,,! ,,home ,,univ]sity ,,libr>y ,,( ,,mod]n ,,k ,,xxi ,,lib]alism 99 99 99 99 99 ,,editors ,,( ,,! ,,home ,,univ]sity ,,libr>y ,,( ,,mod]n ,,k ,,pr(essor ,,gilb]t ,,murray1 ,o4,m41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,b4,a4 ,,pr(essor ,g4 ,n4 ,,cl>k1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,b4,a4 ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,tiz>d1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lib]alism ,by ,l4 ,t4 ,,hobh\se ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,toronto ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #aiaa1 & repr9t$ 9 #aiai1 #aibc1 #aibg1 #aibi1 #aicd1 #aidb & #aidd ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i ,,be=e ,,lib]alism #g ,,ii ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,lib]alism #a4 ,civil ,lib]ty4 #b4 ,fiscal ,lib]ty4 #c4 ,p]sonal ,lib]ty4 #d4 ,social ,lib]ty4 #e4 ,economic ,lib]ty4 #f4 ,dome/ic ,lib]ty4 #g4 ,local1 ,racial1 & ,national ,lib]ty4 #h4 ,int]national ,lib]ty4 #i4 ,political ,lib]ty & ,popul> ,sov]eignty #ba ,,iii ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,!ory #ej ,,iv ',,laissez-,,faire' #gh ,v ,,glad/one ,,& ,,mill #ajb ,,vi ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,lib]alism #aaf ,,vii ,,! ,,/ate ,,& ,,! ,,individual #ach ,,viii ,,economic ,,lib]alism #afg ,,ix ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,lib]alism #bad ,,bibliography #beb ,,index #bec ,,lib]alism ,,*apt] ,i ,,be=e ,,lib]alism ,! mod]n ,/ate is ! di/9ctive product ( a unique civilization4 ,b x is a product :i* is /ill 9 ! mak+1 & a "p ( ! process is a /ruggle betwe5 new & old pr9ciples ( social ord]4 ,to und]/& ! new1 :i* is our ma9 purpose1 we mu/ fir/ ca/ a glance at ! old4 ,we mu/ und]/& :at ! social /ructure 01 :i*--ma9ly1 z ,i %all %[1 "u ! inspiration ( ,lib]al ideas--is sl[ly b surely giv+ place to ! new fabric ( ! civic ,/ate4 ,! old] /ructure itself 0 by no means primitive4 ,:at is truly primitive is v h>d to say4 ,b "o ?+ is pretty cle>4 ,at all times m5 h liv$ 9 societies1 & ties ( k9%ip & ( simple neighb\rhood und]lie e =m ( social organization4 ,9 ! simple/ societies x seems probable t ^! ties--re9=c$ & ext5d$1 p]haps1 by religi\s or o!r beliefs--are ! only ones t s]i\sly c\nt4 ,x is c]ta9 t ( ! w>p ( desc5t & ! wo( ( int]m>riage !re is wov5 a tissue out ( :i* small & rude b close & compact communities are =m$4 ,b ! ties ( k9%ip & neighb\rhood are effective only )9 n>r[ limits4 ,:ile ! local gr\p1 ! clan1 or ! village community are (t5 ! c5tres ( vigor\s life1 ! l>g] aggregate ( ! ,tribe seldom atta9s true social & political unity unless x re/s ^u a milit>y organization4 ,b milit>y organization may s]ve n only to hold "o tribe toge!r b also to hold o!r tribes 9 subjection1 & !reby1 at ! co/ ( mu* t is mo/ valuable 9 primitive life1 to e/abli% a l>g] & at ! same "t a m ord]ly society4 ,su* an ord] once e/abli%$ does n1 inde$1 re/ on nak$ =ce4 ,! rul]s become inve/$ ) a sacrosanct au?ority4 ,x may be t !y are gods or desc5dants ( gods4 ,x may be t !y are bless$ & upheld by an indep5d5t prie/hood4 ,9 ei!r case ! p[]s t be ext5d _! sway n m]ely ov] ! bodies b ov] ! m9ds ( m54 ,!y are orda9$ ( ,god because !y arrange ! ord9ation4 ,su* a gov]nm5t is n necess>ily abhorr5t to ! p nor indiff]5t to !m4 ,b x is ess5tially gov]nm5t f above4 ,s f> z x affects ! life ( ! p at all1 x does s by impos+ on !m duties1 z ( milit>y s]vice1 tribute1 ord9ances1 & ev5 new laws1 9 su* wise & on su* pr9ciples z seem good to itself4 ,x is n true1 z a c]ta9 s*ool ( jurisprud5ce held1 t law is1 z su*1 a comm& impos$ by a sup]ior ^u an inf]ior1 & back$ by ! sanctions ( puni%m5t4 ,b ?\gh ?is is n true ( law 9 g5]al x is a r\ghly true description ( law 9 t p>ticul> /age ( society :i* we may conv5i5tly describe z ! ,au?orit>ian4 ,n[1 9 ! great] "p ( ! _w & ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( hi/ory ! two =ms ( social organization t h be5 di/+ui%$ are ! only =ms to be f\nd4 ,( c\rse1 !y !mselves admit ( e possible v>iation ( detail1 b look+ bel[ ^! v>iations we f9d ! two recurr5t types4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re are ! small k9%ip gr\ps1 (t5 vigor\s en\gh 9 !mselves1 b feeble = purposes ( unit$ action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are l>g] societies v>y+ 9 ext5t & 9 degree ( civilization f a petty negro k+dom to ! ,*9ese ,empire1 re/+ on a c]ta9 union ( milit>y =ce & religi\s or quasi-religi\s belief :i*1 to select a neutral "n1 we h call$ ! pr9ciple ( ,au?ority4 ,9 ! l[] /ages ( civilization !re appe>s1 z a rule1 to be only "o me?od ( suppress+ ! /rife ( ho/ile clans1 ma9ta9+ ! fronti] aga9/ a common enemy1 or e/abli%+ ! elem5ts ( outw>d ord]4 ,! alt]native to au?orit>ian rule is relapse into ! comp>ative an>*y ( savage life4 ,b ano!r me?od made its appe>ance 9 classical antiquity4 ,! city /ate ( anci5t ,greece & ,italy 0 a new type ( social organization4 ,x diff]$ f ! clan & ! commune 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place x conta9$ _m clans & villages1 & p]haps ow$ its orig9 to ! com+ toge!r ( sep>ate clans on ! basis n ( conque/ b ( comp>atively equal alliance4 ,?\gh v small z comp>$ ) an anci5t empire or a mod]n /ate x 0 mu* l>g] ?an a primitive k9dr$4 ,its life 0 m v>i$ & complex4 ,x all[$ m free play to ! individual1 &1 inde$1 z x develop$1 x suppress$ ! old clan organization & sub/itut$ new divisions1 geographical or o!r4 ,x 0 bas$1 9 fact1 n on k9%ip z su*1 b on civic "r1 & ?is x 0 :i* di/+ui%$ x n only f ! commune1 b f ! ,ori5tal mon>*y4 ,! law :i* x recogniz$ & by :i* x liv$ 0 n a comm& impos$ by a sup]ior gov]nm5t on a subject mass4 ,on ! contr>y1 gov]nm5t 0 itself subject to law1 & law 0 ! life ( ! /ate1 will+ly support$ by ! entire body ( free citiz5s4 ,9 ?is s5se ! city /ate 0 a community ( free m54 ,consid]$ collectively its citiz5s own$ no ma/]4 ,!y gov]n$ !mselves1 subject only to pr9ciples & rules ( life desc5d+ f antiquity & ow+ _! =ce to ! spontane\s allegiance ( successive g5]ations4 ,9 su* a community "s ( ! problems t vex u mo/ pres5t$ !mselves 9 a v simple =m4 ,9 p>ticul> ! relation ( ! individual to ! community 0 close1 direct1 & natural4 ,_! int]e/s 7 obvi\sly b\nd up toge!r4 ,unless ea* man did 8 duty ! ,/ate might easily be de/roy$ & ! population enslav$4 ,unless ! ,/ate took ?\ght = its citiz5s x might easily decay4 ,:at 0 /ill m important1 !re 0 no opposition ( *ur* & /ate1 no fissure betwe5 political & religi\s life1 betwe5 ! claims ( ! secul> & ! spiritual1 to di/ract ! allegiance ( ! citiz5s1 & to set ! au?ority ( consci5ce aga9/ ! duties ( patriotism4 ,x 0 no feat ( ! philosophical imag9ation1 b a q simple & natural expression ( ! facts to describe su* a community z an association ( m5 = ! purpose ( liv+ well4 ,ideals to :i* we w9 our way back ) difficulty & d\bt arose naturally out ( ! conditions ( life 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is simple h>mony _h v s]i\s limitations1 :i* 9 ! end involv$ ! d[nfall ( ! city sy/em4 ,! responsibilities & privileges ( ! associat$ life 7 bas$ n on ! rights ( human p]sonality b on ! rights ( citiz5%ip1 & citiz5%ip 0 nev] co-ext5sive ) ! community4 ,! population includ$ slaves or s]fs1 & 9 _m cities !re 7 l>ge classes desc5d$ f ! orig9al conqu]$ population1 p]sonally free b exclud$ f ! gov]n+ circle4 ,not)/&+ ! relative simplicity ( social conditions ! city 0 con/antly torn by ! disputes ( faction--9 "p probably a legacy f ! old clan organization1 9 "p a consequ5ce ( ! gr[? ( weal? & ! new] di/9ction ( classes4 ,! evil ( faction 0 aggravat$ by ! ill-success ( ! city organization 9 deal+ ) ! problem ( int]-/ate relations4 ,! ,greek city clung to its autonomy1 & ?\gh ! pr9ciple ( f$]alism :i* might h solv$ ! problem 0 ultimately br\ght into play1 x came too late 9 ,greek hi/ory to save ! nation4 ,! con/ructive g5ius ( ,rome devis$ a diff]5t me?od ( deal+ ) ! political problems involv$ 9 exp&+ relations4 ,roman citiz5%ip 0 ext5d$ till x includ$ all ,italy &1 lat] on1 till x compris$ ! :ole free population ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,b ?is ext5sion 0 ev5 m fatal to ! free self-gov]nm5t ( a city /ate4 ,! population ( ,italy c\ld n meet 9 ! ,=um ( ,rome or ! ,pla9 ( ,m>s to elect consuls & pass laws1 & ! m wisely x 0 ext5d$ ! less valuable = any political purpose did citiz5%ip become4 ,! hi/ory ( ,rome1 9 fact1 might be tak5 z a va/ illu/ration ( ! difficulty ( build+ up an ext5d$ empire on any basis b t ( p]sonal despotism re/+ on milit>y =ce & ma9ta9+ peace & ord] ?r\gh ! effici5cy ( ! bureaucratic ma*9e4 ,9 ?is va/ me*anism x 0 ! army t 0 ! seat ( p[]1 or r x 0 ea* army at its po/ on "s di/ant fronti] t 0 a pot5tial seat ( p[]4 ,! secret ( ! empire t 0 e>ly divulg$ 0 t an emp]or c\ld be made else:]e ?an at ,rome1 & ?\gh a c]ta9 sanctity rema9$ to ! p]son ( ! emp]or1 & legi/s *]i%$ a dim remembrance ( ! !ory t he embodi$ ! popul> w1 ! fact 0 t he 0 ! *oice ( a p[]ful army1 ratifi$ by ! ,god ( ,battles1 & ma9ta9+ 8 p[] z long z he c\ld suppress any rival pret5d]4 ,! break-up ( ! ,empire ?r\gh ! cont9ual repetition ( milit>y /rife 0 accel]at$1 n caus$1 by ! pres5ce ( b>b>ism bo? )9 & )\t ! fronti]s4 ,to re/ore ! elem5ts ( ord] a compromise betwe5 c5tral & local jurisdictions 0 necess>y1 & ! vassal became a local pr9ce own+ an allegiance1 m or less real z ! case might be1 to a di/ant sov]eign4 ,mean:ile1 ) ! prevail+ disord] ! mass ( ! population 9 ,we/]n ,europe lo/ its fre$om1 p>tly ?r\gh conque/1 p>tly ?r\gh ! necessity ( f9d+ a protector 9 tr\bl\s times4 ,! social /ructure ( ! ,middle ,ages accord+ly assum$ ! hi]>*ical =m :i* we speak ( z ! ,feudal sy/em4 ,9 ?is ?or\gh-go+ application ( ! pr9ciple ( au?ority e man1 9 !ory1 _h 8 ma/]4 ,! s]f held ( 8 "l1 :o held ( a great seigneur1 :o held ( ! k+4 ,! k+ 9 ! complet] !ory held ( ! emp]or :o 0 cr[n$ by ! ,pope1 :o held ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! *a9 ( desc5t 0 complete f ! ,rul] ( ! univ]se to ! humble/ ( ! s]fs4#a ,b )9 ?is ord] ! gr[? ( indu/ry & comm]ce rais$ up new c5tres ( fre$om4 ,! t[ns 9 :i* m5 7 le>n+ anew ! lessons ( association = unit$ def5ce & ! regulation ( common int]e/s1 obta9$ *>t]s ( rights f seigneur or k+1 & on ! ,cont95t ev5 succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ complete indep5d5ce4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 :]e f ! ,conque/ ! c5tral p[] 0 at its /ronge/1 ! corporate t[ns became = _m purposes self-gov]n+ communities4 ,! city /ate 0 born aga91 & ) x came an outbur/ ( activity1 ! revival ( lit]ature & ! arts1 ! r$iscov]y ( anci5t le>n+1 ! rebir? ( philosophy & sci5ce4 ,! m$ival city /ate 0 sup]ior to ! anci5t 9 t slav]y 0 no ess5tial elem5t 9 its exi/5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 by welcom+ ! fugitive s]f & v9dicat+ 8 fre$om x contribut$ p[]fully to ! decl9e ( ! mild] =m ( s]vitude4 ,b l ! anci5t /ate x 0 s]i\sly & p]man5tly weak5$ by int]nal faction1 & l ! anci5t /ate x re/$ ! privileges ( its memb]s n on ! rights ( human p]sonality1 b on ! responsibilities ( citiz5%ip4 ,x knew n s mu* lib]ty z lib]ties1 rights ( corporations secur$ by *>t]1 its own rights z a :ole secur$ aga9/ k+ or feudatory & ! re/ ( ! _w1 rights ( gilds & crafts )9 x1 & to m5 or wom5 only z !y 7 memb]s ( su* bodies4 ,b ! real weakness ( ! city /ate 0 once m its isolation4 ,x 0 b an islet ( relative fre$om on1 or actually )91 ! bord]s ( a feudal society :i* grew m p[]ful ) ! g5]ations4 ,) ! improvem5t ( communications & ( ! arts ( life1 ! c5tral p[]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,france & ,engl&1 began to ga9 ^u its vassals4 ,feudal disob$i5ce & disord] 7 suppress$1 & by ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury great unifi$ /ates1 ! f\ndation ( mod]n nations1 7 already 9 be+4 ,_! em]g5ce involv$ ! wid5+ & 9 "s respects ! improvem5t ( ! social ord]2 & 9 its e>li] /ages x fav\r$ civic autonomy by suppress+ local an>*y & feudal privilege4 ,b ! gr[? ( c5tralization 0 9 ! end incompatible ) ! g5ius ( civic indep5d5ce1 & p]il\s to su* elem5ts ( political "r z _h be5 ga9$ = ! population 9 g5]al z ! result ( e>li] conflicts betwe5 ! cr[n & its vassals4 ,we ent] on ! mod]n p]iod1 accord+ly1 ) society con/itut$ on a ?or\ghly au?orit>ian basis1 ! k+ly p[] supreme & t5d+ t[>ds arbitr>y despotism1 & bel[ ! k+ ! social hi]>*y ext5d+ f ! great t]ritorial "l to ! day-lab\r]4 ,!re is "o po9t ga9$ z comp>$ to e>li] =ms ( society4 ,! base ( ! pyramid is a class :i* at lea/ enjoys p]sonal fre$om4 ,s]fdom has virtually disappe>$ 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ! great] "p ( ,france has ei!r vani%$ or become att5uat$ to c]ta9 obnoxi\s incid5ts ( ! t5ure ( l&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! divorce ( ! ,engli% peasant f ! soil has begun1 & has laid ! f\ndation ( ! future social problem z x is to appe> 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! mod]n ,/ate accord+ly />ts f ! basis ( an au?orit>ian ord]1 & ! prote/ aga9/ t ord]1 a prote/ religi\s1 political1 economic1 social1 & e?ical1 is ! hi/oric beg9n+ ( ,lib]alism4 ,?us ,lib]alism appe>s at fir/ z a criticism1 sometimes ev5 z a de/ructive & revolution>y criticism4 ,its negative aspect is = c5turies =emo/4 ,its bus9ess seems to be n s mu* to build up z to pull d[n1 to remove ob/acles :i* block human progress1 r ?an to po9t ! positive goal ( endeav\r or fa%ion ! fabric ( civilization4 ,x f9ds humanity oppress$1 & w\ld set x free4 ,x f9ds a p groan+ "u arbitr>y rule1 a nation 9 bondage to a conqu]+ race1 indu/rial ent]prise ob/ruct$ by social privileges or crippl$ by taxation1 & x (f]s relief4 ,ev]y:]e x is remov+ sup]9cumb5t weights1 knock+ (f fett]s1 cle>+ away ob/ructions4 ,is x do+ z mu* = ! recon/ruction t w be necess>y :5 ! demolition is complete8 ,is ,lib]alism at bottom a con/ructive or only a de/ructive pr9ciple8 ,is x ( p]man5t significance8 ,does x express "s vital tru? ( social life z su*1 or is x a tempor>y ph5om5on call$ =? by ! special circum/ances ( ,we/]n ,europe1 & is its "w already s f> complete t x c be cont5t to h& on ! tor* to a new] & m con/ructive pr9ciple1 retir+ = its own "p f ! race1 or p]*ance seek+ m backw>d l&s = mission>y "w8 ,^! are among ! que/ions t we %all h to answ]4 ,we note1 = ! mom5t1 t ! circum/ances ( its orig9 suffice to expla9 ! pr$om9ance ( critical & de/ructive "w )\t !refrom inf]r+ ! lack ( ultimate recon/ructive p[]4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 :e!r by ! aid ( ,lib]alism or ?r\gh ! cons]vative in/9cts ( ! race1 ! "w ( recon/ruction has gone on side by side ) t ( demolition1 & becomes m important g5]ation by g5]ation4 ,! mod]n ,/ate1 z ,i %all %[1 goes f> t[>ds incorporat+ ! elem5ts ( ,lib]al pr9ciple1 & :5 we h se5 :at ^! are1 & to :at ext5t !y are actually realiz$1 we %all be 9 a bett] position to und]/& ! ess5tials ( ,lib]alism1 & to det]m9e ! "q ( its p]man5t value4 ,,footnote3 #a ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 only "o side ( m$ival !ory1 b x is ! side :i* lay ne>e/ to ! facts4 ,! rev]se view1 :i* d]ives ! au?ority ( gov]nm5t f ! gov]n$1 made its appe>ance 9 ! ,middle ,ages p>tly "u ! influ5ce ( classical tradition4 ,b its ma9 int]e/ & importance is t x s]v$ z a />t+-po9t = ! ?\ght ( a lat] "t4 ,on ! :ole subject ! read] may consult ,gi]ke1 ,political ,!ories ( ! ,middle ,age1 translat$ by ,maitl& 7,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press74 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,lib]alism ,i _c "h attempt s mu* z a sket* ( ! hi/orical progress ( ! ,lib]aliz+ movem5t4 ,i w\ld call att5tion only to ! ma9 po9ts at :i* x assail$ ! old ord]1 & to ! fundam5tal ideas direct+ its advance4 #a4 ,civil ,lib]ty4 ,bo? logically & hi/orically ! fir/ po9t ( attack is arbitr>y gov]nm5t1 & ! fir/ lib]ty to be secur$ is ! "r to be dealt ) 9 accordance ) law4 ,a man :o has no legal rights aga9/ ano!r1 b /&s entirely at 8 disposal1 to be treat$ accord+ to 8 caprice1 is a slave to t o!r4 ,he is rightless1 devoid ( rights4 ,n[1 9 "s b>b>ic mon>*ies ! sy/em ( rightlessness has at times be5 consi/5tly c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 ! relations ( subjects to ! k+4 ,"h m5 & wom51 ?\gh enjoy+ cu/om>y rights ( p]son & prop]ty z aga9/ "o ano!r1 h no rights at all z aga9/ ! k+'s pleasure4 ,no ,european mon>* or seignior has ev] admitt$ly enjoy$ p[] ( ?is k9d1 b ,european gov]nm5ts h at v>i\s times & 9 v>i\s directions ex]cis$ or claim$ p[]s no less arbitr>y 9 pr9ciple4 ,?us1 by ! side ( ! regul> c\rts ( law :i* prescribe specific p5alties = def9$ (f5ces prov$ aga9/ a man by a regul> =m ( trial1 arbitr>y gov]nm5ts resort to v>i\s extrajudicial =ms ( arre/1 det5tion1 & puni%m5t1 dep5d+ on _! own w & pleasure4 ,( su* a "* is puni%m5t by adm9i/rative process 9 ,russia at ! pres5t day2 imprisonm5t by lettre de ca*et 9 ,france "u ! anci5 rgime2 all executions by s-call$ m>tial law 9 times ( rebellion1 & ! susp5sion ( v>i\s ord9>y gu>antees ( imm$iate & fair trial 9 ,irel&4 ,arbitr>y gov]nm5t 9 ?is =m 0 "o ( ! fir/ objects ( attack by ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ?is fir/ lib]ty ( ! subject 0 v9dicat$ by ! ,petition ( ,"r1 & aga9 by ! ,habeas ,corpus ,act4 ,x is significant ( mu* t ?is fir/ /ep 9 lib]ty %\ld be 9 reality no?+ m nor less ?an a dem& = law4 ,fre$om ( m5 "u gov]nm5t1 says ,locke1 summ+ up "o :ole *apt] ( sev5te5?-c5tury controv]sy1 is to h a /&+ rule to live by1 common to e "o ( t society & made by ! legislative p[] erect$ 9 x4 ,! fir/ condition ( univ]sal fre$om1 t is to say1 is a measure ( univ]sal re/ra9t4 ,)\t su* re/ra9t "s m5 may be free b o!rs w be unfree4 ,"o man may be able to d all 8 w1 b ! re/ w h no w except t :i* he sees fit to all[ !m4 ,to put ! same po9t f ano!r side1 ! fir/ condition ( free gov]nm5t is gov]nm5t n by ! arbitr>y det]m9ation ( ! rul]1 b by fix$ rules ( law1 to :i* ! rul] himself is subject4 ,we draw ! important inf]5ce t !re is no ess5tial anti!sis betwe5 lib]ty & law4 ,on ! contr>y1 law is ess5tial to lib]ty4 ,law1 ( c\rse1 re/ra9s ! individual2 x is !re=e oppos$ to 8 lib]ty at a giv5 mom5t & 9 a giv5 direction4 ,b1 equally1 law re/ra9s o!rs f do+ ) him z !y w4 ,x lib]ates him f ! fe> ( arbitr>y aggression or co]cion1 & ?is is ! only way1 inde$1 ! only s5se1 9 :i* lib]ty = an entire community is atta9able4 ,!re is "o po9t tacitly po/ulat$ 9 ?is argum5t :i* %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,9 assum+ t ! reign ( law gu>antees lib]ty to ! :ole community1 we are assum+ t x is imp>tial4 ,if !re is "o law = ! ,gov]nm5t & ano!r = its subjects1 "o = noble & ano!r = common]1 "o = ri* & ano!r = poor1 ! law does n gu>antee lib]ty = all4 ,lib]ty 9 ?is respect implies equality4 ,h5ce ! dem& ( ,lib]alism = su* a proc$ure z w ensure ! imp>tial application ( law4 ,h5ce ! dem& = ! indep5d5ce ( ! judici>y to secure equality z betwe5 ! ,gov]nm5t & its subjects4 ,h5ce ! dem& = *eap proc$ure & accessible c\rts4 ,h5ce ! abolition ( privileges ( class4#b ,h5ce w come 9 "t ! dem& = ! abolition ( ! p[] ( money to pur*ase skill$ advocacy4 #b4 ,fiscal ,lib]ty4 ,closely connect$ ) juri/ic lib]ty1 & m widely felt 9 ev]yday life1 is ! "q ( fiscal lib]ty4 ,! ,/u>ts br\ght ?+s to a head 9 ?is c\ntry by arbitr>y taxation4 ,george ,,iii br\ght ?+s to a head 9 ,am]ica by ! same infallible me?od4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 ! refusal ( ! nobles & ! cl]gy to be> _! %>e ( ! f9ancial burd54 ,b fiscal lib]ty raises m se>*+ que/ions ?an juri/ic lib]ty4 ,x is n en\gh t taxes %\ld be fix$ by a law apply+ univ]sally & imp>tially1 = taxes v>y f ye> to ye> 9 accordance ) public ne$s1 & :ile o!r laws may rema9 /able & un*ang$ = an indef9ite p]iod1 taxation mu/1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 be adju/able4 ,x is a matt]1 prop]ly consid]$1 = ! ,executive r ?an ! ,legislature4 ,h5ce ! lib]ty ( ! subject 9 fiscal matt]s means ! re/ra9t ( ! ,executive1 n m]ely by e/abli%$ & writt5 laws1 b by a m direct & con/ant sup]vision4 ,x means1 9 a ^w1 responsible gov]nm5t1 & t is :y we h m (t5 he>d ! cry1 ,no taxation )\t repres5tation1 ?an ! cry1 ,no legislation )\t repres5tation4 ,h5ce1 f ! sev5te5? c5tury onw>ds1 fiscal lib]ty 0 se5 to involve :at is call$ political lib]ty4 #c4 ,p]sonal ,lib]ty4 ,( political lib]ty x w be m conv5i5t to speak lat]4 ,b let u "h obs]ve t !re is ano!r av5ue by :i* x c be1 &1 9 fact1 01 approa*$4 ,we h se5 t ! reign ( law is ! fir/ /ep to lib]ty4 ,a man is n free :5 he is controll$ by o!r m51 b only :5 he is controll$ by pr9ciples & rules :i* all society mu/ obey1 = ! community is ! true ma/] ( ! free man4 ,b "h we are only at ! beg9n+ ( ! matt]4 ,!re may be law1 & !re may be no attempt1 su* z ! ,/u>ts made1 to set law aside1 yet 7#a7 ! mak+ & ma9t5ance ( law may dep5d on ! w ( ! sov]eign or ( an olig>*y1 & 7#b7 ! cont5t ( ! law may be unju/ & oppressive to "s1 to _m1 or to all except ^? :o make x4 ,! fir/ po9t br+s u back to ! problem ( political lib]ty1 :i* we def]4 ,! second op5s que/ions :i* h occupi$ a great "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,lib]alism1 & to deal ) !m we h to ask :at types ( law h be5 felt z peculi>ly oppressive1 & 9 :at respects x has be5 necess>y to claim lib]ty n m]ely ?r\gh law1 b by ! abolition ( bad law & tyrannical adm9i/ration4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! sph]e ( :at is call$ p]sonal lib]ty--a sph]e mo/ difficult to def9e1 b ! ar5a ( ! fi]ce/ /rife ( passion & ! deepe/ feel+s ( mank9d4 ,at ! basis lies lib]ty ( ?\ght--fre$om f inquisition into op9ions t a man =ms 9 8 own m9d#c--! inn] citadel :]e1 if any:]e1 ! individual mu/ rule4 ,b lib]ty ( ?\ght is ( v little avail )\t lib]ty to ex*ange ?\ghts--s9ce ?\ght is ma9ly a social product2 & s ) lib]ty ( ?\ght goes lib]ty ( spee* & lib]ty ( writ+1 pr9t+1 & peaceable discussion4 ,^! rights are n free f difficulty & dubiety4 ,!re is a po9t at :i* spee* becomes indi/+ui%able f action1 & free spee* may mean ! "r to create disord]4 ,! limits ( j lib]ty "h are easy to draw nei!r 9 !ory nor 9 practice4 ,!y lead u imm$iately to "o ( ! po9ts at :i* lib]ty & ord] may be 9 conflict1 & x is ) conflicts ( ?is k9d t we %all h to deal4 ,! possibilities ( conflict are n less 9 relation to ! connect$ "r ( lib]ty 9 religion4 ,t ?is lib]ty is absolute _c be cont5d$4 ,no mod]n /ate w\ld tol]ate a =m ( religi\s wor%ip :i* %\ld include cannibalism1 human sacrifice1 or ! burn+ ( wit*es4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 practices ( ?is k9d--:i* foll[ q naturally f v>i\s =ms ( primitive belief t are mo/ s9c]ely held--are habitually put d[n by civiliz$ peoples t are responsible = ! gov]nm5t ( less develop$ races4 ,! ,briti% law recognizes polygamy 9 ,india1 b ,i imag9e x w\ld n be op5 ei!r to a ,mahomm$an or a ,h9du to contract two m>riages 9 ,engl&4 ,nor is x = lib]ty ( ?is k9d t ! battle has be5 f\ght4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! prim>y mean+ ( religi\s lib]ty8 ,ext]nally1 ,i take x to include ! lib]ties ( ?\ght & expression1 & to add to ^! ! "r ( wor%ip 9 any =m :i* does n inflict injury on o!rs or involve a brea* ( public ord]4 ,?is limitation appe>s to c>ry ) x a c]ta9 dec5cy & re/ra9t 9 expression :i* avoids unnecess>y insult to ! feel+s ( o!rs2 & ,i ?9k ?is implication mu/ be all[$1 ?\gh x makes "s room = /ra9$ & unfair applications4 ,ext]nally1 aga91 we mu/ note t ! dem& = religi\s lib]ty soon goes beyond m]e tol]ation4 ,religi\s lib]ty is incomplete z long z any belief is p5aliz$1 z1 = example1 by c>ry+ ) x exclusion f (fice or f educational advantages4 ,on ?is side1 aga91 full lib]ty implies full equality4 ,turn+ to ! int]nal side1 ! _s ( religi\s lib]ty re/s on ! conception t a man's religion ranks ) 8 own inn]mo/ ?\ght & feel+s4 ,x is ! mo/ concrete expression ( 8 p]sonal attitude to life1 to 8 k9d1 to ! _w1 to 8 own orig9 & de/9y4 ,!re is no real religion t is n ?us dr5*$ 9 p]sonality2 & ! m religion is recogniz$ = spiritual ! />k] ! contradiction is felt to be t any "o %\ld seek to impose a religion on ano!r4 ,prop]ly reg>d$1 ! attempt is n wick$1 b impossible4 ,yet ^? s9 mo/ aga9/ true religion :o try to conv]t m5 f ! outside by me*anical means4 ,!y h ! lie 9 ! s\l1 be+ mo/ ignorant ( ! nature ( t = :i* !y feel mo/ deeply4 ,yet "h aga9 we /umble on difficulties4 ,religion is p]sonal4 ,yet is n religion also em95tly social8 ,:at is m vital to ! social ord] ?an its beliefs8 ,if we s5d a man to gaol = /eal+ tra%1 :at %all we d to him :om1 9 our consci5ce & on our hon\r1 we believe to be corrupt+ ! he>ts ( mank9d1 & p]haps lead+ !m to et]nal p]dition8 ,aga91 :at 9 ! "n ( lib]ty are we to d to m5 ^: prea*+1 if foll[$ out 9 act1 w\ld br+ back ! rack & ! /ake8 ,once m !re is a difficulty ( delimitation :i* w h to be fully sift$4 ,i w only rem>k "h t our practice has arriv$ at a solution :i*1 ^u ! :ole1 appe>s to h work$ well hi!rto1 & :i* has its roots 9 pr9ciple4 ,x is op5 to a man to prea* ! pr9ciples ( ,torquemada or ! religion ( ,mahomet4 ,x is n op5 to m5 to practise su* ( _! precepts z w\ld violate ! rights ( o!rs or cause a brea* ( ! peace4 ,expression is free1 & wor%ip is free z f> z x is ! expression ( p]sonal devotion4 ,s f> z !y infr+e ! fre$om1 or1 m g5]ally1 ! rights ( o!rs1 ! practices inculcat$ by a religion _c enjoy unqualifi$ fre$om4 #d4 ,social ,lib]ty4 ,f ! spiritual we turn to ! practical side ( life4 ,on ?is side we may obs]ve1 fir/1 t ,lib]alism has _h to deal ) ^? re/ra9ts on ! individual :i* fl[ f ! hi]>*ic organization ( society1 & res]ve c]ta9 (fices1 c]ta9 =ms ( occupation1 & p]haps ! "r or at lea/ ! opportunity ( education g5]ally1 to p ( a c]ta9 rank or class4 ,9 its m extreme =m ?is is a ca/e sy/em1 & its re/rictions are religi\s or legal z well z social4 ,9 ,europe x has tak5 m ?an "o =m4 ,!re is ! monopoly ( c]ta9 occupations by corporations1 prom95t 9 ! m9ds ( eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5* re=m]s4 ,!re is ! res]vation ( public appo9tm5ts & ecclesia/ical patronage = ^? :o are born1 & !re is a m subtly p]vad+ _s ( class :i* produces a ho/ile attitude to ^? :o c\ld & w\ld rise2 & ?is _s f9ds a m mat]ial ally 9 ! educational difficulties t beset bra9s un5d[$ ) weal?4 ,i ne$ n lab\r po9ts :i* w be app>5t to all1 b h aga9 to rem>k two ?+s4 7#a7 ,once m ! /ruggle = lib]ty is also1 :5 pu%$ ?r\gh1 a /ruggle = equality4 ,fre$om to *oose & foll[ an occupation1 if x is to become fully effective1 means equality ) o!rs 9 ! opportunities = foll[+ su* occupation4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 "o among ! v>i\s consid]ations :i* lead ,lib]alism to support a national sy/em ( free education1 & w lead x fur!r yet on ! same l9es4 7#b7 ,once aga91 ?\gh we may insi/ on ! rights ( ! individual1 ! social value ( ! corporation or quasi-corporation1 l ! ,trade ,union1 _c be ignor$4 ,exp]i5ce %[s ! necessity ( "s measure ( collective regulation 9 indu/rial matt]s1 & 9 ! adju/m5t ( su* regulation to individual lib]ty s]i\s difficulties ( pr9ciple em]ge4 ,we %all h to ref] to ^! 9 ! next section4 ,b "o po9t is relevant at ?is /age4 ,x is cle>ly a matt] ( ,lib]al pr9ciple t memb]%ip ( a corporation %\ld n dep5d on any h]$it>y qualification1 nor be set ab\t ) any artificial difficulty ( entry1 :]e by ! t]m artificial is meant any difficulty n involv$ 9 ! nature ( ! occupation conc]n$1 b design$ = purposes ( exclusiv5ess4 ,z aga9/ all su* me?ods ( re/riction1 ! ,lib]al case is cle>4 ,x has only to be add$ "h t re/rictions ( sex are 9 e respect p>allel to re/rictions ( class4 ,!re are1 d\btless1 occupations = :i* wom5 are unfit4 ,b1 if s1 ! te/ ( fitness is suffici5t to exclude !m4 ,! op5 road = wom5 is "o application1 & a v big "o1 ( ! op5 road = tal5t1 & to secure !m bo? is ( ! ess5ce ( ,lib]alism4 #e4 ,economic ,lib]ty ,ap>t f monopolies1 indu/ry 0 %ackl$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! mod]n p]iod by re/rictive legislation 9 v>i\s =ms1 by navigation laws1 & by t>iffs4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! t>iff 0 n m]ely an ob/ruction to free ent]prise1 b a s\rce ( inequality z betwe5 trade & trade4 ,its fundam5tal effect is to transf] capital & lab\r f ! objects on :i* !y c be mo/ pr(itably employ$ 9 a giv5 locality1 to objects on :i* !y are less pr(itably employ$1 by end[+ c]ta9 indu/ries to ! disadvantage ( ! g5]al consum]4 ,"h1 aga91 ! ,lib]al movem5t is at once an attack on an ob/ruction & on an inequality4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries ! attack has succe$$ 9 break+ d[n local t>iffs & e/abli%+ relatively l>ge ,free ,trade units4 ,x is only 9 ,engl&1 & only ow+ to our e>ly manufactur+ supremacy1 t x has fully succe$$ 9 ov]com+ ! ,protective pr9ciple1 & ev5 9 ,engl& ! ,protectioni/ reaction w\ld und\bt$ly h ga9$ at lea/ a tempor>y victory b = our dep5d5ce on =eign c\ntries = food & ! mat]ials ( indu/ry4 ,! mo/ /rik+ victory ( ,lib]al ideas is "o ( ! mo/ prec>i\s4 ,at ! same "t1 ! battle is "o :i* ,lib]alism is always prep>$ to fight ov] aga94 ,x has l$ to no back /roke1 no c\nt]-movem5t )9 ! ,lib]al ranks !mselves4 ,x is o!rwise ) organiz$ re/rictions ^u indu/ry4 ,! old regulations1 :i* 7 q unsuit$ to ! conditions ( ! "t1 ei!r fell into desuetude dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 or 7 =mally aboli%$ dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( ! indu/rial revolution4 ,= a :ile x seem$ z ?\gh :olly unre/rict$ indu/rial ent]prise 0 to be ! progressive wat*word1 & ! e*oes ( t "t /ill l+]4 ,b ! old re/rictions _h n be5 =mally )drawn be=e a new process ( regulation began4 ,! conditions produc$ by ! new factory sy/em %ock$ ! public consci5ce2 & z e>ly z #ahjb we f9d ! fir/ ( a long s]ies ( laws1 out ( :i* has gr[n an indu/rial code t ye> by ye> foll[s ! life ( ! op]ative1 9 8 relations ) 8 employ]1 into m m9ute detail4 ,! fir/ /ages ( ?is movem5t 7 contemplat$ ) d\bt & di/ru/ by _m m5 ( ,lib]al sympa?ies4 ,! int5tion 01 d\btless1 to protect ! weak] p>ty1 b ! me?od 0 t ( int]f]5ce ) fre$om ( contract4 ,n[ ! fre$om ( ! sane adult individual--ev5 su* /rong individuali/s z ,cobd5 recogniz$ t ! case ( *ildr5 /ood ap>t--c>ri$ ) x ! "r ( conclud+ su* agreem5ts z seem$ be/ to suit 8 own int]e/s1 & involv$ bo? ! "r & ! duty ( det]m9+ ! l9es ( 8 life = himself4 ,free contract & p]sonal responsibility lay close to ! he>t ( ! :ole ,lib]al movem5t4 ,h5ce ! d\bts felt by s _m ,lib]als z to ! regulation ( indu/ry by law4 ,none ! less1 z "t has gone on1 m5 ( ! ke5e/ ,lib]al sympa?ies h come n m]ely to accept b eag]ly to advance ! ext5sion ( public control 9 ! indu/rial sph]e1 & ( collective responsibility 9 ! matt] ( ! education & ev5 ! fe$+ ( *ildr51 ! h\s+ ( ! indu/rial population1 ! c>e ( ! sick & ag$1 ! provision ( ! means ( regul> employm5t4 ,on ?is side ,lib]alism seems def9itely to h retrac$ its /eps1 & we %all h to inquire closely into ! "q :e!r ! rev]sal is a *ange ( pr9ciple or ( application4 ,closely connect$ ) fre$om ( contract is fre$om ( association4 ,if m5 may make any agreem5t ) "o ano!r 9 _! mutual int]e/ s long z !y d n injure a ?ird p>ty1 !y may app>5tly agree to act toge!r p]man5tly = any purposes ( common int]e/ on ! same conditions4 ,t is1 !y may =m associations4 ,yet at bottom ! p[]s ( an association are some?