,%elt]s1   ,%acks1 & ,%anties           
,illu/ration3 ,hunt]'s cab9 %[+ h[      
project+ logs may be utiliz$4           
,%elt]s1   ,%acks1 & ,%anties     ,by   
,d4 ,c4 ,,be>d     ,) ,illu/rations by !
 ,au?or     ,,new ,,york   ,*>les       
,scribn]'s ,sons   #aiaf    ,,copyright1
 #aiad1 ,,by   ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s     
,,sons    ,publi%$ ,septemb]1 #aiad     
,,d$icat$ ,,to   ,,daniel ,,b>tlett     
,,be>d   ,,because ,,( ,,8   ,,love ,,( 
,,! ,,big ,,outdoors     ,,=eword   ,z  
?is book is writt5 = boys ( all ages1 x 
has be5 divid$ "u two g5]al heads1 ,!   
,tomahawk ,camps & ,! ,axe ,camps1 t is1
 camps :i* may be built ) no tool b a   
hat*et1 & camps t w ne$ ! aid ( an axe4 
,! smalle/ boys c build "s ( ! simple   
%elt]s & ! old] boys c build ! m        
difficult ones4 ,! read] may1 if he     
likes1 beg9 ) ! fir/ ( ! book1 build 8  
way ?r\gh x1 & graduate by build+ ! log 
h\ses2 9 do+ ?is he w be closely foll[+ 
! hi/ory ( ! human race1 because ev]    
s9ce our arboreal ance/ors ) preh5sile  

toes scamp]$ among ! bran*es ( !        
pre-glacial =e/s & built ne/like %elt]s 
9 ! trees1 m5 h made !mselves %acks = a 
tempor>y refuge4 ,b z "o ( ! memb]s ( ! 
,camp-,fire ,club ( ,am]ica1 z "o ( !   
f\nd]s ( ! ,boy ,sc\ts ( ,am]ica1 & z ! 
f\nd] ( ! ,boy ,pione]s ( ,am]ica1 x    
w\ld n be prop] = ! au?or to admit = "o 
mom5t t !re c be su* a ?+ z a camp )\t a
 camp-fire1 & = t reason ! tree folks & 
! miss+ l9k ^: rema9s 7 f\nd 9 ,java1 & 
to :om ! sci5ti/s gave ! awe-inspir+ "n 
( ,pi!can?ropus erectus1 _c be c\nt$ z  
camp]s1 because !y did n "k h[ to build 
a camp-fire2 nei!r c we admit ! anci5t  
mak] ( /one implem5ts1 call$ eoli?s1 to 
be "o ( u1 because he1 too1 knew n !    
joys ( a camp-fire4 ,b !re 0 ano!r      
fell[1 call$ ! ,ne&]?al man1 :o liv$ 9 !
 ice age 9 ,europe & he _h to be a      
camp-fire man or freeze6 ,z f> z we "k1 
he 0 ! fir/ man to build a camp-fire4 ,!
 cold wea!r made him hu/le1 & hu/l+     
develop$ him4 ,true1 he did cook & eat 8
 neighbors once 9 a :ile1 & ev5 split _!

 bones = ! m>r[2 b we w =get t "p & j   
rememb] him z ! fir/ camp] 9 ,europe4   
,rec5tly a pygmy skeleton 0 discov]$ ne>
 ,los ,angeles :i* is claim$ to be ab\t 
tw5ty ?\s& ye>s old1 b we d n "k :e!r   
?is man knew h[ to build a fire or n4   
,we d "k1 h[ev]1 t ! ,am]ican camp] 0 "h
 on ?is cont95t :5 our ,bible 0 yet an  
unf9i%$ manuscript & t he 0 build+ 8    
fires1 toa/+ 8 v5ison1 & build+ %$s :5 !
 r$-head$ ,eric settl$ 9 ,gre5l&1 :5    
,?orwald f\ght ) ! ,skrael+s1 & ,bi>ni's
 dragon %ip made ! trip d[n ! coa/ (    
,v9el& ab\t ! dawn ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,we
 also "k t ! ,am]ican camp] 0 "h :5     
,columbus ) 8 comical toy %ips 0 blund]+
 ar\nd ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,we also "k t !  
,am]ican camp] wat*$ ,h5ry ,hudson /e] !
 ,half ,moon ar\nd ,manhattan ,isl&4 ,x 
is ?is same ,am]ican camp] :o has taught
 u to build _m ( ! %acks to be f\nd 9 ! 
foll[+ pages4  ,! %acks1 %$s1 %anties1 &
 %elt]s describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages are1  
all ( !m1 simil> to ^? us$ by ! p on ?is
 cont95t or sugge/$ by ! ones 9 use &   

are typically ,am]ican2 & ! designs are 
suit$ to ! arctics1 ! tropics1 &        
temp]ate climes2 also to ! pla9s1 !     
m\nta9s1 ! des]t1 ! bog1 & ev5 ! wat]4  
,x seems to be natural & prop] to foll[ 
! camp z x gr[s until x develops into a 
some:at pret5ti\s log h\se1 b ?is book  
mu/ n be consid]$ z compet+ 9 any mann] 
) pr(essional ar*itects4 ,! build+s "h  
sugge/$ require a woodsman m ?an an     
ar*itect2 ! "w dem&s m ! skill ( !      
axeman ?an t ( ! c>p5t] & jo9]4 ,! log  
h\ses are suppos$ to be build+s :i* any 
real outdoor man %\ld be able to erect  
by himself & = himself4 ,_m ( ! build+s 
h already be5 built 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry
 by ,boy ,pione]s & ,boy ,sc\ts4  ,?is  
book is n int5d$ z an encyclop$ia or    
hi/ory ( primitive ar*itecture2 !       
bureaus at ,wa%+ton1 & ! ,museum (      
,natural ,hi/ory1 are bett] equipp$ = t 
purpose ?an ! au?or4  ,! boys w         
und\bt$ly acquire a dext]ity & skill 9  
build+ ! %acks & %anties "h describ$1   
:i* w be ( la/+ b5efit to !m :e!r !y    

acquire ! skill by build+ camps j = !   
fun ( ! ?+ or 9 build+ !m = ! m         
practical purpose ( furni%+ %elt] =     
ov]night pleasure hikes1 = ! wild]ness  
trail1 or = p]man5t camps :ile liv+ 9 ! 
op54  ,x has be5 ! writ]'s exp]i5ce t ! 
read]s dep5d m ^u 8 diagrams ?an !y d ^u
 ! writt5 matt] 9 8 books1 & s 9 ?is    
book he has aga9 attempt$ to make !     
diagrams self-explanatory4 ,! book 0    
writt5 9 answ] to reque/s by _m p       
int]e/$ 9 ! ,boy ,sc\t movem5t & o!rs   
int]e/$ 9 ! g5]al activities ( boys1 &  
also 9 answ] to ! p]sonal dem&s (       
hundr$s ( boys & _m m54  ,! draw+s are  
all orig9al & _m ( !m inv5t$ by ! au?or 
himself & publi%$ "h = ! fir/ "t1 = !   
purpose ( supply+ all ! boy read]s1 !   
,boy ,sc\ts1 & o!r old] boys1 call+     
!mselves ,sc\tma/]s & sportsm51 )       
practical h9ts1 draw+s1 & descriptions  
%[+ h[ to build suitable %elt]s =       
tempor>y or p]man5t camps4              
,,daniel ,,c>t] ,,be>d4   ,,flu%+1      
,,long ,,isl&1       ,,april #a1 #aiad4 

,,cont5ts     ,,*apt]                   
,,page             ,,=eword             
v          ,i4 ,,:]e ,,to ,,f9d ,,m\nta9
 ,,goose4 ,,h[ ,,to              ,,pick 
,,& ,,use ,,its ,,fea!rs             #a 
,,ii4 ,,! ,,half-,,cave ,,%elt]         
#g        ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,!   
,,fall5-,,tree ,,%elt]              ,,& 
,,! ,,sc\t-,,ma/]                 #aa   
,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,adirondack1
 ,,! ,,wick-,,up1              ,,! ,,b>k
 ,,teepee1 ,,! ,,pione]1 ,,&            
,,! ,,sc\t                              
#ae          ,v4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make       
,,beav]-,,mat ,,huts1 ,,or ,,fagot      
,,%acks1 ,,)\t ,,injury ,,to ,,! ,,trees
       #ah         ,,vi4 ,,indian       
,,%acks ,,& ,,%elt]s             #bb    
,,vii4 ,,bir* ,,b>k ,,or ,,t> ,,pap]    
,,%ack          #bg       ,,viii4       
,,indian ,,communal ,,h\ses             
#ca         ,,ix4 ,,b>k ,,& ,,t> ,,pap] 
#cf          ,x4 ,a ,,saw$-,,lumb]      
,,%anty                  #ci            
,,xi4 ,a ,,sod ,,h\se ,,= ,,! ,,lawn    

#dg        ,,xii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build     
,,elevat$ ,,%acks1 ,,%anties1           
,,& ,,%elt]s                            
#eb       ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,bog ,,k5        
#ed        ,,xiv4 ,,ov]-,,wat] ,,camps  
#fb         ,,xv4 ,,signal-,,t[]1 ,,game
 ,,look\t1 ,,&              ,,ru/ic     
,,obs]vatory                   #fe      
,,xvi4 ,,tree-,,top ,,h\ses             
#gb       ,,xvii4 ,,ca*es               
#gg      ,,xviii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,an  
,,axe                     #hc           
,,xix4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,split ,,logs1 ,,make 
,,%akes1              ,,splits1 ,,or    
,,clapbo>ds4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,*op            
,a ,,log ,,9 ,,half4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,flatt5 
,a              ,,log4 ,,also ,,"s      
,,don',,ts                #hg           
,,xx4 ,,axem5',s ,,camps                
#ib        ,,xxi4 ,,railroad-,,tie      
,,%acks1 ,,b>rel ,,%acks1               
,,& ,,*imehuevis                        
#if       ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,b>ab>a          
#ajj      ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,navajo ,,hogan1
 ,,hornaday ,,dug\t1              ,,&   

,,sod ,,h\se                       #ajd 
,,xxiv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,an ,,am]ican
 ,,boy',s ,,hogan  #ajg        ,,xxv4   
,,h[ ,,to ,,cut ,,& ,,not* ,,logs       
#aae       ,,xxvi4 ,,not*$ ,,log        
,,ladd]s                   #aai         
,,xxvii4 ,a ,,pole ,,h\se4 ,,h[ ,,to    
,,use ,a ,,cross-,,cut                  
,,saw ,,& ,a ,,froe                     
#abb     ,,xxviii4 ,,log-,,roll+ ,,&    
,,o!r ,,build+ ,,/unts #abf             
,,xxix4 ,,! ,,adirondack ,,op5 ,,log    
,,camp ,,& ,a              ,,"o-,,room  
,,cab9                      #abi        
,,xxx4 ,,! ,,nor?l& ,,tilt ,,& ,,indian 
,,log              ,,t5t                
#acb       ,,xxxi4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,!
 ,,r$ ,,jacket1 ,,! ,,new               
,,brunswick1 ,,& ,,! ,,*ri/oph]         
,,gi/                                   
#ace      ,,xxxii4 ,,cab9 ,,doors ,,&   
,,door-,,lat*es1                        
,,?umb-,,lat*es ,,& ,,foot ,,lat*es ,,& 
,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,!m                   
#aci     ,,xxxiii4 ,,secret ,,locks     

#ade      ,,xxxiv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,! 
,,b[-,,arr[ ,,cab9              ,,door  
,,& ,,lat* ,,& ,,! ,,dem+               
,,tw9 ,,bolts1 ,,hall1 ,,& ,,billy      
#aea       ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,aures ,,lock   
,,lat*                  #aee            
,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,log ,,cab9     
#afa     ,,xxxvii4 ,a ,,hunt]',s ,,or   
,,fi%]man',s ,,cab9       #afi          
,,xxxviii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,wyom+  
,,olebo1 ,a              ,,hoko ,,riv]  
,,olebo1 ,a ,,%ake ,,cab91              
,a ,,canadian ,,mossback1 ,,& ,a        
,,two-,,p5              ,,or ,,s\!rn    
,,saddle-,,bag ,,h\se        #aga       
,,xxxix4 ,,native ,,names ,,= ,,! ,,p>ts
 ,,( ,a              ,,kanuck ,,log     
,,cab91 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,build           
,,"o                                    
#agg         ,,xl4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a  
,,pole ,,h\se ,,& ,,h[              ,,to
 ,,make ,a ,,unique ,,b ,,?or\ghly      
,,am]ican ,,totem ,,log ,,h\se          
#ahc        ,,xli4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,a 
,,susitna ,,log ,,cab9              ,,& 

,,h[ ,,to ,,cut ,,trees ,,= ,,! ,,end   
,,plates                                
#aia       ,,xlii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a  
,,fireplace ,,& ,,*imney                
,,= ,a ,,simple ,,log ,,cab9            
#aie      ,,xliii4 ,,he>?/ones ,,&      
,,fireplaces           #bjj             
,,xliv4 ,,m ,,he>?s ,,& ,,fireplaces    
#bjc        ,,xlv4 ,,fireplaces ,,& ,,! 
,,art ,,( ,,t5d+              ,,! ,,fire
                            #bjf        
,,xlvi4 ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,! ,,log      
,,h\se         #baa      ,,xlvii4 ,,h[  
,,to ,,lay ,a ,,t> ,,pap]1 ,,bir* ,,b>k1
              ,,or ,,pat5t ,,ro(+       
#bah     ,,xlviii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a  
,,conceal$ ,,log ,,cab9                 
,,inside ,,( ,a ,,mod]n ,,h\se          
#bcj       ,,xlix4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build    
,,appropriate ,,gateways                
,,= ,,gr\nds ,,enclos+ ,,log ,,h\ses1   
,,game ,,pres]ves1 ,,ran*es1 ,,big      
,,c\ntry ,,e/ates1 ,,& ,,la/ ,,b ,,n    
,,lea/ ,,boy ,,sc\ts' ,,camp ,,gr\nds   
#bcg       ,%elt]s1   ,%acks1 & ,%anties

       ,,%elt]s1 ,,%acks1   ,,&         
,,%anties     ,i  ,,:]e ,,to ,,f9d      
,,m\nta9 ,,goose4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,pick ,,&  
,,use ,,its ,,fea!rs   ,,x may be       
necess>y = me to rem9d ! boys t !y mu/  
use ! mat]ial at h& 9 build+ _! %acks1  
%elt]s1 %$s1 & %anties1 & t !y are v    
=tunate if _! camp is locat$ 9 a c\ntry 
:]e ! m\nta9 goose is to be f\nd4   ,!  
,m\nta9 ,goose  ,f ,labrador d[n to !   
nor?we/]n bord]s ( ,new ,engl& & ,new   
,york & f !nce to s\?we/]n ,virg9ia1    
,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,t5nessee1 ! woodsman &
 camp] may make _! b$s f ! fea!rs ( !   
m\nta9 goose4 ,! m\nta9 goose is also   
f\nd inhabit+ ! froz5 soil ( ,alaska &  
foll[+ ! ,pacific & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ! 
,abies make _! dwell+-place z f> s\? z  
,guatemala4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,abies1 or  
m\nta9 goose1 %\ld be a famili> fri5d ( 
all ! sc\ts :o live 9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntry1
 nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/4                 
,sap9--,*o-kho-tung  ,i =got to say t ! 
m\nta9 goose 7,figs4 #a & #b7 is n a    
bird b a tree4 ,x is humor\sly call$ a  

goose by ! woodsm5 because !y all make  
_! b$s ( its fea!rs4 ,x is ! sap9 ( !   
,fr5*-,canadians1 ! *o-kho-tung ( ! ,new
 ,york ,indians1 ! balsam ( ! t5d]foot1 
! ,*ri/mas-tree ( ! little folk1 & t    
p>ticul> ,conif] kn[n by ! dry-z-du/    
botani/ z ,abies4 ,!re is no?+ 9 nature 
:i* has a wild]1 m sylvan & *>m+ p]fume 
?an ! balsam1 & ! sc\t :o has n slept 9 
! woods on a balsam b$ has a pleasure 9 
/ore = him4   ,balsam  ,! leaves ( !    
balsam are blunt or r\nd$ at ! ends & "s
 ( !m are ev5 d5t$ or not*$ 9 place (   
be+ %>p-po9t$4 ,ea* sp9e or leaf is a   
scant "o in* 9 l5g? & v flat2 ! upp] "p 
is groov$ & ( a d>k blui%-gre5 color4 ,!
 "u-side is mu* light]1 (t5 almo/ silv]y
 :ite4 ,! balsam blossoms 9 ,april or   
,may1 & ! fruit or cones /& upright on !
 bran*es4 ,^! v>y f two to f\r in*es 9  
l5g?4 ,! balsam-trees are seldom l>ge1 n
 _m ( !m be+ ov] sixty feet high )      
trunks f "o to less ?an ?ree feet ?r\gh4
 ,! b>k on ! trunks is gray 9 color &   
m>k$ ) horizontal r[s ( bli/]s4 ,ea* (  

^! conta9s a small1 /icky sap l glyc]9e4
 ,fig4 #a %[s ! cone & leaves ( "o ( !  
,s\!rn balsams kn[n z ! %e-balsam1 &    
,fig4 #b %[s ! celebrat$ balsam-fir tree
 ( ! nor? c\ntry1 cone & bran*4  ,fig4  
#a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 
#e4 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #g4  ,illu/ration3  
,%[+ ! use ( ! m\nta9 goose4   ,balsam  
,b$s  ,! balsam b$ is made ( ! small    
twigs ( balsam-trees4 ,9 ga!r+ ^!1      
collect twigs ( diff]5t l5g?s1 f eighte5
 in*es long 7to be us$ z ! f\ndation ( !
 b$7 to t5 or twelve in*es long 7= ! top
 lay]74 ,if y want to re/ well1 d n     
economize on ! am\nt y ga!r2 _m a "t ,i 
h _h my bones a*e z a result ( be+ too  
tir$ to make my b$ prop]ly & attempt+ to
 sleep on a ?9 lay] ( b\ghs4  ,if y     
attempt to *op (f ! b\ghs ( balsam !y w 
res5t y\r ef=t by spr++ back & slapp+ y 
9 ! face4 ,y c cut !m ) y\r knife1 b x  
is sl[ "w & w bli/] y\r h&s4 ,take twig 
by twig ) ! ?umb & f+]s 7! ?umb on top1 
po9t+ t[>d ! tip ( ! b\gh1 & ! two      
=ef+]s und]nea?72 press d[n ) ! ?umb1 & 

) a twi/ ( ! wri/ y c snap ! twigs l    
pipe-/ems4 ,fig4 #c %[s two views ( !   
h&s 9 a prop] position to snap (f twigs 
easily & clean4 ,! "o at ! left %[s ! h&
 z x w\ld appe> look+ d[n ^u x2 ! "o at 
! "r %[s ! view z y look at x f ! side4 
,pack+ ,b\ghs  ,aft] collect+ a h&ful ( 
b\ghs1 /r+ !m on a /ick :i* y h         
previ\sly prep>$ 7,fig4 #d74 ,?is /ick  
%\ld be ( /rong1 gre5 h>dwood1 f\r or   
five feet long ) a =k ab\t six in*es    
long left on x at ! butt end to keep !  
b\ghs f slid+ (f1 & %>p5$ at ! upp] end 
s t x c be easily pok$ ?r\gh a h&ful (  
b\ghs4 ,/r+ ! b\ghs on ?is /ick z y w\ld
 /r+ fi%1 b d x "o h&ful at a "t1 all[+ 
! butts to po9t 9 diff]5t directions4 ,x
 is a/oni%+ to see ! am\nt ( b\ghs y c  
c>ry :5 /rung on a /ick 9 ?is mann] &   
?r[n ov] y\r %\ld] z 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,if y h
 a la% rope1 place ! b\ghs on a loop ( !
 rope1 z 9 ,fig4 #f1 !n br+ ! two ends (
 ! rope up ?r\gh ! loop & sl+ ! bundle  
on y\r back4   ,clean ,y\r ,h&s  ,:5 y h
 f9i%$ ga!r+ ! mat]ial = y\r b$ y\r h&s 

w be cov]$ ) a /icky sap1 &1 al?\gh !y w
 be a sorry sight1 a little l>d or bak+ 
grease w s(t5 ! pit*y sub/ance s t x may
 be wa%$ (f ) soap & wat]4   ,h[ to     
,make ,b$s  ,to make y\r b$1 spread a   
lay] ( ! l>g] b\ghs on ! gr\nd2 comm5ce 
at ! head & %+le !m d[n to ! foot s t ! 
tips po9t t[>d ! head ( ! b$1 ov]lapp+ !
 butts 7,fig4 #g74 ,cont9ue ?is until   
y\r mattress is ?ick en\gh to make a s(t
 c\* ^u :i* y c sleep z com=tably z y d 
at home4 ,cov] ! c\* ) "o blanket & use 
! bag conta9+ y\r coat1 extra clo!s1 &  
sweat] = a pill[4 ,!n if y d n sleep    
well1 y mu/ blame ! cook4   ,o!r ,b$d+  
,if y %\ld happ5 to be camp+ 9 a c\ntry 
de/itute ( balsam1 hemlock1 or p9e1 y c 
make a good spr+ mattress by collect+   
small gre5 bran*es ( any sort ( tree :i*
 is spr+y & ela/ic4 ,build ! mattress z 
already describ$4 ,on top ( ?is put a   
?ick lay] ( hay1 /raw1 or dry leaves or 
ev5 gre5 mat]ial1 provid$ y h a rubb]   
blanket or pon*o to cov] ! latt]4 ,9    
,k5tucky ,i h made a mattress ( ?is     

description & cov]$ ! bran*es ) a ?ick  
lay] ( ! purple blossoms ( ironwe$2 ov] 
?is ,i spread a rubb] army blanket to   
keep out ! moi/ure f ! gre5 /uff & on   
top ( ?is made my b$ ) my o!r blankets4 
,x 0 z com=table a c\* z ,i h ev] slept 
on2 9 fact1 x 0 lit]ally a b$ ( fl[]s4  
,,ii  ,,! ,,half-,,cave ,,%elt]   ,,!   
fir/ object ( a ro( ( any k9d is        
protection aga9/ ! wea!r2 no %elt] is   
necess>y 9 fair wea!r unless ! sun 9 !  
day or ! dampness or coolness ( ! night 
cause discom=t4 ,9 p>ts ( ! ,we/ !re is 
s little ra9 t a t5t is (t5 an          
unnecess>y burd51 b 9 ! ,ea/ & ! o!r    
p>ts ( ! c\ntry "s sort ( %elt] is      
necess>y = heal? & com=t4  ,! orig9al   
,am]ican 0 always quick to see !        
advantages (f]$ by an ov]hang+ cliff = a
 camp site 7,figs4 #i1 #aj74 ,8 simple  
camps all ?r\gh ! arid ,s\?we/ _h       
gradually turn$ into c>efully built     
h\ses long be=e we came "h4 ,! ov]hang+ 
cliffs protect$ ! build+s f ! ra9 &     
wea!r1 & ! site 0 easily def5d$ f       

enemies4 ,b :ile ^! cliff-dwell+s _h    
rea*$ ! dignity ( ca/les 9 ! ,s\?we/1 9 
! ,ea/]n ,/ates--,p5nsylvania1 =        
in/ance--! ,iroquois ,indians 7 mak+    
primitive camps & us+ e available       
ov]hang+ cliff = t purpose4  ,to-day any
 "o may use a po9t$ /ick on ! floor ( "o
 ( ^! half caves & une>?1 z ,i h done1  
num]\s pot%]ds1 mussel %ells1 bone awls1
 fl9t arr[-heads1 split bones ( l>ge    
game animals1 & ! burnt wood ( c5turies 
( camp-fires :i* tell ! tale ( ! fir/   
lean-to %elt] us$ by camp+ man 9        
,am]ica4   ,half ,caves  ,! project+    
l$ges ( blue/one t h horizontal seams =m
 half caves f ! fall+ ap>t ( ! l[] lay]s
 ( ! cliff caus$ by ra9 & ice & (t5 aid$
 by ! f9e roots ( ! black bir*1 rock    
oak1 & o!r plants1 until nature has     
work$ long en\gh z a qu>ry-man & produc$
 half caves l>ge en\gh to %elt] a /oop+ 
man 7,figs4 #h1 #i1 & #aj74  ,al?\gh n  
always necess>y1 x is sometimes be/ to  
make a %elt] = ! op5 face ( su* a cave1 
ev5 if we only ne$ x = a tempor>y camp  

7,fig4 #aj72 ?is may be done by re/+    
poles slant+ aga9/ ! face ( ! cliff &   
ov] ^! mak+ a cov]+ ( balsam1 p9e1      
hemlock1 palmetto1 palm bran*es1 or any 
available mat]ial = ?at* to %$ ! ra9 &  
prev5t x driv+ "u ! cliff to wet our    
b$d+4   ,walls  ,x is n always necess>y 
to ?at* ! wall2 a numb] ( gre5 b\ghs )  
leaves adh]+ may be re/$ aga9/ ! cliffs 
& w answ] = t purpose4 ,set ! b\ghs     
upside d[n s t !y w %$ ! ra9 & n hold x 
s z to drip into camp4 ,use y\r common  
s5se & gumption1 :i* w tea* y t all !   
b\ghs %\ld po9t d[nw>d & n upw>d z mo/ (
 !m naturally gr[4 ,i am c>eful to call 
y\r att5tion to ?is because ,i lately   
saw "s m5 tea*+ ,boy ,sc\ts h[ to make  
camps & !y 7 plac+ ! b\ghs = ! lads     
ar\nd ! %elt] ) _! bran*es po9t+ upw>d 9
 su* a mann] t !y c\ld n %$ ! ra94 ,^!  
in/ructors 7 city m5 & app>5tly ?\ght t 
! b\ghs 7 = no o!r purpose ?an to give  
privacy to ! occupants ( ! %elt]1 =gett+
 t 9 ! wilds ! wild]ness itself furni%es
 privacy4  ,fig4 #h4 ,fig4 #i4 ,fig4    

#aj4  ,illu/ration3 ,! half-cave %elt]4 
,! half cave 0 probably ! fir/ lean-to  
or %elt] 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ov]hang+ cliffs
 are n always f\nd :]e we wi% to make   
our camp & we mu/ resort to o!r =ms (   
%elt] & ! use ( o!r mat]ial 9 su*       
localities4     ,,iii  ,,h[ ,,to ,,make 
,,! ,,fall5-,,tree ,,%elt] ,,& ,,!      
,,sc\t-,,ma/]   ,,n[ t y "k h[ to make a
 b$ 9 a half cave1 we w take up ! mo/   
simple & primitive manufactur$ %elt]s4  
,fall5-,tree ,%elt]  ,= a "o-man        
"o-night /&1 select a ?ick-foliag$      
fir-tree & cut x p>tly ?r\gh ! trunk s t
 x w fall z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa2 !n trim (f 
! bran*es on ! "u-side s z to leave room
 to make y\r b$ b5ea? ! bran*es2 next   
trim ! bran*es (f ! top or ro( ( ! trunk
 & ) !m ?at* ! ro(4 ,d ?is by sett+ !   
bran*es ) _! butts up z %[n 9 ! "r-h&   
%elt] ( ,fig4 #ac1 & !n ?at* ) small]   
br[se z describ$ 9 mak+ ! b$4 ,?is w    
make a cosey "o-night %elt]4   ,!       
,sc\t-,ma/]  ,or take ?ree =k$ /icks    
7,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 ,fig4 #ab71 & int]lock ! 

