeping for him afar off2 he knew not how to pass over to where his younger brother was1 because of the crocodiles4 ,and the younger brother called unto him1 saying3 8,whereas thou hast devised an evil thing1 wilt thou not also devise a good thing1 even like that which ,i would do unto thee8 ,when thou goest to thy house thou must look to thy cattle1 for ,i shall not stay in the place where thou art2 ,i am going to the valley of the acacia4 ,and now as to what thou shalt do for me2 it is even that thou shalt come to seek after me1 if thou perceivest a matter1 namely1 that there are things happening unto me4 ,and this is what shall come to pass1 that ,i shall draw out my soul1 and ,i shall put it upon the top of the flowers of the acacia1 and when the acacia is cut down1 and it falls to the ground1 and thou comest to seek for it1 if thou searchest for it seven years do not let thy heart be wearied4 ,for thou wilt find it1 and thou must put it in a cup of cold water1 and expect that ,i shall live again1 that ,i may make answer to what has been done wrong4 ,and thou shalt know of this1 that is to say1 that things are happening to me1 when one shall give to thee a cup of beer in thy hand1 and it shall be troubled2 stay not then1 for verily it shall come to pass with thee40 ,and the youth went to the valley of the acacia2 and his elder brother went unto his house2 his hand was laid on his head1 and he cast dust on his head2 he came to his house1 and he slew his wife1 he cast her to the dogs1 and he sat in mourning for his younger brother4 ,now many days after these things1 the younger brother was in the valley of the acacia2 there was none with him2 he spent his time in hunting the beasts of the desert1 and he came back in the even to lie down under the acacia1 which bore his soul upon the topmost flower4 ,and after this he built himself a tower with his own hands1 in the valley of the acacia2 it was full of all good things1 that he might provide for himself a home4 ,and he went out from his tower1 and he met the ,nine ,gods1 who were walking forth to look upon the whole land4 ,the ,nine ,gods talked one with another1 and they said unto him3 8,ho6 ,bata1 bull of the ,nine ,gods1 art thou remaining alone8 ,thou hast left thy village for the wife of ,anpu1 thy elder brother4 ,behold his wife is slain4 ,thou hast given him an answer to all that was transgressed against thee40 ,and their hearts were vexed for him exceedingly4 ,and ,ra ,harakhti said to ,khnumu1 8,behold1 frame thou a woman for ,bata1 that he may not remain alive alone40 ,and ,khnumu made for him a mate to dwell with him4 ,she was more beautiful in her limbs than any woman who is in the whole land4 ,the essence of every god was in her4 ,the seven ,hathors came to see her3 they said with one mouth1 8,she will die a sharp death40 ,and ,bata loved her very exceedingly1 and she dwelt in his house2 he passed his time in hunting the beasts of the desert1 and brought and laid them before her4 ,he said3 8,go not outside1 lest the sea seize thee2 for ,i cannot rescue thee from it1 for ,i am a woman like thee2 my soul is placed on the head of the flower of the acacia2 and if another find it1 ,i must fight with him40 ,and he opened unto her his heart in all its nature4 ,now after these things ,bata went to hunt in his daily manner4 ,and the young girl went to walk under the acacia which was by the side of her house4 ,then the sea saw her1 and cast its waves up after her4 ,she betook herself to flee from before it4 ,she entered her house4 ,and the sea called unto the acacia1 saying1 8,oh1 would that ,i could seize her60 ,and the acacia brought a lock from her hair1 and the sea carried it to ,egypt1 and dropped it in the place of the fullers of ,pharaoh's linen4 ,the smell of the lock of hair entered into the clothes of ,pharaoh2 and they were wroth with the fullers of ,pharaoh1 saying1 8,the smell of ointment is in the clothes of ,pharaoh40 ,and the people were rebuked every day1 they knew not what they should do4 ,and the chief fuller of ,pharaoh walked by the bank1 and his heart was very evil within him after the daily quarrel with him4 ,he stood still1 he stood upon the sand opposite to the lock of hair1 which was in the water1 and he made one enter into the water and bring it to him2 and there was found in it a smell1 exceeding sweet4 ,he took it to ,pharaoh2 and they brought the scribes and the wise men1 and they said unto ,pharaoh3 8,this lock of hair belongs to a daughter of ,ra ,harakhti3 the essence of every god is in her1 and it is a tribute to thee from another land4 ,let messengers go to every strange land to seek her3 and as for the messenger who shall go to the valley of the acacia1 let many men go with him to bring her40 ,then said his ,majesty1 8,excellent exceedingly is what has been said to us02 and they sent them4 ,and many days after these things the people who were sent to strange lands came to give report unto the ,king3 but there came not those who went to the valley of the acacia1 for ,bata had slain them1 but let one of them return to give a report to the ,king4 ,his ,majesty sent many men and soldiers1 as well as horsemen1 to bring her back4 ,and there was a woman among them1 and to her had been given in her hand beautiful ornaments of a woman4 ,and the girl came back with her1 and they rejoiced over her in the whole land4 ,and his ,majesty loved her exceedingly1 and raised her to high estate2 and he spake unto her that she should tell him concerning her husband4 ,and she said1 8,let the acacia be cut down1 and let one chop it up40 ,and they sent men and soldiers with their weapons to cut down the acacia2 and they came to the acacia1 and they cut the flower upon which was the soul of ,bata1 and he fell dead suddenly4 ,and when the next day came1 and the earth was lightened1 the acacia was cut down4 ,and ,anpu1 the elder brother of ,bata1 entered his house1 and washed his hands2 and one gave him a cup of beer1 and it became troubled2 and one gave him another of wine1 and the smell of it was evil4 ,then he took his staff1 and his sandals1 and likewise his clothes1 with his weapons of war2 and he betook himself forth to the valley of the acacia4 ,he entered the tower of his younger brother1 and he found him lying upon his mat2 he was dead4 ,and he wept when he saw his younger brother verily lying dead4 ,and he went out to seek the soul of his younger brother under the acacia tree1 under which his younger brother lay in the evening4 ,he spent three years in seeking for it1 but found it not4 ,and when he began the fourth year1 he desired in his heart to return into ,egypt2 he said1 8,i will go to-morrow morn40 ,thus spake he in his heart4 ,now when the land lightened1 and the next day appeared1 he was walking under the acacia2 he was spending his time in seeking it4 ,and he returned in the evening1 and labored at seeking it again4 ,he found a seed4 ,he returned with it4 ,behold this was the soul of his younger brother4 ,he brought a cup of cold water1 and he cast the seed into it3 and he sat down1 as he was wont4 ,now when the night came his soul sucked up the water2 ,bata shuddered in all his limbs1 and he looked on his elder brother2 his soul was in the cup4 ,then ,anpu took the cup of cold water1 in which the soul of his younger brother was2 ,bata drank it1 his soul stood again in its place1 and he became as he had been4 ,they embraced each other1 and they conversed together4 ,and ,bata said to his elder brother3 8,behold ,i am to become as a great bull1 which bears1 every good mark2 no one knoweth its history1 and thou must sit upon my back4 ,when the sun arises ,i shall be in the place where my wife is1 that ,i may return answer to her2 and thou must take me to the place where the ,king is4 ,for all good things shall be done for thee2 for one shall lade thee with silver and gold1 because thou bringest me to ,pharaoh1 for ,i become a great marvel1 and they shall rejoice for me in all the land4 ,and thou shalt go to thy village40 ,and when the land was lightened1 and the next day appeared1 ,bata became in the form which he had told to his elder brother4 ,and ,anpu sat upon his back until the dawn4 ,he came to the place where the ,king was1 and they made his ,majesty to know of him2 he saw him1 and he was exceeding joyful with him4 ,he made for him great offerings1 saying1 8,this is a great wonder which has come to pass40 ,there were rejoicings over him in the whole land4 ,they presented unto him silver and gold for his elder brother1 who went and stayed in his village4 ,they gave to the bull many men and many things1 and ,pharaoh loved him exceedingly above all that is in this land4 ,and after many days after these things1 the bull entered the purified place2 he stood in the place where the princess was2 he began to speak with her1 saying1 8,behold1 ,i am alive indeed40 ,and she said to him1 8,and1 pray1 who art thou80 ,he said to her1 8,i am ,bata4 ,i perceived when thou causedst that they should destroy the acacia of ,pharaoh1 which was my abode1 that ,i might not be suffered to live4 ,behold1 ,i am alive indeed1 ,i am as an ox40 ,then the princess feared exceedingly for the words that her husband had spoken to her4 ,and he went out from the purified place4 ,and his ,majesty was sitting1 making a good day with her3 she was at the table of his ,majesty1 and the ,king was exceeding pleased with her4 ,and she said to his ,majesty1 8,swear to me by ,god1 saying1 #8,what thou shalt say1 ,i will obey it for thy sake4' 0 ,he hearkened unto all that she said1 even this4 8,let me eat of the liver of the ox1 because he is fit for naught40 ,thus spake she to him4 ,and the ,king was exceeding sad at her words1 the heart of ,pharaoh grieved him greatly4 ,and after the land was lightened1 and the next day appeared1 they proclaimed a great feast with offerings to the ox4 ,and the ,king sent one of the chief butchers of his ,majesty1 to cause the ox to be sacrificed4 ,and when he was sacrificed1 as he was upon the shoulders of the people1 he shook his neck1 and he threw two drops of blood over against the two doors of his ,majesty4 ,the one fell upon the one side1 on the great door of ,pharaoh1 and the other upon the other door4 ,they grew as two great ,persea trees1 and each of them was excellent4 ,and one went to tell unto his ,majesty1 8,two great ,persea trees have grown1 as a great marvel of his ,majesty1 in the night by the side of the great gate of his ,majesty40 ,and there was rejoicing for them in all the land1 and there were offerings made to them4 ,and when the days were multiplied after these things1 his ,majesty was adorned with the blue crown1 with garlands of flowers on his neck1 and he was upon the chariot of pale gold1 and he went out from the palace to behold the ,persea trees3 the princess also was going out with horses behind his ,majesty4 ,and his ,majesty sat beneath one of the ,persea trees1 and it spake thus with his wife3 8,oh thou deceitful one1 ,i am ,bata1 ,i am alive1 though ,i have been evilly entreated4 ,i knew who caused the acacia to be cut down by ,pharaoh at my dwelling4 ,i then became an ox1 and thou causedst that ,i should be killed40 ,and many days after these things the princess stood at the table of ,pharaoh1 and the ,king was pleased with her4 ,and she said to his ,majesty1 8,swear to me by ,god1 saying1 #8,that which the princess shall say to me ,i will obey it for her4' 0 ,and he hearkened unto all she said4 ,and he commanded1 8,let these two ,persea trees be cut down1 and let them be made into goodly planks40 ,and he hearkened unto all she said4 ,and after this his ,majesty sent skilful craftsmen1 and they cut down the ,persea trees of ,pharaoh2 and the princess1 the royal wife1 was standing looking on1 and they did all that was in her heart unto the trees4 ,but a chip flew up1 and it entered into the mouth of the princess2 she swallowed it1 and after many days she bore a son4 ,and one went to tell his ,majesty1 8,there is born to thee a son40 ,and they brought him1 and gave to him a nurse and servants2 and there were rejoicings in the whole land4 ,and the ,king sat making a merry day1 as they were about the naming of him1 and his ,majesty loved him exceedingly at that moment1 and the ,king raised him to be the royal son of ,kush4 ,now after the days had multiplied after these things1 his ,majesty made him heir of all the land4 ,and many days after that1 when he had fulfilled many years as heir1 his ,majesty flew up to heaven4 ,and the heir said1 8,let my great nobles of his ,majesty be brought before me1 that ,i may make them to know all that has happened to me40 ,and they brought also before him his wife1 and he judged with her before him1 and they agreed with him4 ,they brought to him his elder brother2 he made him hereditary prince in all his land4 ,he was thirty years ,king of ,egypt1 and he died1 and his elder brother stood in his place on the day of burial4 ,excellently finished in peace1 for the ka of the scribe of the treasury ,kagabu1 of the treasury of ,pharaoh1 and for the scribe ,hora1 and the scribe ,meremapt4 ,written by the scribe ,anena1 the owner of this roll4 ,he who speaks against this roll1 may ,tahuti smite him4 ,setna ,and ,the ,magic ,book ,the mighty ,king ,user4maat4ra 7,rameses the ,great7 had a son named ,setna ,kha4em4uast who was a great scribe1 and very learned in all the ancient writings4 ,and he heard that the magic book of ,thoth1 by which a man may enchant heaven and earth1 and know the language of all birds and beasts1 was buried in the cemetery of ,memphis4 ,and he went to search for it with his brother ,an4he4hor4eru2 and when they found the tomb of the ,king's son1 ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 son of the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,mer4neb4ptah1 ,setna opened it and went in4 ,now in the tomb was ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 and with him was the ka of his wife ,ahura2 for though she was buried at ,koptos1 her ka dwelt at ,memphis with her husband1 whom she loved4 ,and ,setna saw them seated before their offerings1 and the book lay between them4 ,and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah said to ,setna1 8,who are you that break into my tomb in this way80 ,he said1 8,i am ,setna1 son of the great ,king ,user4maat4ra1 living forever1 and ,i come for that book which ,i see between you40 ,and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah said1 8,it cannot be given to you40 ,then said ,setna1 8,but ,i will carry it away by force40 ,then ,ahura said to ,setna1 8,do not take this book2 for it will bring trouble on you1 as it has upon us4 ,listen to what we have suffered for it40 ,ahura's ,tale 8,we were the two children of the ,king ,mer4neb4ptah1 and he loved us very much1 for he had no others2 and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah was in his palace as heir over all the land4 ,and when we were grown1 the ,king said to the ,queen1 #8,i will marry ,na4nefer4ka4ptah to the daughter of a general1 and ,ahura to the son of another general4' ,and the ,queen said1 #8,no2 he is the heir1 let him marry his sister1 like the heir of a king2 none other is fit for him4' ,and the ,king said1 #8,that is not fair2 they had better be married to the children of the general4' 8,and the ,queen said1 #8,it is you who are not dealing rightly with me4' ,and the ,king answered1 #8,if ,i have no more than these two children1 is it right that they should marry one another8 ,i will marry ,na4nefer4ka4ptah to the daughter of an officer1 and ,ahura to the son of another officer4 ,it has often been done so in our family4' 8,and at a time when there was a great feast before the ,king1 they came to fetch me to the feast4 ,and ,i was very troubled1 and did not behave as ,i used to do4 ,and the ,king said to me1 #8,ahura1 have you sent someone to me about this sorry matter1 saying1 8,let me be married to my elder brother08' ,i said to him1 #8,well1 let me marry the son of an officer1 and he marry the daughter of another officer1 as it often happens so in our family4' ,i laughed1 and the ,king laughed4 ,and the ,king told the steward of the palace1 #8,let them take ,ahura to the house of ,na4nefer4ka4ptah to-night1 and all kinds of good things with her4' ,so they brought me as a wife to the house of ,na4nefer4ka4ptah2 and the ,king ordered them to give me presents of silver and gold1 and things from the palace4 8,and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah passed a happy time with me1 and received all the presents from the palace2 and we loved one another4 ,and when ,i expected a child1 they told the ,king1 and he was most heartily glad2 and he sent me many things1 and a present of the best silver and gold and linen4 ,and when the time came1 ,i bore this little child that is before you4 ,and they gave him the name of ,mer-ab1 and registered him in the book of the #8,house of life4' 8,and when my brother ,na4nefer4ka4ptah went to the cemetery of ,memphis1 he did nothing on earth but read the writings that are in the catacombs of the kings1 and the tablets of the #8,house of life1' and the inscriptions that are seen on the monuments1 and he worked hard on the writings4 ,and there was a priest there called ,nesi-ptah2 and as ,na4nefer4ka4ptah went into a temple to pray1 it happened that he went behind this priest1 and was reading the inscriptions that were on the chapels of the gods4 ,and the priest mocked him and laughed4 ,so ,na4nefer4ka4ptah said to him1 #8,why are you laughing at me8' ,and he replied1 #8,i was not laughing at you1 or if ,i happened to do so1 it was at your reading writings that are worthless4 ,if you wish so much to read writings1 come to me1 and ,i will bring you to the place where the book is which ,thoth himself wrote with his own hand1 and which will bring you to the gods4 ,when you read but two pages in this you will enchant the heaven1 the earth1 the abyss1 the mountains1 and the sea2 you shall know what the birds of the sky and the crawling things are saying2 you shall see the fishes of the deep1 for a divine power is there to bring them up out of the depth4 ,and when you read the second page1 if you are in the world of ghosts1 you will become again in the shape you were in on earth4 ,you will see the sun shining in the sky1 with all the gods1 and the full moon4' 8,and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah said3 #8,by the life of the ,king6 ,tell me of anything you want done and ,i'll do it for you1 if you will only send me where this book is4' ,and the priest answered ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 #8,if you want to go to the place where the book is1 you must give me #ajj pieces of silver for my funeral1 and provide that they shall bury me as a rich priest4' ,so ,na4nefer4ka4ptah called his lad and told him to give the priest #ajj pieces of silver2 and he made them do as he wished1 even everything that he asked for4 ,then the priest said to ,na4nefer4ka4ptah3 #8,this book is in the middle of the river at ,koptos1 in an iron box2 in the iron box is a bronze box2 in the bronze box is a sycamore box2 in the sycamore box is an ivory and ebony box2 in the ivory and ebony box is a silver box2 in the silver box is a golden box1 and in that is the book4 ,it is twisted all round with snakes and scorpions and all the other crawling things around the box in which the book is2 and there is a deathless snake by the box4' ,and when the priest told ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 he did not know where on earth he was1 he was so much delighted4 8,and when he came from the temple he told me all that had happened to him4 ,and he said3 #8,i shall go to ,koptos1 for ,i must fetch this book2 ,i will not stay any longer in the north4' ,and ,i said1 #8,let me dissuade you1 for you prepare sorrow and you will bring me into trouble in the ,thebaid4' ,and ,i laid my hand on ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 to keep him from going to ,koptos1 but he would not listen to me2 and he went to the ,king1 and told the ,king all that the priest had said4 ,the ,king asked him1 #8,what is it that you want8' and he replied1 #8,let them give me the royal boat with its belongings1 for ,i will go to the south with ,ahura and her little boy ,mer-ab1 and fetch this book without delay4' ,so they gave him the royal boat with its belongings1 and we went with him to the haven1 and sailed from there up to ,koptos4 8,then the priests of ,isis of ,koptos1 and the high-priest of ,isis1 came down to us without waiting1 to meet ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 and their wives also came to me4 ,we went into the temple of ,isis and ,harpokrates2 and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah brought an ox1 a goose1 and some wine1 and made a burnt-offering and a drink-offering before ,isis of ,koptos and ,harpokrates4 ,they brought us to a very fine house1 with all good things2 and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah spent four days there and feasted with the priests of ,isis of ,koptos1 and the wives of the priests of ,isis also made holiday with me4 8,and the morning of the fifth day came2 and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah called a priest to him1 and made a magic cabin that was full of men and tackle4 ,he put the spell upon it1 and put life in it1 and gave them breath1 and sank it in the water4 ,he filled the royal boat with sand1 and took leave of me1 and sailed from the haven3 and ,i sat by the river at ,koptos that ,i might see what would become of him4 ,and he said1 #8,workmen1 work for me1 even at the place where the book is4' ,and they toiled by night and by day2 and when they had reached it in three days1 he threw the sand out1 and made a shoal in the river4 ,and then he found on it entwined serpents and scorpions and all kinds of crawling things around the box in which the book was2 and by it he found a deathless snake around the box4 ,and he laid the spell upon the entwined serpents and scorpions and all kinds of crawling things which were around the box1 that they should not come out4 ,and he went to the deathless snake1 and fought with him1 and killed him2 but he came to life again1 and took a new form4 ,he then fought again with him a second time2 but he came to life again1 and took a third form4 ,he then cut him in two parts1 and put sand between the parts1 that he should not appear again4 8,na4nefer4ka4ptah then went to the place where he found the box4 ,he uncovered a box of iron1 and opened it2 he found then a box of bronze1 and opened that2 then he found a box of sycamore wood1 and opened that2 again1 he found a box of ivory and ebony1 and opened that2 yet1 he found a box of silver1 and opened that2 and then he found a box of gold2 he opened that1 and found the book in it4 ,he took the book from the golden box1 and read a page of spells from it4 ,he enchanted the heaven and the earth1 the abyss1 the mountains1 and the sea2 he knew what the birds of the sky1 the fish of the deep1 and the beasts of the hills all said4 ,he read another page of the spells1 and saw the sun shining in the sky1 with all the gods1 the full moon1 and the stars in their shapes2 he saw the fishes of the deep1 for a divine power was present that brought them up from the water4 ,he then read the spell upon the workmen that he had made1 and taken from the haven1 and said to them1 #8,work for me1 back to the place from which ,i came4' ,and they toiled night and day1 and so he came back to the place where ,i sat by the river of ,koptos2 ,i had not drunk nor eaten anything1 and had done nothing on earth1 but sat like one who is gone to the grave4 8,i then told ,na4nefer4ka4ptah that ,i wished to see this book1 for which we had taken so much trouble4 ,he gave the book into my hands2 and when ,i read a page of the spells in it ,i also enchanted heaven and earth1 the abyss1 the mountains1 and the sea4 ,i also knew what the birds of the sky1 the fishes of the deep1 and the beasts of the hills all said4 ,i read another page of the spells1 and ,i saw the sun shining in the sky with all the gods1 the full moon1 and the stars in their shapes2 ,i saw the fishes of the deep1 for a divine power was present that brought them up from the water4 ,as ,i could not write1 ,i asked ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 who was a good writer1 and a very learned one2 he called for a new piece of papyrus1 and wrote on it all that was in the book before him4 ,he dipped it in beer1 and washed it off in the liquid2 for he knew that if it were washed off1 and he drank it1 he would know all that there was in the writing4 8,we returned back to ,koptos the same day1 and made a feast before ,isis of ,koptos and ,harpokrates4 ,we then went to the haven and sailed1 and went northward of ,koptos4 ,and as we went on ,thoth discovered all that ,na4nefer4ka4ptah had done with the book2 and ,thoth hastened to tell ,ra1 and said1 #8,now know that my book and my revelation are with ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 son of the ,king ,mer4neb4ptah4 ,he has forced himself into my place1 and robbed it1 and seized my box with the writings1 and killed my guards who protected it4' ,and ,ra replied to him1 #8,he is before you1 take him and all his kin4' ,he sent a power from heaven with the command1 #8,do not let ,na4nefer4ka4ptah return safe to ,memphis with all his kin4' ,and after this hour1 the little boy ,mer-ab1 going out from the awning of the royal boat1 fell into the river3 he called on ,ra1 and everybody who was on the bank raised a cry4 ,na4nefer4ka4ptah went out of the cabin1 and read the spell over him2 he brought his body up because a divine power brought him to the surface4 ,he read another spell over him1 and made him tell of all what happened to him1 and of what ,thoth had said before ,ra4 8,we turned back with him to ,koptos4 ,we brought him to the ,good ,house1 we fetched the people to him1 and made one embalm him2 and we buried him in his coffin in the cemetery of ,koptos like a great and noble person4 8,and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 my brother1 said3 #8,let us go down1 let us not delay1 for the ,king has not yet heard of what has happened to him1 and his heart will be sad about it4' ,so we went to the haven1 we sailed1 and did not stay to the north of ,koptos4 ,when we were come to the place where the little boy ,mer-ab had fallen into the water1 ,i went out from the awning of the royal boat1 and ,i fell into the river4 ,they called ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 and he came out from the cabin of the royal boat2 he read a spell over me1 and brought my body up1 because a divine power brought me to the surface4 ,he drew me out1 and read the spell over me1 and made me tell him of all that had happened to me1 and of what ,thoth had said before ,ra4 ,then he turned back with me to ,koptos1 he brought me to the ,good ,house1 he fetched the people to me1 and made one embalm me1 as great and noble people are buried1 and laid me in the tomb where ,mer-ab my young child was4 8,he turned to the haven1 and sailed down1 and delayed not in the north of ,koptos4 ,when he was come to the place where we fell into the river1 he said to his heart3 #8,shall ,i not better turn back again to ,koptos1 that ,i may lie by them8 ,for1 if not1 when ,i go down to ,memphis1 and the ,king asks after his children1 what shall ,i say to him8 ,can ,i tell him1 8,i have taken your children to the ,thebaid1 and killed them1 while ,i remained alive1 and ,i have come to ,memphis still alive08' ,then he made them bring him a linen cloth of striped byssus2 he made a band1 and bound the book firmly1 and tied it upon him4 ,na4nefer4ka4ptah then went out of the awning of the royal boat and fell into the river4 ,he cried on ,ra2 and all those who were on the bank made an outcry1 saying3 #8,great woe6 ,sad woe6 ,is he lost1 that good scribe and able man that has no equal8' 8,the royal boat went on1 without anyone on earth knowing where ,na4nefer4ka4ptah was4 ,it went on to ,memphis1 and they told all this to the ,king4 ,then the ,king went down to the royal boat in mourning1 and all the soldiers and high-priests of ,ptah were in mourning1 and all the officials and courtiers4 ,and when he saw ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 who was in the inner cabin of the royal boat--from his rank of high scribe--he lifted him up4 ,and they saw the book by him2 and the ,king said1 #8,let one hide this book that is with him4' ,and the officers of the ,king1 the priests of ,ptah1 and the high-priest of ,ptah1 said to the ,king1 #8,our ,lord1 may the ,king live as long as the sun6 ,na4nefer4ka4ptah was a good scribe1 and a very skilful man4' ,and the ,king had him laid in his ,good ,house to the sixteenth day1 and then had him wrapped to the thirty-fifth day1 and laid him out to the seventieth day1 and then had him put in his grave in his resting-place4 8,i have now told you the sorrow which has come upon us because of this book for which you ask1 saying1 #8,let it be given to me4' ,you have no claim to it2 and1 indeed1 for the sake of it1 we have given up our life on earth40 ------------------------------------- ,and ,setna said to ,ahura1 8,give me the book which ,i see between you and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah2 for if you do not ,i will take it by force40 ,then ,na4nefer4ka4ptah rose from his seat and said3 8,are you ,setna1 to whom my wife has told of all these blows of fate1 which you have not suffered8 ,can you take this book by your skill as a good scribe8 ,if1 indeed1 you can play games with me1 let us play a game1 then1 of #eb points40 ,and ,setna said1 8,i am ready10 and the board and its pieces were put before him4 ,and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah won a game from ,setna2 and he put the spell upon him1 and defended himself with the game board that was before him1 and sunk him into the ground above his feet4 ,he did the same at the second game1 and won it from ,setna1 and sunk him into the ground to his waist4 ,he did the same at the third game1 and made him sink into the ground up to his ears4 ,then ,setna struck ,na4nefer4ka4ptah a great blow with his hand4 ,and ,setna called his brother ,an4he4hor4eru and said to him1 8,make haste and go up upon earth1 and tell the ,king all that has happened to me1 and bring me the talisman of my father ,ptah1 and my magic books40 ,and he hurried up upon earth1 and told the ,king all that had happened to ,setna4 ,the ,king said1 8,bring him the talisman of his father ,ptah1 and his magic books40 ,and ,an4he4hor4eru hurried down into the tomb2 he laid the talisman on ,setna1 and he sprang up again immediately4 ,and then ,setna reached out his hand for the book1 and took it4 ,then--as ,setna went out from the tomb--there went a ,light before him1 and ,darkness behind him4 ,and ,ahura wept at him1 and she said3 8,glory to the ,king of ,darkness6 ,hail to the ,king of ,light6 all power is gone from the tomb40 ,but ,na4nefer4ka4ptah said to ,ahura3 8,do not let your heart be sad2 ,i will make him bring back this book1 with a forked stick in his hand1 and a fire-pan on his head40 ,and ,setna went out from the tomb1 and it closed behind him as it was before4 ,then ,setna went to the ,king1 and told him everything that had happened to him with the book4 ,and the ,king said to ,setna1 8,take back the book to the grave of ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 like a prudent man1 or else he will make you bring it with a forked stick in your hand1 and a fire-pan on your head40 ,but ,setna would not listen to him2 and when ,setna had unrolled the book he did nothing on earth but read it to everybody4 ,here follows a story of how ,setna1 walking in the court of the temple of ,ptah1 met ,tabubua1 a fascinating girl1 daughter of a priest of ,bast1 of ,ankhtaui2 how she repelled his advances1 until she had beguiled him into giving up all his possessions1 and slaying his children4 ,at the last she gives a fearful cry and vanishes1 leaving ,setna bereft of even his clothes4 ,this would seem to be merely a dream1 by the disappearance of ,tabubua1 and by ,setna finding his children alive after it all2 but on the other hand he comes to his senses in an unknown place1 and is so terrified as to be quite ready to make restitution to ,na4nefer4ka4ptah4 ,the episode1 which is not creditable to ,egyptian society1 seems to be intended for one of the vivid dreams which the credulous readily accept as half realities4 ,so ,setna went to ,memphis1 and embraced his children for that they were alive4 ,and the ,king said to him1 8,were you not drunk to do so80 ,then ,setna told all things that had happened with ,tabubua and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah4 ,and the ,king said1 8,setna1 ,i have already lifted up my hand against you before1 and said1 #8,he will kill you if you do not take back the book to the place you took it from4' ,but you have never listened to me till this hour4 ,now1 then1 take the book to ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 with a forked stick in your hand1 and a fire-pan on your head40 ,so ,setna went out from before the ,king1 with a forked stick in his hand1 and a fire-pan on his head4 ,he went down to the tomb in which was ,na4nefer4ka4ptah4 ,and ,ahura said to him1 8,it is ,ptah1 the great god1 that has brought you back safe40 ,na4nefer4ka4ptah laughed1 and he said1 8,this is the business that ,i told you before40 ,and when ,setna had praised ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 he found it as the proverb says1 8,the sun was in the whole tomb40 ,and ,ahura and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah besought ,setna greatly4 ,and ,setna said1 8,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 is it aught disgraceful 7that you lay on me to do780 ,and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah said1 8,setna1 you know this1 that ,ahura and ,mer-ab1 her child1 behold6 they are in ,koptos2 bring them here into this tomb1 by the skill of a good scribe4 ,let it be impressed upon you to take pains1 and to go to ,koptos to bring them here40 ,setna then went out from the tomb to the ,king1 and told the ,king all that ,na4nefer4ka4ptah had told him4 ,the ,king said1 8,setna1 go to ,koptos and bring back ,ahura and ,mer-ab40 ,he answered the ,king1 8,let one give me the royal boat and its belongings40 ,and they gave him the royal boat and its belongings1 and he left the haven1 and sailed without stopping till he came to ,koptos4 ,and they made this known to the priests of ,isis at ,koptos and to the high-priest of ,isis2 and behold they came down to him1 and gave him their hand to the shore4 ,he went up with them and entered into the temple of ,isis of ,koptos and of ,harpokrates4 ,he ordered one to offer for him an ox1 a goose1 and some wine1 and he made a burnt-offering and a drink-offering before ,isis of ,koptos and ,harpokrates4 ,he went to the cemetery of ,koptos with the priests of ,isis and the high-priest of ,isis4 ,they dug about for three days and three nights1 for they searched even in all the catacombs which were in the cemetery of ,koptos2 they turned over the steles of the scribes of the 8double house of life10 and read the inscriptions that they found on them4 ,but they could not find the resting-place of ,ahura and ,mer-ab4 ,now ,na4nefer4ka4ptah perceived that they could not find the resting-place of ,ahura and her child ,mer-ab4 ,so he raised himself up as a venerable1 very old1 ancient1 and came before ,setna4 ,and ,setna saw him1 and ,setna said to the ancient1 8,you look like a very old man2 do you know where is the resting-place of ,ahura and her child ,mer-ab80 ,the ancient said to ,setna3 8,it was told by the father of the father of my father to the father of my father1 and the father of my father has told it to my father2 the resting-place of ,ahura and of her child ,mer-ab is in a mound south of the town of ,pehemato78740 ,and ,setna said to the ancient1 8,perhaps we may do damage to ,pehemato1 and you are ready to lead one to the town for the sake of that40 ,the ancient replied to ,setna3 8,if one listens to me1 shall he therefore destroy the town of ,pehemato6 ,if they do not find ,ahura and her child ,mer-ab under the south corner of their town may ,i be disgraced40 ,they attended to the ancient1 and found the resting-place of ,ahura and her child ,mer-ab under the south corner of the town of ,pehemato4 ,setna laid them in the royal boat to bring them as honored persons1 and restored the town of ,pehemato as it originally was4 ,and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah made ,setna to know that it was he who had come to ,koptos1 to enable them to find out where the resting-place was of ,ahura and her child ,mer-ab4 ,so ,setna left the haven in the royal boat1 and sailed without stopping1 and reached ,memphis with all the soldiers who were with him4 ,and when they told the ,king he came down to the royal boat4 ,he took them as honored persons escorted to the catacombs1 in which ,na4nefer4ka4ptah was1 and smoothed down the ground over them4 ,this is the completed writing of the tale of ,setna ,kha4em4uast1 and ,na4nefer4ka4ptah1 and his wife ,ahura1 and their child ,mer-ab4 ,it was written in the #ceth year1 the month ,tybi4 ,tales ,of ,the ,magicians ,one day1 when ,king ,khufu reigned over all the land1 he said to his chancellor1 who stood before him1 8,go call me my sons and my councillors1 that ,i may ask of them a thing40 ,and his sons and his councillors came and stood before him1 and he said to them1 8,know ye a man who can tell me tales of the deeds of the magicians80 ,then the royal son ,khafra stood forth and said1 8,i will tell thy ,majesty a tale of the days of thy forefather ,nebka1 the blessed2 of what came to pass when he went into the temple of ,ptah of ,ankhtaui40 ,khafra's ,tale 8,his ,majesty was walking unto the temple of ,ptah1 and went unto the house of the chief reciter ,uba-aner1 with his train4 ,now when the wife of ,uba-aner saw a page1 among those who stood behind the ,king1 her heart longed after him2 and she sent her servant unto him1 with a present of a box full of garments4 8,and he came then with the servant4 ,now there was a lodge in the garden of ,uba-aner2 and one day the page said to the wife of ,uba-aner1 #8,in the garden of ,uba-aner there is now a lodge2 behold1 let us therein take our pleasure4' ,so the wife of ,uba-aner sent to the steward who had charge over the garden1 saying1 #8,let the lodge which is in the garden be made ready4' ,and she remained there1 and rested and drank with the page until the sun went down4 8,and when the even was now come the page went forth to bathe4 ,and the steward said1 #8,i must go and tell ,uba-aner of this matter4' ,now when this day was past1 and another day came1 then went the steward to ,uba-aner1 and told him of all these things4 8,then said ,uba-aner1 #8,bring me my casket of ebony and electrum4' ,and they brought it2 and he fashioned a crocodile of wax1 seven fingers long3 and he enchanted it1 and said1 #8,when the page comes and bathes in my lake1 seize on him4' ,and he gave it to the steward1 and said to him1 #8,when the page shall go down into the lake to bathe1 as he is daily wont to do1 then throw in this crocodile behind him4' ,and the steward went forth bearing the crocodile4 8,and the wife of ,uba-aner sent to the steward who had charge over the garden1 saying1 #8,let the lodge which is in the garden be made ready1 for ,i come to tarry there4' 8,and the lodge was prepared with all good things2 and she came and made merry therein with the page4 ,and when the even was now come1 the page went forth to bathe as he was wont to do4 ,and the steward cast in the wax crocodile after him into the water2 and1 behold6 it became a great crocodile seven cubits in length1 and it seized on the page4 8,and ,uba-aner abode yet seven days with the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,nebka1 the blessed1 while the page was stifled in the crocodile4 ,and after the seven days were passed1 the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,nebka1 the blessed1 went forth1 and ,uba-aner went before him4 8,and ,uba-aner said unto his ,majesty1 #8,will your ,majesty come and see this wonder that has come to pass in your days unto a page8' ,and the ,king went with ,uba-aner4 ,and ,uba-aner called unto the crocodile and said1 #8,bring forth the page4' ,and the crocodile came forth from the lake with the page4 ,uba-aner said unto the ,king1 #8,behold1 whatever ,i command this crocodile he will do it4' ,and his ,majesty said1 #8,i pray you send back this crocodile4' ,and ,uba-aner stooped and took up the crocodile1 and it became in his hand a crocodile of wax4 ,and then ,uba-aner told the ,king that which had passed in his house with the page and his wife4 ,and his ,majesty said unto the crocodile1 #8,take to thee thy prey4' ,and the crocodile plunged into the lake with his prey1 and no man knew whither he went4 8,and his ,majesty the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,nebka1 the blessed1 commanded1 and they brought forth the wife of ,uba-aner to the north side of the harem1 and burned her with fire1 and cast her ashes in the river4 8,this is a wonder that came to pass in the days of thy forefather the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,nebka1 of the acts of the chief reciter ,uba-aner40 ,his ,majesty the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,khufu1 then said1 8,let there be presented to the ,king ,nebka1 the blessed1 #a1jjj loaves1 #ajj draughts of beer1 an ox1 two jars of incense2 and let there be presented a loaf1 a jar of beer1 a jar of incense and a piece of meat to the chief reciter ,uba-aner2 for ,i have seen the token of his learning40 ,and they did all things as his ,majesty commanded4 ,bau-,f-,ra's ,tale ,the royal son ,bau-f-ra then stood forth and spake4 ,he said1 8,i will tell thy ,majesty of a wonder which came to pass in the days of thy father ,seneferu1 the blessed1 of the deeds of the chief reciter ,zazamankh4 ,one day ,king ,seneferu1 being weary1 went throughout his palace seeking for a pleasure to lighten his heart1 but he found none4 ,and he said1 #8,haste1 and bring before me the chief reciter and scribe of the rolls ,zazamankh2' and they straightway brought him4 ,and the ,king said1 #8,i have sought in my palace for some delight1 but ,i have found none4' ,then said ,zazamankh to him1 #8,let thy ,majesty go upon the lake of the palace1 and let there be made ready a boat1 with all the fair maidens of the harem of thy palace2 and the heart of thy ,majesty shall be refreshed with the sight1 in seeing their rowing up and down the water1 and seeing the goodly pools of the birds upon the lake1 and beholding its sweet fields and grassy shores2 thus will thy heart be lightened4 ,and ,i also will go with thee4 ,bring me twenty oars of ebony inlaid with gold1 with blades of light wood inlaid with electrum2 and bring me twenty maidens1 fair in their limbs1 their bosoms1 and their hair1 all virgins2 and bring me twenty nets1 and give these nets unto the maidens for their garments4' ,and they did according to all the commands of his ,majesty4 8,and they rowed down the stream and up the stream1 and the heart of his ,majesty was glad with the sight of their rowing4 ,but one of them at the steering struck her hair1 and her jewel of new malachite fell into the water4 ,and she ceased her song1 and rowed not2 and her companions ceased1 and rowed not4 ,and his ,majesty said1 #8,row you not further8' ,and they replied1 #8,our little steerer here stays and rows not4' ,his ,majesty then said to her1 #8,wherefore rowest thou not8' ,she replied1 #8,it is for my jewel of new malachite which is fallen in the water4' ,and he said to her1 #8,row on1 for behold ,i will replace it4' ,and she answered1 #8,but ,i want my own piece back in its setting4' ,and his ,majesty said1 #8,haste1 bring me the chief reciter ,zazamankh1' and they brought him4 ,and his ,majesty said1 #8,zazamankh1 my brother1 ,i have done as thou sayedst1 and the heart of his ,majesty is refreshed with the sight of their rowing4 ,but now a jewel of new malachite of one of the little ones is fallen in the water1 and she ceases and rows not1 and she has spoiled the rowing of her side4 ,and ,i said to her1 8,wherefore rowest thou not80 and she answered to me1 8,it is for my jewel of new malachite which is fallen in the water40 ,i replied to her1 8,row on1 for behold ,i will replace it20 and she answered to me1 8,but ,i want my own piece again back in its setting40 ' ,then the chief reciter ,zazamankh spake his magic speech4 ,and he placed one part of the waters of the lake upon the other1 and discovered the jewel lying upon a shard2 and he took it up and gave it unto its mistress4 ,and the water1 which was twelve cubits deep in the middle1 reached now to twenty-four cubits after he turned it4 ,and he spake1 and used his magic speech2 and he brought again the water of the lake to its place4 ,and his ,majesty spent a joyful day with the whole of the royal house4 ,then rewarded he the chief reciter ,zazamankh with all good things4 ,behold1 this is a wonder that came to pass in the days of thy father1 the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,seneferu1 of the deeds of the chief reciter1 the scribe of the rolls1 ,zazamankh40 ,then said the majesty of the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,khufu1 the blessed1 8,let there be presented an offering of #a1jjj cakes1 #ajj draughts of beer1 an ox1 and two jars of incense to the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,seneferu1 the blessed2 and let there be given a loaf1 a jar of beer1 and a jar of incense to the chief reciter1 the scribe of the rolls1 ,zazamankh2 for ,i have seen the token of his learning40 ,and they did all things as his ,majesty commanded4 ,hordedef's ,tale ,the royal son ,hordedef then stood forth and spake4 ,he said3 8,hitherto hast thou only heard tokens of those who have gone before1 and of which no man knoweth their truth4 ,but ,i will show thy ,majesty a man of thine own days40 ,and his ,majesty said1 8,who is he1 ,hordedef80 ,and the royal son ,hordedef answered1 8,it is a certain man named ,dedi1 who dwells at ,dedsneferu4 ,he is a man of #aaj years old2 and he eats #ejj loaves of bread and a side of beef1 and drinks #ajj draughts of beer1 unto this day4 ,he knows how to restore the head that is smitten off2 he knows how to cause the lion to follow him trailing his halter on the ground2 he knows the designs of the dwelling of ,tahuti4 ,the majesty of the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,khufu1 the blessed1 has long sought for the designs of the dwelling of ,tahuti1 that he may make the like of them in his pyramid40 ,and his ,majesty said1 8,thou1 thyself1 ,hordedef1 my son1 bring him to me40 ,then were the ships made ready for the ,king's son ,hordedef1 and he went up the stream to ,dedsneferu4 ,and when the ships had moored at the haven1 he landed1 and sat him in a litter of ebony1 the poles of which were of cedar wood overlaid with gold4 ,now when he drew near to ,dedi1 they set down the litter4 ,and he arose to greet ,dedi1 and found him lying on a palmstick couch at the door of his house2 one servant held his head and rubbed him1 and another rubbed his feet4 ,and the ,king's son ,hordedef said1 8,thy state is that of one who lives to good old age2 for old age is the end of our voyage1 the time of embalming1 the time of burial4 ,lie1 then1 in the sun1 free of infirmities1 without the babble of dotage3 this is the salutation to worthy age4 ,i come from far to call thee1 with a message from my father ,khufu1 the blessed1 for thou shalt eat of the best which the ,king gives1 and of the food which those have who follow after him2 that he may bring thee in good estate to thy fathers who are in the tomb40 ,and ,dedi replied to him3 8,peace to thee6 ,peace to thee6 ,hordedef1 son of the ,king1 beloved of his father4 ,may thy father ,khufu1 the blessed1 praise thee1 may he advance thee among the elders1 may thy ka prevail against the enemy1 may thy soul know the right road to the gate of him who clothes the afflicted2 this is the salutation to the ,king's son40 ,then the ,king's son1 ,hordedef1 stretched forth his hands to him1 and raised him up1 and went with him to the haven1 giving unto him his arm4 ,then said ,dedi1 8,let there be given me a boat1 to bring me my youths and my books40 ,and they made ready for him two boats with their rowers4 ,and ,dedi went down the river in the barge in which was the ,king's son1 ,hordedef4 ,and when he had reached the palace1 the ,king's son1 ,hordedef1 entered in to give account unto his ,majesty the ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,khufu1 the blessed4 ,then said the ,king's son ,hordedef1 8,o ,king1 life1 wealth1 and health6 ,my lord1 ,i have brought ,dedi40 ,his ,majesty replied1 8,bring him to me speedily40 ,and his ,majesty went into the hall of columns of ,pharaoh 7life1 wealth1 and health71 and ,dedi was led before him4 ,and his ,majesty said1 8,wherefore is it1 ,dedi1 that ,i have not yet seen thee80 ,and ,dedi answered3 8,he who is called it is that comes2 the ,king 7life1 wealth1 and health7 calls me1 and behold ,i come40 ,and his ,majesty said1 8,is it true1 that which men say1 that thou canst restore the head which is smitten off80 ,and ,dedi replied1 8,truly1 ,i know that1 ,o ,king 7life1 wealth1 and health71 my lord40 ,and his ,majesty said1 8,let one bring me a prisoner who is in prison1 that his punishment may be fulfilled40 ,and ,dedi said3 8,let it not be a man1 ,o ,king1 my lord2 behold we do not even thus to our cattle40 ,and a duck was brought unto him1 and its head was cut off4 ,and the duck was laid on the west side of the hall1 and its head on the east side of the hall4 ,and ,dedi spake his magic speech4 ,and the duck fluttered along the ground1 and its head came likewise2 and when it had come part to part the duck stood and quacked4 ,and they brought likewise a goose before him1 and he did even so unto it4 ,his ,majesty caused an ox to be brought1 and its head cast on the ground4 ,and ,dedi spake his magic speech4 ,and the ox stood upright behind him1 and followed him with his halter trailing on the ground4 ,and ,king ,khufu said1 8,and is it true what is said1 that thou knowest the number of the designs of the dwelling of ,tahuti80 ,and ,dedi replied1 8,pardon me1 ,i know not their number1 ,o ,king 7life1 wealth1 and health71 but ,i know where they are40 ,and his ,majesty said1 8,where is that80 ,and ,dedi replied3 8,there is a chest of whetstone in a chamber named the plan-room1 in ,heliopolis2 they are in this chest40 ,and ,dedi said further unto him1 8,o ,king 7life1 wealth1 and health71 my lord1 it is not ,i that is to bring them to thee40 ,and his ,majesty said1 8,who1 then1 is it that shall bring them to me80 ,and ,dedi answered to him1 8,it is the eldest of the three children who are in the body of ,rud-didet who shall bring them to thee40 ,and his ,majesty said3 8,would that it may be as thou sayest6 ,and who is this ,rud-didet80 ,and ,dedi replied3 8,she is the wife of a priest of ,ra1 lord of ,sakhebu4 ,and she has conceived these three sons by ,ra1 lord of ,sakhebu1 and the god has promised her that they shall fulfil this noble office 7of reigning7 over all this land1 and that the eldest of them shall be high-priest in ,heliopolis40 ,and his ,majesty's heart became troubled for this2 but ,dedi spake unto him3 8,what is this that thou thinkest1 ,o ,king 7life1 wealth1 health71 my lord8 ,is it because of these three children8 ,i tell thee thy son shall reign1 and thy son's son1 and then one of them40 ,his ,majesty said1 8,and when shall ,rud-didet bear these80 ,and he replied1 8,she shall bear them on the twenty-fifth of the month ,tybi40 ,and his ,majesty said1 8,when the banks of the canal of ,letopolis are cut1 ,i will walk there that ,i may see the temple of ,ra1 lord of ,sakhebu40 ,and ,dedi replied1 8,then ,i will cause that there be four cubits of water by the banks of the canal of ,letopolis40 ,when his ,majesty returned to his palace1 his ,majesty said3 8,let them place ,dedi in the house of the royal son ,hordedef1 that he may dwell with him1 and let them give him a daily portion of #a1jjj loaves1 #ajj draughts of beer1 an ox1 and #ajj bunches of onions40 ,and they did everything as his ,majesty commanded4 ,and one day it came to pass that ,rud-didet felt the pains of birth4 ,and the majesty of ,ra1 ,lord of ,sakhebu1 said unto ,isis1 to ,nebhat1 to ,meskhent1 to ,hakt1 and to ,khnumu3 8,go ye1 and deliver ,rud-didet of these three children that she shall bear1 who are to fulfil this noble office over all this land2 that they may build up your temples1 furnish your altars with offerings1 supply your tables of libation1 and increase your endowments40 ,then went these deities2 their fashion they made as that of dancing-girls1 and ,khnumu was with them as a porter4 ,they drew near unto the house of ,ra-user1 and found him standing1 with his girdle fallen4 ,and they played before him with their instruments of music4 ,but he said unto them1 8,my ladies1 behold1 here is a woman who feels the pains of birth40 ,they said to him1 8,let us see her1 for we know how to help her40 ,and he replied1 8,come1 then40 ,and they entered in straightway to ,rud-didet1 and they closed the door on her and on themselves4 ,then ,isis stood before her1 and ,nebhat stood behind her1 and ,hakt helped her4 ,and ,isis said1 8,o child1 by thy name of ,user-ref1 do not do violence40 ,and the child came upon her hands1 as a child of a cubit2 its bones were strong1 the beauty of its limbs was like gold1 and its hair was like true lapis-lazuli4 ,they washed him1 and prepared him1 and placed him on a carpet on the brickwork4 ,then ,meskhent approached him and said1 8,this is a king who shall reign over all the land40 ,and ,khnumu gave strength to his limbs4 ,then ,isis stood before her1 and ,nebhat stood behind her1 and ,hakt helped her4 ,and ,isis said1 8,o child1 by thy name of ,sah-ra1 stay not in her40 ,then the child came upon her hands1 a child of a cubit2 its bones were strong1 the beauty of its limbs was like gold1 and its hair was like true lapis-lazuli4 ,they washed him1 and prepared him1 and laid him on a carpet on the brickwork4 ,then ,meskhent approached him and said1 8,this is a king who shall reign over all the land40 ,and ,khnumu gave strength to his limbs4 ,then ,isis stood before her1 and ,nebhat stood behind her1 and ,hakt helped her4 ,and ,isis said1 8,o child1 by thy name of ,kaku1 remain not in darkness in her40 ,and the child came upon her hands1 a child of a cubit2 its bones were strong1 the beauty of its limbs was like gold1 and its hair was like true lapis-lazuli4 ,and ,meskhent approached him and said1 8,this is a king who shall reign over all the land40 ,and ,khnumu gave strength to his limbs4 ,and they washed him1 and prepared him1 and laid him on a carpet on the brickwork4 ,and the deities went out1 having delivered ,rud-didet of the three children4 ,and they said1 8,rejoice6 ,o ,ra-user1 for behold three children are born unto thee40 ,and he said unto them1 8,my ladies1 and what shall ,i give unto ye8 ,behold1 give this bushel of barley here unto your porter1 that ye may take it as your reward to the brew-house40 ,and ,khnumu loaded himself with the bushel of barley4 ,and they went away toward the place from which they came4 ,and ,isis spake unto these goddesses1 and said1 8,wherefore have we come without doing a marvel for these children1 that we may tell it to their father who has sent us80 ,then made they the divine diadems of the ,king 7life1 wealth1 and health71 and laid them in the bushel of barley4 ,and they caused the clouds to come with wind and rain2 and they turned back again unto the house4 ,and they said1 8,let us put this barley in a closed chamber1 sealed up1 until we return northward1 dancing40 ,and they placed the barley in a close chamber4 ,and ,rud-didet purified herself1 with a purification of fourteen days4 ,and she said to her handmaid1 8,is the house made ready80 ,and she replied1 8,all things are made ready1 but the brewing barley is not yet brought40 ,and ,rud-didet said1 8,wherefore is the brewing barley not yet brought80 ,and the servant answered1 8,it would all of it long since be ready if the barley had not been given to the dancing-girls1 and lay in the chamber under their seal40 ,rud-didet said1 8,go down1 and bring of it1 and ,ra-user shall give them in its stead when he shall come40 ,and the handmaid went1 and opened the chamber4 ,and she heard talking and singing1 music and dancing1 quavering1 and all things which are performed for a king in his chamber4 ,and she returned and told to ,rud-didet all that she had heard4 ,and she went through the chamber1 but she found not the place where the sound was4 ,and she laid her temple to the sack1 and found that the sounds were in it4 ,she placed it in a chest1 and put that in another locker1 and tied it fast with leather1 and laid it in the storeroom1 where the things were1 and sealed it4 ,and ,ra-user came returning from the field2 and ,rud-didet repeated unto him these things2 and his heart was glad above all things2 and they sat down and made a joyful day4 ,and after these days it came to pass that ,rud-didet was wroth with her servant1 and beat her with stripes4 ,and the servant said unto those that were in the house3 8,shall it be done thus unto me8 ,she has borne three kings1 and ,i will go and tell this to his ,majesty ,king ,khufu the blessed40 ,and she went1 and found the eldest brother of her mother1 who was binding his flax on the floor4 ,and he said to her1 8,whither goest thou1 my little maid80 ,and she told him of all these things4 ,and her brother said to her3 8,wherefore comest thou thus to me8 ,shall ,i agree to treachery80 ,and he took a bunch of the flax to her1 and laid on her a violent blow4 ,and the servant went to fetch a handful of water1 and a crocodile carried her away4 ,her uncle went therefore to tell of this to ,rud-didet2 and he found ,rud-didet sitting1 her head on her knees1 and her heart beyond measure sad4 ,and he said to her1 8,my lady1 why makest thou thy heart thus80 ,and she answered1 8,it is because of this little wretch that was in the house2 behold she went out saying1 #8,i will go and tell it4' 0 ,and he bowed his head unto the ground1 and said1 8,my lady1 she came and told me of these things1 and made her complaint unto me2 and ,i laid on her a violent blow4 ,and she went forth to draw water1 and a crocodile carried her away40 7,the rest of the tale is lost47 ,the ,peasant ,and ,the ,workman ,there dwelt in the ,sekhet ,hemat--or ,salt ,country--a peasant called the ,sekhti1 with his wife and children1 his asses and his dogs2 and he trafficked in all good things of the ,sekhet ,hemat to ,henenseten4 ,behold now he went with rushes1 natron1 and salt1 with wood and pods1 with stones and seeds1 and all good products of the ,sekhet ,hemat4 ,and this ,sekhti journeyed to the south unto ,henenseten2 and when he came to the lands of the house of ,fefa1 north of ,denat1 he found a man there standing on the bank1 a man called ,hemti--the workman--son of a man called ,asri1 who was a serf of the high-steward ,meruitensa4 ,now said this ,hemti1 when he saw the asses of ,sekhti1 that were pleasing in his eyes1 8,oh that some good god would grant me to steal away the goods of ,sekhti from him60 ,now the ,hemti's house was by the dike of the tow-path1 which was straightened1 and not wide1 as much as the width of a waistcloth3 on the one side of it was the water1 and on the other side of it grew his corn4 ,hemti said then to his servant1 8,hasten6 bring me a shawl from the house10 and it was brought instantly4 ,then spread he out this shawl on the face of the dike1 and it lay with its fastening on the water and its fringe on the corn4 ,now ,sekhti approached along the path used by all men4 ,said ,hemti3 8,have a care1 ,sekhti6 you are not going to trample on my clothes60 ,said ,sekhti1 8,i will do as you like1 ,i will pass carefully40 ,then went he up on the higher side4 ,but ,hemti said1 8,go you over my corn1 instead of the path80 ,said ,sekhti3 8,i am going carefully2 this high field of corn is not my choice1 but you have stopped your path with your clothes1 and will you then not let us pass by the side of the path80 ,and one of the asses filled its mouth with a cluster of corn4 ,said ,hemti3 8,look you1 ,i shall take away your ass1 ,sekhti1 for eating my corn2 behold it will have to pay according to the amount of the injury40 ,said ,sekhti3 8,i am going carefully2 the one way is stopped1 therefore took ,i my ass by the inclosed ground2 and do you seize it for filling its mouth with a cluster of corn8 ,moreover1 ,i know unto whom this domain belongs1 even unto the lord steward ,meruitensa4 ,he it is who smites every robber in this whole land2 and shall ,i then be robbed in his domain80 ,said ,hemti1 8,this is the proverb which men speak3 #8,a poor man's name is only his own matter4' ,i am he of whom you spake1 even the lord steward of whom you think40 ,thereon he took to him branches of green tamarisk and scourged all his limbs1 took his asses1 and drave them into the pasture4 ,and ,sekhti wept very greatly1 by reason of the pain of what he had suffered4 ,said ,hemti1 8,lift not up your voice1 ,sekhti1 or you shall go to the demon of silence40 ,sekhti answered3 8,you beat me1 you steal my goods1 and now would take away even my voice1 ,o demon of silence6 ,if you will restore my goods1 then will ,i cease to cry out at your violence40 ,sekhti stayed the whole day petitioning ,hemti1 but he would not give ear unto him4 ,and ,sekhti went his way to ,khenensuten to complain to the lord steward ,meruitensa4 ,he found him coming out from the door of his house to embark on his boat1 that he might go to the judgment-hall4 ,sekhti said3 8,ho6 turn1 that ,i may please thy heart with this discourse4 ,now at this time let one of thy followers1 whom thou wilt1 come to me that ,i may send him to thee concerning it40 ,the lord steward ,meruitensa made his follower1 whom he chose1 go straight unto him1 and ,sekhti sent him back with an account of all these matters4 ,then the lord steward ,meruitensa accused ,hemti unto the nobles who sat with him2 and they said unto him3 8,by your leave3 ,as to this ,sekhti of yours1 let him bring a witness4 ,behold thou it is our custom with our ,sekhtis2 witnesses come with them2 behold1 that is our custom4 ,then it will be fitting to beat this ,hemti for a trifle of natron and a trifle of salt2 if he is commanded to pay for it1 he will pay for it40 ,but the high steward ,meruitensa held his peace2 for he would not reply unto these nobles1 but would reply unto the ,sekhti4 ,now ,sekhti came to appeal to the lord steward ,meruitensa1 and said1 8,o my lord steward1 greatest of the great1 guide of the needy3 ,when thou embarkest on the lake of truth-- ,mayest thou sail upon it with a fair wind2 ,may thy mainsail not fly loose4 ,may there not be lamentation in thy cabin2 ,may not misfortune come after thee4 ,may not thy mainstays be snapped2 ,mayest thou not run aground4 ,may not the wave seize thee2 ,mayest thou not taste the impurities of the river2 ,mayest thou not see the face of fear4 ,may the fish come to thee without escape2 ,mayest thou reach unto plump water-fowl4 ,for thou art the orphan's father1 the widow's husband1 ,the desolate woman's brother1 the garment of the motherless4 ,let me celebrate thy name in this land for every virtue1 ,a guide without greediness of heart2 ,a great one without any meanness4 ,destroying deceit1 encouraging justice2 ,coming to the cry1 and allowing utterance4 ,let me speak1 do thou hear and do justice2 ,o praised6 whom the praised ones praise4 ,abolish oppression1 behold me1 ,i am overladen1 ,reckon with me1 behold me defrauded40 ,now the ,sekhti made this speech in the time of the majesty of the ,king ,neb-ka-n-ra1 blessed4 ,the lord steward ,meruitensa went away straight to the ,king and said3 8,my lord1 ,i have found one of these ,sekhti1 excellent of speech1 in very truth2 stolen are his goods1 and he has come to complain to me of the matter40 ,his ,majesty said3 8,as thou wishest that ,i may see health6 lengthen out his complaint1 without replying to any of his speeches4 ,he who desireth him to continue speaking should be silent2 behold1 bring us his words in writing1 that we may listen to them4 ,but provide for his wife and his children1 and let the ,sekhti himself also have a living4 ,thou must cause one to give him his portion without letting him know that thou art he who is giving it to him40 ,there were given to him four loaves and two draughts of beer each day2 which the lord steward ,meruitensa provided for him1 giving it to a friend of his1 who furnished it unto him4 ,then the lord steward ,meruitensa sent the governor of the ,sekhet ,hemat to make provision for the wife of the ,sekhti1 three rations of corn each day4 ,then came the ,sekhti a second time1 and even a third time1 unto the lord steward ,meruitensa2 but he told two of his followers to go unto the ,sekhti1 and seize on him1 and beat him with staves4 ,but he came again unto him1 even unto six times1 and said3 8,my ,lord ,steward-- ,destroying deceit1 and encouraging justice2 ,raising up every good thing1 and crushing every evil2 ,as plenty comes removing famine1 ,as clothing covers nakedness1 ,as clear sky after storm warms the shivering2 ,as fire cooks that which is raw1 ,as water quenches the thirst2 ,look with thy face upon my lot2 do not covet1 but content me without fail2 do the right and do not evil10 ,but yet ,meruitensa would not hearken unto his complaint2 and the ,sekhti came yet1 and yet again1 even unto the ninth time4 ,then the lord steward told two of his followers to go unto the ,sekhti2 and the ,sekhti feared that he should be beaten as at the third request4 ,but the lord steward ,meruitensa then said unto him3 8,fear not1 ,sekhti1 for what thou hast done4 ,the ,sekhti has made many speeches1 delightful to the heart of his ,majesty1 and ,i take an oath--as ,i eat bread1 and as ,i drink water--that thou shalt be remembered to eternity40 ,said the lord steward1 8,moreover1 thou shalt be satisfied when thou shalt hear of thy complaints40 ,he caused to be written on a clean roll of papyrus each petition to the end1 and the lord steward ,meruitensa sent it to the majesty of the ,king ,neb-ka-n-ra1 blessed1 and it was good to him more than anything that is in the whole land3 but his ,majesty said to ,meruitensa3 8,judge it thyself2 ,i do not desire it40 ,the lord steward ,meruitensa made two of his followers to go to the ,sekhet ,hemat1 and bring a list of the household of the ,sekhti2 and its amount was six persons1 beside his oxen and his goats1 his wheat and his barley1 his asses and his dogs2 and moreover he gave all that which belonged unto the ,hemti to the ,sekhti1 even all his property and his officers1 and the ,sekhti was beloved of the ,king more than all his overseers1 and ate of all the good things of the ,king1 with all his household4 ,the ,shipwrecked ,sailor ,the wise servant said3 8,let thy heart be satisfied1 ,o my lord1 for that we have come back to the country2 after we have long been on board1 and rowed much1 the prow has at last touched land4 ,all the people rejoice1 and embrace us one after another4 ,moreover1 we have come back in good health1 and not a man is lacking2 although we have been to the ends of ,wawat1 and gone through the land of ,senmut1 we have returned in peace1 and our land--behold1 we have come back to it4 ,hear me1 my lord2 ,i have no other refuge4 ,wash thee1 and turn the water over thy fingers2 then go and tell the tale to the ,majesty40 ,his lord replied3 8,thy heart continues still its wandering words6 but although the mouth of a man may save him1 his words may also cover his face with confusion4 ,wilt thou do then as thy heart moves thee8 ,this that thou wilt say1 tell quietly40 ,the sailor then answered3 8,now ,i shall tell that which has happened to me1 to my very self4 ,i was going to the mines of ,pharaoh1 and ,i went down on the sea on a ship of #aej cubits long and forty cubits wide1 with #aej sailors of the best of ,egypt1 who had seen heaven and earth1 and whose hearts were stronger than lions4 ,they had said that the wind would not be contrary1 or that there would be none4 ,but as we approached the land the wind arose1 and threw up waves eight cubits high4 ,as for me1 ,i seized a piece of wood2 but those who were in the vessel perished1 without one remaining4 ,a wave threw me on an island1 after that ,i had been three days alone1 without a companion beside my own heart4 ,i laid me in a thicket1 and the shadow covered me4 ,then stretched ,i my limbs to try to find something for my mouth4 ,i found there figs and grapes1 all manner of good herbs1 berries and grain1 melons of all kinds1 fishes and birds4 ,nothing was lacking4 ,and ,i satisfied myself2 and left on the ground that which was over1 of what my arms had been filled withal4 ,i dug a pit1 ,i lighted a fire1 and ,i made a burnt-offering unto the gods4 8,suddenly ,i heard a noise as of thunder1 which ,i thought to be that of a wave of the sea4 ,the trees shook1 and the earth was moved4 ,i uncovered my face1 and ,i saw that a serpent drew near4 ,he was thirty cubits long1 and his beard greater than two cubits2 his body was as overlaid with gold1 and his color as that of true lazuli4 ,he coiled himself before me4 8,then he opened his mouth1 while that ,i lay on my face before him1 and he said to me3 #8,what has brought thee1 what has brought thee1 little one1 what has brought thee8 ,if thou sayest not speedily what has brought thee to this isle1 ,i will make thee know thyself2 as a flame thou shalt vanish1 if thou tellest me not something ,i had not heard1 or which ,i knew not1 before thee4' 8,then he took me in his mouth and carried me to his resting-place1 and laid me down without any hurt4 ,i was whole and sound1 and nothing was gone from me4 ,then he opened his mouth against me1 while that ,i lay on my face before him1 and he said1 #8,what has brought thee1 what has brought thee1 little one1 what has brought thee to this isle which is in the sea1 and of which the shores are in the midst of the waves8' 8,then ,i replied to him1 and holding my arms low before him1 ,i said to him3 #8,i was embarked for the mines by the order of the majesty1 in a ship2 #aej cubits was its length1 and the width of it forty cubits4 ,it had #aej sailors of the best of ,egypt1 who had seen heaven and earth1 and the hearts of whom were stronger than lions4 ,they said that the wind would not be contrary1 or that there would be none4 ,each of them exceeded his companion in the prudence of his heart and the strength of his arm1 and ,i was not beneath any of them4 ,a storm came upon us while we were on the sea4 ,hardly could we reach to the shore when the wind waxed yet greater1 and the waves rose even eight cubits4 ,as for me1 ,i seized a piece of wood1 while those who were in the boat perished without one being left with me for three days4 ,behold me now before thee1 for ,i was brought to this isle by a wave of the sea4' 8,then said he to me3 #8,fear not1 fear not1 little one1 and make not thy face sad4 ,if thou hast come to me1 it is ,god who has let thee live4 ,for it is he who has brought thee to this isle of the blest1 where nothing is lacking1 and which is filled with all good things4 ,see now1 thou shalt pass one month after another1 until thou shalt be four months in this isle4 ,then