+ v diff]5t f ! p[]s ( ! individuals compos+ x2 & x is only by legal p$antry t ! attempt c be made to regulate ! behavi\r ( an association on pr9ciples d]iv$ f & suitable to ! relations ( individuals4 ,an association might become s p[]ful z to =m a /ate )9 ! /ate1 & to cont5d ) gov]nm5t on no unequal t]ms4 ,! hi/ory ( "s revolution>y societies1 ( "s ecclesia/ical organizations1 ev5 ( "s ,am]ican tru/s might be quot$ to %[ t ! dang] is n imag9>y4 ,%ort ( ?is1 an association may act oppressively t[>ds o!rs & ev5 t[>ds its own memb]s1 & ! function ( ,lib]alism may be r to protect ! individual aga9/ ! p[] ( ! association ?an to protect ! "r ( association aga9/ ! re/riction ( ! law4 ,9 fact1 9 ?is reg>d1 ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty cuts bo? ways1 & ?is d\ble application is reflect$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! emancipation ( trade unions1 h[ev]1 ext5d+ ov] ! p]iod f #ahbd to #aijf1 & p]haps n yet complete1 0 9 ! ma9 a lib]at+ movem5t1 because comb9ation 0 necess>y to place ! workman on some?+ approa*+ t]ms ( equality ) ! employ]1 & because tacit comb9ations ( employ]s c\ld nev]1 9 fact1 be prev5t$ by law4 ,x 01 aga91 a movem5t to lib]ty ?r\gh equality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! oppressive capacities ( a trade union c\ld nev] be left out ( acc\nt1 :ile comb9ations ( capital1 :i* might be inf9itely m p[]ful1 h ju/ly be5 reg>d$ ) di/ru/4 ,9 ?is !re is no inconsi/5cy ( pr9ciple1 b a j appreciation ( a real diff]5ce ( circum/ance4 ,^u ! :ole x may be said t ! function ( ,lib]alism is n s mu* to ma9ta9 a g5]al "r ( free association z to def9e ! "r 9 ea* case 9 su* t]ms z make = ! maximum ( real lib]ty & equality4 #f4 ,dome/ic ,lib]ty4 ,( all associations )9 ! ,/ate1 ! m9iature community ( ! ,family is ! mo/ univ]sal & ( ! /ronge/ indep5d5t vitality4 ,! au?orit>ian /ate 0 reflect$ 9 ! au?orit>ian family1 9 :i* ! husb& 0 )9 wide limits absolute "l ( ! p]son & prop]ty ( wife & *ildr54 ,! movem5t ( lib]ation consi/s 7#a7 9 r5d]+ ! wife a fully responsible individual1 capable ( hold+ prop]ty1 su+ & be+ su$1 conduct+ bus9ess on h] own acc\nt1 & enjoy+ full p]sonal protection aga9/ h] husb&2 7#b7 9 e/abli%+ m>riage z f> z ! law is conc]n$ on a purely contractual basis1 & leav+ ! sacram5tal aspect ( m>riage to ! ord9ances ( ! religion pr(ess$ by ! p>ties2 7#c7 9 secur+ ! physical1 m5tal1 & moral c>e ( ! *ildr51 p>tly by impos+ def9ite responsibilities on ! p>5ts & puni%+ !m = neglect1 p>tly by elaborat+ a public sy/em ( education & ( hygi5e4 ,! fir/ two movem5ts are suffici5tly typical cases ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( lib]ty & equality4 ,! ?ird is m (t5 conceiv$ z a ,sociali/ic ?an a ,lib]al t5d5cy1 &1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! ,/ate control ( education gives rise to "s se>*+ que/ions ( pr9ciple1 :i* h n yet be5 fully solv$4 ,if1 9 g5]al1 education is a duty :i* ! ,/ate has a "r to en=ce1 !re is a c\nt]vail+ "r ( *oice z to ! l9es ( education :i* x w\ld be ill to ignore1 & ! mode ( adju/m5t has n yet be5 adequately det]m9$ ei!r 9 !ory or 9 practice4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 /rongly ma9ta9 t ! g5]al conception ( ! ,/ate z ,ov]-p>5t is q z truly ,lib]al z ,sociali/ic4 ,x is ! basis ( ! rights ( ! *ild1 ( 8 protection aga9/ p>5tal neglect1 ( ! equality ( opportunity :i* he may claim z a future citiz51 ( 8 tra9+ to fill 8 place z a gr[n-up p]son 9 ! social sy/em4 ,lib]ty once m involves control & re/ra9t4 #g4 ,local1 ,racial1 & ,national ,lib]ty4 ,f ! smalle/ social unit we pass to ! l>ge/4 ,a great "p ( ! lib]at+ movem5t is occupi$ ) ! /ruggle ( entire nations aga9/ ali5 rule1 ) ! revolt ( ,europe aga9/ ,napoleon1 ) ! /ruggle ( ,italy = fre$om1 ) ! fate ( ! ,*ri/ian subjects ( ,turkey1 ) ! emancipation ( ! negro1 ) ! national movem5t 9 ,irel& & 9 ,india4 ,_m ( ^! /ruggles pres5t ! problem ( lib]ty 9 its simple/ =m4 ,x has be5 & is too (t5 a "q ( secur+ ! mo/ elem5t>y rights = ! weak] p>ty2 & ^? :o are n t\*$ by ! appeal are defici5t r 9 imag9ation ?an 9 logic or e?ics4 ,b at ! back ( national movem5ts v difficult que/ions d arise4 ,:at is a nation z di/9ct f a /ate8 ,:at sort ( unity does x con/itute1 & :at are its rights8 ,if ,irel& is a nation1 is ,ul/] "o8 & if ,ul/] is a ,briti% & ,prote/ant nation1 :at ( ! ,ca?olic half ( ,ul/]8 ,hi/ory has 9 "s cases giv5 u a practical answ]4 ,?us1 x has %[n t1 enjoy+ ! gift ( responsible gov]nm5t1 ,fr5* & ,briti%1 despite all hi/orical qu>rels & all diff]5ces ( religi\s belief1 language1 & social /ructure1 h fus$ into ! nation ( ,canada4 ,hi/ory has ju/ifi$ ! conviction t ,g]many 0 a nation1 & ?r[n ridicule on ! contemptu\s say+ ( ,mett]ni* t ,italy 0 a geographical expression4 ,b h[ to anticipate hi/ory1 :at rights to conc$e to a p t claims to be a self-det]m9+ unit1 is less easy to decide4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ,lib]alism is to fav\r autonomy1 b1 fac$ z x is ) ! problems ( subdivision & ! complexity ( gr\p ) gr\p1 x has to rely on ! concrete tea*+ ( hi/ory & ! practical insight ( /atesman%ip to det]m9e h[ ! l9es ( autonomy are to be drawn4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o empirical te/ :i* seems g5]ally applicable4 ,:]e a weak] nation incorporat$ ) a l>g] or /rong] "o c be gov]n$ by ord9>y law applicable to bo? p>ties to ! union1 & fulfill+ all ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( lib]ty1 ! arrangem5t may be ! be/ = bo? p>ties4 ,b :]e ?is sy/em fails1 :]e ! gov]nm5t is con/antly =c$ to resort to exceptional legislation or p]haps to de-lib]alize its own in/itutions1 ! case becomes urg5t4 ,"u su* conditions ! mo/ lib]ally-m9d$ democracy is ma9ta9+ a sy/em :i* mu/ und]m9e its own pr9ciples4 ,! ,assyrian conqu]or1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] rem>ks1 :o is depict$ 9 ! bas-reliefs lead+ 8 captive by a cord1 is b\nd ) t cord himself4 ,he =feits 8 lib]ty z long z he reta9s 8 p[]4 ,some:at simil> que/ions arise ab\t race1 :i* _m p wrongly confuse ) nationality4 ,s f> z elem5t>y rights are conc]n$ !re c be no "q z to ! attitude ( ,lib]alism4 ,:5 ! political p[] :i* %\ld gu>antee su* rights is br\ght into view1 que/ions ( fact arise4 ,is ! ,negro or ! ,kaffir m5tally & morally capable ( self-gov]nm5t or ( tak+ "p 9 a self-gov]n+ ,/ate8 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,cape ,colony t5ds to ! affirmative view4 ,am]ican exp]i5ce ( ! negro gives1 ,i take x1 a m d\btful answ]4 ,a speci\s ext5sion ( ! :ite man's rights to ! black may be ! be/ way ( ru9+ ! black4 ,to de/roy tribal cu/om by introduc+ conceptions ( individual prop]ty1 ! free disposal ( l&1 & ! free pur*ase ( g9 may be ! h&ie/ me?od = ! expropriator4 ,9 all relations ) weak] peoples we move 9 an atmosph]e vitiat$ by ! ins9c]e use ( high-s\nd+ words4 ,if m5 say equality1 !y mean oppression by =ms ( ju/ice4 ,if !y say tutelage1 !y appe> to mean ! k9d ( tutelage ext5d$ to ! fatt5$ goose4 ,9 su* an atmosph]e1 p]haps1 our safe/ c\rse1 s f> z pr9ciples & d$uctions avail at all1 is to fix our eyes on ! elem5ts ( ! matt]1 & 9 any "p ( ! _w to support :atev] me?od succe$s 9 secur+ ! col\r$ man f p]sonal viol5ce1 f ! la%1 f expropriation1 & f g92 above all1 s f> z x may yet be1 f ! :ite man himself4 ,until ! :ite man has fully le>nt to rule 8 own life1 ! be/ ( all ?+s t he c d ) ! d>k man is to d no?+ ) him4 ,9 ?is relation1 ! day ( a m con/ructive ,lib]alism is yet to come4 #h4 ,int]national ,lib]ty4 ,if non-int]f]5ce is ! be/ ?+ = ! b>b>ian _m ,lib]als h ?\ght x to be ! supreme wisdom 9 int]national affairs g5]ally4 ,i %all exam9e ?is view lat]4 ,"h ,i m]ely rem>k3 7#a7 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( ,lib]alism to oppose ! use ( =ce1 ! basis ( all tyranny4 7#b7 ,x is "o ( its practical necessities to )/& ! tyranny ( armam5ts4 ,n only may ! milit>y =ce be directly turn$ aga9/ lib]ty1 z 9 ,russia1 b !re are m subtle ways1 z 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 9 :i* ! milit>y _s eats into free in/itutions & absorbs ! public res\rces :i* might g to ! advancem5t ( civilization4 7#c7 ,9 proportion z ! _w becomes free1 ! use ( =ce becomes mean+less4 ,!re is no purpose 9 aggression if x is n to issue 9 "o =m or ano!r ( national subjection4 #i4 ,political ,lib]ty & ,popul> ,sov]eignty4 ,und]ly+ all ^! que/ions ( "r is ! "q h[ !y are to be secur$ & ma9ta9$4 ,by en=c+ ! responsibility ( ! executive & legislature to ! community z a :ole8 ,su* is ! g5]al answ]1 & x indicates "o ( ! l9es ( connection betwe5 ! g5]al !ory ( lib]ty & ! doctr9e ( univ]sal suffrage & ! sov]eignty ( ! p4 ,! answ]1 h[ev]1 does n meet all ! possibilities ( ! case4 ,! p z a :ole might be c>eless ( _! rights & incapable ( manag+ !m4 ,!y might be set on ! conque/ ( o!rs1 ! expropriation ( ! ri*1 or on any =m ( collective tyranny or folly4 ,x is p]fectly possible t f ! po9t ( view ( g5]al lib]ty & social progress a limit$ fran*ise might give bett] results ?an "o t is m ext5d$4 ,ev5 9 ?is c\ntry x is a t5able view t ! ext5sion ( ! suffrage 9 #ahhd t5d$ = "s ye>s to arre/ ! developm5t ( lib]ty 9 v>i\s directions4 ,on :at !ory does ! pr9ciple ( popul> sov]eignty re/1 & )9 :at limits does x hold good8 ,is x a "p ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( lib]ty & equality1 or are o!r ideas involv$8 ,^! are among ! que/ions :i* we %all h to exam9e4 ,we h n[ pass$ ! ma9 phases ( ! ,lib]al movem5t 9 v summ>y review1 & we h not$1 fir/1 t x is co-ext5sive ) life4 ,x is conc]n$ ) ! individual1 ! family1 ! ,/ate4 ,x t\*es indu/ry1 law1 religion1 e?ics4 ,x w\ld n be difficult1 if space all[$1 to illu/rate its influ5ce 9 lit]ature & art1 to describe ! w> ) conv5tion1 ins9c]ity1 & patronage1 & ! /ruggle = free self-expression1 = reality1 = ! arti/'s s\l4 ,lib]alism is an all-p5etrat+ elem5t ( ! life-/ructure ( ! mod]n _w4 ,secondly1 x is an effective hi/orical =ce4 ,if its "w is n[h]e complete1 x is almo/ ev]y:]e 9 progress4 ,! mod]n ,/ate z we see x 9 ,europe outside ,russia1 9 ! ,briti% colonies1 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 z we beg9 to see x 9 ! ,russian empire & ?r\gh\t ! va/ cont95t ( ,asia1 is ! old au?orit>ian society modifi$ 9 great] or less degree by ! absorption ( ,lib]al pr9ciples4 ,turn+1 ?irdly1 to ^? pr9ciples !mselves1 we h recogniz$ ,lib]alism 9 e dep>tm5t z a movem5t fairly d5ot$ by ! "n--a movem5t ( lib]ation1 a cle>ance ( ob/ructions1 an op5+ ( *annels = ! fl[ ( free spontane\s vital activity4 ,f\r?ly1 we h se5 t 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases :at is "u "o aspect a movem5t = lib]ty is on ano!r side a movem5t t[>ds equality1 & ! habitual association ( ^! pr9ciples is s f> confirm$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 la/ly1 we h se5 num]\s cases 9 :i* ! exact] def9ition ( lib]ty & ! precise mean+ ( equality rema9 obscure1 & to discuss ^! w be our task4 ,we h1 moreov]1 admitt$ly reg>d$ ,lib]alism ma9ly 9 its e>li] & m negative aspect4 ,we h se5 x z a =ce work+ )9 an old society & modify+ x by ! loos5+ ( ! bonds :i* its /ructure impos$ on human activity4 ,we h yet to ask :at con/ructive social s*eme1 if any1 c\ld be =m$ on ,lib]al pr9ciples2 & x is "h1 if at all1 t ! full] mean+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ,lib]ty & ,equality %\ld appe>1 & ! me?ods ( apply+ !m be made out4 ,! problem ( popul> sov]eignty po9t$ to ! same ne$4 ,?us ! l9es ( ! rema9d] ( our task are cle>ly laid d[n4 ,we h to get at ! fundam5tals ( ,lib]alism1 & to consid] :at k9d ( /ructure c be rais$ ^u ! basis :i* !y (f]4 ,we w approa* ! "q by trac+ ! hi/oric movem5t ( ,lib]al ?\ght ?r\gh c]ta9 well-m>k$ phases4 ,we %all see h[ ! problems :i* h be5 indicat$ 7 attack$ by successive ?9k]s1 & h[ p>tial solutions gave occasion = deep] prob+s4 ,foll[+ ! guidance ( ! actual movem5t ( ideas1 we %all rea* ! c5tre & he>t ( ,lib]alism1 & we %all try to =m a conception ( ! ess5tials ( ! ,lib]al cre$ z a con/ructive !ory ( society4 ,?is conception we %all !n apply to ! great] que/ions1 political & economic1 ( our own day2 & ?is w enable u f9ally to e/imate ! pres5t position ( ,lib]alism z a liv+ =ce 9 ! mod]n _w & ! prospect ( trans=m+ its ideals into actualities4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,9 ,engl& b5efit ( cl]gy 0 /ill a good plea = remission ( s5t5ce = a numb] ( crimes 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,at t "t all :o c\ld read c\ld claim b5efit1 :i* 0 !re=e ( ! nature ( a privilege = ! educat$ class4 ,! requirem5t ( read+1 :i* _h become a =m1 0 aboli%$ 9 #agje1 b pe]s & cl]ks 9 holy ord]s c\ld /ill plead _! cl]gy 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ! la/ relics ( ! privilege 7 n f9ally aboli%$ till ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #c ,see an int]e/+ *apt] 9 ,faguet's ,lib]alisme1 :i* po9ts out t ! common say+ t ?\ght is free is negat$ by any inquisition :i* compels a man to disclose op9ions1 & p5alizes him if !y are n su* z to suit ! inquisitor4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,!ory ,great *anges are n caus$ by ideas alone2 b !y are n effect$ )\t ideas4 ,! passions ( m5 mu/ be ar\s$ if ! fro/ ( cu/om is to be brok5 or ! *a9s ( au?ority bur/2 b passion ( itself is bl9d & its _w is *aotic4 ,to be effective m5 mu/ act toge!r1 & to act toge!r !y mu/ h a common und]/&+ & a common object4 ,:5 x comes to be a "q ( any f>-rea*+ *ange1 !y mu/ n m]ely conceive _! own imm$iate end ) cle>ness4 ,!y mu/ conv]t o!rs1 !y mu/ communicate sympa?y & w9 ov] ! unconv9c$4 ,^u ! :ole1 !y mu/ %[ t _! object is possible1 t x is compatible ) exi/+ in/itutions1 or at any rate ) "s workable =m ( social life4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 driv5 on by ! requirem5ts ( _! position to ! elaboration ( ideas1 & 9 ! end to "s sort ( social philosophy2 & ! philosophies t h driv+ =ce beh9d !m are ^? :i* arise aft] ?is fa%ion out ( ! practical dem&s ( human feel+4 ,! philosophies t rema9 ineffectual & academic are ^? t are =m$ by ab/ract reflection )\t relation to ! ?ir/y s\ls ( human k9d4 ,9 ,engl&1 x is true1 :]e m5 are apt to be %y & unh&y 9 ! region ( !ory1 ! ,lib]al movem5t has (t5 s\ght to disp5se ) g5]al pr9ciples4 ,9 its e>ly days & 9 its m mod]ate =ms1 x s\ght its ends "u ! guise ( con/itutionalism4 ,z aga9/ ! claims ( ! ,/u>t mon>*y1 !re 0 a hi/oric case z well z a philosophic argum5t1 & ! e>li] lead]s ( ! ,p>liam5t reli$ m on prec$5t ?an on pr9ciple4 ,?is me?od 0 embodi$ 9 ! ,:ig tradition1 & runs on to our own "t1 z "o ( ! elem5ts t g to make up ! work+ con/itution ( ! ,lib]al m9d4 ,x is1 s to say1 ! ,cons]vative elem5t 9 ,lib]alism1 valuable 9 resi/ance to encroa*m5ts1 valuable 9 secur+ cont9uity ( developm5t1 = purposes ( re-con/ruction insuffici5t4 ,to ma9ta9 ! old ord] "u *ang$ circum/ances may be1 9 fact1 to initiate a revolution4 ,x 0 s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,pym & 8 foll[]s c\ld f9d ju/ification = _! cont5tions 9 our con/itutional hi/ory1 b to d s !y _h to g beh9d bo? ! ,/u>ts & ! ,tudors2 & to apply ! pr9ciples ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 9 #afdj 01 9 effect1 to in/itute a revolution4 ,9 our own "t1 to ma9ta9 ! "r ( ! ,commons aga9/ ! ,lords is1 on ! face ( x1 to adh]e to old con/itutional "r1 b to d s "u ! new circum/ances :i* h made ! ,commons repres5tative ( ! nation z a :ole is1 9 reality1 to e/abli% democracy = ! fir/ "t on a firm foot+1 & ?is1 aga91 is to accompli% a revolution4 ,n[1 ^? :o effect a revolution ought to "k :i!r !y are lead+ ! _w4 ,!y h ne$ ( a social !ory--& 9 po9t ( fact ! m ?or\gh-go+ apo/les ( movem5t always h su* a !ory2 & ?\gh1 z we h rem>k$1 ! !ory em]ges f ! practical ne$s :i* !y feel1 & is !re=e apt to inve/ ideas ( m]ely tempor>y value ) ! "* ( et]nal tru?s1 x is n on ?is acc\nt to be dismiss$ z ( second>y importance4 ,once =m$1 x reacts ^u ! m9ds ( its adh]5ts1 & gives direction & unity to _! ef=ts4 ,x becomes1 9 its turn1 a real hi/oric =ce1 & ! degree ( its coh]5ce & adequacy is matt]1 n m]ely ( academic int]e/1 b ( practical mom5t4 ,moreov]1 ! onw>d c\rse ( a movem5t is m cle>ly und]/ood by appreciat+ ! successive po9ts ( view :i* its ?9k]s & /atesm5 h occupi$ ?an by foll[+ ! devi\s turn+s ( political ev5ts & ! tangle ( p>ty controv]sy4 ,! po9t ( view naturally affects ! :ole me?od ( h&l+ problems1 :e!r speculative or practical1 & to ! hi/orian x s]ves z a c5tre ar\nd :i* ideas & policies t p]haps diff]1 & ev5 conflict ) "o ano!r1 may be s gr\p$ z to %[ _! und]ly+ aff9ities4 ,let u !n seek to det]m9e ! pr9cipal po9ts ( view :i* ! ,lib]al movem5t has occupi$1 & di/+ui% ! ma9 types ( !ory 9 :i* ! passion = fre$om has s\ght to express itself4 ,! fir/ ( ^! types ,i w call ! !ory ( ! ,natural ,ord]4 ,! e>li] ,lib]alism _h to deal ) au?orit>ian gov]nm5t 9 *ur* & /ate4 ,x _h to v9dicate ! elem5ts ( p]sonal1 civil1 & economic fre$om2 & 9 s do+ x took its /& on ! rights ( man1 &1 9 proportion z x 0 =c$ to be con/ructive1 on ! suppos$ h>mony ( ! natural ord]4 ,gov]nm5t claim$ sup]natural sanction & div9e ord9ance4 ,lib]al !ory repli$ 9 effect t ! rights ( man re/$ on ! law ( ,nature1 & ^? ( gov]nm5t on human in/itution4 ,! olde/ in/itution 9 ?is view 0 ! individual1 & ! primordial society ! natural gr\p+ ( human be+s "u ! influ5ce ( family affection1 & = ! sake ( mutual aid4 ,political society 0 a m artificial arrangem5t1 a conv5tion arriv$ at = ! specific purpose ( secur+ a bett] ord] & ma9ta9+ ! common safety4 ,x 01 p]haps1 z ,locke held1 f\nd$ on a contract betwe5 k+ & p1 a contract :i* 0 br\ght to an end if ei!r p>ty violat$ its t]ms4 ,or1 z 9 ,r\sseau's view1 x 0 ess5tially a contract ( ! p ) "o ano!r1 an arrangem5t by means ( :i*1 out ( _m conflict+ individual wills1 a common or g5]al w c\ld be =m$4 ,a gov]nm5t might be in/itut$ z ! organ ( ?is w1 b x w\ld1 f ! nature ( ! case1 be subord9ate to ! p f :om x d]iv$ au?ority4 ,! p 7 sov]eign4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 _! delegate4 ,:atev] ! diff]5ces ( outlook t divide ^! !ories1 ^? :o f ,locke to ,r\sseau & ,pa9e work$ ) ?is ord] ( ideas agre$ 9 conceiv+ political society z a re/ra9t to :i* m5 volunt>ily submitt$ !mselves = specific purposes4 ,political in/itutions 7 ! s\rce ( subjection & inequality4 ,be=e & beh9d !m /ood ! assemblage ( free & equal individuals4 ,b ! isolat$ individual 0 p[]less4 ,he _h rights :i* 7 limit$ only by ! correspond+ rights ( o!rs1 b he c\ld n1 unless *ance gave him ! upp] h&1 en=ce !m4 ,accord+ly1 he f\nd x be/ to ent] into an arrangem5t ) o!rs = ! mutual respect ( rights2 & = ?is purpose he in/itut$ a gov]nm5t to ma9ta9 8 rights )9 ! community & to gu>d ! community f assault f )\t4 ,x foll[$ t ! function ( gov]nm5t 0 limit$ & def9able4 ,x 0 to ma9ta9 ! natural rights ( man z accurately z ! conditions ( society all[$1 & to d naught beside4 ,any fur!r action employ+ ! compulsory p[] ( ! ,/ate 0 ( ! nature ( an infr+em5t ( ! und]/&+ on :i* gov]nm5t re/$4 ,9 ent]+ into ! compact1 ! individual gave up s mu* ( 8 rights z 0 necessitat$ by ! condition ( submitt+ to a common rule--s mu*1 & no m4 ,he gave up 8 natural rights & receiv$ 9 return civil rights1 some?+ less complete1 p]haps1 b m effective z re/+ on ! gu>antee ( ! collective p[]4 ,if y w\ld discov]1 !n1 :at ! civil rights ( man 9 society %\ld be1 y mu/ inquire :at are ! natural rights ( man1#d & h[ f> !y are unavoidably modifi$ 9 accommodat+ ! conflict+ claims ( m5 ) "o ano!r4 ,any int]f]5ce t goes beyond ?is necess>y accommodation is oppression4 ,civil rights %\ld agree z ne>ly z possible ) natural rights1 or1 z ,pa9e says1 a civil "r is a natural "r ex*ang$4 ,?is conception ( ! relations ( ! ,/ate & ! individual long outliv$ ! !ory on :i* x re/$4 ,x und]lies ! entire tea*+ ( ! ,man*e/] s*ool4 ,its _s 0 absorb$1 z we %all see1 by _m ( ! ,utilit>ians4 ,x op]at$1 ?\gh 9 dim9i%+ =ce1 ?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & x is /rongly held by contempor>y ,lib]als l ,m4 ,faguet1 :o frankly abrogate its speculative f\ndations & re/ _! case on social utility4 ,its /r5g? is1 9 effect1 n 9 its logical pr9ciples1 b 9 ! compactness & consi/5cy :i* x gives to a view ( ! functions ( ! ,/ate :i* responds to c]ta9 ne$s ( mod]n society4 ,z long z ^? ne$s 7 upp]mo/1 ! !ory 0 ( liv+ value4 ,9 proportion z !y h be5 satisfi$ & o!r ne$s h em]g$1 ! requirem5t has aris5 = a full] & s\nd] pr9ciple4 ,b !re 0 ano!r side to ! !ory ( nature :i* we mu/ n ignore4 ,if 9 ?is !ory gov]nm5t is ! m>plot & au?ority ! s\rce ( oppression & /agnation1 :]e are ! spr+s ( progress & civilization8 ,cle>ly1 9 ! action ( individuals4 ,! m ! individual receives free scope = ! play ( 8 faculties1 ! m rapidly w society z a :ole advance4 ,!re are "h ! elem5ts ( an important tru?1 b :at is ! implication8 ,if ! individual is free1 any two individuals1 ea* pursu+ 8 own ends1 may f9d !mselves 9 conflict4 ,x 01 9 fact1 ! possibility ( su* conflict :i* 0 recogniz$ by our !ory z ! orig9 & f\ndation ( society4 ,m5 _h to agree to "s measure ( mutual re/ra9t 9 ord] t _! lib]ty might be effective4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! economic sph]e1 !re arose a view t ! conflict ( wills is bas$ on misund]/&+ & ignorance1 & t its mis*iefs are acc5tuat$ by gov]nm5tal repression4 ,at bottom !re is a natural h>mony ( int]e/s4 ,ma9ta9 ext]nal ord]1 suppress viol5ce1 assure m5 9 ! possession ( _! prop]ty1 & en=ce ! fulfilm5t ( contracts1 & ! re/ w g ( itself4 ,ea* man w be guid$ by self-int]e/1 b int]e/ w lead him along ! l9es ( greate/ productivity4 ,if all artificial b>ri]s are remov$1 he w f9d ! occupation :i* be/ suits 8 capacities1 & ?is w be ! occupation 9 :i* he w be mo/ productive1 & !re=e1 socially1 mo/ valuable4 ,he w h to sell 8 goods to a will+ pur*as]1 !re=e he mu/ devote himself to ! production ( ?+s :i* o!rs ne$1 ?+s1 !re=e1 ( social value4 ,he w1 by pref]5ce1 make t = :i* he c obta9 ! highe/ price1 & ?is w be t = :i*1 at ! p>ticul> "t & place & 9 relation to 8 p>ticul> capacities1 !re is ! greate/ ne$4 ,he w1 aga91 f9d ! employ] :o w pay him be/1 & t w be ! employ] to :om he c d ! be/ s]vice4 ,self-int]e/1 if enlight5$ & unfett]$1 w1 9 %ort1 lead him to conduct co9cid5t ) public int]e/4 ,!re is1 9 ?is s5se1 a natural h>mony betwe5 ! individual & society4 ,true1 ?is h>mony might require a c]ta9 am\nt ( education & enlight5m5t to make x effective4 ,:at x did n require 0 gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce1 :i* w\ld always hamp] ! causes mak+ = its smoo? & effectual op]ation4 ,gov]nm5t mu/ keep ! r+1 & leave x = individuals to play out ! game4 ,! !ory ( ! natural rights ( ! individual is ?us supplem5t$ by a !ory ( ! mutual h>mony ( individual & social ne$s1 &1 s complet$1 =ms a conception ( human society :i* is prim facie workable1 :i*1 9 fact1 conta9s important elem5ts ( tru?1 & :i* 0 responsive to ! ne$s ( a great class1 & to _m ( ! requirem5ts ( society z a :ole1 dur+ a consid]able p]iod4 ,on bo? sides1 h[ev]1 ! !ory exhibits1 "u criticism1 fundam5tal weaknesses :i* h bo? a hi/orical & a speculative significance4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! conception ( natural rights4 ,:at 7 ^! rights1 & on :at did !y re/8 ,on ! fir/ po9t m5 s\ght to be explicit4 ,by way ( illu/ration we _c d bett] ?an quote ! lead+ clauses ( ! ,decl>ation ( #aghi4e ,article ,i4--,m5 are born & rema9 free & equal 9 rights4 ,social di/9ctions c only be f\nd$ on common utility4 ,article ,,ii4--,! end ( e political association is ! cons]vation ( ! natural & imprescriptible rights ( man4#f ,^! rights are lib]ty1 prop]ty1 security 7la sret71 & resi/ance to oppression4 ,article ,,iii4--,! pr9ciple ( all sov]eignty resides ess5tially 9 ! nation4444 ,article ,,iv4--,lib]ty consi/s 9 ! p[] to d any?+ t does n injure o!rs2 ?us1 ! ex]cise ( ! natural rights ( e man has only su* limits z assure to o!r memb]s ( society ! enjoym5t ( ! same rights4 ,^! limits c only be det]m9$ by law4 ,article ,,vi4--,! law is ! expression ( ! g5]al w4 ,all citiz5s h a "r to take "p 7conc\rir71 p]sonally or by _! repres5tatives1 9 its =mation4 ,! rema9d] ( ?is article insi/s on ! imp>tiality ( law & ! equal admission ( all citiz5s to (fice4 ,! ,decl>ation ( #agic is m emphatic ab\t equality1 & m rhetorical4 ,article ,,iii reads1 ,all m5 are equal by nature & be=e ! law4 ,x is easy to subject ^! articles to a niggl+ =m ( criticism 9 :i* _! _s is altoge!r miss$4 ,i w\ld ask att5tion only to "o or two po9ts ( pr9ciple4 7a7 ,:at are ! rights actually claim$8 ,security & resi/ance to oppression are n 9 pr9ciple di/9ct1 &1 moreov]1 may be tak5 z cov]$ by ! def9ition ( lib]ty4 ,! mean+ at bottom is ,security = lib]ty 9 respect ( 8 p]son & prop]ty is ! "r ( e man4 ,s express$1 x w be se5 t ?is "r po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( an ord]$ society1 & lays d[n t x is ! duty ( su* a society to secure ! lib]ty ( its memb]s4 ,! "r ( ! individual1 !n1 is n some?+ indep5d5t ( society1 b "o ( ! pr9ciples :i* a good social ord] mu/ recognize4 7b7 ,obs]ve t equality is limit$ by ! common utility1 & t ! sph]e ( lib]ty is ultimately to be def9$ by law4 ,9 bo? cases we are ref]r$ back f ! individual ei!r to ! ne$s or to ! decision ( society z a :ole4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 two def9itions ( lib]ty4 7#a7 ,x is ! p[] to d :at does n injure o!rs4 7#b7 ,x is a "r limit$ by ! consid]ation t o!rs mu/ enjoy ! same rights4 ,x is important to be> 9 m9d t ^! two def9itions are highly discrepant4 ,if my "r to knock a man d[n is only limit$ by 8 equal "r to knock me d[n1 ! law has no bus9ess to int]f]e :5 we take to our fi/s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i h no "r to injure ano!r1 ! law %\ld int]f]e4 ,v little reflection suffices to %[ t ?is is ! s\nd] pr9ciple1 & t respect = ! equal lib]ty ( ano!r is n an adequate def9ition ( lib]ty4 ,my "r to keep my neighb\r awake by play+ ! piano all night is n satisfactorily c\nt]balanc$ by 8 "r to keep a dog :i* h[ls all ! "t ! piano is be+ play$4 ,! "r ( a sweat] to pay />vation wages is n satisfactorily limit$ by ! correspond+ "r :i* 8 employee w\ld enjoy if he 7 9 a position to impose ! same t]ms on "s "o else4 ,g5]ally1 ! "r to injure or take advantage ( ano!r is n suffici5tly limit$ by ! "r ( t o!r if he %\ld h ! p[] to retaliate 9 k9d4 ,!re is no "r to injure ano!r2 & if we ask :at is injury we are aga9 ?r[n back on "s g5]al pr9ciple :i* w ov]ride ! individual claim to d :at "o w4 7c7 ,! doctr9e ( popul> sov]eignty re/s on two pr9ciples4 7#a7 ,x is said to reside 9 ! nation4 ,law is ! expression ( ! g5]al w4 ,"h ! nation is conceiv$ z a collective :ole1 z a unit4 7#b7 ,e citiz5 has ! "r to take "p 9 mak+ ! law4 ,"h ! "q is "o ( individual "r4 ,:i* is ! real gr\nd ( democratic repres5tation--! unity ( ! national life1 or ! inh]5t "r ( ! individual to be consult$ ab\t t :i* conc]ns himself8 ,fur!r1 & ?is is a v s]i\s "q1 :i* is ! ultimate au?ority--! w ( ! nation1 or ! rights ( ! individual8 ,suppose ! nation delib]ately decides on laws :i* d5y ! rights ( ! individual1 ought su* laws to be obey$ 9 ! "n ( popul> sov]eignty1 or to be disobey$ 9 ! "n ( natural rights8 ,x is a real issue1 & on ^! l9es x is un=tunately q insoluble4 ,^! difficulties 7 among ! consid]ations :i* l$ to ! =mation ( ! second type ( ,lib]al !ory1 & :at has to be said ab\t ! h>mony ( ! natural ord] may be tak5 9 conjunction ) ?is second !ory to :i* we may n[ pass1 & :i* is fam\s z ,! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple4 ,b5?am1 :o sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life 9 elaborat+ ! greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple z a basis ( social recon/ruction1 0 fully alive to ! difficulties :i* we h f\nd 9 ! !ory ( natural rights4 ,! alleg$ rights ( man 7 = him s _m an>*ical fallacies4 ,!y 7 f\nd$ on no cle>ly assignable pr9ciple1 & admitt$ ( no demon/ration4 ,i say ,i h a "r4 ,i say y h no su* "r4 ,betwe5 ! disputants :o or :at is to decide8 ,:at 0 ! suppos$ law ( nature8 ,:5 0 x writt51 & by ^: au?ority8 ,on :at gr\nd d we ma9ta9 t m5 are free or equal8 ,on :at pr9ciple & )9 :at limits d we or c we ma9ta9 ! "r ( prop]ty8 ,!re 7 po9ts on :i*1 by univ]sal admission1 all ^! rights h to give way4 ,:at is ! "r ( prop]ty wor? 9 times ( w> or ( any ov]:elm+ g5]al ne$8 ,! ,decl>ation itself recogniz$ ! ne$ ( appeal to common utility or to ! law to def9e ! limits ( individual "r4 ,b5?am w\ld frankly make all rights dep5d5t on common utility1 & !re) he w\ld make x possible to exam9e all conflict+ claims 9 ! light ( a g5]al pr9ciple4 ,he w\ld measure !m all by a common /&>d4 ,has a man ! "r to express 8 op9ion freely8 ,to det]m9e ! "q on ,b5?am's l9es we mu/ ask :e!r x is1 on ! :ole1 useful to society t ! free expression ( op9ion %\ld be all[$1 & ?is1 he w\ld say1 is a "q :i* may be decid$ by g5]al reason+ & by exp]i5ce ( results4 ,( c\rse1 we mu/ take ! r\gh ) ! smoo?4 ,if ! free expression ( op9ion is all[$1 false op9ion w f9d utt]ance & w mislead _m4 ,! "q w\ld be1 does ! loss involv$ 9 ! promulgation ( error c\nt]balance ! ga9 to be d]iv$ f unfett]$ discussion8 & ,b5?am w\ld hold himself free to judge by results4 ,%\ld ! ,/ate ma9ta9 ! rights ( private prop]ty8 ,yes1 if ! admission ( ^? rights is useful to ! community z a :ole4 ,no1 if x is n useful4 ,"s rights ( prop]ty1 aga91 may be advantage\s1 o!rs disadvantage\s4 ,! community is free to make a selection4 ,if x f9ds t c]ta9 =ms ( prop]ty are work+ to ! exclusive b5efit ( individuals & ! prejudice ( ! common weal1 x has good gr\nd = ! suppression ( ^? =ms ( prop]ty1 :ile x may1 ) equal ju/ice1 ma9ta9 o!r =ms ( prop]ty :i* x holds s\nd z judg$ by ! effect on ! common welf>e4 ,x is limit$ by no imprescriptible "r ( ! individual4 ,x may d ) ! individual :at x pleases provid$ t x has ! good ( ! :ole 9 view4 ,s f> z ! "q ( "r is conc]n$ ! ,b5?amite pr9ciple might be reg>d$ z decid$ly sociali/ic or ev5 au?orit>ian4 ,x contemplates1 at lea/ z a possibility1 ! complete subord9ation ( individual to social claims4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r side to ! ,b5?amite pr9ciple1 to und]/& :i* we mu/ /ate ! heads ( ! !ory itself z a positive doctr9e4 ,:at is ?is social utility ( :i* we h spok58 ,9 :at does x consi/8 ,:at is useful to society1 & :at h>mful8 ,! answ] has ! m]it ( great cle>ness & simplicity4 ,an action is good :i* t5ds to promote ! greate/ possible happ9ess ( ! greate/ possible numb] ( ^? affect$ by x4 ,z ) an action1 s1 ( c\rse1 ) an in/itution or a social sy/em4 ,t is useful :i* con=ms to ?is pr9ciple4 ,t is h>mful :i* conflicts ) x4 ,t is "r :i* con=ms to x1 t is wrong :i* conflicts ) x4 ,! greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple is ! "o & supreme pr9ciple ( conduct4 ,obs]ve t x imposes on u two consid]ations4 ,"o is ! greate/ happ9ess4 ,n[ happ9ess is def9$ z consi/+ positively 9 ! pres5ce ( pleasure1 negatively 9 ! abs5ce ( pa94 ,a great] pleasure is !n pref]able to a less]1 a pleasure unaccompani$ by pa9 to "o involv+ pa94 ,conceiv+ pa9 z a m9us quantity ( pleasure1 we may say t ! pr9ciple requires u always to take quantity & pleasure into acc\nt1 & no?