,libr>ies47 ,,! ,,beauties ,,( ,,nature ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece4 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,bee*es1 ,,burnham4 ,page #afg4 ,,! ,,beauties ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,we ,,live ,,9 ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,sir ,,john ,,lubbock1 ,,b>t41 ,m4,p4 ,f4,r4,s41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 ,,& ,,london #ahib ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #ahib1 ,,by ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 ,,typography ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,cu%+ ,,co41 ,,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,presswork ,,by ,,b]wick ,,smi?1 ,,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,introduction #a ,beauty & ,happ9ess #c ,! ,love ( ,nature #e ,enjoym5t ( ,sc5]y #ad ,sc5]y ( ,engl& #ai ,=eign ,sc5]y #ba ,! ,aurora #cc ,! ,seasons #cd ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,animal ,,life #ci ,love ( ,animals #da ,gr[? & ,metamorphoses #dc ,rudim5t>y ,organs #de ,modifications #dh ,col\r #ej ,communities ( ,animals #eg ,ants #eh ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,on ,,animal ,,life--cont9u$ #ga ,fre$om ( ,animals #gc ,sleep #gh ,s5ses #hd ,s5se ( ,direction #ic ,numb] ( ,species #if ,importance ( ! ,small] ,animals #ig ,size ( ,animals #ajj ,complexity ( ,animal ,/ructure #aja ,l5g? ( ,life #ajb ,on ,individuality #ajd ,animal ,immortality #aab ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,on ,,plant ,,life #aae ,/ructure ( ,fl[]s #abh ,insects & ,fl[]s #acd ,pa/ ,hi/ory ( ,fl[]s #acf ,fruits & ,se$s #acg ,leaves #ach ,aquatic ,plants #add ,on ,hairs #adh ,influ5ce ( ,soil #aea ,on ,se$l+s #aeb ,sleep ( ,plants #aeb ,behavi\r ( ,leaves 9 ,ra9 #aee ,mimicry #aef ,ants & ,plants #aef ,insectivor\s ,plants #aeh ,movem5ts ( ,plants #aei ,imp]fection ( our ,k #afc ,,*apt] ,v ,,woods ,,& ,,fields #afe ,fairy ,l& #agb ,tropical ,=e/s #agi ,/ructure ( ,trees #ahe ,ages ( ,trees #ahh ,mead[s #aib ,d[ns #aid ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,m\nta9s #bja ,alp9e ,fl[]s #bje ,m\nta9 ,sc5]y #bjf ,! ,aft]gl[ #bac ,! ,orig9 ( ,m\nta9s #bad ,glaci]s #bbg ,swiss ,m\nta9s #bcb ,volcanoes #bcf ,orig9 ( ,volcanoes #bdc ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,wat] #bdi ,riv]s & ,wit*craft #bea ,wat] ,plants #beb ,wat] ,animals #bec ,orig9 ( ,riv]s #bee ,! ,c\rse ( ,riv]s #bef ,deltas #bgb ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,riv]s ,,& ,,lakes #bgg ,on ! ,directions ( ,riv]s #bgi ,! ,conflicts & ,adv5tures ( ,riv]s #cja ,on ,lakes #cab ,on ! ,configuration ( ,valleys #cbc ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,sea #cce ,! ,sea ,coa/ #ccg ,sea ,life #cdd ,! ,ocean ,dep?s #cea ,coral ,isl&s #ceh ,! ,s\!rn ,skies #cfe ,! ,poles #cfg ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,/>ry ,,heav5s #cgc ,! ,moon #cgg ,! ,sun #chb ,! ,planets #chg ,m]cury #chh ,v5us #cij ,! ,e>? #cia ,m>s #cib ,! ,m9or ,planets #cic ,jupit] #cid ,saturn #cie ,uranus #cif ,neptune #cig ,orig9 ( ! ,planet>y ,sy/em #cih ,comets #dja ,%oot+ ,/>s #djf ,! ,/>s #daj ,nebul #dbe ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,l>va ( ,*o]ocampa porcellus #ec #b4 ,b\ga9villea fruticosa2 natural size4 7,aft] ,allman7 #ajg #c4 ,d4 d4 magnifi$ #ajh #d4 ,d4 d4 ,m$usa-=m #aji #e4 ,m$usa aurita1 & progressive /ages ( developm5t4 7,aft] ,/e5/rup7 #aaj #f4 ,:ite ,dead-nettle #abd #g4 ,d4 #abe #h4 ,d4 #abe #i4 ,salvia #abg #aj4 ,d4 #abg #aa4 ,d4 #abg #ab4 ,primrose #aca #ac4 ,d4 #aca #ad4 ,arum #ace #ae4 ,twig ( ,bee* #adj #af4 ,arrangem5t ( leaves 9 ,ac] platanoides #adb #ag4 ,diagram to illu/rate ! =mation ( ,m\nta9 ,*a9s #baf #ah4 ,section across ! ,jura f ,br5ets to ,neu*tel4 7,aft] ,jacc>d7 #bai #ai4 ,section f ! ,spitz5 across ! ,brunnialp1 & ! ,mad]an]?al4 7,aft] ,heim7 #bba #bj4 ,glaci] ( ! ,blmlis ,alp4 7,aft] ,reclus7 #bbh #ba4 ,cotopaxi4 7,aft] ,judd7 #bcg #bb4 ,lava ,/ream4 7,aft] ,judd7 #bci #bc4 ,/romboli1 view$ f ! nor?-we/1 ,april #ahgd4 7,aft] ,judd7 #bdb #bd4 ,upp] ,valley ( ,/4 ,got?>d #beg #be4 ,section ( a riv] valley4 ,! dott$ l9e %[s a slope or talus ( debris #bfj #bf4 ,valley ( ! ,rhone1 ) ! wat]fall ( ,sall5*es1 %[+ a talus ( debris #bfa #bg4 ,section across a valley4 ,a1 pres5t riv] valley2 ,b1 old riv] t]race #bfb #bh4 ,diagram ( an ,alp9e valley1 %[+ a riv] cone4 ,front view #bfc #bi4 ,diagram ( an ,alp9e valley1 %[+ a riv] cone4 ,lat]al view #bfe #cj4 ,map ( ! ,valais ne> ,sion #bff #ca4 ,view 9 ! ,rhone ,valley1 %[+ a lat]al cone #bfg #cb4 ,d4 %[+ ! slope ( a riv] cone #bfh #cc4 ,%ore ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 ne> ,vevey #bfi #cd4 ,view 9 ! di/rict ( ! ,broads1 ,norfolk #bga #ce4 ,delta ( ! ,po #bgc #cf4 ,d4 ,mississippi #bgd #cg4 ,map ( ! ,lake ,di/rict #bha #ch4 ,section ( ! ,weald ( ,k5t1 a1 a1 ,upp] ,cretace\s /rata1 *iefly ,*alk1 =m+ ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,d[ns2 b1 b1 ,esc>pm5t ( ,l[] ,gre5s&1 ) a valley betwe5 x & ! ,*alk2 c1 c1 ,weald ,clay1 =m+ pla9s2 d1 ,hills =m$ ( ,ha/+s ,s& & ,clay4 ,! ,*alk1 etc41 once spread across ! c\ntry1 z %[n 9 ! dott$ l9es #bhc #ci4 ,map ( ! ,weald ( ,k5t #bhd #dj4 ,sket* ,map ( ! ,swiss ,riv]s #bia #da4 ,diagram 9 illu/ration ( m\nta9 /ructure #bif #db4 ,sket* ,map ( ! ,a> & its tribut>ies #bii #dc4 ,riv] sy/em r\nd ,*ur1 z x us$ to be #cjh #dd4 ,riv] sy/em r\nd ,*ur1 z x is #cji #de4 ,riv] sy/em ( ! ,maloya #caa #df4 ,f9al slope ( a riv] #cag #dg4 ,d4 d4 ) a lake #cah #dh4 ,diagrammatic section ( a valley 7exagg]at$74 ,r ,r1 rocky basis ( a valley2 ,a ,a1 s$im5t>y /rata2 ,b1 ord9>y level ( riv]2 ,c1 flood level #cbi #di4 ,:itsunday ,isl&4 7,aft] ,d>w97 #cei #ej4 ,a gr\p ( ,lun> volcanoes2 ,maurolycus1 ,b>ocius1 etc4 7,aft] ,judd7 #chj #ea4 ,orbits ( ! inn] ,planets4 7,aft] ,ball7 #chh #eb4 ,relative di/ances ( ! ,planets f ! ,sun4 7,aft] ,ball7 #chi #ec4 ,saturn1 ) ! surr\nd+ s]ies ( r+s4 7,aft] ,locky]7 #cie #ed4 ,! ,p>allactic ,ellipse4 7,aft] ,ball7 #dac #ee4 ,displacem5t ( ! hydrog5 l9e 9 ! spectrum ( ,rigel4 7,aft] ,cl>ke7 #daf ,,plates ,,burnham ,,bee*es ,frontispiece ,,w9dsor ,,ca/le4 7,f a draw+ by ,j4 ,f9nemore7 ,to face page #ac ,,aquatic ,,vegetation1 ,,rio4 7,publi%$ by ,spoon] & ,co47 #ade ,,tropical ,,=e/1 ,,we/ ,,indies4 7,aft] ,k+sley7 #agi ,,summit ,,( ,,mont ,,blanc #bjc ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace1 ,,mont ,,blanc #bbi ,,rydal ,,wat]4 7,f a photograph by ,fri? & ,co41 publi%$ by ,spoon] & ,co47 #bdg ,,w9d]m]e #bec ,,view ,,9 ,,! ,,valais ,,bel[ ,,/4 ,,maurice #bfd ,,view ,,up ,,! ,,valais ,,f ,,! ,,lake ,,( ,,g5eva #bfh ,,! ,,l&',s ,,end4 7,f a photograph by ,fri? & ,co41 publi%$ by ,spoon] & ,co47 #ccd ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,moon ,,ne> ,,! ,,?ird ,,qu>t]4 7,f a photograph by ,pr(4 ,drap]7 #cga ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,if any "o gave y a few acres1 y w\ld say t y _h receiv$ a b5efit2 c y d5y t ! b\ndless ext5t ( ! e>? is a b5efit8 ,if any "o gave y money1 y w\ld call t a b5efit4 ,god has buri$ c\ntless masses ( gold & silv] 9 ! e>?4 ,if a h\se 7 giv5 y1 bright ) m>ble1 its ro( beautifully pa9t$ ) col\rs & gild+1 y w\ld call x no small b5efit4 ,god has built = y a mansion t fe>s no fire or ru9 444 cov]$ ) a ro( :i* glitt]s 9 "o fa%ion by day1 & 9 ano!r by night4444 ,:5ce comes ! brea? y draw2 ! light by :i* y p]=m ! actions ( y\r life8 ! blood by :i* y\r life is ma9ta9$8 ! meat by :i* y\r hung] is appeas$8444 ,! true ,god has plant$1 n a few ox51 b all ! h]ds on _! pa/ures ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & furni%$ food to all ! flocks2 he has orda9$ ! alt]nation ( summ] & w9t] 444 has inv5t$ s _m arts & v>ieties ( voice1 s _m notes to make music4444 ,we h implant$ 9 u ! se$ ( all ages1 ( all arts2 & ,god our ,ma/] br+s =? our intellects f obscurity4--,,s5eca4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,! _w we live 9 is a fairyl& ( exquisite beauty1 our v exi/5ce is a miracle 9 itself1 & yet few ( u enjoy z we might1 & none z yet appreciate fully1 ! beauties & wond]s :i* surr\nd u4 ,! greate/ travell] _c hope ev5 9 a long life to visit m ?an a v small "p ( our e>?1 & ev5 ( t :i* is "u our v eyes h[ little we see6 ,:at we d see dep5ds ma9ly on :at we look =4 ,:5 we turn our eyes to ! sky1 x is 9 mo/ cases m]ely to see :e!r x is likely to ra94 ,9 ! same field ! f>m] w notice ! crop1 geologi/s ! fossils1 botani/s ! fl[]s1 arti/s ! col\r+1 sportsm5 ! cov] = game4 ,?\gh we may all look at ! same ?+s1 x does n at all foll[ t we %\ld see !m4 ,x is good1 z ,keble says1 to h our ?\ghts lift up to t _w :]e all is beautiful & glori\s1--b x is well to realise also h[ mu* ( ?is _w is beautiful4 ,x has1 ,i "k1 be5 ma9ta9$1 z = in/ance by ,victor ,hugo1 t ! g5]al effect ( beauty is to sadd54 ,comme la vie de l'homme1 mme la plus prospre1 e/ t\j\rs au fond plus tri/e que gaie1 le ciel sombre n\s e/ h>monieux4 ,le ciel clatant et joyeux n\s e/ ironique4 ,la ,nature tri/e n\s ressemble et n\s console2 la ,nature rayonnante1 magnifique1 sup]be 444 a quelque *ose d'accablant4#a ,?is seems to me1 ,i confess1 a morbid view4 ,!re are _m no d\bt on :om ! effect ( natural beauty is to int5sify feel+1 to deep5 melan*oly1 z well z to raise ! spirits4 ,z ,mrs4 ,w4 ,r4 ,greg 9 h] memoir ( h] husb& tells u3 ,8 passionate love = nature1 s amply f$ by ! beauty ( ! sc5es ar\nd him1 int5sifi$ ! emotions1 z all ke5 p]ception ( beauty does1 b x did n add to _! joy\sness4 ,we speak ( ! pleasure :i* nature & art & music give u2 :at we really mean is t our :ole be+ is quick5$ by ! uplift+ ( ! veil4 ,some?+ passes into u :i* makes our sorr[s m sorr[ful1 our joys m joyful1--our :ole life m vivid4 ,s x 0 ) him4 ,! long solit>y w&]+s ov] ! hills1 & ! beautiful moonlight nights on ! lake s]v$ to make ! %ad[s seem d>k] t 7 brood+ ov] 8 home4 ,b surely to mo/ ( u ,nature :5 sombre1 or ev5 gloomy1 is soo?+ & consol+2 :5 bright & beautiful1 n only raises ! spirits1 b inspires & elevates our :ole be+-- ,nature nev] did betray ,! he>t t lov$ h]2 'tis h] privilege1 ,?r\gh all ! ye>s ( ?is our life1 to lead ,f joy to joy3 = %e c s in=m ,! m9d t is )9 u1 s impress ,) quietness & beauty1 & s fe$ ,) l(ty ?\ghts1 t nei!r evil tongues1 ,ra% judgm5ts1 nor ! sne]s ( selfi% m51 ,nor greet+s :]e no k9dness is1 nor all ,! dre>y int]c\rse ( daily life1 ,%all e'er prevail aga9/ u1 or di/urb ,our *e]ful fai?1 t all :i* we behold ,is full ( bless+s4#b ,k+sley speaks ) en?usiasm ( ! hea?s & moors r\nd 8 home1 :]e ,i h s long enjoy$ ! wond]s ( nature2 nev]1 ,i c hone/ly say1 alone2 because :5 man 0 n ) me1 ,i _h companions 9 e bee1 & fl[] & pebble2 & nev] idle1 because ,i c\ld n pass a swamp1 or a tuft ( hea!r1 )\t f9d+ 9 x a fairy tale ( :i* ,i c\ld b deciph] "h & !re a l9e or two1 & yet f\nd !m m int]e/+ ?an all ! books1 save "o1 :i* 7 ev] writt5 ^u e>?4 ,^? :o love ,nature c nev] be dull4 ,!y may h o!r temptations2 b at lea/ !y w run no risk ( be+ beguil$1 by ennui1 idl5ess1 or want ( occupation1 to buy ! m]ry madness ( an h\r ) ! long p5it5ce ( aft] "t4 ,! love ( ,nature1 aga91 helps u greatly to keep ourselves free f ^? mean & petty c>es :i* int]f]e s mu* ) calm & peace ( m9d4 ,x turns e ord9>y walk into a morn+ or ev5+ sacrifice1 & bright5s life until x becomes almo/ l a fairy tale4 ,9 ! romances ( ! ,middle ,ages we read ( knights :o lov$1 & 7 lov$ by1 ,nature spirits1--( ,sir ,launfal & ! ,fairy ,tryam\r1 :o furni%$ him ) _m good ?+s1 includ+ a magic purse1 9 :i* ,z (t z ?\ putte/ ?y h& !re9 ,a m>k ( gold ?\ %alt iw9ne1 z well z protection f ! ma9 dang]s ( life4 ,su* times h pass$ away1 b bett] ones h come4 ,x is n n[ m]ely ! few1 :o are s fav\r$4 ,all ^? :o love ,nature %e loves 9 return1 & w ri*ly rew>d1 n p]haps ) ! good ?+s1 z !y are commonly call$1 b ) ! be/ ?+s1 ( ?is _w2 n ) money & titles1 horses & c>riages1 b ) bright & happy ?\ghts1 cont5tm5t & peace ( m9d4 ,happy inde$ is ! naturali/3 to him ! seasons come r\nd l old fri5ds2 to him ! birds s+3 z he walks along1 ! fl[]s /ret* out f ! h$ges1 or look up f ! gr\nd1 & z ea* ye> fades away1 he looks back on a fre% /ore ( happy memories4 ,?\gh we c nev] rem\nt ! riv] ( our ye>s1 he :o loves ,nature is always "y4 ,b :at is ! love ( ,nature8 ,"s seem to ?9k !y %[ a love ( fl[]s by ga!r+ !m4 ,h[ (t5 "o f9ds a bun* ( )]$ blossoms on ! roadside1 pluck$ only to be ?r[n away6 ,is ?is love ( ,nature8 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 a wick$ wa/e1 = a wa/e ( beauty is almo/ ! wor/ wa/e ( all4 ,if we c\ld imag9e a day prolong$ = a lifetime1 or ne>ly s1 & t sunrise & sunset 7 r>e ev5ts :i* happ5$ b a few times to ea* ( u1 we %\ld c]ta9ly be entranc$ by ! beauty ( ! morn+ & ev5+ t9ts4 ,! gold5 rays ( ! morn+ are a =tune 9 !mselves1 b we too (t5 ov]look ! lovel9ess ( ,nature1 because x is con/antly be=e u4 ,= ! s5seless folk1 says ,k+ ,alfr$1 is f> m /ruck ,at ?+s x seldom sees4 ,well1 says ,cic]o1 did ,ari/otle obs]ve1 ',if !re 7 m5 ^: habitations _h be5 always und]gr\nd1 9 great & commodi\s h\ses1 adorn$ ) /atues & pictures1 furni%$ ) ev]y?+ :i* !y :o are reput$ happy ab\nd )2 & if1 )\t /irr+ f !nce1 !y %\ld be in=m$ ( a c]ta9 div9e p[] & maje/y1 &1 aft] "s "t1 ! e>? %\ld op51 & !y %\ld quit _! d>k abode to come to u2 :]e !y %\ld imm$iately behold ! e>?1 ! seas1 ! heav5s2 %\ld consid] ! va/ ext5t ( ! cl\ds & =ce ( ! w9ds2 %\ld see ! sun1 & obs]ve 8 gr&eur & beauty1 & also 8 creative p[]1 inasmu* z day is occasion$ by ! diffusion ( 8 light ?r\gh ! sky2 & :5 night has obscur$ ! e>?1 !y %\ld contemplate ! heav5s bespangl$ & adorn$ ) />s2 ! surpris+ v>iety ( ! moon1 9 h] increase & wane2 ! ris+ & sett+ ( all ! />s1 & ! inviolable regul>ity ( _! c\rses2 :51' says he1 '!y %\ld see ^! ?+s1 !y w\ld und\bt$ly conclude t !re are ,gods1 & t ^! are _! mighty works4'#c ,is my life vulg>1 my fate mean1 ,:i* on su* gold5 memories c lean8#d ,at ! same "t ! *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! "* ( our religion has 9 "o respect weak5$ ! hold :i* ,nature has ^u our feel+s4 ,to ! ,greeks--to our own ance/ors1--e ,riv] or ,m\nta9 or ,=e/ _h n only its own special ,deity1 b 9 "s s5se 0 itself in/9ct ) life4 ,!y 7 n only peopl$ by ,nymphs & ,fauns1 ,elves & ,kelpies1 7 n only ! fav\rite abodes ( ,wat]1 ,=e/1 or ,m\nta9 ,spirits1 b !y _h a consci\s exi/5ce ( _! own4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages inde$1 ^! spirits 7 reg>d$ z (t5 mis*iev\s1 & apt to take (f5ce2 sometimes z ess5tially malevol5t--ev5 ! mo/ beautiful1 l ! ,v5us ( ,tannhus]1 be+ (t5 on t v acc\nt all ! m dang]\s2 :ile ! ,m\nta9s & ,=e/s1 ! ,lakes & ,seas1 7 ! abodes ( hide\s gho/s & horrible mon/]s1 ( ,giants & ,ogres1 ,sorc]]s & ,demons4 ,^! fe>s1 ?\gh vague1 7 none ! less extreme1 & ! judicial records ( ! ,middle ,ages furni% only too conclusive evid5ce t !y 7 a t]rible reality4 ,! light ( ,sci5ce has n[ happily dispell$ ^! fe>ful nightm>es4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 z m5 h multipli$1 _! en]gies h hi!rto t5d$1 n to beautify1 b to m>4 ,=e/s h be5 cut d[n1 & replac$ by flat fields 9 geometrical squ>es1 or on ! cont95t by n>r[ /rips4 ,"h & !re inde$ we meet ) oases1 9 :i* beauty has n be5 sacrific$ to pr(it1 & x is !n happily f\nd t n only is !re no loss1 b ! e>? seems to rew>d ev5 m ri*ly ^? :o treat h] ) love & respect4 ,sc>cely any "p ( ! _w af=ds s great a v>iety 9 s small an area z our own isl&4 ,comm5c+ 9 ! s\?1 we h fir/ ! blue sea itself1 ! pebbly bea*es1 ! :ite *alk cliffs ( ,k5t1 ! t9t$ s&s ( ,alum ,bay1 ! ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,devon%ire1 ,granite & ,gneiss 9 ,cornwall3 inl& we h ! *alk ,d[ns & cle> /reams1 ! well-wood$ weald & ! ri* hop g>d5s2 f>!r we/w>ds ! undulat+ gravelly hills1 & /ill f>!r ! granite tors3 9 ! c5tre ( ,engl& we h to ! ea/ ! ,norfolk ,broads & ! ,f5s2 !n ! f]tile ,midl&s1 ! cornfields1 ri* mead[s1 & l>ge ox52 & to ! we/ ! ,wel% m\nta9s2 f>!r nor? ! ,york%ire ,wolds1 ! ,lanca%ire hills1 ! ,lakes ( ,we/morel&2 la/ly1 ! swell+ hills1 bleak moors1 & picturesque ca/les ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,cumb]l&4 ,!re are ( c\rse f> l>g] riv]s1 b p]haps none loveli] ?an ,! cry/al ,?amis wont to glide ,9 silv] *annel1 d[n along ! lee1#e ,illu/ration3 ,,w9dsor ,,ca/le4 ,to face page #ac4 by lawns & p>ks1 mead[s & wood$ banks1 dott$ ) c\ntry h\ses & cr[n$ by ,w9dsor ,ca/le itself 7see ,frontispiece74 ,by _m ,scotl& is consid]$ ev5 m beautiful4 ,& yet too _m ( u see no?+ 9 ! fields b sacks ( :eat1 9 ! mead[s b trusses ( hay1 & 9 woods b planks = h\ses1 or cov] = game4 ,ev5 f ?is m prosaic po9t ( view1 h[ mu* !re is to wond] at & admire1 9 ! wond]ful *emi/ry :i* *anges grass & leaves1 fl[]s & se$s1 into bread & milk1 eggs & cream1 butt] & honey6 ,almo/ ev]y?+1 says ,ham]ton1 t ! ,peasant does1 is lift$ above vulg>ity by anci5t1 & (t5 sacr$1 associations4 ,!re is1 inde$1 h>dly any bus9ess or occupation ) ref]5ce to :i* ! same might n be said4 ,! triviality or vulg>ity does n dep5d on :at we d1 b on ! _s 9 :i* x is done4 ,n only ! regul> pr(essions1 b e useful occupation 9 life1 h[ev] humble1 is hon\rable 9 itself1 & may be pursu$ ) dignity & peace4 ,work+ 9 ?is _s we h also ! satisfaction ( feel+ t1 z 9 "s m\nta9 track e "o :o takes ! "r pa?1 seems to make ! way cle>] = ^? :o foll[2 s may we also raise ! pr(ession we adopt1 & smoo? ! way = ^? :o come aft] u4 ,b1 ev5 = ^? :o are n ,agriculturi/s1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! c\ntry has special *>ms4 ,"o p]haps is ! cont9ual *ange4 ,e week br+s "s fre% leaf or fl[]1 bird or insect4 ,e mon? aga9 has its own *>ms & beauty4 ,we sit quietly at home & ,nature decks h]self = u4 ,9 tru? we all love *ange4 ,"s ?9k !y d n c>e = x1 b ,i d\bt if !y "k !mselves4 ,n1 said ,jeff]ies1 = _m ye>s 0 ,i able to see :y ,i w5t ! same r\nd & did n c>e = *ange4 ,i d n want *ange3 ,i want ! same old & lov$ ?+s1 ! same wild fl[]s1 ! same trees & s(t a%-gre52 ! turtle-doves1 ! blackbirds1 ! col\r$ yell[-hamm] s+1 s+1 s++ s long z !re is light to ca/ a %ad[ on ! dial1 = su* is ! measure ( 8 song1 & ,i want !m 9 ! same place4 ,let me f9d !m morn+ aft] morn+1 ! />ry-:ite petals radiat+1 /riv+ upw>ds up to _! ideal4 ,let me see ! idle %ad[s re/+ on ! :ite du/2 let me he> ! humble-bees1 & /ay to look d[n on ! yell[ d&elion disk4 ,let me see ! v ?i/les op5+ _! great cr[ns--,i %\ld miss ! ?i/les2 ! re$ grasses hid+ ! moor-h52 ! bryony b9e1 at fir/ crudely ambiti\s & lift$ by =ce ( y\?ful sap /raight above ! h$g][ to s9k ( its weight pres5tly & progress ) crafty t5drils2 swifts %ot ?r\gh ! air ) out/ret*$ w+s l cresc5t-head$ %aftless arr[s d>t$ f ! cl\ds2 ! *aff9* ) a fea!r 9 h] bill2 all ! liv+ /aircase ( ! spr+1 /ep by /ep1 upw>ds to ! great gall]y ( ! summ]1 let me wat* ! same succession ye> by ye>4 ,aft] all !n he did enjoy ! *ange & ! succession4 ,k+sley aga9 9 8 *>m+ prose idyll ,my ,w9t] ,g>d5 tries to p]suade himself t he 0 glad he _h nev] travell$1 hav+ nev] yet actually got to ,p>is4 ,monotony1 he says1 is pleasant 9 itself2 morally pleasant1 & morally useful4 ,m>riage is monoton\s2 b !re is mu*1 ,i tru/1 to be said 9 fav\r ( holy w$lock4 ,liv+ 9 ! same h\se is monoton\s2 b ?ree removes1 say ! wise1 are z bad z a fire4 ,locomotion is reg>d$ z an evil by our ,litany4 ,! ,litany1 z usual1 is "r4 ',^? :o travel by l& or sea' are to be objects ( our pity & our pray]s2 & ,i d pity !m4 ,i delight 9 t same monotony4 ,x saves curiosity1 anxiety1 excitem5t1 disappo9tm5t1 & a ho/ ( bad passions4 ,b ev5 z he writes "o c see t he does n conv9ce himself4 ,possibly1 he admits1 aft] all1 ! grapes are s\r2 & :5 "s ye>s aft] he did travel1 h[ happy he 06 ,at la/1 he says1 triumphantly1 ,at la/ we too are cross+ ! ,atlantic4 ,at la/ ! dream ( =ty ye>s1 please ,god1 w\ld be fulfill$1 & ,i %\ld see 7& happily n alone71 ! ,we/ ,indies & ! ,spani% ,ma94 ,f *ildhood ,i _h /udi$ _! ,natural ,hi/ory1 _! ,*>ts1 _! ,romances2 & n[1 at la/1 ,i 0 ab\t to comp>e books ) facts1 & judge = myself ( ! report$ wond]s ( ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise4 ,no d\bt !re is mu* to see ev]y:]e4 ,! ,poet & ! ,naturali/ f9d tropical =e/s 9 e squ>e foot ( turf4 ,x may ev5 be bett]1 & especially = ! m s5sitive natures1 to live mo/ly 9 quiet sc5]y1 among fields & h$g][s1 woods & d[ns2 b x is surely good = e "o1 f "t to "t1 to refre% & /r5g!n bo? m9d & body by a spell ( ,sea air or ,m\nta9 beauty4 ,on ! o!r h& we are told1 & told ( c\rse ) tru?1 t ?\gh m\nta9s may be ! ca!drals ( ,nature1 !y are g5]ally remote f c5tres ( population2 t our great cities are grimy1 d>k1 & ugly2 t factories are creep+ ov] sev]al ( our c\nties1 blight+ !m into build+ gr\nd1 replac+ trees by *imneys1 & de/roy+ almo/ e ve/ige ( natural beauty4 ,b if ?is be true1 is x n all ! m desirable t our p %\ld h access to pictures & books1 :i* may 9 "s small degree1 at any rate1 replace :at !y h ?us un=tunately lo/8 ,we _c all travel2 & ev5 ^? :o c1 are able to see b a small "p ( ! _w4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh no "o :o has once se51 c ev] =get1 ! ,alps1 ! ,swiss lakes1 or ! ,rivi]a1 /ill ! recollection becomes less vivid z ye>s roll on1 & x is pleasant1 f "t to "t1 to be rem9d$ ( _! beauties4 ,!re is "o o!r advantage n less important4 ,we sometimes speak z if to visit a c\ntry1 & to see x1 7 ! same ?+4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,x is n e "o :o c see ,switz]l& l a ,rusk9 or a ,tyndall4 ,_! beautiful descriptions ( m\nta9 sc5]y dep5d less on _! ma/]y ( ! ,engli% language1 great z t is1 ?an on _! p[] ( see+ :at is be=e !m4 ,x has be5 to me !re=e a matt] ( mu* int]e/ to "k :i* aspects ( ,nature h giv5 ! greate/ pleasure to1 or h mo/ impress$1 ^? :o1 ei!r f wide exp]i5ce or f _! love ( ,nature1 may be consid]$ be/ able to judge4 ,i w beg9 ) an ,engli% sc5e f ,k+sley4 ,he is describ+ 8 return f a day's tr\t-fi%+3-- ,:at %all we see1 he says1 z we look across ! broad1 /ill1 cle> riv]1 :]e ! great d>k tr\t sail to & fro lazily 9 ! sun8 ,:ite *alk fields above1 quiv]+ hazy 9 ! heat4 ,a p>k full ( m]ry hay-mak]s2 gay r$ & blue waggons2 /alw>t horses swit*+ (f ! flies2 d>k av5ues ( tall elms2 gr\ps ( abele1 'toss+ _! :isp]+ silv] to ! sun'2 & amid !m ! h\se1--a great squ>e r$-brick mass1 made light & *e]ful ?\gh by quo9s & w9d[s ( :ite ,s>sd5 /one1 ) high peak$ ,fr5* ro(s1 brok5 by l\vres & dorm]s1 haunt$ by a ?\s& swall[s & />l+s4 ,old wall$ g>d5s1 gay ) fl[]s1 %all /ret* "r & left4 ,clipt yew alleys %all w&] away into my/]i\s glooms1 & out ( _! black ar*es %all come tripp+ *ildr51 l :ite fairies1 to laugh & talk ) ! girl :o lies dream+ & read+ 9 ! hammock !re1 b5ea? ! black velvet canopy ( ! great c$> tree1 l "s fair tropic fl[] hang+ f its b\ghs2 & we w sit d[n1 & eat & dr9k among ! burdock leaves1 & !n wat* ! quiet h\se1 & lawn1 & fl[]s1 & fair human creatures1 & %9+ wat]1 all sleep+ brea?less 9 ! glori\s light b5ea? ! glori\s blue1 till we doze (f1 lull$ by ! murmur ( a ?\s& insects1 & ! ri* m9/relsy ( night+ale & blackcap1 ?ru% & dove4 ,peaceful1 graceful1 complete ,engli% c\ntry life & c\ntry h\ses2 ev]y:]e f9i% & poli%2 ,nature p]fect$ by ! weal? & art ( peaceful c5turies6 ,:y %\ld ,i ex*ange y1 ev5 = ! sight ( all ! ,alps8 ,?\gh ,jeff]ies 0 un=tunately nev] able to travel1 few m5 h lov$ ,nature m devot$ly1 & speak+ ( 8 own home he expresses 8 op9ion t3 ,( all sweet ?+s !re is none s sweet z fre% air--"o great fl[] x is1 drawn r\nd ab\t2 ov]1 & enclos+ u1 l ,aphrodite's arms2 z if ! dome ( ! sky 7 a bell-fl[] droop+ d[n ov] u1 & ! magical ess5ce ( x fill+ all ! room ( ! e>?4 ,sweete/ ( all ?+s is wild-fl[] air4 ,full ( _! ideal ! />ry fl[]s /ra9$ upw>ds on ! bank1 /riv+ to keep above ! rude grasses t pu% by !m2 g5ius has ev] _h su* a /ruggle4 ,! pla9 road 0 made beautiful by ! _m ?\ghts x gave4 ,i came e morn+ to /ay by ! />-lit bank4 ,pass+ to c\ntries across ! ocean1 ,humboldt tells u t3 ,if ,i might be all[$ to ab&on myself to ! recollection ( my own di/ant travels1 ,i w\ld in/ance1 among/ ! mo/ /rik+ sc5es ( nature1 ! calm sublimity ( a tropical night1 :5 ! />s1 n sp>kl+1 z 9 our nor!rn skies1 %$ _! s(t & planet>y light ov] ! g5tly heav+ ocean2 or ,i w\ld recall ! deep valleys ( ! ,cordill]as1 :]e ! tall & sl5d] palms pi]ce ! leafy veil ar\nd !m1 & wav+ on high _! fea!ry & arr[-l bran*es1 =m1 z x 71 'a =e/ above a =e/'2 or ,i w\ld describe ! summit ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 :5 a horizon lay] ( cl\ds1 dazzl+ 9 :it5ess1 has sep>at$ ! cone ( c9d]s f ! pla9 bel[1 & sudd5ly ! asc5d+ curr5t pi]ces ! cl\dy veil1 s t ! eye ( ! travell] may range f ! br9k ( ! crat]1 along ! v9e-clad slopes ( ,orotava1 to ! orange g>d5s & banana groves t skirt ! %ore4 ,9 sc5es l ^!1 x is n ! peaceful *>m uni=mly spread ov] ! face ( nature t moves ! he>t1 b r ! peculi> physiognomy & con=mation ( ! l&1 ! features ( ! l&scape1 ! ev]-v>y+ outl9e ( ! cl\ds1 & _! bl5d+ ) ! horizon ( ! sea1 :e!r x lies spread be=e u l a smoo? & %9+ mirror1 or is dimly se5 ?r\gh ! morn+ mi/4 ,all t ! s5ses c b imp]fectly compreh5d1 all t is mo/ awful 9 su* romantic sc5es ( nature1 may become a s\rce ( enjoym5t to man1 by op5+ a wide field to ! creative p[] ( 8 imag9ation4 ,impressions *ange ) ! v>y+ movem5ts ( ! m9d1 & we are l$ by a happy illusion to believe t we receive f ! ext]nal _w t ) :i* we h ourselves inve/$ x4 ,humboldt also s+les out = especial praise ! foll[+ description giv5 ( ,tahiti by ,d>w9#f3-- ,! l& capable ( cultivation is sc>cely 9 any "p m ?an a fr+e ( l[ alluvial soil1 accumulat$ r\nd ! base ( m\nta9s1 & protect$ f ! waves ( ! sea by a coral reef1 :i* encircles at a di/ance ! entire l9e ( coa/4 ,! reef is brok5 9 sev]al p>ts s t %ips c pass ?r\gh1 & ! lake ( smoo? wat] )91 ?us af=ds a safe h>b\r1 z well z a *annel = ! native canoes4 ,! l[ l& :i* comes d[n to ! bea* ( coral s& is cov]$ by ! mo/ beautiful productions ( ! int]-tropical regions4 ,9 ! mid/ ( bananas1 orange1 cocoa-nut1 & breadfruit trees1 spots are cle>$ :]e yams1 sweet potatoes1 sug>-cane1 & p9e-apples are cultivat$4 ,ev5 ! bru%wood is a fruit tree1 namely1 ! guava1 :i* f its abundance is z noxi\s z a we$4 ,9 ,brazil ,i h (t5 admir$ ! contra/ ( v>i$ beauty 9 ! banana1 palm1 & orange tree2 "h we h 9 addition ! breadfruit tree1 conspicu\s f its l>ge1 glossy1 & deeply digitat$ leaf4 ,x is admirable to behold groves ( a tree1 s5d+ =? its bran*es ) ! =ce ( an ,engli% ,oak1 load$ ) l>ge & mo/ nutriti\s fruit4 ,h[ev] little on mo/ occasions utility expla9s ! delight receiv$ f any f9e prospect1 9 ?is case x _c fail to ent] z an elem5t 9 ! feel+4 ,! little w9d+ pa?s1 cool f ! surr\nd+ %ade1 l$ to ! scatt]$ h\ses2 & ! own]s ( ^! ev]y:]e gave u a *e]ful & mo/ hospitable reception4 ,d>w9 himself has told u1 aft] go+ r\nd ! _w t 9 call+ up images ( ! pa/1 ,i f9d ! pla9s ( ,patagonia frequ5tly cross be=e my eyes2 yet ^! pla9s are pron\nc$ by all to be mo/ wret*$ & useless4 ,!y are *>act]is$ only by negative possessions2 )\t habitations1 )\t wat]1 )\t trees1 )\t m\nta9s1 !y support only a few dw>f plants4 ,:y !n--& ! case is n peculi> to myself--h ^! arid wa/es tak5 s firm possession ( my m9d8 ,:y h n ! /ill m level1 ! gre5] & m f]tile pampas1 :i* are s]viceable to mank9d1 produc$ an equal impression8 ,i c sc>cely analyse ^! feel+s1 b x mu/ be p>tly ow+ to ! free scope giv5 to ! imag9ation4 ,! pla9s ( ,patagonia are b\ndless1 = !y are sc>cely practicable1 & h5ce unkn[n2 !y be> ! /amp ( hav+ ?us la/$ = ages1 & !re appe>s no limit to _! duration ?r\gh future "t4 ,if1 z ! anci5ts suppos$1 ! flat e>? 0 surr\nd$ by an impassable bread? ( wat]1 or by des]ts heat$ to an intol]able excess1 :o w\ld n look at ^! la/ b\nd>ies to man's k ) deep b ill-def9$ s5sations8 ,ham]ton1 ^: wide exp]i5ce & arti/ic p[] make 8 op9ion especially important1 says3-- ,i "k no?+ 9 ! visible _w t comb9es spl5d\r & purity s p]fectly z a great m\nta9 entirely cov]$ ) froz5 sn[ & reflect$ 9 ! va/ mirror ( a lake4 ,z ! sun decl9es1 its ?\s& %ad[s l5g!n1 pure z ! cold gre5 azure 9 ! dep? ( a glaci]'s crevasse1 & ! illum9at$ sn[ takes fir/ ! t5d] col\r ( a :ite rose1 & !n ! flu% ( a r$ "o1 & ! sky turns to a pale mala*ite gre51 till ! r>e /range vision fades into gha/ly gray1 b leaves ) y a p]man5t recollection ( its too transi5t beauty4#g ,wallace especially1 & v ju/ly1 praises ! description ( tropical =e/ sc5]y giv5 by ,belt 9 8 *>m+ ,naturali/ 9 ,nic>agua3-- ,on ea* side ( ! road great trees t[]$ up1 c>ry+ _! cr[ns out ( sight among/ a canopy ( foliage1 & ) lianas hang+ f ne>ly e b\gh1 & pass+ f tree to tree1 entangl+ ! giants 9 a great network ( coil+ cables4 ,sometimes a tree appe>s cov]$ ) beautiful fl[]s :i* d n belong to x1 b to "o ( ! lianas t tw9es ?r\gh its bran*es & s5ds d[n great rope-l /ems to ! gr\nd4 ,climb+ f]ns & vanilla cl+ to ! trunks1 & a ?\s& epiphytes p]* !mselves on ! bran*es4 ,among/ ^! are l>ge arums t s5d d[n long a]ial roots1 t\gh & /rong1 & univ]sally us$ in/ead ( cordage by ! natives4 ,among/ ! und]gr[? sev]al small species ( palms1 v>y+ 9 height f two to fifte5 feet1 are common2 & n[ & !n magnific5t tree f]ns s5d (f _! fea!ry cr[ns tw5ty feet f ! gr\nd to delight ! sight by _! graceful elegance4 ,great broad-leav$ heliconias1 lea!ry mela/om1 & succul5t-/emm$1 lop-sid$ leav$ & fle%-col\r$ begonias are abundant1 & typical ( tropical ,am]ican =e/s2 b n less s are ! cecropia trees1 ) _! :ite /ems & l>ge palmat$ leaves /&+ up l great c&elabra4 ,sometimes ! gr\nd is c>pet$ ) l>ge fl[]s1 yell[1 p9k1 or :ite1 t h fall5 f "s invisible tree-top above2 or ! air is fill$ ) a delici\s p]fume1 ! s\rce ( :i* "o seeks ar\nd 9 va91 = ! fl[]s t cause x are f> ov]head out ( sight1 lo/ 9 ! great ov]-%ad[+ cr[n ( v]dure4 ,b1 he adds1 ! uni=mity ( climate :i* has l$ to ?is ri* luxuriance & endless v>iety ( vegetation is also ! cause ( a monotony t 9 "t becomes oppressive4 ,to quote ! words ( ,mr4 ,belt3 ,unkn[n are ! autumn t9ts1 ! bright br[ns & yell[s ( ,engli% woods2 mu* less ! crimsons1 purples1 & yell[s ( ,canada1 :]e ! dy+ foliage rivals1 nay1 excels1 ! expir+ dolph9 9 spl5d\r4 ,unkn[n ! cold sleep ( w9t]2 unkn[n ! lovely awak5+ ( vegetation at ! fir/ g5tle t\* ( spr+4 ,a ceaseless r\nd ( ev]-active life weaves ! faire/ sc5]y ( ! tropics into "o monoton\s :ole1 ( :i* ! compon5t p>ts exhibit 9 detail untold v>iety ( beauty4 ,sib]ia is no d\bt z a rule some:at sev]e & inhospitable1 b ,m4 ,patr9 m5tions ) en?usiasm h[ "o day desc5d+ f ! froz5 summits ( ! ,altai1 he came sudd5ly on a view ( ! pla9 ( ! ,obi--! mo/ beautiful spectacle1 he says1 :i* he _h ev] witness$4 ,beh9d him 7 b>r5 rocks & ! sn[s ( w9t]1 9 front a great pla91 n inde$ entirely gre51 or gre5 only 9 places1 & = ! re/ cov]$ by ?ree fl[]s1 ! purple ,sib]ian ,iris1 ! gold5 ,hem]ocallis1 & ! silv]y ,n>cissus--gre51 purple1 gold1 & :ite1 z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*4 ,wallace tells u t he himself has d]iv$ ! ke5e/ enjoym5t f 8 s5se ( col\r3-- ,! heav5ly blue ( ! firmam5t1 ! gl[+ t9ts ( sunset1 ! exquisite purity ( ! sn[y m\nta9s1 & ! endless %ades ( gre5 pres5t$ by ! v]dure-clad surface ( ! e>?1 are a nev]-fail+ s\rce ( pleasure to all :o enjoy ! ine/imable gift ( sight4 ,yet ^! con/itute1 z x 71 b ! frame & backgr\nd ( a m>vell\s & ev]-*ang+ picture4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! broad & soo?+ t9ts1 we h pres5t$ to u 9 ! vegetable & animal worlds an inf9ite v>iety ( objects adorn$ ) ! mo/ beautiful & mo/ v>i$ hues4 ,fl[]s1 insects1 & birds are ! organisms mo/ g5]ally ornam5t$ 9 ?is way2 & _! symmetry ( =m1 _! v>iety ( /ructure1 & ! lavi% abundance ) :i* !y clo! & enliv5 ! e>?1 cause !m to be objects ( univ]sal admiration4 ,! relation ( ?is weal? ( col\r to our m5tal & moral nature is indisputable4 ,! *ild & ! savage alike admire ! gay t9ts ( fl[]s1 birds1 & insects2 :ile to _m ( u _! contemplation br+s a solace & enjoym5t :i* is bo? intellectually & morally b5eficial4 ,x c !n h>dly excite surprise t ?is relation 0 long ?\ght to af=d a suffici5t explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( col\r 9 nature2 & al?\gh ! fact t-- ,full _m a fl[] is born to blu% unse51 ,& wa/e its sweetness on ! des]t air1 might seem to ?r[ "s d\bt on ! suffici5cy ( ! explanation1 ! answ] 0 easy1--t 9 ! progress ( discov]y man w\ld1 soon] or lat]1 f9d out & enjoy e beauty t ! hidd5 recesses ( ! e>? h 9 /ore = him4 ,pr(essor ,colv9 speaks ) special admiration ( ,greek sc5]y3-- ,9 o!r climates1 x is only 9 p>ticul> /ates ( ! wea!r t ! remote ev] seems s close1 & !n ) an effect :i* is %>p & h>d z well z cle>2 "h ! cle>ness is s(t2 no?+ cuts or glitt]s1 se5 ?r\gh t magic di/ance2 ! air has n only a new transp>5cy s t y c see f>!r into x ?an else:]e1 b a new quality1 l "s cry/al ( an unkn[n wat]1 s t to see into x is great] glory4 ,speak+ ( ! ranges & promontories ( /]ile lime/one1 ! same writ] obs]ves t _! col\rs are z au/]e & delicate z ! =ms4 ,if "h ! sc> ( "s old qu>ry ?r[s a /a91 or !re ! cl++ ( "s ?9 leafage spreads a bloom1 ! /a9 is ( preci\s gold1 & ! bloom ( silv]4 ,betwe5 ! blue ( ! sky & ! t5fold blue ( ! sea ^! b>e ranges seem1 b5ea? t daylight1 to pres5t a :ole sy/em ( noble col\r flung abroad ov] p]fect =ms4 ,& :]ev]1 9 ! g5]al /]ility1 y f9d a little mod]ate v]dure--a little moi/ grass1 a clu/] ( cypresses--or :5ev] y\r eye lights ^u ! "o wood ( ! di/rict1 ! long olive grove ( ! ,cephissus1 y are /ruck ) a sudd5 s5se ( ri*ness1 & feel z if ! spl5d\rs ( ! tropics w\ld be no?+ to ?is4 ,mo/ travell]s h be5 fasc9at$ by ! beauty ( night 9 ! tropics4 ,our ev5+s no d\bt are (t5 delici\s also1 ?\gh ! mild climate we enjoy is p>tly due to ! sky be+ s (t5 ov]ca/4 ,9 p>ts ( ! tropics1 h[ev]1 ! air is calm & cl\dless ?r\gh\t ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ye>4 ,!re is no dew1 & ! inhabitants sleep on ! h\se-tops1 9 full view ( ! brightness ( ! />s & ! beauty ( ! sky1 :i* is almo/ indescribable4 ,il faisait1 says ,b]n>d9 de ,/4 ,pi]re ( su* a sc5e1 une de ces nuits dlicieuses1 si communes entre les tropiques1 et dont le plus abile p9ceau ne r5drait pas le beaut4 ,la lune p>aissait au milieu du firmam5t1 ent\re d'un rideau de nuages1 que ses rayons dissipai5t p> degrs4 ,sa lumire se rp&ait ins5siblem5t sur les montagnes de l'le et sur leurs pitons1 qui brillai5t d'un v]t arg5t4 ,les v5ts ret5ai5t leurs hale9es4 ,on ent5dait dans les bois1 au fond des valles1 au haut des ro*]s1 de petits cris1 de d\x murmures d'oiseaux1 qui se c>essai5t dans leurs nids1 rj\is p> la cl>t de la nuit et la tranquillit de l'air4 ,t\s1 jusqu'aux insectes1 bruissai5t s\s l'h]be4 ,les toiles t9celai5t au ciel1 et se rfl*issai5t au se9 de la m]1 qui rptait leurs images tremblantes4 ,9 ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic regions ! nights are (t5 made q gorge\s by ! ,nor!rn ,lights or ,aurora borealis1 & ! correspond+ appe>ance 9 ! ,s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! ,aurora borealis g5]ally beg9s t[>ds ev5+1 & fir/ appe>s z a fa9t glimm] 9 ! nor?1 l ! approa* ( dawn4 ,gradually a curve ( light spreads l an imm5se ar* ( yell[i%-:ite hue1 :i* ga9s rapidly 9 brilliancy1 fla%es & vibrates l a flame 9 ! w9d4 ,(t5 two or ev5 ?ree ar*es appe> "o ov] ! o!r4 ,aft] a :ile col\r$ rays d>t upw>ds 9 div]g5t p5cils1 (t5 gre5 bel[1 yell[ 9 ! c5tre1 & crimson above1 :ile x is said t sometimes almo/ black1 or at lea/ v d>k violet1 rays are int]sp]s$ among ! r+s ( light1 & height5 _! effect by contra/4 ,sometimes ! two ends ( ! ar* seem to rise (f ! horizon1 & ! :ole %eet ( light ?robs & undulates l a fr+$ curta9 ( light2 sometimes ! %eaves ( rays unite into an imm5se cupola2 :ile at o!rs ! sep>ate rays seem alt]nately lit & ext+ui%$4 ,gradually ! light flick]s & fades away1 & has g5]ally disappe>$ be=e ! fir/ glimpse ( dawn4 ,we seldom see ! ,aurora 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 b we mu/ n compla92 our w9t]s are mild1 & e mon? has its own *>m & beauty4 ,9 ,janu>y we h ! l5g!n+ days4 ,febru>y ! fir/ butt]fly4 ,m>* ! op5+ buds4 ,april ! "y leaves & spr+ fl[]s4 ,may ! song ( birds4 ,june ! sweet new-m[n hay4 ,july ! summ] fl[]s4 ,augu/ ! gold5 gra94 ,septemb] ! fruit4 ,octob] ! autumn t9ts4 ,novemb] ! ho> fro/ on trees & ! pure sn[4 ,decemb] la/ n lea/1 ! holidays ( ,*ri/mas1 & ! bright fireside4 ,x is well to beg9 ! ye> 9 ,janu>y1 = we h !n be=e u all ! hope ( spr+4 ,oh w9d1 ,if w9t] comes1 c spr+ be long beh9d8#h ,spr+ seems to revive u all4 ,9 ! ,song ( ,solomon-- ,my belov$ spake1 & said unto me1 ,rise up1 my love1 my fair "o1 & come away4 ,=1 lo1 ! w9t] is pa/1 ,! ra9 is ov] & gone2 ,! fl[]s appe> on ! e>?2 ,! "t ( ! s++ ( birds is come1 ,! voice ( ! turtle is he>d 9 our l&1 ,! fig tree putte? =? h] gre5 figs1 ,& ! v9es ) ! t5d] grape give a good smell4 ,b inde$ !re are days1 says ,em]son1 :i* occur 9 ?is climate1 at almo/ any season ( ! ye>1 :]e9 ! _w rea*es its p]fection1 :5 ! air1 ! heav5ly bodies1 & ! e>? make a h>mony1 z if nature w\ld indulge h] (fspr+4444 ,^! halcyon days may be look$ = ) a little m assurance 9 t pure ,octob] wea!r1 :i* we di/+ui% by ! "n ( ! ,indian summ]4 ,! day1 immeasurably long1 sleeps ov] ! broad hills & w>m wide fields4 ,to h liv$ ?r\gh all its sunny h\rs1 seems longevity en\gh4 ,yet does n ! v "n ( ,indian summ] imply ! sup]iority ( ! summ] itself1--! real1 ! true summ]1 :5 ! "y corn is bur/+ into e>2 ! awn$ heads ( rye1 :eat1 & b>ley1 & ! nodd+ panicles ( oats1 %oot f _! gre5 & glauc\s /ems1 9 broad1 level1 & wav+ expanses ( pres5t beauty & future promise4 ,! v wat]s are /rewn ) fl[]s3 ! buck-bean1 ! wat]-violet1 ! elegant fl[]+ ru%1 & ! que5 ( ! wat]s1 ! pure & spl5did :ite lily1 inve/ e /ream & lonely m]e ) grace4#i ,= our great] p[] ( p]ceiv+1 & !re=e ( enjoy+ ,nature1 we are greatly indebt$ to ,sci5ce4 ,ov] & above :at is visible to ! unaid$ eye1 ! two magic tubes1 ! telescope & microscope1 h reveal$ to u1 at lea/ p>tially1 ! inf9itely great & ! inf9itely little4 ,sci5ce1 our ,fairy ,godmo!r1 w1 unless we p]v]sely reject h] help1 & refuse h] gifts1 s ri*ly end[ u1 t few] h\rs ( lab\r w s]ve to supply u ) ! mat]ial necess>ies ( life1 leav+ u m "t to ourselves1 m leisure to enjoy all t makes life be/ wor? liv+4 ,ev5 n[ we all h "s leisure1 & = x we _c be too grateful4 ,if any "o1 says ,s5eca1 gave y a few acres1 y w\ld say t y _h receiv$ a b5efit2 c y d5y t ! b\ndless ext5t ( ! e>? is a b5efit8 ,if a h\se 7 giv5 y1 bright ) m>ble1 its ro( beautifully pa9t$ ) col\rs & gild+1 y w\ld call x no small b5efit4 ,god has built = y a mansion t fe>s no fire or ru9 444 cov]$ ) a ro( :i* glitt]s 9 "o fa%ion by day1 & 9 ano!r by night4 ,:5ce comes ! brea? :i* y draw2 ! light by :i* y p]=m ! actions ( y\r life8 ! blood by :i* y\r life is ma9ta9$8 ! meat by :i* y\r hung] is appeas$8444 ,! true ,god has plant$1 n a few ox51 b all ! h]ds on _! pa/ures ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & furni%$ food to all ! flocks2 he has orda9$ ! alt]nation ( summ] & w9t] 444 he has inv5t$ s _m arts & v>ieties ( voice1 s _m notes to make music4444 ,we h implant$ 9 u ! se$s ( all ages1 ( all arts2 & ,god our ,ma/] br+s =? our intellects f obscurity4#aj ,,footnotes3 #a ,*oses ,vues4 #b ,wordswor?4 #c ,cic]o1 ,de ,natura ,deorum4 #d ,?oreau4 #e ,sp5s]4 #f ,d>w9's ,voyage ( ! ,beagle4 #g ,ham]ton's ,l&scape4 #h ,%elley4 #i ,h[itt's ,book ( ! ,seasons4 #aj ,s5eca1 ,de ,b5eficiis4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,animal ,,life ,if ?y he>t be "r1 !n w e creature be to !e a mirror ( life1 & a book ( holy doctr9e4 ,,?omas ,,kempis4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,animal ,,life ,!re is no species ( animal or plant :i* w\ld n well repay1 ,i w n say m]ely ! /udy ( a day1 b ev5 ! devotion ( a lifetime4 ,_! =m & /ructure1 developm5t & habits1 geographical di/ribution1 relation to o!r liv+ be+s1 & pa/ hi/ory1 con/itute an inexhau/ible /udy4 ,:5 we consid] h[ mu* we owe to ! ,dog1 ,man's fai?ful fri5d1 to ! noble ,horse1 ! pati5t ,ox1 ! ,c[1 ! ,%eep1 & our o!r dome/ic animals1 we _c be too grateful to !m2 & if we _c1 l "s anci5t nations1 actually wor%ip !m1 we h p]haps fall5 into ! o!r extreme1 und]rate ! sacr$ness ( animal life1 & treat !m too mu* l m]e ma*9es4 ,"s species1 h[ev]1 are no d\bt m int]e/+ ?an o!rs1 especially p]haps ^? :i* live toge!r 9 true communities1 & :i* (f] s _m traits--"s sad1 "s comical1 & all int]e/+1--:i* reproduce m or less closely ! circum/ances ( our own life4 ,! modes ( animal life are almo/ inf9itely div]sifi$2 "s live on l&1 "s 9 wat]2 ( ^? :i* are aquatic "s dwell 9 riv]s1 "s 9 lakes or pools1 "s on ! sea-%ore1 o!rs 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,"s burr[ 9 ! gr\nd1 "s f9d _! home 9 ! air4 ,"s live 9 ! ,arctic regions1 "s 9 ! burn+ des]ts2 "o little beetle 7,hydrobius7 9 ! !rmal wat]s ( ,hammam-,mesk\t91 at a temp]ature ( #acj4 ,z to food1 "s are c>nivor\s & wage op5 w>2 "s1 m insidi\s1 attack _! victims f )92 o!rs fe$ on vegetable food1 on leaves or wood1 on se$s or fruits2 9 fact1 !re is sc>cely an animal or vegetable sub/ance :i* is n ! special & fav\rite food ( "o or m species4 ,h5ce to adapt !m to ^! v>i\s requirem5ts we f9d ! utmo/ diff]5ces ( =m & size & /ructure4 ,ev5 ! same individual (t5 goes ?r\gh great *anges4 ,,gr[? ,,& ,,metamorphoses ,! developm5t1 inde$1 ( an animal f bir? to maturity is no m]e "q ( gr[?4 ,! metamorphoses ( ,insects h long excit$ ! wond] & admiration ( all lov]s ( nature4 ,!y dep5d to a great ext5t on ! fact t ! little creatures quit ! egg at an e>ly /age ( developm5t1 & lead a diff]5t life1 s t ! ext]nal =ces act+ on !m1 are v diff]5t f ^? by :i* !y are affect$ :5 !y arrive at maturity4 ,a rem>kable case is t ( c]ta9 ,beetles :i* are p>asitic on ,solit>y ,bees4 ,! "y l>va is v active1 ) six /rong legs4 ,x conceals itself 9 "s fl[]1 & :5 ! ,bee comes 9 se>* ( honey1 leaps ^u h]1 b is s m9ute z n to be p]ceiv$4 ,! ,bee con/ructs h] cell1 /ores x ) honey1 & lays h] egg4 ,at t mom5t ! little l>va quits ! ,bee & jumps on to ! egg1 :i* %e proce$s gradually to dev\r4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! egg1 %e attacks ! honey2 b "u ^! circum/ances ! activity :i* 0 at fir/ s necess>y has become useless2 ! legs :i* did su* good s]vice are no long] requir$2 & ! active slim l>va *anges into a :ite fle%y grub1 :i* floats com=tably 9 ! honey ) its m\? j bel[ ! surface4 ,ev5 9 ! same gr\p we may f9d great diff]5ces4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! family ( ,insects to :i* ,bees & ,wasps belong1 "s h grub l>v1 su* z ! ,bee & ,ant2 "s h l>v l cat]pill>s1 su* z ! ,sawflies2 & !re is a gr\p ( m9ute =ms ! l>v ( :i* live inside ! eggs ( o!r insects1 & pres5t v rem>kable & abnormal =ms4 ,^! diff]5ces dep5d ma9ly on ! mode ( life & ! "* ( ! food4 ,,rudim5t>y ,,organs ,su* modifications may be call$ adaptive1 b !re are o!rs ( a diff]5t orig9 t h ref]5ce to ! *anges :i* ! race has pass$ ?r\gh 9 bygone ages4 ,9 fact ! great majority ( animals d g ?r\gh metamorphoses 7_m ( !m z rem>kable1 ?