a ship shall come from thy land with sailors1 and thou shalt leave with them and go to thy country1 and thou shalt die in thy town4' 8 #8,converse is pleasing1 and he who tastes of it passes over his misery4 ,i will therefore tell thee of that which is in this isle4 ,i am here with my brethren and my children around me2 we are seventy-five serpents1 children and kindred2 without naming a young girl who was brought unto me by chance1 and on whom the fire of heaven fell1 and burnt her to ashes4 8 #8,as for thee if thou art strong1 and if thy heart waits patiently1 thou shalt press thy infants to thy bosom and embrace thy wife4 ,thou shalt return to thy house1 which is full of all good things2 thou shalt see thy land1 where thou shalt dwell in the midst of thy kindred4' 8,then ,i bowed1 in my obeisance1 and ,i touched the ground before him4 #8,behold now that which ,i have told thee before4 ,i shall tell of thy presence unto ,pharaoh1 ,i shall make him to know of thy greatness1 and ,i will bring to thee of the sacred oils and perfumes1 and of incense of the temples with which all gods are honored4 ,i shall tell1 moreover1 of that which ,i do now see 7thanks to him71 and there shall be rendered to thee praises before the fulness of all the land4 ,i shall slay asses for thee in sacrifice1 ,i shall pluck for thee the birds1 and ,i shall bring for thee ships full of all kinds of the treasures of ,egypt1 as is comely to do unto a god1 a friend of men in a far country1 of which men know not4' 8,then he smiled at my speech1 because of that which was in his heart1 for he said to me3 #8,thou art not rich in perfumes1 for all that thou hast is but common incense4 ,as for me ,i am ,prince of the land of ,punt1 and ,i have perfumes4 ,only the oil which thou sayest thou wouldst bring is not common in this isle4 ,but1 when thou shalt depart from this place1 thou shalt never more see this isle2 it shall be changed into waves4' 8,and1 behold1 when the ship drew near1 according to all that he had told me before1 ,i got me up into an high tree1 to strive to see those who were within it4 ,then ,i came and told to him this matter2 but it was already known unto him before4 ,then he said to me3 #8,farewell1 farewell2 go to thy house1 little one1 see again thy children1 and let thy name be good in thy town2 these are my wishes for thee4' 8,then ,i bowed myself before him1 and held my arms low before him1 and he1 he gave me gifts of precious perfumes1 of cassia1 of sweet woods1 of kohl1 of cypress1 an abundance of incense1 of ivory tusks1 of baboons1 of apes1 and all kinds of precious things4 ,i embarked all in the ship which was come1 and1 bowing myself1 ,i prayed ,god for him4 8,then he said to me1 #8,behold thou shalt come to thy country in two months1 thou shalt press to thy bosom thy children1 and thou shalt rest in thy tomb4' ,after this ,i went down to the shore unto the ship1 and ,i called to the sailors who were there4 ,then on the shore ,i rendered adoration to the master of this isle and to those who dwelt therein4 8,when we shall come1 in our return1 to the house of ,pharaoh1 in the second month1 according to all that the serpent has said1 we shall approach unto the palace4 ,and ,i shall go in before ,pharaoh1 ,i shall bring the gifts which ,i have brought from this isle into the country4 ,then he shall thank me before the fulness of all the land4 ,grant them unto me a follower1 and lead me to the courtiers of the ,king4 ,cast thy eye upon me1 after that ,i am come to land again1 after that ,i have both seen and proved this4 ,hear my prayer1 for it is good to listen to people4 ,it was said unto me1 #8,become a wise man1 and thou shalt come to honor1' and behold ,i have become such40 ,this is finished from its beginning unto its end1 even as it was found in a writing4 ,it is written by the scribe of cunning fingers ,ameni-amen-aa2 may he live in life1 wealth1 and health6 ,the ,adventures ,of ,sanehat ,the hereditary prince1 royal seal-bearer1 confidential friend1 judge1 keeper of the gate of the foreigners1 true and beloved royal acquaintance1 the royal follower ,sanehat says3 ,i attended my lord as a follower of the ,king1 of the house of the hereditary princess1 the greatly favored1 the royal wife1 ,ankhet-,usertesen1 who shares the dwelling of the royal son ,amenemhat in ,kanefer4 ,in the thirtieth year1 the month ,paophi1 the seventh day the god entered his horizon1 the ,king ,sehotepabra flew up to heaven and joined the sun's disk1 the follower of the god met his maker4 ,the palace was silenced1 and in mourning1 the great gates were closed1 the courtiers crouching on the ground1 the people in hushed mourning4 ,his ,majesty had sent a great army with the nobles to the land of the ,temehu 7,lybia71 his son and heir1 the good god ,king ,usertesen as their leader4 ,now he was returning1 and had brought away living captives and all kinds of cattle without end4 ,the councillors of the palace had sent to the ,west to let the ,king know the matter that had come to pass in the inner hall4 ,the messenger was to meet him on the road1 and reach him at the time of evening3 the matter was urgent4 8,a hawk had soared with his followers40 ,thus said he1 not to let the army know of it4 ,even if the royal sons who commanded in that army send a message1 he was not to speak to a single one of them4 ,but ,i was standing near1 and heard his voice while he was speaking4 ,i fled far away1 my heart beating1 my arms failing1 trembling had fallen on all my limbs4 ,i turned about in running to seek a place to hide me1 and ,i threw myself between two bushes1 to wait while they should pass by4 ,then ,i turned me toward the south1 not from wishing to come into this place--for ,i knew not if war was declared--nor even thinking a wish to live after this sovereign1 ,i turned my back to the sycamore1 ,i reached ,shi-,seneferu1 and rested on the open field4 ,in the morning ,i went on and overtook a man1 who passed by the edge of the road4 ,he asked of me mercy1 for he feared me4 ,by the evening ,i drew near to ,kher-ahau 78 old ,cairo71 and ,i crossed the river on a raft without a rudder4 ,carried over by the west wind1 ,i passed over to the east to the quarries of ,aku and the land of the goddess ,herit1 mistress of the red mountain 7,gebel ,ahmar74 ,then ,i fled on foot1 northward1 and reached the walls of the prince1 built to repel the ,sati4 ,i crouched in a bush for fear of being seen by the guards1 changed each day1 who watch on the top of the fortress4 ,i took my way by night1 and at the lighting of the day ,i reached ,peten1 and turned me toward the valley of ,kemur4 ,then thirst hasted me on2 ,i dried up1 and my throat narrowed1 and ,i said1 8,this is the taste of death40 ,when ,i lifted up my heart and gathered strength1 ,i heard a voice and the lowing of cattle4 ,i saw men of the ,sati1 and one of them--a friend unto ,egypt--knew me4 ,behold he gave me water and boiled me milk1 and ,i went with him to his camp2 they did me good1 and one tribe passed me on to another4 ,i passed on to ,sun1 and reached the land of ,adim 7,edom74 ,when ,i had dwelt there half a year ,amu-an-shi--who is the ,prince of the ,upper ,tenu--sent for me and said3 8,dwell thou with me that thou mayest hear the speech of ,egypt40 ,he said thus for that he knew of my excellence1 and had heard tell of my worth1 for men of ,egypt who were there with him bore witness of me4 ,behold he said to me3 8,for what cause hast thou come hither8 ,has a matter come to pass in the palace8 ,has the ,king of the two lands1 ,sehetepabra1 gone to heaven8 ,that which has happened about this is not known40 ,but ,i answered with concealment1 and said3 8,when ,i came from the land of the ,tamahu1 and my desires were there changed in me1 if ,i fled away it was not by reason of remorse that ,i took the way of a fugitive2 ,i have not failed in my duty1 my mouth has not said any bitter words1 ,i have not heard any evil counsel1 my name has not come into the mouth of a magistrate4 ,i know not by what ,i have been led into this land40 ,and ,amu-an-shi said3 8,this is by the will of the god 7,king of ,egypt72 for what is a land like if it know not that excellent god1 of whom the dread is upon the lands of strangers1 as they dread ,sekhet in a year of pestilence80 ,i spake to him1 and replied3 8,forgive me2 his son now enters the palace1 and has received the heritage of his father4 ,he is a god who has none like him1 and there is none before him4 ,he is a master of wisdom1 prudent in his designs1 excellent in his decrees1 with good-will to him who goes or who comes2 he subdued the land of strangers while his father yet lived in his palace1 and he rendered account of that which his father destined him to perform4 ,he is a brave man1 who verily strikes with his sword2 a valiant one1 who has not his equal2 he springs upon the barbarians1 and throws himself on the spoilers2 he breaks the horns and weakens the hands1 and those whom he smites cannot raise the buckler4 ,he is fearless1 and dashes the heads1 and none can stand before him4 ,he is swift of foot1 to destroy him who flies2 and none who flees from him reaches his home4 ,his heart is strong in his time2 he is a lion who strikes with the claw1 and never has he turned his back4 ,his heart is closed to pity2 and when he sees multitudes1 he leaves none to live behind him4 ,he is a valiant one who springs in front when he sees resistance2 he is a warrior who rejoices when he flies on the barbarians4 ,he seizes the buckler1 he rushes forward1 he never needs to strike again1 he slays and none can turn his lance2 and when he takes the bow the barbarians flee from his arms like dogs2 for the great goddess has given to him to strike those who know her not2 and if he reaches forth he spares none1 and leaves naught behind4 ,he is a friend of great sweetness1 who knows how to gain love2 his land loves him more than itself1 and rejoices in him more than in its own god2 men and women run to his call4 ,a king1 he has ruled from his birth2 he1 from his birth1 has increased births1 a sole being1 a divine essence1 by whom this land rejoices to be governed4 ,he enlarges the borders of the ,south2 but he covets not the lands of the ,north3 he does not smite the ,sati1 nor crush the ,nemau-shau4 ,if he descends here1 let him know thy name1 by the homage which thou wilt pay to his majesty4 ,for he refuses not to bless the land which obeys him40 ,and he replied to me3 8,egypt is indeed happy and well settled2 behold thou art far from it1 but whilst thou art with me ,i will do good unto thee40 ,and he placed me before his children1 he married his eldest daughter to me1 and gave me the choice of all his land1 even among the best of that which he had on the border of the next land4 ,it is a goodly land1 ,iaa is its name4 ,there are figs and grapes2 there is wine commoner than water2 abundant is the honey1 many are its olives2 and all fruits are upon its trees3 there are barley and wheat1 and cattle of kinds without end4 ,this was truly a great thing that he granted me1 when the prince came to invest me1 and establish me as prince of a tribe in the best of his land4 ,i had my continual portion of bread and of wine each day1 of cooked meat1 of roasted fowl1 as well as the wild game which ,i took1 or which was brought to me1 beside what my dogs captured4 ,they made me much butter1 and prepared milk of all kinds4 ,i passed many years1 the children that ,i had became great1 each ruling his tribe4 ,when a messenger went or came to the palace1 he turned aside from the way to come to me2 for ,i helped every man4 ,i gave water to the thirsty1 ,i set on his way him who went astray1 and ,i rescued the robbed4 ,the ,sati who went far1 to strike and turn back the princes of other lands1 ,i ordained their goings2 for the ,prince of the ,tenu for many years appointed me to be general of his soldiers4 ,in every land which ,i attacked ,i played the champion1 ,i took the cattle1 ,i led away the vassals1 ,i carried off the slaves1 ,i slew the people1 by my sword1 my bow1 my marches and my good devices4 ,i was excellent to the heart of my prince2 he loved me when he knew my power1 and set me over his children when he saw the strength of my arms4 ,a champion of the ,tenu came to defy me in my tent3 a bold man without equal1 for he had vanquished the whole country4 ,he said1 8,let ,sanehat fight with me02 for he desired to overthrow me2 he thought to take my cattle for his tribe4 ,the prince counselled with me4 ,i said3 8,i know him not4 ,i certainly am not of his degree1 ,i hold me far from his place4 ,have ,i ever opened his door1 or leaped over his fence8 ,it is some envious jealousy from seeing me2 does he think that ,i am like some steer among the cows1 whom the bull overthrows8 ,if this is a wretch who thinks to enrich himself at my cost1 not a ,bedawi and a ,bedawi fit for fight1 then let us put the matter to judgment4 ,verily a true bull loves battle1 but a vainglorious bull turns his back for fear of contest2 if he has a heart for combat1 let him speak what he pleases4 ,will ,god forget what he has ordained1 and how shall that be known80 ,i lay down2 and when ,i had rested ,i strung my bow1 ,i made ready my arrows1 ,i loosened my poniard1 ,i furbished my arms4 ,at dawn the land of the ,tenu came together2 it had gathered its tribes and called all the neighboring people1 it spake of nothing but the fight4 ,each heart burnt for me1 men and women crying out2 for each heart was troubled for me1 and they said3 8,is there another strong one who would fight with him8 ,behold the adversary has a buckler1 a battle-axe1 and an armful of javelins40 ,then ,i drew him to the attack2 ,i turned aside his arrows1 and they struck the ground in vain4 ,one drew near to the other1 and he fell on me1 and then ,i shot him4 ,my arrow fastened in his neck1 he cried out1 and fell on his face3 ,i drove his lance into him1 and raised my shout of victory on his back4 ,while all the men of the land rejoiced1 ,i1 and his vassals whom he had oppressed1 gave thanks unto ,mentu4 ,this prince1 ,amu-an-shi1 embraced me4 ,then ,i carried off his goods and took his cattle1 that which he had wished to do to me1 ,i did even so unto him2 ,i seized that which was in his tent1 ,i spoiled his dwelling4 ,as time went on ,i increased the richness of my treasures and the number of my cattle4 ,petition ,to ,the ,king ,of ,egypt 8,now behold what the god has done for me who trusted in him4 ,having once fled away1 yet now there is a witness of me in the palace4 ,once having fled away1 as a fugitive--now all in the palace give unto me a good name4 ,after that ,i had been dying of hunger1 now ,i give bread to those around4 ,i had left my land naked1 and now ,i am clothed in fine linen4 ,after having been a wanderer without followers1 now ,i possess many serfs4 ,my house is fine1 my land wide1 my memory is established in the temple of all the gods4 ,and let this flight obtain thy forgiveness2 that ,i may be appointed in the palace2 that ,i may see the place where my heart dwells4 ,how great a thing is it that my body should be embalmed in the land where ,i was born6 ,to return there is happiness4 ,i have made offering to ,god to grant me this thing4 ,his heart suffers who has run away unto a strange land4 ,let him hear the prayer of him who is afar off1 that he may revisit the place of his birth1 and the place from which he removed4 8,may the ,king of ,egypt be gracious to me that ,i may live of his favor4 ,and ,i render my homage to the mistress of the land1 who is in his palace2 may ,i hear the news of her children4 ,thus will my limbs grow young again4 ,now old age comes1 feebleness seizes me1 my eyes are heavy1 my arms are feeble1 my legs will not move1 my heart is slow4 ,death draws nigh to me1 soon shall they lead me to the city of eternity4 ,let me follow the mistress of all 7the queen1 his former mistress72 lo6 let her tell me the excellencies of her children2 may she bring eternity to me40 ,then the majesty of ,king ,kheper-ka-ra1 the blessed1 spake upon this my desire that ,i had made to him4 ,his ,majesty sent unto me with presents from the ,king1 that he might enlarge the heart of his servant1 like unto the province of any strange land2 and the royal sons who are in the palace addressed themselves unto me4 ,copy of the ,decree ,which ,was ,brought1 ,to ,me ,who ,speak ,to ,you1 ,to ,lead ,me ,back ,into ,egypt 8,the ,horus1 life of births1 lord of the crowns1 life of births1 ,king of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 ,kheper-ka-ra1 son of the ,sun1 ,amen-em-hat1 ever living unto eternity4 ,order for the follower ,sanehat4 ,behold this order of the ,king is sent to thee to instruct thee of his will4 8,now1 although thou hast gone through strange lands from ,adim to ,tenu1 and passed from one country to another at the wish of thy heart--behold1 what hast thou done1 or what has been done against thee1 that is amiss8 ,moreover1 thou reviledst not2 but if thy word was denied1 thou didst not speak again in the assembly of the nobles1 even if thou wast desired4 ,now1 therefore1 that thou hast thought on this matter which has come to thy mind1 let thy heart not change again2 for this thy ,heaven 7queen71 who is in the palace is fixed1 she is flourishing1 she is enjoying the best in the kingdom of the land1 and her children are in the chambers of the palace4 8,leave all the riches that thou hast1 and that are with thee1 altogether4 ,when thou shalt come into ,egypt behold the palace1 and when thou shalt enter the palace1 bow thy face to the ground before the ,great ,house2 thou shalt be chief among the companions4 ,and day by day behold thou growest old2 thy vigor is lost1 and thou thinkest on the day of burial4 ,thou shalt see thyself come to the blessed state1 they shall give thee the bandages from the hand of ,tait1 the night of applying the oil of embalming4 ,they shall follow thy funeral1 and visit the tomb on the day of burial1 which shall be in a gilded case1 the head painted with blue1 a canopy of cypress wood above thee1 and oxen shall draw thee1 the singers going before thee1 and they shall dance the funeral dance4 ,the weepers crouching at the door of thy tomb shall cry aloud the prayers for offerings3 they shall slay victims for thee at the door of thy pit2 and thy pyramid shall be carved in white stone1 in the company of the royal children4 ,thus thou shalt not die in a strange land1 nor be buried by the ,amu2 thou shalt not be laid in a sheepskin when thou art buried2 all people shall beat the earth1 and lament on thy body when thou goest to the tomb40 ,when this order came to me1 ,i was in the midst of my tribe4 ,when it was read unto me1 ,i threw me on the dust1 ,i threw dust in my hair2 ,i went around my tent rejoicing and saying3 8,how may it be that such a thing is done to the servant1 who with a rebellious heart has fled to strange lands8 ,now with an excellent deliverance1 and mercy delivering me from death1 thou shalt cause me to end my days in the palace40 ,copy ,of ,the ,answer ,to ,this ,order 8,the follower ,sanehat says3 ,in excellent peace above everything consider of this flight that he made here in his ignorance2 ,thou1 the ,good ,god1 ,lord of both ,lands1 ,loved of ,r1 ,favorite of ,mentu1 the ,lord of ,thebes1 and of ,amen1 lord of thrones of the lands1 of ,sebek1 ,r1 ,horus1 ,hathor1 ,atmu1 and of his fellow-gods1 of ,sopdu1 ,neferbiu1 ,samsetu1 ,horus1 lord of the east1 and of the royal urus which rules on thy head1 of the chief gods of the waters1 of ,min1 ,horus of the desert1 ,urrit1 mistress of ,punt1 ,nut1 ,harnekht1 ,r1 all the gods of the land of ,egypt1 and of the isles of the sea4 ,may they give life and peace to thy nostril1 may they load thee with their gifts1 may they give to thee eternity without end1 everlastingness without bound4 ,may the fear of thee be doubled in the lands of the deserts4 ,mayest thou subdue the circuit of the sun's disk4 ,this is the prayer to his master of the humble servant who is saved from a foreign land4 8,o wise ,king1 the wise words which are pronounced in the wisdom of the majesty of the sovereign1 thy humble servant fears to tell4 ,it is a great thing to repeat4 ,o great ,god1 like unto ,r in fulfilling that to which he has set his hand1 what am ,i that he should take thought for me8 ,am ,i among those whom he regards1 and for whom he arranges8 ,thy majesty is as ,horus1 and the strength of thy arms extends to all lands4 8,then let his ,majesty bring ,maki of ,adma1 ,kenti-au-ush of ,khenti-keshu1 and ,tenus from the two lands of the ,fen-khu2 these are the princes who bear witness of me as to all that has passed1 out of love for thyself4 ,does not ,tenu believe that it belongs to thee like thy dogs8 ,behold this flight that ,i have made3 ,i did not have it in my heart2 it was like the leading of a dream1 as a man of ,adehi 7,delta7 sees himself in ,abu 7,elephantine71 as a man of the plain of ,egypt who sees himself in the deserts4 ,there was no fear1 there was no hastening after me1 ,i did not listen to an evil plot1 my name was not heard in the mouth of the magistrate2 but my limbs went1 my feet wandered1 my heart drew me2 my god commanded this flight1 and drew me on2 but ,i am not stiff-necked4 ,does a man fear when he sees his own land8 ,r spread thy fear over the land1 thy terrors in every strange land4 ,behold me now in the palace1 behold me in this place2 and lo6 thou art he who is over all the horizon2 the sun rises at thy pleasure1 the water in the rivers is drunk at thy will1 the wind in heaven is breathed at thy saying4 8,i who speak to thee shall leave my goods to the generations to follow in this land4 ,and as to this messenger who is come even let thy majesty do as pleaseth him1 for one lives by the breath that thou givest4 ,o thou who art beloved of ,r1 of ,horus1 and of ,hathor2 ,mentu1 lord of ,thebes1 desires that thy august nostril should live forever40 ,i made a feast in ,iaa1 to pass over my goods to my children4 ,my eldest son was leading my tribe1 all my goods passed to him1 and ,i gave him my corn and all my cattle1 my fruit1 and all my pleasant trees4 ,when ,i had taken my road to the south1 and arrived at the roads of ,horus1 the officer who was over the garrison sent a messenger to the palace to give notice4 ,his ,majesty sent the good overseer of the peasants of the ,king's domains1 and boats laden with presents from the ,king for the ,sati who had come to conduct me to the roads of ,horus4 ,i spoke to each one by his name1 and ,i gave the presents to each as was intended4 ,i received and ,i returned the salutation1 and ,i continued thus until ,i reached the city of ,thetu4 ,when the land was brightened1 and the new day began1 four men came with a summons for me2 and the four men went to lead me to the palace4 ,i saluted with both my hands on the ground2 the royal children stood at the courtyard to conduct me3 the courtiers who were to lead me to the hall brought me on the way to the royal chamber4 ,i found his ,majesty on the great throne in the hall of pale gold4 ,then ,i threw myself on my belly2 this god1 in whose presence ,i was1 knew me not4 ,he questioned me graciously1 but ,i was as one seized with blindness1 my spirit fainted1 my limbs failed1 my heart was no longer in my bosom1 and ,i knew the difference between life and death4 ,his ,majesty said to one of the companions1 8,lift him up1 let him speak to me40 ,and his ,majesty said1 8,behold thou hast come1 thou hast trodden the deserts1 thou hast played the wanderer4 ,decay falls on thee1 old age has reached thee2 it is no small thing that thy body should be embalmed1 that the ,pedtiu shall not bury thee4 ,do not1 do not1 be silent and speechless2 tell thy name2 is it fear that prevents thee80 ,i answered in reply1 8,i fear1 what is it that my lord has said that ,i should answer it8 ,i have not called on me the hand of ,god1 but it is terror in my body1 like that which brings sudden death4 ,now behold ,i am before thee2 thou art life2 let thy ,majesty do what pleaseth him40 ,the royal children were brought in1 and his ,majesty said to the ,queen1 8,behold thou ,sanehat has come as an ,amu1 whom the ,sati have produced40 ,she cried aloud1 and the royal children spake with one voice1 saying1 before his ,majesty1 8,verily it is not so1 ,o ,king1 my lord40 ,said his ,majesty1 8,it is verily he40 ,then they brought their collars1 and their wands1 and their sistra in their hands1 and displayed them before his ,majesty2 and they sang-- 8,may thy hands prosper1 ,o ,king2 ,may the ornaments of the ,lady of ,heaven continue4 ,may the ,goddess ,nub give life to thy nostril2 ,may the mistress of the stars favor thee1 when thou sailest south and north4 ,all wisdom is in the mouth of thy ,majesty2 ,thy urus is on thy forehead1 thou drivest away the miserable4 ,thou art pacified1 ,o ,ra1 lord of the lands2 ,they call on thee as on the mistress of all4 ,strong is thy horn1 ,thou lettest fly thine arrow4 ,grant the breath to him who is without it2 ,grant good things to this traveller1 ,samehit the ,pedti1 born in the land of ,egypt1 ,who fled away from fear of thee1 ,and fled this land from thy terrors4 ,does not the face grow pale1 of him who beholds thy countenance2 ,does not the eye fear1 which looks upon thee40 ,said his ,majesty1 8,let him not fear1 let him be freed from terror4 ,he shall be a ,royal ,friend amongst the nobles2 he shall be put within the circle of the courtiers4 ,go ye to the chamber of praise to seek wealth for him40 ,when ,i went out from the palace1 the royal children offered their hands to me2 we walked afterward to the ,great ,gates4 ,i was placed in a house of a king's son1 in which were delicate things1 a place of coolness1 fruits of the granary1 treasures of the ,white ,house1 clothes of the ,king's guardrobe1 frankincense1 the finest perfumes of the ,king and the nobles whom he loves1 in every chamber4 ,all the servitors were in their several offices4 ,years were removed from my limbs3 ,i was shaved1 and polled my locks of hair2 the foulness was cast to the desert with the garments of the ,nemau-sha4 ,i clothed me in fine linen1 and anointed myself with the fine oil of ,egypt2 ,i laid me on a bed4 ,i gave up the sand to those who lie on it2 the oil of wood to him who would anoint himself therewith4 ,there was given to me the mansion of a lord of serfs1 which had belonged to a royal friend4 ,there many excellent things were in its buildings2 all its wood was renewed4 ,there were brought to me portions from the palace1 thrice and four times each day2 beside the gifts of the royal children1 always without ceasing4 ,there was built for me a pyramid of stone among the pyramids4 ,the overseer of the architects measured its ground2 the chief treasurer wrote it2 the sacred masons cut the well2 the chief of the laborers on the tombs brought the bricks2 all things used to make a strong building were there used4 ,there were given to me peasants2 there were made for me a garden1 and fields in it before my mansion1 as is done for the chief royal friend4 ,my statue was inlaid with gold1 its girdle of pale gold2 his majesty caused it to be made4 ,such is not done to a man of low degree4 ,may ,i be in the favor of the ,king until the day shall come of my death6 7,this is finished from beginning to end1 as was found in the writing47 ,,the ,,tell ,,amarna ,,tablets ,translated by ,c4 ,r4 ,conder1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,m4,r4,a4,s4 ,the ,hittite ,invasion ,of ,damascus ,no4 #cf ,b4 ,m4--8,to ,king ,annumuria7#abg7 7,amenophis ,,iii7 ,son of the ,sun1 my ,lord thus 7says7 this thy servant ,akizzi47#abh7 ,seven times at the feet of my ,lord ,i bow4 ,my ,lord in these my lands ,i am afraid4 ,mayst thou protect one who is thy servant under the yoke of my ,lord4 ,from the yoke of my ,lord ,i do not rebel4 ,lo6 there is fear of my foes4 ,the people of this thy servant are under thy yoke3 this country is among thy lands3 the city ,katna7#abi7 is thy city3 ,i am on the side of my ,lord's rule 7yoke74 ,lo6 the soldiers and the chariots of my ,lord's government have received corn and drink1 oxen and beasts 7oil and honey871 meeting the soldiers and the chariots of my ,lord's dominion 7coming87 to me4 ,and now let my ,lord ask the great men of his dominion4 ,my ,lord1 all lands tremble before thy soldiers and thy chariots4 ,if these lands are under the dominion of my ,lord's land1 and they are seizing them1 let him order his soldiers and his chariots this year1 and let him take the land of ,marhasse17#acj7 the whole of it1 to the yoke of my ,lord1 when--my ,lord--the soldiers of the slaves7#aca7 are7#acb7 444 ,for six days ago he went out into the land of ,hu7ba71 and truly ,aziru is sending them1 and if in this year my ,lord does not send out the soldiers and the chariots of his government 444 to meet ,aziru 7and7 make him flee 444 all will rebel 444 ,my ,lord1 know him4 ,my ,lord 7know7 the men who are his foes 444 ,and lo6 now the ,king of the land of the ,hittites 444 with pride rebels against his gods4 ,and men who are destroyers serve the ,king of the land of the ,hittites3 he sends them forth4 ,my ,lord1 my servants1 the men of the city of ,katna1 ,aziru expels1 and all that is theirs1 out of the land of the dominion of my ,lord2 and behold 7he takes87 the northern lands of the dominion of my ,lord4 ,let 7my ,lord7 save the 444 of the men of the city ,katna4 ,my ,lord truly they made 444 he steals their gold my ,lord2 as has been said there is fear1 and truly they give gold4 ,my ,lord--,sun ,god1 my fathers' god7#acc7--the men have made themselves your foes1 and they have wasted from over against the abode of their camp 7or fortress72 and now behold--,o ,sun ,god of my fathers--the ,king of the ,hittites makes them march4 ,and know of them1 my ,lord--may the gods make slack their hand4 ,as has been said there is fear4 ,and lo6 perchance the ,sun ,god of my fathers will turn his heart toward me4 ,my ,lord's word is sure1 and let the 7increase or tithe of gold87 be given him1 as we have purposed for the ,sun ,god of my fathers4 ,as has been said they have done to me2 and they have destroyed the 444 of my ,lord4 ,for this corner--the dwelling of their fortress 7or camp7--is out of sight of the ,sun ,god40 #cg ,b4 ,m4--8,to ,king ,annumuria1 ,son of the ,sun1 my ,lord1 thus 7says7 ,akizzi thy servant3 seven times 444 at the feet of my ,lord ,i bow4 ,my ,lord1 now there is flight and no breathing of the 444 of the ,king my ,lord4 ,and behold now the 444 of this dominion of my ,lord1 in these lands 444 and behold now 444 the ,king of the land of the ,hittites 444 sends forth 444 and the heart of 444 smites him4 ,and now behold the ,king my ,lord sends to me1 and is complaining 444 with me as to the rule of the ,king of the land of the ,hittites4 ,and as for me 444 the ,king of the land of the ,hittites4 ,as for me ,i am with the ,king my ,lord1 and with the land of ,egypt4 ,i sent and 444 as to the rule of the ,king of the land of the ,hittites40 ,this text is much damaged2 it goes on to speak of ,aidugama17#acd7the ,hittite ,king1 in the country of the ,king of ,egypt1 who has taken various things--enumerated1 but not intelligible--including1 perhaps1 ships or boats1 and dwellings2 and it mentions ,neboyapiza4 ,it then continues3 8,my ,lord3 ,teuiatti of the city of ,lapana17#ace7 and ,arzuia of the city ,ruhizzi17#acf7 minister before ,aidugama2 but this land is the land of the dominion of my ,lord4 ,he is burning it with fire4 ,my ,lord1 as said1 ,i am on the side of the ,king my ,lord4 ,i am afraid also because of the ,king of the land of ,marhasse1 and the ,king of the land of ,ni1 and the ,king of the land of ,zinzaar17#acg7 and the ,king of the land of ,canaan4 ,and all of these are kings under the dominion 7or1 of the rule7 of my ,lord--chiefs who are servants4 ,as said let the ,king my ,lord live and become mighty1 and so ,o ,king my ,lord wilt not thou go forth8 and let the ,king my ,lord despatch the bitati7#ach7 soldiers1 let them expel 7them7 from this land4 ,as said1 my ,lord1 these kings have 444 the chief of my ,lord's government1 and let him say what they are to do1 and let them be confirmed4 ,because my ,lord this land ministers heartily to the ,king my ,lord4 ,and let him speed soldiers1 and let them march2 and let the messengers of the dominion of the ,king my ,lord arrive4 ,for my ,lord ,arzuia of the city ,ruhizzi1 and ,teuiatti of the city ,lapana1 dwelt in the land of ,huba17#aci7 and ,dasru dwelt in the land ,amma17#adj7 and truly my ,lord has known them4 ,behold the land of ,hobah was at peace my ,lord in the days of this government4 ,they will be subject to ,aidugama4 ,because we ask1 march thou here and mayest 444 all the land of ,hobah4 ,my ,lord1 as said1 the city ,timasgi17#ada7 in the land of ,hobah1 is without sin at thy feet2 and aid thou the city ,katna which is without sin at thy feet4 ,it has been feeble4 ,and my ,lord in presence of my messenger the master shall ordain 7our7 fate4 ,as has been said1 have not ,i served in the presence of the bitati soldiers of my ,lord8 ,behold1 as said1 my ,lord has promised soldiers to this my land1 and they shall 444 in the city ,katna40 #if ,b41 a letter mainly complimentary1 from ,neboyapiza7#adb7 to the ,king of ,egypt1 ends as follows3 8,behold ,i myself1 with my soldiers and my chariots1 with my brethren and with 7men of blood87 and with my people the men of my kindred go to meet the ,egyptian soldiers1 as far as the ground which the ,king my ,lord will name40 #adb ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord thus saith this thy servant4 ,at the feet of my ,lord my ,sun seven times on my face1 seven times ,i bow4 ,my ,lord ,i am thy servant1 and they will devour me--,neboyapiza3 we abide before thy face1 my ,lord1 and lo6 they will devour me in your sight4 ,behold every fortress of my fathers is taken1 by the people out of the city ,gidisi47#adc7 ,and my fortresses 7say7 #8,speed us avengers4' ,i make ready1 and 7because that87 the ,pakas7#add7 of the ,king my ,lord1 and the chiefs of his land have known my faithfulness1 behold ,i complain to the ruler being one approved2 let the ruler consider that 7,neboyapiza7 has given proof 444 for now they have cast thee out4 ,as for me1 ,i have 7gathered87 all my brethren1 and we have made the place strong for the ,king my ,lord4 ,i have caused them to march with my soldiers and with my chariots1 and with all my people4 ,and behold ,neboyapiza has sped to all the fortresses of the ,king my ,lord4 ,part of the men of blood are from the land ,ammusi17#ade7 and 7part7 from the land of ,hubi1 and it is won 7or reached74 ,but march fast1 thou who art a ,god7#adf7 and a ,sun in my sight1 and restore the strongholds holds to the ,king my ,lord from the men of blood4 ,for they have cast him out2 and the men of blood have rebelled1 and are invaders of the ,king my ,lord4 ,we were obedient to thy yoke1 and they have cast out the ,king my ,lord1 and all my brethren40 ,it appears1 from other letters1 that the city of this chief was the important town ,cumidi1 now ,kamid1 in the southern ,lebanon1 at the south end of the ,baalbek plain1 west of ,baal ,gad4 ,in ,abu el ,feda's time this town was the capital of the surrounding district4 #ahi ,b4 is much broken4 ,it is from ,arzana1 chief of the city ,khazi47#adg7 ,he speaks of an attack on ,tusulti1 by bloody soldiers fighting against the place1 and perhaps of the city ,bel ,gidda 7,baal ,gad717#adh7 and mentions a ,paka1 or ,egyptian official1 called ,aman ,khatbi1 named after the ,egyptian god ,amen4 ,the foes are spoiling the valley 7of ,baalbek7 in sight of the ,egyptian general1 and are attacking ,khazi1 his city4 ,they had already taken ,maguzi17#adi7 and are spoiling ,baal ,gad4 ,it seems that he asks the ,king not to blame his general1 and speaks finally of friendly and faithful men4 #dc ,b4 ,m41 broken at the top1 reads thus3 8444 his horses and his chariots 444 to men of blood and not 444 ,as for me1 ,i declare myself for the ,king my ,lord1 and a servant to preserve these to the ,king entirely4 ,biridasia perceives this1 and has betrayed it1 and he has secretly passed beyond my city ,maramma27#aej7 and the great pass is open behind me4 ,and he is marching chariots from the city ,astarti17#aea7 and commands them for the men of blood1 and does not command them for the ,king my ,lord4 ,friendly to him is the ,king of the city ,buzruna27#aeb7 and the ,king of the city of ,khalavunni7#aec7 has made promises to him3 both have fought with ,biridasia against me4 ,wickedly they vex us4 ,i have marched our kinsmen--the people of ,neboyapiza--but his success never fails 444 and he rebels4 ,as for me from 444 and he sends out from 444 the city ,dimasca 7,damascus7 behold 444 they complain 444 they afflict4 ,i am complaining to the ,king of ,egypt as a servant2 and ,arzaiaia is marching to the city ,gizza17#aed7 and ,azi 7ru7 takes soldiers 444 ,the ,lord of the city ,saddu7#aee7 declares for the men of blood1 and her chief does not declare for the ,king my ,lord2 and as far as this tribe marches it has afflicted the land of ,gizza4 ,arzaiaia with ,biridasia afflicts the land 7which is wretched8 or ,abitu71 and the ,king witnesses the division of his land4 ,let not men who have been hired disturb her4 ,lo6 my brethren have fought for me4 ,as for me1 ,i will guard the town of ,cumidi 7,kamid71 the city of the ,king my ,lord4 ,but truly the ,king forgets his servant 444 his servant1 ,o ,king 444 have arrayed kings 444 the men of the wretched land0 7or of the land ,abitu74 #aeb ,b4--8444 thus ,ara 7ga87 chief of the city ,cumidi7#aef7 7,kamid7 444 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord seven times seven times ,i bow4 ,behold as to me ,i am thy faithful servant3 let the ,king my ,lord ask of his ,pakas 7chiefs7 as to me1 a faithful servant of the ,king my ,lord1 one whom they have ruined4 ,truly ,i am a faithful servant of the ,king my ,lord1 and let the ,king my ,lord excuse this dog1 and let him 7bear me in remembrance874 ,but never a horse and never a chariot is mine1 and let this be considered in sight of the ,king my ,lord2 and closely allied7#aeg7 is his servant2 and to explain this ,i am despatching my son to the land of the ,king my ,lord1 and let the ,king my ,lord deign to hear me40 #df ,b4 ,m4--8,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord seven and seven 7times7 ,i bow4 ,behold what this our saying tells1 as to the land ,am 7,ham7 the fortresses of the ,king my ,lord4 ,a man named ,eda 444 has arisen1 a chief of the land ,cinza east of the land of the ,hittites1 to take the fortresses of the ,king my ,lord 444 and we made the fortresses for the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun1 and we have lived in the fortresses of the ,king my ,lord40 #abe ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord thus ,arzaiaia1 chief of the city ,mikhiza47#aeh7 ,at the feet of my ,lord ,i bow4 ,king my ,lord1 ,i have heard as to going to meet the ,egyptian 7bitati7 soldiers of the ,king my ,lord who are with us1 to meet the general 7,paka7 with 7all the infantry87 444 all who have marched to overthrow the ,king my ,lord4 ,truly a 7great strength to the people87 are the ,egyptian 7bitati7 soldiers of the ,king my ,lord1 and his commander 7,paka74 ,as for me1 do ,i not order all to 444 after them8 ,behold they have been speedy1 ,o ,king my ,lord1 and his foes are delayed by them by the hand of the ,king my ,lord40 #abf ,b4--,the same writer1 in a broken letter1 calls himself a faithful servant of the ,king4 ,this was perhaps at an earlier period of the war1 before the events recorded by ,neboyapiza 7#ahi ,b41 #dc ,b4 ,m474 #ge ,b4 ,m4--,a short letter from ,dasru to say he has heard the ,king's message4 ,he lived in the land of ,ham 7#cg ,b4 ,m474 #abg ,b4 ,m4--,the same writer says that all that the ,king does for his land is of good omen4 #aga ,b4--8,a message and information from the servant of the ,king my ,lord my ,god4444 ,and behold what the chief of ,simyra has done to my brethren of the city of ,tubakhi27#aei7 and he marches to waste the fortresses of the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun 444 the land of the ,amorites4 ,he has wearied out our chiefs4 ,the fortresses of the ,king my ,lord my ,god 444 are for men of blood4 ,and now strong is the god of the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun2 and the city of ,tubakhi goes forth to war1 and ,i have stirred up my brethren1 and ,i guard the city of ,tubakhi for the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun4 ,and behold this city of ,tubakhi is the city of the plains of my fathers40 #acb ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord by letter thus 7says7 ,artabania1 chief of the city ,ziribasani7#afj7 thy servant4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord seven times1 on my face1 seven times ,i bow4 ,behold a message to me to speed to meet the ,egyptian 7bitati7 soldiers4 ,and who am ,i but a dog only1 and shall ,i not march8 ,behold me1 with my soldiers and my chariots meeting the ,egyptian soldiers at the place of which the ,king my ,lord speaks40 #gh ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord thus the chief of the city ,gubbu7#afa7 thy servant4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord my ,sun 7permit87 that seven times1 on my face1 seven times ,i bow4 ,thou hast sent as to going to meet the ,egyptian soldiers1 and now ,i with my soldiers and my chariots meet the soldiers of the ,king my ,lord1 at the place you march to40 #fd ,b4 ,m4--8,to ,yankhamu7#afb7 my ,lord by letter thus ,muu-taddu thy servant4 ,i bow at my ,lord's feet as this says1 announcing that the enemy is hastening speedily as--my ,lord--was announced to the ,king of the city ,bikhisi7#afc7 from friends7#afd7 of his ,lord4 ,let the ,king my ,lord speed3 let the ,king my ,lord fly3 for the foe is wasting in the city ,bikhisi this two months1 there is none 444 ,on account of 7,bibelu87 having told me this one has asked then 444 until by the arrival of ,anamarut 7,amenophis ,,iv77#afe7 the city of ,ashtoreth is occupied47#aff7 ,behold they have destroyed all the fortresses of neighboring lands3 the city ,udumu17#afg7 the city ,aduri17#afh7 the city ,araru17#afi7 the city ,meis7pa8717#agj7 the city ,macdalim17#aga7 the city ,khini47#agb7 ,i announced that they had taken the city ,zaar47#agc7 ,they are fighting this city1 the city ,yabisi47#agd7 ,moreover1 fearing the force against me1 ,i am watching it till you arrive4 ,one has come from your way to the city ,bikhisi17#age7 and he has made us hear the news40 #acd ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord by letter thus ,abdmelec the chief of this city ,saskhi7#agf7 thy servant4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord 444 on my face seven times ,i bow4 ,thou hast sent as to going to meet the ,egyptian soldiers1 accordingly ,i with my soldiers and my chariots 7am7 meeting the soldiers of the ,king my ,lord1 at the place to which you will march40 #adc ,b4--8,to the ,king our ,lord thus 7says7 ,addubaya and thus also ,betili4 ,at the feet of our ,lord we bow4 ,peace indeed to the face of our ,lord4 ,and 7as is fit87 from the lands of our ,lord1 much they salute4 ,o our ,lord1 will not you settle everything in your heart8 ,will not you harden your heart as to this combat ,o our ,lord8 ,but their intention is clear--to make war on the stations1 as in our country they do not follow after thee4 ,lupackhallu7#agg7 has removed the soldiers of the ,hittites2 they will go against the cities of the land of ,ham 7,am7 and from ,atadumi they will 7take87 them4 ,and let our ,lord know1 since we hear that ,zitana7#agh7 the ,phnician 7,kharu7 has deserted1 who will march4 ,and nine chiefs of the soldiers of the government are with us1 who march1 and the message is unfavorable3 a gathering in the land they have made2 and they will arrive from the land of ,marhasse 7,mer'ash74 ,but ,i cause ,betili to send against this 7foe74 ,thus we wage war against them4 ,and my trusty messenger ,i cause to be sent to your presence1 as said2 for you to return an order whether we shall do so or whether not4 ,to ,raban and ,abdbaal1 to ,rabana and ,rabziddu thus3 behold to all of you be peace indeed1 and will not you harden your hearts1 and will not you settle all in your hearts1 and do what is fitting from your places8 ,much peace2 and to 7the people87 peace be increased40 #ia ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord thus 7says7 the city ,gebal7#agi7 7and7 thus ,rabikhar 7#8the ,lord of ,phnicia'7 thy servant4 ,at the feet of my ,lord the ,sun seven times ,i bow4 ,do not be angry1 ,o ,king my ,lord1 with the city of ,gebal 7,gubla7 thy handmaid--a city of the ,king from of old1 obeying what the ,king commands as to ,aziru1 and it did as he wished4 ,behold ,aziru slew ,adunu1 ,lord of the land of ,ammia17#ahj7 and the ,king of the land of ,ardata17#aha7 and has slain the great men1 and has taken their cities for himself4 ,the city ,simyra is his4 ,of the cities of the ,king only the city ,gebal escapes for the ,king4 ,behold the city ,simyra is subjected4 ,he has smitten the city ,ullaza47#ahb7 ,the captains of both have gone into exile4 ,behold this sin ,aziru wrought4 ,sinful are his strivings against her 444 he has smitten all the lands of ,ham 7,am71 lands of the ,king2 and now he has despatched his men to destroy all the lands of ,ham2 and the ,king of the land of the ,hittites1 and the king of the land of ,nereb 7,nariba77#ahc7 7have made87 the land conquered land40 ,from these letters we learn clearly that the ,mongol kings near the ,euphrates 7and1 as appears later1 in ,armenia7 were leagued with the ,hittites of ,mer'ash in the extreme north of ,syria1 and of ,kadesh on the ,orontes1 and were supported by the ,amorites of the northern ,lebanon and by some of the ,phnicians2 that the enemy marched south1 a distance of #cjj miles1 taking all the towns in the ,baalbek ,valley1 reaching ,damascus by the gorge of the ,barada ,river1 and advancing into the land of ,ham--in ,bashan--where all the chief towns fell4 ,this serves to make clear the treachery of ,aziru's letters which follow4 ,the ,amorite advance on the ,phnician coast was contemporary1 and extended to ,tyre4 ,it appears1 however1 that the ,amorites were a ,semitic people1 while the names of the ,hittites are ,mongolic4 ,the ,amorite ,treachery ,no4 #ce ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun ,aziru thy servant2 and seven times at the feet of my ,lord my ,god my ,sun ,i bow40 ,the letter is much broken1 but promises he will never rebel1 and says he is sincere4 ,he desires land of the ,king 7at ,simyra71 and says the men of the government are friendly1 but that the city of ,simyra is to be made promptly to fulfil its engagements4 #ce ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,great ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun thus 7says7 this thy servant ,aziru4 ,seven times and seven times at the feet of my ,lord my ,god my ,sun ,i bow4 ,my ,lord ,i am thy servant1 and 7from my youth87 in the presence of the ,king my ,lord1 and ,i fulfil all my orders to the sight of my ,lord4 ,and what they who are my 7agents87 shall say to my ,lord as to the chiefs who are faithful1 in the sight of the ,king my ,lord1 will not you hear me speak1 ,i who am thy servant sincere as long as ,i live8 ,but when the ,king my ,lord sent ,khani17#ahd7 ,i was resting in the city of ,tunip 7,tennib7 and there was no knowledge behold of his arriving4 ,whereupon he gave notice1 and coming after him also1 have ,i not reached him8 ,and let ,khani speak to testify with what humility1 and let the ,king my ,lord ask him how my brethren have prepared to tend 7him71 and ,betilu will send to his presence oxen and beasts and fowls3 his food and his drink will be provided4 ,i shall give horses and beasts for his journey2 and may the ,king my ,lord hear my messages1 with my assurances in the presence of the ,king my ,lord4 ,khani will march much cared for in my sight1 he accompanies me as my comrade1 like my father2 and lo6 my ,lord says1 #8,you turn away from the appearance of ,khani4' ,thus thy ,gods and the ,sun-,god truly had known if ,i did not stay in the city of ,tunip4 ,moreover because of the intention to set in order the city of ,simyra1 the ,king my ,lord has sent word 7and7 the ,kings of the land of ,marshasse 7,mer'ash7 have been foes to me4 ,they have marched on my cities3 they have observed the desire of ,khatib17#ahe7 and has not he promised them8 lo6 hastily he has promised them4 ,and truly my ,lord has known that half of the possessions that the ,king my ,lord has given ,khatib takes3 the tribute1 and the gold and the silver that the ,king my ,lord has given me2 and ,khatib takes all the tribute2 and truly my ,lord has known4 ,moreover as against my ,lord the ,king's having said1 #8,why dost thou yield service to the messenger of the ,king of the land of the ,hittites1 and dost not yield service to my messenger8' this region is the land of my ,lord1 he establishes me in it1 with men of government4 ,let a messenger of my ,lord come1 and all that ,i speak of in the sight of my ,lord let me give4 ,tin and ships1 men7#ahf7 and weapons1 and trees let me give40 #dj ,b4--8,to ,dudu7#ahg7 my ,lord my father thus 7says7 ,aziru your son your servant3 at the feet of my father ,i bow4 ,lo6 let ,dudu send the wishes of my ,lord 444 and ,i 444 ,moreover behold thou shalt not reject 7me7 my father1 and whatever are the wishes of ,dudu my father1 send1 and will not ,i 444 ,behold thou art my father and my ,lord3 ,i am thy son3 the land of the ,amorites is your land2 and my house is your house47#ahh7 ,say what you wish and ,i will truly perform your wishes40 ,the latter part is broken1 but states that he will not rebel against the wishes of the ,king or those of ,dudu4 #ch ,b4--8,to ,dudu my ,lord my father thus ,aziru thy servant4 ,at my lord's feet ,i bow4 ,khatib will march1 and has carefully followed the messages 7or orders7 of the ,king my ,lord before 7he goes72 and what is good increases2 and ,i have been gladdened very much2 and my brethren1 men serving the ,king my ,lord1 and men who are servants of ,dudu my ,lord4 ,they had feared exceedingly4 ,behold he will march1 to command for the ,king my ,lord with me4 ,from the orders of my ,lord my ,god and my ,sun1 and from the orders of ,dudu my ,lord1 ,i will never depart4 ,my ,lord now ,khatib goes forth with me1 and also he will march to strengthen me4 ,my ,lord1 the ,king of the land of the ,hittites will march from the land of ,marhasse 7,mer'ash71 and has he not boasted to meet me8 and the ,king of the ,hittites will rebel1 and behold ,i and ,khatib will march4 ,let the ,king my ,lord hear my messages4 ,i have feared without the countenance of the ,king my ,lord1 and without the countenance of ,dudu2 and now 7my ,gods and my messenger7#ahi774 ,and truly these are my brethren--,dudu and the great men of the ,king my ,lord2 and truly ,i will march2 and since ,o ,dudu both the ,king my ,lord and the chiefs thus are ready1 everything against ,aziru is forgiven which has been unfavorable for my ,god17#aij7 and for us4 ,and now ,i and ,khatib have appeared servants of the ,king4 ,truly thou knowest ,dudu1 behold ,i go forth mightily40 #ca ,b4--8,to ,khai7#aia7 my brother thus 7says7 this thy brother ,aziru4 ,with thee 7be7 peace indeed1 and from the ,egyptian soldiers of the ,king my ,lord there is much safety4 ,whoever 7is7 against it the promise remains1 in sight of the ,king my ,lord2 being formerly promised it remains4 ,i and my sons and my brethren are all servants of the ,king3 it is good for me4 ,now ,i and ,khatib will both march1 behold1 with speed4 ,o ,khai1 as among you truly it is known1 lo6 ,i have been troubled4 ,from the orders of my ,lord there is no rebellion1 nor from your orders4 ,i am a servant of my ,lord4 ,the ,king of the land of the ,hittites dwells in the land of ,marhasse 7,mer'ash7 and ,i have feared his appearance4 ,they who are in the ,west lands7#aib7 have armed4 ,he gathers2 and while the city of ,tunip is unoccupied1 he dwells two swift marches from the city4 ,and ,i have been afraid of his appearance2 and contrary to messages of promise he goes forth to his rebellions4 ,but now we shall both march1 ,i and ,khatib1 with speed40 #cb ,b4 repeats the preceding--perhaps to another correspondent3 it mentions ,dudu1 and says3 8,i have been afraid of this rebel son of a dog1 and ,i have been troubled4 ,now he has sent a message from the ,western land--the land of my ,lord3 they will both march together1 and ,i have been afraid for my ,lord's land40 #cc ,b41 much broken at the top1 refers to the existing promise or treaty1 and continues3 8,i cause the land of my ,lord to be guarded1 and my countenance is toward the men who are servants of the ,king my ,lord in peace4 ,my ,lord now ,i and ,khatib are made friends17#aic7 and let my ,lord know behold ,i have 444 in haste4 ,the ,king of the land of the ,hittites dwells 444 and ,i have been afraid 444 have armed 444 of the land 444 my ,lord ,i remain quietly 444 in the ,west land 444 ,king my ,lord to defend his land 444 and now behold in the land of ,marhasse he dwells--two swift marches from the city of ,tunip2 and ,i fear his wastings4 ,let the city of ,tunip be defended3 my ,lord is a shield to men who serve him2 mayst thou hear what is said and my sons will 444 forever40 #ci ,b41 broken at the top4 8,i have strengthened this 444 ,i have strengthened this wall in front of the mouth of the great pass17#aid7 and my ,lord's fortress4 ,and let my ,lord hear as to the servants of his servant--thy servant ,aziru3 they will keep watch3 strife surrounds us3 ,i trust there will be an expedition2 and let us watch the lands of the ,king our ,lord4 ,moreover to ,dudu my ,lord4 ,hear the message of the ,king of the land of ,marhasse to me4 ,they said3 #8,your father7#aie7 what gold has this ,king of ,egypt given him1 and what has his ,lord promised him out of the ,land of ,egypt2 and all the lands1 and all the soldier slaves they have fought against8' 7thus7 they said 444 to ,aziru 444 out of the ,land of ,egypt1 and behold the slaves come round from the ,land of 444 ,ni7#aif73 they have rebelled2 and ,i repeat that thirty chiefs push on against me 444 land of ,egypt he remains 444 my ,lord to ,aziru 444 soldiers 444 ,marhasse40 #cd ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun thus 7says7 this ,aziru thy servant3 seven times and seven times at the feet of my ,lord ,i bow4 ,now what you wish is desirable4 ,sun ,god my ,lord ,i am thy servant forever2 and my sons serve thee4444 ,now two men 444 ,i have commanded as envoys 444 what he says 444 and let him rule 444 in the land of the ,amorites40 #cd;a ,b4--,the salutation of the usual type is here injured4 ,the letter continues3 8,my ,lord my ,god my ,sun1 ,i am thy servant and my sons and my brethren1 to serve the ,king my ,lord forever4 ,now all my ,lord's wishes1 and what he causes to be despatched1 duly 444 the ,king my ,lord having despatched4 ,now eight chiefs who are great1 and many 7decrees87 we 444 all of which 444 from 444 the ,king my ,lord 444 ,and the ,kings of the ,land of ,marhasse will follow with 444 and are these not promised 7or leagued7 to the city ,simyra these thirty years8 ,i turn me to the city ,simyra4 ,my ,lord ,i am thy servant forever1 and a ,king of men who are friends2 will not my 7agents87 444 my ,lord 7wilt not thou hear874 ,and the ,king is my ,lord my ,god and my ,sun3 let him send his messenger with my messenger1 and let them go up who serve the ,king 4440 #cf ,b4--8,to the ,king 444 thus ,aziru3 seven times and seven times at 444 of my ,god and ,sun4 ,behold truly thou hast known this1 ,o ,king my ,lord2 behold ,i am thy servant forever2 from my ,lord's commands ,i never rebel3 my ,lord from of old 7it has been7 thus4 ,i am kind to the men who are servants of my ,king2 but the chiefs of the city ,simyra have not kept faith righteously with us2 and behold neither one nor all are with us3 my ,lord the ,king did not you cause to be asked8 ,the ,king my ,lord has known that the chiefs are sinful2 and why ask1 #8,what does he contend for8' ,i say nay 4440 ,from these letters by ,aziru1 we must conclude either that he was a great liar or that he was induced to change sides later4 ,the other correspondents seem to have believed that he had long deceived the ,king of ,egypt2 but1 in the end1 his invasion of ,phnicia--perhaps cloaked by pretences of hostility to the ,hittite league--caused him1 as we shall see1 to be proclaimed a rebel4 ,the quarrel with ,simyra may have been due to his being pushed south1 out of his dominions1 but is here said to be due to a ,phnician league with his foes4 ,it does not appear who ,khatib was4 ,perhaps the name was ,hittite17#aig7 and he may have been the ,prince of ,hamath or of ,emesa4 ,the following letter from ,aziru's father1 ,abdasherah1 belongs to a later period of the war1 when ,ullaza and all the cities north of ,gebal had been conquered by the ,amorites4 ,it is couched in the same insidious language2 and the letters of ,ribadda1 which follow1 show that ,amenophis was not open to conviction for a long time1 though warned by his true friends4 ,the proclamation is still later1 after the attack on ,sidon1 and may fitly conclude the ,amorite correspondence4 #ig ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,son my ,lord thus ,abdasratu7#aih7 thy servant1 the dust of thy feet4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord seven times and seven times ,i bow4 ,behold ,i am the ,king's servant1 and a dog who is his neighbor 7or his #8friend'872 and all the land of the ,amorites is his4 ,i often said to ,pakhanati7#aii7 my ,paka 7,egyptian resident71 #8,let him gather soldiers to defend the people of this ,king4' ,now all 7cursed87 as ,king1 the ,king of the ,phnician 7,kharri7 soldiers 444 ,kharri3 the ,king shall ask if ,i do not guard the city of ,simyra 7and7 the city ,ullaza4 ,lo my ,paka is in her3 ,i proclaim the ,sun-,king2 and ,i have 7given orders87 to obey4 ,the city ,simyra is a neighbor17#bjj7 and all the lands are the ,king's--my ,sun1 my ,lord2 ,i watch for him3 and ,i know that the ,king my ,lord is very glorious2 and ,pakhanati my ,paka is established to judge therein40 ,,copy ,,of ,a ,,proclamation ,,against ,,aziru1 ,,sent ,,to ,,egypt ,,by ,,khanni1 ,,when ,,sent ,,again ,,to ,,syria #ib ,b4--8,to the ,chief of the ,amorite city by letter thus 7says7 your ,lord4 ,a chief of the city of ,gebal has said thus in his petition3 #8,send him away from my gate 7he says72 he is robbing me and disputes with me in my chief city4'7#bja7 ,and ,i have heard this and much beside which they have said to me as ,i now speak to say4 8,thou hast sent to the ,king thy ,lord 7saying thus71 #8,i am thy servant as all former guardians7#bjb7 who have been in this city4' ,and you do well to say thus4 7,but7 ,i hear so to say a ruler of ours whose petition 7is71 #8,send him away from my gate1 7he is7 out of his city4' ,and in the city ,zituna 7,sidon7 he abides1 and has subjected himself among chiefs who are governors2 and1 though certainly knowing what is said1 thou dost not confess the persecution of these chiefs4 ,if thou art1 as is assured1 a servant of the ,king1 how is his cutting off lawful in the sight of the ,king your ,lord8 ,thus this ruler beseeches me1 #8,let a supplicant be protected1 for he is disputing my chief city with me4' ,and if you do as is asserted1 and not according to all the messages that ,i send against these things1 you are hindering the ,king traitorously4 ,so will be understood all that has been said4 8,and now a certain ,chief hears of a gathering with the ,chief of the city of ,ciidsa 7,kadesh on ,orontes1 the capital of the southern ,hittites72 devising hostilities1 ready to fight1 you have made alliance4 ,and if so1 why dost thou so8 ,why should a chief foregather with a chief save that he is on his side8 ,but if you cause what is assured to be done1 and you respect the orders to yourself and to him1 ,i say nothing more as to the messages you formerly made 7and7 as to what was pretended by you in them4 ,but thou art not on the side of the ,king thy ,lord4 8,lo6 this is the message1 that their fortress burns in flames through 7your burning87 and thou ragest against everything grievously4 ,but if thou dost service to the ,king thy ,lord1 what is it that ,i will not do to interceding with the ,king8 ,if then thou ragest against everything1 ,i make ,god my witness2 and if you persist1 ,god is my witness1 that messages of war 7will be7 in your midst1 and by the might of the ,king thou diest1 and as many as are with thee4 8,but do service to the ,king thy ,lord and live4 ,and thou thyself knowest that the ,king does not deem needful a subjection of the land of ,canaan47#bjc7 ,so he is wroth4 ,and as ,i sent1 truly was commanded me of the ,king my ,lord this year and not 444 in another year4 ,my son 7this7 contumacy in the sight of the ,king thy ,lord is vain4 8,and now the ,king thy ,lord is anxious as to thee this year4 ,if it is difficult for thee to come1 then send thy son4 ,and thou beholdest a ,king at whose commands many lands tremble3 and dost not thou 7fear873 thus truly is ordered this year concerning us2 failing to go to the presence of the ,king thy ,lord1 send thy son to the ,king thy ,lord as a hostage1 and let him not delay at all4 8,and now the ,king thy ,lord hears1 for ,i send to the ,king4 ,thus truly has the ,king commanded me--,khanni--a second time a messenger of the ,king4 ,truly it is to fetch to his hands men who are the foes of his house4 ,behold now ,i have been sent1 as they are troublous2 and moreover thou shalt bind them1 and shalt not leave one among them4 ,now ,i am desired by the ,king thy ,lord to name the men who are foes of the ,king in the letter from ,khanni the ,king's messenger2 and once more ,i am obeying the ,king thy ,lord2 and thou shalt not leave one among them4 ,a chain of bronze exceeding heavy shall shackle their feet4 ,behold the men thou shalt fetch to the ,king thy ,lord4 ,sarru with all his sons2 ,tuia2 ,lieia with all his sons3 ,pisyari7#bjd7 with all his sons3 the son-in-law of ,mania with all his sons1 with his wives1 the women of his household3 the chief of ,pabaha17#bje7 whose wickedness is abhorred1 who made the trumpet to be blown3 ,dasarti3 ,paluma3 ,numahe--a fugitive in the land of the ,amorites4 8,and knowest thou not that the glory of the ,king is as the ,sun in heaven2 his soldiers and his chariots are many4 ,from the shore lands to the land of ,gutium17#bjf7 from the rising of the ,sun to the going down of the same1 there is much salutation40 ,the attack on ,sidon was thus apparently the fact which opened the eyes of ,amenophis4 ,it appears to have preceded the final success1 when the wealthy city of ,gebal was taken by ,aziru4 ,the ,war ,in ,phnicia ,,letters ,,from ,,cities ,,near ,,gebal ,no4 #db ,b4 ,m4--8,this letter is the letter of the city ,irkata7#bjg7 to the ,king4 ,o our ,lord1 thus 7says7 the city of ,irkata1 and her men1 her 7flock8 or lords874 ,at the feet of the ,king our ,lord seven times seven times they bow4 ,to the ,king our ,lord thus 7saith7 the city of ,irkata4 ,knowing the heart of the ,king our ,lord we have guarded the city of ,irkata for him 444 ,behold the ,king our ,lord orders ,abbikha 444 he speaks to us thus1 ,o ,king 444 to guard it4 ,the city of ,irkata answers 444 the man ruling for the ,king4444 #8,it is well4 ,let us save 444 the city of ,irkata4 ,it is well to save 7a city87 faithful to the ,king4' 444 ,behold many fight 444 the people 444 are frightened 444 ,thirty horses and chariots enter the city of ,irkata4 ,lo6 has arrived 444 a letter of the ,king as to arriving 444 thy land they reach4 ,the men of the city 444 7belonging7 to the ,king have made 444 to fight with us for the ,king our ,lord4 ,you send your chief to us that he may be our protector4 ,let the ,king our ,lord hear the message of these his servants1 and appoint us provision for his servant1 and thou shalt exult over our foes and thou shalt prevail4 ,the message of command of the ,king thou shalt not deny us4 ,our destroyer was troubled at the coming of the ,king's order to us4 ,mightily he has fought against us1 exceeding much40 #abh ,b4--8,to ,yankhamu by letter thus 7says7 ,yapaaddu47#bjh7 ,why is it spoken8 ,lo6 from the city of ,simyra a destruction by ,aziru of all the lands1 in length from the city of ,gebal to the city of ,ugariti27#bji7 and the destruction of this the city ,sigata17#baj7 and of the city ,ambi47#baa7 ,behold 444 the slave has 7broken87 the ships 444 in the city ,ambi and in the city ,sigata1 and in all which dispute for the lands with the city of ,simyra3 and shall we not arise to enter the city ,simyra17#bab7 or what shall we ourselves do8 ,but send this news to your great city 7or palace747#bac7 ,it is regretted that the 444 is unfortunate40 #dd ,b4 ,m4--,this letter seems to be an appeal by the cities of ,phnicia on behalf of ,ribadda1 the brave ,king of ,gebal1 during the time of his resistance to ,aziru1 which failed because no help was given to him from ,egypt1 where ,aziru was still thought faithful4 ,the spokesman ,khaia is perhaps the same ,egyptian mentioned in ,aziru's letters4 8,thus 7saith7 our confederacy to the ,king and the men of ,sidon and the men of ,beruta 7,beirt74 ,whose are these cities--are not they the ,king's8 ,place a chief one chief in the midst of the city1 and shall not he judge the ships of the land of the ,amorites8 and to slay ,abdasherah the ,king shall set him up against them4 ,does not the ,king mourn for three cities and the ships of the men of ,misi87#bad7 and you march not to the land of the ,amorites1 and ,abdasherah has gone forth to war2 and judge for thine own self1 and hear the message of thy faithful servant4 ,moreover1 who has fought as a son for the ,king--is it not ,khaia8 ,will you gather us ships of men of ,misi for the land of the ,amorites and to slay ,abdasherah8 ,lo6 there is no message as to them and no memorial3 they have shut the road--they have closed the way4 ,in order to give passage to the land of ,mitana7#bae7 he has left the fleet which he has built4 ,was not this a plot against me of the men of ,arda87#baf7 ,but if behold they are with you1 seize the ships of the men of the city of ,arda which they have made in the land of ,egypt4 ,again behold ,khaiya laments 444 for you do not 444 and as for us we 444 by the land of the ,amorites40 #de ,b4 ,m41 a broken letter with passages of interest as follows3 8,moreover1 now this city of ,gula7#bag7 is afflicted4 ,the region behold of the city of ,gula is for the ,king my ,lord4 ,cannot you do what we desire8 ,but he has done as his heart 7desired7 with all the lands of the ,king4 ,behold this sin which ,aziru 444 with the ,king2 7he has slain7 the ,king of the land of ,ammiya7#bah7 and 7the ,king of ,ar7 data3 and the ,king of the ,land of ,ni 444 7has slain87 a ,paka 7#8chief'7 of the ,king my ,lord 444 and the ,king knows his faithful servant1 and he has despatched a garrison from his city1 thirty men and fifty chariots1 to the city of ,gebal4 ,i have been right4 ,he had turned1 ,o ,king1 his heart from everything that ,aziru orders him4 ,for everything that he orders1 the messages are unanswered4 ,but every governor of the ,king he has ordered to be slain4 ,i am forgotten4 ,behold ,aziru has cursed the ,king my ,lord40 #aeh ,b4--,the greater part of this letter is too broken to read1 but refers to ,abdasherah1 and appears to be written to ,yankhamu4 ,the city of ,simyra is mentioned1 and the city ,arpad17#bai7 and the palace or fortress of the former1 with certain men therein4 ,the soldiers of a city ,sekhlali are also noticed1 but it is not clear where this place is to be sought4 ,,ribadda',s ,,letters ,,from ,,gebal #dg ,b4--8,ribadda7#bbj7 of the city of ,gebal7#bba7 7,gubla7 to his ,lord the ,king of many lands1 the prosperous ,king4 ,baalath of ,gebal she hath given power to the ,king my ,lord4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord my ,sun seven times seven times ,i bow4 ,behold this 444 it will grieve me 444 our city 444 my foes 444 the chief 444 watches ,o ,king 444 no men of garrison 444 were given to the ,king's chiefs1 or preservation by the ,king against him1 and this ,i 7say7 is not defended1 and the ,king has not preserved me2 and being angry ,pakhura has gathered and has despatched men of the land ,umuti 7,hamath747#bbb7 ,they have slain a chief servant2 and three chiefs 7he has bound87 without appeal to the land of ,egypt2 and he has made gifts seducing the city against me2 and woe to the place1 she has become ungrateful3 the city which was not base in old times is base to us4 ,but the ,king shall hear the message of his servant and you shall give orders to the chiefs4 ,do not you 444 this sin they do8 444 my destruction is before me1 and is it not my order that chiefs in the sight of the ,king should 444 my destruction4 ,behold now since ,i shall gather to 444 and 7perchance ,i shall repel this8740 #df ,b4--,the salutation1 as in the preceding letter1 is peculiar to ,ribadda4 8,lo6 the ,king is sending to me ,irimaia7#bbc73 maybe1 he will arrive to gladden us from before thee3 he has not come before me4 ,the ,king sends to me the most distinguished of thy great men1 the chiefest of the city of the ,king that thou hast1 who shall defend me 444 mighty before my foes 444 ,now they will make a government3 the city they rule shall be smitten like as 7is smitten87 a dog1 and none that breathes shall be left behind him1 for what they have done to us4 ,i am laid waste 7by foes87 by men of blood3 thus on account of this slave there was no help from the ,king for me4 7,but87 my free men of the lands have fought for me4 ,if the heart of the ,king is toward the guarding of his city1 and of his servant1 thou wilt order men to guard1 and thou shalt defend the city1 thou shalt guard my 444 made prosperous 4440 #ah ,b4 ,m4--,the salutation as in the first letter 7#dg ,b474 8,again behold thy faithful city of ,gebal4 ,abdasherah was coming out against me aforetime and ,i sent to thy father who ordered soldiers of the ,king 7bitati7 to speed1 and ,i went up over all his land4 ,no allies marched to ,abdasherah4 ,but behold this3 ,aziru has chosen all the men of blood and has said to them3 #8,if the city of ,gebal is not 444 he has come 4441 then ,yankhamu is with thee1 and 444 if ,i am not obedient to his wishes4 ,thou art deceived 444 ,abdasherah has marched without stopping to 444 but he has watched the city of the ,king his ,lord obediently4 ,so now as to ,paia 444 and is it not heard from the messages of ,kha 444 their father1 as he desires 444 ,this ,khaib gave to the city ,simyra4 ,lo6 ,i lament that the ,king is not able to do this 7for7 the ,paka 7general7 when behold it has been asked4 ,and ,bikhura has not marched from the city ,cumidi 7,kamid74 ,i have been friends with all the men of thy ,government 444 ,lo whereas ,i was upright to the ,king 444 and he makes no sign 7to me87 ,despatch soldiers3 thou shalt march with every 444 ,five thousand men and #c1jjj 444 fifty chariots1 #a1jjj 444 the bitati soldiers1 and cause 7them7 to take captive 444 the land4' 0 #ac ,b4 ,m4--,the usual salutation1 as given in the first letter4 8,does the ,king know8 ,behold ,aziru has fought my chiefs1 and has taken twelve of my chiefs1 and has insisted on receiving at our expense fifty talents2 and the chiefs whom ,i despatched to the city ,simyra he has caused to be seized in the city4 ,both the city ,beruta 7,beirt7 and the city ,ziduna 7,sidon7 are sending ships to the city ,simyra4 ,all who are in the land