=k$ ends s t !y w /& z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 
,ov] ?is framework re/ bran*es ) ! butt 
ends up z %[n 9 ! "r-h& %elt] 7,fig4    
#ac71 or lay a numb] ( poles z %[n 9 !  
left-h& figure 7,fig4 #ab7 & ?at* ?is ) 
br[se z illu/rat$ by ! left-h& %elt] 9  
,fig4 #ac1 or take elm1 spruce1 or bir* 
b>k & %+le z 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,^! %elt]s may
 be built = "o boy or !y may be made    
l>ge en\gh = sev]al m54 ,!y may be ?at*$
 ) balsam1 spruce1 p9e1 or hemlock      
b\ghs1 or ) cat-tails1 ru%es 7see ,figs4
 #ff & #fi7 or any k9d ( long-/emm$ we$s
 or palmetto leaves4   ,to ,peel ,b>k   
,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i tru/ t ! read] has  
en\gh common s5se & suffici5t love ( !  
woods to prev5t him f kill+ or m>r+ &   
disfigur+ trees :]e trees are n pl5ty1 &
 ?is re/riction includes all settl$ or  
p>tially settl$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,b 9 ! 
real =e/s & wild]ness1 miles & miles    
away f human habitation1 !re are few    
camp]s & consequ5tly !re w be few] trees
 injur$1 & ^! few w n be miss$4         
,select+ ,b>k  ,to get ! bir* b>k1      

select a tree ) a smoo? trunk devoid (  
bran*es &1 plac+ skids = ! trunk to fall
 ^u 7,fig4 #ch71 fell ! tree 7see ,figs4
 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 &  
#aah71 & !n cut a circle ar\nd ! trunk  
at ! two ends ( ! log & a slit f "o     
circle clean up to ! o!r circle 7,fig4  
#ch72 next1 ) a %>p /ick %ap$ l a       
blunt-edg$ *isel1 pry (f ! b>k c>efully 
until y take ! piece (f 9 "o :ole       
section4 ,if x is spruce b>k or any o!r 
b>k y seek1 hunt ?r\gh ! woods = a      
comp>atively smoo? trunk & proce$ 9 !   
same mann] z ) ! bir*4 ,to take x (f a  
/&+ tree1 cut "o circle d[n at ! butt & 
ano!r z high z y c rea* 7,fig4 #aah7 &  
slit x along a p]p5dicul> l9e connect+ !
 two cuts z 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,?is w d\btless
 9 "t kill ! tree1 b f> f human         
habitations ! few trees kill$ 9 ?is     
mann] may d ! =e/ good by giv+ m room = 
o!rs to gr[4 ,ne> t[n or :]e ! =e/s are 
small use ! b>k f ! old dead trees4     
,fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,fig4  
#ad4  ,illu/ration3 ,"o-night %elt]4 ,! 

fall5 tree & ! sc\t-ma/]4   ,us+ ,b>k   
,to %+le ) b>k1 cut ! b>k 9 conv5i5t    
sections1 comm5ce at ! bottom1 place "o 
piece ( b>k set on edge flat aga9/ !    
wall ( y\r %elt]1 place a piece ( b>k   
next to x 9 ! same mann]1 all[+ ! "o    
edge to ov]lap ! fir/ piece a few in*es1
 & s on all ! way ar\nd y\r %ack2 !n    
place a lay] ( b>k above ?is 9 ! same   
mann] z ! fir/ "o1 ! end edges ov]lapp+1
 ! bottom edges also ov]lapp+ ! fir/ r[ 
?ree or f\r in*es or ev5 m4 ,hold ^!    
pieces ( b>k 9 place by /akes driv5 9 ! 
gr\nd aga9/ !m or poles laid ov] !m1    
accord+ to ! %ape or =m ( y\r %elt]4    
,cont9ue ?us to ! comb ( ! ro(1 !n ov] !
 "p :]e ! b>k ( ! sides meets on ! top  
lay ano!r lay] ( b>k cov]+ ! cr[n1      
ridge1 comb1 or apex & protect+ x f !   
ra94 ,9 ! wigwam-%ap$ %elt]s1 or r ,i   
%\ld say ^? ( teepee =m1 ! po9t ( ! cone
 or pyramid is left op5 to s]ve z *imney
 = smoke to escape4     ,,iv  ,,h[ ,,to 
,,make ,,! ,,adirondack1 ,,!            
,,wick-,,up1 ,,! ,,b>k ,,teepee1 ,,!    

,,pione]1 ,,& ,,! ,,sc\t   ,!           
,adirondack  ,,! next %elt] is :at is   
g5]ally kn[n z ! ,adirondack %elt]1 :i* 
is a lean-to op5 9 ! front l a ,bak] or 
a ,dan ,be>d t5t4 ,al?\gh x is popul>ly 
call$ ! ,adirondack camp1 x ant$ates !  
"t :5 ! ,adirondacks 7 fir/ us$ z a     
fa%ionable resort4 ,daniel ,boone 0 wont
 to make su* a camp 9 ! =e/s ( ,k5tucky4
 ,! lean-to or ,adirondack camp is      
easily made & v popul>4 ,sometimes two (
 !m are built fac+ ea* o!r ) an op5     
space betwe5 = ! camp-fire4 ,b ! usual  
mann] is to set up two uprights z 9     
,fig4 #ae1 !n lay a crosspiece ?r\gh !  
crot*es & re/ poles aga9/ ?is crosspiece
 7,fig4 #af74 ,ov] ^! poles o!r poles   
are laid horizontally & ! ro( ?at*$ )   
br[se by ! me?od %[n by ,fig4 #f1 b "h !
 tips ( ! br[se mu/ po9t d[n & be held 9
 place by o!r poles 7,fig4 #aj7 on top (
 x4 ,sometimes a log is put at ! bottom 
( ! slant+ poles & sometimes m logs are 
plac$ z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ae & #af & ! space
 betwe5 !m floor$ ) balsam or br[se4    

,! ,sc\t  ,:]e bir* b>k is obta9able x  
is %+l$ ) slabs ( ?is b>k z already     
describ$1 & z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 ! b>k be+
 held 9 place on ! ro( by poles laid ov]
 x & on ! side by /akes be+ driv5 9 !   
gr\nd outside ( ! b>k to hold x 9 place 
z 9 ,fig4 #ag4  ,fig4 #ae4 ,fig4 #af4   
,fig4 #ag4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,fig4  
#bj4 ,fig4 #ba4  ,illu/ration3 ,!       
,adirondack4 ,! sc\t1 ! pione]1 & ! b>k 
teepee4   ,! ,pione]  ,fig4 #ah %[s !   
,pione]1 a t5t =m ( %ack1 & ,fig4 #ai   
%[s h[ ! b>k is plac$ l %+les ov]lapp+  
ea* o!r s z to %$ ! ra94 ,! doorway ( ! 
t5t %ack is made by lean+ poles aga9/   
=k$ /icks1 _! butts =m+ a semicircle 9  
front1 or r ! arc ( a circle1 & by brac+
 !m aga9/ ! =k$ /ick =e & aft !y add    
/ability to ! /ructure4   ,b>k ,teepee  
,or y may1 if y *oose1 la% ?ree /icks   
toge!r at ! top ends1 spread !m 9 ! =m (
 a tripod1 !n lay o!r /icks aga9/ !m1 _!
 butts =m+ a circle 9 ! =m ( a teepee   
7,fig4 #bj74  ,comm5ce at ! bottom z y d
 9 %+l+ a ro( & place sections ( bir*   

b>k ar\nd1 o!rs above !m ov]lapp+ !m1 & 
hold !m 9 place by re/+ poles aga9/ !m4 
,if y\r camp is to be occupi$ = a week  
or s1 x may be conv5i5t to build a      
wick-up %elt] z a d9+-room l ! "o %[n 9 
,fig4 #ba4 ,?is is made ) six uprights1 
two to hold ! ridge-pole & two to hold !
 eaves1 & may be %+l$ ov] ) br[se or    
bir*1 elm1 spruce1 or o!r b>k2 %+le ) ! 
br[se 9 ! same mann] z t describ$ = !   
b>k1 beg9n+ at ! eaves & all[+ ea* r[ ( 
br[se to ov]lap ! butts ( ! "o bel[ x4  
,v  ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,beav]-,,mat      
,,huts ,,or ,,fagot ,,%acks ,,)\t       
,,injury ,,to ,,! ,,trees   ,mat]ial    
,,9 build+ a %elt] use e & any ?+ h&y = 
! purpose2 (ttimes an uproot$ tree w    
furni% a well-made adobe wall1 :]e !    
spread+ roots h torn (f ! surface soil z
 ! tree fell & :at 0 ! "u-side is n[ an 
expos$ wall ( clay1 aga9/ :i* y may re/ 
! poles = ! ro( ( a lean-to4 ,or ! side 
( ! cliff 7,fig4 #bc7 may (f] y ! same  
opportunity4 ,maybe two or ?ree trees w 
be f\nd will+ to act z uprights 7,fig4  

#bd74 ,:]e y use a wall ( any k9d1 rock1
 roots1 or bank1 x w1 ( c\rse1 be       
necess>y to h y\r doorway at "o side ( !
 %ack z 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! upright poles   
may be on /ony gr\nd :]e _! butts _c    
well be plant$ 9 ! e>?1 & !re x w be    
necess>y to brace !m ) slant+ poles     
7,fig4 #be74 ,ea* camp w (f] problems ( 
its own1 problems :i* add mu* to !      
int]e/ & pleasure ( camp mak+4   ,beav] 
,mat  ,! beav]-mat camp is a new "o &1  
"u favorable conditions1 a good "o4 ,cut
 y\r poles ! l5g? requir$ = ! framework 
( ! sides1 la% !m toge!r ) ! gre5       
rootlets ( ! tam>ack or /rips ( b>k ( ! 
papaw1 elm1 c$>1 or ! inside b>k ( !    
*e/nut 7,a1 ,fig4 #bb72 !n make a b$ (  
br[se ( any k9d h&y1 b make x 9 ! mann] 
describ$ = mak+ balsam b$s 7,fig4 #g74  
,y w1 ( c\rse1 ?at* s t :5 ! side is    
erect$ x is %+l$ l a h\se1 ! upp] r[s   
ov]lapp+ ! l[] ones4 ,!n la% a duplicate
 frame ov] ! br[se-padd$ frame & ! side 
is complete 7,b1 ,fig4 #bb74 ,make ! o!r
 side or sides & ! ro( 7,c1 ,fig4 #bb7 9

 ! same mann]1 aft] :i* x is a simple   
matt] to erect y\r %ack 7,fig4 #bb1 &   
,e1 ,fig4 #bb74  ,fig4 #bb4 ,fig4 #bc4  
,fig4 #bd4 ,fig4 #be4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,fig4  
#bg4 ,fig4 #bh4  ,illu/ration3 ,%elt]s  
adapt$ to conditions4 ,! beav]-mat & !  
fagot %ack4  ,! great advantage ( ?is   
sort ( %elt] is t x is mu* easi] to d   
y\r ?at*+ on ! gr\nd ?an on /&+ walls1 &
 also1 :5 done1 x is s compact z to be  
practically wat]-pro(4   ,fagot ,%ack   
,! fagot %ack is also a new /yle ( camp 
& is int5d$ = use 9 places :]e l>ge     
timb] _c be cut1 b :]e dw>f will[s1     
bamboo cane1 ald]s1 or o!r small        
und]bru% is m or less pl5tiful4 ,f ?is  
ga!r a pl5tiful supply ( twigs & )      
improvis$ tw9e b9d ! twigs into bundles 
( equal size4 ,use ^! bundles z y w\ld  
/ones 9 build+ ! wall & lay !m s z to   
break jo9ts1 t is1 s t ! jo9ts are nev] 
9 a cont9u\s l9e4 ,hold ! wall 9 place  
by /akes z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,use !      
br[se1 small twigs ) ! leaves adh]+ to  
!m1 9 place ( mort> or cem5t s z to     

level y\r bundles & prev5t _! rock+ on  
unev5 surfaces4 ,! doorways & w9d[ op5+s
 (f] no problem t a rank outsid] _c     
solve4 ,fig4 #bg %[s ! w9d[ op5+1 also  
%[s y h[ ! w9d[-sill c be made firm by  
lay+ rods ov] ! top ( ! fagots4 ,rods   
are also us$ across ! top ( ! doorway ^u
 :i* to place ! bundles ( fagots or     
twigs4 ,twigs is probably ! be/ t]m to  
use "h1 z fagots might be ?\ght to mean 
l>g] /icks1 :i* may be /iff & ob/9ate & 
h>d to h&le4   ,ro(s  ,aft] ! walls are 
erect$1 a beav]-mat ro( may be plac$ ^u 
!m or a ro( made on a frame su* z %[n 9 
,fig4 #bh & ?at*$ ) small /icks ov] :i* 
a ?at* ( /raw1 hay1 ru%es 7,figs4 #ff & 
#fi71 or br[se may be us$ to %$ ! ra94  
,"o great advantage :i* recomm5ds !     
beav]-mat & fagot camp to lov]s ( nature
 & /ud5ts ( =e/ry lies 9 ! fact t x is  
unnecess>y to cut d[n or de/roy a s+le  
l>ge or valuable "y tree 9 ord] to      
procure ! mat]ial necess>y to make !    
camp4 ,bo? ( ^! camps c be made 9 =e/   
l&s by us+ ! l[] bran*es ( ! trees1 :i*1

 :5 prop]ly cut close to ! trunk 7,fig4 
#aba71 d n injure ! /&+ timb]4 ,! fagot 
hut may be made into a p]man5t camp by  
pla/]+ ! outside ) s(t mud or clay &    
treat+ ! inside walls 9 ! same mann]1   
?us trans=m+ x into an adobe %ack4      
,,vi  ,,indian ,,%acks ,,& ,,%elt]s     
,,:ile ! +5uity ( ! :ite man may make   
improvem5ts ^u ! wick-ups1 arbors1 huts1
 & %elt]s ( ! native r$ man1 we mu/ n   
=get t ^! native %elt]s h be5 us$ )     
success by ! ,indians = c5turies1 also  
we mu/ n =get t our pr9cipal objection  
to _m ( !m lies 9 ! fact t !y are ill   
v5tilat$ & dirty1 bo? ( :i* defects may 
be rem$i$ )\t mat]ially dep>t+ f ! l9es 
laid d[n by ! savage ar*itects4 ,! mak+ 
( w9d[s w supply v5tilation to ,indian  
huts1 b ! =m ( ! hut we mu/ be> 9 m9d is
 made to suit ! locality 9 :i* we f9d x4
   ,apa*e ,hogan  ,! ,:ite ,m\nta9      
,apa*e builds a t5t-%ap$ %ack 7,figs4   
#bi & #cb7 :i* is practically ! same z t
 already describ$ & %[n 9 ,figs4 #ah &  
#ai1 ! diff]5ce be+ t ! ,apa*e %ack is n

 cov]$ ) bir* b>k1 a mat]ial peculi> to 
! ,nor?1 b ! ,apa*e uses a ?at* ( ! rank
 grass to be f\nd :]e 8 %acks are       
locat$4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9 
,apa*e has become s deg5]ate & s lo/ to 
! true s5se ( dignity z a savage t he   
/oops to use corn-/alks ) :i* to ?at* ! 
long1 slop+ sides ( 8 %$-l h\se b by s  
do+ he really %[s good horse s5se1 =    
corn-/alks & corn leaves make good      
mat]ial = ! purpose4  ,fig4 #bi4 ,fig4  
#cj4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,fig4 #cc4   
,fig4 #cd4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,fig4 #ce4        
,illu/ration3 ,designs adapt$ f ,indian 
models4   ,san ,c>los ,%ack  ,! ,san    
,c>los ,apa*e ,indians build a dome-%ap$
 hut by mak+ a framework ( small sapl+s 
b5t 9 ar*es z ! boys did 9 ,k5tucky :5 !
 writ] 0 himself a lad1 & z %[n 9 ,fig4 
#cj4 ,! ends ( ! pole are sunk into !   
gr\nd 9 ! =m ( a circle1 :ile _! tips   
are b5t ov] & b\nd toge!r ?us =m+ a     
s]ies ( loops :i* ov]lap ea* o!r & give 
/ability & support to ! pr9cipal loops  
:i* run f ! gr\nd to ! top ( ! dome4 ,! 

,indians ?at* ^! huts ) be>-grass       
arrang$ 9 ov]lapp+ r[s & held 9 place ) 
/r+s 7see ,fig4 #fi7 made ( yucca leaves
 7,fig4 #ca74   ,*ippewa ,%ack  ,mu*    
f>!r nor? ,i h se5 ! ,*ippewa ,indians  
build a framework 9 practically ! same  
mann] z ! ,san ,c>los ,apa*e1 b !       
,*ippewas cov]$ _! frame ) lay]s ( bir* 
b>k held 9 place by ropes /ret*$ ov] x z
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! door to _! huts    
consi/$ ( a blanket portire4  ,9 ! same 
locality to-day x w\ld be difficult if n
 impossible to procure su* l>ge /rips ( 
bir* b>k2 b ! dome-%ap$ frame is a good 
"o to be us$ 9 _m localities &1 l all   
o!r frames1 x c be cov]$ ) ! mat]ial at 
h&4 ,x may be %+l$ ) small] pieces (    
b>k1 cov]$ ) bru% & ?at*$ ) br[se or )  
hay1 /raw1 palmetto leaves1 palm leaves1
 or ru%es1 or x may be pla/]$ ov] ) mud 
& made an adobe hut4   ,pima ,lodge  ,! 
,pima ,indians make a flat-ro($ lodge ) 
slant+ walls 7,fig4 #cc7 :i* may be     
adapt$ = our use 9 almo/ any section ( !
 c\ntry4 ,x c be made w>m & tight = ! f>

 ,nor? & cool & airy = ! arid regions ( 
! ,s\?we/4 ,! framework1 z y may see by 
ref]r+ to ! diagram1 is simil> to !     
wick-ups we m5 made :5 we 7 boys1 & :i* 
are describ$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,boy's ,h&y   
,book1 consi/+ ( f\r upright po/s       
support+ 9 _! crot*es two crosspieces   
ov] :i* a flat ro( is made by plac+     
poles across4 ,b ! sides ( ?is %ack are 
n upright b made by re/+ lean+ poles    
aga9/ ! eaves4   ,:ite ,man's ,walls  ,!
 pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 a :ite man's  
ar*itecture & ! ,indian's lies 9 ! fact 
t ! :ite man1 ) brick1 /one1 or frame   
h\se 9 8 m9d1 is possess$ ( a desire to 
build p]p5dicul> walls--walls :i* are   
h>d to ?at* & difficult to cov] ) turf1 
especially 9 ! f> ,nor?1 :]e !re is no  
true sod su* z we und]/& 9 ! middle     
c\ntry1 :]e our grass gr[s ?ickly )     
int]lac+ roots4 ,boys w d well to       
rememb] ?is & imitate ! ,indian 9 mak+  
slant+ walls = _! %acks1 %anties1 &     
%elt]s 9 ! woods4 ,if !y h bo>ds or /one
 or brick or logs ) :i* to build !y may1

 ) propriety1 use a p]p5dicul> wall4 ,! 
,pima ,indians1 accord+ to ,pl9y ,e>le  
,godd>d1 associate curator ( an?ropology
 ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural        
,hi/ory1 ?at* _! h\ses ) arr[ bru% & n  
infrequ5tly bank ! sides ( ! %ack )     
dirt4   ,adobe ,ro(  ,if y want to put a
 dirt ro( on a %ack ( ?is description1  
cov] ! poles ) small b\ghs or br[se1    
gre5 or dry leaves1 /raw1 hay1 grass1 or
 ru%es & put ! sod ov] ! top ( ?is4 ,if 
9 place ( mak+ ! ro( flat1 z %[n 9 ,fig4
 #cc1 y slant x s z to %$ ! ra91 ?is    
sort ( %ack w d = almo/ any climate1 b )
 a flat ro( x is only fitt$ = ! arid    
c\ntry or = a %elt] f ! sun :5 x is n   
expect$ to be us$ dur+ ! ra94   ,navajo 
,! teepee-%ap$ hut us$ by ! ,navajo     
,indians w %$ ! ra94 ,to build ?is %ack 
int]lock ?ree =k$ /icks z %[n 9 !       
diagram1 !n lay o!r poles up aga9/ ! =ks
 ( ^! /icks s t ! butts ( ! poles w =m a
 circle on ! gr\nd 7,fig4 #cd74 ,?at*   
?is ) any mat]ial h&y1 aft] :i* y may   
cov] x ) dirt z ! ,navajos d1 9 :i* case

 y _h bett] build a hallway = entrance1 
z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,?is same teepee =m  
is us$ by ! ,cali=nia ,indians & ?at*$ )
 wild hay 7,fig4 #cd74     ,,vii  ,,bir*
 ,,b>k ,,or ,,t> ,,pap] ,,%ack   ,a     
,,description ( ! ,pontiac 0 fir/       
publi%$ 9 my ,field & ,=e/ ,h&y ,book1 a
 book :i* conta9s sev]al %elt]s simil>  
to ! ones "h giv51 mo/ ( :i* 7 orig9ally
 made = ,casp> ,:itney :ile he 0 editor 
( ,out+4   ,! ,pontiac  ,! ,pontiac1 z  
"h giv51 is my own design & inv5tion    
7,fig4 #cf74 ,x is suppos$ to be %+l$ ) 
bir* b>k1 b1 z is ! case ) all ^! camps1
 o!r b>k may be sub/itut$ = ! bir*1 &1  
if no b>k is )9 rea* & y are ne> en\gh  
to civilization1 t> pap] makes an       
excell5t sub/itute4 ,fig4 #cg %[s !     
framework ( a ,pontiac ) a ridge-pole1 b
 ! ridge-pole is n necess>y & ! %ack may
 be built )\t x1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #cf &   
#ci1 :]e ! raft] poles re/ ^u ! two     
side-plates ov] :i* !y project to =m !  
apex ( ! ro(4 ,9 ,fig4 #ci1 al?\gh !    
side-plates are drawn1 ! raft] or ro(   

poles are n because ! diagram is suppos$
 to be a sort ( ,x-ray affair to %[ !   
int]nal con/ruction4 ,! op5+ = smoke ne$
 n be m ?an half z l>ge z x is 9 ,fig4  
#ci & x may be cov]$ up 9 inclem5t wea!r
 ) a piece ( b>k s z to keep out ! ra94 
,cutt+ ,b>k  ,fig4 #ch %[s a tree fell$ 
9 ord] to procure b>k4 ,y w note t ! b>k
 is cut r\nd at ! bottom & at ! top & a 
slit is made connect+ ! two cuts z      
already describ$ s t ! b>k may be peel$ 
(f by runn+ a blunt in/rum5t or a /ick1 
:ittl$ to ! %ape ( a pap]-cutt] or dull 
*isel1 "u ! edge ( ! b>k & c>efully     
peel+ x back4 ,if x is necess>y to tote 
! b>k any di/ance ov] ! trail1 ,fig4 #ch
 %[s h[ to roll x up & h[ to b9d ! roll 
) cord or rope s t x may be slung on !  
back z ! man is tot+ x 9 ,fig4 #cf4     
,build+ ! ,pontiac  ,to build a         
,pontiac1 fir/ erect ! uprights ,e & ,e1
 ,fig4 #cg1 !n ! o!r two simil> uprights
 at ! re> & lay ! side-plates ,g 9 ! =ks
 ( ! uprights2 next erect ! upright ,h &
 "o 9 ! re> to correspond1 & across ?is 

lay ! ridge-pole4 ,next take a c\ple (  
logs & put !m at ! foot ( ! ,e poles1   
or1 if y want m room1 fur!r back t[>d   
:]e ! ro( poles ,f w come4 ,place "o (  
^! logs on top ( ! o!r z %[n 9 ,figs4   
#cf & #ci4 ,keep !m 9 place by driv+    
/icks on ea* side ( !m4 ,put two m logs 
^u ! o!r side ( ! ,pontiac & !n lay y\r 
ro( poles or raft]s up aga9/ !          
side-plates & ov] ! logs z %[n 9        
diagrams #cf1 #cg1 & #ci4 ,fig4 #cf %[s 
! ro( p>tially %+l$ & ! sides p>tially  
cov]$1 s t y may bett] und]/& h[ x is   
done4   ,%+l+ ) ,b>k  ,comm5ce at !     
bottom & lay ! fir/ r[ ) ! edges        
ov]lapp+ = walls2 = ! ro( y may lay "o  
r[ ( %+les f ! bottom up to ! ridge &   
hold !m 9 place by re/+ a pole on !m2 !n
 lay ! next r[ ( %+les alongside by     
slipp+ ! edges "u ! fir/4 ,:5 y h ! two 
sides cov]$1 put b>k ov] ! ridge z %[n 9
 ,fig4 #cf4 ,?is w make a beautiful &   
com=table little camp4  ,fig4 #cf4 ,fig4
 #cg4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,fig4 #ci4             
,illu/ration3 ,! ,pontiac ( bir* b>k4   