\gh n s famili> z ^? ( insects71 b 9 _m cases !y are pass$ ?r\gh )9 ! egg & ?us escape popul> obs]vation4 ,naturali/s :o accept ! !ory ( evolution1 consid] t ! developm5t ( ea* individual repres5ts to a c]ta9 ext5t t :i* ! species has itself gone ?r\gh 9 ! lapse ( ages2 t e individual conta9s )9 itself1 s to say1 a hi/ory ( ! race4 ,?us ! rudim5t>y tee? ( ,c[s1 ,%eep1 ,:ales1 etc4 7:i* nev] em]ge f _! sockets71 ! rudim5t>y toes ( _m mammals1 ! h9d legs ( ,:ales & ( ! ,boa-con/rictor1 :i* are imb$d$ 9 ! fle%1 ! rudim5t>y coll>-bone ( ! ,dog1 etc41 are indications ( desc5t f ance/ors 9 :i* ^! organs 7 fully develop$4 ,aga91 ?\gh us$ = su* diff]5t purposes1 ! paddle ( a ,:ale1 ! leg ( a ,horse & ( a ,mole1 ! w+ ( a ,bird or a ,bat1 & ! arm ( a ,man1 are all con/ruct$ on ! same model1 include correspond+ bones1 & are simil>ly arrang$4 ,! long neck ( ! ,giraffe1 & ! %ort "o ( ! ,:ale 7if neck x c be call$71 conta9 ! same numb] ( v]tebr4 ,ev5 aft] bir? ! "y ( alli$ species resemble "o ano!r mu* m ?an ! mature =ms4 ,! /ripes on ! "y ,lion1 ! spots on ! "y ,blackbird1 are well-kn[n cases2 & we f9d ! same law preval5t among ! l[] animals1 z1 = in/ance1 among ,insects & ,cru/acea4 ,! ,lob/]1 ,crab1 ,%rimp1 & ,b>nacle are v unlike :5 full gr[n1 b 9 _! "y /ages g ?r\gh ess5tially simil> metamorphoses4 ,no animal is p]haps 9 ?is respect m int]e/+ ?an ! ,horse4 ,! skull ( a ,horse & t ( a ,man1 ?\gh diff]+ s mu*1 are1 says ,fl[]1#aa compos$ ( exactly ! same numb] ( bones1 hav+ ! same g5]al arrangem5t & relation to ea* o!r4 ,n only ! individual bones1 b e ridge & surface = ! atta*m5t ( muscles1 & e hole = ! passage ( art]y or n]ve1 se5 9 ! "o c be trac$ 9 ! o!r4 ,x is (t5 said t ! ,horse pres5ts a rem>kable peculi>ity 9 t ! can9e tee? gr[ b once4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 mo/ ,horses c]ta9 spicules or m9ute po9ts :i* are %$ be=e ! appe>ance ( ! p]man5t can9es1 & :i* are probably ! la/ remnants ( ! true milk can9es4 ,! foot is r$uc$ to a s+le toe1 repres5t+ ! ?ird digit1 b ! second & f\r?1 ?\gh rudim5t>y1 are repres5t$ by ! spl9t bones2 :ile ! foot also conta9s traces ( sev]al muscles1 orig9ally belong+ to ! toes :i* h n[ disappe>$1 & :i* l+] z x 7 beh9d1 ) new relations & uses1 sometimes 9 a r$uc$1 & almo/1 if n q1 functionless condition4 ,ev5 ,man himself pres5ts traces ( gill-op5+s1 & indications ( o!r organs :i* are fully develop$ 9 l[] animals4 ,,modifications ,!re is 9 ,new ,zeal& a =m ( ,cr[ 7,hura71 9 :i* ! female has und]gone a v curi\s modification4 ,x is ! only case ,i "k1 9 :i* ! bill is diff]5tly %ap$ 9 ! two sexes4 ,! bird has tak5 on ! habits ( a ,woodpeck]1 & ! /\t cr[-l bill ( ! cock-bird is admirably adapt$ to tap trees1 & if !y s\nd holl[1 to dig d[n to ! burr[ ( ! ,insect2 b x lacks ! horny-po9t$ tip ( ! tongue1 :i* 9 ! true ,woodpeck] is provid$ ) recurv$ hairs1 ?us enabl+ t bird to pi]ce ! grub & draw x out4 ,9 ! ,hura1 h[ev]1 ! bill ( ! h5-bird has become mu* elongat$ & slightly curv$1 & :5 ! cock has dug d[n to ! burr[1 ! h5 ins]ts h] long bill & draws out ! grub1 :i* !y !n divide betwe5 !m3 a v pretty illu/ration ( ! wife z helpmate to ! husb&4 ,x 0 inde$ until lately ! g5]al op9ion t animals & plants came into exi/5ce j z we n[ see !m4 ,we took pleasure 9 _! beauty2 _! adaptation to _! habits & mode ( life 9 _m cases c\ld n be ov]look$ or misund]/ood4 ,nev]!less ! book ( ,nature 0 l "s missal ri*ly illum9at$1 b writt5 9 an unkn[n tongue4 ,! graceful =ms ( ! lett]s1 ! beauty ( ! col\r+1 excit$ our wond] & admiration2 b ( ! true mean+ little 0 kn[n to u2 inde$ we sc>cely realis$ t !re 0 any mean+ to deciph]4 ,n[ glimpses ( ! tru? are gradually reveal+ !mselves1 we p]ceive t !re is a reason1 & 9 _m cases we "k :at ! reason is1 = e diff]5ce 9 =m1 9 size1 & 9 col\r2 = e bone & e fea!r1 almo/ = e hair4#ab ,,col\r ,! col\rs ( animals1 g5]ally1 ,i believe1 s]ve z a protection4 ,9 "s1 h[ev]1 !y probably r5d] !m m attractive to _! mates1 ( :i* ! ,peacock is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable illu/rations4 ,9 ri*ness ( col\r birds & insects vie ev5 ) fl[]s4 ,"o f9e r$ admiral butt]fly1 says ,jeff]ies1#ac ^: broad w+s1 /ret*$ out l fans1 look$ simply spl5did float+ r\nd & r\nd ! will[s :i* m>k$ ! m>g9 ( a dry pool4 ,8 blue m>k+s 7 really blue--blue velvet--8 r$ & ! :ite /roke %one z if sunbeams 7 9 8 w+s4 ,i wi% !re 7 m ( ^! butt]flies2 9 summ]1 dry summ]1 :5 ! fl[]s seem gone & ! grass is n s de> to u1 & ! leaves are dull ) heat1 a little col\r is s pleasant4 ,to me col\r is a sort ( food2 e spot ( col\r is a drop ( w9e to ! _s4 ,! v>i$ col\rs :i* add s mu* to ! beauty ( animals & plants are n only ?us a delight to ! eye1 b af=d u also "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ problems 9 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,"s probably are n 9 !mselves ( any direct advantage4 ,! brilliant "m-(-pe>l ( c]ta9 %ells1 :i* dur+ life is completely hidd51 ! ri* col\rs ( "s int]nal organs ( animals1 are n p]haps ( any direct b5efit1 b are incid5tal1 l ! ri* & brilliant hues ( _m m9]als & preci\s /ones4 ,b al?\gh ?is may be true1 ,i believe t mo/ ( ^! col\rs are n[ ( "s advantage4 ,! black back & silv]y belly ( fi%es h be5 rec5tly ref]r$ to by a di/+ui%$ naturali/ z be+ obvi\sly ( no direct b5efit4 ,i %\ld on ! contr>y h quot$ ?is case z "o :]e ! advantage 0 obvi\s4 ,! d>k back r5d]s ! fi% less conspicu\s to an eye look+ d[n into ! wat]2 :ile ! :ite "u-surface makes !m less visible f bel[4 ,! animals ( ! des]t are s&-col\r$2 ^? ( ! ,arctic regions are :ite l sn[1 especially 9 w9t]2 & pelagic animals are blue4 ,let u take c]ta9 special cases4 ,! ,lion1 l o!r des]t animals1 is s&-col\r$2 ! ,tig] :i* lives 9 ! ,jungle has v]tical /ripes1 mak+ him difficult to see among ! upright grass2 ,leop>ds & ! tree-cats are spott$1 l rays ( light se5 ?r\gh leaves4 ,an int]e/+ case is t ( ! animals liv+ 9 ! ,s>gasso or gulf-we$ ( ! ,atlantic4 ,^! creatures--,fi%1 ,cru/acea1 & ,mollusks alike--are *>act]is$ by a peculi> col\r+1 n cont9u\sly olive l ! ,seawe$ itself1 b blot*$ ) r\nd$ m or less irregul> pat*es ( bright1 opaque :ite1 s z closely to resemble fronds cov]$ ) pat*es ( ,flu/ra or ,b>nacles4 ,take ! case ( cat]pill>s1 :i* are especially def5celess1 & :i* z a rule fe$ on leaves4 ,! smalle/ & y\nge/ are gre51 l ! leaves on :i* !y live4 ,:5 !y become l>g]1 !y are *>act]is$ by longitud9al l9es1 :i* break up ! surface & ?us r5d] !m less conspicu\s4 ,on old] & l>g] ones ! l9es are diagonal1 l ! n]ves ( leaves4 ,conspicu\s cat]pill>s are g5]ally ei!r nause\s 9 ta/e1 or protect$ by hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,*o]ocampa porcellus4 ,i say g5]ally1 because !re are "s int]e/+ exceptions4 ,! l>ge cat]pill>s ( "s ( ! ,elephant ,hawkmo?s are v conspicu\s1 & r5d]$ all ! m s by ! pres5ce ( a pair ( l>ge eyelike spots4 ,e "o :o sees "o ( ^! cat]pill>s is /ruck by its lik5ess to a snake1 & ! s-call$ eyes d mu* to increase ! deception4 ,moreov]1 ! r+ on :i* !y are plac$ is swoll51 & ! insect1 :5 9 dang]1 has ! habit ( retract+ its head & front segm5ts1 :i* gives x an additional resemblance to "s small reptile4 ,t small birds are1 z a matt] ( fact1 afraid ( ^! cat]pill>s 7:i*1 h[ev]1 ,i ne$ n say1 are 9 reality altoge!r h>mless7 ,weismann has prov$ by actual exp]im5t4 ,he put "o ( ^! cat]pill>s 9 a tray1 9 :i* he 0 accu/om$ to place se$ = birds4 ,soon a little flock ( sp>r[s & o!r small birds assembl$ to fe$ z usual4 ,"o ( !m lit on ! edge ( ?is tray1 & 0 j go+ to hop 91 :5 %e spi$ ! cat]pill>4 ,imm$iately %e began bobb+ h] head up & d[n 9 ! odd way :i* "s small birds h1 b 0 afraid to g ne>]4 ,ano!r jo9$ h] & !n ano!r1 until at la/ !re 0 a little company ( t5 or twelve birds all look+ on 9 a/oni%m5t1 b n "o v5tur$ into ! tray2 :ile "o bird1 :i* lit 9 x unsuspect+ly1 beat a ha/y retreat 9 evid5t al>m z soon z %e p]ceiv$ ! cat]pill>4 ,aft] wait+ = "s "t1 ,weismann remov$ x1 :5 ! birds soon attack$ ! se$s4 ,o!r cat]pill>s also are probably protect$ by _! curi\s resemblance to spott$ snakes4 ,"o ( ! l>ge ,indian cat]pill>s has ev5 acquir$ ! p[] ( hiss+4 ,among p]fect insects _m resemble closely ! sub/ances ne> :i* !y live4 ,"s mo?s are mottl$ s z to mimic ! b>k ( trees1 or moss1 or ! surface ( /ones4 ,"o beautiful tropical butt]fly has a d>k w+ on :i* are pa9t$ a s]ies ( gre5 leaf tips1 s t x closely resembles ! edge ( a p9nate leaf project+ out ( %ade into sun%9e4 ,! argum5t is /r5g!n$ by ^? cases 9 :i* ! protection1 or o!r advantage1 is due n m]ely to col\r1 b p>tly also to =m4 ,su* are ! insects :i* resemble /icks or leaves4 ,aga91 !re are cases 9 :i* insects mimic o!rs1 :i*1 = "s reason or o!r1 are less liable to dang]4 ,s also _m h>mless animals mimic o!rs :i* are poison\s or o!rwise well protect$4 ,"s butt]flies1 z ,mr4 ,bates has po9t$ out1 mimic o!rs :i* are nause\s 9 ta/e1 & !re=e n attack$ by birds4 ,9 ^! cases x is g5]ally only ! females t are mimetic1 & 9 "s cases only a "p ( !m1 s t !re are two1 or ev5 ?ree1 k9ds ( females1 ! "o reta9+ ! normal col\r+ ( ! gr\p1 ! o!r mimick+ ano!r species4 ,"s spid]s closely resemble ,ants1 & sev]al o!r insects mimic ,wasps or ,hornets4 ,"s reptiles & fi% h actually ! p[] ( *ang+ ! col\r ( _! sk9 s z to adapt !mselves to _! surr\nd+s4 ,_m cases 9 :i* ! col\r+ does n at fir/ sight appe> to be protective1 w on consid]ation be f\nd to be s4 ,x has1 = in/ance1 be5 object$ t %eep are n col\r$ gre52 b e m\nta9e] kn[s t %eep c\ld n h _h a col\r m adapt$ to r5d] !m inconspicu\s1 & t x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% !m f ! rocks :i* s con/antly crop up on hill sides4 ,ev5 ! brilliant blue ( ! ,k+fi%]1 :i* 9 a museum r5d]s x s conspicu\s1 9 its native haunts1 on ! contr>y1 makes x difficult to di/+ui% f a fla% ( light ^u ! wat]2 & ! ri*ly-col\r$ ,woodpeck] we>s ! g5u9e dress ( a ,=e/]--! gre5 coat & crimson cap4 ,x has be5 f\nd t "s brilliantly col\r$ & conspicu\s animals are ei!r nause\s or poison\s4 ,9 ^! cases ! brilliant col\r is d\btless a protection by r5d]+ !m m unmi/akable4 ,,communities ,"s animals may delight u especially by _! beauty1 su* z birds or butt]flies2 o!rs may surprise u by _! size1 z ,elephants & ,:ales1 or ! /ill m m>vell\s mon/]s ( anci5t times2 may fasc9ate u by _! exquisite =ms1 su* z _m microscopic %ells2 or compel our reluctant att5tion by _! simil>ity to u 9 /ructure2 b none (f] m po9ts ( int]e/ ?an ^? :i* live 9 communities4 ,i d n allude to ! tempor>y assemblages ( ,/>l+s1 ,swall[s1 & o!r birds at c]ta9 times ( ye>1 nor ev5 to ! p]man5t associations ( animals br\ght toge!r by common wants 9 suitable localities1 b to regul> & m or less organis$ associations4 ,su* colonies z ^? ( ,rooks & ,beav]s h no d\bt int]e/+ revelations & surprises 9 /ore = u1 b !y h n be5 z yet s mu* /udi$ z ^? ( "s insects4 ,among ^! ! ,hive ,bees1 f ! beauty & regul>ity ( _! cells1 f _! utility to man1 & f ! debt we owe !m = _! unconsci\s ag5cy 9 ! improvem5t ( fl[]s1 hold a v high place2 b !y are probably less intellig5t1 & _! relations ) o!r animals & ) "o ano!r are less complex ?an 9 ! case ( ,ants1 :i* h be5 s well /udi$ by ,g\ld1 ,hub]1 ,=el1 ,m',cook1 & o!r naturali/s4 ,! subject is a wide "o1 = !re are at lea/ a ?\s& species ( ,ants1 no two ( :i* h ! same habits4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we h r m ?an ?irty1 mo/ ( :i* ,i h kept 9 conf9em5t4 ,_! life is comp>atively long3 ,i h _h work+ ,ants :i* 7 sev5 ye>s old1 & a ,que5 ,ant liv$ 9 "o ( my ne/s = fifte5 ye>s4 ,! community consi/s1 9 addition to ! "y1 ( males1 :i* d no "w1 ( w+less work]s1 & "o or m ,que5 mo!rs1 :o h at fir/ w+s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 aft] "o ,m>riage flight1 !y ?r[ (f1 z !y nev] leave ! ne/ aga91 & 9 x w+s w\ld ( c\rse be useless4 ,! work]s d n1 except occasionally1 lay eggs1 b c>ry on all ! affairs ( ! community4 ,"s ( !m1 & especially ! y\ng] ones1 rema9 9 ! ne/1 excavate *amb]s & tunnels1 & t5d ! "y1 :i* are sort$ up accord+ to age1 s t my ne/s (t5 _h ! appe>ance ( a s*ool1 ) ! *ildr5 arrang$ 9 classes4 ,9 our ,engli% ,ants ! work]s 9 ea* species are all simil> except 9 size1 b among =eign species !re are "s 9 :i* !re are two or ev5 m classes ( work]s1 diff]+ greatly n only 9 size1 b also 9 =m4 ,! diff]5ces are n ! result ( age1 nor ( race1 b are adaptations to diff]5t functions1 ! nature ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n yet well und]/ood4 ,among ! ,t]mites ^? ( "o class c]ta9ly seem to act z soldi]s1 & among ! true ,ants also "s h comp>atively imm5se heads & p[]ful jaws4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r !y =m a real army4 ,bates obs]v$ t on a =ag+ exp$ition ! l>ge-head$ individuals did n walk 9 ! regul> ranks1 nor on ! return did !y c>ry any ( ! booty1 b m>*$ along at ! side1 & at tol]ably regul> int]vals1 l subalt]n (fic]s 9 a m>*+ regim5t4 ,he is dispos$1 h[ev]1 to ascribe to !m a mu* humbl] function1 namely1 to s]ve m]ely z indige/ible morsels to ! ant ?ru%es4 ,?is1 ,i confess1 seems to me improbable4 ,solomon 01 s f> z we yet "k1 q correct 9 describ+ ,ants z hav+ nei!r guide1 ov]se]1 nor rul]4 ,! s-call$ ,que5s are really ,mo!rs4 ,nev]!less x is true1 & x is curi\s1 t ! work+ ,ants & ,bees always turn _! heads t[>ds ! ,que54 ,x seems z if ! sight ( h] gave !m pleasure4 ,on "o occasion1 :ile mov+ "s ,ants f "o ne/ into ano!r = exhibition at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,i un=tunately cru%$ ! ,que5 & kill$ h]4 ,! o!rs1 h[ev]1 did n des]t h]1 or draw h] out z !y d dead work]s1 b on ! contr>y c>ri$ h] into ! new ne/1 & subsequ5tly into a l>g] "o ) :i* ,i suppli$ !m1 congregat+ r\nd h] = weeks j z if %e _h be5 alive4 ,"o c\ld h>dly help fancy+ t !y 7 m\rn+ h] loss1 or hop+ anxi\sly = h] recov]y4 ,! ,communities ( ,ants are sometimes v l>ge1 numb]+ ev5 up to #ejj1jjj individuals2 & x is a lesson to u1 t no "o has ev] yet se5 a qu>rel betwe5 any two ,ants belong+ to ! same community4 ,on ! o!r h& x mu/ be admitt$ t !y are 9 ho/ility1 n only ) mo/ o!r insects1 includ+ ,ants ( diff]5t species1 b ev5 ) ^? ( ! same species if belong+ to diff]5t communities4 ,i h ov] & ov] aga9 introduc$ ,ants f "o ( my ne/s into ano!r ne/ ( ! same species1 & !y 7 inv>iably attack$1 seiz$ by a leg or an ant5na1 & dragg$ out4 ,x is evid5t !re=e t ! ,ants ( ea* community all recognise "o ano!r1 :i* is v rem>kable4 ,b m ?an ?is1 ,i sev]al times divid$ a ne/ into two halves1 & f\nd t ev5 aft] a sep>ation ( a ye> & n9e mon?s !y recognis$ "o ano!r1 & 7 p]fectly fri5dly2 :ile !y at once attack$ ,ants f a diff]5t ne/1 al?\gh ( ! same species4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ,ants ( ea* ne/ h "s sign or password by :i* !y recognise "o ano!r4 ,to te/ ?is ,i made "s ins5sible4 ,fir/ ,i tri$ *lor(orm1 b ?is 0 fatal to !m2 & z !re=e !y 7 practically dead1 ,i did n consid] ! te/ satisfactory4 ,i decid$ !re=e to intoxicate !m4 ,?is 0 less easy ?an ,i _h expect$4 ,none ( my ,ants w\ld volunt>ily degrade !mselves by gett+ drunk4 ,h[ev]1 ,i got ov] ! difficulty by putt+ !m into :isky = a few mom5ts4 ,i took fifty specim5s1 tw5ty-five f "o ne/ & tw5ty-five f ano!r1 made !m dead drunk1 m>k$ ea* ) a spot ( pa9t1 & put !m on a table close to :]e o!r ,ants f "o ( ! ne/s 7 fe$+4 ,! table 0 surr\nd$ z usual ) a moat ( wat] to prev5t !m f /ray+4 ,! ,ants :i* 7 fe$+ soon notic$ ^? :i* ,i _h made drunk4 ,!y seem$ q a/oni%$ to f9d _! comrades 9 su* a disgraceful condition1 & z mu* at a loss to "k :at to d ) _! drunk>ds z we are4 ,aft] a :ile1 h[ev]1 to cut my /ory %ort1 !y c>ri$ !m all away3 ! /rang]s !y took to ! edge ( ! moat & dropp$ into ! wat]1 :ile !y bore _! fri5ds home into ! ne/1 :]e by degrees !y slept (f ! effects ( ! _s4 ,?us x is evid5t t !y "k _! fri5ds ev5 :5 incapable ( giv+ any sign or password4 ,?is little exp]im5t also %[s t !y help comrades 9 di/ress4 ,if a ,wolf or a ,rook be ill or injur$1 we are told t x is driv5 away or ev5 kill$ by its comrades4 ,n s ) ,ants4 ,= in/ance1 9 "o ( my ne/s an un=tunate ,ant1 9 em]g+ f ! *rysalis sk91 injur$ h] legs s mu* t %e lay on h] back q helpless4 ,= ?ree mon?s1 h[ev]1 %e 0 c>efully f$ & t5d$ by ! o!r ,ants4 ,9 ano!r case an ,ant 9 ! same mann] _h injur$ h] ant5n4 ,i wat*$ h] also c>efully to see :at w\ld happ54 ,= "s days %e did n leave ! ne/4 ,at la/ "o day %e v5tur$ outside1 & aft] a :ile met a /rang] ,ant ( ! same species1 b belong+ to ano!r ne/1 by :om %e 0 at once attack$4 ,i tri$ to sep>ate !m1 b :e!r by h] enemy1 or p]haps by my well-meant b clumsy k9dness1 %e 0 evid5tly mu* hurt & lay helplessly on h] side4 ,sev]al o!r ,ants pass$ h] )\t tak+ any notice1 b soon "o came up1 exam9$ h] c>efully ) h] ant5n1 & c>ri$ h] (f t5d]ly to ! ne/4 ,no "o1 ,i ?9k1 :o saw x c\ld h d5i$ to t ,ant "o attribute ( humanity1 ! quality ( k9dness4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* communities z ^? ( ,ants or ,bees implies1 no d\bt1 "s p[] ( communication1 b ! am\nt is /ill a matt] ( d\bt4 ,x is well kn[n t if "o ,bee or ,ant discov]s a /ore ( food1 o!rs soon f9d _! way to x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n prove mu*4 ,x makes all ! diff]5ce :e!r !y are br\ght or s5t4 ,if !y m]ely accompany on h] return a companion :o has br\ght a /ore ( food1 x does n imply mu*4 ,to te/ ?is1 !re=e1 ,i made sev]al exp]im5ts4 ,= in/ance1 "o cold day my ,ants 7 almo/ all 9 _! ne/s4 ,"o only 0 out hunt+ & ab\t six feet f home4 ,i took a dead bluebottle fly1 p9n$ x on to a piece ( cork1 & put x d[n j 9 front ( h]4 ,%e at once tri$ to c>ry (f ! fly1 b to h] surprise f\nd x immovable4 ,%e tugg$ & tugg$1 fir/ "o way & !n ano!r = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 & !n w5t /raight (f to ! ne/4 ,dur+ t "t n a s+le ,ant _h come out2 9 fact %e 0 ! only ,ant ( t ne/ out at ! "t4 ,%e w5t /raight 91 b 9 a few seconds--less ?an half a m9ute1--came out aga9 ) no less ?an twelve fri5ds1 :o troop$ (f ) h]1 & ev5tually tore up ! dead fly1 c>ry+ x (f 9 triumph4 ,n[ ! fir/ ,ant took no?+ home ) h]2 %e mu/ !re=e someh[ h made h] fri5ds und]/& t %e _h f\nd "s food1 & want$ !m to come & help h] to secure x4 ,9 all su* cases1 h[ev]1 s f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 ! ,ants br\ght _! fri5ds1 & "s ( my exp]im5ts indicat$ t !y are unable to s5d !m4 ,c]ta9 species ( ,ants1 aga91 make slaves ( o!rs1 z ,hub] fir/ obs]v$4 ,if a colony ( ! slave-mak+ ,ants is *ang+ ! ne/1 a matt] :i* is left to ! discretion ( ! slaves1 ! latt] c>ry _! mi/resses to _! new home4 ,aga91 if ,i uncov]$ "o ( my ne/s ( ! ,fusc\s ,ant 7,=mica fusca71 !y all began runn+ ab\t 9 se>* ( "s place ( refuge4 ,if n[ ,i cov]$ ov] "o small "p ( ! ne/1 aft] a :ile "s ,ant discov]$ x4 ,9 su* a case1 h[ev]1 ! brave little insect nev] rema9$ !re1 %e came out 9 se>* ( h] fri5ds1 & ! fir/ "o %e met %e took up 9 h] jaws1 ?rew ov] h] %\ld] 7_! way ( c>ry+ fri5ds71 & took into ! cov]$ "p2 !n bo? came out aga91 f\nd two m fri5ds & br\ght !m 91 ! same manoeuvre be+ repeat$ until ! :ole community 0 9 a place ( safety4 ,?is ,i ?9k says mu* = _! public _s1 b seems to prove t1 9 ,f4 fusca at lea/1 ! p[]s ( communication are b limit$4 ,"o k9d ( slave-mak+ ,ant has become s completely dep5d5t on _! slaves1 t ev5 if provid$ ) food !y w die ( hung]1 unless !re is a slave to put x into _! m\?4 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t !y w\ld ?rive v well if suppli$ ) a slave = an h\r or s once a week to clean & fe$ !m4 ,b 9 _m cases ! community does n consi/ ( ,ants only4 ,!y h dome/ic animals1 & inde$ x is n go+ too f> to say t !y h dome/icat$ m animals ?an we h4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important are ,aphides4 ,"s species keep ,aphides on trees & bu%es1 o!rs collect root-fe$+ ,aphides into _! ne/s4 ,!y s]ve z c[s to ! ,ants1 :i* fe$ on ! honey-dew secret$ by ! ,aphides4 ,n only1 moreov]1 d ! ,ants protect ! ,aphides !mselves1 b collect _! eggs 9 autumn1 & t5d !m c>efully ?r\gh ! w9t]1 ready = ! next spr+4 ,_m o!r insects are also dome/icat$ by ,ants1 & "s ( !m1 f liv+ con/antly und]gr\nd1 h completely lo/ _! eyes & become q bl9d4 ,b ,i mu/ n let myself be c>ri$ away by ?is fasc9at+ subject1 :i* ,i h treat$ m at l5g? 9 ano!r "w4#ad ,i w only say t ?\gh _! intellig5ce is no d\bt limit$1 /ill ,i d n ?9k t any "o :o has /udi$ ! life-hi/ory ( ,ants c draw any fundam5tal l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 in/9ct & reason4 ,:5 we see a community ( ,ants work+ toge!r 9 p]fect h>mony1 x is impossible n to ask ourselves h[ f> !y are m]e exquisite automatons2 h[ f> !y are consci\s be+s8 ,:5 we wat* an ant-hill t5ant$ by ?\s&s ( indu/ri\s inhabitants1 excavat+ *amb]s1 =m+ tunnels1 mak+ roads1 gu>d+ _! home1 ga!r+ food1 fe$+ ! "y1 t5d+ _! dome/ic animals--ea* "o fulfill+ its duties indu/ri\sly1 & )\t confusion1--x is difficult altoge!r to d5y to !m ! gift ( reason2 & all our rec5t obs]vations t5d to confirm ! op9ion t _! m5tal p[]s diff] f ^? ( m51 n s mu* 9 k9d z 9 degree4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,! ,horse4 #ab ,lubbock1 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,sci5ce4 #ac ,! ,op5 ,air4 #ad ,ants1 ,bees1 & ,wasps4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,on ,,animal ,,life--cont9u$ ,an organic be+ is a microcosm--a little univ]se1 =m$ ( a ho/ ( self-propagat+ organisms1 inconceivably m9ute & num]\s z ! />s ( heav54 ,,d>w94 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,on ,,animal ,,life--cont9u$4 ,we con/antly speak ( animals z free4 ,a fi%1 says ,rusk91 is mu* fre] ?an a ,man2 & z to a fly1 x is a black inc>nation ( fre$om4 ,x is pleasant to ?9k ( any?+ z free1 b 9 ?is case ! idea is1 ,i fe>1 to a great ext5t errone\s4 ,"y animals may frolic & play1 b old] ones take life v s]i\sly4 ,ab\t ! habits ( fi% & flies1 inde$1 z yet we "k v little4 ,any "o1 h[ev]1 :o w wat* animals w soon satisfy himself h[ dilig5tly !y "w4 ,ev5 :5 !y seem to be idl+ ov] fl[]s1 or w&]+ aimlessly ab\t1 !y are 9 tru? dilig5tly seek+ = food1 or collect+ mat]ials = ne/s4 ,! indu/ry ( ,bees is prov]bial4 ,:5 collect+ honey or poll5 !y (t5 visit ov] tw5ty fl[]s 9 a m9ute1 keep+ con/antly to "o species1 )\t yield+ a mom5t's dalliance to any m sweet or lovely tempt]4 ,ants fully des]ve ! comm5dation ( ,solomon4 ,wasps h n ! same reputation = indu/ry2 b ,i h wat*$ !m f be=e f\r 9 ! morn+ till d>k at night work+ l animat$ ma*9es )\t a mom5t's re/ or int]mission4 ,sundays & ,bank ,holidays are all ! same to !m4 ,aga91 ,birds h _! own g>d5s & f>ms f :i* !y d n w&]1 & )9 :i* !y w tol]ate no int]f]5ce4 ,_! ideas ( ! rights ( prop]ty are f> /rict] ?an ^? ( "s /atesm54 ,z to fre$om1 !y h _! daily duties z mu* z a me*anic 9 a mill or a cl]k 9 an (fice4 ,!y suff] "u al>ms1 moreov]1 f :i* we are happily free4 ,mr4 ,galton believes t ! life ( wild animals is v anxi\s4 ,f my own recollection1 he says1 ,i believe t e antelope 9 ,s\? ,africa has to run = its life e "o or two days ^u an av]age1 & t he />ts or gallops "u ! influ5ce ( a false al>m _m times 9 a day4 ,^? :o h cr\*$ at night by ! side ( pools 9 ! des]t1 9 ord] to h a %ot at ! bea/s t frequ5t x1 see /range sc5es ( animal life2 h[ ! creatures gambol at "o mom5t & fight at ano!r2 h[ a h]d sudd5ly halts 9 /ra9$ att5tion1 & !n breaks into a madd5$ ru% z "o ( !m becomes consci\s ( ! /eal?y movem5ts or rank sc5t ( a bea/ ( prey4 ,n[ ?is h\rly life-&-dea? excitem5t is a ke5 delight to mo/ wild creatures1 b mu/ be peculi>ly di/ract+ to ! com=t-lov+ temp]am5t ( o!rs4 ,! latt] are alone suit$ to endure ! crass habits & dull r\t9e ( dome/icat$ life4 ,suppose t an animal :i* has be5 captur$ & half-tam$1 receiv$ ill-usage f 8 captors1 ei!r z puni%m5t or ?r\gh m]e brutality1 & t he ru%$ indignantly into ! =e/ ) 8 ribs a*+ f bl[s & /ones4 ,if a com=t-lov+ animal1 he w probably be no ga9] by ! *ange1 m s]i\s al>ms & no less ill-usage awaits him3 he he>s ! ro> ( ! wild bea/s1 & ! headlong gallop ( ! fright5$ h]ds1 & he f9ds ! butt+s & ! kicks ( o!r animals h>d] to endure ?an ! bl[s f :i* he fl$3 he has peculi> disadvantages f be+ a /rang]2 ! h]ds ( 8 own species :i* he seeks = companion%ip con/itute s _m cliques1 into :i* he c only f9d admission by m fight+ ) _! /ronge/ memb]s ?an he has _s to und]go4 ,z a set-(f aga9/ ^! mis]ies1 ! fre$om ( savage life has no *>ms = 8 temp]am5t2 s ! end ( x is1 t ) a heavy he>t he turns back to ! habitation he _h quitt$4 ,b ?\gh animals may n be free1 ,i hope & believe t !y are happy4 ,dr4 ,hudson1 an admirable obs]v]1 assures u ) confid5ce t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce leaves !m mu* leisure & fam\s spirits4 ,9 ! animal _w1 he exclaims1#ae :at happ9ess reigns6 ,:at ease1 grace1 beauty1 leisure1 & cont5t6 ,wat* ^! liv+ specks z !y glide ?r\gh _! =e/s ( alg1 all ')\t hurry & c>e1' z if _! 'span-long lives' really c\ld endure = ! ?\s& ye>s t ! old cat* p9es =4 ,"h is no gre$y jo/l+ at ! banquet t nature has spread = !m2 no dread ( ea* o!r2 b a leisurely inspection ( ! field1 t %[s nei!r ! pressure ( hung] nor ! dread ( an enemy4 ',to lab\r & to be cont5t' 7t 'sweet life' ( ! son ( ,sira*7--to be equally ready = an enemy or a fri5d--to tru/ 9 !mselves alone1 to %[ a brave unconc]n = ! morr[1 all ^! are ! admirable po9ts ( a "* almo/ univ]sal among animals1 & "o t w\ld light5 _m a he>t 7 x m common among m54 ,t "* is ! direct result ( ! gold5 law ',if "o w n "w1 nei!r let him eat'2 a law ^: /]n k9dness1 unfl9*+ly appli$1 has produc$ :ole nations ( liv+ creatures1 )\t a paup] 9 _! ranks1 flu%$ ) heal?1 al]t1 resolute1 self-reliant1 & s+ul>ly happy4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t ,man is ! only animal gift$ ) ! p[] ( enjoy+ a joke1 b if animals d n laugh1 at any rate !y sometimes play4 ,we are1 inde$1 apt p]haps to cr$it !m ) too mu* ( our own attributes & emotions1 b we c h>dly be mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t !y enjoy c]ta9 sc5ts & s\nds4 ,x is difficult to sep>ate ! games ( kitt5s & lambs f ^? ( *ildr54 ,our c\ntryman ,g\ld long ago describ$ ! amusem5ts or sportive ex]cises :i* he _h obs]v$ among ,ants4 ,=el 0 at fir/ incr$ul\s1 b f9ally confirm$ ^! /atem5ts2 &1 speak+ ( c]ta9 tropical ,ants1 ,bates says ! conclusion t !y 7 engag$ 9 play 0 irresi/ible4 ,,sleep ,we %>e ) o!r animals ! great bless+ ( ,sleep1 nature's s(t nurse1 ! mantle t cov]s ?\ght1 ! food t appeases hung]1 ! dr9k t qu5*es ?ir/1 ! fire t w>ms cold1 ! cold t mod]ates heat1 ! co9 t pur*ases all ?+s1 ! balance & weight t equals ! %eph]d ) ! k+1 & ! simple ) ! wise4 ,"s animals dream z we d2 ,dogs1 = in/ance1 evid5tly dream ( ! *ase4 ,) ! l[] animals :i* _c %ut _! eyes x is1 h[ev]1 m difficult to make sure :e!r !y are awake or asleep4 ,i h (t5 notic$ insects at night1 ev5 :5 x 0 w>m & light1 behave j z if !y 7 asleep1 & take no notice ( objects :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h />tl$ !m 9 ! day4 ,! same ?+ has also be5 obs]v$ 9 ! case ( fi%4 ,b :y %\ld we sleep8 ,:at a rem>kable ?+ x is t "o-?ird ( our life %\ld be pass$ 9 unconsci\sness4 ,half ( our days1 says ,sir ,t4 ,br[ne1 we pass 9 ! %ad[ ( ! e>?1 & ! bro!r ( dea? extracte? a ?ird "p ( our lives4 ,! obvi\s sugge/ion is t we require re/4 ,b ?is does n fully meet ! case4 ,9 sleep ! m9d is /ill awake1 & lives a life ( its own3 our ?\ghts w&]1 uncontroll$1 by ! w4 ,! m9d1 !re=e1 is n necess>ily itself at re/2 & yet we all "k h[ x is refre%$ by sleep4 ,b ?\gh animals sleep1 _m ( !m are nocturnal 9 _! habits4 ,humboldt gives a vivid description ( night 9 a ,brazilian =e/4 ,ev]y?+ pass$ tranquilly till elev5 at night1 & !n a noise s t]rible arose 9 ! neighb\r+ =e/ t x 0 almo/ impossible to close our eyes4 ,amid ! cries ( s _m wild bea/s h[l+ at once ! ,indians discrim9at$ su* only z 7 7at int]vals7 he>d sep>ately4 ,^! 7 ! little s(t cries ( ! sapaj\s1 ! moans ( ! al\ate apes1 ! h[l+s ( ! jagu> & c\gu>1 ! pecc>y & ! slo?1 & ! cries ( 7_m7 birds4 ,:5 ! jagu>s approa*$ ! skirt ( ! =e/ our dog1 :i* till !n _h nev] ceas$ b>k+1 began to h[l & seek = %elt] b5ea? our hammocks4 ,sometimes1 aft] a long sil5ce1 ! cry ( ! tig] came f ! tops ( ! trees2 & !n x 0 foll[$ by ! %>p & long :i/l+ ( ! monkeys1 :i* appe>$ to flee f ! dang] :i* ?reat5$ !m4 ,we he>d ! same noises repeat$ dur+ ! c\rse ( :ole mon?s :5ev] ! =e/ approa*$ ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,:5 ! natives are int]rogat$ on ! causes ( ! trem5d\s noise made by ! bea/s ( ! =e/ at c]ta9 h\rs ( ! night1 ! answ] is1 !y are keep+ ! fea/ ( ! full moon4 ,i believe ?is agitation is mo/ frequ5tly ! effect ( "s conflict t has aris5 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/4 ,! jagu>s1 = in/ance1 pursue ! pecc>ies & ! tapirs1 :i*1 hav+ no def5ce1 flee 9 close troops1 & break d[n ! bu%es !y f9d 9 _! way4 ,t]rifi$ at ?is /ruggle1 ! timid & di/ru/ful monkeys answ]1 f ! tops ( ! trees1 ! cries ( ! l>ge animals4 ,!y awak5 ! birds t live 9 society1 & by degrees ! :ole assembly is 9 commotion4 ,x is n always 9 a f9e moonlight1 b m p>ticul>ly at ! "t ( a /orm ( viol5t %[]s1 t ?is tumult takes place among ! wild bea/s4 ',may heav5 grant !m a quiet night & repose1 & u also6' said ! monk :o accompani$ u to ! ,rio ,negro1 :51 s9k+ ) fatigue1 he assi/$ 9 arrang+ our accommodation = ! night4 ,life is inde$ among animals a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & 9 addition to ! m usual weapons--tee? & claws--we f9d 9 "s animals special & peculi> means ( (f5ce & def5ce4 ,if we _h n be5 s famili>is$ ) ! fact1 ! possession ( poison might well seem a wond]ful gift4 ,t a fluid1 h>mless 9 "o animal itself1 %\ld yet prove s deadly :5 transf]r$ to o!rs1 is c]ta9ly v rem>kable2 & ?\gh ! v5om ( ! ,cobra or ! ,rattlesnake appeal p]haps m effectively to our imag9ation1 we h conclusive evid5ce ( conc5trat$ poison ev5 9 ! bite ( a midge1 :i* may rema9 = days p]ceptible4 ,! /+ ( a ,bee or ,wasp1 ?\gh some:at simil> 9 its effect1 is a totally diff]5t organ1 be+ a modifi$ ovipositor4 ,"s species ( ,ants d n /+ 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 b eject _! acrid poison to a di/ance ( sev]al in*es4 ,ano!r v rem>kable weapon is ! electric batt]y ( c]ta9 ,eels1 ( ! ,electric ,cat ,fi%1 & ! ,torp$oes1 "o ( :i* is said to be able to dis*>ge an am\nt ( electricity suffici5t to kill a ,man4 ,"s ( ! ,m$us & o!r ,zoophytes are arm$ by millions ( m9ute organs kn[n z ?read cells4 ,ea* consi/s ( a cell1 )9 :i* a firm1 ela/ic ?read is tightly coil$4 ,! mom5t ! ,m$usa t\*es its prey ! cells bur/ & ! ?reads spr+ out4 ,ent]+ ! fle% z !y d by myriads1 !y prove v effective weapons4 ,! ink ( ! ,sepia has pass$ into a prov]b4 ,! animal possesses a /ore ( d>k fluid1 :i*1 if attack$1 x at once ejects1 & ?us escapes "u cov] ( ! cl\d ?us creat$4 ,! s-call$ ,bomb>di] ,beetles1 :5 attack$1 dis*>ge at ! enemy1 f ! h9d] "p ( _! body1 an acrid fluid :i*1 z soon z x comes 9 contact ) air1 explodes ) a s\nd resembl+ a m9iature gun4 ,we/wood m5tions1 on ! au?ority ( ,bur*ell1 t on "o occasion1 :il/ re/+ = ! night on ! banks ( "o ( ! l>ge ,s\? ,am]ican riv]s1 he w5t out ) a lant]n to make an a/ronomical obs]vation1 accompani$ by "o ( 8 black s]vant boys2 & z !y 7 proce$+1 _! att5tion 0 direct$ to num]\s beetles runn+ ab\t ^u ! %ore1 :i*1 :5 captur$1 prov$ to be specim5s ( a l>ge species ( ,bra*9us4 ,on be+ seiz$ !y imm$iately began to play (f _! artill]y1 burn+ & /a9+ ! fle% to su* a degree t only a few specim5s c\ld be captur$ ) ! nak$ h&1 & leav+ a m>k :i* rema9$ a consid]able "t4 ,^u obs]v+ ! :iti% vap\r ) :i* ! explosions 7 accompani$1 ! negro exclaim$ 9 8 brok5 ,engli%1 ) evid5t surprise1 ',ah1 massa1 !y make smoke6' ,_m o!r rem>kable illu/rations might be quot$2 z = in/ance ! web ( ! ,spid]1 ! pit ( ! ,ant ,lion1 ! mephitic od\r ( ! ,skunk4 ,,s5ses ,we g5]ally attribute to animals five s5ses m or less resembl+ our own4 ,b ev5 z reg>ds our own s5ses we really "k or und]/& v little4 ,take ! "q ( col\r4 ,! ra9b[ is commonly said to consi/ ( sev5 col\rs--r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet4 ,b x is n[ kn[n t all our col\r s5sations are mixtures ( ?ree simple col\rs1 r$1 gre51 & violet4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 absolutely ignorant h[ we p]ceive ^! col\rs4 ,?omas ,"y sugge/$ t we h ?ree diff]5t sy/ems ( n]ve fibres1 & ,helmholtz reg>ds ?is z a n improbable supposition2 b s f> z microscopical exam9ation is conc]n$1 !re is no evid5ce :atev] = x4 ,or take aga9 ! s5se ( ,he>+4 ,! vibrations ( ! air no d\bt play ^u ! drum ( ! e>1 & ! waves ?us produc$ are conduct$ ?r\gh a complex *a9 ( small bones to ! f5e/ra ovalis & s to ! inn] e> or labyr9?4 ,b beyond ?is all is unc]ta9ty4 ,! labyr9? consi/s ma9ly ( two p>ts 7#a7 ! co*lea1 & 7#b7 ! semicircul> canals1 :i* are ?ree 9 numb]1 /&+ at "r angles to "o ano!r4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t !y enable u to ma9ta9 ! equilibrium ( ! body1 b no satisfactory explanation ( _! function has yet be5 giv54 ,9 ! co*lea1 ,corti discov]$ a rem>kable organ consi/+ ( "s f\r ?\s& complex ar*es1 :i* increase regul>ly 9 l5g? & dim9i% 9 height4 ,!y are connect$ at "o end ) ! fibres ( ! auditory n]ve1 & ,helmholtz has sugge/$ t ! waves ( s\nd play on !m1 l ! f+]s ( a p]=m] on ! keys ( a piano1 ea* sep>ate ar* correspond+ to a diff]5t s\nd4 ,we ?us obta9 a glimpse1 ?\gh b a glimpse1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* p]haps we he>2 b :5 we pass on to ! s5ses ( smell & ta/e1 all we "k is t ! extreme n]ve fibres t]m9ate 9 c]ta9 cells :i* diff] 9 =m f ^? ( ! g5]al surface2 b 9 :at mann] ! innum]able diff]5ces ( ta/e or smell are communicat$ to ! bra91 we are absolutely ignorant4 ,if !n we "k s little ab\t ourselves1 no wond] t ) ref]5ce to o!r animals our ignorance is extreme4 ,we are too apt to suppose t ! s5ses ( animals mu/ closely resemble1 & be conf9$ to ours4 ,no "o c d\bt t ! s5sations ( o!r animals diff] 9 _m ways f ours4 ,_! organs are sometimes con/ruct$ on diff]5t pr9ciples1 & situat$ 9 v unexpect$ places4 ,!re are animals :i* h eyes on _! backs1 e>s 9 _! legs1 & s+ ?r\gh _! sides4 ,we all "k t ! s5ses ( animals are 9 _m cases mu* m acute ?an ours1 z = in/ance ! p[] ( sc5t 9 ! dog1 ( sight 9 ! eagle4 ,moreov]1 our eye is mu* m s5sitive to "s col\rs ?an to o!rs2 lea/ s to crimson1 !n successively to r$1 orange1 yell[1 blue1 & gre52 ! s5sitiv5ess = gre5 be+ z mu* z #gej times z great z = r$4 ,?is alone may make objects appe> ( v diff]5t col\rs to diff]5t animals4 ,nor is ! diff]5ce "o ( degree m]ely4 ,! ra9b[1 z we see x1 consi/s ( sev5 col\rs--r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet4 ,b ?\gh ! r$ & violet are ! limits ( ! visible spectrum1 !y are n ! limits ( ! spectrum itself1 !re are rays1 ?\gh invisible to u1 beyond ! r$ at ! "o end1 & beyond ! violet at ! o!r3 ! exi/5ce ( ! ultra r$ c be demon/rat$ by ! !rmomet]2 :ile ! ultra violet are capable ( tak+ a photograph4 ,b ?\gh ! r$ & violet are respectively ! limits ( our vision1 ,i h %[n#af by exp]im5ts :i* h be5 repeat$ & confirm$ by o!r naturali/s1 t "s ( ! l[] animals are capable ( p]ceiv+ ! ultra-violet rays1 :i* to u are invisible4 ,x is an int]e/+ "q :e!r ^! rays may n produce on !m ! impression ( a new col\r1 or col\rs1 diff]+ f any ( ^? kn[n to u4 ,s aga9 ) he>+1 n only may animals 9 "s cases he> bett] ?an we d1 b s\nds :i* are beyond ! rea* ( our e>s1 may be audible to !irs4 ,ev5 among ourselves ! p[] ( he>+ %rill s\nds is great] 9 "s p]sons ?an 9 o!rs4 ,s\nd1 z we "k1 is produc$ by vibration ( ! air /rik+ on ! drum ( ! e>1 & ! few] are ! vibrations 9 a second1 ! deep] is ! s\nd1 :i* becomes %rill] & %rill] z ! waves ( s\nd become m rapid4 ,9 human e>s ! limits ( he>+ are rea*$ :5 ab\t #ce1jjj vibrations /rike ! drum ( ! e> 9 a second4 ,:atev] ! explanation ( ! gift ( he>+ 9 ourselves may be1 diff]5t plans seem to be adopt$ 9 ! case ( o!r animals4 ,9 _m ,cru/acea & ,insects !re are flatt5$ hairs ea* connect$ ) a n]ve fibre1 & s con/itut$ z to vibrate 9 response to p>ticul> notes4 ,9 o!rs ! e> cavity conta9s c]ta9 m9ute solid bodies1 kn[n z otoli?s1 :i* 9 ! same way play ^u ! n]ve fibres4 ,sometimes ^! are secret$ by ! walls ( ! cavity itself1 b c]ta9 ,cru/acea h acquir$ ! rem>kable habit ( select+ aft] ea* m\lt suitable p>ticles ( s&1 :i* !y pick up ) _! p9c]s & ins]t into _! e>s4 ,_m insects1 besides ! two l>ge comp\nd eyes "o on ea* side ( ! head1 h betwe5 !m ?ree small ones1 kn[n z ! ocelli1 arrang$ 9 a triangle4 ,! /ructure ( ^! two sets ( eyes is q diff]5t4 ,! ocelli appe> to see z our eyes d4 ,! l5s ?r[s an inv]t$ image on ! back ( ! eye1 s t ) ^! eyes !y mu/ see ev]y?+ rev]s$1 z we ourselves really d1 ?\gh long practice enables u to correct ! impression4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! comp\nd eyes consi/ ( a numb] ( facets1 9 "s species z _m z #bj1jjj 9 ea* eye1 & ! prevail+ impression among entomologi/s n[ is t ea* facet receives ! impression ( "o p5cil ( rays1 t 9 fact ! image =m$ 9 a comp\nd eye is a sort ( mosaic4 ,9 t case1 vision by means ( ^! eyes mu/ be direct2 & x is inde$ difficult to und]/& h[ an insect c obta9 a correct impression :5 x looks at ! _w ) five eyes1 ?ree ( :i* see ev]y?+ rev]s$1 :ile ! o!r two see ?+s ! "r way up6 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s reg>d ea* facet z an indep5d5t eye1 9 :i* case _m insects realise ! epigram ( ,plato-- ,?\ looke/ on ! />s1 my love1 ,ah1 w\ld t ,i c\ld be ,yon />ry skies ) ?\s& eyes1 ,t ,i might look on !e6 ,ev5 s1 !re=e1 we only sub/itute "o difficulty = ano!r4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,we h n only no pro( t animals are conf9$ to our five s5ses1 b !re are /rong reasons = believ+ t ?is is n ! case4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 _m animals h organs :i* f _! position1 /ructure1 & ri* supply ( n]ves1 are evid5tly organs ( s5se2 & yet :i* d n appe> to be adapt$ to any "o ( our five s5ses4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! limits ( he>+ are rea*$ :5 ab\t #ce1jjj vibrations ( ! air /rike on ! drums ( our e>s4 ,light1 z 0 fir/ conclusively demon/rat$ by our great c\ntryman ,"y1 is ! impression produc$ by vibration ( ! e!r on ! ret9a ( ! eye4 ,:5 #gjj millions ( millions ( vibrations /rike ! eye 9 a second1 we see violet2 & ! col\r *anges z ! numb] dim9i%es1 #djj millions ( millions giv+ u ! impression ( r$4 ,betwe5 #ce ?\s& & #djj millions ( millions ! int]val is imm5se1 & x is obvi\s t !re might be any numb] ( s5sations4 ,:5 we consid] h[ greatly animals diff] f u1 alike 9 habits & /ructure1 is x n possible1 nay1 m1 is x n likely t "s ( ^! problematical organs are ! seats ( s5ses unkn[n to u1 & give rise to s5sations ( :i* we h no conception8 ,9 addition to ! capacity = receiv+ & p]ceiv+1 "s animals h ! faculty ( emitt+ light4 ,9 our c\ntry ! gl[-worm is ! mo/ famili> case1 ?\gh "s o!r insects & worms h1 at any rate "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! same p[]1 & x is possible t _m o!rs are really lum9\s1 ?\gh ) light :i* is invisible to u4 ,9 w>m] climates ! ,fire-fly1 ,lan?orn-fly1 & _m o!r insects1 %9e ) mu* great] brilliance1 & 9 ^! cases ! gl[ seems to be a real love-light1 l ! lamp ( ,h]o4 ,_m small m>9e animals1 ,m$us1 ,cru/acea1 ,worms1 etc41 are also brilliantly lum9\s at night4 ,deep-sea animals are end[$ also 9 _m cases ) special lum9\s organs1 to :i* ,i %all ref] aga94 ,,s5se ,,( ,,direction ,x has be5 suppos$ t animals possess also :at has be5 call$ a ,s5se ( ,direction4 ,_m int]e/+ cases are on record ( animals f9d+ _! way home aft] be+ tak5 a consid]able di/ance4 ,to acc\nt = ?is fact x has be5 sugge/$ t animals possess a s5se ) :i* we are n end[$1 or ( :i*1 at any rate1 we possess only a trace4 ,! hom+ in/9ct ( ! pigeon has also be5 ascrib$ to ! same faculty4 ,my bro!r ,alfr$1 h[ev]1 :o has paid mu* att5tion to pigeons1 in=ms me t !y are nev] tak5 any great di/ance at once2 b if !y are int5d$ to take a long flight1 !y are tra9$ to d s by /ages4 ,d>w9 sugge/$ t x w\ld be int]e/+ to te/ ! case by tak+ animals 9 a close box1 & !n :irl+ !m r\nd rapidly be=e lett+ !m out4 ,?is is 9 fact done ) cats 9 "s p>ts ( ,france1 :5 ! family migrates1 & is consid]$ ! only way ( prev5t+ ! cat f return+ to ! old home4 ,fabre has tri$ ! same ?+ ) "s wild ,bees 7,*alicodoma74 ,he took "s1 m>k$ !m on ! back ) a spot ( :ite1 & put !m into a bag4 ,he !n c>ri$ !m a qu>t] ( a mile1 /opp+ at a po9t :]e an old cross /&s by ! wayside1 & :irl$ ! bag rapidly r\nd 8 head4 ,:ile he 0 do+ s a good woman came by1 :o seem$ n a little surpris$ to f9d ! ,pr(essor solemnly :irl+ a black bag r\nd 8 head 9 front ( ! cross2 &1 he fe>s1 suspect$ him ( ,satanic practices4 ,he !n c>ri$ 8 ,bees a mile & a half 9 ! opposite direction & let !m g4 ,?ree out ( t5 f\nd _! way home4 ,he tri$ ! same exp]im5t sev]al times1 9 "o case tak+ !m a little ov] two miles4 ,on an av]age ab\t a ?ird ( ! ,bees f\nd _! way home4 ,la dmon/ration1 says ,fabre1 e/ suffisante4 ,ni les m\vem5ts en*evtrs d'une rotation comme je l'ai dcrite2 ni l'ob/acle de coll9es fran*ir et de bois trav]s]2 ni les emb*es d'une voie qui s'avance1 rtrograde1 et revi5t p> un ample circuit1 ne peuv5t tr\bl] les ,*alicodomes dpayss et les emp*] de rev5ir au nid4 ,i mu/ say1 h[ev]1 t ,i am n conv9c$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! di/ances 7 ,i ?9k too %ort2 & 9 ! second1 ?