of the ,amorites have gathered themselves4 ,i am to be attacked2 and behold this3 ,yapaaddu has fought for me with ,aziru1 but afterward behold he was entangled in the midst of the enemy when my ships were taken4 ,and the ,king sees as to his city and his servant1 and ,i need men to save the rebellion of this land if you will not come up to save from the hands of my enemies 7or destroyers74 ,send me back a message1 and know the deed that they have done4 ,now as they send to thee concerning the city ,simyra he now marches4 ,but 7give87 me soldiers for 444 and these shall deliver her 444 they have tried but 444 now40 #fa ,b4--,the usual salutation precedes1 here much broken4 8,does the ,king my ,lord know8 ,lo6 we know that he has fought mightily4 ,lo6 they tell of us in thy presence what the city ,simyra has done to the ,king4 ,know ,o ,king boldly marching they have contrived to seize her--the sons of ,abdasherah1 and 7there is7 none who lives to carry the message to the ,king4 ,but counsel now thy faithful servant4 ,i say also the whole of the fortress they have destroyed 444 ,i sent to the ,king 444 of advice as to the city ,simyra4 ,as a bird in the midst of the net she has remained4 ,the siege of the usurpers is exceeding strong1 and the messenger who from4440 ,the letter is much broken4 ,it refers to ,yapaaddu and to his own faithfulness to the ,pakas 78chiefs07 of the ,king4 ,he also appears to refer to the ,king destroying the ,amorites1 and goes on3 8,the ruins perchance he will assign to his servant2 and he has been constant and is upright against this thing--to subdue all the ,king's 7provinces874 ,he has lost all the cities which 444 this has befallen to 444 and from the destruction 444 against me none who 444 them4 ,the two or three that have held fast are turning round4 ,but he hears his faithful servant's message1 and a servant who has been constant in all labor1 and his handmaid the city of ,gebal 7is7 the only one that holds fast for me4 ,the evils of this deed are equally thine1 but ,i am broken in pieces4 ,henceforth ,aziru is the foe of ,yapaaddu4 ,they have marched2 and 7there is7 news that they have been cruel in their ravages against me4 ,they rest not3 they desire the evil of all that are with me4 ,so they have waxed strong1 powerful against me 7a servant7 faithful to the ,king from of old 444 ,moreover1 behold ,i am a faithful servant3 this evil is wrought me3 behold this message3 lo6 ,i am the dust of the ,king's feet4 ,behold thy father did not wring1 did not smite the lands of his rulers 7,khazani7 and the ,gods established him--the ,sun ,god1 the ,god 444 and ,baalath of ,gebal4 ,but the sons of ,abdasherah have destroyed from 444 us the throne of thy father's house1 and 444 to take the ,king's lands for themselves4 ,they have joined the ,king of the land of ,mitana17#bbd7 and the ,king of the land of ,casi7#bbe7 and the ,king of the land of the ,hittites 444 the ,king will order soldiers 7bitati74 ,yankhamu with the 444 of my poor land 444 ,the ,paka of the city ,cumidi 444 and they have marched 444 ,gebal 444 to a faithful servant40 #hc ,b4--,a much broken fragment1 referring to the taking of ,simyra1 appears to belong to this period4 #dc ,b4--8,ribadda speaks to the ,king of many lands4 ,at the feet 7of my ,lord7 seven times and seven times ,i bow 7a servant7 forever4 ,lo6 the city of ,gebal is his place--the ,sun-,god revered by many lands4 ,lo6 ,i am the footstool at the feet of the ,king my ,lord2 ,i am also his faithful servant4 ,now as to the city ,simyra the sword of these fellows7#bbf7 has risen very strong against her and against me4 ,and so now the destruction of the city of ,simyra is at her gates4 ,she has bowed down before them and they have conquered her power4 8,to what purpose have they sent here to ,ribadda a letter 7saying7 thus3 #8,peace to the palace from its brethren before ,simyra4' ,me6 they have fought against me for five years1 and thus they have sent to my ,lord4 ,as for me not 7to be forgotten is87 ,yapahaddu not to be forgotten is ,zimridi47#bbg7 ,all the fortresses they have ruined 444 there was no cause of strife with the city of ,simyra4440 ,the next passage is much damaged4 8,and as said to what purpose have they sent a letter to ,ribadda8 ,in the sight of the ,king my ,lord they have feigned to please me1 they have pretended to please me1 and now they proclaim peace4 ,truly thus behold it is with me4 ,let me learn the intention of my ,lord1 and will not he order ,yankhamu with the ,paka1 ,yankhamu joined beside the ,king my ,lord1 to lay waste8 ,from before the chiefs of the ,hittite chief men have fled and all the chiefs are afraid thereat4 ,may it please my ,lord also shall not he be 7degraded87 who was thy commander of the horse with thy servant1 to move the chiefs when we two went forth to the wars of the ,king my ,lord1 to occupy my cities which ,i name before my ,lord4 ,know my ,lord when they went forth with the ally he has left your soldiers fighting hard1 and all have been slain40 #eb ,b4--,the ordinary salutation4 ,the letter is much damaged4 ,it states that the land of ,mitana had formerly fought against the ,king's enemies2 that the sons of the dog ,abdasherah destroy the cities and the corn1 and attack the governors1 and had demanded fifty talents4 ,it appears that ,yankhamu has arrived1 and has known the chief whom the ,king had established4 ,apparently a written letter has been sent 8to the ,amorite land for them to swallow40 ,he continues3 8,behold ,i am a faithful servant of the ,king1 and there was none was like me a servant1 before this man lied to the ,king of the ,land of ,egypt4 ,but they have mastered the lands of our home40 ,they have slain ,egyptians1 he continues1 and have done something 7the verb is lost7 to the temples of the ,gods of ,gebal2 they have carried off a chief and shed his blood4 ,he finally mentions his son ,khamu4 #be ,b4 ,m41 a short letter with the usual salutation4 ,he requests soldiers to guard the lands for the rulers1 which have been torn in pieces4 ,the ,king sends no messages about himself to the writer or to ,yankhamu4 ,the governor's men have gathered to fight 7for the ,khar or ,phnicians874 #db ,b4 begins with the usual salutation given in the first letter4 8,having just heard the chiefs from the presence of the ,king it is fit that ,i send back a messenger 7or message74 ,behold ,o ,sun descending from heaven1 the ,sons of ,abdasherah are wasting 7shamefully871 as among them there is not one of the horses of the ,king or chariots1 and the chiefs have devised evil--a rebellious race4 ,and a chief is here with us of the ,amorite country1 with a written message from the allies which is with me4 ,they have demanded what is shameful4 ,hereby is spoken a friendly message in the presence of the ,king--the ,sun ,god4 ,as for me ,i am thy faithful servant1 and the news which is known1 and which ,i hear1 ,i send to the ,king my ,lord4 7,what are they but dogs trembling87 in the presence of the ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati7 of the ,king--the ,sun ,god4 ,i sent to your father and he 444 #8to my servant 444 soldiers' 444 they have not marched 444 ,abdasherah 444 the chiefs of this government 444 their faces against him4 ,so now they have joined 444 ,but the ,misi men 7,egyptians7 444 have brought us1 with speed1 corn 444 ,so now not without favor 444 ,i have become a great man1 behold3 strong and powerful in their sight we have been made4 ,but mighty and rebellious to the ,king is this power4 7,his land does not intend to help the land87 ,behold ,i am despatching two men to the city of ,simyra1 and all the men of its chief have gathered in order to consult as to messages to the ,king1 who will know why you hear from us your chiefs4 ,good is the letter they have brought us1 and the letter which the messengers of the ,king have uttered to us47#bbh7 ,through the pretensions of this dog the ,king's heart has been grieved with men1 and 444 has been unrighteously set up1 devising in their hearts 444 and 444 7your chief874 ,i go against the men of blood from the city ,simyra 444 to keep 444 and whatsoever ,i have been commanded4 ,and let the ,king 444 the news of his servant4 ,i have despatched ten chiefs of the ,land of ,nubia17#bbi7 twenty chiefs of the ,land of ,egypt1 as a guard to the ,king4 ,sun-,god and ,lord thy servant is faithful to thee40 #gc ,b4--8,to the ,king 444 thus says ,ribadda thy servant1 the footstool of the feet of the ,sun-,god my ,lord4 ,seven times and seven times at his feet ,i bow4 ,grievous it is to say what1 in the sight of the ,king1 he has done--the dog ,abdasherah4 ,behold what has befallen the lands of the ,king on account of him2 and he cried peace to the land1 and now behold what has befallen the city of ,simyra--a station of my ,lord1 a fortress 444 and they spoil our fortress 444 and the cries of the place 444 a violent man and a dog40 ,the next message is too broken to read1 but refers to the city of ,gebal4 ,the letter continues3 8,will not the ,king order his ,paka to pronounce judgment8 and let him guard the chief city of my ,lord1 and order me as ,i 7say71 and let my ,lord the ,sun set free the lands1 and truly my lord shall order the wicked men all of them to go out4 ,i present my memorial in the sight of my ,lord1 but this dog has not taken any of thy ,gods4 ,prosperity has fled which abode in ,gebal1 which city of ,gebal was as a city very friendly to the ,king4 ,it is grievous4 ,behold ,i have associated ,abdbaal the prefect with ,ben ,khia 7or ,ben ,tobia7 a man of 7war872 but despatch thou him to thy servant4440 #eg ,b4--,the salutation as usual mentions ,baalath of ,gebal4 8,why shall the ,king my ,lord send to me8 ,the best indeed trembles1 of those who watch for him against my foes1 and of my freemen4 ,what shall defend me if the ,king will not defend his servant8444 if the ,king will order for us chiefs of the ,land of ,egypt1 and of the ,land of ,nubia1 and horses1 by the hand of this my chief as ,i hope1 and preservation for the servants of the ,king my ,lord4 ,if none at all 444 to me 444 to march horses 444 my land is miserable4 ,by my soul's life6 if the ,king cared at heart for the life of his servant1 and of his chief city1 he would have sent a garrison1 and they had guarded thy city and thy servant4 ,that the ,king shall know 444 of our lands2 and ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati7 shall be ordered2 and to save all that live in his land1 therefore it is spoken as a message to the ,king 7with thy messengers87 ,as to the 444 of this dispute of ,khaia with the city of ,simyra1 that they should send us without delay thirteen talents 7or pieces of gold73 ,i gave the proclamation4 ,the men of blood are named in the letter to the city of ,simyra47#bcj7 ,it avails not4 ,ask ,khaia as to the letter of our previous dispute with the city of ,simyra--to satisfy the ,king1 and to give security to the ,king1 they are sending again1 and4440 #bd ,b4 ,m4--,this is broken at the top4 8,and ,king my ,lord1 soldiers are moving to the city of ,gebal1 and behold the city ,durubli7#bca7 has sent forth soldiers to war to the city ,simyra4 ,if the heart of the ,king my ,lord is toward the city of ,durubli my ,lord will also order many soldiers1 thirty chariots and an hundred chief men of your land2 and you will halt at the city ,durubli1 my ,lord's city4 ,if the lands are to be defended1 the ,king will order the departure of ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati7 to the city of ,gebal1 and 7,i doubt not87 you will march to us4 ,and ,i 444 to slay him1 and 444 behold the ,king my ,lord 444 faithful2 and they have warred with the men ,kau ,paur7#bcb7 7,egyptian magnates7 of the ,king4 ,lo6 they have slain ,biari the ,paur 7magnate7 of the ,king1 and he has given gifts to my 444 and they are helping4 ,and none are servants of the ,king4 ,and evil in our eyes behold is this4 ,i am spoiled1 and ,i fear lest 444 no wish of the faithful chief be granted to him4 ,lo6 you will make my kindred to be afflicted4 ,the ,king shall arm the land 444 thy soldiers great and small1 all of them2 and ,pakhamnata7#bcc7 did not listen to me and they do a deed that 444 and thou shalt tell him this1 that he shall set free the city of ,simyra2 and 7the ,king7 will listen to the message of his servant1 and shall 7send7 ,egyptian soldiers4 ,behold he will say to the ,king that the ,egyptian soldiers have no corn or food to eat1 all the enemies have cut off from the midst of the cities of the ,king my ,lord the food and the corn 444 and 7,i7 have raised soldiers gathering 7in7 the city of ,gebal 444 there is not 444 you shall send to us 444 and to march to it1 and ,i have stopped 444 and not one of the lands of the ,canaanites helps ,yankhamu though he is for the ,king40 #eh ,b4--,this is a large and important tablet1 but much broken2 it begins with a short salutation1 and then says at once1 8,i am laid low40 ,it refers to the loss of the city ,abur17#bcd7 and mentions the names of ,aziru and ,abdasherah1 and says there is no garrison4 ,the enemy are marching on to the capital4 ,he says3 8,i sent to the palace 7or capital of ,egypt7 for soldiers and you gave me no soldiers40 8,they have burned the city ,abur1 and have made an end in the sight of ,khamu my son40 8,the man of sin ,aziru has marched 444 he has remained in the midst 444 ,i have despatched my son to the palace more than three months 7ago7 who has not appeared before the ,king4 ,thus 7says7 my chief of the city of ,takhida7#bce7--they are reaching him3 of what use are the fortifications to the men left therein80 8,the chief who came out of the lands of ,egypt to inform1 whom you announced us on account of ,aziru formerly1 ,i shall send to the ,king4 ,you will not have heard this message as to the city ,abur4 ,the dogs are wasting1 as is said1 do you not mark the news8 ,if the ,king had thought of his servant1 and had given me soldiers4 440 ,the next passages are much damaged1 but refer to the same general subject of complaint4 ,the next intelligible sentence is3 8,the people have been enraged expecting that the ,king my ,lord would give me for my chief city corn for the food of the people of the strongholds40 ,he then protests his good faith1 and says finally3 8,and my sons are servants of the ,king1 and our expectation is from the ,king 444 ,the city is perishing1 my ,lord has pronounced our death 4440 #gg ,b4--,after a short salutation3 8,let the ,king hear the news of his faithful servant4 ,it is ill with me3 mightily fighting1 the sons of ,abdasherah have striven in the land of the ,amorites4 ,they had subdued all the land of the city of ,simyra1 and they have wrecked the city ,irkata 7,arkah7 for its ruler4 ,and now they are coming out of the city of ,simyra1 and it is ill for the ruler 7who is7 in face of the foes who come out40 ,the tablet is here broken1 but refers to ,gebal and to the rulers ,zimridi and ,yapaaddu4 ,the writer hopes for the arrival of troops4 8,egyptian soldiers2 and the ,sun-,king will protect me4 ,friendly men have been 7shut up87 in the midst of his land4 ,moreover1 the ,king my ,lord shall hear the message of his servant1 and deliver the garrison of ,simyra and of ,irkata3 for all the garrison have 444 out of the city ,simyra and 444 ,sun-,god ,lord of the lands will order for me also twenty 7companies8--tapal7 of horse1 and1 as ,i trust1 to the city of ,simyra 7to defend her7 you will speed 7a division87 instructing the garrisons to be strong and zealous1 and to encourage the chiefs in the midst of the city4 ,if also you grant us no ,egyptian soldiers no city in the plains will be zealous for thee4 ,but the chain of the ,egyptian soldiers has quitted all the lands--they have disappeared to the ,king407#bcf7 #ad ,b4 ,m4--8,ribadda speaks to his ,lord the ,king of many lands the ,great ,king4 ,baalath of ,gebal has given power to the ,king my ,lord3 at the feet of my ,lord1 my ,sun1 seven times seven times ,i bow4 ,why wilt not thou utter for us a message to me8 ,and 7now7 know the demand which my chief is despatched to make in presence of the ,king my ,lord2 and his division of horse has marched1 but the man has delayed marching--its chief--as the letters to the ,king were not given to the hand of my chief 444 as to what has been said 444 of your land1 is it not needful that the allies of the ,paka should march to the men of blood2 have not all the lands been grieved8 ,it will be necessary for the allies1 but they come not being slow4 ,moreover ,i sent for men of garrison and for horses1 but you care not for us 7even7 to return us a message for me4 ,and ,i am destroyed by ,abdasherah like ,yapaaddu and ,zimridi--and they are fugitives4 ,moreover1 the revolt of the city of ,simyra and of the city ,saarti7#bcg7 continues against him4 ,we remain under the hand of ,yankhamu2 and he gives us corn for my eating4 ,we two guard the ,king's city for him1 and he collects for the ,king1 and orders my chief1 appointing chiefs to assist for me1 fulfilling the decree which thou hast thyself appointed4 ,we have trusted in the ,king4 ,and two chiefs of the city have been despatched to be sent1 having come down bound from the camp of ,yankhamu4 ,moreover1 as to this assistance to ,yankhamu1 ,ribadda is in your hands1 and all that is done for him 7is7 before you2 it is not for me to punish thy soldiers4 ,my superior is over me4 ,and ,i will send to him if you do not speak about this1 or he gives up the city1 or ,i depart4 ,moreover1 if you do not utter for us a message for me1 both the city will be surrendered1 and ,i shall go away with the men who support me4 ,and learn that our corn also is failing1 and ,milcuru has measured the corn--measure of ,baalath7#bch7 444 very much 4440 #hi ,b4--,this is much broken4 ,after the usual salutation he says that ,abdasherah has fought strongly1 and has seized cities belonging to ,gebal2 that news has reached the city as to what has befallen the city ,ammia 7,amyun7 from the men of blood4 ,a certain ,berber7#bci7 chief is mentioned4 ,he speaks of 8two months10 apparently as the limit of time in which he expects to be aided by the bitati1 or ,egyptian soldiers4 ,abdasherah is marching on ,gebal4 #gi ,b4--,also broken4 ,with the usual salutation1 speaks of a great fight with the men of blood1 who made an end of men1 women1 and soldiers of his poor country4 ,he sent men1 and they were beaten4 ,the city of ,irkata 7,arkah7 is mentioned1 and the ,king of the ,hittites1 who is making war on all the lands4 ,the ,king of ,mitani will be king of the weak 7or false7 land of the writer's people4 ,he concludes by calling ,abdasherah a dog4 #dd ,b4--,after the usual salutation1 this letter appears perhaps to refer to the coming of ,irimaia4 8,lo the ,king shall send the choicest of thy chiefs--a son of ,memphis 7,nupi7 to guard the city40 ,the text is then much broken1 referring to the palace and to cavalry1 and to guarding the city for the ,king4 ,he will fulfil the wishes of the ,pakas1 and is a faithful servant1 as they would testify4 ,the lands are to be made quiet again4 8,i say as to myself1 lo6 my heart is not at all changed as to my intention to serve the ,king my ,lord4 ,now pronounce this judgment ,o ,lord of justice4 ,cause all to be told that whoever crosses over from his own place the ,king my ,lord will 444 ,my ,lord shall decide that this evil shall not go on4 ,who shall say anything against it8 ,now return a letter1 and all my possessions that are with ,yapaaddu 7he will make equally safe87 in the sight of the ,king40 #gb ,b4--8,to ,khaia7#bdj7 the ,pa 444 7an ,egyptian title7 thus says ,ribadda4 ,i bow at thy feet4 ,the ,god ,amen and the ,god ,sa 4447#bda7 have given you power in the presence of the ,king4 ,behold thou art a man of good 444 the ,king knows1 and through your zeal the ,king sends you for a ,paka4 ,why is it asked and you will not speak to the ,king8 that he should order for us ,egyptian soldiers to go up to the place--the city ,simyra4 ,who is ,abdasherah8--a slave1 a dog1 and shall the ,king's land be smitten by him8 ,who set him up8 ,and mighty with men of blood is the strength of his power4 ,but send reinforcements3 fifty tapal 7companies87 of horse and #bjj foot soldiers2 and both shall go forth from the city ,sigata7#bdb7 7,shakkah74 ,know his intentions4 ,until the 7bitati7 ,egyptian soldiers are sent he will not be mastered1 7nor7 any of the men of blood1 and the city of ,sigata and the city of ,ambi7#bdc7 are both taken1 and thus 4440 #ag ,b4 ,m4--8,ribadda speaks to 444 7,amenophis ,,iv87#bdd77 the ,king of many ,lands3 at the feet of 444 my ,sun-,god4 ,and ,i repeat as to 444 7the expedition87 against the city of ,kappa7#bde7 444 and against the city ,amma 444 cities faithful to the ,king my ,lord4 ,who is this ,abdasherah8--a slave1 a dog1 and shall he 444 in the midst in the lands of my ,lord8 444 the ,king my ,lord has asked as to his servant1 and 444 ,i send my messenger4 ,lo 444 my cities1 and with the letter 444 my messages4 ,and now behold he is marching to the city ,batruna7#bdf7 and he will cut it off from my rule4 ,they have seized the city of ,kalbi7#bdg7--the great pass of the city of ,gebal4 ,truly the confederates are pushing on secretly from the great pass1 and they have not made an end--mightily contumacious4 ,for they have promised to take the city of ,gebal 444 ,and let the ,king my ,lord hear 444 this day 444 they have hastened chariots and 444 ,i trust and 444 and the fate of the city of ,gebal 444 by them1 and all the lands 444 as far as the land of ,egypt have been filled with men of blood4 ,my ,lord has sent no news as to this decree as ,i hoped by letter4 ,and we desire that the city be saved1 and the villages of the city1 from him1 for my inhabiting4 ,i have been hard pushed4 ,help speedily ,o ,king my ,lord 444 soldiers and chariots1 and you will strengthen the chief city of the ,king my ,lord4 ,behold the city of ,gebal3 there is not1 as is said1 of chief cities 7like7 the city ,gebal a chief city with the ,king my ,lord from of old4 ,the messenger of the ,king of the city of ,acca7#bdh7 7,accho7 honor thou with 7my7 messenger4 ,and we have given cavalry at his pleasure 444 and a division of horse 444 because of pleasuring him7#bdi7 4440 #fj ,b4--,after salutation3 8,the ,king my ,lord shall know3 behold ,benmabenat7#bej7 son of ,abdasherah strives for the city ,gatza47#bea7 ,they have subdued the city of ,ardata1 the city ,yahlia1 the city ,ambi1 the city ,sigata17#beb7 all the cities are theirs2 and the ,king shall order the cutting off of the city ,simyra1 so that the ,king may rule his land4 ,who is this ,abdasherah8--a slave1 a dog4 ,o ,king it is thy land1 and they have joined the ,king of the land of ,mitani4 ,but come to us to the ,king's land to 444 before the cities of your rulers are destroyed2 and lo6 this has been said 444 thy ,paka1 and not 444 his cities to them4 ,now they have taken the city of ,ullaza7#bec7 for it is as has been said1 until you shall march to this city of ,simyra4 ,and they have slain for us the ,paka and the ,egyptian 7bitati7 soldiers who 7were7 in the city of ,simyra 444 they have done to us1 and shall not ,i go up 444 to the city of ,simyra8 ,the cities ,ambi1 ,sigata1 ,ullaza1 7,caphar87 ,yazu7#bed7 have fought for me4 ,their destruction for us by them1 will be pleaded against the city of ,simyra1 these cities 444 and the sons of ,abdasherah 444 ,alas6 and the city of ,gebal demands of the men of blood as to the city ,tikhedi47#bee7 ,i marched2 but there befell an entering-in to spoil by the men of blood40 #bc ,b4 ,m4--,the usual salutation is absent1 and it seems to be written to an official3 8,to 444 as a letter thus ,ribadda4 ,i bow at thy feet4 ,baalath of ,gebal the ,god of the ,king my ,lord may 7she87 strengthen thy power in the presence of the ,king thy ,lord--the ,sun of the lands4 ,you know behold that a 7covenant87 has been engraved4 ,but why was it sent8 ,and lo6 this thou shalt announce3 ,i am left in fear that an end will be made of all4 ,thou shalt make the whole known4 ,behold it was sent to me4 #8,do not wait to go forth to the city ,simyra till ,i come4' ,behold you know1 the wars are exceeding mighty against me1 but he comes not4 ,i did march1 and lo6 the city of ,ambi 7',aba7 has been burned by me4 ,you know that the chief and the principal men of this city have gathered with ,abdasherah1 and behold ,i did not march farther4 ,behold you know all that has been2 and on this account 444 having asked my question of my prophet7#bef7 behold ,i feared accordingly4 ,hear me speak--favorably as ,i trust 7as to7 coming2 and you know that they strive with our country1 who behold are men of good will4 ,because 444 your favor is strong 444 do not you urge 444 a message to this city1 and out of its midst she sends to 4440 #hf ,b41 a much-broken letter1 supposed to be from ,ribadda1 mentions ,batruna and ,ambi47#beg7 ,toward the end it reads continuously3 8,the ,king of the land of the ,hittites behold is 444 to the sons of ,abdasherah1 for he hastens to despatch soldiers of the royal 444 and the neighboring places have joined3 the lands of the ,king my ,lord are made a desert1 which the dogs bring to naught3 they have mourned4 ,if ,neboyapiza fears the ,king my ,lord will he not march on them1 if the ,king my ,lord will speak to the great man of the chief city--to the great man of the chief city of ,cumidi7#beh7 7,kamid7 444 to march to join 444 to me4440 #da ,b4 begins with the usual salutation from ,ribadda4 8,behold ,i am a faithful servant of the ,sun-,king1 and ,i confess that my messages have been sad for the ,king1 as you own4 ,the ,king my ,lord shall hear the messages of his faithful servant1 and ,buri is sending out in the direction of the city ,simyra and ,hadar 444 has marched against you1 and they have beaten us1 and they have brought us low4 7,these foes87 are destroying in my sight1 and ,i was ready 7to go out87 with the ,paka to keep watch in the presence of the chiefs of the governments4 ,and my ,lord shall hear the news4 ,now ,aziru the son of ,abdasherah is marching with his brethren from7#bei7 the city ,gebal3 and despatch ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati71 and thou shalt march against him and smite him--the land is the ,king's land2 and since one has talked thus and you have not moved1 the city of ,simyra has been lost4 ,the ,king my ,lord shall hear the news of his faithful servant4 ,there is no money to buy me horses1 all is finished1 we have been spoiled4 ,give me thirty 7companies--tapal87 of horse with chariots 444 men 444 there is none of this with me 444 not a horse 4440 #bb ,b4 ,m4--8,to ,amanabba7#bfj7 444 as a letter1 thus says this ,ribadda thy servant4 ,i bow at my ,lord's feet4 ,the ,god ,amen and ,baalath of ,gebal have established your power in the presence of the ,king my ,lord4 ,to what purpose is thy messenger with me to go to the ,king your ,lord8 ,and may ,i indeed expect horses and chariots to be ordered of thee8 ,will not you fortify the city8 ,and this is heard by your message1 and ,i am sincere1 but the covenant is mocked and no soldiers are heard of with it4 ,and they have routed the 444 ,the city of ,batruna 7,batrn7 is his2 and bloody soldiers and chariots have established themselves in the midst of the city1 and ,i had lain in wait for them outside the great pass of the city of ,gebal7#bfa7 444 to the ,king my ,lord 444 with thee the soldiers of the prefect 444 chariots and 444 here with 4440 #de ,b4 begins with the usual salutation1 and continues3 8,the ,king my ,lord will be sad4 ,why will you not send him to me8 ,behold ,i have no ruler over my fugitives4 ,the city of ,simyra they have 7shut up872 all have turned on me3 and two chiefs of the land of ,egypt1 who travelled from the palace1 went not forth4 ,no man has travelled to the ,king who might carry my letter to the palace4 ,now these two chiefs brought us letters for the ,king1 and the two have not gone forth1 as being now afraid1 and 7refusing87 to my face 444 ,i send to the palace 7or capital71 and ,azru 7,aziru87 is laying snares1 gathering soldiers3 has not ,abdasherah marched with whatever he had8 ,as ,i am told they will send friendly messages to my ,lord1 but thou wilt say #8,why do ye send friendly messages to me when you refuse my message8'7#bfb7 8,i have been afraid of the snare4 ,azaru 7is7 like 444 ,lo6 ,i am strong through the ,king 444 ,the sons of ,abdasherah--the slave dog--have pretended that the cities of the governments of the ,king are given to them--our cities4 ,the fortress has not opened to ,aziru 444 ,o ,king as to their cities are they not subject to them8 ,from the city ,simyra1 to the city ,ullaza1 the city ,sapi7#bfc7 444 chariots 444 land of ,egypt 444 from their hands for me4 ,so now ,i am despatching this chief3 he has left3 do ,i not send to the ,king8 ,now the two chiefs of the land of ,egypt1 they whom you sent us remain with me1 and have not gone out1 since no soldiers are 7intended for87 me1 and 444 the lands for the men of blood4 ,and since the ,king's heart altogether has forgotten my ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati7 ,i send to ,yankhamu and to ,biri4 ,they have taken those that were with the governors4 ,lo6 may the land of the ,amorites become 7their7 conquest4 ,the corn which they have threshed for me has been stored up1 a part of the whole with my 444 and one part with me2 and 444 the ,king will order 444 we 444 all whatever breathes2 7it is not right to shut them up87 for the ,king2 he is not coming to him3 the chief must help himself to what was ordered to be stored up for the ,king4 ,the ,king shall order a memorial as to the innocence of his servant4 ,and as to the produce of the city ,o ,king there is none at all with me2 all is finished from being distributed for 7my own subsistence874 ,but as to this chief1 the ,king will order him as ,i trust1 and will give us men of garrison for 444 to guard his faithful servant and his chief city1 and the men of ,nubia who are with us1 as those who are your foes 7exult874 ,moreover behold 7much to say87 444 ,thinking this1 ,i shall send to the palace for a garrison--men of ,nubia 444 ,the ,king will 444 men of garrison 444 of the land of ,nubia for its guarding1 you will not 444 this city to the men of blood40 #ea ,b4--,the ordinary salutation3 the letter goes on in an eloquent strain3 8,the storm 7or a tumult7 has burst forth4 ,let the ,king behold the city of ,simyra4 ,lo6 the city of ,simyra has remained as a bird caught in the snare3 so her 444 is left to the city of ,simyra4 ,the sons of ,abdasherah by their devices1 and the men of the city of ,arda 7,arvad7 by their hostility have made her wroth1 and a fleet has sped 444 in the sight of ,yankhamu 444 men of the city 444 they have seized1 and 444 ,lo6 the men of the city ,arvad searched for the coming forth of the ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati72 ,abdasherah is with them1 has he not marched8 and their ships are set against the reinforcements from the ,land of ,egypt4 ,so now there is no navigation4 ,let them make haste4 ,now they have seized the city ,ullaza 7,kefr ,khullis7 and all whatsoever ,abdasherah has 444 to the chiefs4 ,and lo6 we 444 and the ships of the men of ,misi 7the ,delta877#bfd7 have been broken1 with whatsoever was theirs4 ,and as for me they went not up to fight for the mastery of the city of ,simyra4 ,yapaaddu has fought on my side1 against whosoever was not faithful 7or constant74 ,they have trodden me down 444 ,so now in sight of ,zabandi7#bfe7 and of ,ibikhaza also1 ,i have 7joined87 myself to ,yankhamu2 and you will know their 7good opinion87 of my faithfulness3 as to what he thinks of my zeal make him confess1 so he will 7make it known874 ,he has fought for me and lo6 they are wasting the city ,ullaza 7to make an end thereof8740 ,the back of this long letter is unfortunately quite destroyed4 ,the final sentences are on the edge1 the tablet being of considerable thickness3 8,i have desired peace 7like87 a faithful servant of the ,king4 ,the men of ,egypt1 expelled from this city of our neighbor1 are with me2 and there is no 444 for them to eat4 ,yapaaddu has not granted my servants this 444 this poor country2 but we have been swift to help the city ,simyra 444 they have gone up to fight the ships 7of the city7 of ,arda 7,arvad7 444 7it was grievous87 444 ,riib 4440 #ee ,b4--,a much-broken letter appears to refer to a message from the ,king being seized1 and that #cjj men poured out and burned a city4 ,it speaks of a ,paka and of ,egyptian soldiers1 and of the city ,beruti 7,beirt7 and of ,abdasherah's forces4 #af ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord thus says ,ribadda thy servant1 the dust of thy feet4 ,i bow seven times and seven times at the feet of my ,lord4 ,and will not my ,lord hear the message of thy servant8 ,men of the city of ,gebal1 and my family2 and a wife whom ,i loved1 they have taken away after the son of ,abdasherah2 and we have made a gathering2 we have searched2 and ,i cannot hear a word spoken about them4 ,i am sending to the ,king my ,lord1 and once more1 despatch thou men of garrison1 men of war1 for thy servant2 and will you not defend the city of the ,king my ,lord8 ,but news has not arrived from the ,king my ,lord for his servant4 ,but he will be generous2 he will remember me2 and the advice 7,i speak7 comes from my heart4 ,the region near 7us7 ,ammunira7#bff7 has traversed throughout1 and ,i went to him1 for he gave assistance4 ,and ,i myself searched for my family1 but it has been made to vanish from my sight2 and the ,king my ,lord shall counsel his servant4 ,lo6 the ally is zealous2 and he has decreed a gathering of the ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati7 of the ,king my ,lord2 and the ,king my ,lord will counsel his servant4 ,if there is no wish to be kind on the part of the ,king my ,lord1 ,i myself am helpless2 and the ,king has no servants4 ,moreover1 my son and my wife have been subjected to a man who sins against the ,king407#bfg7 #ae ,b4 ,m4--8,to ,amanabba my father1 thus ,ribadda thy son4 ,i bow at my father's feet4 ,baalath of the city ,gebal strengthens your favor in the sight of the ,king your ,lord4 ,why has it been asked1 and no complaint 7is made7 to the ,king8 and you hesitate about the ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati71 and you are brought low before the land of the ,amorites4 ,if you had heard of us 7that7 the ,egyptian soldiers 7are7 strong1 and that they have deserted their towns1 and gone away1 you know not the land of the ,amorites4 ,behold they have taken these places from us1 and ,i am ill at ease4 ,behold now do not they support ,abdasherah8 behold they have deceived us about them1 and you promise us1 day and night to send the ,egyptian soldiers1 and we are made sad about it1 and all the chiefs of the ,government4 ,thou shalt promise us to do this thing to ,abdasherah3 lo6 he sends to the chiefs of the city of ,ammiya 7,amyn7 to slay him who was established as ,lord1 and they submitted to the men of blood4 ,so now thou shalt say for us--the ,chiefs of the ,government2 so now they are doing to us1 and thou shalt announce to him 7that7 all the lands are for men of blood1 and speak thou this message in the presence of the ,king my ,lord4 ,lo6 a father and a lord this thou art to me2 and as for thee my face ,i bend1 you know1 to my master3 behold what is done in the city of ,simyra1 lo6 ,i am 444 with thee4 ,but complain to the ,king thy ,lord1 and you will send 444 to me as ,i trust40 #bj ,b4 ,m4--8,ribadda sends to his ,lord the ,great ,king1 the ,king of many lands to the prosperous ,king4 ,baalath of ,gebal has confirmed the power of the ,king my ,lord4 ,at the feet of my ,lord the ,sun seven times seven times he bows him4 ,a petition has been made long ago1 made for the city of ,gebal1 to despatch ,bikuru 7to the7 chiefs of the ,land of ,egada7#bfh7 444 served me1 which 444 ,i 444 three of the chiefs 444 they strove 444 the ,land of ,egypt 444 and 444 then the ,king my ,lord 444 a sin against4444 8,if the ,king my ,lord supports his faithful servant2 and despatch thou 444 this her chief 7speedily872 and we two watch the city for the ,king4 ,the ,king shall send the choicest of thy great men1 from among those who guard him4 ,the three chiefs whom ,bikhuru strove to despatch1 but who have fled1 7are7 ,abdirama1 ,iddinaddu1 ,abdmelec1 these are sons of ,abdasherah27#bfi7 and they have taken the ,king's land for themselves4 ,he shall send the bitati4440 #ba ,b4 ,m4--8,to ,amanabba 444 7by letter7 thus 7says7 this ,ribadda thy servant4 ,i bow 7at my ,lord's feet74 ,the god ,amen 444 of thy ,lord1 builds up thy favor 7with7 the ,king thy ,lord4 ,hear 444 7they have fought7 mightily1 and over the ,egyptian soldiers are victorious1 and 444 to the ,land of the ,amorites40 ,the letter becomes too broken to read consecutively1 but refers to the ,land of ,mitana1 and apparently to a defeat of ,yankhamu4 ,he asks for corn1 and speaks of having nothing to eat1 in connection with the city of ,gebal2 and refers to three years of 7dearth871 and to the corn failing4 #ai ,b4 ,m4--,after the usual salutation to the ,king1 this letter reads3 8,the ,king my ,lord will say that the choicest of thy great men1 and the choicest of thy city that thou hast are among those who guard us4 ,my great men and 7those of87 the city1 were formerly men of garrison with me2 and the ,king asked of us corn for them to eat1 from my poor country4 ,but now behold ,aziru is destroying me1 and ,i repeat there 7are7 no oxen1 nor 444 for me2 ,aziru has taken all4 ,and there is no corn for my eating4 ,and the chiefs--the ,pakas--also have been nourished by the cities1 exhausting the corn for their eating4 ,again3 7being faithful71 the ,king shall establish for me1 as men of government1 the men of government of their own cities1 the men who at first were with their subjects4 ,but as for me my cities are ,aziru's1 and they long for me1 to whom destruction is made by him1 who is a dog of the sons of ,abdasherah1 and either you shall do for us as they wish1 or you shall give orders for us to the ,king's cities in these matters40 #dh ,b4--,this begins with the usual salutation1 and then continues3 8,if perchance ,i send a message to the ,king my ,lord1 do not thou refuse the request of my memorial4 ,lo6 thrice has come upon me a year of storms 7or tumults71 and again a year of storms begins4 ,my wheat is naught2 the wheat for us to eat3 that which was for sowing for my freemen is finished2 their beasts1 their herbs1 the trees of their gardens1 are wretched1 in my unhappy land4 ,our corn has failed4 ,once more the ,king will hear the message of his faithful servant1 and will order wheat in ships1 and his servant shall live2 and be thou moved and send us com4 ,the chiefs 7will send87 horses1 as commanded1 to ,zu 444 ,and thou shalt defend the city 7by so doing87 444 behold ,yankhamu says 7or asks7 444 that wheat be given to ,ribadda 444 to him 444 corn 7the bread of men87 444 and now with ,yapaaddu 444 their money henceforth 444 ask him1 he will tell all in your presence4 ,mayest thou know when it is spoken in the presence of the ,king my ,lord4 ,and this year of storms makes the wheat scarce 7in7 my unhappy land 444 there was scarcity before in the city ,simyra1 and now behold in the city ,gebal40 ,the text is here too broken to be read4 ,it seems1 perhaps1 to refer to the enemy having possession of the sea1 and to the entreaties of ,yankhamu1 and to certain waters1 and the general wretchedness4 ,a paragraph then begins37#bgj7 8,the ,king of the ,land ,taratzi7#bga7 has coveted the city of ,simyra2 and they desired to march to the city of ,gebal2 and none now has urged him1 and he has stayed in his land4 ,now as he is strong he will send to the great 444 by my wish 444 they have returned to us40 ,the letter is again much broken2 it refers to a ruler1 saying3 8,his heart is with my heart2 but ,abdasherah has conquered beyond the land of the ,amorites1 also since the time of your father the city of ,sidon has submitted to the occupation by his allies3 the lands are for the men of blood1 so now there is none who is a friend 7or kin7 to me4 ,let the ,king regard the message of his servant4 ,let him give men to guard his city4 ,is not she insulted by all the men of blood80 ,the latter part1 referring to allies1 is much broken4 #ed ,b4--,this is broken at the top1 and considerably injured4 ,it demands soldiers1 and the restoration of the rulers4 8,the city of 7,sidon871 and the city of ,beirt1 the sons of ,abdasherah have silenced3 they fought for the ,king1 but the city of ,sidon and the city of ,beirt are not the ,king's4 ,we sent a ,paka3 he did not desert his duty to you1 but she has rebelled to your face3 for it was permitted by the freemen4 ,the men of blood have seized the city47#bgb7 ,behold as for me this is my repetition 444 city ,atsar 444 restraint 4440 #di ,b4--,this letter is much damaged2 it begins with the usual salutation1 and continues3 8,lo6 he makes the chiefs of 7,ukri87 to dwell in fear of making an end4 ,lo6 the ,king asked from his rulers as to my brethren4 ,o ,king1 is it not right to approach them1 when the ,king shall ask8 and we have set our faces fast toward thy servants4 ,i desire this to strengthen my neighbor 444 the city of 7,ukri8747#bgc7 ,their ruler will go out then from my presence4 ,they have interfered with my sister 7town71 and the waters of my brother's growing corn4 ,i am despatching to the city ,ukri 444 from the presence of ,abdasherah 444 ,the ,king 444 all the lands 444 if as to my brethren 444 the ,king will ask 444 a neighbor 444 ,i shall send to the ,king this 444 ,blame us not for his weakness 7or affliction71 and in time past we have ruled over him1 and if you will ask as to my brethren1 and shall be grieved1 this city 7has7 no 7government that the ,king should ask after it874 ,do not we know this day 7what7 he did to all8 and trust me1 if the ,king will not ask of the rulers4 ,lo6 if he ceases oppression as an enemy ,i am well pleased4 ,behold the land of the city of ,ukri3 there are no lands 7or towns7 of rulers 444 his 444 spoiled the land for us40 ,the next passage about servants1 governors1 and the ,paka is too broken to read4 ,the letter concludes by asking support1 and asks excuse on account of the enemy's success4 #ge ,b4--,the usual salutation is here damaged1 and the middle of the text4 8,behold since the arrival of ,amanappa in my presence all the men of blood have set their faces to me2 they have fulfilled the wishes of ,abdasherah2 and my ,lord shall hear the messages of his servant2 and 444 men of garrison1 for the defence of the royal city4 ,send the ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati7 444 as there are no ,egyptian soldiers it befalls thee1 that the lands 444 to the men of blood2 since the seizing of the city ,maar 444 7#bgd7 at the command of ,abdasherah2 and so our limits are the city of ,gebal and the city of ,batruna27#bge7 but so not all the lands are to the men of blood--two chief cities which are 7still7 to be wrecked for 7us74 ,and they have turned back7#bgf7 to take from us 444 ,she has remained peaceful to the ,king1 and my ,lord shall order men of garrison for his two cities1 till the ,egyptian soldiers march forth4 ,but everything fails me1 of the food of the land 7our teeth have gnawed nothing at all874 ,as the heart of a bird fails1 seeing the snare1 this city has remained4 ,she is helpless before them 444 lamenting4 ,once more 444 they have shut up my 444 it has come to pass 444 the lands 444 ,abdasherah1 the slave dog 444 the lands of the ,king to himself40 #hd ,b4 is much broken2 all the cities are taken except ,gebal and ,batruna1 which remain like birds in the snare4 ,but he still 8trusts40 #ab ,b4 ,m4--8,ribadda speaks to the ,king of ,lands1 of many lands1 the great ,king the prosperous ,king4 ,the ,lady 7,ballath7 of ,gebal gives power to the ,king my ,lord4 ,i bow at my ,lord's feet--the ,sun-,god--seven times seven times4 ,let the ,king know6 behold6 the city ,gebal his handmaid1 faithful to the ,king1 has gathered because of the allies who are his foes4 ,and ,i am ill at ease3 behold the ,king lets slip from his hand the chief city that is faithful to him4 ,let the ,king smite the lands of those who rob him4 ,lo6 is not he a faithful servant1 her chief who abides in the city of ,gebal8 ,do not you say so to your servant1 when there is a mighty fighting against him of men of blood1 and the ,gods of the land are 7evilly disposed871 and our sons have been worn out1 and our daughters have fled1 and there is weakness in my unhappy land4 ,for our living1 my fields gave sustenance1 which no 444 secured4 ,for as many as ,i possess1 all my cities which are in flames1 also the foe has overthrown3 they submitted to the bloody soldiers4 ,the city of ,gebal with two cities1 remains to me2 and ,i am ill at ease because ,abdasherah is marching4 ,the city of ,sigata 7is7 his2 and he is saying to the chiefs of the city of ,ammia 7,amyun71 #8,they have slain your chief and you have done like us1 and you have rebelled1 and you obeyed his order1 and they will punish you as men of blood4' ,and ,i am ill at ease4 ,lo6 now ,abdasherah sends for soldiers4 ,i have remained alone--they will be rejoiced at it1 and there is ruin before the city of ,gebal1 if there is no great man to gain me safety from his hands4 ,and the chiefs of the government are expelled from the midst of the lands2 and you relinquish all the lands to the men of blood1 squandering the wealth of all the lands2 and they have torn away sons and daughters nobly born2 and 7this7 while the ,king is pondering about it1 and all the lands have fought for him4 ,and from what they have done to us1 behold now thou wilt become naked to their destructions4 ,and so now ,i am exceedingly afraid4 ,behold now there is no great man who wins me salvation from their hands4 ,as birds that are in the midst of the snares this place has remained4 ,i myself am in the city of ,gebal4 ,why is there this overthrow of thy land8 ,now ,i send 7complaint87 to the palace 7or great city7 and you will not hear us4 ,now this 7is7 my message4 ,amanabba is with thee1 ask him3 he has fled17#bgg7 and he will show the evils that are against me4 ,let the ,king hear his servant's message2 and he shall establish his servant's life1 and his servant shall live1 and shall defend the 444 with him40 ,the remainder of the letter is broken4 ,it asks for advice and information1 and for consideration of the memorial4 ,ribadda's letters increase in pathetic eloquence as the great catastrophe approaches4 #ef ,b41 a much-broken letter4 ,they are advancing to take ,gebal4 ,money has been given to a certain chief who has turned against ,ribadda4 #fb ,b41 a mere fragment4 ,the enemy are advancing on ,gebal with the intention of taking it4 #fc ,b4--,this also is much broken4 ,it refers to ,yapaaddu1 to the ,king's ,paka receiving orders1 and to the rulers1 and contains the statement1 8,they have cut off two of my ships1 with my sons 7or men7 and all that was mine40 #hj ,b4 begins with the usual salutation1 and continues3 8,does the ,king my ,lord know8 ,behold the city of ,gebal has gathered1 she has gathered those faithful to the ,king1 and very mighty was the battle of the men of blood against me1 and there is no rest through the city of ,simyra4 7,defeat has not befallen87 the men of blood1 through the ,king's ,paka 7chief71 whom they cast out from the city of ,simyra4 ,the chief city is troubled4 ,now ,pakha7mnata71 the ,king's ,paka1 who 7was7 in the city of ,simyra1 has sent a message--he has failed4 ,sixty minas 7mana77#bgh7 it is that they are asking the city of ,gebal1 from my unhappy land4 ,the battle was waged very mightily against us1 and the ,king is not defended by his fortress40 #ha ,b4--8,to ,rabzabi7#bgi7 444 thus ,ribadda thy son40 ,the letter is much broken4 ,he refers to money1 and asks him to complain to the ,king4 ,he says he is afraid that the freemen are not 7faithful87 to the ,king's governor1 if the broken portion may be so understood4 #hb ,b4--8,to ,ribadda my son thus by letter 7says7 ,king ,rabzabi thy father4 ,may our ,gods prosper thee1 prosper thy fortress4 ,let him ask to know4 ,the sons of our ,lord have spoken accordingly4 ,they have spoken of the strife of the chiefs of the city of ,simyra4 7,he has vanquished my fears87 of being made to perish by the city of ,simyra1 of our perishing by these chiefs2 and lo6 they have allotted decrees1 they are creating a memorial4 ,have ,i not been bent upon the decrees8 and decrees of the ,king have followed4 ,and unless they have destroyed everything1 the ,king makes sure to show them their master4 ,for the ,king is imposing decrees4 ,the decrees of the ,king are saying3 #8,why do ye make a waste land to those who are servants of the ,king8 ,i shall despatch men4 ,i shall send a garrison for the chief city4' ,i am sending the ,king's 444 to you 444 soldiers 444 in 444 ,a gathering they are making of all40 ,in spite of his father's zealous assistance in ,egypt1 this favorable intention came too late4 #gf ,b4--8,from ,riibiddi as a letter to the ,king my ,lord3 beneath the feet of my ,lord seven times and seven times ,i bow4 ,behold my ,lord's message from this 7remnant873 from the lands of the despised1 and from the chief city of fugitives1 they have wandered4 ,to go for us1 accordingly ,i have ordered my ships to go out from shore 7or wall74 ,lo6 ,aziru has fought with me4 ,and all the chiefs of the government gathered1 hardening their hearts4 ,i have gathered to us their ships2 and as they go to us in haste their abodes are deserted1 which are subject 7to7 this ,amorite race2 and they have been suddenly destroyed4 ,i am chosen chief of the chiefs of the government4 ,to me accordingly they have subjected everything2 and they have removed--on account of the success of the chiefs of my enemies--the silver from the palaces1 and all else1 on account of his destructions4 ,but the ,king shall order soldiers for them1 and now ,i shall send to my ,lord for soldiers2 and soldiers of garrison do not thou 4440 ,the letter is much broken here4 ,it refers to the son of ,abdasherah1 and to the chief city of the ,giblites1 to his messenger1 and to there being no news of soldiers coming4 8,you will not 7even7 glance at us 444 and despatch him4 ,the lean soldiers are growling4 #8,when 7is7 the ,king to feed this city8 and he thinks evil of her4' ,speed your chief to 444 her4 ,why is he not ordered from the palace1 being said that soldiers 7are to be7 sent8 ,they have destroyed us1 and they ravage the lands 444 ,i cause to be sent repeatedly2 a message is not returned us for me4 ,they have seized all the lands of the ,king my ,lord2 and my ,lord has said that they are to repent4 ,but now behold the soldiers of the land of the ,hittites have trampled down our papyrus47#bhj7 ,the chief city of ,gebal 7has7 no food4 ,but counsel the city 444 and accordingly ,i will listen4 ,o ,king6 for the ,misi 7,delta7 men--all of them1 you ordered of me presents of the royal gold1 because of the sons of ,abdasherah2 and when you ordered me they were subjecting the sons of ,abdasherah to the ,king2 and so now it is lawful40 #he ,b4--,this is a list of various articles1 with a broken name1 apparently 7,rib7adda's1 at the top1 including perhaps either presents or his own property sent to ,egypt4 ,the tablet is much injured4 ,it appears to mention precious stones and articles of gold1 and includes male and female slaves4 ,yazimi1 8the servant of ,god10 with ,abdaddu1 is mentioned near the end4 #ga ,b4--8,ribadda 444 to the ,king my ,lord 444 at the feet 444 seven times and seven times7#bha7 444 ,i send and ,i repeat 7the message71 and you listen not thereto 444 ,the ,king my ,lord shall hear the message1 and it explains to the ,paur 7magnate7 444 to the ,lords of the ,palace1 because in vain the soldiers of garrison have hasted to him4 ,and you will remember my 444 ,lo6 it is not granted to my sons to take root for me1 as the prophets have perceived of old2 and the race of the foes 7will7 remain4 ,i being asked am going to those who are free1 to ,khamu my son1 and to my younger brother1 who have both left the city of ,gebal4 ,there was good-fortune for the sons of ,abdasherah1 as to the subjugation of the capital city2 behold my brother has commanded1 he went out as my envoy4 ,it is no use3 the soldiers of the garrison failed with him2 and they have defeated me2 and so the evil is done2 and they make me flee from the city3 it is not defended from the power of the enemy4 ,now ,i say do not prevent a descent to the ,lands of ,egypt1 and a settlement4 ,and you will help me very much4 ,my great men consent2 and the ,king my ,lord will consider4 ,lo6 the ,gods of ,gebal 7be with him7 and you will help me very much2 and #8,it is well' they have said3 good are my wishes to the ,gods4 ,so now ,i shall not come down to the presence of the ,king my ,lord4 ,but now my son1 a servant of the ,king my ,lord1 ,i am sending to the presence of the ,king my ,lord1 and the ,king shall hear the desire of his faithful servant1 and appoint us ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati74 ,and request 7has been made7 to the ,king of ,babeli 7,babylon17#bhb7 an ally of ,egypt72 but he 444 no soldiers of his host 444 in her midst4444 ,egyptian soldiers of the ,king my ,lord 444 to come to her4 ,behold the entanglement of the chiefs friendly to my 7throne87 in the midst of the city4 ,a son of one of the chiefs is a friend in her midst4 ,the ,egyptian soldiers are strong2 and they have heard of those who are reaching her2 and the city has remained to the ,king my ,lord2 and the ,king my ,lord knows that it is against him that they have 7cried war874 ,now ,i am going to a town 7that7 ,i defend for my ,lord1 determined in heart1 before the ,king my ,lord1 that the chief city shall not be given to the sons of ,abdasherah4 ,so my brother has fought him3 the city is stubborn against the sons of ,abdasherah4 ,he is not able to leave the town17#bhc7 when there is plenty of silver and gold in her midst in the ,temple of ,gods1 plenty of everything if they take her4 ,o ,king my ,lord what is done to his servant by them is done4 ,but appoint the town of ,buruzizi7#bhd7 for my dwelling4 ,lo6 ,khamu my son 7sets forth87 the request in the presence4 ,behold6 this dwelling of the chief city--the town of ,buruzizi--the sons of ,abdasherah have been afraid to smite4 ,lo6 ,khamu my son is going to the presence3 for the sons of ,abdasherah have pricked against me1 and none remains to mourn1 ,o ,king1 for me4 ,and ,i mourn to the ,king my ,lord4 ,behold the city of ,gebal is a city truly like our eye3 there is plenty of all that is royal in her midst3 the servants of the chief city were at peace1 the chiefs were our well-wishers before time when the ,king's voice was for all4 ,it is the chief city of the land they have wasted for me--and is none of his4 ,will not this desire prevail with the ,king8 ,behold thy servant1 my son1 ,i am despatching to the presence of the ,king my ,lord2 and there shall be ordered him protection of the ,king by soldiers 444 you will come marching to us4 ,for the ,king my ,lord will protect me4 ,and restore thou me to the chief city1 and to my house as of old4 ,o ,king my ,lord 444 of the ,king my ,lord in her midst2 and 444 the city from 7shame87 444 as 444 ,khamu 444 till 444 shall hear 444 their servant 444 to her midst 444 the soldiers 7bitati7 of the ,king my ,lord2 and you will strengthen the soldiers of this place speedily 444 the chief city1 as ,i trust2 and you will march to the city 444 ,lo6 what he is saying in the presence of the ,king cannot it be done8 ,o ,king my ,lord 444 the chief city of a neighbor 7,gur72 and which has been laid low to the demands of those that hate the same 444 it is not just to see what is done to the lands 444 the soldiers of the ,king my ,lord2 and she trusts the ,king my ,lord40 ,this seems to be the last of ,ribadda's fifty letters4 ,there is no mention of any return to ,gebal1 or of victory over the ,amorites4 ,we do not know that he got safe to ,buruzizi1 but can only hope he did4 ,it was too late when his father obtained promise of aid4 ,so energetic a writer would probably have written again if he had been alive to do so4 ,the ,amorite letters had blinded the eyes of ,amenophis so long that their position was secured4 ,as we shall see also1 there were other appeals from every part of the country4 ,,subandi',s ,,letters ,if ,subandi be the ,zabandi of ,ribadda's letter 7#ea ,b471 the following also belong to the ,phnician-,amorite war3 #ch ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun1 the ,sun from heaven1 thus says ,subandi thy servant1 the captain of thy horse3 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord1 the ,sun from heaven1 seven times and seven times is made to bow both the heart and also the body4 ,i hear all the messages of the ,king my ,lord1 the ,sun from heaven1 and now ,i shall guard the land of the ,king that is with me1 and 444 ,i hear 444 exceeding much40 #ci ,b4 ,m4 is an almost identical letter from the same writer4 #dj ,b4 ,m4--,the salutation by ,subandi is the same4 ,the letter is broken4 ,he speaks of a message from the ,king1 and of fighting4 ,he speaks of assisting the ,king's servant and the fortresses1 and mentions the arrival of the ,king as expected1 and the ,kau ,mas4 ,these latter words are evidently ,egyptian1 ,kau meaning 8men0 and ,masa 8infantry40 #aaf ,b4--,the same salutation4 ,it is a short letter acknowledging the receipt of a letter1 and ends by speaking of men of blood1 and that the 8,king knows about his cities40 #aag ,b4--,the same salutation3 8,the ,king my ,lord1 the ,sun from heaven1 has sent ,khanni to me40 ,it is injured1 but seems to refer to 8an hundred oxen and thirty women4 ,for the ,king my ,lord1 the ,sun from heaven1 has instructed40 #aah ,b4--,a similar salutation4 ,he will defend the ,king's land4 87,ask87 the great man if we have not listened to the ,king's ,paka3 now he has been listened to exceeding much--the ,paka of the ,king my ,lord1 ,son of the ,sun from heaven40 #abj ,b41 a short letter from ,subandi1 merely saying that he has received the ,king's message47#bhe7 ,northern ,palestine ,,letters ,,from ,,beirut ,no4 #bf ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,sun my ,god1 to the ,king my ,lord by letter thus ,ammunira1 chief of the city of ,burutu1 thy servant1 the dust of thy feet3 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord my ,sun my ,god--the ,king my ,lord--seven and seven times ,i bow4 ,i hear the messages of 444 of the ,king my ,lord my ,sun my ,god--the ruler of my life1 and they have drawn the heart of thy servant1 and the dust of the feet of the ,king my ,lord my ,sun and my ,god--the ,king my ,lord--exceeding much4 ,sufficient is the order of the ,king my ,lord my ,sun my ,god1 for his servant and the dust of his feet4 ,behold the ,king my ,lord my ,sun has sent to his servant1 and the dust of his feet1 #8,speed to the presence of the ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati7 of the ,king thy ,lord4' ,i listen exceeding much1 and now ,i have sped1 with my horses1 and with my chariots1 and with all who march with the servant of the ,king my ,lord1 to meet the ,egyptian soldiers of the ,king my ,lord4 ,and art not thou confident of the event8 ,the breast of the enemies of the ,king my ,lord my ,sun my ,god shall be troubled4 ,and shall not the eyes of thy servant behold this1 through the mastery of the ,king my ,lord2 and the ,king my ,lord my ,sun my ,god1 the ,king my ,lord1 shall see4 ,thou increasest the favors of thy servant4 ,now as to the servant of the ,king my ,lord1 and the footstool of his feet1 now let him fortify the city of the ,king my ,lord my ,sun--the ruler of my life1 and her gardens 7that is to say the mulberries717#bhf7 till the eyes behold the ,egyptian soldiers of the ,king my ,lord1 and 444 the servant of the ,king ,i proclaim0 7or predict74 #bg ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king 444 my ,lord thus says ,ammunira thy servant1 the dust of thy feet4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord seven and seven times ,i bow4 ,i hear the message of the letter1 and what is thereby commanded to me ,o ,king my ,lord4 ,and ,i hear 7the precept87 of the message of the scribe of my ,lord1 and my heart is eager1 and my eyes are enlightened exceedingly4 ,now ,i have watched much1 and have caused the city of ,burutu to be fortified for the ,king my ,lord1 until the coming of the ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati7 of the ,king my ,lord4 ,as to the chief of the city of ,gebal who is in trouble together with me1 now they defend him till there shall be counsel of the ,king to his servant4 ,the ,king my ,lord is shown the grief of one's brother1 which troubles us both4 ,from the city of ,gebal1 lo6 the sons of ,ribaadda who is in trouble with me1 are subjected to chiefs who are sinners to the ,king1 who 7are7 from the land of the ,amorites4 ,now ,i have caused them to haste with my horses and with my chariots and with all who are with me1 to meet the soldiers 7bitati7 of the ,king my ,lord4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord seven and seven times ,i bow40 ,ammunira was ,ribadda's friend 7see #af ,b4 ,m471 and his letter agrees with ,ribadda's3 clearly1 therefore1 the seizure of ,ribadda's sons comes historically before the loss of ,beirt1 ,mearah1 and ,sidon 7#ed ,b41 #ge ,b474 ,,letter ,,from ,,sidon #ij ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun--the ,king my ,lord7#bhg7--;by letter thus ,zimridi1 the ,governor of the city of ,sidon 7,ziduna73 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun--the ,king my ,lord--seven times and seven times ,i bow4 ,does not the ,king my ,lord know8 ,lo6 the city of ,sidon has gathered4 ,i am gathering1 ,o ,king my ,lord1 all who are faithful to my hands 7power74 ,and lo6 ,i hear the message of the ,king my ,lord4 ,behold1 he causes it to be sent to his servant1 and my heart rejoices1 and my head is raised1 and my eyes are enlightened2 my ears hear the message of the ,king my ,lord2 and know ,o ,king ,i have proclaimed in presence of the ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati7 of the ,king my ,lord1 ,i have proclaimed all1 as the ,king my ,lord has spoken2 and know ,o ,king my ,lord lo6 mighty has been the battle against me3 all 444 who are faithful to the ,king in 444 it has come to pass1 and the chiefs 444 sons1 and are faithful to the ,king 444 and her chief who goes out in the presence of the ,king's ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati74 ,the greatest of the fortresses deserts to the enemies3 which has gone well for the men of blood1 and they are gaining them from my hands1 and my destruction is before me4 ,o ,king my ,lord as said the chiefs who are my foes have done40 ,from the letters of the ,king of ,tyre which follow 7#ii ,b4 and #bh-ca ,b4 ,m47 we see that ,zimridi was a weak ruler4 ,his own letter agrees with one from ,ribadda 7#ed ,b47 as showing that ,sidon fell by treachery1 not by war4 ,,letters ,,from ,,tyre ,these appear to begin early1 before the appearance of ,aziru1 and show that the rivalry of ,tyre and ,sidon was of early origin4 ,none of the letters mention ,tyre except those written by her ,king4 #ii ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun thus 7says7 ,abimelec7#bhh7 thy servant3 seven and seven 7times7 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord 7,i bow74 ,the ,king my ,lord sends 7to ask7 if ,i have finished what is doing with me4 ,i present to the ,king my ,lord #ajj ornaments 7or #8crowns1' perhaps #8shekels'--tacilal72 and let the ,king my ,lord give his countenance to his servant1 and let him give the city ,huzu7#bhi7 to his servant--a fountain to supply water for his drinking3 let the ,king my ,lord grant 7a chief a subject877#bij7 to guard his town2 and let me plead1 and let the face of the ,king my ,lord regard my explanation before the ,king my ,lord4 ,as said behold let the ,king my ,lord confide in me to defend his city4 ,lo6 the ,king of the city of ,sidon is taking the people who are my subjects--a chief who is my inferior 7or foe74 ,let the ,king give his countenance to his servant1 and let him order his ,paka 7chief71 and let him give the city of ,huzu for waters to his servant1 to take trees for our use for the dwellings4 ,lo6 he has made war3 nothing is left4 ,in vain have they threshed corn if the ,king of ,sidon despoils the ,king's land4 ,the ,king of the city of ,khazura 7,hazor77#bia7 is leaving his city1 and goes out with men of blood4 ,let the ,king show their borders to the hostile 7or inferior7 chiefs4 ,the ,king's land is vexed by men of blood4 ,let the ,king send his ,paka 7chief7 who is in our land40 #bi ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord1 my ,god1 my ,sun thus 7says7 ,abimelec thy servant3 seven and seven 7times7 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord ,i bow4 ,i 7am7 the dust beneath the shoes of the ,king my ,lord my master--the ,sun-,god who comes forth in presence of the world from day to day1 as the manifestation of the ,sun-,god his gracious father3 who gives life by his good word1 and gives light to what is obscure3 who frees all lands from dissensions by just rule of a free country2 who gives this his compassion from heaven1 like the ,god ,adonis1 and causes all lands to rest through his mercy4 ,this is the message of a servant to his ,lord4 ,lo6 ,i hear the gracious messenger of the ,king who reaches his servant1 and the good utterance which comes from the hands of the ,king my ,lord for his servant2 and the utterance it makes clear1 since the arrival of the messenger of the ,king my ,lord4 ,does not he make it clear8--the utterance is clear4 ,the lands of my fathers behold it records4 ,lo6 the utterance of the ,king comes to me1 and ,i rejoice exceedingly and 7my heart has risen87 from day to day because the land is not 444 ,behold ,i heard the gracious messenger from my ,lord1 and all my land has been afraid as to my ,lord's countenance4 ,lo6 ,i heard the good utterance2 and the gracious messenger who reaches me1 behold he said1 ,o ,king my ,lord1 that the region 7is7 to be established by the presence of many soldiers2 and the servant says for his ,lord that my plain is my land over against my highlands1 over against the plain of my cities4 ,he has borne the order of the ,king my ,lord listening to the ,king his ,lord1 and has served him 7in his integrity871 and the ,sun-,god he has proclaimed before him2 and he makes clear the good utterance from the hands of his ,lord1 and does he not listen to the order of his ,lord8 ,the portion of his town his ,lord has divided4 ,his word none shall overthrow in all the lands forever4 ,behold 7this is7 the duty that he heard from his ,lord4 ,his city will rest1 will rest from overthrowing his utterance for all time4 ,thou art the ,sun-,god whom he has proclaimed before him2 and the decision which shall set at rest is lasting for one4 ,and because she judges that the ,king my ,lord is just our land obeys--the land that ,i am given4 ,this ,abimelec says to the ,sun-,god4 ,my ,lord ,i am given what appears before the ,king my ,lord4 ,and now the city ,zarbitu7#bib7;is to be guarded by the city of ,tyre 7,tsuru7 for the ,king my ,lord40 #ca ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king the ,sun 444 thus says ,abimel7ec7 444 seven times and seven times at the feet 444 ,i am the dust from 444 below 444 and the ,king the ,sun forever 444 ,the ,king spoke to his servant 7and7 to his servant my comrade3 he has granted that extension be given1 and as to waters for 7his servant's7 drinking ,and they did not as the ,king my ,lord has said2 and we arrive at no fulfilment4 ,and let the ,king counsel his servant my comrade4 ,he has granted that the waters be given1 because of the abundance there to drink4 ,my ,lord the ,king1 behold1 there is no one to tend my trees1 no one 7to tend7 my waters1 no one to make 444 ,let the ,king my ,lord know40 ,the next lines are much broken1 and the letter then continues3 8444 ,as the ,king has said4 ,and let the ,king assign to his servant and to the city of ,tyre 7,tsuru7 the city that my comrade has given1 and what the order lays down on the side of the ,king for his servant1 which the ,king made an order 7less than a year ago874 ,the ,king is the eternal ,sun-,god1 and to his faithful servant the ,king my ,lord shall 444 for guardians of the town that my comrade has granted4 ,my requests as to this town 444 ,moreover1 my ,lord 444 soldiers against me 444 to my desire 444 ,king 444 ,lo6 his heart is evil 444 ,king my ,lord2 and he turns away from my wish2 and ,o ,king my ,lord 7thou knowest the hearts of all those in the land871 and let the ,king give his countenance to his servant2 and to the city of ,tyre the town that my comrade has granted 7is7 to be given 444 waters for 7irrigation874 ,moreover1 my ,lord 444 ,let the ,king ask his ,paka4 ,lo6 the chief of the city of ,zar7epta7 has followed the city of ,simyra 7with7 a ship4 ,i am marching1 and the chief of the city of ,sidon marches out2 and as for me he has marched with all 444 and let the ,king counsel his servant 4440 #cj ,b4 ,m4--,abimelec begins with his ordinary salutation4 8,thus far ,i defend the ,king's city which he confides to my hands very much4 ,my intention 7has been7 to walk in sight of the face of the ,king my ,lord1 and not to take by force from the hands of ,zimridi of the city of ,sidon4 ,lo6 ,i hear me that he will strive1 and has made war with me4 ,let the ,king my ,lord send down to me 444 chiefs for guards of the city of the ,king my ,lord2 and let me strive 7or plead7 for the dwellings of the ,king my ,lord1 with those who deceive his gracious countenance4 ,i set my face to 7encourage87 the region of those who are peaceful with the ,king my ,lord2 and let the ,king my ,lord ask his ,paka 7chief74 ,lo6 ,i set my face 7or1 confirm my intention7 forever1 ,o ,king my ,lord4 ,now a messenger ,i am despatching to 444 of the ,king my ,lord1 and 444 the ,king my ,lord the messenger 444 444 his letter 444 and may it be the means of 444 the ,king my ,lord 444 7that7 he sets his face 444 forever to 444 the face of the ,king my ,lord4 ,his servant will not let slip 444 from 7his7 hands 444 ,let the ,king my ,lord give his countenance 444 and 7he7 shall 444 waters for the drawing 444 and woods for his servant4444 ,know ,o ,king my ,lord behold they are plucking the fruit that we left4 ,there are no waters and no woods for us4 ,now ,elisaru the messenger to the presence of the ,king my ,lord has hasted1 and ,i have made bold to present five precious things of copper1 this agate1 one throne of gold4 ,the ,king my ,lord sends to me 7saying7 #8,send to me all you hear from the land of ,canaan' 7,cina'ana74 ,the ,king of ,danuna7#bic7 has been destroyed1 and his brother is ruling after him1 and his land has broken out1 and they have seized the ,king of the town of ,hugarit17#bid7 and mighty is the slaughter that follows him4 ,he is strong1 and none are saved from him1 nor any from the chiefs of the army of the land of the ,hittites4 ,the proud ,edagama7#bie7 of the city ,ciidzi 7,kadesh on ,orontes1 the capital of the ,southern ,hittites1 now ,kades7 and ,aziru have fought--they have fought with ,neboyapiza2 they have come to the regions of ,zimridi4 ,lo6 he gathers ships of soldiers against me from the fortresses of ,aziru4 ,and lo6 they have grievously opposed my ,lord's subjects1 and all will break out4 ,let the ,king give countenance to his servant1 and let him leap forth to go