+ else4 ,b1 secondly1 ! numb] ( individuals affect$ is mat]ial4 ,an act might cause pleasure to "o & pa9 to two4 ,!n x is wrong1 unless1 inde$1 ! pleasure 7 v great & ! pa9 9 ea* case small4 ,we mu/ balance ! consequ5ces1 tak+ all individuals affect$ into acc\nt1 & ev]ybody mu/ c\nt = "o & nobody = m ?an "o4 ,?is comm5t is an integral "p ( ! orig9al =mula4 ,z betwe5 ! happ9ess ( 8 fa!r1 8 *ild1 or himself1 & ! happ9ess ( a /rang]1 a man mu/ be imp>tial4 ,he mu/ only consid] ! quantity ( pleasure secur$ or pa9 inflict$4 ,n[1 9 ?is conception ( measurable quantities ( pleasure & pa9 !re is1 z _m critics h insi/$1 some?+ unreal & academic4 ,we %all h to return to ! po9t1 b let u fir/ endeav\r to und]/& ! be>+ ( ,b5?am's tea*+ on ! problems ( 8 own "t & on ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ,lib]al ?\ght4 ,= ?is purpose we w keep to :at is real 9 8 doctr9e1 ev5 if x is n always def9$ ) academic precision4 ,! sali5t po9ts t we note1 !n1 are 7#a7 ! subord9ation ( all consid]ations ( "r to ! consid]ations ( happ9ess1 7#b7 ! importance ( numb]1 & 7#c7 z ! o!r side ( ! same doctr9e1 ! insi/5ce on equality or imp>tiality betwe5 man & man4 ,! common utility :i* ,b5?am consid]s is ! happ9ess exp]i5c$ by a numb] ( individuals1 all ( :om are reckon$ = ?is purpose z ( equal value4 ,?is is ! radical individualism ( ! ,b5?amite cre$1 to be set aga9/ t sociali/ic t5d5cy :i* /ruck u 9 our prelim9>y acc\nt4 ,9 ?is individualism1 equality is fundam5tal4 ,ev]ybody is to c\nt = "o1 nobody = m ?an "o1 = e "o c feel pa9 & pleasure4 ,lib]ty1 on ! o!r h&1 is n fundam5tal1 x is a means to an end4 ,popul> sov]eignty is n fundam5tal1 = all gov]nm5t is a means to an end4 ,nev]!less1 ! s*ool ( ,b5?am1 ^u ! :ole1 /ood by bo? lib]ty & democracy4 ,let u consid] _! attitude4 ,z to popul> gov]nm5t1 ,b5?am & ,james ,mill reason$ aft] ?is fa%ion4 ,m51 if left to !mselves1 t is to say1 if nei!r tra9$ by an educational discipl9e nor *eck$ by responsibility1 d n consid] ! good ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,!y consid] _! own good4 ,a k+1 if 8 p[] is un*eck$1 w rule 9 8 own int]e/4 ,a class1 if its p[] is un*eck$1 w rule 9 its own int]e/4 ,! only way to secure fair consid]ation = ! happ9ess ( all is to all[ to all an equal %>e ( p[]4 ,true1 if !re is a conflict ! majority w prevail1 b !y w be mov$ ea* by consid]ation ( 8 own happ9ess1 & ! majority z a :ole1 !re=e1 by ! happ9ess ( ! great] numb]4 ,!re is no inh]5t "r 9 ! individual to take a "p 9 gov]nm5t4 ,!re is a claim to be consid]$ 9 ! di/ribution ( ! means ( happ9ess1 & to %>e 9 ! "w ( gov]nm5t z a means to ?is end4 ,x w\ld foll[1 among o!r ?+s1 t if "o man or "o class c\ld be %[n to be s mu* wis] & bett] ?an o!rs t 8 or _! rule w\ld1 9 fact1 conduce m to ! happ9ess ( ! great] numb] ?an a popul> sy/em1 !n ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t ought to be entru/$ to t man or t class & no "o else ought to int]f]e ) x4 ,! :ole argum5t1 h[ev]1 implies a crude view ( ! problem ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 !oretically possible t a "q %\ld pres5t itself1 deta*$ f o!r que/ions1 9 :i* a def9ite measurable int]e/ ( ea* ( ! sev5 millions or m ( vot]s is at /ake4 ,= example1 ! great majority ( ,engli% p dr9k tea4 ,comp>atively few dr9k w9e4 ,%\ld a p>ticul> sum be rais$ by a duty on tea or on w9e8 ,"h ! majority ( tea-dr9k]s h a measurable int]e/1 ! same 9 k9d & r\ghly ! same 9 degree = ea*2 & ! vote ( ! majority1 if x c\ld be tak5 on ?is "q alone & bas$ on self-int]e/ alone1 might be conceiv$ )\t absurdity z repres5t+ a sum ( individual int]e/s4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t1 ?\gh ! greate/ numb] is consid]$1 ! greate/ happ9ess does n f>e s well4 ,= to raise ! same sum ! tax on w9e w1 z less is drunk1 h to be mu* l>g] ?an ! tax on tea1 s t a little ga9 to _m tea-dr9k]s might inflict a heavy loss on ! few w9e-dr9k]s1 & on ! ,b5?amite pr9ciple x is n cle> t ?is w\ld be j4 ,9 po9t ( fact x is possible = a majority to act tyrannically1 by insi/+ on a slight conv5i5ce to itself at ! exp5se1 p]haps1 ( real suff]+ to a m9ority4 ,n[ ! ,utilit>ian pr9ciple by no means ju/ifies su* tyranny1 b x does seem to contemplate ! weigh+ ( "o man's loss aga9/ ano!r's ga91 & su* a me?od ( balanc+ does n at bottom comm5d itself to our s5se ( ju/ice4 ,we may lay d[n t if !re is a rational social ord] at all x mu/ be "o :i* nev] re/s ! ess5tial indisp5sable condition ( ! happ9ess ( "o man on ! unavoidable mis]y ( ano!r1 nor ! happ9ess ( =ty millions ( m5 on ! mis]y ( "o4 ,x may be tempor>ily exp$i5t1 b x is et]nally unju/1 t "o man %\ld die = ! p4 ,we may g fur!r4 ,! case ( ! contemplat$ tax is1 z appli$ to ! politics ( a mod]n ,/ate1 an unreal "o4 ,political que/ions _c be ?us isolat$4 ,ev5 if we c\ld vote by ref]5dum on a special tax1 ! "q :i* vot]s w\ld h to consid] w\ld nev] be ! rev5ue f & ! incid5ce ( t tax alone4 ,all ! indirect social & economic be>+s ( ! tax w\ld come up = consid]ation1 & 9 ! illu/ration *os5 p w\ld be sway$1 & rightly sway$1 by _! op9ion1 = example1 ( ! comp>ative effects ( tea-dr9k+ & w9e-dr9k+4 ,no "o elem5t ( ! social life /&s sep>ate f ! re/1 any m ?an any "o elem5t ( ! animal body /&s sep>ate f ! re/4 ,9 ?is s5se ! life ( society is rightly held to be organic1 & all consid]$ public policy mu/ be conceiv$ 9 its be>+ on ! life ( society z a :ole4 ,b ! mom5t t we apply ?is view to politics1 ! ,b5?amite mode ( /at+ ! case = democracy is se5 to be insuffici5t4 ,! int]e/s ( e man are no d\bt 9 ! end b\nd up ) ! welf>e ( ! :ole community1 b ! relation is inf9itely subtle & indirect4 ,moreov]1 x takes "t to "w itself out1 & ! evil t is done 9 ! pres5t day may only be> fruit :5 ! g5]ation t has done x has pass$ away4 ,?us1 ! direct & calculable b5efit ( ! majority may by no means co9cide ) ! ultimate good ( society z a :ole2 & to suppose t ! majority mu/1 on gr\nds ( self-int]e/1 gov]n 9 ! int]e/s ( ! community z a :ole is 9 reality to attribute to ! mass ( m5 full insight into problems :i* tax ! highe/ ef=ts ( sci5ce & ( /atesman%ip4 ,la/ly1 to suppose t m5 are gov]n$ entirely by a s5se ( _! int]e/s is a _m-sid$ fallacy4 ,m5 are nei!r s intellig5t nor s selfi%4 ,!y are sway$ by emotion & by impulse1 & bo? = good & = evil !y w l5d en?usia/ic support to c\rses ( public policy f :i*1 z individuals1 !y h no?+ to ga94 ,to und]/& ! real value ( democratic gov]nm5t1 we %all h to probe f> deep] into ! relations ( ! individual & society4 ,i turn la/ly to ! "q ( lib]ty4 ,on ,b5?amite pr9ciples !re c\ld be no "q "h ( indefeasible individual "r4 ,!re 7 ev51 z we saw1 possibilities ( a ?or\gh-go+ ,socialism or ( an au?orit>ian pat]nalism 9 ! ,b5?amite pr9ciple4 ,b two great consid]ations told 9 ! opposite direction4 ,"o arose f ! circum/ances ( ! day4 ,b5?am1 orig9ally a man ( some:at cons]vative temp]1 0 driv5 into ,radicalism comp>atively late 9 life by ! indiff]5ce or ho/ility ( ! gov]n+ classes to 8 s*emes ( re=m4 ,gov]nm5t1 z he saw x1 0 ( ! nature ( a close corporation ) a ve/$ int]e/ ho/ile to ! public weal1 & 8 "w is p5etrat$ by di/ru/ ( p[] z su*4 ,!re 0 mu* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! "t to ju/ify 8 attitude4 ,x 0 difficult at t "t to believe 9 an hone/ (ficialdom putt+ ! commonweal? above e p]sonal or corporate int]e/1 & re=m]s naturally look$ to individual initiative z ! s\rce ( progress4 ,secondly1 & ?is 0 a m philosophic argum5t1 ! individual 0 suppos$ to und]/& 8 own int]e/ be/1 & z ! common good 0 ! sum ( individual int]e/s1 x foll[$ t s f> z e man 0 free to seek 8 own good1 ! good ( ! greate/ numb] w\ld be mo/ effectually realiz$ by g5]al fre$om ( *oice4 ,t !re 7 difficulties 9 reconcil+ self-int]e/ ) ! g5]al good 0 n d5i$4 ,b m5 l ,james ,mill1 :o especially work$ at ?is side ( ! problem1 held t !y c\ld be ov]come by moral education4 ,tra9$ f *ildhood to associate ! good ( o!rs ) 8 own1 a man w\ld come1 he ?\ght1 to c>e = ! happ9ess ( o!rs z = ! happ9ess ( self4 ,=1 9 ! long run1 ! two ?+s 7 co9cid5t4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 a free economic sy/em1 z rem>k$ above1 ea* individual1 mov+ along ! l9e ( greate/ p]sonal pr(it1 w\ld be f\nd to fulfil ! function ( greate/ pr(it to society4 ,let ?is be und]/ood1 & we %\ld h true social h>mony bas$ on ! spontane\s op]ation ( p]sonal int]e/ enlight5$ by intellig5ce & *a/5$ by ! discipl9e ( unruly in/9ct4 ,?us1 ?\gh _! />t+-po9t 0 diff]5t1 ! ,b5?amites arriv$ at practical results n notably div]g5t f ^? ( ! doctr9e ( natural lib]ty2 &1 on ! :ole1 ! two influ5ces work$ toge!r 9 ! =mation ( t s*ool :o 9 ! re=m p]iod ex]cis$ s notable an influ5ce on ,engli% ,lib]alism1 & to ^: "w we mu/ n[ turn4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,cf4 ! preamble to ! ,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man by ! ,fr5* ,national ,assembly 9 #aghi4 ,! ,assembly lays d[n ! natural1 inali5able1 & sacr$ rights ( man1 9 ord]1 among o!r ?+s1 t ! acts ( ! legislative p[] & ^? ( ! executive p[]1 be+ capable ( be+ at e in/ant comp>$ ) ! end ( e political in/itution1 may be m respect$ accord+ly4 #e ,! comp>ison ( ! ,decl>ation ( ! ,assembly 9 #aghi ) t ( ! ,conv5tion 9 #agic is full ( int]e/1 bo? = ! po9ts ( agreem5t & diff]5ce1 b w\ld require a l5g?y exam9ation4 ,i note "o or two po9ts 9 pass+4 #f ,contra/ #agic1 ,art4 ,i3 ,! end ( society is ! common happ9ess4 ,gov]nm5t is in/itut$ to gu>antee to man ! enjoym5t ( 8 natural & imprescriptible rights4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ',,laissez-,,faire' ,! s*ool ( ,cobd5 is affiliat$ 9 g5]al outlook bo? to ! doctr9e ( natural lib]ty & to ! discipl9e ( ,b5?am4 ,x %>$ ) ! ,b5?amites ! ?or\ghly practical attitude de> to ! ,engli% m9d4 ,x has mu* less to say ( natural rights ?an ! ,fr5* !ori/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is saturat$ ) ! conviction t ! unfett]$ action ( ! individual is ! ma9spr+ ( all progress4#g ,its />t+-po9t is economic4 ,trade is /ill 9 fett]s4 ,! wor/ ( ! ar*aic int]nal re/rictions h1 inde$1 be5 ?r[n (f4 ,b ev5 "h ,cobd5 is active 9 ! "w ( f9ally emancipat+ ,man*e/] f manorial rights t h no place 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ma9 "w1 h[ev]1 is ! lib]ation ( =eign trade4 ,! ,corn ,laws1 z ev5 ! t>iff re=m]s ( our own day admit1 7 conceiv$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! gov]n+ classes4 ,!y frankly impos$ a tax on ! food ( ! masses = ! b5efit ( ! l&lords1 & z ! result ( ! agricultural & indu/rial revolutions :i* _h be5 9 progress s9ce #agfj1 ! masses _h be5 br\ght to ! l[e/ po9t ( economic mis]y4 ,give to e man ! "r to buy 9 ! *eape/ & sell 9 ! de>e/ m>ket1 urg$ ! ,cobd5ite1 & trade w\ld automatically exp&4 ,! bus9ess c>e] w\ld be op5 to ! tal5ts4 ,! good workman w\ld comm& ! full money's wor? ( 8 "w1 & 8 money w\ld buy him food & clo?+ at ! l[e/ rate 9 ! _w's m>ket4 ,only s w\ld he get ! full value ( 8 "w1 pay+ toll to none4 ,taxes !re mu/ be to c>ry on gov]nm5t1 b if we look$ into ! co/ ( gov]nm5t we f\nd t x dep5d$ mo/ly on armam5ts4 ,:y did we ne$ armam5ts8 ,fir/1 because ( ! national antagonisms ar\s$ & ma9ta9$ by a protective sy/em4 ,free comm]cial int]c\rse betwe5 nations w\ld eng5d] mutual k1 & knit ! sev]$ peoples by c\ntless ties ( bus9ess int]e/s4 ,free ,trade meant peace1 & once taught by ! example ( ,great ,brita9's prosp]ity1 o!r nations w\ld foll[ suit1 & ,free ,trade w\ld be univ]sal4 ,! o!r root ( national dang] 0 ! pr9ciple ( int]v5tion4 ,we took x on ourselves to set o!r nations "r4 ,h[ c\ld we judge = o!r nations8 ,=ce 0 no rem$y4 ,let e p be free to "w out its own salvation4 ,?+s 7 n s p]fect ) u t we ne$ g ab\t sett+ ! h\ses ( o!r p 9 ord]4 ,to complete p]sonal fre$om1 !re mu/ be national fre$om4 ,!re mu/ also be colonial fre$om4 ,! colonies c\ld no long] be gov]n$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! "m c\ntry1 nor ought !y to require /&+ g>risons ma9ta9$ by ! "m c\ntry4 ,!y 7 di/ant l&s1 ea*1 if we gave x fre$om1 ) a great future ( its own1 capable ( protect+ itself1 & develop+ ) fre$om into true nationhood4 ,p]sonal fre$om1 colonial fre$om1 int]national fre$om1 7 p>ts ( "o :ole4 ,non-int]v5tion1 peace1 re/riction ( armam5ts1 retr5*m5t ( exp5diture1 r$uction ( taxation1 7 ! connect$ s]ies ( practical consequ5ces4 ,! money retr5*$ f wa/eful milit>y exp5diture ne$ n all be remitt$ to ! taxpay]4 ,a fraction ( x devot$ to education--free1 secul>1 & univ]sal--w\ld d z mu* good z :5 sp5t on guns & %ips x did h>m4 ,= education 0 necess>y to raise ! /&>d ( intellig5ce1 & provide ! sub/antial equality ( opportunity at ! />t )\t :i* ! mass ( m5 c\ld n make use ( ! fre$om giv5 by ! removal ( legislative re/rictions4 ,!re 7 "h elem5ts ( a m con/ructive view = :i* ,cobd5 & 8 fri5ds h n always receiv$ suffici5t cr$it4 ,9 ! ma91 h[ev]1 ! tea*+ ( ! ,man*e/] s*ool t5d$ bo? 9 ext]nal & 9 int]nal affairs to a re/rict$ view ( ! function ( gov]nm5t4 ,gov]nm5t _h to ma9ta9 ord]1 to re/ra9 m5 f viol5ce & fraud1 to hold !m secure 9 p]son & prop]ty aga9/ =eign & dome/ic enemies1 to give !m r$ress aga9/ injury1 t s !y may rely on reap+ :]e !y h s[n1 may enjoy ! fruits ( _! indu/ry1 may ent] unimp$$ into :at arrangem5ts !y w ) "o ano!r = _! mutual b5efit4 ,let u see :at criticism 0 pass$ on ?is view by ! contempor>ies ( ,cobd5 & by ! l\d voice ( ! facts !mselves4 ,! old economic rgime _h be5 9 decay ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! divorce ( ! lab\r] f ! l& 0 complete at ! "t :5 ! ,anti-,corn ,law ,league 0 =m$4 ,! mass ( ! ,engli% peasantry 7 l&less lab\r]s work+ = a weekly wage ( ab\t t5 or twelve %ill+s1 & (t5 = a good deal less4 ,! rise ( ma*9e indu/ry s9ce #agfj _h de/roy$ ! old dome/ic sy/em & r$uc$ ! op]ative 9 ! t[ns to ! position ( a factory h& "u an employ]1 :o f\nd ! road to weal? easy 9 ! monopoly ( manufacture enjoy$ by ?is c\ntry = two g5]ations aft] ! ,napoleonic w>4 ,! factory sy/em e>ly br\ght matt]s to a head at "o po9t by ! sy/ematic employm5t ( wom5 & "y *ildr5 "u conditions :i* outrag$ ! public consci5ce :5 !y became kn[n4 ,9 ! case ( *ildr5 x 0 admitt$ f an e>ly date1 x 0 urg$ by ,cobd5 himself1 t ! pr9ciple ( free contract c\ld n apply4 ,admitt+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! adult c\ld make a bett] b>ga9 = himself or h]self ?an any "o c\ld d = him or h]1 no "o c\ld cont5d t ! paup] *ild appr5tic$ by ,poor ,law gu>dians to a manufactur] _h any say or c\ld h any judgm5t z to ! "w :i* x 0 set to d4 ,x _h to be protect$1 & exp]i5ce %[$ t x _h to be protect$ by law4 ,free contract did n solve ! "q ( ! helpless *ild4 ,x left x to be exploit$ by ! employ] 9 8 own int]e/1 & :atev] reg>d might be %[n = its heal? & well-be+ by individuals 0 a matt] ( individual b5evol5ce1 n a "r secur$ by ! necess>y op]ation ( ! sy/em ( lib]ty4 ,b ^! argum5ts admitt$ ( great ext5sion4 ,if ! *ild 0 helpless1 0 ! gr[n-up p]son1 man or woman1 9 a mu* bett] position8 ,"h 0 ! own] ( a mill employ+ five hundr$ h&s4 ,"h 0 an op]ative possess$ ( no alt]native means ( subsi/5ce seek+ employm5t4 ,suppose !m to b>ga9 z to t]ms4 ,if ! b>ga9 fail$1 ! employ] lo/ "o man & _h f\r hundr$ & n9ety-n9e to keep 8 mill go+4 ,at wor/ he might = a day or two1 until ano!r op]ative appe>$1 h a little difficulty 9 work+ a s+le ma*9e4 ,dur+ ! same days ! op]ative might h no?+ to eat1 & might see 8 *ildr5 go+ hungry4 ,:]e 0 ! effective lib]ty 9 su* an arrangem5t8 ,! op]atives !mselves spe$ily f\nd t !re 0 none1 & _h f an e>ly p]iod 9 ! rise ( ! ma*9e indu/ry s\ght to r$ress ! balance by comb9ation4 ,n[1 comb9ation 0 naturally dislik$ by employ]s1 & x 0 /rongly suspect to believ]s 9 lib]ty because x put con/ra9t ^u individuals4 ,yet trade unions ga9$ ! fir/ /ep 9 emancipation ?r\gh ! action ( ,place & ! ,radicals 9 #ahbd1 m p]haps because ^! m5 conceiv$ trade unions z ! response ( lab\r to oppressive laws :i* true fre$om ( competition w\ld r5d] sup]flu\s ?an because !y f\nd$ any s]i\s hopes ( p]man5t social progress ^u ,trade ,unionism itself4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! critical attitude 0 n )\t its ju/ification4 ,trade ,unionism c be protective 9 _s & oppressive 9 action4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( _! indu/rial /&>d by ! artisan classes1 because x alone1 9 ! abs5ce ( dra/ic legislative protection1 c\ld d some?+ to r$ress ! inequality betwe5 employ] & employ$4 ,x gave1 ^u ! :ole1 f> m fre$om to ! workman ?an x took away1 & 9 ?is we le>n an important lesson :i* has f> wid] application4 ,9 ! matt] ( contract true fre$om po/ulates sub/antial equality betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,9 proportion z "o p>ty is 9 a position ( vantage1 he is able to dictate 8 t]ms4 ,9 proportion z ! o!r p>ty is 9 a weak position1 he mu/ accept unfav\rable t]ms4 ,h5ce ! tru? ( ,walk]'s dictum t economic injuries t5d to p]petuate !mselves4 ,! m a class is br\ght l[1 ! great] its difficulty 9 ris+ aga9 )\t assi/ance4 ,= purposes ( legislation ! ,/ate has be5 exce$+ly sl[ to accept ?is view4 ,x began1 z we saw1 ) ! *ild1 :]e ! case 0 ov]:elm+4 ,x w5t on to include ! "y p]son & ! woman--n )\t criticism f ^? :o held by woman's rights1 & saw 9 ?is ext5sion ( tutelage an enl>gem5t ( male dom9ation4 ,be t z x may1 public op9ion 0 br\ght to ?is po9t by ! belief t x 0 int]v5+ 9 an exceptional mann] to protect a def9ite class n /rong en\gh to b>ga9 = itself4 ,x drew ! l9e at ! adult male2 & x is only )9 our own "t1 & z ! result ( a controv]sy wag$ = _m ye>s )9 ! trade union _w itself1 t legislation has av[$ly und]tak5 ! task ( controll+ ! conditions ( indu/ry1 ! h\rs1 & at l5g?1 ?r\gh ! in/itution ( ,wages ,bo>ds 9 sweat$ indu/ries1 ! actual remun]ation ( work+ p )\t limitation ( age or sex4 ,to ?is x has be5 driv5 by ! manife/ tea*+ ( exp]i5ce t lib]ty )\t equality is a "n ( noble s\nd & squalid result4 ,9 place ( ! sy/em ( unfett]$ agreem5ts betwe5 individual & individual :i* ! s*ool ( ,cobd5 contemplat$1 ! indu/rial sy/em :i* has actually gr[n up & is 9 process ( fur!r developm5t re/s on conditions prescrib$ by ! ,/ate1 & )9 ! limits ( ^? conditions is v l>gely gov]n$ by collective arrangem5ts betwe5 associations ( employ]s & employ$4 ,! law provides = ! safety ( ! work] & ! sanit>y conditions ( employm5t4 ,x prescribes ! l5g? ( ! work+ day = wom5 & *ildr5 9 factories & work%ops1 & = m5 9 m9es & on railways4#h ,9 ! future x w probably deal freely ) ! h\rs ( m54 ,x enables wages bo>ds to e/abli% a legal m9imum wage 9 s*$ul$ indu/ries :i* w und\bt$ly gr[ 9 numb]4 ,x makes employ]s liable = all injuries suff]$ by op]atives 9 ! c\rse ( _! employm5t1 & =bids any "o to contract out ( ?is obligation4 ,)9 ^! limits1 x all[s fre$om ( contract4 ,b at ?is po9t1 9 ! m highly develop$ trades1 ! "w is tak5 up by volunt>y associations4 ,comb9ations ( m5 h be5 met by comb9ations ( employ]s1 & wages1 h\rs1 & all ! details ( ! indu/rial b>ga9 are settl$ by collective agreem5t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a jo9t bo>d ) an imp>tial *airman or ref]ee 9 case ( necessity = an entire locality & ev5 an entire trade4 ,s f> h we gone f ! free competition ( isolat$ individuals4 ,?is developm5t is sometimes held to h involv$ ! decay & dea? ( ! old] ,lib]alism4 ,x is true t 9 ! beg9n+ factory legislation enjoy$ a l>ge measure ( ,cons]vative support4 ,x 0 at t /age 9 accordance ) ! be/ traditions ( pat]nal rule1 & x comm5d$ itself to ! religi\s convictions ( m5 ( :om ,"l ,%aftesbury 0 ! typical example4 ,x is true1 also1 t x 0 bitt]ly oppos$ by ,cobd5 & ,bright4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,radicals l ,j4 ,cam ,hobh\se took a lead+ "p 9 ! e>li] legislation1 & ,:ig ,gov]nm5ts pass$ ! v important ,acts ( #ahcc & #ahdg4 ,! cleavage ( op9ion1 9 fact1 cut across ! ord9>y divisions ( p>ty4 ,:at is m to ! purpose is t1 z exp]i5ce rip5$1 ! implications ( ! new legislation became cle>]1 & m5 came to see t by indu/rial control !y 7 n de/roy+ lib]ty b confirm+ x4 ,a new & m concrete conception ( lib]ty arose & _m old presuppositions 7 *all5g$4 ,let u look = a mom5t at ^! presuppositions4 ,we h se5 t ! !ory ( laissez-faire assum$ t ! ,/ate w\ld hold ! r+4 ,t is to say1 x w\ld suppress =ce & fraud1 keep prop]ty safe1 & aid m5 9 en=c+ contracts4 ,on ^! conditions1 x 0 ma9ta9$1 m5 %\ld be absolutely free to compete ) "o ano!r1 s t _! be/ en]gies %\ld be call$ =?1 s t ea* %\ld feel himself responsible = ! guidance ( 8 own life1 & ex]t 8 manhood to ! utmo/4 ,b :y1 x might be ask$1 on ^! conditions1 j ^! & no o!rs8 ,:y %\ld ! ,/ate ensure protection ( p]son & prop]ty8 ,! "t 0 :5 ! /rong man arm$ kept 8 goods1 & incid5tally 8 neighb\r's goods too if he c\ld get hold ( !m4 ,:y %\ld ! ,/ate int]v5e to d = a man t :i* 8 ance/or did = himself8 ,:y %\ld a man :o has be5 s\ndly beat5 9 physical fight g to a public au?ority = r$ress8 ,h[ mu* m manly to fight 8 own battle6 ,0 x n a k9d ( paup]ization to make m5 secure 9 p]son & prop]ty ?r\gh no ef=ts ( _! own1 by ! ag5cy ( a /ate ma*9]y op]at+ ov] _! heads8 ,w\ld n a really consi/5t individualism aboli% ?is ma*9]y8 ,b1 ! advocate ( laissez-faire may reply1 ! use ( =ce is crim9al1 & ! ,/ate mu/ suppress crime4 ,s m5 held 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b !re 0 an e>li] "t :5 !y did n take ?is view1 b left x to individuals & _! k9sfolk to rev5ge _! own injuries by _! own might4 ,0 n ?is a "t ( m unre/rict$ individual lib]ty8 ,yet ! n9ete5? c5tury reg>d$ x1 & ju/ly1 z an age ( b>b>ism4 ,:at1 we may ask 9 our turn1 is ! ess5ce ( crime8 ,may we n say t any int5tional injury to ano!r may be legitimately puni%$ by a public au?ority1 & may we n say t to impose twelve h\rs' daily lab\r on a *ild 0 to inflict a great] injury ?an ! !ft ( a purse = :i* a c5tury ago a man might be hang$8 ,on :at pr9ciple1 !n1 is ! l9e drawn1 s z to specify c]ta9 injuries :i* ! ,/ate may prohibit & to m>k (f o!rs :i* x mu/ leave unt\*$8 ,well1 x may be said1 vol5ti non fit injuria4 ,no wrong is done to a man by a b>ga9 to :i* he is a will+ p>ty4 ,t may be1 ?\gh !re are d\btful cases4 ,b 9 ! field t has be5 9 "q ! cont5tion is t "o p>ty is n will+4 ,! b>ga9 is a =c$ b>ga94 ,! weak] man cons5ts z "o slipp+ ov] a precipice might cons5t to give all 8 =tune to "o :o w ?r[ him a rope on no o!r t]ms4 ,?is is n true cons5t4 ,true cons5t is free cons5t1 & full fre$om ( cons5t implies equality on ! "p ( bo? p>ties to ! b>ga94 ,j z gov]nm5t fir/ secur$ ! elem5ts ( fre$om = all :5 x prev5t$ ! physically /rong] man f slay+1 beat+1 despoil+ 8 neighb\rs1 s x secures a l>g] measure ( fre$om = all by e re/riction :i* x imposes ) a view to prev5t+ "o man f mak+ use ( any ( 8 advantages to ! disadvantage ( o!rs4 ,!re em]ges a di/9ction betwe5 unsocial & social fre$om4 ,unsocial fre$om is ! "r ( a man to use 8 p[]s )\t reg>d to ! wi%es or int]e/s ( any "o b himself4 ,su* fre$om is !oretically possible = an individual4 ,x is anti!tic to all public control4 ,x is !oretically impossible = a plurality ( individuals liv+ 9 mutual contact4 ,socially x is a contradiction1 unless ! desires ( all m5 7 automatically attun$ to social ends4 ,social fre$om1 !n1 = any epo* %ort ( ! mill5nium re/s on re/ra9t4 ,x is a fre$om t c be enjoy$ by all ! memb]s ( a community1 & x is ! fre$om to *oose among ^? l9es ( activity :i* d n involve injury to o!rs4 ,z exp]i5ce ( ! social effects ( action rip5s1 & z ! social consci5ce is awak5$1 ! conception ( injury is wid5$ & insight into its causes is deep5$4 ,! area ( re/ra9t is !re=e increas$4 ,b1 inasmu* z injury inflict$ is itself crippl+ to ! suff]]1 z x l[]s 8 heal?1 conf9es 8 life1 cramps 8 p[]s1 s ! prev5tion ( su* injury sets him free4 ,! re/ra9t ( ! aggressor is ! fre$om ( ! suff]]1 & only by re/ra9t on ! actions by :i* m5 injure "o ano!r d !y z a :ole community ga9 fre$om 9 all c\rses ( conduct t c be pursu$ )\t ultimate social di%>mony4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a v %all[ wit t taunts contempor>y ,lib]alism ) inconsi/5cy 9 oppos+ economic protection :ile x supports protective legislation = ! manual lab\r]4 ,! two ?+s h no?+ 9 common b t !y are re/ra9ts int5d$ to op]ate 9 ! int]e/s ( somebody4 ,! "o is a re/ra9t :i*1 9 ! ,lib]al view1 w\ld op]ate 9 fav\r ( c]ta9 indu/ries & int]e/s to ! prejudice ( o!rs1 &1 on ! :ole1 9 fav\r ( ^? :o are already m =tunately plac$ & aga9/ ! poor] classes4 ,! o!r is a re/ra9t conceiv$ 9 ! int]e/ prim>ily ( ! poor] classes ) ! object ( secur+ to !m a m effective fre$om & a ne>] approa* to equality ( conditions 9 indu/rial relations4 ,!re is po9t 9 ! argum5t only = ^? :o conceive lib]ty z oppos$ to re/ra9t z su*4 ,= ^? :o und]/& t all social lib]ty re/s ^u re/ra9t1 t re/ra9t ( "o man 9 "o respect is ! condition ( ! fre$om ( o!r m5 9 t respect1 ! taunt has no mean+ :atev]4 ,! lib]ty :i* is good is n ! lib]ty ( "o ga9$ at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 b ! lib]ty :i* c be enjoy$ by all :o dwell toge!r1 & ?is lib]ty dep5ds on & is measur$ by ! complet5ess ) :i* by law1 cu/om1 or _! own feel+s !y are re/ra9$ f mutual injury4 ,individualism1 z ord9>ily und]/ood1 n only takes ! policeman & ! law c\rt = grant$4 ,x also takes ! rights ( prop]ty = grant$4 ,b :at is meant by ! rights ( prop]ty8 ,9 ord9>y use ! phrase means j t sy/em to :i* long usage has accu/om$ u4 ,?is is a sy/em "u :i* a man is free to acquire by any me?od ( production or ex*ange )9 ! limits ( ! law :atev] he c ( l&1 consumable goods1 or capital2 to dispose ( x at 8 own w & pleasure = 8 own purposes1 to de/roy x if he likes1 to give x away or sell x z x suits him1 & at dea? to bequea? x to :omsoev] he w4 ,! ,/ate1 x is admitt$1 c take a "p ( a man's prop]ty by taxation4 ,= ! ,/ate is a necessity1 & m5 mu/ pay a price = security2 b 9 all taxation ! ,/ate on ?is view is tak+ some?+ f a man :i* is 81 & 9 s do+ is ju/ifi$ only by necessity4 ,x has no "r to deprive ! individual ( any?+ t is 8 9 ord] to promote objects ( its own :i* are n necess>y to ! common ord]4 ,to d s is to infr+e individual rights & make a man contribute by =ce to objects :i* he may view ) indiff]5ce or ev5 ) dislike4 ,sociali/ic taxation is an infr+em5t ( individual fre$om1 ! fre$om to hold "o's own & d z "o w ) "o's own4 ,su* seems to be ! ord9>y view4 ,b a consi/5t !ory ( lib]ty c\ld n re/ :olly satisfi$ ) ! actual sy/em "u :i* prop]ty is held4 ,! fir/ po9t ( attack1 already press$ by ! disciples ( ,cobd51 0 ! b>ri] to free ex*ange 9 ! matt] ( l&4 ,x 0 n & /ill is n easy = ! l&less to acquire l&1 & 9 ! "n ( free contract ,cobd5 & 8 disciples press$ = *eap & unimp$$ transf]4 ,b a m se>*+ criticism 0 possible4 ,l& is limit$ 9 am\nt1 c]ta9 k9ds ( l& v n>r[ly limit$4 ,:]e !re is limitation ( supply monopoly is always possible1 & aga9/ monopoly ! pr9ciples ( free competition decl>$ w>4 ,to ,cobd5 himself1 free trade 9 l& 0 ! p5dant to free trade 9 goods4 ,b ! attack on ! l& monopoly c\ld be c>ri$ mu* fur!r1 & might lead ! individuali/ :o 0 9 e>ne/ ab\t 8 pr9ciples to m>* a c]ta9 di/ance on p>allel l9es ) ! ,sociali/ enemy4 ,?is has1 9 fact1 occurr$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,h5ry ,george4 ,?is s*ool holds by competition1 b by competition only on ! basis ( a g5u9e fre$om & equality = all individuals4 ,to secure ?is basis1 x w\ld purge ! social sy/em ( all elem5ts ( monopoly1 ( :i* ! private own]%ip ( l& is 9 its view ! mo/ important4 ,?is object1 x ma9ta9s1 c be secur$ only ?r\gh ! absorption by ! ,/ate ( all elem5ts ( monopoly value4 ,n[1 monopoly value accrues :5ev] any?+ ( wor? to m5 ( :i* ! supply is limit$ falls into private h&s4 ,9 ?is case competition fails4 ,!re is no *eck ^u ! own] except ! limitations ( dem&4 ,he c exact a price :i* be>s no necess>y relation to ! co/ ( any ef=t ( 8 own4 ,9 addition to normal wages & pr(its1 he c extract f ! necessities ( o!rs a surplus1 to :i* ! "n ( economic r5t is giv54 ,he c also hold up 8 prop]ty & refuse to all[ o!rs to make use ( x until ! "t :5 its full value has accru$1 !reby increas+ ! r5t :i* he w ultimately receive at ! co/ ( mu* loss 9 ! int]im to society4 ,monopolies 9 our c\ntry fall into ?ree classes4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! monopoly ( l&4 ,urban r5ts1 = example1 repres5t n m]ely ! co/ ( build+1 nor ! co/ ( build+ plus ! site1 z x w\ld be if sites ( ! k9d requir$ 7 unlimit$ 9 am\nt4 ,!y repres5t ! co/ ( a site :]e ! supply falls %ort ( ! dem&1 t is to say1 :]e !re is an elem5t ( monopoly4 ,& site value--! elem5t 9 ! actual co/ ( a h\se or factory t dep5ds on its position--v>ies directly ) ! degree ( ?is monopoly4 ,?is value ! l& nationaliz] cont5ds is n creat$ by ! own]4 ,x is creat$ by society4 ,9 "p x is due to ! g5]al gr[? ( ! c\ntry to :i* ! increase ( population & ! rise ( t[n life is to be attribut$4 ,9 "p x dep5ds on ! gr[? ( ! p>ticul> locality1 & 9 "p on ! direct exp5diture ( ! ratepay]s' money 9 sanitation & o!r improvem5ts :i* make ! place "o :]e p c live & indu/ry c ?rive4 ,directly & indirectly1 ! community creates ! site value4 ,! l&lord receives x1 &1 receiv+ x1 c *>ge any "o :o wants to live or c>ry on indu/ry ^u ! site ) r5t to ! full am\nt4 ,! l&-nationaliz]1 look+ at rights ( prop]ty purely f ! po9t ( view ( ! individual1 d5ies ! ju/ice ( ?is arrangem5t1 & he sees no solution except ?is--t ! monopoly value %\ld pass back to ! community :i* creates x4 ,accord+ly1 he fav\rs ! taxation ( site value to its full am\nt4 ,ano!r elem5t ( monopoly arises f indu/ries 9 :i* competition is inapplicable--! supply ( gas & wat]1 = example1 a tramway s]vice1 & 9 "s conditions a railway s]vice4 ,"h competition may be wa/eful if n altoge!r impossible2 & "h aga91 on ! l9es ( a /rictly consi/5t individualism1 if ! indu/ry is all[$ to fall into private h&s ! own]s w be able to secure some?