\gh x is true t "s ( ! ,bees f\nd _! way home1 ne>ly two-?irds fail$ to d s4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to try ! exp]im5t aga91 tak+ ! ,bees say five miles4 ,if !y really possess any su* s5se1 t di/ance w\ld be no b> to _! return4 ,i h myself exp]im5t$ ) ,ants1 tak+ !m ab\t fifty y>ds f ! ne/1 & ,i always f\nd t !y w&]$ aimlessly ab\t1 hav+ evid5tly n ! slighte/ idea ( _! way home4 ,!y c]ta9ly did n appe> to possess any s5se ( direction4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,species ,! total numb] ( species may probably be safely e/imat$ z at lea/ #b1jjj1jjj1 ( :i* b a fraction h yet be5 describ$ or nam$4 ,( ext9ct species ! numb] 0 probably at lea/ z great4 ,9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>? !re h be5 at lea/ twelve p]iods1 9 ea* ( :i* by f> ! greate/ numb] 7 di/9ct4 ,! ,anci5t ,poets describ$ c]ta9 gift$ mortals z hav+ be5 privileg$ to desc5d into ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & ex]cis$ _! imag9ation 9 rec\nt+ ! wond]s ?us reveal$4 ,z 9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 ! realities ( ,sci5ce h prov$ f> m v>i$ & surpris+ ?an ! dreams ( fiction4 ,( ^! ext9ct species our k is ev5 m incomplete ?an t ( ! exi/+ species4 ,b ev5 ( our contempor>ies x is n too mu* to say t1 z 9 ! case ( plants1 !re is n "o ! /ructure1 habits1 & life-hi/ory ( :i* are yet fully kn[n to u4 ,! male ( ! ,cynips1 :i* produces ! common ,k+ ,*>les ,oak ,apple1 has only rec5tly be5 discov]$1 ^? ( ! root-fe$+ ,aphides1 :i* live 9 hundr$s 9 e ne/ ( ! yell[ ,mead[ ,ant 7,lasius flavus7 are /ill unkn[n2 ! habits & mode ( reproduction ( ! common ,eel h only j be5 discov]$2 & we may ev5 say g5]ally t _m ( ! mo/ int]e/+ rec5t discov]ies h relation to ! commone/ & mo/ famili> animals4 ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,small] ,,animals ,:atev] pre-em95ce ,man may claim = himself1 o!r animals h done f> m to affect ! face ( nature4 ,! pr9cipal ag5ts h n be5 ! l>g] or m intellig5t1 b r ! small]1 & individually less important1 species4 ,beav]s may h damm$ up _m ( ! riv]s ( ,briti% ,columbia1 & turn$ !m into a succession ( pools or m>%es1 b ?is is a slight matt] comp>$ ) ! action ( e>?worms & insects#ag 9 ! creation ( vegetable soil2 ( ! accumulation ( animalcules 9 fill+ up h>b\rs & lakes2 or ( ,zoophytes 9 ! con/ruction ( coral isl&s4 ,microscopic animals make up 9 numb] :at !y lack 9 size4 ,p>is is built ( ,infusoria4 ,! ,p59sula ( ,florida1 #gh1jjj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 is entirely compos$ ( coral debris & fragm5ts ( %ells4 ,*alk consi/s ma9ly ( ,=am9if]a & fragm5ts ( %ells deposit$ 9 a deep sea4 ,! numb] ( %ells requir$ to make up a cubic in* is almo/ incr$ible4 ,ehr5b]g has e/imat$ t ( ! ,bil9 poli%+ slate :i* caps ! m\nta91 & has a ?ickness ( =ty feet1 a cubic in* conta9s _m hundr$ million %ells ( ,infusoria4 ,9 ano!r respect ^! microscopic organisms are ( vital importance4 ,_m diseases are n[ kn[n1 & o!rs suspect$1 to be entirely due to ,bact]ia & o!r m9ute =ms ( life 7,microbes71 :i* multiply incr$ibly1 & ei!r de/roy _! victims1 or aft] a :ile dim9i% aga9 9 numb]s4 ,we live inde$ 9 a cl\d ( ,bact]ia4 ,at ! obs]vatory ( ,monts\ris at ,p>is x has be5 calculat$ t !re are ab\t #hj 9 ea* cubic met] ( air4 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 !y are mu* m num]\s4 ,pa/eur's rese>*es on ! ,silkworm disease l$ him to ! discov]y ( ,bact]ium an?racis1 ! cause ( spl5ic fev]4 ,microbes are pres5t 9 p]sons suff]+ f *ol]a1 typhus1 :oop+-c\gh1 measles1 hydrophobia1 etc41 b z to _! hi/ory & connection ) disease we h yet mu* to le>n4 ,x is =tunate1 inde$1 t !y d n all attack u4 ,9 surgical cases1 aga91 ! dang] ( comp\nd fractures & mortification ( w\nds has be5 f\nd to be ma9ly due to ! pres5ce ( microscopic organisms2 & ,li/]1 by 8 antiseptic treatm5t :i* de/roys ^! g]ms or prev5ts _! access1 has greatly dim9i%$ ! dang] ( op]ations1 & ! suff]+s ( recov]y4 ,,size ,,( ,,animals ,9 ! size ( animals we f9d e gradation f ^! atoms :i* ev5 9 ! mo/ p[]ful microscopes appe> z m]e po9ts1 up to ! gigantic reptiles ( pa/ ages & ! ,:ales ( our pres5t ocean4 ,! horn$ ,ray or ,skate is #be feet 9 l5g?1 by #cj 9 wid?4 ,! ,cuttle-fi%es ( our seas1 ?\gh s hide\s z to resemble a bad dream1 are too small to be =midable2 b (f ! ,newf\ndl& coa/ is a species ) arms sometimes #cj feet long1 s z to be #fj feet f tip to tip4 ,! body1 h[ev]1 is small 9 proportion4 ,! ,giraffe atta9s a height ( ov] #bj feet2 ! ,elephant1 ?\gh n s tall1 is m bulky2 ! ,crocodile rea*es a l5g? ( ov] #bj feet1 ! ,py?on ( #fj feet1 ! ext9ct ,titanosaurus ( ! ,am]ican ,jurassic b$s1 ! l>ge/ l& animal yet kn[n to u1 #ajj feet 9 l5g? & #cj 9 height2 ! ,:alebone ,:ale ov] #gj feet1 ,sibbald's ,:ale is said to h rea*$ #hj-ij1 :i* is p]haps ! limit4 ,capta9 ,scoresby inde$ m5tions a ,rorqual no less ?an #abj feet 9 l5g?1 b ?is is probably too great an e/imate4 ,,complexity ,,( ,,animal ,,/ructure ,! complexity ( animal /ructure is ev5 m m>vell\s ?an _! m]e magnitude4 ,a ,cat]pill> conta9s m ?an #bjjj muscles4 ,9 our own body are "s #b1jjj1jjj p]spiration gl&s1 communicat+ ) ! surface by ducts hav+ a total l5g? ( "s #aj miles2 :ile t ( ! art]ies1 ve9s1 & capill>ies mu/ be v great2 ! blood conta9s millions ( millions ( corpuscles1 ea* no d\bt a complex /ructure 9 itself2 ! rods 9 ! ret9a1 :i* are suppos$ to be ! ultimate recipi5t ( light1 are e/imat$ at #cj1jjj1jjj2 & ,me9]t has calculat$ t ! gray matt] ( ! bra9 is built up ( at lea/ #fjj1jjj1jjj cells4 ,no v]bal description1 h[ev]1 c d ju/ice to ! m>vell\s complexity ( animal /ructure1 :i* ! microscope alone1 & ev5 t b fa9tly1 c enable u to realise4 ,,l5g? ,,( ,,life ,h[ little we yet "k ( ! life-hi/ory ( ,animals is illu/rat$ by ! vagu5ess ( our in=mation z to ! age to :i* !y live4 ,pr(essor ,lanke/]#ah tells u t ! paucity & unc]ta9ty ( obs]vations on ?is class ( facts is extreme4 ,! ,rabbit is said to rea* #aj ye>s1 ! ,dog & ,%eep #aj-ab1 ! ,pig #bj1 ! ,horse #cj1 ! ,camel #ajj1 ! ,elephant #bjj1 ! ,gre5l& ,:ale #djj 7873 among ,birds1 ! ,p>rot to atta9 #ajj ye>s1 ! ,rav5 ev5 m4 ,! ,atur ,p>rot m5tion$ by ,humboldt1 talk$1 b c\ld n be und]/ood1 because x spoke 9 ! language ( an ext9ct ,indian tribe4 ,x is suppos$ f _! rate ( gr[? t among ,fi% ! ,c>p is said to rea* #aej ye>s2 & a ,pike1 #ai feet long1 & weigh+ #cej lbs41 is said to h be5 tak5 9 ,suabia 9 #adig c>ry+ a r+1 on :i* 0 inscrib$1 ,i am ! fi% :i* 0 fir/ ( all put into ! lake by ! h&s ( ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,univ]se1 ,fr$]ick ! ,second1 ! #e? ,oct4 #abcj4 ,?is w\ld imply an age ( ov] #bfg ye>s4 ,_m ,reptiles are no d\bt v long-liv$4 ,a ,tortoise is said to h rea*$ #ejj ye>s4 ,z reg>ds ! l[] animals1 ! greate/ age on record is t ( ,sir ,j4 ,dalzell's ,sea ,anemone1 :i* liv$ = ov] #ej ye>s4 ,insects are g5]ally %ort-liv$2 ! ,que5 ,bee1 h[ev]1 is said by ,ari/otle1 ^: /atem5t has n be5 confirm$ by rec5t writ]s1 to live #g ye>s4 ,i myself _h a ,que5 ,ant :i* atta9$ ! age ( #ae ye>s4 ,! ,may ,fly 7,ephem]a7 is celebrat$ z liv+ only = a day1 & has giv5 its "n to all ?+s %ort-liv$4 ,! /atem5t usually made is1 inde$1 v mislead+1 = 9 its l>val condition ! ,ephem]a lives = weeks4 ,_m writ]s h express$ surprise t 9 ! p]fect /ate its life %\ld be s %ort4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s def5celess1 &1 moreov]1 s mu* appreciat$ by birds & fi%1 t unless !y laid _! eggs v rapidly none w\ld p]haps survive to cont9ue ! species4 ,_m ( ^! e/imates are1 z w be se51 v vague & d\btful1 s t we mu/ /ill admit ) ,bacon t1 t\*+ ! l5g? & %ortness ( life 9 liv+ creatures1 ! in=mation :i* may be _h is b sl5d]1 obs]vation is neglig5t1 & tradition fabul\s4 ,9 tame creatures _! deg5]ate life corrupte? !m1 9 wild creatures _! expos+ to all wea!rs (t5 int]cepte? !m4 ,,on ,,individuality ,:5 we desc5d /ill l[] 9 ! animal scale1 ! consid]ation ( ?is "q op5s out a v curi\s & int]e/+ subject connect$ ) animal individuality4 ,z reg>ds ! animals ) :i* we are mo/ famili> no su* "q intrudes4 ,among quadrup$s & birds1 fi%es & reptiles1 !re is no difficulty 9 decid+ :e!r a giv5 organism is an individual1 or a "p ( an individual4 ,nor does ! difficulty arise 9 ! case ( mo/ insects4 ,! ,bee or ,butt]fly lays an egg :i* develops successively into a l>va & pupa1 f9ally produc+ ,bee or ,butt]fly4 ,9 ^! cases1 !re=e1 ! egg1 l>va1 pupa1 & p]fect ,insect1 are reg>d$ z /ages 9 ! life ( a s+le individual4 ,9 c]ta9 gnats1 h[ev]1 ! l>va itself produces "y l>v1 ea* ( :i* develops into a gnat1 s t ! egg produces n "o gnat b _m gnats4 ,! difficulty ( det]m9+ :at con/itutes an individual becomes /ill great] among ! ,zoophytes4 ,^! beautiful creatures 9 _m cases s closely resemble plants1 t until our c\ntryman ,ellis prov$ !m to be animals1 ,crabbe 0 ju/ifi$ 9 say+-- ,involv$ 9 seawrack "h we f9d a race1 ,:i* ,sci5ce1 d\bt+1 kn[s n :]e to place2 ,on %ell or /one is dropp$ ! embryo se$1 ,& quickly vegetates a vital bre$4 ,we _c wond] t su* organisms 7 long reg>d$ z belong+ to ! vegetable k+dom4 ,! cups :i* t]m9ate ! bran*es conta91 h[ev]1 an animal /ructure1 resembl+ a small ,sea ,anemone1 & possess+ arms :i* capture ! food by :i* ! :ole colony is n\ri%$4 ,"s ( ^! cups1 moreov]1 diff] f ! re/1 & produce eggs4 ,^! !n we might be dispos$ to t]m ov>ies4 ,b 9 _m species !y deta* !mselves f ! gr\p & lead an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,?us we f9d a complete gradation f /ructures :i*1 reg>d$ by !mselves1 we %\ld unque/ionably reg>d z m]e organs1 to o!rs :i* are c]ta9ly sep>ate & indep5d5t be+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,b\ga9villea fruticosa2 natural size4 7,aft] ,allman47 ,fig4 #b repres5ts1 aft] ,allman1 a colony ( ,b\ga9villea fruticosa ( ! natural size4 ,x is a ,briti% species1 :i* is f\nd gr[+ on buoys1 float+ timb]1 etc41 &1 says ,allman1 ,:5 9 heal? & vig\r1 (f]s a spectacle unsurpass$ 9 int]e/ by any o!r species--e bran*let cr[n$ by its graceful hydran?1 & budd+ ) ,m$us 9 all /ages ( developm5t 7,fig4 #c71 "s /ill 9 ! condition ( m9ute buds1 9 :i* no trace ( ! def9ite ,m$usa-=m c yet be detect$2 o!rs1 9 :i* ! outl9es ( ! ,m$usa c be di/9ctly trac$ )9 ! transp>5t ecto!que 7ext]nal lay]72 o!rs1 aga91 j ca/+ (f ?is ?9 out] pellicle1 & o!rs completely fre$ f x1 /ruggl+ ) convulsive ef=ts to break loose f ! colony1 & f9ally laun*$ =? 9 ! full enjoym5t ( _! fre$om into ! surr\nd+ wat]4 ,i "k ( no =m 9 :i* s _m ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( a typical hydroid are m f9ely express$ ?an 9 ?is beautiful species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,b\ga9villea fruticosa2 magnifi$ to %[ developm5t4 ,fig4 #d repres5ts ! ,m$usa or free =m ( ?is beautiful species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,b\ga9villea fruticosa1 ,m$usa-=m4 ,if we pass to ano!r great gr\p ( ,zoophytes1 t ( ! ,jelly-fi%es1 we h a v simil> case4 ,= our fir/ k ( ! life-hi/ory ( ^! ,zoophytes we are indebt$ to ! ,norwegian naturali/ ,s>s4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! common ,jelly-fi% 7,m$usa aurita7 7,fig4 #e7 ( our %ores4 ,! egg is a pe>-%ap$ body 7#a71 cov]$ ) f9e hairs1 by ! aid ( :i* x swims ab\t1 ! broad] end 9 front4 ,aft] a :ile x atta*es itself1 n z might h be5 expect$ by ! po/]ior b by ! ant]ior extremity 7#b74 ,! cilia !n disappe>1 a m\? is =m$ at ! free end1 t5tacles1 fir/ f\r 7#c71 !n eight1 & at l5g? z _m z ?irty 7#d71 are =m$1 & ! little creature resembles 9 ess5tials ! fre%wat] polyp 7,hydra7 ( our ponds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,m$usa aurita1 & progressive /ages ( developm5t4 ,at ! same "t transv]se wr9kles 7#d7 are =m$ r\nd ! body1 fir/ ne> ! free extremity & !n gradually desc5d+4 ,!y become deep] & deep]1 & develop lobes or divisions "o "u ! o!r1 z at #e4 ,aft] a :ile ! top r+ 7& subsequ5tly ! o!rs "o by "o7 deta*es itself1 swims away1 & gradually develops into a ,m$usa 7#f74 ,?us1 !n1 ! life-hi/ory is v simil> to t ( ! ,hydroids1 only t :ile 9 ! ,hydroids ! fix$ condition is ! m p]man5t1 & ! free swimm+ m transitory1 9 ! ,m$us1 on ! contr>y1 ! fix$ condition is app>5tly only a phase 9 ! production ( ! free swimm+ animal4 ,9 bo? ! "o & ! o!r1 h[ev]1 ! egg gives rise n to "o b to _m mature animals4 ,/e5/rup has giv5 to ^! curi\s ph5om5a1 _m o!r cases ( :i* occur among ! l[] animals1 & to :i* he fir/ call$ att5tion1 ! "n ( alt]nations ( g5]ations4 ,9 ! life-hi/ory ( ,infusoria 7s call$ because !y sw>m 9 mo/ animal or vegetable infusions7 simil> difficulties enc\nt] u4 ,! little creatures1 _m ( :i* are r\nd or oval 9 =m1 f "t to "t become con/rict$ 9 ! middle2 ! con/riction becomes deep] & deep]1 & at l5g? ! two halves twi/ !mselves ap>t & swim away4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 !re 0 "o1 & !re are n[ two exactly simil>2 b are ^! two individuals8 ,!y are n p>5t & (fspr+--t is cle>1 = !y are ( ! same age2 nor are !y tw9s1 = !re is no p>5t4 ,z already m5tion$1 we reg>d ! ,cat]pill>1 ,*rysalis1 & ,butt]fly z /ages 9 ! life-hi/ory ( a s+le individual4 ,b among ,zoophytes1 & ev5 among "s insects1 "o l>va (t5 produces sev]al mature =ms4 ,9 "s species ^! mature =ms rema9 atta*$ to ! l>val /ock1 & we might be dispos$ to reg>d ! :ole z "o complex organism4 ,b 9 o!rs !y deta* !mselves & lead an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,^! consid]ations !n introduce mu* difficulty into our conception ( ! idea ( an ,individual4 ,,animal ,,immortality ,b1 fur!r ?an ?is1 we are confront$ by by ano!r problem4 ,if we reg>d a mass ( coral z an individual because x arises by cont9u\s gr[? f a s+le egg1 !n x foll[s t "s corals mu/ be ?\s&s ( ye>s old4 ,"s ( ! l[] animals may be cut into pieces1 & ea* piece w develop into an entire organism4 ,9 fact ! realisation ( ! idea ( an individual gradually becomes m & m difficult1 & ! cont9uity ( exi/5ce1 ev5 among ! highe/ animals1 gradually =ces itself ^u u4 ,i believe t z we become m rational1 z we realise m fully ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 ?is consid]ation is likely to h important moral results4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ t dea? is ! common lot ( all liv+ be+s4 ,b is ?is necess>ily s8 ,infusoria & o!r unicellul> animals multiply by division4 ,t is to say1 if we wat* "o = a c]ta9 "t1 we %all obs]ve1 z already m5tion$1 t a con/riction takes place1 :i* gr[s gradually deep] & deep]1 until at la/ ! two halves become q deta*$1 & ea* swims away indep5d5tly4 ,! process is repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 & 9 ?is mann] ! species is propagat$4 ,"h obvi\sly !re is no bir? & no dea?4 ,su* creatures may be kill$1 b !y h no natural t]m ( life4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 !oretically immortal4 ,^? :i* liv$ millions ( ye>s ago may h gone on divid+ & subdivid+1 & 9 ?is s5se multitudes ( ! l[] animals are millions ( ye>s old4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,address to ,microscopical ,society1 #ahij4 #af ,ants1 ,bees1 & ,wasps1 & ,! ,s5ses ( ,animals4 #ag ,pr(4 ,drummond 7,tropical ,africa7 dwells ) great =ce on ! mann] 9 :i* ! soil ( ,c5tral ,africa is work$ up by ! ,:ite ,ants4 #ah ,lanke/]1 ,comp>ative ,longevity4 ,see also ,weismann1 ,duration ( ,life4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,on ,,plant ,,life ,fl[] 9 ! cranni$ wall1 ,i pluck y out ( ! crannies1 ,i hold y "h1 root & all1 9 my h&1 ,little fl[]--b if ,i c\ld und]/& ,:at y are1 root & all1 & all 9 all1 ,i %\ld "k :at ,god & man is4 ,,t5nyson4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,on ,,plant ,,life ,we are told t 9 old days ! ,fairies us$ to give pres5ts ( ,fl[]s & ,leaves to ^? :om !y wi%$ to rew>d1 or :om !y lov$ be/2 & ?\gh ^! gifts 71 x appe>s1 (t5 receiv$ ) disappo9tm5t1 /ill x w probably be admitt$ t fl[]s h contribut$ m to ! happ9ess ( our lives ?an ei!r gold or silv] or preci\s /ones2 & t our happie/ days h be5 sp5t out-(-doors 9 ! woods & fields1 :5 we h 444 f\nd 9 e woodl& way ,! sunlight t9t ( ,fairy ,gold4#ai ,to _m m9ds ,fl[]s acquir$ an additional int]e/ :5 x 0 %[n t !re 0 a reason = _! col\r1 size1 & =m--9 fact1 = e detail ( _! organisation4 ,if we did b "k all t ! smalle/ fl[] c\ld tell u1 we %\ld h solv$ "s ( ! greate/ my/]ies ( ,nature4 ,b we _c hope to succe$--ev5 if we _h ! g5ius ( ,plato or ,ari/otle--)\t c>eful1 pati5t1 & rev]5t /udy4 ,f su* an inquiry we may hope mu*2 already we h glimpses1 en\gh to conv9ce u t ! :ole hi/ory w op5 out to u conceptions ( ! ,univ]se wid] & gr&] ?an any :i* ! ,imag9ation alone w\ld ev] h sugge/$4 ,attempts to expla9 ! =ms1 col\rs1 & o!r *>act]i/ics ( animals & plants are by no means new4 ,our ,teutonic =efa!rs _h a pretty /ory :i* expla9$ c]ta9 po9ts ab\t sev]al common plants4 ,bald]1 ! ,god ( ,mir? & ,m]rim5t1 01 *>act]i/ically en\gh1 reg>d$ z defici5t 9 ! possession ( immortality4 ,! o!r div9ities1 fe>+ to lose him1 petition$ ,?or to make him immortal1 & ! pray] 0 grant$ on condition t e animal & plant w\ld swe> n to injure him4 ,to secure ?is object1 ,nanna1 ,bald]'s wife1 desc5d$ ^u ! e>?4 ,loki1 ! ,god ( ,envy1 foll[$ h]1 disguis$ z a cr[ 7:i* at t "t 7 :ite71 & settl$ on a little blue fl[]1 hop+ to cov] x up1 s t ,nanna might ov]look x4 ,! fl[]1 h[ev]1 cri$ out =get-me-n1 =get-me-n1 & has ev] s9ce be5 kn[n "u t "n4 ,loki !n flew up into an oak & sat on a mi/letoe4 ,"h he 0 m successful4 ,nanna c>ri$ (f ! oa? ( ! oak1 b ov]look$ ! mi/letoe4 ,%e ?\ght1 h[ev]1 & ! div9ities ?\ght1 t %e _h successfully accompli%$ h] mission1 & t ,bald] _h receiv$ ! gift ( immortality4 ,"o day1 suppos+ ,bald] pro(1 !y amus$ !mselves by %oot+ at him1 po/+ him aga9/ a ,holly4 ,loki tipp$ an arr[ ) a piece ( ,mi/letoe1 aga9/ :i* ,bald] 0 n pro(1 & gave x to ,bald]'s bro!r4 ,?is1 un=tunately1 pi]c$ him to ! he>t1 & he fell dead4 ,"s drops ( 8 blood spurt$ on to ! ,holly1 :i* acc\nts = ! r$ness ( ! b]ries2 ! ,mi/letoe 0 s griev$ t %e has ev] s9ce borne fruit l te>s2 & ! cr[1 ^: =m ,loki _h tak51 & :i* till !n _h be5 :ite1 0 turn$ black4 ,?is pretty my? acc\nts = sev]al ?+s1 b is op5 to fatal objections4 ,rec5t attempts to expla9 ! facts ( ,nature are n less fasc9at+1 &1 ,i ?9k1 m successful4 ,:y !n ?is m>vell\s v>iety8 ?is inexhau/ible treasury ( beautiful =ms8 ,does x result f "s innate t5d5cy 9 ea* species8 ,is x int5tionally design$ to delight ! eye ( man8 ,or has ! =m & size & texture "s ref]5ce to ! /ructure & organisation1 ! habits & requirem5ts ( ! :ole plant8 ,i %all nev] =get he>+ ,d>w9's pap] on ! /ructure ( ! ,c[slip & ,primrose1 aft] :i* ev5 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] comp>$ himself to ,pet] ,bell1 to :om ,a primrose by a riv]'s brim ,a yell[ primrose 0 to him1 ,& x 0 no?+ m4 ,we all1 ,i ?9k1 %>$ ! same feel+1 & f\nd t ! explanation ( ! fl[] !n giv51 & to :i* ,i %all ref] aga91 inve/$ x ) fre% int]e/ & ev5 ) new beauty4 ,a regul> fl[]1 su*1 = in/ance1 z a ,g]anium or a ,p9k1 consi/s ( f\r or m :orls ( leaves1 m or less modifi$3 ! l[e/ :orl is ! ,calyx1 & ! sep>ate leaves ( :i* x is compos$1 :i* h[ev] are sometimes unit$ into a tube1 are call$ sepals2 7#b7 a second :orl1 ! corolla1 consi/+ ( col\r$ leaves call$ petals1 :i*1 h[ev]1 l ^? ( ! ,calyx1 are (t5 unit$ into a tube2 7#c7 ( "o or m /am5s1 consi/+ ( a /alk or filam5t1 & a head or an!r1 9 :i* ! poll5 is produc$2 & 7#d7 a pi/il1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! fl[]1 & at ! base ( :i* is ! ,ov>y1 conta9+ "o or m se$s4 ,almo/ all l>ge fl[]s are brightly col\r$1 _m produce honey1 & _m are sweet-sc5t$4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! use & purpose ( ?is complex organisation8 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 well e/abli%$ t ! ma9 object ( ! col\r1 sc5t1 & honey ( fl[]s is to attract insects1 :i* are ( use to ! plant 9 c>ry+ ! poll5 f fl[] to fl[]4 ,9 _m species ! poll5 is1 & no d\bt x orig9ally 0 9 all1 c>ri$ by ! air4 ,9 ^! cases ! *ance aga9/ any giv5 gra9 ( poll5 rea*+ ! pi/il ( ano!r fl[] ( ! same species is ( c\rse v great1 & ! quantity ( poll5 requir$ is !re=e imm5se4 ,9 species :]e ! poll5 is w9d-borne z 9 mo/ ( our trees--firs1 oaks1 bee*1 a%1 elm1 etc41 & _m h]bace\s plants1 ! fl[]s are z a rule small & inconspicu\s1 gre5i%1 & )\t ei!r sc5t or honey4 ,moreov]1 !y g5]ally fl[] e>ly1 s t ! poll5 may n be int]cept$ by ! leaves1 b may h a bett] *ance ( rea*+ ano!r fl[]4 ,& !y produce an imm5se quantity ( poll51 z o!rwise !re w\ld be little *ance t any w\ld rea* ! female fl[]4 ,e "o mu/ h notic$ ! cl\ds ( poll5 produc$ by ! ,scot* ,fir4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! poll5 is c>ri$ by insects1 ! quantity necess>y is greatly r$uc$4 ,/ill x has be5 calculat$ t a ,peony fl[] produces betwe5 #c1jjj1jjj & #d1jjj1jjj poll5 gra9s2 9 ! ,d&elion1 :i* is m specialis$1 ! numb] is r$uc$ to ab\t #bej1jjj2 :ile 9 su* a fl[] z ! ,dead-nettle x is /ill small]4 ,! honey attracts ! insects2 :ile ! sc5t & col\r help !m to f9d ! fl[]s1 ! sc5t be+ especially useful at night1 :i* is p]haps ! reason :y ev5+ fl[]s are s sweet4 ,x is to insects1 !n1 t fl[]s owe _! beauty1 sc5t1 & sweetness4 ,j z g>d5]s1 by cont9ual selection1 h add$ s mu* to ! beauty ( our g>d5s1 s to ! unconsci\s action ( insects is due ! beauty1 sc5t1 & sweetness ( ! fl[]s ( our woods & fields4 ,let u n[ apply ^! views to a few common fl[]s4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! ,:ite ,dead-nettle4 ,! corolla ( ?is beautiful & famili> fl[] 7,fig4 #f7 consi/s ( a n>r[ tube1 some:at exp&$ at ! upp] end 7,fig4 #g71 :]e ! l[] lobe =ms a plat=m1 on ea* side ( :i* is a small project+ too? 7,fig4 #h1 m74 ,! upp] portion ( ! corolla is an ar*$ hood 7co71 "u :i* lie f\r an!rs 7a a71 9 pairs1 :ile betwe5 !m1 & project+ some:at d[nw>ds1 is ! po9t$ pi/il 7/72 ! tube at ! l[] "p conta9s honey1 & above ! honey is a r[ ( hairs runn+ r\nd ! tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f--,:ite ,dead-nettle4 ,n[1 :y has ! fl[] ?is peculi> =m8 ,:at regulates ! l5g? ( ! tube8 ,:at is ! use ( ! ar*8 ,:at lesson d ! little tee? tea* u8 ,:at advantage is ! honey to ! fl[]8 ,( :at use is ! fr+e ( hairs8 ,:y does ! /igma project beyond ! an!rs8 ,:y is ! corolla :ite1 :ile ! re/ ( ! plant is gre58 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,! honey ( c\rse s]ves to attract ! ,humble ,bees by :i* ! fl[] is f]tilis$1 & to :i* x is especially adapt$2 ! :ite col\r makes ! fl[] m conspicu\s2 ! l[] lip =ms ! /age on :i* ! ,bees may alight2 ! l5g? ( ! tube is adapt$ to t ( _! proboscis2 its n>r[ness & ! fr+e ( f9e hairs exclude small insects :i* might rob ! fl[] ( its honey )\t p]=m+ any s]vice 9 return2 ! ar*$ upp] lip protects ! /am5s & pi/il1 & prev5ts ra9-drops f *ok+ up ! tube & wa%+ away ! honey2 ! little tee? are1 ,i believe1 ( no use to ! fl[] 9 its pres5t condition1 !y are ! la/ relics ( lobes once mu* l>g]1 & /ill rema9+ s 9 "s alli$ species1 b :i* 9 ! ,dead-nettle1 be+ no long] ( any use1 are gradually disappe>+2 ! height ( ! ar* has ref]5ce to ! size ( ! ,bee1 be+ j s mu* above ! alight+ /age t ! ,bee1 :ile suck+ ! honey1 rubs its back aga9/ ! hood & ?us comes 9 contact fir/ ) ! /igma & !n ) ! an!rs1 ! poll5-gra9s f :i* adh]e to ! hairs on ! ,bee's back1 & are ?us c>ri$ (f to ! next fl[] :i* ! ,bee visits1 :5 "s ( !m are !n lick$ (f by ! viscid tip ( ! /igma4#bj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,9 ! ,salvias1 ! common blue ,salvia ( our g>d5s1 = in/ance1--a plant alli$ to ! ,dead-nettle1--! fl[] 7,fig4 #i7 is con/ruct$ on ! same plan1 b ! ar* is mu* l>g]1 s t ! back ( ! ,bee does n ne>ly rea* x4 ,! /am5s1 h[ev]1 h und]gone a rem>kable modification4 ,two ( !m h become small & functionless4 ,9 ! o!r two ! an!rs or cells produc+ ! poll51 :i* 9 mo/ fl[]s =m toge!r a r\nd knob or head at ! top ( ! /am51 are sep>at$ by a long arm1 :i* plays on ! top ( ! /am5 z on a h+e4 ,( ^! two arms "o hangs d[n into ! tube1 clos+ ! passage1 :ile ! o!r lies "u ! ar*$ upp] lip4 ,:5 ! ,bee pu%es its proboscis d[n ! tube 7,fig4 #aa7 x presses ! l[] arm to "o side1 & ! upp] arm consequ5tly desc5ds1 tapp+ ! ,bee on ! back1 & du/+ x ) poll54 ,:5 ! fl[] is a little old] ! pi/il 7,fig4 #i1 p7 has elongat$ s t ! /igma 7,fig4 #aj1 /7 t\*es ! back ( ! ,bee & c>ries (f "s ( ! poll54 ,?is s\nds a little complicat$1 b is cle> en\gh if we take a twig or /alk ( grass & pu% x d[n ! tube1 :5 "o arm ( ea* ( ! two l>g] /am5s w at once make its appe>ance4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful pieces ( plant me*anism :i* ,i "k1 & 0 fir/ describ$ by ,spr5gel1 a poor ,g]man s*oolma/]4 ,,snapdragon ,at fir/ sight x may seem an objection to ! view "h advocat$ t ! fl[]s 9 "s species--z1 = in/ance1 ! common ,snapdragon 7,antirrh9um71 :i*1 accord+ to ! above giv5 te/s1 ought to be f]tilis$ by insects--are entirely clos$4 ,a little consid]ation1 h[ev]1 w sugge/ ! reply4 ,! ,snapdragon is especially adapt$ = f]tilisation by ,humble ,bees4 ,! /am5s & pi/il are s arrang$ t small] species w\ld n effect ! object4 ,x is !re=e an advantage t !y %\ld be exclud$1 & 9 fact !y are n /rong en\gh to move ! spr+4 ,! ,antirrh9um is1 s to speak1 a clos$ box1 ( :i* ! ,humble ,bees alone possess ! key4 ,,furze1 ,,broom1 ,,& ,,laburnum ,o!r fl[]s su* z ! ,furze1 ,broom1 ,laburnum1 etc41 are also op5$ by ,bees4 ,! petals lock m or less into "o ano!r1 & ! fl[] rema9s at fir/ clos$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! insect alight+ on x presses d[n ! keel1 ! fl[] bur/s op51 & du/s x ) poll54 ,,sweet ,,pea ,9 ! above cases ! fl[] once op5$ does n close aga94 ,9 o!rs1 su* z ! ,sweet ,pea & ! ,bird's-foot ,lotus1 ,nature has be5 m c>eful4 ,:5 ! ,bee alights x clasps ! w+s ( ! fl[] ) its legs1 ?us press+ !m d[n2 !y are1 h[ev]1 lock$ into ! keel1 or l[] petal1 :i* accord+ly is also =c$ d[n1 ?us expos+ ! poll5 :i* rubs aga9/1 & "p ( :i* /icks to1 ! brea/ ( ! ,bee4 ,:5 %e leaves ! fl[] ! keel & w+s rise aga91 ?us protect+ ! re/ ( ! poll5 & keep+ x ready until ano!r visitor comes4 ,x is easy to c>ry out ! same process ) ! f+]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,fl[] & ,poll5 ( ,primrose ,,primula ,9 ! ,primrose & ,c[slip1 aga91 we f9d q a diff]5t plan4 ,x _h long be5 kn[n t if a numb] ( ,c[slips or ,primroses are exam9$1 ab\t half w\ld be f\nd to h ! /igma at ! top ( ! tube & ! /am5s half way d[n1 :ile 9 ! o!r half ! /am5s are at ! top & ! /igma half way d[n4 ,^! two =ms are ab\t equally num]\s1 b nev] occur on ! same /ock4 ,!y h be5 long kn[n to *ildr5 & g>d5]s1 :o call !m ?rum-ey$ & p9-ey$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 ! fir/ to expla9 ! significance ( ?is curi\s diff]5ce4 ,x co/ him sev]al ye>s ( pati5t lab\r1 b :5 once po9t$ out x is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,an insect ?ru/+ its proboscis d[n a primrose ( ! long-/yl$ =m 7,fig4 #ab7 w\ld du/ its proboscis at a "p 7a7 :i*1 :5 x visit$ a %ort-/yl$ fl[] 7,fig4 #ac71 w\ld come j opposite ! head ( ! pi/il 7/71 & c\ld n fail to deposit "s ( ! poll5 on ! /igma4 ,conv]sely1 an insect visit+ a %ort-/yl$ plant w\ld du/ its proboscis at a "p f>!r f ! tip2 :i*1 :5 ! insect subsequ5tly visit$ a long-/yl$ fl[]1 w\ld aga9 come j opposite to ! head ( ! pi/il4 ,h5ce we see t by ?is beautiful arrangem5t insects mu/ c>ry ! poll5 ( ! long-/yl$ =m to ! %ort-/yl$1 & vice v]s4 ,! economy ( poll5 is n ! only advantage :i* plants d]ive f ^! visits ( ,insects4 ,a second & sc>cely less important is t !y t5d to secure cross f]tilisation2 t is to say1 t ! se$ %all be f]tilis$ by poll5 f ano!r plant4 ,! fact t cross f]tilisation is ( advantage to ! plant d\btless also expla9s ! curi\s arrangem5t t 9 _m plants ! /am5 & pi/il d n mature at ! same "t--! =m] hav+ %$ _! poll5 be=e ! pi/il is mature2 or1 :i* happ5s less (t51 ! pi/il hav+ )]$ be=e ! poll5 is ripe4 ,9 mo/ ,g]aniums1 ,p9ks1 etc41 = in/ance1 & _m alli$ species1 ! /am5s rip5 fir/1 & are foll[$ aft] an int]val by ! pi/il4 ,,! ,,nott+ham ,,cat*fly ,! ,nott+ham ,cat*fly 7,sil5e nutans7 is a v int]e/+ case4 ,! fl[] is adapt$ to be f]tilis$ by ,mo?s4 ,accord+ly x op5s t[>ds ev5+1 & z is g5]ally ! case ) su* fl[]s1 is pale 9 col\r1 & sweet-sc5t$4 ,!re are two sets ( /am5s1 five 9 ea* set4 ,! fir/ ev5+ t ! fl[] op5s "o set ( /am5s rip5 & expose _! poll54 ,t[>ds morn+ ^! )] away1 ! fl[] %rivels up1 ceases to emit sc5t1 & looks z if x 7 fad$4 ,s x rema9s all next day4 ,t[>ds ev5+ x reop5s1 ! second set ( /am5s h _! turn1 & ! fl[] aga9 becomes fragrant4 ,by morn+1 h[ev]1 ! second set ( /am5s h %rivell$1 & ! fl[] is aga9 asleep4 ,f9ally on ! ?ird ev5+ x reop5s = ! la/ "t1 ! long spiral /igmas exp&1 & c h>dly fail to be f]tilis$ ) ! poll5 br\ght by ,mo?s f o!r fl[]s4 ,,! ,,hea? ,9 ! hang+ fl[]s ( ,hea?s ! /am5s =m a r+1 & ea* "o be>s two horns4 ,:5 ! ,bee ins]ts its proboscis into ! fl[] to rea* ! honey1 x is sure to press aga9/ "o ( ^! horns1 ! r+ is dislocat$1 & ! poll5 falls on to ! head ( ! insect4 ,9 fact1 any numb] ( o!r int]e/+ cases might be m5tion$4 ,,bees ,,& ,,flies ,bees are intellig5t insects1 & w\ld soon cease to visit fl[]s :i* did n supply !m ) food4 ,flies1 h[ev]1 are m /upid1 & are (t5 deceiv$4 ,?us 9 our lovely little ,p>nassia1 five ( ! t5 /am5s h ceas$ to produce poll51 b are prolong$ into f+]s1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a %9+ yell[ knob1 :i* looks exactly l a drop ( honey1 & by :i* ,flies are cont9ually deceiv$4 ,p>is quadrifolia also takes !m 9 ) a deceptive promise ( ! same k9d4 ,"s =eign plants h livid yell[ & r$di% fl[]s1 ) a mo/ (f5sive smell1 & are con/antly visit$ by ,flies1 :i* app>5tly take !m = pieces ( decay+ meat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,arum4 ,! fl[] ( ! common ,lords & ,ladies 7,arum7 ( our h$ges is a v int]e/+ case4 ,! n>r[ neck be>s a numb] ( hairs po9t+ d[nw>ds4 ,! /am5s are situat$ above ! /igma1 :i* comes to maturity fir/4 ,small ,flies ent] ! fl[] app>5tly = %elt]1 b ! hairs prev5t !m f return+1 & !y are kept captive until ! an!rs h %$ _! poll54 ,!n1 :5 ! ,flies h be5 well du/$1 ! hairs %rivel up1 leav+ a cle> road1 & ! prison]s are p]mitt$ to escape4 ,! tubul> fl[]s ( ,ari/olo*ia (f] a v simil> case4 ,,pa/ ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,fl[]s ,if ! views "h advocat$ are correct1 x foll[s t ! orig9al fl[]s 7 small & gre51 z w9d-f]tilis$ fl[]s are ev5 n[4 ,b su* fl[]s are inconspicu\s4 ,^? :i* are col\r$1 say yell[ or :ite1 are ( c\rse mu* m visible & m likely to be visit$ by insects4 ,i h else:]e giv5 my reasons = ?9k+ t "u ^! circum/ances "s fl[]s became yell[1 t "s ( !m became :ite1 o!rs subsequ5tly r$1 & "s f9ally blue4 ,x w be obs]v$ t r$ & blue fl[]s are z a rule highly specialis$1 su* z ,aconites & ,l>kspurs z comp>$ ) ,butt]cups2 blue ,g5tians z comp>$ ) yell[1 etc4 ,i h f\nd by exp]im5t t ,bees are especially p>tial to blue & p9k4 ,tubul> fl[]s almo/ always1 if n always1 conta9 honey1 & are specially suit$ to ,butt]flies & ,mo?s1 ,bees & ,flies4 ,^? :i* are f]tilis$ by ,mo?s g5]ally come out 9 ! ev5+1 are (t5 v sweetly sc5t$1 & are g5]ally :ite or pale yell[1 ^! col\rs be+ mo/ visible 9 ! twilight4 ,ari/otle long ago notic$ ! curi\s fact t 9 ea* j\rney ,bees conf9e !mselves to "s p>ticul> fl[]4 ,?is is an economy ( lab\r to ! ,bee1 because %e has n to v>y h] c\rse ( proce$+4 ,x is also an advantage to ! plants1 because ! poll5 is c>ri$ f ea* fl[] to ano!r ( ! same species1 & is !re=e less likely to be wa/$4 ,,fruits ,,& ,,se$s ,aft] ! fl[] comes ! se$1 (t5 conta9$ 9 a fruit1 & :i* itself encloses ! future plant4 ,fruits & se$s are adapt$ = disp]sion1 beautifully & 9 v>i\s ways3 "s by ! w9d1 be+ ei!r provid$ ) a w+1 z 9 ! fruits ( _m trees--,sycamores1 ,a%1 ,elms1 etc42 or ) a hairy cr[n or cov]+1 z ) ,?i/les1 ,d&elions1 ,will[s1 ,cotton plant1 etc4 ,"s se$s are c>ri$ by animals2 ei!r z food--su* z mo/ edible fruits & se$s1 acorns1 nuts1 apples1 /rawb]ries1 raspb]ries1 blackb]ries1 plums1 grasses1 etc4--or involunt>ily1 ! se$s hav+ hook$ hairs or processes1 su* z burrs1 cleav]s1 etc4 ,"s se$s are scatt]$ by ! plants !mselves1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( _m ,g]aniums1 ,violets1 ,balsams1 ,%amrocks1 etc4 ,our little ,h]b ,rob]t ?r[s its se$s "s #be feet4 ,"s se$s =ce !mselves into ! gr\nd1 z ^? ( c]ta9 grasses1 ,cranes'-bills 7,erodiums71 etc4 ,"s are buri$ by ! p>5t plants1 z ^? ( c]ta9 clov]s1 vet*es1 violets1 etc4 ,"s atta* !mselves to ! soil1 z ^? ( ! ,flax2 or to trees1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,mi/letoe4 ,,leaves ,aga91 z reg>ds ! leaves !re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no d\bt t simil> consid]ations ( utility are applicable4 ,_! =ms are almo/ inf9itely v>i$4 ,to quote ,rusk9's vivid words1 !y take all k9ds ( /range %apes1 z if to invite u to exam9e !m4 ,/>-%ap$1 he>t-%ap$1 spe>-%ap$1 arr[-%ap$1 frett$1 fr+$1 cleft1 furr[$1 s]rat$1 s9uat$1 9 :orls1 9 tufts1 9 spires1 9 wrea?s1 endlessly expressive1 deceptive1 fanta/ic1 nev] ! same f foot-/alk to blossom1 !y seem p]petually to tempt our wat*fulness & take delight 9 out/epp+ our wond]4 ,b besides ^! diff]5ces ( m]e =m1 !re are _m o!rs3 ( /ructure1 texture1 & surface2 "s are sc5t$ or h a /rong ta/e1 or acrid juice1 "s are smoo?1 o!rs hairy2 & ! hairs aga9 are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,i h else:]e#ba endeav\r$ to expla9 "s ( ! causes :i* h det]m9$ ^! endless v>ieties4 ,9 ! ,bee*1 = in/ance 7,fig4 #ae71 ! leaf has an area ( ab\t #c squ>e in*es4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! buds is ab\t #a-a_/d in*1 & ! leaves lie 9 ! g5]al plane ( ! bran*1 :i* b5ds slightly at ea* int]node4 ,! basal half ( ! leaf fits ! swell ( ! twig1 :ile ! upp] half foll[s ! edge ( ! leaf above2 & ! =m ( ! inn] edge be+ ?us det]m9$1 decides t ( ! out] "o also4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,bee*4 ,! weight1 & consequ5tly ! size ( ! leaf1 is limit$ by ! /r5g? ( ! twig2 &1 aga91 9 a climate su* z ours x is important to plants to h _! leaves s arrang$ z to secure ! maximum ( light4 ,h5ce 9 leaves :i* lie p>allel to ! plane ( ! b\ghs1 z 9 ! ,bee*1 ! wid? dep5ds p>tly on ! di/ance betwe5 ! buds2 if ! leaves 7 broad]1 !y w\ld ov]lap1 if !y 7 n>r[]1 space w\ld be wa/$4 ,consequ5tly ! wid? be+ det]m9$ by ! di/ance betwe5 ! buds1 & ! size dep5d+ on ! weight :i* ! twig c safely support1 ! l5g? also is det]m9$4 ,?is argum5t is well illu/rat$ by comp>+ ! leaves ( ! ,bee* ) ^? ( ! ,spani% ,*e/nut4 ,! arrangem5t is simil>1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! buds be+ ab\t ! same1 s is ! wid? ( ! leaves4 ,b ! t]m9al bran*es ( ! ,spani% ,*e/nut be+ mu* /rong]1 ! leaves c safely be heavi]2 h5ce ! wid? be+ fix$1 !y gr[ 9 l5g? & assume ! well-kn[n & peculi> sword-blade %ape4 ,9 ! ,sycamores1 ,maples 7,fig4 #af71 & ,horse-,*e/nuts ! arrangem5t is altoge!r diff]5t4 ,! %oots are /iff & upright ) leaves plac$ at "r angles to ! bran*es in/ead ( be+ p>allel to !m4 ,! leaves are 9 pairs & decussate ) "o ano!r2 :ile ! l[] ones h long petioles :i* br+ !m almo/ to ! level ( ! upp] pairs1 ! :ole ?us =m+ a beautiful dome4 ,= leaves arrang$ z 9 ! ,bee* ! g5tle swell at ! base is admirably suit$2 b 9 a cr[n ( leaves su* z ^? ( ! ,sycamore1 space w\ld be wa/$1 & x is bett] t !y %\ld exp& at once1 s soon z _! /alks h c>ri$ !m free f ! upp] & inn] leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,ac] platanoides4 ,9 ! ,black ,popl> ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves is aga9 q diff]5t4 ,! leaf /alk is flatt5$1 s t ! leaves hang v]tically4 ,9 connection ) ?is x w be obs]v$ t :ile 9 mo/ leaves ! upp] & "u surfaces are q unlike1 9 ! ,black ,popl> on ! contr>y !y are v simil>4 ,! /omata or brea?+ holes1 moreov]1 :i* 9 ! leaves ( mo/ trees are conf9$ to ! "u surface1 are 9 ?is species ne>ly equally num]\s on bo?4 ,! ,compass ,plant ( ! ,am]ican prairies1 a plant n unlike a small sunfl[]1 is ano!r species ) upright leaves1 :i* gr[+ 9 ! wide op5 prairies t5d to po9t nor? & s\?1 ?us expos+ bo? surfaces equally to ! light & heat4 ,su* a position also affects ! int]nal /ructure ( ! leaf1 ! two sides becom+ simil> 9 /ructure1 :ile 9 o!r cases ! upp] & "u surfaces are v diff]5t4 ,9 ! ,yew ! leaves are ins]t$ close to "o ano!r1 & are l9e>2 :ile 9 ! ,box !y are fur!r ap>t & broad]4 ,9 o!r cases ! wid? ( ! leaves is det]m9$ by :at botani/s call ! ,phyllotaxy4 ,"s plants h ! leaves opposite1 ea* pair be+ at "r angles ) ! pairs above & bel[4 ,9 o!rs !y are alt]nate1 & arrang$ r\nd ! /em 9 a spiral4 ,9 "o v common arrangem5t ! six? leaf /&s directly ov] ! fir/1 ! int]m$iate ones =m+ a spiral :i* has pass$ twice r\nd ! /em4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is kn[n z ! #b_/e arrangem5t4 ,common cases are #a_/b1 #a_/c1 #b_/e1 #c_/h1 & #e_/ac4 ,9 ! fir/ ! leaves are g5]ally broad1 9 ! #c_/h arrangem5t !y are elliptic1 9 ! #e_/ac & m complicat$ arrangem5ts ne>ly l9e>4 ,! ,will[s af=d a v int]e/+ s]ies4 ,salix h]bacea has ! #a_/c arrangem5t & r\nd$ leaves1 ,salix caprea elliptic leaves & #b_/e1 ,salix p5t&ra lancet-%ap$ leaves & #c_/h1 & ,s4 incana l9e> leaves & a #e_/ac arrangem5t4 ,! result is t :e!r ! s]ies consi/s ( #b1 #c1 #e1 #h1 or #ac leaves1 9 e case1 if we look p]p5dicul>ly at a twig ! leaves occupy ! :ole circle4 ,9 h]bace\s plants upright leaves z a rule are n>r[1 :i* is obvi\sly an advantage1 :ile pro/rate ones are broad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aquatic ,,vegetation1 ,,brazil4 ,to face page #ade4 ,,aquatic ,,plants ,_m aquatic plants h two k9ds ( leaves2 "s m or less r\nd$1 :i* float on ! surface2 & o!rs cut up into n>r[ segm5ts1 :i* rema9 bel[4 ,! latt] ?us pres5t a great] ext5t ( surface4 ,9 air su* leaves w\ld be unable ev5 to support _! own weight1 mu* less to resi/ ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,9 /ill air1 h[ev]1 = ! same reason1 f9ely-divid$ leaves may be an advantage1 :ile 9 expos$ positions compact & entire leaves are m suitable4 ,h5ce h]bace\s plants t5d to h divid$1 bu%es & trees entire1 leaves4 ,!re are _m cases :5 ev5 9 ! same family l[ & h]b-l species h f9ely-cut leaves1 :ile 9 %rubby or ligne\s ones !y m or less resemble ^? ( ! ,laurel or ,bee*4 ,^! consid]ations affect trees m ?an h]bs1 because trees /& m alone1 :ile h]bace\s plants are m affect$ by surr\nd+ plants4 ,upright leaves t5d to be n>r[1 z 9 ! case ( grasses2 horizontal leaves1 on ! contr>y1 wid]4 ,l>ge leaves are m or less brok5 up into leaflets1 z 9 ! ,a%1 ,m\nta9-,a%1 ,horse-,*e/nut1 etc4 ,! =ms ( leaves dep5d also mu* on ! mann] 9 :i* !y are pack$ into ! buds4 ,! leaves ( our ,engli% trees1 z ,i h already said1 are s arrang$ z to secure ! maximum ( light2 9 v hot c\ntries ! rev]se is ! case4 ,h5ce1 9 ,au/ralia1 = in/ance1 ! leaves are arrang$ n horizontally1 b v]tically1 s z to pres5t1 n _! surfaces1 b _! edges1 to ! sun4 ,"o ,engli% plant1 a species ( lettuce1 has ! same habit4 ,?is consid]ation has l$ also to o!r *anges4 ,9 _m species ! leaves are arrang$ directly "u1 s z to %elt]1 "o ano!r4 ,! ,au/ralian species ( ,acacia h lo/ _! true leaves1 & ! p>ts :i* 9 !m we g5]ally call leaves are 9 reality v]tically-flatt5$ leaf /alks4 ,9 o!r cases ! /em itself is gre51 & to "s ext5t replaces ! leaves4 ,9 our common ,broom we see an approa* to ?is1 & ! same feature is m m>k$ 9 ,cactus4 ,or ! leaves become fle%y1 ?us (f]+1 9 proportion to _! volume1 a small] surface = evaporation4 ,( ?is ! ,/onecrops1 ,mesembryan!mum1 etc41 are famili> in/ances4 ,o!r modes ( *eck+ transpiration & ?us adapt+ plants to dry situations are by ! developm5t ( hairs1 by ! =mation ( *alky excretions1 by ! sap becom+ sal9e or viscid1 by ! leaf becom+ m or less roll$ up1 or protect$ by a cov]+ ( v>ni%4 ,our ,engli% trees are = ! mo/ "p decidu\s4 ,leaves w\ld be comp>atively useless 9 w9t] :5 gr[? is /opp$ by ! cold2 moreov]1 !y w\ld hold ! sn[1 & ?us cause ! b\ghs to be brok5 d[n4 ,h5ce p]haps ! gloss9ess ( ,ev]gre5 leaves1 z1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,holly1 f :i* ! sn[ slips (f4 ,9 w>m] climates trees t5d to reta9 _! leaves1 & "s species :i* are decidu\s 9 ! nor? become ev]gre51 or ne>ly s1 9 ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,ev]gre5 leaves are z a rule t\gh] & ?ick] ?an ^? :i* drop (f 9 autumn2 !y require m protection f ! wea!r4 ,b "s ev]gre5 leaves are mu* long] liv$ ?an o!rs2 ^? ( ! ,ev]gre5 ,oak d n survive a second ye>1 ^? ( ! ,scot* ,p9e live = ?ree1 ( ! ,spruce ,fir1 ,yew1 etc41 = eight or t51 ( ! ,p9sapo ev5 eighte54 ,z a g5]al rule ! ,conif]s ) %ort leaves keep !m on = sev]al ye>s1 ^? ) long ones = few]1 ! l5g? ( ! leaf be+ some:at 9 ! inv]se ratio to ! l5g? ( its life2 b ?is is n an inv>iable crit]ion1 z o!r circum/ances also h to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,leaves ) /rong sc5t1 aromatic ta/e1 or acrid juice1 are *>act]i/ic ( dry regions1 :]e !y run especial dang] ( be+ eat51 & :]e !y are ?us m or less effectively protect$4 ,,on ,,hairs ,! hairs ( plants are useful 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 "s cases 7#a7 !y keep (f sup]flu\s moi/ure2 9 o!rs 7#b7 !y prev5t too rapid evaporation2 9 "s 7#c7 !y s]ve z a protection aga9/ too gl>+ light2 9 "s 7#d7 !y protect ! plant f br[s+ quadrup$s2 9 o!rs 7#e7 f be+ eat5 by insects2 or1 7#f7 s]ve z a quickset h$ge to prev5t access to ! fl[]s4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! fir/ case ,i may ref] to _m alp9e plants1 ! well-kn[n ,edelweiss1 = in/ance1 :]e ! woolly cov]+ ( hairs prev5ts ! /omata1 or m9ute pores lead+ into ! int]ior ( ! leaf1 f be+ clogg$ up by ra91 dew1 or fog1 & ?us enable !m to fulfil _! functions z soon z ! sun comes out4 ,z reg>ds ! second case _m des]t & /eppe-plants are cov]$ ) felty hairs1 :i* s]ve to prev5t too rapid evaporation & consequ5t loss ( moi/ure4 ,! woolly hairy leaves ( ! ,mulle9s 7,v]bascum7 d\btless t5d to protect !m f be+ eat51 z also d ! sp9es ( ,?i/les1 & ^? ( ,hollies1 :i*1 be x rem>k$1 gradually disappe> on ! upp] leaves :i* br[s+ quadrup$s _c rea*4 ,i h already allud$ to ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* fl[]s are adapt$ to f]tilisation by insects4 ,b ,ants & o!r small creep+ insects _c effectually secure ?is object4 ,h5ce x is important t !y %\ld be exclud$1 & n all[$ to c>ry (f ! honey1 = :i* !y w\ld p]=m no s]vice 9 return4 ,9 _m cases1 !re=e1 ! op5+ ( ! fl[] is ei!r contract$ to a n>r[ passage1 or is itself protect$ by a fr+e ( hairs4 ,9 o!rs ! p$uncle1 or ! /alk ( ! plant1 is protect$ by a h$ge1 or *evaux de frise1 ( hairs4 ,9 ?is connection ,i might allude to ! _m plants :i* are m or less viscid4 ,?is also is 9 mo/ cases a provision to preclude creep+ insects f access to ! fl[]s4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r k9ds ( hairs to :i* ,i might ref]--gl&ul> hairs1 secretive hairs1 absorb+ hairs1 etc4 ,x is m>vell\s h[ beautifully ! =m & /ructure ( leaves is adapt$ to ! habits & requirem5ts ( ! plants1 b ,i mu/ n enl>ge fur!r on ?is int]e/+ subject4 ,! "t inde$ w no d\bt come :5 we %all be able to expla9 e diff]5ce ( =m & /ructure1 almo/ inf9ite z ^! diff]5ces are4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,soil ,! "* ( ! vegetation is ( c\rse greatly influ5c$ by t ( ! soil4 ,9 ?is respect granitic & calc>e\s regions (f] p]haps ! be/ m>k$ contra/4 ,!re are 9 ,switz]l& two k9ds ( ,rhodod5drons1 v simil> 9 _! fl[]s1 b contra/$ 9 _! leaves3 ,rhodod5dron hirsutum hav+ !m hairy at ! edges z ! "n indicates2 :ile 9 ,r4 f]rug9eum !y are roll$1 b n hairy1 at ! edges1 & become f]rug9e\s on ! l[] side4 ,?is species occurs 9 ! granitic regions1 :]e ,r4 hirsutum does n gr[4 ,! ,y>r[s 7,a*illea7 af=d u a simil> case4 ,a*illea atrata & ,a4 mos*ata w live ei!r on calc>e\s or granitic soil1 b 9 a di/rict :]e bo? occur1 ,a4 atrata gr[s s mu* ! m vigor\sly ( ! two if ! soil is calc>e\s t x soon ext]m9ates ,a4 mos*ata2 :ile 9 granite di/ricts1 on ! contr>y1 ,a4 mos*ata is victori\s & ,a4 atrata disappe>s4 ,e ke5 sportsman w admit t a v>i$ bag has a special *>m1 & ! botani/ 9 a summ]'s walk may see at lea/ a hundr$ plants 9 fl[]1 all ) ei!r ! int]e/ ( novelty1 or ! *>m ( an old fri5d4 ,,on ,,se$l+s ,9 _m cases ! ,se$l+s af=d u an int]e/+ insight into ! =m] condition ( ! plant4 ,?us ! leaves ( ! ,furze are r$uc$ to ?orns2 b ^? ( ! ,se$l+ are h]bace\s & trifoliate l ^? ( ! ,h]b ,g5et & o!r alli$ species1 subsequ5t ones gradually pass+ into sp9es4 ,?is is evid5ce t ! ance/ors ( ! ,furze bore leaves4 ,plants may be said to h _! habits z well z animals4 ,,sleep ,,( ,,plants ,_m fl[]s close _! petals dur+ ra92 ! advantage ( :i* is t x prev5ts ! honey & poll5 f be+ spoilt or wa%$ away4 ,ev]ybody1 h[ev]1 has obs]v$ t ev5 9 f9e wea!r c]ta9 fl[]s close at p>ticul> h\rs4 ,?is habit ( go+ to sleep is surely v curi\s4 ,:y %\ld fl[]s d s8 ,9 animals we c bett] und]/& x2 !y are tir$ & require re/4 ,b :y %\ld fl[]s sleep8 ,:y %\ld "s fl[]s d s1 & n o!rs8 ,moreov]1 diff]5t fl[]s keep diff]5t h\rs4 ,! ,daisy op5s at sunrise & closes at sunset1 :5ce its "n day's-eye4 ,! ,d&elion 7,leontodon7 is said to op5 ab\t sev5 & to close ab\t five2 ,ar5>ia rubra to be op5 f n9e to ?ree2 ! ,:ite ,wat] ,lily 7,nympha71 f ab\t sev5 to f\r2 ! common ,m\se-e> ,hawk-we$ 7,hi]acium7 f eight to ?ree2 ! ,sc>let ,pimp]nel 7,anagallis7 to wak5 at sev5 & close soon aft] two2 ,tragopogon prat5sis to op5 at f\r 9 ! morn+1 & close j be=e twelve1 :5ce its ,engli% "n1 ,john g to b$ at noon4 ,f>m]s' boys 9 "s p>ts are said to regulate _! d9n] "t by x4 ,o!r fl[]s1 on ! contr>y1 op5 9 ! ev5+4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t fl[]s :i* are f]tilis$ by night-fly+ insects w\ld d]ive no advantage f be+ op5 by day2 & on ! o!r h&1 t ^? :i* are f]tilis$ by bees w\ld ga9 no?