out a conqueror0 7or 8to the region074 #bh ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,sun my ,god thus 7says7 ,abimelec thy servant2 seven and seven 7times7 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord ,i bow4 ,i am the dust beneath the feet4 ,consider me ,o ,king my ,lord4 ,the ,king my ,lord 7is7 like the ,sun2 like the air god 7or ,adonis7 in heaven art thou4 ,let the ,king advise his servant3 the ,king my ,lord confides in me4 ,i watch the city of ,tyre the handmaid of the ,king4 ,and ,i send a hasty letter to the ,king my ,lord1 and no order does he return to me4 ,i am the ,paka7#bif7 7chief7 of the ,king my ,lord1 and ,i have diligently followed what was ordered4 ,but as to our silence to the ,king my ,lord let the ,king be assured4 ,as a subject ,i guard his city4 ,and let me plead 7or strive7 before the ,king my ,lord1 and let him see his face4 ,who shall preserve one born a subject8 ,lo there has gone forth no command from the hands of the ,king his ,lord2 and he may not know when the ,king sends to his servant4 ,he may never know4 ,as for me 4440 ,the letter is here too broken to read consecutively4 ,it refers to the 8west10 and apparently to 8burning10 to ,aziru1 and to someone1 perhaps a king's messenger1 called ,khabi4 ,the letter becomes readable on the back of the tablet4 8444 by ,elisaru the messenger it is confirmed that the city of ,simyra is ,aziru's4 ,and is not the ,king nourished by his city of ,tyre1 by his country8 ,lo6 if ,i shall be destroyed the ,king is destroyed4 ,but thus his fortress has been wasted1 and there has been great fear1 and all the lands have feared2 for he has not walked after 7i4e41 obeyed7 the ,king my ,lord4 ,o ,king know3 desolation has remained with me--with the ,paka in the city of ,tyre4 ,zimridi is gone to the city ,irib47#big7 ,he has escaped from slavery2 and there is no water or wood for us2 and alas6 there is none remaining to stand up for me4 ,the chief is helpless4 ,and let the ,king my ,lord advise his servant by a letter he sends to me1 whom you thus hear4 ,and ,zimrida of the city of ,sidon has sent to the ,king1 and ,aziru is a man sinful against the ,king1 and the chiefs of the city ,arda 7,arvad7 destroy me17#bih7 and 7everything is altered87 through their ravages2 and they will gather their ships1 their chariots1 their foot soldiers1 to seize the city of ,tyre the ,king's handmaid4 ,she has been very constant to the ,king's hand1 and the city of ,tyre has been crushed by them4 ,were they not violent in taking the city of ,simyra8 ,they took from the hands of ,zimrida him who bore the ,king's order to ,aziru2 and ,i sent a letter to the ,king my ,lord1 and he returns me not an order for his servant4 ,they have fought 7for a long time87 against me4 ,there are no waters7#bii7 and no trees4 ,let there be ordered a letter for his servant1 and let me plead1 and let me see his face1 and the ,king 444 to his servant1 and to his city1 and not 444 his city and his land4 ,why do they 444 the ,king our ,lord from the land1 and 444 and he has known that ,i honor the ,king's power1 who 444 no 444 to my letter--a subject before the ,king my ,sun1 my ,lord2 and let the ,king answer his servant40 ,,letters ,,from ,,accho #ic ,b4--,surata1 chief of ,acca1 sends the usual formula of compliment1 and continues3 8,what chief is there who when the ,king his ,lord sends to him will not hear8 ,as this is sent out by desire of the ,sun-,god from heaven1 so now it is promised him40 #cb ,b4 ,m41 a short letter from ,zitatna1 of ,accho1 merely says that he bows seven times and seven times at the ,king's feet4 #id ,b41 another short letter by the same1 states that he listens to the ,king's wishes4 #ie ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my 444 the ,sun from heaven thus says ,zatatna chief of the city of ,acca1 thy servant1 the ,king's servant1 and the dust at the feet trampled under the feet of the ,king my ,lord--the ,sun-,god from heaven3 seven times and seven times he bows both heart and body4 ,the ,king my ,lord shall hear the message of his servant2 the woman my wife 444 ,he has left from 444 ,neboyapiza 444 with ,suta 444 of the ,king1 in the city of ,acca 444 to say anything 444 him4 ,she has urged 7that7 soldiers of the ,king my ,lord shall go out with her from the city ,magid 444 ,no word is mentioned as to him or explanation before me2 and now we two are sending4 ,my reason 7is7 to assure her--,ziza the woman my wife--as to ,neboyapiza1 and she has not slept because of him4 ,behold the city of ,acca like the city of ,makdani7#cjj7 7is7 with the ,land of ,egypt1 and the ,king will not refuse 444 and will send 444 before me1 and is it not that the ,king my ,lord 444 his ,paka1 and let him empower him40 ,,letters ,,from ,,hazor #dh ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord by letter thus says ,iebaenu 7,jabin7 chief of the city ,khazura 7,hazor7 thy servant4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord ,i bow1 who behold am one of the faithful servants of the ,king my ,lord2 and all those who guard the city of ,hazor7#cja7 with her fortresses belonging to the ,king my ,lord2 and let him expect this4 ,let him recall to the ,king my ,lord all that the city ,hazor--thy city1 and thy servant is made to suffer40 #dg ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord thus 7says7 the ,king of the city of ,hazor3 ,i bow at the feet of my ,lord4 ,lo6 ,i am guarding the fortresses belonging to the ,king my ,lord1 until the arrival of my ,lord my ,god2 and lo6 ,i hear all these messages1 and ,i am departing ,o ,sun-,god my ,god 444 and ,i am being brought low3 the 444 that they have taken is increased1 and the ,gods have nodded to his revolt over me1 and now ,i am causing all to be despatched till the coming of the ,king my ,lord4 ,behold this1 lo6 they come 444 your envoy 444 very much 444 my ,lord 444 safety 444 the city of ,hazor 444 when the land 444 and all 444 ,lo 444 ,moreover behold 444 and my place 444 with soldiers40 ,unfortunately ,king ,jabin does not mention the nationality of the enemy4 ,from the ,tyre letters he seems to have been an enemy of the ,phnicians1 being perhaps on the side of ,aziru2 but the date of the present letters is not fixed by any reference to persons mentioned in the other letters4 ,it is quite possible that the ,hebrews1 and not the ,hittites1 were his foes1 since the ,hebrew conquest took place in the lifetime of ,yankhamu and ,suta1 who are noticed in the northern letters also4 ,if he was a friend of ,aziru's1 the enemy1 though enemies of ,egypt1 could not well have been ,hittites or ,amorites2 and the name of the ,king is that of ,joshua's enemy1 ,jabin of ,hazor4 ,it is clear that the ,egyptians1 though expected1 were not in ,hazor at the time4 ,the kings of ,hazor ruled lower ,galilee1 where they had a force of chariots a century later4 ,in ,joshua's time 7,josh4 xi47 there were also many chariots in and near ,hazor4 ,it is remarkable that none of the letters from ,tell ,amarna refer to central ,palestine4 ,there is no mention of any town in lower ,galilee or in ,samaria1 except ,zabuba and ,megiddo4 ,taanach1 ,shechem1 ,jezreel1 ,dothan1 ,bethel1 and other such places are unnoticed1 as well as ,heshbon1 ,medeba1 ,rabbath-,ammon1 ,ramoth ,gilead1 and other places in ,moab and ,gilead4 ,the ,egyptians probably had no stations in these wild mountains1 where their chariots could not pass4 ,the ,egyptian traveller mentions no town between ,megiddo and ,joppa in the time of ,rameses ,,ii1 and no towns in the regions of ,samaria or ,gilead or ,moab occur in the list of places taken by ,thothmes ,,iii2 nor were there any stations in the ,hebron mountains47#cjb7 ,on the other hand1 many places in ,sharon and ,philistia1 and in the lower hills to the east1 and in the ,negeb hills south of ,hebron1 were conquered by the last-mentioned king1 and are again mentioned by the traveller of the time of ,rameses ,,ii1 and these occur in the present letters4 ,we are thus at once transported to the south of the country4 ,southern ,palestine ,,letters ,,from ,,joppa ,no4 #eg ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,lord of ,hosts1 by letter thus 7says7 ,yabitiri 7,abiathar87 thy servant1 the dust of the feet of the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,lord of ,hosts4 ,seven times and seven times ,i bow4 ,as thou seest ,i am among the faithful servants of the ,king my ,lord4 ,i am arraying4 ,but if ,i am arraying has not he been furious8 and ,i am arraying before the ,king2 and he has been furious4 ,shall the brick 7letter7 hide it under deceptions8 ,but ,i will not conceal under deep sayings 7emiki7 to the ,king my ,lord4 ,and the ,king my ,lord shall ask ,yankhamu his ,paka4 ,lo6 ,i am a warrior1 and ,i am casting down the rebellion1 ,o ,king my ,lord1 and ,i am sending out from the pass belonging to the ,king my ,lord4 ,and let the ,king my ,lord ask his ,paka 7#8head man'74 ,lo6 ,i am defending the pass 7or great gate7 of the city of ',azati 7,gaza7 and the passage of the city of ,yapu 7,joppa71 and ,i myself and the soldiers 7bitati7 of the ,king my ,lord have marched to the lands4 ,i myself 7am7 with them1 and now1 and lo6 now1 ,i myself 7am7 with them4 ,the yoke of the ,king my ,lord 7is7 on my neck and ,i will bear it40 #ga ,b4 ,m4--,the usual salutation from a servant of the ,king1 whose name is broken1 but reads ,mus 444 ni4 8,i hear the messages of the ,king my ,lord which he sends to his servant1 hearing what is spoken by thy chief 7,ka71 and 7it is7 #8,strengthen thou the fortresses of the ,king thy ,lord which are with thee4' ,now they have minded the message of the ,king my ,lord to me1 and the ,king my ,lord learns of his servant4 ,now ,biia the son of the woman ,gulata7#cjc7 was my 444 of my brethren whom ,i am despatching to go down from the city ,yapu 7,joppa71 and to be the defenders of the messengers returning to the ,king my ,lord2 and now ,biia is the son of ,gulata1 he took them2 and the ,king my ,lord shall learn this message of his servant4 ,thus since the ,king my ,lord said to me1 #8,make him leave thy city1 on the appearance of ,biia4' ,he also indeed is made to leave2 and both go1 and indeed both are sent down ,o ,king my ,lord day and night till they reach the place40 ,joppa is not mentioned in the history of ,joshua's wars in the south1 but the 8border before 7east of7 ,japho0 is noticed in the later topographical charter 7,josh4 xix4 #df74 ,,letters ,,from ,,ascalon #abi ,b4--8,to the ,great ,king my ,lord ,dagantacala7#cjd7 thy servant speaks4 ,seven times and seven times at the feet of the ,great ,king my ,lord ,i bow4 ,and now behold ,dagantacala is thy servant ,o ,great ,king my ,lord4 ,he hears carefully the message of the ,great ,king his ,lord 444 like my fathers1 7and7 what my fathers have not done for the ,great ,king ,i have done for the ,great ,king my ,lord4 ,and the ,great ,king my ,lord says to me1 #8,listen thou for us to the head man 7,ka7 thy governor4'7#cje7 ,i hear this carefully as to the chief governor1 and the ruler knows it40 #gd ,b4 ,m4--,this begins with the same salutation from ,dagantacala1 and continues3 8,redeem me from the strong foes1 from the hands of men of blood4 ,the chiefs are hiding and the chiefs are flying1 and redeem thou me ,o ,great ,king my ,lord4 ,and the son of a dog has 444 ,but thou 7art7 the ,great ,king my ,lord4 ,come down redeem me1 and ,i shall rejoice because of the ,great ,king my ,lord40 #aah ,b4--,from ,yadaya of ,ascalon1 a captain of the horse of the 8,king--the ,sun from ,heaven40 ,the usual salutation is much broken4 ,the letter continues3 8,now ,i shall defend the places of the ,king that are with me4 ,the strong chiefs who are not foes of the ,law 7or throne7 have cherished greatly the ,king's ,paka4 ,now both they and ,i listen to him very exceedingly--to the ,paka of the ,king my ,lord the ,son of the ,sun from the heavens40 #aai ,b4--,from the same ,yadaya1 chief of the city of ,ascalon1 with the usual salutation4 ,he is a captain of the horse and the dust of the ,king's feet4 ,he continues3 8,the trusty adherent--the chief of the ,king my ,lord1 who is sent by the ,king my ,lord--the ,sun from heaven--to me1 ,i listen exceeding much to his messages2 now ,i will defend the ,king's land which is with me40 #aba ,b4--,from the same writer1 with the same salutations4 8,now the ,king's land which is with me is defended1 and all that the ,king has sent to me they hear4 ,the decree is very powerful4 ,who am ,i but a dog1 and shall such a one not listen to the message of the ,king his ,lord1 the ,son of the ,sun80 #abb ,b4--,from ,yadia1 the captain of the horse1 with the usual salutation2 it continues3 8,now they guard 444 my4 ,may the ,gods of the ,king my ,lord grant to all his lands not to be confounded4 ,i hear the message of the ,king my ,lord to his ,paka4 ,lo6 without resting he has caused the land of the ,king my ,lord to be defended2 and now establish ,o ,king my ,lord one who is in favor in the sight of the ,paka of the ,king my ,lord1 who is mighty in the sight of the ,king my ,lord4 ,he will work with joy to 444 whatever is 7proclaimed87 by desire of the ,king my ,lord4 ,now he will watch the land carefully40 #ed ,b4 ,m4--,from the same ,yadaya1 captain of the horse1 with the usual salutation2 it continues3 8,now 7they watch for a message87 of the ,king my ,lord the ,son of the ,sun4 ,and now ,i am sending drink1 oil1 sheep1 oxen1 beasts1 to meet the soldiers of the ,king my ,lord 444 with all for the soldiers of the ,king my ,lord4 ,who am ,i--a dog1 and shall such a one not hear the messages of the ,king my ,lord the ,son of the ,sun80 #ec ,b4 ,m4--,the same salutation from ,yadaya1 captain of horse and 8dust of the ,king's feet40 8,now they guard the land of the ,king my ,lord1 and the ,king's chief city1 as has asked the ,king my ,lord--the ,sun from ,heaven4 ,behold what the ,king my ,lord has said to his servant--to take arms3 ,i am now sending to the ,king my ,lord thirty bands to carry weapons4 ,moreover1 who am ,i but a dog1 and shall such a one not hear the message of the ,king my ,lord the ,sun from ,heaven8 the ,sun--,son of the ,sun whom you adore40 #eb ,b4 ,m4 is very similar to #ed ,b4 ,m4 ,yadia watches the land and the city1 and is a dog unworthy to hear the ,king's message2 he sends drink 7beer1 according to one value of the sign--and the ,egyptians drank beer77#cjf7 and oxen1 and beasts1 and 7beans871 and all that the ,king requires for the soldiers4 ,it is to be remarked that ,ascalon was not among the cities that ,joshua took1 but we learn that the region submitted to the ,hebrews 7,b4 #ajc7 and ,ascalon was lost before #acfj ,b4,c4 ,,letters ,,from ,,makkedah ,these letters appear to be early4 ,they have been supposed to come from ,megiddo1 but the topography 7#aaa ,b4 and #gb ,b4 ,m47 cannot be reconciled with the latter1 and applied exactly to the former town 7now ,el ,mughr72 in addition to which ,megiddo appears as ,makdani in the letter from ,accho 7#ie ,b474 #aac ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord 444 and my ,sun by letter thus 7says7 ,biridi a faithful servant1 that ,i bow at the feet of the ,king my ,lord and my ,sun and my ,god1 seven times and seven times4 ,i have heard 7literally1 the servant has heard7 the messages of the ,king my ,lord and my ,sun1 and now they guard the city of ,makidah1 the chief city of the ,king my ,lord40 ,the text is broken1 but seems to read probably 8without rest1 and is set right 444 without rest they watch with chariots1 and they guard with chariots of the ,king my ,lord1 from those who do injury4 ,and now behold a battle of chiefs in 7or from7 the land 7below ,mizpah8747#cjg7 ,the ,king is my ,lord for his land40 #aad ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord and my ,sun by letter thus 7says7 ,biridia1 ,chief of the city ,makidda1 a faithful servant of the ,king4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord and my ,sun seven times and seven times prostrated4 ,i have been obedient then1 zealous for the ,king 444 thirty oxen 444 they have gathered1 and ,i 7too7 to fight40 #aae ,b4--,biridia sends the usual salutation without mentioning his city4 ,the text is rather worn and broken1 but may be read as follows3 8,let the ,king my ,lord know this4 ,lo6 since the ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati7 have gone down 7or away7 ,labaya makes war against me and 7without cause87 coming angrily and 7without cause874 ,thereupon the entrance 7of gate7 has been closed through the appearance of ,labaya4 ,behold learn this1 and there are no men of the ,egyptian soldiers with us4 ,so now it is desired to see them sent into the city of ,magiid7da7 and let the ,king see accordingly whether 7it is to be7 done4 ,let not ,labaya seize the city4 ,if there is no word the city will open its gates4 7,for two years87 he rebels2 and will not the ,king grant this also--chiefs of his guard as defenders of his chief city4 ,let not ,labaya take her1 though those who have fled from ,labaya have failed in this4 ,moreover those who disgraced the city ,ma 444 are slain40 #aab ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord and my ,sun thus ,labaya thy servant1 and the dust of thy feet4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord and my ,sun seven times seven times ,i bow4 ,i have heard the message which the ,king sent to me2 and who am ,i8 and the ,king will afflict his country before me4 7,i swear87 ,i am myself a faithful servant1 and ,i have not sinned1 and ,i have not murmured at my tribute1 and ,i have not murmured at the wishes of my friends 7or subjects74 ,lo6 this province my destroyers eat up1 and ,i have had no food4 ,the ,king my ,lord 7says7 it is my fault4 ,once more he makes it my fault4 ,lo6 ,i strive with the city ,gezer 7,gazri77#cjh7 and ,i complain of the young men4 ,the ,king one hears will march4 ,i restrained the band of ,milcilu and my band desirous to fight4 ,the quarrel of ,milcilu against me is relinquished2 as to ,ben ,zachariah the ,king has sent not to attack4 ,lo6 ,ben ,zachariah with men of blood was known to us to march1 and ,i marched1 and we are conquering him4 ,he gives up ,abukasu4 ,once more he has made peace4 ,the ,king has sent to my band 7saying7 #8,i order peace4' ,i am desirous of peace1 since the ,king has sent to me4 ,stay thy sword1 ponder in thy heart1 and is the peace hollow4 ,nay1 the ,king's messages have been done40 #ei ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord and my ,sun and my ,god thus ,yasdata a faithful servant to the ,king1 and 7he is7 dust of the ,king's feet4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord and ,sun and my ,god seven times and seven times ,i bow4 ,let the ,king my ,lord know this4 ,lo6 all whatsoever things the ,king my ,lord judges for his servant 444 him 444 the chiefs of the city of ,tabu7#cji7 have slain a hundred of my oxen1 and they have wasted me4 ,and with ,biridia ,i have caused 7men7 to go forth4 ,let the ,king my ,lord know this as to his servant40 ,this letter shows that the writer lived near ,biridia1 who was attacked by ,labaya1 and that the ,hebron hills were inhabited by marauders4 #gb ,b4 ,m4--8,lo6 a letter as to destruction of my brethren because of what the ,gods of the ,king our ,lord have done4 ,and the people of ,labaya are conquered2 and so we have ordered ,khaia7#caj7 that this be borne by him to the ,king our ,lord4 ,and a 7company87 of my horse was placed1 and the people are sent out after him1 and he rides with ,yasdata also till ,i come4 ,and he is gone away to smite him1 and now ,yasdata is thy servant1 and he strives mightily with me in battle array1 and has not he 444 the rule of the ,king my ,lord1 and let there be 444 to the ,king my ,lord 444 and ,zurata is stopping the way of ,labaya from the city ,makidda4 ,and he asked me to gather ships--my fleet1 and it will go straight to inform the ,king2 and ,zurata marches on him and hinders him2 from the city of ',anana which is his4 ,zurata is damming the marshes4 ,they have contrived a stoppage of the head 7waters7 from his drinking4 ,behold what thus ,i have done for the ,king my ,lord4 ,lo6 possession is possible for me1 but it is difficult4 ,my brethren 7have become few87 but ,zurata delays ,labaya1 and ,zurata hinders ,addumemur from them4 ,and does not the ,king my ,lord know this80 ,this letter 7confirmed by #aed ,b47 shows that a town near the sea1 not like ,megiddo1 inland1 is intended4 ,labaya had apparently taken ,makkedah from ,biridia1 who had been afraid of it 7#aae ,b474 ,the writer of the present letter was probably ,biridia and he was perhaps blockading the province by sea on the west1 while ,yasdata1 who was on the east 7which agrees with #ei ,b4 ,m471 blocked up the stream near ',anana4 ,this site would be the ,enam of the ,bible 7,josh4 xv4 #cd71 which is thus fixed at the ruin of ,kefr ',ain1 by the numerous head springs which feed the river ,rubn1 which passes close to ,makkedah on the south4 ,the marshes here between the hills would easily be dammed1 and the water supply of ,makkedah 7el ,mughr7 so cut off4 ,makkedah is close to the only stream of perennial water south of ,joppa1 and stands high on a cliff1 not far from the sea4 ,it is in the centre of the province1 the boundaries of which ,labaya's sons describe 7#aed ,b474 #adi ,b4--87,to the7 ,king my ,lord thus 7says7 ,addu7urbilu7 thy servant at the feet of my ,lord ,i bow--to the ,king my ,lord4 ,and know thou1 behold ,i have raised my 444 what ,i desire as to ,milcilu4 ,lo6 my chiefs are going against his servants4 ,as to ,takanu a chief will march out to subject his servants for me47#caa7 ,and ,i have requited to this slave what they did to us40 ,the letter then becomes broken1 but refers to ,milcilu1 who was the ,king of ,gezer4 ,takanu 7or ,tagi7 is mentioned again in connection with ,givti 7,b4 #aii74 #fa ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king 7my master87 by letter thus 7says7 ,labaya thy servant4 ,i bow at the feet of the ,king my ,lord4 ,lo6 a message as to me4 ,strong were the chiefs who have taken the city4 ,as when a snake coils round one1 the chiefs1 by fighting1 have taken the city4 ,they hurt the innocent1 and outrage the orphan4 ,the chief man is with me4 ,they have taken the city 7and he receives sustenance874 ,my destroyers exult in the face of the ,king my ,lord4 ,he is left like the ant whose home is destroyed4 ,you 7will be displeased871 but ,i have extended to the hand of her chief that which is asked of him3 like me he is ruined and unfortunate2 and this same taking of my city had been stopped if you had spoken against it4 ,this wickedness 7or foolishness7 you caused1 and thou hast destroyed thy city4 ,they have desired to throttle 7or persecute7 us--the chiefs who have taken the city from him4 ,it is the city of my fathers also 7that7 they persecute40 #aed ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord by letter thus 7says7 ,addurbilu thy servant1 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord seven times and seven times ,i bow4 ,the ,king my ,lord will know the hate which is desired by the son of the sinful chief who hated me--the second son of ,labaya4 ,his face is estranged4 ,i foresee estrangement of the land of the ,king my ,lord4 ,he has plotted as plotted 7against me87 the chief who was his father2 and the ,king my ,lord shall know it4 ,lo6 he has built a fort 444 against me4 ,the second son of ,labaya 7says7 #8,why has a vain papyrus7#cab7 taken from us the lowlands of the ,gitties8 444 thy ,lord1 ,o city of those who besieged the chief our father4' ,as ,i am saying speaks to us the second son of ,labaya4 ,he has made war for me with the chiefs of the ,land of ,gina 7causing a chief our friend to be slain874 ,and when 7there was7 a battle he has not been confounded1 and the fight was great1 but he has made it his dwelling1 bereaving me in the sight of the ,king my ,lord3 for he has made war in 444 of ,gina 7with87 the servants of the ,king my ,lord4 ,and truly alone of the chiefs exceeding strong 7is7 ,biruyapiza47#cac7 7,and thou shalt hear87 what is said as to him40 ,the text becomes broken1 but still refers to the doings of the second son of ,labaya1 and continues with an important passage on the back of the tablet3 8,and as ,i say speaks to us the second son of ,labaya who is making war4 #8,as to our possessions from the ,king thy ,lord1 lo6 this is the boundary3 over against the city of ,sunasu and over against the city ,burku and over against the city ,kharabu4 ,and behold the boundary of the dwelling of my race4 ,so it was defined by our ,lord2 and it includes the city of ,giti ,rimuna 7,gath ,rimmon74 ,and the ,king thy ,lord is 7breaking the bond of our444874' ,and ,i answered him4 ,it is known that he deprives me of it in sight of the ,king my ,lord4 ,because of his making wars with the ,king my ,lord--my ,king my ,lord--,i and my brethren have gone down as you heard of us by me4 ,and did not the messenger of ,milcilu speak to him before the face of the second son of ,labaya8 ,it was made complete4 ,i foresee estrangement of the land of the ,king my ,lord4 ,they disturb a peaceful region1 and in vain ,i repeat the letter about me4 ,the guard of my ,lord 444 to go down1 and the ,king my ,lord shall hear what the message says40 ,this letter settles the site of ,gath ,rimmon 7the full name of ,gath1 so called as standing on a height7--now ,tell es ,sfi4 ,the land of ,gina was near the present ,umm ,jna--probably ,engannim of ,judah 7,josh4 xv4 #cd7--;in the low hills about six miles to the northeast4 ,sunasu is ,sanasin1 a ruin in the hills east of the ,valley of ,elah4 ,burka is ,burkah1 in the plain northeast of ,ashdod4 ,kharabu is el ,khurab1 a village east of ,jaffa1 and just north of the ,valley of ,jaffa4 ,gath stood over the ,valley of ,elah1 and ,burka close to the same4 ,the province extended from the hills of ,hebron to the sea1 and from the ,valley of ,elah to the ,valley of ,jaffa2 and just in the middle of this province was ,makkedah4 #aaa ,b41 a fragment of a letter from ,biridia4 ,he is a faithful servant1 and sends the usual salutation4 ,he has heard of 7peace871 and he is marching4 ,the son of ,labaya is noticed1 and there is a reference to gold4 ,biridia has already appeared as one of the enemies of ,labaya4 #gc ,b4 ,m4--,this seems to come from the same region on account of its topography4 ,the letter is injured at the top1 and probably not addressed to the ,king himself4 8,i say the dog is marching 444 from their ravages against me4 ,now behold from 7being loosed87 444 from the wastings against 444 ,lo6 consider thou thyself my chief cities4 ,mighty against me 444 he has made 444 to the city ,macdalim47#cad7 ,and soldiers of the city ,cuuzbe7#cae7 have destroyed east of me4 ,and now there is no commander to lead me forth from their hands4 ,moreover1 ,abbikha 7or ,abbinebo7 smites my western region4 ,they have sinned against me and all the passes he marches against 444 ,abbikha4440 ,,letters ,,from ,,gezer #fc ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun by letter thus 7says7 ,milcili thy servant the dust of thy feet4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun seven times seven times ,i bow4 ,i hear what the ,king my ,lord has sent to me1 and the ,king my ,lord despatches ,egyptian soldiers 7pitati7 to his servants1 and the ,king my ,lord despatches 7them7 to dwell as guards4 ,it is apportioned for my honor40 #ajh ,b41 with the same salutation1 is broken4 ,it appears to refer to despatching six females1 five chiefs1 sons of 444 and five trusty chiefs led to the ,king47#caf7 #aji ,b4--,begins with the same salutation as the preceding1 and continues3 8,the message of the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun to me being brought1 now his command they have done for the ,king my ,lord--the ,sun from heaven2 and truly the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun knows1 that peaceful is the land of the ,king my ,lord which is with me40 #aaj ,b4--,begins with the same salutation1 and continues3 8,the ,king my ,lord shall know4 ,behold mighty is the war against me1 and against ,surdat27#cag7 but the ,king my ,lord shall pluck his land from the hands of men of blood4 ,since there are none1 the ,king my ,lord shall despatch chariots to march to us 444 you will restrain our slaves for us 444 ,yankhamu his servant4440 ,this may refer to the submission of ,gezer to the ,hebrews mentioned in a letter from ,jerusalem 7,b4 #ajc74 #fb ,b4 ,m4--,begins with the same salutation as the preceding1 and continues3 8,know ,o ,king my ,lord the demands made to me by ,yankhamu since my going forth from before the ,king my ,lord4 ,lo6 he 444 let him take from my hands4 ,and they say to me 7give us87 thy wife and thy sons4 ,and does the ,king know this8 ,and does the ,king my ,lord demand despatch of chariots1 and that ,i shall go to his presence8 ,nay6 ,let it be brought to nothing by thee40 #gj ,b4 ,m41 if not from ,gezer1 must come from near that town4 ,it is written by ,takanu1 who is mentioned in connection with ,milcilu 7#adi ,b47 in a letter from near ,makkedah1 which was the next great town to ,gezer on the south4 8,to the ,king my ,lord thus 7says7 ,takanu7#cah7 thy servant3 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord seven times and seven times ,i bow4 ,lo6 ,i am the ,king's servant1 and the guard of the whole of my roads was in the hands of my people1 but they are now without refuge3 they have not come up to guard my roads for the ,king my ,lord2 and ask the chiefs thy ,tarkas17#cai7 if they are not now without refuge for my people4 ,moreover1 behold us4 ,my eyes are toward thee when ,i beseech the ,god of heaven3 for we are cast from the land1 and have been needy4 ,we have lacked at thy hand1 and behold this now1 the guard that guards my roads is in the hands of a chief who hates me because of the ,king my ,lord1 and the ,king my ,lord shall instruct2 behold send down a host and it shall watch40 ,though the date is doubtful1 within limits1 this letter probably refers to the departure of the ,egyptian soldiers mentioned in the ,jerusalem letters4 #aee ,b4--,a much-damaged letter4 ,the name of the writer is lost4 ,he sends the usual salutation1 and speaks of a letter3 of transgression and sin2 and mentions the city ,gazri 7,gezer74 ,he speaks of the going down of the king 7or casting down71 and of the ,paka4 7,see note47 #ej ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun1 the ,sun from the heavens1 thus 7says7 ,yapa'a7#cbj7 the chief of the city of ,gazri 7,gezer7 thy servant1 the dust of thy feet1 a chief captain of thy horse4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord--the ,sun from the heavens1 seven times and seven times bow indeed both this heart and this body2 and whatever the ,king my ,lord says to me ,i listen to exceeding much4 ,i am the ,king's servant1 the dust of thy feet4 ,and the ,king my ,lord shall learn4 ,behold the chief of my brethren2 fellows foreign to me also strive for the city of ,mu7ra7'azi27#cba7 and the delivery of the same is the demand of men of blood2 and now behold what has arisen against me1 and counsel as to thy land4 ,let the ,king send to the chief who is his friend against one 7who is a foe8740 #di ,b4 ,m4--,after the same salutation from ,yapa'a1 chief of ,gezer1 master of the horse1 the letter continues3 8,i hear the message of the messenger of the ,king my ,lord exceeding much4 ,and let the ,king my ,lord1 the ,sun from heaven1 counsel his servant as to his land4 ,now strong is the chief of the men of blood against us2 and send thou to destroy him ,o ,king my ,lord for me2 and will not the ,king restore from the hand of the chief of bloody ones8 ,we are not quite made an end of by the chief of the bloody ones40 #ea ,b4 ,m4--,with the usual salutation from ,yapa'a1 the letter continues3 8,whatever the ,king my ,lord says to me ,i listen to him exceedingly4 ,it is gracious4 ,but as ,i fear what shall befall1 help thou my region from the power of the people of the desert lands4 ,and now ,i hear that the ,pauri 7chiefs2 see the ,jerusalem letter ,b4 #ajc7 of the ,king gather a multitude2 and it suffices for me4 ,and they have enlarged my heart very much40 ,from these letters we gather that there had been a withdrawal of the ,egyptian troops about the time when the 8desert people0 attacked ,yapa'a4 ,that these desert people were the ,hebrews under ,joshua1 who was the contemporary of ,japhia1 we learn more clearly from the ,jerusalem letters4 ,that ,gezer submitted to them is also shown by the same4 ,,letters ,,from ,,jerusalem #aje ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord 444 thus 7says7 ,adonizedek7#cbb7 thy servant 444 at the feet of my ,lord 444 seven times and seven times 444 ,behold ,milcilu is not rid from the sons of ,labaya1 and from the sons of ,arzaya1 as to their desire of the ,king's land for themselves4 ,a ruling man who makes demand thereof1 why has he not asked it of the ,king8 ,lo6 ,milcilu and ,takanu have desired the doing thereof4 ,lo6 he has marched to it4 ,not having desired to strive 4440 ,the lower half of the front is here lost1 and the rest is on the back4 8,so now1 failing those who were chiefs of the garrison of the ,king1 let me fly to the ,king47#cbc7 ,truly ,ben ,piru 7or ,ben ,carru7 has fled his being led captive by my destroyers1 he goes from the city ',azati 7,gaza73 let him remind the ,king in his presence of a garrison to guard the land4 ,all the ,king's land is rebellious4 ,yagu ,balaam is sent1 and let the ,king's land know from the ,king's scribe 444 ,thus says ,adonizedek thy servant 444 the messages40 #ajb ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord is mourning thus this ,adonizedek thy servant4 ,at the feet of my ,lord1 of the ,king1 seven times and seven times ,i bow4 ,what shall ,i ask of the ,king my ,lord8 ,they have prevailed1 they have 7taken the fortress of ,jericho7#cbd77 they who have gathered against the ,king of ,kings1 which ,adonizedek has explained to the ,king his ,lord4 ,behold1 as to me1 my father is not and my army is not47#cbe7 ,the tribe that has ground me in this place is very rebellious to the ,king1 the same is struggling with me for the house of my father4 ,why has the tribe sinned against the ,king my ,lord8 ,behold ,o ,king my ,lord arise6 ,i say to the ,paka 7resident7 of the ,king my ,lord1 #8,why should you tremble before the chief of the ',abiri7#cbf7 7,hebrews7 and the rulers fear the end8 ,so now they must send from the presence of the ,king my ,lord4' ,behold ,i say that the land of the ,king my ,lord is ruined4 ,so now they must send to the ,king my ,lord1 and let the ,king my ,lord know this2 behold the ,king my ,lord has placed a garrison to stop the way 444 7,bel'amu or ,yankhamu87 444 of kings 444 chiefs of the garrison 444 the king as master to his land 444 as to his land she has rebelled1 the 7lands7 of the ,king my ,lord--the whole of it4 ,ilimelec7#cbg7 cuts off all the ,king's land4 ,and let one warn the ,king as to his land4 ,i myself speak pleading with the ,king my ,lord and 7for once87 let the ,king my ,lord behold the entreaties4 ,and the wars are mighty against me1 and 7,i am not receiving any pledge87 from the ,king my ,lord4 ,and let an order return from the ,king 7my ,lord74 ,whether will he not order chiefs for garrison8 ,and let him be kind1 and let the ,king my ,lord regard the entreaties4 ,this tribe behold ,o ,king my ,lord has risen up4 ,lo the ,paka they have expelled4 ,i say the lands of the ,king my ,lord are ruined4 ,dost not thou hear this same of me8 ,they have destroyed all the rulers4 ,there is no ruler now ,o ,king my ,lord4 ,let the ,king give his countenance to the chiefs2 and whether shall the chiefs of the ,egyptian soldiers 7pitati7 remain at rest8 ,they have lingered ,o ,king my ,lord4 ,the lands are failing to the ,king my ,lord4 ,the ,hebrew chiefs plunder all the ,king's lands4 ,since the chiefs of the ,egyptian soldiers 7pitati7 have gone away quitting the lands this year ,o ,king my ,lord1 and since there is no chief of the ,egyptian soldiers 7pitati7 there is ruin to the lands of the ,king my ,lord4 ,they have 444 ,o ,king my ,lord1 and ,adonizedek 7is7 dust 444 messages 7are asked87 of the ,king my ,lord1 there is destruction by the foe of the lands of the ,king my ,lord40 ,this letter1 like others1 clearly indicates a withdrawal of the ,egyptian troops shortly before the appearance of the ,hebrews4 #ajf ,b4--,the salutation is broken1 but is the same as before--from ,adonizedek4 ,the text continues3 8444 which have done for me ,milcilu1 and ,suardata7#cbh7 for the land of the ,king my ,lord4 ,they have hired soldiers of the city of ,gezer1 soldiers of the city ,givti7#cbi7 and soldiers of the city ,kielti47#ccj7 ,they have gone out to 7or seized7 the city of ,rubute47#cca7 ,the ,king's land rebels to the chiefs of the ,hebrews1 and now against this capital city ,u-ru-sa-lim 7,jerusalem7 the city called ,beth ,baalath17#ccb7 a neighbor of the city of the ,king--has rebelled1 to delay the chiefs of the city of ,kielti4 ,let the ,king hear as to ,adonizedek2 and will not he order ,egyptian soldiers 7pitati71 and shall not the ,king's land turn to the ,king8 ,and because there are no ,egyptian soldiers 7pitati7 the ,king's land has rebelled to the chiefs of the tribe of the ,hebrews4 ,they have demanded to dwell in the same with me4 ,they have gone out against 7or seized7 ,milcilu 444 and the city4444 ,and let the ,king do justice to 7or purify7 his land40 #ajd ,b4--,the same salutation from ,adonizedek4 ,he continues3 8,lo6 the ,king my ,lord has established his law from the 7rising87 of the ,sun to the going down of the ,sun4 ,he is a flatterer who deceives as to me4 ,lo6 am not ,i a ruler myself1 a man allied to the ,king my ,lord8 ,lo6 ,i myself am a good chief of the ,king1 and ,i have sent tribute to the ,king4 ,there is no chief to join me1 and my friends 7or army7 fail2 they have been fighting for the ,king mightily4 ,i remain 444 in this ,beth ,amilla7#ccc7 444 from before me thirteen 444 ,i am giving ten slaves 444 ,suuta the ,king's ,paka 7resident7 takes charge from before me of twenty-one slave women4 ,twenty chiefs who remain trusty to my hand ,suuta has led away to the ,king my ,lord17#ccd7 which the ,king advises to his country4 ,the whole of the ,king's country1 which is seized from me1 is ruined4 ,they have fought against me as far as the lands of ,seeri 7,seir77#cce7 as far as the city ,givti ,kirmil 7,gibeah of ,carmel8747#ccf7 ,they have banded together against all the chiefs of the governments1 and they have fought with me4 ,behold ,i1 the chief of the lords 7or of the ,amorites71 am breaking to pieces17#ccg7 and the ,king my ,lord does not regard entreaties1 while they have fought against me 7unceasingly874 ,behold array ,o mighty ,king a fleet in the midst of the sea4 ,thou shalt march to our land1 the land of ,nahrima and the land of ,cazib1 and behold these are fortresses of the ,king47#cch7 ,thou shalt march against the chieftains of the ,hebrew4 ,there is not a single ruler for the ,king my ,lord4 ,they have destroyed all4 ,lo ,tuurbazu7#cci7 7is slaughtered844473 in the great pass of the city of ,ziluu7#cdj7 they have bowed down4 ,behold ,zimridi of the city of ,lachish4 ,the slaves have subjected him2 they have done as they chose7#cda74444 ,the region of ,rimmon7#cdb7 laments3 slaughter 7is7 in the midst 444 the fort of ,zilu is overthrown 444 let the ,king take heed 444 let the ,king give his countenance to4444 ,egyptian soldiers 7pitati7 to the land4444 ,since there are no ,egyptian soldiers 7pitati7 in this same year destruction has destroyed the people of all the lands of the ,king my ,lord4 ,do not they say to the face of the ,king my ,lord1 #8,behold the land of the ,king my ,lord has been ruined1 and all the rulers have been slain1 within this same year4' ,will the ,king not order his ,paka8 ,and let the fleet come to me as helpers1 and let them take care of the port 7with the ,king commanding87 444 7to7 the scribe of the ,king my ,lord1 7lo67 ,adonizedek is his servant1 at his feet 7he bows74 ,translate the messages now to the ,king4 ,i am thy 444 myself40 #ajc ,b4--,the salutation is much broken1 but part of the name of ,adonizedek is left4 ,it then speaks of messages1 and continues3 8,let him know that they have fought all the lands that have been at peace with me2 and let me warn the ,king as to his land4 ,lo6 the land of the city of ,gezer1 and the land of the city of ,ascalon1 and the land of the city of 7,lachish87 they have given 7or settled7 for themselves4 ,corn and oil 7or fruit71 and all things1 this race has altogether gathered4 ,and let me warn the ,king as to ,egyptian soldiers 7pitati74 ,will not he order ,egyptian soldiers 7pitati7 against the chiefs who have done wrong to the ,king my ,lord8 ,since within this year the ,egyptian soldiers 7pitati7 have gone away1 and quit the lands1 the ruler of the ,king my ,lord--since there were no ,egyptian soldiers--7pitati7 is brought to naught4 ,yea and the rulers of the ,king4444 ,behold the land of the city of ,jerusalem47#cdc7 ,no man is my subject4 ,no people is subject to me4 ,his tribe is arrayed 7or prepared74 ,they are not subject to me4 ,lo6 my desire is the same as the desire of ,milcilu and the desire of the sons of ,labaya1 that the chiefs of the ,hebrews be subject to the ,king's land4 ,lo6 the ,king my ,lord will be just to me1 because the chiefs are sorcerers47#cdd7 ,let the ,king ask his ,pakas 7or let one ask of the ,king's ,pakas74 ,lo he is strong1 very 7determined87 and 7men7 have feared4 ,the sinful fort 7or camp7 is very arrogant4 ,they have burst forth from their pasture 7or border7 and 444 to the land of the habitation of the people 7night874444 ,will not there be sent from the land 7of ,egypt87 444 7soldiers873 thou shalt come up with 444 let the servants be defended 444 to them4 ,the tribe is pouring out 444 lands from the city of ,as7calon74 ,let the ,king ask about them4 ,plenty of corn1 plenty of fruit 7or oil71 plenty4444 ,up to the province of my ,lord ,pauru7#cde7 the ,king's ,paka for the land of the city of ,jerusalem my foe is rebelling4 ,up to the chiefs of the garrison this chief has surged up4 ,let the ,king's 7foe7 perish by the ,king 444 for me my foe 444 revolted from me4 ,do not desert this 444 send me a chief of garrison--a ,paka of the ,king1 despatched to this thy people4 7,the women87 are despatched7#cdf7 to the ,king my ,lord 7with7 men who have been upright4 ,four messengers7#cdg7 444 to go out4 ,the chiefs of the fort 7or camp7 are closing the roads of the pass 444 the tribe who have caused the destruction of the city of ,ajalon47#cdh7 ,let this be known to the ,king my ,lord4 ,have not ,i shown the people despatched a road for the ,king1 though it is not easy87#cdi7 ,lo6 the ,king my ,lord has established his law in the land of the city of ,jerusalem forever1 and is not the desertion of the lands of the city of ,jerusalem manifest8 ,to the scribe of the ,king my ,lord this lamentation thus 7speaks7 ,adonizedek thy servant--the afflicted4 ,translate the messages well to the ,king my ,lord4 ,o1 scribe of the ,king my ,lord 7,i am7 afflicted1 greatly am ,i afflicted4 ,and thou shalt perform the desire of our people before the chiefs of the land of ,cush7#cej7 7,casi74 ,truly is not there slaughter with us8 ,thou shalt make it 444 clear to the chiefs of the land of ,cush 7,casi7 444 midst of my land the people to take 444 the ,king to 444 seven times and seven times 444 my ,lord to me4440 #aii ,b4 appears to be from ,adonizedek1 and speaks of ,jerusalem4 ,only the lower third of the tablet remains4 ,the clay is different to that of the preceding1 and it may have been written after the city was left4 8,and lo now6 the city of ,jerusalem when these went away from the land 7was7 faithful to the ,king4 ,lo6 the city of ,gaza has remained to the ,king4 ,behold the land of ,harti ,cirmiel7#cea7 belonging to ,takanu and the men of the city ,givti17#ceb7 they have bowed down1 going away from the land quietly4 ,and truly we do so 7or but whether do we do so874 ,behold ,labaya67#cec7 and the land ,salabimi7#ced7 are inhabited by the ,hebrew chiefs4 ,milcilu has sent for 7tribute877#cee7 and the fellows 7say7 #8,have we not indeed dwelt in 7or spoiled87 this land8' ,they are adjudging all that they desire to the men of the city of ,keilah4 ,and truly we are leaving the city of ,jerusalem4 ,the chiefs of the garrison have left--without an order--through the wastings of this fellow whom ,i fear4 ,these march to ,addasi47#cef7 ,he has remained in his land 7or camp7 in the city of ,gaza 444 7women87 444 to the land of ,egypt4440 ,this letter was written apparently after the defeat of ,ajalon1 perhaps from ,makkedah1 where the kings hid in the cave4 ,it is clear from this correspondence that when they fled1 after sending away their harems1 the intention was to reach ,egypt4 ,gaza is not mentioned as taken by ,joshua1 and it was here that they expected to find safety4 ,,suyardata',s ,,letters ,,from 7,keilah877#ceg7 #fi ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun by letter thus 7says7 ,suyardata thy servant1 the dust of thy feet4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun seven times and seven times ,i bow4 ,the message which is sent by the ,king my ,lord the ,sun from heaven 7has come874 ,his order shall be done for the ,king my ,lord the ,sun from heaven40 #fg ,b4 ,m4--,is a broken letter4 ,it appears to begin as follows3 8,to the ,king my ,lord thus 7says7 this ,suyardata thy servant3 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord seven times and seven times this soul and this body bow4 ,an announcement to the ,king my ,lord that ,i am causing one to make to bring all the soldiers of the ,king my ,lord2 and now this ,ra7#ceh7 the overseer1 my prince1 has caused the countries of the ,king my ,lord to be stripped4 ,i am sending them to the ,king2 to 7inform myself87 of the ,king1 ,i am sending to the ,king my ,lord4 ,let him know this4 ,who are we 444 of the ,king my ,lord to the hands 444 it is ruled4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord seven times and seven times ,i bow40 #ajj ,b4--8444 to the ,king my ,lord 444 my ,sun 444 letter thus 7says7 ,suyardata thy servant1 the dust of thy feet3 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun seven times seven times ,i bow4 ,o ,king 7the message87 is despatched by me1 as to there having been made a war4 ,with the city of ,cielti 7,keilah7 ,i am warring47#cei7 ,my chief city has gathered and has turned to me3 against which has sent ,adonizedek who is greedy of silver--against the chiefs of the city of ,keilah4 ,and they have marched on me behind 7or to the west of7 me4 ,and know ,o ,king my ,lord lo6 he is marching--,adonizedek--to remove my city from my hands4 ,let the ,king ask if he is marching--this chief2 and if there is one ox or a beast before him47#cfj7 ,and ,labaya has deserted his faith4 ,the weak 7or the gate7 he is marching against we have succored4 ,but now ,labaya is with ,adonizedek4 ,i march to a city of my brethren4444 ,know ,o ,king as to his servant4 ,order thou this my desire4 ,and do they not gather8 ,they have put all to shame4 ,the news 7is true873 let there be an order of the ,king for his servant40 #ajg ,b4--,begins with the same salutation from ,suyardata4 ,it is much injured1 but the following words are clear3 8,know ,o ,king my ,lord lo6 his land has 444 the city of ,keilah 444 against me1 chiefs 444 the 444 our ruler 444 and truly we 444 against them2 and truly we guide the friendly chiefs from the land of the ,king my ,lord40 ,it seems from this that the previous letter brought assistance to the writer4 #fh ,b4 ,m4--,perhaps earlier than the preceding2 reads3 8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun thus 7says7 ,suyardata thy servant3 seven and seven times this soul and this body bow4 ,let the ,king my ,lord learn4 ,i am one 7put to shame874 ,there shall be ,egyptian soldiers 7pitati7 despatched of the ,king my ,lord4 ,i am hard pressed2 and consider thou me 7come out to me87 and ,i shall be established by the ,king my ,lord40 #aja ,b4--,with the usual salutation is from ,suyardata1 and1 though broken1 appears to read3 8,it is my desire to approach1 as taking refuge with the ,king my ,lord4 ,who am ,i to regard 7being seen878 ,let me approach the ,king my ,lord with these things 7articles7 of silver--and the silver is pure4 ,o ,king my ,lord ,yankhamu 7is7 thy right hand2 and ,i am mourning for him1 since1 wholly having gone away1 no ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati7 will come back to me from the ,king my ,lord4 ,let the ,king my ,lord learn how thirty temples of the gods he has put to shame--he who fights against me4 ,i am left alone4 ,mightily he has fought against4444 ,give me rest ,o ,king my ,lord from his hand4 ,the ,king my ,lord shall send ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati74 ,now ,yankhamu also has returned to the house of the ,king my ,lord4 ,he shall come back--soldiers of the ,king my ,lord with him4 ,mighty is he who has fought against ,suyardata and 7men7 fail40 ,the enemy must have been of another race to destroy the temples4 ,the letter is valuable because it shows that ,yankhamu was a contemporary of ,suyardata1 who was a contemporary with ,adonizedek1 for ,yankhamu was also contemporary with ,aziru1 who was living about twenty years after the death of ,thothmes ,,iv4 ,,letters ,,of ,,the ,,lady ,,basmath #acg ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun by letter thus 7says7 the ,lady whose name is ,basmatu17#cfa7 thy handmaid4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun1 seven times seven times1 ,i bow4 ,know ,o ,king my ,lord behold6 there has been war in the land1 and the land of the ,king my ,lord has been wearied by rebels1 by men of blood4 ,and know ,o ,king as to his land1 and know my foolishness 7or disgrace74 ,behold the men 7or chiefs7 of blood have sent to the city of ,ajalon1 and to the city of ,zar'a 7,zorah717#cfb7 and 7this is7 to show that there is no place of refuge for the two sons of ,milcilu2 and know ,o ,king my ,lord this request40 #ach ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun by letter thus 7says7 the ,lady whose name is ,basmatu1 thy handmaid1 the dust of thy feet1 and at the feet of the ,king my ,lord my ,god my ,sun seven times seven times ,i bow4 ,let the ,king my ,lord pluck his land from the hands of the men of blood4 ,am not ,i tired marching to the town of ,zabuba2 and because of not resting ,o ,king my ,lord80 ,there is only one place in ,palestine called ,zabuba2 it is the ,sububa of the fourteenth century1 the modern ,ezbuba1 south of ,taanach1 west of the plain of ,esdraelon4 ,poor ,basmath had to go some sixty miles by road to reach it from her home4 ,this interesting little letter1 which shows she was not one of the ladies sent to ,egypt1 though probably a person of importance1 seems perhaps to indicate that the central part of the country1 from which no appeals for help occur in the letters1 was undisturbed4 ,the ,amorite-,hittite league came down to ,bashan and to ,tyre1 but not apparently as far as ,accho4 ,the ,hebrews1 on the other hand1 coming from ,seir1 are said to have gone as far north as ,rimmon and ,shiloh1 but were mainly fighting southward from ,ajalon4 ,between the two theatres of war lay the whole of ,samaria and lower ,galilee1 in which ,basmath found a refuge4 ,,other ,,letters ,,from ,,the ,,south ,,of ,,palestine #acf ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord 7my ,god871 the ,sun from heaven1 by letter thus 7says7 ,yamirdagan thy servant3 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord seven times seven times ,i bow4 ,i hear the message of the ,king my ,lord to me1 and now ,i will guard the city of the ,king my ,lord till the coming of a message of the ,king my ,lord for me40 ,comparing the name with that of ,dagontacala of ,ascalon1 it appears that this writer was probably a ,philistine4 #aea ,b4--,a letter from the 8,chief of the town ,naziba0 to say he goes with his chariots and horses to meet the ,king's soldiers4 ,this place must1 therefore1 have been in or near the plains4 ,it may be the ,nezib of the ,bible 7,josh4 xv4 #dc71 now ,beit ,nusb1 eight miles northwest of ,hebron1 close to ,keilah4 ,the chariots could easily reach this vicinity from the plain1 by the broad flat highway of the ,valley of ,elah4 #ee ,b4 ,m4--,with the usual salutation1 ,ben ,addu1 captain of the ,king's horse1 says3 8,now they watch the land of the ,king my ,lord exceedingly4 ,and who am ,i--a dog4444 ,he will hear the messages of the ,king my ,lord and of the ,ka-pa 7for ,paka87 of the ,king my ,lord4 ,to 7,sagusi ,khasi87 444 thus 7says7 ,ben ,addu3 ,i bow at thy feet4 ,all is failing4 ,so now those who are our friends are fleeing to the ,king2 will not he despatch 444 the road4444 ,now they guard the road3 it is cleared for thee40 #ef ,b4 ,m4--,the usual salutation from ,ben ,addu1 of the city of ,pitazza2 continues3 8,now they guard the city1 and land of the ,king my ,lord1 the ,sun from heaven3 all that the ,king has said they watch--the allies4 ,and the decree of the message of the ,king my ,lord ,bel ,anapa 7,baal ,anubis7 the ,paka of the ,king my ,lord has uttered4 ,the ,king my ,lord is mighty as the ,sun in heaven4 ,whom ,i but a dog1 and shall such a one not mind the message of the ,king my ,lord the ,sun from heaven80 #aec ,b4--,from the same ,ben ,addu1 of ,pitazza1 with the usual salutation1 and to the same effect as the preceding1 but too broken to read4 ,the only site which seems to be suggested by ,pitazza is the important ruin of ,futeis1 southeast of ,gaza4 ,it is near the road to ,egypt and in the plains4 ,the letters probably refer to arrangements for the flight of the kings of ,jerusalem and ,gezer1 or of their wives4 #gg ,b4 ,m4--,a short broken letter by ,satiya1 who was apparently chief of the city 7or chief town7 of ,eni-,saam7si71 which is perhaps ,en-,shemesh1 close to ,zorah1 in the ,valley of ,sorek1 now ',ain ,shems4 ,it is the ,ir-,shemesh of the ,bible 7,josh4 xix4 #da71 otherwise ,beth-,shemesh 7,josh4 xv4 #aj74 ,here1 again1 we find an ,egyptian station in an open valley1 on one of the main roads to ,jerusalem4 #acc ,b4--8,to the ,king my ,lord by letter thus 7says7 the chief of ,kanu thy servant3 at the feet of the ,king my ,lord seven times and seven times ,i bow4 ,thou thyself hast sent to me1 to muster to meet the ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati72 and now ,i with my soldiers and with my chariots 7am7 in sight of the soldiers of the ,king my ,lord1 as far as the place you will march to40 ,this town cannot well be any of the ,kanahs of ,palestine1 since the word would then be 8,kanatu40 ,it is more probably the important ruin ,kanya1 close to ,rabbath of ,judah1 immediately west of the ,valley of ,elah2 chariots would be possible in this vicinity4 ,,letters ,,from ,,uncertain ,,sites #cc ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord by letter thus 7says7 ,abd ,istar7877#cfc7 the ,king's servant4 ,at the feet of the ,king my ,lord ,i bow1 seven times at the feet of the ,king my ,lord1 and seven more1 both heart and body4 ,and this is to show the ,king my ,lord how mightily he fights against me1 and destroys the rulers from the presence of the ,king my ,lord2 and the great ,king shall give orders for my defenders4 ,moreover1 it sends messages to the ,king my ,lord as to me1 and ,i shall hear all the messages of the ,king my ,lord4 ,i will listen4 ,now ten women 7concubines87 ,i am retaining40 ,perhaps these were some of the ladies on their way to ,egypt3 8tumiki0 seems to come from the root 8wamak10 an ,arabic root meaning 8to love40 ,the ,amorite words with an initial 8vau0 are nearer to ,arabic than to ,hebrew or ,aramaic4 ,one of the commonest is 8uras10 8to desire0 or 8ask10 whence one of the names of ,istar1 the goddess of desire4 #cd ,b4 ,m4--,is a short letter broken at the end2 it merely acknowledges a message1 and is from ,abd ,astati4 ,there was a deity ,as1 or ,ast1 apparently of ,egyptian origin4 #fj ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king my ,lord my ,sun my ,god thus ,mayaya40 ,the important part of this short letter is broken1 but it appears to say3 8,have not they devoured ,yankhamu 444 this conquest of all the lands from men of blood1 and the devouring of thy land40 #fe ,b4 ,m4--7,sibtiaddu87 writes as a servant of the ,king with the usual salutation1 and has heard the message4 8,behold what ,yankhamu 7says74 ,i am a faithful servant at the foot of the ,king4 ,let the ,king my ,lord know it4 ,i guard much the ,king's city which is with me40 #adg ,b4--,from 7,khiziri871 the ,king's servant4 ,he will meet the soldiers1 and has received a message from ,maya about a tax4 #adh ,b4--,ruzbanya1 of ,taruna1 is a servant of the ,king4 ,the letter is broken4 ,he was of old a servant of the ,king4 #aej ,b4--,from ,nurtu4444 ,he listens to the ,paka1 and will fortify until the ,king comes to his tribe4 ,he fills a good-sized tablet1 without giving any information of interest4 #gf ,b4 ,m4--,zidriyara writes1 with the usual compliments1 to acknowledge a message4 #ada ,b4--,zidriyara is faithful1 as of old1 and a friend of the rulers1 and listens to all the ,king's messages4 #adj ,b4--,zidriyara hears the message of the ,king1 whose servant he is--8the ,sun from among the ,heavenly ,gods who has spoken0--and he will not neglect the messages of the ,king his lord1 or of the ,paka who is established with him4 #ace ,b4--,apparently without a name4 ,he is only a dog1 but will march with chariots and horses to meet the ,egyptian soldiers 7bitati74 #acj ,b4--,sutarnamu1 of his city ,zicaruenu17#cfd7 bows to the ,king4 ,he asks for soldiers of garrison1 as they are obstructing the district of the ,king's land near him4 ,probably the site is the present village ,dhikern1 near ,gath on the south1 which was the ,caphar ,dikerin of the ,talmud 7,tal4 ,jer4 8,taanith10 iv4 #h71 in the region of ,daroma 7now ,deirn71 near ,ekron 7see ,ekha ii4 #b74 ,he asks for soldiers4 #aca ,b4--,samuaddu1 of the town of ,sama'una1 listens to all the ,king's messages4 ,perhaps ,sammnieh1 an ancient and important ruin immediately east of ,kirjath ,jearim 7',erma71 on the way to ,jerusalem1 by the ,valley of ,sorek1 is the place intended4 ,nos4 #gi1 #hj1 #ha ,b4 ,m4 are short and broken letters1 which appear only to acknowledge messages received4 ,no4 #hj is from a certain ,nebo4442 in ,no4 #gi there appears to be no personal name1 and in ,no4 #ha it is destroyed4 ,the names of these villages establish a regular chain of posts from ,gaza1 by ,lachish1 to the valleys of ,sorek and ,elah1 which seem to have been the most eastern parts of the country in which chariots were to be found4 ,there is no mention of chariots at ,jerusalem1 or at any village which was not accessible by a flat valley-road4 ,by these posts communication was kept up1 it would seem1 with ,jerusalem2 and the messengers probably travelled by this route1 avoiding ,ajalon4 ,it was by this route that ,adonizedek proposed that ,amenophis should come up to help him4 ,whether any such expedition was attempted1 none of the letters seem to indicate4 ,the troops had been withdrawn1 and the ,egyptian policy seems to have been to call out the native levies of the ,amorite charioteers4 ,perhaps1 when the five kings had been killed at ,makkedah1 no further steps were taken1 but the lowlands remained unconquered till the time of ,samuel and ,david4 ,even in ,solomon's time ,gezer was only received as the dower of the daughter of the ,pharaoh 7#a ,kings ix4 #af7 who had burned the place and killed its ,canaanite population4 ,in ,judges we read that ,judah 8could not drive out the inhabitants of the ,shephelah 7or lowlands7 because they had chariots of iron0 7i4 #ai74 ,the coast road was still open when ,dusratta was writing to his son-in-law ,amenophis ,,iv twenty years later2 and all lower ,galilee was1 for some few years1 with ,philistia and ,syria1 reconquered by ,rameses ,,ii1 who1 however1 never entered the ,judan mountains4 ------------------------------------- ,this concludes the sum of #agf letters from ,palestine1 the translation of which has occupied me for nearly two years4 ,i have no doubt that it may be improved upon in detail2 but the general results seem to be too well corroborated1 by comparison of the numerous epistles1 which throw light on one another1 to admit of any very important changes4 ,royal ,letters ,,dusratta',s ,,letters ,no4 #i ,b4 ,m4--8,to ,neb-mat-ra 7,amenophis ,,iii7 ,king of ,egypt my brother1 by letter1 thus ,tuseratta7#cfe7 ,king of ,mitani7#cff7 thy brother4 ,i am at peace4 ,peace be to thee2 to ,gilukhipa my sister be peace4 ,to thy house1 thy wives1 thy sons1 thy lords1 thy terrible army1 thy horses1 thy chariots1 and in thy land1 be much peace4 ,since ,i have sat on my father's throne1 and have conquered4 ,but 7,pirkhi87 made a lawless command in my land1 and smote his ,lord2 and because of these things1 they have striven to right me1 with who so loved us well2 and because my land submitted to this lawless order ,i was not afraid1 but the chiefs who supported ,artasu-mara my brother1 with all that were theirs1 ,i slew4 ,as thou wast well with my father1 and because of these things1 ,i send this4 ,i say to you1 as my brother hears1 and will rejoice2 my father loved thee1 and thou therefore didst love my father2 and my father1 as he saw this1 gave thee my sister2 and now 444 as thou wast with my father4 ,when my brother saw these things1 he brought all those in the land of the ,hittites as foes to my land2 and ,rimmon my ,lord gave them to my hand2 and ,i slew him among them1 so that not one returned to his land47#cfg7 ,now ,i have sent thee a chariot with two horses1 a young man and a young woman1 of the spoil of the land of the ,hittites4 ,i have sent thee1 as a present to my brother1 five chariots1 and five yoke of horses2 and as a present to ,gilukhipa7#cfh7 my sister1 ,i have sent her 7trinkets87 of gold1 a pair of gold earrings1 and 444 of gold1 and goodly stones1 each7874 ,now ,gilia1 a prudent man1 and ,tunipripi7#cfi7 ,i send to my brother2 speedily let him reply to me2 so ,i shall hear my brother's salutation1 and shall rejoice4 ,let my brother wish me well2 and let my brother send envoys3 so my brother's salutation shall come to me1 and ,i shall hear407#cgj7 #bb ,b4--,the salutation calls ,amenophis ,,iii his 8kinsman10 but does not name his sister4 8,mani my brother's envoy has come to honor me3 to take my brother's wife the ,queen of ,egypt27#cga7 and ,i received the letter that came3 ,i learned the declaration of his 7order874 ,my heart has been much gladdened by my brother's message1 as my brother will see2 and it rejoiced that day exceeding much3 that day and night they made 7rejoicings874 8,and1 my brother1 all the message that ,mani came to bring has been performed4 ,this same year behold1 my brother1 ,i will 444 his wife1 the ,queen of ,egypt1 and ,i will send 444 hence forth the land of ,khanirabbe and the land of ,egypt4 ,and because of these things that ,mani has spoken1 ,i send back1 my brother1 ,gilia and ,mani with speed1 to 444 these things2 and let not my brother blame them 444 as to delay in being despatched2 for there was no delay to 444 for my brother's wife2 and lo6 delay is4444 ,in the sixth month ,i have sent ,gilia my envoy1 and ,mani my brother's envoy3 ,i will send my brother's wife to my brother4 ,so may ,istar the ,lady of ,ladies my ,goddess1 and ,amanu7#cgb7 my brother's ,god1 give peace 444 ,i have sent to my brother2 and my brother as 444 increased his 7love87 very much1 and 444 as the heart of my brother was satisfied2 and 444 7for our children87 my brother 444 more than before 444 ,i have despatched ,khai1 my brother1 trusting his 444 and ,i give the letter to his hands 444 and let him bear his message 444 ,i have sent 444 going to my brother 444 my brother1 are not his soldiers4440 ,the next five lines referring to the wife are too broken to read4 ,the back of the tablet continues3 8444 which my brother sent 444 all that my brother has caused to be collected 444 in presence of all of them they have been 7given87 us 444 all these things1 beyond expectation thereof1 and the gold 444 which they have paid--and he has indeed lavished very much 444 them1 any or all these things2 was not the gold 444 ,they say #8,in the land of ,egypt there is plenty more gold for thee my brother1 because he loves thee very much 444 and will love 7and being so87 is not there1 behold1 anything needful1 anything beside1 from the land of ,egypt in addition8 ,so send to me1 accordingly1 him by whom these are given1 and there shall be no lack4' ,thus indeed 7said7 ,i #8,as to anything 7further87 do not ,i say to your faces--,he loves me1 and my land1 exceeding much1 does this ,king of ,egypt8' 8,and my brother has taken me to his heart3 all is as my heart desired2 and is it not understood2 when he sends shall not ,i hasten me for my brother3 shall not ,i increase in longing toward my brother3 as my brother does also8 ,mani1 my brother's envoy1 has brought my brother's 444 which was with ,mani4 ,i have honored their 444 and ,i have honored them very much4 ,now ,mani will take this2 and my brother we direct him to 444 how ,i have received from him very much3 he will tell my brother this1 and my brother will hear what we have done 7as ,i have sent list of gifts of this and that1 and he shall not refuse it874 8,and may my brother send untold gold2 and may my father's power increase with me1 as my brother has increased my favor1 as my brother has cherished me much1 in the sight of my country1 in the sight of the whole of my brethren4 ,may ,rimmon and ,amanu appoint that my brother's wishes be ever fulfilled2 and for myself1 my brother1 that my wishes may be fulfilled1 as men whom the ,sun-,god loves4 ,and so now the ,gods shall indeed decree for us this prayer1 444 we shall join as friends forever4 8,for my brother's present ,i have sent to my brother a 7double-edged weapon87 444 and 787 of emeralds1 and pure gold 444 enclosed in a box1 and 444 of alabaster1 and pure gold1 for a box 4440 #ba ,b4--8,to ,amenophis ,,iii1 the ,great ,king1 ,king of ,egypt1 my brother1 my kinsman7#cgc7 whom ,i love1 and who loves me1 by letter thus ,dusratta1 the ,great ,king1 ,king of ,mitani1 thy brother1 thy kinsman who also loves thee4 ,i am at peace1 etc4 8,to my brother whom ,i love ,i have given his young wife47#cgd7 ,may the ,sun-,god and ,istar 444 her face4 ,as my brother desires3 may 444 and may my brother rejoice1 in the day when 444 the ,sun-,god and the ,god 444 giving joy to my noble brother1 444 let them grant it to be 444 and may my brother 444 forever4 8,mani my brother's envoy1 and ,khani7#cge7 my brother's interpreter1 as you cause them to be sent1 plenty of 7provisions87 ,i shall give them 444 them much2 as they performed their orders ,i made all the people protect them4 ,if they do not may my ,gods1 and my brother's ,gods1 guard them4 ,now ,i have sent ,nahramani who is careful in my brother's affairs1 and ,i have sent 7an ornament87 of precious stones--of precious stones and gold1 as a present to my brother2 and may my brother be granted to live a hundred years40 #h ,b4 ,m4--,the salutation is the same as before1 but the writer's name is spelt 8,tusratta0 instead of ,dusratta4 ,the letter is the best preserved in the whole collection4 8,since your forefathers were friendly with my forefathers1 thou therefore wast very greatly friendly with my father4 ,so you love me3 we are zealous friends4 ,ten times more you increase it than to my father4 ,the heavenly ,gods shall decree that we shall be friends4 ,may ,rimmon my ,god1 and ,amanu1 so pronounce1 even forever4 8,and so my brother sent ,mani his envoy4 ,thus indeed my brother 7said7 #8,does not my brother's heart desire that thy daughter 7be7 the wife of my young son7#cgf7--;as a princess of ,egypt' and ,i spoke as to my intention about it2 and my brother desiring that she should be made ready for ,mani1 and to show her1 so he beheld her1 and praised her much4 ,and may they lead her in peace into the land of my brother4 ,may ,istar and ,amanu make her agreeable to my brother's heart4 8,gilia1 my envoy1 set forth my brother's message before me4 ,so ,i heard and it was very good2 and so ,i rejoiced very much4 ,thus truly ,i say #8,this is thus arranged between us so that we may be zealous friends4' ,now with firm faith forever let us be friends4 8,so ,i shall send to my brother1 and ,i say thus myself1 so let us be much more friendly2 and do not you respond to us8 ,and ,i say thus1 that my brother has enriched me ten times more than my father4 8,and ,i have asked much gold of my brother3 so he has given me more than to my father4 ,my brother indeed sent to me2 and to my father you sent much gold3 much 7merchandise87 of gold2 and besides all the gold you sent him you have sent me bricks of gold 7lavished87 like copper4 8,i sent ,gilia 7humbly87 to my brother1 and asked for gold4 ,thus indeed ,i 7said7 #8,truly my brother has given me more than to my father1 and may he send me untold gold4' 8,may my brother send me more than to my father2 and now ,i say thus to my brother3 the 7loan87 that my grandfather made1 so ,i may 7say71 as 7one thinking little of wealth87 he made it for thee2 and now as regards 7what7 ,i say1 the gold that my brother shall send1 let him send it when he likes4 8,lo my brother has sent the gold saying #8,it is due to you1' ,but no4 ,no more was due2 and he had satisfied the account2 and when he had satisfied the account ,i was glad thereof exceedingly2 and whatever my brother sends ,i have been very glad thereof4 8,now behold ,i sent to my brother--and may my brother extend his kindness to me more than to my father2 now ,i asked gold of my brother1 and whatever gold ,i asked of my brother1 he has sent the double of what was asked4 ,one 7sum7 for the 7loan871 and a second of good-will4 8,and may my brother send me untold gold2 and may he send me more than to my father2 and so may the ,gods decree1 that much more gold beside be in my brother's land1 as there now is in my brother's land2 and ten times more than there now is1 may it increase47#cgg7 ,and let not my brother refuse the gold that ,i ask by my brother's wish2 and1 as for me1 let me not refuse my brother's wish2 and may my brother send me very much gold uncounted2 and whatever my brother needs let him send and take4 ,let me return the gift that my brother desires for his household4 ,this land is my brother's land1 and this house is my brother's house4 8,now ,i send ,gilia my envoy to my brother4 ,let him not refuse him4 ,let him speedily command him3 let him send him away4 ,so hearing my brother's salutation let me rejoice exceeding much4 ,let me ever hear my brother's salutation4 ,and these messages that we send1 let my ,god ,rimmon and ,amanu decree that they may arrive through their mercy4 ,and as now it is prayed therefor1 so we are friends2 and as now so forever may we be friends4 8,now as to the gifts for my brother3 ,i have sent as my brother's gifts a quantity of solid gold1 and precious stones3 7its value87 includes the amount of twenty precious stones1 and nineteen pieces of gold4 ,the weight of precious stones and gold remaining includes the amount of forty-two precious stones and twenty pieces of gold ,zuzas of ,istar3 7this is7 the weight of precious stones and gold remaining2 and ten yoke of horses1 and ten chariots1 with all that belongs to them1 and thirty female slaves40 #bg ,b4--,this is the longest letter in