+ m ?an ! normal pr(its ( competitive indu/ry4 ,!y w pr(it by monopoly at ! exp5se ( ! g5]al consum]1 & ! rem$y is public control or public own]%ip4 ,! latt] is ! m complete & efficaci\s rem$y1 & x is also ! rem$y ( municipal socialism4 ,la/ly1 !re may be =ms ( monopoly creat$ by ! ,/ate1 su* z ! sale ( liquor z re/rict$ by ! lic5s+ sy/em4 ,9 accordance ) competitive ideas ! value s creat$ ought n to pass into private h&s1 & if on social gr\nds ! monopoly is ma9ta9$1 ! taxation ( lic5s$ premises ought to be s arrang$ t ! monopoly value returns to ! community4 ,up to ?is po9t a ?or\ghly consi/5t individualism c "w 9 h>mony ) socialism1 & x is ?is p>tial alliance :i* has1 9 fact1 laid d[n ! l9es ( lat] ,lib]al f9ance4 ,! great ,budget ( #aiji _h beh9d x ! unit$ =ces ( ,sociali/ & individuali/ op9ion4 ,x may be add$ t !re is a f\r? =m ( monopoly :i* w\ld be op5 to ! same d\ble attack1 b x is "o ( :i* less has be5 he>d 9 ,great ,brita9 ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is possible "u a competitive sy/em = rivals to come to an agreem5t4 ,! m p[]ful may co]ce ! weak]1 or a numb] ( equals may agree to "w toge!r4 ,?us competition may defeat itself1 & indu/ry may be m>%all$ into tru/s or o!r comb9ations = ! private advantage aga9/ ! public int]e/4 ,su* comb9ations1 pr$ict$ by ,k>l ,m>x z ! appo9t$ means ( dissolv+ ! competitive sy/em1 h be5 kept at bay 9 ?is c\ntry by ,free ,trade4 ,"u ,protection !y con/itute ! mo/ urg5t problem ( ! day4 ,ev5 "h ! railways1 to take "o example1 are rapidly mov+ to a sy/em ( comb9ation1 ! economies ( :i* are obvi\s1 :ile its imm$iate result is monopoly1 & its assur$ end is nationalization4 ,?us individualism1 :5 x grapples ) ! facts1 is driv5 no small di/ance along ,sociali/ l9es4 ,once aga9 we h f\nd t to ma9ta9 individual fre$om & equality we h to ext5d ! sph]e ( social control4 ,b to c>ry ?r\gh ! real pr9ciples ( ,lib]alism1 to a*ieve social lib]ty & liv+ equality ( rights1 we %all h to probe /ill deep]4 ,we mu/ n assume any ( ! rights ( prop]ty z axiomatic4 ,we mu/ look at _! actual work+ & consid] h[ !y affect ! life ( society4 ,we %all h to ask :e!r1 if we c\ld aboli% all monopoly on articles ( limit$ supply1 we %\ld yet h dealt ) all ! causes t contribute to social inju/ice & indu/rial disord]1 :e!r we %\ld h rescu$ ! sweat$ work]1 af=d$ to e man adequate security = a fair return = an hone/ day's toil1 & prev5t$ ! use ( economic advantage to procure ga9 = "o man at ! exp5se ( ano!r4 ,we %\ld h to ask :e!r we _h ! basis ( a j delimitation betwe5 ! rights ( ! community & ^? ( ! individual1 & !re) a due appreciation ( ! appropriate ends ( ! ,/ate & ! equitable basis ( taxation4 ,^! inquiries take u to fir/ pr9ciples1 & to approa* t "p ( our discussion x is desirable to c>ry fur!r our sket* ( ! hi/oric developm5t ( ,lib]alism 9 ?\ght & action4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,if ,i 7 ask$ to sum up 9 a s5t5ce ! diff]5ce & ! connection 7betwe5 ! two s*ools7 ,i w\ld say t ! ,man*e/] m5 7 ! disciples ( ,adam ,smi? & ,b5?am1 :ile ! ,philosophical ,radicals foll[$ ,b5?am & ,adam ,smi? 7,f4 ,w4 ,hir/1 ,! ,man*e/] ,s*ool1 ,introd41 p4 xi74 ,"l ,morley1 9 ! conclud+ *apt] ( 8 ,life ( ,cobd51 po9ts out t x 0 ! view ( policy z a :ole 9 connection ) ! economic movem5t ( society :i* di/+ui%$ ! s*ool ( ,cobd5 f t ( ! ,b5?amites4 #h ,indirectly x has = long limit$ ! h\rs ( m5 9 factories ow+ to ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! adult male ) ! female & *ild op]ative4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,glad/one ,,& ,,mill ,f ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury two great names /& out 9 ! hi/ory ( ,briti% ,lib]alism--t ( ,glad/one 9 ! _w ( action1 t ( ,mill 9 ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,diff]+ 9 mu*1 !y agre$ 9 "o respect4 ,!y _h ! supreme virtue ( keep+ _! m9ds fre% & op5 to new ideas1 & bo? ( !m 9 consequ5ce advanc$ to a deep] int]pretation ( social life z !y grew old]4 ,9 #ahdf ,glad/one rank$ z a ,cons]vative1 b he p>t$ f 8 old traditions "u ! lead]%ip ( ,peel on ! "q ( ,free ,trade1 & = _m ye>s to come ! mo/ notable ( 8 public s]vices lay 9 ! completion ( ! ,cobd5ite policy ( f9ancial emancipation4 ,9 ! pursuit ( ?is policy he 0 br\ght into collision ) ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & x 0 8 active int]v5tion 9 #ahei-fj :i* sav$ ! ,commons f a humiliat+ surr5d]1 & secur$ its f9ancial supremacy unimpair$ until #aiji4 ,9 ! foll[+ decade he /ood = ! ext5sion ( ! suffrage1 & x 0 8 ,gov]nm5t :i*1 9 #ahhd1 c>ri$ ! ext5sion ( ! repres5tative pr9ciple to ! po9t at :i* x re/$ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s lat]4 ,9 economics ,glad/one kept ^u ! :ole to ! ,cobd5ite pr9ciples :i* he acquir$ 9 middle life4 ,he 0 n sympa!tically dispos$ to ! ,new ,unionism & ! semi-sociali/ic ideas t came at ! end ( ! 'eighties1 :i*1 9 fact1 con/itut$ a p[]ful cross curr5t to ! political "w t he _h imm$iately 9 h&4 ,yet 9 relation to ,iri% l& he ent]$ ^u a new dep>ture :i* ?rew ov] fre$om ( contract 9 a lead+ case :]e ! two p>ties 7 on gl>+ly unequal t]ms4 ,no ab/ract ?9k]1 he _h a passion = ju/ice 9 ! concrete :i* 0 capable ( c>ry+ him f>4 ,he knew tyranny :5 he saw x1 & ^u x he wag$ unremitt+ & _m-sid$ w>4 ,b 8 mo/ orig9al "w 0 done 9 ! sph]e ( imp]ial relations4 ,! malign$ ,majuba settlem5t 0 an act ( ju/ice :i* came too late to effect a p]man5t undo+ ( mis*ief4 ,all ! great] 0 ! c\rage ( ! /atesman :o c\ld ?r[ himself at t "t ^u ! inh]5t =ce ( national lib]ty & int]national fair deal+4 ,9 ! case ( ,irel& ,glad/one aga9 reli$ on ! same pr9ciples1 b ano!r =ce 0 necess>y to c>ry ! day1 a =ce :i* no man c comm&1 ! =ce ( "t4 ,9 int]national deal+s g5]ally ,glad/one 0 a pione]4 ,8 pr9ciple 0 n precisely t ( ,cobd54 ,he 0 n a non-int]v5tioni/4 ,he took action on behalf ( ,greece1 & w\ld h done s on behalf ( ! ,arm5ians1 to save ! national hon\r & prev5t a mon/r\s wrong4 ,! ,glad/onian pr9ciple may be def9$ by anti!sis to t ( ,ma*iavelli1 & to t ( ,bism>ck1 & to ! practice ( e ,=eign ,(fice4 ,z t practice proce$s on ! pr9ciple t reasons ( ,/ate ju/ify ev]y?+1 s ,glad/one proce$$ on ! pr9ciple t reasons ( ,/ate ju/ify no?+ t is n ju/ifi$ already by ! human consci5ce4 ,! /atesman is = him a man *>g$ ) ma9ta9+ n only ! mat]ial int]e/s b ! hon\r ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he is a citiz5 ( ! _w 9 t he repres5ts 8 nation1 :i* is a memb] ( ! community ( ! _w4 ,he has to recognize rights & duties1 z e repres5tative ( e o!r human organization has to recognize rights & duties4 ,!re is no l9e drawn beyond :i* human obligations cease4 ,!re is no gulf across :i* ! voice ( human suff]+ _c be he>d1 beyond :i* massacre & torture cease to be execrable4 ,simply z a patriot1 aga91 a man %\ld recognize t a nation may become great n m]ely by pa9t+ ! map r$1 or ext5d+ h] comm]ce beyond all prec$5t1 b also z ! *ampion ( ju/ice1 ! succ\r] ( ! oppress$1 ! e/abli%$ home ( fre$om4 ,f ! d5unciation ( ! ,opium ,w>1 f ! exposure ( ! ,neapolitan prisons1 to 8 la/ appe>ance on ! morr[ ( ! ,con/ant9ople massacre ?is 0 ! message :i* ,glad/one s\ght to convey4 ,he 0 be=e 8 "t4 ,he 0 n always able to ma9ta9 8 pr9ciple 9 8 own ,cab9et1 & on 8 retirem5t ! _w appe>$ to relapse def9itely into ! old] ways4 ,8 own p>ty gave itself up 9 l>ge measure to opposite views4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c>eful & unprejudic$ criticism w recognize t ! *ief oppon5t ( 8 old age1 ,"l ,salisbury1 _h imbib$ some?+ ( 8 _s1 & "u its influ5ce did mu* to save ! c\ntry f ! excesses ( ,imp]ialism1 :ile 8 foll[]1 ,sir ,h5ry ,campbell-,bann]man1 us$ ! brief t]m ( 8 p[] to rev]se ! policy ( racial dom9ation 9 ,s\? ,africa & to prove ! value ( ! old ,glad/onian tru/ 9 ! recup]ative =ce ( political fre$om4 ,x may be add$ t1 if cynicism has s9ce appe>$ to hold ! field 9 int]national politics1 x is ! cynicism ( t]ror r ?an ! cynicism ( ambition4 ,! ,sc>e has sup]s$$ ! ,vision z ! mov+ =ce 9 our ext]nal relations1 & !re are n[ signs t ! ,sc>e 9 turn has sp5t its =ce & is mak+ room at la/ = ,s5se4 ,9 o!r respects1 ,glad/one 0 a moral r ?an an intellectual =ce4 ,he rais$ ! :ole level ( public life4 ,by habitually call+ ^u :at 0 be/ 9 m51 he deep5$ ! s5se ( public responsibility & pav$ ! way1 half unconsci\sly1 = ! full] ex]cise ( ! social consci5ce4 ,mill 0 also a moral =ce1 & ! mo/ p]si/5t influ5ce ( 8 books is m an effect ( "* ?an ( intellect4 ,b1 9 place ( ,glad/one's driv+ p[] & practical capacity1 ,mill _h ! qualities ( a life-long le>n]1 & 9 8 s+le p]son he spans ! int]val betwe5 ! old & ! new ,lib]alism4 ,br\ght up on ! pure milk ( ! ,b5?amite ^w1 he nev] def9itely ab&on$ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( 8 fa!r4 ,b he 0 p]petually br++ !m into contact ) fre% exp]i5ce & new tra9s ( ?\ght1 consid]+ h[ !y work$1 & h[ !y ought to be modifi$ 9 ord] to ma9ta9 :at 0 really s\nd & valuable 9 _! cont5t4 ,h5ce1 ,mill is ! easie/ p]son 9 ! _w to convict ( inconsi/5cy1 incomplet5ess1 & lack ( r\nd$ sy/em4 ,h5ce1 also1 8 "w w survive ! dea? ( _m consi/5t1 complete1 & p]fectly r\nd$ sy/ems4 ,z a utilit>ian1 ,mill _c appeal to any rights ( ! individual t c be set 9 opposition to ! public welf>e4 ,8 me?od is to %[ t ! p]man5t welf>e ( ! public is b\nd up ) ! rights ( ! individual4 ,( c\rse1 !re are occasions on :i* ! imm$iate exp$i5cy ( ! public w\ld be met by ignor+ p]sonal rights4 ,b if ! rule ( exp$i5cy 7 foll[$ !re w\ld be nei!r "r nor law at all4 ,!re w\ld be no fix$ rules 9 social life1 & no?+ to :i* m5 c\ld tru/ 9 guid+ _! conduct4 ,= ! utilit>ian1 !n1 ! "q ( "r resolves itself into ! "q3 ,:at claim is x1 9 g5]al & z a matt] ( pr9ciple1 advisable = society to recognize8 ,:at 9 any giv5 relation are ! p]man5t conditions ( social heal?8 ,9 reg>d to lib]ty ,mill's reply turns on ! moral or spiritual =ces :i* det]m9e ! life ( society4 ,fir/1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds fre$om ( ?\ght & discussion1 society ne$s light4 ,tru? has a social value1 & we are nev] to suppose t we are 9 ! possession ( complete & f9al tru?4 ,b tru? is only to be s\ght by exp]i5ce 9 ! _w ( ?\ght1 & ( action z well4 ,9 ! process ( exp]im5tation !re are endless opportunities ( error1 & ! free se>* = tru? !re=e involves friction & wa/e4 ,! promulgation ( error w d h>m1 a h>m t might be av]t$ if error 7 suppress$4 ,b suppression by any o!r means ?an ^? ( rational suasion is "o ( ^? rem$ies :i* cure ! disease by kill+ ! pati5t4 ,x p>alyzes ! free se>* = tru?4 ,n only s1 b !re is an elem5t ( positive value 9 hone/ error :i* places x above me*anically accept$ tru?4 ,s f> z x is hone/ x spr+s f ! spontane\s op]ation ( ! m9d on ! basis ( "s p>tial & incomplete exp]i5ce4 ,x is1 s f> z x goes1 an int]pretation ( exp]i5ce1 ?\gh a faulty "o1 :]eas ! belief impos$ by au?ority is no int]pretation ( exp]i5ce at all4 ,x involves no p]sonal ef=t4 ,its bl9d acceptance seals ! resignation ( ! w & ! intellect to effacem5t & /ultification4 ,! argum5t on ?is side does n re/ on human fallibility4 ,x appeals 9 its full /r5g? to ^? :o are mo/ confid5t t !y possess tru? f9al & complete4 ,!y are ask$ to recognize t ! way 9 :i* ?is tru? mu/ be communicat$ to o!rs is n by mat]ial b by spiritual means1 & t if !y hold out physical ?reats z a det]r5t1 or worldly advantage z a means ( p]suasion1 !y are de/roy+ n m]ely ! fruits b ! v root ( tru? z x gr[s )9 ! human m9d4 ,yet ! argum5t receives additional =ce :5 we consid] ! actual hi/ory ( human belief4 ,! c&id man :o kn[s any?+ ( ! movem5ts ( ?\ght w recognize t ev5 ! fai? :i* is mo/ vital to him is some?+ t has gr[n ?r\gh ! g5]ations1 & he may inf]1 if he is reasonable1 t z x has gr[n 9 ! pa/ s1 if x has ! vital se$ )9 x1 x w gr[ 9 ! future4 ,x may be p]man5t 9 outl9e1 b 9 cont5t x w *ange4 ,b1 if tru? itself is an exp&+ circle ( ideas t gr[s ?r\gh criticism & by modification1 we ne$ say no m z to ! r\gh & imp]fect appreh5sion ( tru? :i* con/itutes ! dom9ant op9ion ( society at any giv5 mom5t4 ,x ne$s little ef=t ( deta*m5t to appreciate ! dang] ( any limitation ( inquiry by ! collective w :e!r its organ be law or ! repressive =ce ( public op9ion4 ,! f\ndation ( lib]ty on ?is side1 !n1 is ! conception ( ?\ght z a gr[? dep5d5t on spiritual laws1 fl\ri%+ 9 ! movem5t ( ideas z guid$ by exp]i5ce1 reflection & feel+1 corrupt$ by ! intrusion ( mat]ial consid]ations1 sla9 by ! guillot9e ( f9ality4 ,! same conception is broad5$ out to cov] ! :ole idea ( p]sonality4 ,social well-be+ _c be incompatible ) individual well-be+4 ,b individual well-be+ has z its f\ndation ! responsible life ( ! rational creature4 ,manhood1 & ,mill w\ld emphatically add womanhood too1 re/s on ! spontane\s developm5t ( faculty4 ,to f9d v5t = ! capacities ( feel+1 ( emotion1 ( ?\ght1 ( action1 is to f9d oneself4 ,! result is no an>*y4 ,! self s f\nd has z ! pivot ( its life ! p[] ( control4 ,to introduce "s unity into life1 "s h>mony into ?\ght1 action & feel+1 is its c5tral a*ievem5t1 & to realize its relation to o!rs & guide its own life !reby1 its noble/ rule4 ,b ! ess5tial ( control is t x %\ld be self-control4 ,compulsion may be necess>y = ! purposes ( ext]nal ord]1 b x adds no?+ to ! inw>d life t is ! true be+ ( man4 ,x ev5 ?reat5s x ) loss ( au?ority & infr+es ! sph]e ( its responsibility4 ,x is a means & n an end1 & a means t readily becomes a dang] to ends t are v vital4 ,"u self-guidance individuals w div]ge widely1 & "s ( _! ecc5tricities w be futile1 o!rs wa/eful1 o!rs ev5 pa9ful & abhorr5t to witness4 ,b1 ^u ! :ole1 x is good t !y %\ld diff]4 ,individuality is an elem5t ( well-be+1 & t n only because x is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( self-gov]nm5t1 b because1 aft] all all[ances = wa/e1 ! common life is full] & ri*] = ! multiplicity ( types t x includes1 & t g to enl>ge ! area ( collective exp]i5ce4 ,! l>g] wrong done by ! repression ( wom5 is n ! loss to wom5 !mselves :o con/itute "o half ( ! community1 b ! impov]i%m5t ( ! community z a :ole1 ! loss ( all ! elem5ts 9 ! common /ock :i* ! free play ( ! woman's m9d w\ld contribute4 ,simil> pr9ciples und]lie ,mill's treatm5t ( repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,if ! adult citiz51 male or female1 has a "r to vote1 x is n s mu* z a means to ! en=cem5t ( 8 claims ^u society1 b r z a means ( en=c+ 8 p]sonal responsibility = ! actions ( ! community4 ,! problem ( "* is ! det]m9+ issue 9 ! "q ( gov]nm5t4 ,if m5 c\ld be spoon-f$ ) happ9ess1 a b5evol5t despotism w\ld be ! ideal sy/em4 ,if !y are to take a "p 9 work+ out _! own salvation1 !y mu/ be summon$ to _! %>e 9 ! task ( direct+ ! common life4 ,c>ry+ ?is pr9ciple fur!r1 ,mill turn$ ! edge ( ! common objection to ! ext5sion ( ! suffrage bas$ on ! ignorance & ! irresponsibility ( ! vot]s4 ,to le>n any?+ m5 mu/ practise4 ,!y mu/ be tru/$ ) m responsibility if !y are to acquire ! s5se ( responsibility4 ,!re 7 dang]s 9 ! process1 b !re 7 great] dang]s & !re 7 few] elem5ts ( hope z long z ! mass ( ! population 0 left outside ! circle ( civic rights & duties4 ,! greate/ dang] t ,mill saw 9 democracy 0 t ( ! tyranny ( ! majority4 ,he emphasiz$1 p]haps m ?an any ,lib]al tea*] be=e him1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! desire ( ! majority & ! good ( ! community4 ,he recogniz$ t ! diff]5t rights = :i* ! ,lib]al 0 wont to plead might turn out 9 practice h>d to reconcile ) "o ano!r1 t if p]sonal lib]ty 7 fundam5tal x might only be imp]ill$ by a s-call$ political lib]ty :i* w\ld give to ! majority unlimit$ p[]s ( co]cion4 ,he 01 !re=e1 = _m ye>s anxi\sly conc]n$ ) ! means ( secur+ a fair he>+ & fair repres5tation to m9orities1 & z a pione] ( ! movem5t = ,proportional ,repres5tation he s\ght to make ,p>liam5t ! reflection n ( a portion ( ! p1 h[ev] prepond]ant num]ically1 b ( ! :ole4 ,on ! economic side ( social life ,mill recogniz$ 9 pr9ciple ! necessity ( controll+ contract :]e ! p>ties 7 n on equal t]ms1 b 8 insi/5ce on p]sonal responsibility made him *>y 9 ext5d+ ! pr9ciple to gr[n-up p]sons1 & 8 especial atta*m5t to ! cause ( fem99e emancipation l$ him to resi/ ! tide ( feel+ :i* 01 9 fact1 secur+ ! fir/ elem5ts ( emancipation = ! woman work]4 ,he tru/$ at ! outset ( 8 c>e] to ! elevation ( ! /&>d ( com=t z ! be/ means ( improv+ ! position ( ! wage-e>n]1 & 9 ?is elevation he reg>d$ ! limitation ( ! family z an ess5tial condition4 ,z he advanc$ 9 life1 h[ev]1 he became m & m dissatisfi$ ) ! :ole /ructure ( a sy/em :i* left ! mass ( ! population 9 ! position ( wage-e>n]s1 :ile ! m9ority liv$ on r5ts1 pr(its1 & ! int]e/ on inve/$ capital4 ,he came to look =w>d to a co-op]ative organization ( society 9 :i* a man w\ld le>n to dig & weave = 8 c\ntry1 z he n[ is prep>$ to fight = x1 & 9 :i* ! surplus products ( indu/ry w\ld be di/ribut$ among ! produc]s4 ,9 middle life volunt>y co-op]ation appe>$ to him ! be/ means to ?is end1 b t[>ds ! close he recogniz$ t 8 *ange ( views 0 su* z1 on ! :ole1 to rank him ) ! ,sociali/s1 & ! brief exposition ( ! ,sociali/ ideal giv5 9 8 ,autobiography rema9s p]haps ! be/ summ>y /atem5t ( ,lib]al ,socialism t we possess4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,lib]alism ,! tea*+ ( ,mill br+s u close to ! he>t ( ,lib]alism4 ,we le>n f him1 9 ! fir/ place1 t lib]ty is no m]e =mula ( law1 or ( ! re/riction ( law4 ,!re may be a tyranny ( cu/om1 a tyranny ( op9ion1 ev5 a tyranny ( circum/ance1 z real z any tyranny ( gov]nm5t & m p]vasive4 ,nor does lib]ty re/ on ! self-ass]tion ( ! individual4 ,!re is scope abundant = ,lib]alism & illib]alism 9 p]sonal conduct4 ,nor is lib]ty oppos$ to discipl9e1 to organization1 to /r5u\s conviction z to :at is true & j4 ,nor is x to be id5tifi$ ) tol]ance ( oppos$ op9ions4 ,! ,lib]al does n meet op9ions :i* he conceives to be false ) tol]ation1 z ?\gh !y did n matt]4 ,he meets !m ) ju/ice1 & exacts = !m a fair he>+ z ?\gh !y matt]$ j z mu* z 8 own4 ,he is always ready to put 8 own convictions to ! pro(1 n because he d\bts !m1 b because he believes 9 !m4 ,=1 bo? z to t :i* he holds = true & z to t :i* he holds = false1 he believes t "o f9al te/ applies4 ,let error h free play1 & "o ( two ?+s w happ54 ,ei!r z x develops1 z its implications & consequ5ces become cle>1 "s elem5ts ( tru? w appe> )9 x4 ,!y w sep>ate !mselves out2 !y w g to enri* ! /ock ( human ideas2 !y w add some?+ to ! tru? :i* he himself mi/ak5ly took z f9al2 !y w s]ve to expla9 ! root ( ! error2 = error itself is g5]ally a tru? misconceiv$1 & x is only :5 x is expla9$ t x is f9ally & satisfactorily confut$4 ,or1 9 ! alt]native1 no elem5t ( tru? w appe>4 ,9 t case ! m fully ! error is und]/ood1 ! m pati5tly x is foll[$ up 9 all ! w9d+s ( its implications & consequ5ces1 ! m ?or\ghly w x refute itself4 ,! canc]\s gr[? _c be extirpat$ by ! knife4 ,! root is always left1 & x is only ! evolution ( ! self-protect+ anti-tox9 t works ! f9al cure4 ,exactly p>allel is ! logic ( tru?4 ,! m ! tru? is develop$ 9 all its implications1 ! great] is ! opportunity ( detect+ any elem5t ( error t x may conta92 &1 conv]sely1 if no error appe>s1 ! m completely does x e/abli% itself z ! :ole tru? & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,lib]alism applies ! wisdom ( ,gamaliel 9 no _s ( indiff]5ce1 b 9 ! full conviction ( ! pot5cy ( tru?4 ,if ?is ?+ be ( man1 i4 e4 if x is n root$ 9 actual v]ity1 x w come to n\ght4 ,if x be ( ,god1 let u take c>e t we be n f\nd fight+ aga9/ ,god4 ,div]g5ces ( op9ion1 ( "*1 ( conduct are n unimportant matt]s4 ,!y may be mo/ s]i\s matt]s1 & no "o is call$ on 9 ! "n ( ,lib]alism to ov]look _! s]i\sness4 ,!re are1 = example1 c]ta9 disqualifications inh]5t 9 ! pr(ession ( c]ta9 op9ions4 ,x is n illib]al to recognize su* disqualifications4 ,x is n illib]al = a ,prote/ant 9 *oos+ a tutor = 8 son to reject a consci5ti\s ,roman ,ca?olic :o av[s t all 8 tea*+ is c5tr$ on ! doctr9e ( 8 ,*ur*4 ,x w\ld be illib]al to reject ! same man = ! specific purpose ( tea*+ ari?metic1 if he av[$ t he _h no int5tion ( us+ 8 position = ! purpose ( religi\s propag&ism4 ,= ! =m] purpose ! div]g5ce ( religi\s op9ion is an inh]5t disqualification4 ,x negates ! object prop\nd$1 :i* is ! g5]al education ( ! boy on l9es 9 :i* ! fa!r believes4 ,= ! latt] purpose ! op9ion is no disqualification4 ,! dev\t ,ca?olic accepts ! multiplication table1 & c imp>t 8 k )\t ref]5ce to ! infallibility ( ! ,pope4 ,to refuse to employ him is to impose an extrane\s p5alty on 8 convictions4 ,x is n illib]al = an editor to decl9e ! s]vices ( a memb] ( ! opposite p>ty z a lead] writ]1 or ev5 z a political review] or 9 any capacity 9 :i* 8 op9ions w\ld affect 8 "w4 ,x is illib]al to reject him z a compositor or z a cl]k1 or 9 any capacity 9 :i* 8 op9ions w\ld n affect 8 "w = ! pap]4 ,x is n illib]al to refuse a position ( tru/ to ! man ^: record %[s t he is likely to abuse su* a tru/4 ,x is illib]al--& ?is ! morali/ has yet to le>n--to puni% a man :o has done a wrong 9 "o relation by exclud+ him f ! p]=mance ( useful social functions = :i* he is p]fectly fitt$1 by :i* he c\ld at once s]ve society & re-e/abli% 8 own self-respect4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 yet come a "t :5 ,lib]alism1 already recogniz$ z a duty 9 religion & 9 politics1 w take its true place at ! c5tre ( our e?ical conceptions1 & w be se5 to h its application n only to him :om we conceive to be ! tea*] ( false op9ions1 b to ! man :om we hold a s9n]4 ,! gr\nd ( ,lib]alism s und]/ood is c]ta9ly n ! view t a man's p]sonal op9ions are socially indiff]5t1 nor t 8 p]sonal morality matt]s no?+ to o!rs4 ,s f> z ,mill re/$ 8 case on ! di/9ction betwe5 self-reg>d+ actions & actions t affect o!rs1 he 0 /ill dom9at$ by ! old] individualism4 ,we %\ld frankly recognize t !re is no side ( a man's life :i* is unimportant to society1 = :atev] he is1 does1 or ?9ks may affect 8 own well-be+1 :i* is & ought to be matt] ( common conc]n1 & may also directly or indirectly affect ! ?\ght1 action1 & "* ( ^? ) :om he comes 9 contact4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple may be put 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! man is mu* m ?an 8 op9ions & 8 actions4 ,c>lyle & ,/]l+ did n diff] except 9 op9ion4 ,to mo/ ( u t is j :at diff]5ce means4 ,c>lyle 0 aw>e t !re 0 some?+ mu* deep]1 some?+ t op9ion j crassly =mulates1 & = ! mo/ "p =mulates inadequately1 t is ! real man4 ,! real man is some?+ m ?an is ev] adequately express$ 9 t]ms :i* 8 fell[s c und]/&2 & j z 8 ess5tial humanity lies deep] ?an all di/9ctions ( rank1 & class1 & col\r1 & ev51 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t s5se1 ( sex1 s also x goes f> bel[ ^? comp>atively ext]nal ev5ts :i* make "o man figure z a sa9t & ano!r z a crim9al4 ,?is s5se ( ultimate on5ess is ! real mean+ ( equality1 z x is ! f\ndation ( social solid>ity & ! bond :i*1 if g5u9ely exp]i5c$1 resi/s ! disruptive =ce ( all conflict1 intellectual1 religi\s1 & e?ical4 ,b1 fur!r1 :ile p]sonal op9ions & social in/itutions are l cry/alliz$ results1 a*ievem5ts t h be5 won by c]ta9 def9ite processes ( individual or collective ef=t1 human p]sonality is t )9 :i* lives & gr[s1 :i* c be de/roy$ b _c be made1 :i* _c be tak5 to pieces & repair$1 b c be plac$ "u conditions 9 :i* x w fl\ri% & exp&1 or1 if x is diseas$1 "u conditions 9 :i* x w heal itself by its own recup]ative p[]s4 ,! f\ndation ( lib]ty is ! idea ( gr[?4 ,life is le>n+1 b :e!r 9 !ory or practice :at a man g5u9ely le>ns is :at he absorbs1 & :at he absorbs dep5ds on ! en]gy :i* he himself puts =? 9 response to 8 surr\nd+s4 ,?us1 to come at once to ! real crux1 ! "q ( moral discipl9e1 x is ( c\rse possible to r$uce a man to ord] & prev5t him f be+ a nuisance to 8 neighb\rs by arbitr>y control & h>% puni%m5t4 ,?is may be to ! com=t ( ! neighb\rs1 z is admitt$1 b reg>d$ z a moral discipl9e x is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,x is do+ less ?an no?+ = ! "* ( ! man himself4 ,x is m]ely cru%+ him1 & unless 8 w is kill$ ! effect w be se5 if ev] ! sup]9cumb5t pressure is by *ance remov$4 ,x is also possible1 ?\gh x takes a mu* high] skill1 to tea* ! same man to discipl9e himself1 & ?is is to fo/] ! developm5t ( w1 ( p]sonality1 ( self control1 or :atev] we please to call t c5tral h>moniz+ p[] :i* makes u capable ( direct+ our own lives4 ,lib]alism is ! belief t society c safely be f\nd$ on ?is self-direct+ p[] ( p]sonality1 t x is only on ?is f\ndation t a true community c be built1 & t s e/abli%$ its f\ndations are s deep & s wide t !re is no limit t we c place to ! ext5t ( ! build+4 ,lib]ty !n becomes n s mu* a "r ( ! individual z a necessity ( society4 ,x re/s n on ! claim ( ,a to be let alone by ,b1 b on ! duty ( ,b to treat ,a z a rational be+4 ,x is n "r to let crime alone or to let error alone1 b x is imp]ative to treat ! crim9al or ! mi/ak5 or ! ignorant z be+s capable ( "r & tru?1 & to lead !m on in/ead ( m]ely beat+ !m d[n4 ,! rule ( lib]ty is j ! application ( rational me?od4 ,x is ! op5+ ( ! door to ! appeal ( reason1 ( imag9ation1 ( social feel+2 & except ?r\gh ! response to ?is appeal !re is no assur$ progress ( society4 ,n[1 ,i am n cont5d+ t ^! pr9ciples are free f difficulty 9 application4 ,at _m po9ts !y sugge/ difficulties bo? 9 !ory & 9 practice1 ) "s ( :i* ,i %all try to deal lat] on4 ,nor1 aga91 am ,i cont5d+ t fre$om is ! univ]sal solv5t1 or ! idea ( lib]ty ! sole f\ndation on :i* a true social philosophy c be bas$4 ,on ! contr>y1 fre$om is only "o side ( social life4 ,mutual aid is n less important ?an mutual =be>ance1 ! !ory ( collective action no less fundam5tal ?an ! !ory ( p]sonal fre$om4 ,b1 9 an inquiry :]e all ! elem5ts are s closely int]wov5 z !y are 9 ! field ( social life1 ! po9t ( dep>ture becomes almo/ indiff]5t4 ,:]ev] we />t we %all1 if we are q frank & consi/5t1 be l$ on to look at ! :ole f "s c5tral po9t1 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 has happ5$ to u 9 work+ ) ! conception ( 'lib]ty4' ,=1 beg9n+ ) ! "r ( ! individual1 & ! anti!sis betwe5 p]sonal fre$om & social control1 we h be5 l$ on to a po9t at :i* we reg>d lib]ty z prim>ily a matt] ( social int]e/1 z some?+ fl[+ f ! necessities ( cont9u\s advance 9 ^? regions ( tru? & ( e?ics :i* con/itute ! matt]s ( highe/ social conc]n4 ,at ! same "t1 we h come to look = ! effect ( lib]ty 9 ! firm] e/abli%m5t ( social solid>ity1 z ! only f\ndation on :i* su* solid>ity c securely re/4 ,we h1 9 fact1 arriv$ by a pa? ( our own at t :i* is ord9>ily describ$ z ! organic conception ( ! relation betwe5 ! individual & society--a conception t[>ds :i* ,mill work$ ?r\gh 8 c>e]1 & :i* =ms ! />t+-po9t ( ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5's philosophy alike 9 e?ics & 9 politics4 ,! t]m organic is s mu* us$ & abus$ t x is be/ to /ate simply :at x means4 ,a ?+ is call$ organic :5 x is made up ( p>ts :i* are q di/9ct f "o ano!r1 b :i* are de/roy$ or vitally alt]$ :5 !y are remov$ f ! :ole4 ,?us1 ! human body is organic because its life dep5ds on ! functions p]=m$ by _m organs1 :ile ea* ( ^! organs dep5ds 9 turn on ! life ( ! body1 p]i%+ & decompos+ if remov$ !refrom4 ,n[1 ! organic view ( society is equally simple4 ,x means t1 :ile ! life ( society is no?+ b ! life ( individuals z !y act "o ^u ano!r1 ! life ( ! individual 9 turn w\ld be some?+ utt]ly diff]5t if he c\ld be sep>at$ f society4 ,a great deal ( him w\ld n exi/ at all4 ,ev5 if he himself c\ld ma9ta9 physical exi/5ce by ! luck & skill ( a ,rob9son ,crusoe1 8 m5tal & moral be+ w\ld1 if x exi/$ at all1 be some?+ q diff]5t f any?+ t we "k4 ,by language1 by tra9+1 by simply liv+ ) o!rs1 ea* ( u absorbs into 8 sy/em ! social atmosph]e t surr\nds u4 ,9 p>ticul>1 9 ! matt] ( rights & duties :i* is c>d9al = ,lib]al !ory1 ! relation ( ! individual to ! community is ev]y?+4 ,8 rights & 8 duties are alike def9$ by ! common good4 ,:at1 = example1 is my "r8 ,on ! face ( x1 x is some?+ t ,i claim4 ,b a m]e claim is no?+4 ,i might claim any?+ & ev]y?+4 ,if my claim is ( "r x is because x is s\nd1 well gr\nd$1 9 ! judgm5t ( an imp>tial obs]v]4 ,b an imp>tial obs]v] w n consid] me alone4 ,he w equally weigh ! oppos$ claims ( o!rs4 ,he w take u 9 relation to "o ano!r1 t is to say1 z individuals involv$ 9 a social relation%ip4 ,fur!r1 if 8 decision is 9 any s5se a rational "o1 x mu/ re/ on a pr9ciple ( "s k9d2 & aga91 z a rational man1 any pr9ciple :i* he ass]ts he mu/ f\nd on "s good result :i* x s]ves or embodies1 & z an imp>tial man he mu/ take ! good ( e "o affect$ into acc\nt4 ,t is to say1 he mu/ f\nd 8 judgm5t on ! common good4 ,an individual "r1 !n1 _c conflict ) ! common good1 nor c\ld any "r exi/ ap>t f ! common good4 ,! argum5t might seem to make ! individual too subs]vi5t to society4 ,b ?is is to =get ! o!r side ( ! orig9al supposition4 ,society consi/s :olly ( p]sons4 ,x has no di/9ct p]sonality sep>ate f & sup]ior to ^? ( its memb]s4 ,x has1 inde$1 a c]ta9 collective life & "*4 ,! ,briti% nation is a unity ) a life ( its own4 ,b ! unity is con/itut$ by c]ta9 ties t b9d toge!r all ,briti% subjects1 :i* ties are 9 ! la/ resort feel+s & ideas1 s5tim5ts ( patriotism1 ( k9%ip1 a common pride1 & a ?\s& m subtle s5tim5ts t b9d toge!r m5 :o speak a common language1 h beh9d !m a common hi/ory1 & und]/& "o ano!r z !y c und]/& no "o else4 ,! ,briti% nation is n a my/]i\s entity ov] & above ! =ty odd millions ( liv+ s\ls :o dwell toge!r "u a common law4 ,its life is _! life1 its well-be+ or ill-=tune _! well-be+ or ill-=tune4 ,?us1 ! common good to :i* ea* man's rights are subord9ate is a good 9 :i* ea* man has a %>e4 ,?is %>e consi/s 9 realiz+ 8 capacities ( feel+1 ( lov+1 ( m5tal & physical en]gy1 & 9 realiz+ ^! he plays 8 "p 9 ! social life1 or1 9 ,gre5's phrase1 he f9ds 8 own good 9 ! common good4 ,n[1 ?is phrase1 x mu/ be admitt$1 involves a c]ta9 assumption1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( ! organic view ( society4 ,x implies t su* a fulfilm5t or full developm5t ( p]sonality is practically possible n = "o man only b = all memb]s ( a community4 ,!re mu/ be a l9e ( developm5t op5 along :i* ea* c move 9 h>mony ) o!rs4 ,h>mony 9 ! full s5se w\ld involve n m]ely abs5ce ( conflict b actual support4 ,!re mu/ be = ea*1 !n1 possibilities ( developm5t su* z n m]ely to p]mit b actively to fur!r ! developm5t ( o!rs4 ,n[1 ! old] economi/s conceiv$ a natural h>mony1 su* t ! int]e/s ( ea* w\ld1 if prop]ly und]/ood & un*eck$ by outside int]f]5ce1 inevitably lead him 9 c\rses pr(itable to o!rs & to society at l>ge4 ,we saw t ?is assumption 0 too optimi/ic4 ,! conception :i* we h n[ rea*$ does n assume s mu*4 ,x po/ulates1 n t !re is an actually exi/+ h>mony requir+ no?+ b prud5ce & coolness ( judgm5t = its effective op]ation1 b only t !re is a possible e?ical h>mony1 to :i*1 p>tly by discipl9e1 p>tly by ! improvem5t ( ! conditions ( life1 m5 might atta91 & t 9 su* atta9m5t lies ! social ideal4 ,to attempt ! sy/ematic pro( ( ?is po/ulate w\ld take u into ! field ( philosophical fir/ pr9ciples4 ,x is ! po9t at :i* ! philosophy ( politics comes into contact ) t ( e?ics4 ,x mu/ suffice to say "h t1 j z ! endeav\r to e/abli% coh]5t sy/em 9 ! _w ( ?