,to ,keep ,out ,cold  ,built z "h       
describ$1 ! cold w9d might come ?r\gh 9 
! w9t]-"t1 b if y c ga!r a lot (        
,sphagnum moss f ! ne>e/ swamp & cov]   
y\r ro( ) x & !n %+le t ov] ) ano!r lay]
 ( bir* b>k1 ! cold w9d w n come ?r\gh  
y\r ro(4 ,if y treat y\r side walls 9 ! 
same mann] & heap dirt up ar\nd ! edges 
( !m1 y w h a com=table w9t] camp4  ,9 !
 w9t]-"t y w f9d x v difficult to peel !
 bir* b>k or any o!r k9d ( b>k1 b :5 !  
sap is fl[+ x is n s difficult to secure
 b>k slabs f _m v>ieties ( trees4       
,,viii  ,,indian ,,communal ,,h\ses     
,,:5 ! ,fr5* ,communi/s 7 rais+ ,ca9 9  
,europe !y d\btless ?\ght _! idea 0     
practically new1 b ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e !y 
bore ! r$ bann] ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,p>is !
 ,am]ican ,indians 7 liv+ quiet &       
peaceful communal lives on ?is cont95t2 
:5 ,i use ! words quiet & peaceful1 ,i1 
( c\rse1 mean z reg>ds _! own p>ticul>  
commune & n tak+ into acc\nt _! attitude
 t[>d _! neighbors4 ,! ,pueblo ,indians 
built !mselves adobe communal h\ses1 !  

,nez ,p]cs built !mselves h\ses ( /icks 
& dry grass "o hundr$ & fifty feet long 
sometimes1 conta9+ =ty-eight families1  
:ile ! ,ne*ecolles _h h\ses two hundr$ &
 tw5ty-six feet 9 l5g?6 ,b ?is is n a   
book ( hi/ory2 all we want to "k is h[  
to build %acks = our own use2 s we w    
borr[ "o f ! communal home ( !          
,iroquois4 ,x is n necess>y = u to make 
?is "o hundr$ feet long1 z ! ,iroquois  
,indians did4 ,we c make a dim9utive "o 
z a playh\se = our *ildr51 a            
mod]ate-siz$ "o z a camp = our ,boy     
,sc\ts1 or a good-siz$ "o = a p>ty (    
full-gr[n camp]s4  ,b fir/ we mu/ ga!r a
 numb] ( long1 flexible sapl+s & plant  
!m 9 two r[s ) _! butt ends 9 ! gr\nd1 z
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj1 aft] :i* we may b5d _!
 upp] ends s t !y w ov]lap ea* o!r & =m 
equal-siz$ ar*es1 :5 !y are la%$ toge!r1
 ) tw9e if we h x1 or ) wire if x is    
h&y2 b if we are real woodsm51 we w b9d 
!m ) rope made ( fibres ( b>k or !      
flexible roots :i* we f9d 9 ! =e/s4 ,!n 
we b9d horizontal poles or rods to !    

ar*es1 plac+ ! poles ab\t a foot or two 
ap>t accord+ to ! mat]ial ) :i* we are  
to %+le x4 ,we make a simple doorway )  
upright po/s at "o end & b9d !          
horizontal po/s on z we did at ! sides4 
,next we %+le x ) b>k or ) /rips ( t>   
pap] & hold ! %+les 9 place by b9d+     
poles ^u ! outside1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4  
,a hole or holes are left 9 ! ro( ov] ! 
fireplaces = op5+s = ! smoke to escape4 
,9 lieu ( a *imney a w9d-%ield ( b>k is 
fa/5$ at its l[] edge by pieces ( tw9e  
to ! ro( s z to %ield ! op5+2 ?is       
w9d-%ield %\ld be movable s t x may be  
%ift$ accord+ to ! w9d4 ,! ,iroquois is 
an easily con/ruct$ %elt]1 useful to    
man1 & "o :i* w delight ! he>t ( ! ,boy 
,sc\ts or any o!r set ( boys4   ,!      
,pawnee ,hogan  ,! ,pawnee hogan is     
usually cov]$ ) sod or dirt1 b x may be 
cov]$ ) b>k1 ) canvas1 or ?at*$ ) /raw  
or ) br[se1 z ! camp] may *oose4 ,fig4  
#db %[s ! framework 9 ! skeleton =m4 ,! 
raft] poles are plac$ wigwam fa%ion &   
%\ld be v close toge!r 9 ! f9i%$        

/ructure2 s also %\ld be ! %ort /icks   
=m+ ! side walls & ! walls to ! hallway 
or entrance4 ,to build ?is hogan1 fir/  
erect a circle ( %ort =k$ /icks1 sett+  
_! ends firmly 9 ! gr\nd4 ,inside ( ?is 
erect f\r long] =k$ /icks1 !n place     
across ^! f\r horizontal side-plates1 or
 maybe !y might be m prop]ly call$      
purl9s1 9 :i* case ! /icks laid on ! =ks
 ( ! circle ( small uprights w prop]ly  
correspond to ! side-plates ( a :ite    
man's dwell+4 ,aft] ! circle & squ>e    
7,fig4 #db7 h be5 erect$1 make y\r      
doorway ) two %ort-=k$ /icks & y\r      
hallway by /icks runn+ f ! door to      
side-plates4 ,9 ?at*+ y\r ro( or 9 cov]+
 x ) any sort ( mat]ial1 leave an op5+  
at ! top 7,fig4 #dc7 to act z a *imney =
 y\r c5tre camp-fire4 ,if ! ro( is to be
 cov]$ ) sod or adobe1 cov] x fir/ )    
br[se1 hay1 /raw1 or ru%es1 mak+ a ?ick 
mattress ov] ! entire /ructure4 ,on top 
( ?is pla/] y\r mud or sod 7,fig4 #dc74 
,if y int5d to use ?is hogan z a m or   
less p]man5t camp y c put w9d[s 9 !     

sides to admit light & air & use a holl[
 log or a b>rel = a *imney z %[n 9 ,fig4
 #dd4  ,fig4 #dj4 ,fig4 #da4 ,fig4 #db4 
,fig4 #dc4 ,fig4 #dd4 ,fig4 #de4        
,illu/ration3 ,! ,iroquois1 ! ,pawnee   
hogan1 ! :ite man's hogan1 & ! kol%ian4 
,! ,kol%ian  ,! camps ?us f> describ$   
are suppos$ to be tomahawk camps1 t is1 
camps :i* may be built )\t ! use ( a    
lumb]man's axe4 ,! kol%ian 7,fig4 #de7 (
 ,alaska1 :5 built by ! natives1 is a   
l>ge communal c\ncil-h\se1 b ,i h plac$ 
x "h among ! tomahawk camps on !        
supposition t "s "o might want to build 
"o 9 m9iature z a novelty on _! place or
 z a c\ncil-room = _! "y sc\ts4 ,!      
,alaskans hew all ! timb] out by h&1 b1 
( c\rse1 ! read] may use saw$ or mill$  
lumb]4 ,! prop] entrance to a kol%ian or
 ran*]ee1 z ,elliot calls x1 is ?r\gh a 
doorway made 9 ! huge totem-pole at !   
front ( ! build+4 ,! ro( is cov]$ )     
splits or %akes held 9 place by poles   
laid across !m1 ! sides are made ( hewn 
planks set upright1 & ! front has two   

heavy planks at ! eaves :i* run d[n     
?r\gh holes 9 two upright planks at !   
corn]s 7,fig4 #de74 ,^! ) ! sill plank  
b9d ! upright wall planks 9 place4  ,!  
kol%ian is und\bt$ly a v anci5t =m (    
build+ & may be relat$ to ! h\ses built 
by ! anci5t cavem5 ( ,europe4 ,! fir/   
human h\se-build]s are said to belong to
 ! ,cro-,magnon race :o liv$ 9 caves 9 !
 w9t]-"t1 & on ! walls ( "o ( ! cav]ns  
7,dordogne cav]n7 "s ,cro-,magnon budd+ 
ar*itect made a r\gh sket* ( "o ( _!    
h\ses 7middle sket*1 ,fig4 #de74 ,:5 y  
comp>e ! h\se ) ! kol%ian ! resemblance 
is v /rik+1 & m s :5 we rememb] t !     
kol%ian floor is und]gr\nd1 indicat+ t x
 is relat$ to or sugge/$ by a natural   
cav]n4     ,,ix  ,,b>k ,,& ,,t> ,,pap]  
,,to fur!r illu/rate ! use ( b>k & t>   
pap]1 ,i h made ! sket*es %[n by ,figs4 
#df1 #dg1 & #dh4 ,fig4 #dg is a log %ack
 ) an ar*$ ro( drawn f a photograph 9 my
 collection4 ,to keep ! int]ior w>m n   
only ! ro( b ! sides ( ! h\se z well h  
be5 %+l$ ) b>k1 leav+ only ! ends ( !   

logs protrud+ to tell ( :at mat]ial !   
h\se is really con/ruct$4 ,fig4 #dg %[s 
a fi%]man's hut made ) a few /icks &    
b>k4 ,fig4 #dh %[s a t> pap] camp1 t is1
 a camp :]e ev]y?+ is cov]$ ) t> pap] 9 
place ( b>k4 ,! h\se is made ) a        
skeleton ( poles on :i* ! t> pap] is    
tack$1 ! kit*5 is an op5 %$ ) t> pap]   
ro(1 & ev5 ! table is made by cov]+ !   
cross /icks %[n 9 ! diagram ) %eets ( t>
 pap] 9 place ( ! bir* b>k usually us$ =
 t purpose4  ,p]sonally ,i d n l t>     
pap]2 x seems to rob ! camp ( a true    
flavor ( ! woods2 x knocks ! s5tim5t out
 ( x1 &1 except to sailors1 ! odor ( !  
t> is n ne>ly z delightful z t ( !      
fragrant balsam b\ghs4 ,nev]!less1 t>   
pap] is n[ us$ 9 all ! lumb] camps & is 
spread+ f>!r & f>!r into ! woods z !    
bir* b>k becomes sc>ce & ! tote-roads   
are improv$4  ,:5 "o c ent] ! woods ) an
 automobile1 y mu/ expect to f9d t> pap]
 camps1 because ! pap] is easily        
transport$1 easily h&l$1 & easily appli$
 = ! purpose ( ! camp]4  ,fig4 #df4     

,fig4 #dg4 ,fig4 #dh4  ,illu/ration3    
,%[+ use ( b>k & t> pap]4  ,practically 
any =m ( t5t may be reproduc$ by tack+  
t> pap] to /icks arrang$ 9 ! prop]      
mann]1 b if y make a wigwam ( t> pap]1 d
 pa9t x r$1 gre51 or yell[1 or :itewa%  
x2 d any?+ :i* w take (f ! civiliz$1    
fun]eal look ( ! affair4     ,x  ,a     
,,saw$-,,lumb] ,,%anty   ,,be=e we      
proce$ any fur!r x may be be/ to give ! 
plan ( a work%op1 a camp1 an ou?\se1 or 
a %$ to be made ( saw$ lumb]1 !         
framework ( :i* is made ( :at is kn[n z 
two-by-f\rs1 t is1 pieces ( lumb] two   
in*es ?ick by f\r in*es wide4 ,! plans  
us$ "h are f my book ,! ,jack ( ,all    
,trades1 b ! dim5sions may be alt]$ to  
suit y\r conv5i5ce4 ,! sills1 :i* are   
f\r in*es by f\r in*es1 are also suppos$
 to be made by nail+ two two-by-f\rs    
toge!r4 ,fir/ /ake out y\r f\ndation &  
see t ! corn]s are squ>e1 t is1 at "r   
angles1 & te/ ?is ) a tape or rul] by   
measur+ six feet "o way & eight feet !  
o!r f a corn] along ! propos$ sides ( ! 

h\se m>k+ ^! po9ts4 ,if a t5-foot rod w 
rea* exactly across f po9t to po9t1 !   
corn] is squ>e & y may dig y\r          
po/-holes4   ,! ,f\ndation  ,y may use a
 f\ndation ( /ones or a s]ies ( /one    
piles1 b if y use /ones & expect y\r    
h\se to rema9 plumb :]e ! w9t]s are     
sev]e y mu/ dig holes = !m at lea/ ?ree 
feet deep 9 ord] to g bel[ ! fro/-l9e4  
,fill ^! holes ) brok5 /one1 on top (   
:i* y c make y\r pile ( /ones to act z  
support = ! sills2 b ! simple/ me?od is 
to use po/s ( locu/1 c$>1 or *e/nut2 or1
 if ?is is too mu* tr\ble1 pack ! dirt  
tightly1 dra9 x well by mak+ x slope    
away f ! h\se 9 e direction1 & lay y\r  
f\ndation sills on ! level e>?4 ,9 t    
case y _h bett] use *e/nut wood = !     
sills2 spruce w rot v quickly 9 contact 
) ! damp e>? & p9e w n la/ long "u !    
same circum/ances4  ,all ?r\gh c]ta9    
sections ( ?is c\ntry !re are hundr$s ( 
humble dwell+s built ^u mudsills1 9 o!r 
words1 ) no f\ndation or floor b ! b>e  
gr\nd4  ,we w suppose t y h secur$ "s   

po/s ab\t two feet six in*es long )     
good1 flat ends4 ,! bett] mat]ial y c   
obta9 ! trimm] & bett] w be ! appe>ance 
( y\r h\se1 b a h\se :i* w protect y &  
y\r tools may be made ( ! r\ghe/ lumb]4 
,! plans "h drawn w answ] = ! r\gh or   
f9e mat]ial1 b we suppose t m$ium       
mat]ial is to be us$4 ,x w be tak5 =    
grant$ t ! read] is able to procure     
en\gh two-by-f\r-in* timb] to supply    
/uds1 ribs1 purl9s1 raft]s1 beams1 &    
po/s = ! frame %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,two    
pieces ( f\r-by-f\r-in* timb] ea* fifte5
 feet long %\ld be made = sills by nail+
 two-by-f\rs toge!r4 ,add to ?is "s     
tongue-&-groov$ bo>d+ or ev5 r\gh bo>ds 
= sides & ro(1 "s en?usiasm1 & good     
,am]ican pluck & ! %op is almo/ z good z
 built4  ,fir/ lay ! f\ndation1 eight by
 fifte5 feet1 & !n y may proce$ to dig  
y\r po/-holes4 ,! outside ( ! po/s %\ld 
be flu% or ev5 ) ! outside edges ( !    
sills & end beams ( ! h\se z %[n 9 !    
diagram4 ,if !re are f\r po/s on ea* ( !
 long sides !y %\ld be equal di/ances   

ap>t4  ,dig ! holes ?ree feet deep1     
all[+ six in*es ( ! po/s to protrude    
above gr\nd4 ,if y drive two /akes a    
%ort di/ance beyond ! f\ndation 9 l9e ) 
y\r f\ndation l9es & run a /r+ f ! top (
 "o /ake to ! top ( ! o!r y c1 )\t mu*  
tr\ble1 get x ^u a p]fect level by te/+ 
x & adju/+ until ! /r+ repres5ts ! level
 = y\r sill4 ,:5 ?is is done1 set y\r   
po/s to correspond to ! level ( ! /r+1  
!n place y\r sill on top ( ! po/s & te/ 
t ) y\r level4 ,if f\nd to be correct1  
fill 9 ! dirt ar\nd ! po/s & pack x     
firmly1 !n spike y\r sill to ! po/s & g 
?r\gh ! same op]ation ) opposite sets ( 
po/s & sill4  ,fig4 #di4  ,illu/ration3 
,frame ( two-by-f\rs mill$ lumb]1 )     
names ( p>ts4  ,! fir/ difficult "w is  
n[ done &1 ) ! exception ( ! ro(1 ! re/ 
only ne$s ord9>y c>e4  ,x is suppos$ t y
 h already saw$ (f & prep>$ ab\t n9e    
two-by-f\r-in* beams ea* ( :i* is       
exactly eight feet long4 ,set ^! on edge
 f sill to sill1 equal di/ances ap>t1 ! 
edges ( ! end beams be+ exactly ev5 ) ! 

ends ( ! sills z 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,see t !  
beams all cross ! sills at "r angles &  
toe-nail !m 9 place4 ,y may n[ neatly   
floor ! f\ndation ) "o-in* bo>ds2 ^!    
bo>ds mu/ be laid l5g?wise ) ! build+ & 
crosswise ) ! beams4 ,:5 ?is is f9i%$ y 
w h a beautiful plat=m on :i* to "w1 :]e
 y w be 9 no dang] ( los+ y\r tools1 & y
 may use ! floor z a table on :i* to    
measure & plan ! sides & ro(4   ,ridge  
,plank & ,raft]s  ,x is a good idea to  
make y\r ridge plank & raft]s :ile !    
floor is cle> ( rubbi%4 ,lay out & m>k  
on ! floor1 ) a c>p5t]'s s(t p5cil1 a   
/raight l9e f\r feet long 7,a1 ,b1 ,fig4
 #di74 ,at "r angles to ?is draw ano!r  
l9e ?ree feet six in*es long 7,a1 ,d1   
,fig4 #di74 ,connect ^! po9ts 7,b1 ,d1  
,fig4 #di7 ) a /raight l9e1 !n complete 
! figure ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d 7,fig4 #di74    
,all[ two in*es at ! top = ! ridge plank
 at ,b & two by f\r = ! end ( !         
side-plate at ,d4 ,y !n h a patt]n = ea*
 raft] ) a plumb edge at ,b & a bird's  
m\? at ,d4 ,! plumb edge mu/ be p>allel 

) ,b1 ,c & ! two jaws ( ! bird's m\?    
p>allel ) ,d1 ,c & ,a1 ,d1 respectively4
 ,make six raft]s ( two-by-f\rs & "o    
ridge plank4  ,! purl9s & coll> c be    
made & fitt$ aft] ! ro( is rais$4 ,set  
y\r ro( timb] c>efully to "o side & cle>
 ! floor = ! /uds1 ribs1 & plates4 ,fir/
 prep>e ! end po/s & make !m (          
two-by-f\rs4 ,ea* po/ is ( two pieces4  
,!re w be f\r outside pieces ea* five   
feet eight in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* re/ on !   
end beams1 & f\r inside pieces ea* six  
feet 9 l5g?2 ?is all[s two in*es at !   
top = ! ends ( ! end plates to re/ ^u4  
,exam9e ! corn] po/s & y w see t !      
outside two-by-f\r re/s ^u ! top side ( 
! end beam & ! side-plate re/s directly 
^u said two-by-f\r4 ,y w also obs]ve t !
 inside two-by-f\r re/s directly ^u !   
sill1 :i* w\ld make ! =m] f\r in*es     
long] ?an ! outside piece if x is ext5d$
 to ! side-plate2 b y w also notice t   
!re is a not* 9 ! end plate = ! outside 
corn] piece to fit 9 & t ! end ( ! end  
plate fits on top ! inside piece ( !    

corn] po/s1 tak+ (f two in*es1 :i* makes
 ! inside piece j six feet long4 ,?is is
 a v simple arrangem5t1 z may be se5 by 
exam9+ ! diagram4 ,besides ! corn] po/s1
 ea* ( :i* we h se5 is made ( two pieces
 ( two-by-f\rs1 !re are f\r /uds = !    
front side1 ea* six feet two in*es long4
 ,! %ort /uds %[n 9 ! diagram on ! re>  
side are unnecess>y & are only %[n s t  
!y may be put 9 z conv5i5t atta*m5ts =  
%elves & tool racks4  ,! fir/ /ud on !  
front is plac$ two feet f ! corn] po/ & 
! second "o ab\t six feet six in*es f ! 
fir/1 to all[ a space = a six-foot w9d[2
 ! next two /uds =m ! door-jambs & mu/  
be f> en\gh f ! corn] to all[ ! door to 
op5 & sw+ out ( ! way4 ,if y make y\r   
door two & "o half feet wide--a good    
size--y may set y\r la/ /ud two feet f !
 corn] po/ & leave a space ( two feet   
six in*es = ! doorway4 ,n[ m>k (f on !  
floor ! places :]e ! /uds w come1 & cut 
out ! floor+ at ^! po9ts to all[ ! ends 
( ! /uds to ent] & re/ on ! sill4 ,next 
make f\r ribs--"o long "o to g b5ea? !  

w9d[1 "o %ort "o to fit betwe5 ! corn]  
po/ & ! door /ud n %[n 9 diagram1 ano!r 
to fit betwe5 ! door /ud & w9d[ /ud1 &  
ano!r to fit betwe5 ! w9d[ /ud & ! fir/ 
corn] po/ 7! ne>e/ corn] 9 ! diagram74  
,next make y\r side-plate exactly fifte5
 feet long4 ,fit ! frame toge!r on !    
floor & nail ! pieces toge!r1 toe-nail+ 
! ribs 9 place4 ,get "s help & raise !  
:ole side frame & slip ! ends ( ! /uds  
into _! respective slots4 ,make ! end   
po/s plumb & hold !m 9 place tempor>ily 
by a bo>d1 "o end ( :i* is nail$ to !   
top end ( ! po/ & ! o!r to ! end beam4  
,su* a diagonal bo>d at ea* end w hold !
 side 9 place until ! opposite side is  
rais$ & simil>ly support$4  ,x is n[ a  
simple ?+ to slip ! end plates 9 place  
"u ! side-plates until _! outside edges 
are ev5 ) ! outside ( ! corn] po/s4 ,a  
long wire nail driv5 ?r\gh ! top-plates 
& end plates d[n into ! po/s at ea*     
corn] w hold !m securely4 ,toe-nail a   
rib betwe5 ! two ne>e/ end po/s & make  
two w9d[ /uds & ?ree ribs = ! opposite  

end4 ,! fram+ n[ only ne$s ! ro( timb]s 
to complete ! skeleton ( y\r %op4       
,across f side-plate to side-plate lay  
"s loose bo>ds = a plat=m1 & /&+ on ^!  
bo>ds let y\r assi/ant lift "o end ( !  
ridge plank :ile ) "o nail to ea* raft] 
y fa/5 ! two end raft]s onto ! ridge    
plank1 fit ! jaws ( ! bird's m\? ov] !  
ends ( ! side-plates1 & hold !m         
tempor>ily 9 place ) a /ay la?--t is1 a 
piece ( bo>d tempor>ily nail$ to raft] &
 end plate4 ,! o!r end ( ! ridge is n[  
re/+ on ! plat=m at ! o!r end ( ! h\se &
 ?is may be lift$ up1 = ! s+le nails w  
all[ movem5t4  ,! raft]s are nail$ 9    
place ) "o nail ea* & a /ay la? fa/5$ on
 to hold !m 9 place4 ,te/ ! ends ) y\r  
plumb-level & :5 !y are f\nd to be      
correct nail all ! raft]s securely 9    
place & /iff5 ! c5tre pair ) a piece    
call$ a coll>4 ,add f\r purl9s set at "r
 angles to ! raft]s & take (f y\r hat & 
give ?ree *e]s & d n =get to nail a gre5
 b\gh to y\r ro( tree 9 accordance ) !  
anci5t & "t-honor$ cu/om4  ,! sides ( ! 