the collection1 including six lines in ,aramaic1 and #eab lines in ,dusratta's native language 7see 8,journal ,royal ,asiatic ,society10 ,october1 #ahib1 for my translation74 ,the important passages of the letter appear to me to read as follows1 and the meaning is confirmed by statements in other letters by this writer concerning his daughter's marriage4 ,the letter was addressed to ,amenophis ,,iii1 and sent by the same two envoys1 ,mani and ,gilias17#cgh7 already noticed4 8,gilias the envoy1 who takes the messages is ordered to utter it1 his duty being to go out1 because ,amenophis ,,iii the ,egyptian 7ally87 rules a far off land1 and ,i rule in the city ,ikhibin7#cgi7 the city of the ,god ,simigis7#chj7 the paternal deity4 8,to proceed3 as ,mani my brother's envoy says1 it is understood that my brother is very desirous that it should be speedily completed4 8,brother1 ,i gladly empower the envoy to take back this woman1 whom ,mani says my brother commanded him to bring1 when he was ordered as an envoy4 8,understanding that my brother desires now to take her home1 is it not necessary1 understanding this decision to be preferred2 as twenty-three months have gone by1 is not her taking home to be hastened8 ,my ,court having decided to accept1 and being satisfied as well as my wife1 and resolved to accept the agreement2 and the girl being heartily pleased--how happy she is words cannot tell--the decision is from the ,gods1 brother1 for me the decision is from the mighty ,gods1 my brother4 ,surely you know whether ,i do not desire that she should be so brilliantly exalted1 the girl being so fortunately 7married73 surely you know that ,i shall be glad4 8,proclaim thou for me that whatever people of ,khalci17#cha7 west of the ,minyan7#chb7 country--whatever people of ,khalci ,i have conquered1 are made subject4 8,i being the great chief of the power of the land of the ,hittites taking to me1 my brother1 all the people that are conquered4 ,let it extend to the city of ,harran7#chc7 and let the land possessed by no king be taxed4 8,my son-in-law being married in the city of ,thebes in presence of the image of the deity40 8,is it not thus that ,dusratta dwelling afar arranges the marriage of ,tadukhipa7#chd7--;,dusratta the favored 7friend87 from the ,minyan land1 consenting to the wish of ,amenophis ,,iii the ,egyptian 7friend7 that the son of ,amenophis ,,iii be so married to her1 in the presence of the image of the deity40 ,as this letter is written in what is called by scholars an 8unknown language10 these renderings may be questioned4 ,the dialect appears1 however1 to be closely related to the ,akkadian and to other ,mongol dialects of western ,asia1 and to be also the same used 7,b4 #aj7 by the ,hittites4 #aj ,b4 ,m4--,written1 as the ,egyptian docket at the bottom of the tablet on the back states1 in the thirty-sixth year of ,amenophis ,,iii which appears to have been probably the last of his reign4 8,to ,amenophis ,,iii ,king of ,egypt my brother1 my kinsman whom ,i love1 and who loves me1 by letter thus ,dusratta ,king of ,mitani who loves thee1 thy kinsman4 ,i am at peace4 ,peace be to thee1 to thy house1 to the woman ,tachikhipa my daughter to the wife thou lovest be peace47#che7 ,to thy wives1 to thy sons1 to thy ,lords1 to thy chariots1 to thy horses1 to thy army1 to thy land1 and to all that is thine1 be much1 much1 much peace4 8,thus 7,i say7 ,istar of ,nineveh1 the lady of the lands1 is kind of heart to the land of ,egypt4 ,in the land that ,i love do not they walk after her87#chf7 ,do not they cry aloud to her8 ,now behold it has brought thee prosperity4 8,now from the time of my father they have besought ,istar in her land for thy prosperity2 and1 as of old so now1 it continues4 ,they honor her4 8,and now may my brother receive of her ten times more than before4 ,let my brother receive with joy3 let it be hastened for him3 let it endure4 8,istar is the ,lady of ,heaven my brother1 and as for me let me be guarded by her for a hundred years2 and may great joy be given4 ,let it be granted by her that ,i may not fail2 and as you desire may it 7befall874 8,is not ,istar my ,god1 and has not she 7prospered87 my brother 7or been with my brother8740 #bd ,b4--,the second longest of ,dusratta's letters1 #ahe lines in all1 is unfortunately very much damaged1 as it is perhaps the most important1 giving as it does historical information extending over three generations1 during which the kings of ,egypt and of ,mitani were allied by marriage4 8,to 444 ya7#chg7 my kinsman1 whom ,i love and who loves me 444 the great ,king 7,king of7 ,mitani thy kinsman who loves thee4 ,i am at peace 444 to the ,lady ,teie 444 to ,tadukhipa my daughter thy wife be peace1 to 444 be peace4 ,to thy sons1 to thy ,lords1 to thy chariots1 to thy horses1 to thy 444 and to all that is thine1 be much1 much1 much peace 444 of ,amenophis ,,iii thy father he sent to me2 he explained 444 of all that he sent there was no message at all that ,i 444 to your father as to what he sent to me2 and ,teie the chief wife of ,amenophis ,,iii your mother knew all of them4 ,all these have been seen by ,teie your mother 444 the messages that your father caused to be addressed to me4 8444 and ten times more than with ,amenophis ,,iii your father caused him to tell me whatsoever wish 444 and whatever message ,i spoke1 faithfully in the same day 444 he himself did not turn away his heart from any message 444 but faithfully in the same day he caused it to be done4 8444 the father of ,amenophis ,,iii sent to ,sitatama7#chh7 my grandfather1 and 444 a daughter4 ,he sent to my grandfather five or six times1 and he was not given her1 when 444 he sent2 and at length he was given her4 ,amenophis ,,iii your father sent 7humbly87 to ,sut7tarna7 my father 444 and so for my father's daughter1 my own sister1 his heart was desirous2 and five 7or six7 times he 444 her3 when he had sent five or six times at length he was given her4 ,so ,amenophis ,,iii 444 sent to me1 and so desired a daughter7#chi7 and ,i 444 ,i said in 444 of his envoy #8,thus ,i say ,i have 7sworn87 to give her3 by our wish 444 to take1 and the 444 which he has known3 and she is a sister so it is lawful2' and ,i give 444 ,amenophis ,,iii thy 7father's7 444 if these are not truths 444 heaven and earth bear witness 444 to give her2 and ,khai7#cij7 the envoy of my brother 444 to the 7,queen87 and to ,amenophis ,,iii ,i sent with her 444 in three months with the greatest speed 444 and the gold 444 truly was not 444 which ,i sent4 8,when you favored a daughter1 and so 7sent for7 her1 and as ,amenophis ,,iii your father knew her 444 ,i rejoiced being exceeding glad1 and he said #8,my brother1 is not it thy wish thus to give the handmaid'2 and he made public agreement with this his land1 in presence of my envoy 444 so men 444 when they beheld2 and ,i received from him2 and ,amenophis ,,iii established us 444 for the future2 and so receiving 444 ,i was made great2 and in the cities which for ,tadukhipa 444 in all of them he made us dwell as conquerors17#cia7 and among the envoys who went down 444 none that ,gilia 444 the gold of one 7limzu7 was given by weight4 ,truly to ,amenophis ,,iii for ,tadukhipa it was given2 and ,tadukhipa 444 was given 444 and 444 my envoys ,amenophis ,,iii with 444 ,i received2 there was no one 444 ,amenophis ,,iii sent ,nizik his envoy 444 myself2 and he 444 7refusing87 to my face the 444 of gold 444 the gold which 444 of ,gilia and 444 he established us 444 my envoys 444 to be despatched 444 he did not cease to 7deny87 444 and 444 he took her444 ,i was not able to refuse to please him 444 he sent this to me 444 they sent was wonderful1 and then 444 ,amenophis ,,iii your father in every message 444 the lord of the place to protect her4 ,did not he order all these as ,i say 444 do not ,i say that ,teie7#cib7 444 has known 444 and ,teie is your mother1 ask her if1 among the messages that ,i spake1 there is one message which is not vindicated by her1 as to these 7messages7 to ,amenophis ,,iii your father 444 if to ,amenophis ,,iii your father brotherhood was made by me3 if it was said by ,amenophis ,,iii your father #8,if at all 7there is7 gold that 444 in the land of ,khani ,rabbe ,i will despatch it2 and order thou thus the 444 do not ,i desire to cause it to be sent'3 the 444 bore what was ordered to be given of ,amenophis ,,iii your father2 and ,amenophis ,,iii said to me #8444 the treasures of gold 444 all that my 444 desires is sent 444 and 444 to do this ,i have sent to thee' 444 there by ,amenophis ,,iii with a message4 ,never was there a message without a reply4 ,i never refused any of the messages4 87,and when7 ,amenophis ,,iii was obliged to be taken to his fate1 and they told 7me7 444 ,i tore my cheeks1 and ,i mourned on that same day2 ,i sat 7in the dust872 ,i 7took7 no food or water that same day2 and ,i was grieved 444 ,i said #8,let me perish myself from earth1 and from my 444 and that he loved me ,god knows1 and he was loved' 7and because of7 these things we are cast down in our hearts40 8444 to me the eldest son of ,amenophis ,,iii by his wife ,teie 444 was made1 and ,i said #8,has not ,amenophis ,,iii died 444 the eldest son of his chief wife ,teie 7is7 in his stead 444 shall not we be sent news 444 from her abode as of old4' 8444 ,i say thus ,amenophis ,,iv is my brother whom we shall love in our hearts 444 the son of ,amenophis ,,iii more than his father1 because of ,teie his mother1 who was the wife 444 as she desires a message to the presence of ,amenophis ,,iv 7,abkhuriya7 the son of ,amenophis ,,iii her husband4 ,i 7rejoice7 very exceeding much that we shall be friends 87,as they have sent me this message87 ,as they have ordered it1 ,gilias is humbly 7sent87 444 they have sent ,mani 7as an envoy871 and treasures of woods 7or trees7 my brother has sent1 and gold 444 without gold and without4440 ,the next passage is too broken to read1 but refers to the continuance of friendship since the time of the ancestors of both kings1 and for the future4 ,the back of the tablet is very much broken1 the whole of one paragraph1 and the greater part of the next1 which refers to ,teie as the mother of ,amenophis ,,iv being destroyed4 ,it continues3 8444 the message of your mother which to ,gilias 444 ,he has desired a message to be despatched and 7as he desires7 444 have not ,i sent my envoys1 and have not ,i 444 7and it is not my fault87 and the treasures 444 which he asked of him ,i have caused to be given1 not being desired 444 my envoys four years since you7#cic7 4440 ,eight lines are here almost entirely destroyed1 referring to some speedy message1 and to the former king1 with a reference to certain persons1 including the 8father of ,teie 7your elders87 with me10 with professions of friendship4 ,the end of the paragraph 7lines #dj1 #da7 contains the words1 8as thus he set us up over all her many lands 444 all the lands are all hers in his sight407#cid7 ,the next paragraph continues3 8444 the 7treasures87 of gold 7allowed to be despatched87 previously by ,amenophis ,,iii 444 he has sent4 ,lo6 very exceedingly my brother has desired that treasures 444 to us2 and much of his gold 444 very exceedingly my brother 444 as intending for me 444 whatever among 444 and your father2 was not he given by me2 and lo6 now let my brother see that ,i was not at all 444 to your father3 the treasures that he desired were given1 and lo6 444 ,i am sending back my message3 there shall be nothing done to cause the heart to turn away 444 all the messages 444 ,teie has been a witness1 and ,teie your mother 444 plenty4 ,lo6 ,i asked your father1 and did not your father grant me8 and 444 let this gold be given1 and let not my brother's heart 444 let him not turn from my 444 when the 7loan87 444 was not made1 and what had 444 8444 ,let ,gilia know this day what my brother's heart desires4 ,i have made ,gilia travel 444 thus ,i have made my brother's envoys to obey him1 travelling with speed4 ,if ever1 my brother1 my envoys 444 if ever ,i send my envoys 444 7the fault is not mine87 444 ,i have sent ,mani and ,gilia to my brother as before4 ,if at all by my brother my envoys to him1 and if by us they shall be received1 ,i also shall so hasten him 444 ,lo6 as regards messages from my brother1 which he makes about anything as to my brother's intentions 444 thence2 and on the throne of his father he sits this day2 and let me do my brother's will4 8,i say thus1 my brother1 have not ,i sent my envoys1 and much in their keeping which is for thee2 and my brother let 444 which is for thee4 ,mazipalali7#cie7 my envoy is the paternal uncle of ,gilia and for 444 my brother ,i have sent him1 and my brother am not ,i 7the surer87 as ,gilia is not 444 ,and the other envoy whom ,i shall send to my brother is the brother of ,gilia the son of his mother7#cif7 444 ,i sent him4 ,so my brother have not ,i despatched him speedily without stopping1 and1 my brother1 as to my wishes that ,i wish 7it is not my fault87 and because of these things did not ,i send ,gilia 444 for security1 and for all this am not ,i the surer4 8,mazipalali whom ,i shall send to my brother is the uncle of ,gilia2 and the treasures 7allowed to be despatched87 444 and plenty of untold gold of the 7loan87 which ,i desire from my brother let my brother give 444 and let him not refuse2 and with my brother gold in addition 444 ten times more may it increase to me exceedingly 444 let these things be ordered2 and ,mani 7with7 my envoy my brother 444 let be given of my brother2 and let him send ,gilia to me2 and 444 and all the news about my brother's mother that they shall speak1 and 7especially87 let me 7hear87 444 that they did4 ,and lo6 as before ,i sent not to thee my brother1 so let him 444 me4 ,let not my brother 444 and to my brother's pleasure 444 and ,i meditate a message of consolation for my brother4 8,let both ,artessupa7#cig7 and 444 thus relate in my brother's land this thing4 ,i have been sent 7under escort87 444 ,mani 7brought87 before me all my wicked slaves1 who have dwelt in ,egypt1 and ,i examined them7#cih7 as to 444 and they said 444 and ,i said before them #8,why is your insolence so great8' 444 ,so they put them in chains1 and 444 one of my 444 one from my city who has angered the land 444 and another 444 did not ,i slay because of these things8 ,my brother1 did not he say 444 was not ,i wroth8 ,behold my brother they were wicked 444 and 444 my brother it was necessary and now let me 7afflict them874 8,as to a present for my brother4 ,my brother's presents 7are7--a 7weight87 of solid gold from the land ,ris ,burkhis1 a weapon with a stone head7#cii7 444 of precious stone 444 7an ornament87 for the hands of precious stones1 one part of gold3 three cloths3 three 444 three 444 7with fastenings87 of gold1 444 of refined bronze 7or copper7 444 two 444 8,as a present for ,teie your mother an 7ornament87 for the hands of precious stones 444 earrings 444 two cloths4 8,as a present for 7,tadukhipa7 my 7daughter7 an ornament for the hands 444 earrings 444 two cloths40 #bc ,b4--,the salutation is the same as in the last1 being addressed to ,amenophis ,,iv1 to ,teie and to ,tadukhipa4 8,mani my brother's envoy 7has come7 to 7me74 ,i have heard4 ,i liked much the gifts that my brother 444 ,i saw1 and ,i rejoiced very much4 ,my brother utters this message and 7says7 #8,as with my father ,amenophis ,,iii you were friends1 now behold this day be friends with me thy brother4 ,you will continue to be kind1' and ,i have not delayed 444 with my brother4 ,lo6 ten times more than to your father ,i will be a friend4 8,and your father ,amenophis ,,iii spoke this message in his letter 7by your 4447 ,mani1 #8,continue thou the friendship1'7#djj7 and when my brother ,amenophis ,,iii said this1 lo6 what ,i had sent was nothing at all1 and my brother shall not consider it anything4 ,and ,i do not send this present1 which behold ,i have sent to thee1 as desiring to cause you to send2 but 7humbly87 whatever my brother desires to be given to his wife1 they shall be made to take away4 ,they shall see her17#dja7 and ,i will send ten times as much4 8,and the treasures of gold 7allowed to be despatched87 one treasure for me1 and another treasure as the treasure of ,tadukhipa my daughter1 lo6 ,i asked of ,amenophis ,,iii your father4 ,and your father said #8,send for the gold that 7remains to be remitted87 let the 7rest7 be given1 and the precious stones that are to be given thee1 and the gold1 because we have increased the gift1 which is marvellous with treasure to be given to you4' ,and the gold of the treasures all my envoys who were in the land of ,egypt beheld with their eyes2 and your father lavishly increased the treasures in presence of my envoys4 ,he welcomed them on their way2 he maintained them6 and lavishly expended the 444 on my envoys4 ,they gazed1 and so truly they beheld with their eyes his favor poured out4 8,and more gold beside1 which was marvellous1 which he sent to me1 he piled up2 and he said to my envoys #8,behold the treasures1 and behold the gold in plenty1 and the possessions which are marvellous17#djb7 which ,i shall send to my brother3 behold them also with your eyes4' ,and my envoys beheld with their eyes4 8,but now1 my brother1 the treasures remitted1 which your father sent1 you shall not send1 but the woods 7or trees7 have been received47#djc7 ,you are sending the possessions that your father sent to me4 ,you shall not send them1 but shall store them up very much4 8,and thinking of all that one has known1 how ,i rejoiced because of my brother1 none ever brought salutation from him at any time1 my brother1 but the same day return was made to him4 8,and ,khamassi my brother's envoy he sent 7humbly87 to my presence1 and 7humbly87 he spoke my brother's message3 ,i heard and then ,i said #8,as ,i was friends with ,amenophis ,,iii thy father1 lo6 now ten times more with ,amenophis ,,iv 7,nabkhuriya7 shall ,i be great friends4' ,so then ,i said to ,khamassi your envoy4 8,and lo6 my brother3 the treasures of gold to be remitted you shall not send2 and there 7shall be7 respite of gifts which your father spoke of sending4 ,it is desired that my brother shall not send them4 8,lo6 my brother1 the treasures of gold which ,i asked of your father ,i may say that half of them will be carried off 7or stolen7 444 ,the lands are at strife7#djd7 4440 ,the rest of this letter1 including all the back1 is too much broken to be read4 ,it appears to go on to speak of 8destruction0 and to refer to a state of disturbance4 ,it mentions the envoy ,khamassi1 and says1 8,of what he has brought the fourth part has been robbed40 ,on the back ,gilia is mentioned with gold1 and relations between the writer and ,amenophis ,,iii4 ,he refers again to the message from ,amenophis ,,iv and to ,teie his mother2 and invokes ,rimmon and ,amanu4 ,the words 8unless they are conquered0 seem also to occur4 ,this letter contained altogether #aac lines of writing4 #bf ,b4--,a list of presents4 ,on the back1 at the bottom of the left hand column1 is the statement1 8,these are the things carried by the female slaves1 all those things which ,dusratta ,king of ,mitani gave to ,amenophis ,,iii his brother1 his kinsman1 when he sent his daughter ,tadukhipa to the land of ,egypt1 to ,amenophis ,,iii for marriage1 he gave all these that day40 ,the list is a very long and difficult one4 ,it begins with two horses1 and a chariot plated with gold and silver1 and adorned with precious stones4 ,the harness of the horses was adorned in like manner4 ,two camel litters appear to be next noticed1 and apparently variegated garments worked with gold1 and embroidered zones and shawls4 ,these are followed by lists of precious stones1 and a horse's saddle adorned with gold eagles47#dje7 ,a necklace of solid gold and gems1 a bracelet of iron gilt17#djf7 an anklet of solid gold1 and other gold objects follow2 and apparently cloths1 and silver objects1 and vases of copper or bronze4 ,an object of jade or jasper 7,yaspu71 and leaves of gold1 are noticed 7both jade and leaves of gold have actually been found in the oldest ruins at ,troy71 the former being perhaps noticed as coming from ,elam1 by trade with central ,asia1 where jade was found4 ,five gems of 8stone of the great light0 7perhaps diamonds7 follow1 with ornaments for the head and feet1 and a number of bronze objects1 and harness for chariots4 ,boxes of strong wood to contain treasures follow next1 and apparently a collar with disks and carved lions1 objects of silver and gold and strong wood1 bronze ornaments for horses4 ,the last noticed objects may be written tablets1 including some on the ritual of the gods4 #be ,b4--,a list similar to the last1 perhaps part of the same inventory1 as it includes women's ornaments4 ,the tablet is much injured4 ,the objects noticed include an earring with gems1 and others of gold1 with a large number of precious stones1 a necklace with #abb gems set in gold1 including 8green stones02 bracelets and anklets of solid gold with jewels3 an umbrella adorned with gold3 boxes to hold treasures1 and numerous objects of silver3 horns of the wild bull1 and wooden objects adorned with gold3 cups of gold adorned with gems3 other bracelets and anklets of gold with pendants and stars of jewels3 a pair of gold earrings with pendants and stars of precious stones3 silver anklets for women1 and earrings with gold pendants4 ,in each case the weight of gold and the numbers of the gems are stated4 ,these inventories of ,tadukhipa's marriage outfit show how far advanced was the civilization of western ,asia in the fourteenth century ,b4,c41 and indicate not only the native wealth of gold1 silver1 copper1 and bronze1 from ,asia ,minor and the ,caucasus1 but also a trade which brought jade from central ,asia4 ,the art of the age is similar to that of the objects found at ,troy and ,mycen1 and represented on the ,egyptian bas-reliefs1 which give pictures of the tribute from ,phnicia4 ,from other tablets in the collection we obtain similar information1 including the use of ivory1 as also from the records of tribute to ,thothmes ,,iii in #afjj ,b4,c4 #aa ,b4 ,m4--8,to 444 ,princess of the ,land of ,egypt7#djg7 thus ,dusratta ,king of ,mitani4 ,i am at peace3 ,peace be to thee4444 ,peace be to thy son2 peace be to ,tadukhipa thy daughter-in-law4 ,to thy land and to all that is thine be much1 much peace4 8,thou hast known of me how ,i loved ,amenophis ,,iii thy husband1 and ,amenophis ,,iii because he was thy husband how he loved me4 ,as for ,amenophis ,,iii thy husband he heard what ,i said2 and ,amenophis ,,iii because he was thy husband1 sent messages to me2 and what he said to thee my 444 both ,mani has known1 and thou 444 hast known all of these things--the messages we zealously uttered4 ,there was nothing thus that he has not known of them4 8,now you said to ,gilia1 #8,say to your ,lord1 ,amenophis ,,iii was friends with your father1 and why should his favor be less than to your father8 ,nay1 indeed1 what he shall send to our place shall not 444 will not you hasten to 444 your friendship with ,amenophis ,,iii 444 making it greater2 and assure him 444 that you will gladly send 444' 8444 to your husband friendship 444 so now 444 your son1 ten times more 444 and the messages4444 8444 why from 444 our good faith1 and 444 is given to me 444 thus ,i 444 ,amenophis ,,iv 7,nabkhuriya7 444 and now behold 444 to give is not4444 8444 when by your desire ,i 444 and to the presence of ,amenophis ,,iv 444 and you wished thus 444 do not desire1 and 444 the treasures of gold to be remitted1 let ,amenophis ,,iv receive4 7,there is nothing1 indeed1 he may not desire87 that is not 444 ten times more than his father let him increase in friendship toward me1 and in power40 8444 you yourself1 your envoys1 with the envoys of ,amenophis ,,iv1 with 444 let them be sent to ,yuni my wife17#djh7 for what is wished2 and the envoys of ,yuni my wife let them be sent to 7thee7 as to what is wished4 8,now as to thy present 444 a goodly stone1 also 7a coronet87 and a 444 of stones40 ,it seems clear from this letter1 and from #bd ,b41 that ,teie 7or ,thi7 the ,queen of ,egypt1 was related to ,dusratta1 but it is not clear that she was his sister4 ,gilukhipa1 the sister whom he names1 is known from ,egyptian sources to have been the daughter of ,suttarna1 ,dusratta's father1 and she came to ,egypt with #cag ladies in her train4 ,it is also to be remarked that ,dusratta invokes the ,egyptian god ,amen both when writing to ,amenophis ,,iii and also when writing to ,amenophis ,,iv1 so that there does not appear to have been any change of religion in ,egypt during the reign of the latter--at least1 at the time when he wrote4 ,amenophis ,,iii also married at least one ,babylonian princess1 as will appear in the letters that follow4 ,,rimmon ,,nirari',s ,,letter #cj ,b4--8,to the ,sun ,god the ,king my ,lord the ,king of ,egypt1 thus ,rimmon-,nirari7#dji7 thy servant4 ,i bow at my ,lord's feet4 ,lo6 ,manakhbiya 7,thothmes ,,iv7 made my father ,king 444 to rule in the ,land of ,markhasse 7or ,nukhasse71 and established men to dwell with him2 and as the ,king of 444 was disputing for the kingdom1 which has been made 444 which he established for him 444 he gave him4440 ,about twenty lines of the letter are here destroyed2 the broken lines below continue thus3 8,and lo6 my ,lord 444 and the ,king of the land of the ,hittites why 444 my ,lord the letters 444 and fearing 444 and lo6 the ,king of ,egypt 444 and now my ,lord against 444 and to the hands 444 to our ,lord 444 thy ,lord in the years that may come4444 ,do not scorn1 since the land was faithful in service to the ,king my ,lord4 ,and if ,god commands my ,lord to go forth1 let my ,lord also send a chief1 to be sent up to him with his soldiers and with his chariots40 ,,callimmasin',s ,,letters #a ,b4--8,to ,amenophis ,,iii the ,king of ,egypt by letter thus 7,cal7limmasin7#daj7 the ,king of ,carandunias 7,babylonia7 thy brother4 ,i am at peace4 ,to thee1 to thy house1 thy wives1 thy land1 thy chariots1 thy horses1 thy 444 be much peace4 8,because of the youngest of my daughters1 whom you send to wed1 ,irtabi whom you remember1 they took this message4 ,my father formerly sent a message4 ,you collected many soldiers1 you approved his message1 and you sent making a present to my father4 8,now ,i send thee this envoy4 ,in the sixth year you seek for this1 and in the sixth year you send thirty manahs of gold 7instead of87 silver for my present4 ,i return the same gold4 ,casi your envoy has known its 7value87 which he has seen4 ,i send thy envoy well instructed as to our opinion4 ,for ,i followed 444 and the present that he is instructed to 444 is thirty manahs of gold1 which you 444 a gift of alliance40 ,the rest is too broken to read4 ,it mentions five women sent1 and ten wooden chariots--the latter as presents4 ,the next letter is from ,egypt4 ,either a copy or an original never sent47#daa7 #a ,b4 ,m4--8,to ,callimmasin ,king of ,carandunias my brother1 by letter thus ,amenophis ,,iii the great ,king1 the ,king of ,egypt thy brother4 ,there is peace to my region4 ,to thy region be peace3 to thy house1 to thy wives1 to thy sons1 to thy ,lords1 to thy horses1 to thy chariots1 and in thy hands be much peace4 ,i am at peace4 ,there is much peace to my house1 to my wives1 to my sons1 to my ,lords1 my horses1 my chariots1 my army2 and in my lands there is much peace4 8,now ,i heard the message you sent about her to me4 ,thus it was1 #8,now you ask my daughter as your wife1 but my sister whom my father gave thee1 being good to you1 has any seen her whether she has lived or whether she has died8' ,this is the message that you send in your letter4 ,but did you ever send as your envoy1 one who has known your sister1 and who has spoken with her1 and understood her8 ,and let one speak with her4 ,the chiefs you send are useless1 your envoy ,zakara is one who is a chief7874 ,there is not one among them related to your father1 and 444 concerning this my envoy is with thee1 and has spoken to her 444 her heart 444 concerning this1 and she has given 444 to her mother4 ,and lo6 you send this1 #8,you spoke to my envoys1 and they gathered your wives3 a lady appeared before you 7saying7 thus1 ,behold your queen who is brought out before you all4 ,but my envoys knew her not 7to be7 my sister4' ,now satisfy yourself as to what you thus send1 #8,my envoys knew her not1' and you say1 #8,who was it that was recognized by her8' ,why do not you send as your envoy one who shall tell you a true message as to the salutation from your sister1 ,i pray you8 ,and you said that they disputed as to her appearance4 ,but you can see her with the ,king4 ,and lo6 you send thus1 #8,who was the princess--a daughter of one who was a native1 or was she one of the land of 7my neighbors871 or was she the daughter of the ,land of ,khani ,rabbatu1 or the princess of the ,land of ,ugarit1 that my envoys so saw1 and who was it that spoke to them to satisfy that nothing wrong was done8' ,and does not your message say all this8 ,but if she has died--your sister1 and ,i am concealing1 as you pretend1 her 444 in former times1 which we 444 the ,god ,amanu 444 7,i rejoice that the wife ,i love87 444 she has been made queen 444 ,i deny that 444 beyond all the wives 444 that the ,kings of ,egypt 444 in the land of ,egypt4 ,and lo6 you send thus #8,both my daughters 444 as wives of the ,kings of the land of ,carandunias4' ,but if the 444 of my envoys is friendly1 and they have said #8,with these things our ,lord has sent us1 as a present1 to satisfy thee concerning thy message3 the princess salutes the ,kings1 and all her friends your daughters4' ,take thou possession from him of whatever is with them1 and send me a letter1 and arrange with thy sister who is with me1 and make sure of everything2 and ,i have sent to thee an overseer1 so to make known to your daughters1 in order to perceive the evil that they teach you4 ,and lo6 you send #8,the messages that my father has left1 do not these messages of his say concerning this1 that he established alliance between us8' ,this is the message you send4 ,now you and ,i have fulfilled the alliance1 and the portion is before your envoys as they will say in your presence4 ,is not all to be given by us to her who 7is7 to come to the land of ,egypt 7whom7 they shall bring before me8 ,and 7choose87 one of them4 7,now7 ,i have sent silver1 gold1 unguents1 cloths1 all whatsoever the land can give1 and the overseer will say what is the value of that which he has brought--every gift to be weighed to you1 that my envoy is to give4 ,and we have been shamed by the evils that they speak4 ,they have refuted the abominations--the evil things that they told you of us4 ,and ,i was grieved when they 444 us all these things4 ,for is it not of their deceit that they told you thus8 ,and ,i appointed them not to 444 them about this4 ,and lo6 you send thus1 you say thus to my envoys1 #8,there are no soldiers of my ,lord1 and is not 7a young girl87 to be given them8' ,this is thy message3 #8,thy envoys said for thee that none are going forth4 ,it might be done safely if there were soldiers1 if there be none it is impossible to arrange for us what ,i am asked by him4 ,if there are soldiers ,i grant it you1 if there are horses ,i grant you this4' ,this reason your envoy made use of with us1 who put me to shame--the evil man whom you sent4 ,i pray thee if they feared to be slain1 and lamented evils when she went out1 lo6 all was in your hands4 ,thus let my chariots be granted from among the chariots of the ruling chiefs3 do not you regard them as a possession8 ,you can send them wherever you please4 ,are not they all a possession8 ,are not there1 ,i pray you also1 chariots1 are not there ,i pray you horses with me8 ,demand all my horses3 the chariots behold you shall send to meet you at the stations4 ,as for me you shall send me the girl1 and send out one to lead 7her7 to me40 #c ,b4 ,m4--,this is broken at the top1 but supposed to be from ,callimmasin4 8444 my envoys 444 the many 444 that they send to me ,i 444 ,thou my brother without 444 for thy daughter to wed1 as ,i send 444 7you say7 thus1 #8,from of old a daughter of the ,king of ,egypt was not given for anything4' ,why so8 ,thou art a ,king1 and doest thy will4 ,as they spake this message to me ,i then sent thus1 #8,many of 7your7 daughters are grown up4 ,so send one who is grown up as 7,i ask for7 her4' ,who says thus1 #8,there is no daughter of the ,king to give4' ,thou hast sent without enquiring as to this4 ,thou dost not rebuke alliance and good-will1 as you send approaching me eagerly as to a taking to wife4 ,and ,i sent to you because of these things1 in brotherhood and good-will1 because eagerly approaching me as to taking a wife4 ,my brother1 why not send a woman8 ,why am ,i repulsed8 ,i myself have sent like thee1 ,i have intrusted a woman4 ,as there were daughters ,i did not refuse thee4 ,why associate by taking a wife as 444 ,i have sent to thee to know this 444 all your 444 so 444 they said your 444 ,lo6 my daughter whom ,i have sent7#dab7 444 you do not take unwillingly1 consenting to whatever you desire 444 and as for the gold that ,i send you1 your envoy has agreed with me as to the amount of the gold ,i4444 ,behold speedily1 within this year1 whether in the month of ,june 7,duzu7 or in the month of ,july 7,ab717#dac7 this message being taken away1 let her whom ,i have taken be4444 ,if within this year1 in ,june or in ,july1 ,i send you the gold1 you shall send 444 the daughter whom ,i am given by you1 and you in return shall send the gold for your 444 ,but if in ,june or in ,july the gold is not sent1 do not cause her whom ,i have taken to be sent away4 ,and in return for what will you send to be carried away her whom ,i have taken4 ,why1 indeed1 is it necessary to trouble about gold8 ,truly sending #c1jjj 7pounds87 of gold have not ,i completed the exchange for you1 and have not ,i given my daughter to take to wife80 ,,assurubalid',s ,,letter #i ,b4--8,to ,amenophis ,,iv 7the great ,king87 the ,king of ,egypt my brother1 thus ,assurubalid17#dad7 ,king of ,assyria the great ,king thy brother4 ,peace be to thee1 to thy house1 and to thy land4 ,i was very glad when ,i saw your envoys4 ,let me send your envoys again with my message4 ,i have sent as a present for you a chariot 7of the royal forces87 of my 444 and two horses swift and sure4 ,a chariot 7without harness87 and a precious stone4 8,the sending of gold from your land that has formerly come across to the great ,king has ceased47#dae7 ,why should he be repulsed from your sight8 ,they have taken as much gold as there was2 as much as ,i have received1 which also ,i have needed1 is caused to be sent4 8,in the time of ,assurnadinakhi7#daf7 my ancestor they sent to the land of ,egypt twenty 7pounds87 of gold4 8,in the time that the ,king of ,khani-,rabbatu sent to your father1 to the land of ,egypt1 they sent him twenty 7pounds7 of gold4 8444 ,to the ,king of ,khani-,rabbatu and to me 444 you have sent gold4 ,i sent 444 and you 444 from the hands of my envoys4444 8,if fortunately your face is favorable send gold1 and let him who executes the message take what is needed4 ,in return let our envoys be sent to thee from us4 ,your envoys who have tarried with me needing men to guide them it is granted1 in order that ,i may send this4 ,they took from me men to guide them as they went down4 ,do not disgrace my envoys1 and do not delay them for me4 ,why should we not in future send out envoys8 ,in future they will carry news1 in future they will be sent out to the ,king to carry the news4 ,and in future let it be declared #8,whosoever of us is treacherous let him be destroyed for the ,king4' ,i have received 7envoys7 thirteen times1 why should not other envoys beside from the ,king in future again4440 ,,letters ,,from ,,burnaburias #b ,b4 ,m4--8,to ,amenophis ,,iv 7,nibkhuarririya7 ,king of ,egypt1 by letter thus ,burnaburias ,king of ,caradunias7#dag7 thy brother4 ,i am at peace4 ,may there be much peace to thee1 to thy house1 thy wives1 thy sons1 thy land1 thy ,lords1 thy horses1 thy chariots4 8,since my fathers and thy fathers spoke good things zealously1 sending eagerly to make presents1 and making friends--and did not they speak eagerly--lo6 now my brother has sent two manahs of gold as a present to me4 ,lo6 there is much gold beside1 which your father sent1 and as this has increased beyond what your father gave1 why should you send two manahs of gold8 ,lo6 ,i have received much1 even very much gold1 which remains in the temple4 ,enough gold has been sent4 ,why should you send two manahs of gold8 ,but as for thee1 whatever is needed in thy land send for it1 let it be taken of me for thee4 8,in the time of ,curigalzu7#dah7 my father1 all the ,canaanites sent to him 7saying7 thus1 #8,what sayest thou as to the setting up of the land4 ,it is weak4 ,what sayest thou8' 8,my father clave to thy 7father74 ,he sent to them thus1 #8,it has been sent to me as to your discontent4 ,if you are foes with the ,king of ,egypt my brother1 you must cleave to some other4 ,shall not ,i go out against you for this8 ,shall not ,i destroy you1 as if you were discontented with me8' ,my father heard them not because of your father4 ,now behold ,assyria has arrayed against me4 ,did not ,i send to you1 as to their thoughts about your land8 ,why do they send against me8 ,if you have pity on me it will never be done4 ,they will fail to win these things4 ,i have sent to thee1 as a present for thee1 three manahs of precious stones1 fifteen pairs of horses for five wooden chariots40 #c ,b4 ,m4--,the salutation is the same as in the preceding4 8,since the time of ,caraindas1 since your father's envoys to my father came to me1 until now there has been good-will4 ,now ,i and thou are well with each other4 ,your envoys have come thrice to me1 making also presents1 whatever was sent4 ,and ,i have sent to thee whatever present has been made4 ,as for me1 is it not all an honor1 and as for thee have not ,i honored thee in all8 ,your envoy whom you send1 has not he paid the twenty manahs of gold that he has brought8 ,and as for the gifts that remainder1 is not the amount five manahs of gold40 ,five lines of the letter are here destroyed4 ,on the back of the tablet it continues3 8444 the forces of the land 7of ,egypt87 444 these let him gather within the year1 which thy envoy says he has sent1 and he shall cause the women of the princess to be guided to you1 any time that you order4 ,let me ask for her that the speed may be greater2 and having been delayed1 when he has made speed let your envoy take 7them71 and he shall do more than they did before4 ,so ,i have told my envoy ,sindisugab to say4 ,so let them both station the chariots speedily4 ,let them come to me1 and let them make proper arrangements2 so let my envoy and your envoy come to me1 speedily conveyed4 8,as a present for thee ,i have sent thee two manahs of precious stones2 and 7to enrich87 your daughter my son's wife7#dai7 he gave a 444 and 7an amulet to cause safety872 and ,i have sent thee as a present precious stones to the number of one thousand forty and eight2 and ,i sent1 as your envoy was sent back with ,sindisugab40 #d ,b4 ,m4--,with the same salutation as before1 is very much broken4 ,it contains a list of presents sent in connection with the same royal marriage of a daughter of the ,king of ,egypt to the ,babylonian prince4 ,the envoy's name was ,sutti2 the presents included a throne of strong wood1 ivory1 and gold1 and another of wood and gold1 with other objects of gold and strong wood4 #f ,b4--,the salutation is the same1 but the ,kings' names are spelled 8,nabkhururia0 and 8,burnaburias40 ,this tablet is very much injured4 ,it refers to a daughter and a promise4 ,it continues3 8,he takes her people with 7him in7 seven chariots1 with seven chariots which he took from me2 all that belongs to her behold 444 let me send her people to you4 ,the ,kings who 444 of the daughter of the great ,king1 in five chariots 444 to your father 444 three overseers 444 us he 7sent874440 ,about half the obverse of the letter is then lost1 and about a quarter of the upper part of the back4 ,it then continues3 8,if 7the arrangements7 are already complete 444 if there are no previous arrangements let 444 to send ,zalmu for the ,royal ,princess1 for ,zalmu7#dbj7 was your envoy whom ,i sent out1 let him 7come7 444 let him take back the soldiers whom he has sought of me1 and let him 7take87 444 of the people of the neighborhood1 who being speedily sent he may take back1 and let them add as many as 444 8,khai7#dba7 your chief1 whom you send1 is given soldiers and a chariot of our 444 and send plenty of soldiers with ,khai1 for the ,king's daughter 444 and otherwise do not send the ,king's daughter to travel4444 ,do not delay2 send speedily 444 in the course of this year you shall send a chariot and soldiers1 so gathering 444 let them unite as many as he says 7are necessary874 8,your father sent much gold to ,curigalzu 444 of ,curigalzu1 the quantity thereof increased in the palace 444 so1 because he heard the ,kings 7or great men7 who gave advice1 thus the gold 444 the ,kings1 brotherhood1 and good-will1 peace1 and fealty 444 the 444 increased the silver1 increased the gold1 increased4444 8,as thy present ,i have sent 444 of precious stone4 ,to the ,lady of thy house twenty 787 of precious stones3 so my wife causes me to send1 because very greatly 444 and as she desires shall it not be done1 as ,i rejoiced being glad 444 let them take of me much gold for thyself 444 let them take of me according as ,i 444 may it come quickly2 and has not my lord ordered thus1 that your envoy should bring to his brother much 444 so let me send to thee4440 #g ,b4--,the salutation from ,burnaburias is the same as in the preceding letters4 ,the letter continues3 8,on the day that my brother's envoy arrived1 and brought me this message1 his envoy 7came7 wearied to my presence3 he had eaten no food1 and 7had drunk7 no strong drink 444 the envoy you send told me the news1 that he had not brought to me the caravan7#dbb7 on account of 7wicked men87 from whom it was not 7safe874 ,so he has not brought to me the caravan4 ,the explanation of the 7head man87 was1 because of fear of being destroyed1 which my brother has 7known of74 ,thus as ,i desired explanation1 not 444 why the 7chief87 did not 444 his envoy1 why he had not sent it1 had not 444 my brother's envoy he has caused to say this 444 #8,is it not that the region was at strife8' thus 444 your brother heard this4 ,he has sent you salutation4 ,who is it that has told my brother thus that the land has risen8 ,your brother sends with speed to salute you1 as wishing to hear this4 ,does not he send his envoy to thee8 ,i have told him then to say to my brother1 #8,a great multitude has arisen1 and the land is at strife3 the thing is true that thy envoy thus said4 ,as thy brother heard not that the expedition has marched on thee1 he has asked4 ,has not he sent to salute thee8' ,so as ,i asked my envoy he said1 #8,as the foe has arisen let him be destroyed4' ,my brother1 have not ,i ordered this87#dbc7 ,and so they told me all that has happened in my brother's country1 and is not all this explanation necessary8 ,and all has thus happened in my land1 and as for me is it not all needful8 #8,the lawful command that was previously in the hands of our kingdom has been opposed1' he said4 ,we have speedily sent salutation3 an interchange of messages between us has been established 444 to your presence 4440 ,several lines are here missing at the top of the tablet on the back1 and the letter then continues3 8444 my salutation 444 and your salutation with 444 ,thou thyself behold hast 7sent87 thy envoy1 to make known this message4 ,so ,i made him wait for this4 ,i have sent my messenger with speed1 when he has rested sixty-one days1 and as he said to me this #8,i saw the foes 7but not7 at all was ,i afraid4' ,and to-day he is 444 ,i have sent to thee making many presents4 ,i have sent to my brother's hands1 as a present for thee1 7eighty87 precious stones2 and ,i have sent to my brother five yoke of horses1 which are brought this day by my envoy4 ,i desired to send1 making many presents to be sent to my brother4 ,and whatever notification 7is7 needful let this notification be sent1 let them take it for me from their home4 ,i have claimed delay that they may send presenting much gold4 ,i send notice to my brother3 truly on account of my delay he has remained4 ,the gold ,i notify ,i have sent4 ,i return explanation to your presence4 ,have not ,i despatched everything to my brother8 ,let him behold the notice3 let him sign for whatever is sent 444 ,i was anxious lest when ,i sent a notice my brother did not see 7it7 444 thus ,i have returned that which my brother signed1 ,i have sent 7it7 for the gold that they brought me4 ,as for the gifts ,i so despatch thou shalt thus 7reply872 does not 444 8,zalmu my envoy whom ,i send to you is responsible to us if 444 have plundered4 ,i have made ,biriyamaza responsible for 444 7,if7 again they have plundered1 ,i have made ,pamakhu responsible in part for 444 to your land complete4 8444 they have sworn 444 let my envoy 444 to the presence of my brother 444 let him be sent back to me 444 his message3 let him salute 4440 #h ,b4--,the same salutation from ,burnaburias to ,amenophis ,,iv4 ,the letter continues3 8,for this also my brother we speak with good-will eagerly1 and we cause this to be said thus with eagerness 7or speed7 in reply4 ,as for us we have been troubled indeed4 ,lo6 the merchants who have returned with a charge1 from the land of ,canaan1 have spoken in my hearing4 ,they were anxious on account of the charge from my brother's presence1 as ,sumatta7#dbd7 the son of ,malumme from the city of ,khinnatunu17#dbe7 in the land of ,canaan1 and ,sutatna son of ,sarratu of the city of ,acca7#dbf7 sent their soldiers3 they perceived my merchants1 and they spoiled our 444 ,i sent to you 444 let him tell you4 8,the ,canaanites in your country1 and the ,kings 444 in your country have violently cut off 444 the silver that they carried--a present 444 ,and the men who are my servants 444 has smitten them4 ,he destroyed our 7wealth872 and as these chiefs he has caused to be slain1 it is clear that the man is1 indeed1 my foe4 ,and1 indeed1 they are slaying a chief of your envoys3 when he was an envoy between us he was slain1 and his people have been hostile to you1 and the chief my foe1 ,sumatta1 dogging his steps1 caused him to be slain2 he saw him and slew him4 ,and the other chief ,sutatna the ,acchoite 7though at first they repelled him87 sent his chiefs against him 444 he said thus4 ,behold this 444 ask as to this1 truly you know 444 ,i have sent thee as a present one manah of precious stones 444 my envoy speedily 444 truly my brother has known 444 do not 7blame87 my envoy 444 let him be speedily sent4440 ,these two last letters of ,burnaburias are important as showing the disturbances in ,syria1 also mentioned by ,dusratta 7#bc ,b47 early in the reign of ,amenophis ,,iv4 #bh ,b4--,a very broken tablet containing a long list of presents supposed to have been sent by ,burnaburias1 and consisting mainly of gold and gems4 ,,letters ,,from ,,alasiya #g ,b4 ,m4--8,to the ,king of ,egypt my brother by letter1 thus the ,king of the ,land of ,alasyia7#dbg7 thy brother4 ,i am at peace4 ,peace be to my brother4 ,may there be much peace to his house1 to his wives1 to his son1 to his horses1 his chariots1 and in his land4 ,my brother's present 7is7 fifty 7pounds of bronze87 five yoke of horses4 ,i have sent my brother's present 7and7 my brother's envoy with speed1 and let my brother despatch my messenger again with speed1 and let me ask a gift which 444 and4444 ,in his letter it is directed what to send4 ,he has sent silver4 ,let him send1 not refusing the explanation of my envoy 444 ,cuniea1 ,ebiluna1 ,sirumma1 ,usbarra1 ,belraam17#dbh7 the explanation which 444 these things which are with 444 my4440 #ab ,b4--,the salutation is the same1 mentioning only one son of the ,king of ,egypt4 8,my brother has speedily sent my envoys 7under escort871 and ,i heard your salutation4 ,the chief 7and7 my merchants my brother has despatched speedily 7under escort873 has not your chief approached with my merchants and my fleet 7or ship780 #ae ,b4--,a much broken letter from the same1 referring to the sending of copper4 ,the last words appear to be 8let him come returning year by year40 #aa ,b4--,the salutation is the same1 including 8thy house1 thy concubines17#dbi7 thy sons10 etc4 ,this is a very difficult letter1 but appears to read3 8,why1 my brother1 do you utter this message to me8 ,my brother has known nothing at all that ,i have not done4 ,as for me1 behold the ,chiefs of the land of the ,lucci7#dcj7 whom you confounded in my land1 ,i 7was7 glad should be conquered40 8,my brother you say to me1 #8,lo the ,chiefs of thy land are with them1' but ,i 7say7 my brother has not known this that they are with them2 7or7 if they are ,chiefs of my land4 ,but send thou to me and do as ,i wish4 8,do not you know the ,chiefs of my land8 ,do not make this message 7even7 if they are ,chiefs of my land4 ,but do as you wish4 8,lo6 my brother1 as you do not send my envoy1 this letter will speak for me as a brother of the ,king4 ,it is brought by your envoy4 8,moreover1 ,i have perceived neither hinderance nor evil in what was done1 and lo6 my brother1 are not you at rest in your heart80 #e ,b4 ,m4--,the salutation is in the fullest form--nine lines4 ,the letter is almost perfect1 and continues3 8,lo ,i have sent to thy presence five hundred pieces of copper 7or bronze7 as a present for my brother2 as brother1 little copper is found 7is it not so7 in your midst4 ,when the power of ,an-,amar-ut7#dca7 my ,lord smote the whole of the men of my land1 and none made bronze1 also my brother it has not been found in thy midst4 8,your envoy with my envoy ,i hope to despatch1 and whatever my brother requires of copper ,i also have sent thee4 ,a ,brother thou art to me4 ,much gold and silver he has sent to me4 ,my brother1 ,god 7,elohim7 gives me also gold4 ,and to my brother's presence ,i have sent thee whatever my brother desires4 ,moreover1 my brother1 do not you desire my envoy8 ,and my brother has given me also men of his bosom4 ,my brother has sent me two 7precious vases87 and has despatched to me one of the ,chiefs of illustrious birth47#dcb7 8,moreover1 my brother1 the ,chiefs of my land say to me1 that they have walked for me according to the letters of the ,king of ,egypt2 and1 my brother1 the decrees also1 and the 444 8,moreover1 as a ,chief of the land of ,alasiya has died in the land of ,egypt1 and his possessions are in your land1 and his son and his wife are with me2 and1 my brother1 the possessions of the ,chiefs of ,alasiya are 444 ,give them also1 my brother1 into the hands of my envoy4 ,my brother1 has not he abode in your midst1 as your envoy abode three years in my land1 because the power of ,an-,amar-ut is in my land2 and with my family 7and7 my wife1 is the son of him who has died even now1 my brother4 ,i hope to despatch 7under escort87 your envoy with my envoy2 and ,i have sent a present to thee1 my brother4 ,moreover1 my brother has sent the gold that ,i desired of thee--much gold1 my brother4 ,and let my brother send the possessions that ,i ask of thee4 ,and1 whatever were the messages1 my brother has done all1 and as for thee whatever messages you utter to me1 ,i also have done4 ,with the ,king of the ,hittites1 and with the ,king of ,shinar1 with these ,i am not familiar4 ,whatever gifts they have sent to me1 and ,i have rendered twice the amount to thee4 ,thy envoy has been sent to me to serve1 and my envoy has been sent to thee to serve40 #f ,b4 ,m4--8,thus the ,king of ,alasiya to the ,king of ,egypt my brother4 ,let him learn3 behold ,i have been at peace1 and my land is mighty2 and because of your salutation peace be to you1 peace be to your house1 your sons1 your wives1 your horses1 your chariots1 your land4 ,may there be much peace forever1 my brother4 8,lo6 you shall send to me4 ,why do not you send your envoy to my city again2 and ,i heard not4 ,lo6 how much you afflict me1 and ,i am not made acquainted with all in your midst1 and ,i wonder at this4 ,and now ,i have despatched my envoy to your city1 and ,i have also despatched to you1 by the hands of my envoy for you1 one hundred 7pounds87 of bronze again4 ,and your envoy carries now gifts--a couch of strong wood1 enriched with gold1 and chariots enriched with gold1 and two horses1 and forty-two 7vases871 and fifty gold 7vases871 and two cups1 and fourteen pieces of strong wood1 and seventeen large vessels of good make 444 from the 7872 four 7vases871 and four gold 7vases87 444 the gifts of which none 4440 ,the next thirteen lines are almost entirely destroyed4 ,the letter continues on the back of the tablet3 8444 ,alasiya my merchants with thy merchants1 and 444 with them2 and truly there is good faith 444 and my envoy will go to your city1 and your envoy shall go to my city4 ,moreover1 why will you not despatch for me 7unguents and vases87 ,i 7say71 and ,i will order what you wish1 and that which is useful 7serving well87 in fulfilment of the decree1 ,i order to be given thee4 ,behold you sit on the throne of your ,kingdom40 #ac ,b4--,a short fragment1 too broken to read1 includes the names of the countries of ,egypt and of ,alasiya1 with salutations4 ,it includes a reference to merchants1 and apparently to presents1 nine lines in all4 #ad ,b4--,the writing and the clay appear to show that this also came from ,alasiya4 ,it included twenty-two lines1 but is much broken4 ,the following may be read3 8,lo6 as a present to thee ,i have sent five pieces of copper1 three 7pounds7 of good copper1 one 7871 one 7weapon87--a shipload4 ,also1 my brother1 these men of this royal ship 444 and as for thee1 the ship 444 speedily 444 is sent4 ,thou art my brother4 ,you desire a salutation1 and ,i have given it to thee4 ,this man1 the servant of the ,king my ,lord1 does not he approach before them8 and thou1 my brother1 send him speedily 7under escort8740 #af ,b4--,the ordinary salutation is much broken1 but the writing1 and the clay of the tablet1 seem to show that the letter came from ,alasiya4 ,the second paragraph mentions countries called ,umdhi 444 and ,tim 444 possibly ,hamath and ,damascus4 ,the third paragraph continues3 8,and now behold why do you 444 your fortress more than my fortress2 and who is it that has vexed us8 ,it is the abode of a hundred sons of violence4 ,so now 444 my brother1 because of this1 the city ,khumme has meditated evil1 and if 444 why not gather1 and 444 to preserve1 since it is necessary that they should be protected from what 4440 ,the remainder1 including a note for the ,king's scribe1 is too broken to read4 #ag ,b4--,a mere fragment1 apparently from ,alasiya1 contains a list of presents1 including five wooden thrones 7or chairs71 objects of silver1 a wooden footstool1 and a weight of one manah of some other substance4 ,,cuneiform ,,inscriptions ,,and ,,hieratic ,,papyri ,translated by ,various ,egyptologists ,the ,great ,tablet ,of ,rameses ,,ii ,at ,abu-,simbel ,translated by ,edouard ,naville ,in the great temple of ,abu-,simbel1 between two pillars of the first hall1 there is a large tablet1 which has been added1 evidently1 a long time after the completion of the temple4 ,this tablet1 which is the object of the present translation1 is covered with a text of thirty-seven lines1 containing a speech of the god ,ptah ,totunen to the ,king ,rameses ,,ii1 and the answer of the ,king4 ,it was very likely considered by the kings of ,egypt to be a remarkable piece of literature1 as it has been repeated1 with slight alterations1 on the pylons of the temple of ,medinet-,habu1 built by ,rameses ,,iii4 ,the tablet1 which is decaying rapidly1 has been published three times3 first1 by ,burton1 in the 8,excerpta ,hieroglyphica10 pl4 #fj2 then from the copies of ,champollion1 in the 8,monuments de l',egypte et de la ,nubie10 ,i1 pl4 #ch2 and1 finally1 by ,lepsius1 8,denkmler10 ,,iii1 pl4 #aic4 ,the inscription of ,medinet-,habu has been copied and published by ,m4 ,duemichen1 in his 8,historische ,inschriften10 ,i1 pl4 #g-aj1 and by ,m4 ,jacques de ,roug1 in his 8,inscriptions recueillis en ,egypte10 ,,ii1 pl4 #aca-ach4 ,i am not aware that any complete translation of this long text has been made4 ,the first part has been translated into ,german by ,mr4 ,duemichen 78,die ,flotte einer gyptischen ,knigin10 ,einleitung71 from the text at ,medinet-,habu2 a portion of it is also to be found in ,brugsch1 8gyptische ,geschichte10 p4 #ech4 ,the present translation ,i have made from the tablet1 which1 being more ancient than the inscription1 is very likely to be the original4 ,it contains an interesting allusion to the marriage of ,rameses with a daughter of the ,king of the ,kheta4 ,the inscription at ,medinet-,habu1 which is written more carefully than the tablet1 and with less abbreviations1 has given me a clue to several obscure passages of the ancient text4 ,the tablet is surmounted by a cornice1 with the winged disk4 ,underneath1 the god ,totunen is seen standing1 and before him ,rameses1 who strikes with his mace a group of enemies whom he holds by the hair4 ,behind the god are the ovals of six foreign nations1 most likely ,asiatics3 ,auentem1 ,hebuu1 ,tenfu1 ,temuu1 ,hetau1 ,emtebelu4 ,the inscription above the god is as follows3 8,said by ,,ptah-,,totunen1 with the high plumes1 armed with horns1 who generates the gods every day3 7,i am7 thy father1 ,i have begotten thee like a god1 to be a king in my stead4 ,i have transmitted to thee all the lands which ,i have created2 their chiefs bring thee their tribute1 they come bearing their presents because of their great fear2 all foreign nations are united under thy feet1 they are to thee eternally2 thy eye is fixed on their heads forever40 ,,tablet ,,of ,,rameses ,,ii #a ,the #ceth year1 the #acth of the month ,tybi1 under the reign of ,r-,haremakhu1 the strong bull1 beloved of truth1 the ,lord of the ,thirty ,years1 like his father ,ptah1 ,totunen1 the ,lord of ,diadems1 the protector of ,egypt1 the chastiser of foreign lands1 ,r1 the father of the gods1 who possesses ,egypt1 the golden hawk1 the ,master of ,years1 the most mighty sovereign of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt4 #b ,r-userma-sotep-en-,r1 the son of ,r1 the issue of ,totunen1 the child of the ,queen ,sekhet1 ,rameses1 beloved of ,amen1 ever living4 ,thus speaks ,ptah-,totunen with the high plumes1 armed with horns1 the father of the gods1 to his son who loves him1 #c the first-born of his loins1 the god who is young again1 the prince of the gods1 the master of the thirty years1 like ,totunen1 ,king ,rameses47#dcc7 ,i am thy father1 ,i have begotten thee like a god2 all thy limbs are divine4 ,i took the form of the ram of #d ,mendes1 and ,i went to thy noble mother4 ,i have thought of thee1 ,i have fashioned thee to be the joy of my person1 ,i have brought thee forth like the rising sun1 ,i have raised thee among the gods1 ,king ,rameses4 ,num #e and ,ptah have nourished thy childhood1 they leap with joy when they see thee made after my likeness1 noble1 great1 exalted47#dcd7 ,the great princesses of the house of ,ptah and the ,hathors of the temple of ,tem are #f in festival1 their hearts are full of gladness1 their hands take the drum with joy1 when they see thy person beautiful and lovely like my ,majesty4 ,the gods and goddesses exalt thy beauties1 they celebrate thee #g when they give to me their praises1 saying3 8,thou art our father who has caused us to be born2 there is a god like thee1 the ,king ,rameses40 ,i look at thee1 and my heart is joyful2 ,i embrace thee with my golden arms1 and ,i surround thee with life1 purity1 and duration4 ,i provide thee #h with permanent happiness4 ,i have fixed in thee joy1 enjoyment1 pleasure1 gladness1 and delight4 ,i grant thee that thy heart may be young again like mine4 ,i have elected thee1 ,i have chosen thee1 ,i have perfected thee2 thy heart is excellent and thy words are exquisite2 there is absolutely nothing #i which thou ignorest1 up to this day1 since the time of old2 thou vivifiest the inhabitants of the earth through thy command1 ,king ,rameses4 ,i have made thee an eternal king1 a prince who lasts forever4 ,i have fashioned thy #aj limbs in electrum1 thy bones in brass1 and thy arms in iron4 ,i have bestowed on thee the dignity of the divine crown2 thou governest the two countries as a legitimate sovereign2 ,i have given thee a high ,nile1 and it fills ,egypt for thee with the abundance of riches and wealth2 there is #aa plenty in all places where thou walkest2 ,i have given thee wheat in profusion to enrich the two countries in all times2 their corn is like the sand of the shore1 the granaries reach the sky1 and the heaps are like mountains4 ,thou rejoicest and thou art praised #ab when thou seest the plentiful fishing1 and the mass of fishes which is before thy feet4 ,all ,egypt is thankful toward thee4 ,i give thee the sky and all that it contains4 ,,seb shows forth for thee what is within him27#dce7 the birds hasten to thee1 the pigeons of ,horsekha #ac bring to thee their offerings1 which are the first-fruits of those of ,r4 ,thoth has put them on all sides4 ,thou openest thy mouth to strengthen whoever thou wishest1 for thou art ,num2 thy royalty is living in strength and might like ,r1 since he governs the two countries4 #ad ,king ,rameses1 ,i grant thee to cut the mountains into statues immense1 gigantic1 everlasting2 ,i grant that foreign lands find for the precious stone to inscribe787 the monuments with thy name4 #ae ,i give thee to succeed in all the works which thou hast done4 7,i give thee7 all kinds of workmen1 all that goes on two and four feet1 all that flies and all that has wings4 ,i have put in the heart of all nations to offer thee what they have done2 themselves1 princes great and small1 with one #af heart seek to please thee1 ,king ,rameses4 ,thou hast built a great residence to fortify the boundary of the land1 the city of ,rameses2 it is established on the earth like the four pillars #ag of the sky2 thou hast constructed within a royal palace1 where festivals are celebrated to thee as is done for me within4 ,i have set the crown on thy head with my own hands1 when thou appearest in the great hall of the double throne27#dcf7 and men and gods have praised thy name #ah like mine when my festival is celebrated4 ,thou hast carved my statues and built their shrines as ,i have done in times of old4 ,i have given thee years by periods of thirty27#dcg7 thou reignest in my place on my throne2 ,i fill thy limbs with life and happiness1 ,i am behind thee to protect thee2 ,i give thee health and strength2 #ai ,i cause ,egypt to be submitted to thee1 and ,i supply the two countries with pure life4 ,king ,rameses1 ,i grant that the strength1 the vigor and the might of thy sword be felt among all countries2 thou castest down the hearts of all nations2 #bj ,i have put them under thy feet2 thou comest forth every day in order that be brought to thee the foreign prisoners2 the chiefs and the great of all nations offer thee their children4 ,i give them to thy gallant sword that thou mayest do with them what thou likest4 #ba ,king ,rameses1 ,i grant that the fear of thee be in the minds of all and thy command in their hearts4 ,i grant that thy valor reach all countries1 and that the dread of thee be spread over all lands2 the princes tremble at thy remembrance1 and thy #bb ,majesty is fixed on their heads2 they come to thee as supplicants to implore thy mercy4 ,thou givest life to whom thou wishest1 and thou puttest to death whom thou pleasest2 the throne of all nations is in thy possession4 ,i grant thou mayest show all thy #bc admirable qualities and accomplish all thy good designs2 the land which is under thy dominion is in joy1 and ,egypt rejoices continually4 ,king ,rameses1 ,i have exalted thee through such marvellous #bd endowments that heaven and earth leap for joy and those who are within praise thy existence2 the mountains1 the water1 and the stone walls which are on the earth are shaken when they hear thy excellent name1 since they have seen what ,i have accomplished for thee2 #be which is that the land of ,kheta should be subjected to thy palace2 ,i have put in the heart of the inhabitants to anticipate thee themselves by their obeisance in bringing thee their presents4 ,their chiefs are prisoners1 all their property is the tribute in the #bf dependency of the living king4 ,their royal daughter is at the head of them2 she comes to soften the heart of ,king ,rameses2 her merits are marvellous1 but she does not know the goodness which is in thy heart2 #bg thy name is blessed forever2 the prosperous result of thy great victories is a great wonder1 which was hoped for1 but never heard of since the time of the gods2 it was a hidden record in the house of books since the time of ,r till the reign of thy #bh living7#dch7 ,majesty2 it was not known how the land of ,kheta could be of one heart with ,egypt2 and behold1 ,i have beaten it down under thy feet to vivify thy name eternally1 ,king ,rameses4 #bi ,thus speaks the divine ,king1 the ,master of the ,two ,countries1 who is born like ,khepra-,r1 in his limbs1 who appears like ,r1 begotten of ,ptah-,totunen1 the ,king of ,egypt2 ,r-userma-sotep-en-,r1 the son of ,r1 ,rameses1 beloved of ,amen1 ever living1 to his father who appears before him1 ,totunen1 #cj the father of the gods3 ,i am thy son1 thou hast put me on thy throne1 thou hast transmitted to me thy royal power1 thou hast made me after the resemblance of thy person1 thou hast transmitted to me what thou hast created2 ,i shall answer by doing all the good things which thou desirest4 #ca ,as ,i am the only master like thou1 ,i have provided the land of ,egypt with all necessaries2 ,i shall renew ,egypt for thee as it was of old1 making statues of gods after the substance1 even the color of their bodies4 ,egypt will be the possession of their hearts1 and will build them #cb temples4 ,i have enlarged thy abode in ,memphis1 it is decked with eternal works1 and well-made ornaments in stones set in gold1 with true gems2 ,i have opened for thee a court on the north side with a double staircase2 #cc thy porch is magnificent2 its doors are like the horizon of the sky1 in order that the multitude may worship thee4 ,thy magnificent dwelling has been built inside its walls2 thy divine image is in its #cd mysterious shrine1 resting on its high foundation2 ,i have provided it abundantly with priests1 prophets1 and cultivators1 with land and with cattle2 ,i have reckoned its offerings by hundreds of thousands of good things2 thy festival of thirty years is celebrated there #ce as thou hast prescribed it to me thyself2 all things flock to thee in the great offering day which thou desirest2 the bulls and calves are innumerable2 all the pieces of their flesh are by millions2 the smoke of their fat reaches heaven and is received within the sky4 #cf ,i give that all lands may see the beauty of the buildings which ,i have created to thee2 ,i have marked with thy name all inhabitants and foreigners of the whole land2 they are to thee forever2 for thou hast created them1 to be under the command of thy son1 who is on #cg thy throne1 the master of gods and men1 the lord who celebrates the festivals of thirty years like thou1 he who wears the double sistrum1 the son of the white crown1 and the issue of the red diadem1 who unites the two countries in peace1 the ,king of ,egypt1 ,r-userma-sotep-en-,r1 the son of ,r1 ,rameses1 beloved of ,amen1 living eternally4 ,hymn ,to ,osiris 7,stele of ,amen-em-ha1 ,eighteenth ,dynasty7 ,translated by ,m4 ,franois ,chabas ,this stele is one of the usual funereal tablets which are found in the cemeteries at ,memphis and ,thebes4 ,the upper part of the tablet is round1 and has the two sacred eyes and symbolical signets1 which1 as well as the winged globe1 almost invariably surmount these sacred inscriptions1 and of which the meaning has not yet been satisfactorily determined4 ,immediately below this emblem are two vignettes3 in the first a functionary named ,amen-em-ha 78,amen at the beginning07 presents a funereal offering to his father ,amen-mes 78,amen's son10 or1 8born of ,amen07 the steward of the deity's flocks17#dci7 beside whom is his deceased wife ,nefer-t-aru and a young boy1 his son1 ,amen-em-ua 78,amen in the bark074 ,in the second vignette1 a principal priest 7heb7 of ,osiris1 dressed in the sacerdotal leopard's skin1 offers incense to the lady ,te-bok 78,the servant-maid072 below is a row of kneeling figures1 namely3 two sons1 ,si-t-mau 78,son of the mother071 ,amen-,ken 78,amon the warlike071 and four daughters1 ,meri-t-ma 78,loving justice071 ,amen-,set 78,daughter of ,amen071 ,souten-mau 78,royal ,mother071 and ,hui-em-neter 78,food for god074 ,as there is no indication of relationship between the subjects of the two vignettes1 it may be inferred that ,te-,bok was a second wife of ,amen-em-ha4 ,the lower portion of the tablet is filled up with the following ,hymn to ,osiris1 written in twenty-eight lines of hieroglyphics which are very well preserved except wherever the name of the deity ,amen occurs1 which has been hammered out7#ddj7 evidently at the time of the religious revolution in ,egypt under the reign of ,amenophis ,,iv1 who1 assuming the name of ,chu-en-aten 78,splendor10 or1 8,glory of the solar disk071 overthrew the worship of the older divinities and principally that of ,amen-,r2 a change which was again overthrown in the period of his successors1 who restored the former letters4 ,from the style of art and other indications it is almost certain that the monument was erected in the reign of ,thothmes ,i of the eighteenth dynasty4 ,the stele is now deposited in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris1 and has been published by ,m4 ,chabas in the 8,revue ,archologique10 ,may-,june1 #aheg1 after a paper stamp taken by the late ,m4 ,devria4 ,a ,,hymn ,,to ,,osiris #a ,adoration of ,osiris by the ,steward of the flocks1 ,amen-em-ha1 ,son of the ,lady ,nefer-t-ari3 he says1 ,welcome to thee7#dda7 ,osiris1 ,lord of length of times1 ,king of the gods1 of many names1 of holy transformations1 of mysterious forms in the temples1 august being1 residing in ,tattu1 ,great ,one contained #b in ,sokhem1 ,master of invocations in ,ant47#ddb7 ,principle of abundance in ,on2 who has the right to command in the place of double justice1 mysterious soul1 ,lord of ,kerer1 ,holy ,one of the ,white ,wall1 ,soul of the sun1 his very body reposing in #c ,souten-,khnen2 author of invocations in the region of the tree ,ner3 whose soul is existing for vigilance2 ,lord of the great dwelling in ,sesennou7#ddc7 the very awful in ,shashotep2 ,lord of the length of times in ,abydos4 ,the road to his dwelling is in the ,to-sar27#ddd7 his name is stable in #d men's mouths4 ,he is the paut-ti7#dde7 of the world1 ,atum1 feeder of beings among the gods1 beneficent spirit in the abode of spirits4 ,from him the heavenly ,nile7#ddf7 derives its waters2 from him comes the wind1 and respirable air7#ddg7 is in his nostrils1 for his satisfaction1 and #e taste of his heart4 ,for him1 the ground brings forth to abundance2 in obedience to him is the upper heaven and its stars1 and he opens the great gates2 he is the ,master of invocations in the south heavens1 and of adorations in the north heavens3 the moving #f constellations are under the place of his face1 they are his dwellings1 as also the reposing constellations4 ,to him ,seb orders offerings to be presented3 the gods adore him2 those who are in the lower heaven bow to him1 the divine ,chiefs7#ddh7 