\ght is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! rational impulse :i* lies at ! root ( sci5ce & philosophy1 s ! impulse to e/abli% h>mony 9 ! _w ( feel+ & action--a h>mony :i* mu/ include all ^? :o ?9k & feel--is ( ! ess5ce ( ! rational impulse 9 ! _w ( practice4 ,to move t[>ds h>mony is ! p]si/5t impulse ( ! rational be+1 ev5 if ! goal lies always beyond ! rea* ( accompli%$ ef=t4 ,^! pr9ciples may appe> v ab/ract1 remote f practical life1 & valueless = concrete tea*+4 ,b ?is remot5ess is ( ! nature ( fir/ pr9ciples :5 tak5 )\t ! connect+ l9ks t b9d !m to ! details ( exp]i5ce4 ,to f9d "s ( ^! l9ks let u take up aga9 our old ,lib]al pr9ciples1 & see h[ !y look 9 ! light ( ! organic1 or1 z we may n[ call x1 ! h>monic conception4 ,we %all readily see1 to beg9 )1 t ! old idea ( equality has its place4 ,= ! common good includes e individual4 ,x is f\nd$ on p]sonality1 & po/ulates free scope = ! developm5t ( p]sonality 9 ea* memb] ( ! community4 ,?is is ! f\ndation n only ( equal rights be=e ! law1 b also ( :at is call$ equality ( opportunity4 ,x does n necess>ily imply actual equality ( treatm5t = all p]sons any m ?an x implies orig9al equality ( p[]s4#i ,x does1 ,i ?9k1 imply t :atev] inequality ( actual treatm5t1 ( income1 rank1 (fice1 consid]ation1 !re be 9 a good social sy/em1 x w\ld re/1 n on ! int]e/ ( ! fav\r$ individual z su*1 b on ! common good4 ,if ! exi/5ce ( millionaires on ! "o h& & ( paup]s on ! o!r is j1 x mu/ be because su* contra/s are ! result ( an economic sy/em :i* ^u ! :ole works out = ! common good1 ! good ( ! paup] be+ includ$ !re9 z well z ! good ( ! millionaire2 t is to say1 t :5 we h well weigh$ ! good & ! evil ( all p>ties conc]n$ we c f9d no alt]native op5 to u :i* c\ld d bett] = ! good ( all4 ,i am n = ! mom5t ei!r attack+ or def5d+ any economic sy/em4 ,i po9t out only t ?is is ! position :i* accord+ to ! organic or h>monic view ( society mu/ be made good by any rational def5ce ( grave inequality 9 ! di/ribution ( weal?4 ,9 relation to equality1 inde$1 x appe>s1 oddly en\gh1 t ! h>monic pr9ciple c adopt :olesale1 & ev5 exp&1 "o ( ! ,rights ( ,man z =mulat$ 9 #aghi--,social di/9ctions c only be f\nd$ ^u common utility4 ,if x is really j t ,a %\ld be sup]ior to ,b 9 weal? or p[] or position1 x is only because :5 ! good ( all conc]n$ is consid]$1 among :om ,b is "o1 x turns out t !re is a net ga9 9 ! arrangem5t z comp>$ ) any alt]native t we c devise4 ,if we turn f equality to lib]ty1 ! g5]al l9es ( argum5t h already be5 indicat$1 & ! discussion ( difficulties 9 detail mu/ be left = ! next *apt]4 ,x ne$ only be repeat$ "h t on ! h>monic pr9ciple ! fundam5tal importance ( lib]ty re/s on ! nature ( ! good itself1 & t :e!r we are ?9k+ ( ! good ( society or ! good ( ! individual4 ,! good is some?+ atta9$ by ! developm5t ( ! basal factors ( p]sonality2 a developm5t proce$+ by ! wid5+ ( ideas1 ! awak5+ ( ! imag9ation1 ! play ( affection & passion1 ! /r5g!n+ & ext5sion ( rational control4 ,z x is ! developm5t ( ^! factors 9 ea* human be+ t makes 8 life wor? hav+1 s x is _! h>moni\s int]action1 ! response ( ea* to ea*1 t makes ( society a liv+ :ole4 ,lib]ty s int]pret$ _c1 z we h se51 disp5se ) re/ra9t2 re/ra9t1 h[ev]1 is n an end b a means to an end1 & "o ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts 9 t end is ! enl>gem5t ( lib]ty4 ,b ! collective activity ( ! community does n necess>ily proce$ by co]cion or re/ra9t4 ,! m securely x is f\nd$ on fre$om & g5]al will+ ass5t1 ! m x is free to "w out all ! a*ievem5ts 9 :i* ! individual is feeble or p[]less :ile comb9$ action is /rong4 ,human progress1 on :atev] side we consid] x1 is f\nd to be 9 ! ma9 social progress1 ! "w ( consci\s or unconsci\s co-op]ation4 ,9 ?is "w volunt>y association plays a l>ge & increas+ "p4 ,b ! ,/ate is "o =m ( association among o!rs1 di/+ui%$ by its use ( co]cive p[]1 by its supremacy1 & by its claim to control all :o dwell )9 its geographical limits4 ,:at ! functions ( su* a =m ( association are to be we %all h to consid] a little fur!r 9 connection ) ! o!r que/ions :i* we h already rais$4 ,b t1 9 g5]al1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! ,/ate z "o among _m =ms ( human association = ! ma9t5ance & improvem5t ( life is ! g5]al pr9ciple t we h to po9t out "h1 & ?is is ! po9t at :i* we /& fur!/ f ! old] ,lib]alism4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 already se5 "s reason = ?9k+ t ! old] doctr9es l$1 :5 c>efully exam9$1 to a m enl>g$ conception ( ,/ate action ?an appe>$ on ! surface2 & we %all see m fully be=e we h done t ! positive conception ( ! ,/ate :i* we h n[ rea*$ n only involves no conflict ) ! true pr9ciple ( p]sonal lib]ty1 b is necess>y to its effective realization4 ,!re is1 9 addition1 "o pr9ciple ( hi/oric ,lib]alism ) :i* our pres5t conception ( ! ,/ate is 9 full sympa?y4 ,! conception ( ! common good z x has be5 expla9$ c be realiz$ 9 its fullness only ?r\gh ! common w4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 elem5ts ( value 9 ! good gov]nm5t ( a b5evol5t despot or ( a fa!rly ari/ocracy4 ,)9 any peaceful ord] !re is room = _m good ?+s to fl\ri%4 ,b ! full fruit ( social progress is only to be reap$ by a society 9 :i* ! g5]ality ( m5 & wom5 are n only passive recipi5ts b practical contributors4 ,to make ! rights & responsibilities ( citiz5s real & liv+1 & to ext5d !m z widely z ! conditions ( society all[1 is ?us an integral "p ( ! organic conception ( society1 & ! ju/ification ( ! democratic pr9ciple4 ,x is1 at ! same "t1 ! ju/ification ( nationalism s f> z nationalism is f\nd$ on a true int]pretation ( hi/ory4 ,=1 inasmu* z ! true social h>mony re/s on feel+ & makes use ( all ! natural ties ( k9%ip1 ( neighb\rl9ess1 ( congruity ( "* & belief1 & ( language & mode ( life1 ! be/1 heal?ie/1 & mo/ vigor\s political unit is t to :i* m5 are by _! own feel+s /rongly drawn4 ,any brea* ( su* unity1 :e!r by =cible disruption or by compulsory inclusion 9 a l>g] society ( ali5 s5tim5ts & laws1 t5ds to mutilate--or1 at l[e/1 to cramp--! spontane\s developm5t ( social life4 ,national & p]sonal fre$om are gr[?s ( ! same root1 & _! hi/oric connection re/s on no accid5t1 b on ultimate id5tity ( idea4 ,?us 9 ! organic conception ( society ea* ( ! lead+ ideas ( hi/oric ,lib]alism has its "p to play4 ,! ideal society is conceiv$ z a :ole :i* lives & fl\ri%es by ! h>moni\s gr[? ( its p>ts1 ea* ( :i* 9 develop+ on its own l9es & 9 accordance ) its own nature t5ds on ! :ole to fur!r ! developm5t ( o!rs4 ,!re is "s elem5t>y trace ( su* h>mony 9 e =m ( social life t c ma9ta9 itself1 = if ! conflict+ impulses pr$om9at$ society w\ld break up1 & :5 !y d pr$om9ate society does break up4 ,at ! o!r extreme1 true h>mony is an ideal :i* x is p]haps beyond ! p[] ( man to realize1 b :i* s]ves to indicate ! l9e ( advance4 ,b to admit ?is is to admit t ! l9es ( possible developm5t = ea* individual or1 to use a m g5]al phrase1 = ea* con/itu5t ( ! social ord] are n limit$ & fix$4 ,!re are _m possibilities1 & ! c\rse t w 9 ! end make = social h>mony is only "o among !m1 :ile ! possibilities ( di%>mony & conflict are _m4 ,! progress ( society l t ( ! individual dep5ds1 !n1 ultimately on *oice4 ,x is n natural1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* a physical law is natural1 t is1 9 ! s5se ( go+ =w>d automatically f /age to /age )\t backw>d turn+s1 deflections to ! left1 or fall+s away on ! "r4 ,x is natural only 9 ?is s5se1 t x is ! expression ( deep-seat$ =ces ( human nature :i* come to _! own only by an inf9itely sl[ & cumb]some process ( mutual adju/m5t4 ,e con/ructive social doctr9e re/s on ! conception ( human progress4 ,! he>t ( ,lib]alism is ! und]/&+ t progress is n a matt] ( me*anical contrivance1 b ( ! lib]ation ( liv+ spiritual en]gy4 ,good me*anism is t :i* provides ! *annels :]e9 su* en]gy c fl[ unimp$$1 unob/ruct$ by its own exub]ance ( output1 vivify+ ! social /ructure1 exp&+ & ennobl+ ! life ( m9d4 ,,footnote3 #i ,an absurd misconception fo/]$ pr9cipally by oppon5ts ( equality = controv]sial purposes4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,/ate ,,& ,,! ,,individual ,we h se5 some?+ ( ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! ,lib]al idea & ( its v>i\s applications4 ,we h n[ to put ! te/ "q4 ,are ^! diff]5t applications compatible8 ,w !y "w toge!r to make t h>moni\s :ole ( :i* x is easy en\gh to talk 9 ab/ract t]ms8 ,are !y !mselves really h>moni\s 9 !ory & 9 practice8 ,does scope = individual developm5t1 = example1 consort ) ! idea ( equality8 ,is popul> sov]eignty a practicable basis ( p]sonal fre$om1 or does x op5 an av5ue to ! tyranny ( ! mob8 ,w ! s5tim5t ( nationality dwell 9 unison ) ! ideal ( peace8 ,is ! love ( lib]ty compatible ) ! full realization ( ! common w8 ,if reconcilable 9 !ory1 may n ^! ideals collide 9 practice8 ,are !re n cle>ly occasions demon/rable 9 hi/ory :5 developm5t 9 "o direction involves retrogression 9 ano!r8 ,if s1 h[ are we to /rike ! balance ( ga9 & loss8 ,does political progress (f] u no?+ b a *oice ( evils1 or may we h "s confid5ce t1 9 solv+ ! mo/ press+ problem ( ! mom5t1 we %all 9 ! end be 9 a bett] position = grappl+ ) ! ob/acles t come next 9 turn8 ,i %all deal ) ^! que/ions z f> z limits ( space all[1 & ,i w take fir/ ! "q ( lib]ty & ! common w ^u :i* ev]y?+ turns4 ,en\gh has already be5 said on ?is topic to enable u to %ort5 ! discussion4 ,we h se5 t social lib]ty re/s on re/ra9t4 ,a man c be free to direct 8 own life only 9 s f> z o!rs are prev5t$ f mole/+ & int]f]+ ) him4 ,s f> !re is no real dep>ture f ! /ricte/ t5ets ( individualism4 ,we h1 inde$1 _h occasion to exam9e ! application ( ! doctr9e to fre$om ( contract on ! "o h&1 & to ! action ( comb9ations on ! o!r1 & h se5 reason to ?9k t 9 ei!r case nom9al fre$om1 t is to say1 ! abs5ce ( legal re/ra9t1 might h ! effect ( impair+ real fre$om1 t is to say1 w\ld all[ ! /rong] p>ty to co]ce ! weak]4 ,we h also se5 t ! effect ( comb9ation may be d\ble edg$1 t x may re/rict fre$om on "o side & enl>ge x on ! o!r4 ,9 all ^! cases our cont5tion has be5 simply t we %\ld be guid$ by real & n by v]bal consid]ations1--t we %\ld ask 9 e case :at policy w yield effective fre$om--& we h f\nd a close connection 9 ea* in/ance betwe5 fre$om & equality4 ,9 ^! cases1 h[ev]1 we 7 deal+ ) ! relations ( "o man ) ano!r1 or ( "o body ( m5 ) ano!r1 & we c\ld reg>d ! community z an arbit] betwe5 !m ^: bus9ess x 0 to see ju/ice done & prev5t ! abuse ( co]cive p[]4 ,h5ce we c\ld treat a v l>ge "p ( ! mod]n developm5t ( social control z motiv$ by ! desire = a m effective lib]ty4 ,! case is n s cle> :5 we f9d ! w ( ! individual 9 conflict ) ! w ( ! community z a :ole4 ,:5 su* conflict occurs1 x w\ld seem t we mu/ be prep>$ = "o ( two ?+s4 ,ei!r we mu/ admit ! legitimacy ( co]cion1 av[$ly n 9 ! int]e/s ( fre$om b 9 fur!rance1 )\t reg>d to fre$om1 ( o!r ends :i* ! community deems good4 ,or we mu/ admit limitations :i* may cramp ! developm5t ( ! g5]al w1 & p]*ance prove a s]i\s ob/acle to collective progress4 ,is !re any means ( avoid+ ?is conflict8 ,mu/ we leave ! "q to be f\ght out 9 ea* case by a balance ( advantages & disadvantages1 or are !re any g5]al consid]ations :i* help u to det]m9e ! true sph]e ( collective & ( private action8 ,let u fir/ obs]ve t1 z ,mill po9t$ out long ago1 !re are _m =ms ( collective action :i* d n involve co]cion4 ,! ,/ate may provide = c]ta9 objects :i* x deems good )\t compell+ any "o to make use ( !m4 ,?us x may ma9ta9 hospitals1 ?\gh any "o :o c pay = !m rema9s free to employ 8 own doctors & nurses4 ,x may & does ma9ta9 a great educational sy/em1 :ile leav+ e "o free to ma9ta9 or to att5d a private s*ool4 ,x ma9ta9s p>ks & picture gall]ies )\t driv+ any "o into !m4 ,!re is a municipal tramway s]vice1 :i* does n prev5t private p f runn+ motor 'buses along ! same /reets1 & s on4 ,x is true t = ! support ( ^! objects rates & taxes are compulsorily levi$1 b ?is =m ( compulsion raises a set ( que/ions ( :i* we %all h to speak 9 ano!r connection1 & does n conc]n u "h4 ,= ! mom5t we h to deal only ) ^? actions ( ,/ate :i* compel all citiz5s1 or all :om !y conc]n1 to fall 9 ) !m & all[ ( no div]g5ce4 ,?is k9d ( co]cion t5ds to increase4 ,is its ext5sion necess>ily an encroa*m5t ^u lib]ty1 or are ! elem5ts ( value secur$ by collective control di/9ct f ! elem5ts ( value secur$ by individual *oice1 s t )9 due limits ea* may develop side by side8 ,we h already decl9$ to solve ! problem by apply+ ,mill's di/9ction betwe5 self-reg>d+ & o!r-reg>d+ actions1 fir/ because !re are no actions :i* may n directly or indirectly affect o!rs1 secondly because ev5 if !re 7 !y w\ld n cease to be matt] ( conc]n to o!rs4 ,! common good includes ! good ( e memb] ( ! community1 & ! injury :i* a man inflicts ^u himself is matt] ( common conc]n1 ev5 ap>t f any ult]ior effect ^u o!rs4 ,if we refra9 f co]c+ a man = 8 own good1 x is n because 8 good is indiff]5t to u1 b because x _c be fur!r$ by co]cion4 ,! difficulty is f\nd$ on ! nature ( ! good itself1 :i* on its p]sonal side dep5ds on ! spontane\s fl[ ( feel+ *eck$ & guid$ n by ext]nal re/ra9t b by rational self-control4 ,to try to =m "* by co]cion is to de/roy x 9 ! mak+4 ,p]sonality is n built up f )\t b gr[s f )91 & ! function ( ! out] ord] is n to create x1 b to provide = x ! mo/ suitable conditions ( gr[?4 ,?us1 to ! common "q :e!r x is possible to make m5 good by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ! reply is t x is n possible to compel morality because morality is ! act or "* ( a free ag5t1 b t x is possible to create ! conditions "u :i* morality c develop1 & among ^! n ! lea/ important is fre$om f compulsion by o!rs4 ,! argum5t sugge/s t compulsion is limit$ n by indiff]5ce--h[ c\ld ! "* ( its memb]s be matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! community8--b by its own incapacity to a*ieve its ends4 ,! _s _c be =c$4 ,nor1 conv]sely1 c x prevail by =ce4 ,x may require social expression4 ,x may build up an association1 a *ur* = example1 to c>ry out ! common objects & ma9ta9 ! common life ( all :o are l-m9d$4 ,b ! association mu/ be free1 because spiritually ev]y?+ dep5ds n on :at is done b on ! w ) :i* x is done4 ,! limit to ! value ( co]cion ?us lies n 9 ! re/riction ( social purpose1 b 9 ! conditions ( p]sonal life4 ,no =ce c compel gr[?4 ,:atev] elem5ts ( social value dep5d on ! accord ( feel+1 on compreh5sion ( mean+1 on ! ass5t ( w1 mu/ come ?r\gh lib]ty4 ,"h is ! sph]e & function ( lib]ty 9 ! social h>mony4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! sph]e ( compulsion1 & :at is its value8 ,! reply is t compulsion is ( value :]e outw>d con=mity is ( value1 & ?is may be 9 any case :]e ! non-con=mity ( "o wrecks ! purpose ( o!rs4 ,we h already rem>k$ t lib]ty itself only re/s ^u re/ra9t4 ,?us a religi\s body is n1 prop]ly speak+1 free to m>* 9 procession ?r\gh ! /reets unless p ( a diff]5t religion are re/ra9$ f pelt+ ! procession ) /ones & pursu+ x ) insol5ce4 ,we re/ra9 !m f disord] n to tea* !m ! g5u9e _s ( religion1 :i* !y w n le>n 9 ! police c\rt1 b to secure to ! o!r p>ty ! "r ( wor%ip unmole/$4 ,! en=c$ re/ra9t has its value 9 ! action t x sets free4 ,b we may n only re/ra9 "o man f ob/ruct+ ano!r--& ! ext5t to :i* we d ?is is ! measure ( ! fre$om t we ma9ta9--b we may also re/ra9 him f ob/ruct+ ! g5]al w2 & ?is we h to d :5ev] uni=mity is necess>y to ! end :i* ! g5]al w has 9 view4 ,! majority ( employ]s 9 a trade we may suppose w\ld be will+ to adopt c]ta9 precautions = ! heal? or safety ( _! work]s1 to l[] h\rs or to raise ! rate ( wages4 ,!y are unable to d s1 h[ev]1 z long z a m9ority1 p]haps z long z a s+le employ]1 /&s out4 ,he w\ld beat !m 9 competition if !y 7 volunt>ily to und]take exp5ses f :i* he is free4 ,9 ?is case1 ! w ( a m9ority1 possibly ! w ( "o man1 ?w>ts t ( ! rema9d]4 ,x co]ces !m1 indirectly1 b q z effectively z if he 7 _! ma/]4 ,if !y1 by comb9ation1 c co]ce him no pr9ciple ( lib]ty is violat$4 ,x is co]cion aga9/ co]cion1 diff]+ possibly 9 =m & me?od1 b n 9 pr9ciple or 9 _s4 ,fur!r1 if ! community z a :ole sympa?izes ) ! "o side r ?an ! o!r1 x c reasonably br+ ! law into play4 ,its object is n ! moral education ( ! recusant individuals4 ,its object is to secure c]ta9 conditions :i* x believes necess>y = ! welf>e ( its memb]s1 & :i* c only be secur$ by an en=c$ uni=mity4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! true di/9ction is n betwe5 self-reg>d+ & o!r-reg>d+ actions1 b betwe5 co]cive & non-co]cive actions4 ,! function ( ,/ate co]cion is to ov]ride individual co]cion1 &1 ( c\rse1 co]cion ex]cis$ by any association ( individuals )9 ! ,/ate4 ,x is by ?is means t x ma9ta9s lib]ty ( expression1 security ( p]son & prop]ty1 g5u9e fre$om ( contract1 ! rights ( public meet+ & association1 & f9ally its own p[] to c>ry out common objects undefeat$ by ! recalcitrance ( individual memb]s4 ,und\bt$ly x end[s bo? individuals & associations ) p[]s z well z ) rights4 ,b ov] ^! p[]s x mu/ ex]cise sup]vision 9 ! int]e/s ( equal ju/ice4 ,j z compulsion fail$ 9 ! sph]e ( lib]ty1 ! sph]e ( spiritual gr[?1 s lib]ty fails 9 ! ext]nal ord] :]ev]1 by ! m]e abs5ce ( sup]visory re/riction1 m5 are able directly or indirectly to put con/ra9t on "o ano!r4 ,?is is :y !re is no intr9sic & inevitable conflict betwe5 lib]ty & compulsion1 b at bottom a mutual ne$4 ,! object ( compulsion is to secure ! mo/ fav\rable ext]nal conditions ( inw>d gr[? & happ9ess s f> z ^! conditions dep5d on comb9$ action & uni=m obs]vance4 ,! sph]e ( lib]ty is ! sph]e ( gr[? itself4 ,!re is no true opposition betwe5 lib]ty z su* & control z su*1 = e lib]ty re/s on a correspond+ act ( control4 ,! true opposition is betwe5 ! control t cramps ! p]sonal life & ! spiritual ord]1 & ! control t is aim$ at secur+ ! ext]nal & mat]ial conditions ( _! free & unimp$$ developm5t4 ,i d n pret5d t ?is delimitation solves all problems4 ,! inw>d life w seek to express itself 9 outw>d acts4 ,a religi\s ord9ance may bid ! dev\t refuse milit>y s]vice1 or )hold ! paym5t ( a tax1 or decl9e to submit a build+ to inspection4 ,"h are ext]nal matt]s :]e consci5ce & ! ,/ate come into direct conflict1 & :]e is ! c\rt ( appeal t is to decide betwe5 !m8 ,9 any giv5 case ! "r1 z judg$ by ! ultimate effect on human welf>e1 may1 ( c\rse1 be on ! "o side1 or on ! o!r1 or betwe5 ! two4 ,b is !re any?+ to guide ! two p>ties z long z ea* believes itself to be 9 ! "r & sees no gr\nd = waiv+ its op9ion8 ,to beg9 )1 cle>ly ! ,/ate does well to avoid su* conflicts by sub/itut+ alt]natives4 ,o!r duties ?an t ( milit>y s]vice may be f\nd = a foll[] ( ,tol/oy1 & z long z he is will+ to take 8 full %>e ( burd5s ! difficulty is fairly met4 ,aga91 ! m]e conv5i5ce ( ! majority _c be fairly weigh$ aga9/ ! religi\s convictions ( ! few4 ,x might be conv5i5t t c]ta9 public "w %\ld be done on ,saturday1 b m]e conv5i5ce w\ld be an insuffici5t gr\nd = compell+ ,jews to p>ticipate 9 x4 ,religi\s & e?ical conviction mu/ be weigh$ aga9/ religi\s & e?ical conviction4 ,x is n numb] t c\nts morally1 b ! belief t is reason$ out accord+ to ! be/ ( "o's lights z to ! necessities ( ! common good4 ,b ! consci5ce ( ! community has its rights j z mu* z ! consci5ce ( ! individual4 ,if we are conv9c$ t ! inspection ( a conv5t laundry is requir$ 9 ! int]e/1 n ( m]e (ficial r\t9e1 b ( ju/ice & humanity1 we c d no?+ b insi/ ^u x1 & :5 all has be5 done t c be done to save ! individual consci5ce ! common conviction ( ! common good mu/ h its way4 ,9 ! end ! ext]nal ord] belongs to ! community1 & ! "r ( prote/ to ! individual4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! individual owes m to ! community ?an is always recogniz$4 ,"u mod]n conditions he is too mu* incl9$ to take = grant$ :at ! ,/ate does = him & to use ! p]sonal security & lib]ty ( spee* :i* x af=ds him z a vantage gr\nd f :i* he c 9 safety d5\nce its works & repudiate its au?ority4 ,he assumes ! "r to be 9 or out ( ! social sy/em z he *ooses4 ,he relies on ! g5]al law :i* protects him1 & emancipates himself f "s p>ticul> law :i* he f9ds oppressive to 8 consci5ce4 ,he =gets or does n take ! tr\ble to reflect t1 if e "o 7 to act z he does1 ! social ma*9e w\ld come to a /op4 ,he c]ta9ly fails to make x cle> h[ a society w\ld subsi/ 9 :i* e man %\ld claim ! "r ( unre/rict$ disob$i5ce to a law :i* he happ5s to ?9k wrong4 ,9 fact1 x is possible = an ov]-t5d] consci5ce to consort ) an insuffici5t s5se ( social responsibility4 ,! comb9ation is un=tunate2 & we may fairly say t1 if ! ,/ate owes ! utmo/ consid]ation to ! consci5ce1 its own] owes a correspond+ debt to ! ,/ate4 ,) su* mutual consid]ation1 & ) ! developm5t ( ! civic s5se1 conflicts betwe5 law & consci5ce are capable ( be+ br\ght )9 v n>r[ limits1 ?\gh _! complete reconciliation w always rema9 a problem until m5 are g5]ally agre$ z to ! fundam5tal conditions ( ! social h>mony4 ,x may be ask$1 on ! o!r h&1 :e!r 9 insi/+ on ! free developm5t ( p]sonality we h n und]/at$ ! duty ( society to its memb]s4 ,we all admit a collective responsibility = *ildr54 ,are !re n gr[n-up p :o /& j z mu* 9 ne$ ( c>e8 ,:at ( ! idiot1 ! imbecile1 ! feeble-m9d$ or ! drunk>d8 ,:at does rational self-det]m9ation mean = ^! classes8 ,!y may injure no "o b !mselves except by ! contagion ( bad example4 ,b h we no duty t[>ds !m1 hav+ 9 view _! own good alone & leav+ e o!r consid]ation aside8 ,h we n ! "r to take ! feeble-m9d$ "u our c>e & to keep ! drunk>d f dr9k1 purely = _! own good & ap>t f e ult]ior consid]ation8 ,&1 if s1 mu/ we n ext5d ! :ole sph]e ( p]missible co]cion1 & admit t a man may = 8 own sake & ) no ult]ior object1 be compell$ to d :at we ?9k "r & avoid :at we ?9k wrong8 ,! reply is t ! argum5t is weak j :]e x seeks to g5]alize4 ,we are compell$ to put ! insane "u re/ra9t = social reasons ap>t f _! own b5efit4 ,b _! own b5efit w\ld be a fully suffici5t reason if no o!r exi/$4 ,to !m1 by _! mis=tune1 lib]ty1 z we und]/& ! t]m1 has no application1 because !y are incapable ( rational *oice & !re=e ( ! k9d ( gr[? = ! sake ( :i* fre$om is valuable4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! feeble-m9d$1 & if !y are n yet treat$ on ! same pr9ciple x is m]ely because ! recognition ( _! type z a type is relatively mod]n4 ,b ! same ?+ is also 9 its degree true ( ! drunk>d1 s f> z he is ! victim ( an impulse :i* he has all[$ to gr[ beyond 8 own control2 & ! "q :e!r he %\ld be reg>d$ z a fit object = tutelage or n is to be decid$ 9 ea* case by ask+ :e!r su* capacity ( self-control z he reta9s w\ld be impair$ or repair$ by a p]iod ( tutel> re/ra9t4 ,!re is no?+ 9 all ?is to t\* ! ess5tial ( lib]ty :i* is ! value ( ! p[] ( self-gov]nance :]e x exi/s4 ,all t is prov$ is t :]e x does n exi/ x is "r to save m5 f suff]+1 & if ! case admits to put !m "u conditions 9 :i* ! normal balance ( impulse is mo/ likely to be re/or$4 ,x may be add$ t1 9 ! case ( ! drunk>d--& ,i ?9k ! argum5t applies to all cases :]e ov]:elm+ impulse is apt to ma/] ! w--x is a /ill m obvi\s & elem5t>y duty to remove ! s\rces ( temptation1 & to treat z anti-social 9 ! highe/ degree e attempt to make pr(it out ( human weakness1 mis]y1 & wrong-do+4 ,! case is n unlike t ( a v unequal contract4 ,! tempt] is coolly seek+ 8 pr(it1 & ! suff]] is beset ) a fi5d )94 ,!re is a =m ( co]cion "h :i* ! g5u9e _s ( lib]ty w n fail to recognize z its enemy1 & a =m ( injury to ano!r :i* is n ! less real because its weapon is an impulse :i* =ces t o!r to ! cons5t :i* he yields4 ,i conclude t !re is no?+ 9 ! doctr9e ( lib]ty to h9d] ! movem5t ( g5]al w 9 ! sph]e 9 :i* x is really effici5t1 & no?+ 9 a j conception ( ! objects & me?ods ( ! g5]al w to curtail lib]ty 9 ! p]=mance ( ! functions1 social & p]sonal1 9 :i* its value lies4 ,lib]ty & compulsion h complem5t>y functions1 & ! self-gov]n+ ,/ate is at once ! product & ! condition ( ! self-gov]n+ individual4 ,?us !re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ :y ! ext5sion ( ,/ate control on "o side goes along ) det]m9$ resi/ance to encroa*m5ts on ano!r4 ,x is a "q n ( increas+ or dim9i%+1 b ( reorganiz+1 re/ra9ts4 ,! p]iod :i* has witness$ a rapid ext5sion ( indu/rial legislation has se5 z det]m9$ a resi/ance to any?+ l ! e/abli%m5t ( doctr9al religi\s tea*+ by a ,/ate au?ority1#aj & ! di/9ction is p]fectly j4 ,at bottom x is ! same conception ( lib]ty & ! same conception ( ! common w t prompts ! regulation ( indu/ry & ! sev]ance ( religi\s wor%ip & doctr9al tea*+ f ! me*anism ( ,/ate control4 ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ :at ! ,/ate compels ! individual to d4 ,if we pass to ! "q :at ! ,/ate is to d = ! individual1 a diff]5t b p>allel "q arises1 & we h to note a correspond+ movem5t ( op9ion4 ,if ! ,/ate does = ! individual :at he ought to d = himself :at w be ! effect on "*1 initiative1 ent]prise8 ,x is a "q n[ n ( fre$om1 b ( responsibility1 & x is "o t has caus$ _m se>*+s ( he>t1 & 9 respect ( :i* op9ion has und]gone a rem>kable *ange4 ,?us1 9 relation to pov]ty ! old] view 0 t ! fir/ ?+ ne$ful 0 self-help4 ,x 0 ! bus9ess ( e man to provide = himself & 8 family4 ,if1 inde$1 he utt]ly fail$1 nei!r he nor !y c\ld be left to />ve1 & !re 0 ! ,poor ,law ma*9]y to deal ) 8 case4 ,b ! aim ( e s9c]e fri5d ( ! poor mu/ be to keep !m away f ! ,poor ,law ma*9e4 ,exp]i5ce ( ! =ty ye>s be=e #ahcd _h taught u :at came ( free resort to public funds by way ( subv5tion to inadequate wages4 ,x meant simply t ! /&>d ( remun]ation 0 l[]$ 9 proportion z m5 c\ld rely on public aid to make good ! defici5cy1 :ile at ! same "t ! inc5tives to indep5d5t lab\r 7 weak5$ :5 ! paup] /ood on an equal foot+ ) ! h>d-work+ man4 ,9 g5]al1 if ! attempt 0 made to sub/itute = p]sonal ef=t ! help ( o!rs1 ! result w\ld only sap individual initiative & 9 ! end br+ d[n ! rate ( indu/rial remun]ation4 ,x 0 ?\ght1 = example--& ?is v po9t 0 urg$ aga9/ proposals = ,old ,age ,p5sions--t if any ( ! objects = :i* a man w1 if possible1 provide 7 remov$ f ! scope ( 8 own activity1 he w\ld 9 consequ5ce be cont5t ) proportionally l[] wages2 if ! employ] 0 to comp5sate him = accid5t1 he w\ld fail to make provision = accid5ts on 8 own acc\nt2 if 8 *ildr5 7 f$ by ! ratepay]s1 he w\ld n e>n ! money :]e) to fe$ !m4 ,h5ce1 on ! "o h&1 x 0 urg$ t ! rate ( wages w\ld t5d to adapt itself to ! necessities ( ! wage e>n]1 t 9 proportion z 8 necessities 7 met f o!r s\rces 8 wages w\ld fall1 t accord+ly ! app>5t relief w\ld be 9 l>ge measure illusory1 :ile f9ally1 9 view ( ! dim9i%$ /imulus to individual ex]tion1 ! productivity ( lab\r w\ld fall (f1 ! inc5tives to indu/ry w\ld be dim9i%$1 & ! community z a :ole w\ld be poor]4 ,^u ! o!r h&1 x 0 conceiv$ t1 h[ev] deplorable ! condition ( ! work+ classes might be1 ! "r way ( rais+ !m 0 to tru/ to individual ent]prise & possibly1 accord+ to "s ?9k]s1 to volunt>y comb9ation4 ,by ^! means ! effici5cy ( lab\r might be enhanc$ & its regul> remun]ation rais$4 ,by /]nly )hold+ all ext]nal supports we %\ld tea* ! work+ classes to /& alone1 & if !re 7 pa9 9 ! discipl9>y process !re 0 yet hope 9 ! future4 ,!y w\ld come by degrees to a position ( economic indep5d5ce 9 :i* !y w\ld be able to face ! risks ( life1 n 9 reliance ^u ! ,/ate1 b by ! =ce ( _! own bra9s & ! /r5g? ( _! own "r arms4 ,^! views no long] comm& ! same measure ( ass5t4 ,on all sides we f9d ! ,/ate mak+ active provision = ! poor] classes & n by any means = ! de/itute alone4 ,we f9d x educat+ ! *ildr51 provid+ m$ical inspection1 au?oriz+ ! fe$+ ( ! necessit\s at ! exp5se ( ! ratepay]s1 help+ !m to obta9 employm5t ?r\gh free ,lab\r ,ex*anges1 seek+ to organize ! lab\r m>ket ) a view to ! mitigation ( unemploym5t1 & provid+ old age p5sions = all ^: incomes fall bel[ ?irte5 %ill+s a week1 )\t exact+ any contribution4 ,n[1 9 all ?is1 we may well ask1 is ! ,/ate go+ =w>d bl9dly on ! pa?s ( broad & g5]\s b unconsid]$ *>ity8 ,is x & c x rema9 indiff]5t to ! effect on individual initiative & p]sonal or p>5tal responsibility8 ,or may we suppose t ! wis] heads are well aw>e ( :at !y are ab\t1 h look$ at ! matt] on all sides1 & are guid$ by a reasonable conception ( ! duty ( ! ,/ate & ! responsibilities ( ! individual8 ,are we1 9 fact--= ?is is really ! "q--seek+ *>ity or ju/ice8 ,we said above t x 0 ! function ( ! ,/ate to secure ! conditions ^u :i* m9d & "* may develop !mselves4 ,simil>ly we may say n[ t ! function ( ! ,/ate is to secure conditions ^u :i* its citiz5s are able to w9 by _! own ef=ts all t is necess>y to a full civic effici5cy4 ,x is n = ! ,/ate to fe$1 h\se1 or clo! !m4 ,x is = ! ,/ate to take c>e t ! economic conditions are su* t ! normal man :o is n defective 9 m9d or body or w c by useful lab\r fe$1 h\se1 & clo! himself & 8 family4 ,! "r to "w & ! "r to a liv+ wage are j z valid z ! rights ( p]son or prop]ty4 ,t is to say1 !y are integral conditions ( a good social ord]4 ,a society 9 :i* a s+le hone/ man ( normal capacity is def9itely unable to f9d ! means ( ma9ta9+ himself by useful "w is to t ext5t suff]+ f malorganization4 ,!re is some:]e a defect 9 ! social sy/em1 a hit* 9 ! economic ma*9e4 ,n[1 ! individual workman _c put ! ma*9e /raight4 ,he is ! la/ p]son to h any say 9 ! control ( ! m>ket4 ,x is n 8 fault if !re is ov]-production 9 8 indu/ry1 or if a new & *eap] process has be5 introduc$ :i* makes 8 p>ticul> skill1 p]haps ! product ( ye>s ( application1 a drug 9 ! m>ket4 ,he does n direct or regulate indu/ry4 ,he is n responsible = its ups & d[ns1 b he has to pay = !m4 ,t is :y x is n *>ity b ju/ice = :i* he is ask+4 ,n[1 x may be inf9itely difficult to meet 8 dem&4 ,to d s may involve a f>-rea*+ economic recon/ruction4 ,! indu/rial que/ions involv$ may be s little und]/ood t we may easily make matt]s worse 9 ! attempt to make !m bett]4 ,all ?is %[s ! difficulty 9 f9d+ means ( meet+ ?is p>ticul> claim ( ju/ice1 b x does n %ake its position z a claim ( ju/ice4 ,a "r is a "r none ! less ?\gh ! means ( secur+ x be imp]fectly kn[n2 & ! workman :o is unemploy$ or und]paid ?r\gh economic malorganization w rema9 a reproa* n to ! *>ity b to ! ju/ice ( society z long z he is to be se5 9 ! l&4 ,if ?is view ( ! duty ( ! ,/ate & ! "r ( ! workman is com+ to prevail1 x is ow+ p>tly to an enhanc$ s5se ( common responsibility1 & p>tly to ! tea*+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! e>li] days ( ! ,free ,trade era1 x 0 p]missible to hope t self-help w\ld be an adequate solv5t1 & t ) *eap food & exp&+ comm]ce ! av]age workman w\ld be able by ! ex]cise ( prud5ce & ?rift n only to ma9ta9 himself 9 good times1 b to lay by = sickness1 unemploym5t1 & old age4 ,! actual c\rse ( ev5ts has 9 l>ge measure disappo9t$ ^! hopes4 ,x is true t ! /&>d ( liv+ 9 ,engl& has progressively advanc$ ?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is true1 9 p>ticul>1 t1 s9ce ! disa/r\s p]iod t prec$$ ! ,repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws & ! pass+ ( ! ,t5 ,h\rs' ,act1 social improvem5t has be5 real & m>k$4 ,trade ,unionism & co-op]ation h gr[n1 wages ^u ! :ole h increas$1 ! co/ ( liv+ has dim9i%$1 h\s+ & sanitation h improv$1 ! dea? rate has fall5 f ab\t tw5ty-two to less ?an fifte5 p] ?