h\se may be cov]$ ) t5t-clo?1 oilclo?1  
t91 t> pap]1 or ! *eape/ sort ( lumb]1 &
 ! h\se may be ro($ ) ! same mat]ial2 b 
if y c secure good lumb]1 use ?irte5 by 
sev5 eigh?s by n9e & "o qu>t] in*1      
tongue-&-groov$1 "o side plan$ s t x may
 be pa9t$2 y c make two sidebo>ds out ( 
ea* piece six feet six in*es 9 l5g?4    
,nail ! sides on1 runn+ ! bo>ds         
v]tically1 leav+ op5+s = w9d[s & doors  
at ! prop] places4  ,if y h made a      
triangul> edge to y\r ridge bo>d1 x w   
add to ! f9i% & ! ro( may be neatly &   
tightly laid ) ! upp] edge ( "o side    
protrud+ a c\ple ( in*es ov] ! opposite 
side & ?us protect+ ! jo9t f ra94       
,additional security is ga9$ by nail+   
:at are call$ picket /rips 7sev5 eigh?s 
by "o & ?ree qu>t] in*es7 ov] ea* place 
:]e ! planks jo91 or ! ro( may be cov]$ 
) %ea?+ bo>ds & %+les4 ,x is n necess>y 
"h to give ! _m details su* z !         
manufacture ( ! door & ! arrangem5ts ( !
 w9d[s1 z ^! small problems c be easily 
solv$ by exam9+ doors & w9d[s ( simil>  

/ructures4     ,,xi  ,a ,,sod ,,h\se ,,=
 ,,! ,,lawn   ,,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is   
sod h\se & ! ones us$ 9 ! arid regions  
consi/s 9 ! fact t ! sod w be gr[+ on ! 
sod h\se1 :i* is int5d$ = & is an       
ornam5tal build+ = ! lawn4 ,possibly "o 
might say t ! sod h\se is an effete     
product ( civilization :]e utility is   
sacrific$ to display2 b x is pretty1 &  
beauty is always wor? :ile2 besides :i* 
! same plans may be us$ 9 build+   ,a   
,real ,adobe  & practically are us$ 9 "s
 ( ! des]t ran*es along ! ,colorado     
,riv]4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce 9           
con/ruction betwe5 ! "o %[n 9 ,figs4    
#ej1 #ec1 & #eg & ! "o 9 ,fig4 #ee is t 
9 ! sod h\se ! sod is held 9 place by   
*ick5-coop wire1 :ile 9 ! ran*-h\se     
7,fig4 #ee7 ! dirt or adobe is held 9   
place by a numb] ( /icks4  ,fig4 #ej4   
,fig4 #ea4 ,fig4 #eb4 ,fig4 #ec4 ,fig4  
#ed4 ,fig4 #ee4 ,fig4 #ef4              
,illu/ration3 ,a h\se ( gre5 gr[+ sod & 
! ,colorado ,riv] adobe4  ,fig4 #ej %[s 
h[ ! d\ble walls are made ) a space ( at

 lea/ a foot betwe5 !m2 ^! walls are    
cov]$ ) wire nett+ or *ick5-coop wire1 z
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec1 & ! space betwe5 !    
walls fill$ 9 ) mud or dirt ( any k9d4  
,! framework may be made ( mill$ lumb]1 
z 9 ,fig4 #ej1 or x may be made ( sapl+s
 cut on ! riv] bank & squ>$ at _! ends1 
z %[n by detail$ draw+s betwe5 ,figs4   
#ej & #eb4 ,! ro( may be made flat1 l   
,figs4 #ed & #ef1 & cov]$ ) poles1 z 9  
,fig4 #ed1 9 :i* case ! sod w h to be   
held 9 place by pegg+ o!r poles along ! 
eaves z %[n 9 ! left-h& corn] ( ,fig4   
#ed4 ,?is w keep ! sod f slid+ (f ! ro(4
 ,or y may build a ro( aft] ! mann]     
illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #di & ,fig4 #ea1 t   
is1 if y want to make a neat1           
workmanlike h\se2 b any ( ! ways %[n by 
,fig4 #eb w answ] = ! framework ( ! ro(4
 ,! /eep ro(1 h[ev]1 mu/ necess>ily be  
ei!r %+l$ or ?at*$ or ! sod held 9 place
 by a cov]+ ( wire nett+4 ,if y are     
build+ ?is = y\r lawn1 set gre51 gr[+   
sod up edgewise aga9/ ! wire nett+1 aft]
 ! latt] has be5 tack$ to y\r frame1 s  

arrang+ ! sod t ! gre5 grass w face !   
outside4 ,if y wi% to pla/] ! inside (  
y\r h\se ) cem5t or concrete1 fill 9    
beh9d ) mud1 pla/] ! mud aga9/ ! sod &  
put gravel & /ones aga9/ ! mud s t x w  
be next to ! wire nett+ on ! inside ( ! 
h\se ov] :i* y pla/] ! concrete4 ,if y  
make ! ro( %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed1 cov] x fir/ 
) hay & !n dirt & sod & hold ! sod d[n )
 wire nett+ neatly tack$ ov] x1 or cov] 
x ) gravel held 9 place by wire nett+ & 
spread concrete ov] ! top z "o does on a
 cell> floor4 ,if ! walls are kept      
spr9kl$ by ! help ( ! g>d5 hose1 ! grass
 w keep z gre5 z t on y\r lawn1 & if y h
 a dirt ro( y may all[ purple a/]s &    
gold5rod to gr[ ^u x 7,fig4 #fb7 or     
plant x ) g>d5 fl[]s4   ,?at*  ,if y are
 go+ to make a ?at*$ ro(1 soak y\r ?at* 
9 wat] & /raight5 ! b5t /raws2 build !  
ro( /eep l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg & make a
 wood5 ne$le a foot long & po9t$ at bo? 
ends z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei2 tie y\r ?at*+   
tw9e to ! middle ( ! ne$le1 !n take y\r 
rye or :eat /raw1 hay1 or bulru%es1 ga!r

 x into bundles f\r in*es ?ick & "o foot
 wide1 l ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj1 & lay !m   
along next to ! eaves ( y\r h\se z 9    
,fig4 #eh4 ,sew !m 9 place by runn+ !   
ne$le up ?r\gh ! wire nett+ to ! man on 
! outside :o 9 turn pu%es x back to !   
man on ! inside4 ,make a knot at ea*    
wisp ( ! ?at* until "o lay] is f9i%$1   
let ! l[] ends ov]hang ! eaves1 !n      
proce$ z illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ff &       
describ$ "u ! head+ ( ! bog k54  ,if 9  
place ( a simple ornam5t y want to make 
a real h\se ( x & a pretty "o at t1 fill
 up ! space betwe5 ! walls ) mud & pla/]
 x on ! outside ) cem5t or concrete & y 
w h a *eap concrete h\se4 ,! wire nett+ 
w hold ! pla/] or ! concrete &          
consequ5tly x is n necess>y to make !   
cov]+ ( cem5t z ?ick z 9 ord9>y build+s1
 = aft] ! mud is dri$ ^u ! inside x w1 )
 its cru/ ( cem5t or pla/]1 be          
practically z good z a solid concrete   
wall4  ,fig4 #eg4 ,fig4 #eh4 ,fig4 #ei4 
,fig4 #fj4 ,fig4 #fa4 ,fig4 #fb4        
,illu/ration3 ,ornam5tal sod h\se = !   

lawn4     ,,xii  ,,h[ ,,to ,,build      
,,elevat$ ,,%acks1 ,,%anties1 ,,&       
,,%elt]s   ,,= _m reasons x is sometimes
 necess>y or advisable to h "o's camp on
 /ilts1 s to speak4 ,especially is ?is  
true 9 ! m tropical c\ntries :]e noxi\s 
s]p5ts & insects ab\nd4 ,a simple =m (  
/ilt$ %ack is %[n by ,fig4 #fc4 ,to     
build ?is %ack we mu/ fir/ erect an     
elevat$ plat=m 7,fig4 #fd74 ,?is is made
 by sett+ f\r =k$ /icks ( equal height 9
 ! gr\nd & any height f ! gr\nd to suit 
! ideas ( ! camp build]4 ,if1 = "s      
reason1 ! uprights are wabbly ! frame   
may be /iff5$ by la%+ diagonal cross    
/icks to ! frame4 ,aft] y h erect$ ! f\r
 uprights1 lay two poles ?r\gh !        
crot*es1 z 9 ,fig4 #fd1 & make a plat=m 
by plac+ o!r poles across ^!1 aft] :i* a
 %elt] may be made 9 ! =m ( an op5      
,adirondack camp or any ( ! =ms         
previ\sly describ$4 ,fig4 #fe %[s !     
framework = ! op5 camp ( ,adirondack    
/yle ) ! uprights la%$ to ! side b>s2 if
 y h nails1 ( c\rse1 y c nail ^! toge!r1

 b ^! plans are made on ! assumption t y
 h no nails = t purpose1 :i* w probably 
be true if y h be5 long 9 ! woods4      
,fig4 #fc4 ,fig4 #fd4 ,fig4 #fe4        
,illu/ration3 ,a simple /ilt camp4      
,,xiii  ,,! ,,bog ,,k5   ,,k5 is a "n n[
 almo/ obsolete b ! bog k5 is a h\se    
built on /ilts :]e ! gr\nd is m>%y1     
damp1 & unfit to sleep ^u4 ,z y w see by
 ! diagram 7,fig4 #ff71 ! h\se is built 
^u a plat=m simil> to ! "o la/ describ$2
 9 ?is in/ance1 h[ev]1 ! %elt] itself is
 =m$ by a s]ies ( ar*es simil> to !     
,iroquois 7,fig4 #da74 ,! uprights on ! 
two sides h _! ends b5t ov] & la%$      
toge!r1 =m+ ar*es = ! ro(4 ,ov] ! ar*es 
are la%$ horizontal poles ! same z ^?   
describ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,iroquois  
lodge4 ,fig4 #fg %[s "o way to prev5t   
v>m9ts ( any k9d f scal+ ! support+     
poles & creep+ into y\r camp4  ,!       
protection consi/s ( a t9 pan ) a hole 9
 ! bottom slid ov] ! support+ poles4    
,fig4 #ff %[s h[ to la% ! ?at*+ on to ! 
poles & ,fig4 #fh %[s h[ to spr+ ! /icks

 9 place = a rail+ ar\nd y\r front por* 
or balcony4  ,! floor to ?is bog k5 is a
 little m elaborate ?an t ( ! la/       
describ$ camp because ! poles h all be5 
halv$ be=e lay+ !m = ! floor4 ,^! are   
suppos$ to be aft]w>ds cov]$ ) br[se1   
hay1 or ru%es & ! ro( %+l$ ) b>k or     
?at*$4   ,?at*+  ,soak y\r /raw or hay  
well 9 wat] & smoo? x out flat & regul>4
 ,! /eep] ! ro(s ! long] ! ?at* w la/4  
,9 ?is bog k5 our ro( happ5s to be a    
r\nd$ "o1 an ar*$ ro(2 b x is %elt]+ a  
tempor>y h\se & ! ?at* w la/ z long z ! 
%ack4 ,:ile ! real pione] uses :atev]   
mat]ial he f9ds at h&1 x does no h>m =  
him to "k t to make a really good ?at*  
"o %\ld use only /raw :i* is fully ripe 
& has be5 ?ra%$ clean ) an old-fa%ion$  
flail4 ,! /raw mu/ be cle> ( all se$ or 
gra9 & kept /raight1 n muss$ up1        
crumpl$1 & brok54 ,if any gra9 is left 9
 ! /raw x w attract field-mice1 birds1  
dome/ic mice & rats1 dome/ic turkeys &  
*ick5s1 & ^! creatures 9 burr[+ &       
scrat*+ = food w play havoc ) ! ro(4    

,fig4 #ff4 ,fig4 #fg4 ,fig4 #fh4 ,fig4  
#fi4  ,illu/ration3 ,details ( bog k54  
,x is n necess>y to h /raight & ev5     
raft]s1 because ! humps1 bumps1 & holl[s
 caus$ by crook$ /icks are conceal$ by !
 mattress ( /raw4 ,take a bundle ( ?at* 
9 y\r h&s1 squeeze x toge!r1 & place x s
 t ! butt ends project ab\t ?ree in*es  
beyond ! floor 7,a1 ,fig4 #ff72 tie !   
?at* closely to ! l[] raft] & ! "o next 
above x1 us+ = ! purpose tw9e1 m>l91    
raffia1 or well-twi/$ :ite hickory b>k4 
,?is fir/ r[ %\ld be ?us ti$ ne> bo?    
ends to prev5t ! w9d f gett+ "u x &     
lift+ x up4 ,next put on ano!r r[ (     
wisps ( ?at* ov] ! fir/ & ! butt ends   
come ev5 ) ! fir/1 b tie ?is "o to !    
?ird r[ ( raft]s n %[n 9 diagram4 ,!    
butts ( ! ?ird r[ ( ?at* 7,b1 ,fig4 #ff7
 %\ld be ab\t n9e in*es up on ! front   
r[s2 put ?is on z be=e & proce$ ! same  
way ) ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 & ,f1 ,fig4 #ff1 until
 ! ro( is complet$4 ,! ?at* %\ld be t5  
or twelve in*es ?ick = a p]man5t hut b  
ne$ n be s = a tempor>y %$4  ,z !re is  

no comb to ?is ro( ! top mu/ be protect$
 :]e ! ?at*es f ea* side jo91 & to d ?is
 fa/5 a ?at* ov] ! top & b9d x on bo?   
sides b n 9 ! middle1 s t x cov]s !     
meet+ ( ! ?at*es on bo? sides ( ! %ack2 
?is top piece %\ld be /it*$ or b\nd on )
 wire if y h x1 or fa/5$ ) will[ )e or  
ev5 wisps ( /raw if y are an exp]t4 ,a  
h\se1 tw5ty by ?irty feet1 made (       
mat]ial f\nd on ! place & ?at*$ ) /raw  
co/s ! build] only fifty c5ts = nails & 
f\r days' "w = two p]sons4 ,a good ?at*$
 ro( w la/ z long z a mod]n %+le ro(1 = 
9 old5 days :5 %+les 7 good & split out 
( blocks1 n saw$1 & 7 well season$ be=e 
us+1 !y 7 n expect$ to la/ mu* ov]      
fifte5 ye>s2 a well-made ?at*$ ro( w la/
 fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s4  ,fig4 #gj4      
,illu/ration3 ,sn[-%oe f\ndation = bog  
k54  ,b a real bog k5 is "o t is built  
ov] boggy or m>%y places too s(t to     
support an ord9>y /ructure4 ,to ov]come 
?is difficulty requir$ consid]able /udy 
& exp]im5t1 b at l5g? ! au?or hit ^u a  
simple plan :i* has prov$ effective4 ,if

 y wi% to build a duck hunt]'s camp on !
 s(t mead[s1 or = any o!r reason y      
desire a camp on trea*]\s1 boggy gr\nd1 
y may build "o by fir/ mak+ a ?ick      
mattress ( twigs & /icks z %[n by ,fig4 
#gj4 ,?is mattress acts on ! pr9ciple ( 
a sn[-%oe & prev5ts y\r h\se f s9k+ by  
di/ribut+ ! weight equally ov] a wide   
surface4 ,! mattress %\ld be c>efully   
made ( /icks hav+ _! bran*es trimm$ (f  
suffici5tly to all[ !m to lie 9 regul>  
c\rses z 9 ! diagram4 ,! fir/ c\rse %\ld
 be laid "o way & ! next c\rse at "r    
angles to ! fir/1 & s on1 until !       
mattress is suffici5tly ?ick = !        
purpose4  ,/&+ on ! mattress1 x w be an 
easy matt] ) y\r h&s to =ce ! %>p5$ ends
 ( y\r upright po/s ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d d[n
 into ! yield+ mud1 b be c>eful n to pu%
 !m too f> because 9 "s ( ^! m>%es ! mud
 is practically bottomless4 ,x is only  
necess>y = ! supports to s9k 9 ! mud f> 
en\gh to make !m /& upright4  ,fig4 #ga4
  ,illu/ration3 ,framework ( simple bog 
k54  ,! next /ep is to lay1 at "r angles

 to ! top lay] ( bru%1 a s]ies ( rods or
 poles betwe5 y\r uprights z %[n 9 ,fig4
 #gj2 !n take two m poles1 place !m at  
"r angles to ! la/ ones1 & press !m d[n 
until !y fit snugly on top ( ! o!r      
poles1 & !re nail !m fa/ to ! uprights z
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj1 aft] :i* to fur!r b9d 
!m y may nail a diagonal f ,a to ,d & ,b
 to ,c1 b ?is may n be necess>y4  ,:5 y 
h proce$$ ?us f> y may erect a framework
 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga1 & build a plat=m  
by floor+ ! crosspieces or horizontal   
b>s ) halves ( small logs1 ,fig4 #ga4   
,x is n[ a simple matt] to erect a %ack 
:i* may be ro($ ) b>k z 9 ,fig4 #gb or  
?at*$ z 9 ,fig4 #gd4 ,fig4 #gb %[s !    
unf9i%$ %ack 9 ord] t its con/ruction   
may be easily se52 ?is "o is be+ ro($ ) 
bir* b>k4 ,a fireplace may be made by   
enclos+ a b$ ( mud 7,fig4 #gc7 betwe5 or
 inside ( ! squ>e =m$ by f\r logs4 ,on  
?is clay or mud y c build y\r camp-fire 
or cook+ fire or mosquito smudge )      
little or no dang] ( sett+ fire to y\r  
h\se4  ,! mosquito smudge w n be f\nd   

necess>y if !re is any breeze bl[+ at   
all1 because ^! insects cl+ to ! salt   
hay or bog-grass & d n rise above x     
except 9 close1 muggy wea!r :]e no      
breeze di/urbs !m4 ,i h slept a few feet
 ov] bog mead[s )\t be+ di/urb$ by      
mosquitoes :5 e blade ( grass on !      
mead[s 0 black ) ^! insects1 b !re 0 a  
breeze bl[+ :i* kept ! mosquitoes at    
home4  ,fig4 #gb4 ,fig4 #gc4 ,fig4 #gd4 
,illu/ration3 ,adaptation ( a b>k %ack  
to ! bog k5 f\ndation4     ,,xiv        
,,ov]-,,wat] ,,camps   ,,n[ t we "k h[  
to camp on solid gr\nd & on ! quak+ bog 
we _c f9i% up ! subject ( /ilt camps )\t
 includ+ "o ov]-wat] camp4 ,if ! wat]   
has a muddy bottom x is a simple matt]  
to =ce y\r support+ po/s into ! mud2 ?is
 may be done by driv+ !m 9 ) a wood5    
mallet made ( a section ( log or x may  
be done by fa/5+ poles on ea* side ( !  
po/ & hav+ a cr[d ( m5 jump up & d[n on 
! poles until ! po/s are =c$ into !     
bottom4  ,if y are build+ a pret5ti\s   
/ructure ! piles may be driv5 ) ! ord9>y

 pile-driv]4 ,b if y\r camp on ! wat] is
 ov] a h>d bottom ( rock or s& ?r\gh :i*
 y _c =ce y\r supports y may take a lot 
( old b>rels 7,fig4 #ge71 knock ! tops &
 bottoms out ( !m1 nail "s cross planks 
on ! ends ( y\r spiles1 slide ! b>rels  
ov] ! spiles1 !n set !m 9 place 9 ! wat]
 & hold !m !re by fill+ ! b>rels )      
rocks1 /ones1 or co>se gravel4 ,fig4 #gg
 %[s a f\ndation made 9 ?is mann]2 ?is  
me?od is also useful 9 build+ pi]s      
7,fig4 #gh74 ,b if y are 9 ! woods1 out 
( rea* ( b>rels or o!r civiliz$ lumb]1 y
 c make y\rself cribs by driv+ a squ>e  
or a circle ( /icks 9 ! gr\nd a %ort    
di/ance & !n tw9+ roots or pliable      
bran*es inside & outside ! /akes1 basket
 fa%ion1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gf4 ,:5 ! crib  
is complete x may be c>efully remov$ f !
 gr\nd & us$ z ! b>rels 7 us$ by fill+  
!m ) /ones to support ! uprights4 ,fig4 
#gi %[s an ord9>y portable h\se su* z   
are adv]tis$ 9 all ! sportsm5's pap]s1  
:i* has be5 erect$ ^u a plat=m ov] !    
wat]4  ,fig4 #ge4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,fig4 #gg4 

,fig4 #gh4 ,fig4 #gi4  ,illu/ration3    
,%[+ h[ to make f\ndations = ov]-wat]   
camps4  ,my exp]i5ce ) ?is sort ( "w    
leads me to advise ! use ( piles ^u :i* 
to build 9 place ( pi]s ( /ones4 ,:]e ,i
 h us$ su* pi]s ^u small inl& lakes !   
trem5d\s pu% ( ! freez+ ice has upset   
!m1 :]eas ! ice seems to slide ar\nd !  
piles )\t pu%+ !m ov]4 ,! real dang] )  
piles lies 9 ! fact t if ! wat] rises   
aft] ! ice has froz5 ar\nd ! uprights ! 
wat] w lift ! ice up & ! ice w sometimes
 pull ! piles out ( ! bottom l a d5ti/  
pulls tee?4 ,nev]!less1 piles are mu*   
bett] = a f\ndation = a camp or pi] ?an 
any crib ( rocks1 & t is ! reason ,i h  
%[n ! cribs 9 ,figs4 #ge & #gg1 made s z
 to re/ ^u ! bottom suppos$ly bel[ !    
level ( ! w9t] ice4     ,,xv            
,,signal-,,t[]1 ,,game ,,look\t1 ,,&    
,,ru/ic ,,obs]vatory   ,,if my pres5t   
read] happ5s to be a ,boy ,sc\t or a    
sc\t-ma/] :o wants ! sc\ts to build a   
t[] = exhibition purposes1 he c d s by  
foll[+ ! directions "h giv51 b if !re is

 real necessity = ha/e 9 ! erection (   
?is t[]1 ( c\rse we _c build "o z tall z
 we might :]e we h m "t4 ,) a small t[] 
all ! jo9ts may be quickly la%$ toge!r )
 /rong1 heavy tw9e1 rope1 or ev5 wire2 &
 9 ! wild]ness x w probably be necess>y 
to b9d ! jo9ts ) pliable roots1 or      
cordage made ( b>k or )es2 b z ?is is n 
a book on woodcraft we w suppose t !    
read] has secur$ ! prop] mat]ial = fa/5+
 ! jo9ts ( ! frame ( ?is signal-t[] & he
 mu/ n[ %\ld] 8 axe & g to ! woods 9    
ord] to secure ! necess>y timb]4 ,fir/  
let him cut eight /raight poles--t is1 z
 /raight z he c f9d !m4 ,^! poles %\ld  
be ab\t f\r & "o half in*es 9 diamet] at
 _! base & sixte5 & "o half feet long4  
,aft] all ! bran*es are trimm$ (f !     
poles1 cut f\r m /icks ea* n9e feet long
 & two & a half or ?ree in*es 9 diamet] 
at ! base2 :5 ^! are trimm$ into %ape "o
 w ne$ tw5ty six or sev5 m /\t /icks ea*
 f\r & "o half feet long = braces & =   
floor+ = ! plat=m4   ,kite ,frame  ,x   
be+ suppos$ t y\r timb] is n[ all 9     

read9ess at ! spot :]e y are to erect ! 
t[]1 beg9 by lay+ out on ! gr\nd :at we 
call ! kite frame4 ,fir/ take ?ree ( !  
f\r-&-"o-half-foot /icks1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c    
7,fig4 #hb71 & two ( ! n9e-foot /icks ,d
 & ,e 7,fig4 #hb71 &1 plac+ !m on a     
level /ret* ( gr\nd1 arrange !m 9 ! =m (
 a p>allelogram4 ,put ,a = ! top rail at
 ! top ( ! p>allelogram & ,c = ! bottom 
( ! p>allelogram & let !m re/ ^u ! sides
 ,d & ,e1 b put ,b "u ! sides ,d & ,e4  
,9 ord] to b9d ^! toge!r securely1 !    
ends ( all ! /icks mu/ be all[$ to      
project a few in*es4 ,b %\ld be f> en\gh
 bel[ ,a to give ! prop] height = a     
rail+ ar\nd ! plat=m4 ,! plat=m itself  
re/s ^u ,b4 ,a =ms ! top rail+ to ! f5ce
 ar\nd x4  ,n[ take two ( y\r           
sixte5-&-"o-half-foot poles & place !m  
diagonally f corn] to corn] ( !         
p>allelogram ) ! small ends ( ! poles   
ly+ ov] ! ends ( ,a & ! butt ends ( !   
poles ext5d+ beyond ,c1 z 9 ,fig4 #hb4  
,la% ^! poles securely 9 place4  ,:]e ! 
poles cross ea* o!r 9 ! ,x1 or c5tre1 x 