doing reverence1 all supplicating4 #g ,they see him1 those who are there1 the august ones1 and stand in awe from him2 the whole earth glorifies him when his holiness proceeds on the vault of the sky3 he is a ,sahou illustrious among the ,sahous1 great in dignity1 permanent in empire4 ,he is the excellent master of the gods1 fair and #h beloved by all who see him4 ,he imposes his fear to all lands so that they like to exalt his name to the first rank4 ,through him all are in abundance2 ,lord of fame in heaven and on earth4 ,multiplied 7are his7 acclamations in the feast of ,ouak2 acclamations are made to him by the #i two worlds unanimously4 ,he is the eldest1 the first of his brothers1 the ,chief of the gods1 he it is who maintains justice in the two worlds1 and who places the son in the seat of his father2 he is the praise of his father ,seb1 the love of his mother ,nou2 very valiant1 he overthrows the impure2 invincible1 he strikes #aj his opponent1 he inspires his fear to his enemy2 he seizes the wicked one's boundaries2 firm of heart1 his feet are vigilant3 he is the offspring of ,seb1 ruling the two worlds4 ,he 7,seb7 has seen his virtues and has commanded him to conduct #aa the nations by the hand continually47#ddi7 ,he has made this world with his hand1 its waters1 its atmosphere1 its vegetation1 all its flocks1 all its flying things1 all its fish1 all its reptiles and quadrupeds4 ,justice is rendered to the #ab ,son of ,nou and the world is at quiet when he ascends the seat of his father like the sun3 he shines at the horizon1 he enlightens the darkness1 he illuminates shades by his double plume37#dej7 he inundates the world like #ac the sun every morning4 ,his diadem predominates at top of heaven and accompanies7#dea7 the stars3 he is the guide7#deb7 of all the gods4 ,he is beneficent in will and words3 he is the praise of the great gods and the love of the small gods4 ,his sister took care of him1 by dissipating his enemies1 #ad repelling 7bad7 luck2 she sends forth her voice by the virtues7#dec7 of her mouth3 wise of tongue1 no word of hers fails4 ,she is beneficent in will and speech3 ,it is ,isis the beneficent1 the avenger of her brother3 she unrepiningly sought him3 #ae she went the round of the world lamenting him3 she stopped not till she found him3 she shadowed with her wings2 her wings caused wind1 making the invocation of her brother's burial2 #af she raised the remains of the god of the resting heart3 she extracted his essence3 she had a child1 she suckled the baby in 7loneliness7 secret2 none know where that happened4 ,the arm 7of the child7 has become strong in the great dwelling #ag of ,seb47#ded7 ,the gods are joyous at the arrival of ,osiris1 son of ,horus intrepid1 justified1 son of ,isis1 heir of ,osiris4 ,the divine ,chiefs join him3 the gods recognize the ,universal ,lad himself4 ,the ,lords of justice there united #ah to watch over iniquity and sit in ,seb's great dwelling are giving authority to its ,lord47#dee7 ,the reign of justice belongs to him4 ,horus has found his justification2 given to him is the title of his father1 he appears with the royal fillet1 #ai by the orders of ,seb4 ,he takes the royalty of the two worlds2 the crown of the superior region is fixed on his head4 ,he judges the world as he likes3 heaven and earth are below the place of his face3 he commands mankind2 the intelligent beings1 the race of the ,egyptians1 and the northern barbarians47#def7 ,the circuit #bj of the solar disk is under his management1 the winds1 the waters1 the wood of the plants and all vegetables4 ,a god of seeds1 he gives all herbs and the abundance of the ground4 ,he affords plentifulness7#deg7 and gives it to all the earth4 #ba ,all men are in ecstasy1 hearts in sweetness1 bosoms in joy2 everybody is in adoration4 ,everyone glorifies his goodness3 mild is his love for us2 his tenderness environs 7our7 hearts3 great is his love in all bosoms4 ,the #bb ,son of ,isis has justice rendered him3 his foe falls under his fury1 and the evil-doer at the sound of his voice3 the violent is at his final hour1 the ,son of ,isis1 father avenger1 approaches him4 #bc ,sanctifying1 beneficent is his name2 veneration finds its place3 respect immutable for his laws3 the path is open1 the footpaths are opened3 both worlds are at rest3 evil flies and earth becomes fecundant peaceably under its ,lord4 ,justice is confirmed by its ,lord who pursues iniquity4 #bd ,mild is thy heart1 ,o ,ounnefer1 son of ,isis6 he has taken the crown of the ,upper region3 to him is acknowledged his father's authority in the great dwelling of ,seb3 ,phra when speaking1 ,thoth in writing1 #be the divine ,chiefs are at rest4 ,what thy father ,seb has commanded for thee1 let that be done according to his word4 7,this ,egyptian 8,so be it0 ends the hymn4 ,below this is the usual formula47 ,oblation to ,osiris living in the west1 ,lord of ,abydos3 may he allow funereal gifts3 bread1 liquor1 oxen1 geese1 clothes1 incense1 oil1 all gifts of vegetation3 ,to make the transformations1 to enjoy the ,nile1 to appear as a living soul1 to see the solar disk every morning3 to go and to come in the ,ru-sat3 that the soul may not be repulsed in the ,neter-,kher4 ,to be gratified7#deh7 among the favored ones1 in presence of ,ounnefer1 to take the aliments presented on the altars of the great god1 to breathe the delicious air and to drink of the rivers current4 ,to the steward of the flocks of ,ammon1 ,amen-mes1 justified 8,son of ,lady ,hen-t1 justified1 his consort1 who loves him 4440 7,the name of ,nefer-t-aru1 which ought to end the phrase1 has been completely chiselled out47 ,travels ,of ,an ,egyptian ,in ,the ,fourteenth ,century ,b4,c4 ,from a ,papyrus in the ,british ,museum ,translated by ,m4 ,f4 ,chabas and ,m4 ,c4 ,w4 ,goodwin ,the 8,travels of an ,egyptian0 has first been translated into ,english by ,m4 ,c4 ,w4 ,goodwin 78,cambridge ,essays10 #aheh1 p4 #bfg-bfi71 from a hieratic papyrus in the ,british ,museum1 published in fac-simile by the trustees 7,fo4 #ahdb1 pl4 #ce-fa74 ,in #ahff1 ,m4 ,f4 ,chabas1 availing himself of the collaboration of ,m4 ,goodwin1 published a full translation of the same in ,french 78,voyage d'un ,egyptien en ,syrie1 en ,phenicie10 etc41 #dto1 #ahff71 including a copy of the hieratic text with a double transcription into hieroglyphic and ,coptic types1 and a perpetual commentary4 ,objections were made by ,m4 ,h4 ,brugsch 78,revue ,critique10 ,paris1 #ahfh1 ,aot et ,septembre74 ,but ,m4 ,chabas strongly vindicated his views in an additional work1 8,voyage d'un ,egyptien--,rponse la ,critique10 ,chlons1 #ahfh1 #dto1 since which the matter seems to be settled among ,egyptologists4 ,the debate was1 however1 unimportant in regard to geographical information1 as it bore merely on the point to ascertain whether the narrative refers to an actual journey really effected by the ,egyptian officer named a ,mohar1 or a model narrative of a supposed voyage drawn from a previous relation of a similar trip extant at the time4 ,,travels ,,of ,,an ,,egyptian ,section #a #ah4c ,thy letter which is full of lacun is loaded with pretentious expressions3 such is the retribution of those who wish to understand it2 it is a charge #ah4d which thou hast charged at thy will4 8,i am a scribe1 a ,mohar10 hast thou repeated3 let us respect thy word and set off4 #ah4e ,thou hast put horses to the chariots2 thy horses are as swift as jackals3 their eyes flash2 they are like a hurricane bursting2 thou takest #ah4f the reins1 seizest the bow3 we contemplate the deeds of thy hand4 ,i send thee back the ,mohar's portrait3 and make thee know #ah4g his actions4 ,didst thou not then go to the country of the ,kheta8 ,hast thou not seen the land of ,aup8 ,knowest thou not ,khatuma1 ,ikatai #ah4h likewise8 how is it8 ,the ,tsor of ,sesortris1 the city of ,khaleb on its vicinity8-- #ai4a ,how goes it with its ford8 ,hast thou not made an expedition to ,qodesh and ,tubakkhi8 ,hast thou not gone to the ,shasous8 #ai4b with the auxiliary body8 ,hast thou not trampled the road of ,pamakar the sky7#dei7 was dark on the day when #ai4c there flourished the cypresses1 the oaks and cedars1 which reached up to heaven3 there are many lions1 wolves1 and hyenas #ai4d which the ,shasous track on all sides4 ,didst thou not ascend the mountain of ,shaoua8 ,hast thou not travelled1 thy arms #ai4e placed on the back of thy car separated from its harness by the horses drawing it8 #ai4f ,oh6 come to 444 barta4 ,thou hastenest to get there3 thou crossest #ai4g its ford4 ,thou seest a ,mohar's trials4 ,thy car #ai4h is placed in thy hand3 thy strength fails4 ,thou arrivest at the night3 all thy limbs #ai4i are knocked up3 thy bones are broken1 thou fallest asleep from excess of somnolence3 thou wakest up-- #bj4a ',tis the hour when sad night begins3 thou art absolutely alone4 ,comes there not a thief to rob the #bj4b things left aside3 he enters the stable3 the horses are agitated3 the thief goes back in the night #bj4c carrying away thy clothes4 ,thy servant awakes in the night2 he perceives the thief's actions3 he takes away the rest1 #bj4d he goes among the bad ones2 and joins the tribes of the ,shasous3 and transforms himself to an ,asiatic4 #bj4e ,the enemy comes to plunder1 he finds only the wreck3 ,thou wakest1 dost thou not find them #bj4f in their flight8 ,they take thy baggage4 ,thou becomest an active and quick-eared ,mohar8 ,section #b #bj4g ,i also describe to thee the holy city1 whose name is ,kapaon 7,gabal74 ,how is it8 ,of their goddess 7we will speak7 another time4 ,therein #bj4h hast thou not penetrated8 ,come then to ,berytus1 to ,sidon1 to ,sarepta4 ,the ford #ba4a of ,nazana1 where is it8 ,aoutou1 how is it8 ,they are neighbors of another city on the sea4 ,tyre the #ba4b port is its name3 water is carried to it in barks1 it is richer in fish than in sands4 ,section #c #ba4c ,i will speak to thee also of two other small chapters4 ,the entrance of ,djaraou1 and the order thou hast given to set this city in flames4 ,a ,mohar's office is a very painful one4 #ba4d ,come1 set off to return to ,pakakna4 ,where is the road of ,aksaph8 #ba4e ,in the environs of the city2 come then to the mountain of ,ousor3 its top1 #ba4f how is it8 ,where is the mountain of ,ikama8 ,who can master it8 ,what way has the ,mohar #ba4g gone to ,hazor8 ,how about its ford8 let me go to ,hamath1 #ba4h to ,takar1 to ,takar-,aar1 the all-assembling place of the ,mohars2 come #bb4a then1 on the road that leads there4 ,make me to see ,jah4 ,how has one got to ,matamim8 #bb4b ,do not repel us by thy teachings2 make us to know them4 ,section #d #bb4c ,i will speak to thee of the towns other than the preceding ones4 ,wentest thou not to the land of ,takhis1 to ,cofer-,marlon1 to ,tamena1 #bb4d to ,qodesh1 to ,dapour1 to ,adjai1 and to ,harnemata8 ,hast thou not seen ,keriath-,anab1 near to #bb4e ,beith-,tuphar8 ,knowest them not ,odulam and ,tsidphoth8 ,knowest thou not the name of #bb4f ,khaouretsa1 which is in the land of ,aup8 ',tis a bull on his frontier1 the place where one sees the battle 7mle7 #bb4g of the brave ones4 ,come then to the image of ,sina3 let me know ,rohob3 #bb4h represent to me ,beith-,sheal as well as ,keriathaal4 ,the fords of the #bc4a ,jordan1 how does one cross them8 let me know the passage to enter ,mageddo1 whereof it remains to speak4 ,thou art a ,mohar1 #bc4b expert in courageous deeds4 ,is there found a ,mohar like thee to march at the head of the soldiers1 a ,marina #bc4c superior to thee to shoot an arrow6 ,take care of the gulf in the ravine #b1jjj cubits deep1 full of rocks and rolling stones4 #bc4d ,thou makest a dtour3 seizest thy bow2 preparest the iron in thy left hand2 showest thyself to the good chiefs4 #bc4e ,their eye looks down at thy hand3 8,slave1 give camel for the ,mohar to eat40 ,thou makest thy name of ,mohar known1 #bc4f master of the captains of ,egypt2 thy name becomes like that of ,kadjarti1 the ,chief of ,assur1 after his encounter with #bc4g the hyenas in the wood1 on the defile infected by the wood-hidden ,shasous4 #bc4h ,some of these were four cubits from the nose to the heel3 fierce without mildness1 not listening to caresses4 #bc4i ,thou art alone1 no guide with thee1 nor troop behind thee4 ,didst thou not meet the ,marmar8 ,he makes thee #bd4a pass3 thou must decide on departing1 and knowest not the road4 ,anxiety seizes thee1 thy hair bristles up3 #bd4b thy soul places itself in thy hand3 thy way is full of rocks and rolling stones1 no practicable passage2 the road is obstructed by #bd4c hollies1 nopals17#dfj7 aloes and bushes called 8dog-wolf's shoes40 ,on one side is the precipice1 on the other rises the vertical wall of the mountain4 #bd4d ,thou must advance going down4 ,thy car strikes the wall and thy horses are startled by the rebound3 #bd4e they stop at the bottom of the harness2 thy reins are precipitated and left behind2 all fall down1 thou passest on4 #bd4f ,the horses break the pole and move it out of the path2 you cannot think of refastening them1 cannot repair #bd4g them4 ,the seats are precipitated from their places2 the horses refuse to be loaded with them4 ,thy heart fails thee4 ,thou beginnest to #bd4h reel2 the sky is clear3 thirst torments thee3 the enemy is behind thee1 thou beginnest to quake2 #be4a a thorny bush hinders thee2 thou placest it aside2 the horses wound themselves4 #be4b ,at this moment thou art stretched flat and beholdest the sad satisfaction 7of thy state874 ,entering ,joppa #be4c thou seest a verdant enclosure in a ripe state4 ,thou makest an opening for eating the fruit4 ,thou findest a pretty #be4d young girl who takes care of the gardens3 she yields herself to thee as a companion1 and yields to thee her secret charms4 #be4e ,thou art perceived3 thou art subjected to an interrogatory2 thou art recognized as a ,mohar4 ,thy tie of #be4f sweet servitude1 is settled by a compromise4 ,each night thou liest down2 a rug of hair #be4g is on thee3 thou imprudently fallest asleep1 a robber takes away thy bow1 thy dagger1 #be4h and thy quiver3 thy reins are cut in the night1 and thy horses run away4 ,thy valet takes a sliding path3 the road mounts before him1 he breaks #bf4a thy car in pieces 444 thy armor-pieces fall on the ground4 #bf4b ,they sink in the sand4 ,thou must have recourse to prayers1 and thou gettest puzzled in thy address4 ,give me victuals and water1 and ,i #bf4c shall reach my safety4 ,they pretend to be deaf1 they do not listen3 they do not consent4 ,thou orderest3 #bf4d 8,pass to the forge6 ,pass through the workshops60 ,workmen in wood and metals and workmen in leather come before thee3 they do #bf4e all thou wishest4 ,they repair thy car1 leaving aside all unserviceable pieces3 they nail on again #bf4f a new pole3 they replace the fittings3 they replace the leathers of the harness1 and at the back #bf4g they consolidate thy yoke3 they replace the metallic ornaments3 they incrust the marquetry3 #bf4h they put on the handle of thy whip and arrange the thongs4 ,thou leavest very hastily #bf4i to fight at the perilous post2 to perform valiant deeds4 ,section #e #bg4a ,mapou1 ,o chosen scribe6 ,mohar1 who knows his hand1 conductor of the ,arunas1 chief of ,tsebaou1 explorer of the most distant limits of the land of ,pa 444 thou dost not #bg4b answer me anyhow3 thou givest me no account2 come let me tell all that happened to thee at the end of thy road4 ,i begin #bg4c for thee at the dwelling of ,sestsou 7,rameses73 hast thou not forced thy way therein8 ,hast thou not eaten fishes of4448 #bg4d ,hast thou not bathed therein8 ,oh1 come1 let us describe ,atsion to thee3 where is its fortress8 #bg4e ,come to the house of ,ouati2 to ,sestsou-em-paif-nakhtou-ousormara27#dfa 7 to ,sats 444 aal1 #bg4f also to ,aksakaba8 ,i have pictured to you ,anini4 ,knowest thou not its customs8 ,nekhai1 #bg4g and ,rehoboth1 hast thou not seen them since thy birth1 ,o eminent ,mohar8 ,raphia1 #bg4h how about its entrenchment8 ,it covers the space of an aour going toward ,gaza4 #bg4i ,answer quickly1 and speak to me of what ,i have said of a ,mohar concerning thee4 ,i have thunderstruck #bh4a the strangers at thy name of ,marina3 ,i have told them of thy fierce humor1 according to which word thou saidst3 8,i am fit for all works2 ,i have been taught by my father1 who had verified his judgment millions of times4 ,i #bh4b can hold the reins1 and also am skilful in action4 ,courage never forsakes my limbs2 ,i am of the race ,mentou40 ,all that issues from thy tongue is very thwarting3 thy phrases #bh4c are very puzzling3 thou comest to me enveloped in difficulties charged with recrimination4 ,thou cuttest off the discourse of those who come in thy presence2 thou dost not disgust thyself with fumbling1 and #bh4d with a stern face sayest3 8,hasten ye3 and desist not6 ,how to do not to be able to succeed in it1 and how to do to succeed in it807#dfb7 ,no6 ,i stop not1 for ,i arrive2 let thy preoccupation get calmed3 #bh4e tranquillize thy heart3 prepare not privations for him who offerest himself to eat4 ,i have mutilated the end of thy book1 and ,i send it to thee back1 as thou didst request2 thy orders accumulate on my tongue1 they rest on my lips3 #bh4f but they are difficult to understand2 an unskilful man could not distinguish them2 they are like the words of a man of ,athou with a man of ,abou4 ,yet thou art a scribe of ,pharaoh2 whose goodness reveals the essence of the universe4 #bh4g ,be gracious when seeing this work1 and say not1 8,thou hast made my name repugnant to the rabble1 to all men40 ,see ,i have made for thee the portrait of the ,mohar3 ,i have travelled for thee through foreign provinces4 ,i have collected #bh4h for thee nations and cities after their customs4 ,be gracious to us3 behold them calmly3 find words to speak of them when thou wilt be with the prince ,ouah4 ,dirge ,of ,menephtah ,translated by ,s4 ,birch1 ,,ll4,d4 ,the following short poetical eulogium of a king1 apparently of ,menephtah or ,seti ,,ii of the nineteenth dynasty1 is found in ,papyrus ,anastasi #d of the ,british ,museum4 ,it is published in 8,select ,papyri10 pl4 lxxxiv1 l4 #b-i2 lxxxv1 l4 #a4 ,although not divided by red dots it is clearly poetic in style1 and is accordingly given in paragraphs4 ,from the final line it appears to be addressed to the monarch after his death4 ,although the titles do not exactly correspond with those of ,rameses ,,ii1 or ,menephtah1 it appears to relate to him1 as the papyrus is of his reign and that of ,seti ,,ii of the same dynasty4 ,it may indeed refer to this later monarch2 but as no cartouche is given and the titles after the palatial or so-called ,horus ones are doubtful1 it is uncertain whom the monarch is to whom it refers4 ,it has been translated by ,m4 ,chabas 78,l',egypt aux temps de l'exode10 ,chalons1 #ahgc1 p4 #aah74 ,,dirge ,,of ,,menephtah #a ,amen gave thy heart pleasure1 #b he gave thee a good old age1 #c a lifetime of pleasure followed thee #d blessed was thy lip1 sound thy arm #e strong thy eye to see afar #f thou hast been clothed in linen47#dfc7 #g ,thou hast guided thy horse and chariot #h of gold with thy hand #i the whip in thy hand1 yoked were the steeds #aj the ,xaru17#dfd7 and ,nahsi17#dfe7 marched before thee #aa a proof of what thou hadst done #ab thou hast proceeded to thy boat of as7#dff7 wood #ac a boat made of it before and behind #ad thou hast approached the beautiful tower which #ae thou thyself made #af thy mouth was full of wine1 beer1 bread and flesh #ag were slaughtered cattle and wine opened3 #ah the sweet song was made before thee #ai thy head anointer anointed thee with kami7#dfg7 #bj the chief of thy garden pools brought crown #ba the superintendent of thy fields brought birds #bb thy fisherman brought fish #bc thy galley came from ,xaru7#dfh7 laden with good things #bd thy stable was full of horses7#dfi7 #be thy female slaves were strong7#dgj7 #bf thy enemies were placed fallen #bg thy word no one opposed #bh ,thou hast gone before the gods the victor the justified67#dga7 ,hymn ,to ,the ,nile ,translated by ,rev4 ,f4 ,c4 ,cook ,this hymn is important as bearing witness to the state of religious thought in ,egypt in the time of ,merneptah1 the son of ,rameses ,,ii1 nineteenth dynasty1 according to the generality of ,egyptologers1 contemporary with ,moses4 ,it is extant in two papyri1 8,sallier10 ii1 p4 #aa1 8,select ,papyri10 pls4 xx-xxiii1 and 8,anastasi10 vii4 8,select ,papyri10 pls4 cxxxiv-cxxxix1 published by the trustees of the ,british ,museum4 ,the name of the author ,enna is well known4 ,he wrote the 8,romance of the ,two ,brothers0 and other works preserved in the 8,select ,papyri10 and partially translated by ,mr4 ,goodwin1 in 8,cambridge ,essays10 #aheh1 p4 #beg1 and ,m4 ,g4 ,maspero1 in 8,genre pistolaire chez les anciens ,egyptiens10 ,paris1 #ahgb4 ,a translation of this hymn was published by ,maspero 78,hymne au ,nil071 in #ahfh1 with an introduction and critical notes of great value4 ,the attention of the reader is specially called to the metrical structure of this poem4 ,the stanzas1 containing upon an average ten couplets1 are distinctly marked in the original1 the first word in each being written in red letters2 hence the origin of rubricated ,,mss4 ,each clause also has a red point at the close4 ,the resemblance with the earliest ,hebrew poems has been pointed out by the translator in the 8,introduction to the ,book of ,psalms10 and in the 8,notes on ,exodus10 in the 8,speaker's ,commentary on the ,bible40 ,,hymn ,,to ,,the ,,nile ,i4 ,strophe ,adoration of the ,nile #a ,hail to thee ,o ,nile6 #b ,thou showest thyself in this land1 #c ,coming in peace1 giving life to ,egypt3 #d ,o ,ammon1 7thou7 leadest night unto day17#dgb7 #e ,a leading that rejoices the heart6 #f ,overflowing the gardens created by ,r47#dgc7 #g ,giving life to all animals2 #h ,watering the land without ceasing3 #i ,the way of heaven descending37#dgd7 #aj ,lover of food1 bestower of corn1 #aa ,giving light to every home1 ,o ,ptah6 ,,ii4 #a ,lord of fishes1 when the inundation returns #b ,no fowls fall on the cultures47#dge7 #c ,maker of spelt2 creator of wheat3 #d who maintaineth the temples6 #e ,idle hands he loathes7#dgf7 #f ,for myriads1 for all the wretched4 #g ,if the gods in heaven are grieved17#dgg7 #h ,then sorrow cometh on men4 ,,iii4 #a ,he maketh the whole land open to the oxen17#dgh7 #b ,and the great and the small are rejoicing2 #c ,the response of men at his coming67#dgi7 #d ,his likeness is ,num67#dhj7 #e ,he shineth1 then the land exulteth6 #f ,all bellies are in joy6 #g ,every creature receives nourishment6 #h ,all teeth get food4 ,,iv4 #a ,bringer of food6 ,great lord of provisions6 #b ,creator of all good things6 #c ,lord of terrors7#dha7 and of choicest joys6 #d ,all are combined in him4 #e ,he produceth grass for the oxen2 #f ,providing victims for every god4 #g ,the choice incense is that which he supplies4 #h ,lord in both regions1 #i ,he filleth the granaries1 enricheth the storehouses1 #aj ,he careth for the state of the poor4 ,v4 #a ,he causeth growth to fulfil all desires1 #b ,he never wearies of it4 #c ,he maketh his might a buckler47#dhb7 #d ,he is not graven in marble17#dhc7 #e ,as an image bearing the double crown4 #f ,he is not beheld3 #g ,he hath neither ministrants nor offerings3 #h ,he is not adored in sanctuaries3 #i ,his abode is not known3 #aj ,no shrine is found with painted figures47#dhd7 ,,vi4 #a ,there is no building that can contain him67#dhe7 #b ,there is no counsellor7#dhf7 in thy heart6 #c ,thy youth delight in thee1 thy children3 #d ,thou directest7#dhg7 them as ,king4 #e ,thy law is established in the whole land1 #f ,in the presence of thy servants in the ,north37#dhh7 #g ,every eye is satisfied with him37#dhi7 #h ,he careth for the abundance of his blessings4 ,,vii4 #a ,the inundation comes1 7then7 cometh rejoicing2 #b ,every heart exulteth3 #c ,the tooth of the crocodiles1 the children of ,neith7#dij7 #d 7,even7 the circle of the gods who are counted with thee4 #e ,doth not its outburst water the fields1 #f ,overcoming mortals 7with joy73 #g ,watering one to produce another47#dia7 #h ,there is none who worketh with him2 #i ,he produces food without the aid of ,neith47#dib7 #aj ,mortals he causes to rejoice4 ,,viii4 #a ,he giveth light on his coming from darkness37#dic7 #b ,in the pastures of his cattle #c ,his might produceth all3 #d ,what was not1 his moisture bringeth to life1 #e ,men are clothed to fill his gardens3 #f ,he careth for his laborers4 #g ,he maketh even and noontide1 #h ,he is the infinite ,ptah and ,kabes47#did7 #i ,he createth all works therein1 #aj ,all writings1 all sacred words1 #aa ,all his implements in the ,north47#die7 ,,ix4 #a ,he enters with words the interior of his house17#dif7 #b ,when he willeth he goeth forth from his mystic fane4 #c ,thy wrath is destruction of fishes47#dig7 #d ,then7#dih7 men implore thee for the waters of the season4 #e 8,that the ,thebaid may be seen like the ,delta4 #f ,that every man be seen bearing his tools1 #g ,no man left behind his comrade6 #h ,let the clothed be unclothed1 #i ,no adornments for the sons of nobles1 #aj ,no circle of gods in the night60 #aa ,the response 7of the god7 is refreshing water1 #ab ,filling all men with fatness4 ,x4 #a ,establisher of justice6 men rejoice #b ,with flattering words to worship7#dii7 thee1 #c ,worshipped together with the mighty water6 #d ,men present offerings of corn1 #e ,adoring all the gods3 #f ,no fowls fall on the land47#ejj7 #g ,thy hand is adorned with gold17#eja7 #h ,as moulded of an ingot of gold1 #i ,precious as pure lapis lazuli17#ejb7 #aj ,corn in its state of germination is not eaten47#ejc7 ,,xi4 #a ,the hymn is addressed to thee with the harp2 #b ,it is played with a 7skilful7 hand to thee6 #c ,the youths rejoice at thee6 #d ,thy own children4 #e ,thou hast rewarded their labor4 #f ,there is a great one adorning the land2 #g ,an enlightener1 a buckler in front of men1 #h ,quickening the heart in depression4 #i ,loving the increase of all his cattle4 ,,xii4 #a ,thou shinest in the city of the ,king2 #b ,then the householders are satiated with good things1 #c ,the poor man laughs at the lotus47#ejd7 #d ,all things are perfectly ordered4 #e ,every kind of herb for thy children4 #f ,if food should fail1 #g ,all enjoyment is cast on the ground1 #h ,the land falls in weariness4 ,,xiii4 #a ,o inundation of ,nile1 offerings are made to thee3 #b ,oxen are slain to thee3 #c ,great festivals are kept for thee2 #d ,fowls are sacrificed to thee2 #e ,beasts of the field are caught for thee #f ,pure flames are offered to thee2 #g ,offerings are made to every god1 #h ,as they are made unto ,nile4 #i ,incense ascends unto heaven1 #aj ,oxen1 bulls1 fowls are burnt6 #aa ,nile makes for himself chasms in the ,thebaid27#eje7 #ab ,unknown is his name in heaven1 #ac ,he doth not manifest his forms6 #ad ,vain are all representations67#ejf7 ,,xiv4 #a ,mortals extol 7him71 and the cycle of gods6 #b ,awe is felt by the terrible ones2 #c ,his son7#ejg7 is made ,lord of all1 #d ,to enlighten all ,egypt47#ejh7 #e ,shine forth1 shine forth1 ,o ,nile6 shine forth6 #f ,giving life to men by his oxen3 #g ,giving life to his oxen by the pastures6 #h ,shine forth in glory1 ,o ,nile4 ,the ,solemn ,festal ,dirge ,of ,the ,egyptians ,translated by ,c4 ,w4 ,goodwin1 ,m4,a4 ,this dirge or hymn1 which is that alluded to by ,herodotus17#eji7 is contained in one of the 8,harris ,papyri0 7,no4 #ejj71 the same from which ,i have already translated the 8,story of the ,doomed ,prince40 ,the first line of the hymn ascribes it to the authorship of ,king ,antuf1 one of the ,pharaohs of the eleventh dynasty4 ,the papyrus itself is1 however1 of the time of ,thothmes ,,iii1 eighteenth dynasty1 but that is no reason why all the texts in the ,,mss4 should be of the latter date4 ,the translation here given was printed by myself for the first time in the 8,transactions of the ,society of ,biblical ,archology10 ,vol4 ,,iii1 part #a1 but the hieroglyphic text remains yet to be published4 ,a fragment of another copy of this identical hymn is to be found in the 8,monumens du ,muse de ,leide10 part iii1 pl4 #ab1 and from it several words which were wanting in the ,harris papyrus have been restored4 ,,festal ,,dirge #a 7,wanting47 #b ,the song of the house of ,king ,antuf1 deceased1 which is 7written7 in front of #c the player on the harp47#eaj7 ,all hail to the good ,prince1 the worthy good 7man71 the body is fated787 to pass away1 the atoms7#eaa7 #d remain1 ever since the time of the ancestors4 ,the gods who were beforetime rest in their tombs1 the mummies #e of the saints likewise are enwrapped in their tombs4 ,they who build houses1 and they who have no houses1 see6 #f what becomes of them4 ,i have heard the words of ,imhotep7#eab7 and ,hartatef47#eac7 ,it is said in their sayings1 #g ,after all1 what is prosperity8 ,their fenced walls are dilapidated4 ,their houses are as that which has never existed4 #h ,no man comes from thence who tells of their sayings1 who tells of their affairs1 who encourages our hearts4 ,ye go #i to the place whence they return not47#ead7 ,strengthen thy heart to forget how thou hast enjoyed thyself1 fulfil thy desire whilst thou livest4 #aj ,put oils upon thy head clothe thyself with fine linen adorned with precious metals #aa with the gifts of ,god multiply thy good things1 yield to thy desire1 fulfil thy desire with thy good things #ab 7whilst thou art7 upon earth1 according to the dictation of thy heart4 ,the day will come to thee1 when one hears not the voice when the one who is at rest hears not #ac their voices47#eae7 ,lamentations deliver not him who is in the tomb47#eaf7 #ad ,feast in tranquillity seeing that there is no one who carries away his goods with him4 ,yea1 behold1 none who goes thither comes back again4 ,hymns ,to ,amen ,translated by ,c4 ,w4 ,goodwin1 ,m4,a4 ,these beautiful poems are contained in the 8,anastasi ,papyri0 in the collection at the ,british ,museum4 ,they have been mostly translated in ,french by ,m4 ,f4 ,chabas1 from whose interpretation ,i have occasionally found reason to differ4 ,the papyrus itself is considerably mutilated1 and bears no date1 but from the character of the script there can be little doubt that it is of the period of the nineteenth dynasty4 ,these hymns have been published by myself with exegetical notes in the 8,transactions of the ,society of ,biblical ,archology10 vol4 ,,ii1 part #b1 #ahgc1 p4 #cec2 and1 as before mentioned1 in ,french by ,m4 ,chabas in the 8,mlanges ,egyptologiques10 #ahgj1 p4 #aag4 ,,hymn ,,to ,,amen7#eag7 #a 8,o ,amen1 lend thine ear to him #b who is alone before the tribunal1 #c he is poor 7he is not7 rich4 #d ,the court oppresses him2 #e silver and gold for the clerks of the book1 #f garments for the servants4 ,there is no other ,amen1 acting as a judge1 #g to deliver 7one7 from his misery2 #h when the poor man is before the tribunal1 #i 7making7 the poor to go forth rich40 ,,hymn ,,to ,,amen7#eah7 #a 8,i cry1 the beginning of wisdom is the way of ,amen17#eai7 #b the rudder of 7truth74 #c ,thou art he that giveth bread to him who has none1 #d that sustaineth the servant of his house4 #e ,let no prince be my defender in all my troubles4 #f ,let not my memorial be placed under the power #g of any man who is in the house 444 ,my ,lord is 7my7 defender2 #h ,i know his power1 to wit1 7he is7 a strong defender1 #i there is none mighty except him alone4 #aj ,strong is ,amen1 knowing how to answer1 #aa fulfilling the desire of him who cries to him2 #ab the ,sun the true ,king of gods1 #ac the ,strong ,bull1 the mighty lover 7of power740 ,,hymn ,,to ,,amen7#ebj7 #a 8,come to me1 ,o thou ,sun2 #b ,horus of the horizon give me 7help72 #c ,thou art he that giveth 7help72 #d there is no help without thee1 #e excepting thou 7givest it74 #f ,come to me ,tum17#eba7 hear me thou great god4 #g ,my heart goeth forth toward ,an7#ebb7 #h ,let my desires be fulfilled1 #i let my heart be joyful1 my inmost heart in gladness4 #aj ,hear my vows1 my humble supplications every day1 #aa my adorations by night2 #ab my 7cries of7 terror 444 prevailing in my mouth1 #ac which come from my 7mouth7 one by one4 #ad ,o ,horus of the horizon there is no other beside like him1 #ae protector of millions1 deliverer of hundreds of thousands1 #af the defender of him that calls to him1 the ,lord of ,an47#ebc7 #ag ,reproach me not7#ebd7 with my many sins4 #ah ,i am a youth1 weak of body47#ebe7 #ai ,i am a man without heart4 #bj ,anxiety comes upon me7#ebf7 as an ox upon grass4 #ba ,if ,i pass the night in 4447#ebg7 and ,i find refreshment1 #bb anxiety returns to me in the time of lying down40 ,hymn ,to ,pharaoh ,the previous hymns are addressed to the ,supreme ,being1 under the names of ,amen1 ,horus1 and ,tum1 all identical with the ,sun4 ,but for the old ,egyptians the ruling ,pharaoh of the day was the living image and vicegerent of the ,sun1 and they saw no profanity in addressing the ,king in terms precisely similar to those with which they worshipped their god4 ,the following address or petition1 which also is found in the 8,anastasi ,papyri10 is a remarkable instance of this3 ,,hymn ,,to ,,pharaoh7#ebh7 #a 8,long live the ,king67#ebi7 #b ,this comes to inform the ,king #c to the royal hall of the lover of truth1 #d the great heaven wherein the ,sun is4 #e 7,give7 thy attention to me1 thou ,sun that risest #f to enlighten the earth with this 7his7 goodness4 #g ,the solar orb of men chasing the darkness from ,egypt4 #h ,thou art as it were the image of thy father the ,sun1 #i who rises in heaven4 ,thy beams penetrate the cavern4 #aj ,no place is without thy goodness4 #aa ,thy sayings are the law of every land4 #ab ,when thou reposest in thy palace1 #ac thou hearest the words of all the lands4 #ad ,thou hast millions of ears4 #ae ,bright is thy eye above the stars of heaven1 #af able to gaze at the solar orb4 #ag ,if anything be spoken by the mouth in the cavern1 #ah it ascends into thy ears4 #ai ,whatsoever is done in secret1 thy eye seeth it1 #bj ,o ,baenra ,meriamen17#ecj7 merciful ,lord1 creator of breath40 ,this is not the language of a courtier4 ,it seems to be a genuine expression of the belief that the ,king was the living representative of ,deity1 and from this point of view is much more interesting and remarkable than if treated as a mere outpouring of empty flattery4 ,the ,song ,of ,the ,harper ,translated by ,ludwig ,stern ,the text of the following song1 found in the tomb of ,neferhetep at ,abd-el-,gurnah1 is a good specimen of ,egyptian poetry of the eighteenth dynasty4 ,it was first copied by ,mr4 ,dmichen 78,historische ,inschriften10 ii4 #dj71 and subsequently by myself4 ,in addition to a translation in the 8,zeitschrift fr gyptische ,sprache10 #ahgc1 p4 #eh1 ,i gave some critical observations in the same journal of #ahge4 ,professor ,lauth of ,munich translated it in an appendix to his essay on the music of the ancient ,egyptians4 ,the song is very remarkable for the form of old ,egyptian poetry1 which like that of the ,hebrews delights in a sublimer language1 in parallelisms and antitheses1 and in the ornament of a burden2 no doubt it was sung1 and it seems to be even rhythmic1 forming verses of equal length-- 8,ured urui pu m1 ,pa shau nefer kheper ,khetu her sebt ter rek ,r ,jamu her at r ast-sen40 ,though part of the text is unhappily much mutilated1 we yet may gather the general ideas of the poem from the disjecta membra which remain4 ,it is a funeral song1 supposed to be sung by the harper at a feast or anniversary in remembrance of the deceased patriarch ,neferhetep1 who is represented sitting with his sister and wife ,rennu-m-ast-neh1 his son ,ptahmes and his daughter ,ta-,khat standing by their side1 while the harper before them is chanting4 ,the poet addresses his speech as well to the dead as to the living1 assuming in his fiction the former to be yet alive4 ,the room of the tomb1 on the walls of which such texts were inscribed1 may be thought a kind of chapel appointed for the solemn rites to be performed by the survivors4 ,the song which bears a great resemblance to the 8,song of the ,house of ,king ,antef10 lately translated by the eminent ,mr4 ,goodwin1 affords a striking coincidence with the words which ,herodotus 7ii4 #gh7 asserts to have been repeated on such occasions1 while a wooden image of the deceased1 probably the figure called 8usheb10 was circulating among the guests4 8,look upon this60 they said2 8then drink and rejoice1 for thou shalt be as this is40 ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,harper ,chanted by the singer to the harp who is in the chapel of the ,osirian1 the ,patriarch of ,amen1 the blessed ,neferhotep4 ,he says3 ,the great one is truly at rest1 the good charge is fulfilled4 ,men pass away since the time of ,r7#eca7 and the youths come in their stead4 ,like as ,r reappears every morning1 and ,tum7#ecb7 sets in the horizon1 men are begetting1 and women are conceiving4 ,every nostril inhaleth once the breezes of dawn1 but all born of women go down to their places4 ,make a good day1 ,o holy father6 ,let odors and oils stand before thy nostril4 ,wreaths of lotus are on the arms and the bosom of thy sister1 dwelling in thy heart1 sitting beside thee4 ,let song and music be before thy face1 and leave behind thee all evil cares6 ,mind thee of joy1 till cometh the day of pilgrimage1 when we draw near the land which loveth silence4 ,not 4447#ecc7 peace of heart 4447#ecd7 his loving son4 ,make a good day1 ,o blessed ,neferhotep1 thou patriarch perfect and pure of hands6 ,he finished his existence 444 7the common fate of men74 ,their abodes pass away1 and their place is not2 they are as they had never been born since the time of ,r4 7,they in the shades7 are sitting on the bank of the river1 thy soul is among them1 drinking its sacred water1 following thy heart1 at peace 4447#ece7 ,give bread to him whose field is barren1 thy name will be glorious in posterity for evermore2 they will look upon thee 4447#ecf7 7,the priest clad in the skin77#ecg7 of a panther will pour to the ground1 and bread will be given as offerings2 the singing-women 4447#ech7 ,their forms are standing before ,r1 their persons are protected 4447#eci7 ,rannu7#edj7 will come at her hour1 and ,shu will calculate his day1 thou shalt awake 4447#eda7 7woe to the bad one67 ,he shall sit miserable in the heat of infernal fires4 ,make a good day1 ,o holy father1 ,neferhotep1 pure of hands6 ,no works of buildings in ,egypt could avail1 his resting-place is all his wealth 4447#edb7 ,let me return to know what remaineth of him6 ,not the least moment could be added to his life1 7when he went to7 the realm of eternity4 ,those who have magazines full of bread to spend1 even they shall encounter the hour of a last end4 ,the moment of that day will diminish the valor of the rich 4447#edc7 ,mind thee of the day1 when thou too shalt start for the land1 to which one goeth to return not thence4 ,good for thee then will have been 7an honest life17 therefore be just and hate transgressions1 for he who loveth justice 7will be blessed74 ,the coward and the bold1 neither can fly1 7the grave7 the friendless and proud are alike 444 ,then let thy bounty give abundantly1 as is fit1 7love7 truth1 and ,isis shall bless the good1 7and thou shalt attain a happy7 old age4 ,hymn ,to ,amen-,ra ,translated by ,c4 ,w4 ,goodwin1 ,m4,a4 ,this hymn is inscribed upon a hieratic papyrus1 ,no4 #ag1 in the collection of papyri at the ,museum of ,boulaq4 ,a fac-simile of the papyrus has been published by ,m4 ,marriette 78,les papyrus ,egyptiens du ,muse de ,boulaq10 fo4 ,paris #abgb1 pls4 #aa-ac74 ,it is not a very long composition1 being contained in eleven pages of moderate size1 and consisting of only twenty verses4 ,it has the advantage of being nearly perfect from beginning to end1 written in a legible hand1 and free from any great difficulties for the translator4 ,from the handwriting of the papyrus it may be judged to belong to the nineteenth dynasty1 or about the fourteenth century ,b4,c4 ,it purports to be only a copy1 and the composition itself may be very much earlier4 ,in the original the beginning of each verse is indicated by rubricated letters2 each verse is also divided into short phrases by small red points2 these are indicated in the translation by colons4 ,this translation has just been published with exegetical notes in the 8,transactions of the ,society of ,biblical ,archology10 vol4 ii1 p4 #bej4 ,,hymn ,,to ,,amen-,,ra #a ,praise to ,amen-,r3 the ,bull in ,an7#edd7 ,chief of all gods3 the good god beloved3 giving life to all animated things3 to all fair cattle3 ,hail to thee ,amen-,r1 ,lord of the thrones of the earth3 ,chief in ,aptu37#ede7 the ,bull of his mother in his field3 turning his feet toward the land of the ,south3 ,lord of the heathen1 ,prince of ,punt37#edf7 the ,ancient of heaven1 the ,oldest of the earth3 ,lord of all existences1 the ,support of things1 the ,support of all things4 #b ,the ,,one in his works1 single among the gods3 the beautiful ,bull of the cycle of gods3 ,chief of all the gods3 ,lord of truth1 ,father of the gods3 ,maker of men1 ,creator of beasts3 ,lord of existences1 ,creator of fruitful trees3 ,maker of herbs1 ,feeder of cattle3 ,good ,being begotten of ,ptah1 beautiful youth beloved3 to whom the gods give honor3 ,maker of things below and above1 ,enlightener of the earth3 sailing in heaven in tranquillity3 ,king ,r true speaker1 ,chief of the earth3 ,most glorious one1 ,lord of terror3 ,chief creator of the whole earth4 #c ,supporter of affairs above every god3 in whose goodness the gods rejoice3 to whom adoration is paid in the great house3 crowned in the house of flame3 whose fragrance the gods love3 when he comes from ,arabia3 ,prince of the dew1 traversing foreign lands3 benignly approaching the ,holy ,land47#edg7 #d ,the gods attend his feet3 while they acknowledge his ,majesty as their ,lord3 ,lord of terror most awful3 greatest of spirits1 mighty in 4443 bring offerings1 make sacrifices3 salutation to thee1 ,maker of the gods3 ,supporter of the heavens1 ,founder of the earth4 #e ,awake in strength ,min7#edh7 ,amen3 ,lord of eternity1 ,maker everlasting3 ,lord of adoration1 ,chief in 4443 strong with beautiful horns3 ,lord of the crown high plumed3 of the fair turban 7wearing7 the white crown3 the coronet7#edi7 and the diadem7#eej7 are the ornaments of his face3 he is invested with ,ami-ha3 the double crown is his head-gear1 7he wears7 the red crown3 benignly he receives the ,atef-crown3 on whose south and on whose north is love3 the ,lord of life receives the sceptre3 ,lord of the breastplate armed with the whip4 #f ,gracious ruler crowned with the white crown3 ,lord of beams1 ,maker of light3 to whom the gods give praises3 who stretches forth his arms at his pleasure3 consuming his enemies with flame3 whose eye subdues the wicked37#eea7 sending forth its dart to the roof of the firmament3 sending its arrows against ,naka to consume him4 #g ,hail to thee ,r ,lord of truth3 whose command the gods were made3 ,athom ,maker of men3 supporting their works1 giving them life3 distinguishing the color of one from another3 listening to the poor who is in distress3 gentle of heart when one cries unto him4 #h ,deliverer of the timid man from the violent3 judging the poor1 the poor and the oppressed3 ,lord of wisdom whose precepts are wise3 at whose pleasure the ,nile overflows3 ,lord of mercy most loving3 at whose coming men live3 opener of every eye3 proceeding from the firmament3 causer of pleasure and light3 at whose goodness the gods rejoice3 their hearts revive when they see him4 #i ,o ,r adored in ,aptu37#eeb7 high-crowned in the house of the obelisk37#eec7 ,king 7,ani7 ,lord of the ,new-moon festival3 to whom the sixth and seventh days are sacred3 ,sovereign of life health and strength1 ,lord of all the gods3 who art visible in the midst of heaven3 ruler of men 4443 whose name is hidden from his creatures3 in his name which is ,amen47#eed7 #aj ,hail to thee who art in tranquillity3 ,lord of magnanimity strong in apparel3 ,lord of the crown high plumed3 of the beautiful turban1 of the tall white crown3 the gods love thy presence3 when the double crown is set upon thy head3 thy love pervades the earth3 thy beams arise 444 men are cheered by thy rising3 the beasts shrink from thy beams3 thy love is over the southern heaven3 thy heart is not 7unmindful of7 the northern heaven3 thy goodness 444 7all7 hearts3 love subdues 7all7 hands3 thy creations are fair overcoming 7all7 the earth3 7all7 hearts are softened at beholding thee4 #aa ,the ,,one maker of existences3 7creator7 of 444 maker of beings3 from whose eyes mankind proceeded3 of whose mouth are the gods3 maker of grass for the cattle 7oxen1 goats1 asses1 pigs1 sheep73 fruitful trees for men3 causing the fish to live in the river3 the birds to fill the air3 giving breath to those in the egg3 feeding the bird that flies3 giving food to the bird that perches3 to the creeping thing and the flying thing equally3 providing food for the rats in their holes3 feeding the flying things in every tree4 #ab ,hail to thee for all these things3 the ,,one alone with many hands3 lying awake while all men lie 7asleep73 to seek out the good of his creatures3 ,amen sustainer of all things3 ,athom ,horus of the horizon37#eee7 homage to thee in all their voices3 salutation to thee for thy mercy unto us3 protestations to thee who hast created us4 #ac ,hail to thee say all creatures3 salutation to thee from every land3 to the height of heaven1 to the breadth of the earth3 to the depths of the sea3 the gods adore ,thy ,majesty3 the spirits thou hast created exalt 7thee73 rejoicing before the feet of their begetter3 they cry out welcome to thee3 father of the fathers of all the gods3 who raises the heavens who fixes the earth4 #ad ,maker of beings1 ,creator of existences3 ,sovereign of life1 health1 and strength1 ,chief of the gods3 we worship thy spirit who alone hast made us3 we whom thou hast made 7thank thee7 that thou hast given us birth3 we give to thee praises on account of thy mercy to us4 #ae ,hail to thee ,maker of all beings3 ,lord of truth father of the gods3 ,maker of men creator of beasts3 ,lord of grains3 making food for the beast of the field3 ,amen the beautiful ,bull3 beloved in ,aptu37#eef7 high crowned in the house of the obelisk37#eeg7 twice turbaned in ,an3 judge of combatants in the great hall3 ,chief of the great cycle of the gods3 #af ,the ,,one alone without peer3 ,chief in ,aptu3 ,king over his cycle of gods3 living in truth forever3 7,lord7 of the horizon1 ,horus of the ,east3 he who hath created the soil 7with7 silver and gold3 the precious lapis lazuli at his pleasure3 spices and incense various for the peoples3 fresh odors for thy nostrils3 benignly come to the nations3 ,amen-,r ,lord of the thrones of the earth3 ,chief in ,aptu3 the ,sovereign on his throne4 #ag ,king alone1 single among the gods3 of many names1 unknown is their number3 rising in the eastern horizon setting in the western horizon3 overthrowing his enemies3 dawning on 7his7 children daily and every day3 ,thoth raises his eyes3 he delights himself with his blessings3 the gods rejoice in his goodness who exalts those who are lowly3 ,lord of the boat and the barge3 they conduct thee through the firmament in peace4 #ah ,thy servants rejoice3 beholding the overthrow of the wicked3 his limbs pierced with the sword fire consumes him3 his soul and body are annihilated4 #ai ,naka7#eeh7 saves his feet3 the gods rejoice3 the servants of the ,sun are in peace3 ,an is joyful3 the enemies of ,athom are overthrown and ,aptu is in peace1 ,an is joyful3 the giver of life is pleased3 at the overthrow of the enemies of her ,lord3 the gods of ,kher-sa make salutations3 they of the ,adytum prostrate themselves4 #bj ,they behold the mighty one in his strength3 the image of the gods of truth the ,lord of ,aptu2 in thy name of ,doer of justice3 ,lord of sacrifices1 the ,bull of offerings3 in thy name of ,amen the ,bull of his mother3 maker of men3 causing all things which are to exist3 in thy name of ,athom ,chepra37#eei7 the great ,hawk making 7each7 body to rejoice3 benignly making 7each7 breast to rejoice3 type of creators high crowned3 444 7,lord7 of the wing3 ,uati7#efj7 is on his forehead3 the hearts of men seek him3 when he appears to mortals3 he rejoices the earth with his goings forth3 ,hail to thee ,amen-,r ,lord of the thrones of the world3 beloved of his city when he shines forth47#efa7 ,finished well as it was found47#efb7 ,hymn ,to ,ra-,harmachis ,translated by ,e4 ,l4 ,lushington1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,the hymn to ,amen-,r-,harmachis 7the ,sun identified with the ,supreme ,deity71 of which a translation is here attempted1 is found1 with other compositions of a similar nature1 among the ,berlin papyri4 7,no4 #e1 published in ,lepsius1 8,denkmler10 ,abth4 vi4 ,bd4 #ab1 pp4 #aae-aag47 ,it probably belongs to the ,ramesside period2 the writing is careful and for the most part very distinct2 some lacun are met with toward the end1 and in a few passages the characters baffle the present translator's skill in deciphering4 ,citations from this hymn occur not unfrequently in the writings of eminent ,egyptian scholars1 as ,brugsch1 ,devria1 and others2 compare especially ,chabas1 8,le ,nom de ,thbes10 p4 #af1 where the long antithesis of epithets bestowed on ,r and his adversaries is described as 8furnishing a page of the ,egyptian dictionary40 ,as far as ,i am aware1 no complete translation of it was published till the appearance of ,professor ,maspero's 8,histoire ,ancienne10 ,paris1 #ahge2 where the whole is rendered into ,french1 pp4 #cb-ce4 ,my own translation was made before ,i had the opportunity of seeing this work2 since consulting it ,i have modified my version of one or two passages in accordance with ,m4 ,maspero's views4 ,,hymn ,,to ,,ra-,,harmachis ,adoration to ,r-,harmachis at the front of the morning47#efc7 ,say3 ,thou wakest beauteous ,amen-,r-,harmachis1 thou watchest in triumph1 ,amen-,r1 ,lord of the horizon4 ,o blessed one beaming in splendor1 towed by thy mariners who are of the unresting gods1 sped by thy mariners of the unmoving gods4 ,thou comest forth thou ascendest1 thou towerest in beauty1 thy barge divine careers wherein thou speedest1 blest by thy mother ,nut each day1 heaven embraces thee1 thy foes fall as thou turnest thy face to the west of heaven4 ,counted are thy bones1 collected thy limbs1 living thy flesh1 thy members blossom1 thy soul blossoms1 glorified is thy august form1 advanced thy state on the road of darkness4 ,thou listenest to the call of thy attendant gods behind thy chamber2 in gladness are the mariners of thy bark1 their heart delighted1 ,lord of heaven who hast brought joys to the divine chiefs1 the lower sky rejoices1 gods and men exult applauding ,r on his standard1 blest by his mother ,nut2 their heart is glad4 ,r hath quelled his impious foes1 heaven rejoices1 earth is in delight1 gods and goddesses are in festival to make adoration to ,r-,hor1 as they see him rise in his bark4 ,he fells the wicked in his season1 the abode is inviolate1 the diadem mehen in its place1 the urs hath smitten the wicked4 ,o let thy mother ,nut embrace thee17#efd7 ,lord ,r1 those who are with her tell thy glories4 ,osiris and ,nephthys have uplifted thee at thy coming forth from the womb of thy mother ,nut4 ,o shine ,r-,harmachis1 shine in thy morning as thy noonday brightness1 thy cause upheld over thy enemies1 thou makest thy cabin speed onward1 thou repellest the false one in the moment of his annihilation3 he has no rest7#efe7 in the moment when thou breakest the strength of the wicked enemies of ,r1 to cast him into the fire of ,nehaher17#eff7 encircling in its hour the children of the profane4 ,no strength have they1 ,r prevails over his insensate foes1 yea1 putting them to the sword thou makest the false one cast up what he devoured4 ,arise ,o ,r from within thy chamber1 strong is ,r1 weak the foes3 lofty is ,r1 down-stricken the foes3 ,r living1 his foes dead3 ,r full of meat and drink1 his foes ahungered and athirst3 ,r bright1 his foes engulfed3 ,r good1 his foes evil3 ,r mighty1 his foes puny3 ,r hath despoiled ,apap4 ,o ,r thou givest all life7#efg7 to the ,king1 thou givest food for his mouth1 drink for his throat1 sweet-oil for his hair4 ,o blessed ,r-,harmachis thou careerest by him in triumph1 those in thy bark exult to quell and overthrow the wicked4 ,cries of joy in the great seat1 the divine cabin is in gladness1 acclamation in the bark of millions of years4 ,r's sailors are charmed at heart to see ,r hailed as supreme of the order of great gods1 they gain delight in doing adoration to the great bark1 homage in the mysterious chamber4 ,o shine ,amen-,r-,harmachis self-sprung1 thy sister goddesses stand in ,bech17#efh7 they receive thee1 they uplift thee into thy bark1 which is perfect in delights before ,lord ,r1 thou begettest blessings4 ,come ,r1 self-sprung1 thou lettest ,pharaoh receive plenty in his battlemented house1 on the altar of the god whose name is hidden4 ,glory to thee1 ,prince coming forth in thy season1 ,lord of many faces1 diadem producing rays1 scattering darkness1 all roads are filled with thy splendors1 apes make to thee salutations with their arms1 they praise thee1 they cry aloud to thee1 they tell thy glories1 their lips exalt thee in heaven1 in earth2 they conduct thee at thy splendid arising1 they open or drive back the gate of the western horizon of heaven1 they let ,r be embraced in peace and joy by his mother ,nut2 thy soul is approved by the tenants of the lower heaven1 the divine spirits rejoice at the twofold season of brightness3 thou turnest gloom into repose17#efi7 thou sweetenest pain of ,osiris1 thou givest breezes in the valley1 illuminest earth in darkness1 sweetenest pain of ,osiris4 ,all beings taste the breath1 they make to thee acclamations in thy changes1 thou who art ,lord of changes1 they give adoration to thy might in thy forms of beauty in the morn4 ,gods hold their arms to thee1 those whom thy mother ,nut bore4 ,come to the ,king ,o ,r1 stablish his glories in heaven his might on earth4 ,o ,r heaven rejoices to thee1 ,o ,r earth trembles at thee1 ,o blessed ,r-,harmachis thou hast raised heaven to elevate thy soul1 the lower sky has hidden thee in thy mystic forms4 ,thou hast uplifted heaven to the expanse of thy outstretched arms1 thou hast spread out earth to the width of thy stride4 ,heaven rejoices to thee at thy greatness of soul1 thy terror fills earth at thy figure1 princely hawk of glittering plume1 many colored frame1 mighty sailor god1 self-existing1 traversing paths in the divine vessel1 thou roarest in smiting thy foes1 making thy great bark sweep on1 men hail thee1 gods fear thee1 thou hast felled thy foes before it4 ,courier of heaven outstripped by none1 to illumine earth for his children1 uplifted above gods and men1 shining upon us2 we know not thy form when thou lookest on our faces1 thy bulk passes our knowledge4 ,o blessed ,r-,harmachis thou penetratest 444 ,bull at night1 ,chieftain by day1 beauteous orb of mafek1 ,king of heaven1 ,sovran of earth1 great image in the horizon of heaven4 ,r who hast made beings1 ,tatanen giving life to mankind1 ,pharaoh son of ,r has adored thee in thy glories1 he has worshipped at thy gracious rising brightness on the ,eastern horizon1 he makes tranquil thy path1 he beats down thy foes before thee in his turning back all thy adversaries1 he assigned to thee the ,uta on her seat1 he makes them 444 he assigned to thee honors 444 he cleared the way for thee1 he established thy rites in ,abydos2 he opens to thee roads in ,rusta1 he beats down evil4 ,the ,lamentations ,of ,isis ,and ,nephthys ,translated by ,p4 ,j4 ,de ,horrack ,this papyrus was found by the late ,mr4 ,passalaqua1 in the ruins of ,thebes1 in the interior of a statue representing ,osiris4 ,it is divided into two parts1 very distinct4 ,the first contains chapters of the funeral ritual in the hieroglyphic writing2 the second1 of which a translation here follows1 consists of five pages of a fine hieratic writing of the lower epoch 7probably about the time of the ,ptolemies74 ,this manuscript now belongs to the ,royal ,museum of ,berlin1 where it is registered under the ,no4 #adbe4 ,a partial translation of it was published in #aheb by ,m4 ,h4 ,brugsch 78,die ,adonisklage und das ,linoslied074 ,he translated the second page and the beginning of the third1 but without giving the hieratic text4 ,i have since published and completely translated this interesting document 78,les ,lamentations d',isis et de ,nephthys10 ,paris1 #ahff71 and now give the ,english translation revised4 ,the composition has a great analogy with the 8,book of ,respirations10 a translation of which will be added here4 ,both refer to the resurrection and renewed birth of ,osiris 7the type of man after his death71 who1 in this quality1 is identified with the sun1 the diurnal renewal of which constantly recalled the idea of a birth eternally renewed4 ,the object of the prayers recited by ,isis and ,nephthys is to effect the resurrection of their brother ,osiris1 and also that of the defunct to whom the papyrus is consecrated4 ,,lamentations ,,of ,,isis ,,and ,,nephthys ,recital of the beneficial formul made by the two divine ,sisters7#egj7 in the house of ,osiris who resides in the ,west1 ,great god1 ,lord of ,abydos1 in the month of ,choiak1 the twenty-fifth day4 ,they are made the same in all the abodes of ,osiris1 and in all his festivals2 and they are beneficial to his soul1 giving firmness to his body1 diffusing joy through his being1 giving breath to the nostrils1 to the dryness of the throat2 they satisfy the heart of ,isis as well as 7that7 of ,nephthys2 they place ,horus on the throne of his father1 7and7 give life1 stability1 tranquillity to ,osiris-,tentrut7#ega7 born of ,takha-aa1 who is surnamed ,persais the justified4 ,it is profitable to recite them1 in conformity with the divine words4 ,evocation ,by ,isis47#egb7 7,she says37 ,come to thine abode1 come to thine abode6 ,god ,an17#egc7 come to thine abode6 ,thine enemies 7exist7 no more4 ,o excellent ,sovereign1 come to thine abode6 ,look at me2 ,i am thy sister who loveth thee4 ,do not stay far from me1 ,o beautiful youth4 ,come to thine abode with haste1 with haste4 ,i see thee no more4 ,my heart is full of bitterness on account of thee4 ,mine eyes seek thee2 ,i seek thee to behold thee4 will it be long ere ,i see thee8 ,will it be long ere ,i see thee8 7,o7 excellent ,sovereign1 will it be long ere ,i see thee8 ,beholding thee is happiness2 ,beholding thee is happiness4 7,o7 god ,an1 beholding thee is happiness4 ,come to her who loveth thee4 ,come to her who loveth thee4 7,o7 ,un-nefer17#egd7 the justified4 ,come to thy sister1 come to thy wife4 ,come to thy sister1 come to thy wife4 7,o7 ,urt-het17#ege7 come to thy spouse4 ,i am thy sister by thy mother2 do not separate thyself from me4 ,gods and men 7turn7 their faces toward thee1 weeping together for thee1 whenever 7they7 behold me4 ,i call thee in 7my7 lamentations 7even7 to the heights of ,heaven1 and thou hearest not my voice4 ,i am thy sister who loveth thee on earth2 no one else hath loved thee more than ,i1 7thy7 sister1 7thy7 sister4 ,evocation ,by ,nephthys4 7,she says37 ,o excellent ,sovereign1 come to thine abode4 ,rejoice1 all thine enemies are annihilated6 ,thy two sisters are near to thee1 protecting thy funeral bed2 calling thee in weeping1 thou who art prostrate on thy funeral bed4 ,thou seest 7our7 tender solicitude4 ,speak to us1 ,supreme ,ruler1 our ,lord4 ,chase all the anguish which is in our hearts4 ,thy companions1 who are gods and men1 when they see thee 7exclaim73 ,ours be thy visage1 ,supreme ,ruler1 our ,lord2 life for us is to behold thy countenance2 let not thy face be turned from us2 the joy of our hearts is to contemplate thee2 7,o7 ,sovereign1 our hearts are happy in seeing thee4 ,i am ,nephthys1 thy sister who loveth thee4 ,thine enemy is vanquished1 he no longer existeth6 ,i am with thee1 protecting thy members forever and eternally4 ,invocation ,by ,isis47#egf7 7,she says37 ,hail 7,o7 god ,an6 ,thou1 in the firmament1 shinest upon us each day4 ,we no longer cease to behold thy rays4 ,thoth is a protection for thee4 ,he placeth thy soul in the bark ,ma-at1 in that name which is thine1 of ,god ,moon4 ,i have come to contemplate thee4 ,thy beauties are in the midst of the ,sacred ,eye17#egg7 in that name which is thine1 of ,lord of the sixth day's festival4 ,thy companions are near to thee2 they separate themselves no more from thee4 ,thou hast taken possession of the ,heavens1 by the grandeur of the terrors which thou inspirest1 in that name which is thine1 of ,lord of the fifteenth day's festival4 ,thou dost illuminate us like ,r7#egh7 each day4 ,thou shinest upon us like ,atum47#egi7 ,gods and men live because they behold thee4 ,thou sheddest thy rays upon us4 ,thou givest light to the ,two ,worlds4 ,the horizon is filled by thy passage4 ,gods and men 7turn7 their faces toward thee2 nothing is injurious to them when thou shinest4 ,thou dost navigate in the heights 7of ,heaven7 and thine enemy no longer exists6 ,i am thy protection each day4 ,thou who comest to us as a child each month1 we do not cease to contemplate thee4 ,thine emanation heightens the brilliancy of the stars of ,orion in the firmament1 by rising and setting each day4 ,i am the divine ,sothis7#ehj7 behind him4 ,i do not separate myself from him4 ,the glorious emanation which proceedeth from thee giveth life to gods and men1 reptiles and quadrupeds4 ,they live by it4 ,thou comest to us from thy retreat at thy time1 to spread the water of thy soul1 to distribute the bread of thy being1 that the gods may live and men also4 ,hail to the divine ,lord6 ,there is no god like unto thee6 ,heaven hath thy soul2 earth hath thy remains2 the lower heaven is in possession of thy mysteries4 ,thy spouse is a protection for thee4 ,thy son ,horus is the king of the worlds4 ,invocation ,by ,nephthys4 7,she says37 ,excellent ,sovereign6 come to thine abode6 ,un-nefer the justified1 come to ,tattu4 ,o fructifying ,bull1 come to ,anap4 ,beloved of the ,adytum1 come to ,kha4 ,come to ,tattu1 the place which thy soul prefers4 ,the spirits of thy fathers second thee4 ,thy son1 the youth ,horus1 the child of 7thy7 two sisters17#eha7 is before thee4 ,at the dawn of light1 ,i am thy protection each day4 ,i never separate myself from thee4 ,o god ,an1 come to ,sais4 ,sais is thy name4 ,come to ,aper2 thou wilt see thy mother ,neith47#ehb7 ,beautiful ,child1 do not stay far from her4 ,come to her nipples2 abundance is in them47#ehc7 ,excellent ,brother1 do not stay far from her4 ,o son1 come to ,sais6 ,osiris-,tarut1 surnamed ,nainai1 born of ,persais the justified1 come to ,aper1 thy city4 ,thine abode is ,tab4 ,thou reposest 7there7 by thy divine mother1 forever4 ,she protecteth thy members1 she disperseth thine enemies1 she is the protection of thy members forever4 ,o excellent ,sovereign6 come to thine abode4 ,lord of ,sais1 come to ,sais4 ,invocation ,by ,isis47#ehd7 7,she says37 ,come to thine abode6 come to thine abode4 ,excellent ,sovereign1 come to thine abode4 ,come 7and7 behold thy son ,horus as supreme ,ruler of gods and men4 ,he hath taken possession of the cities and the districts1 by the grandeur of the respect he inspires4 ,heaven and earth are in awe of him1 the barbarians are in fear of him4 ,thy companions1 who are gods and men1 have become his1 in the two hemispheres to accomplish thy ceremonies4 ,thy two sisters are near to thee1 offering libations to thy person2 thy son ,horus accomplisheth for thee the funeral offering3 of bread1 of beverages1 of oxen and of geese4 ,toth chanteth thy festival-songs1 invoking thee by his beneficial formul4 ,the children of ,horus are the protection of thy members1 benefiting thy soul each day4 ,thy son ,horus saluteth thy name 7in7 thy mysterious abode1 in presenting thee the things consecrated to thy person4 ,the gods hold vases in their hands to make libations to thy being4 ,come to thy companions1 ,supreme ,ruler1 our ,lord6 ,do not separate thyself from them4 ,when this is recited1 the place 7where one is7 is holy in the extreme4 ,let it be seen or heard by no one1 excepting by the principal ,khereb-heb7#ehe7 and the ,sam47#ehf7 ,two women1 beautiful in their members1 having been introduced1 are made to sit down on the ground at the principal door of the ,great ,hall47#ehg7 7,then7 the names of ,isis and ,nephthys are inscribed on their shoulders4 ,crystal vases 7full7 of water are placed in their right hands2 loaves of bread made in ,memphis in their left hands4 ,let them pay attention to the things done at the third hour of the day1 and also at the eighth hour of the day4 ,cease not to recite this book at the hour of the ceremony6 ,it is finished4 ,the ,litany ,of ,ra ,translated by ,edouard ,naville ,the following ,litany of ,r is the translation of a long text which is to be found at the entrance of several of the largest tombs of the kings1 in the valley called ,biban el ,moluk at ,thebes4 ,it is a kind of introduction to the long pictures which adorn the walls of the royal sepulchres1 and which generally represent the course of the sun at the different hours of night4 ,although very nearly connected with the 8,book of the ,dead10 this text has not yet been found complete in any funereal papyrus2 the second section of the fourth chapter only is contained in a papyrus of the ,british ,museum4 ,the importance of this text consists in this1 that it gives us an idea of the esoteric doctrine of the ,egyptian priests1 which was clearly pantheistic1 and which certainly differed from the polytheistic worship of the common people4 ,the present translation has been made from the book 8,la ,litanie du ,soleil0 7,leipzig1 #ahge1 avec un vol4 de ,,xlix planches71 where this text has been first translated in ,french1 with a commentary4 ,among the different tombs where this inscription was collected1 that of ,seti ,i1 commonly called ,belzoni's tomb1 has been chosen as the standard text4 ,,the ,,litany ,,of ,,ra ,,chapter ,i ,title4 ,the beginning of the book of the worship of ,r in the ,ament7#ehh7 of the worship of ,temt7#ehi7 in the ,ament4 ,when anyone reads this book1 the porcelain figures are placed upon the ground1 at the hour of the setting of the ,sun1 that is of the triumph of ,r over his enemies in the ,ament4 ,whoso is intelligent upon the earth1 he is intelligent also after his death4 #a ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the master of the hidden spheres who causes the principles to arise1 who dwells in darkness1 who is born as7#eij7 the all-surrounding universe4 #b ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the beetle that folds his wings1 that rests in the empyrean1 that is born as his own son4 #c ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 ,tonen7#eia7 who produces his members17#eib7 who fashions what is in him1 who is born within his sphere4 #d ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who discloses the earth and lights the ,ament1 he whose principle has 7become7 his manifestation1 and who is born under the form of the god with the large disk4 #e ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the soul that speaks1 that rests upon her high place1 that creates the hidden intellects which are developed in her4 #f ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the only one1 the courageous one1 who fashions his body1 he who calls his gods 7to life71 when he arrives in his hidden sphere4 #g ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who addresses his eye1 and who speaks to his head17#eic7 he who imparts the breath of life to the souls 7that are7 in their place2 they receive it and develop4 #h ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the spirit that walks1 that destroys its enemies1 that sends pain to the rebels4 #i ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who shines when he is in his sphere1 who sends his darkness into his sphere1 and who hides what it contains4 #aj ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who lights the bodies which are on the horizon1 he who enters his sphere4 #aa ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who descends into the spheres of ,ament1 his form is that of ,tum4 #ab ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who descends into the mysteries of ,anubis1 his form is that of ,chepra 7,atmu74 #ac ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he whose body is so large that it hides his shape1 his form is that of ,shu4 #ad ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who leads ,r into his members1 his form is that of ,tefnut4 #ae ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who sends forth the plants in their season1 his form is that of ,seb4 #af ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the great one who rules what is in him1 his form is that of ,nut4 #ag ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who goes always toward him who precedes him1 his form is that of ,isis4 #ah ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he whose head shines more than he who is before him1 his form is that of ,nephthys4 #ai ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the urn7#eid7 of the creatures1 the only one1 that unites the generative substances1 its form is that of ,horus4 #bj ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the brilliant one who shines in the waters of the inundation1 his form is that of ,nun4 #ba ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who creates the water which comes from within him1 his form is that of ,remi47#eie7 #bb ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the two vipers that bear their two feathers1 their form is that of the impure one4 #bc ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who enters and comes forth continually from his highly mysterious cavern1 his form is that of ,at47#eif7 #bd ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the spirit that causes his disappearance1 his form is that of ,netert47#eig7 #be ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the spirit that sets up 7those whom he has created71 that creates7#eih7 his descendants1 his form is that of ,ntuti47#eii7 #bf ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who raised his head and who lifts his forehead1 the ram1 the greatest of the creatures4 #bg ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the light that is in the infernal regions1 its form is that of ,ament4 #bh ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the penetrating spirit who is in the ,ament1 his form is that of ,kerti47#fjj7 #bi ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the timid one who sheds tears1 his form is that of the afflicted4 #cj ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who raises his hand and who glorifies his eye7#fja7 his form is that of the god with the hidden body4 #ca ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the spirit who is raised upon the two mysterious horizons1 his form is that of ,chentament47#fjb7 #cb ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power2 the god with the numerous shapes in the sacred dwelling1 his form is that of the beetle4 #cc ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who puts his enemies into their prison1 his form is that of the lion4 #cd ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the ray of light in his sarcophagus1 its form is that of the progenitor4 #ce ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the covering of the body1 which develops the lungs1 its form is that of ,teb-ati47#fjc7 #cf ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who