+ by be+ op5 at night4 ,nay x w\ld be a di/9ct disadvantage1 because x w\ld r5d] !m liable to be robb$ ( _! honey & poll51 by insects :i* are n capable ( f]tilis+ !m4 ,i h v5tur$ to sugge/ !n t ! clos+ ( fl[]s may h ref]5ce to ! habits ( insects1 & x may be obs]v$ also 9 support ( ?is1 t w9d-f]tilis$ fl[]s d n sleep2 & t _m ( ^? fl[]s :i* attract insects by smell1 op5 & emit _! sc5t at p>ticul> h\rs2 ?us ,hesp]is matronalis & ,ly*nis vesp]t9a smell 9 ! ev5+1 & ,or*is bifolia is p>ticul>ly sweet at night4 ,b x is n ! fl[]s only :i* sleep at night2 9 _m species ! leaves also *ange _! position1 & ,d>w9 has giv5 /rong reasons = consid]+ t ! object is to *eck transpiration & ?us t5d to a protection aga9/ cold4 ,,behavi\r ,,( ,,leaves ,,9 ,,ra9 ,! behavi\r ( plants ) ref]5ce to ra9 af=ds _m po9ts ( mu* int]e/4 ,! ,g]m&] ,spe$well 7,v]onica7 has two /rong r[s ( hairs1 ! ,*ickwe$ 7,/ell>ia7 "o1 runn+ d[n ! /em & ?us conduct+ ! ra9 to ! roots4 ,plants ) a ma9 tap-root1 l ! ,radi% or ! ,beet1 h leaves slop+ inw>ds s z to conduct ! ra9 t[>ds ! axis ( ! plant1 & consequ5tly to ! roots2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 :]e ! roots are spread+ ! leaves slope outw>ds4 ,9 o!r cases ! leaves hold ! ra9 or dew drops4 ,e "o :o has be5 9 ! ,alps mu/ h notic$ h[ ! leaves ( ! ,lady's ,mantle 7,al*emilla7 =m little cups conta9+ ea* a sp>kl+ drop ( icy wat]4 ,k]n] has sugge/$ t ow+ to ^! cold drops1 ! cattle & %eep avoid ! leaves4 ,,mimicry ,9 _m cases plants mimic o!rs :i* are bett] protect$ ?an !mselves4 ,?us ,matric>ia ,*amomilla mimics ! true ,*amomile1 :i* f its bitt]ness is n eat5 by quadrup$s4 ,ajuga ,*ampitys mimics ,euphorbia ,cyp>issias1 ) :i* x (t5 gr[s1 & :i* is protect$ by its acrid juice4 ,! mo/ famili> case1 h[ev]1 is t ( ! ,/++ & ! ,dead ,nettles4 ,!y v g5]ally gr[ toge!r1 & ?\gh belong+ to q diff]5t families are s simil> t !y are con/antly mi/ak5 = "o ano!r4 ,"s ,or*ids h a curi\s resemblance to insects1 aft] :i* !y h accord+ly be5 nam$ ! ,bee ,or*is1 ,fly ,or*is1 ,butt]fly ,or*is1 etc41 b x has n yet be5 satisfactorily %[n :at advantage ! resemblance is to ! plant4 ,,ants ,,& ,,plants ,! transf]5ce ( poll5 f plant to plant is by no means ! only s]vice :i* insects r5d]4 ,ants1 = in/ance1 are 9 _m cases v useful to plants4 ,!y de/roy imm5se numb]s ( cat]pill>s & o!r insects4 ,=el obs]v+ a l>ge ,ants' ne/ c\nt$ m ?an #bh insects br\ght 9 z food p] m9ute4 ,9 "s cases ,ants atta* !mselves to p>ticul> trees1 con/itut+ a sort ( bodygu>d4 ,a species ( ,acacia1 describ$ by ,belt1 be>s holl[ ?orns1 :ile ea* leaflet produces honey 9 a crat]-=m$ gl& at ! base1 z well z a small1 sweet1 pe>-%ap$ body at ! tip4 ,9 consequ5ce x is inhabit$ by myriads ( a small ant1 :i* ne/s 9 ! holl[ ?orns1 & ?us f9ds meat1 dr9k1 & lodg+ all provid$ = x4 ,^! ants are cont9ually roam+ ov] ! plant1 & con/itute a mo/ effici5t bodygu>d1 n only driv+ (f ! leaf-eat+ ants1 b1 9 ,belt's op9ion1 r5d]+ ! leaves less liable to be eat5 by h]bivor\s mammalia4 ,delp9o m5tions t on "o occasion he 0 ga!r+ a fl[] ( ,cl]od5drum1 :5 he 0 himself sudd5ly attack$ by a :ole army ( small ants4 ,,insectivor\s ,,plants ,9 ! cases above m5tion$ ! relation betwe5 fl[]s & insects is "o ( mutual advantage4 ,b ?is is by no means an inv>iable rule4 ,_m insects1 z we all "k1 live on plants1 b x came ^u botani/s z a surprise :5 our c\ntryman ,ellis fir/ discov]$ t "s plants cat* & dev\r insects4 ,?is he obs]v$ 9 a ,nor? ,am]ican plant1 ,dionsea1 ! leaves ( :i* are =m$ some?+ l a rat-trap1 ) a h+e 9 ! middle1 & a =midable r[ ( sp9es r\nd ! edge4 ,on ! surface are a few v s5sitive hairs1 & ! mom5t any small insect alights on ! leaf & t\*es "o ( ^! hairs ! two halves ( ! leaf close up quickly & cat* x4 ,! surface !n ?r[s out a glut9\s secretion1 by means ( :i* ! leaf sucks up ! n\ri%m5t conta9$ 9 ! insect4 ,our common ,sun-dews 7,dros]a7 are also insectivor\s1 ! prey be+ 9 _! case captur$ by glut9\s hairs4 ,aga91 ! ,bladd]wort 7,utricul>ia71 a plant ) pretty yell[ fl[]s1 gr[+ 9 pools & sl[ /reams1 is s call$ because x be>s a great numb] ( bladd]s or utricles1 ea* ( :i* is a real m9iature eel-trap1 hav+ an orifice gu>d$ by a flap op5+ inw>ds :i* all[s small wat] animals to ent]1 b prev5ts !m f com+ out aga94 ,! ,butt]wort 7,p+uicula7 is ano!r ( ^! c>nivor\s plants4 ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,plants ,:ile consid]+ ,plant life we mu/ by no means conf9e our att5tion to ! high] ord]s1 b mu/ rememb] also ^? l[] gr\ps :i* conv]ge t[>ds ! l[] =ms ( animals1 s t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ! two _c always be di/+ui%$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,_m ( !m diff] inde$ greatly f ! ord9>y conception ( a plant4 ,ev5 ! comp>atively highly organis$ ,sea-we$s multiply by means ( bodies call$ spores1 :i* an untra9$ obs]v] w\ld c]ta9ly suppose to be animals4 ,!y are cov]$ by vibratile hairs or cilia1 by means ( :i* !y swim ab\t freely 9 ! wat]1 & ev5 possess a r$ spot :i*1 z be+ especially s5sitive to light1 may be reg>d$ z an elem5t>y eye1 & ) ! aid ( :i* !y select "s suitable spot1 to :i* !y ultimately atta* !mselves4 ,x 0 long consid]$ z almo/ a *>act]i/ic ( plants t !y possess$ no p[] ( movem5t4 ,?is is n[ kn[n to be an error4 ,9 fact1 z ,d>w9 has %[n1 e gr[+ "p ( a plant is 9 cont9ual & ev5 con/ant rotation4 ,! /ems ( climb+ plants make great sweeps1 & 9 o!r cases1 :5 ! motion is n s app>5t1 x nev]!less really exi/s4 ,i h already m5tion$ t _m plants *ange ! position ( _! leaves or fl[]s1 or1 z x is call$1 sleep at night4 ,! common ,d&elion raises its head :5 ! florets op51 op5s & %uts morn+ & ev5+1 !n lies d[n aga9 :ile ! se$s are rip5+1 & raises itself a second "t :5 !y are ready to be c>ri$ away by ! w9d4 ,valisn]ia spiralis is a v int]e/+ case4 ,x is a native ( ,european riv]s1 & ! female fl[] has a long spiral /alk :i* enables x to float on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! male fl[]s h no /alks1 & gr[ l[ d[n on ! plant4 ,!y soon1 h[ev]1 deta* !mselves altoge!r1 rise to ! surface1 & ?us are enabl$ to f]tilise ! female fl[]s among :i* !y float4 ,! spiral /alk ( ! female fl[] !n contracts & draws x d[n to ! bottom ( ! wat] s t ! se$s may rip5 9 safety4 ,_m plants ?r[ or bury _! se$s4 ,! s5sitive plants close _! leaves :5 t\*$1 & ! leaflets ( ,desmodium gyrans are cont9ually revolv+4 ,i h already m5tion$ t ! spores ( sea-we$s swim freely 9 ! wat] by means ( cilia4 ,"s microscopic plants d s ?r\gh\t a great "p ( _! lives4 ,a /ill l[] gr\p1 ! ,myxomycetes1 :i* resemble small1 m or less bran*$1 masses ( jelly1 & live 9 damp soil1 among decay+ leaves1 "u b>k & 9 simil> moi/ situations1 are /ill m rem>kably animal l4 ,!y are nev] fix$1 b 9 almo/ cont9ual movem5t1 due to diff]5ces ( moi/ure1 w>m?1 light1 or *emical action4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a moi/ body is br\ght into contact ) "o ( _! projections1 or pseudopods1 ! protoplasm seems to roll itself 9 t direction1 & s ! :ole organism gradually *anges its place4 ,s aga91 :ile a solution ( salt1 c>bonate ( pota%1 or saltpetre causes !m to )draw f ! dang]1 an infusion ( sug>1 or tan1 produces a fl[ ( protoplasm t[>ds ! s\rce ( n\ri%m5t4 ,9 fact1 9 ! same way x rolls ov] & r\nd its food1 absorb+ :at is nutriti\s z x passes along4 ,9 cold wea!r !y desc5d into ! soil1 & "o ( !m 7,oe?alium71 :i* lives 9 tan pits1 desc5ds 9 w9t] to a dep? ( sev]al feet4 ,:5 ab\t to fructify x *anges its habits1 seeks ! light in/ead ( avoid+ x1 climbs upw>ds1 & produces its fruit above gr\nd4 ,,imp]fection ,,( ,,our ,,k ,! total numb] ( liv+ species ( plants may be r\ghly e/imat$ at #ejj1jjj1 & !re is n "o1 ( :i* we c say t ! /ructure1 uses1 & life-hi/ory are yet fully kn[n to u4 ,our museums conta9 l>ge numb]s :i* botani/s h n yet _h "t to describe & "n4 ,ev5 9 our own c\ntry n a ye> passes )\t "s additional plant be+ discov]$2 z reg>ds ! less kn[n regions ( ! e>? n half ! species h yet be5 collect$4 ,among ! ,li*5s & ,fungi especially _m problems ( _! life-hi/ory1 "s1 inde$1 ( especial importance to man1 /ill await solution4 ,our k ( ! fossil =ms1 moreov]1 falls f> %ort ev5 ( t ( exi/+ species1 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 !y mu/ h greatly exce$$ 9 numb]4 ,e diff]5ce ( =m1 /ructure1 & col\r has d\btless "s cause & explanation1 s t ! field = rese>* is really inexhau/ible4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,?omson4 #bj ,lubbock1 ,fl[]s & ,insects4 #ba ,fl[]s1 ,fruits1 & ,leaves4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,woods ,,& ,,fields ,by day or by night1 summ] or w9t]1 b5ea? trees ! he>t feels ne>] to t dep? ( life :i* ! f> sky means4 ,! re/ ( _s1 f\nd only 9 beauty1 ideal & pure1 comes !re because ! di/ance seems )9 t\* ( ?\ght4 ,,jeff]ies4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,woods ,,& ,,fields ,rural life1 says ,cic]o1 is n delightful by reason ( cornfields only & mead[s1 & v9ey>ds & groves1 b also = its g>d5s & or*>ds1 = ! fe$+ ( cattle1 ! sw>ms ( bees1 & ! v>iety ( all k9ds ( fl[]s4 ,bacon consid]$ t a g>d5 is ! greate/ refre%m5t to ! spirits ( man1 )\t :i* build+s & palaces are b gross h&yworks1 & a man %all ev] see1 t :5 ages gr[ to civility & elegancy m5 come to build /ately soon] ?an to g>d5 f9ely1 z if g>d5+ 7 ! great] p]fection4 ,no d\bt ! pleasure :i* we take 9 a g>d5 is "o ( ! mo/ innoc5t delights 9 human life4#bb ,else:]e !re may be scatt]$ fl[]s1 or %eets ( col\r due to "o or two species1 b 9 g>d5s "o glory foll[s ano!r4 ,"h are br\ght toge!r all ! qua9t enamell$ eyes1 ,t on ! gre5 turf suck$ ! honey$ %[]s1 ,& purple all ! gr\nd ) v]nal fl[]s4 ,br+ ! ra! primrose t =sak5 dies1 ,! tuft$ cr[-toe1 & pale jessam9e1 ,! :ite p9k & ! pansy freak$ ) jet1 ,! gl[+ violet1 ,! musk rose1 & ! well attir$ woodb9e1 ,) c[slips wan t hang ! p5sive head1 ,& e fl[] t sad embroid]y we>s4#bc ,we _c1 happily we ne$ n try to1 contra/ or comp>e ! beauty ( g>d5s ) t ( woods & fields4 ,& yet to ! true lov] ( ,nature wild fl[]s h a *>m :i* no g>d5 c equal4 ,cultivat$ plants are b a liv+ h]b>ium4 ,!y surpass1 no d\bt1 ! dri$ specim5s ( a museum1 b1 lovely z !y are1 !y c be no m comp>$ ) ! natural vegetation ( our woods & fields ?an ! captives 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ) ! same wild species 9 _! native =e/s & m\nta9s4 ,(t5 inde$1 our woods & fields rival g>d5s ev5 9 ! ri*ness ( col\r4 ,we h all se5 mead[s :ite ) ,n>cissus1 gl[+ ) ,butt]cups1 ,c[slips1 e>ly purple ,or*is1 or ,cuckoo ,fl[]s2 cornfields blaz+ ) ,poppies2 woods c>pet$ ) ,bluebells1 ,anemones1 ,primroses1 & ,=get-me-nots2 commons ) ! yell[ ,lady's ,b$/raw1 ,h>ebells1 & ! sweet ,?yme2 m>%y places ) ! yell[ />s ( ! ,bog ,asphodel1 ! ,sun-dew sp>kl+ ) diamonds1 ,ragg$ ,rob91 ! beautifully fr+$ petals ( ! ,buckbean1 ! lovely little ,bog ,pimp]nel1 or ! fea!ry tufts ( ,cotton ,grass2 h$g][s ) ,haw?orn & ,travell]'s ,joy1 ,wild ,rose & ,honeysuckle1 :ile und]nea? are ! curi\s leaves & orange fruit ( ! ,lords & ,ladies1 ! sn[y />s ( ! ,/it*wort1 ,succory1 ,y>r[1 & sev]al k9ds ( ,violets2 :ile all along ! banks ( /reams are ! tall r$ spikes ( ! ,loose/rife1 ! ,hemp ,agrimony1 ,wat] ,gr\ndsel1 ,s$ges1 ,bulru%es1 ,fl[]+ ,ru%1 ,sweet ,flag1 etc4 ,_m o!r sweet names w also at once occur to u--,sn[drops1 ,daffodils & ,he>ts-ease1 ,lady's ,mantles & ,lady's ,tresses1 ,eyebright1 ,milkwort1 ,foxgloves1 ,h]b ,rob]ts1 ,g]aniums1 & among r>] species1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&1 ,columb9es & ,lilies4 ,b ,nature does n provide delights = ! eye only4 ,! o!r s5ses are n =gott54 ,a ?\s& s\nds--_m delightful 9 !mselves1 & all by association--songs ( birds1 hum ( insects1 ru/le ( leaves1 ripple ( wat]1 seem to fill ! air4 ,fl[]s aga9 are sweet1 z well z lovely4 ,! sc5t ( p9e woods1 :i* is said to be v heal?y1 is c]ta9ly delici\s1 & ! effect ( ,woodl& sc5]y is good = ! m9d z well z = ! body4 ,re/+ quietly "u an a% tree1 ) ! sc5t ( fl[]s1 & ! od\r ( gre5 buds & leaves1 a ray ( sunlight yond] light+ up ! li*5 & ! moss on ! oak trunk1 a g5tle air /irr+ 9 ! bran*es above1 giv+ glimpses ( fleecy cl\ds sail+ 9 ! e!r1 !re comes into ! m9d a feel+ ( int5se joy 9 ! simple fact ( liv+4#bd ,! wond]ful ph5om5on ( phosphoresc5ce is n a special gift to ! animal k+dom4 ,h5ry ,o4 ,=bes describes a =e/ 9 ,sumatra3 ,! /em ( e tree bl9k$ ) a pale gre5i%-:ite light :i* undulat$ also across ! surface ( ! gr\nd l moonlight com+ & go+ beh9d ! cl\ds1 f a m9ute ?read-l fungus invisible 9 ! day-"t to ! unassi/$ eye2 & "h & !re ?ick dumpy mu%rooms display$ a %>p1 cle> dome ( light1 ^: int5sity nev] v>i$ or *ang$ till ! break ( day2 long phosphoresc5t cat]pill>s & c5tip$es crawl$ out ( e corn]1 leav+ a trail ( light beh9d !m1 :ile fire-flies d>t$ ab\t above l a l[] firmam5t4#be ,woods & ,=e/s 7 to our ance/ors ! special sc5es ( en*antm5t4 ,! great ,a% tree ,yggdrasil b\nd toge!r ,heav51 ,e>?1 & ,hell4 ,its top rea*$ to ,heav51 its bran*es cov]$ ! ,e>?1 & ! roots p5etrat$ into ,hell4 ,! ?ree ,normas or ,fates sat "u x1 sp9n+ ! ?read ( life4 ,( all ! gods & goddesses ( classical my?ology or our own folk-lore1 none 7 m fasc9at+ ?an ! ,nature ,spirits--,elves & ,fairies1 ,neckans & ,kelpies1 ,pixies & ,ouphes1 ,m]maids1 ,und9es1 ,wat] ,spirits1 & all ! ,elf9 _w ,:i* h _! haunts 9 dale & p9y m\nta91 ,or =e/s1 by sl[ /ream or t+l+ brook4 ,!y come out1 z we are told1 especially on moonlight nights4 ,b :ile ev5+ ?us clo!s _m a sc5e ) poetry1 =e/s are fairy l& all day long4 ,almo/ any wood conta9s _m & _m a spot well suit$ = ,fairy fea/s2 :]e "o might mo/ expect to f9d ,titania1 re/+1 z once we are told1 ,%e lay ^u a bank1 ! fav\rite haunt ,( ! ,spr+ w9d 9 its fir/ sun%9e h\r1 ,= ! luxuriant /rawb]ry blossoms spread ,l a sn[ %[] !n1 & violets ,b[$ d[n _! purple vases ( p]fume ,ab\t h] pill[1--l9k$ 9 a gay b& ,float$ fanta/ic %apes2 ^! 7 h] gu>ds1 ,h] li! & ra9b[ elves4 ,! fairies h disappe>$1 &1 s f> z ,engl& is conc]n$1 ! l>g] =e/ animals h vani%$ almo/ z completely4 ,! ,elk & ,be>1 ! ,bo> & ,wolf h gone1 ! ,/ag has ne>ly disappe>$1 & b a scanty remnant ( ! orig9al wild ,cattle l+] on at ,*ill+ham4 ,/ill ! woods teem ) life2 ! ,fox & ,badg]1 ,/oat & ,weasel1 ,h>e & ,rabbit1 & ,h$gehog1 ,! tawny squirrel vault+ ?r\gh ! b\ghs1 ,hawk1 buzz>d1 jay1 ! mavis & ! m]le1#bf ! ,owls & ,nightj>1 ! ,woodpeck]1 ,nu?at*1 ,magpie1 ,doves1 & a hundr$ m4 ,9 e>ly spr+ ! woods are bright ) ! fea!ry catk9s ( ! ,will[1 foll[$ by ! s(t gre5 ( ! ,bee*1 ! :ite or p9k fl[]s ( ! ,?orn1 ! pyramids ( ! ,horse-*e/nut1 fe/oons ( ! ,laburnum & ,acacia1 & ! ,oak sl[ly wakes f its w9t] sleep1 :ile ! ,a% leaves long l+] 9 _! black buds4 ,"u foot is a c>pet ( fl[]s--,anemones1 ,c[slips1 ,primroses1 ,bluebells1 & ! gold5 blossoms ( ! ,broom1 :i*1 h[ev]1 :ile ,gorse & ,hea!r cont9ue 9 bloom = mon?s1 blazes = a week or two1 & is !n completely ext+ui%$1 l a fire t has burnt itself out4#bg ,9 summ] ! t9ts gr[ d>k]1 ! birds are m num]\s & full ( life2 ! air teems ) insects1 ) ! busy murmur ( bees & ! idle hum ( flies1 :ile ! cool ( morn+ & ev5+1 & ! heat ( ! day1 are all alike delici\s4 ,z ! ye> advances & ! fl[]s wane1 we h _m beautiful fruits & b]ries1 ! r$ hips & haws ( ! wild roses1 sc>let holly b]ries1 crimson yew cups1 ! transluc5t b]ries ( ! ,gueld] ,rose1 hang+ coral beads ( ! ,black ,bryony1 fea!ry fe/oons ( ! ,travell]'s ,joy1 & o!rs less conspicu\s1 b /ill exquisite 9 !mselves--acorns1 bee* nuts1 a% keys1 & _m m4 ,x is really difficult to say :i* are mo/ beautiful1 ! t5d] gre5s ( spr+ or ! ri* t9ts ( autumn1 :i* gl[ s brightly 9 ! sun%9e4 ,tropical fruits are ev5 m /rik+4 ,no "o :o has se5 x c ev] =get a grove ( orange trees 9 full fruit2 :ile ! m we exam9e ! m we f9d to admire2 all p]fectly & exquisitely f9i%$ usque ad ungues1 p]fect inside & outside1 = ,nature ,does 9 ! ,pomegranate close ,jewels m r>e ?an ,ormus %[s4#bh ,9 w9t] ! woods are comp>atively b>e & lifeless1 ev5 ! ,brambles & ,woodb9e1 :i* /raggle ov] ! tangle ( und]wood be+ almo/ leafless4 ,/ill ev5 !n !y h a beauty & int]e/ ( _! own2 ! mossy boles ( ! trees2 ! delicate trac]y ( ! bran*es :i* c h>dly be appreciat$ :5 !y are cov]$ ) leaves2 & "u foot ! b$s ( fall5 leaves2 :ile ! ev]gre5s seem bright] ?an 9 summ]2 ! ruddy /ems & ri* gre5 foliage ( ! ,scot* ,p9es1 & ! d>k spires ( ! ,firs1 seem+ to acquire fre% beauty4 ,aga9 9 w9t]1 ?\gh no d\bt ! liv+ t5ants ( ! woods are mu* less num]\s1 _m ( our birds be+ !n f> away 9 ! d5se ,african =e/s1 on ! o!r h& ^? :i* rema9 are mu* m easily visible4 ,we c foll[ ! birds f tree to tree1 & ! ,squirrel f b\gh to b\gh4 ,x requires little imag9ation to reg>d trees z consci\s be+s1 inde$ x is almo/ an ef=t n to d s4 ,! v>i\s action ( trees root+ !mselves 9 inhospitable rocks1 /oop+ to look into rav9es1 hid+ f ! se>* ( glaci] w9ds1 rea*+ =? to ! rays ( r>e sun%9e1 cr[d+ d[n toge!r to dr9k at sweete/ /reams1 climb+ h& 9 h& among ! difficult slopes1 op5+ 9 sudd5 dances among ! mossy knolls1 ga!r+ into companies at re/ among ! fragrant fields1 glid+ 9 grave procession ov] ! heav5w>d ridges--no?+ ( ?is c be conceiv$ among ! unvex$ & unv>i$ felicities ( ! l[l& =e/2 :ile to all ^! direct s\rces ( great] beauty are add$1 fir/ ! p[] ( r$undance1 ! m]e quantity ( foliage visible 9 ! folds & on ! promontories ( a s+le ,alp be+ great] ?an t ( an entire l[l& l&scape 7unless a view f "s ,ca!dral t[]72 & to ?is *>m ( r$undance1 t ( cle>] visibility--tree aft] tree be+ con/antly %[n 9 successive height1 "o beh9d ano!r1 in/ead ( ! m]e tops & flanks ( masses z 9 ! pla9s2 & ! =ms ( multitudes ( !m cont9ually def9$ aga9/ ! cle> sky1 ne> & above1 or aga9/ :ite cl\ds entangl$ among _! bran*es1 in/ead ( be+ confus$ 9 dimness ( di/ance4#bi ,!re is mu* t is int]e/+ 9 ! relations ( "o species to ano!r4 ,_m plants are p>asitic ^u o!rs4 ,! foliage ( ! ,bee* is s ?ick t sc>cely any?+ w gr[ "u x1 except ^? spr+ plants1 su* z ! ,anemone & ! ,wood ,butt]cup or ,goldilocks1 :i* fl[] e>ly be=e ! ,bee* is 9 leaf4 ,!re are o!r cases 9 :i* ! reason = ! association ( species is less evid5t4 ,! ,l>* & ! ,arolla 7,p9us ,cembra7 are close companions4 ,!y gr[ toge!r 9 ,sib]ia2 !y d n occur 9 ,sc&9avia or ,russia1 b bo? reappe> 9 c]ta9 ,swiss valleys1 especially 9 ! cantons ( ,luc]ne & ,valais & ! ,engad9e4 ,ano!r v rem>kable case :i* has rec5tly be5 obs]v$ is ! relation exi/+ betwe5 "s ( our =e/ trees & c]ta9 ,fungi1 ! species ( :i* h n yet be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$4 ,! root tips ( ! trees are z x 7 enclos$ 9 a ?9 %eet ( closely wov5 mycelium4 ,x 0 at fir/ suppos$ t ! fungus 0 attack+ ! roots ( ! tree1 b x is n[ consid]$ t ! tree & ! fungus mutually b5efit "o ano!r4 ,! fungus collects nutrim5t f ! soil1 :i* passes into ! tree & up to ! leaves1 :]e x is elaborat$ into sap1 ! great] "p be+ utiliz$ by ! tree1 b a portion reabsorb$ by ! fungus4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t1 9 "s cases at any rate1 ! mycelium is t ( ! ,truffle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tropical ,,=e/4 ,to face page #agi4 ,! great tropical =e/s h a totally diff]5t "* f ours4 ,i reproduce "h ! plate f ,k+sley's ,at ,la/4 ,! trees /rike all travell]s by _! magnific5ce1 ! luxuriance ( _! vegetation1 & _! great v>iety4 ,our =e/s conta9 comp>atively few species1 :]eas 9 ! tropics we are assur$ t x is f> f common to see two ( ! same species ne> "o ano!r4 ,b :ile 9 our =e/s ! species are few1 ea* tree has an indep5d5ce & individuality ( its own4 ,9 ! tropics1 on ! contr>y1 !y are int]lac$ & int]wov51 s z to =m "o mass ( vegetation2 _m ( ! trunks are almo/ conceal$ by an und]gr[? ( v]dure1 & int]tw9$ by spiral /ems ( p>asitic plants2 f tree to tree hang an inextricable network ( lianas1 & x is (t5 difficult to tell to :i* tree ! fruits1 fl[]s1 & leaves really belong4 ,! trunks run /raight up to a great height )\t a bran*1 & !n =m a ?ick leafy canopy f> ov]head2 a canopy s d5se t ev5 ! blaze ( ! cl\dless blue sky is subdu$1 "o might almo/ say into a weird gloom1 ! effect ( :i* is enhanc$ by ! solemn sil5ce4 ,at fir/ su* a =e/ gives ! impression ( be+ m op5 ?an an ,engli% wood1 b a few /eps are suffici5t to correct ?is error4 ,!re is a ?ick und]gr[? matt$ toge!r by wiry creep]s1 & ! int]m$iate space is trav]s$ 9 all directions by l9es & cords4 ,! ,engli% travell] misses sadly ! sweet songs ( our birds1 :i* are replac$ by ! ho>se *att] ( p>rots4 ,n[ & !n a succession ( cries ev5 h>%] & m discordant tell ( a troop ( monkeys pass+ across f tree to tree among ! high] bran*es1 or l[] s\nds indicate to a practis$ e> ! neighb\rhood ( an ape1 a slo?1 or "s o!r ( ! few mammals :i* inhabit ! great =e/s4 ,occasionally a l>ge blue bee hums pa/1 a brilliant butt]fly fla%es across ! pa?1 or a humm+-bird hangs 9 ! air ov] a fl[] l1 z ,/4 ,pi]re says1 an em]ald set 9 coral1 b h[ weak x is to say t t exquisite little be+1 :irr+ & flutt]+ 9 ! air1 has a head ( ruby1 a ?roat ( em]ald1 & w+s ( sapphire1 z if any triumph ( ! jewell]'s art c\ld ev] vie ) t sp>kl+ epitome ( life & light4#cj ,sir ,wyville ,?omson graphically describes a morn+ 9 a ,brazilian =e/3-- ,! night 0 almo/ absolutely sil5t1 only n[ & !n a peculi>ly %rill cry ( "s night bird rea*$ u f ! woods4 ,z we got into ! skirt ( ! =e/ ! morn+ broke1 b ! rveil 9 a ,brazilian =e/ is wond]fully diff]5t f ! sl[ creep+ on ( ! dawn ( a summ] morn+ at home1 to ! music ( ! ?ru%es answ]+ "o ano!r's full ri* notes f neighb\r+ ?orn-trees4 ,sudd5ly a yell[ light spreads upw>ds 9 ! ea/1 ! />s quickly fade1 & ! d>k fr+es ( ! =e/ & ! tall palms %[ out black aga9/ ! yell[ sky1 & almo/ be=e "o has "t to obs]ve ! *ange ! sun has ris5 /raight & fi]ce1 & ! :ole l&scape is ba!d 9 ! full light ( day4 ,b ! morn+ is yet = ano!r h\r cool & fre%1 & ! sc5e is indescribably beautiful4 ,! woods1 s absolutely sil5t & /ill be=e1 break at once into noise & movem5t4 ,flocks ( t\cans flutt] & scream on ! tops ( ! highe/ =e/ trees hopelessly out ( %ot1 ! e> is pi]c$ by ! /range wild scree*es ( a little b& ( macaws :i* fly pa/ y l ! wrapp$-up gho/s ( ! birds on "s gaudy old brocade4#ca ,mr4 ,d>w9 tells u t no?+ c be bett] ?an ! description ( tropical =e/s giv5 by ,bates4 ,! leafy cr[ns ( ! trees1 sc>cely two ( :i* c\ld be se5 toge!r ( ! same k9d1 7 n[ f> away above u1 9 ano!r _w z x 74 ,we c\ld only see at times1 :]e !re 0 a break above1 ! trac]y ( ! foliage aga9/ ! cle> blue sky4 ,sometimes ! leaves 7 palmate1 or ( ! %ape ( l>ge out/ret*$ h&s2 at o!rs f9ely cut or fea!ry l ! leaves ( ,mimos4 ,bel[1 ! tree trunks 7 ev]y:]e l9k$ toge!r by sipos2 ! woody flexible /ems ( climb+ & creep+ trees1 ^: foliage is f> away above1 m+l$ ) t ( ! tall] indep5d5t trees4 ,"s 7 twi/$ 9 /r&s l cables1 o!rs _h ?ick /ems contort$ 9 e v>iety ( %ape1 entw9+ snake-l r\nd ! tree trunks or =m+ gigantic loops & coils among ! l>g] bran*es2 o!rs1 aga91 7 ( zigzag %ape1 or ind5t$ l ! /eps ( a /aircase1 sweep+ f ! gr\nd to a giddy height4 ,! reckless & wanton de/ruction ( =e/s has ru9$ "s ( ! ri*e/ c\ntries on e>?4 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 ,pale/9e & ! nor? ( ,africa 7 once f> m popul\s ?an !y are at pres5t4 ,!y 7 once l&s fl[+ ) milk & honey1 accord+ to ! picturesque language ( ! ,bible1 b are n[ 9 _m places r$uc$ to du/ & a%es4 ,:y is !re ?is melan*oly *ange8 ,:y h des]ts replac$ cities8 ,x is ma9ly ow+ to ! ru?less de/ruction ( ! trees1 :i* has involv$ t ( nations4 ,ev5 ne>] home a simil> process may be witness$4 ,two ,fr5* dep>tm5ts--! ,hautes- & ,basses-,alpes--are be+ gradually r$uc$ to ru9 by ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s4 ,cultivation is dim9i%+1 v9ey>ds are be+ wa%$ away1 ! t[ns are ?reat5$1 ! population is dw9dl+1 & unless some?+ is done ! c\ntry w be r$uc$ to a des]t2 until1 :5 x has be5 releas$ f ! de/ructive pres5ce ( man1 ,nature reproduces a cov]+ ( vegetable soil1 re/ores ! vegetation1 creates ! =e/s anew1 & once aga9 fits ^! regions = ! habitation ( man4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ,france we h an illu/ration ( ! opposite process4 ,! region ( ! ,l&es1 :i* fifty ye>s ago 0 "o ( ! poore/ & mo/ mis]able 9 ,france1 has n[ be5 made "o ( ! mo/ prosp]\s ow+ to ! plant+ ( ,p9es4 ,! increas$ value is e/imat$ at no less ?an #a1jjj1jjj1jjj francs4 ,:]e !re 7 fifty ye>s ago only a few ?\s& poor & unheal?y %eph]ds ^: flocks pa/ur$ on ! scanty h]bage1 !re are n[ sawmills1 *>coal kilns1 & turp5t9e works1 int]sp]s$ ) ?riv+ villages & f]tile agricultural l&s4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ?\gh woodl&s are p]haps on ! increase1 true =e/ sc5]y is gradually disappe>+4 ,?is is1 ,i suppose1 unavoidable1 b x is a matt] ( regret4 ,=e/s h s _m *>ms ( _! own4 ,!y give a delightful impression ( space & ( abundance4 ,! extravagance is sublime4 ,trees1 z ,jeff]ies says1 ?r[ away h&fuls ( fl[]2 & 9 ! mead[s ! c>eless1 sp5d?rift ways ( grass & fl[] & all ?+s are n to be express$4 ,se$s by ! hundr$ million float ) absolute indiff]5ce on ! air4 ,! oak has a hundr$ ?\s& m leaves ?an necess>y1 & nev] hides a s+le acorn4 ,no?+ utilit>ian--ev]y?+ on a scale ( spl5did wa/e4 ,su* noble1 broadca/1 op5-arm$ wa/e is delici\s to behold4 ,nev] 0 !re su* a ly+ prov]b z ',en\gh is z good z a fea/4' ,give me ! fea/2 give me squ&]$ millions ( se$s1 luxuri\s c>pets ( petals1 gre5 m\nta9s ( oak-leaves4 ,! great] ! wa/e ! great] ! enjoym5t--! ne>] ! approa* to real life4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible "h to give any idea ( ! complexity ( /ructure ( our =e/ trees4 ,a slice across ! /em ( a tree %[s _m diff]5t tissues ) m or less te*nical names1 b>k & cambium1 m$ull>y rays1 pi?1 & m or less specialis$ tissue2 air-vessels1 punctate vessels1 woody fibres1 lib] fibres1 scal>i=m vessels1 & o!r m or less specialis$ tissues4 ,let u take a s+le leaf4 ,! "n is synonym\s ) any?+ v ?91 s t we might well fancy t a leaf w\ld consi/ ( only "o or two lay]s ( cells4 ,f> f x1 ! leaf is a highly complex /ructure4 ,on ! upp] surface are a c]ta9 numb] ( scatt]$ hairs1 :ile 9 ! bud ^! are (t5 num]\s1 long1 silky1 & s]ve to protect ! "y leaf1 b ! great] numb] fall (f soon aft] ! leaf exp&s4 ,! hairs are seat$ on a lay] ( flatt5$ cells--! sk9 or epid]mis4 ,bel[ ?is are "o or m lay]s ( palisade cells1 ! function ( :i* seems to be to regulate ! quantity ( light ent]+ ! leaf4 ,"u ^! aga9 is ! p>5*yme1 sev]al lay]s ( m or less r\nd$ cells1 leav+ air spaces & passages betwe5 !m4 ,f place to place 9 ! p>5*yme run fibro-vascul> bundles1 =m+ a sort ( skeleton to ! leaf1 & compris+ air-vessels on ! upp] side1 ray$ or dott$ vessels ) woody fibre bel[1 & vessels ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! "u surface ( ! leaf is =m$ by ano!r lay] ( flatt5$ cells1 support+ g5]ally m or less hairs1 & "s ( !m specially modifi$ s z to leave m9ute op5+s or /omata lead+ into ! air passages4 ,^! /omata are s small t !re are millions on a s+le leaf1 & on plants gr[+ 9 dry c\ntries1 su* z ! ,ev]gre5 ,oak1 ,ole&]1 etc41 !y are sunk 9 pits1 & fur!r protect$ by tufts ( hair4 ,! cells ( ! leaf aga9 are !mselves complex4 ,!y consi/ ( a cell wall p]=at$ by extremely m9ute orifices1 ( protoplasm1 cell fluid1 & num]\s granules ( ,*lorophyll1 :i* give ! leaf its gre5 col\r4 ,:ile ^! are1 /at$ v briefly1 ! ess5tial p>ts ( a leaf1 ! details diff] 9 e species1 :ile 9 ! same species & ev5 9 ! same plant1 ! leaves pres5t m9or diff]5ces accord+ to ! situation 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,s9ce1 !n1 !re is s mu* complex /ructure 9 a s+le leaf1 :at mu/ x be 9 a :ole plant8 ,!re is a giant sea-we$ 7,macrocy/is71 :i* has be5 kn[n to rea* a l5g? ( #ajjj feet1 z also d "s ( ! lianas ( tropical =e/s4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 atta9 no great bulk1 & ! mo/ gigantic specim5s ( ! vegetable k+dom yet kn[n are ! ,well+tonia 7,sequoia7 gigantea1 :i* gr[s to a height ( #dej feet1 & ! ,blue ,gum 7,eucalyptus7 ev5 to #dhj4 ,"o is apt to look on animal /ructure z m delicate1 & ( a high] ord]1 ?an t ( plants4 ,& s no d\bt x is4 ,yet an animal1 ev5 man himself1 w recov] f a w\nd or an op]ation m rapidly & m p]fectly ?an a tree4#cb ,trees aga9 d]ive a special int]e/ f ! v5]able age !y atta94 ,9 "s cases1 no d\bt1 ! age is m or less my?ical1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,olive ( ,m9]va at ,a!ns1 ! ,oaks m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 :i* 7 ?\ght coeval ) ! _w itself1 ! ,fig tree1 "u :i* ! wolf suckl$ ! f\nd] ( ,rome & 8 bro!r1 la/+ 7z ,tacitus calculat$7 #hdj ye>s1 putt+ out new %oots1 & presag+ ! translation ( t empire f ! ,cs>ian l9e1 happ5+ 9 ,n]o's reign4#cc ,b 9 o!r cases ! e/imates re/ on a sur] f\ndation1 & x _c be d\bt$ t !re are trees /ill liv+ :i* 7 already ( consid]able size at ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,! ,soma ,cypress ( ,lomb>dy1 :i* is #abj feet high & #bc 9 circumf]5ce1 is calculat$ to g back to =ty ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,francis ! ,fir/ is said to h driv5 8 sword into x 9 despair aft] ! battle ( ,padua1 & ,napoleon alt]$ 8 road ov] ! ,simplon s z to sp>e x4 ,f]d9& & ,isabella 9 #adgf swore to ma9ta9 ! privileges ( ! ,biscayans "u ! old ,oak ( ,gu]nica4 ,9 ! ,ard5nes an ,oak cut d[n 9 #ahbd conta9$ a fun]al urn & "s ,samnite co9s4 ,a writ] at ! "t drew ! conclusion t x mu/ h be5 already a l>ge tree :5 ,rome 0 f\nd$1 & ?\gh ! facts d n w>rant ?is conclusion1 ! tree did1 no d\bt1 g back to ,pagan times4 ,! great ,yew ( ,f\nta9s ,abbey is said to h %elt]$ ! monks :5 ! abbey 0 rebuilt 9 #aacc1 & is e/imat$ at an age ( #acjj ye>s2 t at ,brab\rne 9 ,k5t at #cjjj4 ,de ,c&olle gives ! foll[+ z ! ages atta9able3-- ,! ,ivy #dej ye>s ,l>* #egj ,plane #gej ,c$> ( ,lebanon #hjj ,lime #aajj ,oak #aejj ,taxodium di/i*um #djjj to #fjjj ,baobab #fjjj ye>s ,n[h]e is woodl& sc5]y m beautiful ?an :]e x passes gradually into ! op5 c\ntry4 ,! sep>ate trees1 hav+ m room bo? = _! roots & bran*es1 are f9]1 & c be bett] se51 :ile1 :5 !y are close toge!r1 "o _c see ! wood = ! trees4 ,! vi/as :i* op5 out are full ( my/]y & ( promise1 & tempt u gradually out into ! gre5 fields4 ,:at pleasant memories ^! v words recall1 games 9 ! hay z *ildr51 & sunny summ] days ?r\gh\t life4 ,consid]1 says ,rusk91#cd :at we owe to ! mead[ grass1 to ! cov]+ ( ! d>k gr\nd by t glori\s enamel1 by ! companies ( ^? s(t c\ntless & peaceful spe>s4 ,! fields6 ,foll[ b =? = a little "t ! ?\ght ( all t we ought to recognise 9 ^? words4 ,all spr+ & summ] is 9 !m--! walks by sil5t sc5t$ pa?s1 ! re/s 9 noonday heat1 ! joy ( h]ds & flocks1 ! p[] ( all %eph]d life & m$itation1 ! life ( sunlight ^u ! _w1 fall+ 9 em]ald /reaks1 & s(t blue %ad[s1 :]e else x w\ld h /ruck on ! d>k m\ld or scor*+ du/1 pa/ures beside ! pac+ brooks1 s(t banks & knolls ( l[ly hills1 ?ymy slopes ( d[n ov]look$ by ! blue l9e ( lift$ sea1 crisp lawns all dim ) e>ly dew1 or smoo? 9 ev5+ w>m? ( b>r$ sun%9e1 d9t$ by happy feet1 & s(t5+ 9 _! fall ! s\nd ( lov+ voices4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g out1 9 ! spr+ "t1 among ! mead[s t slope f ! %ores ( ! ,swiss lakes to ! roots ( _! l[] m\nta9s4 ,!re1 m+l$ ) ! tall] g5tians & ! :ite n>cissus1 ! grass gr[s deep & free1 & z y foll[ ! w9d+ m\nta9 pa?s1 b5ea? ar*+ b\ghs all veil$ & dim ) blossom1--pa?s1 t = ev] droop & rise ov] ! gre5 banks & m\nds sweep+ d[n 9 sc5t$ undulation1 /eep to ! blue wat]1 /udd$ "h & !re ) new m[n heaps1 fill+ all ! air ) fa9t] sweetness1--look up t[>ds ! high] hills1 :]e ! waves ( ev]la/+ gre5 roll sil5tly into _! long inlets among ! %ad[s ( ! p9es2 & we may1 p]haps1 at la/ "k ! mean+ ( ^? quiet words ( ! #adg? ,psalm1 ',he make? ! grass to gr[ ^u ! m\nta9s4' ,on f9e days1 he tells u aga9 9 8 ,autobiography1 :5 ! grass 0 dry1 ,i us$ to lie d[n on x1 & draw ! blades z !y grew1 ) ! gr\nd h]bage ( butt]cup or hawkwe$ mix$ among !m1 until e squ>e foot ( mead[1 or mossy bank1 became an inf9ite picture & possession to me1 & ! grace & adju/m5t to ea* o!r ( gr[+ leaves1 a subject ( m curi\s int]e/ to me ?an ! composition ( any pa9t]'s ma/]pieces4 ,9 ! passage above quot$1 ,rusk9 alludes especially to ,swiss mead[s4 ,!y are especially rem>kable 9 ! beauty & v>iety ( fl[]s4 ,9 our fields ! h]bage is ma9ly grass1 & if x (t5 happ5s t !y gl[ ) ,butt]cups or are :ite ) ,ox-eye-daisies1 ^! are b unwelcome intrud]s & add no?+ to ! value ( ! hay4 ,swiss mead[s1 on ! contr>y1 are sweet & lovely ) wild ,g]aniums1 ,h>ebells1 ,bluebells1 ,p9k ,re/h>r[1 ,yell[ ,lady's ,b$/raw1 ,*]vil1 ,eyebright1 ,r$ & ,:ite ,sil5es1 ,g]aniums1 ,g5tians1 & _m o!r fl[]s :i* h no famili> ,engli% names2 all add+ n only to ! beauty & sweetness ( ! mead[s1 b =m+ a valuable "p ( ! crop itself4#ce ,on ! o!r h& turf is peculi>ly ,engli%1 & no turf is m delightful ?an t ( our ,d[ns--delightful to ride on1 to sit on1 or to walk on4 ,! turf inde$ feels s spr+y "u our feet t walk+ on x seems sc>cely an ex]tion3 "o c\ld almo/ fancy t ! ,d[ns !mselves 7 /ill ris+1 ev5 high]1 into ! air4 ,! h]bage ( ! ,d[ns is close r ?an %ort1 hillocks ( sweet ?yme1 tufts ( gold5 ,pot5tilla1 ( ,milkwort--blue1 p9k1 & :ite--( sweet grass & ,h>ebells3 "h & !re p9k ) ,hea!r1 or gold5 ) ,furze or ,broom1 :ile ov] all are ! fre% air & sun%9e1 sweet sc5ts1 & ! hum ( bees4 ,& if ! ,d[ns seem full ( life & sun%9e1 _! broad %\ld]s are types ( k9dly /r5g?1 !y give also an impression ( p[] & antiquity1 :ile e n[ & !n we come across a tumulus1 or a gr\p ( great grey /ones1 ! burial place ( "s anci5t h]o1 or a sacr$ temple ( our pagan =efa!rs4 ,on ! ,d[ns inde$ ?+s *ange sl[ly1 & 9 p>ts ( ,sussex ! /rong sl[ ox5 /ill draw ! waggons lad5 ) w>m hay or gold5 :eat %eaves1 or drag ! wood5 pl\gh along ! slopes ( ! ,d[ns1 j z !y did a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,i love ! op5 ,d[n mo/1 b )\t h$ges ,engl& w\ld n be ,engl&4 ,h$ges are ev]y:]e full ( beauty & int]e/1 & n[h]e m s ?an at ! foot ( ! ,d[ns1 :5 !y are 9 great "p compos$ ( wild ,gueld] ,roses & ri* d>k ,yews1 deck$ ) fe/oons ( ,travell]'s ,joy1 ! wild ,bryonies1 & g>l&s ( ,wild ,roses cov]$ ) ?\s&s ( :ite or delicate p9k fl[]s1 ea* ) a c5tre ( gold4 ,at ! foot ( ! ,d[ns spr+ cle> sp>kl+ /reams2 ra9 f heav5 purifi$ /ill fur!r by be+ filt]$ ?r\gh a ?\s& feet ( *alk2 fr+$ ) purple ,loose/rife & ,will[h]b1 />r$ ) :ite ,wat] ,ranunculuses1 or ri* ,wat]cress1 :ile e n[ & !n a br[n wat] rat ru/les 9 ! grasses at ! edge1 & spla%es into ! wat]1 or a p9k speckl$ tr\t glides out ( sight4 ,9 _m ( our midl& & nor!rn c\nties mo/ ( ! mead[s lie 9 p>allel undulations or rigs4 ,^! are g5]ally ab\t a furlong 7#bbj y>ds7 9 l5g?1 & ei!r "o or two poles 7#e-a_/b or #aa y>ds7 9 bread?4 ,!y seldom run /raight1 b t5d to curve t[>ds ! left4 ,at ea* end ( ! field a high bank1 locally call$ a balk1 (t5 #c or #d feet high1 runs at "r angles to ! rigs4 ,9 small fields !re are g5]ally eight1 b sometimes t51 ( ^! rigs1 :i* make 9 ! "o case #d1 9 ! o!r #e acres4 ,^! curi\s *>act]s c>ry u back to ! old t5ures1 & ar*aic cultivation ( l&1 & to a p]iod :5 ! fields 7 n 9 pa/ure1 b 7 arable4 ,!y also expla9 our curi\s sy/em ( l& measurem5t4 ,! acre is ! am\nt :i* a team ( ox5 7 suppos$ to pl\gh 9 a day4 ,x corresponds to ! ,g]man morg5 & ! ,fr5* j\rne4 ,! furlong or long furr[ is ! di/ance :i* a team ( ox5 c pl\gh conv5i5tly )\t /opp+ to re/4 ,ox51 z we "k1 7 driv5 n ) a :ip1 b ) a goad or pole1 ! mo/ conv5i5t l5g? = :i* 0 #af-a_/b feet1 & ! anci5t pl\ghman us$ 8 pole or p]* by plac+ x at "r angles to 8 fir/ furr[1 ?us measur+ ! am\nt he _h to pl\gh4 ,h5ce our pole or p]* ( #af-a_/b feet1 :i* at fir/ sight seems a v s+ul> unit to h select$4 ,?is wid? is also conv5i5t bo? = turn+ ! pl\gh1 & also = s[+4 ,h5ce ! mo/ conv5i5t unit ( l& = arable purposes 0 a furlong 9 l5g? & a p]* or pole 9 wid?4 ,! team g5]ally consi/$ ( eight ox54 ,few peasants1 h[ev]1 possess$ a :ole team1 sev]al g5]ally jo9+ toge!r1 & divid+ ! produce4 ,h5ce ! numb] ( rigs1 "o = ea* ox4 ,we (t51 h[ev]1 f9d t5 in/ead ( eight2 "o be+ = ! p>son's ti!1 ! o!r t5? go+ to ! pl\ghman4 ,:5 eight ox5 7 employ$ ! goad w\ld n ( c\rse rea* ! lead]s1 :i* 7 guid$ by a man :o walk$ on ! ne> side4 ,on arriv+ at ! end ( ea* furr[ he turn$ !m r\nd1 & z x 0 easi] to pull ?an to pu% !m1 ?is gradually gave ! furr[ a turn t[>ds ! left1 ?us acc\nt+ = ! slight curvature4 ,la/ly1 :ile ! ox5 re/$ on arriv+ at ! end ( ! furr[1 ! pl\ghm5 scrap$ (f ! e>? :i* _h accumulat$ on ! c\lt] & pl\gh%>e1 & ! accumulation ( ^! scrap+s gradually =m$ ! balk4 ,x is fasc9at+ ?us to trace indications ( old cu/oms & modes ( life1 b x w\ld c>ry u away f ! pres5t subject4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ,swiss mead[s may (f] a great] v>iety1 our ,engli% fields are yet ri* 9 fl[]s3 yell[ ) ,c[slips & ,primroses1 p9k ) ,cuckoo fl[]s & purple ) ,or*is1 :ile1 h[ev]1 unwelcome to ! eye ( ! f>m]1 ! ri* ,butt]cup ,its t9y poli%$ urn holds up1 ,fill$ ) ripe summ] to ! edge1#cf turn+ _m a mead[ into a v]itable field ( ! clo? ( gold1 & !re are few pretti] sights 9 nature ?an an ,engli% hay field on a summ] ev5+1 ) a copse p]haps at "o side & a brook on ! o!r2 m5 ) =ks toss+ ! hay 9 ! air to dry2 wom5 ) wood5 rakes arrang+ x 9 swa!s ready = ! great f\r-horse waggon1 or collect+ x 9 cocks = ! night2 :ile "s way (f ! m[]s are /ill at "w1 & we he> f "t to "t ! pleasant s\nd ( ! :ett+ ( ! scy!4 ,all are work+ ) a w le/ ra9 %\ld come & _! lab\r be ?r[n away4 ,?is too (t5 happ5s4 ,b ?\gh we (t5 compla9 ( our ,engli% climate1 x is yet1 take x all 9 all1 "o ( ! be/ 9 ! _w1 be+ comp>atively free f extremes ei!r ( heat or cold1 dr\ght or deluge4 ,to ! happy mixture ( sun%9e & ( ra9 we owe ! gre5ness ( our fields1 sp>kl+ ) dewdrops ,indwelt ) little angels ( ! ,sun1#cg lit & w>m$ by gold5 sun%9e ,& f$ by silv] ra91 :i* n[ & aga9 spr9kles ! :ole e>? ) diamonds4 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,! ,spectator4 #bc ,milton4 #bd ,jeff]ies4 #be ,=bes1 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4 #bf ,t5nyson4 #bg ,ham]ton4 #bh ,m>vell4 #bi ,rusk94 #cj ,?omson1 ,voyage ( ! ,*all5g]4 #ca ,?omson1 ,voyage ( ! ,*all5g]4 #cb ,sir ,j4 ,paget1 ,on ! ,pa?ology ( ,plants4 #cc ,evelyn's ,sylva4 #cd ,mod]n ,pa9t]s4 #ce ,m4 ,correvon in=ms me t ! ,gruyre *eese is suppos$ to owe its peculi> flav\r to ! alp9e ,al*emilla1 :i* is n[ on t acc\nt (t5 purposely s[n else:]e4 #cf ,j4 ,r4 ,l[ell4 #cg ,ham]ton4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,m\nta9s ,m\nta9s seem to h be5 built = ! human race1 z at once _! s*ools & ca!drals2 full ( treasures ( illum9at$ manuscript = ! s*ol>1 k9dly 9 simple lessons = ! work]1 quiet 9 pale cloi/]s = ! ?9k]1 glori\s 9 hol9ess = ! wor%ipp]4 ,!y are great ca!drals ( ! e>?1 ) _! gates ( rock1 pavem5ts ( cl\d1 *oirs ( /ream & /one1 alt>s ( sn[1 & vaults ( purple trav]s$ by ! cont9ual />s4--,,rusk94 ,illu/ration3 ,,summit ,,( ,,mont ,,blanc4 ,to face page #bjc4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,m\nta9s ,! ,alps are to _m ( u an inexhau/ible s\rce ( joy & peace1 ( heal?1 & ev5 ( life4 ,we h gone to !m jad$ & worn1 feel+1 p]haps )\t any ext]nal cause1 anxi\s & out ( spirits1 & h return$ full ( heal?1 /r5g?1 & en]gy4 ,among ! m\nta9s ,nature h]self seems fre] & happi]1 bright] & pur]1 ?an else:]e4 ,! ru% ( ! riv]s1 & ! repose ( ! lakes1 ! pure sn[fields & maje/ic glaci]s1 ! fre% air1 ! my/]i\s summits ( ! m\nta9s1 ! blue haze ( ! di/ance1 ! morn+ t9ts & ! ev5+ gl[1 ! beauty ( ! sky & ! gr&eur ( ! /orm1 h all refre%$ & delight$ u "t aft] "t1 & _! memories c nev] fade away4 ,ev5 n[ z ,i write comes back to me ! bright vision ( an ,alp9e valley--blue sky above1 glitt]+ sn[1 b>e grey or ri* r$ rock1 d>k p9es "h & !re1 mix$ ) bright gre5 l>*es1 !n pat*es ( smoo? alp1 ) clumps ( bir* & bee*1 & dott$ ) br[n *lets2 !n bel[ !m rock aga91 & wood1 b ?is "t ) m decidu\s trees2 & !n ! valley itself1 ) em]ald mead[s1 int]sp]s$ ) ald] copses1 ?read$ toge!r by a silv] /ream2 & ,i almo/ fancy ,i c he> ! t9kl+ ( di/ant c[bells com+ d[n f ! alp1 & ! delici\s murmur ( ! ru%+ wat]4 ,! endless v>iety1 ! s5se ( repose & yet ( p[]1 ! dignity ( age1 ! en]gy ( y\?1 ! play ( col\r1 ! beauty ( =m1 ! my/]y ( _! orig91 all comb9e to inve/ m\nta9s ) a solemn beauty4 ,i feel ) ,rusk9 t m\nta9s are ! beg9n+ & ! end ( all natural sc5]y2 9 !m1 & 9 ! =ms ( inf]ior l&scape t lead to !m1 my affections are :olly b\nd up2 & ?\gh ,i c look ) happy admiration at ! l[l& fl[]s1 & woods1 & op5 skies1 ! happ9ess is tranquil & cold1 l t ( exam9+ deta*$ fl[]s 9 a cons]vatory1 or read+ a pleasant book4 ,& ( all m\nta9 views :i* he has se51 ! f9e/ he consid]s is t f ! ,montanv]t3 ,i h climb$ mu* & w&]$ mu* 9 ! he>t ( ! high ,alps1 b ,i h nev] yet se5 any?+ :i* equall$ ! view f ! cab9 ( ! ,montanv]t4 ,x is no m]e fancy t among m\nta9s ! fl[]s are peculi>ly l>ge & brilliant 9 col\r4 ,n only are !re _m beautiful species :i* are peculi> to m\nta9s1--alp9e ,g5tians1 yell[1 blue1 & purple2 alp9e ,rhodod5drons1 alp9e ,primroses & ,c[slips1 alp9e ,ly*nis1 ,columb9e1 ,monk%ood1 ,anemones1 ,n>cissus1 ,campanulas1 ,soldanellas1 & a ?