is be/ to flatt5 !m "s by scor+ & hew+ )
 a hat*et1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to weak5 
!m by scor+ too deep4 ,next take y\r la%
 rope1 d\ble x1 run ! loop d[n "u !     
cross /icks1 br+ x up on ! o!r side1 z 9
 ,fig4 #hc1 !n pull ! two loose ends    
?r\gh ! loop4 ,:5 !y are drawn taut     
7,fig4 #hd71 b5d !m r\nd 9 opposite     
directions--t is1 b5d ! "r-h& end ( !   
rope to ! "r1 d[n & "u ! cross /icks1   
pull x out to ! left1 z 9 ,fig4 #hd1 !n 
b5d ! left-h& piece ( rope to ! left1   
d[n & "u1 pull+ x out to ! "r1 z 9 ,fig4
 #hd4 ,next br+ ^? two pieces up ov] &  
tie !m toge!r 9 a squ>e knot1 z %[n 9   
,figs4 #he & #hf4  ,fig4 #hj4 ,fig4 #ha4
 ,fig4 #hb4 ,fig4 #hc4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,fig4 
#he4 ,fig4 #hf4 ,fig4 #hg4              
,illu/ration3 ,p>ts ( t[] = a wireless1 
a game look\t1 an elevat$ camp or ca*e4 
,make a duplicate kite frame = ! o!r    
side exactly z y made ! fir/ "o1 & !n   
arrange ^! two pieces on ! gr\nd ) !    
cross /icks ,f & ,f on ! "u-side & ) _! 
butt ends opposite ! butts ( ! simil>   

poles on ! o!r frame & ab\t five feet   
ap>t4 ,fa/5 a long l9e to ! po9t :]e !  
two ,f pieces cross ea* o!r & detail a  
c\ple ( sc\ts to hold ea* ( ! butt ends 
f slipp+ by plac+ "o ( _! feet aga9/ !  
butt1 z 9 ,fig4 #hb1 :ile two gangs ( m5
 or boys pull on ! ropes & raise ! kite 
frames to ! positions %[n 9 ,figs4 #ha &
 #hh4  ,be c>eful1 :5 rais+ ! frames1 n 
to pull !m too f> s t !y may fall on "s 
unw>y workman4 ,:5 ! frames are once    
erect$ x is an easy matt] to hold !m 9  
place by guy-ropes fa/5$ to /ones1      
/akes1 or trees or held by m5 or boys1  
:ile "s ( ! %ort] braces are fa/5$ to   
hold ! two kite frames toge!r1 z 9 ,fig4
 #ij1 :]e9 y may see ^! %ort braces at !
 top & bottom4 ,next1 ! two o!r long    
/icks1 legs1 or braces 7,g1 ,g1 ,figs4  
#hi & #ij7 %\ld be held tempor>ily 9    
position & ! place m>k$ :]e !y cross ea*
 o!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! p>allelogram :i* %\ld
 be ! same z x is on ! legs ( ! two kite
 frames4 ,! ,g /icks %\ld n[ be la%$    
toge!r at ! cross+ po9t1 z already      

describ$ & %[n by ,figs4 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 
& #hf1 :5 !y may be put up aga9/ !      
sides1 z 9 ,fig4 #hi1 9 :i* diagram ! ,g
 poles are made v d>k & ! kite frames   
indicat$ v lightly s z to bett] %[ _!   
relative positions4 ,la% ! ,g poles at !
 top & at ! o!r po9ts :]e !y cross ! o!r
 braces & secure ! framework by add+    
%ort braces1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ij4    
,fig4 #hh4 ,fig4 #hi4 ,fig4 #ij4 ,fig4  
#ij;,a4  ,illu/ration3 ,details ( sc\t  
signal-t[] or game look\t4  ,if all !   
p>ts are b\nd toge!r ) wire x w hold !m 
m securely ?an nails1 ) no dang] ( !    
poles splitt+4 ,a p]man5t t[] ( ?is k9d 
may be erect$ on :i* a camp may be      
built1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,x may be well
 to note t 9 ! la/ diagram ! t[] is only
 indicat$ by a few l9es ( ! frame 9 ord]
 to simplify x & prev5t confusion caus$ 
by ! multiplicity ( poles4   ,boy-,sc\t 
,t[]  ,if y desire to make a t[] tall]  
?an ! "o describ$ x w\ld be be/1 p]haps1
 to take ! regul> ,boy-,sc\t dim5sions z
 giv5 by ,sc\t-ma/] ,a4 ,g4 ,cl>ke3     

,eight pieces #bb feet long1 ab\t #e or 
#f in*es ?ick at ! base2 #d pieces #f   
feet long1 ab\t #c or #d in*es ?ick at !
 base2 #ab pieces #f feet long1 ab\t #b 
or #c in*es ?ick at base2 #ab or #ae    
pieces = braces & plat=m ab\t #f feet   
long4  ,:5 putt+ toge!r ?is frame x may 
be nail$ or spik$1 b c>e mu/ be us$ n to
 split ! timb] :]e x is nail$4 ,) mo/   
wood ?is may be avoid$ by driv+ ! spikes
 or nails sev]al in*es back ( ! ends ( !
 /icks4 ,to erect a flagpole or a       
wireless pole1 cut ! bottom ( ! pole    
w$ge-%ap$1 fit 9 ! space betwe5 ! cross 
poles1 z 9 ,fig4 #ij ,a1 !n la% x fa/ to
 ! ,b & ,a pole1 &1 to fur!r secure x1  
two o!r /icks may be nail$ to ! ,f      
poles1 "o on ea* side1 betwe5 :i* !     
bottom ( ! flagpole is ?ru/1 z %[n by   
,fig4 #ij ,a4  ,! floor+ ( ! plat=m mu/ 
be securely nail$ or la%$ 9 place1      
o!rwise !re may be "s s]i\s accid5t     
caus$ by ! boys or m5 fall+ ?r\gh1 a    
fall ( ab\t tw5ty & "o half feet accord+
 to ! la/ measurem5ts giv5 = ! frame4   

,an obs]vatory ( ?is k9d w add greatly  
to ! int]e/ ( a m\nta9 home or seaside  
home2 x is a practical t[] = milit>y m5 
to be us$ 9 flag signall+ & = improvis$ 
wireless2 x is also a practical t[] = a 
look\t 9 ! game fields & a delight to ! 
,boy ,sc\ts4     ,,xvi  ,,tree-,,top    
,,h\ses   ,,by ! natural process (      
evolution we h n[ arriv$ at ! tree-top  
h\se4 ,x is int]e/+ to ! writ] to see ! 
popul>ity ( ?is /yle ( an outdoor       
build+1 =1 :ile he _c lay claim to      
orig9at+ x1 he 0 ! fir/ to publi% !     
work+ draw+s ( a tree-h\se4 ,^! plans   
fir/ appe>$ 9 ,h>p]'s ,r\nd ,table2     
aft]w>d he made o!rs = ! ,ladies' ,home 
,j\rnal & lat] publi%$ !m 9 ,! ,jack (  
,all ,trades4  ,hav+ occasion to travel 
across ! cont95t %ortly aft] ! fir/     
plans 7 publi%$1 he 0 amus$ to see all  
along ! r\te1 "h & !re 9 back-y>d       
fruit-trees1 %ade-trees1 & 9 =e/-trees1 
que] little %anties built by ! boys1    
high up among ! b\ghs4  ,9 ord] to build
 a h\se "o mu/ make "o's plans to fit ! 

tree4 ,if x is to be a "o-tree h\se1    
spike on ! trunk two qu>t]$ pieces (    
small log "o on ea* side ( ! trunk      
7,figs4 #ia & #ib74 ,across ^! lay a    
c\ple ( poles & nail !m to ! trunk ( !  
tree 7,fig4 #ia72 !n at "r angles to ^! 
lay ano!r pair ( poles1 z %[n 9 ! "r-h& 
diagram 7,fig4 #ia74 ,nail ^! securely 9
 place & support ! ends ( ! f\r poles by
 braces nail$ to ! trunk ( ! tree bel[4 
,! f\r cross-sills w !n 7,fig4 #ie7 s]ve
 z a f\ndation ^u :i* to beg9 y\r "w4   
,o!r joi/s c n[ be laid across ^! fir/ &
 support$ by braces runn+ diagonally d[n
 to ! trunk ( ! tree1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ie4
 ,aft] ! floor is laid ov] ! joi/ any =m
 ( %ack1 f a rude1 op5 %$ to a          
picturesque ?at*-ro($ cottage1 may be   
erect$ ^u x4 ,x is well to support ! two
 middle raft]s ( y\r ro( by qu>t]$      
pieces ( logs1 z ! middle raft]s are    
support$ 9 ,fig4 #ie2 by qu>t]$ logs %[n
 9 ,fig4 #ib4  ,fig4 #ia4 ,fig4 #ib4    
,fig4 #ic4 ,fig4 #id4 ,fig4 #ie4 ,fig4  
#if4 ,fig4 #ig4  ,illu/ration3 ,details 

( tree-top h\ses4  ,if ! h\se is a      
two-tree h\se1 run y\r cross-sill /icks 
f trunk to trunk1 z 9 ,fig4 #id2 !n make
 two ,t-braces1 l ! "o 9 ,fig4 #id ,a1 (
 two-in* planks ) braces secur$ by iron 
/raps1 or use heavi] timb]1 & bolt !    
p>ts toge!r securely 7,fig4 #ic71 or use
 logs & poles 7,fig4 #id71 aft] :i* hang
 ^! ,t's ov] ! ends ( y\r two cross     
/icks1 z 9 ,fig4 #id1 & spike ! uprights
 ( ! ,t's securely to ! tree trunks4 ,on
 top ( ! ,t y c re/ a two-by-f\r &      
support ! end by diagonals nail$ to !   
tree trunk 7,fig4 #id7 aft] ! mann] ( ! 
diagonals 9 ,fig4 #ie4 ,y w note 9 ,fig4
 #ie t cleats or blocks are spik$ to !  
tree bel[ ! end ( ! diagonals 9 ord] to 
fur!r secure !m4 ,x is sometimes        
necess>y 9 a two-tree h\se to all[ = !  
movem5t ( ! tree trunks4 ,9 ,florida a  
g5tleman did ?is by build+ 8 tree-h\se  
on ! ,b sills 7,fig4 #id7 & mak+ !m     
movable to all[ = ! play ( ! tree       
trunks4 ,fig4 #if %[s a two-tree h\se & 
,fig4 #ig %[s a ?at*-ro($ cottage built 

among ! top bran*es ( a s+le tree4  ,x  
goes )\t say+ t 9 a high w9d "o does n  
want to /ay long 9 a tree-top h\se2 9   
fact1 dur+ "s w9ds t ,i h exp]i5c$ ,i   
w\ld h felt mu* saf] _h ,i be5 9 a      
cyclone cell>2 b if ! braces ( a        
tree-h\se are securely made & ! trees   
select$ h good1 heavy trunks1 y\r       
tree-top h\se w /& all ! ord9>y summ]   
bl[s & w9t] /orms4 ,"o mu/ rememb] t ev5
 "o's own home is n secure en\gh to /&  
"s ( ^? extraord9>y gales1 tornadoes1 & 
hurricanes :i* occasionally visit p>ts (
 our c\ntry4  ,s9ce ,i publi%$ ! fir/   
plans ( a tree-top h\se _m p h adopt$ ! 
idea & built q exp5sive /ructures 9 !   
b\ghs ( ! trees4 ,probably all ^!       
build+s are intact at ! pres5t writ+4   
,! boys at ,lynn1 ,mass41 built a v     
sub/antial h\se 9 ! trees1 & ! truant   
(fic] claim$ t ! lads hid away !re s t  
!y c\ld play hookey f s*ool2 b if ?is is
 true1 & !re seems to be "s d\bt ab\t x1
 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! fault 0 probably 
) ! s*ools & n ! boys1 = boys :o h      

+5uity & grit en\gh to build a          
sub/antial h\se 9 a tree _c be bad boys2
 indu/ry1 skill1 & labori\s "w are n !  
attributes ( ! bad boy4  ,"s ,new ,york 
,city boys built a h\se 9 ! trees at ,"o
 ,hundr$ & ,sixty-n9? ,/reet1 b "h !    
police int]f]$1 claim+ t x 0 aga9/ a    
city ord9ance to build h\ses 9          
%ade-trees1 & maybe x is2 b1 =tunately =
 ! boys1 !re are o!r trees :i* may be   
us$ = ?is purpose4 ,!re is n[1 or 0     
rec5tly1 an int]e/+ tree-h\se on        
,flatbu% ,av5ue1 ,brooklyn2 a h\se s    
commodi\s t x 0 capable ( accommodat+ z 
_m z fifte5 p2 b x 0 n z pretty &       
attractive a tree-h\se z ! "o locat$ at 
! foot ( ,m\nt ,tamalpais1 9 ,mill      
,valley1 ,san ,francisco1 :i* is built  
aft] ! plan %[n by ,fig4 #ie4 ,?is      
,cali=nia h\se is atta*$ to ! trunk ( a 
big r$wood tree & is rea*$ by a         
picturesque bridge spann+ a rocky       
canyon4  ,tree-h\ses are also us$ z     
heal? resorts1 & rec5tly !re 0 a        
g5tleman ( ,pla9field1 ,mass41 liv+ 9 a 

tree-h\se because he f\nd ! pure air    
among ! leaves b5eficial2 :ile d[n 9    
,ecuador ano!r man1 :o fe>$ mal>ial     
mosquitoes & object$ to wild bea/s &    
snakes1 built himself a h\se on top ( an
 ibo-tree1 sev5ty feet f ! gr\nd4 ,?is  
is q a pret5ti\s /ructure & completely  
hides & cov]s ! top ( ! tree4 ,x is     
locat$ on ! banks ( ! ,escondido ,riv]2 
& 9 ?is tropical c\ntry1 :ile x may be a
 safe retreat f ! pe/s enum]at$1 x might
 n be s safe f lightn+ 9 "o ( ^? viol5t 
tropical /orms4 ,b x is probably z safe 
z any h\se 9 t c\ntry1 = "o mu/ take    
*ances no matt] :at k9d ( a h\se "o     
dwells 94  ,primitive & savage m5 all   
ov] ! _w = ?\s&s ( ye>s h built dwell+s 
9 tree tops4 ,9 ! ,philipp9es _m natives
 live 9 tree-top h\ses4 ,! ,k9nik>s1    
hill-tribesm5 ( ,travancore1 ,india1 are
 said to live 9 h\ses built 9 ! trees1 b
 9 ,new ,gu9ea x seems t su* h\ses are  
only provid$ = ! girls1 & e night !     
dusky lassies are s5t to b$ 9 %acks p]*$
 9 ! tree tops2 !n1 to make safety d\bly

 safe1 ! wat*ful p>5ts take away !      
ladd]s & _! daught]s _c rea* ! gr\nd    
until ! ladd]s are replac$ 9 ! morn+4   
,! mo/ important ?+ ab\t all ?is is t a 
tree-h\se is always a s\rce ( delight to
 ! boys & "y p1 &1 fur!rmore1 ! boys h  
ov] & ov] aga9 prov$ to ! satisfaction (
 ! au?or t !y !mselves are p]fectly     
compet5t to build ^! %acks1 & n only to 
build !m b to avoid accid5ts & s]i\s    
falls :ile engag$ 9 ! "w4     ,,xvii    
,,ca*es   ,,! diff]5ce betwe5 tomahawk  
%acks & axe h\ses rem9ds me ( ! diff]5ce
 betwe5 ! ileum & ! jejunum1 ( :i* my   
classmate once said3 ,!re is no way (   
tell+ ! beg9n+ ( "o or ! end+ ( t'o!r   
'cept by ! pale-p9ki% hue ( ! latt]4  ,x
 mu/ be confess$ t "s ( ! %acks describ$
 9 ! prec$+ pages are r /\t & massive to
 be class$ z tomahawk %elt]s1 b1 z      
indicat$ by my ref]5ce to physiology1   
?is is n ! writ]'s fault4 ,! tr\ble is  
ow+ to ! fact t nature abhors ! arbitr>y
 division l9e :i* man loves to make = 8 
own conv5i5ce4 ,! tomahawk %acks        

gradually evolve into axe camps & h\ses 
& !re is no tell+ ! beg9n+ ( "o & ! end 
( t'o!r4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,i say t all !       
previ\s %acks1 %$s1 %elt]s1 & %anties   
are fa%ion$ ) a hat*et1 ! /atem5t mu/ be
 accept$ z true only s f> z x is        
possible to build !m )\t an axe2 b 9    
look+ ov] ! diagram x is evid5t at a    
glance t ! logs are gr[+ s ?ick t !     
necessity ( ! woodman's axe is m & m    
app>5t2 nev]!less1 ! accompany+ ca*es h 
be5 class$ ) ! tomahawk gr\p & we w all[
 !m to rema9 !re4  ,:]ev] man travels 9 
! wild]ness he f9ds x necess>y to       
ca*e--t is1 hide or secure "s ( 8 goods 
or provisions4 ,! security ( ^! ca*es   
7,figs4 #ih-aaa7 is consid]$ sacr$ 9 !  
wilds & !y are n di/urb$ by savages or  
:ites2 b be>s1 foxes1 husky dogs1       
porcup9es1 & wolv]5es are devoid ( any  
consci5ti\s scruples & unless ! ca*e is 
absolutely secure !y w raid x4  ,fig4   
#ih4 ,fig4 #ii4 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,fig4 #aja4 
,fig4 #ajb4 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,fig4 #ajd4     
,fig4 #aje4  ,illu/ration3 ,simple =ms (

 ca*es4  ,! fir/ ca*e 7,fig4 #ih7 is    
call$ ! prospector's ca*e & consi/s     
simply ( a /ick la%$ to two trees &     
ano!r long pole laid across ?is to :i* !
 goods are hung1 sw++ b5ea? l a hammock4
 ,?is ca*e is hung high en\gh to be out 
( rea* ( a /&+ be>4  ,! tripod ca*e     
7,fig4 #ajj7 consi/s ( ?ree poles la%$  
at ! top ) ! goods hung und]nea?4       
,ano!r =m ( ! prospector's ca*e is %[n  
by ,fig4 #ajb1 :]e two poles are us$ 9  
place ( "o & an op5 plat=m ( /icks laid 
across ! poles2 ! goods are plac$ ^u !  
plat=m4  ,! t5d]foot's ca*e 7,fig4 #aje7
 is "o us$ only = tempor>y purposes z x 
is too easily knock$ ov] & w\ld be ( no 
use :]e animals z l>ge z be>s might     
wreck x4 ,x consi/s ( two /icks la%$    
toge!r at _! small ends & ) _! butt ends
 buri$ 9 ! e>?2 _! tops are secur$ by a 
rope to a ne>-by tree :ile ! duffel is  
susp5d$ f ! top ( ! longe/ pole4  ,!    
,monta9ais ca*e is an elevat$ plat=m ^u 
:i* ! goods are plac$ & cov]$ ) sk9s or 
t>paul9 or t5t-clo? 7,fig4 #ii74  ,!    

,&rew ,/one ca*e is a m9iature log cab9 
plac$ on ! gr\nd & ! top cov]$ ) halv$  
logs usually weight$ d[n ) /ones 7,fig4 
#aja74  ,! ,belmore ,br[ne ca*e consi/s 
( a pole or a half ( a log plac$ 9 ! =k 
( ! two trees on top ( :i* ! goods are  
held 9 place by a rope & ! :ole cov]$ ) 
a piece ( canvas la%$ toge!r ) eyelets1 
l a %oe 7,fig4 #ajc74  ,! ,h]s*el ,p>k] 
ca*e is us$ :]e ! articles to be ca*$   
are 9 a box4 ,= ?is ca*e two poles are  
la%$ to two trees1 "o on ea* side ( !   
trees 7,fig4 #ajd71 & across ! two poles
 ! box is plac$4  ,we n[ come to m      
pret5ti\s ca*es1 ! fir/ ( :i* is !      
,susitna1 :i* is a little log cab9 built
 on a table ) f\r long legs4 ,! poles or
 logs compos+ ! legs ( ! table are cut 9
 a peculi> fa%ion1 z %[n 9 ! diagram to 
! left ( ,fig4 #ajg2 ?is is int5d$ to   
prev5t animals f climb+ to ! top2 also1 
z a fur!r protection1 pieces ( t9 are   
sometimes tack$ ar\nd ! poles s z to    
give no foo?old to ! claws ( ! little   
animals4  ,fig4 #ajf %[s two o!r me?ods 

sometimes adopt$ to protect small ca*es 
& ,fig4 #ajh is /ill ano!r me?od ( us+  
logs :i* h ! roots /ill atta*$ to !m =  
supports4 ,su* logs c be us$ :]e ! gr\nd
 is too /ony to dig holes = po/s4  ,fig4
 #aji %[s ano!r =m ( ! ,susitna ca*e    
:]e9 ! goods are pack$ 9 a box-l        
/ructure & cov]$ ) t5t-clo? tightly la%$
 d[n4  ,! ,dillon ,wallace ca*e 7,fig4  
#aaj7 is simply a t5t erect$ ov] ! goods
 & p]*$ on an elevat$ plat=m4  ,! ,fr$  
,vreel& ca*e is a good1 solid1 practical
 /oreh\se4 ,x is built ( small logs on a
 plat=m1 z %[n by ,fig4 #aaa1 & ! bottom
 ( ! build+ is small] ?an x is at !     
eaves4 ,x is cov]$ ) a high ?at*$ ro( & 
is ornam5tal z well z useful4  ,fig4    
#ajf4 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,fig4     
#aji4 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,fig4 #aaa4           
,illu/ration3 ,cab9 ca*es4  ,^! ca*es   
might really belong to a book (         
woodcraft1 b x is ano!r case ( ! ileum &
 jejunum1 & we w rule t !y te*nically   
come "u ! head ( %acks1 %$s1 %elt]s1 &  
%anties & s are includ$ 9 ?is volume2 b 