calls the bodies into the empyrean1 and they develop1 who destroys their venom1 his form is that of the transformer4 #cg ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the being with the mysterious face1 who makes the divine eye move1 his form is that of ,shai4 #ch ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the supremely great one who embraces the empyrean1 his form is that of the spirit who embraces 7space74 #ci ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who hides his body within himself1 his form is that of the god with the hidden body4 #dj ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who is more courageous than those who surround him1 who sends fire into the place of destruction1 his form is that of the burning one4 #da ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who sends destruction1 and who causes the development of his body in the empyrean1 his form is that of the inhabitant of the empyrean4 #db ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the wonderful one who dwells in his eye17#fjd7 who lights the sarcophagus1 his form is that of ,shepi47#fje7 #dc ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who unites the substances1 who founds7#fjf7 ,amto1 his form is that of one who joins substances4 #dd ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who invents7#fjg7 secret things1 and who begets bodies1 his form is that of the invisible 7progenitor74 #de ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who furnishes the inhabitants of the empyrean with funeral things1 when he enters the hidden spheres1 his form is that of ,aperto47#fjh7 #df ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 his members rejoice when they see his body1 the blessed spirit who enters into him1 his form is that of the joyful one4 #dg ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the adult who dilates his eyeball1 and who fills his eye17#fji7 his form is that of the adult4 #dh ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who makes the roads in the empyrean1 and who opens pathways in the sarcophagus1 his form is that of the god who makes the roads4 #di ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the moving spirit who makes his legs stir1 his form is that of the moving one4 #ej ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who sends forth the stars and who makes the night light1 in the sphere of the hidden essences1 his form is that of the shining one4 #ea ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who makes the spheres and who creates bodies2 from thy person emanating from itself alone1 thou hast sent forth1 ,r1 those who are and those who are not1 the dead1 the gods1 the intellects2 his form is that of creator of bodies4 #eb ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the mysterious1 the hidden one1 he whom the spirits follow as he conducts them1 he gives the step to those surrounding him1 his form is that of ,ameni4 #ec ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the horn1 the pillar of the ,ament1 the lock of hair that shines in 4447#faj7 its form is that of the horn4 #ed ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the eternal essence who penetrates the empyrean1 who praises the spirits in their spheres1 his form is that of the eternal essence4 #ee ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 when he arrives in the good ,ament1 the spirits of the empyrean rejoice at sight of him1 his form is that of the old man4 #ef ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the great lion that creates the gods1 that weighs words1 the chief of the powers inhabiting the holy sphere1 his form is that of the great lion4 #eg ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 when he speaks to his eye and when he addresses his eyeball1 the bodies shed tears2 his form is that of the being who speaks to his eye47#faa7 #eh ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who raises his soul1 and who hides his body1 he shines and he sees his mysteries1 his form is that of ,herba47#fab7 #ei ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the high spirit who hunts his enemies1 who sends fire upon the rebels1 his form is that of ,kaba47#fac7 #fj ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the substance which hides the intestines and which possesses the mind and the limbs1 its form is that of ,auai47#fad7 #fa ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the great eldest one who dwells in the empyrean1 ,chepri who becomes two children1 his form is that of the two children4 #fb ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the great walker who goes over the same course1 the spirit who anoints the body1 ,senekher1 his form is that of ,senekher47#fae7 #fc ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who creates his body and who detaches his members by the sacred flame of ,amto1 his form is that of the flame of ,amto47#faf7 #fd ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the master of the hooks 7who struggles7 against his enemies1 the only one1 the master of the monkeys1 his form is that of ,anteti47#fag7 #fe ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who sends the flames into his furnaces1 he who cuts off the head of those who are in the infernal regions1 his form is that of the god of the furnace4 #ff ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the parent who destroys his children1 the only one who names7#fah7 the earth by his intelligence1 his form is that of ,tonen4 #fg ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who sets up the urshi7#fai7 themselves upon their foundation1 no one sees their mysteries1 his form is that of the urshi4 #fh ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the vessel of heaven1 the door of the empyrean1 he who makes the mummy come forth1 his form is that of ,besi4 #fi ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the monkey 4447#fbj7 the being in his nature1 his form is that of the monkey of the empyrean4 #gj ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who opens the earth and who shows the interior of it1 the speaking spirit who names his members1 his form is that of ,smato47#fba7 #ga ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 he who is armed with teeth1 who consumes his enemies1 the flame that lights the wick1 his form is that of ,nehi47#fbb7 #gb ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the walker1 the moving luminary1 who makes darkness come after his light1 his form is that of the walker4 #gc ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the master of souls who is in his obelisk1 the chief of the confined gods1 his form is that of the master of souls4 #gd ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the double luminary1 the double obelisk1 the great god who raises his two eyes1 his form is that of the double luminary4 #ge ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 the master of the light1 who reveals hidden things1 the spirit who speaks to the gods in their spheres1 his form is that of the master of the light4 #gf ,homage to thee1 ,r6 ,supreme power1 ,o ,r of the sphere1 ,o ,r who speakest to the spheres1 ,o ,r who art in thy sphere1 homage to thee1 ,r ,keschi1 four times4 ,they sing praises to the spirit ,keschi17#fbc7 the spheres honor his spirit1 they glorify thy body which is in thee1 saying1 ,homage to thee1 great ,keschi6 four times4 ,they sing praises in thy honor1 spirit ,keschi in thy seventy-five forms which are in thy seventy-five spheres4 ,the royal ,osiris knows them by their names1 he knows what is in their bodies1 all their hidden essences4 ,the royal ,osiris speaks to them in their forms1 they open to the royal ,osiris1 they display the hidden doors to his spirit which is like thy spirit1 thou createst them1 thou createst the royal ,osiris2 the development of his body is like thine because the royal ,osiris is one of thy companions1 who are in their spheres1 and who speak in their caverns1 those who are blessed through thy creation and who transform themselves when thou commandest it4 ,the royal ,osiris is like one of those who speak in their hidden spheres4 ,ha6 he has arrived1 he advances in the train of the spirit of ,r4 ,ha6 he has completed the journey from ,chepri47#fbd7 ,hail6 he has arrived4 ,the royal ,osiris knows all that concerns the hidden beings4 ,hail6 he has arrived in the midst of you2 homage to his spirit ,keschi6 four times4 #gg ,o ,r of the ,ament1 who hast created the earth1 who lightest the gods of the empyrean1 ,r who art in thy disk1 guide him on the road to the ,ament1 that he may reach the hidden spirits2 guide him on the road which belongs to him1 guide him on the ,western road2 that he may traverse the sphere of ,ament1 guide him on the road to the ,ament1 that the ,king may worship those who are in the hidden dwelling1 guide him on the road to the ,ament1 make him descend to the sphere of ,nun4 ,hail1 ,r6 the royal ,osiris is ,nun4 ,hail ,r6 the royal ,osiris is thyself and reciprocally4 ,hail1 ,r6 thy spirit is that of ,osiris1 thy course is his in the empyrean4 ,hail1 ,r6 he dwells in the empyrean1 he traverses the good ,ament4 ,such as thou art1 such is the royal ,osiris4 ,thy intellect1 ,r1 is his4 ,osiris worships the hidden gods1 he praises their spirits1 these latter say to one another that thy course 7,r67 is that of ,osiris1 that thy way is his1 great god who dwellest in the empyrean4 ,hail6 god of the disk with the brilliant rays1 praise be to the spirit ,keschi6 four times4 #gh ,hail to thee1 universal covering1 who createst thy soul and who makest thy body grow2 the ,king traverses the most secret sphere1 he explores the mysteries contained in it4 ,the ,king speaks to thee like ,r1 he praises thee with his intelligence1 the ,king is like the god2 and reciprocally4 ,he moves by himself1 he moves by himself4 ,the all surrounding universe says3 ,ah1 guide him unto the interior of my sphere2 four times4 #gi ,this chapter is said to the most mysterious god1 these words are written like those upon the two sides of the door of the empyrean 4447#fbe7 this book is read every day1 when he has retired in life1 according to custom1 perfectly4 ,,chapter ,,ii #a ,worship of the ,spheric ,gods1 when ,r sets in life4 ,hail1 gods of the spheres1 gods who are in the ,ament1 perfect gods 4447#fbf7 the enemies of ,r1 you make the universal covering7#fbg7 grow 4447#fbh7 you worship the god who is in his disk 4447#fbi7 thou commandest thy enemies1 great god who art upon the horizon2 four times4 ,thou commandest thy enemies1 ,osiris ,temt2 four times4 #b ,the royal ,osiris commands his enemies in heaven and upon earth1 by authority of all the gods and all the goddesses1 by authority of ,osiris ,chentament1 because the royal ,osiris is ,r himself1 the great inhabitant of the heavens1 he speaks in the presence of ,ament4 ,the ,king governs by favor of the great powers4 ,the royal ,osiris is pure1 what is in him is pure1 the royal ,osiris governs the two worlds1 the royal ,osiris commands his enemies2 four times4 #c ,he is powerful1 ,r in the empyrean1 he is powerful1 ,r in the empyrean4 ,he traverses the empyrean with joy1 for he has struck ,apap27#fcj7 there is joy for thee1 god of the horizon1 ,osiris1 ,king of the ,ament1 there is joy for thy triumphant spirit1 for thou destroyest his enemies2 thou art delighted1 ,tesherti1 red spirit who openest the ,ament4 ,thou givest thy hand to ,osiris1 thou art received in the good ,ament1 and the gods rejoice over thee4 ,osiris gives thee his hand1 thou art received by ,chentament4 ,he is brilliant1 the spirit of ,r in the empyrean1 he is brilliant1 the body of ,teb ,temt4 ,r commands in the empyrean1 because he has struck ,apap4 ,teb ,temt commands2 he worships the spirit of the two horizons2 the spirit of the two horizons worships him4 #d ,the royal ,osiris receives dominion over his enemies from the great powers of the mysterious avenger1 he who reveals the mysterious empyrean1 who dissipates the darkness1 who chases away the rain1 he who hurries1 and who makes the blessed servants of ,r come forth4 ,he7#fca7 sees the body of the god when he assumes forms with a mysterious name1 when he sheds his rays in obscurity1 and when he hides the uncovered bodies2 when he traverses the mysterious spheres and when he gives eyes to their gods2 they themselves see him1 and their spirits are blessed4 #e ,hail1 ,r6 give eyes to the royal ,osiris1 give him divine eyeballs1 and may they guide the royal ,osiris4 ,hail1 ,r6 give a heart to the royal ,osiris2 he traverses the earth1 he traverses the world like ,r4 #f ,thou takest care that what thou commandest to exist1 exists2 thou rulest the royal ,osiris like ,chuti7#fcb7 and the ,king honors thy spirit1 he glorifies thee4 #g ,thou commandest ,osiris to be like ,khuti1 the brilliant triangle which appears in the shining place4 #h ,thou commandest ,osiris to be like the mysterious spirit which comes forth from the mysterious place4 #i ,thou commandest ,osiris to be like the blessed spirit which comes forth from the blessed place4 #aj ,thou commandest ,osiris to be like the destructive spirit which comes forth from the place of destruction4 #aa ,thou commandest ,osiris to be like the revealing spirit which comes forth from the opening4 #ab ,thou commandest ,osiris to be like the elevated spirit which comes forth from the high place4 #ac ,thou commandest ,osiris to be like the hidden spirit which comes forth from the ,ament4 #ad ,deliver him from the crocodiles which frighten the spirits1 like geese2 let them not do their work upon the royal ,osiris1 in the presence of the gods armed with swords2 may ,osiris never fall into their furnaces1 may their nets never entangle him2 his spirit flies away and soars into the heavens1 his spirit returns and enters into the empyrean1 because the royal ,osiris knows the mysteries which are in the empyrean1 the secret forms of ,osiris1 that none of his servants know1 in the secret of his hidden dwelling4 ,hail6 the royal ,osiris knows thy form1 great and mysterious god4 #ae ,deliver the royal ,osiris from the agile demons furnished with legs1 from the cruel gods who pluck out hearts and who throw them into their furnaces4 ,may they never do their work upon the royal ,osiris1 may they never put him in their furnaces1 because ,osiris is ,r2 and reciprocally4 ,his soul is that which is in the disk4 ,his body is in the middle of the hidden gods2 they make ,osiris rule1 ,osiris makes them rule2 he commands1 and he rests as you rest in the ,ament4 #af ,the soul of ,r shines in his shape1 his body rests amid the invocations which are addressed to him2 he enters into the interior of his white disk1 he lights the empyrean with his rays1 he creates it1 he makes the souls remain in their bodies1 they praise him from the height of their pedestal4 ,he receives the acclamations of all the gods who open the doors1 the hidden essences who prepare the way for ,r's soul1 and who allow the ,king of souls access to the fields4 ,he traverses his disk himself2 he calls 7to life7 the body of ,kat27#fcc7 he places the gods of the stars upon their legs2 these latter make the god ,an7#fcd7 come at their hours2 the two sisters join themselves to him1 they decorate his head1 as a spirit worthy of adornment4 #ag ,o1 ,r1 place the royal ,osiris in thy train2 he is the divine key which opens his haunts1 he knows admirable means of obtaining the great victory over his enemies2 ,osiris is powerful through thy two eyes2 walking god1 the course of ,osiris is thy course4 ,r1 the journeys of ,osiris are thy journeys1 ,osiris makes thee rule over thy enemies1 thou makest ,osiris rule over his enemies1 by means of the great splendor which is the splendor of ,r in the empyrean1 they cry to him3 ,bull of the country of the dead1 thou art ,r1 thy body rests in peace1 thou art blessed in thy mysteries4 ,,chapter ,,iii #a ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,highly glorious ,teb ,temt4 #b ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,thou makest thy soul young again and thou givest birth to thy body4 #c ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,lead him into the holy dwelling4 #d ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,guide him on the good ways4 #e ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,guide him on the roads of ,nun4 #f ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,guide him on the roads of ,nut4 #g ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,he restores the body of ,osiris4 #h ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,he places the corpse upon its foundation1 in its place that no one knows4 #i ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,he calls his body ,osiris4 #aj ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,he sees him who is in the sarcophagus4 #aa ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,the rays of ,aten7#fce7 are upon his person4 #ab ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,he has taken the good ways4 #ac ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,he worships thy soul upon the horizon4 #ad ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,thou speakest to him as to the god who is upon the ground4 #ae ,o1 ,r1 come to the ,king6 truly4 ,he is one of thy ,nine ,gods4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,section ,i #a ,thou art what he is1 ,r1 thou givest birth to the royal ,osiris1 thou makest him exist like thyself1 god of the two horizons2 the birth of ,osiris is the birth of ,r in the ,ament1 and reciprocally2 the birth of ,osiris in the heavens is the birth of the soul of ,r in the heavens1 and reciprocally2 the life of ,osiris is the life of ,r1 and reciprocally2 the development of his body is the development of ,r's body4 ,r conceived1 ,tum gave birth to ,osiris2 it is the young ,chepra2 ,nut brings ,osiris into the world1 she nourishes ,osiris1 like ,r's soul which issued from her4 #b ,o1 ,r who art in the ,ament 4447#fcf7 who art in the empyrean1 deliver ,osiris from thy conductors who separate souls from their bodies1 the agile beings who move quickly in thy places of torment4 ,may they never seize ,osiris1 may they never take him1 may they never quicken their steps toward him1 may they never put him in their places of torture1 may they never cast their toils round him1 may they never place him upon their altars1 may he never tremble in the land of the condemned1 may he never be lost in the ,ament4 ,he walks as the god of the horizon walks1 he takes ,r's steps1 he worships the god who is on the earth1 he honors the mysterious bodies 4447#fcg7 they say to ,osiris3 ,hu and ,sa2 they call him this1 because he is like the spirit of ,hu and ,sa7#fch7 in his creations2 he makes the sacred tree grow he is not ignorant of it4 ,there are cries of joy in the mysterious region1 for ,r sets under the form of ,osiris1 and reciprocally4 ,rejoice1 you the dead1 render praises to ,r1 and ,r renders praises to you4 ,r comes forth from the cow ,mehur17#fci7 he sets in ,netur27#fdj7 ,osiris comes forth from ,nehur like the sun1 he sets in ,netur like ,temt4 ,the name of the ,king is the name of ,r1 ,ammehur17#fda7 the setting of ,osiris1 it is his setting1 ,amnetur47#fdb7 #c ,the gods of the empyrean bless him1 the hidden gods rejoice over him2 they say to him3 thy person is the god of the country of the dead1 thy form is ,teb ,temt4 ,the hidden gods speak to the royal ,osiris1 they rejoice on seeing him2 7they say to him37 ,hail1 blessed and perfect one1 who comest forth from ,tonen1 the god who destroys the forms2 it is great1 thy essence1 spirit1 shadow that no one destroys1 that lives where you live4 ,he knows the essences of the primitive beings1 he knows the mysterious flames of the empyrean1 for he attains to holy and mysterious things4 #d ,the two gods speak to the royal ,osiris1 they rejoice on seeing him1 this blessed1 perfect spirit2 7they say to him37 ,this is one of us4 ,the gods speak to the royal ,osiris1 they rejoice when they see him1 him1 the splendor of ,r1 the splendor of the two goddesses that appears in ,heset17#fdc7 the supplicant ,heset addresses the guardians who watch over the doors1 who devour souls and who swallow the shades of the dead2 when they approach them1 they are led by them to the place of destruction3 ,o guardians who watch over your doors1 who swallow souls and devour the shades of the dead2 when they approach you1 you lead them to the place of destruction2 ,oh6 allow this blessed this most holy spirit1 to be in the dwelling of the ,akher27#fdd7 it is a spirit like ,r glorious like ,osiris4 ,this is what ,heset the supplicant says before the royal ,osiris4 #e ,o ,heset1 make him come1 ,o ,heset1 guide the royal ,osiris1 ,o ,heset open to him the empyrean1 give him the lot of the god of the empyrean2 he puts the veil nems7#fde7 upon his head at the bottom of the dwelling of the ,ament4 ,hail to thee1 he has reached thee2 ,heset1 guide him on the good way1 he speaks to thee1 he glorifies thee by his invocations1 and thou rejoicest on seeing his spirit2 ,heset1 the supplicant1 open the doors which are in the empyrean1 open his spheres to him1 for the club is in the hand of ,osiris1 and he grasps his lance2 his club strikes the enemies1 and his lance destroys the rebels2 his dwelling is that of the god of the two horizons2 his throne is ,r's throne2 for he is the ,horus of the two horizons47#fdf7 ,he is beautiful1 this spirit1 he is perfect1 he is powerful in both his hands4 #f ,the two great gods speak to the royal ,osiris2 they rejoice on his account2 they celebrate his victorious strength1 they give him their protection1 they send him their spirit of life2 7they say to him37 ,he is brilliant like the spirit of the horizon that is the dwelling of ,r in the heavens27#fdg7 they communicate their words to him1 they give him the power by their authority4 ,he opens the door of heaven and earth like his father ,r2 a spirit shining in the place where they burn the offerings1 in the arms of ,osiris4 ,the royal ,osiris rests in the mysterious dwelling1 he shines like the god of the luminary1 the dwelling of ,r of the horizon47#fdh7 ,the royal ,osiris is ,r2 and reciprocally1 he is the spirit of ,osiris1 he rests 7in him74 #g ,he reaches the gods of the pyramid2 these latter praise him on seeing the happy arrival of ,osiris2 they address him as ,r of the horizon2 praise be to ,r6 cheers for the spirit of the horizon1 praises to the spirit of ,r6 ,praise his spirit that inhabits the empyrean1 invoke him who is in his disk1 bear him to him who created you1 carry him unto the pyramid1 since you are the gods who accompany ,r ,osiris4 ,here is ,osiris1 carry him into the hidden sanctuary of ,osiris1 the lord of years7#fdi7 who is under the care of the two ,rehti4 ,carry him into the hidden dwelling where ,osiris resides1 carry him into the funeral monument which is in the ,ament1 the mysterious sanctuary of the god who is at rest2 bear him1 open your arms to him1 stretch out your hands to him1 take off your veils before him1 for he is the great essence whom the dead spirits do not know2 it is ,r1 the god of the two horizons1 and ,osiris1 the ,king of the ,ament1 who send him4 #h ,the royal ,osiris is one of you1 for his diadem is a vulture2 his face is a sparrow-hawk1 his head is ,r2 his eyes are the ,rehti1 the two sisters2 his nose is ,horus of the empyrean2 his mouth is the ,king of the ,ament2 his lungs are ,nun2 his two hands are the god ,secheni27#fej7 his fingers are the gods who seize him2 his body is ,chepra2 his heart is ,horus1 the creator2 his chest is the goddess of life2 his spleen is the god ,fenti27#fea7 his lungs are the goddess ,heti2 his stomach is ,apu2 his intestines1 the god with the mysterious names27#feb7 his back is the corpse-god2 his elbows are ,makati2 the nape of his neck1 ,horus ,thoth2 his lips ,mehur2 his phallus is ,tonen27#fec7 4447#fed7 the goddess of ,cher2 4447#fee7 the two hidden gods2 his sitting posture the two goddesses2 his legs1 he who traverses the hidden places2 his shin-bones are urus4 ,his members are gods1 he is throughout a god1 no one of his members is without a god1 the gods are of his substance4 ,the royal ,osiris is an intelligent essence1 his members guide him1 his flesh opens the way to him1 those who are born of him create him1 they rest when they have given birth to him4 ,the royal ,osiris is he who gives them birth1 it is he who begets them1 it is he who makes them exist2 his birth is that of ,r in the ,ament1 ,r gives birth to the royal ,osiris1 he causes his own birth4 ,section ,,ii #a ,o ,r1 open to his spirit1 for the royal ,osiris knows what there is in the empyrean1 he is the great mummy1 ,osiris1 the ,king of the ,ament2 he is ,osiris1 he is perfect like ,osiris1 he is blessed like ,osiris1 his club is that of ,osiris1 his sword is that of ,chentament1 his sceptre is that of ,sahou1 he is the great one1 the ,king of the blessed1 for he is the original one1 he who knows the mysteries1 the greatest of the holy ones in the empyrean4 ,he is happy1 the spirit ,keschi who makes his own law in the ,ament1 he speaks to what is born of him17#fef7 ,osiris ,chentament4 #b ,hail to thee1 inhabitant of the empyrean1 praised be what is in thee2 hail to thee1 inhabitant of the empyrean1 the weeping gods cut their hair in honor of thee1 they clap their hands1 they revere thee1 they weep before thee1 thy spirit rejoices in their fear1 thy body is blessed4 #c ,hail to thee1 inhabitant of the empyrean1 god seated upon his throne1 who boldest the sceptre hik17#feg7 ,king of the empyrean1 ,prince of the ,aker1 great ,prince crowned with the urer17#feh7 great god who hides his dwelling1 ,lord of wisdom1 ,chief of the powers4 #d ,hail to the inhabitant of the empyrean1 thy son ,horus rests in thee1 thou communicatest thy orders to him1 thou permittest him to shine like ,an of the empyrean1 the great star who creates his names17#fei7 who knows the empyrean and who traverses the interior of it1 he1 the son of ,r1 proceeding from ,tum4 ,the royal ,osiris is thy son1 thou communicatest thy orders to him1 thou permittest him to shine like ,an of the heavens1 the great star who creates his names17#ffj7 who knows the empyrean and who traverses the interior of it1 he the son of ,r1 proceeding from ,tum4 ,he rests in the empyrean1 he rejoices in the dusk1 he enters in there and comes forth1 the arms of ,tonen receive him1 the blessed lift him1 they stretch out their hands toward him1 the 4447#ffa7 guide him4 ,praise him ye blessed1 exalt the royal ,osiris1 ye blessed6 ,rejoice over him1 as over ,r1 extol him like ,osiris1 he has placed your offerings before you1 he accords you the favor of receiving your portion as his father ,r commanded4 ,he is his darling1 he is his descendant upon the earth1 and the blessed show him the way4 ,let him arrive in the empyrean1 and let him penetrate into the good ,ament4 ,the royal ,osiris fixes the crown upon the head of ,osiris1 he offers his casket to ,seb1 he presents ,sah with the sceptre1 he gives the royal diadem to him whose name is ,ammon4 #e ,look at him1 ye blessed1 let him receive a perfect intelligence1 let him shine like the god of mysteries1 deliver him from the gods of the pillory who fasten to their posts4 ,may they never bind ,osiris to their posts1 may they never put him in the place of destruction1 for he is the descendant of ,osiris who permits him to receive the diadem in the empyrean4 #f ,he is sublime1 the spirit of ,r in the ,ament1 his body is blessed there1 the spirits rejoice when they develop their forms in the zones of the empyrean1 before the soul of ,r1 the inhabitant of the empyrean1 and ,teb ,temt who rests in his covering4 ,hail1 yes1 hail6 ,hail spirit of ,r1 hail1 spirit of the royal ,osiris like ,temt6 ,hail1 royal ,osiris who art ,r1 and reciprocally6 ,o ,temt who art ,r1 and reciprocally1 hail6 #g ,the royal ,osiris is one of you4 ,he gives birth to you1 he gives you your names1 he makes you perfect2 ha6 he sends his body into you2 ha6 he is your creator4 ,look at him1 he shines like him who proceeds from you2 he honors his father1 perfect1 blessed1 blessing his mother2 look at him1 make his essence sublime and make him like him who destroys his forms27#ffb7 show the way to his spirit1 set him upon your pedestals1 make him rest in his members1 show him his dwelling in the midst of the earth1 open your doors to him1 unfasten the bolt4 #h ,o ,r1 ,o ,teb-,temt1 guide the royal ,osiris following the direction of the spirits1 following the course of the gods4 ,the royal ,osiris is in his gateway 7in presence of the7 navigating gods2 the royal ,osiris is the only one1 the guardian of his doors1 he who puts the gods in their places4 ,he is upon his pedestal in the empyrean1 he is the possessor in the midst of the possessors1 he is at the extremities of the empyrean1 he is blessed in the infernal regions4 ,he rests in the ,ament among the spirits who are in the members of the ,ament4 ,the royal ,osiris is ,r's darling1 he is the mysterious phnix1 he enters in peace into the empyrean1 he leaves ,nut in peace2 the royal ,osiris has his throne in heaven1 he traverses the horizons in ,r's train1 he is at peace in the heavens1 in ,r's fields1 his share is upon the horizon in the fields of ,aalu2 he traverses the earth like ,r1 he is wise like ,thoth1 he walks at will1 he hastens in his course1 like ,sahu with the mysterious names1 who becomes two divinities4 ,the royal ,osiris becomes two divinities4 ,what ,r produces1 the royal ,osiris produces2 he gives a spiritual existence to what he loves2 he does not give it to what he hates4 ,the royal ,osiris is the ,chief of the gods who make offerings to the spirits1 he is powerful in his course1 he is the courageous being who strikes his enemies4 #i ,o ye gods1 ,o ye blessed who precede ,r and who escort his spirit1 do to the royal ,osiris as to ,r1 tow him with you in the same way that you conduct ,r and the two navigating gods in the heavens2 the royal ,osiris is ,r himself1 and reciprocally2 he is the ,chief of his worshippers who gives life to the forms4 ,section ,,iii #a ,o ,ament1 ,o ,ament1 ,o good1 ,o good1 ,o strong1 ,o strong1 ,o powerful1 ,o powerful1 ,o protecting1 ,o protecting1 ,o mysterious1 ,o mysterious 7,ament71 the royal ,osiris knows thee1 he knows thy form1 he knows the name of thy companions4 ,ament1 hide my corpse1 good ,ament1 hide my body4 ,o resting-place1 let me rest in thee2 ,o strong one1 may the royal ,osiris be strong with thy strength2 ,o powerful one1 may he be powerful with thy power6 ,o ,ament1 open thy arms to him2 ,o protectress1 cover his body2 ,o mysterious being1 stretch out thy hand to him4 ,hail1 holy ,ament of ,osiris with the mysterious names1 the most holy of the gods1 thou who art the most hidden of all mysteries4 ,hail6 the royal ,osiris worships thee2 he addresses the great god who is within thee4 ,hail6 he worships thee2 open thy mysterious doors to him4 ,hail6 he worships thee2 7open to him7 thy hidden spheres1 for he has his dwelling in the heavens like ,r1 and his throne is upon the earth like ,seb2 he is seated upon the throne of ,seb1 upon the seats of ,horchuti2 his spirit soars into the heavens1 it rests there2 his body descends to the earth in the midst of the gods4 ,he walks with ,r1 he follows ,tum1 he is like ,chepra1 he lives as thou livest in truth4 #b ,when this book is read he who reads it purifies himself at the hour when ,r sets1 who rests in the ,ament of the ,ament1 when ,r is in the midst of hidden things1 completely4 ,the ,book ,of ,respirations ,translated by ,p4 ,j4 ,de ,horrack ,the manuscript a translation of which here follows belongs to the ,museum of the ,louvre1 in ,paris1 where it is registered under the ,no4 #cbhd 7,devria1 ,catalogue des ,,ms4 gypt41 p4 #acb74 ,it probably dates from the epoch of the ,ptolemies4 ,it is in hieratic writing and generally known by the name of 8,book of ,respirations0 or 8,book of the ,breaths of ,life10 according to ,mr4 ,le ,page ,renouf's ingenious interpretation4 ,this book seems to have been deposited exclusively with the mummies of the priests and priestesses of the god ,ammon-,r1 if we may judge from the titles inserted into the manuscripts4 ,dr4 ,brugsch1 in #ahea1 first directed the attention of ,egyptologists to this curious work1 by publishing a transcription in hieroglyphics of a hieratic text in the ,berlin ,museum1 with a ,latin translation1 under the title of 8,sha an ,sinsin1 sive liber ,metempsychosis10 etc4 ,he added to this a copy of a hieratic text of the same book found in ,denon 78,voyage en ,egypte10 pl4 #acf74 ,a full analysis of this literary composition has also been given by ,dr4 ,samuel ,birch1 in his ,introduction to the 8,rhind ,papyri10 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,the ,paris manuscript is as yet unpublished1 but a copy of it will be produced ere long by the present translator4 ,a few passages corrupted by the ancient scribe have been restored from copies of the same text1 which are in the ,egyptian ,museum of the ,louvre4 ,the 8,book of ,respirations0 has a great analogy with that of the 8,lamentations of ,isis and ,nephthys40 ,it not only makes allusion to the formul and acts by means of which the resurrection is effected1 but also treats of the life after death1 thus greatly increasing our knowledge of the religious system of the ancient ,egyptians4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,respirations #a ,commencement of the ,book of ,respirations made by ,isis for her brother ,osiris1 to give life to his soul1 to give life to his body1 to rejuvenate all his members anew2 that he may reach the horizon with his father1 the ,sun2 that his soul may rise to ,heaven in the disk of the ,moon2 that his body may shine in the stars of ,orion on the bosom of ,nu-t27#ffc7 in order that this may also happen to the ,osiris1 divine ,father1 ,prophet of ,ammon-,ra1 ,king of the gods1 ,prophet of ,khem1 of ,ammon-,ra1 bull of his mother1 in his great abode1 ,asar-aau1 justified1 ,son of the ,prophet of the same order1 ,nes-paut-ta-ti1 justified1 ,conceal 7it71 conceal 7it76 ,let it not be read by anyone4 ,it is profitable to the person who is in the divine ,nether-,world4 ,he liveth in reality millions of times anew4 #b ,words spoken3 ,hail to the ,osiris ,n67#ffd7 thou art pure2 thy heart is pure1 thy fore-part is purified1 thy hind-part is cleansed1 thy middle is in ,bat7#ffe7 and natron4 ,no member in thee is faulty4 ,the ,osiris ,n is 7made7 pure by the lotions from the ,fields of ,peace1 at the ,north of the ,fields of ,sanehem-u47#fff7 ,the goddesses ,uati 7and7 ,suben have purified thee at the eighth hour of the night and at the eighth hour of the day4 ,come ,osiris ,n6 ,thou dost enter the ,hall of the ,two ,goddesses of ,truth4 ,thou art purified of all sin1 of all crime4 ,stone of ,truth is thy name4 #c ,hail to the ,osiris ,n6 ,thou1 being very pure1 dost enter the ,lower ,heaven4 ,the ,two goddesses of ,justice have purified thee in the ,great ,hall4 ,a purification hath been made to thee in the ,hall of ,seb4 ,thy members have been purified in the ,hall of ,shu47#ffg7 ,thou seest ,r in his setting1 7as7 ,atum7#ffh7 in the evening4 ,ammon is near to thee1 to give thee breath1 ,ptah1 to form thy members4 ,thou dost enter the horizon with the ,sun4 ,thy soul is received in the bark ,neshem7#ffi7 with ,osiris4 ,thy soul is divinized in the ,hall of ,seb4 ,thou art justified forever and ever4 #d ,hail to the ,osiris ,n6 ,thine individuality is permanent4 ,thy body is durable4 ,thy mummy doth germinate4 ,thou art not repulsed from heaven1 7neither from7 earth4 ,thy face is illuminated near the ,sun4 ,thy soul liveth near to ,ammon4 ,thy body is rejuvenated near to ,osiris4 ,thou dost breathe forever and ever4 #e ,thy soul maketh thee offerings1 each day1 of bread1 of drinks1 of oxen1 of geese1 of fresh water1 of condiments4 ,thou comest to justify it4 ,thy flesh is on thy bones1 like unto thy form on earth4 ,thou dost imbibe into thy body4 ,thou eatest with thy mouth4 ,thou receivest bread1 with the souls of the gods4 ,anubis doth guard thee4 ,he is thy protection4 ,thou art not repulsed from the gates of the ,lower ,heaven4 ,thoth1 the doubly great1 the ,lord of ,sesennu1 cometh to thee4 ,he writeth for thee the ,book of ,respirations1 with his own fingers4 ,thy soul doth breathe forever and ever4 ,thou dost renew thy form on earth1 among the living4 ,thou art divinized with the souls of the gods4 ,thy heart is the heart of ,r ,thy members are the members of the great god47#fgj7 ,thou livest forever and ever4 #f ,hail to the ,osiris ,n6 ,ammon is with thee each day to render thee life4 ,apheru openeth to thee the right way4 ,thou seest with thine eyes2 thou hearest with thine ears2 thou speakest with thy mouth2 thou walkest with thy legs4 ,thy soul is divinized in ,heaven1 to make all the transformations it desireth4 ,thou makest the joy of the sacred ,persea in ,an4 ,thou awakenest each day4 ,thou seest the rays of ,r4 ,ammon cometh to thee with the breath of life4 ,he granteth to thee to breathe in thy coffin4 ,thou comest on earth each day1 the ,book of ,respirations of ,thoth being thy protection4 ,thou breathest by it each day4 ,thine eyes behold the rays of the disk4 ,truth is spoken to thee before ,osiris4 ,the formul of justification are on thy body4 ,horus1 the defender of his father1 protecteth thy body4 ,he divinizeth thy soul as well as 7those7 of all the gods4 ,the soul of ,r giveth life to thy soul4 ,the soul of ,shu filleth thy respiratory organs with soft breath47#fga7 #g ,hail to the ,osiris ,n6 ,thy soul doth breathe in the place thou lovest4 ,thou art in the dwelling of ,osiris1 who resideth in the ,west4 ,thy person is most pure4 ,thou dost arrive in ,abydos4 ,he 7,osiris7 filleth thy dwelling ,hotep with provisions4 #h ,hail to the ,osiris ,n6 ,the gods of all ,egypt come to thee4 ,thou art guided toward the end of centuries4 ,thy soul liveth4 ,thou dost follow ,osiris4 ,thou breathest in ,rusta4 ,secret care is taken of thee by the ,lord of ,sati7#fgb7 and by the great god47#fgc7 ,thy body liveth in ,tattu 7and in7 ,nifur4 ,thy soul liveth in ,heaven forever4 #i ,hail to the ,osiris ,n6 ,sechet prevaileth against what is injurious to thee4 ,har-aa-hetu taketh care of thee4 ,har-shet doth form thy heart4 ,har-maa doth guard thy body4 ,thou continuest in life1 health 7and7 strength4 ,thou art established upon thy throne in ,ta-ser4 ,come1 ,osiris ,n6 ,thou appearest in thy form4 ,strengthened by thine ornaments7#fgd7 thou art prepared for life4 ,thou remainest in a healthful state2 thou walkest1 thou breathest everywhere47#fge7 ,the ,sun doth rise upon thine abode4 ,like unto ,osiris1 thou breathest1 thou livest by his rays4 ,ammon-,ra giveth life to thee4 ,he doth enlighten thee by the ,book of ,respirations4 ,thou dost follow ,osiris and ,horus1 ,lord of the sacred bark4 ,thou art as the greatest of the gods among the gods4 ,thy beautiful face liveth 7in7 thy children4 ,thy name doth always prosper4 ,come to the great temple in ,tattu4 ,thou wilt see him who resideth in the ,west1 in the ,ka-festival4 ,delicious is thy perfume as that of the blessed2 great thy name among the elect4 #aj ,hail to the ,osiris ,n6 ,thy soul liveth by the ,book of ,respirations4 ,thou unitest thyself to the ,book of ,respirations4 ,thou dost enter the ,lower ,heaven2 thine enemies are not 7there74 ,thou art a divine soul in ,tattu47#fgf7 ,thy heart is thine2 it is 7no longer7 separated from thee4 ,thine eyes are thine2 they open each day4 #aa;a ,words spoken by the gods who accompany ,osiris1 to the ,osiris ,n3 ,thou dost follow ,ra4 ,thou dost follow ,osiris4 ,thy soul livest forever and ever4 #aa;b ,words spoken by the gods who dwell in the ,lower ,heaven 7like7 ,osiris of the ,west1 to the ,osiris ,n3 ,let them open to him at the gates of the ,lower ,heaven4 ,he is received7#fgg7 in the divine ,nether-,world1 that his soul may live forever4 ,he buildeth a dwelling in the divine ,nether-,world4 ,he is rewarded47#fgh7 ,he hath received the ,book of ,respirations1 that he may breathe4 #ab ,royal offering to ,osiris who resideth in the ,west1 great god1 ,lord of ,abydos1 that he may give offerings of bread1 of hak1 of oxen1 of geese1 of wine1 of the liquor aket1 of bread ,hotep1 of good provisions of all kinds1 to the ,osiris ,n4 ,thy soul liveth4 ,thy body doth germinate1 by order of ,r himself1 without pain1 without injury1 like unto ,ra forever and ever4 #ac ,o ,strider1 coming out of ,an17#fgi7 the ,osiris ,n hath not committed any sin4 ,o ,mighty of the ,moment1 coming out of ,kerau1 the ,osiris ,n hath not done any evil4 ,o ,nostril1 coming out of ,sesennu17#fhj7 the ,osiris ,n hath not been exacting4 ,o ,devourer of the ,eye1 coming out of ,kerti1 the ,osiris ,n hath not obtained anything by theft4 ,o ,impure of visage1 coming out of ,rusta1 the ,osiris ,n hath not been angry4 ,o ,lion-gods1 coming forth from heaven1 the ,osiris ,n hath not committed any sin by reason of hardness of heart787 ,o ,fiery-,eyed1 coming out of ,sechem1 the ,osiris ,n hath not been weak4 #ad ,o ye gods who dwell in the ,lower ,heaven1 hearken unto the voice of ,osiris ,n4 ,he is near unto you4 ,there is no fault in him4 ,no informer riseth up against him4 ,he liveth in the truth4 ,he doth nourish himself with truth4 ,the gods are satisfied with all that he hath done4 ,he hath given food to the hungry1 drink to the thirsty1 clothes to the naked4 ,he hath given the sacred food to the gods1 ,the funeral repasts to the pure ,spirits4 ,no complaint hath been made against him before any of the gods4 ,let him enter 7then7 into the ,lower ,heaven without being repulsed4 ,let him follow ,osiris1 with the gods of ,kerti4 ,he is favored among the faithful17#fha7 7and7 divinized among the perfected4 ,let him live6 ,let his soul live6 ,his soul is received wherever it willeth4 7,he7 hath received the ,book of ,respirations1 that he may breathe with his soul1 7with7 that of the ,lower ,heaven1 and that he may make any transformation at his will1 like 7the inhabitants7 of the ,west27#fhb7 that his soul may go wherever it desireth1 living on the earth forever and ever4 ,he is towed 7like7 ,osiris into the ,great ,pool of ,khons4 ,when he has retaken possession of his heart7#fhc7 the ,book of ,respirations is concealed in 7the coffin74 ,it is 7covered7 with writing upon ,suten1 both inside and outside 7and7 placed underneath his left arm1 evenly with his heart2444 ,when the ,book has been made for him then he breathes with the souls of the gods forever and ever47#fhd7 ,it is finished4 ,,the ,,epic ,,of ,,penta-,,our ,translated by ,c4 ,w4 ,goodwin1 ,m4,a4 ,the commencement of the epic of ,penta-our is wanting in the papyrus1 and the end is also defective1 but the date of the composition and the name of the writer have fortunately escaped4 ,it appears to have been written in the ninth year of the ,king whose valor it celebrates4 ,champollion saw this papyrus1 and had formed some notion of the nature of its contents1 but to ,m4 de ,roug belongs the honor of having first given a complete translation of it4 ,this was published in the 8,revue ,contemporaine10 #ahef1 p4 #chi4 ,the scene of the exploit lies in the neighborhood of the city of ,katesh17#fhe7 the capital of the ,hittites1 which stood on the banks of a river named ,anrata 7or ,aranta1 as it is sometimes written71 perhaps the ,syrian ,orontes4 ,it appears1 from the sculptures and inscriptions of ,ibsamboul and the ,theban ,ramesseum1 that ,rameses ,,ii1 in the fifth year of his reign1 made an expedition into ,asia to suppress a revolt of the ,asiatic tribes headed by the ,prince of ,heth4 ,arrived near ,katesh1 upon the south side of the city1 certain wandering ,arabs came to inform him that the forces of the ,hittites had retired toward the south1 to the land of the ,khirbou4 ,these ,arabs were1 however1 in the service of the enemy1 and were sent with the intention of entrapping the ,egyptians1 the fact being that the ,hittites and their allies were assembled in force to the north of the town4 ,rameses fell into the trap1 and advanced to the northwest of ,katesh while the body of his army proceeded to the south4 ,shortly after two ,hittite spies were caught and brought to the ,king1 and under the pressure of the bastonnade1 confessed the true state of the affair4 ,the prince of the ,hittites had in the meantime executed a movement to the south of the city1 and thus the ,king was cut off from the body of his troops1 and only escaped destruction by the dashing exploit which his admiring subjects seem to have been never weary of commemorating1 and which furnished ,penta-our1 the court poet1 with a brilliant theme4 ,a few extracts from the recital shall be given1 based upon ,m4 de ,roug's version1 from which ,i venture in a few respects to deviate4 ,the papyrus begins in the middle of a sentence1 at the moment when the ,king had discovered his mistake4 8,the ,prince of ,heth advanced with men and horses well armed or full of provender83 there were three men to each chariot47#fhf7 ,there were gathered together all the swiftest men of the land of the vile ,hittites1 all furnished with arms 444 and waited stealthily to the northwest of the fortress of ,katesh4 ,then they fell upon the bowmen of ,pharaoh1 into the middle of them1 as they marched along and did not expect a battle4 ,the bowmen and the horsemen of his ,majesty gave way before them4 ,behold they were near to ,katesh1 on the west bank of the river ,anrata4 ,then was fulfilled8 the saying of his ,majesty4 ,then his ,majesty1 rising up like the god ,mentou ,mars1 undertook to lead on the attack4 ,he seized his arms--he was like ,bar ,baal in his hour4 ,the great horse which drew his ,majesty his name was ,nekhtou-em-,djom1 of the stud of ,rameses-,meiamen 444 ,his ,majesty halted when he came up to the enemy1 the vile ,hittites4 ,he was alone by himself--there was no other with him in this sortie4 ,his ,majesty looked behind him and saw that he was intercepted by #b1ejj horsemen in the way he had to go1 by all the fleetest men of the prince of the base ,hittites1 and of many lands which were with him--of ,artou ,aradus1 of ,maausou1 of ,patasa1 of ,kashkash1 of ,aroun1 of ,kadjawatana1 of ,khirbou1 of ,aktra1 ,katesh1 and ,raka4 ,there were three men to each chariot1 they were 444 but there were neither captains1 nor squires1 nor leaders of bowmen1 nor skirmishers with the ,king1 #8,my archers and my horsemen forsook me1 not one of them remained to fight with me4' ,then said his ,majesty1 #8,where art thou now1 my father ,amen8 ,behold1 does a father forget his son8 ,but do ,i confide in my own strength8 ,walking or standing1 is not my face toward thee8 ,do ,i not inquire the counsels of thy mouth8 ,do ,i not seek for thy mighty counsels1 ,o thou great lord of ,egypt1 at whose approach the oppressors of the land are scattered8 ,what now is the hope of these ,aamou8 ,amen shall abase those who know not god4 ,have ,i not made for thee many and great buildings of stone8 have ,i not filled thy temple with my spoils1 building for thee a temple to last myriads of years8 444 ,the whole earth unites to bring thee offerings 444 to enrich thy domain4 ,i have sacrificed to thee #cj1jjj oxen1 with all kinds of sweet-scented herbs4 ,have ,i not put behind me those who do not thy will8 444 ,i have built thee a house of great stones1 erecting for thee eternal groves2 ,i have brought for thee obelisks from ,abou ,elephantine2 ,i have caused the everlasting stones to be fetched1 launching for thee boats upon the sea1 importing for thee the manufactures of the lands4 ,when was it ever before said that such a thing was done8 ,confounded is every one who resists thy designs2 blessed is every one who obeys thee1 ,o ,amen4 ,that which thou doest is dear to my heart8 ,i cry to thee1 my father1 ,amen4 ,i am in the midst of many unknown people gathered together from all lands4 ,but ,i am alone by myself2 there is none other with me4 ,my bowmen and my horsemen have forsaken me2 they were afraid2 not one of them listened when ,i cried to them4 ,amen is more helpful to me than myriads of bowmen1 than millions of horsemen1 than tens of thousands of chosen youths1 though they be all gathered together in one place4 ,the arts of men prevail not1 ,amen is more powerful than they2 they follow not the commands of thy mouth1 ,o sun6 ,have ,i not sought out thy commands8 have ,i not invoked thee from the ends of the earth8' 0 ,this invocation is heard1 and the ,king proceeds to make a vigorous charge against the enemy1 who are scattered in all directions4 ,the prince of the ,hittites rallies1 and succeeds in bringing them again to the combat1 but they are repulsed by the ,king4 ,it will be observed that sometimes the writer himself speaks1 but generally the narrative is put into the mouth of the ,king--a poetical artifice which gives a certain liveliness to the composition-- 8 #8,i ran toward them1 like the god ,mentou1 ,i fleshed my hand upon them in the space of a moment84 ,i smote them1 ,i slew them1 so that one of them cried to another1 saying1 8,it is no man0 superhuman4 ,mighty was he who was among them1 ,soutech1 the most glorious4 ,baal was in my limbs2 why was every enemy weak8 his hand was in all my limbs4 ,they knew not how to hold the bow and the spear4 ,as soon as they saw him1 they fled far away with speed1 but his ,majesty was upon them like a greyhound4 ,he slew them1 so that they escaped not4' 0 ,the ,king's squire or armor-bearer is seized with terror1 and conjures his master to fly4 ,the ,king comforts him2 and after charging the enemy six times1 returns victorious from the field4 ,rameses1 on rejoining his troops1 addresses a long tirade to his captains upon their cowardice1 and enlarges upon his own valor without any modest scruples4 ,in the evening the rest of the troops came dropping in1 and were surprised to find the whole country strewed with the bodies of the dead4 ,the whole army joins in singing the praises of the courageous leader-- 8 #8,hail to the sword1 thanks to the bold warrior1 strengthener of hearts1 who deliverest thy bowmen and thy horsemen1 son of ,toum1 subduing the land of the ,hittites with thy victorious sword4 ,thou art ,king of victories2 there is none like thee1 a ,king fighting for his soldiers in the day of battle4 ,thou art magnanimous1 the first in battle4 ,the whole world joined together cannot resist thee4 ,thou art the mighty conqueror1 in the face of thy army4 ,the whole earth falls down before thee saying homage4 ,thou rulest ,egypt1 thou chastisest the foreigners1 thou crushest1 thou bowest the back of these ,hittites forever4' ,then said his ,majesty to his bowmen and his horsemen1 likewise his captains1 #8,ye who did not fight1 behold none of you have done well1 in that ye left me alone among the enemy4 ,the captains of the vanguard1 the sergeants of the infantry1 came not to help me4 ,i fought against the myriads of the land alone4 ,i had the horses ,nechtou-em-,djom and ,becht-herouta2 they were obedient to the guidance of my hand1 when ,i was alone by myself in the midst of the enemy4 ,therefore ,i grant to them to eat their corn in the presence of ,ra continually1 when ,i am in the gate of the palace1 on account of their having been found in the midst of the enemy3 and as for the armor-bearer who remained with me1 ,i bestow upon him my arms1 together with the things which were upon me1 the habiliments of war4' ,behold his ,majesty wore them in his great victory1 overthrowing myriads assembled together with his conquering sword40 ,the battle is renewed the next day1 and the ,hittites are thoroughly routed4 ,an envoy from the chief is now announced1 suing for mercy4 ,rameses acts the part of a magnanimous conqueror1 and grants pardon to the repentant rebels4 ,he then returns peaceably to ,egypt1 leaving the terror of his arms in all the countries of the ,east4 ,at the end of the last page of the manuscript are the date and dedication1 unfortunately somewhat mutilated4 ,the writer ,penta-our dedicates it1 not to the ,king1 but to a chief librarian1 probably ,amen-em-an1 with whom he carried on a correspondence4 ,this poem was so highly appreciated by the ,king that he caused it to be engraved in hieroglyphics upon the walls of one of his palaces1 where some remains of it may be still seen4 ,if the date be correctly read1 it would appear to have been written four years after the event it celebrates1 and1 notwithstanding the exaggerated style of adulation which pervades it1 there can be little doubt that some such occurrence as that which it represents really took place4 ,,footnotes #a ,i4e41 the mountain of sunset4 #b ,i4e41 ,mat4 #c ,the following petition1 8,oh1 grant thou unto me a path10 etc41 is written once only1 and at the end of the ,litany1 but ,i think it is clear that it was intended to be repeated after each of the nine addresses4 ,this is proved by the ,sate ,recension 7see ,lepsius1 op4 cit1 ,bl4 #e7 where the words1 8,grant thou the sweet breath of the north wind to the ,osiris ,auf-nkh10 are written in two places and are intended to be said after each of the ten addresses above them4 #d ,i4e41 8the place where nothing groweth10 the name of a district in the underworld4 #e ,the name of the sanctuary of the goddess ,nekhebet in ,upper ,egypt1 the ,eileithyiapolis of the ,greeks4 #f ,i4e41 the two lands ,atebui1 which were situated one on each side of the celestial ,nile4 #g ,i4e41 the land on each side of the ,red ,sea and on the coast of ,africa4 #h ,i4e41 8,lady of life10 a name of ,isis4 #i ,i4e41 the mountain of the sunset4 #aj ,i4e41 the mountain of the sunset4 #aa ,i4e41 ,an-rut-f1 the place where nothing groweth4 #ab ,i4e41 the mountain of sunrise1 but the scribe appears to have written 8,baakha0 instead of 8,manu40 #ac ,i4e41 the ,sun and the ,moon4 #ad ,i4e41 the ,sun and ,moon4 #ae ,i4e41 the dead4 #af ,the name of the deceased is wanting4 #ag ,i4e41 8,osiris1 ,governor of ,amentet40 #ah ,pe and ,tepu were two famous sanctuaries of northern ,egypt4 #ai ,i4e41 ,an-rut-f4 #bj 8,ab0 is undoubtedly the 8heart10 and 8hat0 is the region wherein is the heart2 the word may be fairly well rendered by 8breast10 though the pericardium is probably intended4 #ba 8,erpat10 i4e41 8tribal chief40 #bb ,the ,papyrus of ,mes-em-neter 7,naville1 8,todtenbuch10 ,bd4 ,,ii4 p4 #ib7 adds3 8,his heart goeth forth to take up its abode in his body1 his heart is renewed before the gods1 and he hath gained the mastery over it40 #bc ,the words within brackets are from the ,papyrus of ,mes-em-neter4 #bd ,i4e41 the god of the 8,large ,face40 #be ,i4e41 the deceased4 #bf ,the words within brackets are translated from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni 7sheet #d74 #bg ,i4e41 ,mycerinus1 a king of the fourth dynasty4 #bh ,i4e41 8,he of two teeth0 7or two horns72 the ,sate ,recension 7,lepsius1 op4 cit41 ,bl4 #af7 reads 8,bent10 i4e41 8ape40 #bi ,i4e41 8,thy face is of right and truth40 #cj ,we should probably add the word 8tep0 and read 8,tep tu-f10 8,he that is upon his hill10 i4e41 ,anubis4 #ca ,the ,theban texts mention four crocodiles only4 #cb ,so far back as #ahfg the late ,dr4 ,birch identified the animal 8maftet0 with the lynx4 #cc ,read1 8the lord of the city of ,shennu0 i4e41 of ,kom ,ombos4 #cd ,or1 8,i report my message to ,nebes0 7or ,nebses74 #ce ,the two opponent goddesses1 or ,isis and ,nephthys7874 #cf ,these words are from the ,papyrus of ,ra4 #cg ,the words within brackets are supplied from the ,papyrus of ,mes-em-neter4 #ch ,i4e41 ,the 8land of cold and refreshing water40 #ci ,literally1 8eat40 #dj ,a king of the first dynasty4 ,see also the rubric to the longer version of the #fdth from the ,papyrus of ,nu1 infra1 p4 #dg4 #da ,these words are added from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni4 #db ,from the ,papyrus of ,nu1 sheet #ac4 #dc ,from ,papyrus of ,nu1 sheet #ba4 #dd ,he was the son of ,cheops1 the builder of the ,great ,pyramid at ,gzeh4 #de ,here follows the text of ,chapter of 8,preserving the ,heart10 page #be4 #df ,i4e41 the souls of ,horus and ,r4 #dg ,this ,rubric is taken from the ,papyrus of ,thenna 7see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,,ii4 p4 #aec74 #dh ,from the ,papyrus of ,ani 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 #aj1dgj1 sheet #f74 #di ,the words in brackets are supplied from ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,,ii4 p4 #aeh4 #ej ,literally1 8,thou hast given unto me40 #ea ,the variants are ,aahet ,at1 ,aahet ,ateh1 and one papyrus gives the words1 8,i am the great god02 see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,,ii4 p4 #afg4 #eb ,literally1 8,i flew40 #ec ,i believe that 8,turtle0 is the correct translation4 #ed ,literally1 8dilated with years40 #ee ,added from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni4 #ef ,added from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni4 #eg ,the ,papyrus of ,nebseni has1 8make thou me to see my soul and my shade40 #eh ,this rubric is taken from the ,papyrus of ,ani1 sheet #ag4 #ei ,the ,papyrus of ,ani contains what are1 apparently1 two versions of this chapter4 #fj ,i4e41 the 8,governor of ,amenti10 or ,osiris4 #fa ,this title is taken from the ,sate ,recension4 #fb ,i4e41 the four pillars at the south1 north1 west1 and east of heaven upon which the heavens were believed to rest4 #fc ,in the ,sate ,recension this chapter is about twice as long as it is in the ,theban ,recension4 #fd ,the words in brackets are from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni4 #fe ,or1 8,i am at peace with the god of the city40 #ff ,i4e41 8,existence in ,peace10 the name of the first large section of the ,elysian ,fields4 #fg ,the name of a pool in the second section of the ,elysian ,fields4 #fh ,the name of a pool in the first section of the ,elysian ,fields4 #fi ,the name of a pool in the second section of the ,elysian ,fields4 #gj ,the name of a district in the third section of the ,elysian ,fields4 #ga ,the name of a pool in the first section of the ,elysian ,fields4 #gb ,the name of a pool in the third section of the ,elysian ,fields4 #gc ,the name of a pool in the third section of the ,elysian ,fields4 #gd ,a name of the city of ,mendes1 the metropolis of the sixteenth nome of ,lower ,egypt4 #ge ,i4e41 he lost his temper and raged4 #gf ,i4e41 ,cus1 the metropolis of the fourteenth nome of ,upper ,egypt4 #gg ,the words in brackets are from the ,papyrus of ,neb-qet 7sheet #c74 #gh ,a fuller title of this chapter is1 8,the ,chapter of knowing the name of ,osiris1 and of going into and of coming forth from ,re-stau40 #gi ,for the text see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,i4 ,bl4 #acj4 #hj ,the words in brackets are from the ,papyrus of ,amen-em-heb4 ,see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,,ii4 p4 #bfg4 #ha ,the ,papyrus of ,mes-em-neter adds1 8bringing right unto thee the divine being who loveth her40 #hb ,i4e41 ,heliopolis1 ,mendes or ,busiris1 ,heracleopolis1 ,abydos1 ,panopolis1 and ,sennu 7a city near ,panopolis74 #hc ,the words in brackets are from the ,sate ,recension 7see ,lepsius1 op4 cit41 ,bl4 #df74 #hd ,i4e41 the 8,land of the inundation10 a name of ,egypt4 #he ,in other papyri this chapter is called3 7#a7 8,the ,chapter of going into the ,hall of double ,mati20 7#b7 8,the ,chapter of the ,hall of double ,mati and of knowing what is therein20 and 7#c7 8,the ,book of entering into the ,hall of double ,mati40 ,see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,,ii4 p4 #bge4 #hf ,variant1 8,i have not caused misery1 ,i have not caused affliction40 #hg ,the words in brackets are added from the ,papyrus of ,amen-neb 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 #i1ifd74 ,see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,,ii4 p4 #bhb4 #hh ,variant1 8,i have not defrauded the gods of their chosen meat offerings40 #hi ,i4e41 the month called by the ,copts ,mekhir1 the sixth month of the ,egyptian year4 #ij ,these words are added from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni4 #ia ,these words are added from the ,papyrus of ,ani4 #ib ,a city near ,memphis4 #ic ,the 8,qerti10 or caverns out of which flowed the ,nile1 were thought to be situated between ,aswn and ,phil4 #id ,variant1 ,neha-hra4 #ie ,variant1 8like fire40 #if ,i4e41 the ninth nome of ,lower ,egypt1 the capital of which was ,per-,ausar or ,busiris4 #ig ,the 8,city of the ,sycamore10 a name of a city of ,upper ,egypt4 #ih ,the thirteenth nome of ,lower ,egypt4 #ii ,the metropolis of the nineteenth nome of ,upper ,egypt4 #ajj ,i4e41 8lost my temper and become angry40 #aja ,these words are added from ,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 #i1ije4 ,other papyri introduce the address with the words3 7#a7 8,to be said when the deceased cometh forth victorious from the ,hall of double ,mati20 7#b7 8,to be said when he cometh forth to the gods of the underworld20 7#c7 8,the words which are to be said after the ,hall of double ,maati40 #ajb ,the ordinary reading is1 8,for ,i have heard the word which was spoken by the ,ass with the ,cat40 #ajc ,a people who dwelt1 probably1 on the northeast frontier of ,egypt1 and who have been by some identified with the ,phnicians4 #ajd ,these words are added from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni4 #aje ,the ,papyrus of ,nu continues3 8 #8,i will not open unto thee and ,i will not let thee pass by me1' saith the ,guardian of this door1 #8unless thou tellest me my name'2 #8,ox of ,seb' is thy name40 ,see above1 l4 #cj4 #ajf ,here the ,papyrus repeats a passage given above4 #ajg ,the words 8sema-kua0 are superfluous4 #ajh ,after 8,osiris0 a ,paris papyrus adds1 8,he shall come forth in whatsoever form he is pleased to appear as a living soul forever and ever40 #aji ,this chapter has no title either in the ,theban or in the ,sate ,recension4 #aaj ,the words in brackets are added from ,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 #i1iac4 #aaa ,i4e41 districts or divisions of the underworld4 #aab ,a name of the city of ,abydos4 #aac 8,the ,book of making the soul to live forever4 ,to be recited on the day of embarking in the boat of ,r to pass over to the chiefs of flame40 ,see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,,ii4 p4 #cch4 #aad ,read 8,shu0 instead of 8maat40 #aae ,or1 8images40 #aaf ,or1 8,the chapter of making the way into heaven nigh unto ,r40 #aag ,in the ,sate ,recension 7see ,lepsius1 op4 cit41 ,bl4 #ed7 the house is said to be 8in the underworld40 #aah ,another papyrus adds the words1 8,i have advanced1 and behold1 ,i have not been found light1 and the ,balance is empty of my affair40 #aai ,the ,papyrus of ,nebseni has1 8,the ,osiris ,nebseni is the lord of transformations in the presence of the hawk of gold40 #abj ,the ,papyrus of ,ani has 8seven cubits40 #aba ,the words 8or thy father0 are from the ,papyrus of ,ani4 #abb ,these words are from the ,brocklehurst ,papyrus 7see ,naville1 op4 cit41 ,bd4 ,,ii4 p4 #ccd74 ,there are three copies of this rubric extant1 and no one of them is complete6 #abc ,in the ,papyrus of ,nebseni the title of this chapter reads3 8,the ,chapter of embarking in the boat of ,r and of being with those who are in his following40 #abd ,read 8god ,osiris08 #abe ,added from the ,papyrus of ,nebseni4 #abf ,in the ,papyrus of ,nebseni the deceased is here addressed4 #abg ,this name1 frequently found in the letters1 is the ,egyptian 8,neb-mat-ra10 or ,amenophis ,,iii4 #abh ,as the ,amorite 8z0 or 8s0 seems sometimes to represent the ,hebrew 8sh10 this name might be compared with the ,philistine 8,achish40 #abi 8,katna0 is the present ,katanah1 on the south of ,hermon1 west of ,damascus4 #acj ,others read 8,nuhasse40 ,it was a ,hittite country1 and appears to be that of ,mer'ash1 under the ,taurus1 where a number of important ,hittite remains are found 7see especially ,b4 #ca1 #cb74 #aca ,throughout the letters the enemy is always called a 8slave10 a 8slave dog10 or 8son of a dog10 as also in ,egyptian texts4 #acb ,where breaks occur they are due to fractures of the tablet4 #acc ,this appears1 as throughout the letters1 to apply to the ,king of ,egypt4 ,all the ,egyptian kings were regarded as descendants of gods1 and are so addressed in ,egyptian records4 #acd 8,aidugama0 does not appear to be a ,semitic name1 but1 as we should expect in ,hittite1 it is ,mongol1 and compares with 8,akkadian10 as meaning 8the victorious lord40 ,he is called 8,edagama0 by the ,king of ,tyre 7,b4 ,m4 #cj71 who mentions his fighting with ,neboyapiza1 and ,aziru's also4 #ace ,probably 8,lapana0 is ,lybo1 now ,lebweh1 north of ,baalbek4 #acf ,probably ,r'aith 7or ,r'ais71 on the east side of the ,buka'ah plain1 east of ,zahleh1 on the way from the ,hittite country4 #acg ,perhaps should read 8,zinaar0 for 8,senaar10 the ,shinar of the ,bible4 ,merash and ,ni have been noted above4 #ach ,this word 8bitati0 always applies 7and it is used very often7 to ,egyptian soldiers4 ,it seems to be an ,egyptian word4 ,compare 8pet0 78foot07 and 8petet0 78to invade or march07 in ,egyptian4 #aci ,huba is identified by ,dr4 ,bezold with the land of ,hobah 7,gen4 xiv4 #ae71 which was at the 8entering in0 north of ,damascus4 ,the 8entering in0 here and at ,hamath means a pass between hills leading to the city4 ,it has been objected that ,hobah would be 8,ubatu0 in ,assyrian2 but this fails in view of the detailed topography1 which shows that ,dr4 ,bezold was right4 ,the ,hebrew heh is often replaced by ,aleph or vau in ,aramaic4 #adj ,the land ,am or ,amma1 several times mentioned1 appears to be the ,old ,testament land of ,ham1 in northern ,bashan1 near ,damascus 7,gen4 xiv4 #e74 ,the ,hebrew is spelled with the soft aspirate1 not the hard guttural4 ,it may perhaps be connected with the name of the 8,amu0 of ,egyptian records4 #ada ,damascus according to ,dr4 ,bezold4 #adb ,this name can be read 8,namyapiza0 or 8,zimyapiza10 but probably means 8,nebo is holy10 ,nebo being a well-known deity4 #adc ,gidisi or ,cidisi is apparently ,kadesh of the ,hittites--now ,kades on the ,orontes--north of the city of ,neboyapiza4 ,it is called 8,cidsi0 by the ,king of ,tyre 7,b4 ,m4 #cj71 and 8,ciidsa0 in the proclamation 7#ib ,b474 #add 8,paka0 is one of the words used to designate ,egyptian residents or generals4 ,it seems to be ,egyptian1 and simply means 8,pa-ka0 78chief man074 #ade ,ammusi might be the ancient name of ,emesa1 now ,homs1 immediately north of ,kadesh4 #adf 8,elohim0 is in the plural1 as several scholars have remarked4 ,it often applies to the ,king of ,egypt4 #adg 8,khazi0 is evidently ,ghazzeh1 near the south end of the ,baalbek plain1 south of the ,damascus road4 #adh ,this is doubtful1 as the text is broken1 and only gives 8,belgi 4440 ,baal ,gad was1 as ,i have attempted recently to show1 probably near ',ain ,ju-deideh1 on the north of ,hermon1 and close to the great pass4 #adi 8,maguzi10 or ,mukhzi1 is probably ,mekseh1 on the ,damascus road1 west of ,stora4 #aej ,may be read 8,yanuamma40 ,it seems to be ,m'araba1 north of ,damascus1 which agrees with the context4 ,the great pass mentioned here in connection with ,damascus was apparently that by which the main road from the west came down the ,barada at ,abila4 ,this is the 8entering in0 to ,damascus1 which 7,gen4 xiv4 #ae7 was in the land of ,hobah4 ,this agrees with the position of ,neboyapiza's town ,kamid1 west of ,baal ,gad1 and to the west of the pass4 ,the scribe here wrote 8east of me10 and corrected to 8behind me40 #aea ,probably not ,ashtoreth ,carnaim1 which is mentioned in another letter1 but rather ,stora1 in the ,baalbek plain1 northwest of ,baal ,gad4 ,arzaya's town seems to have been ,mekseh1 west of ,stora 7#abe ,b4 ,m474 #aeb 8,buzruna0 is probably ,batruna1 on the mountain west of the west end of the pass1 and immediately east of ,baal ,gad 7perhaps mentioned again in the fragment #bje ,b474 #aec 8,khalavunni10 or ,halabunni1 is the ,helbon of the ,bible 7,ezek4 xxvii4 #ah71 now ,helbon1 north of ,damascus1 and five miles north of the middle of the pass4 ,it must have been an important city because of the term 8,king40 ,it was noted for wine1 not only in ,ezekiel's time1 but1 as ,strabo mentions1 the kings of ,persia brought wine from ,chalybon4 #aed 8,gizza0 is perhaps the important town ,jezzin1 in the ,lebanon1 southwest of ,kamid1 unless it be ,jizeh1 in ,bashan1 between ,edrei and ,bozrah4 #aee 8,saddu0 is perhaps ,nebi ,shit1 south of ,baalbek1 or possibly1 though less probably1 ,sh'ait1 south of ,kamid1 on the southwest slope of ,hermon4 #aef 8,cumidi10 or ,kamid1 was important as a central station between ,damascus and the coast cities of ,sidon and ,beirut4 #aeg ,or1 perhaps1 8hard-pressed40 #aeh 8,mikhiza10 perhaps the same as ,maguzi1 written by another scribe--the modern ,mekseh1 as given above4 8,maguzi0 might be otherwise transliterated as 8,mukhzi40 #aei 8,tubakhi0 is the ,tabukhai of the 8,travels of an ,egyptian0 in the reign of ,rameses ,,ii 7,chabas1 p4 #cac71 mentioned with ,kadesh on ,orontes1 and is the ,tibhath of the ,bible 7#a ,chron4 xviii4 #h71 otherwise ,berothai4 ,it may perhaps be the present ,kefr ,dubbeh1 west of ,baalbek1 and south of ,kadesh1 while ,berothai is thought to be the present ,brithen 7see #b ,sam4 viii4 #h71 a few miles south of ,baalbek4 ,the letter shows ,aziru in league with the ,hittites4 ,david conquered these cities from the ,king of ,damascus4 #afj ,dr4 ,sayce calls this 8the fields of ,bashan02 probably1 when taken with the next letters1 we may place the site at ,zora1 in ,bashan1 now ,ezra4 ,de ,roug and ,mariette showed that ,thothmes ,,iii conquered ,bashan4 #afa 8,gubbu0 is perhaps ,jubbata1 on the south side of ,hermon1 near the places mentioned in the next letter4 #afb ,yankhamu1 an ,egyptian commander1 appears in these letters in all parts of the country1 from the extreme south to the north1 and in ,phnicia as well as in ,bashan4 ,his name does not seem to be ,semitic4 #afc ,this letter does not say who the enemies were or in which direction they advanced4 ,perhaps 8,bikhisi0 may be regarded as the present 8',abbaseh0 7by inversion of the guttural71 which is fifteen miles southwest of ,damascus1 near the main road to the town of ,jabesh1 whence the letter comes4 #afd ,the word 8rabizi10 which is here made equivalent to 8zukini10 gives great difficulty4 ,in ,hebrew the root means 8to rest10 and the word is still applied in ,palestine to resting of flocks4 8,zukini0 appears1 as ,dr4 ,bezold points out1 to be the same as the ,phnician word 8,soken0 7which has exactly the required letters72 but the meaning of this also is doubtful4 ,renan translates it either 8inhabitant0 or 8senator40 ,the word occurs in the ,bible 7#a ,kings i4 #b1 #d2 ,ezek4 xxviii4 #ad71 with the meaning also doubtful1 but the root means 8to cherish40 ,perhaps 8friends0 suits best the various recurrences4 #afe ,this word seems to mean 8glory of the sun10 the ,egyptian 8,khu-en-,aten40 ,the explanation throws light on a difficult passage in a letter from ,elishah 7,b4 ,m4 #e74 ,if 8,khu-en-,aten0 7,amenophis ,,iv7 is intended1 he may have been commander while still only a prince1 since the events seem to belong to the reign of ,amenophis ,,iii4 #aff 8,astarti0 seems here to be ,ashtoreth ,carnaim1 the present 8,tell ,ashterah40 #afg 8,udumu10 now ,dameh1 the ,dametha of ,maccabean times4 #afh 8,aduri0--,edrei in ,bashan1 now ,edhr'a4 #afi 8,araru0--',ar'ar1 nine miles southeast of ,ashtoreth4 #agj 8,meispa0--,ramath-,mizpah of ,basnan1 now ,remtheh4 #aga 8,macdalim10 probably ,mejdel ,shems1 east of ,banias4 #agb 8,khini0--,hineh1 south of ,hermon1 near the last4 #agc 8,zaar0--,zora of ,bashan1 now ,ezra4 #agd 8,yabisi0--,yabis1 