\s& o!rs less famili> to u1--b x is well e/abli%$ t ev5 )9 ! limits ( ! same species ^? liv+ up 9 ! m\nta9s h l>g] & bright] fl[]s ?an _! si/]s else:]e4 ,v>i\s alp9e species belong+ to q di/9ct families =m close moss-l cu%ions1 gemm$ ) />-l fl[]s1 or cov]$ completely ) a c>pet ( blossom4 ,on ! l[] m\nta9 slopes & 9 alp9e valleys trees seem to fl\ri% ) peculi> luxuriance4 ,p9es & ,firs & ,l>*es above2 !n1 z we desc5d1 ,bee*es & magnific5t ,*e/nuts1 :i* seem to rejoice 9 ! sweet1 fre% air & ! pure m\nta9 /reams4 ,to any "o accu/om$ to ! ri* bird life ( ,engli% woods & h$g][s1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ,swiss woods & ,alps seem r lonely & des]t$4 ,/ill ! ,hawk1 or ev5 ,eagle1 so>+ high up 9 ! air1 ! weird cry ( ! ,m>mot1 & ! k t1 ev5 if "o _c see ,*amois1 !y may all ! "t be look+ d[n on u1 give ! ,alps1 f ?is po9t ( view also1 a special int]e/ ( _! own4 ,ano!r great *>m ( m\nta9 di/ricts is ! ri*ness ( col\r4 ,consid]1#ch fir/1 ! diff]5ce produc$ 9 ! :ole tone ( l&scape col\r by ! introductions ( purple1 violet1 & deep ultra-m>9e blue :i* we owe to m\nta9s4 ,9 an ord9>y l[l& l&scape we h ! blue ( ! sky2 ! gre5 ( ! grass1 :i* ,i w suppose 7& ?is is an unnecess>y concession to ! l[l&s7 entirely fre% & bright2 ! gre5 ( trees2 & c]ta9 elem5ts ( purple1 f> m ri* & beautiful ?an we g5]ally %\ld ?9k1 9 _! b>k & %ad[s 7b>e h$ges & ?ickets1 or tops ( trees1 9 subdu$ aft]noon sun%9e1 are ne>ly p]fect purple & ( an exquisite tone71 z well z 9 pl\gh$ fields1 & d>k gr\nd 9 g5]al4 ,b among m\nta9s1 9 addition to all ?is1 l>ge unbrok5 spaces ( pure violet & purple are introduc$ 9 _! di/ances2 & ev5 ne>1 by films ( cl\d pass+ ov] ! d>kness ( rav9es or =e/s1 blues are produc$ ( ! mo/ subtle t5d]ness2 ^! azures & purples pass+ into rose col\r ( o!rwise :olly unatta9able delicacy among ! upp] summits1 ! blue ( ! sky be+ at ! same "t pur] & deep] ?an 9 ! pla9s4 ,nay1 9 "s s5se1 a p]son :o has nev] se5 ! rose col\r ( ! rays ( dawn cross+ a blue m\nta9 twelve or fifte5 miles away c h>dly be said to "k :at t5d]ness 9 col\r means at all2 bright t5d]ness he may1 inde$1 see 9 ! sky or 9 a fl[]1 b ?is grave t5d]ness ( ! f>-away hill-purples he _c conceive4 ,i d n "k1 he says else:]e1 any di/rict possess+ a m pure or un9t]rupt$ fulness ( m\nta9 "* 7& t ( ! highe/ ord]71 or :i* appe>s to h be5 less di/urb$ by =eign ag5cies1 ?an t :i* bord]s ! c\rse ( ! ,tri5t betwe5 ,valors9e & ,m>tigny4 ,! pa?s :i* lead to x1 out ( ! valley ( ! ,rhone1 ris+ at fir/ 9 /eep circles among ! walnut trees1 l w9d+ /airs among ! pill>s ( a ,go?ic t[]1 retire ov] ! %\ld]s ( ! hills into a valley almo/ unkn[n1 b ?ickly inhabit$ by an indu/ri\s & pati5t population4 ,along ! ridges ( ! rocks1 smoo!d by old glaci]s1 into long1 d>k1 bill[y swell+s1 l ! backs ( plung+ dolph9s1 ! peasant wat*es ! sl[ col\r+ ( ! tufts ( moss & roots ( h]b1 :i*1 little by little1 ga!r a feeble soil ov] ! iron sub/ance2 !n1 support+ ! n>r[ /rip ( cl++ gr\nd ) a few /ones1 he subdues x to ! spade1 & 9 a ye> or two a little cre/ ( corn is se5 wav+ ^u ! rocky casque4 ,tyndall1 speak+ ( ! sc5e f ! summit ( ! ,little ,s*eideck1#ci says3 ,! upp] air exhibit$ a commotion :i* we did n exp]i5ce2 cl\ds 7 wildly driv5 aga9/ ! flanks ( ! ,eig]1 ! ,jungfrau ?und]$ beh9d1 :ile 9 front ( u a magnific5t ra9b[1 fix+ "o ( its arms 9 ! valley ( ,gr9delwald1 &1 ?r[+ ! o!r "r ov] ! cr[n ( ! ,wett]horn1 clasp$ ! m\nta9 9 its embrace4 ,?r\gh jagg$ ap]tures 9 ! cl\ds floods ( gold5 light 7 p\r$ d[n ! sides ( ! m\nta94 ,on ! slopes 7 innum]able *lets1 gli/5+ 9 ! sunbeams1 h]ds br[s+ peacefully & %ak+ _! mell[ bells2 :ile ! blackness ( ! p9e trees1 cr[d$ into woods1 or scatt]$ 9 pleasant clu/]s ov] alp & valley1 contra/$ =cibly ) ! lively gre5 ( ! fields4 ,few m5 _h m exp]i5ce ( m\nta9s ?an ,mr4 ,:ymp]1 & f him1 ,i w quote "o rem>kable passage describ+ ! view f ! summit ( ! ,matt]horn j be=e ! t]rible cata/rophe :i* ov]%ad[s ! memory ( 8 fir/ asc5t4 ,! day 0 "o ( ^? sup]latively calm & cle> ones :i* usually prec$e bad wea!r4 ,! atmosph]e 0 p]fectly /ill & free f all cl\ds or vap\rs4 ,m\nta9s fifty1 nay1 a hundr$ miles (f look$ %>p & ne>4 ,all _! details--ridge & crag1 sn[ & glaci]--/ood out ) faultless def9ition4 ,pleasant ?\ghts ( happy days 9 bygone ye>s came up unbidd5 z we recognis$ ! old famili> =ms4 ,all 7 reveal$1 n "o ( ! pr9cipal peaks ( ! ,alps 0 hidd54 ,i see !m cle>ly n[1 ! great inn] circle ( giants1 back$ by ! ranges1 *a9s1 & massifs4444 ,t5 ?\s& feet b5ea? u 7 ! gre5 fields ( ,z]matt1 dott$ ) *lets1 f :i* blue smoke rose lazily4 ,eight ?\s& feet bel[1 on ! o!r side1 7 ! pa/ures ( ,breuil4 ,!re 7 black & gloomy =e/s2 bright & *e]ful mead[s1 b\nd+ wat]falls & tranquil lakes1 f]tile l&s & savage wa/es1 sunny pla9s & frigid plateaux4 ,!re 7 ! mo/ rugg$ =ms & ! mo/ graceful outl9es1 bold p]p5dicul> cliffs & g5tle undulat+ slopes2 rocky m\nta9s & sn[y m\nta9s1 sombre & solemn1 or glitt]+ & :ite1 ) walls1 turrets1 p9nacles1 pyramids1 domes1 cones1 & spires6 ,!re 0 e comb9ation t ! _w c give1 & e contra/ t ! he>t c\ld desire4 ,^! 7 summ] sc5es1 b ! ,autumn & ,w9t] aga9 h a gr&eur & beauty ( _! own4 ,autumn is d>k on ! m\nta9s2 grey mi/ re/s on ! hills4 ,! :irlw9d is he>d on ! hea?4 ,d>k rolls ! riv] ?r\gh ! n>r[ pla94 ,! leaves twirl r\nd ) ! w9d1 & /rew ! grave ( ! dead4#dj ,ev5 bad wea!r (t5 b enhances ! beauty & gr&eur ( m\nta9s4 ,:5 ! l[] p>ts are hidd51 & ! peaks /& out above ! cl\ds1 !y look mu* l(ti] ?an if ! :ole m\nta9 side is visible4 ,! gloom l5ds a weirdness & my/]y to ! sc5e1 :ile ! fly+ cl\ds give x additional v>iety4 ,ra91 moreov]1 adds vividness to ! col\r+4 ,! leaves & grass become a bright] gre51 e sunburnt rock gl[s into an agate1 & :5 f9e wea!r returns ! new sn[ gives int5se brilliance1 & inve/s ! woods especially ) ! beauty ( ,fairyl&4 ,h[ (t5 9 alp9e di/ricts does "o long = ! w+s ( a dove1 m ?or\ghly to enjoy & m completely to explore1 ! my/]ies & recesses ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! m9d1 h[ev]1 c g1 ev5 if ! body mu/ rema9 beh9d4 ,ea* h\r ( ! day has a beauty ( its own4 ,! morn+s & ev5+s aga9 gl[ ) diff]5t & ev5 ri*] t9ts4 ,9 m\nta9 di/ricts ! cl\d effects are bright] & m v>i$ ?an 9 flatt] regions4 ,! morn+ & ev5+ t9ts are se5 to ! greate/ advantage1 & cl\ds float+ high 9 ! heav5s sometimes glitt] ) ! mo/ exquisite iridesc5t hues t blu% & gl[ ,l angels' w+s4#da ,on l[ gr\nd "o may be 9 ! cl\ds1 b n above !m4 ,b z we look d[n f m\nta9s & see ! cl\ds float+ f> bel[ u1 we almo/ seem z if we 7 look+ d[n on e>? f "o ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,n ev5 9 ! ,alps is !re any?+ m beautiful ?an ! aft] gl[ :i* lights up ! sn[ & ice ) a rosy t9t = "s "t aft] ! sun has set4 ,long aft] ! l[] slopes are already 9 ! %ade1 ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc = in/ance is transfigur$ by ! light ( ! sett+ sun gl[+ on ! sn[4 ,x seems almo/ l a light f ano!r _w1 & vani%es z sudd5ly & my/]i\sly z x came4 ,z we look up f ! valleys ! m\nta9 peaks seem l sep>ate p9nacles project+ f> above ! g5]al level4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a v errone\s impression1 & :5 we exam9e ! view f ! top ( any ( ! high] m\nta9s1 or ev5 f "o ( v mod]ate elevation1 if well plac$1 su* say z ! well-kn[n ,piz ,langu>d1 we see t 9 _m cases !y mu/ h once =m$ a dome1 or ev5 a table l&1 out ( :i* ! valleys h be5 c>v$4 ,_m m\nta9 *a9s 7 orig9ally at lea/ twice z high z !y are n[1 & ! highe/ peaks are ^? :i* h suff]$ lea/ f ! we> & te> ( "t4 ,we us$ to speak ( ! ev]la/+ hills1 & are only beg9n+ to realise ! va/ & _m *anges :i* our e>? has und]gone4 ,!re rolls ! deep :]e grew ! tree4 ,o e>?1 :at *anges ha/ ?\ se56 ,!re :]e ! long /reet ro>s1 ha? be5 ,! /illness ( ! c5tral sea4 ,! hills are %ad[s1 & !y fl[ ,f =m to =m1 & no?+ /&s2 ,!y melt l mi/1 ! solid l&s1 ,l cl\ds !y %ape !mselves & g4#db ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,m\nta9s ,geography moreov] acquires a new int]e/ :5 we once realise t m\nta9s are no m]e accid5ts1 b t = e m\nta9 *a91 = e peak & valley1 !re is a cause & an explanation4 ,! orig9 ( ,m\nta9s is a "q ( mu* int]e/4 ,! build+ up ( ,volcanoes is ev5 n[ go+ on be=e our eyes4 ,"s o!rs1 ! ,dolomites = in/ance1 h be5 reg>d$ by ,ri*?(5 & o!r geologi/s z anci5t coral isl&s4 ,! long l9es ( esc>pm5t :i* (t5 /ret* = miles across c\ntry1 are n[ asc]ta9$1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! rese>*es ( ,:itak]1 to be due to ! diff]5tial action ( a]ial causes4 ,! g5]al orig9 ( m\nta9 *a9s1 h[ev]1 0 at fir/ naturally en\gh attribut$ to direct upw>d pressure f bel[4 ,to attribute !m 9 any way to subsid5ce seems almo/ a p>adox1 & yet x appe>s to be n[ well e/abli%$ t ! g5]al cause is lat]al compression1 due to contraction ( ! und]ly+ mass4 ,! e>?1 we "k1 has be5 gradually cool+1 & z x contract$ 9 do+ s1 ! /rata ( ! cru/ w\ld necess>ily be ?r[n into folds4 ,:5 an apple dries & %rivels 9 w9t]1 ! surface becomes cov]$ ) ridges4 ,or aga91 if we place "s %eets ( pap] betwe5 two weights on a table1 & !n br+ ! weights ne>] toge!r1 ! pap] w be crumpl$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,adapt$ f ,ball's pap] ,on ! ,=mation ( ,alp9e ,valleys & ,lakes1 ,lond4 & ,ed4 ,phil4 ,mag4 #ahfc1 p4 #if4 ,9 ! same way let u take a section ( ! e>?'s surface ,,ab 7,fig4 #ag71 & suppose t1 by ! gradual cool+ & consequ5t contraction ( ! mass1 ,,ab s9ks to ,a',b'1 !n to ,a'',b''1 & f9ally to ,a''',b'''4 ,( c\rse if ! cool+ ( ! surface & ( ! deep] portion 7 ! same1 !n ! /rata betwe5 ,a & ,b w\ld !mselves contract1 & might consequ5tly /ill =m a regul> curve betwe5 ,a''' & ,b'''4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! /rata at ! surface ( our globe h long s9ce approa*$ a con/ant temp]ature4 ,"u ^! circum/ances !re w\ld be no contraction ( ! /rata betwe5 ,a & ,b correspond+ to t ( ^? 9 ! int]ior1 & consequ5tly !y c\ld n lie flat betwe5 ,a''' & ,b'''1 b mu/ be ?r[n into folds1 comm5c+ along any l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,sometimes inde$ ! /rata are completely inv]t$1 z 9 ,fig4 #ai1 & 9 o!r cases !y h be5 squeez$ = miles out ( _! orig9al position4 ,?is explanation 0 fir/1 ,i believe1 sugge/$ by ,/5o4 ,x has be5 rec5tly develop$ by ,ball & ,suess1 & especially by ,heim4 ,9 ?is mann] x is probable t mo/ m\nta9 *a9s orig9at$4#dc ,! /ructure ( m\nta9 di/ricts confirms ?is !oretical explanation4 ,x is obvi\s ( c\rse t :5 /rata are ?r[n into folds1 !y w1 if /ra9$ too mu*1 give way at ! summit ( ! fold4 ,be=e do+ s1 h[ev]1 !y are /ret*$ & consequ5tly loos5$1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! /rata at ! bottom ( ! fold are compress$3 ! =m]1 !re=e1 are r5d]$ m susceptible ( dis9tegration1 ! latt] on ! contr>y acquire great] p[]s ( resi/ance4 ,h5ce d5udation w act ) m effect on ! upp] ?an on ! l[] portion ( ! folds1 & if cont9u$ long en\gh1 s t1 z %[n 9 ! above diagram1 ! dott$ portion is remov$1 we f9d ! orig9al hill tops replac$ by valleys1 & ! orig9al valleys =m+ ! hill tops4 ,e visitor to ,switz]l& mu/ h notic$ hills :]e ! /rata lie z %[n 9 p>ts ( ,fig4 #ah1 & :]e x is obvi\s t /rata correspond+ to ^? 9 dots mu/ h be5 orig9ally pres5t4 ,9 ! ,jura1 = in/ance1 a glance at any good map ( ! di/rict w %[ a succession ( ridges runn+ p>allel to "o ano!r 9 a slightly curv$ l9e f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e4 ,t ^! ridges are due to folds ( ! e>?'s surface is cle> f ! foll[+ figure 9 ,jacc>d's "w on ! ,geology ( ! ,jura1 %[+ a section f ,br5ets due s\? to ,neu*tel by ,le ,locle4 ,^! folds are comp>atively slight & ! hills ( no great height4 ,fur!r s\?1 h[ev]1 ! /rata are mu* m viol5tly dislocat$ & compress$ toge!r4 ,! ,mont ,salve is ! remnant ( "o ( ^! ridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,section across ! ,jura f ,br5ets to ,neu*tel4 ,9 ! ,alps ! contortions are mu* great] ?an 9 ! ,jura4 ,fig4 #ai %[s a section aft] ,heim1 f ! ,spitz5 across ! ,brunnialp1 & ! ,mad]an]?al4 ,x is obvi\s t ! valleys are due ma9ly to erosion1 t ! ,mad]an] valley has be5 cut out ( ! cry/all9e rocks s1 & 0 once cov]$ by ! ,jurassic /rata j1 :i* mu/ h =m]ly pass$ 9 a great ar* ov] :at is n[ ! valley4 ,h[ev] improbable x may seem t s great an am\nt ( rock %\ld h disappe>$1 evid5ce is conclusive4 ,ramsay has %[n t 9 "s p>ts ( ,wales n less ?an #bi1jjj feet h be5 remov$1 :ile !re is /rong reason = ! belief t 9 ,switz]l& an am\nt has be5 c>ri$ away equal to ! pres5t height ( ! m\nta9s2 ?\gh ( c\rse x does n foll[ t ! ,alps 7 once twice z high z !y are at pres5t1 because elevation & erosion mu/ h gone on contemporane\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;e1 ,eoc5e /rata2 j1 ,jurassic2 s1 ,cry/all9e rocks4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! /rata betwe5 ,ble & ! ,/4 ,got?>d h be5 compress$ f #bjb miles to #acj miles1 ! ,ard5nes f #ej to #be miles1 & ! ,appala*ians f #aec miles to #fe6 ,pr(4 ,gumbel has rec5tly express$ ! op9ion t ! ma9 =ce to :i* ! elevation ( ! ,alps 0 due act$ along ! ma9 axis ( elevation4 ,exactly ! opposite inf]5ce w\ld seem really to foll[ f ! facts4 ,if ! c5tre ( =ce 7 along ! axis ( elevation1 ! result w\ld1 z ,suess & ,heim h po9t$ out1 be to ext5d1 n to compress1 ! /rata2 & ! folds w\ld rema9 q unacc\nt$ =4 ,! sugge/ion ( compression is on ! contr>y consi/5t ) ! ma9 features ( ,swiss geography4 ,! pr9cipal axis foll[s a curv$ l9e f ! ,m>itime ,alps t[>ds ! nor?-ea/ by ,mont ,blanc & ,monte ,rosa & ,/4 ,got?>d to ! m\nta9s ov]look+ ! ,engad9e4 ,! geological /rata foll[ ! same direction4 ,nor? ( a l9e runn+ ?r\gh ,*amb]y1 ,yv]dun1 ,neu*tel1 ,solo?urn1 & ,olt5 to ,wald%ut on ! ,rh9e are ,jurassic /rata2 betwe5 t l9e & a second ne>ly p>allel & runn+ ?r\gh ,annecy1 ,vevey1 ,luc]ne1 ,wes51 ,app5zell1 & ,breg5z on ! ,lake ( ,con/ance1 is ! l[l& occupi$ by lat] ,t]ti>y /rata2 betwe5 ?is second l9e & ano!r pass+ ?r\gh ,alb]tville1 ,/4 ,maurice1 ,l5k1 ,meir+51 & ,altdorf lies a m or less brok5 b& ( old] ,t]ti>y /rata2 s\? ( :i* are a ,cretace\s zone1 "o ( ,jurassic age1 !n a b& ( cry/all9e rocks1 :ile ! c5tral core1 s to say1 ( ! ,alps1 z = in/ance at ,/4 ,got?>d1 consi/s ma9ly ( gneiss or granite4 ,! s$im5t>y deposits reappe> s\? ( ! ,alps1 & 9 ! op9ion ( "s high au?orities1 z1 = in/ance1 ( ,bonney & ,heim1 pass$ cont9u\sly ov] ! int]v5+ regions4 ,! la/ great upheaval comm5c$ aft] ! ,mioc5e p]iod1 & cont9u$ ?r\gh ! ,plioc5e4 ,mioc5e /rata atta9 9 ! ,righi a height ( #fjjj feet4 ,= nei!r ! hills nor ! m\nta9s are ev]la/+1 or ( ! same age4 ,! ,wel% m\nta9s are old] ?an ! ,vosges1 ! ,vosges ?an ! ,pyr5ees1 ! ,pyr5ees ?an ! ,alps1 & ! ,alps ?an ! ,&es1 :i* inde$ are /ill ris+2 s t if our ,engli% m\nta9s are less impos+ s f> z m]e height is conc]n$1 !y are mo/ v5]able f _! great antiquity4 ,b ?\gh ! exi/+ ,alps are 9 "o s5se1 & speak+ geologically1 v rec5t1 !re is /rong reason = believ+ t !re 0 a *a9 ( l(ty m\nta9s !re long previ\sly4 ,! fir/ indication1 says ,judd1 ( ! exi/5ce ( a l9e ( weakness 9 ?is portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ is f\nd t[>ds ! close ( ! ,p]mian p]iod1 :5 a s]ies ( volcanic outbur/s on ! v gr&e/ scale took place along a l9e ne>ly foll[+ t ( ! pres5t ,alps1 & l$ to ! =mation ( a range ( m\nta9s1 :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 mu/ h be5 at lea/ #hjjj to #ijjj feet high4 ,ramsay & ,bonney h also giv5 /rong reasons = believ+ t ! pres5t l9e ( ! ,alps 01 at a /ill e>li] p]iod1 occupi$ by a range ( m\nta9s no less l(ty ?an ^? ( to-day4 ,?us !n1 ?\gh ! pres5t ,alps are comp>atively speak+ s rec5t1 !re are good gr\nds = ! belief t !y 7 prec$$ by "o or m e>li] ranges1 once z l(ty z !y are n[1 b :i* 7 m or less completely levell$ by ! action ( air & wat]1 j z is happ5+ n[ to ! pres5t m\nta9 ranges4 ,movem5ts ( elevation & subsid5ce are /ill go+ on 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,sc&9avia is ris+ 9 ! nor?1 & s9k+ at ! s\?4 ,s\? ,am]ica is ris+ on ! we/ & s9k+ 9 ! ea/1 rotat+ 9 fact on its axis1 l "s /up5d\s p5dulum4 ,! cru%+ & fold+ ( ! /rata to :i* m\nta9 *a9s are due1 & ( :i* ! ,alps af=d su* m>vell\s illu/rations1 necess>ily give rise to ,e>?quakes1 & ! slight %ocks s frequ5t 9 p>ts ( ,switz]l&#dd appe> to indicate t ! =ces :i* h rais$ ! ,alps are n yet entirely sp5t1 & t sl[ subt]ranean movem5ts are /ill 9 progress along ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s4 ,b if ! m\nta9 *a9s are due to compression1 ! pres5t valleys are ma9ly ! result ( d5udation4 ,z soon z a m\nta9 range is once rais$1 all nature seems to conspire aga9/ x4 ,sun & ,fro/1 ,heat & ,cold1 ,air & ,wat]1 ,ice & ,sn[1 e plant1 f ! ,li*5 to ! ,oak1 & e animal1 f ! ,worm to ,man himself1 comb9e to attack x4 ,wat]1 h[ev]1 is ! mo/ p[]ful ag5t ( all4 ,! autumn ra9s saturate e pore & cranny2 ! wat] z x freezes cracks & splits ! h>de/ rocks2 :ile ! spr+ sun melts ! sn[ & swells ! riv]s1 :i* 9 _! turn c>ry (f ! debris to ! pla9s4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x w\ld aft] all be m correct to say t ,nature1 l "s great arti/1 c>ves ! %apeless block into =m1 & end[s ! rude mass ) life & beauty4 ,:at m1 said ,hutton long ago1 is requir$ to expla9 ! configuration ( our m\nta9s & valleys8 ,no?+ b "t4 ,x is n any "p ( ! process t w be disput$2 b1 aft] all[+ all ! p>ts1 ! :ole w be d5i$2 & = :at8 ,only because we are n dispos$ to all[ t quantity ( "t :i* ! absolution ( s mu* wa/$ m\nta9 might require4 ,! tops ( ! ,swiss m\nta9s /&1 & s9ce _! elevation h probably always /ood1 above ! range ( ice1 & h5ce _! bold peaks4 ,9 ,scotl&1 on ! contr>y1 & /ill m 9 ,norway1 ! %eet ( ice :i* once1 z is ! case ) ,gre5l& n[1 spread ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 has %orn (f ! summits & r$uc$ !m almo/ to gigantic bosses2 :ile 9 ,wales ! same causes1 toge!r ) ! resi/less action ( "t--=1 z already m5tion$1 ! ,wel% hills are f> old] ?an ! m\nta9s ( ,switz]l&--has gr\nd d[n ! once l(ty summits & r$uc$ !m to m]e /umps1 su* z1 if ! pres5t =ces are left to "w out _! results1 ! ,swiss m\nta9s w be ?\s&s1 or r t5s ( ?\s&s1 ( ye>s h5ce4 ,! sn[ l9e 9 ,switz]l& is g5]ally giv5 z be+ betwe5 #hejj & #ijjj feet4 ,above ?is level ! sn[ or nv gradually accumulates until x =ms glaci]s1 solid riv]s ( ice :i* desc5d m or less f> d[n ! valleys4 ,no "o :o has n se5 a glaci] c possibly realise :at !y are l4 ,fig4 #bj repres5ts ! glaci] ( ! ,blmlis ,alp1 & ! ,plate ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,glaci] ( ! ,blmlis ,alp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 ,to face page #bbi4 ,!y are (t5 v beautiful4 ,m\nt ,be]5b]g1 says ,"l ,duff]91 9 size1 col\r1 & effect f> surpass$ any?+ ,i _h anticipat$4 ,! glaci]s 7 q an unexpect$ elem5t ( beauty4 ,imag9e a mighty riv]1 ( z great a volume z ! ,?ames1 />t$ d[n ! side ( a m\nta91 bur/+ ov] e imp$im5t1 :irl$ into a ?\s& eddies1 tumbl+ & rag+ on f l$ge to l$ge 9 quiv]+ cat>acts ( foam1 !n sudd5ly /ruck rigid by a p[] s in/antane\s 9 its action t ev5 ! fro? & fleet+ wrea?s ( spray h /iff5$ to ! immutability ( sculpture4 ,unless y _h se5 x1 x w\ld be almo/ impossible to conceive ! /rang5ess ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! actual tranquillity ( ^! sil5t cry/al riv]s & ! viol5t desc5d+ en]gy impress$ ^u _! ext]ior4 ,y mu/ rememb] too all ?is is ^u a scale ( su* prodigi\s magnitude1 t :5 we succe$$ subsequ5tly 9 approa*+ ! spot--:]e ) a leap l t ( ,niag>a "o ( ^! glaci]s plunges d[n into ! sea--! eye1 no long] able to take 9 its fluvial "*1 0 cont5t to re/ 9 simple a/oni%m5t at :at !n appe>$ a luc5t precipice ( grey-gre5 ice1 ris+ to ! height ( sev]al hundr$ feet above ! ma/s ( ! vessel4#de ,! cliffs above glaci]s %[] d[n fragm5ts ( rock :i* gradually accumulate at ! sides & at ! end ( ! glaci]s1 =m+ m\nds kn[n z mora9es4 ,_m anci5t mora9es occur f> beyond ! pres5t region ( glaci]s4 ,9 consid]+ ! condition ( alp9e valleys we mu/ rememb] t ! glaci]s =m]ly desc5d$ mu* fur!r ?an !y d at pres5t4 ,! glaci]s ( ! ,rhone = in/ance occupi$ ! :ole ( ! ,valais1 fill$ ! ,lake ( ,g5eva--or r ! site n[ occupi$ by t lake--& rose #bjjj feet up ! slopes ( ! ,jura2 ! ,upp] ,tic9o1 & contributory valleys1 7 occupi$ by ano!r :i* fill$ ! bas9 ( ! ,lago ,maggiore2 a ?ird occupi$ ! valley ( ! ,dora ,baltea1 & has left a mora9e at ,ivrea "s tw5ty miles long1 & :i* rises no less ?an #aejj feet above ! pres5t level ( ! riv]4 ,! ,scot* & ,sc&9avian valleys 7 simil>ly fill$ by riv]s ( ice1 :i* inde$ at "o "t cov]$ ! :ole c\ntry ) an imm5se %eet1 z ,gre5l& is at pres5t4 ,enorm\s blocks ( /one1 ! ,pi]re ,niton at ,g5eva & ! ,pi]re ,bot above ,neu*tel1 = in/ance1 7 c>ri$ by ^! glaci]s = miles & miles2 & _m ( ! /ones 9 ! ,norfolk cliffs 7 br\ght by ice f ,norway 7p]haps1 h[ev]1 by ,iceb]gs71 across :at is n[ ! ,g]man ,ocean4 ,aga9 :]ev] ! rocks are h>d en\gh to h )/ood ! wea!r1 we f9d !m poli%$ & gr\nd1 j z1 & ev5 m s ?an1 ^? at ! ends & sides ( exi/+ glaci]s4 ,! mo/ magnific5t glaci] tracks 9 ! ,alps are1 9 ,rusk9's op9ion1 ^? on ! rocks ( ! great angle opposite ,m>tigny2 ! mo/ int]e/+ ^? above ! *annel ( ! ,tri5t betwe5 ,valors9e & ! valley ( ! ,rhone4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ,i "k no bett] illu/ration ( ice action ?an is to be se5 on ! road lead+ d[n f ,gl5 ,quoi* to ,lo* ,h\rn1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( desolate & savage sc5]y 9 ,scotl&4 ,its "n 9 ,celtic is said to mean ! ,lake ( ,hell4 ,all along ! roadside are smoo!d & poli%$ hummocks ( rock1 mo/ ( !m deeply furr[$ ) approximately p>allel /ri1 pres5t+ a g5tle slope on ! upp] end1 & a /eep side bel[1 cle>ly %[+ ! direction ( ! great ice fl[4 ,_m ( ! upp] ,swiss valleys conta9 lakes1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( ! ,upp] ,rhone1 ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 ( ! ,reuss1 ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne1 ( ! ,rh9e1 t ( ,con/ance4 ,^! lakes are g5]ally v deep4 ,! col\r ( ! upp] riv]s1 :i* are :ite ) ! diluvium f ! glaci]s1 is itself evid5ce ( ! erosive p[]s :i* !y ex]cise4 ,?is f9ely-divid$ matt] is1 h[ev]1 precipitat$ 9 ! lakes1 :i*1 z well z ! riv]s issu+ f !m1 are a beautiful ri* blue4 ,is x n probable t ?is action ( f9ely-divid$ matt] may h "s influ5ce on ! col\r ( "s ( ! ,swiss lakes--z t ( ,g5eva = example8 ,?is lake is simply an expansion ( ! riv] ,rhone1 :i* ru%es f ! end ( ! ,rhone glaci]1 z ! ,arveiron does f ! end ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,num]\s o!r /reams jo9 ! ,rhone "r & left dur+ its d[nw>d c\rse2 & ^! fe$]s1 be+ almo/ :olly d]iv$ f glaci]s1 jo9 ! ,rhone *>g$ ) ! f9] matt] :i* ^! 9 _! motion h gr\nd f ! rocks ov] :i* !y h pass$4 ,b ! glaci]s mu/ gr9d ! mass b5ea? !m to p>ticles ( all sizes1 & ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! f9e/ ( !m mu/ rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! lake ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,f>aday has %[n t a precipitate ( gold may require mon?s to s9k to ! bottom ( a bottle n m ?an five in*es high1 & 9 all probability x w\ld require ages ( calm subsid5ce to br+ all ! p>ticles :i* ! ,lake ( ,g5eva conta9s to its bottom4 ,x seems c]ta9ly wor?y ( exam9ation :e!r su* p>ticles susp5d$ 9 ! wat] contribute to ! production ( t magnific5t blue :i* has excit$ ! admiration ( all :o h se5 x "u fav\rable circum/ances4#df ,among ! ,swiss m\nta9s !mselves ea* has its special "*4 ,tyndall ?us describes a view 9 ! ,alps1 c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ beautiful--t1 namely1 f ! summit ( ! gis*horn4 ,skies & summits are to-day )\t a cl\d1 & no mi/ or turbidity int]f]es ) ! %>pness ( ! outl9es4 ,jungfrau1 ,monk1 ,eig]1 ,trugb]g1 cliffy ,/rahlgrat1 /ately lady-l ,alets*horn1 all gr&ly pi]ce ! empyrean4 ,l a ,saul ( ,m\nta9s1 ! ,f9/]a>horn ov]tops all 8 neighb\rs2 !n we h ! ,ob]a>horn1 ) ! riv5 glaci] ( ,vies* roll+ f 8 %\ld]s4 ,bel[ is ! ,mrjel9 ,see1 ) its cry/al precipices & its float+ iceb]gs1 sn[y :ite1 sail+ on a blue gre5 sea4 ,beyond is ! range :i* divides ! ,valais f ,italy4 ,sweep+ r\nd1 ! vision meets an aggregate ( peaks :i* look z fl$gl+s to _! "m t[>ds ! mighty ,dom4 ,!n come ! repell5t crags ( ,mont ,c]v92 ! ideal ( moral savag]y1 ( wild untameable f]ocity1 m+l+ involunt>ily ) our contemplation ( ! gloomy pile4 ,next comes an object1 sc>cely less gr&1 convey+1 x may be1 ev5 a deep] impression ( maje/y & might ?an ! ,matt]horn itself--! ,weis%orn1 p]haps ! mo/ spl5did object 9 ! ,alps4 ,b beauty is associat$ ) its =ce1 & we ?9k ( x1 n z cruel1 b z gr& & /rong4 ,fur!r to ! "r ! great ,comb9 lifts up 8 b>e head2 o!r peaks cr[d ar\nd him2 :ile at ! extremity ( ! curve r\nd :i* our gaze has swept rises ! sovran cr[n ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,& n[1 z day s9ks1 scrolls ( pe>ly cl\ds draw !mselves ar\nd ! m\nta9 cre/s1 be+ waft$ f !m into ! di/ant air4 ,!y are )\t col\r ( any k9d2 /ill1 by grace ( =m1 & z ! embodim5t ( lu/r\s light & mo/ t5d] %ade1 _! beauty is n to be describ$4#dg ,,volcanoes ,volcanoes belong to a totally diff]5t s]ies ( m\nta9s4 ,x is practically impossible to numb] ! ,volcanoes on our e>?4 ,humboldt enum]at$ #bbc1 :i* ,kei? ,john/on rais$ to ne>ly #cjj4 ,"s1 no d\bt1 are always active1 b 9 ! majority ! eruptions are occasional1 & ?\gh "s are und\bt$ly n[ ext9ct1 x is impossible 9 all cases to di/+ui% ^? :i* are only 9 repose f ^? ^: day ( activity is ov]4 ,!n1 aga91 ! "q w\ld arise1 :i* %\ld be reg>d$ z m]e subsidi>y cones & :i* are sep>ate volcanoes4 ,! slopes ( ,etna pres5t m ?an #gjj small cones1 & on ,hawaii !re are sev]al ?\s&s4 ,9 fact1 mo/ ( ! v l(ty volcanoes pres5t m or less lat]al cones4 ,! molt5 matt]1 well+ up ?r\gh "s fissure1 gradually builds itself up into a cone1 (t5 ( ! mo/ beautiful regul>ity1 su* z ! gigantic peaks ( ,*imporazo1 ,cotopaxi 7,fig4 #ba71 & ,fusiyama1 & h5ce x is t ! crat] is s (t5 at1 or v ne>1 ! summit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,cotopaxi4 ,p]haps no spectacle 9 ,nature is m magnific5t ?an a ,volcano 9 activity4 ,x has be5 my good =tune to h /ood m ?an once at ! edge ( ! crat] ( ,vesuvius dur+ an eruption1 to h wat*$ ! lava see?+ bel[1 :ile enorm\s /ones 7 %ot up high into ! air4 ,su* a spectacle c nev] be =gott54 ,! mo/ impos+ crat] 9 ! _w is probably t ( ,kilauea1 at a height ( ab\t #djjj feet on ! side ( ,m\na ,loa1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,hawaii4 ,x has a diamet] ( #b miles1 & is elliptic 9 outl9e1 ) a long] axis ( ab\t #c1 & a circumf]5ce ( ab\t #g miles4 ,! int]ior is a great lake ( lava1 ! level ( :i* is con/antly *ang+4 ,g5]ally1 x /&s ab\t #hjj feet bel[ ! edge1 & ! dep? is ab\t #adjj feet4 ,! heat is int5se1 &1 especially at night1 :5 ! cl\ds are col\r$ sc>let by ! reflection f ! molt5 lava1 ! effect is said to be magnific5t4 ,gradually ! lava m\nts 9 ! crat] until x ei!r bur/s ?r\gh ! side or runs ov] ! edge1 aft] :i* ! crat] rema9s empty1 sometimes = ye>s4 ,a lava /ream fl[s d[n ! slope ( ! m\nta9 l a burn+ riv]1 at fir/ rapidly1 b z x cools1 scori gradually =m1 & at l5g? ! molt5 matt] cov]s itself completely 7,fig4 #bb71 bo? above & at ! sides1 ) a solid cru/1 )9 :i*1 z 9 a tunnel1 x cont9ues to fl[ sl[ly z long z x is suppli$ f ! s\rce1 "h & !re break+ ?r\gh ! cru/ :i*1 z cont9ually1 re-=ms 9 front4 ,?us ! t]rible1 inexorable riv] ( fire sl[ly desc5ds1 de/roy+ ev]y?+ 9 its c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,lava ,/ream4 ,! /ream ( lava :i* bur/ f ,m\na ,loa 9 #ahhe _h a l5g? ( #gj miles2 t ( ,skapt>-,jokul 9 ,icel& 9 #aghc _h a l5g? ( #ej miles1 & a maximum dep? ( ne>ly #ejj feet4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! mass ( lava equall$ t ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,! /ones1 a%es1 & mud eject$ dur+ eruptions are ev5 m de/ructive ?an ! riv]s ( lava4 ,9 #ahea ,tomboro1 a volcano on ! ,isl& ( ,sumbava1 co/ m lives ?an fell 9 ! battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,! e>?quake ( ,lisbon 9 #agee de/roy$ #fj1jjj p]sons4 ,dur+ ! e>?quake ( ,riobamba & ! mud eruption ( ,tunguragua1 & aga9 9 t ( ,krakatoa1 x is e/imat$ t ! numb] :o p]i%$ 0 betwe5 #cj1jjj & #dj1jjj4 ,at ! e>?quake ( ,antio* 9 #ebf no less ?an #bjj1jjj p]sons are said to h lo/ _! lives4 ,p]haps ! mo/ de/ructive eruption ( mod]n times has be5 t on ,cosequ9a4 ,= #be miles x cov]$ ! gr\nd ) muddy wat] #af feet 9 dep?4 ,! du/ & a%es =m$ a d5se cl\d1 ext5d+ ov] _m miles1 "s ( x be+ c>ri$ #bj degrees to ! we/4 ,! total mass eject$ has be5 e/imat$ at #fj milli>ds ( squ>e y>ds4 ,/romboli1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean 7,fig4 #bc71 ?\gh only #bejj feet 9 height1 is v impos+ f its sup]b regul>ity1 & its roots plunge bel[ ! surface to a dep? ( #djjj feet4 ,x is1 moreov]1 v int]e/+ f ! regul>ity ( its action1 :i* has a p]iod ( #e m9utes or a little less4 ,on look+ d[n into ! crat] "o sees at a dep? ( say #cjj feet a see?+ mass ( r$-hot lava2 ?is gradually rises1 & !n explodes1 ?r[+ up a cl\d ( vap\r & /ones1 aft] :i* x s9ks aga94 ,s regul> is x t ! ,volcano has be5 comp>$ to a fla%+ ligh?\se1 & ?is wond]ful process has be5 go+ on = ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,/romboli1 view$ f ! nor?-we/1 ,april #ahgd4 ,?\gh long ext9ct1 volcanoes once exi/$ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles2 ,ar?ur's ,seat1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 = in/ance1 appe>s to be ! funnel ( a small volcano1 belong+ to ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,! summit ( a volcanic m\nta9 is sometimes entirely bl[n away4 ,betwe5 my fir/ two visits to ,vesuvius #bjj feet ( ! m\nta9 _h ?us disappe>$4 ,vesuvius itself /&s 9 a m anci5t crat]1 "p ( :i* /ill rema9s1 & is n[ kn[n z ,somma1 ! great] portion hav+ disappe>$ 9 ! great eruption ( #gi1 :5 ! m\nta91 wak+ f its long sleep1 de/roy$ ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,z reg>ds ! orig9 ( volcanoes !re h be5 two ma9 !ories4 ,impress$ by ! magnitude & gr&eur ( ! ph5om5a1 enhanc$ z !y are by _! de/ructive "*1 _m h be5 dispos$ to reg>d ! crat]s ( volcanoes z gigantic *imneys1 pass+ "r ?r\gh ! solid cru/ ( ! globe1 & communicat+ ) a c5tral fire4 ,rec5t rese>*es1 h[ev]1 h indicat$ t1 gr& & impos+ z !y are1 volcanoes mu/ yet be reg>d$ z due ma9ly to local & sup]ficial causes4 ,a glance at ! map %[s t volcanoes are almo/ always situat$ on1 or ne>1 ! sea coa/4 ,f ! int]ior ( cont95ts !y are entirely want+4 ,! numb] ( active volcanoes 9 ! ,&es1 contra/$ ) _! abs5ce 9 ! ,alps & ,ourals1 ! ,himalayas1 & ,c5tral ,asian *a9s1 is v /rik+4 ,inde$1 ! ,pacific ,ocean is encircl$1 z ,ritt] has po9t$ out1 by a r+ ( fire4 ,beg9n+ ) ,new ,zeal&1 we h ! ,volcanoes ( ,tong>iro1 ,:akaii1 etc42 !nce ! circle passes ?r\gh ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 ,solomon ,isl&s1 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,timor1 ,flores1 ,sumbava1 ,lombock1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 ! ,philipp9es1 ,japan1 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 along ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 & ,*ili1 to ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 &1 9 ! f> s\?1 to ! two great ,volcanoes ( ,erebus & ,t]ror on ,victoria ,l&4 ,we "k t ! contraction ( ! ,e>?'s surface ) ! /ra9s & fractures1 ! compression & folds1 :i* mu/ inevitably result1 is /ill 9 op]ation1 & mu/ give rise to areas ( high temp]ature1 & consequ5tly to volcanoes4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t ! real m\nta9 *a9s ( our e>? are ! cont95ts1 comp>$ to :i* ev5 ! ,alps & ,&es are m]e wr9kles4 ,x is along ! l9es ( ! great m\nta9 *a9s1 t is to say1 along ! ma9 coa/ l9es1 r ?an 9 ! c5tres ( ! cont95ts1 :i* may be reg>d$ z comp>atively quiesc5t1 t we %\ld naturally expect to f9d ! di/ricts ( greate/ heat1 & ?is is p]haps :y volcanoes are g5]ally di/ribut$ along ! coa/ l9es4 ,ano!r reason = reg>d+ ,volcanoes z local ph5om5a is t _m ev5 ( ^? comp>atively ne> "o ano!r act q indep5d5tly4 ,?is is s ) ,kilauea & ,m\na ,loa1 bo? on ! small isl& ( ,hawaii4 ,aga91 if volcanoes 7 9 connection ) a great c5tral sea ( fire1 ! eruptions mu/ foll[ ! same laws z regulate ! tides4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,!re are inde$ indications ( ! exi/5ce ( slight tides 9 ! molt5 lake :i* und]lies ,vesuvius1 & dur+ ! eruption ( #ahfe !re 0 increas$ activity twice a day1 z we %\ld expect to f9d 9 any great fluid res]voir1 b v diff]5t inde$ f :at mu/ h be5 ! case if ! m\nta9 0 9 connection ) a c5tral ocean ( molt5 matt]4 ,inde$1 unless ! cru/ ( our e>? 0 ( great ?ickness we %\ld be subject to p]petual e>?quakes4 ,no d\bt ^! are f> m frequ5t ?an is g5]ally suppos$2 inde$1 ) our improv$ in/rum5ts x c be %[n t in/ead ( occasional vibrations1 ) long int]m$iate p]iods ( re/1 we h 9 reality %ort int]vals ( re/ ) long p]iods ( vibration1 or r p]haps t ! cru/ ( ! e>? is 9 con/ant tremor1 ) m viol5t oscillation f "t to "t4 ,x appe>s1 moreov]1 t e>?quakes are n g5]ally deep-seat$4 ,! po9t at :i* ! %ock is v]tical c be asc]ta9$1 & x is also possible 9 "s cases to det]m9e ! angle at :i* x em]ges else:]e4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done x has always be5 f\nd t ! seat ( di/urbance mu/ h be5 )9 #cj geographical miles ( ! surface4 ,yet1 ?\gh we _c connect volcanic action ) ! c5tral heat ( ! e>?1 b mu/ reg>d x z a m9or & local manife/ation ( =ce1 volcanoes /ill rema9 among ! gr&e/1 mo/ awful1 & at ! same "t mo/ magnific5t spectacles :i* ! e>? c af=d4 ,,footnotes3 #ch ,rusk94 #ci ,! ,glaci]s ( ! ,alps4 #dj ,ossian4 #da ,bull>1 ,azores4 #db ,t5nyson4 #dc ,see especially ,heim's great "w1 ,unt4 4 d4 ,me*anismus d] ,gebirgsbildung4 #dd ,9 ! la/ #aej ye>s m ?an #ajjj are record$4 #de ,lett]s f ,high ,latitudes4 #df ,glaci]s ( ! ,alps4 #dg ,m\nta9e]+ 9 #ahfa4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,wat] ,( all inorganic sub/ances1 act+ 9 _! own prop] nature1 & )\t assi/ance or comb9ation1 wat] is ! mo/ wond]ful4 ,if we ?9k ( x z ! s\rce ( all ! *angefulness & beauty :i* we h se5 9 ! cl\ds2 !n z ! in/rum5t by :i* ! e>? we h contemplat$ 0 modell$ into symmetry1 & its crags *isell$ into grace2 !n z1 9 ! =m ( sn[1 x robes ! m\nta9s x has made1 ) t transc5d5t light :i* we c\ld n h conceiv$ if we _h n se52 !n z x exi/s 9 ! foam ( ! torr5t1 9 ! iris :i* spans x1 9 ! morn+ mi/ :i* rises f x1 9 ! deep cry/all9e pools :i* mirror its hang+ %ore1 9 ! broad lake & glanc+ riv]1 f9ally1 9 t :i* is to all human m9ds ! be/ emblem ( unwe>i$1 unconqu]able p[]1 ! wild1 v>i\s1 fanta/ic1 tameless unity ( ! sea2 :at %all we comp>e to ?is mighty1 ?is univ]sal elem5t1 = glory & = beauty8 or h[ %all we foll[ its et]nal *e]fulness ( feel+8 ,x is l try+ to pa9t a s\l4--,,rusk94 ,illu/ration3 ,,rydal ,,wat]4 ,to face page #bea4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,wat] ,9 ! leg5ds ( anci5t times runn+ wat] 0 pro( aga9/ all sorc]y & wit*craft3 ,no spell c\ld /ay ! liv+ tide ,or *>m ! ru%+ /ream4#dh ,!re 0 mu* tru? z well z beauty 9 ?is idea4 ,fl[+ wat]s1 moreov]1 h n only p[] to wa% out mat]ial /a9s1 b !y also cle> away ! cobwebs ( ! bra9--! results ( ov] incessant "w--& re/ore u to heal? & /r5g?4 ,sn[fields & glaci]s1 m\nta9 torr5ts1 sp>kl+ brooks1 & /ately riv]s1 m]es & lakes1 & la/1 n lea/1 ! great ocean itself1 all alike possess ?is magic p[]4 ,:5 ,i w\ld beget cont5t1 says ,izaak ,walton1 & increase confid5ce 9 ! p[] & wisdom & provid5ce ( ,almighty ,god1 ,i w walk ! mead[s by "s glid+ /ream1 & !re contemplate ! lilies t take no c>e1 & ^? v _m o!r little liv+ creatures t are n only creat$1 b f$ 7man kn[s n h[7 by ! goodness ( ! ,god ( ,nature1 & !re=e tru/ 9 ,him2 & 9 8 qua9t old language he craves a special bless+ on all ^? t are true lov]s ( virtue1 & d>e tru/ 9 ,8 ,provid5ce1 & be quiet1 & g a angl+4 ,at ! wat]'s edge fl[]s are especially v>i$ & luxuriant1 s t ! banks ( a riv] are a long natural g>d5 ( tall & graceful grasses & s$ges1 ! ,mead[ ,sweet1 ! ,fl[]+ ,ru%1 ! sweet ,flag1 ! ,bull ,ru%1 ,purple ,loose/rife1 ,hemp ,agrimony1 ,dewb]ry1 ,=get-me-n1 & a hundr$ m1 back$ by ,will[s1 ,ald]s1 ,popl>s1 & o!r trees4 ,! ,animal _w1 if less conspicu\s to ! eye1 is q z fasc9at+ to ! imag9ation4 ,"h & !re a speckl$ ,tr\t may be detect$ 7r by ! %ad[ ?an ! sub/ance7 susp5d$ 9 ! cle> wat]1 or d>t+ across a %all[2 if we are quiet we may see ,wat] ,h5s or ,wild ,ducks swimm+ among ! lilies1 a ,k+fi%] sitt+ on a bran* or fla%+ away l a gleam ( light2 a solemn ,h]on /&s maybe at ! wat]'s edge1 or sl[ly rises flapp+ 8 great w+s2 ,wat] ,rats1 neat & clean little creatures1 v diff]5t f _! co>se br[n namesakes ( ! l&1 are abundant ev]y:]e2 nor ne$ we ev5 yet q despair ( see+ ! ,ott] himself4 ,insects ( c\rse are gay1 lively1 & innum]able2 b aft] all ! ri*e/ fauna is t visible only ) a microscope4 ,to gaze1 says ,dr4 ,hudson1 into t wond]ful _w :i* lies 9 a drop ( wat]1 cross$ by "s /ems ( gre5 we$1 to see transp>5t liv+ me*anism at "w1 & to ga9 "s idea ( its modes ( action1 to wat* a t9y speck t c sail ?r\gh ! prick ( a ne$le's po9t2 to see its cry/al arm\r fla%+ ) ev] v>y+ t9t1 its head glori\s ) ! halo ( its quiv]+ cilia2 to see x glid+ ?r\gh ! em]ald /ems1 hunt+ = its food1 snat*+ at its prey1 flee+ f its enemy1 *as+ its mate 7! fi]ce/ ( our passions blaz+ 9 an invisible speck72 to see x :irl+ 9 a mad dance1 to ! s\nd ( its own music1 ! music ( its happ9ess1 ! exquisite happ9ess ( liv+--c any "o1 :o has once enjoy$ ?is sight1 ev] turn f x to m]e books & draw+s1 )\t ! s5se t he has left all ,fairyl& beh9d him8#di ,! /udy ( ,natural ,hi/ory has inde$ ! special advantage ( c>ry+ u into ! c\ntry & ! op5 air4 ,lakes are ev5 m re/ful ?an riv]s or ! sea4 ,riv]s are always fl[+1 ?\gh x may be b sl[ly2 ! sea may re/ a:ile1 n[ & !n1 b is g5]ally full ( action & en]gy2 :ile lakes seem to sleep & dream4 ,lakes 9 a beautiful c\ntry are l silv] ornam5ts on a lovely dress1 l liquid gems 9 a beautiful sett+1 or bright eyes 9 a lovely face4 ,inde$ z we gaze d[n on a lake f "s hill or cliff x almo/ looks solid1 l "s great blue cry/al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9d]m]e4 ,to face page #bed4 ,x is n m]ely = purposes ( comm]ce or conv5i5ce t m5 love to live ne> riv]s4 ,let me live h>mlessly1 & ne> ! br9k ,( ,tr5t or ,avon h my dwell+-place2 ,:]e ,i may see my quill1 or cork1 d[n s9k1 ,) eag] bite ( pike1 or bleak1 or dace2 ,& on ! _w & my ,creator ?9k3 ,:ile "s m5 /rive ill-gott5 goods t' embrace3 ,& o!rs sp5d _! "t 9 base excess ,( w9e2 or worse1 9 w>1 or wantonness4 ,let !m t w1 ^! pa/imes /ill pursue1 ,& on su* pleas+ fancies fe$ _! fill3 ,s ,i ! fields & mead[s gre5 may view ,& daily by fre% riv]s walk at w1 ,among ! daisies & ! violets blue1 ,r$ hyac9? & yell[ daffodil4#ej ,x is int]e/+ & delightful to trace a riv] f its s\rce to ! sea4 ,beg9n+ at ! hill-tops1 says ,geikie1 we fir/ meet ) ! spr+ or 'well-eye1' f :i* ! riv] takes its rise4 ,a pat* ( bright gre51 mottl+ ! br[n hea?y slope1 %[s :]e ! wat] comes to ! surface1 a trea*]\s cov]+ ( v]dure (t5 conceal+ a deep pool b5ea?4 ,f ?is s\rce ! rivulet trickles along ! grass & hea?1 :i* x soon cuts ?r\gh1 rea*+ ! black1 peaty lay] bel[1 & runn+ 9 x = a %ort way z 9 a gutt]4 ,excavat+ its *annel 9 ! peat1 x comes d[n to ! soil1 (t5 a /ony e>? blea*$ :ite by ! peat4 ,deep5+ & wid5+ ! *annel z x ga!rs =ce ) ! increas+ slope1 ! wat] digs into ! coat+ ( drift or loose decompos$ rock t cov]s ! hillside4 ,9 fav\rable localities a n>r[ precipit\s gully1 tw5ty or ?irty feet deep1 may ?us be scoop$ out 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we trace "o ( ! ,swiss riv]s to its s\rce we %all g5]ally f9d t x beg9s 9 a sn[ field or nv ne/l$ 9 a %\ld] ( "s great m\nta94 ,bel[ ! nv lies a glaci]1 on1 91 & "u :i* ! wat] runs 9 a ?\s& little /reams1 ev5tually em]g+ at ! end1 9 "s cases =m+ a beautiful blue cav]n1 ?\gh 9 o!rs ! end ( ! glaci] is encumb]$ & conceal$ by e>? & /ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,upp] ,valley ( ,/4 ,got?>d4 ,! upp]mo/ ,alp9e valleys are p]haps g5]ally1 ?\gh by no means always1 a little desolate & sev]e1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( ,/4 ,got?>d 7,fig4 #bd74 ,! sides are clo!d ) r\gh pa/ure1 :i* is fl[]y inde$1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! fl[]s are n visible at a di/ance1 int]sp]s$ ) live rock & fall5 masses1 :ile along ! bottom ru%es a :ite torr5t4 ,! sn[y peaks are g5]ally m or less hidd5 by ! %\ld]s ( ! hills4 ,! valleys fur!r d[n wid5 & become m v>i$ & picturesque4 ,! sn[y peaks & slopes are m (t5 visible1 ! alps or pa/ures to :i* ! c[s are tak5 9 summ]1 are gre5] & dott$ ) ! huts or *lets ( ! c[-h]ds1 :ile ! t9kl+ ( ! c[bells comes to "o f "t to "t1 s(t5$ by di/ance1 & sugge/ive ( m\nta9 rambles4 ,bel[ ! alps !re is g5]ally a /eep] "p clo!d ) ,firs or ) ,l>*es & ,p9es1 "s ( :i* seem z if !y 7 scal+ ! m\nta9s 9 regim5ts1 prec$$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( skirmi%]s4 ,bel[ ! fir woods aga9 are ,bee*es1 ,*e/nuts1 & o!r decidu\s trees1 :ile ! c5tral cultivat$ portion ( ! valley is p>tly arable1 p>tly pa/ure1 ! latt] diff]+ f our mead[s 9 conta9+ a great] v>iety ( fl[]s--,campanulas1 ,wild ,g]aniums1 ,*]vil1 ,ragg$ ,rob91 ,n>cissus1 etc4 ,"h & !re is a br[n village1 :ile m or less 9 ! c5tre hurries along1 ) a delightful ru%+ s\nd1 ! m\nta9 torr5t1 to :i* ! dep?1 if n ! v exi/5ce ( ! valley1 is ma9ly due4 ,! mead[s are (t5 c>efully irrigat$1 & ! wat] p[] is also us$ = mills1 ! /reams seem+ to ru% on1 z ,rusk9 says1 eag] = _! "w at ! mill1 or _! m9i/ry to ! mead[s4 ,ap>t f ! action ( runn+ wat]1 sn[ & fro/ are cont9ually dis9tegrat+ ! rocks1 & at ! base ( almo/ any /eep cliff may be se5 a slope ( debris 7z 9 ,figs4 #be1 #bf74 ,?is /&s at a regul> angle--! angle ( repose--& unless x is cont9ually remov$ by a /ream at ! base1 gradually creeps up high] & high]1 until at la/ ! cliff entirely disappe>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,section ( a riv] valley4 ,! dott$ l9e %[s a slope or talus ( debris4 ,sometimes ! two sides ( ! valley approa* s ne> t !re is n ev5 room = ! riv] & ! road3 9 t case ,nature claims ! supremacy1 & ! road has to be c>ri$ 9 a cutt+1 or p]haps 9 a tunnel ?r\gh ! rock4 ,9 o!r cases ,nature is n at "o ) h]self4 ,9 _m places ! debris f ! rocks above w\ld rea* "r across ! valley & dam up ! /ream4 ,!n arises a /ruggle betwe5 rock & riv]1 b ! riv] is always victori\s 9 ! end2 ev5 if damm$ back = a :ile1 x conc5trates its =ces1 rises up ! ramp>t ( rock1 ru%es ov] triumphantly1 resumes its orig9al c\rse1 & gradually c>ries ! enemy away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,valley ( ! ,rhone1 ) ! wat]fall ( ,sall5*es1 %[+ talus ( debris4 ,ano!r prom95t feature 9 _m valleys is af=d$ by ! old riv]1 or lake1 t]races1 :i* 7 =m$ at a "t :5 ! riv] ran at a level f> above its pres5t b$4 ,?us _m a m\nta9 valley gives "s su* section z ! foll[+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,a1 pres5t riv] valley2 ,b1 old riv] t]race4 ,fir/1 a face ( rock1 v /eep1 & 9 "s places almo/ p]p5dicul>2 secondly1 a regul> talus ( fall5 rocks1 /ones1 etc41 z %[n 9 ! view ( ! ,rhone ,valley 7,fig4 #bf71 :i* takes :at is kn[n z ! slope ( repose1 at an angle :i* dep5ds on ! "* ( ! mat]ial4 ,z a rule = loose rock fragm5ts x may be tak5 r\ghly to be an angle ( ab\t #de4 ,!n an irregul> slope foll[$ 9 _m places by "o or m t]races1 & la/ly ! pres5t b$ ( ! riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,diagram ( an ,alp9e valley %[+ a riv] cone4 ,front view4 ,! wid? or n>r[ness ( ! valley 9 relation to its dep? dep5ds greatly on ! condition ( ! rocks1 ! h>d] & t\gh] !y are ! n>r[] z a rule be+ ! valley4 ,f "t to "t a side /ream ent]s ! ma9 valley4 ,?is is itself compos$ ( _m small] rivulets4 ,if ! lat]al valleys are /eep1 ! /reams br+ ) !m1 especially aft] ra9s1 l>ge quantities ( e>? & /ones4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y rea* ! ma9 valley1 ! rapidity ( ! curr5t be+ less1 _! p[] ( transport also dim9i%es1 & !y spread out ! mat]ial :i* !y c>ry d[n 9 a depress$ cone 7,figs4 #bh1 #bi1 #ca1 #cb74 ,a side /ream ) its t]m9al cone1 :5 se5 f ! opposite side ( ! valley1 pres5ts ! appe>ance %[n 9 ,figs4 #bh1 #ca1 or1 if we are look+ d[n ! valley1 z 9 ,figs4 #bi1 #cb1 ! riv] be+ (t5 driv5 to "o side ( ! ma9 valley1 z1 = in/ance1 is ! case 9 ! ,valais1 ne> ,sion1 :]e ! ,rhone 7,fig4 #cj7 is driv5 out ( its c\rse by1 & =ms a curve r\nd1 ! cone br\ght d[n by ! torr5t ( ! ,borgne4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,diagram ( an ,alp9e valley1 %[+ a riv] cone4 ,lat]al view4 ,sometimes two lat]al valleys 7see ,plate7 come d[n ne>ly opposite "o ano!r1 s t ! cones meet1 z1 = in/ance1 "s little way bel[ ,v]nayaz1 &1 inde$1 9 sev]al o!r places 9 ! ,valais 7,fig4 #ca74 ,or m p]man5t lakes may be due to a ridge ( rock runn+ across ! valley1 z1 = in/ance1 j bel[ ,/4 ,maurice 9 ! ,valais4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,9 ,,! ,,valais ,,bel[ ,,/4 ,,maurice4 ,to face page #bff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,view 9 ! ,rhone ,valley1 %[+ a lat]al cone4 ,almo/ all riv] valleys conta91 or h conta9$1 9 _! c\rse "o or m lakes1 & :]e a riv] falls into a lake a cone l ^? j describ$ is =m$1 & projects into ! lake4 ,?us on ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 betwe5 ,vevey & ,vill5euve 7see ,fig4 #cc71 !re are sev]al su* promontories1 ea* m>k+ ! place :]e a /ream falls into ! lake4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,view 9 ! ,rhone ,valley1 %[+ ! slope ( a riv] cone4 ,! ,rhone itself has n only fill$ up :at 0 once ! upp] end ( ! lake1 b has built out a /rip ( l& into ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,%ore ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 ne> ,vevey4 ,t ! lake =m]ly ext5d$ "s di/ance up ! ,valais no "o c d\bt :o looks at ! flat gr\nd ab\t ,vill5euve4 ,! ,plate opposite1 f a photograph tak5 above ,vevey1 %[s ?is cle>ly4 ,x is q evid5t t ! lake mu/ =m]ly h ext5d$ fur!r up ! valley1 & t x has be5 fill$ up by mat]ial br\ght d[n by ! ,rhone1 a process :i* is /ill cont9u+4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! lake ! riv] ru%es out #ae feet deep ( n fl[+1 b fly+ wat]2 n wat] nei!r--melt$ glaci] matt]1 "o %\ld call x2 ! =ce ( ! ice is 9 x1 & ! wrea?