\s&4 ,b ) all ?is improvem5t ! prospect ( a complete & lifelong economic indep5d5ce = ! av]age workman ^u ! l9es ( individual competition1 ev5 :5 supplem5t$ & gu>d$ by ! collective b>ga9+ ( ! ,trade ,union1 appe>s exce$+ly remote4 ,! increase ( wages does n appe> to be by any means proportionate to ! g5]al gr[? ( weal?4 ,! :ole /&>d ( liv+ has ris52 ! v provision ( education has br\ght ) x new ne$s & has almo/ compell$ a high] /&>d ( life 9 ord] to satisfy !m4 ,z a :ole1 ! work+ classes ( ,engl&1 ?\gh less ?rifty ?an ^? ( "s ,cont95tal c\ntries1 _c be accus$ ( undue neglig5ce ) reg>d to ! future4 ,! accumulation ( sav+s 9 ,fri5dly ,societies1 ,trade ,unions1 ,co-op]ative ,societies1 & ,sav+s ,banks %[s an increase :i* has m ?an kept pace ) ! rise 9 ! level ( wages2 yet !re appe>s no likelihood t ! av]age manual work] w atta9 ! goal ( t full indep5d5ce1 cov]+ all ! risks ( life = self & family1 :i* c alone r5d] ! competitive sy/em really adequate to ! dem&s ( a civiliz$ consci5ce4 ,! c>eful rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,boo? 9 ,london & ,mr4 ,r[ntree 9 ,york1 & ( o!rs 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 h reveal$ t a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! work+ classes are actually unable to e>n a sum ( money repres5t+ ! full co/ ( ! b>e/ physical necessities = an av]age family2 &1 ?\gh ! bulk ( ! work+ classes are und\bt$ly 9 a bett] position ?an ?is1 ^! rese>*es g to %[ t ev5 ! relatively well-to-d gravitate t[>ds ?is l9e ( prim>y pov]ty 9 seasons ( /ress1 at ! "t :5 ! *ildr5 are /ill at s*ool1 = example1 or f ! mom5t :5 ! pr9cipal wage-e>n] beg9s to fail1 9 ! decl9e ( middle life4 ,if only "s t5 p] c5t4 ( ! population are actually liv+ ^u ! pov]ty l9e at any giv5 "t1#aa twice or ?ree times t numb]1 x is reasonable to suppose1 mu/ approa* ! l9e 9 "o p]iod or o!r ( _! lives4 ,b :5 we asc5d f ! conception ( a b>e physical ma9t5ance = an av]age family to su* a wage z w\ld provide ! real m9imum requirem5ts ( a civiliz$ life & meet all its cont+5cies )\t hav+ to lean on any ext]nal prop1 we %\ld h to make additions to ,mr4 ,r[ntree's figure :i* h n yet be5 comput$1 b z to :i* x is probably well )9 ! m>k to say t none b ! mo/ highly skill$ artisans are able to e>n a remun]ation meet+ ! requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,b1 if t is s1 x is cle> t ! sy/em ( indu/rial competition fails to meet ! e?ical dem& embodi$ 9 ! conception ( ! liv+ wage4 ,t sy/em holds out no hope ( an improvem5t :i* %all br+ ! means ( su* a heal?y & indep5d5t exi/5ce z %\ld be ! bir?right ( e citiz5 ( a free /ate )9 ! grasp ( ! mass ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,x is ?is belief sl[ly p5etrat+ ! public m9d :i* has turn$ x to new ?\ghts ( social reg5]ation4 ,! sum & sub/ance ( ! *anges t ,i h m5tion$ may be express$ 9 ! pr9ciple t ! individual _c /& alone1 b t betwe5 him & ! ,/ate !re is a reciprocal obligation4 ,he owes ! ,/ate ! duty ( indu/ri\sly work+ = himself & 8 family4 ,he is n to exploit ! lab\r ( 8 "y *ildr51 b to submit to ! public requirem5ts = _! education1 heal?1 cleanl9ess & g5]al well-be+4 ,on ! o!r side society owes to him ! means ( ma9ta9+ a civiliz$ /&>d ( life1 & ?is debt is n adequately dis*>g$ by leav+ him to secure su* wages z he c 9 ! higgl+ ( ! m>ket4 ,?is view ( social obligation lays increas$ /ress on public b by no means ignores private responsibility4 ,x is a simple pr9ciple ( appli$ e?ics t responsibility %\ld be comm5surate ) p[]4 ,n[1 giv5 ! opportunity ( adequately remun]at$ "w1 a man has ! p[] to e>n 8 liv+4 ,x is 8 "r & 8 duty to make ! be/ use ( 8 opportunity1 & if he fails he may fairly suff] ! p5alty ( be+ treat$ z a paup] or ev51 9 an extreme case1 z a crim9al4 ,b ! opportunity itself he _c comm& ) ! same fre$om4 ,x is only )9 n>r[ limits t x comes )9 ! sph]e ( 8 control4 ,! opportunities ( "w & ! remun]ation = "w are det]m9$ by a complex mass ( social =ces :i* no individual1 c]ta9ly no individual workman1 c %ape4 ,!y c be controll$1 if at all1 by ! organiz$ action ( ! community1 & !re=e1 by a j apportionm5t ( responsibility1 x is = ! community to deal ) !m4 ,b ?is1 x w be said1 is n ,lib]alism b ,socialism4 ,pursu+ ! economic rights ( ! individual we h be5 l$ to contemplate a ,sociali/ic organization ( indu/ry4 ,b a ^w l ,socialism has _m mean+s1 & x is possible t !re %\ld be a ,lib]al ,socialism1 z well z a ,socialism t is illib]al4 ,let u1 !n1 )\t /ick+ at a ^w1 seek to foll[ out ! ,lib]al view ( ! ,/ate 9 ! sph]e ( economics4 ,let u try to det]m9e 9 v g5]al t]ms :at is involv$ 9 realiz+ ^? prim>y conditions ( indu/rial well-be+ :i* h be5 laid d[n1 & h[ !y consort ) ! rights ( prop]ty & ! claims ( free indu/rial ent]prise4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,! objection mo/ (t5 tak5 to und5om9ationalism itself is t x is 9 reality a =m ( doctr9al tea*+ seek+ ,/ate end[m5t4 #aa ,i d n include ^? liv+ 9 second>y pov]ty1 z def9$ by ,mr4 ,r[ntree1 z ! responsibility 9 ?is case is p>tly p]sonal4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t great pov]ty increases ! difficulty ( effici5t managem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,economic ,,lib]alism ,!re are two =ms ( ,socialism ) :i* ,lib]alism has no?+ to d4 ,^! ,i w call ! me*anical & ! (ficial4 ,me*anical ,socialism is f\nd$ on a false int]pretation ( hi/ory4 ,x attributes ! ph5om5a ( social life & developm5t to ! sole op]ation ( ! economic factor1 :]eas ! beg9n+ ( s\nd sociology is to conceive society z a :ole 9 :i* all ! p>ts int]act4 ,! economic factor1 to take a s+le po9t1 is at lea/ z mu* ! effect z x is ! cause ( sci5tific inv5tion4 ,!re w\ld be no _w-wide sy/em ( telegraphy if !re 0 no ne$ ( _w-wide int]communication4 ,b !re w\ld be no electric telegraph at all b = ! sci5tific int]e/ :i* det]m9$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,gauss & ,web]4 ,me*anical ,socialism1 fur!r1 is f\nd$ on a false economic analysis :i* attributes all value to lab\r1 d5y+1 conf\nd+ or di/ort+ ! di/9ct functions ( ! direction ( ent]prise1 ! unavoidable paym5t = ! use ( capital1 ! productivity ( nature1 & ! v complex social =ces :i*1 by det]m9+ ! movem5ts ( dem& & supply actually fix ! rates at :i* goods ex*ange ) "o ano!r4 ,politically1 me*anical ,socialism supposes a class w>1 re/+ on a cle>-cut di/9ction ( classes :i* does n exi/4 ,f> f t5d+ to cle> & simple l9es ( cleavage1 mod]n society exhibits a m & m complex int]weav+ ( int]e/s1 & x is impossible = a mod]n revolutioni/ to assail prop]ty 9 ! int]e/ ( lab\r )\t f9d+ t half ! lab\r to :i* he appeals has a direct or indirect int]e/ 9 prop]ty4 ,z to ! future1 me*anical ,socialism conceives a logically develop$ sy/em ( ! control ( indu/ry by gov]nm5t4 ,( ?is all t ne$ be said is t ! con/ruction ( ,utopias is n a s\nd me?od ( social sci5ce2 t ?is p>ticul> ,utopia makes insuffici5t provision = lib]ty1 movem5t1 & gr[?2 & t 9 ord] to br+ 8 ideals into ! region ( practical discussion1 :at ! ,sociali/ ne$s is to =mulate n a sy/em to be sub/itut$ z a :ole = our pres5t arrangem5ts b a pr9ciple to guide /atesman%ip 9 ! practical "w ( re=m+ :at is amiss & develop+ :at is good 9 ! actual fabric ( indu/ry4 ,a pr9ciple s appli$ gr[s if x has se$s ( good 9 x1 & s 9 p>ticul> ! collective control ( indu/ry w be ext5d$ 9 proportion z x is f\nd 9 practice to yield good results4 ,! fanci$ cle>ness ( ,utopian vision is illusory1 because its objects are artificial ideas & n liv+ facts4 ,! sy/em ( ! _w ( books mu/ be recon/ruct$ z a pr9ciple t c be appli$ to ! railway1 ! m9e1 ! work%op1 & ! (fice t we "k1 be=e x c ev5 be s5sibly discuss$4 ,! evolution ( ,socialism z a practical =ce 9 politics has1 9 po9t ( fact1 proce$$ by su* a recon/ruction1 & ?is *ange c>ries ) x ! end ( ! mat]iali/ic ,utopia4 ,(ficial ,socialism is a cre$ ( diff]5t br&4 ,beg9n+ ) a contempt = ideals ( lib]ty bas$ on a confusion betwe5 lib]ty & competition1 x proce$s to a measure ( contempt = av]age humanity 9 g5]al4 ,x conceives mank9d z 9 ! mass a helpless & feeble race1 :i* x is its duty to treat k9dly4 ,true k9dness1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be comb9$ ) firmness1 & ! life ( ! av]age man mu/ be organiz$ = 8 own good4 ,he ne$ n "k t he is be+ organiz$4 ,! sociali/ic organization w "w 9 ! backgr\nd1 & !re w be :eels )9 :eels1 or r wires pull+ wires4 ,o/5sibly !re w be a class ( ! elect1 an ari/ocracy ( "* & intellect :i* w fill ! civil s]vices & d ! practical "w ( adm9i/ration4 ,beh9d ^! w be committees ( union & progress :o w direct op]ations1 & beh9d ! committees aga9 "o or m ma/] m9ds f :om w emanate ! ideas t are to direct ! _w4 ,! play ( democratic gov]nm5t w g on = a "t1 b ! idea ( a common w t %\ld actually und]take ! organization ( social life is held ! mo/ *ildi% ( illusions4 ,! ma/] m9ds c = ! mom5t "w m easily ?r\gh democratic =ms1 because !y are "h1 & to de/roy !m w\ld cause an upheaval4 ,b ! ess5ce ( gov]nm5t lies 9 ! me?od ( capture4 ,! o/5sible lead]s ( democracy are ignorant creatures :o c ) a little managem5t be set to walk 9 ! way 9 :i* !y %\ld g1 & :om ! cr[d w foll[ l %eep4 ,! art ( gov]n+ consi/s 9 mak+ m5 d :at y wi% )\t kn[+ :at !y are do+1 to lead !m on )\t %[+ !m :i!r until x is too late = !m to retrace _! /eps4 ,socialism s conceiv$ has 9 ess5tials no?+ to d ) democracy or ) lib]ty4 ,x is a s*eme ( ! organization ( life by ! sup]ior p]son1 :o w decide = ea* man h[ he %\ld "w1 h[ he %\ld live1 & inde$1 ) ! aid ( ! ,eug5i/1 :e!r he %\ld live at all or :e!r he has any bus9ess to be born4 ,at any rate1 if he ought n to h be5 born--if1 t is1 he comes ( a /ock ^: qualities are n approv$--! ,samurai w take c>e t he does n p]petuate 8 race4 ,n[ ! av]age ,lib]al might h m sympa?y ) ?is view ( life if he did n feel t = 8 "p he is j a v ord9>y man4 ,he is q sure t he _c manage ! lives ( o!r p = !m4 ,he f9ds x en\gh to manage 8 own4 ,b ) ! leave ( ! ,sup]ior he w\ld r d ?is 9 8 own way ?an 9 ! way ( ano!r1 ^: way may be mu* wis] b is n 84 ,he w\ld r m>ry ! woman ( 8 own *oice1 ?an ! "o :o w\ld be sure to br+ =? *ildr5 ( ! /&>d type4 ,he does n want to be /&>diz$4 ,he does n conceive himself z ess5tially an item 9 a c5sus return4 ,he does n want ! /&>d clo!s or ! /&>d food1 he wants ! clo!s :i* he f9ds com=table & ! food :i* he likes4 ,) ?is unreg5]ate ,adam 9 him1 ,i fe> t ! ,lib]alism t is also )9 him is q ready to make t]ms4 ,inde$1 x incites him to g /ill fur!r4 ,x bids him consid] t o!r m5 are1 on ! :ole1 v l himself & look on life 9 mu* ! same way1 & :5 x speaks )9 him ( social duty x enc\rages him to aim n at a position ( sup]iority :i* w enable him to gov]n 8 fell[ creatures = _! own good1 b at a _s ( comrade%ip 9 :i* he w /& %\ld] to %\ld] ) !m on behalf ( common aims4 ,if1 !n1 !re be su* a ?+ z a ,lib]al ,socialism--& :e!r !re be is /ill a subject = inquiry--x mu/ cle>ly fulfil two conditions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be democratic4 ,x mu/ come f bel[1 n f above4 ,or r1 x mu/ em]ge f ! ef=ts ( society z a :ole to secure a full] measure ( ju/ice1 & a bett] organization ( mutual aid4 ,x mu/ engage ! ef=ts & respond to ! g5u9e desires n ( a h&ful ( sup]ior be+s1 b ( great masses ( m54 ,&1 secondly1 & = t v reason1 x mu/ make its acc\nt ) ! human individual4 ,x mu/ give ! av]age man free play 9 ! p]sonal life = :i* he really c>es4 ,x mu/ be f\nd$ on lib]ty1 & mu/ make n = ! suppression b = ! developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,h[ f>1 x may be ask$1 are ^! objects compatible8 ,h[ f> is x possible to organize indu/ry 9 ! int]e/ ( ! common welf>e )\t ei!r ov]rid+ ! fre$om ( individual *oice or dry+ up ! spr+s ( initiative & en]gy8 ,h[ f> is x possible to aboli% pov]ty1 or to in/itute economic equality )\t arre/+ indu/rial progress8 ,we _c put ! "q )\t rais+ m fundam5tal issues4 ,:at is ! real mean+ ( equality 9 economics8 ,w\ld x mean1 = example1 t all %\ld enjoy equal rew>ds1 or t equal ef=ts %\ld enjoy equal rew>ds1 or t equal atta9m5ts %\ld enjoy equal rew>ds8 ,:at is ! prov9ce ( ju/ice 9 economics8 ,:]e does ju/ice end & *>ity beg98 ,& :at1 beh9d all ?is1 is ! basis ( prop]ty8 ,:at is its social function & value8 ,:at is ! measure ( consid]ation due to ve/$ int]e/ & prescriptive "r8 ,x is impossible1 )9 ! limits ( a volume1 to deal exhau/ively ) su* fundam5tal que/ions4 ,! be/ c\rse w be to foll[ out ! l9es ( developm5t :i* appe> to proce$ f ^? pr9ciples ( ,lib]alism :i* h be5 already indicat$ & to see h[ f> !y lead to a solution4 ,we saw t x 0 ! duty ( ! ,/ate to secure ! conditions ( self-ma9t5ance = ! normal heal?y citiz54 ,!re are two l9es along :i* ! fulfilm5t ( ?is duty may be s\ght4 ,"o w\ld consi/ 9 provid+ access to ! means ( production1 ! o!r 9 gu>antee+ to ! individual a c]ta9 %>e 9 ! common /ock4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 bo? l9es h be5 foll[$ by ,lib]al legislation4 ,on ! "o side ?is legislation has set itself1 h[ev] timidly & ineffectively z yet1 to rev]s+ ! process :i* divorc$ ! ,engli% peasantry f ! soil4 ,contempor>y rese>* is mak+ x cle> t ?is divorce 0 n ! inevitable result ( sl[ly op]at+ economic =ces4 ,x 0 br\ght ab\t by ! delib]ate policy ( ! enclosure ( ! common fields begun 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 p>tially arre/$ f ! middle ( ! sixte5? to ! eighte5?1 & complet$ betwe5 ! reigns ( ,george ,,ii & ,que5 ,victoria4 ,z ?is process 0 fur!r$ by an ari/ocracy1 s !re is e reason to hope t x c be successfully rev]s$ by a democracy1 & t x w be possible to recon/itute a class ( indep5d5t peasantry z ! backbone ( ! work+ population4 ,! exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 involves "o =m or ano!r ( communal own]%ip4 ,! lab\r] c only obta9 ! l& ) ! f9ancial help ( ! ,/ate1 & x is c]ta9ly n ! view ( ,lib]als t ! ,/ate1 hav+ once rega9$ ! fee simple1 %\ld "p ) x aga94 ,on ! contr>y1 9 an equitable division ( ! fruits ( agriculture all advantages t are d]iv$ f ! qualities or position ( ! soil itself1 or f ! enhancem5t ( prices by t>iffs w\ld1 s9ce !y are ! product ( no man's lab\r1 fall to no man's %>e1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 !y %\ld fall to e man1 t is1 to ! community4 ,?is is :y ,lib]al legislation seeks to create a class n ( small l&lords b ( small t5ants4 ,x w\ld give to ?is class access to ! l& & w\ld rew>d !m ) ! fruits ( _! own "w--& no m4 ,! surplus x w\ld take to itself 9 ! =m ( r5t1 & :ile x is desirable to give ! ,/ate t5ant full security aga9/ di/urbance1 r5ts mu/ at /at$ p]iods be adju/able to prices & to co/4 ,s1 :ile ,cons]vative policy is to e/abli% a peasant propriet>y :i* w\ld re9=ce ! vot+ /r5g? ( prop]ty1 ! ,lib]al policy is to e/abli% a ,/ate t5antry f ^: prosp]ity ! :ole community w\ld pr(it4 ,! "o solution is individuali/4 ,! o!r1 z f> z x goes1 is ne>] to ! ,sociali/ ideal4 ,b1 ?\gh ,briti% agriculture may h a great future be=e x1 x w nev] rega9 its dom9ant position 9 our economic life1 nor are small hold+s ev] likely to be ! preval5t =m ( agriculture4 ,! bulk ( indu/ry is1 & probably w be1 m & m 9 ! h&s ( l>ge und]tak+s ) :i* ! individual workman c\ld n compete :atev] in/rum5ts ( production 7 plac$ 9 8 h&s4 ,= ! mass ( ! p1 !re=e1 to be assur$ ( ! means ( a dec5t livelihood mu/ mean to be assur$ ( cont9u\s employm5t at a liv+ wage1 or1 z an alt]native1 ( public assi/ance4 ,n[1 z has be5 rem>k$1 exp]i5ce goes to %[ t ! wage ( ! av]age work]1 z fix$ by competition1 is n & is n likely to become suffici5t to cov] all ! =tunes & mis=tunes ( life1 to provide = sickness1 accid5t1 unemploym5t & old age1 9 addition to ! regul> ne$s ( an av]age family4 ,9 ! case ( accid5t ! ,/ate has put ! burd5 ( mak+ provision on ! employ]4 ,9 ! case ( old age x has1 act+1 z ,i ?9k1 ^u a s\nd] pr9ciple1 tak5 ! burd5 ^u itself4 ,x is v important to realize precisely :at ! new dep>ture involv$ 9 ! ,old ,age ,p5sions ,act am\nt$ to 9 po9t ( pr9ciple4 ,! ,poor ,law already gu>ante$ ! ag$ p]son & ! poor 9 g5]al aga9/ actual />vation4 ,b ! ,poor ,law came into op]ation only at ! po9t ( %e] de/itution4 ,x fail$ to help ^? :o _h help$ !mselves4 ,inde$1 to _m x held out little inducem5t to help !mselves if !y c\ld n hope to lay by s mu* z w\ld enable !m to live m com=tably on _! means ?an !y w\ld live 9 ! workh\se4 ,! p5sion sy/em ?r[s ov] ! te/ ( de/itution4 ,x provides a c]ta9 m9imum1 a basis to g ^u1 a f\ndation ^u :i* indep5d5t ?rift may hope to build up a suffici5cy4 ,x is n a n>cotic b a /imulus to self help & to fri5dly aid or filial support1 & x is1 up to a limit1 available = all alike4 ,x is precisely "o ( ! conditions ( indep5d5ce ( :i* volunt>y ef=t c make use1 b requir+ volunt>y ef=t to make x fully available4 ,! sugge/ion und]ly+ ! movem5t = ! break up ( ! ,poor ,law is j ! g5]al application ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,x is t1 in/ead ( r$eem+ ! de/itute1 we %\ld seek to r5d] g5]ally available ! means ( avoid+ de/itution1 ?\gh 9 do+ s we %\ld uni=mly call on ! individual = a correspond+ ef=t on 8 "p4 ,"o me?od ( meet+ ^! conditions is to supply a basis = private ef=t to "w ^u1 z is done 9 ! case ( ! ag$4 ,ano!r me?od is t ( ,/ate-aid$ insurance1 & on ^! l9es ,lib]al legislators h be5 exp]im5t+ 9 ! hope ( deal+ ) sickness1 invalidity1 & "o portion ( ! problem ( unemploym5t4 ,a ?ird may be illu/rat$ by ! me?od by :i* ! ,m9ority ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission]s w\ld deal ) ! case1 at pres5t s (t5 full ( tragic import1 ( ! wid[$ or des]t$ "m ( "y *ildr54 ,hi!rto %e has be5 reg>d$ z an object ( *>ity4 ,x has be5 a matt] = ! b5evol5t to help h] to reta9 h] home1 :ile x has be5 reg>d$ z h] duty to keep (f ! rates at ! co/ ( no matt] :at exp5diture ( lab\r away f home4 ,! new] conception ( rights & duties comes out cle>ly 9 ! argum5t ( ! commission]s1 t if we take 9 e>ne/ all t we say ( ! duties & responsibilities ( mo!rhood1 we %all recognize t ! "m ( "y *ildr5 is do+ bett] s]vice to ! community & "o m wor?y ( pecuni>y remun]ation :5 %e /ays at home & m9ds h] *ildr5 ?an :5 %e goes out *>+ & leaves !m to ! *ances ( ! /reet or to ! p]functory c>e ( a neighb\r4 ,9 proportion z we realize ! =ce ( ?is argum5t1 we rev]se our view z to ! nature ( public assi/ance 9 su* a case4 ,we no long] consid] x desirable to drive ! "m out to h] *>+ "w if we possibly c1 nor d we consid] h] degrad$ by receiv+ public money4 ,we cease1 9 fact1 to reg>d ! public money z a dole1 we treat x z a paym5t = a civic s]vice1 & ! condition t we are incl9$ to exact is precisely t %e %\ld n endeav\r to add to x by e>n+ wages1 b r t %e %\ld keep h] home respectable & br+ up h] *ildr5 9 heal? & happ9ess4 ,9 def5ce ( ! competitive sy/em two argum5ts h be5 famili> f old days4 ,"o is bas$ on ! habits ( ! work+ classes4 ,x is said t !y sp5d _! surplus incomes on dr9k1 & t if !y h no m>g9 = sav+1 x is because !y h sunk x 9 ! public-h\se4 ,t argum5t is rapidly be+ met by ! actual *ange ( habits4 ,! wave ( temp]ance :i* two g5]ations ago re=m$ ! habits ( ! well-to-d 9 ,engl& is rapidly spread+ ?r\gh all classes 9 our own "t4 ,! dr9k bill is /ill excessive1 ! proportion ( 8 weekly wages sp5t on dr9k by ! av]age workman is /ill too great1 b x is a dim9i%+ quantity1 & ! fe> :i* might h be5 legitimately express$ 9 old days t to add to wages 0 to add to ! dr9k bill c\ld no long] be felt z a valid objection to any improvem5t 9 ! mat]ial condition ( ! work+ population 9 our own "t4 ,we no long] f9d ! dr9k bill heavily increas+ 9 ye>s ( comm]cial prosp]ity z ( old4 ,! second argum5t has exp]i5c$ an ev5 m decisive fate4 ,d[n to my own "t x 0 =cibly cont5d$ t any improvem5t 9 ! mat]ial condition ( ! mass ( ! p w\ld result 9 an increase ( ! bir? rate :i*1 by ext5d+ ! supply ( lab\r1 w\ld br+ d[n wages by an automatic process to ! old level4 ,!re w\ld be m p & !y w\ld all be z mis]able z be=e4 ,! actual decl9e ( ! bir? rate1 :atev] its o!r consequ5ces may be1 has driv5 ?is argum5t f ! field4 ,! bir? rate does n increase ) prosp]ity1 b dim9i%es4 ,!re is no fe> ( ov]-population2 if !re is any pres5t dang]1 x is ^u ! o!r side4 ,! fate ( ^! two argum5ts mu/ be reckon$ z a v important factor 9 ! *anges ( op9ion :i* we h not$4 ,nev]!less1 x may be ?\ght t ! sy/em t ,i h outl9$ is no bett] ?an a va/ organization ( ,/ate *>ity1 & t z su* x mu/ c>ry ! consequ5ces associat$ ) *>ity on a l>ge scale4 ,x mu/ dry up ! s\rces ( en]gy & und]m9e ! indep5d5ce ( ! individual4 ,on ! fir/ po9t1 ,i h already ref]r$ to c]ta9 cog5t argum5ts = a contr>y view4 ,:at ! ,/ate is do+1 :at x w\ld be do+ if ! :ole s]ies ( contemplat$ *anges 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh to ! end1 w\ld by no means suffice to meet ! ne$s ( ! normal man4 ,he w\ld /ill h to lab\r to e>n 8 own liv+4 ,b he w\ld h a basis to g ^u1 a sub-/ructure on :i* x w\ld be possible = him to re> ! fabric ( a real suffici5cy4 ,he w\ld h great] security1 a bright] outlook1 a m confid5t hope ( be+ able to keep 8 head above wat]4 ,! exp]i5ce ( life sugge/s t hope is a bett] /imulus ?an fe>1 confid5ce a bett] m5tal environm5t ?an insecurity4 ,if desp]ation w sometimes spur m5 to exceptional ex]tion ! effect is fleet+1 &1 = a p]man5ce1 a m /able condition is bett] suit$ to fo/] t bl5d ( re/ra9t & en]gy :i* makes up ! tissue ( a life ( normal heal?4 ,!re w\ld be ^? :o w\ld abuse _! advantages z !re are ^? :o abuse e =m ( social in/itution4 ,b ^u ! :ole x is ?\ght t individual responsibility c be m cle>ly fix$ & m rigor\sly insi/$ on :5 its legitimate sph]e is prop]ly def9$1 t is to say1 :5 ! burd5 on ! %\ld]s ( ! individual is n too great = av]age human nature to be>4 ,b1 x may be urg$1 any reliance on ext]nal assi/ance is de/ructive ( indep5d5ce4 ,x is true t to look = support to private philan?ropy has ?is effect1 because x makes "o man dep5d5t on ! good graces ( ano!r4 ,b x is submitt$ t a =m ( support on :i* a man c c\nt z a matt] ( legal "r has n necess>ily ! same effect4 ,*>ity1 aga91 t5ds to dim9i% ! value ( indep5d5t ef=t because x fl[s 9 ! direction ( ! failures4 ,x is a comp5sation = mis=tune :i* easily slides into an enc\ragem5t to c>elessness4 ,:at is matt] ( "r1 on ! o!r h&1 is enjoy$ equally by ! successful & ! unsuccessful4 ,x is n a h&icap 9 fav\r ( ! "o1 b an equal di/ance d$uct$ f ! race to be run aga9/ fate by bo?4 ,?is br+s u to ! real "q4 ,are measures ( ! k9d "u discussion to be reg>d$ z measures ( philan?ropy or measures ( ju/ice1 z ! expression ( collective b5evol5ce or z ! recognition ( a g5]al "r8 ,! full discussion ( ! "q involves complex & 9 "s respects novel conceptions ( economics & ( social e?ics to :i* ,i c h>dly d ju/ice )9 ! limits ( ?is *apt]4 ,b ,i w endeav\r to indicate 9 outl9e ! conception ( social & economic ju/ice :i* und]lies ! movem5t ( mod]n ,lib]al op9ion4 ,we may approa* ! subject by obs]v+ t1 :atev] ! legal !ory1 9 practice ! exi/+ ,engli% ,poor ,law recognizes ! "r ( e p]son to ! b>e necess>ies ( life4 ,! de/itute man or woman c come to a public au?ority1 & ! public au?ority is b\nd to give him food & %elt]4 ,he has to t ext5t a li5 on ! public res\rces 9 virtue ( 8 ne$s z a human be+ & on no o!r gr\nd4 ,?is li51 h[ev]1 only op]ates :5 he is de/itute2 & he c only ex]cise x by submitt+ to su* conditions z ! au?orities impose1 :i* :5 ! workh\se te/ is en=c$ means loss ( lib]ty4 ,x 0 ! lead+ pr9ciple ( #ahcd t ! lot ( ! paup] %\ld be made less eligible ?an t ( ! indep5d5t lab\r]4 ,p]haps we may express ! *ange ( op9ion :i* has come ab\t 9 our day by say+ t accord+ to ! new] pr9ciple ! duty ( society is r to ensure t ! lot ( ! indep5d5t lab\r] be m eligible ?an t ( ! paup]4 ,) ?is object ! li5 on ! common weal? is enl>g$ & recon/itut$4 ,its ex]cise does n entail ! p5al consequ5ce ( ! loss ( fre$om unless !re is prov$ misfeasance or neglect on ! "p ( ! individual4 ,! und]ly+ cont5tion is t1 9 a ,/ate s weal?y z ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 e citiz5 %\ld h full means ( e>n+ by socially useful lab\r s mu* mat]ial support z exp]i5ce proves to be ! necess>y basis ( a heal?y1 civiliz$ exi/5ce4 ,& if 9 ! actual work+ ( ! indu/rial sy/em ! means are n 9 actual fact suffici5tly available he is held to h a claim n z ( *>ity b z ( "r on ! national res\rces to make good ! defici5cy4 ,t !re are rights ( prop]ty we all admit4 ,is !re n p]haps a g5]al "r to prop]ty8 ,is !re n some?+ radically wrong ) an economic sy/em "u :i* ?r\gh ! laws ( inh]itance & beque/ va/ inequalities are p]petuat$8 ,ought we to acquiesce 9 a condition 9 :i* ! great majority are born to no?+ except :at !y c e>n1 :ile "s are born to m ?an ! social value ( any individual ( :atev] m]it8 ,may x n be t 9 a reason$ s*eme ( economic e?ics we %\ld h to all[ a true "r ( prop]ty 9 ! memb] ( ! community z su* :i* w\ld take ! =m ( a c]ta9 m9imum claim on ! public res\rces8 ,a pretty idea1 x may be said1 b e?ics ap>t1 :at are ! res\rces on :i* ! less =tunate is to draw8 ,! ,briti% ,/ate has little or no collective prop]ty available = any su* purpose4 ,its rev5ues are bas$ on taxation1 & 9 ! end :at all ?is means is t ! ri* are to be tax$ = ! b5efit ( ! poor1 :i* we may be told is nei!r ju/ice nor *>ity b %e] spoliation4 ,to ?is ,i w\ld reply t ! depletion ( public res\rces is a symptom ( pr(\nd economic disorganization4 ,weal?1 ,i w\ld cont5d1 has a social z well z a p]sonal basis4 ,"s =ms ( weal?1 su* z gr\nd r5ts 9 & ab\t cities1 are sub/antially ! creation ( society1 & x is only ?r\gh ! misfeasance ( gov]nm5t 9 times pa/ t su* weal? has be5 all[$ to fall into private h&s4 ,o!r great s\rces ( weal? are f\nd 9 f9ancial & speculative op]ations1 (t5 ( di/9ctly anti-social t5d5cy & possible only ?r\gh ! defective organization ( our economy4 ,o!r causes re/ 9 ! p>tial monopolies :i* our liquor laws1 on ! "o side1 & ! old practice ( all[+ ! supply ( municipal s]vices to fall into private h&s h built up4 ,?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance1 prop]ty s accumulat$ is h&$ on2 & ! result is t :ile !re is a small class born to ! inh]itance ( a %>e 9 ! mat]ial b5efits ( civilization1 !re is a f> l>g] class :i* c say nak$ we ent]1 nak$ we leave4 ,?is sy/em1 z a :ole1 x is ma9ta9$1 requires revision4 ,prop]ty 9 ?is condition ( ?+s ceases1 x is urg$1 to be ess5tially an in/itution by :i* ea* man c secure to himself ! fruits ( 8 own lab\r1 & becomes an in/rum5t :]eby ! own] c comm& ! lab\r ( o!rs on t]ms :i* he is 9 g5]al able to dictate4 ,?is t5d5cy is held to be undesirable1 & to be capable ( a rem$y ?r\gh a conc]t$ s]ies ( fiscal1 indu/rial1 & social measures :i* w\ld h ! effect ( augm5t+ ! common /ock at ! disposal ( society1 & s apply+ x z to secure ! economic indep5d5ce ( all :o d n =feit _! advantages by idl5ess1 incapacity1 or crime4 ,!re are e>ly =ms ( communal society 9 :i* ea* p]son is born to 8 appropriate /atus1 c>ry+ its appropriate %>e ( ! common l&4 ,9 de/roy+ ! la/ relics ( ?is sy/em economic individualism has laid ! basis ( great mat]ial advances1 b at great co/ to ! happ9ess ( ! masses4 ,! gr\nd problem 9 economics is n to de/roy prop]ty1 b to re/ore ! social conception ( prop]ty to its "r place "u conditions suitable to mod]n ne$s4 ,?is is n to be done by crude measures ( r$i/ribution1 su* z ^? ( :i* we he> 9 anci5t hi/ory4 ,x is to be done by di/+ui%+ ! social f ! individual factors 9 weal?1 by br++ ! elem5ts ( social weal? into ! public c(f]s1 & by hold+ x at ! disposal ( society to adm9i/] to ! prime ne$s ( its memb]s4 ,! basis ( prop]ty is social1 & t 9 two s5ses4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is ! organiz$ =ce ( society t ma9ta9s ! rights ( own]s by protect+ !m aga9/ ?ieves & depr$ators4 ,9 spite ( all criticism _m p /ill seem to speak ( ! rights ( prop]ty z ?\gh !y 7 conf]r$ by ,nature or by ,provid5ce ^u c]ta9 =tunate individuals1 & z ?\gh ^! individuals _h an unlimit$ "r to comm& ! ,/ate1 z _! s]vant1 to secure !m by ! free use ( ! ma*9]y ( law 9 ! undi/urb$ enjoym5t ( _! possessions4 ,!y =get t )\t ! organiz$ =ce ( society _! rights are n wor? a week's pur*ase4 ,!y d n ask !mselves :]e !y w\ld be )\t ! judge & ! policeman & ! settl$ ord] :i* society ma9ta9s4 ,! prosp]\s bus9ess man :o ?9ks t he has made 8 =tune entirely by self help does n pause to consid] :at s+le /ep he c\ld h tak5 on ! road to 8 success b = ! ord]$ tranquillity :i* has made comm]cial developm5t possible1 ! security by road1 & rail1 & sea1 ! masses ( skill$ lab\r1 & ! sum ( intellig5ce :i* civilization has plac$ at 8 disposal1 ! v dem& = ! goods :i* he produces :i* ! g5]al progress ( ! _w has creat$1 ! inv5tions :i* he uses z a matt] ( c\rse & :i* h be5 built up by ! collective ef=t ( g5]ations ( m5 ( sci5ce & organiz]s ( indu/ry4 ,if he dug to ! f\ndations ( 8 =tune he w\ld recognize t1 z x is society t ma9ta9s & gu>antees 8 possessions1 s also x is society :i* is an indisp5sable p>tn] 9 its orig9al creation4 ,?is br+s u to ! second s5se 9 :i* prop]ty is social4 ,!re is a social elem5t 9 value & a social elem5t 9 production4 ,9 mod]n indu/ry !re is v little t ! individual c d by 8 unaid$ ef=ts4 ,lab\r is m9utely divid$2 & 9 proportion z x is divid$ x is =c$ to be co-op]ative4 ,m5 produce goods to sell1 & ! rate ( ex*ange1 t is1 price1 is fix$ by relations ( dem& & supply ! rates ( :i* are det]m9$ by complex social =ces4 ,9 ! me?ods ( production e man makes use1 to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 ( ! :ole available means ( civilization1 ( ! ma*9]y :i* ! bra9s ( o!r m5 h devis$1 ( ! human app>atus :i* is ! gift ( acquir$ civilization4 ,society ?us provides conditions or opportunities ( :i* "o man w make mu* bett] use ?an ano!r1 & ! use to :i* !y are put is ! individual or p]sonal elem5t 9 production :i* is ! basis ( ! p]sonal claim to rew>d4 ,to ma9ta9 & /imulate ?is p]sonal ef=t is a necessity ( good economic organization1 & )\t ask+ "h :e!r any p>ticul> conception ( ,socialism w\ld or w\ld n meet ?is ne$ we may lay d[n ) confid5ce t no =m ( ,socialism :i* %\ld ignore x c\ld possibly enjoy endur+ success4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an individualism :i* ignores ! social factor 9 weal? w deplete ! national res\rces1 deprive ! community ( its j %>e 9 ! fruits ( indu/ry & s result 9 a "o-sid$ & inequitable di/ribution ( weal?4 ,economic ju/ice is to r5d] :at is due n only to ea* individual b to ea* function1 social or p]sonal1 t is engag$ 9 ! p]=mance ( useful s]vice1 & ?is due is measur$ by ! am\nt necess>y to /imulate & ma9ta9 ! effici5t ex]cise ( t useful function4 ,?is equation betwe5 function & su/5ance is ! true mean+ ( economic equality4 ,n[ to apply ?is pr9ciple to ! adju/m5t ( ! claims ( ! community on ! "o h& & ! produc]s or inh]itors ( weal? on ! o!r w\ld involve a discrim9ation ( ! factors ( production :i* is n easy to make 9 all in/ances4 ,if we take ! case ( urban l&1 ref]r$ to above1 ! di/9ction is tol]ably cle>4 ,! value ( a site 9 ,london is some?