!re is ano!r & a v good reason = publi%+
 !m 9 ?is book1 & t is because "s ( !m1 
l ,figs4 #ajg & #aaa1 sugge/ novel =ms (
 ornam5tal h\ses on c\ntry e/ates1 h\ses
 :i* may be us$ = corn-cribs or o!r     
/orage or1 l ! tree-top h\ses1 us$ =    
pleasure & amusem5t4     ,,xviii  ,,h[  
,,to ,,use ,,an ,,axe   ,,! old         
backwoodsm5 7 z exp]t ) _! axes z !y 7 )
 _! rifles & !y 7 j z c>eful 9 !        
selection ( ^! tools z !y 7 9 !         
selection ( _! arms4 ,_m a "t ,i h se5  
!m pick up a /ore axe1 sight along !    
h&le1 & !n ca/ x contemptu\sly aside2 !y
 dem&$ ( _! axes t ! cutt+ edge %\ld be 
exactly 9 l9e ) ! po9t 9 ! c5tre ( !    
butt end ( ! h&le4 ,!y also kept _! axes
 s %>p t !y c\ld :ittle ) !m l "o c ) a 
good jack-knife2 fur!rmore1 !y all[$ no 
"o b !mselves to use _! own p>ticul>    
axe4 ,9 my log h\se 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,pike 
,c\nty1 ,pa41 ,i h a table fa%ion$      
entirely ) an axe2 ev5 ! ends ( ! bo>ds 
:i* =m ! top ( ! table 7 cut (f by      
,siley ,ros5cranz ) 8 tru/y axe because 

he _h no saw4  ,bo? ,g5]al ,grant &     
,abraham ,l9coln 7 exp]t axem51 &       
probably a numb] ( o!r ,presid5ts 7 also
 skilful 9 ! use ( ?is tool2 b x is n   
expect$ t ! mod]n vacation pione] %all  
be an exp]t1 consequ5tly a few simple   
rules & sugge/ions w be "h giv5 to guide
 ! amateur & he mu/ dep5d ^u 8 own      
judgm5t & common s5se to "w out ! m9or  
problems :i* w beset him 9 ! use ( ?is  
tool4   ,dang]s  ,all edg$ tools are    
dang]\s :5 9 ! h&s ( *umps1 dang]\s to  
!mselves & to any "o else :o is ne> !m4 
,= in/ance1 only a *ump w use an axe :5 
its head is loose & is 9 dang] ( fly+ (f
 ! h&le2 only a *ump w use 8 be/ axe to 
cut roots or /icks ly+ flat on ! gr\nd  
:]e he is liable to /rike /ones & o!r   
objects & take ! edge (f ! blade4 ,only 
a *ump w leave an axe ly+ ar\nd on !    
gr\nd = p to /umble ov]2 if !re is a    
/ump h&y at y\r camp & y are ?r\gh us+ !
 axe1 /rike ! blade into ! top ( ! /ump 
& leave ! axe /ick+ !re1 :]e x w be safe
 f injury4  ,rememb]1 be=e *opp+ d[n a  

tree or be=e us+ ! axe at all1 to see t 
!re is en\gh space above & ar\nd y to   
enable y to sw+ ! axe cle> 7,fig4 #aab7 
)\t ! dang] ( /rik+ bu%es or ov]hang+   
bran*es :i* may deflect ! blade & cause 
accid5ts m or less s]i\s4  ,d n /& beh9d
 a tree z x falls 7,fig4 #aae71 = !     
b\ghs may /rike ^? ( a /&+ tree1 caus+ !
 butt to %oot back or kick1 & _m a      
woodsman has lo/ 8 life f ! kick ( a    
fall+ tree4 ,be=e *opp+ a tree d[n1     
select ! place :]e x is to fall1 a place
 :]e x w n be liable to lodge 9 ano!r   
tree on its way d[n4 ,d n try to fell a 
tree aga9/ ! w9d4  ,cut a not* on ! side
 ( ! tree fac+ ! direction y wi% x to   
fall 7,fig4 #aac7 & cut x half-way ?r\gh
 ! trunk4 ,make ! not*1 or k]f1 l>ge    
en\gh to avoid p9*+ y\r axe 9 x4 ,if y  
discov] t ! not* is go+ to be too small1
 cut a new not*1 ,x 7,fig4 #aaf71 "s    
in*es above y\r fir/ "o1 !n split (f !  
piece ,x1 ,y betwe5 ! two not*es1 & aga9
 make ! not* ,x1 ,z1 & split (f ! piece 
,z1 ,w1 ,y 7,fig4 #aaf71 until y make   

room = ! axe to cont9ue y\r *opp+4 ,:5 !
 fir/ k]f is f9i%$ beg9 ano!r "o on !   
opposite side ( ! tree a little high]   
?an ! fir/ "o 7,fig4 #aad74 ,:5 ! wood  
betwe5 ! two not*es becomes too small to
 support ! weight ( ! tree1 ! top ( !   
tree w beg9 to tremble & wav] & give y  
pl5ty ( "t to /ep to "o side be=e x     
falls4  ,fig4 #aab4 ,fig4 #aac4 ,fig4   
#aad4 ,fig4 #aae4 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,fig4     
#aag4 ,fig4 #aah4  ,illu/ration3 ,h[ to 
fall a tree & h[ to take (f ! b>k4  ,if 
! tree 7,fig4 #aag7 is incl9$ 9 !       
opposite direction f :i* y wi% x to     
fall1 x is sometimes possible 7,fig4    
#aag7 to block up ! k]f on ! incl9$ side
 & !n by driv+ ! w$ge ov] ! block =ce ! 
tree to fall 9 ! direction desir$2 b if 
! tree incl9es too f> ?is _c be done4   
,!re 0 a *e/nut-tree /&+ close to my log
 h\se & lean+ t[>d ! build+4 ,"u ord9>y 
circum/ances fell+ ?is tree w\ld cause x
 to /rike ! h\se ) all ! weight ( its   
trunk & bran*es4 ,:5 ,i told ,siley     
,ros5cranz ,i want$ t tree cut d[n he   

sight$ up ! tree1 took a *ew ( tobacco1 
& walk$ away4 ,= sev]al days he w5t     
?r\gh ! same p]=mance1 until at la/ "o  
day he br\ght out 8 tru/y axe & made !  
*ips fly4 ,soon ! *e/nut 0 ly+ prone on 
! gr\nd po9t+ away f ! h\se4 ,:at ?is   
old backwoodsman did 0 to wait until a  
/rong w9d _h sprung up1 bl[+ 9 !        
direction t he want$ ! tree to fall1 & 8
 skilful *opp+ ) ! aid ( ! w9d plac$ !  
tree exactly :]e he wi%$ x4  ,fig4 #aah 
%[s h[ to make ! cuts on a /&+ tree 9   
ord] to remove ! b>k1 :i* is done 9 !   
same mann] z t describ$ = remov+ ! bir* 
b>k 7,fig4 #ch74     ,,xix  ,,h[ ,,to   
,,split ,,logs1 ,,make ,,%akes1         
,,splits1 ,,or ,,clapbo>ds4 ,,h[ ,,to   
,,*op ,a ,,log ,,9 ,,half4 ,,h[ ,,to    
,,flatt5 ,a ,,log4 ,,also ,,"s          
,,don',,ts   ,,logs are usually split by
 ! use ( w$ges1 b x is possible to split
 !m by ! use ( two axes4 ,fig4 #aai %[s 
bo? me?ods4 ,to split ) ! axe1 /rike x  
sm>tly into ! wood at ! small end s z to
 />t a crack1 !n s9k ! axe 9 ! crack1   

,a4 ,next take ! second axe & /rike x 9 
l9e ) ! fir/ "o at ,b4 ,if ?is is done  
prop]ly x %\ld op5 ! crack wide en\gh to
 release ! fir/ axe )\t tr\ble1 :i* may 
!n be /ruck 9 ! log at ,c4 ,9 ?is mann] 
x is possible to split a /raight-gra9$  
piece ( timb] )\t ! use ( w$ges4 ,! fir/
 axe %\ld be /ruck 9 at ! small] or top 
end ( ! log4 ,to split a log ) w$ges1   
take y\r axe 9 y\r left h& & a club 9   
y\r "r h& &1 by hamm]+ ! head ( y\r axe 
) ! club1 drive ! blade into ! small end
 ( ! log f> en\gh to make a crack deep  
en\gh to hold ! ?9 edge ( y\r w$ges4    
,make ?is crack all ! way across ! end (
 ! log1 z 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,put two w$ges 9
 ! end ( ! log1 z 9 ! diagram1 & drive  
!m until ! wood beg9s to split & crack  
along ! sides ( ! log2 !n foll[ up ?is  
crack ) o!r w$ges1 z %[n at ,d & ,e1    
until ! log is split 9 half4  ,:ile     
ord9>y wood splits easily en\gh ) !     
gra91 x is v difficult to drive an axe  
?r\gh ! wood at "r angles to ! gra91 z  
%[n by diagram to ! left 7,fig4 #abj72  

h5ce1 if ! amateur be *opp+ wood1 if he 
w /rike a slant+ bl[1 l ! "o to ! "r 9  
,fig4 #abj1 he w discov] t ! blade ( 8  
axe w ent] ! wood2 :]eas1 9 ! fir/      
position1 :]e he /rikes ! gra9 at "r    
angles1 x w only make a d5t 9 ! wood &  
b\nce ! axe back2 b 9 /rik+ a diagonal  
bl[ he mu/ use c>e n to slant 8 axe too 
f> or ! blade ( ! axe may only scoop out
 a %all[ *ip & sw+ ar\nd1 s]i\sly injur+
 ! axeman or "s "o else4  ,if x is      
desir$ to cut (f ! limb ( a tree1 d n   
disfigure ! tree by te>+ ! b>k d[n2     
trees are becom+ too sc>ce = u to injure
 !m unnecess>ily2 if y cut "p way ?r\gh 
! limb on ! "u-side 7see ! "r-h&        
diagram1 ,fig4 #aba7 & !n cut p>tly     
?r\gh f ! top side1 ! limb w fall (f )\t
 te>+ ! b>k d[n ! trunk2 b if y cut only
 f ! top 7see left-h& diagram1 ,fig4    
#aba71 soon] or lat] ! weight ( ! limb w
 te> x (f & make an ugly w\nd d[n !     
front ( ! tree1 :i* 9 "t decays1 makes a
 holl[1 & ultimately de/roys ! tree4 ,a 
neatly cut bran*1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! /ub 

has be5 %e>$ (f close to ! b>k1 w heal  
up1 leav+ only an eye-m>k on ! b>k to   
tell :]e ! limb once grew4  ,if x is    
desir$ to *op a log up into %ort]       
pieces1 rememb] to /& on ! log to d y\r 
*opp+1 z 9 ,fig4 #abb4 ,?is w d away ) !
 necessity ( roll+ ! log ov] :5 y want  
to *op on ! o!r side4 ,d n =get to make 
! k]f1 or not*1 ,c1 ,d ! same z ,a1 ,b2 
9 o!r words1 ! di/ance across ! not*    
%\ld equal ! diamet] ( ! log4 ,if y />t 
) too n>r[ a k]f1 or not*1 be=e y f9i% y
 w be compell$ to wid5 x4  ,fig4 #aai4  
,fig4 #abj4 ,fig4 #aba4 ,fig4 #abb4     
,fig4 #abc4 ,fig4 #abd4 ,fig4 #abe4     
,fig4 #abf4 ,fig4 #abg4 ,fig4 #abh4     
,fig4 #abi4 ,fig4 #acj4 ,fig4 #aca4     
,fig4 #aca;,a4  ,fig4 #aca;,b4          
,illu/ration3 ,h[ to split a log1 *op a 
log1 flatt5 a log1 & trim a tree4  ,to  
flatt5 a log y mu/ score & hew x4 ,scor+
 consi/s 9 mak+ a numb] ( not*es1 ,c1   
,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,j1 etc41 to ! dep? 
( ! l9e ,a1 ,b 7,figs4 #abc & #abd72    
hew+ x is ! act ( *opp+ (f or splitt+ (f

 ! pieces ,a1 ,c & ,c1 ,d & ,d1 ,e1     
etc41 leav+ ! surface flat1 z %[n by    
,fig4 #abe1 :i* 0 kn[n among ! pione]s z
 a pun*eon & ) :i* !y floor$ _! cab9s   
be=e ! adv5t ( ! saw-mill & mill$ lumb]4
  ,p]haps x w be advisable = ! amateur  
to take a *alk-l9e & snap x f ,a to ,b  
7,fig4 #abc71 s t he may be c]ta9 to h !
 flat surface level4 ,! exp]t axeman w d
 ?is by :at he calls s5siation4 ,x might
 be well to say "h t if y select =      
pun*eons wood ) a /raight gra9 & wood t 
w split easily y w simplify y\r task1 b 
ev5 mean1 /ubborn wood may be flatt5$ by
 scor+ & hew+4 ,quot+ f ,horace         
,keph>t's excell5t book on woodcraft1 an
 exp]i5c$ man c tell a /raight-gra9$ log
 by m]ely scann+ ! b>k2 if ! ridges &   
furr[s ( ! b>k run /raight up & d[n !   
wood w h a correspond+ /raight gra91 b  
if !y are spiral ! wood w split waney or
 n at all4 ,waney is a good ^w1 almo/ z 
good z s5siation2 s :5 y try to qu>t] a 
log ) :i* to *9k y\r cab9 or log h\se   
don't select a waney log4 ,to qu>t] a   

log split x z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aai & split x
 along ! dott$ l9es %[n 9 ! end view (  
,fig4 #abf4  ,9 ! ,ma9e woods ! woodsm5 
are adepts 9 mak+ %akes1 splits1        
clapbo>ds1 or %+les by ! use ( only an  
axe & splitt+ !m out ( ! billets ( wood 
f f\r to six feet long4 ,! core ( ! log 
7,fig4 #acj7 is fir/ cut out & !n !     
pieces are split out1 hav+ w$ge-%ap$    
edges1 z %[n by ! l9es m>k$ on ,fig4    
#abg4 ,!y also split out bo>ds aft] !   
mann] %[n by ,fig4 #abh4 ,9 mak+ ei!r ! 
bo>ds or ! %akes1 if x is f\nd t ! wood 
spl9t]s d[n into ! body ( ! log too f>  
or into ! bo>d or %ake too f>1 y mu/    
comm5ce at ! o!r end ( ! billet or log &
 split x up to meet ! fir/ split1 or    
take hold ( ! split or bo>d ) y\r h&s & 
deftly te> x f ! log1 an art :i* only   
exp]i5ce c tea*4 ,i h se5 two-/ory h\ses
 compos$ ( no?+ b a framework ) sides & 
ro( %+l$ ov] ) ^! splits4 ,9 ! ,we/ !y  
call ^! %ake cab9s4  ,x may be wise be=e
 we close ?is axeman's talk to caution !
 read] aga9/ *opp+ firewood by re/+ "o  

end ( ! /ick to be cut on a log & ! o!r 
end on ! gr\nd1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aca1 & !n
 /rik+ ?is /ick a %>p bl[ ) ! axe 9 !   
middle4 ,! effect ( ?is (t5 is to s5d ! 
brok5 piece or fragm5t gyrat+ ?r\gh !   
air1 z is %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 & _m a   
wood*opp] has lo/ an eye f a bl[        
inflict$ by "o ( ^! fly+ pieces2 inde$1 
,i h _h "s ( my fri5ds meet ) ?is s]i\s 
& pa9ful accid5t f ! same cause1 & ,i h 
se5 m5 9 ! lumb] fields :o h be5 bl9d$ 9
 a simil> mann]4  ,!re are two sorts (  
axes 9 g5]al use among ! lumb]m52 b !   
d\ble-bitt$ axe 7#aca ,a7 appe>s to be !
 mo/ popul> among lumb]jacks4 ,my       
read]s1 h[ev]1 are n lumb]jacks b       
camp]s1 & a d\ble-bitt$ axe is a        
nuisance ar\nd camps4 ,x is always      
dang]\s & ev5 :5 "o blade is sunk into !
 tree ! o!r blade is /ick+ out1 a m5ace 
to ev]ybody & ev]y?+ t comes ne> x4 ,b !
 real old-fa%ion$ reliable axe 7#aca ,b7
 is ! "o t is exce$+ly useful 9 a camp1 
ar\nd a c\ntry place1 or a f>m4 ,i ev5 h
 "o n[ 9 my /udio closet "h 9 ! city (  

,new ,york1 b ,i keep x m = s5tim5t's   
sake ?an = any real use x may be to me  
"h4     ,,xx  ,,axem5',s ,,camps   ,!   
,/efansson ,sod ,%ack  ,,n[ t we "k h[  
to wield ! axe we c beg9 on m ambiti\s  
/ructures ?an ^? prec$+4 ,we may n[     
build camps 9 :i* we use logs in/ead (  
poles4 ,mo/ ( ^! camps are int5d$ to be 
cov]$ ) sod or e>? & are ne>ly relat$ to
 ! old prairie dug\t4 ,! sod h\se is us$
 9 ! arctic regions because x is w>m    
inside1 & x is us$ 9 ! arid regions     
because x is cool inside4 ,y w note t ! 
pr9ciple on :i* ! ,/efansson is         
con/ruct$ 7,fig4 #ace7 is practically ! 
same z t ( ! ,pontiac 7,fig4 #cf72 !    
,/efansson frame1 h[ev]1 is made ( l>g] 
timb]s ?an ! ,pontiac because x n only  
mu/ support a ro( & side ( logs & sod b 
mu/ also be able to su/a9 any quantity (
 sn[4  ,fir/ erect two =k$ upright /icks
 7,fig4 #acb71 & !n /eady !m by two     
braces4 ,next lay f\r m logs or /icks = 
! side-plates ) _! butt ends on !       
ridge-pole & _! small ends on ! gr\nd z 

9 ,fig4 #acc4 ,support ^! logs by a     
numb] ( small uprights--z _m z may be   
necess>y = ! purpose4 ,! uprights may h 
=ks at ! top or h ! top ends cut        
w$ge-%ap$ to fit 9 not*es made = t      
purpose 9 ! side-plates z %[n by ,fig4  
#acc ,a4 ,! %orte/ uprights at ! end ( !
 ro( %\ld be =k$ s t ! project+ =k w t5d
 to keep ! ro( logs f slid+ d[n4 ,! ro( 
is made by a numb] ( /raight raft]s     
plac$ "o ) ! butt 9 front1 next ) ! butt
 9 ! re> alt]nately1 s t !y w fit snugly
 toge!r until ! :ole ro( is cov]$4 ,!   
sides are made by sett+ a numb] ( /icks 
9 a tr5* & slant+ !m aga9/ ! ro(2 bo?   
sides1 front1 & re> ( ! build+ %\ld     
project six in*es above ! ro( 9 ord] to 
hold ! sod & dirt & keep x f slid+ (f4  
,fig4 #acb4 ,fig4 #acc4 ,fig4 #acc;,a   
,fig4 #acd4 ,fig4 #ace4  ,illu/ration3  
,details ( ! ,/efansson sod %ack4  ,up 9
 ! nor? c\ntry "o mu/ n expect to f9d   
gre51 closely cropp$ lawns or ev5 gre5  
fields ( wild sod 9 all places4 ,al?\gh 
9 "s p>ts ! grass gr[s tall] ?an a man's

 head1 9 o!r places ! sod is only call$ 
s by c\rtesy2 x really consi/s ( scraggy
 grass ?9ly di/ribut$ on gravelly & s&y1
 loose soil1 & consequ5tly we mu/ secure
 ! sod by hav+ ! walls project a little 
above ! raft]s all ar\nd ! build+4 ,(   
c\rse1 9 summ] wea!r ?is ro( w leak1 b  
!n "o may live 9 a t5t2 b :5 cold wea!r 
comes & ! sod is froz5 h>d & bank$ up ) 
sn[ ! ,/efansson makes a good1 w>m      
dwell+4  ,! same /yle ( a camp c be made
 9 ! temp]ate zone ( small] trees & %+l$
 ) br[se1 or 9 ! ,s\? ( cane or bamboo &
 %+l$ ) palmetto leaves1 or 9 ! ,s\?we/ 
( cottonwood :]e x may be cov]$ ) adobe 
or mud4 ,fig4 #acd %[s a ,/efansson %ack
 ro($ ) sod4 ,! front is left uncov]$ to
 %[ its con/ruction & also to %[ h[ !   
doorway is made by simply leav+ an op5+ 
l t 9 a t5t4 ,9 w9t] ?is may h a hallway
 built l ! "o describ$ 9 ! ,navajo e>?  
lodge 7,fig4 #ce7 or 9 ! ,pawnee hogan  
7,figs4 #db & #dc71 & 9 mild] wea!r !   
doorway may be protect$ ) a sk94 ,an    
op5+ is left 9 ! ro( ov] ! fireplace1   

:i* answ]s ! purpose ( a *imney4  ,!    
au?or aims to take h9ts f all !         
primitive dwell+s :i* may be ( s]vice to
 outdoor p2 ! la/ "o describ$ 0         
arbitr>ily nam$ ! ,/efansson because t  
explor] built himself su* %elt]s 9 ! f> 
,nor?1 b he did n inv5t !m4 ,he borr[$ !
 g5]al plan f ! natives ( ! nor!rn      
c\ntry & adapt$ x to 8 use1 !reby plac+ 
! (ficial /amp on ?is %ack z a useful   
build+ = outdoor p &1 consequ5tly1 z    
des]v+ a place 9 ?is book4     ,,xxi    
,,railroad-,,tie ,,%acks1 ,,b>rel       
,,%acks1 ,,& ,,*imehuevis   ,,no obs]v+ 
p]son has travell$ f> ^u ! ,am]ican     
railroads )\t notic+1 alongside !       
tracks1 ! que] little h\ses built (     
railroad ties by ,italian labor]s4 ,^!  
%acks are kn[n by ! "n ( dagoes 7,fig4  
#acf7 & are made 9 diff]5t =ms1 accord+ 
to ! +5uity ( ! build]4 ,! simple/ =m is
 ! t5t-%ap$ %[n 9 ,fig4 #acf1 ) ! ends (
 ! ties re/$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a t5t & )  
no o!r support b _! own weight 7see !   
diagram to ! "r1 ,fig4 #acf74 ,i w\ld n 

advise boys to build ?is /yle1 because x
 might make a trap to fall 9 ^u !m )    
s]i\s results1 b if !y use a ridge-pole 
l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #aci & aga9/ x re/ ! 
ties !y w d away ) ! dang] ( be+ caught 
9 a deadfall trap4 ,( c\rse1 x is       
und]/ood t ! ridge-pole itself mu/ fir/ 
be secure4  ,railroad ties be+ flat     
7,fig4 #acg71 !y may be built up into   
solid walls 7,fig4 #acg7 & make neat    
sides = a little h\se2 or !y may be set 
up on edge 7,fig4 #ach7 & secur$ 9 place
 by /akes driv5 ^u ea* side ( !m2 or !y 
may be made into ! =m ( an op5          
,adirondack camp 7,figs4 #aci & #adj7 by
 re/+ ! ties on a ridge-pole support$ by
 a pair ( %e>s at ea* end2 ! %e>s1 z y w
 obs]ve1 consi/ ( two /icks b\nd toge!r 
ne> ! top & !n spread ap>t to receive ! 
ridge-pole 9 ! crot*4  ,fig4 #acf4 ,fig4
 #acg4 ,fig4 #ach4 ,fig4 #aci4 ,fig4    
#adj4 ,fig4 #ada4 ,fig4 #adb4 ,fig4     
#adc4  ,illu/ration3 ,railroad-tie      
%acks1 b>rel %ack1 & a ,*imehuevis4     
,all ( ^! /ructures are usually cov]$ ) 

dirt & sod1 & !y make v com=table little
 camps4  ,9 ! ,s\?we/ a simple %elt]1 ! 
,*imehuevis1 is made by enclos+ a room 9
 upright poles 7,fig4 #ada7 & !n        
surr\nd+ x ) a circle ( poles support+ a
 log or pole ro( cov]$ ) sod1 mak+ a    
good camp = hot wea!r4  ,fig4 #adb %[s a
 b>rel dug\t4 ,x is made by digg+ a     
place = x 9 ! bank &1 aft] ! floor is   
levell$ (f1 sett+ r[s ( b>rels ar\nd !  
f\ndation1 fill+ ^! b>rels ) s&1 gravel1
 or dirt1 !n plac+ ano!r r[ on top ( !  
fir/1 leav+ spaces = a w9d[ & a door1   
aft] :i* ! walls are ro($ ) logs & cov]$
 ) sod1 9 ! same mann] z ! ones         
previ\sly describ$4 ,! dirt is next     
fill$ ar\nd ! sides1 except at ! w9d[   
op5+1 z %[n by ,fig4 #adb4 ,a b>rel also
 does duty z a *imney4  ,%acks l ?is are
 us$ by home/ead]s1 m9]s1 trapp]s1 &    
hunt]s2 9 fact1 ^! p use any sort (     
mat]ial !y h at h&4 ,:5 a m9+-camp is   
ne> by ! freight wagons are con/antly   
br++ 9 supplies1 & ^! supplies are done 
up 9 packages ( "s k9d4 ,bo>ds are      

frequ5tly wor? m a y>d ?an silk1 or 7 9 
! old5 days1 & s ! home build]s us$ o!r 
mat]ial4 ,!y built !mselves h\ses (     
disc>d$ be] bottles1 ( k]os5e cans1 (   
pack+-boxes1 ( any & e ?+4 ,usually ^!  
h\ses 7 dug\ts1 z is ! b>rel "o %[n 9   
,fig4 #adb4 ,9 ! big-tree c\ntry !y n   
infrequ5tly made a h\se ( a holl[ /ump (
 a l>ge r$wood1 & "o /one-mason holl[$  
out a huge b[ld] = 8 dwell+2 b su* %acks
 belong among ! freak %elt]s4 ,! b>rel  
"o1 h[ev]1 be+ ! m practical & "o t c be
 us$ almo/ any:]e :]e timb] is sc>ce b  
:]e goods are transport$ 9 b>rels1      
des]ves a place "h among our %acks1     
%elt]s1 & %anties4     ,,xxii  ,,!      
,,b>ab>a   ,,! h\ses along ! coa/ ( !   
,b]+ ,sea are call$ b>ab>as1 b ! ones t 
we are go+ to build n[ are 9 =m almo/   
id5tical ) ! ,pawnee hogan 7,figs4 #db &
 #dc71 ! real diff]5ce be+ 9 ! peculi>  
log "w ( ! b>ab>a 9 place ( ! teepee-l  
raft]s ( ! said hogan4  ,to build a     
b>ab>a y w ne$ eight %ort po/s = !      
outside wall & six or eight long] po/s =