+ ( ! cl\ds1 ! gladness ( ! sky1 & ! c\nt5ance ( "t4#ea ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,up ,,! ,,valais ,,f ,,! ,,lake ,,( ,,g5eva4 ,to face page #bgj4 ,9 flat c\ntries ! habits ( riv]s are v diff]5t4 ,= in/ance1 9 p>ts ( ,norfolk !re are _m small lakes or broads 9 a network ( riv]s--! ,bure1 ! ,y>e1 ! ,ant1 ! ,wav5ey1 etc4--:i* d n ru% on ) ! ha/e ( "s riv]s1 or ! /ately fl[ ( o!rs :i* are /eadily set to rea* ! sea1 b r seem l riv]s w&]+ 9 ! mead[s on a holiday4 ,!y h (t5 no natural banks1 b are b\nd$ by d5se gr[?s ( tall grasses1 ,bulru%es1 ,re$s1 & ,s$ges1 int]sp]s$ ) ! spires ( ! purple ,loose/rife1 ,will[ ,h]b1 ,hemp ,agrimony1 & o!r fl[]s1 :ile ! fields are v l[ & protect$ by dykes1 s t ! r$ cattle appe> to be br[s+ bel[ ! level ( ! wat]2 & z ! riv]s take mo/ unexpect$ turns1 ! sail+ boats (t5 seem 7,fig4 #cd7 z if !y 7 9 ! middle ( ! fields4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,view 9 ! di/rict ( ! ,broads1 ,norfolk4 ,at pres5t ^! riv]s are re/ra9$ 9 _! c\rses by banks2 :5 left free !y are cont9ually *ang+ _! b$s4 ,_! c\rses at fir/ sight seem to foll[ no rule1 b1 z x is t]m$1 f a celebrat$ riv] ( ,asia ,m9or1 to me&] along )\t aim or object1 ?\gh 9 fact !y foll[ v def9ite laws4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! riv] at l5g? rea*es ! sea1 x 9 _m cases spreads out 9 ! =m ( a fan1 =m+ a v flat cone or delta1 z x is call$1 f ! ,greek capital ,greek3 ,delta1 a "n fir/ appli$ to t ( ! ,nile1 & aft]w>ds ext5d$ to o!r riv]s4 ,?is is due to ! same cause1 & resembles1 except 9 size1 ! comp>atively m9ute cones ( m\nta9 /reams4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,fig4 #ce repres5ts ! delta ( ! ,po1 & x w be obs]v$ t ,adria1 once a great port1 & f :i* ! ,adriatic 0 nam$1 is n[ m ?an #bj miles f ! sea4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable case is t ( ! ,mississippi 7,fig4 #cf71 ! m\?s ( :i* project into ! sea l a h&1 or l ! petals ( a fl[]4 ,= miles ! mud is too s(t to support trees1 b is cov]$ by s$ges 7,miegea72 ! banks ( mud gradually become too s(t & mobile ev5 = !m4 ,! pilots :o navigate %ips up ! riv] live 9 frail h\ses re/+ on planks1 & kept 9 place by an*ors4 ,/ill fur!r1 & ! banks ( ! ,mississippi1 if banks !y c be call$1 are m]e /rips ( r$di% mud1 int]sect$ f "t to "t by transv]se /reams ( wat]1 :i* gradually sep>ate !m into pat*es4 ,^! become m & m liquid1 until ! l&1 riv]1 & sea m]ge imp]ceptibly into "o ano!r4 ,! riv] is s muddy t x might almo/ be call$ l&1 & ! mud s saturat$ by wat] t x might well be call$ sea1 s t "o c h>dly say :e!r a giv5 spot is on ! cont95t1 9 ! riv]1 or on ! op5 ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,leyd54 #di ,dr4 ,hudson1 ,address to ! ,microscopical ,society1 #ahhi4 #ej ,f4 ,davors4 #ea ,rusk94 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,riv]s ,,& ,,lakes ,,on ,,! ,,directions ,,( ,,riv]s ,9 ! la/ *apt] ,i h allud$ to ! w&]+s ( riv]s )9 ! limits ( _! own valleys2 we h n[ to consid] ! causes :i* h det]m9$ ! directions ( ! valleys !mselves4 ,if a tract ( c\ntry 7 rais$ up 9 ! =m ( a boss or dome1 ! ra9 :i* fell on x w\ld p>tly s9k 91 p>tly run away to ! l[] gr\nd4 ,! lea/ inequality 9 ! surface w\ld det]m9e ! fir/ directions ( ! /reams1 :i* w\ld c>ry d[n any loose mat]ial1 & ?us =m little *annels1 :i* w\ld be gradually deep5$ & enl>g$4 ,x is z difficult = a riv] z = a man to get out ( a groove4 ,9 su* a case ! riv]s w\ld t5d to radiate ) m or less regul>ity f ! c5tre or axis ( ! dome1 z1 = in/ance1 9 our ,engli% lake di/rict 7,fig4 #cg74 ,d]w5t ,wat]1 ,?irlm]e1 ,coni/on ,wat]1 & ,w9d]m]e1 run approximately ,n4 & ,s42 ,crummock ,wat]1 ,l[eswat]1 & ,butt]m]e ,n4,w4 by ,s4,e42 ,wa/e ,wat]1 ,ullswat]1 & ,hawes ,wat] ,n4,e4 by ,s4,w42 :ile ,enn]dale ,wat] lies ne>ly ,e4 by ,w4 ,c we acc\nt 9 any way1 & if s h[1 = ^! v>i$ directions8 ,! m\nta9s ( ,cumb]l& & ,we/morel& =m a m or less oval boss1 ! axis ( :i*1 ?\gh n /raight1 runs practically f ,e4,n4,e4 to ,w4,s4,w41 say f ,scaw ,fell to ,%ap ,fell2 & a sket* map %[s u almo/ at a glance t ,d]w5t ,wat]1 ,?irlm]e1 ,ullswat]1 ,coni/on ,wat]1 & ,w9d]m]e run at "r angles to ?is axis2 ,enn]dale ,wat] is j :]e ! boss ends & ! m\nta9s disappe>2 :ile ,crummock ,wat] & ,wa/e ,wat] lie at ! int]m$iate angles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,map ( ! ,lake ,di/rict4 ,s mu* !n = ! direction4 ,we h /ill to consid] ! situation & orig91 & x appe>s t ,ullswat]1 ,coni/on ,wat]1 ! ,riv] ,dudd51 ,wa/e ,wat]1 & ,crummock ,wat] lie along ! l9es ( old faults1 :i* no d\bt 9 ! fir/ in/ance det]m9$ ! fl[ ( ! wat]4 ,take ano!r case4 ,9 ! ,jura ! valleys are obvi\sly 7see ,fig4 #ah7 9 _m cases due to ! fold+ ( ! /rata4 ,x seldom happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! case is s simple4 ,if ! elevation is consid]able ! /rata are (t5 fractur$1 & fissures are produc$4 ,aga9 if ! "p elevat$ conta9s lay]s ( m ?an "o "*1 ?is at once e/abli%es diff]5ces4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! ,weald ( ,k5t 7,figs4 #ch1 #ci74 ,"h we h 7omitt+ m9or lay]s7 f\r pr9cipal /rata conc]n$1 namely1 ! ,*alk1 ,gre5s&1 ,weald ,clay1 & ,ha/+s ,s&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;a1 a1 ,upp] ,cretace\s /rata1 *iefly ,*alk1 =m+ ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,d[ns2 b1 b1 ,esc>pm5t ( ,l[] ,gre5s&1 ) a valley betwe5 x & ! ,*alk2 c1 c1 ,weald ,clay1 =m+ pla9s2 d1 ,hills =m$ ( ,ha/+s ,s& & ,clay4 ,! ,*alk1 etc41 once spread across ! c\ntry1 z %[n 9 ! dott$ l9es4 ,! axis ( elevation runs 7,fig4 #ci7 f ,w9*e/] by ,pet]sfield1 ,hor%am1 & ,w9*elsea to ,b\logne1 & z %[n 9 ! foll[+ section1 tak5 f ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 we h on ea* side ( ! axis two ridges or esc>pm5ts1 "o t ( ! ,*alk1 ! o!r t ( ! ,gre5s&1 :ile betwe5 ! ,*alk & ! ,gre5s& is a valley1 & betwe5 ! ,gre5s& & ! ridge ( ,ha/+s ,s& an undulat+ pla91 9 ea* case ) a g5tle slope f ab\t :]e ! ,london & ,brighton railway crosses ! ,weald t[>ds ! ea/4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we might h expect$ t ! /reams dra9+ ! ,weald w\ld h run 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( elevation1 & at ! bases ( ! esc>pm5ts1 z 9 fact ! ,ro!r does = "p ( its c\rse1 into ! sea betwe5 ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,d[ns1 in/ead ( :i* z a rule !y run nor? & s\?1 cutt+ 9 "s cases directly ?r\gh ! esc>pm5ts2 on ! nor?1 = in/ance1 ! ,wye1 ! ,mole1 ! ,d>5?1 ! ,m$way1 & ! ,/\r2 & on ! s\? ! ,arun1 ! ,addur1 ! ,ouse1 & ! ,cuckm]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,map ( ! ,weald ( ,k5t4 ,!y d n run 9 faults or cracks1 & x is cle> t !y c\ld n h excavat$ _! pres5t valleys "u circum/ances su* z n[ exi/4 ,!y c>ry u back inde$ to a "t :5 ! ,gre5s& & ,*alk 7 cont9u$ across ! ,weald 9 a great dome1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,!y !n ran d[n ! slope ( ! dome1 & z ! ,*alk & ,gre5s& gradually wea!r$ back1 a process /ill 9 op]ation1 ! riv]s deep5$ & deep5$ _! valleys1 & ?us 7 enabl$ to keep _! orig9al c\rse4 ,o!r evid5ce 9 support ( ?is view is af=d$ by ! pres5ce ( gravel b$s 9 "s places at ! v top ( ! ,*alk esc>pm5t--b$s :i* 7 d\btless deposit$ :51 :at is n[ ! summit ( a hill1 0 "p ( a cont9u\s slope4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,?ames (f]s u a some:at simil> in/ance4 ,x rises on ! ,oolites ne> ,cir5ce/]1 & cuts ?r\gh ! esc>pm5t ( ! ,*alk betwe5 ,wall+=d & ,read+4 ,! cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,*alk has evid5tly be5 effect$ by ! riv] itself4 ,b ?is c\ld n h happ5$ "u exi/+ conditions4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! ,*alk esc>pm5t is gradually mov+ ea/w>ds4 ,! ,*alk esc>pm5ts inde$ are ev]y:]e1 ?\gh ( c\rse only sl[ly1 crumbl+ away4 ,betwe5 ,f>nham & ,guild=d ! ,*alk is r$uc$ to a n>r[ ridge kn[n z ! ,hog's ,back4 ,9 ! same way no d\bt ! area ( ! ,*alk =m]ly ext5d$ mu* fur!r we/ ?an x does at pres5t1 &1 inde$1 !re c be little d\bt1 some:at fur!r we/ ?an ! s\rce ( ! ,?ames1 almo/ to ! valley ( ! ,sev]n4 ,at t "t ! ,?ames took its orig9 9 a ,*alk spr+4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! ,*alk 0 worn away by ! action ( wea!r1 & especially ( ra94 ,! riv] ma9ta9$ its c\rse :ile gradually excavat+1 & s9k+ deep] & deep] into1 ! ,*alk4 ,at pres5t ! riv] meets ! ,*alk esc>pm5t ne> ,wall+=d1 b ! esc>pm5t itself is /ill gradually retreat+ ea/w>d4 ,s1 aga91 ! ,elbe cuts "r across ! ,erz-,gebirge1 ! ,rh9e ?r\gh ! m\nta9s betwe5 ,b+5 & ,cobl5z1 ! ,potomac1 ! ,susquehannah1 & ! ,delaw>e ?r\gh ! ,alleghanies4 ,! case ( ! ,dranse w be allud$ to fur!r on 7p4 #bib74 ,9 ^! cases ! riv]s prec$$ ! m\nta9s4 ,inde$ z soon z ! l& rose above ! wat]s1 riv]s w\ld beg9 _! "w1 & hav+ done s1 unless ! rate ( elevation ( ! m\nta9 exce$$ ! p[] ( erosion ( ! riv]1 ! two w\ld proce$ simultane\sly1 s t ! riv] w\ld n alt] its c\rse1 b w\ld cut deep] & deep] z ! m\nta9 range gradually rose4 ,riv]s !n are 9 _m cases old] ?an m\nta9s4 ,moreov]1 ! m\nta9s are passive1 ! riv]s active4 ,s9ce x seems to be well e/abli%$ t 9 ,switz]l& a mass1 m ?an equal to :at rema9s1 has be5 remov$2 & t _m ( ! pres5t m\nta9s are n sites :i* 7 orig9ally rais$ highe/1 b ^? :i* h suff]$ lea/1 x foll[s t if 9 "s cases ! c\rse ( ! riv] is due to ! direction ( ! m\nta9 ridges1 on ! o!r h& ! direction ( "s ( ! pres5t ridges is due to t ( ! riv]s4 ,at any rate x is c]ta9 t ( ! orig9al surface n a trace or a fragm5t rema9s 9 situ4 ,_m ( our own ,engli% m\nta9s 7 once valleys1 & _m ( our pres5t valleys occupy ! sites ( =m] m\nta9 ridges4 ,heim & ,rtimey] po9t out t ( ! two factors :i* h produc$ ! relief ( m\nta9 regions1 ! "o1 elevation1 is tempor>y & transitory2 ! o!r1 d5udation1 is con/ant1 & ga9s !re=e f9ally ! upp] h&4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 expect too great regul>ity4 ,! degree ( h>dness1 ! texture1 & ! composition ( ! rocks cause great diff]5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! alt]ation ( level 0 too rapid1 ! result might be greatly to alt] ! riv] c\rses4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 m5tions su* a case1 :i*1 moreov]1 is p]haps ! m int]e/+ z be+ evid5tly v rec5t4 ,mr4 ,gill1 he says1 m5tion$ to me a mo/ int]e/+1 & z f> z ,i am aw>e1 q unp>allel$ case1 ( a subt]ranean di/urbance hav+ *ang$ ! dra9age ( a c\ntry4 ,travell+ f ,casma to ,hu>az 7n v f> di/ant f ,lima7 he f\nd a pla9 cov]$ ) ru9s & m>ks ( anci5t cultivation1 b n[ q b>r54 ,ne> x 0 ! dry c\rse ( a consid]able riv]1 :5ce ! wat] = irrigation _h =m]ly be5 conduct$4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! appe>ance ( ! wat]-c\rse to indicate t ! riv] _h n fl[$ !re a few ye>s previ\sly2 9 "s p>ts b$s ( s& & gravel 7 spread out2 9 o!rs1 ! solid rock _h be5 worn into a broad *annel1 :i* 9 "o spot 0 ab\t #dj y>ds 9 bread? & #h feet deep4 ,x is self-evid5t t a p]son foll[+ up ! c\rse ( a /ream w always asc5d at a great] or less incl9ation4 ,mr4 ,gill !re=e1 0 mu* a/oni%$ :5 walk+ up ! b$ ( ?is anci5t riv]1 to f9d himself sudd5ly go+ d[nhill4 ,he imag9$ t ! d[nw>d slope _h a fall ( ab\t #dj or #ej feet p]p5dicul>4 ,we "h h unequivocal evid5ce t a ridge _h be5 uplift$ "r across ! old b$ ( a /ream4 ,f ! mom5t ! riv] c\rse 0 ?us ar*$1 ! wat] mu/ necess>ily h be5 ?r[n back1 & a new *annel =m$4 ,f t mom5t also ! neighb\r+ pla9 mu/ h lo/ its f]tilis+ /ream1 & become a des]t4#eb ,! /rata1 moreov]1 (t5--inde$ g5]ally1 z we h se51 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ,switz]l&--be> evid5ce ( mo/ viol5t contortions1 & ev5 :]e ! convulsions 7 less extreme1 ! valleys ?us result+ are sometimes complicat$ by ! exi/5ce ( old] valleys =m$ "u previ\s conditions4 ,9 ! ,alps !n ! pres5t configuration ( ! surface is ma9ly ! result ( d5udation4 ,if we look at a map ( ,switz]l& we c trace b little relation betwe5 ! riv] c\rses & ! m\nta9 *a9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,sket* ,map ( ! ,swiss ,riv]s4 ,! riv]s1 z a rule 7,fig4 #dj71 run ei!r ,s4,e4 by ,n4,w41 or1 at "r angles to ?is1 ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 ,! ,alps !mselves foll[ a some:at curv$ l9e f ! ,m>itime ,alps1 comm5c+ ) ! isl&s ( ,hyres1 by ,briancon1 ,m>tigny1 ! ,valais1 ,urs]5 ,?al1 ,vord] ,rhe91 ,innsbruck1 ,rad/adt1 & ,rott5mann to ! ,danube1 a little bel[ ,vi5na1--at fir/ ne>ly nor? & s\?1 b gradually curv+ r\nd until x becomes ,s4,w4 by ,n4,e4 ,! c5tral m\nta9s are ma9ly compos$ ( ,gneiss1 ,granite1 & cry/all9e ,s*i/s3 ! l9e ( junction betwe5 ^! rocks & ! second>y & t]ti>y /rata on ! nor?1 runs1 speak+ r\ghly1 f ,hyres to ,gr5oble1 & !n by ,alb]tville1 ,sion1 ,*ur1 ,inns1 bruck1 ,rad/adt1 & ,hieflau1 t[>ds ,vi5na4 ,x is foll[$ 79 "s "p ( _! c\rse7 by ! ,isre1 ! ,rhone1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,inn1 & ! ,enns4 ,"o ( ! great folds %ortly describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] runs up ! ,isre1 along ! ,*am\ni ,valley1 up ! ,rhone1 ?r\gh ! ,urs]5 ,?al1 d[n ! ,rh9e ,valley to ,*ur1 along ! ,inn ne>ly to ,kuf/e91 & = "s di/ance along ! ,enns4 ,?us1 !n1 five great riv]s h tak5 advantage ( ?is ma9 fold1 ea* ( !m ev5tually break+ ?r\gh into a transv]se valley4 ,! ,pu/]?al 9 ! ,tyrol (f]s u an int]e/+ case ( :at is obvi\sly a s+le valley1 :i* has1 h[ev]1 be5 slightly rais$ 9 ! c5tre1 ne> ,tobla*1 s t f ?is po9t ! wat] fl[s 9 opposite directions--! ,drau ea/w>d1 & ! ,ri5z we/w>d4 ,9 ?is case ! elevation is s+le & slight3 9 ! ma9 valley !re are sev]al1 & !y are mu* l(ti]1 /ill we may1 ,i ?9k1 reg>d t ( ! ,isre f ,*amb]y to ,alb]tville1 ( ! ,rhone f ,m>tigny to its s\rce1 ( ! ,urs]5 ,?al1 ( ! ,vord] ,rh9e f its s\rce to ,*ur1 ( ! ,inn f ,l&eck to bel[ ,innsbruck1 ev5 p]haps ( ! ,enns f ,rad/adt to ,hieflau z 9 "o s5se a s+le valley1 due to "o ( ^! longitud9al folds1 b int]rupt$ by bosses ( gneiss & granite1--"o culm9at+ 9 ,mont ,blanc1 & ano!r 9 ! ,/4 ,got?>d1--:i* h sep>at$ ! wat]s ( ! ,isre1 ! ,rhone1 ! ,vord] ,rh9e1 ! ,inn1 & ! ,enns4 ,t ! valley ( ,*am\ni1 ! ,valais1 ! ,urs]5 ,?al1 & t ( ! ,vord] ,rh9e really =m "p ( "o great fold is fur!r %[n by ! pres5ce ( a belt ( ,jurassic /rata nipp$ 91 z x 71 betwe5 ! cry/all9e rocks4 ,?is seems to ?r[ light on ! rem>kable turns tak5 by ! ,rhone at ,m>tigny & ! ,vord] ,rh9e at ,*ur1 :]e !y respectively quit ! great longitud9al fold1 & fall into second>y transv]se valleys4 ,! ,rhone = ! upp] "p ( its c\rse1 z f> z ,m>tigny1 runs 9 ! great longitud9al fold ( ! ,valais2 at ,m>tigny x falls into & adopts ! transv]se valley1 :i* prop]ly belongs to ! ,dranse2 = ! ,dranse is probably an old] riv] & ran 9 ! pres5t c\rse ev5 be=e ! great fold ( ! ,valais4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t ! ,ob]l& range is n s old z ! ,p5n9e1 & t its elevation 0 s gradual t ! ,dranse 0 able to we> away a passage z ! ridge gradually rose4 ,aft] leav+ ! ,lake ( ,g5eva ! ,rhone foll[s a c\rse curv+ gradually to ! s\?1 until x rea*es ,/4 ,g5ix1 :]e x falls into & adopts a transv]se valley :i* prop]ly belongs to ! little riv] ,gui]s2 x subsequ5tly jo9s ! ,a9 & f9ally falls into ! ,sane4 ,if ^! valleys 7 attribut$ to _! old] occupi]s we %\ld !re=e conf9e ! "n ( ! ,rhone to ! portion ( its c\rse f ! ,rhone glaci] to ,m>tigny4 ,f ,m>tigny x occupies successively ! valleys ( ! ,dranse1 ,gui]s1 ,a91 & ,sane4 ,9 fact1 ! ,sane receives ! ,a91 ! ,a9 ! ,gui]s1 ! ,gui]s ! ,dranse1 & ! ,dranse ! ,rhone4 ,?is is n a m]e "q ( names1 b also "o ( antiquity4 ,! ,sane1 = in/ance1 fl[$ pa/ ,lyons to ! ,m$it]ranean = ages be=e x 0 jo9$ by ! ,rhone4 ,9 our nom5clature1 h[ev]1 ! ,rhone has swall[$ up ! o!rs4 ,?is is ! m curi\s because ( ! ?ree great riv]s :i* unite to =m ! l[] ,rhone1 namely1 ! ,sane1 ! ,d\bs1 & ! ,rhone itself1 ! ,sane br+s = a l>ge "p ( ! ye> ! greate/ volume ( wat]1 & ! ,d\bs has ! longe/ c\rse4 ,o!r simil> cases might be m5tion$4 ,! ,a>1 = in/ance1 is a some:at l>g] riv] ?an ! ,rh9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,diagram 9 illu/ration ( ,m\nta9 /ructure4 ,b :y %\ld ! riv]s1 aft] runn+ = a c]ta9 di/ance 9 ! direction ( ! ma9 axis1 s (t5 break away into lat]al valleys8 ,if ! elevation ( a *a9 ( m\nta9s be due to ! causes sugge/$ 9 p4 #bad1 x is evid5t1 ?\gh1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 /ress has n hi!rto be5 laid ^u ?is1 t ! compression & consequ5t fold+ ( ! /rata 7,fig4 #da7 w\ld n be 9 ! direction ,a ,b only1 b also at "r angles to x1 9 ! direction ,a ,c1 ?\gh ! am\nt ( fold+ might be mu* great] 9 "o direction ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,?us 9 ! case ( ,switz]l&1 :ile ! ma9 folds run s\?-we/ by nor?-ea/1 !re w\ld be o!rs at "r angles to ! ma9 axis4 ,! complex /ructure ( ! ,swiss m\nta9s may be p>tly due to ! coexi/5ce ( ^! two directions ( pressure at "r angles to "o ano!r4 ,! pres5ce ( a fold s orig9at+ w\ld (t5 div]t ! riv] to a c\rse m or less ne>ly at "r angles to its orig9al direction4 ,switz]l&1 moreov]1 slopes nor?w>ds f ! ,alps1 s t ! l[e/ "p ( ! great ,swiss pla9 is t along ! foot ( ! ,jura4 ,h5ce ! ma9 dra9age runs along ! l9e f ,yv]dun to ,neu*tel1 d[n ! ,zihl to ,soleure1 & !n along ! ,a> to ,wald%ut3 ! ,upp] ,a>1 ! ,emm51 ! ,wigg]n1 ! ,suhr1 ! ,wyn51 ! l[] ,reuss1 ! ,sihl1 & ! ,limmat1 besides sev]al small] /reams1 runn+ approximately p>allel to "o ano!r nor?-nor?-ea/1 & at angles to ! ma9 axis ( elevation1 & all jo9+ ! ,a> f ! s\?1 :ile on ! nor? x does n receive a s+le contribut>y ( any importance4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! ,alps aga9 we h ! ,dora ,baltea1 ! ,sesia1 ! ,tic9o1 ! ,olonna1 ! ,adda1 ! ,adige1 etc41 all runn+ s\?-s\?-ea/ f ! axis ( elevation to ! ,po4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,inde$1 ! g5]al slope ( ,switz]l&1 be+ f ! ridge ( ! ,alps t[>ds ! nor?1 x w be obs]v$ 7,fig4 #db7 t almo/ all ! l>ge afflu5ts ( ^! riv]s runn+ 9 longitud9al valleys fall 9 on ! s\?1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( ! ,isre f ,alb]tville to ,gr5oble1 ( ! ,rhone f its s\rce to ,m>tigny1 ( ! ,vord] ,rh9e f its s\rce to ,*ur1 ( ! ,inn f ,l&eck to ,kuf/e91 ( ! ,enns f its s\rce to ne> ,admont1 ( ! ,danube f its s\rce to ,vi5na1 & z j m5tion$1 ( ! ,a> f ,b]n to ,wald%ut4 ,h5ce also1 :5ev] ! ,swiss riv]s runn+ ea/ & we/ break into a transv]se valley1 z ! l>g] ones all d1 & "s m ?an once1 !y inv>iably1 :e!r orig9ally runn+ ea/ or we/w>ds1 turn t[>ds ! nor?4 ,b al?\gh we ?us get a clue to ! g5]al /ructure ( ,switz]l&1 ! :ole "q is extremely complex1 & ! /rata h be5 crumpl$ & fold$ 9 ! mo/ complicat$ mann]1 sometimes completely rev]s$1 s t old] rocks h be5 fold$ back on y\ng] /rata1 & ev5 9 "s cases ^! folds aga9 refold$4 ,moreov]1 ! d5udation by a]ial action1 by glaci]s1 fro/s1 & riv]s has remov$ hundr$s1 or r ?\s&s1 ( feet ( /rata4 ,9 fact1 ! m\nta9 tops are n by any means ! spots :i* h be5 mo/ elevat$1 b ^? :i* h be5 lea/ d5ud$2 & h5ce x is t s _m ( ! peaks /& at ab\t ! same altitude4 ,,! ,,conflicts ,,& ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,riv]s ,our ance/ors look$ ^u riv]s z be+ 9 "s s5se alive1 & 9 fact 9 _! /ruggle = exi/5ce !y n only lab\r to adapt _! *annel to _! own requirem5ts1 b 9 _m cases ent] into conflict ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ! pla9 ( ,b5gal1 = in/ance1 !re are ?ree great riv]s1 ! ,brahmapootra com+ f ! nor?1 ! ,ganges f ! we/1 & ! ,megna f ! ea/1 ea* ( !m ) a numb] ( tribut>y /reams4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson#ec has giv5 u a mo/ int]e/+ & ent]ta9+ acc\nt ( ! /ruggles betwe5 ^! great riv]s to occupy ! f]tile pla9 ( ,b5gal4 ,! ,megna1 ?\gh mu* inf]ior 9 size to ! ,brahmapootra1 has "o great advantage4 ,x dep5ds ma9ly on ! monsoon ra9s = its supply1 :ile ! ,brahmapootra n only has a long] c\rse to run1 b relies = its floods1 to a great ext5t1 on ! melt+ ( ! sn[1 s t1 arriv+ lat] at ! sc5e ( ! /ruggle1 x f9ds ! c\ntry already occupi$ by ! ,megna to su* an ext5t t x has be5 driv5 ne>ly #gj miles nor?w>ds1 & =c$ to f9d a new *annel4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x has attack$ ! t]ritory ( ! ,ganges1 & be+ 9 flood e>li] ?an t riv]1 ?\gh lat] ?an ! ,megna1 x has 9 its turn a great advantage4 ,:atev] ! ultimate result may be ! /ruggle cont9ues vigor\sly4 ,at ,sooksaghur1 says ,f]gusson1 !re 0 a noble c\ntry h\se1 built by ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 ab\t a mile f ! banks ( ! ,hoogly4 ,:5 ,i fir/ knew x 9 #ahcj half ! av5ue ( noble trees1 :i* l$ f ! riv] to ! h\se1 0 gone2 :5 ,i la/ saw x1 "s eight ye>s aft]w>ds1 ! riv] 0 close at h&4 ,s9ce !n h\se1 /ables1 g>d51 & village are all gone1 & ! riv] 0 on ! po9t ( break+ ?r\gh ! n>r[ neck ( high l& t rema9$1 & p\r+ itself into "s weak-b&$ nullahs 9 ! l[l&s beyond3 & if x _h succe$$1 ! ,hoogly w\ld h des]t$ ,calcutta4 ,at ?is juncture ! ,ea/]n ,b5gal ,railway ,company int]v5$4 ,!y 7 c>ry+ _! works along ! ridge1 & !y h1 = ! mom5t at lea/1 /opp$ ! oscillation 9 ?is direction4 ,?is has affect$ _m ( ! o!r tribut>ies ( ! ,ganges1 s t ! survey made by ,r5nell 9 #aghj-ij is no long] any evid5ce z to ! pres5t c\rse ( ! riv]s4 ,!y may n[ be any:]e else2 9 "s cases all we c say is t !y are c]ta9ly n n[ :]e !y 7 !n4 ,! association ( ! ?ree great ,european riv]s1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,rhone1 & ! ,danube1 ) ! pa/ hi/ory ( our race1 inve/s !m ) a s+ul> fasc9ation1 & _! pa/ hi/ory is "o ( mu* int]e/4 ,!y all ?ree rise 9 ! gr\p ( m\nta9s betwe5 ! ,gal5/ock & ! ,b]n>d9o1 )9 a space ( a few miles2 on ! ea/ ! wat]s run into ! ,black ,sea1 on ! nor? into ! ,g]man ,ocean1 & on ! we/ into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,b x has n always be5 s4 ,_! head-wat]s h be5 at "o "t int]wov5 toge!r4 ,at pres5t ! wat]s ( ! ,valais escape f ! ,lake ( ,g5eva at ! we/]n end1 & ?r\gh ! rem>kable defile ( ,=t de l',ecluse & ,malp]tius1 :i* has a dep? ( #fjj feet1 & is at "o place n m ?an #ad feet across4 ,moreov]1 at v>i\s po9ts r\nd ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 rema9s ( lake t]races %[ t ! wat] once /ood at a level mu* high] ?an ! pres5t4 ,"o ( ^! is r m ?an #bej feet#ed above ! lake4 ,a glance at ! map w %[ t betwe5 ,lausanne & ,yv]dun !re is a l[ tract ( l&1 & ! ,v5oge1 :i* falls into ! ,lake ( ,g5eva betwe5 ,lausanne & ,morges1 runs )9 ab\t half a mile ( ! ,nozon1 :i* falls into ! ,lake ( ,neu*tel at ,yv]dun1 ! two be+ connect$ by ! ,canal d',entr]o*es1 & ! height ( ! wat]%$ be+ only #gf metres 7#bej feet71 correspond+ ) ! above m5tion$ lake t]race4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t :5 ! ,lake ( ,g5eva /ood at ! level ( ! #bej feet t]race ! wat]s ran out1 n z n[ at ,g5eva & by ,lyons to ! ,m$it]ranean1 b ne> ,lausanne by ,cissonay & ,entr]o*es to ,yv]dun1 & ?r\gh ! ,lake ( ,neu*tel into ! ,a> & ! ,rh9e4 ,b ?is is n ! :ole ( ! curi\s hi/ory4 ,at pres5t ! ,a> makes a %>p turn to ! we/ at ,wald%ut1 :]e x falls into ! ,rh9e1 b !re is reason to believe t at a =m] p]iod1 be=e ! ,rh9e _h excavat$ its pres5t b$1 ! ,a> cont9u$ its c\rse ea/w>d to ! ,lake ( ,con/ance1 by ! valley ( ! ,klettgau1 z is indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( gravel b$s conta9+ pebbles :i* h be5 br\ght1 n by ! ,rh9e f ! ,grisons1 b by ! ,a> f ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 %[+ t ! riv] :i* occupi$ ! valley 0 n ! ,rh9e b ! ,a>4 ,x w\ld seem also t at an e>ly p]iod ! ,lake ( ,con/ance /ood at a consid]ably high] level1 & t ! outlet 01 p]haps1 f ,fr$]i*%av5 to ,ulm1 along :at are n[ ! valleys ( ! ,s*uss5 & ! ,ri$1 into ! ,danube4 ,?us ! head-wat]s ( ! ,rhone appe> to h orig9ally run by ,lausanne & ! ,lake ( ,con/ance into ! ,danube1 & s to ! ,black ,sea4 ,!n1 aft] ! pres5t valley 0 op5$ betwe5 ,wald%ut & ,basle1 !y fl[$ by ,basle & ! pres5t ,rh9e1 & aft] jo9+ ! ,?ames1 ov] ! pla9 :i* n[ =ms ! ,g]man ,sea into ! ,arctic ,ocean betwe5 ,scotl& & ,norway4 ,f9ally1 aft] ! op5+ ( ! passage at ,=t de l',ecluse1 by ,g5eva1 ,lyons1 & ! ,valley ( ! ,sane1 to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t ^! *anges 9 riv] c\rses are conf9$ to ! l[] di/ricts4 ,m\nta9 /reams h also _! adv5tures & vicissitudes1 _! w>s & invasions4 ,take = in/ance ! ,upp] ,rh9e1 ( :i* we h a v int]e/+ acc\nt by ,heim4 ,x is =m$ ( ?ree ma9 bran*es1 ! ,vord] ,rh9e1 ,h9t] ,rh9e1 & ! ,albula4 ,! two latt]1 aft] meet+ ne> ,?usis1 unite ) ! ,vord] ,rh9e at ,rei*5au1 & run by ,*ur1 ,may5feld1 & ,s>gans into ! ,lake ( ,con/ance at ,rhe9eck4 ,at "s =m] p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! dra9age ( ?is di/rict 0 v diff]5t1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,! ,vord] & ,h9t] ,rh9e unit$ !n 7,fig4 #dc7 z !y d n[ at ,rei*5au1 b at a mu* high] level1 & ran to ,may5feld1 n by ,*ur1 b by ! ,kunckel ,pass to ,s>gans1 & s on1 n to ! ,lake ( ,con/ance1 b to t ( ,zuri*4 ,! ,l&wass] at t "t rose 9 ! ,s*lapp9a ,jo*1 & aft] receiv+ z tribut>ies ! ,v]e9a & ! ,s>dasca1 jo9$ ! ,albula1 z x does n[ at ,tief5ka/52 b in/ead ( go+ r\nd to meet ! ,h9t] ,rh9e ne> ,?usis1 ! two toge!r travell$ p>allel )1 b at "s di/ance f1 ! ,h9t] ,rh9e1 by ,heide to ,*ur1 & s to ,may5feld4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ! ,l&qu>t 0 /eal?ily creep+ up ! valley1 attack$ ! ridge :i* !n unit$ ! ,casanna & ! ,madri%orn1 & gradually =c+ ! passage1 invad$ 7,fig4 #dd7 ! valleys ( ! ,s*lapp9a1 ,v]e9a1 & ,s>dasca1 absorb$ !m z tribut>ies1 &1 deta*+ !m f _! allegiance to ! ,l&wass]1 annex$ ! :ole ( ! upp] prov9ce :i* _h =m]ly belong$ to t riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,riv] sy/em r\nd ,*ur1 z x us$ to be4 ,! ,s*yn also gradually work$ its way upw>ds f ,?usis till x succe$$ 9 sapp+ ! ,albula1 & c>ri$ x d[n ! valley to jo9 ! ,vord] ,rh9e ne> ,?usis4 ,9 :at is n[ ! ma9 valley ( ! ,rh9e above ,*ur ano!r /ream ate its way back1 & ev5tually tapp$ ! ma9 riv] at ,rei*5au1 ?us div]t+ x f ! ,kunckel1 & c>ry+ x r\nd by ,*ur4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,riv] sy/em r\nd ,*ur1 z x is4 ,at ,s>gans a some:at simil> process 0 repeat$1 ) ! addition t ! mat]ial br\ght d[n by ! ,weis/ann51 or p]haps a rockfall1 deflect$ ! ,rh9e1 j z we see 9 ,fig4 #cj t ! ,rhone 0 pu%$ on "o side by ! ,borgne4 ,! ,rhone1 h[ev]1 _h no *oice1 x 0 oblig$ to =ce1 & has =c$ its way ov] ! cone deposit$ by ! ,borgne4 ,! ,rh9e1 on ! contr>y1 _h ! option ( runn+ d[n by ,vaduz to ,rhe9a*1 & has adopt$ ?is c\rse4 ,! wat]%$ betwe5 x & ! ,weis/ann5 is1 h[ev]1 only ab\t #bj feet 9 height1 & ! p ( ,zuri* wat* x c>efully1 le/ any slight *ange %\ld enable ! riv] to return to its old b$4 ,! result ( all ^! *anges is t ! riv]s h *ang$ _! c\rses f ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc to _! pres5t b$s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,ano!r int]e/+ case is t ( ! ,upp] ,engad9e 7,fig4 #de71 to :i* att5tion has be5 call$ by ,bonney & ,heim4 ,! fall ( ! ,val ,bregaglia is mu* /eep] ?an t ( ! ,inn1 & ! ,maira has c>ri$ (f ! head-wat]s ( t riv] away into ,italy4 ,! ,col 0 =m]ly p]haps z f> s\? z ,/ampa3 ! ,albegna1 ! ,upp] ,maira1 & ! /ream f ! ,=gno ,glaci]1 orig9ally belong$ to ! ,inn1 b h be5 captur$ by ! ,l[] ,maira4 ,_! direction /ill indicates ?is2 !y seem z if !y regrett$ ! unwelcome *ange1 & ye>n$ to rejo9 _! old companions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,riv] sy/em ( ! ,maloya4 ,moreov]1 z riv]s are cont9ually cutt+ back _! valleys !y mu/ ( c\rse sometimes meet4 ,9 ^! cases :5 ! valleys are at diff]5t levels ! l[] riv]s h dra9$ ! upp] ones1 & left dry1 des]t$ valleys4 ,9 o!r cases1 especially 9 flatt] di/ricts1 we h bifurcations1 z1 = in/ance1 at ,s>gans1 & sev]al ( ! ,italian lakes4 ,e "o mu/ h be5 /ruck by ! peculi> bifurcation ( ! ,lakes ( ,como & ,lugano1 :ile a v slight depression w\ld connect ! ,lake ,v>ese ) ! ,maggiore1 & give x also a d\ble s\!rn end4 ,,on ,,lakes ,! problem ( ! orig9 ( ,lakes is by no means id5tical ) t ( ,valleys4 ,! latt] are due1 prim>ily z a rule to geological causes1 b s f> z _! pres5t condition is conc]n$1 ma9ly to ! action ( ra9 & riv]s4 ,fl[+ wat]1 h[ev]1 _c give rise to lakes4 ,x is ( c\rse possible to h valleys )\t lakes1 & 9 fact ! latt] are1 n[ at lea/1 exceptional4 ,!re c be no lakes if ! slope ( ! valley is uni=m4 ,to :at !n are lakes due8 ,pr(essor ,ramsay divides ,lakes into ?ree classes3-- #a4 ,^? due to irregul> accumulations ( drift1 & :i* are g5]ally q %all[4 #b4 ,^? =m$ by mora9es4 #c4 ,^? :i* occupy true bas9s scoop$ by glaci] ice out ( ! solid rock4 ,to ^! mu/1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k be add$ at lea/ "o o!r great class & sev]al m9or ones1 namely1-- #d4 ,^? due to inequalities ( elevation or depression4 #e4 ,lakes 9 crat]s ( ext9ct volcanoes1 = in/ance1 ,lake ,av]nus4 #f4 ,^? caus$ by subsid5ce due to ! removal ( und]ly+ soluble rocks1 su* z "s ( ! ,*e%ire ,m]es4 #g4 ,loop lakes 9 des]t$ riv] c\rses1 ( :i* !re are _m along ! c\rse ( ! ,rh9e4 #h4 ,^? due to rockfalls1 l&slips1 or lava curr5ts1 damm+ up ! c\rse ( a riv]4 #i4 ,^? caus$ by ! advance ( a glaci] across a lat]al valley1 su* z ! ,m]gel5 ,see1 or ! anci5t lake ^: m>g9s =m ! celebrat$ ,p>allel ,roads ( ,gl5 ,roy4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ class we f9d "h & !re on ! e>?'s surface di/ricts spr9kl$ ) innum]able %all[ lakes ( all sizes1 d[n to m]e pools4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 occur 9 ! di/rict ( ,le ,d\bs betwe5 ! ,rhone & ! ,sane1 t ( ,la ,sologne ne> ,orleans1 9 p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 9 ,f9l&4 ,su* lakes are1 z a rule1 q %all[4 ,"s geologi/s1 ,geikie1 = in/ance1 ascribe !m to ! fact ( ^! regions hav+ be5 cov]$ by %eets ( ice :i* /rew$ ! l& ) irregul> masses ( clay1 gravel1 & s&1 ly+ on a /ratum imp]vi\s to wat]1 ei!r ( h>d rock su* z granite or gneiss1 or ( clay1 s t ! ra9 _c p]colate ?r\gh x1 & )\t suffici5t incl9ation to ?r[ x (f4 #b4 ,to ,ramsay's second class ( ,lakes belong ^? =m$ by mora9es4 ,! mat]ials =m+ mora9es be+1 h[ev]1 comp>atively loose1 are easily cut ?r\gh by /reams4 ,!re are 9 ,switz]l& _m cases ( valleys cross$ by old mora9es1 b !y h g5]ally be5 long ago worn ?r\gh by ! riv]s4 #c4 ,ramsay & ,tyndall attribute mo/ ( ! great ,swiss & ,italian lakes to ! action ( glaci]s1 & reg>d !m z rock bas9s4 ,x is ( c\rse obvi\s t riv]s _c make bas9-%ap$ holl[s surr\nd$ by rock on all sides4 ,! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 #abcj feet above ! sea1 is ov] #ajjj feet deep2 ! ,lake ( ,bri5z is #ahej feet above ! sea1 & #bjjj feet deep1 s t its bottom is really bel[ ! sea level4 ,! ,italian ,lakes are ev5 m rem>kable4 ,! ,lake ( ,como1 #gjj feet above ! sea1 is #aibi feet deep4 ,lago ,maggiore1 #fhe feet above ! sea1 is no less ?an #bfbe feet deep4 ,if ! m9d is at fir/ /agg]$ at ! magnitude ( ! scale1 we mu/ rememb] t ! ice :i* is suppos$ to h scoop$ out ! valley 9 :i* ! ,lake ( ,g5eva n[ reposes1 0 once at lea/ #djjj feet ?ick2 :ile ! mora9es 7 also ( gigantic magnitude1 t ( ,ivrea1 = in/ance1 be+ no less ?an #aejj feet above ! riv]1 & sev]al miles long4 ,inde$ x is obvi\s t a glaci] _m hundr$1 or 9 "s cases sev]al ?\s&1 feet 9 ?ickness1 mu/ ex]cise great pressure on ! b$ ov] :i* x travels4 ,we see ?is f ! /ri & grooves on ! solid rocks1 & ! f9e mud :i* is c>ri$ d[n by glacial /reams4 ,! deposit ( glacial riv]s1 ! loess ( ! ,rh9e itself1 is ma9ly ! result ( ?is ice-wa/e1 & t is :y x is s f9e1 s impalpable4 ,t glaci]s d deep5 _! b$s seems !re=e unque/ionable4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh ! dep? ( "s ( ^! lakes is great1 ! true slope is v slight4 ,tyndall & ,ramsay d n d5y t ! orig9al direction ( valleys1 & consequ5tly ( lakes1 is due to cosmical causes & geological /ructure1 :ile ev5 ^? :o h mo/ /r5u\sly oppos$ ! !ory :i* attributes lakes to glacial erosion d n altoge!r d5y ! action ( glaci]s4 ,favre himself admits t x is impossible to d5y t valleys1 aft] _! =mation1 h be5 swept out & p]haps enl>g$ by riv]s & glaci]s4 ,ev5 ,rusk9 admits t a glaci] may be consid]$ z a va/ in/rum5t ( friction1 a :ite s&-pap] appli$ sl[ly b irresi/ibly to all ! r\ghness ( ! hill :i* x cov]s4 ,x is obvi\s t s&-pap] appli$ irresi/ibly & long en\gh1 mu/ gradually we> away & l[] ! surface4 ,i _c !re=e resi/ ! conclusion t glaci]s h tak5 an important "p 9 ! =mation ( lakes4 ,! "q has sometimes be5 discuss$ z if ! po9t at issue 7 :e!r riv]s or glaci]s 7 ! mo/ effective z excavators4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,^? :o believe t lakes are 9 _m cases due to glaci]s might yet admit t riv]s h great] p[] ( erosion4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( action4 ,riv]s t5d to regul>ise _! b$s2 !y dra91 r ?an =m lakes4 ,_! t5d5cy is to cut ?r\gh any projections s t f9ally _! c\rse assumes "s su* curve z t bel[1 f ! s\rce 7a7 to its entrance into ! sea 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,f9al ,slope ( a ,riv]4 ,glaci]s1 h[ev]1 h 9 addition a scoop+ p[]1 s t if simil>ly a d b 9 ,fig4 #dg repres5t ! c\rse ( a glaci]1 />t+ at a & gradually ?9n+ out to e1 x may scoop out ! rock to a c]ta9 ext5t at d2 9 t case if x subsequ5tly retires say to c1 !re w\ld be a lake ly+ 9 ! bas9 ?us =m$ betwe5 c & e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i am n dispos$ to attribute ! ,swiss lakes altoge!r to ! action ( glaci]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place x does n seem cle> t !y occupy true rock bas9s4 ,on ?is po9t m evid5ce is requir$4 ,t "s lakes are due to unequal *anges ( level w h>dly be d5i$4 ,no "o1 = in/ance1 z ,bonney ju/ly obs]ves1#ee w\ld attribute ! ,dead ,sea to glacial erosion4 ,! ,alps1 z we h se51 are a succession ( great folds1 & !re is reason to reg>d ! c5tral "o z ! olde/4 ,if !n ! same process cont9u$1 & ! out] fold 0 /ill fur!r rais$1 or a new "o =m$1 m quickly ?an ! riv]s c\ld cut x back1 !y w\ld be damm$ up1 & lakes w\ld result4 ,moreov]1 if ! =mation ( a m\nta9 region be due to subsid5ce1 & consequ5t crumpl+1 z indicat$ on p4 #bag1 s t ! /rata :i* orig9ally occupi$ ! area ,a ,b ,c ,d are compress$ into ,a' ,b' ,c' ,d'1 x is evid5t1 z already m5tion$1 t :ile ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! pr9cipal folds might be 9 ! direction ,a' ,b'1 !re mu/ also be a t5d5cy to ! =mation ( simil> folds at "r angles1 or 9 ! direction ,a' ,c'4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ,switz]l&1 :ile ! ma9 folds run s\?-we/ by nor?-ea/ !re w\ld also be o!rs at "r angles1 ?\gh ! am\nt ( fold+ might be mu* great] 9 ! "o direction ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,to ?is cause ! bosses1 = in/ance--at ,m>tigny1 ! ,furca1 & ! ,ob] ,alp1--:i* int]sect ! great longitud9al valley ( ,switz]l&1 are p]haps due4 ,! great ,am]ican lakes also are probably due to diff]5ces ( elevation4 ,r\nd ,lake ,ont>io1 = in/ance1 !re is a rais$ bea* :i* at ! we/]n end ( ! lake is #cfc feet above ! sea level1 b rises t[>ds ! ,ea/ & ,nor? until ne> ,f9e x rea*es an elevation ( #igb feet4 ,z ?is t]race mu/ h be5 orig9ally horizontal we h "h a lake b>ri]1 due to a diff]5ce ( elevation1 am\nt+ to ov] #fjj feet4 ,9 ! same way we get a clue to ! curi\s cruci=m %ape ( ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne z contra/$ ) ! simple outl9e ( su* lakes z ^? ( ,neu*tel or ,zuri*4 ,t ( ,luc]ne is a complex lake4 ,s\nd+s h %[n t ! bottom ( ! ,urn] ,see is q flat4 ,x is 9 fact ! old b$ ( ! ,reuss1 :i* orig9ally ran1 n z n[ by ,luc]ne1 b by ,s*wytz & ?r\gh ! ,lake ( ,zug4 ,9 ! same way ! ,alpna* ,see is ! old b$ ( ! ,aa1 :i* likewise ran ?r\gh ! ,lake ( ,zug4 ,! old riv] t]races ( ! ,reuss c be trac$ 9 places betwe5 ,brunn5 & ,goldau4 ,n[ ^! t]races mu/ h orig9ally slop$ f ! upp] "p d[nw>ds1 f ,brunn5 t[>ds ,goldau4 ,b at pres5t ! slope is ! o!r way1 i4e4 f ,goldau t[>ds ,brunn54 ,f ?is & o!r evid5ce we conclude t 9 ! direction f ,luc]ne t[>ds ,rapp]s*wyl !re has be5 an elevation ( ! l&1 :i* has damm$ up ! valleys & ?us turn$ p>ts ( ! ,aa & ! ,reuss into lakes--! two bran*es ( ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne kn[n z ! ,alpna* ,see & ,urn] ,see4 ,dur+ ! e>?quakes ( #ahai :ile "p ( ! ,runn ( ,cut*1 #bjjj squ>e miles 9 area1 sunk sev]al feet1 a ridge ( l&1 call$ by ! natives ! ,ulla-,bund or ! wall ( ,god1 ?irty miles long1 & 9 p>ts sixte5 miles wide1 0 rais$ across an anci5t arm ( ! ,indus1 & turn$ x tempor>ily into a lake4 ,9 consid]+ ! great ,italian lakes1 :i* desc5d f> bel[ ! sea level1 we mu/ rememb] t ! ,valley ( ! ,po is a cont9uation ( ! ,adriatic1 n[ fill$ up & conv]t$ into l&1 by ! mat]ials br\ght d[n f ! ,alps4 ,h5ce we are tempt$ to ask :e!r ! lakes may n be rema9s ( ! anci5t sea :i* once occupi$ ! :ole pla94 ,moreov] j z ! ,seals ( ,lake ,baikal 9 ,sib]ia c>ry u back to ! "t :5 t great %eet ( fre% wat] 0 9 connection ) ! ,arctic ,ocean1 s !re is 9 ! "* ( ! ,fauna ( ! ,italian lakes1 & especially ! pres5ce ( a ,crab 9 ! ,lake ( ,g>da1 "s confirmation ( su* an idea4 ,fur!r evid5ce1 h[ev]1 is necess>y be=e ^! int]e/+ que/ions c be def9itely answ]$4 ,la/ly1 "s lakes & inl& seas seem to be due to ev5 great] cosmical causes4 ,?us a l9e incl9$ t5 degrees to ! pole beg9n+ at ,gibralt> w\ld pass ?r\gh a great *a9 ( inl& wat]s--! ,m$it]ranean1 ,black ,sea1 ,caspian1 ,aral1 ,baikal1 & back aga9 ?r\gh ! great ,am]ican lakes4 ,b ?\gh _m causes h contribut$ to ! orig9al =mation & direction ( ,valleys1 _! pres5t condition is ma9ly due to ! action ( wat]4 ,:5 we contemplate su* a valley1 = example1 z t :i* is call$ p> excell5ce ! ,valais1 we c at fir/ h>dly br+ ourselves to realise ?is2 b we c trace up valleys1 f ! little wat]-c\rse made by la/ night's ra9s up to ! greate/ valleys ( all4 ,^! consid]ations1 h[ev]1 d n ( c\rse apply to su* depressions z ^? ( ! great oceans4 ,^! 7 probably =m$ :5 ! surface ( ! globe began to solidify1 &1 ?\gh ) _m modifications1 h ma9ta9$ _! ma9 features ev] s9ce4 ,,on ,,! ,,configuration ,,( ,,valleys ,! conditions ?us briefly describ$ repeat !mselves 9 riv] aft] riv]1 valley aft] valley1 & x adds1 ,i ?9k1 v mu* to ! int]e/ ) :i* we reg>d !m if1 by /udy+ ! g5]al causes to :i* !y are due1 we c expla9 _! orig91 & ?us to "s ext5t und]/& ! /ory !y h to tell u1 & ! hi/ory !y record4 ,:at1 !n1 has t hi/ory be58 ,! same valley may be ( a v diff]5t "*1 & due to v diff]5t causes1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its c\rse4 ,"s valleys are due to folds 7see ,fig4 #da7 caus$ by subt]ranean *anges1 b by f> ! great] numb] are1 9 _! pres5t features1 ma9ly ! result ( erosion4 ,z soon z any tract ( l& rose out ( ! sea1 ! ra9 :i* fell on ! surface w\ld trickle d[nw>ds 9 a ?\s& rills1 =m+ pools "h & !re 7see ,fig4 #cg71 & gradually collect+ into l>g] & l>g] /reams4 ,:]ev] ! slope 0 suffici5t ! wat] w\ld beg9 cutt+ into ! soil & c>ry+ x (f to ! sea4 ,?is action w\ld be ! same 9 any case1 b1 ( c\rse1 w\ld diff] 9 rapidity accord+ to ! h>dness ( ! gr\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "* ( ! valley w\ld dep5d greatly on ! "* ( ! /rata1 be+ n>r[ :]e !y 7 h>d & t\gh2 broad]1 on ! contr>y1 :]e !y 7 s(t1 s t !y crumbl$ readily into ! /ream1 or :]e !y 7 easily split by ! wea!r4 ,gradually ! /ream w\ld eat into its b$ until x rea*$ a c]ta9 slope1 ! /eepness ( :i* w\ld dep5d on ! volume ( wat]4 ,! erosive action w\ld !n cease1 b ! wea!r+ ( ! sides & consequ5t wid5+ w\ld cont9ue1 & ! riv] w\ld w&] f "o "p ( its valley to ano!r1 spread+ ! mat]ials & =m+ a riv] pla94 ,at l5g?1 z ! rapidity /ill fur!r dim9i%$1 x w\ld no long] h suffici5t p[] ev5 to c>ry (f ! mat]ials br\ght d[n4 ,x w\ld =m1 !re=e1 a cone or delta1 & in/ead ( me&]+1 w\ld t5d to divide into diff]5t bran*es4 ,^! ?ree /ages1 we may call ^? (-- #a4 ,deep5+ & wid5+2 #b4 ,wid5+ & levell+2 #c4 ,fill+ up2 & e place 9 ! second /age has pass$ ?r\gh ! fir/2 e "o 9 ! ?ird has pass$ ?r\gh ! second4 ,a velocity ( #f in*es p] second w lift f9e s&1 #h in*es w move s& z co>se z l9se$1 #ab in*es w sweep along f9e gravel1 #bd in*es w roll along r\nd$ pebbles an in* diamet]1 & x requires #c feet p] second at ! bottom to sweep along angul> /ones ( ! size ( an egg4 ,:5 a riv] has s adju/$ its slope t x nei!r deep5s its b$ 9 ! upp] portion ( its c\rse1 nor deposits mat]ials1 x is said to h acquir$ its regim51 & 9 su* a case if ! "* ( ! soil rema9s ! same1 ! velocity mu/ also be uni=m4 ,! enl>gem5t ( ! b$ ( a riv] is n1 h[ev]1 9 proportion to ! increase ( its wat]s z x approa*es ! sea4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! slope did n dim9i%1 ! regim5 w\ld be de/roy$1 & ! riv] w\ld aga9 comm5ce to eat out its b$4 ,h5ce z riv]s enl>ge1 ! slope dim9i%es1 & consequ5tly e riv] t5ds to assume "s su* regim5 z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,n[1 suppose t ! fall ( ! riv] is aga9 increas$1 ei!r by a fre% elevation1 or locally by ! removal ( a b>ri]4 ,!n once m ! riv] rega9s its en]gy4 ,aga9 x cuts into its old b$1 deep5+ ! valley1 & leav+ ! old pla9 z a t]race high above its new c\rse4 ,9 _m valleys sev]al su* t]races may be se51 "o above ! o!r4 ,9 ! case ( a riv] runn+ 9 a transv]se valley1 t is to say ( a valley ly+ at "r angles to ! /rike or direction ( ! /rata 7su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ,reuss71 ! wat] acts m effectively ?an 9 longitud9al valleys runn+ along ! /rike4 ,h5ce ! lat]al valleys h be5 less deeply excavat$ ?an t ( ! ,reuss itself1 & ! /reams f !m ent] ! ma9 valley by rapids or cascades4 ,aga91 riv]s runn+ 9 transv]se valleys cross rocks :i* 9 _m cases diff] 9 h>dness1 & ( c\rse !y cut d[n ! s(t] /rata m rapidly ?an ! h>d] ones2 ea* ridge ( h>d] rock w !re=e =m a dam & give rise to a rapid1 or cat>act4 ,we (t5 z we asc5d a riv]1 aft] a comp>atively flat pla91 f9d ourselves 9 a n>r[ defile1 d[n :i* ! wat] ru%es 9 an impetu\s torr5t1 b at ! summit ( :i*1 to our surprise1 we f9d ano!r broad flat valley4 ,ano!r lesson :i* we le>n f ! /udy ( riv] valleys1 is t1 j z geological /ructure 0 %[n by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell to be no evid5ce ( cataclysms1 b ! result ( sl[ action2 s also ! excavation ( valleys is due ma9ly to ! regul> fl[ ( riv]s2 & floods1 ?