+ due ess5tially to ,london1 n to ! l&lord4 ,m accurately a "p ( x is due to ,london1 a "p to ! ,briti% empire1 a "p1 p]haps we %\ld say1 to ,we/]n civilization4 ,b :ile x w\ld be impossible to dis5tangle ^! subsidi>y factors1 ! ma9 po9t t ! entire increm5t ( value is due to "o social factor or ano!r is suffici5tly cle>1 & ?is expla9s :y ,lib]al op9ion has fa/5$ on ! conception ( site value z be+ by "r communal & n p]sonal prop]ty4 ,! monopoly value ( lic5s$ premises1 :i* is ! direct creation ( laws pass$ = ! control ( ! liquor traffic1 is ano!r case 9 po9t4 ,! difficulty :i* society f9ds 9 deal+ ) ^! cases is t x has all[$ ^! s\rces ( weal? to pass out ( its h&s1 & t prop]ty ( ^! k9ds has freely pass$ f "o man to ano!r 9 ! m>ket1 9 ! belief t x /ood & w\ld /& on ! same basis 9 law z any o!r4 ,h5ce1 x is n possible = society to insi/ on ! :ole ( its claim4 ,x c\ld only resume its full rights at ! co/ ( great h>d%ip to individuals & a %ock to ! indu/rial sy/em4 ,:at x c d is to %ift taxation /ep by /ep f ! weal? due to individual ent]prise to ! weal? t dep5ds on its own collective progress1 ?us by degrees rega9+ ! own]%ip ( ! fruits ( its own collective "w4 ,mu* m difficult 9 pr9ciple is ! "q ( ! m g5]al elem5ts ( social value :i* run ?r\gh production z a :ole4 ,we are deal+ "h ) factors s intricately int]wov5 9 _! op]ation t !y c only be sep>at$ by an indirect process4 ,:at ?is process w\ld be we may be/ und]/& by imag9+ = a mom5t a ?or\ghgo+ c5traliz$ organization ( ! indu/rial sy/em endeav\r+ to c>ry out ! pr9ciples ( remun]ation outl9$ above4 ,! c5tral au?ority :i* we imag9e z end[$ ) su* wisdom & ju/ice z to f9d = e man 8 "r place & to assign to e man 8 due rew>d w\ld1 if our argum5t is s\nd1 f9d x necess>y to assign to ea* produc]1 :e!r work+ ) h& or bra91 :e!r direct+ a dep>tm5t ( indu/ry or s]v+ "u direction1 su* remun]ation z w\ld /imulate him to put =? 8 be/ ef=ts & w\ld ma9ta9 him 9 ! condition necess>y = ! life-long ex]cise ( 8 function4 ,if we are "r 9 consid]+ t a great "p ( ! weal? produc$ f ye> to ye> is ( social orig91 x w\ld foll[ t1 aft] ! assignm5t ( ?is remun]ation1 !re w\ld rema9 a surplus1 & ?is w\ld fall to ! c(f]s ( ! community & be available = public purposes1 = national def5ce1 public works1 education1 *>ity1 & ! fur!rance ( civiliz$ life4 ,n[1 ?is is m]ely an imag9>y picture1 & ,i ne$ n ask :e!r su* a measure ( wisdom on ! "p ( a ,gov]nm5t is practically atta9able1 or :e!r su* a measure ( c5tralization might n c>ry consequ5ces :i* w\ld hamp] progress 9 o!r directions4 ,! picture s]ves m]ely to illu/rate ! pr9ciples ( equitable di/ribution by :i* ! ,/ate %\ld be guid$ 9 deal+ ) prop]ty4 ,x s]ves to def9e our conception ( economic ju/ice1 & !re) ! l9es on :i* we %\ld be guid$ 9 ! adju/m5t ( taxation & ! reorganization ( indu/ry4 ,i may illu/rate its be>+ by tak+ a c\ple ( cases4 ,"o important s\rce ( private weal? "u mod]n conditions is speculation4 ,is ?is also a s\rce ( social weal?8 ,does x produce any?+ = society8 ,does x p]=m a function = :i* our ideal adm9i/ration w\ld ?9k x necess>y to pay8 ,i buy "s railway /ock at #aaj4 ,a ye> or two lat] ,i seize a fav\rable opportunity & sell x at #abe4 ,is ! increm5t e>n$ or une>n$8 ,! answ] 9 ! s+le case is cle>1 b x may be said t my good =tune 9 ?is case may be balanc$ by ill luck 9 ano!r4 ,no d\bt4 ,b1 to g no fur!r1 if on balance ,i make a =tune or an income by ?is me?od x w\ld seem to be a =tune or an income n e>n$ by productive s]vice4 ,to ?is x may be repli$ t ! buy]s & sell]s ( /ocks are indirectly p]=m+ ! function ( adju/+ dem& & supply1 & s regulat+ indu/ry4 ,s f> z !y are exp]t bus9ess m5 tra9$ 9 ! k ( a p>ticul> m>ket ?is may be s4 ,s f> z !y dabble 9 ! m>ket 9 ! hope ( pr(it+ f a fav\rable turn1 !y appe> r z gambl]s4 ,i w n pret5d to det]m9e :i* ( ! two is ! l>g] class4 ,i w\ld po9t out only t1 on ! face ( ! facts1 ! pr(its d]iv$ f ?is p>ticul> s\rce appe> to be r ( ! nature ( a tax :i* a/ute or =tunate individuals are able to levy on ! produc] ?an z ! rew>d :i* !y obta9 = a def9ite contribution on _! own "p to production4 ,!re are two possible empirical te/s ( ?is view4 ,"o is t a =m ( collective organization %\ld be devis$ :i* %\ld dim9i% ! importance ( ! speculative m>ket4 ,our pr9ciple w\ld sugge/ ! propriety ( an attempt 9 t direction :5ev] opportunity (f]s4 ,ano!r w\ld be ! imposition ( a special tax on incomes d]iv$ f ?is s\rce1 & exp]i5ce w\ld rapidly %[ :e!r any su* tax w\ld actually hamp] ! process ( production & di/ribution at any /age4 ,if n1 x w\ld ju/ify itself4 ,x w\ld prove t ! total pr(it n[ absorb$ by individuals exce$s1 at lea/ by ! am\nt ( ! tax1 ! remun]ation necess>y to ma9ta9 t p>ticul> economic function4 ,! o!r case ,i w take is t ( inh]it$ weal?4 ,?is is ! ma9 det]m9+ factor 9 ! social & economic /ructure ( our "t4 ,x is cle> on our pr9ciple t x /&s 9 q a diff]5t position f t ( weal? :i* is be+ creat$ f day to day4 ,x c be def5d$ only on two gr\nds4 ,"o is prescriptive "r1 & ! difficulty ( di/urb+ ! basis ( ! economic ord]4 ,?is provides an unansw]able argum5t aga9/ viol5t & ha/y me?ods1 b no argum5t at all aga9/ a g5tle & sl[-mov+ policy ( economic reorganization4 ,! o!r argum5t is t inh]it$ weal? s]ves sev]al indirect functions4 ,! desire to provide = *ildr5 & to f\nd a family is a /imulus to ef=t4 ,! exi/5ce ( a leisur$ class af=ds possibilities = ! free developm5t ( orig9ality1 & a supply ( dis9t]e/$ m5 & wom5 = ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate4 ,i w\ld sugge/ once aga9 t ! only real te/ to :i* ! value ( ^! argum5ts c be submitt$ is ! empirical te/4 ,on ! face ( ! facts inh]it$ weal? /&s on a diff]5t foot+ f acquir$ weal?1 & ,lib]al policy is on ! "r l9es 9 beg9n+ ! discrim9ation ( e>n$ f une>n$ income4 ,! di/9ction is misconceiv$ only s f> z income d]iv$ f capital or l& may repres5t ! sav+s ( ! individual & n 8 inh]itance4 ,! true di/9ction is betwe5 ! inh]it$ & ! acquir$1 & :ile ! taxation ( acquir$ weal? may op]ate1 s f> z x goes1 to dim9i% ! pr(its1 & s f> to weak5 ! motive spr+s1 ( indu/ry1 x is by no means self-evid5t t any increase ( taxation on inh]it$ weal? w\ld necess>ily h t effect1 or t x w\ld vitally d]ange any o!r social function4 ,x is1 aga91 a matt] on :i* only exp]i5ce c decide1 b if exp]i5ce goes to %[ t we c impose a giv5 tax on inh]it$ weal? )\t dim9i%+ ! available supply ( capital & )\t los+ any s]vice ( value1 ! result w\ld be net ga94 ,! ,/ate c\ld nev] be ! sole produc]1 = 9 production ! p]sonal factor is vital1 b !re is no limit set by ! necessities ( ?+s to ! ext5sion ( its control ( natural res\rces1 on ! "o h&1 & ! accumulat$ h]itage ( ! pa/1 on ! o!r4 ,if ,lib]al policy has committ$ itself n only to ! discrim9ation ( e>n$ & une>n$ incomes b also to a sup]-tax on l>ge incomes f :atev] s\rce1 ! gr\nd pr9ciple1 aga91 ,i take to be a respectful d\bt :e!r any s+le individual is wor? to society by any means z mu* z "s individuals obta94 ,we might1 inde$1 h to qualify ?is d\bt if ! great =tunes ( ! _w fell to ! great g5iuses4 ,x w\ld be impossible to det]m9e :at we ought to pay = a ,%akesp]e1 a ,br[n+1 a ,newton1 or a ,cobd54 ,impossible1 b =tunately unnecess>y4 ,= ! man ( g5ius is =c$ by 8 own crav+s to give1 & ! only rew>d t he asks f society is to be let alone & h "s quiet & fre% air4 ,nor is he 9 reality entitl$1 not)/&+ 8 s]vices1 to ask m ?an ! mode/ suffici5cy :i* enables him to obta9 ^? prim>y ne$s ( ! life ( ?\ght & creation1 s9ce 8 creative en]gy is ! response to an inw>d /imulus :i* goads him on )\t reg>d to ! wi%es ( any "o else4 ,! case ( ! great organiz]s ( indu/ry is r diff]5t1 b !y1 aga91 s f> z _! "w is socially s\nd1 are driv5 on m by int]nal necessity ?an by ! g5u9e love ( ga94 ,!y make great pr(its because _! works rea* a scale at :i*1 if ! balance is on ! "r side at all1 x is c]ta9 to be a big balance1 & !y no d\bt t5d to be int]e/$ 9 money z ! sign ( _! success1 & also z ! basis ( increas$ social p[]4 ,b ,i believe ! direct influ5ce ( ! lu/ ( ga9 on ?is type ( m9d to h be5 imm5sely exagg]at$2 & z pro( ,i w\ld ref]1 fir/1 to ! read9ess ( _m m5 ( ?is class to accept & 9 individual cases actively to promote measures t5d+ to dim9i% _! mat]ial ga91 &1 secondly1 to ! mass ( high bus9ess capacity :i* is at ! comm& ( ! public adm9i/ration = sal>ies :i*1 z _! recipi5t mu/ be p]fectly consci\s1 be> no relation to ! income :i* x w\ld be op5 to him to e>n 9 comm]cial competition4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we may take x t ! pr9ciple ( ! sup]-tax is bas$ on ! conception t :5 we come to an income ( "s #e1jjj a ye> we approa* ! limit ( ! indu/rial value ( ! individual4#ab ,we are n likely to disc\rage any s]vice ( g5u9e social value by a rapidly increas+ surtax on incomes above t am\nt4 ,x is m likely t we %all qu5* ! anti-social ard\r = unmeasur$ weal?1 = social p[]1 & ! vanity ( display4 ,^! illu/rations may suffice to give "s concret5ess to ! conception ( economic ju/ice z ! ma9t5ance ( social function4 ,!y s]ve also to %[ t ! true res\rces ( ! ,/ate are l>g] & m v>i$ ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! true function ( taxation is to secure to society ! elem5t 9 weal? t is ( social orig91 or1 m broadly1 all t does n owe its orig9 to ! ef=ts ( liv+ individuals4 ,:5 taxation1 bas$ on ^! pr9ciples1 is utiliz$ to secure heal?y conditions ( exi/5ce to ! mass ( ! p x is cle> t ?is is no case ( robb+ ,pet] to pay ,paul4 ,pet] is n robb$4 ,ap>t f ! tax x is he :o w\ld be robb+ ! ,/ate4 ,a tax :i* enables ! ,/ate to secure a c]ta9 %>e ( social value is n some?+ d$uct$ f t :i* ! taxpay] has an unlimit$ "r to call 8 own1 b r a repaym5t ( some?+ :i* 0 all along due to society4 ,b :y %\ld ! proce$s ( ! tax g to ! poor 9 p>ticul>8 ,grant+ t ,pet] is n robb$1 :y %\ld ,paul be paid8 ,:y %\ld n ! proce$s be exp5d$ on some?+ ( common conc]n to ,pet] & ,paul alike1 = ,pet] is equally a memb] ( ! community8 ,und\bt$ly ! only j me?od ( deal+ ) ! common funds is to exp5d !m 9 objects :i* subs]ve ! common good1 & !re are _m directions 9 :i* public exp5diture does 9 fact b5efit all classes alike4 ,?is1 x is wor? not+1 is true ev5 ( "s important bran*es ( exp5diture :i* 9 _! direct aim conc]n ! poor] classes4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! value ( public sanitation1 n m]ely to ! poor] regions :i* w\ld suff] fir/ if x 7 )held1 b to ! ri*] z well :o1 seclude !mselves z !y may1 _c escape infection4 ,9 ! old days judge & jury1 z well z prison]s1 w\ld die ( gaol fev]4 ,consid]1 aga91 ! economic value ( education1 n only to ! work]1 b to ! employ] :om he w s]ve4 ,b :5 all ?is is all[$ = x mu/ be admitt$ t we h ?r\gh\t contemplat$ a consid]able measure ( public exp5diture 9 ! elim9ation ( pov]ty4 ,! prime ju/ification ( ?is exp5diture is t ! prev5tion ( suff]+ f ! actual lack ( adequate physical com=ts is an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! common good1 an object 9 :i* all are b\nd to conc]n !mselves1 :i* all h ! "r to dem& & ! duty to fulfil4 ,any common life bas$ on ! avoidable suff]+ ev5 ( "o ( ^? :o p>take 9 x is a life n ( h>mony1 b ( discord4 ,b we c g fur!r4 ,we said at ! outset t ! function ( society 0 to secure to all normal adult memb]s ! means ( e>n+ by useful "w ! mat]ial necess>ies ( a heal?y & effici5t life4 ,we c see n[ t ?is is "o case &1 prop]ly und]/ood1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ f> rea*+ case fall+ "u ! g5]al pr9ciple ( economic ju/ice4 ,?is pr9ciple lays d[n t e social function mu/ receive ! rew>d t is suffici5t to /imulate & ma9ta9 x ?r\gh ! life ( ! individual4 ,n[1 h[ mu* ?is rew>d may be 9 any case x is probably impossible to det]m9e o!rwise ?an by specific exp]im5t4 ,b if we grant1 9 accordance ) ! idea ) :i* we h be5 work+ all along1 t x is dem&$ ( all sane adult m5 & wom5 t !y %\ld live z civiliz$ be+s1 z indu/ri\s work]s1 z good p>5ts1 z ord]ly & effici5t citiz5s1 x is1 on ! o!r side1 ! function ( ! economic organization ( society to secure !m ! mat]ial means ( liv+ su* a life1 & ! imm$iate duty ( society is to m>k ! po9ts at :i* su* means fail & to make good ! defici5cy4 ,?us ! conditions ( social effici5cy m>k ! m9imum ( indu/rial remun]ation1 & if !y are n secur$ )\t ! delib]ate action ( ! ,/ate !y mu/ be secur$ by means ( ! delib]ate action ( ! ,/ate4 ,if x is ! bus9ess ( good economic organization to secure ! equation betwe5 function & ma9t5ance1 ! fir/ & greate/ application ( ?is pr9ciple is to ! prim>y ne$s4 ,^! fix ! m9imum /&>d ( remun]ation beyond :i* we require detail$ exp]im5t to tell u at :at rate increas$ value ( s]vice r5d]$ necessitates correspond+ increase ( rew>d4 ,x may be object$ t su* a /&>d is unatta9able4 ,!re are ^?1 x may be cont5d$1 :o are n1 & nev] w be1 wor? a full effici5cy wage4 ,:atev] is done to secure !m su* a remun]ation w only involve net loss4 ,h5ce x violates our /&>d ( economic ju/ice4 ,x involves paym5t = a function ( m ?an x is actually wor?1 & ! discrepancy might be s great z to cripple society4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be admitt$ t ! population conta9s a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! physically incapable1 ! m5tally defective1 & ! morally uncontroll$4 ,! treatm5t ( ^! classes1 all mu/ agree1 is & mu/ be bas$ on o!r pr9ciples ?an ^? ( economics4 ,"o class requires punitive discipl9e1 ano!r ne$s life-long c>e1 a ?ird--! m5tally & morally s\nd b physically defective--mu/ dep5d1 to its mis=tune1 on private & public *>ity4 ,!re is no "q "h ( paym5t = a function1 b ( m9i/]+ to human suff]+4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 desirable on economic z well z on broad] gr\nds t ! m9i/ration %\ld be s conceiv$ z to r5d] its object z ne>ly z possible indep5d5t & self-support+4 ,b 9 ! ma9 all t is done = ^! classes ( ! population is1 & mu/ be1 a *>ge on ! surplus4 ,! real "q t may be rais$ by a critic is :e!r ! consid]able proportion ( ! work+ class ^: e>n+s actually fall %ort1 z we %\ld cont5d1 ( ! m9imum1 c\ld 9 po9t ( fact e>n t m9imum4 ,_! actual value1 he may urge1 is measur$ by ! wage :i* !y d 9 fact comm& 9 ! competitive m>ket1 & if _! wage falls %ort ( ! /&>d society may make good ! defici5cy if x w & c1 b mu/ n %ut its eyes to ! fact t 9 do+ s x is p]=m+1 n an act ( economic ju/ice1 b ( *>ity4 ,to ?is ! reply is t ! price :i* nak$ lab\r )\t prop]ty c comm& 9 b>ga9+ ) employ]s :o possess prop]ty is no measure at all ( ! addition :i* su* lab\r c actually make to weal?4 ,! b>ga9 is unequal1 & l[ remun]ation is itself a cause ( l[ effici5cy :i* 9 turn t5ds to react unfav\rably on remun]ation4 ,conv]sely1 a g5]al improvem5t 9 ! conditions ( life reacts fav\rably on ! productivity ( lab\r4 ,real wages h ris5 consid]ably 9 ! la/ half c5tury1 b ! income-tax returns indicate t ! weal? ( ! bus9ess & pr(essional man has increas$ ev5 m rapidly4 ,up to ! effici5cy m9imum !re is1 !n1 e reason to ?9k t a g5]al increase ( wages w\ld positively increase ! available surplus :e!r t surplus goes to individuals z pr(its or to ! ,/ate z national rev5ue4 ,! mat]ial improvem5t ( work+-class conditions w m ?an pay its way reg>d$ purely z an economic inve/m5t on behalf ( society4 ,?is conclusion is /r5g!n$ if we consid] n>r[ly :at elem5ts ( co/ ! liv+ wage ought 9 pr9ciple to cov]4 ,we are apt to assume uncritically t ! wages e>n$ by ! lab\r ( an adult man ought to suffice = ! ma9t5ance ( an av]age family1 provid+ = all risks4 ,x ought1 we ?9k1 to cov] n only ! food & clo?+ ( wife & *ildr51 b ! risks ( sickness1 accid5t1 & unemploym5t4 ,x ought to provide = education & lay by = old age4 ,if x fails we are apt to ?9k t ! wage e>n] is n self support+4 ,n[1 x is c]ta9ly op5 to d\bt :e!r ! actual addition to weal? made by an unskill$ lab\r] d5ud$ ( all inh]it$ prop]ty w\ld equal ! co/ repres5t$ by ! sum ( ^! items4 ,b "h our fur!r pr9ciple comes into play4 ,he ought n to be d5ud$ ( all inh]it$ prop]ty4 ,z a citiz5 he %\ld h a c]ta9 %>e 9 ! social inh]itance4 ,?is %>e %\ld be 8 support 9 ! times ( mis=tune1 ( sickness1 & ( worklessness1 :e!r due to economic disorganization or to invalidity & old age4 ,8 *ildr5's %>e1 aga91 is ! ,/ate-provid$ education4 ,^! %>es are *>ges on ! social surplus4 ,x does n1 if fiscal arrangem5ts are :at !y %\ld be1 infr+e ^u ! income ( o!r individuals1 & ! man :o )\t fur!r aid ?an ! univ]sally available %>e 9 ! social inh]itance :i* is to fall to him z a citiz5 pays 8 way ?r\gh life is to be ju/ly reg>d$ z self-support+4 ,! c5tral po9t ( ,lib]al economics1 !n1 is ! equation ( social s]vice & rew>d4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple t e function ( social value requires su* remun]ation z s]ves to /imulate & ma9ta9 its effective p]=mance2 t e "o :o p]=ms su* a function has ! "r1 9 ! /rict e?ical s5se ( t t]m1 to su* remun]ation & to no m2 t ! residue ( exi/+ weal? %\ld be at ! disposal ( ! community = social purposes4 ,fur!r1 x is ! "r1 9 ! same s5se1 ( e p]son capable ( p]=m+ "s useful social function t he %\ld h ! opportunity ( s do+1 & x is 8 "r t ! remun]ation t he receives = x %\ld be 8 prop]ty1 i4 e4 t x %\ld /& at 8 free disposal enabl+ him to direct 8 p]sonal conc]ns accord+ to 8 own pref]5ces4 ,^! are rights 9 ! s5se t !y are conditions ( ! welf>e ( its memb]s :i* a well-ord]$ ,/ate w seek by e means to fulfil4 ,b x is n sugge/$ t ! way ( su* fulfilm5t is pla91 or t x c\ld be a*iev$ at a /roke by a revolution>y *ange 9 ! t5ure ( prop]ty or ! sy/em ( indu/ry4 ,x is1 inde$1 impli$ t ! ,/ate is ve/$ ) a c]ta9 ov]lord%ip ov] prop]ty 9 g5]al & a sup]visory p[] ov] indu/ry 9 g5]al1 & ?is pr9ciple ( economic sov]eignty may be set side by side ) t ( economic ju/ice z a no less fundam5tal conception ( economic ,lib]alism4 ,= "h1 z else:]e1 lib]ty implies control4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,/ate is to ex]cise its controll+ p[] is to be le>nt by exp]i5ce & ev5 9 l>ge measure by cauti\s exp]im5t4 ,we h s\ght to det]m9e ! pr9ciple :i* %\ld guide its action1 ! ends at :i* x is to aim4 ,! sy/ematic /udy ( ! means lies r )9 ! prov9ce ( economics2 & ! tea*+ ( hi/ory seems to be t progress is m cont9u\s & secure :5 m5 are cont5t to deal ) problems piecemeal ?an :5 !y seek to de/roy root & bran* 9 ord] to erect a complete sy/em :i* has captur$ ! imag9ation4 ,x is evid5t t ^! conceptions embody _m ( ! ideas t g to make up ! framework ( ,sociali/ tea*+1 ?\gh !y also emphasize elem5ts ( individual "r & p]sonal indep5d5ce1 ( :i* ,socialism at times appe>s oblivi\s4 ,! di/9ction t ,i w\ld claim = economic ,lib]alism is t x seeks to d ju/ice to ! social & individual factors 9 indu/ry alike1 z oppos$ to an ab/ract ,socialism :i* emphasizes ! "o side & an ab/ract ,individualism :i* leans its :ole weight on ! o!r4 ,by keep+ to ! conception ( h>mony z our clue we con/antly def9e ! rights ( ! individual 9 t]ms ( ! common good1 & ?9k ( ! common good 9 t]ms ( ! welf>e ( all ! individuals :o con/itute a society4 ,?us 9 economics we avoid ! confusion ( lib]ty ) competition1 & see no virtue 9 ! "r ( a man to get ! bett] ( o!rs4 ,at ! same "t we are n l$ to m9imize ! %>e ( p]sonal initiative1 tal5t1 or en]gy 9 production1 b are free to cont5d = _! claim to adequate recognition4 ,a ,sociali/ :o is conv9c$ ( ! logical coh]5ce & practical applicability ( 8 sy/em may dismiss su* endeav\rs to h>monize div]g5t claims z a half-he>t$ & illogical s]ies ( compromises4 ,x is equally possible t a ,sociali/ :o conceives ,socialism z consi/+ 9 ess5ce 9 ! co-op]ative organization ( indu/ry by consum]s1 & is conv9c$ t ! full solution ( indu/rial problems lies 9 t direction1 %\ld 9 proportion z he consid]s ! psy*ological factors 9 production & inve/igates ! means ( realiz+ 8 ideal1 f9d himself work+ back along ! pa? to a po9t :]e he w meet ! m5 :o are grappl+ ) ! problems ( ! day on ! pr9ciples "h sugge/$1 & w f9d himself able to move =w>d 9 practice 9 ! front ranks ( economic ,lib]alism4 ,if ?is is s1 ! gr[+ co-op]ation ( political ,lib]alism & ,lab\r1 :i* 9 ! la/ few ye>s has replac$ ! antagonism ( ! 'n9eties1 is no m]e accid5t ( tempor>y political conv5i5ce1 b has its roots deep 9 ! necessities ( ,democracy4 ,,footnote3 #ab ,x is true t s long z x rema9s possible = a c]ta9 ord] ( ability to e>n #ej1jjj a ye>1 ! community w n obta9 its s]vices = #e1jjj4 ,b if ?+s %\ld be s alt]$ by taxation & economic reorganization t #e1jjj became 9 practice ! highe/ limit atta9able1 & rema9$ atta9able ev5 = ! able/ only by ef=t1 !re is no reason to d\bt t t ef=t w\ld be =?com+4 ,x is n ! absolute am\nt ( remun]ation1 b ! increm5t ( remun]ation 9 proportion to ! output ( indu/rial or comm]cial capacity1 :i* s]ves z ! ne$$ /imulus to en]gy4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,lib]alism ,! n9ete5? c5tury might be call$ ! age ( ,lib]alism1 yet its close saw ! =tunes ( t great movem5t br\ght to _! l[e/ ebb4 ,:e!r at home or abroad ^? :o repres5t$ ,lib]al ideas _h suff]$ cru%+ defeats4 ,b ?is 0 ! lea/ consid]able ( ! causes = anxiety4 ,if ,lib]als _h be5 defeat$1 some?+ mu* worse seem$ ab\t to befall ,lib]alism4 ,its fai? 9 itself 0 wax+ cold4 ,x seem$ to h done its "w4 ,x _h ! air ( a cre$ t is becom+ fossiliz$ z an ext9ct =m1 a fossil t occupi$1 moreov]1 an awkw>d position betwe5 two v active & en]getically mov+ gr9d/ones--! upp] gr9d/one ( plutocratic imp]ialism1 & ! ne!r gr9d/one ( social democracy4 ,we "k all ab\t y1 ^! p>ties seem$ to say to ,lib]alism2 we h be5 "r ?r\gh y & come out on ! o!r side4 ,respectable platitudes1 y g maund]+ on ab\t ,cobd5 & ,glad/one1 & ! lib]ty ( ! individual1 & ! rights ( nationality1 & gov]nm5t by ! p4 ,:at y say is n precisely untrue1 b x is unreal & un9t]e/+4 ,s f> 9 *orus4 ,x is n up to date1 f9i%$ ! ,imp]iali/1 & ! ,sociali/ bureaucrat4 ,x is n bread & butt]1 f9i%$ ! ,social democrat4 ,oppos$ 9 ev]y?+ else1 ^! two p>ties agre$ 9 "o ?+4 ,!y 7 to divide ! future betwe5 !m4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 = _! agreem5t1 ! division 0 soon se5 to be no equal "o4 ,:atev] might be ! ultimate recup]ative p[] ( ,social ,democracy1 = ! "t be+1 9 ! p>alysis ( ,lib]alism1 ! ,imp]ial reaction _h ?+s all to itself4 ,! gov]n+ classes ( ,engl& 7 to ass]t !mselves4 ,!y 7 to consolidate ! ,empire1 incid5tally pass+ ! /eam roll] ov] two ob/ructive republics4 ,!y 7 to tea* ! law to ! sull5 new-caught peoples abroad4 ,!y 7 to re-e/abli% ! ,*ur* at home by ! end[m5t ( doctr9al education4 ,at ! same "t !y 7 to e/abli% ! liquor int]e/--:i* is1 aft] all1 ! really pot5t in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t f above4 ,!y 7 to b9d ! colonies to u by ties ( fiscal pref]5ce1 & to e/abli% ! great comm]cial int]e/s on ! basis ( protection4 ,_! gov]nm5t1 z conceiv$ by ! be/ expon5ts ( ! new doctr9e1 0 by no means to be indiff]5t to ! humanit>ian claims ( ! social consci5ce4 ,!y 7 to deal out factory acts1 & e/abli% wages bo>ds4 ,!y 7 to make an effici5t & a discipl9$ p4 ,9 ! idea ( discipl9e ! milit>y elem5t rapidly assum$ a great] prom95ce4 ,b on ?is side ! evolution ( op9ion pass$ ?r\gh two well-m>k$ phases4 ,! fir/ 0 ! p]iod ( optimism & expansion4 ,! ,engli%man 0 ! born rul] ( ! _w4 ,he might hold out a h& ( fri5d%ip to ! ,g]man & ! ,am]ican1 :om he recogniz$ z 8 k9dr$ & :o liv$ )9 ! law4 ,! re/ ( ! _w 0 peopl$ by dy+ nations ^: manife/ de/9y 0 to be adm9i/]$ by ! com+ races1 & exploit$ by _! comm]cial syndicates4 ,?is mood ( optimism did n survive ! ,s\? ,african ,w>4 ,x receiv$ its dea?-bl[ at ,col5so & ,mag]sfonte91 & )9 a few ye>s fe> _h def9itely tak5 ! place ( ambition z ! ma9spr+ ( ! movem5t to national & imp]ial consolidation4 ,! ,t>iff ,re=m movem5t 0 l>gely inspir$ by a s5se ( insecurity 9 our comm]cial position4 ,! half-patroniz+ fri5d%ip = ,g]many rapidly gave way1 fir/ to comm]cial jeal\sy1 & !n to unconceal$ al>m = our national safety4 ,all ! p[]s ( society 7 b5t on lavi% naval exp5diture1 & ( impos+ ! idea ( compulsory s]vice on a reluctant p4 ,! discipl9$ nation 0 ne$$ no long] to dom9ate ! _w1 b to ma9ta9 its own t]ritory4 ,n[1 we are n conc]n$ "h to foll[ up ! devi\s w9d+s ( mod]n ,cons]vatism4 ,we h to note only t :at mod]n democracy has to face is no m]e in]tia ( tradition4 ,x is a di/9ct reaction>y policy ) a def9ite & n incoh]5t cre$ ( its own1 an ideal :i* 9 its be/ expression--= example1 9 ! daily comm5ts ( ! ,morn+ ,po/--is c]ta9 to ex]cise a p[]ful attraction on _m g5]\s m9ds--! ideal ( ! effici5t1 discipl9$ nation1 c5tre & dom9at+ =ce ( a p[]ful1 self-conta9$1 militant empire4 ,:at conc]ns u m p>ticul>ly is ! reaction ( ,cons]vative developm5t ^u ! =tunes ( democracy4 ,b to und]/& ?is reaction1 &1 inde$1 to make any s\nd e/imate ( ! pres5t position & prospects ( ,lib]alism1 we mu/ ca/ a rapid glance ov] ! movem5t ( progressive ?\ght dur+ ! la/ g5]ation4 ,:5 ,glad/one =m$ 8 second ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahhj ! old p>ty sy/em /ood secure 9 ,great ,brita94 ,x 0 only a b& ( politicians f ! o!r side ( ,/4 ,george's ,*annel :o dis[n$ bo? ! great allegiances4 ,= ! ,briti% political m9d ! pla9 di/9ction ( ,lib]al & ,cons]vative held ! field1 & ! division 0 n yet a class di/9ction4 ,! great ,:ig families held _! place1 & !y ( ! ari/ocratic h\ses divid$ ! spoil4 ,b a new leav5 0 at "w4 ,! prosp]ity :i* _h culm9at$ 9 #ahgb 0 pass+ away4 ,indu/rial progress sl[$ d[n2 &1 ?\gh ! advance f ! ,hungry ',=ties _h be5 imm5se1 m5 began to see ! limit ( :at !y c\ld reasonably expect f retr5*m5t & ,free ,trade4 ,! "w ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,george awak5$ new int]e/ 9 problems ( pov]ty1 & ! idealism ( ,william ,morris gave new inspiration to ,sociali/ propag&a4 ,mean:ile1 ! tea*+ ( ,gre5 & ! en?usiasm ( ,toynbee 7 sett+ ,lib]alism free f ! %ackles ( an individuali/ conception ( lib]ty & pav+ ! way = ! legislation ( our own "t4 ,la/ly1 ! ,fabian ,society br\ght ,socialism d[n f heav5 & e/abli%$ a contact ) practical politics & municipal gov]nm5t4 ,_h ,great ,brita9 be5 an isl& 9 ! mid-,pacific ! onw>d movem5t w\ld h be5 rapid & undeviat+ 9 its c\rse4 ,z x 01 ! new ideas 7 reflect$ 9 ! p>liam5t & ! cab9et ( #ahhj-ahhe1 & ! ,radicalism ( ,birm+ham b>ely kept on t]ms ) ! ,:igg]y ( ! clubs4 ,a r$i/ribution ( social =ces :i* w\ld amalgamate ! int]e/s ( prop]ty on ! "o side & ^? ( democracy on ! o!r 0 imm95t1 & on social que/ions democracy re9=c$ by ! enfran*isem5t ( ! rural lab\r]s 9 #ahhd /ood to w94 ,at ?is /age ! ,iri% "q came to a head4 ,mr4 ,glad/one decl>$ = ,home ,rule1 & ! p>ty fissure took place on false l9es4 ,! upp] & middle classes 9 ! ma9 w5t ov] to ,unionism1 b !y took ) !m a section ( ! ,radicals1 :ile ,mr4 ,glad/one's p]sonal =ce reta9$ on ! ,lib]al side a numb] ( m5 ^: insight into ! ne$s ( democracy 0 by no means pr(\nd4 ,! political fight 0 = ! mom5t %ift$ f ! social "q to ! s+le absorb+ issue ( ,home ,rule1 & ! new ,unioni/ p>ty enjoy$ tw5ty ye>s ( almo/ unbrok5 supremacy4 ,aga91 _h ! ,home ,rule issue /ood alone x might h be5 settl$ 9 #ahib1 b mean:ile 9 ! lat] 'eighties ! social "q _h become insi/5t4 ,socialism1 ceas+ to be a m]ely academic =ce1 _h begun to influ5ce organiz$ lab\r1 & _h inspir$ ! m g5]\s m9ds among ! artisans ) ! det]m9ation to grapple ) ! problem ( ! unskill$ workm54 ,f ! ,dock]s' /rike ( #ahhi ! ,new ,unionism became a fight+ =ce 9 public affairs1 & ! idea ( a ,lab\r p>ty began to take %ape4 ,on ! new problems ,lib]alism1 weak5$ z x already _h be51 0 fur!r divid$1 & its failure 9 #ahib is to be ascrib$ f> m to ?is l>g] cause ?an to ! dramatic p]sonal incid5t ( ! ,p>nell divorce4 ,9 (fice )\t legislative p[] f #ahib to #ahie1 ! ,lib]al p>ty only exp]i5c$ fur!r loss ( cr$it1 & ! rise ( ,imp]ialism swept ! :ole curr5t ( public int]e/ 9 a new direction4 ,! ,lab\r movem5t itself 0 p>alyz$1 & ! defeat ( ! ,eng9e]s 9 #ahig put an end to ! hope ( a*iev+ a great social trans=mation by ! me?od ( ! /rike4 ,b1 9 ! mean:ile1 op9ion 0 be+ sil5tly trans=m$4 ,! lab\rs ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,boo? & 8 associates _h at l5g? /at$ ! problem ( pov]ty 9 sci5tific t]ms4 ,social & economic hi/ory 0 gradually tak+ %ape z a virtually new bran* ( k4 ,! "w ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,sidney ,webb help$ to cle> up ! relations betwe5 ! organiz$ ef=ts ( workm5 & ! functions ( ! ,/ate4 ,! disc]n+ obs]v] c\ld trace ! organic filam5ts ( a full] & m concrete social !ory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,lib]al ranks _m ( ! mo/ influ5tial m5 _h pass$1 )\t consci\sness ( ! transition1 "u ! sway ( q opposite influ5ces4 ,!y 7 becom+ ,imp]iali/s 9 _! sleep1 & x 0 only z ! implications ( ,imp]ialism became evid5t t !y 7 awak5$4 ,x 0 ) ! outbreak ( ! ,s\? ,african ,w> t ! new developm5t ( ,cons]vative policy fir/ compell$ ! av]age ,lib]al to consid] 8 position4 ,x ne$$ ! %ock ( an outspok5 violation ( "r to /ir him2 & we may date ! revival ( ! idea ( ju/ice 9 ! p>ty z an organiz$ =ce f ! spee* 9 ! summ] ( #aija 9 :i* ,sir ,h5ry ,campbell-,bann]man set himself aga9/ ! /ream ( militant s5tim5t & *all5g$ 9 a classic phrase ! me?ods ( ! w>4 ,f ! day ( ?is spee*1 :i* 0 suppos$ at ! "t to h irretrievably ru9$ 8 political c>e]1 ! "n ( ! p>ty-lead]1 hi!rto greet$ ) indiff]5ce1 became a recogniz$ signal = ! *e]s ( a political meet+1 & a man ) no m>k$ g5ius b t ( "* & ! insight :i* "* gave into ! m9ds ( 8 foll[]s acquir$ 9 8 p>ty ! position ( a ,glad/one4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ & fundam5tal victory1 ! re9/atem5t ( ! idea ( ,"r 9 ! m9d ( ,lib]alism4 ,!n1 z ! ,cons]vative attack develop$ & its implications became app>5t1 "o int]e/ aft] ano!r ( ! old] ,lib]alism 0 rudely %ak5 into life4 ,! ,education ,act ( #aijb br\ght ! ,noncon=mi/s into action4 ,! ,t>iff ,re=m movem5t put ,free ,trade on its def5ce1 & taught m5 to realize :at ! old] economics ( ,lib]alism _h done = !m4 ,! ,sociali/s ( practical politics1 ! ,lab\r ,p>ty1 f\nd t !y c\ld by no means disp5se ) ! discipl9e ( ,cobd54 ,free ,trade f9ance 0 to be ! basis ( social re=m4 ,lib]alism & ,lab\r le>n$ to co-op]ate 9 resi/+ delusive promises ( rem$ies = unemploym5t & 9 ma9ta9+ ! "r ( free int]national ex*ange4 ,mean:ile1 ,lab\r itself _h exp]i5c$ ! full brunt ( ! attack4 ,x _h come n f ! politicians b f ! judges1 b 9 ?is c\ntry we h to realize t )9 wide limits ! judges are 9 effect legislators1 & legislators ) a c]ta9 p]si/5t b5t :i* c be held 9 *eck only by ! con/ant vigilance & repeat$ ef=ts ( ! recogniz$ organ = ! mak+ & repeal ( law4 ,9 de/roy+ ! old position ( ! ,trade ,unions1 ! judges creat$ ! mod]n ,lab\r p>ty & cem5t$ its alliance ) ,lib]alism4 ,mean:ile1 ! aft]ma? ( ,imp]ialism 9 ,s\? ,africa 0 reap$1 & ,cons]vative disillusionm5t unlock$ ! floodgates = ! advanc+ tide ( ! ,lib]al revival4 ,! tide has by no means sp5t itself4 ,if x no long] ru%es 9 an electoral torr5t z 9 #aijf x fl[s 9 a /eady /ream t[>ds social amelioration & democratic gov]nm5t4 ,9 ?is movem5t x is n[ suffici5tly cle> to all p>ties t ! di/9ctive ideas ( ,lib]alism h a p]man5t function4 ,! ,sociali/ recognizes ) p]fect cle>ness1 = example1 t popul> gov]nm5t is n a mean+less %ibbole?1 b a reality t has to be ma9ta9$ & ext5d$ by fight+4 ,he is well aw>e t he mu/ deal ) ! ,h\se ( ,lords & ! ,plural vote if he is to ga9 8 own ends4 ,he c no long] reg>d ^! que/ions z difficulties int]pos$ by half-he>t$ ,lib]als to di/ract att5tion f ! ,social problem4 ,he is aw>e t ! problem ( ,home ,rule & ( devolution g5]ally is an integral "p ( ! organization ( democracy4 ,&1 z a rule1 he n m]ely acquiesces 9 ! dem& ( wom5 = a purely political "r1 b only qu>rels ) ! ,lib]al p>ty = its t>d9ess 9 meet+ ! dem&4 ,! old ,lib]al idea ( peace & retr5*m5t aga9 is recogniz$ by ! ,sociali/ic1 & inde$ by ! :ole body ( social re=m]s1 z equally ess5tial = ! successful prosecution ( _! aims4 ,popul> budgets w br+ no relief to human suff]+ if ! rev5ues t !y secure are all to g ^u ! mo/ exp5sive %ip t is ! fa%ion ( ! mom5t1 nor c ! popul> m9d devote itself to ! improvem5t ( dome/ic conditions :ile x is di/ract$ ei!r by ambitions or by sc>es4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! ,lib]al :o />ts f ! ,glad/onian tradition has 9 l>ge measure realiz$ t if he is to ma9ta9 ! ess5ce ( 8 old ideas x mu/ be ?r\gh a process ( adaptation & gr[?4 ,he has le>nt t :ile ,free ,trade laid ! f\ndations ( prosp]ity x did n erect ! build+4 ,he has to ackn[l$ge t x has n solv$ ! problems ( unemploym5t1 ( und]paym5t1 ( ov]cr[d+4 ,he has to look deep] into ! mean+ ( lib]ty & to take acc\nt ( ! be>+ ( actual conditions on ! mean+ ( equality4 ,z an apo/le ( peace & an oppon5t ( swoll5 armam5ts1 he has come to recognize t ! exp5diture ( ! social surplus ^u ! in/rum5ts ( progress is ! real alt]native to its exp5diture on ! in/rum5ts ( w>4 ,z a ,temp]ance man he is com+ to rely m on ! indirect effect ( social improvem5t on ! "o h& & ! elim9ation ( monopoli/ pr(it on ! o!r1 ?an on ! unc]ta9 *ances ( absolute prohibition4 ,!re are1 !n1 among ! composite =ces :i* ma9ta9$ ! ,lib]al ,gov]nm5t 9 p[] ?r\gh ! crisis ( #aiaj1 ! elem5ts ( su* an organic view z may inspire & direct a g5u9e social progress4 ,lib]alism has pass$ ?r\gh its ,sl\gh ( ,despond1 & 9 ! give & take ( ideas ) ,socialism has le>nt1 & taught1 m ?an "o lesson4 ,! result is a broad] & deep] movem5t 9 :i* ! cool] & cle>] m9ds recognize bel[ ! diff]5ces ( p>ty names & 9 spite ( c]ta9 real cross-curr5ts a g5u9e unity ( purpose4 ,:at are ! prospects ( ?is movem5t8 ,w x be ma9ta9$8 ,is x ! /eady /ream to :i* we h comp>$ x1 or a wave :i* mu/ gradually s9k into ! tr\gh8 ,to put ?is "q is to ask 9 effect :e!r democracy is 9 sub/ance z well z 9 =m a possible mode ( gov]nm5t4 ,to answ] ?is "q we mu/ ask :at democracy really means1 & :y x is ! necess>y basis ( ! ,lib]al idea4 ,! "q has already be5 rais$ incid5tally1 & we h se5 reason to dismiss bo? ! individuali/ & ! ,b5?amite argum5t = popul> gov]nm5t z unsatisfactory4 ,we ev5 admitt$ a d\bt :e!r "s ( ! concrete ess5tials ( lib]ty & social ju/ice might n1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 be less fully realiz$ "u a widely-ext5d$ suffrage ?an "u ! rule ( a sup]ior class or a well-ord]$ despotism4 ,on :at1 !n1 x may be ask$1 d we f\nd our conception ( democracy8 ,is x on g5]al pr9ciples ( social philosophy1 or on ! special conditions ( our own c\ntry or ( contempor>y civilization8 ,& h[ does our conception relate itself to our o!r ideas ( ! social ord]8 ,d we assume t ! democracy w 9 ! ma9 accept ^! ideas1 or if x rejects !m are we will+ to acquiesce 9 its decision z f9al8 ,& 9 ! end :at d we expect8 ,w democracy ass]t itself1 w x f9d a common purpose & give x concrete %ape8 ,or w x blund] on1 ! passive subject ( sc>es & ambitions1 fr5zies ( en?usiasm & dejection1 clay 9 ! h&s ( ^? ^: pr(ession x is to model x to _! w4 ,fir/ z to ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,democracy is n f\nd$ m]ely on ! "r or ! private int]e/ ( ! individual4 ,?is is only "o side ( ! %ield4 ,x is f\nd$ equally on ! function ( ! individual z a memb] ( ! community4 ,x f\nds ! common good ^u ! common w1 9 =m+ :i* x bids e gr[n-up1 intellig5t p]son to take a "p4 ,no d\bt _m good ?