 ! inside supports 7,fig4 #ade74 ,!     
outside po/s %\ld /& ab\t ?ree feet     
above ! gr\nd aft] !y h be5 plant$ 9 !  
holes dug = ! purpose4 ,! top ( ! po/s  
%\ld be cut w$ge-%ap$1 z %[n by ,fig4   
#add1 9 ord] to fit 9 ! not* ,b 7,fig4  
#add74 ,! cross logs1 :]e !y cross ea*  
o!r1 %\ld be not*$ l ^? ( a log cab9    
7,figs4 #afb & #afe7 or flatt5$ at !    
po9ts ( contact4  ,plant y\r fir/ f\r   
po/s = ! front ( y\r b>ab>a 9 a l9e1 two
 po/s = ! corn]s ,b & ,e 7,fig4 #ade    
,a71 & two at ! middle ( ! l9e ,c & ,d =
 door-jambs 7plan1 ,fig4 #ade ,a74 ,!   
tops ( ^! po/s %\ld be level ) ea* o!r s
 t if a /raight log is plac$ ov] !m !   
log w lie level4 ,next plant ! two      
side-po/s ,f & ,g 7,fig4 #ade ,a7 at    
equal di/ances f ! two front po/s & make
 !m a few feet f>!r ap>t ?an are ! front
 po/s4 ,! sket* ( ! framework is drawn 9
 v /eep p]spective1 t is1 x is made z if
 ! spectator 0 on a hill look+ d[n ^u x4
 ,x is drawn 9 ?is mann] s z to bett] %[
 ! con/ruction1 b ! location ( ! po/s   

may be se5 9 ! small plan4 ,next set !  
two back po/s1 ,h & ,k1 & place !m mu*  
clos] toge!r1 s t ! bottom frame :5 !   
rails are on ! po/ w be v ne> ! %ape ( a
 boy's hexagonal kite4  ,fig4 #add4     
,fig4 #ade4 ,fig4 #ade;,a4 ,fig4 #adf4  
,fig4 #adg4 ,fig4 #adh4  ,illu/ration3  
,! details ( a ,b>ab>a4  ,inside erect  
ano!r set ( po/s1 sett+ ea* "o opposite 
! outside ones & ab\t a foot & a half or
 two feet f>!r 91 or maybe less di/ance1
 accord+ to ! mat]ial "o is us+4 ,next  
set "s po/s = ! hallway or entrance1 :i*
 w be ! door-jambs1 & y are ready to    
build up ! log ro(4 ,d ?is by fir/ sett+
 ! rail securely on ! two side-po/s on !
 "r & left ( ! build+2 !n secure ! back 
plate on ! two back po/s at ! re> ( !   
build+1 next re/+ a long log ov] ! side 
rails at ! front ( ! build+4 ,!         
door-po/s1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be en\gh tall]  
?an ! two end po/s to all[ = ! ?ickness 
( ! log1 s t ! front log w re/ ^u _!    
top4 ,next put y\r two corn] logs on1 & 
y\r outside rail is complete4 ,build !  

inside rail 9 ! same mann]2 !n cont9ue  
to build up ) ! logs z %[n 9 ! diagram  
until y h a frame l t 9 ,fig4 #ade4     
,fig4 #adg %[s ! inside ( ! h\se & ! l[ 
doorway1 & ,fig4 #adh %[s ! slant+      
walls4 ,?is frame is suppos$ to be cov]$
 ) splits or %akes 7,figs4 #adg & #adh71
 b1 z 9 all pione] /ructures1 if %akes1 
splits1 & clapbo>ds are unobta9able1 use
 ! mat]ial at h&--bir* b>k1 spruce b>k1 
t> pap]1 old t9 ro(+1 t5t-clo?1 or      
/icks1 bru%1 f]ns1 we$s1 or r\nd /icks1 
to cov] x z y did ) ! ,pawnee hogan     
7,figs4 #db & #dc74 ,!n cov] x ) br[se1 
or ?at* x ) hay or /raw & hold ! ?at* 9 
place ) poles or /icks1 z %[n 9 ,fig4   
#adf4 ,! b>ab>a may also be cov]$ ) e>?1
 sod1 or mud4  ,?is sort ( a h\se1 if   
built ) planks or bo>ds nail$ securely  
to ! raft]s & cov]$ ) e>? & sod1 w make 
a spl5did cave h\se = boys & a playh\se 
= *ildr5 on ! lawn1 & x may be cov]$ )  
gre5 gr[+ sod s z to h ! appe>ance ( an 
ornam5tal m\nd4 ,! in/9ct ( !           
cave-dwell] is deeply implant$ 9 ! he>ts

 ( boys1 & e ye> we h a li/ ( fatal     
accid5ts caus$ by ! little fell[s digg+ 
caves 9 s&-banks or banks ( gravel :i*  
frequ5tly fall 9 & bury ! little        
troglodytes1 b !y w be safe 9 a b>ab>a4 
,! %ack is v5tilat$ by a *imney hole 9 !
 ro( z %[n by ,fig4 #adf4 ,?is hole %\ld
 be protect$ 9 a playh\se4 ,! framework 
is a good "o to use 9 all p>ts ( !      
c\ntry = m or less p]man5t camps1 b !   
long entrance & l[ doorway are          
unnecess>y except 9 a cold climate or to
 add to ! my/]y ( ! cave h\se = *ildr54 
,x is a good =m = a dug\t = a root h\se 
or cyclone cell>4     ,,xxiii  ,,!      
,,navajo ,,hogan1 ,,hornaday ,,dug\t1   
,,& ,,sod ,,h\se   ,,if ! read] has ev] 
built little log-cab9 traps he kn[s j h[
 to build a ,navajo hogan or at lea/ !  
p>ticul> ,navajo hogan %[n by ,figs4    
#adh & #aej4 ,?is "o is six-sid$ & may  
be improv$ by not*+ ! logs 7,figs4 #afb1
 #afd1 #afe7 & build+ !m up "o on top ( 
! o!r1 dome-%ap$1 to ! requir$ height4  
,aft] lay+ "s raft]s = ! ro( & leav+ a  

hole = ! *imney ! frame is complete4 ,9 
hot c\ntries no *imney hole is left 9 ! 
ro(1 because ! p !re d n build fires    
inside ! h\se2 !y g indoors to keep cool
 & n to get w>m2 b ! ,navajo hogan also 
makes a good cold-c\ntry h\se 9 places  
:]e p really ne$ a fire4 ,make ! doorway
 by leav+ an op5+ 7,fig4 #aej7 & *9k+ ! 
logs along ! op5+ to hold !m 9 place    
until ! door-jamb is nail$ or pegg$ to  
!m1 & !n build a %$ entranceway 7,fig4  
#aec71 :i* is necess>y because ! slant+ 
sides ( ! h\se ) an unro($ doorway h no 
protection aga9/ ! free entrance ( du/ &
 ra9 or sn[1 & e section ( ?is c\ntry is
 subject to visits f "o ( ^! elem5ts4 ,!
 h\se is cov]$ ) bru%1 br[se1 or sod4   
,log ,dug\t  ,fig4 #aeb %[s h[ to make a
 log dug\t by build+ ! walls ( ! log    
cab9 9 a level place dug = x 9 ! bank4  
,among ! log cab9s prop] 7,figs4 #afb & 
#aff7 we tell h[ to not* ! logs = ?is   
purpose4  ,fig4 #adi4 ,fig4 #aej4 ,fig4 
#aea4 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,fig4 #aec4 ,fig4     
#aed4  ,illu/ration3 ,=ms ( dug\ts &    

m\nd %acks4  ,fig4 #aea %[s "o ( ^! log 
dug\ts :i* ,i h nam$ ! ,hornaday f !    
fact t ,doctor ,william ,hornaday happ5s
 to be sitt+ 9 front ( ! "o repres5t$ 9 
! sket*4 ,fig4 #aed %[s a dug\t ) walls 
made ( sod :i* is pil$ up l /ones 9 a   
/one wall4 ,! ro(s ( all ^! are v flat &
 made ( logs 7,figs4 #ed1 #ee1 & #ef71  
(t5 ) a log pegg$ to ! raft]s above !   
eaves to hold ! sod4 ,all su* h\ses are 
good 9 dry c\ntries1 cold c\ntries1 &   
c\ntries frequ5t$ by tornadoes or by    
w9ds sev]e en\gh to bl[ d[n ord9>y      
camps4  ,! ,navajo hogan is an easy sort
 ( a h\se = boys to build because ! lads
 may use small poles 9 place ( logs )   
:i* to build ! camp & ?us make ! labor  
light en\gh to suit _! undevelop$       
muscles1 b ! next illu/ration %[s h[ to 
build an ,am]ican boy's hogan ( mill$   
lumb] su* z "o c procure 9 ?ickly settl$
 p>ts ( ! c\ntry4     ,,xxiv  ,,h[ ,,to 
,,build ,,an ,,am]ican ,,boy',s ,,hogan 
,,! fir/ "t any work+ plans ( an        
und]gr\nd h\se = boys 7 publi%$ 0 :5 an 

article by ! pres5t writ] on ! subject  
appe>$ 9 ! ,ladies' ,home ,j\rnal4      
,aft]w>d x 0 publi%$ ) a lot ( simil>   
mat]ial 9 ,! ,jack ( ,all ,trades4 ,s9ce
 !n o!r writ]s h n hesitat$ to use !    
au?or's sket*es ) v little alt]ation2   
imitation is ! s9c]e/ complim5t1 al?\gh 
x is n always fair1 b x does1 h[ev]1 %[ 
! popul>ity ( ! und]gr\nd-h\se idea4  ,!
 ,am]ican boy's hogan may be built l !  
prec$+ %acks ( ! mat]ial f\nd 9 ! woods 
or x may be con/ruct$ ( old bo>ds & wa/e
 mat]ial to be f\nd 9 village back y>ds 
or on ! f>m1 or1 if ! boys h ! price or 
if !y c int]e/ _! fa!rs or uncles 9 _!  
s*eme1 x may be built ( mill$ lumb]     
procur$ at ! lumb]-y>d4   ,frame        
,procure "s good1 s\nd planks & "s      
pieces ( two by f\r ) :i* to build y\r  
frame4 ,! hogan %\ld be l>ge en\gh to   
all[ room = a table made ( a pack+-case1
 "s b5*es1 /ools1 or *airs1 & ! ceil+s  
%\ld be high en\gh = ! talle/ boy to /& 
erect )\t bump+ 8 head4   ,furniture    
,"o funny ?+ ab\t ?is h\se is t x mu/ be

 furni%$ be=e x is built1 because !     
doorway & passageway w be too small to  
admit any furniture l>g] ?an a /ool4    
,select or make y\r furniture & h x     
ready1 !n decide ^u ! location ( y\r    
hogan1 :i* %\ld be1 l ! ,we/]n dug\ts1  
on ! edge ( "s bank 7,fig4 #aeh74 ,9 ?is
 diagram ! dott$ l9e %[s h[ ! bank      
orig9ally slop$4   ,f\ndation  ,! real  
h>d "w connect$ ) ?is is ! digg+ ( !    
f\ndation2 "o ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 man />t$  
to build "o ( ^! hogans1 b he weak5$    
be=e he _h ! f\ndation dug4 ,he wrote ! 
au?or a long lett] compla9+ ( ! h>d "w2 
at ! same "t ! au?or 0 receiv+ lett]s f 
boys tell+ h[ mu* fun !y _h 9 build+ &  
f9i%+ _! und]gr\nd h\ses4   ,caves  ,ev]
 s9ce ,rob9son ,crusoe & ,swiss ,family 
,rob9son 7 writt5 cave h\ses h be5      
p>ticul>ly attractive to boys2 no d\bt  
!y 7 j z attractive be=e ^! books 7     
writt51 & t may be ! reason ! books     
!mselves are s popul>2 at any rate1 :5 !
 au?or 0 a small boy he 0 always se>*+ =
 natural caves1 or try+ to dig !m =     

himself1 & s 7 all ( 8 companions4 ,"o (
 ! mo/ *>m+ features ( ! ,tom ,sawy] &  
,huckleb]ry ,f9n /ories is t "p connect$
 ) ! cave4  ,fig4 #aee4 ,fig4 #aef4     
,fig4 #aeg4 ,fig4 #aeg4;,a4 ,fig4       
#aeg4;,b4 ,fig4 #aeg4;,c4  ,fig4 #aeh4  
,fig4 #aei4 ,fig4 #afj4 ,fig4 #afa4     
,illu/ration3 ,! orig9al ,am]ican boy's 
hogan or und]gr\nd h\se4   ,dang]\s     
,caves  ,! tr\ble is t ) caves :i* !    
boys dig = !mselves !re is always s]i\s 
dang] ( ! ro( fall+ 9 & smo!r+ ! "y     
troglodytes1 b a prop]ly built und]gr\nd
 hogan is p]fectly safe f su* accid5ts4 
,fram+  ,aft] y h levell$ (f ! f\ndation
 erect ! re> po/s ( two-by-f\rs ,a1 ,b &
 ,c1 ,d 7,fig4 #aef74 ,^! po/s %\ld be (
 ! same height & tall en\gh to all[ !   
ro( to slant t[>d ! front z 9 ,fig4     
#aee4 ,! front po/s ,e1 ,f & ,g1 ,h1    
al?\gh %ort] ?an ! back po/s1 %\ld be   
tall en\gh to all[ headroom4 ,"o1 two1  
or ?ree m po/s may be erect$ betwe5 !   
po/ ,a1 ,b & ! po/ ,c1 ,d if additional 
/r5g? is requir$4 ,! same is true ( !   

sides1 & 9 place ( hav+ only "o po/ 9 ! 
middle ( ea* side 7,m1 ,n & ,o1 ,p1     
,fig4 #aef71 !re may be two or ?ree     
po/s1 all accord+ to ! size ( ! h\se y  
are build+2 ! ma9 po9t is to make a     
compact & /rong box ( y\r framework s t 
9 ! wet wea!r ! banks surr\nd+ x w n be 
tempt$ to pu% 9 ! sides & spoil y\r     
h\se4   ,decay+ ,wood  ,locu/1 *e/nut1 &
 c$> w la/ long] ?an o!r v>ieties ( wood
 :5 expos$ to contact ) damp e>?1 b     
common wood1 :i* rots easily1 may be    
protect$ by pres]vatives1 "o ( :i* is   
boil$ l9se$-oil ) pulv]iz$ *>coal /irr$ 
into x until a black pa9t is produc$4   
,"s p say t a coat ( *>coal pa9t w      
pres]ve ev5 a basswood f5ce po/ = a     
lifetime1 & if t is true a hogan        
protect$ by a coat+ ^u ! outside ( pa9t 
made by /irr+ f9e *>coal into boil$     
l9se$-oil until x is z ?ick z pa9t w la/
 long] ?an any ( my read]s w h occasion 
to use ! hogan = a playh\se4 ,erect !   
frame 7,fig4 #aef7 by hav+ "s boys hold 
! uprights 9 place until !y c be secur$ 

) tempor>y braces l ^? %[n runn+        
diagonally across f ,b to ,e & ,a to ,f4
 ,y may !n proce$ to bo>d up ! sides f !
 outside ( ! frame by slipp+ ! planks   
betwe5 ! frame & ! bank & !n nail+ f !  
inside :]ev] y lack room ^u ! outside to
 sw+ y\r hamm]4 ,! door-jambs ,i1 ,j &  
,k1 ,l w help support ! ro(4   ,! ,ro(  
,! ro( may be made ( lumb]1 z %[n by    
,fig4 #afj1 or x may be made ( poles l  
^? %[n on ! ,wyom+ ,olebo 7,fig4 #bcf71 
or x may be made ( planks & cov]$ ) t>  
pap] 7,figs4 #bif1 #big1 #bih1 & #bii71 
or x may be %+l$1 us+ b>rel /aves =     
%+les1 or cov]$ ) bits ( old t9 ro(+    
tack$ ov] ! plank+--or any?+1 9 fact1   
:i* w keep out ! wat]4 ,z = looks1 t w n
 c\nt because ! ro( is to be aft]w>d    
cov]$ ) sod4   ,cliff-,h\se ,ro(  ,if y 
wi% to make ! ro( z ! cliff-dwell]s made
 !irs1 put y\r bigge/ logs crosswise f  
,a1 ,m1 ,e to ,c1 ,o1 ,g ( y\r h\se =   
raft]s1 & across ! l>g] logs lay a lot (
 small poles z close toge!r z may be1   
runn+ f ! back to ! front ( ! h\se4     

,fill 9 ! cracks betwe5 ) moss or calk  
!m ) dry grass2 on !m place a lay] (    
bru%1 br[se1 or small /icks & ov] ?is a 
?ick coat+ ( clay1 h>d-pan1 or ord9>y   
mud & pack x d[n h>d by tramp+ x ) y\r  
feet until x becomes a smoo? & tightly  
pack$ cru/2 ov] ?is y c put y\r sod &   
we$s to conceal y\r secret4             
,passageway  ,to make ! frame = !       
und]gr\nd hall or passageway 7,fig4     
#aef71 fir/ nail ,q1 ,s across !        
door-jambs to =m ! top to ! doorway1    
aft] :i* put 9 ! supports ,q1 ,r & ,s1  
,t4 ,next build ! frame ,u1 ,v1 ,x1 ,w &
 jo9 x to ,q1 ,s by ! two pieces ,q1 ,u 
& ,s1 ,v & put 9 ! middle frame support 
m>k$ ,,zzzz4  ,! passageway %\ld be ab\t
 six feet long & ! front doorway 7,u1   
,v1 ,x1 ,w1 ,figs4 #aef & #aeg7 (       
suffici5t size to enable y to creep     
?r\gh ) com=t4 ,! bottom piece ,w1 ,x c 
be nail$ to a c\ple ( /icks driv5 9 !   
gr\nd = t purpose4 ,! next ?+ 9 ord] is 
! floor1 & to make ?is firm y mu/ lay a 
numb] ( two-by-f\rs p>allel to ,b1 ,d & 

,f1 ,h & see t !y are level4 ,y w ne$ a 
numb] ( %ort] pieces ( ! same mat]ial to
 run p>allel to ,f1 ,h & ,w1 ,x = ! hall
 floor1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #aeg4      
,across ^! nail y\r floor securely z %[n
 9 ,fig4 #aee4  ,!re are no w9d[s %[n 9 
! diagram1 b if ! build]s wi% "o x c be 
plac$ imm$iately ov] ! entrance or      
hallway 9 ! frame m>k$ ,i1 ,k1 ,q1 ,s   
7,fig4 #aef71 9 :i* case ! top cov]+ (  
dirt mu/ be %ovell$ away f x to admit ! 
light 9 ! same mann] t x is 9 ! dug\t   
%[n 9 ,fig4 #adb & also 9 ! small sket* 
7,fig4 #aed74 ,! v5tilator %[n 9 ,fig4  
#aee may be replac$1 if ?\ght desirable1
 by a *imney = an op5 fire4 ,on acc\nt (
 ! ne$ ( v5tilation a /ove w\ld n be !  
prop] ?+ = an und]gr\nd h\se1 b an op5  
fire w\ld help ! v5tilation4 ,9 !       
diagram ! v5tilator is set ov] a squ>e  
hole 9 ! ro(2 x may be made ( a b>rel or
 b>rels1 ) ! heads knock$ out1 plac$ ov]
 ! hole 9 ! ro(1 or kegs1 accord+ to !  
size ( ! ro(4 ,:5 y\r h\se is complete  
fill 9 ! dirt ar\nd ! edges1 pack x d[n 

good & h>d by ! use ( a piece ( scantl+ 
two by f\r or f\r by f\r z a ramm]1 !n  
cov] ! ro( ) small /icks & f9e bru% &   
sod x ) gr[+ we$s or grass4   ,! ,door  
,y %\ld h a good1 /\t front door 7,fig4 
#aeg7 & a padlock ) :i* to secure x f   
trespass]s4   ,aures ,h+e  ,a ru/ic h+e 
may be made by splitt+ a =k$ bran*      
7,fig4 #aeg ,c7 & us+ ! two pieces nail$
 to ! sides ( ! door-jambs 7,fig4 #aeg  
,a7 to hold ! r\nd ends ( ! rod 7,fig4  
#aeg ,b7 run ?r\gh !m4 ,! middle ( ! ,b 
/ick is flatt5$ to fit on ! surface ( ! 
door to :i* x is nail$4 ,?is h+e 0      
inv5t$ by ,sc\t ,victor ,aures ( /ockade
 #daadd ( ,boy ,pione]s ( ,am]ica & a   
description ) neat diagrams s5t by !    
inv5tor to 8 *ief4 ,:5 all is complet$ y
 c conceal ! v5tilator ) dry bru% or by 
plant+ we$s or %rubs ar\nd x1 :i* w n   
int]f]e ) ! v5tilation b w conceal !    
suspici\s-look+ pipe protrud+ f ! gr\nd4
 ,! top ( ! v5tilator %\ld be protect$  
by slats1 z 9 ,fig4 #afa1 or by wire    
nett+ ) ab\t "o-qu>t]-in* me% 9 ord] to 

keep small animals f jump+ or hopp+ d[n 
into y\r club-h\se4 ,( c\rse1 a few     
toads & frogs1 field-mice & *ipmunks1 or
 ev5 "s liz>ds & h>mless snakes w\ld n  
fright5 any real boy1 b at ! same "t !y 
d n want any su* creatures liv+ 9 ! same
 h\se ) !m4   ,trap-,door  ,9 place ( a 
v5tilator or *imney a trap-door may be  
plac$ 9 ! ro( & us$ z a secret entrance1
 access to inside be+ _h by a ladd]4 ,a 
description ( an appropriate ladd]      
foll[s 7,figs4 #afi & #agj74  ,fig4 #aei
 %[s a rude way to make a *&eli]1 & z   
long z y\r c&les burn brightly y may "k 
t ! air 9 y\r little hogan is pure &    
fre%4 ,:5 su* a *&eli] is us$ pieces (  
t9 %\ld be nail$ above ! c&les to prev5t
 ! heat f burn+ holes ?r\gh ! ro(4      
,,xxv  ,,h[ ,,to ,,cut ,,& ,,not* ,,logs
   ,,boys y h n[ pass$ ?r\gh ! gramm>   
s*ool ( %ack mak+1 y are old] ?an y 7 :5
 y began1 y h acquir$ m skill & m       
muscle1 & x is "t to beg9 to h&le !     
woodsman's axe1 to h&le x skilfully & to
 use x z a tool ) :i* to fa%ion any?+ f 

a table to a two-/ory h\se4 ,none ( y is
 too "y to le>n to use ! axe4 ,g5]al    
,grant1 ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,abraham      
,l9coln1 ,billy ,sunday--all ( !m c\ld  
wield an axe by ! "t !y 7 eight or n9e  
ye>s old & d x )\t *opp+ (f _! toes or  
splitt+ any "o else's head op54 ,rememb]
 t e "t y hurt y\rself ) an axe ,i h a  
yell[ ribbon = y to we> z a *ump m>k2 b1
 jok+ aside1 we mu/ n[ get d[n to s]i\s 
"w ( prep>+ ! logs 9 ord] to build u a  
little cab9 ( our own1 a log club-h\se =
 our gang1 or a log camp = our troop (  
sc\ts4   ,not*+ ,logs  ,to make ! logs  
hold toge!r at ! corn]s ( our cab9s x is
 necess>y to lock !m 9 "s mann]1 & !    
usual way is to not* !m4 ,y may cut flat
 not*es l ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #afb & ?is w   
hold ! logs toge!r1 z %[n by #afb ,e or 
y may only flatt5 ! ends1 mak+ ! ,g5]al 
,putnam jo9t %[n 9 ,fig4 #afc4 ,?is is  
call$ aft] ,g5]al ,putnam because ! log 
cab9s at 8 old camp ne> my f>m at ,r$d+1
 ,conn41 are made 9 ?is mann]4 ,or y may
 use ! ,pike not* :i* has a w$ge-%ap$   

cut on ! l[] log1 z %[n by ,fig4 #afd   
,j1 made to fit into a triangul> not*   
%[n by #afd ,h4 ,:5 fitt$ toge!r ^! logs
 look l ! sket* m>k$ #afd ,f :i* 0 drawn
 f a cab9 built 9 ?is mann]4  ,b !      
simple/ not* is ! r\nd$ "o %[n by ,a1   
,b1 & ,c 7,fig4 #afe74 ,:5 ^! are lock$ 
toge!r !y w fit l ^? %[n at ,fig4 #afe  
,d4  ,away up ,nor? ! p dovetail ! ends 
( ! logs 7,fig4 #aff7 s t _! ends fit   
snugly toge!r & are also securely lock$ 
by _! dovetail %ape4 ,to build a log    
h\se1 place ! two sill logs on ! gr\nd  
or on ! f\ndation made = !m1 !n two o!r 
logs across !m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afh4     
,h&l+ ! ,logs  ,t ! logs may be m easily
 h&l$ !y %\ld be pil$ up on a skidway   
:i* is made by re/+ ! top ends ( a numb]
 ( poles ^u a big log or "s o!r sort (  
elevation & _! l[] ends ^u ! gr\nd4 ,)  
?is arrangem5t ! logs may be roll$ (f   
)\t mu* tr\ble z !y are us$4   ,*9k+  ,a
 log cab9 built ) h>dwood logs or )     
pit*-p9e logs c seldom be made z tight z
 "o built ) ! /raight spruce logs ( !   