\gh _! effects are m sudd5 & /rik+1 h _h1 aft] all1 comp>atively little "p 9 ! result4 ,! m\?s ( riv]s fall into two pr9cipal classes4 ,if we look at any map we _c b be /ruck by ! fact t "s riv]s t]m9ate 9 a delta1 "s 9 an e/u>y4 ,! ,?ames1 = in/ance1 ends 9 a noble e/u>y1 to :i* ,london owes mu* ( its weal? & p[]4 ,x is obvi\s t ! ,?ames c\ld n h excavat$ ?is e/u>y :ile ! coa/ 0 at its pres5t level4 ,b we "k t =m]ly ! l& /ood high]1 t ! ,g]man ,ocean 0 once dry l&1 & ! ,?ames1 aft] jo9+ ! ,rh9e1 ran nor?w>ds1 & fell ev5tually into ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,! e/u>y ( ! ,?ames1 !n1 dates back to a p]iod :5 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl& /ood at a high] level ?an ! pres5t1 & ev5 n[ ! anci5t c\rse ( ! riv] c be trac$ by s\nd+s "u :at is n[ sea4 ,! sites ( pres5t deltas1 say ( ! ,nile1 7 also once "u wat]1 & h be5 gradually reclaim$ by ! deposits ( ! riv]4 ,x w\ld inde$ be a great mi/ake to suppose t riv]s always t5d to deep5 _! valleys4 ,?is is only ! case :5 ! slope exce$s a c]ta9 angle4 ,:5 ! fall is b slight !y t5d on ! contr>y to raise _! b$s by deposit+ s& & mud br\ght d[n f high] levels4 ,h5ce 9 ! l[] "p ( _! c\rse _m ( ! mo/ celebrat$ riv]s--! ,nile1 ! ,po1 ! ,mississippi1 ! ,?ames1 etc4--run ^u embankm5ts1 p>tly ( _! own creation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,diagrammatic section ( a valley 7exagg]at$7 ,r ,r1 rocky basis ( valley2 ,a ,a1 s$im5t>y /rata2 ,b1 ord9>y level ( riv]2 ,c1 flood level4 ,! ,r5o1 ! mo/ dang]\s ( all ! ,ap5n9e riv]s1 is 9 "s places z mu* z #cj feet above ! adjo9+ c\ntry4 ,riv]s "u su* conditions1 :5 n int]f]$ ) by ,man1 soon] or lat] break ?r\gh _! banks1 & leav+ _! =m] b$1 take a new c\rse along ! l[e/ "p ( _! valley1 :i* aga9 !y gradually raise above ! re/4 ,h5ce1 unless !y are kept 9 _! own *annels by human ag5cy1 su* riv]s are cont9ually *ang+ _! c\rse4 ,if we imag9e a riv] runn+ d[n a regul>ly incl9$ plane 9 a m or less /raight l9e2 any inequality or ob/ruction w\ld produce an oscillation1 :i* :5 once />t$ w\ld g on increas+ until ! =ce ( gravity draw+ ! wat] 9 a /raight l9e d[nw>ds equals t ( ! =ce t5d+ to div]t its c\rse4 ,h5ce ! radius ( ! curves w foll[ a regul> law dep5d+ on ! volume ( wat] & ! angle ( incl9ation ( ! b$4 ,if ! fall is #aj feet p] mile & ! soil homog5e\s1 ! curves w\ld be s mu* ext5d$ t ! c\rse w\ld appe> almo/ /raight4 ,) a fall ( #a foot p] mile ! l5g? ( ! curve is1 accord+ to ,f]gusson1 ab\t six times ! wid? ( ! riv]1 s t a riv] #ajjj feet wide w\ld oscillate once 9 #fjjj feet4 ,?is is an important consid]ation1 & mu* lab\r has be5 lo/ 9 try+ to prev5t riv]s f foll[+ _! natural law ( oscillation4 ,b riv]s are v true to _! own laws1 & a *ange at any "p is cont9u$ bo? upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 s t a new oscillation 9 any place cuts its way ?r\gh ! :ole pla9 ( ! riv] bo? above & bel[4 ,! curves ( ! ,mississippi are1 = in/ance1 = a consid]able "p ( its c\rse s regul> t !y are said to h be5 us$ by ! ,indians z a measure ( di/ance4 ,if ! c\ntry is flat a riv] gradually raises ! level on ea* side1 ! wat] :i* ov]fl[s dur+ floods be+ ret>d$ by re$s1 bu%es1 trees1 & a ?\s& o!r ob/acles1 gradually deposits ! solid matt] :i* x conta9s1 & ?us rais+ ! surface1 becomes at l5g? susp5d$1 z x 71 above ! g5]al level4 ,:5 ?is elevation has rea*$ a c]ta9 po9t1 ! riv] dur+ "s flood bur/s its banks1 & des]t+ its old b$ takes a new c\rse along ! l[e/ accessible level4 ,?is !n x gradually fills up1 & s on2 com+ back f "t to "t if p]mitt$1 aft] a long cycle ( ye>s1 to its fir/ c\rse4 ,9 evid5ce ( ! va/ quantity ( s$im5t :i* riv]s deposit1 ,i may m5tion t ! riv]-deposits at ,calcutta are m ?an #djj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 addition to tempor>y spates1 due to heavy ra91 mo/ riv]s are full] at "o "t ( ye> ?an ano!r1 our riv]s1 = in/ance1 9 w9t]1 ^? ( ,switz]l&1 f ! melt+ ( ! sn[1 9 summ]4 ,! ,nile comm5ces to rise t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ,july2 f ,augu/ to ,octob] x floods all ! l[ l&s1 & e>ly 9 ,novemb] x s9ks aga94 ,at its greate/ height ! volume ( wat] sometimes rea*es tw5ty times t :5 x is l[e/1 & yet p]haps n a drop ( ra9 may h fall54 ,?\gh we n[ "k t ?is annual v>iation is due to ! melt+ ( ! sn[ & ! fall ( ra9 on ! high l&s ( ,c5tral ,africa1 /ill :5 we consid] t ! ph5om5on has be5 repeat$ annually = ?\s&s ( ye>s x is impossible n to reg>d x ) wond]4 ,9 fact ,egypt itself may be said to be ! b$ ( ! ,nile 9 flood "t4 ,"s riv]s1 on ! o!r h&1 (f] no su* p]iodical diff]5ces4 ,! l[] ,rhone1 = in/ance1 bel[ ! junction ) ! ,sane1 is ne>ly equal all ?r\gh ! ye>1 & yet we "k t ! upp] portion is greatly d]iv$ f ! melt+ ( ! ,swiss sn[s4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 :ile ! ,rhone itself is on ?is acc\nt highe/ 9 summ] & l[e/ 9 w9t]1 ! ,sane1 on ! contr>y1 is swoll5 by ! w9t]'s ra91 & falls dur+ ! f9e wea!r ( summ]4 ,h5ce ! two t5d to c\nt]balance "o ano!r4 ,p]iodical diff]5ces are ( c\rse comp>atively easy to deal )4 ,x is v diff]5t ) floods due to irregul> ra9fall4 ,"h also1 h[ev]1 ! m]e quantity ( ra9 is by no means ! only matt] to be consid]$4 ,= in/ance a heavy ra9 9 ! wat]%$ ( ! ,se9e1 unless v prolong$1 causes less diff]5ce 9 ! fl[ ( ! riv]1 say at ,p>is1 ?an might at fir/ h be5 expect$1 because ! height ( ! flood 9 ! ne>] afflu5ts has pass$ d[n ! riv] be=e t f ! m di/ant /reams has arriv$4 ,! highe/ level is rea*$ :5 ! ra9 9 ! di/ricts dra9$ by ! v>i\s afflu5ts happ5s to be s tim$ t ! diff]5t floods co9cide 9 _! arrival at ,p>is4 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,d>w9's ,voyage ( a ,naturali/4 #ec ,geol4 ,j\r41 #ahfc4 #ed ,favre1 ,re*4 ,geol4 de la ,savoie4 #ee ,gr[? & ,/ructure ( ! ,alps4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,sea ,!re is a pleasure 9 ! pa?less woods1 ,!re is a rapture on ! lonely %ore1 ,!re is society1 :]e none intrudes1 ,by ! deep ,sea1 & music 9 its ro>3 ,i love n ,man ! less1 b ,nature m1 ,f ^! our int]views1 9 :i* ,i /eal ,f all ,i may be1 or h be5 be=e1 ,to m+le ) ! ,univ]se1 & feel ,:at ,i c ne'er express1 yet _c all conceal4 ,roll on1 ?\ deep & d>k-blue ,ocean--roll6 ,,byron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,l&',s ,,end4 ,to face page #ccg4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,sea ,:5 ! glori\s summ] wea!r comes1 :5 we feel t by a ye>'s hone/ "w we h fairly won ! prize ( a good holiday1 h[ we turn in/9ctively to ! ,sea4 ,we p9e = ! delici\s smell ( ! sea air1 ! murmur ( ! waves1 ! ru%+ s\nd ( ! pebbles on ! slop+ %ore1 ! cries ( ! sea-birds2 & long to ,l+]1 :]e ! pebble-pav5 %ore1 ,"u ! quick1 fa9t kisses ( ! ,sea1 ,trembles & sp>kles z ) ec/asy4#ef ,h[ beautiful ! sea-coa/ is6 ,at ! foot ( a cliff1 p]haps ( pure :ite *alk1 or ri* r$ s&/one1 or /]n grey granite1 lies ! %ore ( gravel or s&1 ) a few scatt]$ plants ( blue ,sea ,holly1 or yell[-fl[]$ ,horn$ ,poppies1 ,sea-kale1 ,sea ,convolvulus1 ,saltwort1 ,artemisia1 & ,sea-grasses2 ! waves roll leisurely 9 "o by "o1 & z !y rea* ! bea*1 ea* 9 turn rises up 9 an ar* ( cle>1 cool1 transp>5t1 gre5 wat]1 tipp$ ) :ite or fa9tly p9ki% foam1 & breaks lov+ly on ! s&s2 :ile beyond lies ! op5 ,sea sp>kl+ 9 ! sun%9e4 444 ,o pleasant ,sea ,e>? ha? n a pla9 ,s b\ndless or s beautiful z ?9e4#eg ,! ,sea is inde$ at times ov]p[]+ly beautiful4 ,at morn+ & ev5+ a %eet ( liv+ silv] or gold1 at mid-day deep blue2 ev5 ,too deeply blue2 too beautiful2 too bright2 ,oh1 t ! %ad[ ( a cl\d might re/ ,some:]e ^u ! spl5d\r ( ?y brea/ ,9 mom5t>y gloom4#eh ,!re are few pretti] sights ?an ! bea* at a seaside t[n on a f9e summ]'s day2 ! waves sp>kl+ 9 ! sun%9e1 ! wat] & sky ea* blu] ?an ! o!r1 :ile ! sea seems z if x _h no?+ to d b to laugh & play ) ! *ildr5 on ! s&s2 ! *ildr5 p]sev]+ly mak+ ca/les ) spades & pails1 :i* ! waves !n run up to & wa% away1 ov] & ov] & ov] aga91 until ev5+ comes & ! *ildr5 g home1 :5 ! ,sea makes ev]y?+ smoo? & ready = ! next day's play4 ,_m are satisfi$ to admire ! ,sea f %ore1 o!rs m ambiti\s or m free pref] a cruise4 ,!y feel ) ,t5nyson's voyag]3 ,we left beh9d ! pa9t$ buoy ,t tosses at ! h>b\r-m\?2 ,& madly danc$ our he>ts ) joy1 ,z fa/ we fleet$ to ! ,s\?3 ,h[ fre% 0 e sight & s\nd ,on op5 ma9 or w9d+ %ore6 ,we knew ! m]ry _w 0 r\nd1 ,& we might sail = ev]more4 ,_m appreciate bo?4 ,! long roll ( ! ,m$it]ranean on a f9e day 7& ,i suppose ev5 m ( ! ,atlantic1 :i* ,i h nev] enjoy$71 f> f l& 9 a good %ip1 & ) k9d fri5ds1 is a joy nev] to be =gott54 ,to ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! ,atlantic ,ocean ,nor!rn ,europe owes its mild climate4 ,! same latitudes on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic are mu* cold]4 ,to f9d ! same av]age temp]ature 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we mu/ g f> to ! s\?4 ,imm$iately opposite u lies ,labrador1 ) an av]age temp]ature ! same z t ( ,gre5l&2 a coa/ almo/ de/itute ( vegetation1 a c\ntry ( sn[ & ice1 ^: pr9cipal weal? consi/s 9 its furs1 & a scatt]$ population1 ma9ly compos$ ( ,indians & ,esquimaux4 ,b ! ,atlantic w\ld n alone produce s great an effect4 ,we owe our mild & g5ial climate ma9ly to ! ,gulf ,/ream--a riv] 9 ! ocean1 tw5ty million times z great z ! ,rhone--! greate/1 & = u ! mo/ important1 riv] 9 ! _w1 :i* br+s to our %ores ! sun%9e ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! ,sea is outside "t4 ,a ?\s&1 t5 ?\s&1 or a million ye>s ago x mu/ h look$ j z x does n[1 & z x w ages h5ce4 ,) ! l& ?is is n s4 ,! m\nta9s & hills1 riv]s & valleys1 animals & plants are cont9ually *ang+3 b ! ,sea is always ! same1 ,/eadfa/1 s]5e1 immovable1 ! same ,ye> aft] ye>4 ,directly we see ! coa/1 or ev5 a %ip1 ! case is alt]$4 ,boats may rema9 ! same = c5turies1 b %ips are cont9ually be+ *ang$4 ,! wood5 walls ( old ,engl& are ?+s ( ! pa/1 & ! ironclads ( to-day w soon be !mselves improv$ (f ! face ( ! ocean4 ,! great *>act]i/ic ( ,lakes is peace1 t ( ! ,sea is en]gy1 some:at re/less1 p]haps1 b /ill movem5t )\t fatigue4 ,! ,e>? lies quiet l a *ild asleep1 ,! deep he>t ( ! ,heav5 is calm & /ill1 ,mu/ ?\ alone a re/less vigil keep1 ,& ) ?y sobb+ all ! sil5ce fill4#ei ,a ,lake 9 a /orm r gives u ! impression ( a beautiful ,wat] ,_s torm5t$ by "s ,evil ,demon2 b a /orm at ,sea is "o ( ! gr&e/ manife/ations ( ,nature4 ,yet m2 ! bill[s & ! dep?s h m2 ,high he>ts & brave are ga!r$ to ?y brea/2 ,!y he> n n[ ! boom+ wat]s ro>1 ,! battle ?und]s w n break _! re/4 ,keep ?y r$ gold & gems1 ?\ /ormy grave2 ,give back ! true & brave4#fj ,! mo/ vivid description ( a /orm at sea is1 ,i ?9k1 ! foll[+ passage f ,rusk9's ,mod]n ,pa9t]s3 ,few p1 comp>atively1 h ev] se5 ! effect on ! sea ( a p[]ful gale cont9u$ )\t int]mission = ?ree or f\r days & nights2 & to ^? :o h n1 ,i believe x mu/ be unimag9able1 n f ! m]e =ce or size ( ! surge1 b f ! complete annihilation ( ! limit betwe5 sea & air4 ,! wat] f its prolong$ agitation is beat51 n into m]e cream+ foam1 b into masses ( accumulat$ yea/1 :i* hangs 9 ropes & wrea?s f wave to wave1 &1 :]e "o curls ov] to break1 =m a fe/oon l a drap]y f its edge2 ^! are tak5 up by ! w9d1 n 9 dissipat+ du/1 b bodily1 9 wri?+1 hang+1 coil+ masses1 :i* make ! air :ite & ?ick z ) sn[1 only ! flakes are a foot or two long ea*3 ! surges !mselves are full ( foam 9 _! v bodies und]nea?1 mak+ !m :ite all ?r\gh1 z ! wat] is "u a great cat>act2 & _! masses1 be+ ?us half wat] & half air1 are torn to pieces by ! w9d :5ev] !y rise1 & c>ri$ away 9 ro>+ smoke1 :i* *okes & /rangles l actual wat]4 ,add to ?is1 t :5 ! air has be5 exhau/$ ( its moi/ure by long ra91 ! spray ( ! sea is caught by x z describ$ above1 & cov]s its surface n m]ely ) ! smoke ( f9ely divid$ wat]1 b ) boil+ mi/2 imag9e also ! l[ ra9-cl\ds br\ght d[n to ! v level ( ! sea1 z ,i h (t5 se5 !m1 :irl+ & fly+ 9 rags & fragm5ts f wave to wave2 & f9ally1 conceive ! surges !mselves 9 _! utmo/ pit* ( p[]1 velocity1 va/ness1 & madness1 lift+ !mselves 9 precipices & peaks1 furr[$ ) _! :irl ( asc5t1 ?r\gh all ?is *aos1 & y w und]/& t !re is inde$ no di/9ction left betwe5 ! sea & air2 t no object1 nor horizon1 nor any l&m>k or natural evid5ce ( position is left2 & ! heav5 is all spray1 & ! ocean all cl\d1 & t y c see no fur!r 9 any direction ?an y see ?r\gh a cat>act4 ,,sea ,,life ,! ,sea teems ) life4 ,! ,great ,sea ,s]p5t is1 inde$1 z mu* a my? z ! ,krak5 ( ,pontoppidan1 b o!r mon/]s1 sc>cely less m>vell\s1 are actual realities4 ,! ,giant ,cuttle ,fi% ( ,newf\ndl&1 ?\gh ! body is comp>atively small1 may measure #fj feet f ! tip ( "o arm to t ( ano!r4 ,! ,:alebone ,:ale rea*es a l5g? ( ov] #gj feet1 b is timid & in(f5sive4 ,! ,ca*alot or ,sp]m ,:ale1 :i* almo/ alone among animals roams ov] ! :ole ocean1 is z l>ge1 & mu* m =midable4 ,x is arm$ ) p[]ful tee?1 & is said to fe$ ma9ly on ,cuttle ,fi%1 b sometimes on true fi%es1 or ev5 ,seals4 ,:5 w\nd$ x (t5 attacks boats1 & its companions d n hesitate to come to ! rescue4 ,9 "o case1 inde$1 an ,am]ican %ip 0 actually attack$1 /ove 91 & sunk by a gigantic male ,ca*alot4 ,! ,great ,roqual is /ill m =midable1 & has be5 said to atta9 a l5g? ( #abj feet1 b ?is is probably an exagg]ation4 ,s f> z we "k1 ! l>ge/ species ( all is ,simmond's ,:ale1 :i* rea*es a maximum ( #he to #ij feet4 ,9 =m] times ,:ales 7 frequ5t on our coa/s1 s t1 z ,bi%op ,pontoppidan said1 ! sea sometimes appe>$ z if cov]$ ) smok+ *imneys1 b !y h be5 gradually driv5 fur!r & fur!r nor?1 & are /ill becom+ r>]4 ,z !y retreat$ man foll[$1 & to !m we owe mu* ( our progress 9 geography4 ,is x n1 h[ev]1 wor? consid]+ :e!r !y might n also be all[$ a truce ( ,god1 :e!r "s "p ( ! ocean might n be allott$ to !m :]e !y might be all[$ to bre$ 9 peace8 ,z a m]e m]cantile arrangem5t ! m>itime nations w\ld probably f9d ?is v remun]ative4 ,! reckless slaught] ( ,:ales1 ,sea ,elephants1 ,seals1 & o!r m>9e animals is a sad blot1 n only on ! "*1 b on ! common s5se1 ( man4 ,! mon/]s ( ! ocean require l>ge quantities ( food1 b !y are suppli$ abundantly4 ,scoresby m5tions cases 9 :i* ! sea 0 = miles t+$ ( an olive gre5 by a species ( ,m$usa4 ,he calculates t 9 a cubic mile !re mu/ h be5 #bc1hhh1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1 & ?\gh no d\bt ! liv+ mass did n rea* to any great dep?1 /ill1 z he sail$ ?r\gh wat] ?us discol\r$ = _m miles1 ! numb] mu/ h be5 almo/ incalculable4 ,?is is1 moreov]1 no r>e or exceptional case4 ,navigators (t5 sail = leagues ?r\gh %oals ( creatures1 :i* alt] ! :ole col\r ( ! sea1 & actually *ange x1 z ,reclus says1 into une masse anime4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! :ole ocean teems ) life1 bo? animals & plants are mo/ abundant ne> ! coa/4 ,air-brea?+ animals1 :e!r mammals or insects1 are naturally n well adapt$ to live f> f dry l&4 ,ev5 ,seals1 ?\gh "s ( !m make rem>kable migrations1 rema9 habitually ne> ! %ore4 ,:ales alone are specially modifi$ s z to make ! wide ocean _! home4 ,( birds ! greate/ w&]] is ! ,albatross1 :i* has su* p[]s ( flight t x is said ev5 to sleep on ! w+4 ,_m ,pelagic animals--,jelly-fi%es1 ,molluscs1 ,cuttle-fi%es1 ,worms1 ,cru/acea1 & "s true fi%es--are rem>kable = hav+ become p]fectly transp>5t2 _! %ells1 muscles1 & ev5 _! blood h lo/ all col\r1 or ev5 und]gone ! fur!r modification ( hav+ become blue1 (t5 ) beautiful opalesc5t reflections4 ,?is obvi\sly r5d]s !m less visible1 & less liable to dang]4 ,! sea-%ore1 :]ev] a firm hold c be obta9$1 is cov]$ ) ,sea-we$s1 :i* fall r\ghly into two ma9 divisions1 olive-gre5 & r$1 ! latt] col\r hav+ a special relation to light4 ,^! ,sea-we$s af=d food & %elt] to innum]able animals4 ,! cle> rocky pools left by ! retir+ tide are ri*ly clo!d ) gre5 sea-we$s1 :ile aga9/ ! sides are tufts ( beautiful filmy r$ alg1 int]sp]s$ ) ,sea-anemones1--:ite1 creamy1 p9k1 yell[1 purple1 ) a coronet ( blue beads1 & ( _m mix$ col\rs2 ,sponges1 ,corall9es1 ,/>fi%1 ,limpets1 ,b>nacles1 & o!r %ell-fi%2 fea!ry ,zoophytes & ,annelides exp& _! p9k or :ite disks1 :ile "h & !re a ,crab scuttles across2 little ,fi% or ,%rimps timidly come out f crevices 9 ! rocks1 or f among ! fronds ( ! sea-we$s1 or ha/ily d>t f %elt] to %elt]2 ea* little pool is1 9 fact1 a m9iature ocean 9 itself1 & ! long] "o looks ! m & m "o w see4 ,! d>k gre5 & br[n sea-we$s d n live beyond a few--say ab\t #ae--;fa?oms 9 dep?4 ,bel[ !m occur delicate sc>let species1 ) ,corall9es & a diff]5t set ( %ells1 ,sea-ur*9s1 etc4 ,d[n to ab\t #ajj fa?oms ! animals & plants are /ill num]\s & v>i$4 ,b !y gradually dim9i% 9 numb]s1 & are replac$ by new =ms4 ,to appreciate fully ! extreme lovel9ess ( m>9e animals !y mu/ be se5 alive4 ,a tuft ( ,s]tul>ia1 lad5 ) :ite1 or brilliantly t9t$ ,polypites1 says ,h9cks1 l blossoms on "s tropical tree1 is a p]fect m>vel ( beauty4 ,! unfold+ ( a mass ( ,plumul>ia1 tak5 f among/ ! miscellane\s cont5ts ( ! dr$ge1 & ?r[n into a bottle ( cle> sea-wat]1 is a sight :i*1 once se51 no dr$g] w =get4 ,a tree ( ,campanul>ia1 :5 ea* "o ( its ?\s& transp>5t calycles--itself a /udy ( =m--is cr[n$ by a circlet ( bead$ arms1 droop+ ov] its m>g9 l ! petals ( a fl[]1 (f]s a r>e comb9ation ( ! elem5ts ( beauty4 ,! rocky wall ( "s deep tidal pool1 ?ickly /udd$ ) ! long & sl5d] /ems ( ,tubul>ia1 surm\nt$ by ! bright rose-col\r$ heads1 is l ! gay p>t]re ( a g>d54 ,equally beautiful is ! d5se gr[? ( ,campanul>ia1 cov]+ 7z ,i h se5 x 9 ,plym\? ,s\nd7 l>ge tracts ( ! rock1 its delicate %oots sway+ to & fro ) ea* movem5t ( ! wat]1 l trees 9 a /orm1 or ! colony ( ,obelia on ! wav+ frond ( ! tangle look+ almo/ e!real 9 its grace1 transp>5cy1 & delicacy1 z se5 aga9/ ! co>se d>k surface t supports x4 ,few ?+s are m beautiful ?an to look d[n f a boat into transp>5t wat]4 ,at ! bottom wave graceful sea-we$s1 br[n1 gre51 or rose-col\r$1 & ( mo/ v>i$ =ms2 on !m & on ! s&s or rocks re/ />fi%es1 mollusca1 cru/aceans1 ,sea-anemones1 & innum]able o!r animals ( /range =ms & v>i$ col\rs2 9 ! cle> wat] float or d>t ab\t endless creatures2 true fi%es1 _m ( !m brilliantly col\r$2 ,cuttle-fi%es l bad dreams2 ,lob/]s & ,crabs ) graceful1 transp>5t ,%rimps2 ,worms swimm+ ab\t l liv+ ribbons1 "s ) ?\s&s ( col\r$ eyes1 & ,m$us l liv+ glass ( ! ri*e/ & s(te/ hues1 or glitt]+ 9 ! sun%9e ) all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[4 ,& on calm1 cool nights h[ (t5 h ,i /ood on ! deck ( a %ip wat*+ ) wond] & awe ! />s ov]head1 & ! sea-fire bel[1 especially 9 ! foam+1 silv]y wake ( ! vessel1 :]e (t5 sudd5ly appe> globes ( s(t & lamb5t light1 giv5 out p]haps f ! surface ( "s l>ge ,m$usa4 ,a beautiful :ite cl\d ( foam1 says ,col]idge1 at mom5tly int]vals c\rs$ by ! side ( ! vessel ) a ro>1 & little />s ( flame danc$ & sp>kl$ & w5t out 9 x2 & e n[ & !n light deta*m5ts ( ?is :ite cl\d-l foam d>t$ (f f ! vessel's side1 ea* ) its own small con/ellation1 ov] ! sea1 & sc\r$ out ( sight l a ,t>t> troop ov] a wild]ness4 ,fi% also are sometimes lum9\s4 ,! ,sun-fi% has be5 se5 to gl[ l a :ite-hot cannon-ball1 & 9 "o species ( ,%>k 7,squalus fulg5s7 ! :ole surface sometimes gives out a gre5i% lurid light :i* makes x a mo/ gha/ly object1 l "s great rav5\s spectre4 ,,! ,,ocean ,,dep?s ,! ,l& be>s a ri* h>ve/ ( life1 b only at ! surface4 ,! ,ocean1 on ! contr>y1 ?\gh m ri*ly peopl$ 9 its upp] lay]s1 :i* sw>m ) su* innum]able multitudes ( liv+ creatures t !y are1 s to say1 almo/ !mselves alive--teems ?r\gh\t ) liv+ be+s4 ,! deepe/ abysses h a fauna ( _! own1 :i* makes up = ! comp>ative scant9ess ( its numb]s1 by ! peculi>ity & int]e/ ( _! =ms & organisation4 ,! middle wat]s are ! home ( v>i\s ,fi%es1 ,m$us1 & animalcules1 :ile ! upp] lay]s sw>m ) an inexhau/ible v>iety ( liv+ creatures4 ,x us$ to be suppos$ t ! dep?s ( ! ,ocean 7 de/itute ( animal life1 b rec5t rese>*es1 & especially ^? made dur+ our great national exp$ition 9 ! ,*all5g]1 h %[n t ?is is n ! case1 b t ! ,ocean dep?s h a wond]ful & peculi> life ( _! own4 ,fi% h be5 dr$g$ up ev5 f a dep? ( #bgej fa?oms4 ,! conditions ( life 9 ! ,ocean dep?s are v peculi>4 ,! light ( ! sun _c p5etrate beyond ab\t two hundr$ fa?oms2 deep] ?an ?is complete d>kness prevails4 ,h5ce 9 _m species ! eyes h m or less completely disappe>$4 ,sir ,wyville ,?omson m5tions a k9d ( ,crab 7,e?usa granulata71 :i* :5 liv+ ne> ! surface has well develop$ eyes2 9 deep] wat]1 #ajj to #djj fa?oms1 eye/alks are pres5t1 b ! animal is app>5tly bl9d1 ! eyes !mselves be+ abs5t2 :ile 9 specim5s f a dep? ( #ejj-gjj fa?oms ! eye/alks !mselves h lo/ _! special "*1 & h become fix$1 _! t]m9ations be+ comb9$ into a /rong1 po9t$ beak4 ,9 o!r deep sea creatures1 on ! contr>y1 ! eyes gradually become m & m develop$1 s t :ile 9 "s species ! eyes gradually dw9dle1 9 o!rs !y become unusually l>ge4 ,_m ( ! latt] species may be said to be a light to !mselves1 be+ provid$ ) a l>g] or small] numb] ( curi\s lum9\s organs4 ,! deep sea fi% are ei!r silv]y1 p9k1 or 9 _m cases black1 sometimes reliev$ ) sc>let1 & :5 ! lum9\s organs fla% out mu/ pres5t a v rem>kable appe>ance4 ,we h /ill mu* to le>n z to ! /ructure & functions ( ^! organs1 b !re are cases 9 :i* _! use c be surmis$ ) "s probability4 ,! light is evid5tly "u ! w ( ! fi%4#fa ,x is easy to imag9e a ,photi*?ys 7,light ,fi%7 swimm+ 9 ! black dep?s ( ! ,ocean1 sudd5ly fla%+ out light f its lum9\s organs1 & ?us br++ into view any prey :i* may be ne>2 :ile1 if dang] is disclos$1 ! light is aga9 at once ext+ui%$4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! l>ge/ ( ^! organs is 9 ?is species situat$ j "u ! eye1 s t ! fi% is actually provid$ ) a bull's eye lant]n4 ,9 o!r cases ! light may r s]ve z a def5ce1 "s hav+1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! g5us ,scopelus1 a pair ( l>ge ones 9 ! tail1 s t a /rong ray ( light %ot =? f ! /]n-*as] may dazzle & fright5 an enemy4 ,9 o!r cases !y appe> to s]ve z lures4 ,! ,sea-devil or ,angl] ( our coa/s has on its head ?ree long1 v flexible1 r$di% filam5ts1 :ile all r\nd its head are fr+$ app5dages1 closely resembl+ fronds ( sea-we$4 ,! fi% conceals itself at ! bottom1 9 ! s& or among sea-we$1 & dangles ! long filam5ts 9 front ( its m\?4 ,little fi%es1 tak+ ^! filam5ts = worms1 unsuspect+ly approa*1 & ?us fall victims4 ,sev]al species ( ! same family live at great dep?s1 & h v simil> habits4 ,a m]e r$ filam5t w\ld be invisible 9 ! d>k & !re=e useless4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 develop$ a lum9\s organ1 a liv+ gl[-lamp1 at ! end ( ! filam5t1 :i* d\btless proves a v effective lure4 ,9 ! great dep?s1 h[ev]1 fi% are comp>atively r>e4 ,nor are ,molluscs mu* m abundant4 ,sea-ur*9s1 ,sea ,slugs1 & ,/>fi% are m num]\s1 & on "o occasion #bj1jjj specim5s ( an ,e*9us 7 br\ght up at a s+le haul4 ,true corals are r>e1 nor are ,hydrozoa frequ5t1 ?\gh a giant species1 alli$ to ! little ,hydra ( our ponds b upw>ds ( #f feet 9 height1 has m ?an once be5 met )4 ,sponges are num]\s1 & (t5 v beautiful4 ,! n[ well kn[n ,euplectella1 ,v5us's ,fl[]-basket1 resembles an exquisitely delicate fabric wov5 9 spun silk2 x is 9 ! =m ( a gracefully curv$ tube1 exp&+ slightly upw>ds & end+ 9 an elegant frill4 ,! wall is =m$ ( p>allel b&s ( glassy silice\s fibres1 cross$ by o!rs at "r angles1 s z to =m a squ>e me%$ net4 ,^! sponges are an*or$ on ! f9e ooze by wisps ( glassy filam5ts1 :i* (t5 atta9 a consid]able l5g?4 ,_m ( ^! beautiful organisms1 moreov]1 gl[ :5 alive ) a s(t diffus$ light1 flick]+ & sp>kl+ at e t\*4 ,:at w\ld "o n give to be able to w&] a :ile 9 ^! wond]ful regions6 ,x is curi\s t no plants1 s f> z we "k1 gr[ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,ocean1 or1 inde$1 z f> z our pres5t in=mation goes1 at a great] dep? ?an ab\t #ajj fa?oms4 ,z reg>ds ! nature ( ! bottom itself1 x is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( l& ma9ly compos$ ( mat]ials1 br\ght d[n by riv]s or wa%$ f ! %ore1 co>s] ne> ! coa/1 & t5d+ to become f9] & f9] z ! di/ance increases & ! wat] deep5s4 ,! b$ ( ! ,atlantic f #djj to #bjjj fa?oms is cov]$ ) an ooze1 or v f9e *alky deposit1 consi/+ to a great ext5t ( m9ute & m or less brok5 %ells1 especially ^? ( ,globig]9a4 ,at /ill great] dep?s ! c>bonate ( lime gradually disappe>s1 & ! bottom consi/s ( f9e r$ clay1 ) num]\s m9ute p>ticles1 "s ( volcanic1 "s ( meteoric1 orig91 fragm5ts ( %oot+ />s1 ov] #ajj1jjj1jjj ( :i* are said to /rike ! surface ( our e>? e ye>4 ,h[ sl[ ! process ( deposition mu/ be1 may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! trawl sometimes br+s up _m tee? ( ,%>ks & e>-bones ( ,:ales 79 "o case no less ?an #fjj tee? & #ajj e>-bones71 (t5 semi-fossil1 & :i* f _! great d5sity _h rema9$ intact = ages1 long aft] all ! s(t] p>ts _h p]i%$ & disappe>$4 ,! greate/ dep? ( ! ,ocean appe>s to co9cide r\ghly ) ! greate/ height ( ! m\nta9s4 ,!re are inde$ cases record$ 9 :i* x is said t no bottom 0 f\nd ev5 at #ci1jjj feet4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means easy to s\nd at su* great dep?s1 & x is n[ g5]ally consid]$ t ^! e>li] obs]vations are untru/wor?y4 ,! greate/ dep? kn[n 9 ! ,atlantic is #chge fa?oms--a little to ! nor? ( ! ,virg9 ,isl&s1 b ! s\nd+s z yet made 9 ! deep] p>ts ( ! ,ocean are few 9 numb]1 & x is n to be suppos$ t ! greate/ dep? has yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,,coral ,,isl&s ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w ! geography itself has be5 modifi$ by ! enorm\s developm5t ( animal life4 ,mo/ isl&s fall into "o ( ?ree pr9cipal categories3 ,fir/ly1 ,^? :i* are 9 reality a "p ( ! cont95t ne> :i* !y lie1 be+ connect$ by comp>atively %all[ wat]1 & /&+ to ! cont95t some:at 9 ! relation ( planets to ! sun2 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,cape de ,v]de ,isl&s to ,africa1 ,ceylon to ,india1 or ,tasmania to ,au/ralia4 ,secondly1 ,volcanic isl&s2 & ,?irdly1 ,^? :i* owe _! orig9 to ! gr[? ( ,coral reefs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,:itsunday ,isl&4 ,coral isl&s are especially num]\s 9 ! ,indian & ,pacific ,oceans1 :]e !re are innum]able islets1 9 ! =m ( r+s1 or :i* toge!r =m r+s1 ! r+s !mselves be+ sometimes made up ( r+lets4 ,^! atolls conta9 a circul> bas9 ( yell[i% gre51 cle>1 %all[ wat]1 :ile outside is ! d>k blue deep wat] ( ! ,ocean4 ,! isl&s !mselves are q l[1 ) a bea* ( :ite s& ris+ b a few feet above ! level ( ! wat]1 & be> g5]ally gr\ps ( tuft$ ,cocoa ,palms4 ,x us$ to be suppos$ t ^! 7 ! summits ( subm>9e volcanoes on :i* ! coral _h gr[n4 ,b z ! reef-mak+ coral does n live at great] dep?s ?an ab\t tw5ty-five fa?oms1 ! imm5se numb] ( ^! reefs =m$ an almo/ insup]able objection to ?is !ory4 ,! ,laccadives & ,maldives = in/ance--mean+ lit]ally ! lac ( or #ajj1jjj isl&s1 & ! ?\s& isl&s--are a s]ies ( su* atolls1 & x 0 impossible to imag9e s great a numb] ( crat]s1 all s ne>ly ( ! same altitude4 ,9 %all[ tracts ( sea1 coral reefs no d\bt t5d to assume ! well-kn[n circul> =m1 b ! difficulty 0 to acc\nt = ! num]\s atolls :i* rise to ! surface f ! abysses ( ! ocean1 :ile ! coral-=m+ zoophytes c only live ne> ! surface4 ,d>w9 %[$ t s f> f ! r+ ( corals re/+ on a correspond+ ridge ( rocks1 ! lagoons1 on ! contr>y1 n[ occupy ! place :i* 0 once ! highe/ l&4 ,he po9t$ out t "s lagoons1 z = in/ance t ( ,vanikoro1 conta9 an isl& 9 ! middle2 :ile o!r isl&s1 su* z ,tahiti1 are surr\nd$ by a m>g9 ( smoo? wat] sep>at$ f ! ocean by a coral reef4 ,n[ if we suppose t ,tahiti 7 to s9k sl[ly x w\ld gradually approximate to ! condition ( ,vanikoro2 & if ,vanikoro gradually sank1 ! c5tral isl& w\ld disappe>1 :ile on ! contr>y ! gr[? ( ! coral might neutralise ! subsid5ce ( ! reef1 s t we %\ld h simply an atoll ) its lagoon4 ,! same consid]ations expla9 ! orig9 ( ! b>ri] reefs1 su* z t :i* runs = ne>ly a ?\s& miles1 along ! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,?us ,d>w9's !ory expla9s ! =m & ! approximate id5tity ( altitude ( ^! coral isl&s4 ,b x does m ?an ?is1 because x %[s t !re are great areas 9 process ( subsid5ce1 :i* ?\gh sl[1 is ( great importance 9 physical geography4 ,! lagoon isl&s h receiv$ mu* att5tion2 :i* is n surpris+1 = e "o mu/ be /ruck ) a/oni%m5t1 :5 he fir/ beholds "o ( ^! va/ r+s ( coral-rock1 (t5 _m leagues 9 diamet]1 "h & !re surm\nt$ by a l[ v]dant isl& ) dazzl+ :ite %ores1 ba!d on ! outside by ! foam+ break]s ( ! ocean1 & on ! inside surr\nd+ a calm expanse ( wat]1 :i*1 f reflection is g5]ally ( a bright b pale gre5 col\r4 ,! naturali/ w feel ?is a/oni%m5t m deeply aft] hav+ exam9$ ! s(t & almo/ gelat9\s bodies ( ^! app>5tly insignificant coral-polypif]s1 & :5 he kn[s t ! solid reef increases only on ! out] edge1 :i* day & night is la%$ by ! break]s ( an ocean nev] at re/4 ,well did ,franois ,pyr>d de ,laval1 9 ! ye> #afje exclaim1 ',c'e/ une m]veille de voir *acun de ces atollons1 environn d'un gr& banc de pi]re t\t aut\r1 n'y ayant po9t d'artifice huma94'#fb ,( ! en*ant+ beauty ( ! coral b$s !mselves we are assur$ t language conveys no adequate idea4 ,!re 7 corals1 says ,pr(4 ,ball1 :i*1 9 _! liv+ /ate1 are ( _m %ades ( fawn1 buff1 p9k1 & blue1 :ile "s 7 tipp$ ) a mag5ta-l bloom4 ,sponges :i* look$ z h>d z /one spread ov] wide areas1 :ile sprays ( corall9e add$ _! graceful =ms to ! picture4 ,?r\gh ! vi/as s =m$1 gold5-b&$ & metallic-blue fi% me&]$1 :ile on ! pat*es ( s& "h & !re ,holo?urias & v>i\s mollusca & cru/aceans might be se5 sl[ly crawl+4 ,ab]cromby also gives a v graphic description ( a ,coral reef4 ,z we approa*$1 he says1 ! ro>+ surf on ! outside1 f+]y lumps ( beautiful live coral began to appe> ( ! pale/ lav5d]-blue col\r2 & :5 at la/ we 7 almo/ )9 ! spray1 ! :ole floor 0 "o mass ( liv+ bran*es ( coral4 ,b x is only :5 v5tur+ z f> z is prud5t into ! wat]1 ov] ! outw>d edge ( ! great sea wall1 t ! true "* ( ! reef & all ! beauties ( ! ocean c be really se54 ,aft] walk+ ov] a flat un9t]e/+ tract ( ne>ly b>e rock1 y look d[n & see a /eep irregul> wall1 exp&+ deep] into ! ocean ?an ! eye c foll[1 & brok5 into lovely grottoes & holes & canals1 ?r\gh :i* small respl5d5t fi% ( ! brighte/ blue or gold flit fitfully betwe5 ! lumps ( coral4 ,! sides ( ^! natural grottoes are entirely cov]$ ) endless =ms ( t5d]-col\r$ coral1 b all beautiful1 & all m or less ( ! f+]y or bran*+ species1 kn[n z madrepores4 ,x is really impossible to draw or describe ! sight1 :i* mu/ be tak5 ) all its surr\nd+s z adjuncts4#fc ,! vegetation ( ^! fairy l&s is also v lovely2 ! ,coral tree 7,ery?r9a7 ) light gre5 leaves & bun*es ( sc>let blossoms1 ! ,cocoa-nut always beautiful1 ! breadfruit1 ! graceful tree f]ns1 ! ,b>r+tonia1 ) l>ge p9k & :ite fl[]s1 sev]al species ( ,convolvulus1 & _m o!rs unkn[n to u ev5 by "n4 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,skies ,9 consid]+ ^! exquisite sc5es1 ! beauty ( ! ,s\!rn skies mu/ n be omitt$4 ,f ! "t we ent]$ ! torrid zone1 says ,humboldt1 we 7 nev] we>i$ ) admir+1 e night1 ! beauty ( ! s\!rn sky1 :i*1 z we advanc$ t[>ds ! s\?1 op5$ new con/ellations to our view4 ,we feel an indescribable s5sation1 :51 on approa*+ ! equator1 & p>ticul>ly on pass+ f "o hemisph]e to ! o!r1 we see ^? />s :i* we h contemplat$ f our infancy1 progressively s9k1 & f9ally disappe>4 ,no?+ awak5s 9 ! travell] a liveli] remembrance ( ! imm5se di/ance by :i* he is sep>at$ f 8 c\ntry1 ?an ! aspect ( an unkn[n firmam5t4 ,! gr\p+ ( ! />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 "s scatt]$ nebul rivall+ 9 spl5d\r ! milky way1 & tracts ( space rem>kable = _! extreme blackness1 give a p>ticul> physiognomy to ! s\!rn sky4 ,?is sight fills ) admiration ev5 ^?1 :o1 un9/ruct$ 9 ! bran*es ( accurate sci5ce1 feel ! same emotions ( delight 9 ! contemplation ( ! heav5ly vault1 z 9 ! view ( a beautiful l&scape1 or a maje/ic riv]4 ,a travell] has no ne$ ( be+ a botani/ to recognise ! torrid zone on ! m]e aspect ( its vegetation2 &1 )\t hav+ acquir$ any notion ( a/ronomy1 he feels he is n 9 ,europe1 :5 he sees ! imm5se con/ellation ( ! ,%ip1 or ! phosphoresc5t cl\ds ( ,magellan1 arise on ! horizon4 ,! heav5 & ! e>?1 9 ! equ9octial regions1 assume an exotic "*4 ,! sunsets 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 says ,h4 ,o4 ,=bes1#fd 7 sc5es to be rememb]$ = a lifetime4 ,! tall cones ( ,sibissie & ,krakatoa rose d>k purple out ( an unruffl$ gold5 sea1 :i* /ret*$ away to ! s\?-we/1 :]e ! sun w5t d[n2 ov] ! horizon gray fleecy cl\ds lay 9 banks & /reaks1 above !m pale blue lanes ( sky1 alt]nat+ ) orange b&s1 :i* high] up gave place to an expanse ( r$ /ret*+ r\nd ! :ole heav5s4 ,gradually z ! sun retreat$ deep] & deep]1 ! sky became a m>vell\s gold5 curta91 9 front ( :i* ! gray cl\ds coil$ !mselves into weird =ms be=e dissolv+ into space4444 ,,! ,,poles ,! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic regions h always ex]cis$ a peculi> fasc9ation ov] ! human m9d4 ,until n[ e attempt to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole has fail$1 & ! ,s\? has prov$ ev5 m inaccessible4 ,9 ! nor?1 ,p>ry all b rea*$ lat4 #hc2 9 ! s\? no "o has p5etrat$ beyond lat4 #ga4aa4 ,& yet1 :ile no "o c say :at !re may be r\nd ! ,nor? ,pole1 & "s /ill imag9e t op5 wat] might be f\nd !re1 we c picture to ourselves ! extreme ,s\? ) some:at m confid5ce4 ,:5ev] %ips h sail$ s\?w>ds1 except at a few places :]e l& has be5 met )1 !y h come at la/ to a wall ( ice1 f fifty to f\r hundr$ feet high4 ,9 ^? regions x sn[s1 if n incessantly1 at lea/ v frequ5tly1 & ! sn[ melts b little4 ,z f> z ! eye c rea* no?+ is to be se5 b sn[4 ,n[ ?is sn[ mu/ gradually accumulate1 & solidify into ice1 until x atta9s su* a slope t x w move =w>d z a glaci]4 ,! enorm\s ,iceb]gs ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 moreov]1 %[ t x does s1 & t ! sn[ ( ! extreme s\?1 aft] cond5s+ into ice1 moves sl[ly outw>d & at l5g? =ms a wall ( ice1 f :i* ,iceb]gs1 f "t to "t1 break away4 ,we d n exactly "k :at1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! slope w\ld be2 b ,mr4 ,croll po9ts out t if we take x at only half a degree1 & ?is seems q a m9imum1 ! ,ice cap at ! ,s\? ,pole mu/ be no less ?an twelve miles 9 ?ickness4 ,x is inde$ probably ev5 m1 = "s ( ! ,s\!rn tabul> iceb]gs atta9 a height ( eight hundr$1 or ev5 a ?\s& feet above wat]1 indicat+ a total ?ickness ( ! ice %eet ev5 at ! edge1 ( ov] a mile4 ,sir ,james ,ross m5tions t--,:il/ measur+ "s angles = ! survey ne> ,m\nt ,lubbock an isl& sudd5ly appe>$1 :i* he 0 q sure 0 n to be se5 two or ?ree h\rs previ\sly4 ,he 0 mu* a/oni%$1 b x ev5tually turn$ out to be a l>ge iceb]g1 :i* _h turn$ ov]1 & s expos$ a new surface cov]$ ) e>? & /ones4 ,! condition ( ! ,arctic regions is q diff]5t4 ,!re is mu* m l&1 & no su* enorm\s solid cap ( ice4 ,spitzb]g51 ! l& ( po9t$ m\nta9s1 is said to be v beautiful4 ,"l ,duff]9 describes 8 fir/ view ( x z a =e/ ( ?9 lilac peaks1 s fa9t1 s pale1 t _h x n be5 = ! gem-l di/9ctness ( _! outl9e "o c\ld h deem$ !m z unsub/antial z ! spires ( ,fairyl&4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v desolate2 sc>cely any vegetation except+ a d>k moss1 & ev5 ?is goes b a little way up ! m\nta9 side4 ,scoresby asc5d$ "o ( ! hills ne> ,horn ,s\nd1 & describes ! view z mo/ ext5sive & gr&4 ,a f9e %elt]$ bay 0 se5 to ! ea/ ( u1 an arm ( ! same on ! nor?-ea/1 & ! sea1 ^: glassy surface 0 unruffl$ by a breeze1 =m$ an imm5se expanse on ! we/2 ! glaci]s1 re>+ _! pr\d cre/s almo/ to ! tops ( m\nta9s betwe5 :i* !y 7 lodg$1 & defy+ ! p[] ( ! sol> beams1 7 scatt]$ 9 v>i\s directions ab\t ! sea-coa/ & 9 ! adjo9+ bays4 ,b$s ( sn[ & ice fill+ ext5sive holl[s1 & giv+ an enamell$ coat to adjo9+ valleys1 "o ( :i*1 comm5c+ at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 :]e we /ood1 ext5d$ 9 a cont9ual l9e t[>ds ! nor?1 z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*--m\nta9 ris+ above m\nta91 until by di/ance !y dw9dl$ into insignificance1 ! :ole contra/$ by a cl\dless canopy ( deepe/ azure1 & enlight5$ by ! rays ( a blaz+ sun1 & ! effect1 aid$ by a feel+ ( dang]1 seat$ z we 7 on ! p9nacle ( a rock almo/ surr\nd$ by trem5d\s precipices--all unit$ to con/itute a picture s+ul>ly sublime4 ,"o ( ! glaci]s ( ,spitzb]g5 is #aa miles 9 bread? :5 x rea*es ! sea-coa/1 ! highe/ "p ( ! precipit\s front adjo9+ ! sea be+ ov] #djj feet1 & x ext5ds f> upw>ds t[>ds ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,! surface =ms an incl9$ plane ( smoo? unsulli$ sn[1 ! beauty & brightness ( :i* r5d] x a conspicu\s l&m>k on t inhospitable %ore4 ,f ! p]p5dicul> face great masses ( ice f "t to "t break away1 ,^: blocks ( sapphire seem to mortal eye ,hewn f crulean qu>ries ( ! sky4#fe ,field ice is comp>atively flat1 ?\gh x may be pil$ up p]haps z mu* z #ej feet4 ,x is f glaci]s t true iceb]gs1 ! beauty & brilliance ( :i* ,arctic travell]s are nev] tir$ ( describ+1 take _! orig94 ,! attempts to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole h co/ _m valuable lives2 ,will\ghby & ,hudson1 ,behr+ & ,frankl91 & _m o!r brave m>9]s2 b yet !re are few exp$itions m popul> ?an ^? to ! ,arctic1 & we _c b hope t x is /ill res]v$ = ! ,briti% ,navy aft] s _m gallant attempts at l5g? to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,,footnotes3 #ef ,%elley4 #eg ,campbell4 #eh ,holmes4 #ei ,bell4 #fj ,hemans4 #fa ,gun!r1 ,hi/ory ( ,fi%es4 #fb ,d>w91 ,coral ,reefs4 #fc ,ab]cromby1 ,seas & ,skies 9 _m ,latitudes4 #fd ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4 #fe ,montgom]y4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,/>ry ,,heav5s ,a man c h>dly lift up 8 eyes t[>ds ! heav5s )\t wond] & v5]ation1 to see s _m millions ( radiant lights1 & to obs]ve _! c\rses & revolutions1 ev5 )\t any respect to ! common good ( ! ,univ]se4--,,s5eca4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,/>ry ,,heav5s ,_m ye>s ago ,i paid a visit to ,naples1 & asc5d$ ,vesuvius to see ! sun rise f ! top ( ! m\nta94 ,we w5t up to ! ,obs]vatory 9 ! ev5+ & sp5t ! night outside4 ,! sky 0 cle>2 at our feet 0 ! sea1 & r\nd ! bay ! lights ( ,naples =m$ a lovely semicircle4 ,f> m beautiful1 h[ev]1 7 ! moon & ! />s ov]head2 ! moon ?r[+ a silv] pa? ov] ! wat]1 & ! />s %9+ 9 t cle> atmosph]e ) a brilliance :i* ,i %all nev] =get4 ,= ages & ages pa/ m5 h admir$ ! same glori\s spectacle1 & yet nei!r ! imag9ation ( ,man nor ! g5ius ( ,poetry _h ris5 to ! tru] & gr&] conceptions ( ! ,heav5s = :i* we are indebt$ to a/ronomical ,sci5ce4 ,! me*anical contrivances by :i* x 0 attempt$ to expla9 ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies 7 clumsy & prosaic :5 comp>$ ) ! great discov]y ( ,newton4 ,rusk9 is unju/ ,i ?9k :5 he says ,sci5ce tea*es u t ! cl\ds are a sleety mi/2 ,art1 t !y are a gold5 ?rone4 ,i %\ld be ! la/ to disp>age ! debt we owe to ,art1 b = our k1 & ev5 m1 = our appreciation1 feeble z ev5 yet x is1 ( ! ov]:elm+ gr&eur ( ! ,heav5s1 we are ma9ly indebt$ to ,sci5ce4 ,!re is sc>cely a =m :i* ! fancy ( ,man has n sometimes detect$ 9 ! cl\ds1--*a9s ( m\nta9s1 spl5did cities1 /orms at sea1 flights ( birds1 gr\ps ( animals1 mon/]s ( all k9ds1--& our sup]/iti\s ance/ors (t5 t]rifi$ !mselves by fanta/ic visions ( arms & w>riors & battles :i* !y reg>d$ z port5ts ( com+ calamities4 ,!re is h>dly a day on :i* ,cl\ds d n delight & surprise u by _! =ms & col\rs4 ,!y belong1 h[ev]1 to our ,e>?1 & ,i mu/ n[ pass on to ! heav5ly bodies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,moon4 ,to face page #cgg4 ,,! ,,moon ,! ,moon is ! ne>e/1 & be+ ! ne>e/1 appe>s to u1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! ,sun1 ! l>ge/1 al?\gh x is 9 reality "o ( ! smalle/1 ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,j z ! ,e>? goes r\nd ! ,sun1 & ! p]iod ( revolution con/itutes a ye>1 s ! ,moon goes r\nd ! ,e>? approximately 9 a p]iod ( "o mon?4 ,b :ile we turn on our axis e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ?us caus+ ! alt]nation ( light & d>kness--day & night--! ,moon takes a mon? to revolve on h]s1 s t %e always pres5ts ! same1 or v ne>ly ! same1 surface to u4 ,see+ h] z we d1 n l ! ,sun & ,/>s1 by light ( h] own1 b by ! reflect$ light ( ! ,sun1 h] =m appe>s to *ange1 because ! side ^u :i* ! ,sun %9es is n always t :i* we see4 ,h5ce ! phases ( ! ,moon1 :i* add s mu* to h] beauty & int]e/4 ,:o is !re :o has n wat*$ !m ) admiration8 ,we fir/ see h] z an exquisite cresc5t ( pale light 9 ! we/]n sky aft] sunset4 ,night aft] night %e moves fur!r & fur!r to ! ea/1 until %e becomes full1 & rises ab\t ! same "t t ! ,sun sets4 ,f ! "t ( full moon ! disc ( light beg9s to dim9i%1 until ! la/ qu>t] is rea*$4 ,!n x is t ! ,moon is se5 high 9 ! heav5s 9 ! morn+4 ,z ! days pass by1 ! cresc5t %ape is aga9 assum$4 ,! cresc5t wanes ?9n] & ?9n] z ! ,moon draws clos] to ! ,sun4 ,f9ally1 %e becomes lo/ 9 ! ov]p[]+ light ( ! ,sun1 aga9 to em]ge z ! new moon1 & aga9 to g ?r\gh ! same cycle ( *anges4#ff ,b al?\gh %e is s small ! ,moon is n only1 next to ! ,sun1 by f> ! mo/ beautiful1 b also = u ! mo/ important1 ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,h] attraction1 aid$ by t ( ! ,sun1 causes ! tides1 :i* are ( su* ess5tial s]vice to navigation4 ,!y c>ry our vessels 9 & out ( port1 &1 inde$1 b = !m _m ( our ports w\ld !mselves cease to exi/1 be+ silt$ up by ! riv]s runn+ into !m4 ,! ,moon is also ( invaluable s]vice to sailors by enabl+ !m to det]m9e :]e !y are1 & guid+ !m ov] ! pa?less wat]s4 ,! geography ( ! ,moon1 s f> z conc]ns ! side turn$ t[>ds u1 has be5 c>efully mapp$ & /udi$1 & may almo/ be said to be z well kn[n z t ( our own e>?4 ,! sc5]y is 9 a high degree weird & rugg$2 x is a great wild]ness ( ext9ct volcanoes1 &1 se5 ) ev5 a v mod]ate telescope1 is a mo/ beautiful object4 ,! m\nta9s are ( great size4 ,our l(tie/ m\nta91 ,m\nt ,ev]e/1 is g5]ally /at$ z ab\t #bi1jjj feet 9 height4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! ,moon rea* an altitude ( ov] #db1jjj1 b ?is reckons to ! l[e/ depression1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t we reckon ! height ( m\nta9s to ! sea level only4 ,sev]al ( ! crat]s on ! ,moon h a diamet] ( #dj or #ej--"o ( !m ev5 z mu* z #gh--miles4 ,_m also h c5tral cones1 closely resembl+ ^? 