a few miles northwest of the last4 #age ,the ,egyptians would cross the ,jordan near ,megiddo1 and come from the southwest to oppose an enemy on the north and east1 and reach ',abbseh1 on the north1 later than ,yabis4 #agf ,saskhi is probably ,s'as'a1 east of ,banias1 and northwest of ,yabis4 #agg ,lupackhallu1 a non-,semitic ,hittite name4 ,as a ,mongol word1 8the very swift40 #agh ,zitatna was ,king of ,accho--a somewhat similar name2 but probably the ,king of ,arvad is meant1 as appears later4 #agi ,this letter belongs to a late period in the war1 since ,ullaza has been taken4 ,it is given here as referring to the land of ,ham4 ,it may very well have been written after ,ribadda1 the ,king of ,gebal1 left the city 7see #ga ,b474 #ahj 8,ammia10 mentioned again1 appears to be ,amyun south of ,simyra4 #aha 8,ardata0 is ,ardi1 near the last4 #ahb ,kefr ,khullis1 north of ,gebal1 agrees with the required position for ,ullaza1 which is mentioned often4 #ahc ,nariba is ,nereb1 on the ,euphrates1 in the ,hittite country4 #ahd ,an ,egyptian name2 perhaps to be compared with 8han0 78kind07 in ,egyptian4 ,an envoy of this name was sent to ,dusratta1 ,king of ,armenia1 by ,amenophis ,,iii1 as an 8interpreter0 7#ba ,b474 #ahe ,perhaps the ,hittite ,king of ,kadesh1 or some other city4 #ahf ,or perhaps 8oil40 #ahg ,dodo in the ,bible 7#a ,chron4 xi4 #ab71 from the same root as 8,david40 ,he was not really ,aziru's father1 but apparently a friend in ,egypt4 #ahh 8,beiti beitac0 is still a polite phrase of welcome in ,palestine4 #ahi ,the text is clear1 but the epigram is not4 ,he appears to mean the ,king of ,egypt when speaking of his gods1 as also a few lines lower4 #aij ,meaning the ,king of ,egypt4 #aia 8,khai0 is also an ,egyptian name1 meaning 8distinguished0 in that language4 ,he is perhaps the 8,khaia0 of another letter by ,ribadda 7#eg ,b474 ,it would seem that his embassy to ,aziru had occurred between the first and second visits of the envoy ,khanni4 #aib ,mer'ash was in the west of the ,hittite country1 seventy-five miles northwest of ,tunep4 ,the distance fits well1 since thirty-seven and one-half miles may be considered a forced march4 #aic ,we cannot rely on ,aziru's protestations4 ,if ,khatib was a ,hittite ,king1 it is certain that both were intriguing against ,egypt4 #aid ,probably the pass in the valley of the ',afrin ,river1 near ,kyrrhus1 twenty miles north of ,tunip1 is meant1 being on the direct road to ,mer'ash4 #aie 8,abuca0 78your father07 might be understood in the sense in which it is used every day in the ,east1 where abc means1 8,god curse your father60 #aif ,ni was to the east of ,aziru's country near ,tunip4 #aig 8,khat-ib0 may mean 8,hittite hero40 ,the name of the ,hittites means probably 8the confederates02 and the sign used on ,hittite monuments for the nation seems to be that which represents two allies facing each other4 #aih ,abdasherah1 as ,dr4 ,sayce points out1 means the servant of the goddess ,asherah 78the grove0 of the ,bible71 and this is rendered certain by the sign for ,deity prefixed in one instance4 ,it has no connection with the name of ,ashtoreth4 #aii ,an ,egyptian name1 8,pa-,khemt0 or 8,pa-,khent10 meaning 8very strong0 7see ,b4 ,m4 #bd1 ,pakhamnata74 ,it appears from ,ribadda's letter that the station of this ,paka was ,simyra1 and apparently the ,amorites killed him later on4 #bjj ,the word 8,gur0 is used in these letters as in the ,bible1 and1 like the ,arab 8,jr10 to mean a man of one tribe or race protected by a powerful tribe or person of another country4 #bja ,in each case 8gate0 might be rendered 8port10 as both of the cities had famous ports4 #bjb ,the word 8,khazanu10 commonly used in these letters for a ruling class1 apparently native1 and in communication with the 8,paka10 or 8head man10 who was ,egyptian1 appears to come from a root which means 8to treasure40 ,the word 8,khazanutu0 appears to mean 8a government40 #bjc 8,canaan0 in these letters1 as on the ,phnician coins and in the ,bible1 is used in its strict sense as a geographical term for the 8lowlands0 of ,phnicia and ,philistia4 #bjd 8,pisyari0 appears to be a ,hittite name1 like the 8,pisiris0 of an ,assyrian inscription 7,schrader71 being the ,mongol 8bisir0 78rich071 with the indefinite nominative in s1 which marks the ,hittite as a non-,semitic tongue4 ,the other names are also apparently non-,semitic1 and may refer to ,hittites4 #bje 8,pabahaa0 is perhaps the 8,papaa10 conquered by ,thothmes ,,iii 7,karnak ,list1 ,no4 #bif71 which was somewhere in ,north ,syria1 not far from ,tunip4 ,the wickedness of this chief is said to have caused the war4 #bjf ,gutium1 mentioned in ,assyrian texts1 was a country on the northeast1 near the ,caucasus4 ,it has been compared with the word 8,goim10 for 8,gentiles10 in ,hebrew4 ,perhaps 8,jebel ,judi0 78,ararat07 is intended1 being ,dusratta's country allied to ,egypt4 #bjg ,probably ',arkah1 a well-known ,phnician city north of ,tripoli1 but south of ,simyra 7,gen4 x4 #ag74 ,aziru killed its king 7#ia ,b474 #bjh 8,yapaaddu0 78,adonis is beautiful07 is often mentioned again4 ,he 7see #fa ,b47 fell into the hands of ,aziru1 and seems to have been a king of one of the cities near ,simyra1 apparently ,sigata4 ,this letter was probably written about the time of the siege of ,tyre1 at a late period in the war4 #bji ,ugariti is mentioned in a letter from ,tyre 7,b4 ,m4 #cj7 in a connection which shows that it was the present ,akrith1 between ,tyre and ,accho4 #baj 8,sigata0 appears to be ,shakkah1 north of the great pass of ,shakkah 7,theouprosopon71 where the ,king of ,gebal was defeated by ,aziru4 #baa 8,ambi0 is now ',aba1 immediately east of ,shakkah4 #bab ,simyra was on the low hills above the sea-plains1 by the river ,eleutherus4 #bac ,the last words explain how the letter got to ,egypt4 #bad ,these ships of the men of ,misi are mentioned by ,ribadda as failing in an attempt to assist him4 ,we may1 perhaps1 understand ,egyptian ships1 and compare the ,egyptian name 8,mesti0 applied to part of the ,delta4 #bae ,from ,dusratta's great ,hittite letter 7#bg ,b47 it appears that the ,king of the ,minyans1 whose country was called ,mitani1 west of ,lake ,van1 in ,armenia1 claimed to be ,king of all the ,hittites2 and this is what appears to be here intended4 ,in other letters he is mentioned among the invaders4 #baf ,arada1 a city mentioned again as assisting ,aziru with ships1 appears to be ,aradus1 the ,arvad of the ,bible1 now ,er ,rad1 the island town north of ,simyra4 #bag 8,gula0 is perhaps the town of ,jneh1 north of ,beirt1 on the way to ,gebal4 #bah 8,ammiya0 is ,amyun1 north of ,gebal2 and 8,ardata0 is ,ardi near the preceding4 #bai ,arpad is the city close to ,tennib1 which is mentioned in the ,bible in several passages 7#b ,kings xvii4 #cd2 xix4 #ac2 ,isa4 x4 #i2 ,jer4 xlix4 #bc1 etc471 now ,tell ,erfd4 ,it is remarkable that ,aleppo is not mentioned in this correspondence1 for it is referred to in ,egyptian texts4 #bbj 8,ribadda0 7as the name is spelled in some of the letters in syllables7 may mean 8child of ,adonis40 ,compare the ,chaldee 8,ribah0 for 8girl10 in the feminine4 ,that 8,adda0 was ,adonis seems to be derivable from the name 8,adoram0 7#b ,sam4 xx4 #bj71 otherwise ,adoniram 7#a ,kings iv4 #f74 #bba 8,gebal10 now 8,jubeil10 was apparently the chief city of ,phnicia4 ,its goddess ,baalath is mentioned in the famous inscription of ,yehumelec 7about #hjj ,b4,c471 found in the ruins of ,gebal4 ,she is also mentioned in the 8,travels of an ,egyptian0 7,chabas1 p4 #cab74 #bbb ,hamath was half-way from ,aziru's country to that of ,ribadda4 #bbc ,a name very like ,jeremiah4 #bbd 8,mitana10 the later ,matiene1 ,dusratta1 its king1 claimed to rule the ,hittites4 ,the ,amorites joined this league4 #bbe ,the region called 8,casi0 in the inscription of ,usurtasen ,i 7,brugsch1 8,hist410 i41 p4 #aci7 was in ,upper ,egypt1 and the ,cush of the ,bible is apparently intended--a very vague term for the southern deserts from the ,euphrates to ,nubia4 ,there were1 however1 ,cushites also in ,babylonia4 ,in the present case the ,cassites who lived on the ,euphrates1 east of the ,hittites1 and who were ,mongols1 are probably intended4 #bbf ,literally 8boys40 ,it seems often in these letters to be used as the word 8weled0 78a boy07 is still used in ,syria to mean 8a fellow10 applied often to very old men4 #bbg ,this letter shows that the war lasted several years1 over which the ,gebal letters 7written by three or four different scribes7 extend2 that the attack on ,sidon preceded the taking of ,gebal2 and that ,ribadda was not deceived by ,amorite promises1 knowing their co-operation with their ,mongol allies of ,armenia and the ,hittite country4 #bbh ,the letter in question may have been the proclamation against ,aziru given above4 #bbi 8,milukha10 or ,meroe1 in ,assyrian inscriptions means1 according to ,dr4 ,brugsch1 ,nubia4 #bcj ,this perhaps refers to ,khanni's proclamation already given1 and to the ,khai who had been sent at an earlier period to ,aziru4 ,the rebels are named in the proclamation of the later embassy1 which we thus see to have had no effect4 ,an envoy without a military force behind him usually fails4 #bca ,durubli is probably the city which the ,greeks called ,tripoli1 the largest town between ,simyra and ,gebal4 ,there is a village called ,turbul1 on the northeast of ,tripoli 7,trblus74 #bcb 8,kau ,pa-ur10 ,egyptian words in the plural4 8,kau0 signifies 8men10 and 8,pa-ur0 7as in the letter from ,jerusalem1 ,b4 #ajc7 means 8very important40 #bcc ,probably the 8,pakhanata0 7#ig ,b47 who was the 8,paka10 or chief1 of whom ,abdasherah speaks in the letter about the town of ,ullaza1 near ,gebal4 ,he seems to have been the resident in ,simyra 7,b4 #hj74 #bcd 8,abur0 is perhaps ,beit-,abura1 in the valley north of the great pass ,theouprosopon1 between ,gebal and ,tripoli4 ,the enemy had not as yet forced the pass4 #bce ,the second sign is doubtful1 and the place does not suggest identification 7see #fj ,b474 #bcf ,this agrees with the ,jerusalem letters1 as showing that the troops had been withdrawn to ,egypt4 ,amenophis sent commissioners and summoned native levies1 but does not appear to have been able to send ,egyptian forces4 #bcg ,the name 8,saarti0 perhaps survives in that of the ,sha'arah district of ,lebanon1 immediately south of ,simyra1 and near ,yapaaddu's town of ,sigata 7,shakkah74 #bch ,in ,assyria we find the 8measure of ,istar40 #bci ,the ,berbers are mentioned in ,egyptian texts as inhabitants of ,upper ,egypt4 #bdj 8,khaia10 now in ,egypt1 had no doubt already become known to ,ribadda as an envoy4 #bda ,a god ,sausbe is mentioned in ,dusratta's ,hittite letter4 #bdb ,sigata 7,shakkah7 was just outside the great pass between ,batrn and ,tripoli4 #bdc ,ambi 7',aba7 was close to the last4 #bdd ,only--rari is left1 which ,dr4 ,bezold thinks refers to ,amenophis ,,iv2 but it is doubtful if this letter can be placed so late4 #bde 8,kappa0 is ,keffa4 ,the plain of ,keffa is close to ,amyun1 north of the great pass of ,theouprosopon 7,shakkah74 ,amyun follows at once4 #bdf 8,batruna0 is the well-known town ,batrn1 the 8,botrys0 of classical writers1 which lies south of the wild pass of ,rs ,shakkah1 where apparently one of the battles of the war occurred 7#bb ,b4 ,m474 ,when the pass was taken1 ,batrn seems still to have held out with ,gebal1 being no doubt provisioned by sea4 #bdg 8,kalbi0 is ,kelbata1 in the heart of the great pass4 ,i visited all these places in #ahha4 #bdh ,in this case the modern name 8,akka0 is nearer to the spelling of these letters than is the ,hebrew4 ,this is the case with ,shiloh and other important towns1 showing the ,canaanite extraction of the modern peasantry in ,palestine4 ,the ,hebrews hardly ever renamed towns1 and the nomenclature preserves the ancient ,canaanite forms found in the lists of ,thothmes ,,iii a century earlier than these letters4 ,many towns were named from ,canaanite and ,philistine gods 7,shamash1 ,dagon1 etc471 and the forms of the names in the ,karnak lists are ,aramaic1 and not ,hebrew4 #bdi 8,patzil0 ,i understand to be equivalent to the ,arabic 8,fadl10 meaning to do pleasure or honor to a person4 #bej ,the ,amorite chief had more than one son1 as is clear in some cases4 ,benmabenat 7or ,bumabuat7 was ,aziru's brother4 #bea ,perhaps the name survives in that of the river ,kadisha1 near ,tripoli4 #beb ,ardata 7,ardi71 ,ambi 7',aba71 and ,sigata 7,shakkah7 were north of the pass2 ,yahlia1 representing ,i'al1 rather farther north than the others4 #bec ,ullaza 7,kefr ,khullis7 was close to ,batrn1 on the south4 #bed 8,caphar ,yazu10 or ,alu-yazu1 seems to be ,kefr ,yashit1 near the others4 #bee ,perhaps 8,takheda0 of another letter 7#eh ,b474 #bef ,see letter #ga ,b4 ,the sign has the meaning 8oracle10 8prophet40 ,no doubt ,ribadda had his diviners1 like the kings of ,assyria in later times4 #beg ,no4 #ec ,b4 is another short letter1 much injured1 which mentions ,batrn2 and in this a town called 8,sina0 is apparently noticed1 which1 if the broken tablet can be so read1 would be 8,kefr ,zina40 ,in #ed ,b4 a city 8,zina0 occurs1 but seems to be a clerical error for 8,sidon40 ,the land of ,mitana is also mentioned in #ec ,b4 #beh ,neboyapiza had his own difficulties1 as appears from his letters 7#if ,b41 #adb ,b41 #dc ,b4 ,m474 #bei ,zimridi of ,sidon is mentioned as a fugitive1 while ,gebal still held out4 ,aziru marched from 7ina7 ,gebal1 no doubt1 to attack the south4 ,in later ages the shore cities often held out while invaders from the ,north marched on ,egypt4 #bfj ,amanabba was not really his father2 it is a title of courtesy4 ,his father was ,rabzabi 7#ha ,b41 #hb ,b471 and ,amanappa is an ,egyptian name4 ,a certain captain ,amenemhib has left an account of his services in ,north ,syria1 at ,aleppo1 ,carchemish1 ,kadesh1 and at ,ni1 where he hunted elephants2 but this is supposed to have been a century earlier4 ,the site of ,ni is settled by these letters and by the ,karnak lists as being in ,mesopotamia1 and there is a picture of an elephant among the ,asiatic spoils of ,thothmes ,,iii4 ,it is very curious to find elephants so far west in ,asia at this period4 #bfa ,probably 8outside0 means north of the pass1 and ,ribadda made the serious military mistake of defending his pass from outside instead of inside4 #bfb ,this would seem to have been about the time of the proclamation against ,aziru1 or rather earlier4 #bfc 8,sapi0 is probably the famous fortress ,safita1 northwest of ,simyra4 #bfd ,the reinforcements were expected by sea1 no doubt in the ships of the ,misi1 or ,delta men1 the soldiers being ,nubians from near ,tell ,amarna1 which was #ahj miles south of ,memphis4 #bfe ,or ,zabanba4 ,perhaps this is the ,subandi1 who writes letters from an unknown town4 #bff ,king of ,beirt 7,b4 ,m4 #bf1 #bg74 #bfg ,this translation is confirmed by the independent letter of ,ribadda's friend ,ammunira 7,b4 ,m4 #cf74 #bfh ,egada is no doubt the land of ,ikatai mentioned in the 8,travels of an ,egyptian0 7,chabas1 p4 #cab72 it there occurs with ,aleppo and the country of the ,hittites4 ,in the letter of the ,hittite ,prince of ,rezeph 7north of ,palmyra7 we hear of his country as ,egait 7,b4 #aj74 ,rezeph was not far south of ,tiphsah1 on the ,euphrates1 and southeast of ,aleppo4 ,bikhuru is1 however1 mentioned 7#ah ,b4 ,m47 in connection with the town of ,cumidi4 #bfi ,i misread this name at first4 ,the ,amorite chief seems to have had five sons including ,aziru and 7p4 #bbd7 ,ben-mabenat 7or ,bumabula74 #bgj ,the paragraphs are marked off in many of the letters by the word 8sacunu0 78pause074 #bga 8,taratzi0 may perhaps be ,tarsus4 ,baal ,tarzi is the legend on ,phnician coins of that city4 ,its king naturally would have a common border with ,abdasherah on the north1 if his fortresses 7or land7 were outside the northern ,lebanon1 which was the ,amorite country1 and he was therefore regarded as a possible ally4 #bgb ,comparing the letters from ,beirt and ,sidon 7#bg ,b4 ,m41 #ij ,b47 it will be seen that the city whose freemen were on the side of ,aziru was ,sidon4 #bgc ,if ,ukri be the right reading1 the town of ',akkar in ,lebanon1 east of ,tripoli1 would be probable4 ,it gives its name to the district of ,jebel ',akkr1 and is at the source of the river ',akkr1 which agrees with the mention of the 8waters40 #bgd 8,maar07ah7 is probably the ,mearah of the ,bible 7,josh4 xiii4 #d71 now 8el ,mogheiriyeh10 six miles northeast of ,sidon4 ,this conquest may have just preceded the fall of ,sidon4 #bge ,gebal and ,batrn are ten miles apart4 ,ribadda's kingdom had extended at least twenty miles along the coast2 and if ,beirt and ,tripoli were not independent1 his land would have reached much farther--to ,simyra and ,sidon4 #bgf ,this letter shows very clearly that the taking of ,sidon preceded the fall of ,byblos 7,gebal74 #bgg ,from #ge ,b4 it seems that ,amanabba had been sent to ,gebal 7probably in consequence of the former letters from ,ribadda71 but it seems he fled again4 #bgh ,in later times the small mina of ,palestine was #h #fs4 #h;d41 and the large was #af #acs4 #d;d4 7see ,conder's 8,handbook to the ,bible10 p4 #ha74 ,this represents1 therefore1 at least #ejj or perhaps #a1jjj2 but in this early age the value of money was probably higher4 #bgi ,ribadda has said 7#fc ,b47 that his sons fell into the power of the enemy when in ships4 ,he also sends a list of property to ,egypt 7#he ,b474 ,probably when these ships were sent his father went to ,egypt1 whence he wrote 7#hb ,b471 and a copy was sent to the ,king4 ,there is one other letter in the collection1 which was written from ,egypt1 by ,amenophis ,,iii to the ,king of ,babylon 7,b4 ,m4 #a71 which seems to be a copy1 unless in both cases the letters were not sent4 7,see ,appendix47 #bhj ,gebal was celebrated for its papyrus4 ,it grew in the river ,adonis1 close to the city4 ,the enemy were now closing in4 #bha ,the salutations in the last letters are very curt as compared with the earlier ones4 #bhb ,the ,king of ,babylon refused to help the ,canaanites in the reign of ,amenophis ,,iii4 #bhc ,the younger brother was not the one left in charge4 #bhd 8,buruzizi0 probably ,beit ,ziza1 east of ,batrn1 in the range which runs out to the great pass of ,ras ,shakkah4 ,batrn was perhaps still holding out1 and the town was a refuge high up in the wild mountains4 8,buru0 means 8well02 and 8,beit0 8house0 of ,ziza4 #bhe ,as regards the final outcome of these wars in the north we obtain light from the letters of ,dusratta1 ,king of ,mitani4 ,he was a younger man than ,amenophis ,,iii1 and his sister married the said ,king of ,egypt4 ,his daughter ,tadukhipa married ,amenophis ,,iv1 and there were friendly relations with ,egypt in the latter as well as in the former reign4 ,in his ,hittite letter 7#bg ,b47 ,dusratta speaks of the boundaries of a region which seems to have been conceded to him as his daughter's wedding-gift4 ,he calls himself 8,great ,chief of the ,hittites10 and the border was to run to ,harran1 ,chalcis 7south of ,aleppo71 and the 8,phnician ,west40 ,thus ,dusratta1 who says in another letter 7apparently his first7 that he has conquered the ,hittites1 would seem to have swallowed up the ,hittite ,king of ,mer'ash and part1 if not the whole1 of ,aziru's country2 and the ,mongol populations were thus to be ruled from ,armenia1 which was much nearer than ,egypt4 ,what became of the ,king of ,kadesh these letters do not say2 but he was independent in later times1 when ,seti ,i went up 8to conquer the city of ,kadesh in the land of the ,amorites0 7,brugsch1 ,hist41 ii4 p4 #ae71 and ,kadesh was taken by ,rameses ,,ii1 the successor of ,seti ,i1 after which a commercial treaty was made with ,kheta ,sar1 the ,king of ,kadesh1 whose daughter ,rameses ,,ii married4 ,there was thus1 perhaps1 ,hittite blood in the veins of the ,pharaohs of the nineteenth dynasty4 ,in the treaty papyrus 7see ,chabas' 8,voyage10 p4 #ccf71 it is mentioned that the same terms--of equality--had existed in the time of the writer's father and grandfather that were claimed of ,rameses ,,ii1 and that war had occurred later4 ,this seems to show that ,kadesh was independent shortly after the time of the rebellion detailed in the ,tell ,amarna letters4 ,the relations with the ,hittites were still friendly in the reign of ,rameses ,,iii1 when the ,aryan hordes from ,asia ,minor overran the ,hittite country1 and came down even to ,egypt4 ,in ,david's time1 the border between his kingdom and those of the ,hittites and ,phnicians was drawn from ,hermon to ,danjaan1 south of ,tyre 7#b ,sam4 xxiv4 #f71 and ,solomon married ,hittite princesses4 ,the ,hittite independence was only finally destroyed about #gjj ,b4,c4 by the ,assyrians4 #bhf ,the mulberry is still found in large gardens at ,beirt and throughout the ,lebanon4 ,since ,justinian's time it has been the food of silkworms4 #bhg ,this repetition may perhaps be regarded as only a phonetic explanation of the preceding ideograms2 but perhaps the words were added to show with certainty that by the terms ,god and ,sun he meant the ,king of ,egypt4 #bhh ,the name 8,abimelech0 at ,tyre is interesting4 ,it occurs as the name of a ,phnician king in the time of ,assurbanipal 7#hhe-hfj ,b4,c474 ,the chief deity of ,tyre was ,moloch1 or ,melkarth2 and the name means 8my father is ,moloch10 claiming a divine descent4 ,the son of ,gideon and certain ,philistine kings are so named in the ,bible4 #bhi ,huzu is probably the modern el ,ghazyeh1 near ,sidon4 ,it is at the foot of the hills1 and there is a stream 7,nahr ez ,zahrny1 8flowery river07 four miles to the south1 which accounts for the notice of the waters4 ,it seems clearly to have been in the direction of ,sidon4 #bij 8,belu amil neru10 literally 8a lord1 a chief man of the yoke 7or government740 #bia ,see the letters from ,hazor after those from ,tyre4 ,this petty monarch was an enemy to the southern possessions of the ,king of ,tyre4 #bib ,the site of ,zarbitu is probably the ,sarepta1 or ,zarephah1 of the ,bible 7#a ,kings xvii4 #i1 etc471 which is now ,sarafand1 half way between ,tyre and ,sidon4 ,the decision was therefore just2 but though apparently satisfied ,abimelec did not get what he asked in the preceding letter--if that demand was really the earlier one4 ,there is a fine fountain 7',ain el ,kantarah1 8spring of the arch07 to the north of ,sarepta1 and the region generally is well watered4 ,the town was famous in the ,byzantine age for wine4 #bic 8,danuna0 is probably the ,danjaan of the ,bible1 now the ruin ,dnin1 four miles north of ,achzib1 and on the border between ,tyre and ,accho 7see #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #f74 #bid 8,hugarit0 is probably ',akrth1 eight miles east of ,danjaan4 ,it has been mentioned as taken by ,aziru1 in ,yapaaddu's letter 7#abh ,b474 ,perhaps the attack was from the east2 and the ,king of ,hazor seems to have joined the ,hittites 7see #ii ,b474 #bie ,edagama has been mentioned as 8,aidugama0 in ,akizzi's letter from ,katna1 which was east of ,neboyapiza's city ,cumidi 7,kamid74 ,see ,b4 ,m4 #cg4 #bif ,in the former letters 7,b4 ,m4 #ca1 ,b4 #ii7 ,abimelec has spoken of the ,paka as distinct from himself4 ,perhaps the ,egyptian residents withdrew when the troops were withdrawn4 #big ,irib is probably ',arab ,salim1 fourteen miles southeast of ,sidon1 on the highest part of the mountains4 ,it stands on a precipice #djj feet above the gorge of the ,zahrany ,river 7,robinson1 8,later ,bib4 ,res410 p4 #dg71 and was a stronghold4 #bih ,aziru's allies from ,arvad no doubt attacked ,tyre by sea4 #bii ,dr4 ,bezold has remarked that want of water was always the weakness of ,tyre4 ,in the reign of ,rameses ,,ii the ,egyptian traveller 7,chabas1 p4 #cac7 speaks of water sent to the island of ,tyre in boats4 ,tyre is called by him the city of 8two ports10 one being on the north1 called the ,sidonian1 and one on the south1 called the ,egyptian4 #cjj ,this letter agrees with others preceding4 ,neboyapiza's town ,kamid1 in ,lebanon1 was about sixty miles to the northeast of ,accho1 and ,ziza was perhaps his sister or daughter1 married to the king of an adjoining kingdom4 ,the soldiers to be sent to ,megiddo would obtain news1 perhaps1 of his fate1 from a force on its way to ,yabis1 in ,bashan1 which his enemies reached after taking ,damascus4 ,makdani is probably the ,megiddo of the ,bible1 on the way to ,bashan1 at the great ruin of ,mujedd'a1 near ,beisn4 ,the situation agrees with that of the city of ,makta1 or ,megiddo1 mentioned by the ,egyptian traveller near the ,jordan fords 7,chabas1 p4 #bjg74 ,the ,magid-- of the previous passage is probably another spelling of the same name4 ,the lady seems to have intended to go there with a guard1 and perhaps to obtain a detachment to go to ,kamid4 ,in the lists of ,thothmes ,,iii1 ,megiddo 7,makdi7 stands second1 after ,kadesh of the ,hittites2 and it was at ,megiddo that the chief victory of ,thothmes was won4 ,it was then already a fortress which stood a siege1 and was the key to the road from ,accho to ,damascus4 ,the form 8,makdani0 is explained by the ,megiddo of ,zechariah 7xii4 ,,ii72 and this final 8n0 is represented by the guttural 8',ain0 of the modern ,arabic 8,mujedd'a40 ,there is no reason at all for placing the site at ,legio1 west of the plain of ,esdraelon1 a site which does not agree with any monumental notice1 or with the ,biblical accounts 7see 8,memoirs of the ,survey of ,western ,palestine10 vol4 ii474 #cja ,there were several ,hazors in the north of ,palestine4 ,perhaps the most likely site is the ,hazor of the ,egyptian traveller4 ,it is mentioned as on a mountain 7,chabas1 p4 #cac71 between ,aksap 7,achzib1 north of ,accho7 and the ,sea of ,galilee4 ,this might be the ,hazor which ,joshua took 7,josh4 xi4 #a7 from ,jabin1 which was above the ,hleh4 ,the name only remains1 west of the probable site1 in the ,arabic 8,jebel ,hadireh10 a high mountain of ,upper ,galilee4 ,the ,king of ,hazor's name is unfortunately not quite clear in the text1 but seems to be either ,abdebaenu1 or more probably ,iebaenu 7,jabin74 ,there was another ,jabin of ,hazor later on in history 7,judges iv4 #b74 ,it was no doubt a family name4 #cjb ,the nearest places to ,hebron seem to have been ,nezeb in the valley of ,elah1 easily reached by a broad1 flat road1 and on the south ,kanana 7,kana'an71 a fortress taken by ,seti ,i1 which is only two miles southwest of ,hebron4 ,this was 7if the identification be accepted7 the limit of conquest 7see ,brugsch1 8,hist410 vol4 ii41 p4 #ac71 when ,seti 7about #acff ,b4,c47 conquered the ,beersheba plains1 advancing by ,rehoboth and ,bethlebaoth4 ,the land of ,zahi was south of ,hebron1 and famous for its wine and trees 7,brugsch1 vol4 i41 p4 #ccj71 ,hebron still possessing fine vineyards4 ,but the ,amorites of ,hebron were never apparently disturbed by the chariots1 and appear in these letters as marauders of ,egyptian stations4 ,there is no mention of any advance of the ,egyptians into ,moab1 though ,seir and ,edom are noticed very early1 when the ,sinaitic copper-mines were being worked1 and before chariots came into use4 ,in the time of the twelfth and thirteenth dynasties1 however1 the political conditions in ,syria were different4 ,the ,akkadian ,king ,kudea--a ,mongol--was ruling in #bejj ,b4,c4 in ,north ,syria1 and sent for granite to ,sinai4 ,at this time also1 according to the ,bible1 there were ,hittites in ,hebron1 who had been driven to the north by ,ahmes about #agjj ,b4,c4 ,so that the population in #aejj ,b4,c4 seems to have been entirely ,semitic4 #cjc ,gulata is an interesting name to find in the south1 as it may have some connection with that of ,goliah4 #cjd ,the sign of deity is attached to this name1 showing that ,dagon1 the ,philistine god1 is intended2 and it appears to mean 8,thou1 ,dagon1 art a shield40 ,compare ,yamirdagan 7,b4 #acf74 #cje ,the word 8,khazanu0 is here used of an ,egyptian official1 but with the qualification 8chief ,ka0 introducing the ,egyptian word4 ,this agrees with the view that 8,pa-ka0 means 8principal man40 #cjf ,the sign meant originally 8cup40 ,it is remarkable that wine is not mentioned in the letters1 unless the drink here noticed was wine4 ,there was plenty of wine in ,syria and in ,hebron as early as #afjj ,b4,c4 #cjg ,the text is damaged4 ,it seems perhaps to read 8,citam ,mizpi40 ,if this is right1 ,mizpah near ,jerusalem might be intended1 or it may mean 8below the heights40 #cjh ,gazri is the ,gezer of the ,bible1 now ,tell ,jezar1 at the foot of the ,jerusalem hills4 #cji ,tabu is probably ,taiyibeh1 seven miles northwest of ,hebron1 on a hill at the head of the valley of ,elah4 ,this fits in with the rest of the topographical notices4 #caj ,probably the same ,khaia who appears in the north as an envoy to the ,amorites--an ,egyptian official4 #caa ,takanu 7see ,b4 #aii1 #gj ,b4 ,m47 lived near ,givti1 and perhaps was the chief of that town1 which may be ,gibeah of ,judah1 near the valley of ,elah1 south-east of ,makkedah4 ,it is mentioned with ,hareth1 which was close by ,gibeah4 #cab ,referring to the ,king's order on papyrus4 ,in ,dusratta's ,hittite letter a royal decree on papyrus is also mentioned4 #cac ,biruyapiza was probably the second son of ,labaya4 #cad ,macdalim may be ,mejdel1 in the ,philistine plain1 which is still a place of importance1 with a market4 #cae ,cuuzbe is probably the ,chezib of the ,bible 7,gen4 xxxviii4 #e71 in the low hills east of ,gath1 now ',ain ,kezbeh4 ,the marauders seem to issue from the mountains1 destroying the commerce of the plains 7compare #ei ,b4 ,m474 ,chezib is again mentioned 7#ajd ,b474 #caf ,this letter is perhaps explained by another 7#ajd ,b471 in which the ,king of ,jerusalem sends his wives to ,egypt with the ,egyptian envoy1 on account of the war with the ,hebrews4 #cag ,chief of ,keilah1 whose letters follow4 #cah ,if ,takanu's town was ,givti1 and ,givti was ,gibeah of ,judah1 he is referring to the southern route by the ,valley of ,elah4 #cai 8,tarka0 instead of 8,paka40 ,in ,egyptian the word 8tar0 means 8to drive0 or 8compel10 preceding the sign of a man with a stick4 8,tarka0 is thus apparently an 8overseer0 of the people4 #cbj 8,yapa'a0 is the same name as 8,japhia10 mentioned as the ,king of ,lachish 7,josh4 x4 #c71 who was the enemy of ,joshua4 ,he appears here as ,king of ,gezer1 and the ,king of ,gezer is called in the ,bible ,horam 7x4 #cc74 ,the words ,gezer and ,lachish would not look unlike in the writing of the earlier ,hebrew 7about the ,christian era71 but it is not impossible that the two towns may have had the same king4 ,indeed1 the letter seems to show this1 as ,mer'ash is near ,lachish4 #cba 8,mu7ra7'azi0 seems clearly to be 8,mer'ash10 the ,hebrew 8,moresheth ,gath0 7,micah i4 #ad74 ,the modern name is nearer to the ,amorite than to the ,hebrew1 having a guttural at the end2 and1 as in other cases1 the ,amorite 8z0 stands for a ,hebrew 8s40 ,the site is south of ,gath1 and not far from ,lachish1 close to ,beit ,jibrn4 #cbb ,the name of the ,king of ,jerusalem is rendered 8,abdhiba0 by ,dr4 ,winckler1 and 8,abd ,tobba0 by ,dr4 ,sayce4 ,the second reading is possible in all cases but one 7,b4 #ajb71 when the sign used was not the syllabic value 8,tob10 but only 8,khi0 or 8,hi40 ,this would mean 8servant of the ,good ,one40 ,adonizedek was the name of the ,king of ,jerusalem killed by ,joshua 7x4 #c74 ,it is to be remembered that many of the names in these letters are written1 not in syllables1 but by ideograms4 ,ribadda's name is hardly ever spelled syllabically1 though it is rendered certain by the cases in which it is so spelled4 ,i am inclined1 therefore1 to suppose that we have to deal1 not with an unusual name1 like ,abdhiba or ,abdtobba1 which is unknown in history1 but with the name of ,joshua's contemporary1 spelled 8,,us0 7 8,adoni0 8,lord071 and 8,,khi0 8,,ba10 8good do0 8zedec0 78justice074 ,there must1 however1 always be some doubt as to personal names1 unless checked by variant readings4 #cbc ,adonizedek is meditating flight4 ,his letters speak of a raid on ,gezer1 ,ascalon1 and as far as ,lachish1 after the taking of ,ajalon by the ,hebrews1 but they say nothing of ,makkedah4 ,from the book of ,joshua we learn that after the battle of ,ajalon the ,hebrews pursued to ,azekah1 perhaps the ruin of ,zak1 east of ,gaza1 and to ,makkedah 7x4 #aa71 and then returned to ,gilgal 7#ae74 ,an interval of unstated duration occurred1 while the five kings1 ,adonizedek1 ,japhia1 ,hoham1 ,piram1 and ,debir 7ver4 #c71 fled to ,makkedah1 where they were found hid in a cave4 ,it was during this interval1 apparently1 that these ,jerusalem letters were written4 #cbd ,the sign is unusual4 ,the words are 8icalu1 ca-ar 7,irhu7 zabbatu10 or perhaps 8icalu-ca ar7unu7 zabbatu40 ,the latter would mean 8,they prevail over thee2 they have been swift to seize40 #cbe 8,i have no father and no army40 ,it either means this or 8,have ,i no father and no friend80 ,it might refer to his father's death1 or to the ,king of ,egypt not being his father and friend4 ,dr4 ,sayce renders 8neither father nor mother0 78,,sal um0 for 8rag um072 but it is very unusual for orientals to refer to their female relations or wives1 though in the case of the ,king of ,accho 7#ie ,b47 the writer speaks of his wife2 but this is for a special reason 7see also #ajd ,b474 #cbf 8',abiri40 ,this is read by others 8,habiri0 78allies072 but the political circumstances do not agree with this explanation1 and the sign is used throughout the letters for the guttural 8',ain0 7as1 for instance1 in the name of ,azzah or ,gaza74 ,there is no mention in the southern letters of ,aziru1 ,abdasherah1 ,aitugama1 or any of the northern allies2 and the sign for 8allies0 or 8helpers0 in the northern letters is quite different4 ,on the other hand1 the ',abiri are never mentioned1 except in the south1 near ,jerusalem4 ,they are called people of the 8blood0 or 8tribe0 of the ',abiri 7,b4 #ajf71 and of the 8land0 of the ',abiri 7,b4 #aii71 showing that the term is derived from the ',abarim1 or mountains east of ,jordan4 ,the ,abiru chiefs are mentioned in the singular 7,b4 #ajb1 #ajd71 and none of these facts can be reconciled with the view that they were 8allies40 ,they are distinctly said to have come from ,seir 7,edom7 in one letter 7,b4 #ajd71 and to have left their pastures 7,b4 #ajc71 and are probably the 8desert people0 of the ,gezer letter 7#ea ,b4 ,m474 ,their actions are those recorded of ,joshua's first campaign1 and the date agrees1 as does also the notice in the letters of ,jabin1 ,japhia1 and ,adonizedek1 the contemporaries of ,joshua4 ,another suggestion has been that they were ,hebronites2 but in such case the 8n0 would not be absent1 and the sign for city would no doubt occur4 ,they have also been supposed to be ,babylonians1 but this is indirect contradiction to the relations noticed in the letters between ,egypt and ,babylon at this time4 #cbg ,ilimelec is a name found in the ,bible 7,ruth i4 #b2 ii4 #a7 as the name of ,ruth's father-in-law1 a native of ,bethlehem1 in the time of the ,judges4 ,it is therefore a ,hebrew name4 #cbh ,milcilu was the ,king of ,gezer1 and ,suardata of ,keilah2 his letters follow4 ,this represents the league of kings before the battle of ,ajalon4 #cbi ,givti is probably one of the ,gibeahs1 perhaps ,gibeah of ,judah1 now ,jeb'a1 southwest of ,jerusalem1 in the direction of ,keilah 7,josh4 xv4 #eg71 eight miles west of ,bethlehem2 unless we should read ,gimtzi1 in which case it would be ,gimzu 7#b ,chron4 xxviii4 #ah71 now ,jimzu1 east of ,lydda1 and north of ,gezer4 ,the former reading seems the better 7see #aii ,b474 #ccj 8,kielti0 is 8,keilah0 7,josh4 xv4 #dd71 now ,kilah1 east of the ,valley of ,elah1 in the direction of ,hebron4 #cca ,rubute is ,rabbah of ,judah1 now the ruin ,rubba1 in the same district1 four miles east of ,beit ,jibrn 7,josh4 xv4 #fj74 #ccb 8,beth ,baalath0 is probably ,baalath of ,judah1 the old name of ,kirjath ,jearim1 now ,erma1 in the ,valley of ,sorek4 ,the word 8gur0 may either mean that the city was 8near0 ,jerusalem1 or that it had been an ally of ,jerusalem4 ,it is clear that if the forces of the lowlands were marching to assist ,jerusalem by the highway1 past ,kirjath ,jearim1 the revolt of that town would delay the forces from ,gezer1 which would naturally take that route4 #ccc 8,beth ,amilla0 is evidently the 8,beth ham ,millo0 of the ,bible 7#b ,sam4 v4 #i72 8house of the chief10 as we now know4 ,it was the royal palace in the lower city 7,akra71 north of ,zion4 ,there was also a ,millo in ,shechem 7,judges ix4 #f1 #bj71 evidently the palace of that city4 #ccd ,when ,adonizedek sent away his women he was preparing for his own flight1 by the advice1 it would seem1 of ,egypt4 ,the ,egyptian resident also retired4 ,suta has already been mentioned as an ,egyptian official in the north 7#dh ,b472 he is also mentioned in a letter from ,babylon 7#d ,b4 ,m471 and by the ,king of ,accho1 who was a contemporary of ,neboyapiza and of ,aziru 7#ie ,b471 which with other indications shows that ,aziru's revolt was contemporary with the ,hebrew invasion--at least1 within a few years4 #cce ,this shows the enemy as coming from ,mount ,seir or ,edom4 #ccf ,this 8,givti0 would seem to be one of the ,gibeahs1 unless we should read 8,gimtzi0 as before4 #ccg ,perhaps this is capable of being rendered1 8,i am breaking to pieces2 the chief is becoming master40 #cch ,what is meant is that the ,egyptians1 having come by sea to ,ascalon or ,gaza1 are to march to ,jerusalem by the ,valley of ,elah1 the highway by which the ,philistines came up against ,saul4 8,cazib0 78,chezib07 is in this valley1 now ',ain ,kezbeh2 and north of it is a valley with the unique name 8,naheir0 78the little river074 ,the road becomes difficult when the ,valley of ,elah turns to the south1 which is alluded to in the next letter 7,b4 #ajc74 7,for ,chezib see also #gc ,b4 ,m47 #cci 8,tu-ur ba-zu0 appears to be spelled phonetically1 but does not sound like a ,semitic name4 ,if it were taken as an ideogram it might be rendered 8,ben ,zicaru40 #cdj 8,zelah0 has been proposed 7,heb4 8,zel'a071 but the final sign does not seem to be used to represent the 8',ain40 ,there were two ,zelahs1 one being ,petra1 the other north of ,jerusalem 7now probably the ruin of ,salah72 it appears to me more probable that ,shiloh is intended4 ,the ,amorite 8z0 or 8s0 occasionally stands for a ,hebrew 8sh02 and the modern name 8,seiln0 has always presented the difficulty that the 8s0 is not the proper representative of the ,hebrew 8sh40 ,perhaps1 as in other cases1 the peasant pronunciation represents the ,amorite rather than the ,hebrew sound4 ,shiloh is remarkable for the great pass it commands4 #cda ,there was a siege of ,lachish by ,joshua 7,josh4 x4 #cc74 #cdb ,rimmon is probably the ,rimmon of ,benjamin1 not far south of ,shiloh1 now the village of ,rummon 7,judges xx4 #de1 etc474 #cdc ,the name spelled in other cases 8,u-ru-sa-lim0 is here spelled 8,uru-sa-lim10 showing that the usual explanation1 8city of peace10 is probable4 ,it has been proposed to translate 8city of the god ,salim10 a deity who is not known otherwise2 but in these letters the names of gods have the prefix ,,an 78deity071 which does not occur in any instance in the name of the city4 ,the word 8salim0 for 8peace0 has just been used in the letter1 and occurs elsewhere in these letters4 #cdd 8,casipi40 ,it has been read 8,casia0 78,cushites071 but the word before is in the plural1 and the plural could not end in 8a40 ,any great success is still attributed to sorcery in the ,east4 ,it may1 however1 only mean 8malicious10 according to its use in ,hebrew4 #cde ,there was an ,egyptian known to history who bore the name of ,paur 7,brugsch1 8,hist40 i4 p4 #dfb72 he was a governor in ,nubia1 somewhat later than the present events4 ,the name1 however1 must have been common1 since 8,paur0 stands for 8,paka0 in some cases4 ,it has been already explained as an ,egyptian word4 #cdf ,the participle is feminine4 #cdg ,there had been four previous letters1 agreeing with my arrangement4 #cdh ,ajalon 7now ,ylo7 is at the foot of the ,bethhoron ,pass1 where the battle against the five kings occurred4 ,the women were apparently sent away before the battle of ,ajalon1 after which the easiest road to the plains1 by ,bethhoron and ,ajalon1 was closed4 ,the flight of ,adonizedek took place1 according to the ,biblical account1 after the battle of ,ajalon1 while ,joshua was at ,gilgal1 where the news was brought4 #cdi ,this appears to be the meaning1 and refers to the road1 mentioned in the last letter1 by the ,valley of ,elan--less easy than that by ,ajalon4 #cej 8,casi10 or ,cush1 as in ,egyptian records1 appears to mean upper ,egypt4 ,see what has been said as to this name in ,ribadda's letter 7#fa ,b474 #cea 8,harti ,cirmiel0 is evidently ,hareth ,carmel1 representing the ,hebron country from ,hareth 7,kharas71 on the northwest1 above the ,valley of ,elah1 to ,carmel of ,judah on the southeast4 ,this would agree with placing ,givti at ,jeb'a4 #ceb ,apparently the southern ,gibeah of ,judah1 mentioned before 7#ajf ,b474 ,dr4 ,sayce reads ,gath1 but when ,gath is mentioned it it called ,giti 7#aed ,b474 #cec 8,labaya0 may mean1 according to a common form of expression1 the land of ,labaya4 #ced 8,salabimi10 ,shaalbim 7,judges i4 #ce2 #a ,kings iv4 #i7 or ,shaalabbin 7,josh4 xix4 #db71 is probably ,selbt1 lying southeast of ,lydda1 near ,ajalon4 #cee ,in ,judges i4 #ce we read of the ,amorites remaining in this district4 #cef ,this name may be read various ways1 as 8,addamaru0 or 8,abu ,amaru40 ,perhaps the name 8,ithamar0 may be compared 7,exod4 vi4 #bc2 xxviii4 #a74 ,see also ,yabitiri of ,joppa 7,abiather874 #ceg ,the only difficulty in identifying this place1 8,ci el-ti10 with ,keilah lies in the spelling with 8,caph0 instead of 8,koph40 ,the name contains the required guttural found in the ,hebrew2 this has disappeared from the modern name1 8,kilah40 ,the sign for 8,ki0 does not seem to be used in these letters2 and there are several other instances of confusion of the two letters1 as when 8,ka0 is written for 8,ca0 78thee07 in a few cases4 #ceh 8,ra0 is apparently an ,egyptian name4 ,the order for withdrawal of the troops appears to have arrived4 #cei ,this quarrel between the ,king of ,jerusalem1 the ,king of ,makkedah1 and the ,king of ,keilah is probably early1 before the appearance of the ,hebrews2 for ,adonizedek says that the sons of ,labaya 7#ajc ,b47 were his contemporaries at that time1 and ,suyardata becomes his ally 7#ajf ,b47 in presence of the common danger4 ,if 8behind0 means to the west 7the front being always the east71 the attack was from the ,valley of ,elah4 ,keilah has very rough mountains on the east1 and is easily reached on the west4 #cfj ,the meaning seems to be that ,adonizedek had seized the flocks and herds4 #cfa 8,basmath10 meaning 8balsam0 or 8sweet10 was no doubt a common woman's name4 ,it occurs as the name of ,ishmael's daughter whom ,esau married 7,gen4 xxxvi4 #c1 #d1 #ac71 and as that of one of ,solomon's daughters 7#a ,kings iv4 #ae74 ,she may have been the wife of ,milcilu1 ,king of ,gezer1 and pleads for her sons after her husband's death4 ,he had apparently been seized by the ,hebrews 7#ajf ,b474 #cfb ,zorah1 now ,sur'ah 7,josh4 xix4 #da2 ,judges xiii4 #b1 etc471 was not far south of ,ajalon1 and near ,gezer on the southeast4 #cfc ,this name cannot be identified1 as has been proposed1 with that of ,abdasherah1 since 8,ashtoreth0 and 8,asherah0 are different words4 #cfd ,if it is to be read simply as a syllabic name1 it would be perhaps 8,musi-huna40 ,there is a 8,mes-hah0 78place of unction07 in lower ,galilee4 ,i have here supposed 8huna0 to come from the root 8hana0 7,heb4 8hanah071 8to inhabit40 #cfe 8,tuser ,atta10 a ,mongol name1 8father of conquest40 8,arta ,sumara0 appears to mean 8destroying hero40 #cff 8,mitani0 or ,matiene 7,herod1 i4 #gb1 #ahi1 #bjb2 iii4 #id2 v4 #di1 #eb2 vii4 #gb7 extended from the sources of the ,araxes to the ,halys ,river1 and thus included all ,armenia west of ,lake ,van3 other names for the region were1 the 8,land of ,khani ,rabbe0 7or ,khani ,rabbatu7 and the 8,land of the ,minyans40 7,see #bg ,b47 #cfg ,the ,hittites clearly did not live in ,matiene1 but in the adjacent country of northern ,syria4 #cfh 8,gilukhipa10 a ,mongol name1 8possessing glory40 #cfi 8,gilia0 and 8,tunipripi10 ,mongol names1 8glorious0 and 8very reliable40 #cgj ,this may be dated late in the reign of ,amenophis ,,iii1 as ,dusratta survived him4 #cga ,possibly ,queen ,teie or ,thi4 #cgb ,amanu1 the ,egyptian god ,amen4 #cgc ,the word 8,khatanu0 means any kinsman by marriage1 and 8emu0 is still used generally of any 8kinsman0 or even for 8friend40 ,some have translated 8son-in-law0 and 8father-in-law10 but the latter word would be 8khamu10 not 8emu40 ,dusratta was the father-in-law of ,amenophis ,,iv1 but brother-in-law of ,amenophis ,,iii4 #cgd 8,binti10 not 8,bintiya0 78my daughter074 ,the word 8,bint0 is still used generally for 8a young woman40 ,perhaps ,queen ,teie is intended4 #cge 8,targumanu0 78interpreter07 is the modern 8dragoman40 ,khani 7see p4 #bja7 was sent to ,aziru1 showing that the ,canaanite rebellion may have occurred in the reign of ,amenophis ,,iii4 #cgf 8,assat mariya elme10 or perhaps 8,assutti elme0 78in marriage to the youth074 ,there is no statement that shows ,dusratta's daughter to have married ,amenophis ,,iii4 ,she married his son1 and is called 8daughter-in-law0 of ,queen ,teie 7#aa ,b4 ,m474 #cgg ,the gold came from ,nubia and ,abyssinia4 7,see ,brugsch1 8,hist4 ,egypt10 i4 pp4 #bhg1 #caj47 #cgh ,in ,aramaic 8,gilia10 in the native tongue 8,gilias10 with the ,mongol termination of the nominative indefinite4 #cgi 8,ikhibin10 possibly ,kaban ,maden in ,armenia4 #chj 8,si-migi-s0 is apparently a ,mongol title for some deity1 8the eye of night0 7or 8of sunset071 either the moon or the evening star4 #cha 8,khalci10 either ,chalcis near ,aleppo1 or the 8,land of the ,khal0 or 8,phnicians40 7,karnak list1 ,no4 #adj47 #chb ,the ,minyans 7,jer4 li4 #bg2 and in ,ps4 xlv4 #h1 ,targum7 lived west of ,lake ,van4 ,the ,hyksos are called ,men1 or ,menti in ,egyptian texts4 ,apepi1 the ,hyksos ,king1 adored ,set1 or ,sut1 who was adored also by the ,hittites1 and from whom ,dusratta's father1 ,sut-tarna 78,set is his lord07 was probably named4 ,it would appear that the ,hyksos1 ,hittites1 and ,armenians1 were of the same race4 ,the land of the ,men is said to have been near ,assyria1 and east of ,syria1 which agrees4 7,see ,brugsch1 8,hist4 ,egypt10 i4 pp4 #baj1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bci47 ,the ,miny of ,herodotus 7i4 #adf2 iv4 #ade-adh7 are noticed as mixed with ,aryans in ,ionia1 and in ,lacedmon were regarded as descendants of sailors in the ,argo--perhaps from ,colchis and the ,caucasus4 ,see what is said as to the similarity of the presents from ,armenia 7#bf ,b471 and the art of ,mycene and ,troy1 which is of ,asiatic origin4 #chc ,harran 7,gen4 xi4 #ca1 etc471 now ,harrn1 was on the south border of ,dusratta's kingdom1 marching with ,assyria4 7,compare #bd ,b47 #chd 8,tadukhipa10 a ,mongol name1 8possessing sweetness40 #che ,probably ,teie is here meant1 as there is no notice of ,gilukhipa4 ,she may have died4 #chf 8,walk after0 for 8obey0 or 8worship10 is used just as in ,biblical ,hebrew4 #chg ,the broken name was 8,nabkhuriya10 or ,amenophis ,,iv1 as is clear from the next paragraph4 ,he was also the husband of ,tadukhipa1 as here stated4 7,see #aa ,b4 ,m47 #chh 8,sitatama10 a ,mongol name1 apparently 8fair-faced40 8,suttarna10 also ,mongolic1 8,sut is his ,lord40 #chi ,as ,gilukhipa was married during the reign of ,suttarna 7apparently from ,egyptian sources in the tenth year of ,amenophis ,,iii1 or about #adij ,b4,c471 it is possible that 8,teie0 is here intended2 but her father's name was ,iuaa1 or ,ivaa1 and it is not clear what relation she was to ,dusratta4 ,from #aa ,b4 it seems clear that they were related1 and later in the present letter he mentions the 8father of ,teie10 apparently as living with him after his own father's death4 ,the syllables 8,ivve0 7perhaps for 8,ivaa07 precede the father's name1 but as the text is here broken1 it is not certain that these syllables represent a personal name4 ,perhaps ,teie was ,dusratta's cousin4 ,she was certainly of royal birth1 and is represented as very fair1 but with dark hair4 ,the words 8a daughter0 may mean only 8a young woman40 #cij ,khai was sent to ,aziru 7#ca ,b471 which again shows the date of the ,canaanite rebellion to have been early4 #cia ,this agrees with #bg ,b4 as regards ,dusratta's conquests in the ,hittite country4 #cib ,as ,amenophis ,,iv was married already in the reign of ,amenophis ,,iii1 his mother's marriage evidently took place some twenty years at least before the date of this letter4 #cic ,apparently this was written at least four years after the death of ,amenophis ,,iii1 or about #adej ,b4,c4 at earliest4 #cid ,the lands given when ,tadukhipa was married4 #cie 8,mazipalali10 a ,mongol name1 8hero with the sword40 #cif ,indicating that these ,mongols were not monogamists4 #cig ,mongol name1 8,ar-,tessupas10 8worshipper of ,tessupas0 7,rimmon74 ,other ,mongol names occur in #bg ,b4 7in the native speech7 including ,asali 78joyful07 and ,artatan 78strong soldier074 ,if ,teie's name was ,mongolic1 it would mean 8bright40 #cih ,similar extradition is noticed in the treaty between ,rameses ,,ii and ,kheta ,sar1 the ,hittite king1 a century later4 #cii ,the signs ,,izcu1 ,,sak1 ,,tak 78weapon1 stone1 head07 seem to indicate a stone axe such as the ,carians used4 ,battle-axes of flint are noticed in the time of ,thothmes ,,iii4 7,brugsch1 8,hist4 ,egypt10 i4 p4 #cdb47 #djj ,this letter may1 perhaps1 be earlier than the preceding4 #dja ,from a later letter 7#a ,b4 ,m47 it seems that the foreign ladies were shown to envoys from their parents1 to enable them to report as to their health4 #djb ,or 8the curious things40 #djc ,or1 perhaps1 8but letters are received40 #djd ,this agrees with the letters from ,babylonia in showing the disturbed state of the countries between ,armenia and ,egypt early in the reign of ,amenophis ,,iv1 due to the revolts of ,hittites1 ,amorites1 and ,hebrews4 #dje ,the two-headed eagle was a ,hittite emblem2 it is also found at ,mycen4 #djf ,iron from ,asia is believed to have been known yet earlier 7,brugsch4 8,hist4 ,egypt10 i4 pp4 #cdb1 #ced74 ,it was known in the fourteenth century ,b4,c4 by its ,semitic name1 8berzil40 #djg ,clearly written to ,teie1 as ,amenophis ,,iv is mentioned as her son4 #djh 8,yuni10 as a ,mongol name1 would mean 8true40 #dji 8,rimmon ,nirari0 is an ,assyrian name1 but the king so called lived a good deal later4 ,the rank of this writer is evidently inferior1 but not as inferior as that of the ,canaanite chiefs4 ,he may have been an ,assyrian prince1 and perhaps wrote to ,amenophis ,,iii4 8,nukhasse0 ,dr4 ,bezold supposes to be the 8,anaugas0 of the records of ,thothmes ,,iii1 an unknown region in ,syria4 ,i have supposed it to be ,merash1 reading 8,markhasse40 #daj ,this king1 unknown before1 was probably older than ,amenophis ,,iii1 who married his daughter1 who was marriageable before the writer's father died4 #daa ,as in the previous case 7#hb ,b474 ,see p4 #bcf4 #dab ,probably ,irtabi 7#a ,b474 #dac ,the month names are written in ideograms of ,accadian origin4 #dad ,this ,king's date has been placed as late as #adjj ,b4,c41 but the dates are not accurately fixed4 ,his daughter appears to have married ,burnaburias of ,babylon before #adej ,b4,c4 78,trans4 ,soc4 ,bib4 ,arch40 i4 p4 #fi74 ,his predecessor1 ,buzur1 ,assur1 had settled the ,assyrian boundary with ,burnaburias4 7,ibid41 p4 #fh47 #dae ,this interruption 7see also the letter from ,chaldea1 #ah ,b41 in the later reign of ,horus7 was probably due to the ,syrian revolt 7compare #bc ,b41 #g ,b41 and #h ,b471 showing that the power of ,egypt1 broken in #adhj ,b4,c41 was still unrecognized as late as #adjj ,b4,c41 which brings us near the time when ,rameses ,,ii recognized the independence of the ,hittites1 about #acfj ,b4,c4 7,see p4 #bda47 #daf ,supposed to have reigned about #aeej ,b4,c43 presents from ,assyria were received by ,thothmes ,,iii even earlier 7,brugsch1 8,hist4 ,egypt10 i4 p4 #cbh71 including chariots and cedar-wood4 #dag ,burnaburias appears to have reigned about #adej ,b4,c41 or a little later4 ,as regards the dates of ,egyptian kings1 they rest on the statement 7see ,brugsch1 8,hist410 i4 p4 #cie7 that the star ,sothis rose on the #bhth of ,epiphi1 in the reign of ,thothmes ,,iii1 and on the date of the new moon of various months in the same reign4 ,the ,egyptian year was a year of #cfe days1 and therefore vague as regarded the sidereal year4 ,the risings of ,sothis 7,sirius7 are recorded 78,decree of ,canopus07 in the later ,ptolemaic times as they occurred in connection with the ,egyptian year1 changing one day every four solar years2 and the ,rosetta stone fixes the calendar4 ,from the rising of ,sothis we should obtain a date about #aeih ,b4,c4 as falling in the reign of ,thothmes ,,iii2 and from the coincidences of the new moon we should obtain #aegd ,b4,c4 as the thirty-fourth and #aehe ,b4,c4 as the twenty-third years of his reign4 ,he would1 therefore1 accede #afjh ,b4,c4 ,dr4 ,brugsch places his accession about #afjj ,b4,c4 #dah ,this indicates the beginning of the ,syrian wars in the reign of ,amenophis ,,iii4 #dai ,apparently a ,babylonian princess was to be sent to ,egypt1 and an ,egyptian princess to ,babylon4 ,the two royal families were already allied by the marriage of ,irtabi1 and yet earlier of the sister of ,callimmasin 7#a ,b4 ,m471 even if no ,egyptian princess had been granted to the latter4 ,the writer's son was probably ,carakhardas1 who succeeded him4 #dbj ,zalmu was a ,babylonian4 ,see the next letter4 #dba ,khai was still living in the reign of ,amenophis ,,iv4 #dbb 8,siiri10 8a company of merchants10 as in ,hebrew4 #dbc ,or 8advised this40 ,the foes attacking ,egypt were at some distance from ,babylonia1 and the news only came by the envoy from ,egypt4 #dbd 8,sumatta40 ,compare 8,shammah0 7,gen4 xxxvi4 #ac-ag71 a proper name1 perhaps1 from the same root4 #dbe 8,khinna tuni0 would mean 8inhabiting ,khinna10 see ,khini 7#fd ,b4 ,m41 p4 #be71 but more probably ,hannathon in lower ,galilee1 east of ,accho1 is intended1 now ,kefr' ,ann4 #dbf ,see ,zatatna and ,surata1 kings of ,accho 7#ic ,b41 #ie ,b471 p4 #bdi4 ,this1 taken with the name of ,neboyapiza in the latter letter1 indicates a date early in the reign of ,amenophis ,,iv4 #dbg ,alasiya was apparently a maritime region beyond the tributary ,egyptian ,states1 and not either in ,babylonia 7,shinar7 nor in the ,hittite country 7#e ,b4 ,m472 probably it is the ,elishah of the ,bible on the south shores of ,asia ,minor4 7,see my note 8,p4 ,e4 ,f4 ,quarterly ,statement10 ,january1 #ahib1 p4 #dd47 ,elishah 7,gen4 x4 #d2 ,ezek4 xxvii4 #g7 was a maritime region4 ,the diffusion westward of a ,semitic population in ,cilicia has long been suspected to have occurred early4 #dbh ,semitic personal names1 showing the worship of ,ea and ,baal in ,elishah4 #dbi ,the signs ,,sal ,,us indicate 8female servants40 #dcj 8,lukki10 perhaps the ,lycians1 or perhaps the ,ligyes of ,herodotus1 on the borders of ,matiene 7vii4 #gb74 ,they appear to be the ,laka who lived in the ,taurus1 the ,leku of ,egyptian records 7,brugsch1 ii4 pp4 #dd1 #ed1 #aaf1 #abd7 mentioned with other tribes of north ,syria1 and with the ,shakalisha--perhaps ,cilicians4 #dca 8,an-,amar-ut0 78sun-disk07 ,i have supposed to be the name of ,khu-en-,aten 78glory of the sun-disk071 a title apparently of ,amenophis ,,iv 7,brugsch1 8,hist4 ,egypt10 i4 p4 #dda72 but it may1 of course1 refer to the god so called 7see note1 p4 #aih74 ,the ,king of ,egypt is called the sun-god in many of the letters in this collection4 #dcb ,the sign ,,khu means 8bird10 but also 8glory0 and 8prince40 8,ilid ,,khumes0 ,i take to mean 8born of princes40 ,others have rendered it 8who trains birds10 but it would rather mean 8who gives birth to birds10 which is impossible4 #dcc ,the name of the ,king is everywhere written in full1 with the two cartouches4 #dcd ,here and in other places a gap in the tablet has been filled up by the corresponding sentence in the inscription of ,medinet ,habou4 #dce ,the plants4 #dcf ,allusion to the festival of the coronation4 #dcg ,the here and in the title of the ,king has been employed as we should say a 8century40 #dch ,literally1 life1 health1 and strength4 #dci ,i4e41 the flocks of the temple's estates4 #ddj ,the defaced passages ran thus1 8,adoration of ,osiris by the steward of the flocks 7,amen-mes71 son of the ,lady ,nefer-t-ari40 #dda ,ave6 #ddb ,vide ,goodwin1 in ,chabas2 ,mlanges ,,iii1 ,tom4 ,i1 pl4 #beg4 #ddc ,hermopolis magna4 #ddd ,the entrance to the dwelling of the dead4 #dde ,the words 8paut0 and 8paut-ti10 or double-paut1 are connected with the idea of 8creation40 #ddf 1 1 abyssus4 #ddg 8,mesess10 sky1 vault1 and veil4 #ddh ,ritual1 ch4 ,,xviii4 ,lepsius1 8,todtenbuch10 xi4 ch4 ,,xviii4 ix4 e4 #ag4 ,i4 #fb4 #ddi ,literally1 8for a number of times40 #dej ,the two long feathers which adorn the head-attire of the ,sun-god4 #dea 8,sensen10 fraternize4 #deb ,sam4 #dec ,beneficent force4 #ded ,the great dwelling of ,seb is the earth itself4 #dee ,i4e41 ,to the lord of justice4 #def ,the entire north4 #deg ,or1 satiating abundance4 #deh ,the exact meaning is the ,french 8combler40 #dei ,the papyrus is much worn here4 ,the name of the place is perhaps 8,pamakar of the sky40 #dfj ,indian fig4 #dfa 8,sestsou-em-paf-nakhtou ,ousormara0 is the name of a fortress built by ,rameses ,,ii1 in ,syria or ,palestina1 and different from ,ouati4 ,the name means 8,rameses ,,ii in his victories40 #dfb ,the order is quite contradictory4 ,how can it be disobeyed1 and how obeyed8 #dfc ,or1 gone to the gap to which the dead went in the ,sun-boat4 #dfd ,syrians as prisoners of war4 #dfe ,negroes4 #dff ,cedar or acacia4 #dfg ,a kind of balsam4 #dfh ,syria4 #dfi ,or cattle4 #dgj ,or industrious1 8rut40 #dga ,dead or departed4 #dgb ,if this rendering is correct1 the meaning must be that the god of the ,nile is the secret source of light2 see #c1 l4 #e1 and #h1 l4 #a4 ,the attributes of ,egyptian gods1 who represent the unknown under various aspects1 are interchangeable to a great extent2 here the ,nile is ,ammon1 doing also the work of ,ra4 ,dr4 ,birch suggests that the rendering may be1 8hiding his course night and day40 #dgc ,ra1 the ,sun-god1 who is represented as delighting in flowers2 see ,ritual1 c4 lxxxi1 8,i am the pure lily which comes out of the fields of ,ra40 #dgd ,the ,nile-god traverses heaven2 his course there corresponds to that of the river on earth4 #dge ,see x4 #f4 ,this is obscure1 but it may mean that the ,nile-god protects the newly sown fields from the birds4 #dgf ,i4e41 he sets them at work4 ,thus ,ritual1 c4 xv4 #bj1 8,ra1 the giver of food1 destroys all place for idleness1 cuts off all excuse40 #dgg ,as they are by idleness2 see ,ritual1 cxxv4 p4 cclv4 7,birch74 #dgh ,i4e41 he makes it ready for cultivation4 #dgi ,their joy and gratitude respond to his advance4 #dhj ,num is the ,nile-god regarded as giving life4 #dha ,the ,egyptian word corresponds to 1 which1 according to ,plutarch1 signifies 4 7,isis et ,osiris1 c4 #cg47 ,the ,egyptians1 like all ancient people1 identify terror with strength or greatness4 #dhb ,this scriptural phrase comes in abruptly4 ,it is probably drawn from some older source4 #dhc ,the true ,deity is not represented by any image4 ,this is a relic of primeval monotheism3 out of place as referring to the ,nile1 but pointing to a deeper and sounder faith4 ,compare the laws of ,manu1 i4 #e-g4 #dhd ,see last line of #ac4 ,there are no shrines covered1 as usual1 with colored hieroglyphics4 ,the whole of this passage is of extreme importance1 showing that1 apart from all objects of idolatrous worship1 the old ,egyptian recognized the existence of a supreme god1 unknown and inconceivable1 the true source of all power and goodness4 ,compare the oldest forms of the #agth chapter of the funeral ,ritual in ,lepsius's 8,aelteste ,texte40 #dhe #a ,ki4 viii4 #bg4 #dhf ,is4 xi4 #ac1 #ad4 #dhg ,or 8thou givest them counsels1 orderest all their goings40 #dhh ,i4e41 8all magistrates are the servants of the deity1 and administer his law from ,south to ,north40 #dhi ,maspero 8par lui est bue l'eau 7les pleurs7 de tous les yeux10 i4e4 8he wipes away tears from all eyes40 #dij ,dr4 ,birch1 to whom ,i am indebted for this rendering1 observes that the goddess ,neith is often represented with two crocodiles sucking her breasts4 #dia ,i4e41 8,the ,nile fills all mortals with the languor of desire1 and gives fecundity40 #dib ,i4e41 8without needing rain1 the gift of the goddess of heaven40 ,such seems to be the meaning of a very obscure passage4 #dic ,see note on #a4 #did ,the meaning is1 evidently1 that he combines the attributes of ,ptah the ,demiurge1 and ,kabes1 an unknown god4 #die ,all things serviceable to man--arms1 implements1 etc4 #dif ,this seems to mean1 8he gives oracles at his shrine40 ,observe the inconsistency of this with #e4 #dig ,causing scarcity of food in the land4 ,see ,ex4 viii4 #ah1 #ba4 #dih ,in a season of scarcity prayers are offered for supply of water4 ,the following lines seem to describe great haste when the inundation comes on2 none wait for their clothing1 even when valuable1 and the nightly solemnities are broken up3 but the passage is obscure4 #dii ,literal answer1 8i4e41 with thanks and prayers1 when thou bringest the water in abundance40 #ejj ,see ,,ii4 #b4 #eja ,the gold represents the preciousness of the gift of food4 #ejb ,this is often mentioned in the inscriptions among the most precious stones4 #ejc ,see note on ,,ii4 #d4 #ejd ,which he ate when he could get nothing else4 #eje ,an allusion to the legend that the ,nile comes forth from two openings in the ,south4 #ejf ,see ,v1 last line4 #ejg ,the ,pharaoh4 #ejh ,the two regions4 #eji 8,at the entertainments of the rich1 just as the company is about to rise from the repast1 a small coffin is carried round1 containing a perfect representation of a dead body2 it is in size sometimes of one1 but never more than two cubits1 and as it is shown to the guests in rotation the bearer exclaims1 #8,cast your eyes on this figure2 after death you yourself will resemble it3 drink1 then1 and be happy4' 0--,herodotus1 8,euterpe10 xxviii4 #eaj 8,the ,song of the ,harper0 in the tomb of ,nefer-hotep bears a great resemblance to this composition4 ,see ,dmichen1 8,historische ,inschriften10 ii4 pl4 #dj4 #eaa ,or1 perhaps1 8the little ones1 the children40 #eab ,imhotep1 the son of the primeval deity ,ptah1 was the mythical author of various arts and sciences4 ,the ,greeks spelled the name 1 ,imouth1 but more frequently substituted the name 1 ,asclepios4 #eac ,hartatef was the son of ,king ,menkera 7,mycerinus71 to whom the discovery of part of the ,ritual1 cap4 lxiv4 is attributed1 and who was the author of a mystical work4 #ead ,compare the ,assyrian phrase 8,the land men cannot return from10 8,descent of ,ishtar10 8,records of the ,past10 ,vol4 i4 p4 #adc1 p4 #e4 #eae ,i4e41 8of the mourners40 #eaf ,here follows a lacuna4 #eag #b ,anastasi1 p4 #h1 l4 #e1 to p4 #i1 l4 #a4 #eah #b ,anastasi1 p4 #i1 l4 #b1 to p4 #aj1 l4 #a4 #eai ,the phrase which ,i have translated 8the way of ,amen0 is literally 8the water of ,amen40 ,in ,egypt the river ,nile was the great road or highway1 hence by an easy metaphor the water was used to signify 8the way02 that is1 the will1 command1 or rule #ebj #b ,anastasi1 p4 #aj1 l4 #a4 #eba ,tum or ,atum 7the setting sun71 ,lord of ,heliopolis4 #ebb ,heliopolis1 the city of ,tum4 #ebc ,heliopolis1 the city of ,tum4 #ebd ,or1 8do not censure me40 #ebe ,literally1 8without his body40 ,it seems to mean weakness1 mutilation1 or disability4 #ebf ,literally1 8upon my mouth40 #ebg ,lacuna4 #ebh #b ,anastasi1 p4 #e1 l4 #f4 #ebi ,literally1 8in health1 life1 and strength02 but the ,king being the subject of the wish1 ,i have ventured to ,anglicize the phrase as above4 #ecj ,the ,king ,meneptah1 son of ,rameses ,,ii1 and his immediate successor4 #eca ,the ,sun4 #ecb ,a form of the ,sun-god of the ,west1 the chief god of ,heliopolis4 #ecc ,lacuna4 #ecd ,lacuna4 #ece ,lacuna4 #ecf ,lacuna4 #ecg ,the panther's skin was the special characteristic of the dress of the priest of ,khem the ,vivifier4 #ech ,lacuna4 #eci ,lacuna4 #edj ,rannu1 an ,egyptian goddess who presided over the harvest4 #eda ,lacuna4 #edb ,lacuna4 #edc ,lacuna4 #edd ,an or ,on1 8the house of the ,obelisk10 or ,heliopolis4 #ede ,thebes4 #edf ,arabia4 #edg ,palestine or ,arabia4 #edh ,chem4 #edi ,mahennu4 #eej ,uati4 #eea ,frequent allusions are made in the papyri to the production of created things from the eyes of ,ra or of ,horus4 ,noxious things were supposed to be produced from the eye of ,set or ,typhon4 #eeb ,thebes4 #eec ,heliopolis4 #eed ,the name ,amen means 8secret10 or 8hidden40 #eee ,harmachis4 #eef ,thebes4 #eeg ,heliopolis4 #eeh ,the serpent #eei ,creator4 #efj ,the diadem4 #efa ,many of the phrases in this beautiful hymn are ambiguous1 even where the original text is perfect4 #efb ,this note is subscribed in the original papyrus4 #efc 8,at the front of the morning40 ,some prefer rendering the words 8every morning40 #efd ,perhaps 8,approach thou thy mother ,nut40 8,neb ,ra10 8,lord ,ra10 seems clearly the reading of the text given in ,lepsius1 unless the scribe has twice put the hieratic character for 8nuter0 instead of the usual form of 8h02 8neb heh10 8lord of eternity10 as ,maspero renders it1 is what might rather have been expected4 ,in the following1 8,isis and ,nephthys0 is the version of ,m4 ,maspero2 the text appears to me to give ,osiris4 #efe ,perhaps1 8he cannot advance40 #eff ,nehaher1 8ghastly faced10 an infernal demon1 sometimes represented as a serpent4 #efg 8,thou givest life20 this may be understood also as imperative1 8give life40 #efh ,bech1 the ,eastern hill of sunrise4 ,its opposite height was called ,manu4 #efi 8,thou turnest gloom into repose40 ,i am not confident that the meaning of the original1 8ta-k neshen enti ster10 is correctly given in these words2 perhaps 8thou makest the adversary prostrate0 may more truly convey the sense4 #egj ,isis and ,nephthys4 #ega ,the name of ,osiris is invariably prefixed to that of the deceased1 the latter being always assimilated to this god4 #egb ,the first two sections are evocations addressed to ,osiris defunct1 expressing the grief of his two sisters at the loss of their brother1 and referring to the search made by them after him4 #egc ,one of the names of ,osiris4 #egd ,surname of ,osiris4 #ege ,surname of ,osiris4 #egf ,the following sections are invocations addressed to ,osiris under the forms of the ,moon and the ,sun1 expressing the joy of his two sisters at having thus perceived him4 #egg ,the ,sacred-,eye here indicates the disk of the moon4 #egh ,the sun in all his power4 #egi ,the setting sun4 #ehj ,the star of ,sirius1 where the soul of ,isis dwelt4 #eha ,isis having with the aid of her sister ,nephthys reunited the parts of ,osiris's body1 dispersed by ,set1 formed of them the infant ,horus4 #ehb ,neith personified the ,lower ,hemisphere1 whence ,osiris1 the ,rising ,sun1 appeared under the form of ,horus4 #ehc ,the sun nightly sinks into the bosom of his mother ,neith1 who personifies the ,lower ,hemisphere of heaven4 #ehd ,osiris1 again coming forth under the form of ,horus-conqueror 7or the ,rising ,sun71 becomes the ,lord of the ,universe4 #ehe ,the high-priest1 reader in the panegyrics4 #ehf ,the high-priest presiding over funeral ceremonies and rituals4 #ehg ,the ,great ,hall wherein the ,judgment-scene was painted4 #ehh ,the heavenly region4 #ehi ,the universal being4 #eij 8,under the form of40 #eia ,the earth4 #eib ,gods4 #eic 8,who speaks to himself40 #eid ,crater4 #eie ,the weeper4 #eif ,a fish1 most likely the 8phagros10 the appearance of which was connected with the inundation4 #eig ,the divine eye4 #eih ,vivifies4 #eii ,the meaning of this name is doubtful4 #fjj ,the god of the spheres4 #fja ,glorifies himself4 #fjb ,a title of ,osiris1 literally 8,he who resides in the ,west40 #fjc ,the covering of ,ati1 the air7874 #fjd ,solar disk4 #fje ,the splendid one4 #fjf ,gives a body to4 #fjg ,creates4 #fjh ,perhaps ,anubis4 #fji ,solar disk4 #faj ,lacuna4 #faa ,who speaks to himself4 #fab 8,he who raises his soul40 #fac 8,the high spirit40 #fad ,flesh1 or substance4 #fae ,literally1 8the shining face40 #faf 8,he who is on the ground40 #fag ,doubtful meaning4 #fah 8,creates10 8fashions40 #fai ,the genii of the watches of the night4 #fbj ,lacuna4 #fba ,he who opens the earth4 #fbb ,he who is armed with teeth4 #fbc ,doubtful meaning4 #fbd ,ra under the form of a scarab4 #fbe ,lacuna4 #fbf ,lacuna4 #fbg ,teb ,temt4 #fbh ,lacuna4 #fbi ,lacuna4 #fcj ,apophis1 the great serpent of evil4 #fca ,the royal ,osiris4 #fcb ,the god of the two horizons4 #fcc ,unknown constellation4 #fcd ,the moon4 #fce ,the solar disk4 #fcf ,lacuna4 #fcg ,lacuna4 #fch ,hu1 the creative life2 ,sa1 the intelligence4 #fci ,the water of the ,east4 #fdj ,the water of the ,west4 #fda ,he who comes forth from ,mehur4 #fdb ,he who is in ,netur4 #fdc ,one of the halls of the empyrean1 which is here personified as a goddess4 #fdd ,the lower region4 #fde ,the striped headdress generally worn on the statues of the kings4 #fdf ,the planet ,mars4 #fdg ,thoth4 #fdh ,thoth4 #fdi ,the eternal being4 #fej ,he who embraces4 #fea ,the ,god of the ,nose4 ,each part of the body of the deceased becomes a god4 ,the same is found in the funereal texts1 and especially in the 8,book of the ,dead10 ch4 xlii4 #feb ,osiris4 #fec ,the ,osiris is an hermaphrodite being4 #fed ,lacuna4 #fee ,lacuna4 #fef ,his own form4 #feg ,the sceptre which has the form of a hook1 and commonly held in the hand of ,osiris4 #feh ,the white and red crown1 which is the emblem of dominion over both ,upper and ,lower ,egypt4 #fei ,his existences4 #ffj ,his existences4 #ffa ,tonen4 #ffb ,tonen4 #ffc ,nut personified the ,upper ,hemisphere of heaven4 #ffd ,here was written the name of the deceased4 #ffe ,probably a substance used for purifying and perfuming4 #fff ,the earth4 #ffg ,heaven4 #ffh ,the setting sun4 #ffi ,the solar bark4 #fgj ,osiris4 #fga ,another version3 uniteth itself 7to7 the breath of thy nostrils4 #fgb ,another version1 8by thy ,lord1 ,ra40 #fgc ,osiris4 #fgd ,those of the mummy4 #fge ,this is the acknowledgment of the resurrection effected by the ceremonies of the mummification4 ,i am indebted to the friendly aid of ,m4 ,chabas for the translation of this and one or two other passages4 #fgf ,corrupted passage restored by means of the manuscripts of the ,louvre4 #fgg ,another version3 8thou art received40 #fgh ,corrupted passage3 translation uncertain4 #fgi ,heliopolis4 #fhj ,hermopolis4 #fha ,another version3 8the living40 #fhb ,literally1 8the ,westerners40 #fhc ,illegible passage restored by means of the manuscripts of the ,louvre4 #fhd ,another version3 8this volume of the ,book of ,respirations is made for him and the souls of the gods40 #fhe ,m4 de ,roug reads 8,atesch10 but there are very strong reasons for believing that the first syllable in this word is to be read 8,kat10 not 8,at40 ,of this opinion is ,m4 ,brugsch4 ,the ,syrian name was probably 8,kadesh0 7the ,holy ,city71 which the ,egyptians1 not having the letter 8d10 wrote 8,katesh40 ,there were several places so called in the ,east1 but the ,kadesh here mentioned has not been satisfactorily identified with any of them4 #fhf ,the word 8horse0 is used in the original for a chariot1 ,homer uses the plural ippoi in a similar manner4