+s may be a*iev$ = a p )\t responsive ef=t on its own "p4 ,x may be end[$ ) a good police1 ) an equitable sy/em ( private law1 ) education1 ) p]sonal fre$om1 ) a well-organiz$ indu/ry4 ,x may receive ^! bless+s at ! h&s ( a =eign rul]1 or f an enlight5$ bureaucracy or a b5evol5t mon>*4 ,h[ev] obta9$1 !y are all v good ?+s4 ,b ! democratic !ory is t1 s obta9$1 !y lack a vitaliz+ elem5t4 ,a p s gov]n$ resembles an individual :o has receiv$ all ! ext]nal gifts ( =tune1 good tea*]s1 heal?y surr\nd+s1 a fair breeze to fill 8 sails1 b owes 8 prosp]\s voyage to little or no ef=t ( 8 own4 ,we d n rate su* a man s high z "o :o /ruggles ?r\gh adv]sity to a mu* less em95t position4 ,:at we possess has its intr9sic value1 b h[ we came to possess x is also an important "q4 ,x is s ) a society4 ,good gov]nm5t is mu*1 b ! good w is m1 & ev5 ! imp]fect1 halt+1 confus$ utt]ance ( ! common w may h 9 x ! pot5cy ( high] ?+s ?an a p]fection ( ma*9]y c ev] atta94 ,b ?is pr9ciple makes "o v l>ge assumption4 ,x po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( a common w4 ,x assumes t ! individuals :om x w\ld enfran*ise c ent] into ! common life & contribute to ! =mation ( a common decision by a g5u9e int]e/ 9 public transactions4 ,:]e & 9 s f> z ?is assumption def9itely fails1 !re is no case = democracy4 ,progress1 9 su* a case1 is n :olly impossible1 b x mu/ dep5d on ! numb] ( ^? :o d c>e = ! ?+s t are ( social value1 :o advance k or civilize life ?r\gh ! discov]ies ( art1 or =m a n>r[ b effective public op9ion 9 support ( lib]ty & ord]4 ,we may g fur!r4 ,:atev] ! =m ( gov]nm5t progress always does 9 fact dep5d on ^? :o s ?9k & live1 & on ! degree 9 :i* ^! common int]e/s envelop _! life & ?\ght4 ,n[1 complete & :olehe>t$ absorption 9 public int]e/s is r>e4 ,x is ! prop]ty n ( ! mass b ( ! few1 & ! democrat is well aw>e t x is ! remnant :i* saves ! p4 ,he subjo9s only t if _! ef=t is really to succe$ ! p mu/ be will+ to be sav$4 ,! masses :o sp5d _! toilsome days 9 m9e or factory /ruggl+ = bread h n _! heads = ev] fill$ ) ! complex details ( int]national policy or indu/rial law4 ,to expect ?is w\ld be absurd4 ,:at is n exagg]at$ is to expect !m to respond & ass5t to ! ?+s t make = ! moral & mat]ial welf>e ( ! c\ntry1 & ! position ( ! democrat is t ! remnant is bett] occupi$ 9 conv9c+ ! p & c>ry+ _! m9ds & wills ) x ?an 9 impos+ on !m laws :i* !y are conc]n$ only to obey & enjoy4 ,at ! same "t1 ! remnant1 be x nev] s select1 has always mu* to le>n4 ,"s m5 are mu* bett] & wis] ?an o!rs1 b exp]i5ce seems to %[ t h>dly any man is s mu* bett] or wis] ?an o!rs t he c p]man5tly /& ! te/ ( irresponsible p[] ov] !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! be/ & wise/ is he :o is ready to g to ! humble/ 9 a _s ( inquiry1 to f9d out :at he wants & :y he wants x be=e seek+ to legislate = him4 ,admitt+ ! utmo/ t c be said = ! necessity ( lead]%ip1 we mu/ at ! same "t grant t ! p]fection ( lead]%ip itself lies 9 secur+ ! will+1 conv9c$1 op5-ey$ support ( ! mass4 ,?us individuals w contribute to ! social w 9 v v>y+ degrees1 b ! democratic !sis is t ! =mation ( su* a w1 t is1 9 effect1 ! ext5sion ( intellig5t int]e/ 9 all mann] ( public ?+s1 is 9 itself a good1 & m ?an t1 x is a condition qualify+ o!r good ?+s4 ,n[ ! ext5sion ( int]e/ is n to be creat$ by democratic =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & if x nei!r exi/s nor c be br\ght into exi/5ce1 democracy rema9s an empty =m & may ev5 be worse ?an useless4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! capacity exi/s ! e/abli%m5t ( responsible gov]nm5t is ! fir/ condition ( its developm5t4 ,ev5 s x is n ! sole condition4 ,! mod]n ,/ate is a va/ & complex organism4 ,! individual vot] feels himself lo/ among ! millions4 ,he is imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! devi\s issues & l>ge problems ( ! day1 & is s5sible h[ little 8 solit>y vote c affect _! decision4 ,:at he ne$s to give him support & direction is organization ) 8 neighb\rs & fell[ work]s4 ,he c und]/&1 = example1 ! affairs ( 8 trade union1 or1 aga91 ( 8 *apel4 ,!y are ne> to him4 ,!y affect him1 & he feels t he c affect !m4 ,?r\gh ^! int]e/s1 aga91 he comes into t\* ) wid] que/ions--) a ,factory ,bill or an ,education ,bill--& 9 deal+ ) ^! que/ions he w n[ act z "o ( an organiz$ body1 ^: comb9$ vot+ /r5g? w be no negligible quantity4 ,responsibility comes home to him1 & to br+ home responsibility is ! problem ( all gov]nm5t4 ,! developm5t ( social int]e/--& t is democracy--dep5ds n only on adult suffrage & ! supremacy ( ! elect$ legislature1 b on all ! int]m$iate organizations :i* l9k ! individual to ! :ole4 ,?is is "o among ! reasons :y devolution & ! revival ( local gov]nm5t1 at pres5t cru%$ 9 ?is c\ntry by a c5traliz$ bureaucracy1 are ( ! ess5ce ( democratic progress4 ,! success ( democracy dep5ds on ! response ( ! vot]s to ! opportunities giv5 !m4 ,b1 conv]sely1 ! opportunities mu/ be giv5 9 ord] to call =? ! response4 ,! ex]cise ( popul> gov]nm5t is itself an education4 ,9 consid]+ :e!r any class or sex or race %\ld be br\ght into ! circle ( enfran*isem5t1 ! det]m9+ consid]ation is ! response :i* t class or sex or race w\ld be likely to make to ! tru/4 ,w\ld x ent] effectively into ! que/ions ( public life1 or w\ld x be s mu* passive vot+ mat]ial1 wax 9 ! h&s ( ! less scrupul\s politicians8 ,! "q is a fair "o1 b p are too ready to answ] x 9 ! less fav\rable s5se on ! gr\nd ( ! actual indiff]5ce or ignorance :i* !y f9d or ?9k !y f9d among ! un5fran*is$4 ,!y =get t 9 t reg>d enfran*isem5t itself may be precisely ! /imulus ne$$ to awak5 int]e/1 & :ile !y are impress$ ) ! dang] ( admitt+ ignorant & irresponsible1 & p]haps corruptible vot]s to a voice 9 ! gov]nm5t1 !y are apt to ov]look ! c\nt]balanc+ dang] ( leav+ a section ( ! community outside ! circle ( civic responsibility4 ,! actual "w ( gov]nm5t mu/ affect1 & also x mu/ be affect$ by1 its relation to all :o live )9 ! realm4 ,to secure good adaptation x ought1 ,i w n say to reflect1 b at lea/ to take acc\nt (1 ! dispositions & circum/ances ( e class 9 ! population4 ,if any "o class is dumb1 ! result is t ,gov]nm5t is to t ext5t un9=m$4 ,x is n m]ely t ! int]e/s ( t class may suff]1 b t1 ev5 ) ! be/ w1 mi/akes may be made 9 h&l+ x1 because x _c speak = itself4 ,(fici\s spokesm5 w pret5d to repres5t its views1 & w obta91 p]haps1 undue au?ority m]ely because !re is no way ( br++ !m to book4 ,s among ourselves does ! press con/antly repres5t public op9ion to be "o ?+ :ile ! cold ari?metic ( ! polls conclusively decl>es x to be ano!r4 ,! ballot alone effectively lib]ates ! quiet citiz5 f ! tyranny ( ! %\t] & ! wire-pull]4 ,i conclude t an impression ( exi/+ in]tness or ignorance is n a suffici5t reason = )hold+ responsible gov]nm5t or re/rict+ ! area ( ! suffrage4 ,!re mu/ be a well-gr\nd$ view t political incapacity is s deep-root$ t ! ext5sion ( political rights w\ld t5d only to facilitate undue influ5ce by ! less scrupul\s sections ( ! m capable "p ( ! p4 ,?us :]e we h an olig>*y ( :ite plant]s 9 ! mid/ ( a col\r$ population1 x is always op5 to d\bt :e!r a g5]al col\r-fran*ise w be a s\nd me?od ( secur+ ev5-h&$ ju/ice4 ,! economic & social conditions may be su* t ! col\r$ man w\ld j h to vote z 8 ma/] told him1 & if ! elem5t>y rights are to be secur$ = all x may be t a semi-despotic sy/em l t ( "s ( our ,cr[n colonies is ! be/ t c be devis$4 ,on ! o!r side1 t :i* is mo/ apt to fright5 a gov]n+ class or race1 a clam\r on ! "p ( an un5fran*is$ p = political rights1 is to ! democrat precisely ! /ronge/ reason t he c h 9 ! abs5ce ( direct exp]i5ce = believ+ !m fit = ! ex]cise ( civic responsibility4 ,he welcomes signs ( dissatisfaction among ! disfran*is$ z ! be/ pro( ( awak5+ int]e/ 9 public affairs1 & he has none ( ^? fe>s ( ultimate social disruption :i* are a nightm>e to bureaucracies because exp]i5ce has suffici5tly prov$ to him ! heal+ p[] ( fre$om1 ( responsibility1 & ( ! s5se ( ju/ice4 ,moreov]1 a democrat _c be a democrat = 8 own c\ntry alone4 ,he _c b recognize ! complex & subtle int]actions ( nation ^u nation :i* make e local success or failure ( democracy tell ^u o!r c\ntries4 ,no?+ has be5 m enc\rag+ to ! ,lib]alism ( ,we/]n ,europe 9 rec5t ye>s ?an ! signs ( political awak5+ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,until ye/]day x seem$ z ?\gh x w\ld 9 ! end be impossible to resi/ ! ultimate de/9y ( ! :ite races to be ma/]s ( ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! result w\ld h be5 t1 h[ev] f> democracy might develop )9 any ,we/]n ,/ate1 x w\ld always be confront$ ) a contr>y pr9ciple 9 ! relation ( t ,/ate to dep5d5cies1 & ?is contradiction1 z may easily be se5 by ! att5tive /ud5t ( our own political con/itutions1 is a /&+ m5ace to dome/ic fre$om4 ,! awak5+ ( ! ,ori5t1 f ,con/ant9ople to ,pek91 is ! greate/ & mo/ hopeful political fact ( our "t1 & x is ) ! deepe/ %ame t ,engli% ,lib]als h be5 compell$ to look on :ile our ,=eign ,(fice has made itself ! accomplice 9 ! attempt to nip ,p]sian fre$om 9 ! bud1 & t 9 ! int]e/ ( ! mo/ ru?less tyranny t has ev] cru%$ ! lib]ties ( a :ite p4 ,! cause ( democracy is b\nd up ) t ( int]nationalism4 ,! relation is _m-sid$4 ,x is national pride1 res5tm5t1 or ambition "o day t sweeps ! public m9d & div]ts x f all int]e/ 9 dome/ic progress4 ,! next day ! same function is p]=m$ no less adequately by a sc>e4 ,! practice ( play+ on popul> emotions has be5 r$uc$ to a f9e art :i* nei!r ( ! great p>ties is a%am$ to employ4 ,milit>y ideals possess ! m9d1 & milit>y exp5diture eats up ! public res\rces4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! political economic & social progress ( o!r nations reacts on our own4 ,! backw>dness ( our comm]cial rivals 9 indu/rial legislation 0 long made an argum5t aga9/ fur!r advances among ourselves4 ,conv]sely1 :5 !y g beyond u1 z n[ !y (t5 d1 we c le>n f !m4 ,physically ! _w is rapidly becom+ "o1 & its unity mu/ ultimately be reflect$ 9 political in/itutions4 ,! old doctr9e ( absolute sov]eignty is dead4 ,! great] ,/ates ( ! day exhibit a complex sy/em ( gov]nm5t )9 gov]nm5t1 au?ority limit$ by au?ority1 & ! _w-/ate ( ! n impossible future mu/ be bas$ on a free national self-direction z full & satisfy+ z t enjoy$ by ,canada or ,au/ralia )9 ! ,briti% ,empire at ?is mom5t4 ,national emulation w express itself less 9 ! desire to ext5d t]ritory or to c\nt up %ips & guns1 & m 9 ! endeav\r to magnify ! contribution ( our own c\ntry to civiliz$ life4 ,j z 9 ! rebir? ( our municipal life we f9d a civic patriotism :i* takes int]e/ 9 ! local univ]sity1 :i* feels pride 9 ! magnitude ( ! local indu/ry1 :i* p>ades ! l[e/ dea? rate 9 ! c\ntry1 :i* is hone/ly a%am$ ( a bad record = crime or paup]ism1 s z ,engli%m5 we %all conc]n ourselves less ) ! "q :e!r two ( our ,dreadn\ghts might n be pitt$ aga9/ "o ,g]man1 & m ) ! "q :e!r we _c equal ,g]many 9 ! developm5t ( sci5ce1 ( education1 & ( indu/rial te*nique4 ,p]haps ev51 recov]+ f our pres5t artificially induc$ & radically ins9c]e mood ( national self-abasem5t1 we %all le>n to take "s pride 9 our own *>act]i/ic contributions z a nation to ! arts ( gov]nm5t1 to ! ?\ght1 ! lit]ature1 ! art1 ! me*anical inv5tions :i* h made & are re-mak+ mod]n civilization4 ,/&+ by national autonomy & int]national equality1 ,lib]alism is necess>ily 9 conflict ) ! ,imp]ial idea z x is ord9>ily pres5t$4 ,b ?is is n to say t x is indiff]5t to ! int]e/s ( ! ,empire z a :ole1 to ! s5tim5t ( unity p]vad+ its :ite population1 to all ! possibilities involv$ 9 ! b>e fact t a f\r? "p ( ! human race recognizes "o flag & "o supreme au?ority4 ,9 relation to ! self-gov]n+ colonies ! ,lib]al ( today has to face a *ange 9 ! situation s9ce ,cobd5's "t n unlike t :i* we h trac$ 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,! ,colonial ,empire z x /&s is 9 sub/ance ! creation ( ! old] ,lib]alism4 ,x is f\nd$ on self-gov]nm5t1 & self-gov]nm5t is ! root f :i* ! exi/+ s5tim5t ( unity has sprung4 ,! problem ( our "t is to devise means = ! m concrete & liv+ expression ( ?is s5tim5t )\t impair+ ! rights ( self-gov]nm5t on :i* x dep5ds4 ,hi!rto ! ,imp]iali/ has _h matt]s all 8 own way & has clev]ly exploit$ ,colonial op9ion1 or an appe>ance ( ,colonial op9ion1 9 fav\r ( class asc5dancy & reaction>y legislation 9 ! "m c\ntry4 ,b ! colonies include ! mo/ democratic communities 9 ! _w4 ,_! natural sympa?ies are n ) ! ,cons]vatives1 b ) ! mo/ ,progressive p>ties 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,!y fav\r ,home ,rule1 !y set ! pace 9 social legislation4 ,!re exi/ accord+ly ! political conditions ( a democratic alliance :i* x is ! bus9ess ( ! ,briti% ,lib]al to turn to acc\nt4 ,he may hope to make 8 c\ntry ! c5tre ( a gr\p ( self-gov]n+1 democratic communities1 "o ( :i*1 moreov]1 s]ves z a natural l9k ) ! o!r great commonweal? ( ,engli%-speak+ p4 ,! con/itutional me*anism ( ! new unity beg9s to take %ape 9 ! ,imp]ial ,c\ncil1 & its "w beg9s to def9e itself z ! adju/m5t ( int]e/s z betwe5 diff]5t portions ( ! ,empire & ! organization ( common def5ce4 ,su* a union is no m5ace to ! _w's peace or to ! cause ( fre$om4 ,on ! contr>y1 z a natural outgr[? ( a common s5tim5t1 x is "o ( ! /eps t[>ds a wid] unity :i* involves no back/roke aga9/ ! ideal ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,x is a model1 & t on no mean scale1 ( ! ,int]national ,/ate4 ,int]nationalism on ! "o side1 national self-gov]nm5t on ! o!r1 are ! radical conditions ( ! gr[? ( a social m9d :i* is ! ess5ce1 z oppos$ to ! =m1 ( democracy4 ,b z to =m itself a ^w mu/1 9 conclusion1 be said4 ,if ! =ms are unsuitable ! w _c express itself1 & if x fails ( adequate expression x is 9 ! end ?w>t$1 repress$ & p>alyz$4 ,9 ! matt] ( =m ! inh]5t difficulty ( democratic gov]nm5t1 :e!r direct or repres5tative1 is t x is gov]nm5t by majority1 n gov]nm5t by univ]sal cons5t4 ,its decisions are ^? ( ! l>g] "p ( ! p1 n ( ! :ole4 ,?is defect is an unavoidable consequ5ce ( ! necessities ( decision & ! impossibility ( secur+ univ]sal agreem5t4 ,/atesm5 h s\ght to rem$y x by apply+ some?+ ( ! nature ( a brake ^u ! process ( *ange4 ,!y h felt t to ju/ify a new dep>ture ( any magnitude !re mu/ be some?+ m ?an a b>e majority4 ,!re mu/ ei!r be a l>ge majority1 two-?irds or ?ree-f\r?s ( ! electorate1 or !re mu/ be "s friction to be ov]come :i* w s]ve to te/ ! dep? & =ce z well z ! num]ical ext5t ( ! feel+ beh9d ! new proposal4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom we h "o (ficial brake1 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & sev]al un(ficial ones1 ! civil s]vice1 ! p]man5t det]m9$ opposition ( ! ,b5* to democratic measures1 ! ,press1 & all t we call ,society4 ,all ^! brakes act 9 "o way only4 ,!re is no brake ^u reaction--a lack :i* becomes m s]i\s 9 proportion z ! ,cons]vative p>ty acquires a def9ite & con/ructive policy ( its own4 ,9 ?is situation ! ,lib]al p>ty set itself to deal ) ! (ficial brake by ! simple me?od ( r$uc+ its effective /r5g?1 b1 to be hone/1 )\t hav+ made up its m9d z to ! nature ( ! brake :i* x w\ld l to sub/itute4 ,on ?is "q a few g5]al rem>ks w\ld seem to be 9 place4 ,! function ( a *eck on ! ,h\se ( ,commons is to secure reconsid]ation4 ,cons]vative lead]s are 9 ! "r :5 !y po9t to ! accid5tal elem5ts t g to ! con/itution ( p>liam5t>y majorities4 ,! programme ( any g5]al election is always composite1 & a man f9ds himself compell$1 = example1 to *oose betwe5 a ,t>iff ,re=m] ^: views on education he approves1 & a ,free ,trad] ^: educational policy he dete/s4 ,9 "p ?is defect might be rem$i$ by ! ,proportional sy/em to :i*1 :e!r aga9/ ! gra9 or n1 ,lib]als w f9d !mselves driv5 ! m !y insi/ on ! g5u9ely repres5tative "* ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,b ev5 a ,proportional sy/em w\ld n :olly cle> ! issues be=e ! electorate4 ,! av]age man gives 8 vote on ! "q :i* he takes to be mo/ important 9 itself1 & :i* he supposes to be mo/ likely to come up = imm$iate settlem5t4 ,b he is always liable to f9d 8 expectations defeat$1 & a ,p>liam5t :i* is 9 reality elect$ on "o issue may proce$ to deal ) q ano!r4 ,! rem$y propos$ by ! ,p>liam5t ,bill 0 a two ye>s' delay1 :i*1 x 0 held1 w\ld secure full discussion & consid]able opportunity = ! manife/ation ( op9ion %\ld x be adv]se4 ,?is proposal _h be5 put to ! con/itu5cies twice ov]1 & _h be5 ratifi$ by !m if any legislative proposal ev] 0 ratifi$4 ,x %\ld enable ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 z ! repres5tatives ( ! p1 to decide freely on ! p]man5t con/itution ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,bill itself1 h[ev]1 does n lay d[n ! l9es ( a p]man5t settlem5t4 ,=1 to beg9 )1 9 leav+ ! con/itution ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords unalt]$ x provides a "o-sid$ *eck1 op]at+ only on democratic measures :i* 9 any case h to run ! gauntlet ( ! p]man5t (ficials1 ! judges1 ! ,press1 & ,society4 ,= p]man5t use ! brake mu/ be two-sid$4 ,secondly1 x is to be fe>$ t ! pr9ciple ( delay w\ld be an insuffici5t *eck ^u a l>ge & head/rong majority4 ,:at is really ne$$ is t ! p %\ld h ! opportunity ( consid]+ a proposal afre%4 ,?is c\ld be secur$ 9 ei!r ( two ways3 7#a7 by all[+ ! susp5sory veto ( ! ,second ,*amb] to hold a measure ov] to a new ,p>liam5t2 7#b7 by all[+ ! ,h\se ( ,commons to submit a bill 9 ! =m 9 :i* x f9ally leaves ! ,h\se to a direct popul> vote4 ,x is to my m9d regrettable t s _m ,lib]als %\ld h clos$ ! door on ! ,ref]5dum4 ,x is true t !re are _m measures to :i* x w\ld be ill suit$4 ,= example1 measures affect+ a p>ticul> class or a p>ticul> locality w\ld be apt to g by ! bo>d4 ,!y might comm& a l>ge & en?usia/ic majority among ^? prim>ily affect$ by !m1 b only receive a languid ass5t else:]e1 & !y might be defeat$ by a majority beat5 up = extrane\s purposes among ^? )\t fir/-h& k ( ! problems ) :i* !y are int5d$ to deal4 ,aga91 if a ref]5dum 7 to "w at all x w\ld only be 9 relation to measures ( ! fir/ class1 & only1 if ! public conv5i5ce is to be consult$1 on v r>e occasions4 ,9 all ord9>y cases ( insup]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,h\ses1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! day w\ld accept ! po/ponem5t ( ! measure till ! new ,p>liam5t4 ,b !re are measures ( urg5cy1 measures ( fundam5tal import1 above all1 measures :i* cut across ! ord9>y l9es ( p>ty1 & ) :i*1 9 consequ5ce1 our sy/em is impot5t to deal1 & on ^! ! direct consultation ( ! p w\ld be ! mo/ suitable me?od ( solution4#ac ,:at we ne$1 !n1 is an imp>tial second *amb] di/9ctly subord9ate to ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 incapable ( t\*+ f9ance & !re=e ( ov]?r[+ a m9i/ry1 b able to secure ! submission ( a measure ei!r to ! direct vote ( ! p or to ! v]dict ( a second election--! gov]nm5t ( ! day hav+ ! *oice betwe5 ! alt]natives4 ,su* a *amb] might be in/itut$ by direct popul> election4 ,b ! multiplication ( elections is n good = ! work+ ( democracy1 & x w\ld be difficult to reconcile a directly elect$ h\se to a subord9ate position4 ,x might1 !re=e1 z an alt]native1 be elect$ on a proportional sy/em by ! ,h\se ( ,commons itself1 its memb]s reta9+ _! seat = two ,p>liam5ts4 ,to bridge ov] ! *ange half ( ! *amb] = ! pres5t ,p>liam5t might be elect$ by ! exi/+ ,h\se ( ,lords1 & _! repres5tatives retir+ at ! end ( ?is ,p>liam5t w\ld leave ! next ,h\se ( ,commons & e future ,h\se ( ,commons ) "o-half ( ! *amb] to elect4 ,?is ,second ,*amb] w\ld !n reflect 9 equal proportions ! exi/+ & ! la/ ,h\se ( ,commons1 & ! balance betwe5 p>ties %\ld be fairly held4#ad ,?is *amb] w\ld h ample p[] ( secur+ reasonable am5dm5ts & w\ld also h good gr\nd = ex]cis+ mod]ation 9 press+ its views4 ,if ! public 7 beh9d ! measure x w\ld "k t 9 ! end ! ,h\se ( ,commons c\ld c>ry x 9 its tee?1 :e!r by ref]5dum or by a r5ew$ vote ( confid5ce at a g5]al election4 ,! ,commons1 on _! side1 w\ld h reasons = exhibit+ a conciliatory temp]4 ,!y w\ld n wi% to be =c$ ei!r to po/pone or to appeal4 ,z to :i* me?od !y w\ld *oose !y w\ld h absolute discretion1 & if !y w5t to ! c\ntry ) a s]ies ( popul> measures hung up & await+ _! return = ratification1 !y w\ld ju/ly feel !mselves 9 a /rong position4 ,s f> z to =ms4 ,! actual future ( democracy1 h[ev]1 re/s ^u deep] issues4 ,x is b\nd up ) ! g5]al advance ( civilization4 ,! organic "* ( society is1 we h se51 9 "o s5se1 an ideal4 ,9 ano!r s5se x is an actuality4 ,t is to say1 no?+ ( any import affects ! social life on "o side )\t sett+ up reactions all ?r\gh ! tissue4 ,h5ce1 = example1 we _c ma9ta9 great political progress )\t "s correspond+ advance on o!r sides4 ,p are n fully free 9 _! political capacity :5 !y are subject indu/rially to conditions :i* take ! life & he>t out ( !m4 ,a nation z a :ole _c be 9 ! full s5se free :ile x fe>s ano!r or gives cause ( fe> to ano!r4 ,! social problem mu/ be view$ z a :ole4 ,we t\* "h ! greate/ weakness 9 mod]n re=m movem5ts4 ,! _s ( specialism has invad$ political & social activity1 & 9 great] & great] degree m5 consecrate _! :ole en]gy to a p>ticul> cause to ! almo/ cynical disreg>d ( all o!r consid]ations4 ,n su* ! help1 nor ^! ! def5d]s :i* ?is mom5t ( ! _w's progress ne$s4 ,r we want to le>n our supreme lesson f ! s*ool ( ,cobd54 ,= !m ! political problem 0 "o1 manifold 9 its ramifications b undivid$ 9 its ess5ce4 ,x 0 a problem ( realiz+ lib]ty4 ,we h se5 reason to ?9k t _! conception ( lib]ty 0 too ?91 & t to appreciate its concrete cont5t we mu/ und]/& x z re/+ ^u mutual re/ra9t & value x z a basis ( mutual aid4 ,= u1 !re=e1 h>mony s]ves bett] z a unify+ conception4 ,x rema9s = u to c>ry x ?r\gh ) ! same logical cog5cy1 ! same practical res\rcefulness1 ! same driv+ =ce t inspir$ ! e>li] ,radicals1 t gave fire to ,cobd5's /ati/ics1 & l5t compell+ p[] to ! eloqu5ce ( ,bright4 ,we ne$ less ( ! fanatics ( sect>ianism & m ( ! unify+ m9d4 ,our re=m]s mu/ le>n to rely less on ! adv]tis+ value ( imm$iate success & m on ! deep] b less /rik+ *anges ( practice or ( feel+1 to ?9k less ( cat*+ votes & m ( conv9c+ op9ion4 ,we ne$ a full] co-op]ation among ^? ( g5u9e democratic feel+ & m agreem5t z to ! ord] ( re=m4 ,at pres5t progress is block$ by ! v competition ( _m causes = ! fir/ place 9 ! advance4 ,"h1 aga91 devolution w help u1 b :at w\ld help /ill m w\ld be a cle>] s5se ( ! necessity ( co-op]ation betwe5 all :o pr(ess & call !mselves democrats1 bas$ on a full] appreciation ( ! bread? & ! dep? ( _! own mean+4 ,! advice seems cold to ! fi]y spirits1 b !y may come to le>n t ! vision ( ju/ice 9 ! :ol5ess ( h] beauty k9dles a passion t may n fl>e up into mom5ts ( dramatic sc9tillation1 b burns ) ! endur+ gl[ ( ! c5tral heat4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,i ne$ h>dly add t f9ancial measures are entirely unsuit$ to a ref]5dum4 ,f9ancial & executive control g toge!r1 & to take ei!r ( !m out ( ! h&s ( ! majority 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons is n to re=m our sy/em b to de/roy x root & bran*4 ,! same is n true ( legislative control4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* a gov]nm5t might fairly submit a legislative measure to ! p )\t elect+ to /& or fall by x4 #ad ,probably ! be/ alt]native to ^! proposals is t ( a small directly elect$ ,second ,*amb]1 ) a provision = a jo9t session 9 case ( insup]able disagreem5t1 b ) no provision = delay4 ,?is proposal has ! advantage1 app>5tly1 ( comm&+ a measure ( ,cons]vative support4 ,,bibliography ,,locke4--,second ,treatise on ,civil ,gov]nm5t 7#afhi74 ,,pa9e4--,! ,rights ( ,man 7#agib74 ,,b5?am4--,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation 7#aghi674 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mill4--,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy 7,books ,,iv & ,v74 ,on ,lib]ty4 ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,subjection ( ,wom54 ,autobiography4 ,,cobd54--,political ,writ+s4 ,,bright4--,spee*es4 ,,mazz9i4--,! ,duties ( ,man4 ,?\ghts on ,democracy 9 ,europe4 ,,jevons4--,! ,/ate 9 ,relation to ,lab\r4 ,t4 ,h4 ,,gre54--,pr9ciples ( ,political ,obligation4 ,lib]al ,legislation & ,fre$om ( ,contract 7,works1 vol4 iii74 ,,morley4--,life ( ,cobd54 ,life ( ,glad/one4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,hir/4--,! ,man*e/] ,s*ool4 ,g4 ,,l[es ,,dick9son4--,lib]ty & ,ju/ice4 ,,pr(4 ,h4 ,,jones4--,! ,work+ ,fai? ( ! ,social ,re=m]4 ,,pr(4 ,mc,c,u,n,n4--,six ,radical ,?9k]s4 ,,index ,association1 "r (1 #cg-h ,au?orit>ian rule1 #h-aj1 #ah1 #ba1 #dg1 #ed ,bir? rate1 #aha ,*>ity1 ,/ate1 & ,ju/ice1 #ahb ,*ur* & ,/ate1 #ab ,city ,/ates1 #aj-ac1 #af ,civil lib]ty1 #ba ,co]cion1 :]e ju/ifi$1 #aci-aed ,colonies1 #da-d1 #ajf1 #baf1 #bdj ,cons]vatism1 #hh1 #agf1 #bag ,democracy1 future (1 #bbg-bcf1 #bdb-ea ,economic lib]ty1 #cd-h1 #aeg ,education1 #cb1 #dj1 #aed ,feudalism1 #ae-ah ,fiscal lib]ty1 #be-f1 #cd1 #gh-ha ,=eign policy1 #da1 #ajd-e ,fre$om1 conditions (1 #bc-d1 #bh1 #ca1 #eh1 #ia-b1 #adj1 #adf ,glad/one1 ,w4 ,e41 #ajb-f ,greece1 anci5t1 #aj-ac ,habeas ,corpus ,act1 #bc ,imp]ialism1 #bae1 #bba-d1 #bci ,indu/ry1 regulation (1 #ce-f1 #hb-h1 #ic ,inequality1 ! def5ce (1 #aca ,inh]it$ weal?1 #aig-i ,irel&1 #da1 #ajc1 #bai1 #bbd ,laissez-faire1 #gh-aja ,l& "q1 #hb1 #ie-h1 #age-f1 #aib-c ,lib]alism1 beg9n+ (1 #ai1 #ea ,man*e/] s*ool1 #eg ,milit>ism1 #h1 #de1 #hj1 #adh1 #bcg-i ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #ajg-ae1 #aaf ,monopolies1 #ig-ajj ,national lib]ty1 #dj-d ,natural ord]1 !ory (1 #ed-fd ,old ,age ,p5sions1 #aef1 #agg ,op9ion1 ,lib]ty &1 #aaf-bc ,organic ,concept ( ,society1 #abe-cj1 #ace ,peace1 ,int]national1 #hj-a1 #bbe1 #bcg ,p]sonal lib]ty1 #bf-ca ,petition ( ,"r1 #bb ,poor ,law1 #aee1 #agg-i1 #ahd ,popul> sov]eignty1 #de-h1 #fd1 #aab ,pov]ty l9e1 #afb ,progress1 nature (1 #acg ,prop]ty1 rights (1 #id-e1 #ajj1 #afh1 #ahf1 #ahh ,proportional repres5tation1 #aad1 #bdc ,ref]5dum1 #bde-f ,religions lib]ty1 #bi-ca ,revolution>y ,decl>ations1 #fj-b ,rome1 anci5t1 #ac-ad ,second ,*amb]1 !1 #bdb-h ,socialism1 #afe1 #afg-gb1 #aia1 #baa1 #bae1 #bai ,social lib]ty1 #ca-c1 #adj ,speculation1 #aie ,sup]-tax1 #aii-bja ,temp]ance1 #ahj1 #bbf ,trade unions1 #ch1 #hd1 #afa1 #bbj1 #bbc ,unemploy$1 #afj ,utilit>ianism1 #eg1 #fe-gg1 #ajg ,wage1 liv+1 #aei1 #afc-d1 #agg1 #bje-h ,weal?1 social basis (1 #ahg-ia1 #aid ,wom51 rights (1 #cc1 #ci1 #hf1 #aab1 #aad1 #agi ,"w1 "r to1 #aei ,pr9t$ by ,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,ed9burgh