9 our own volcanic regions4 ,9 "s cases ! crat]s are fill$ ne>ly to ! brim ) lava4 ,! volcanoes seem1 h[ev]1 to be all ext9ct2 & !re is n a s+le case 9 :i* we h conclusive evid5ce ( any *ange 9 a lun> m\nta94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,a gr\p ( ,lun> ,volcanoes4 ,! ,moon1 be+ s mu* small] ?an ! e>?1 cool$1 ( c\rse1 mu* m rapidly1 & x is probable t ^! m\nta9s are millions ( ye>s old--mu* old] ?an _m ( our m\nta9 *a9s4 ,yet no "o c look at a map ( ! ,moon )\t be+ /ruck ) ! v rugg$ "* ( its m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,?is is ma9ly due to ! abs5ce ( air & wat]4 ,to ^! two mighty ag5cies1 n m]ely ! cl\d-capp$ t[]s1 ! gorge\s palaces1 ! solemn temples1 b ! v m\nta9s !mselves1 are inevitable victims4 ,n m]ely /orms & hurricanes1 b e g5tle %[]1 e fall ( sn[1 t5ds to s(t5 our sc5]y & l[] ! m\nta9 peaks4 ,^! ag5cies are abs5t f ! ,moon1 & ! m\nta9s /& to-day j z !y 7 =m$ millions ( ye>s ago4 ,b ?\gh we f9d on our own globe 7see1 = in/ance1 ,fig4 #ba7 volcanic regions closely resembl+ ^? ( ! ,moon1 !re are o!r ph5om5a on ! ,moon's surface = :i* our e>? pres5ts z yet no explanation4 ,f ,ty*o1 = in/ance1 a crat] #ag1jjj feet high & #ej miles across1 a numb] ( rays or /reaks div]ge1 :i* = hundr$s1 or 9 "s cases two or ?ree ?\s&1 miles pass /raight across pla9s1 crat]s1 & m\nta9s4 ,! true nature ( ^! /reaks is n yet und]/ood4 ,,! ,,sun ,! ,sun is m ?an #djj times z di/ant z ! ,moon2 a mighty gl[+ globe1 inf9itely hott] ?an any e>?ly fi]y furnace1 #cjj1jjj times z heavy1 & #a1jjj1jjj times z l>ge z ! e>?4 ,its diamet] is #hfe1jjj miles1 & x revolves on its axis 9 betwe5 #be & #bf days4 ,its di/ance is #ib1ejj1jjj miles4 ,& yet x is only a />1 & by no means "o ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,! surface ( ! ,sun is ! seat ( viol5t /orms & tempe/s4 ,f x gigantic flames1 consi/+ ma9ly ( hydrog51 flick] & leap4 ,pr(essor ,"y describes "o z be+1 :5 fir/ obs]v$1 #dj1jjj miles high4 ,sudd5ly x became v brilliant1 & 9 half an h\r sprang up #dj1jjj m4 ,= ano!r h\r x so>$ high] & high]1 rea*+ f9ally an elevation ( no less ?an #cej1jjj miles1 aft] :i* x sl[ly fad$ away1 & 9 a c\ple ( h\rs _h entirely disappe>$4 ,?is 0 no d\bt an exceptional case1 b a height ( #ajj1jjj miles is n unusual1 & ! velocity frequ5tly rea*es #ajj miles 9 a second4 ,! prov]bial spots on ! ,sun 9 _m respects resemble ! appe>ances :i* w\ld be pres5t$ if a comp>atively d>k c5tral mass 0 "h & !re expos$ by ap]tures ?r\gh ! m brilliant out] gases1 b _! true nature is /ill a matt] ( discussion4 ,dur+ total eclipses x is se5 t ! ,sun is surr\nd$ by a corona1 or aureola ( light1 consi/+ ( radiant filam5ts1 beams1 & %eets ( light1 :i* radiate 9 all directions1 & ! true nature ( :i* is /ill d\btful4 ,ano!r /up5d\s problem connect$ ) ! ,sun is ! fact t1 z geology tea*es u1 x has giv5 (f ne>ly ! same quantity ( light & heat = millions ( ye>s4 ,h[ has ?is come to pass8 ,c]ta9ly n by any process ( burn+ su* z we are famili> )4 ,inde$1 if ! heat ( ! ,sun 7 due to combu/ion x w\ld be burnt up 9 #fjjj ye>s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! meteors1 :i* fall 9 %[]s on to ! ,sun1 replace ! heat :i* is emitt$4 ,to "s slight ext5t p]haps !y d s1 b ! ma9 cause seems to be ! sl[ cond5sation ( ! ,sun itself4 ,ma!maticians tell u t a contraction ( ab\t #bbj feet a ye> w\ld acc\nt = ! :ole heat emitt$1 & z ! pres5t diamet] ( ! ,sun is ab\t #hfj1jjj miles1 ! pot5tial /ore ( heat is /ill enorm\s4 ,to ! ,sun we owe our light & heat2 x is n only ! c5tre ( our planet>y sy/em1 x is ! s\rce & rul] ( our lives4 ,x draws up wat] f ! ocean1 & p\rs x d[n 9 ra9 to fill ! riv]s & refre% ! plants2 x raises ! w9ds1 :i* purify ! air & waft our %ips ov] ! seas2 x draws our c>riages & drives our /eam-eng9es1 = coal is b ! heat ( =m] ages /or$ up = our use2 animals live & move by ! ,sun's w>m?2 x inspires ! song ( birds1 pa9ts ! fl[]s1 & rip5s ! fruit4 ,?r\gh x ! trees gr[4 ,= ! beauties ( nature1 = our food & dr9k1 = our clo?+1 = our light & life1 = ! v possibility ( our exi/5ce1 we are indebt$ to ! ,sun4 ,:at is ! ,sun made (8 ,comte m5tion$ z a problem1 :i* x 0 impossible t man c\ld ev] solve1 any attempt to det]m9e ! *emical composition ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,n\s concevons1 he said1 la possibilit de dt]m9] leurs =mes1 leurs di/ances1 leurs gr&eurs1 et leurs m\vem5ts1 t&is que n\s ne saurions jamais tudi] p> aucun moy5 leur composition *imique ou leur /ructure m9ralogique4 ,to d s might well h seem$ hopeless1 & yet ! possibility has be5 prov$1 & a beg9n+ has be5 made4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury ,wolla/on obs]v$ t ! bright b& ( col\rs ?r[n by a prism1 & kn[n z ! spectrum1 0 trav]s$ by d>k l9es1 :i* 7 also discov]$1 & describ$ m 9 detail1 by ,fraunh(]1 aft] :om !y are g5]ally call$ ,fraunh(]'s l9es4 ,! next /ep 0 made by ,:eat/one1 :o %[$ t ! spectrum =m$ by inc&esc5t vap\rs 0 =m$ ( bright l9es1 :i* diff]$ = ea* sub/ance1 & might1 !re=e1 be us$ z a conv5i5t mode ( analysis4 ,9 fact1 by ?is process sev]al new sub/ances h actually be5 discov]$4 ,^! bright l9es 7 f\nd on comp>ison to co9cide ) ! d>k l9es 9 ! spectrum1 & to ,kir*h(f & ,buns5 is due ! cr$it ( apply+ ?is me?od ( rese>* to a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,!y arrang$ _! app>atus s t "o-half 0 light$ by ! ,sun1 ! o!r by ! inc&esc5t gas !y 7 exam9+4 ,:5 ! vap\r ( sodium 0 treat$ 9 ?is way !y f\nd t ! bright l9e 9 ! flame ( soda exactly co9cid$ ) a l9e 9 ! ,sun's spectrum4 ,! conclusion 0 obvi\s2 !re is sodium 9 ! ,sun4 ,x mu/1 inde$1 h be5 a glori\s mom5t :5 ! ?\ght fla%$ ^u !m2 & ! discov]y1 ) its results1 is "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( human g5ius4 ,! ,sun has ?us be5 prov$ to conta9 hydrog51 sodium1 b>ium1 magnesium1 calcium1 alum9ium1 *romium1 iron1 nickle1 manganese1 titanium1 cobalt1 lead1 z9c1 copp]1 cadmium1 /rontium1 c]ium1 uranium1 potassium1 etc41 9 all #cf ( our t]re/rial elem5ts1 :ile z reg>ds "s o!rs ! evid5ce is n conclusive4 ,we _c z yet say t any ( our elem5ts are abs5t1 nor ?\gh !re are v>i\s l9es :i* _c z yet be c]ta9ly ref]r$ to any kn[n sub/ance1 h we cle> pro( t ! ,sun conta9s any elem5t :i* does n exi/ on our e>?4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ! *emical composition ( ! ,sun appe>s closely to resemble t ( our e>?4 ,,! ,,planets ,! ,syrian %eph]ds wat*+ _! flocks by night long ago notic$--& !y 7 probably n ! fir/--t !re 7 five />s :i* did n foll[ ! regul> c\rse ( ! re/1 b1 app>5tly at lea/1 mov$ ab\t irregul>ly4 ,^! !y appropriately nam$ ,planets1 or w&]]s4 ,fur!r obs]vations h %[n t ?is irregul>ity ( _! pa? is only app>5t1 & t1 l our own ,e>?1 !y really revolve r\nd ! ,sun4 ,to ! five fir/ obs]v$--,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn--two l>ge ones1 ,uranus & ,neptune1 & a gr\p ( m9or bodies1 h s9ce be5 add$4 ,! foll[+ two diagrams give ! relative orbits ( ! ,planets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,orbits ( ! inn] ,planets4 ,,m]cury ,x is possible1 p]haps probable1 t !re may be an inn] ,planet1 b1 s f> z we "k = c]ta91 ,m]cury is ! "o ne>e/ to ! ,sun1 its av]age di/ance be+ #cf1jjj1jjj miles4 ,x is mu* small] ?an ! ,e>?1 its weight be+ only ab\t #a_/bd? ( ours4 ,m]cury is a %y ?\gh beautiful object1 = be+ s ne> ! ,sun x is n easily visible2 x may1 h[ev]1 g5]ally be se5 at "s "t or o!r dur+ ! ye> z a morn+ or ev5+ />4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,relative di/ances ( ! ,planets f ! ,sun4 ,,v5us ,! true morn+ or ev5+ />1 h[ev]1 is ,v5us--! pe]less & caprici\s ,v5us4 ,v5us1 p]haps1 has n be5 notic$1 n be5 ?\ght (1 = _m mon?s4 ,x is a beautifully cle> ev5+2 ! sun has j set4 ,! lov] ( nature turns to admire ! sunset1 z e lov] ( nature w4 ,9 ! gold5 glory ( ! we/ a beaute\s gem is se5 to gli/52 x is ! ev5+ />1 ! planet ,v5us4 ,a week or two lat] ano!r beautiful sunset is se51 & n[ ! planet is no long] a gli/5+ po9t l[ d[n2 x has ris5 high above ! horizon1 & cont9ues a brilliant object long aft] ! %ades ( night h desc5d$4 ,aga9 a little long] & ,v5us has ga9$ its full brilliancy & spl5d\r4 ,all ! heav5ly ho/--ev5 ,sirius & ,jupit]--mu/ pale be=e ! spl5did lu/re ( ,v5us1 ! unrivall$ que5 ( ! firmam5t4#fg ,v5us is ab\t z l>ge z our ,e>?1 & :5 at h] brighte/ out%9es ab\t fifty times ! mo/ brilliant />4 ,yet1 l all ! o!r planets1 %e gl[s only ) ! reflect$ light ( ! ,sun1 & consequ5tly passes ?r\gh phases l ^? ( ! ,moon1 ?\gh we _c see !m ) ! nak$ eye4 ,to ,v5us also owe we ma9ly ! p[] ( det]m9+ ! di/ance1 & consequ5tly ! magnitude1 ( ! ,sun4 ,,! ,,e>? ,our own ,e>? has =m$ ! subject ( previ\s *apt]s4 ,i w n[1 !re=e1 only call att5tion to h] movem5ts1 9 :i*1 ( c\rse1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 we p>ticipate4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,e>? revolves on h] axis 9 #bd h\rs4 ,h] circumf]5ce at ! tropics is #bd1jjj miles4 ,h5ce a p]son at ! tropics is mov+ 9 ?is respect at ! rate ( #ajjj miles an h\r1 or ov] #af miles a m9ute4 ,b m ?an ?is1 a/ronom]s h asc]ta9$ t ! :ole sol> sy/em is engag$ 9 a great voyage ?r\gh space1 mov+ t[>ds a po9t on ! con/ellation ( ,h]cules at ! rate ( at lea/ #bj1jjj miles an h\r1 or ov] #cjj miles a m9ute4#fh ,b ev5 m aga91 we revolve annually r\nd ! ,sun 9 a mighty orbit #ehj1jjj1jjj miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,9 ?is respect we are mov+ at ! rate ( no less ?an #fj1jjj miles an h\r1 or #ajjj miles a m9ute--a rate f> exce$+ ( c\rse1 9 fact by "s #ajj times1 t ( a cannon ball4 ,h[ few ( u "k1 h[ little we any ( u realise1 t we are ru%+ ?r\gh space ) su* enorm\s velocity4 ,,m>s ,to ! nak$ eye ,m>s appe>s l a ruddy /> ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,x has two satellites1 :i* h be5 happily nam$ ,phobos & ,deimos--,fe> & ,dismay4 ,x is little m ?an half z l>ge z ! ,e>?1 &1 ?\gh g5]ally f> m di/ant1 x sometimes approa*es u )9 #ce1jjj1jjj miles4 ,?is has enabl$ u to /udy its physical /ructure4 ,x seems v probable t !re is wat] 9 ,m>s1 & ! two poles are tipp$ ) :ite1 z if capp$ by ice & sn[4 ,x pres5ts also a s]ies ( rem>kable p>allel l9es1 ! true nature ( :i* is n yet und]/ood4 ,,! ,,m9or ,,planets ,a glance at ,figs4 #ea & #eb w %[ t ! di/ances ( ! ,planets f ! ,sun foll[ a c]ta9 rule4 ,if we take ! numb]s #j1 #c1 #f1 #ab1 #bd1 #dh1 #if1 ea* "o 7aft] ! second7 ! d\ble ( t prec$+1 & add f\r1 we h ! s]ies4 #d #g #aj #af #bh #eb #ajj ,n[ ! di/ances ( ! ,planets f ! ,sun are z foll[3-- ,m]cury4 ,v5us4 ,e>?4 ,m>s4 ,jupit]4 ,saturn4 #c4i #g4b #aj #ae4b #eb4i #ie4d ,= ?is sequ5ce1 :i* 0 fir/ notic$ by ,bode1 & is kn[n z ,bode's law1 no explanation c yet be giv54 ,x 0 ( c\rse at once obs]v$ t betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] "o place is vacant1 & x has n[ be5 asc]ta9$ t ?is is occupi$ by a zone ( ,m9or ,planets1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 discov]$ by ,piazzi on ,janu>y #a1 #ahja1 a wor?y prelude to ! succession ( sci5tific discov]ies :i* =m ! glory ( our c5tury4 ,at pres5t ov] #cjj are kn[n1 b c]ta9ly ^! are m]ely ! l>g] among an imm5se numb]1 "s ( !m d\btless m]e du/4 ,,jupit] ,beyond ! ,m9or ,planets we come to ! /up5d\s ,jupit]1 conta9+ #cjj times ! mass1 & be+ #abjj times ! size ( our ,e>?--l>g] inde$ ?an all ! o!r planets put toge!r4 ,x is probably n solid1 & f its great size /ill reta9s a l>ge portion ( ! orig9al heat1 if we may use su* an expression4 ,jupit] usually %[s a numb] ( belts1 suppos$ to be due to cl\ds float+ ov] ! surface1 :i* h a t5d5cy to arrange !mselves 9 belts or b&s1 ow+ to ! rotation ( ! planet4 ,jupit] has f\r moons or satellites4 ,,saturn ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,saturn4 ,next to ,jupit] 9 size1 z 9 position1 comes ,saturn1 :i*1 ?\gh f> inf]ior 9 dim5sions1 is mu* sup]ior 9 beauty4 ,to ! nak$ eye ,saturn appe>s z a brilliant />1 b :5 ,galileo fir/ saw x ?r\gh a telescope x appe>$ to him to be compos$ ( ?ree bodies 9 a l9e1 a c5tral globe ) a small "o on ea* side4 ,huygh5s 9 #afee fir/ %[$ t 9 reality ,saturn 0 surr\nd$ by a s]ies ( r+s 7see ,fig4 #ec74 ,( ^! !re are ?ree1 ! inn] "o v fa9t1 & ! out] "o divid$ into two by a d>k l9e4 ,^! r+s are really enorm\s %oals ( m9ute bodies revolv+ r\nd ! planet1 & r5d]+ x p]haps ! mo/ m>vell\s & beautiful ( all ! heav5ly bodies4 ,:ile we h "o ,moon1 ,m>s two1 & ,jupit] f\r1 ,saturn has no less ?an eight satellites4 ,,uranus ,saturn 0 long suppos$ to be ! out]mo/ body belong+ to ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 #agha1 h[ev]1 on ! #ac? ,m>*1 ,william ,h]s*el 0 exam9+ ! />s 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,tw9s4 ,"o /ruck him because x pres5t$ a di/9ct disc1 :ile ! true fix$ />s1 h[ev] brilliant1 are1 ev5 ) ! mo/ p[]ful telescope1 m]e po9ts ( light4 ,at fir/ he ?\ght x might be a comet1 b c>eful obs]vations %[$ t x 0 really a new planet4 ,?\gh ?us discov]$ by ,h]s*el x _h (t5 be5 se5 be=e1 b its true nature 0 unsuspect$4 ,x has a diamet] ( ab\t #ca1gjj miles4 ,f\r satellites ( ,uranus h be5 discov]$1 & !y pres5t ! rem>kable peculi>ity t :ile all ! o!r planets & _! satellites revolve ne>ly 9 "o plane1 ! satellites ( ,uranus are ne>ly at "r angles1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( "s local & exceptional influ5ce4 ,,neptune ,! /udy ( ,uranus soon %[$ t x foll[$ a pa? :i* c\ld n be acc\nt$ = by ! influ5ce ( ! ,sun & ! o!r !n kn[n planets4 ,x 0 suspect$1 !re=e1 t ?is 0 due to "s o!r body n yet discov]$4 ,to calculate :]e su* a body mu/ be s z to acc\nt = ^! irregul>ities 0 a mo/ complex & difficult1 & might h seem$ almo/ a hopeless1 task4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 solv$ almo/ simultane\sly & indep5d5tly by ,adams 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ,le ,v]ri] 9 ,france4 ,neptune1 s f> z we yet "k ! out-mo/ ( our companions1 is #ce1jjj miles 9 diamet]1 & its mean di/ance f ! ,sun is #b1ghj1jjj1jjj miles4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,planet>y ,,sy/em ,! !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ,planet>y ,sy/em kn[n z ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 :i* 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,kant1 & develop$ by ,h]s*el & ,laplace1 may be fairly said to h atta9$ a high degree ( probability4 ,! space n[ occupi$ by ! sol> sy/em is suppos$ to h be5 fill$ by a rotat+ sph]oid ( extreme t5uity & enorm\s heat1 due p]haps to ! collision ( two orig9ally sep>ate bodies4 ,! heat1 h[ev]1 hav+ by degrees radiat$ into space1 ! gas cool$ & contract$ t[>ds a c5tre1 de/9$ to become ! ,sun4 ,?r\gh ! action ( c5trifugal =ce ! gase\s matt] also flatt5$ itself at ! two poles1 tak+ some:at ! =m ( a disc4 ,= a c]ta9 "t ! t5d5cy to contract1 & ! c5trifugal =ce1 c\nt]balanc$ "o ano!r1 b at l5g? a "t came :5 ! latt] prevail$ & ! out] zone deta*$ itself f ! re/ ( ! sph]e4 ,"o aft] ano!r simil> r+s 7 ?r[n (f1 & !n break+ up1 =m$ ! planets & _! satellites4 ,t ea* planet & satellite did =m orig9ally a r+ we /ill h evid5ce 9 ! wond]ful & beautiful r+s ( ,saturn1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 all probability w ev5tually =m sph]ical satellites l ! re/4 ,?us !n our ,e>? 0 orig9ally a "p ( ! ,sun1 to :i* aga9 x is de/9$ "o day to return4 ,m4 ,plateau has %[n exp]im5tally t by rotat+ a globe ( oil 9 a mixture ( wat] & _s hav+ ! same d5sity ?is process may be actually repeat$ 9 m9iature4 ,?is brilliant1 & yet simple1 hypo!sis is consi/5t )1 & expla9s _m o!r circum/ances connect$ ) ! position1 magnitude1 & movem5ts ( ! ,planets & _! satellites4 ,! ,planets1 = in/ance1 lie m or less 9 ! same plane1 !y revolve r\nd ! ,sun & rotate on _! own axis 9 ! same direction--a s]ies ( co9cid5ces :i* _c be accid5tal1 & = :i* ! !ory w\ld acc\nt4 ,aga9 ! rate ( cool+ w\ld ( c\rse foll[ ! size2 a small body cools m rapidly ?an a l>ge "o4 ,! ,moon is cold & rigid2 ! ,e>? is solid at ! surface1 b int5sely hot )92 ,jupit] & ,saturn1 :i* are imm5sely l>g]1 /ill reta9 mu* ( _! orig9al heat1 & h a mu* l[] d5sity ?an ! ,e>?2 & a/ronom]s tell u on o!r gr\nds t ! ,sun itself is /ill contract+1 & t to ?is ! ma9t5ance ( its temp]ature is due4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! ,nebul> ,!ory _c be said to h be5 absolutely prov$1 x has c]ta9ly be5 br\ght to a high /ate ( probability1 & is1 9 its ma9 features1 g5]ally accept$ by a/ronom]s4 ,! "q has (t5 be5 ask$ :e!r any ( ! heav5ly bodies are inhabit$1 & z yet x is impossible to give any c]ta9 answ]4 ,x seems priori probable t ! millions ( suns :i* we see z />s mu/ h satellites1 & t "s at lea/ ( !m may be inhabit$4 ,s f> z our own sy/em is conc]n$ ! ,sun is ( c\rse too hot to s]ve z a dwell+-place = any be+s ) bodies su* z ours4 ,! same may be said ( ,m]cury1 :i* is at times probably t5 times z hot z our tropics4 ,! out] planets appe> to be /ill 9 a /ate ( vap\r4 ,! ,moon has no air or wat]4 ,m>s is 9 a condition :i* mo/ ne>ly resembles ours4 ,all1 h[ev]1 t c be said is t1 s f> z we c see1 ! exi/5ce ( liv+ be+s on ,m>s is n impossible4 ,,comets ,! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s1 glori\s & wond]ful z !y are1 ?\gh reg>d$ ) great int]e/1 & 9 "s cases wor%ipp$ z deities1 excit$ ! imag9ation ( our ance/ors less ?an might h be5 expect$1 & ev5 n[ attract comp>atively little att5tion1 f ! fact t !y are always ) u4 ,comets1 on ! o!r h&1 bo? z r>e & occasional visitors1 f _! l>ge size & rapid *anges1 7 reg>d$ 9 anci5t times ) dread & ) amazem5t4 ,"s ,comets revolve r\nd ! ,sun 9 ellipses1 b _m1 if n ! majority1 are visitors inde$1 = hav+ once pass$ r\nd ! ,sun !y pass away aga9 into space1 nev] to return4 ,! appe>ance :i* is g5]ally reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( a ,comet is t ( a head ) a c5tral nucleus & a long tail4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 ( ! small] ones possess no tail1 & 9 fact ,comets pres5t almo/ innum]able diff]5ces4 ,moreov] ! same ,comet *anges rapidly1 s t :5 !y return1 !y are id5tifi$ n 9 any way by _! appe>ance1 b by ! pa? !y pursue4 ,comets may almo/ be reg>d$ z ! gho/s ( heav5ly bodies4 ,! heads1 9 "s cases1 may consi/ ( sep>ate solid fragm5ts1 ?\gh on ?is a/ronom]s are by no means agre$1 b ! tails at any rate are 9 fact ( almo/ inconceivable t5uity4 ,we "k t a cl\d a few hundr$ feet ?ick is suffici5t to hide1 n only ! />s1 b ev5 ! ,sun himself4 ,a ,comet is ?\s&s ( miles 9 ?ickness1 & yet ev5 extremely m9ute />s c be se5 ?r\gh x ) no appreciable dim9ution ( brightness4 ,?is extreme t5uity ( comets is moreov] %[n by _! small weight4 ,enorm\s z !y are ,i rememb] ,sir ,g4 ,airy say+ t !re 0 probably m matt] 9 a cricket ball ?an !re is 9 a comet4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 n[ d\bts t ! weight mu/ be measur$ 9 tons2 b x is s small1 9 relation to ! size1 z to be practically inappreciable4 ,if inde$ !y 7 comp>able 9 mass ev5 to ! planets1 we %\ld long ago h p]i%$4 ,! security ( our sy/em is due to ! fact t ! planets revolve r\nd ! ,sun 9 "o direction1 almo/ 9 circles1 & v ne>ly 9 ! same plane4 ,comets1 h[ev]1 ent] our sy/em 9 all directions1 & at all angles2 !y are s num]\s t1 z ,kepl] said1 !re are probably m ,comets 9 ! sky ?an !re are fi%es 9 ! sea1 & b = _! extreme t5uity !y w\ld long ago h driv5 u into ! ,sun4 ,:5 !y fir/ come 9 sight ,comets h g5]ally no tail2 x gr[s z !y approa* ! ,sun1 f :i* x always po9ts away4 ,x is no m]e optical illusion2 b :ile ! ,comet z a :ole is attract$ by ! ,sun1 ! tail1 h[ or :y we "k n1 is repell$4 ,:5 once driv5 (f1 moreov]1 ! attraction ( ! ,comet is n suffici5t to recall x1 & h5ce p]haps s _m ,comets h n[ no tails4 ,donati's ,comet1 ! great ,comet ( #aheh1 0 fir/ notic$ on ! #b;d ,june z a fa9t nebul\s spot4 ,= ?ree mon?s x rema9$ q inconspicu\s1 & ev5 at ! end ( ,augu/ 0 sc>cely visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,9 ,septemb] x grew rapidly1 & by ! middle ( ,octob] ! tail ext5d$ no less ?an #dj degrees1 aft] :i* x gradually disappe>$4 ,fa9t z is ! light emitt$ by ,comets1 x is yet _! own1 & spectrum analysis has detect$ ! pres5ce 9 !m ( c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 sodium1 & probably ( iron4 ,comets !n rema9 z wond]ful1 & almo/ z my/]i\s1 z ev]1 b we ne$ no long] reg>d a comet z a sign ( imp5d+ calamity2 we may r look ^u x z an int]e/+ & a beautiful visitor1 :i* comes to please u & to in/ruct u1 b nev] to ?reat5 or to de/roy4#fi ,we are free1 !re=e1 to admire !m 9 peace1 & beautiful1 inde$1 !y are4 ,! mo/ wond]ful sight ,i rememb]1 says ,ham]ton1 z an effect ( calm1 0 ! inv]sion ( ,donati's ,comet1 9 ! ye> #aheh1 dur+ ! nights :5 x 0 suffici5tly ne> ! horizon to approa* ! rugg$ outl9e ( ,graiganunie1 & be reflect$ b5ea? x 9 ,lo* ,awe4 ,9 ! sky 0 an enorm\s aigrette ( diamond fire1 9 ! wat] a second aigrette1 sc>cely less spl5did1 ) its brilliant po9t direct$ upw>ds1 & its broad1 %ad[y extremity end+ indef9itely 9 ! deep4 ,to be out on ! lake alone1 9 a t9y boat1 & let x re/ motionless on ! glassy wat]1 ) t incomp>able spectacle be=e "o1 0 an exp]i5ce to be rememb]$ ?r\gh a lifetime4 ,i h se5 _m a glori\s sight s9ce t n[ di/ant ye>1 b no?+ to equal x 9 ! association ( solemnity ) spl5d\r4#gj ,,%oot+ ,,/>s ,on almo/ any bright night1 if we wat* a %ort "t "s /> w sudd5ly seem to drop f its place1 &1 aft] a %ort plunge1 to disappe>4 ,?is appe>ance is1 h[ev]1 p>tly illusory4 ,:ile true />s are imm5se bodies at an enorm\s di/ance1 ,%oot+ ,/>s are v small1 p]haps n l>g] ?an a pav+ /one1 & are n visible until !y come )9 ! limits ( our atmosph]e1 by ! friction ) :i* !y are set on fire & dissipat$4 ,!y are mu* m num]\s on "s nights ?an o!rs4 ,f ! #i? to ! #aa? ,augu/ we pass ?r\gh "o clu/] :i* is kn[n z ! ,p]seids2 & on ! #ac? & #ad? ,novemb] a /ill great] gr\p call$ by a/ronom]s ! ,leonids4 ,! ,leonids revolve r\nd ! ,sun 9 a p]iod ( #cc ye>s1 & 9 an elliptic orbit1 "o focus ( :i* is ab\t at ! same di/ance f ! ,sun z we are1 ! o!r at ab\t t ( ,uranus4 ,! %oal ( />s is enorm\s2 its diamet] _c be less ?an #ajj1jjj miles1 & its l5g? _m hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,!re are1 inde$1 /raggl]s scatt]$ ov] ! :ole orbit1 ) "s ( :i* we come 9 contact e ye>1 b we pass ?r\gh ! ma9 body ?ree times 9 a c5tury--la/ 9 #ahff--;captur+ millions on ea* occasion4 ,"o ( ^! has be5 graphically describ$ by ,humboldt3 ,f half aft] two 9 ! morn+ ! mo/ extraord9>y lum9>y meteors 7 se5 9 ! direction ( ! ea/4 ,m4 ,bonpl&1 :o _h ris5 to enjoy ! fre%ness ( ! air1 p]ceiv$ !m fir/4 ,?\s&s ( bodies & fall+ />s succe$$ ea* o!r dur+ ! space ( f\r h\rs4 ,_! direction 0 v regul> f nor? to s\?4 ,!y fill$ a space 9 ! sky ext5d+ f due ea/ #cj to nor? & s\?4 ,9 an amplitude ( #fj ! meteors 7 se5 to rise above ! horizon at ea/-nor?-ea/1 & at ea/1 to describe arcs m or less ext5d$1 & to fall t[>ds ! s\?1 aft] hav+ foll[$ ! direction ( ! m]idian4 ,"s ( !m atta9$ a height ( #dj1 & all exce$$ #be or #cj4 ,no trace ( cl\ds 0 to be se54 ,m4 ,bonpl& /ates t1 f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ph5om5on1 !re 0 n 9 ! firmam5t a space equal 9 ext5t to ?ree diamet]s ( ! moon :i* 0 n fill$ e in/ant ) bolides & fall+ />s4 ,! fir/ 7 few] 9 numb]1 b z !y 7 ( diff]5t sizes x 0 impossible to fix ! limit betwe5 ^! two classes ( ph5om5a4 ,all ^! meteors left lum9\s traces f five to t5 degrees 9 l5g?1 z (t5 happ5s 9 ! equ9octial regions4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( ^! traces1 or lum9\s b&s1 la/$ sev5 or eight seconds4 ,_m ( ! fall+ />s _h a v di/9ct nucleus1 z l>ge z ! disc ( ,jupit]1 f :i* d>t$ sp>ks ( vivid light4 ,! bodies seem$ to bur/ z by explosion2 b ! l>ge/1 ^? f #a to #a #ae' 9 diamet]1 disappe>$ )\t sc9tillation1 leav+ beh9d !m phosphoresc5t b&s 7trabes71 exce$+ 9 bread? fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes4 ,! light ( ^! meteors 0 :ite1 & n r$di%1 :i* mu/ d\btless be attribut$ to ! abs5ce ( vap\r & ! extreme transp>5cy ( ! air4#ga ,! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,leonids1 :i* ,le ,v]ri] has trac$ out ) great probability1 if n prov$1 is v int]e/+4 ,!y did n1 he consid]s1 approa* ! ,sun until #abf ,a4,d41 :51 9 _! c>e] ?r\gh ! heav5s1 !y *anc$ to come ne> to ,uranus4 ,b = ! influ5ce ( t planet !y w\ld h pass$ r\nd ! ,sun1 & !n dep>t$ aga9 = ev]4 ,by 8 attraction1 h[ev]1 _! c\rse 0 alt]$1 & !y w n[ cont9ue to revolve r\nd ! ,sun4 ,!re is a rem>kable connection betwe5 /> %[]s & comets1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n yet ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,sev]al /> %[]s foll[ pa?s :i* are also ^? ( comets1 & ! conclusion appe>s almo/ irresi/ible t ^! comets are made up ( ,%oot+ ,/>s4 ,we are told1 inde$1 t #aej1jjj1jjj ( meteors1 includ+ only ^? visible ) a mod]ate telescope1 fall on ! e>? annually4 ,at any rate1 !re c be no d\bt t e ye> millions ( !m are captur$ by ! e>?1 ?us con/itut+ an appreciable1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ages a con/antly increas+1 "p ( ! solid sub/ance ( ! globe4 ,,! ,,/>s ,we h be5 deal+ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is *apt] ) figures & di/ances s enorm\s t x is q impossible = u to realise !m2 & yet we h /ill o!rs to consid] comp>$ ) :i* ev5 ! sol> sy/em is insignificant4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! numb] ( ! ,/>s is enorm\s4 ,:5 we look at ! sky at night !y seem1 inde$1 almo/ innum]able2 s t1 l ! s&s ( ! sea1 ! ,/>s ( heav5 h ev] be5 us$ z effective symbols ( numb]4 ,! total numb] visible to ! nak$ eye is1 h[ev]1 9 reality only ab\t #cjjj1 :ile t %[n by ! telescope is ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,photography1 h[ev]1 has reveal$ to u ! exi/5ce ( o!rs :i* no telescope c %[4 ,we _c by look+ long at ! heav5s see m ?an at fir/2 9 fact1 ! fir/ glance is ! ke5e/4 ,9 photography1 on ! contr>y1 no light :i* falls on ! plate1 h[ev] fa9t1 is lo/2 x is tak5 9 & /or$ up4 ,9 an h\r ! effect is #cfjj times z great z 9 a second4 ,by expos+ ! photographic plate1 !re=e1 = "s h\rs1 & ev5 on successive nights1 ! effect ( ! light is z x 7 accumulat$1 & />s are r5d]$ visible1 ! light ( :i* is too feeble to be %[n by any telescope4 ,! di/ances & magnitudes ( ! ,/>s are z a/oni%+ z _! numb]s1 ,sirius1 = in/ance1 be+ ab\t tw5ty times z heavy z ! ,sun itself1 #ej times z bright1 & no less ?an #a1jjj1jjj times z f> away2 :ile1 ?\gh l o!r />s x seems to u /ation>y1 x is 9 reality sweep+ ?r\gh ! heav5s at ! rate ( #ajjj miles a m9ute2 ,maia1 ,electra1 & ,alcyone1 ?ree ( ! ,pleiades1 are consid]$ to be respectively #djj1 #dhj1 & #ajjj times z brilliant z ! ,sun1 ,canopus #bejj times1 & ,arcturus1 incr$ible z x may seem1 ev5 #hjjj times1 s t1 9 fact1 ! ,sun is by no means "o ( ! l>ge/ ,/>s4 ,ev5 ! m9ute ,/>s n sep>ately visible to ! nak$ eye1 & ! millions :i* make up ! ,milky ,way1 are consid]$ to be on an av]age fully equal to ! ,sun 9 lu/re4 ,arcturus is1 s f> z we "k at pres5t1 ! swifte/1 brighte/1 & l>ge/ ( all4 ,its spe$ is ov] #cjj miles a second1 x is said to be #hjjj times z bright z ! ,sun1 & #hj times z l>ge1 :ile its di/ance is s great t its light takes #bjj ye>s 9 rea*+ u4 ,! di/ances ( ! heav5ly bodies are asc]ta9$ by :at is kn[n z p>allax4 ,suppose ! ellipse 7,fig4 #ed71 m>k$ ,jan41 ,apr41 ,july1 ,oct41 repres5ts ! c\rse ( ! ,e>? r\nd ! ,sun1 & t ,a ,b are two />s4 ,if 9 ,janu>y we look at ! /> ,a1 we see x project$ aga9/ ! front ( ! sky m>k$ #a4 ,?ree mon?s lat] x w\ld appe> to be at #b1 & ?us z we move r\nd our orbit ! /> itself appe>s to move 9 ! ellipse #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,! m di/ant /> ,b also appe>s to move 9 a simil>1 b small]1 ellipse2 ! diff]5ce aris+ f ! great] di/ance4 ,! size ( ! ellipse is inv]sely proportional to ! di/ance1 & h5ce z we "k ! magnitude ( ! e>?'s orbit we c calculate ! di/ance ( ! />4 ,! difficulty is t ! app>5t ellipses are s m9ute t x is 9 v few cases possible to measure !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,! ,p>allactic ,ellipse4 ,! di/ances ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s ?us te/$ are f\nd to be enorm\s1 & inde$ g5]ally incalculable2 s great t 9 mo/ cases1 :e!r we look at !m f "o end ( our orbit or ! o!r--?\gh ! diff]5ce ( our position1 correspond+ to ! po9ts m>k$ ,janu>y & ,july 9 ,fig4 #ed1 is #ahe1jjj1jjj miles--no app>5t *ange ( position c be obs]v$4 ,9 "s1 h[ev]1 ! p>allax1 ?\gh v m9ute1 is yet approximately measurable4 ,! fir/ /> to :i* ?is te/ 0 appli$ ) success 0 t kn[n z #fa ,cygni1 :i* is ?us %[n to be no less ?an #dj billions ( miles away f u--_m ?\s& times z f> z we are f ! ,sun4 ,! ne>e/ ( ! ,/>s1 s f> z we yet "k1 is ,greek3 alpha ,c5tauri1 ! di/ance ( :i* is ab\t #be billions ( miles4 ,! ,pleiades are consid]$ to be at a di/ance ( ne>ly #aejj billions ( miles4 ,z reg>ds ! *emical composition ( ! ,/>s1 x is1 moreov]1 obvi\s t ! p[]ful eng9e ( inve/igation af=d$ u by ! spectroscope is by no means conf9$ to ! sub/ances :i* =m "p ( our sy/em4 ,! inc&esc5t body c ?us be exam9$1 no matt] h[ great its di/ance1 s long only z ! light is /rong en\gh4 ,t ?is me?od 0 !oretically applicable to ! light ( ! ,/>s is inde$ obvi\s1 b ! practical difficulties are v great4 ,sirius1 ! brighte/ ( all1 is1 9 r\nd numb]s1 a hundr$ millions ( millions ( miles f u2 &1 ?\gh z bright z fifty ( our suns1 8 light :5 x rea*es u1 aft] a j\rney ( sixte5 ye>s1 is at mo/ "o two-?\s&-million? "p z bright4 ,nev]!less1 z long ago z #ahae ,fraunh(] recognis$ ! fix$ l9es 9 ! light ( f\r ( ! ,/>s2 9 #ahfc ,mill] & ,hugg9s 9 our own c\ntry1 & ,ru!r=d 9 ,am]ica1 succe$$ 9 det]m9+ ! d>k l9es 9 ! spectrum ( "s ( ! bright] ,/>s1 ?us %[+ t ^! beautiful & my/]i\s lights conta9 _m ( ! mat]ial sub/ances ) :i* we are famili>4 ,9 ,aldeb>an1 = in/ance1 we may inf] ! pres5ce ( hydrog51 sodium1 magnesium1 iron1 calcium1 tellurium1 antimony1 bismu?1 & m]cury4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 ! composition ( ! ,/>s is n uni=m1 & x w\ld appe> t !y may be arrang$ 9 a few well-m>k$ classes1 indicat+ diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 or p]haps ( age4 ,?us we c make ! ,/>s tea* u _! own composition ) light1 :i* />t$ f its s\rce ye>s ago1 9 _m cases long be=e we 7 born4 ,spectrum analysis has also ?r[n an unexpect$ light on ! movem5ts ( ! ,/>s4 ,ord9>y obs]vation1 ( c\rse1 is p[]less to in=m u :e!r !y are mov+ t[>ds or away f u4 ,spectrum analysis1 h[ev]1 enables u to solve ! problem1 & we "k t "s are approa*+1 "s rec$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,displacem5t ( ! hydrog5 l9e 9 ! spectrum ( ,rigel4 ,if a />1 say = in/ance ,sirius1 7 motionless1 or r if x reta9$ a con/ant di/ance f ! e>?1 ,fraunh(]'s l9es w\ld occupy exactly ! same position 9 ! spectrum z !y d 9 t ( ! ,sun4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ,sirius 7 approa*+1 ! l9es w\ld be slightly %ift$ t[>ds ! blue1 or if x 7 rec$+ t[>ds ! r$4 ,fig4 #ee %[s ! displacem5t ( ! hydrog5 l9e 9 ! spectrum ( ,rigel1 due to ! fact t x is rec$+ f u at ! rate ( #ci miles a second4 ,! ,sun af=ds u an excell5t te/ ( ?is !ory4 ,z x revolves on its axis "o edge is always approa*+ & ! o!r rec$+ f u at a kn[n rate1 & obs]vation %[s t ! l9es giv5 by ! light ( ! two edges diff] accord+ly4 ,s aga9 z reg>ds ! ,/>s1 we obta9 a simil> te/ d]iv$ f ! ,e>?'s movem5t4 ,z we revolve 9 our orbit we approa* or rec$e any giv5 />1 & our rate ( motion be+ kn[n we ?us obta9 a second te/4 ,! results ?us exam9$ h /ood _! gr\nd satisfactorily1 & 9 ,hugg9s' op9ion may be reli$ on )9 ab\t an ,engli% mile a second4 ,! effect ( ?is movem5t is1 moreov]1 indep5d5t ( ! di/ance4 ,a lat]al motion1 say ( #bj miles a second1 :i* 9 a ne>] object w\ld appe> to be a /up5d\s velocity1 becomes 9 ! ,/>s q imp]ceptible4 ,a motion ( ! same rapidity1 on ! o!r h&1 t[>ds or away f u1 displaces ! d>k l9es equally1 :atev] ! di/ance ( ! object may be4 ,we may !n affirm t ,sirius1 = in/ance1 is rec$+ f u at ! rate ( ab\t #bj miles a second4 ,betelgeux1 ,rigel1 ,ca/or1 ,regulus1 & o!rs are also mov+ away2 :ile "s--,vega1 ,arcturus1 & ,pollux1 = example--are approa*+ u4 ,by ! same process x is %[n t "s gr\ps ( />s are only app>5tly 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,?us 9 ,*>les' ,wa9 "s ( ! />s are approa*+1 o!rs rec$+4 ,i h already m5tion$ t ,sirius1 ?\gh x seems1 l o!r />s1 s /ation>y t we speak ( !m z fix$1 is really sweep+ along at ! rate ( #ajjj miles a m9ute4 ,ev5 ?is enorm\s velocity is exce$$ 9 o!r cases4 ,"o1 :i* is numb]$ z #ahcj 9 ,groombridge's ,catalogue ( ! ,/>s1 & is !re=e kn[n z ,groombridge's #ahcj1 moves no less ?an #ab1jjj miles a m9ute1 & ,arcturus #bb1jjj miles a m9ute1 or #cb1jjj1jjj ( miles a day2 & yet ! di/ances ( ! ,/>s are s great t #ajjj ye>s w\ld make h>dly any diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! heav5s4 ,*anges1 h[ev]1 !re c]ta9ly w\ld be4 ,ev5 9 ! %ort "t dur+ :i* we h any obs]vations1 "s are already on record4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! fad+ ( ! #g? ,pleiad1 due1 accord+ to ,ovid1 to grief at ! tak+ ( ,troy4 ,aga91 ! fi]y ,dog/>1 z x us$ to be1 is n[1 & has be5 = c5turies1 a cle> :ite4 ,! /> kn[n z ,nova ,cygni--! new /> 9 ! ,con/ellation ( ! ,swan--0 fir/ obs]v$ on ! #bd? ,novemb] #ahgf by ,dr4 ,s*midt ( ,a!ns1 :o _h exam9$ t "p ( ! heav5s only f\r days be=e1 & is sure t no su* /> 0 visible !n4 ,at its brighte/ x 0 a brilliant /> ( ! ?ird magnitude1 b ?is only la/$ = a few days2 9 a week x _h ceas$ to be a conspicu\s object1 & 9 a =tnight became invisible )\t a telescope4 ,its sudd5 spl5d\r 0 probably due to a collision betwe5 two bodies1 & 0 probably little1 if at all1 less ?an t ( ! ,sun itself4 ,x is /ill a my/]y h[ s great a conflagration c h dim9i%$ s rapidly4 ,b ?\gh we speak ( "s />s z specially v>iable1 !y are no d\bt all und]go+ sl[ *ange4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 !y 7 n1 & "o w come :5 !y w cease to %9e4 ,ea*1 inde$1 has a life-hi/ory ( its own4 ,"s1 d\btless1 repres5t n[ :at o!rs once 71 & :at _m w "s day become4 ,=1 9 addition to ! lum9\s heav5ly bodies1 we _c d\bt t !re are c\ntless o!rs invisible to u1 "s f _! great] di/ance or small] size1 b o!rs1 d\btless1 f _! feebl] light2 inde$1 we "k t !re are _m d>k bodies :i* n[ emit no light1 or comp>atively little4 ,?us 9 ! case ( ,procyon ! exi/5ce ( an invisible body is prov$ by ! movem5t ( ! visible />4 ,aga91 ,i may ref] to ! curi\s ph5om5a pres5t$ by ,algol1 a bright /> 9 ! head ( ,m$usa4 ,! /> %9es )\t *ange = two days & ?irte5 h\rs2 !n 9 ?ree h\rs & a half dw9dles f a /> ( ! second to "o ( ! f\r? magnitude2 & !n1 9 ano!r ?ree & a half h\rs1 reassumes its orig9al brilliancy4 ,^! *anges l$ a/ronom]s to inf] ! pres5ce ( an opaque body1 :i* int]cepts at regul> int]vals a "p ( ! light emitt$ by ,algol2 & ,vogel has n[ %[n by ! aid ( ! spectroscope t ,algol does 9 fact revolve r\nd a d>k1 & !re=e invisible1 companion4 ,! spectroscope1 9 fact1 makes kn[n to u ! pres5ce ( _m />s :i* no telescope c\ld reveal4 ,?us ! floor ( heav5 is n only ?ick inlaid ) pat9es ( bright gold1 b /udd$ also ) ext9ct />s1 once probably z brilliant z our own ,sun1 b n[ dead & cold1 z ,helmholtz tells u t our ,sun itself w be "s sev5te5 millions ( ye>s h5ce4 ,su* d>k bodies _c ( c\rse be se51 & _! exi/5ce1 ?\gh we _c d\bt x1 is a matt] ( calculation4 ,9 "o case1 h[ev]1 ! conclusion has receiv$ a mo/ int]e/+ confirmation4 ,! movem5ts ( ,sirius l$ ma!maticians to conclude t x _h also a mighty & massive neighb\r1 ! relative position ( :i* !y calculat$1 ?\gh no su* body _h ev] be5 se54 ,9 ,febru>y #ahfb1 h[ev]1 ! ,messrs4 ,alvan ,cl>k ( ,cambridgeport 7 complet+ _! #ah-;in* glass = ! ,*icago ,obs]vatory4 ',:y1 fa!r1' exclaim$ ! y\ng] ,cl>k1 '! /> has a companion4' ,! fa!r look$1 & !re 0 a fa9t /> due ea/ f ! bright "o1 & di/ant ab\t t5 seconds4 ,?is 0 exactly ! pr$ict$ direction = t "t1 ?\gh ! discov]]s knew no?+ ( x4 ,z ! news w5t r\nd ! _w _m obs]v]s turn$ _! att5tion to ,sirius2 & x 0 !n f\nd t1 ?\gh x _h nev] be=e be5 notic$1 ! companion 0 really %[n "u fav\rable circum/ances by any p[]ful telescope4 ,x is1 9 fact1 "o-half ( ! size ( ,sirius1 ?\gh only #a_/ajjjj? ( ! brightness4#gb ,/>s are1 we "k1 ( diff]5t magnitudes & diff]5t degrees ( glory4 ,!y are also ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,mo/1 inde$1 are :ite1 b "s r$di%1 "s ruddy1 "s int5sely r$2 o!rs1 b few]1 gre51 blue1 or violet4 ,x is possible t ! comp>ative r>ity ( ^! col\rs is due to ! fact t our atmosph]e especially absorbs gre5 & blue1 & x is rem>kable t almo/ all ( ! gre51 blue1 or violet />s are "o ( ! pairs ( a ,d\ble ,/>1 & 9 e case ! small] "o ( ! two1 ! l>g] be+ r$1 orange1 or yell[4 ,"o ( ! mo/ exquisite ( ^! is ,greek3 beta ,cygni1 a ,d\ble ,/>1 ! l>g] "o be+ gold5 yell[1 ! small] light blue4 ,) a telescope ! effect is v beautiful1 b x mu/ be magnific5t if "o c\ld only see x f a less] di/ance4 ,d\ble ,/>s occur 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,9 "s cases inde$ ! relation may only be app>5t1 "o be+ really f> 9 front ( ! o!r4 ,9 v _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! association is real1 & !y revolve r\nd "o ano!r4 ,9 "s cases ! p]iod may ext5d to ?\s&s ( ye>s2 = ! di/ance :i* sep>ates !m is enorm\s1 &1 ev5 :5 ) a p[]ful telescope x is indicat$ only by a n>r[ d>k l9e1 am\nts to hundr$s ( millions ( miles4 ,! ,pole ,/> itself is d\ble4 ,&rom$a is triple1 ) p]haps a f\r? d>k & !re=e invisible companion4 ,^! d>k bodies h a special int]e/1 s9ce x is impossible n to ask ourselves :e!r "s at any rate ( !m may n be inhabit$4 ,9 ,greek3 epsilon ,lyr !re are two1 ea* aga9 be+ itself d\ble4 ,greek3 xi ,cancri1 & probably also ,greek3 !ta ,orionis1 consi/ ( six />s1 & f su* a gr\p we pass on to ,/> ,clu/]s 9 :i* ! numb] is v consid]able4 ,! clu/] 9 ,h]cules consi/s ( f #ajjj to #djjj4 ,a /ell> sw>m 9 ! ,s\!rn ,cross conta9s sev]al hundr$ />s ( v>i\s col\rs1 r$1 gre51 gre5i% blue1 & blue closely ?rong$ toge!r1 s t !y h be5 comp>$ to a sup]b piece ( fancy jewell]y4#gc ,! clu/] 9 ! ,sword ,h&le ( ,p]seus conta9s innum]able />s1 _m d\btless z brilliant z our ,sun4 ,we ourselves probably =m a "p ( su* a clu/]4 ,! ,milky ,way itself1 z we "k1 entirely surr\nds u2 x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! ,sun1 & ( c\rse we ourselves1 actually lie 9 x4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a ,/> ,clu/]1 "o ( c\ntless numb]s1 & conta9+ our ,sun z a s+le unit4 ,x has z yet be5 f\nd impossible to det]m9e ev5 approximately ! di/ance ( ^! ,/> ,clu/]s4 ,,nebul ,f ,/>s we pass ins5sibly to ,nebul1 :i* are s f> away t _! di/ance is at pres5t q immeasurable4 ,all t we c d is to fix a m9imum1 & ?is is s great t x is useless to express x 9 miles4 ,a/ronom]s1 !re=e1 take ! velocity ( light z a unit4 ,x travels at ! rate ( #ahj1jjj miles a second1 & ev5 at ?is enorm\s velocity x mu/ h tak5 hundr$s ( ye>s to rea* u1 s t we see !m n z !y n[ are b z !y 7 hundr$s ( ye>s ago4 ,x is no wond]1 !re=e1 t 9 _m ( ^! clu/]s x is impossible to di/+ui% ! sep>ate />s ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 our telescopes are improv$1 m & m clu/]s are be+ resolv$4 ,photography also comes to our aid1 &1 z already m5tion$1 by long exposure />s c be made visible :i* are q imp]ceptible to ! eye1 ev5 ) aid ( ! mo/ p[]ful telescope4 ,spectrum analysis also seems to %[ t su* a nebula z t 9 ,&rom$a1 :i* ) our mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts appe>s only z a m]e cl\d1 is really a va/ clu/] ( /ell> po9ts4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 by no means applies to all ! nebul4 ,! spectrum ( a /> is a bright b& ( col\r cross$ by d>k l9es2 t ( a gase\s nebula consi/s ( bright l9es4 ,?is te/ has be5 made use (1 & indicates t "s ( ! nebul are really imm5se masses ( inc&esc5t & v att5uat$ gas2 v possibly1 h[ev]1 9 a condition ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 & arrang$ 9 discs1 b&s1 r+s1 *a9s1 wisps1 knots1 rays1 curves1 ovals1 spirals1 loops1 wrea?s1 fans1 bru%es1 sprays1 lace1 waves1 & cl\ds4 ,hugg9s has %[n t _m ( !m are really /up5d\s masses ( gl[+ gas1 especially ( hydrog51 & p]haps ( nitrog51 :ile ! spectrum also %[s o!r l9es :i* p]haps may indicate "s ( ! elem5ts :i*1 s f> z our ,e>? is conc]n$1 appe> to be miss+ betwe5 hydrog5 & li?ium4 ,_m ( ! nebul are exquisitely beautiful1 & _! col\r v v>i$4 ,9 "s cases1 moreov]1 nebul seem to be gradually cond5s+ into gr\ps ( />s1 & 9 _m cases x is difficult to say :e!r we %\ld consid] a giv5 gr\p z a clu/] ( />s surr\nd$ by nebul\s matt] or a gase\s nebula cond5s$ "h & !re into />s4 ,besides ! s+le ,sun1 says ,proctor1 ! univ]se conta9s gr\ps & sy/ems & /reams ( prim>y suns2 !re are galaxies ( m9or orbs2 !re are clu/]+ /ell> aggregations %[+ e v>iety ( ri*ness1 ( figure1 & ( di/ribution2 !re are all ! v>i\s =ms ( /> cl\dlets1 resolvable & irresolvable1 circul>1 elliptical1 & spiral2 & la/ly1 !re are irregul> masses ( lum9\s gas cl++ 9 fanta/ic convolutions ar\nd />s & /> sy/ems4 ,nor is x unsafe to ass]t t o!r =ms & v>ieties ( /ructure w yet be discov]$1 or t hundr$s m exi/ :i* we may nev] hope to recognise4 ,nor is x only z reg>ds ! magnitude & di/ances ( ! heav5ly bodies t we are lo/ 9 amazem5t & admiration4 ,! lapse ( "t is a gr&] elem5t 9 ,a/ronomy ev5 ?an 9 ,geology1 & dates back long be=e ,geology beg9s4 ,we mu/ figure to ourselves a "t :5 ! solid matt] :i* n[ composes our ,e>? 0 "p ( a cont9u\s & int5sely heat$ gase\s body1 :i* ext5d$ f ! c5tre ( ! ,sun to beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune1 & _h1 !re=e1 a diamet] ( m ?an #f1jjj1jjj1jjj miles4 ,z ?is sl[ly contract$1 ,neptune 0 deta*$1 fir/ p]haps z a r+1 & !n z a sph]ical body4 ,ages aft] ?is ,uranus broke away4 ,!n aft] ano!r incalculable p]iod ,saturn foll[$ suit1 & "h ! t5d5cies to coh]5ce & disruption 7 s ev5ly balanc$ t to ?is day a portion circulates z r+s r\nd ! ma9 body in/ead ( be+ brok5 up into satellites4 ,aga9 aft] successive int]vals ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ! ,a/]oids1 ! ,e>?1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury all pass$ ?r\gh ! same m>vell\s phases4 ,! "t :i* ^! *anges w\ld h requir$ mu/ h be5 incalculable1 & !y all ( c\rse prec$$1 & prec$$ aga9 by ano!r incalculable p]iod1 ! v comm5cem5t ( t geological hi/ory :i* itself indicates a lapse ( "t great] ?an human imag9ation c realise4 ,?us1 !n1 h[ev] f> we p5etrate 9 "t or 9 space1 we f9d ourselves surr\nd$ by my/]y4 ,j z 9 "t we c =m no idea ( a comm5cem5t1 no anticipation ( an end1 s space also ext5ds ar\nd u1 b\ndless 9 all directions4 ,our little ,e>? revolves r\nd ! mighty ,sun2 ! ,sun itself & ! :ole sol> sy/em are mov+ ) inconceivable velocity t[>ds a po9t 9 ! con/ellation ( ,h]cules2 toge!r ) all ! ne>] />s x =ms a clu/] 9 ! heav5s1 :i* appe>s to our eyes z ! ,milky ,way2 :ile outside our /> clu/] aga9 are innum]able o!rs1 :i* f> transc5d1 alike 9 magnitude1 9 gr&eur1 & 9 di/ance1 ! feeble p[]s ( our f9ite imag9ation4 ,,footnotes3 #ff ,ball1 ,/ory ( ! ,heav5s4 #fg ,ball1 ,/ory ( ! ,heav5s4 #fh ,"s au?orities e/imate x ev5 high]4 #fi ,ball4 #gj ,ham]ton1 ,l&scape4 #ga ,humboldt1 ,travels4 #gb ,cl>ke1 ,sy/em ( ! ,/>s4 #gc ,kosmos4