virg9 =e/s4 ,! latt] w lie z close z !  
ones %[n 9 ,fig4 #afb ,e1 :ile ! =m]1 on
 acc\nt ( _! unev5ness1 w h l>ge cracks 
betwe5 !m l ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #afe ,d4 ,^! 
cracks may be /opp$ up by qu>t]+ small  
pieces ( timb] 7,y & ,w1 ,fig4 #afh7 &  
fitt+ ^! qu>t]$ pieces into ! cracks    
betwe5 ! logs :]e !y are held by spikes4
 ,?is is call$ *9k+ ! cab94  ,fig4 #afb4
 ,fig4 #afb;,e ,fig4 #afc4 ,fig4 #afd4  
,fig4 #afd;,f4 ,fig4 #afe4  ,fig4       
#afe;,c4 ,fig4 #afe;,d4 ,fig4 #aff4     
,fig4 #afg4 ,fig4 #afh4 ,fig4 #afh4     
,illu/ration3 ,%[+ h[ ! logs are not*$4 
,to keep ! cold & w9d out1 ! cracks may 
be mudd$ up on ! inside ) clay or ord9>y
 lime mort>4   ,models  ,/udy ^!        
diagrams c>efully1 !n sit d[n on ! gr\nd
 ) a pile ( little /icks alongside ( y &
 a %>p jack-knife 9 y\r h& & proce$ to  
exp]im5t by build+ m9iature log cab9s4  
,really1 ?is is ! be/ way to plan a l>ge
 cab9 if y int5d to erect "o4 ,f y\r    
model y c see at a glance j h[ to divide
 y\r cab9 up into rooms1 :]e y want to  

place ! fireplace1 w9d[s1 & doors2 & ,i 
w\ld advise y always to make a small    
model be=e build+4 ,make ! model ab\t "o
 foot ?ree in*es long by t5 in*es wide1 
us+ /icks = logs a little less ?an "o   
in* 9 diamet]--t is1 "o in* ?r\gh or "o 
in* ?ick4 ,i h tak5 ^! dim5sions or     
measurem5ts f a little model t ,i h be=e
 me "h 9 my /udio1 b1 ( c\rse1 y c v>y  
!m accord+ to ! plans ( y\r cab94       
,,xxvi  ,,not*$ ,,log ,,ladd]s   ,,ev]  
s9ce man le>n$ to use edg$ tools he has 
made ladd]s or /eps1 or :atev] y may    
call !m1 by not*+ logs 7,figs4 #afi &   
#agj74  ,fig4 #afi4 ,fig4 #agj4         
,illu/ration3 ,! pione] log ladd]4  ,a  
few ye>s ago ,i took a spl5did trip     
among ! unnam$ lakes & 9 :at is kn[n z !
 unexplor$ c\ntry--t is1 ! unmapp$      
c\ntry ( nor?we/]n ,quebec4 ,we travell$
 ov] trails t _h n be5 *ang$ by man s9ce
 canoes 7 inv5t$4 ,! =e/s 7 unt\*$ by ! 
axe ( ! :ite man4 ,!re 7 no roads1 no   
h\ses1 no f5ces1 no p except a few w&]+ 
,indians1 no cattle except c>ib\ &      

moose1 no dogs except wolves1 & we slept
 at night on b$s ( balsam & paddl$ by   
day ?r\gh riv]s & lakes or c>ri$ our    
luggage & our canoes ov] ! portages f "o
 body ( wat] to ano!r ov] c5turies-old  
trails4 ,at "o place ! trail l$ up !    
side ( a m\nta9 to ! beetl+ face ( a    
cliff--a cliff t we _h to climb ) all   
our canoes & luggage1 & we climb$ x on a
 c\ple ( not*$ logs1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afi4
 ,by ! way1 boys1 ! ,indian ) ! big load
 on 8 back is my old fri5d ,b[-,arr[1   
=m]ly *ief ( ! ,monta9ais1 & ! load on 8
 back 0 sket*$ f ! real "o he c>ri$ up t
 ladd] portage4 ,?is old man 0 !n sixty 
ye>s ( age4 ,b all ?is talk is = !      
purpose ( tell+ y ! use ( ! not*$ log4  
,our pione] ance/ors us$ !m to asc5d to 
! l(t ov] _! cab9s :]e !y slept 7,fig4  
#agj74 ,x is also a good ladd] to use = 
tree-h\ses & a fir/-rate "o = our       
und]gr\nd hogans :5 we h an entrance    
?r\gh ! top in/ead ( "o at ! side %[n by
 ,fig4 #aef4 ,s9ce y h le>n$ h[ to use !
 axe y may make "o ( ^! primitive ladd]s

 to rea* ! hay-l(t 9 y\r b>n1 if y h a  
b>n4 ,y may make ! ladd] ( "o log if y  
set ! pole or log upright & not* x on   
bo? sides s t y c clasp x ) y\r h& &1   
plac+ "o foot on ea* side ( x1 climb up 
9 t mann]4     ,,xxvii  ,a ,,pole       
,,h\se4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,a ,,cross-,,cut
 ,,saw ,,& ,a ,,froe   ,pole ,h\se      
,,fig4 #aga %[s a pole h\se--t is1 a    
h\se1 ! walls ( :i* are made by sett+   
/raight poles up on end ) sides aga9/   
ea* o!r & nail+ a beam across ! top     
7,fig4 #agb7 & toe-nail+ !m 7,fig4      
#agc72 t is1 driv+ ! nails slant+ly d[n 
?r\gh ! poles to ! sill b5ea?4 ,fig4    
#agb %[s h[ to nail !m to ! top beam or 
side-plate4 ,to build a pole h\se1 erect
 ! f\r corn]-po/s & any int]m$iate po/s 
:i* may be necess>y1 nail+ ! plates on  
top ( ! po/s to hold ! frame toge!r     
7,fig4 #agb71 aft]w>d fitt+ ! o!r po/s 9
 place1 z %[n 9 ! sket*4  ,we h n yet   
arriv$ at ! "p ( ! book :]e we c build z
 ext5sive h\ses z ! "o %[n "h4 ,! draw+ 
is only ins]t$ at ?is place because x   

naturally comes ) ! use ( ! cross-cut   
saw4 ,y c1 h[ev]1 )\t mu* tr\ble1 build 
a small pole h\se )\t ! v]&a1 & aft] y h
 le>n$ h[ to build ! big log h\ses y c  
turn back to ?is page & try a pole h\se 
l ,fig4 #aga4  ,fig4 #aga4 ,fig4 #agb4  
,fig4 #agc4 ,fig4 #agd4 ,fig4 #age4     
,fig4 #agf4 ,fig4 #agg4 ,fig4 #agh4     
,fig4 #agi4  ,illu/ration3 ,! use ( !   
saw 9 log "w4   ,saw+ on an ,angle      
,fig4 #agd %[s h[ to saw (f poles on !  
bias1 z a woman w\ld say1 or on an      
angle1 z a man w\ld say4 ,suppose1 =    
in/ance1 y want to cut ! poles to fit ! 
dorm] ov] ! v]&a %[n 9 ,fig4 #aga4      
,measure (f ! height ( ! middle pole1 !n
 ! di/ance along ! base f ! middle pole 
to ! corn] at ! eaves4 ,next fit ! poles
 y are go+ to use closely toge!r to cov]
 t di/ance2 hold !m 9 place by nail+ a  
plank tempor>ily across ! bottom ends2  
!n place ano!r plank at ! po9t m>k$ = ! 
height ( ! middle pole1 run x d[n to !  
bottom plank1 & nail x tempor>ily along 
?is l9e4 ,n[ take hold ( "o end ( ! saw1

 z ! fell[ does 9 ,fig4 #agd1 & let     
ano!r boy take ! o!r end ( ! saw2 !n by 
work+ x back & =? along ! l9e y may saw 
(f ! protrud+ ends ( ! poles4 ,proce$ 9 
! same mann] along ! base-bo>d4 ,y w !n 
h half ! dorm] poles all nicely tack$   
toge!r & cut 9 ! "r %ape s t !y may be  
ev5ly fitt$ 9 place1 & aft] !y are      
secur$ !re ! m>k+ planks may be knock$  
(f4 ,fig4 #age %[s two boys at "w       
pit-saw+4 ,!y are saw+ planks f a log1  
:i* is r h>d "w b n unpleasant4 ,i "k1 =
 ,i h tri$ x :5 ,i 0 up among ! moon%9]s
 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,k5tucky4 ,fig4 #agf is f
 a sket* ,i made up 9 ,mi*igan1 :]e two 
m5 7 saw+ d[n a tree z !y frequ5tly d   
n[adays 9 place ( *opp+ x d[n ) an axe2 
?is tree1 h[ev]1 0 fir/ not*$ ) an axe s
 t x w\ld fall 9 ! "r direction4 ,fig4  
#agh %[s ! peculi> tee? ( "o ( ^!       
two-h&l$ saws4 ,x is n necess>y = y to  
be exp]t on ! sort ( tee? a saw %\ld h2 
any saw t cuts well = y\r purpose is !  
sort ( saw y ne$4   ,! ,froe  ,fig4 #agi
 %[s two =ms ( ! froe1 an implem5t us$ =

 splitt+ %akes & %+les & clapbo>ds l ^? 
on ! ro( ( ,fig4 #aga4 ,! froe is held  
by ! h&le ) ! left h& & hamm]$ on ! top 
) a mallet held 9 ! "r h&4 ,fig4 #agg   
%[s two boys saw+ a log up into         
sections1 b = our "w 9 cab9 build+ !    
woodsman's axe is ! real tool we ne$4 ,!
 saw is all "r & may be us$ if y h x1 b 
x is a little too civiliz$ = real       
woodcraft "w4 ,y _c ?r[ "o ( ^! saws ov]
 y\r %\ld] z y w\ld an axe & g m>*+ into
 ! woods ) any com=t4 ,! saw is also a m
 dang]\s implem5t ar\nd camp ?an ev5 a  
%>p axe4     ,,xxviii  ,,log-,,roll+ ,,&
 ,,o!r ,,build+ ,,/unts   ,,( c\rse my  
read]s "k all ab\t geometry1 b if by !  
r>e/ ( *ances "o ( !m %\ld n x w n      
prev5t him f us+ t sci5ce to squ>e !    
corn]s ( 8 log cab94 ,build]s always h a
 t5-foot measur+ rod--t is1 a rod or    
/raight /ick t5 feet long & m>k$ ) a l9e
 at ea* foot f end to end4 ,make y\r own
 t5-foot pole ( z /raight a piece ( wood
 z y c f9d4 ,) x measure six feet       
c>efully on ! log ,c1 ,g 7,fig4 #ahj7 & 

m>k ! po9t at ,o 7,fig4 #ahj72 measure  
eight feet on ! o!r log ,c1 ,a 7,fig4   
#ahj7 & m>k ! po9t at ,n4 ,if ^!        
measurem5ts h be5 c>efully made f ,c to 
,o & f ,c to ,n & y\r corn] is squ>e1 !n
 y\r t5-foot pole w rea* betwe5 ! two   
po9ts ,o & ,n ) ! tips ( ! pole exactly 
t\*+ ,o & ,n4 ,if x does n exactly fit  
betwe5 ,n & ,o1 ei!r ! corn] is n squ>e 
or y h n m>k$ (f ! di/ances accurately  
on ! logs4 ,te/ ! measurem5ts & if !y   
are n f\nd true !n pu% y\r logs "o way  
or ! o!r until x is exactly t5 feet f ,o
 to ,n4 ,!n te/ ! corn] at ,h 9 ! same  
mann]4  ,fig4 #ahj4 ,fig4 #aha4 ,fig4   
#ahb4 ,fig4 #ahc4  ,illu/ration3 ,h[ to 
squ>e ! corn]s1 roll ! logs ( cab91 &   
make log /eps4   ,log-,roll+  ,9 ! old5 
times log-roll+ 0 always a great frolic 
& br\ght ! p f f> & ne> to l5d a help+  
h& 9 build+ ! new h\se4 ,9 h&l+ logs1   
lumb]m5 h tools made = t                
purpose--cant-hooks1 peevy irons1       
lannigans1 & num]\s o!r implem5ts )     
names z peculi> z _! looks--b ! old     

backwoodsm5 & pione]s :o liv$ 9 log     
h\ses own$ no tools b _! tomahawks1 _!  
axes1 & _! rifles1 & ! logs ( mo/ ( _!  
h\ses 7 roll$ 9 place by ! m5 !mselves  
pu%+ !m up ! skids laid aga9/ ! cab9    
wall = t purpose2 lat]1 :5 ! p$dl]s &   
trad]s br\ght ropes to ! settlem5ts1 !y 
us$ ^! to pull _! logs 9 place4 ,9      
build+ my log h\se 9 ,p5nsylvania we us$
 two me?ods2 "o 0 h& p[] 7,fig4 #aha74  
,tak+ two ropes we fa/5$ ! ends securely
 inside ! cab94 ,we !n pass$ ! free ends
 ( ! ropes ar\nd ! log1 fir/ "u x & !n  
ov] ! top ( x1 !n up to a gr\p ( m5 :o1 
by pull+ on ! free ends1 roll$ ! log    
7,fig4 #aha7 up to ! top ( ! cab94 ,b :5
 ,lafe ,jeems & ,nate ,tann] & ,jimmy   
,ros5cranz 7 suppli$ ) "s ox5 !y fa/5$ a
 *a9 to ea* end ( ! log 7,fig4 #ahb71 !n
 fa/5$ a pulley-block to ! o!r side ( ! 
cab91 t is1 ! side opposite ! skids1 &  
ran ! l9e ?r\gh ! pulley-block to ! ox5 
z x is run to ! ?ree m5 9 ,fig4 #ahb4   
,:5 ! ox5 7 />t$ ! log slid up ! skids  
to ! loose raft]s ,n1 ,o1 ,p & :5 once  

up !re x 0 easily %ov$ & fitt$ into     
place4   ,log ,/eps  ,sometimes "o wants
 front /eps to "o's log h\se & ^! may be
 made ( flatt5$ logs or pun*eons1 z %[n 
by ,fig4 #ahc4     ,,xxix  ,,!          
,,adirondack ,,op5 ,,log ,,camp ,,& ,a  
,,"o-,,room ,,cab9   ,adirondack ,log   
,camp  ,,n satisfi$ ) ! op5 bru%        
,adirondack camp1 ! m5 9 ^? woods (t5   
build su* camps ( logs ) a pun*eon floor
 & a ro( ( real %+les4 ,! sket* 7,fig4  
#ahd7 is made f su* a camp4 ,at ! re> ! 
logs are not*$ & plac$ l ^? ( a log h\se
 7,figs4 #afb1 #afc1 #afd1 #aff71 b !   
front ends ( ! side logs are toe-nail$  
7,fig4 #agc7 to ! two upright supports4 
,9 ?is p>ticul> camp ! logs are also    
flatt5$ on ! inside 9 ord] to give a    
smoo!r f9i%1 z !y (t5 are 9 old ,virg9ia
 & ,k5tucky log h\ses4 ,9 ,virg9ia !y   
=m]ly hew$ ! logs flat ) broad axes aft]
 ! walls 7 up1 b t requir$ a workman ( a
 diff]5t type ?an ! ord9>y woodsman4 ,! 
broadaxe is seldom us$ n[ & may be      
omitt$ f our kit4   ,cab9 ,plan  ,a     

"o-room log cab9 ) d\ble bunks at "o end
 makes a good camp 7,fig4 #ahe7 ) room =
 two or f\r sleep]s accord+ to ! wid? ( 
! bunk 7,fig4 #ahf74  ,fig4 #ahd4 ,fig4 
#ahe4 ,fig4 #ahf4  ,illu/ration3 ,!     
lean-to & "o-p5 cab9 plan4   ,! ,bunks  
,! bunks are made by sett+ ! ends ( two 
poles into holes 9 ! logs bor$ = t      
purpose 7,fig4 #ahe7 & nail+ slats      
across ! poles4 ,ov] ?is a b$ ( br[se is
 laid & on ?is blankets are spread & all
 is !n ready = b$time4     ,,xxx  ,,!   
,,nor?l& ,,tilt ,,& ,,indian ,,log ,,t5t
   ,log ,t5ts  ,,"s ye>s ago 9 ! nor?   
c\ntry ! ,indians built !mselves log    
t5ts l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,^! 7 !   
w9t] h\ses 9 ! nor? c\ntry4 ,a          
ridge-pole 0 set up on two =k$ /icks & !
 logs slant$ up aga9/ ea* o!r & re/$ ^u 
t pole4 ,small] poles 7 !n laid up aga9/
 ?is frame1 bo? front & re>1 all ( :i*  
c\ld !n be cov]$ ) sod or br[se & made  
into a w>m w9t] h\se4 ,my boy read]s may
 build a simil> h\se by us+ small poles 
in/ead ( big logs1 or !y may make a     

nor?l& tilt 7,fig4 #ahi71 :i* is a      
modification ( ! ,indian's log t5t & has
 two side-plates 7,fig4 #ahh7 in/ead (  
"o ridge-pole4 ,! log *imney is also    
add$1 & :5 ?is is connect$ ) a g5]\s    
fireplace ! fire w bright5 & w>m !      
int]ior ( ! tilt & make ?+s com=table4  
,! *imney may be made by fir/ build+ a  
fireplace ( sod or /one1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 
#bfi & #bgj1 on top ( :i* a *imney c be 
erect$ 9 ! same mann] t y build a log   
h\se4  ,fig4 #ahg4 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,fig4    
#ahi4  ,illu/ration3 ,log tilts ( !     
,nor?4  ,! front ( ! nor?l& tilt is fac$
 9 ) small logs set on end1 z %[n 9 !   
unf9i%$ "o 7,fig4 #ahi72 ?is makes a    
sub/antial1 w>m w9t] camp4 ,if ! logs   
fit close toge!r on ! ro( !y may be     
calk$ ) moss & dry grass4 ,if ! cracks  
are too wide on acc\nt ( ! unev5ness ( !
 log1 cov] !m fir/ ) grass1 f9e bru%1 or
 br[se & ov] all place a coat+ ( sod or 
mud & y w h a h\se fit = a k+ to live 94
 ,to tell ! tru?1 x is mu* too good = a 
m]e k+ & almo/ good en\gh = a real      

,am]ican boy--t is1 if any?+ is good    
en\gh = su* a lad4     ,,*apt] ,,xxxi   
,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,! ,,r$ ,,jacket1 ,,!
 ,,new ,,brunswick1 ,,& ,,! ,,*ri/oph]  
,,gi/   ,,! ,r$ ,jacket is ano!r camp2 b
 ?is1 y see1 has /raight walls1 m>k+ x z
 a :ite man's camp 9 =m n app>5tly      
borr[$ f ! r$ m54 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a good1 
com=table1 r\gh camp & ,figs4 #aij &    
#aia %[ h[ x 0 evolv$ or grew4 ,to build
 ! ,r$ ,jacket "o w fir/ h to "k h[ to  
build ! m simple =ms :i* we call ! ,new 
,brunswick1 !n ! next /ep w be !        
,*ri/oph] ,gi/1 & la/ ! ,r$ ,jacket4 ,we
 w n[ beg9 ) ! ,new ,brunswick4   ,!    
,new ,brunswick  ,by ref]r+ to ,fig4    
#aij y w see t x is practically a deep1 
,adirondack1 op5-face camp ) a w9d-%ield
 built 9 front ( x4 ,to build ?is camp1 
make ! plan ab\t six feet by twelve on !
 gr\nd2 ( c\rse ! back logs mu/ be      
some?+ ov] six feet long to all[ = six  
feet 9 ! cle>4 ,not* ab\t f\r or five   
back logs ) ! pla91 r\nd$ not* already  
describ$ & illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #afe4 ,!n 

lay ! side sill logs & erect two upright
 =k$ /icks = ! front ( y\r cab9 to hold 
! cross /ick :i* supports ! ro( raft]4  
,n[ build up y\r cab9 z y w\ld a log    
h\se1 not*+ only ! small ends ( ! side  
logs & sav+ ! l>g] ends = ! front2      
betwe5 ea* ( ^! *9k ) o!r logs %ap$ to  
fit ! spaces or ) pieces ( o!r logs s z 
to make ! front high] ?an ! re>4 ,:5 !  
logs meet ! raft] pole all ! cracks are 
*9k$ up ) small pieces ( wood & !       
crevices calk$ ) moss4 ,!n ! ro( ( b>k  
is put on1 %+l$ z describ$ = ! ,pontiac1
 & illu/rat$ by ,figs4 #cf & #aij ,a4 ,!
 b>k is kept 9 place by lay+ /icks or   
poles ov] x to weight x d[n1 z may be   
se5 by ! plan ( ! ro( 7,fig4 #aij ,a71  
:i* is suppos$ to be ! way ! unf9i%$ ro(
 w\ld look to y if y 7 look+ d[n ^u x f 
! bran* ( a tree or an a]oplane4 ,aft] y
 h y\r op5-fac$ camp f9i%$ take "s gre5 
logs f ! fir-trees if !y are h&y & split
 !m 9 half by "o ( ! me?ods %[n by ,fig4
 #aai4 ,!n leav+ en\gh room = a         
passageway1 erect y\r w9d-%ield ( gre5  

logs1 re/+ !m aga9/ a pole laid betwe5  
two =k$ /icks4 ,be sure y h ! gre51     
split side ( ! log fac+ ! camp & ! b>k  
side fac+ outdoors1 because ! gre5 wood 
w n burn readily2 & z ! camp-fire is    
built close to ! w9d-%ield1 if ! %ield  
is made ( v inflammable mat]ial x w soon
 burn d[n4 ,"s woods1 y "k1 burn well :5
 gre5 & "s woods mu/ be made dry be=e we
 c use !m = fuel2 b ! wood we want = !  
fire-%ield is ! sort t w n burn readily2
 ! good-burn+ woods we save to use 9 our
 fire4   ,*ri/oph] ,gi/  ,! next camp is
 ! ,*ri/oph] ,gi/1 nam$ aft] ,george    
,wa%+ton's camp+ fri5d4 ,?is camp1 z y  
may see by ,fig4 #aia1 is built l a ,new
 ,brunswick except t ! side sill logs   
are mu* long] z is also ! log :i* ext5ds
 ov] ! doorway4 ,!n1 9 place ( hav+ a   
w9d-%ield built by itself1 ! w9d-%ield 9
 ,fig4 #aia is ! o!r end ( ! cab9 built 
j ! same z ! re> end1 b x %\ld be built 
( peel$ logs z !y are less liable to    
cat* afire ?an ! ones ) ! b>k ^u !m4 ,if
 y feel real lazy x w only be necess>y  

to peel ! b>k (f f ! inside half ( !    
log4 ,above ! door at ! end ( ! ro( ( ! 
,adirondack camp "p ( ! space is fill$  
by logs runn+ across1 ) ! l[] "o re/+ ^u
 ! top ( ! door-jamb2 ?is closes ! %$   
above ! w9d-%ield & leaves a little op5 
y>d 9 front :]e9 to build y\r camp-fire4
  ,fig4 #aij4 ,fig4 #aij;,a4 ,fig4 #aia4
 ,fig4 #aib4  ,illu/ration3 ,! /ages 9 !
 evolution ( a log cab94   ,! ,r$       
,jacket  ,! ,r$ ,jacket cont9ues !      
sugge/ion (f]$ by ! ,*ri/oph] ,gi/ &    
ext5ds ! side walls all ! way across to 
! w9d-%ield1 & ! latt] n[ becomes ! true
 end ( ! log %ack4 ,! side walls & end  
wall are built up f ! top ( ! %ack to =m
 a big1 wide log *imney "u :i* ! op5    
camp-fire is built on ! gr\nd4 ,! ,r$   
,jacket is ro($ ) b>k 9 ! same mann] z !
 ,new ,brunswick & ,*ri/oph] ,gi/ &     
occupies ! important position ( ! miss+ 
l9k betwe5 ! true log cab9 or log h\se &
 ! rude log camp ( ! hunt]4 ,if y w look
 at ,fig4 #ahd1 ! op5-fac$ log camp2 !n 
,fig4 #aij1 ! camp ) ! w9d-%ield 9 front

 ( x2 !n ,fig4 #aia ) ! w9d-%ield       
enclos$ b /ill op5 at ! top2 !n #aib :]e
 ! w9d-%ield has turn$ into a fireplace 
) a *imney2 !n ,figs4 #bga & #bgc1 %[+ !
 ends ( ! real log cab91 y w h all !    
/eps 9 ! gr[? or evolution :i* has      
produc$ ! ,am]ican log h\se4     ,,xxxii
  ,,cab9 ,,doors ,,& ,,door-,,lat*es1   
,,?umb-,,lat*es ,,& ,,foot ,,lat*es ,,& 
,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,!m   ,,p]haps my     
read] has notic$ t1 al?\gh _m ( !       
descriptions ( h[ to build ! %acks1     
%anties1 %elt]s1 camps1 %$s1 tilts1 & s 
=? are giv5 ) some:at m9ute details1    
little or no?+ has be5 said reg>d+ !    
doors & door-lat*es4 ,( c\rse we h no   
doors on ! op5 ,adirondack camp1 b we h 
pass$ ! op5 camps n[ & are well into    
cab9 "w1 & all cab9s h "s sort ( a door4
 ,all doors h1 or %\ld h1 "s sort ( a   
door-lat*1 s ! doors & door-lat*es h be5
 sav$ = ?is place 9 ! book1 :]e !y are  
s&wi*$ betwe5 ! log cab9 & ! log h\ses  
prop]1 :i* is probably ! be/ place = !m4
 ,! gumm]s :o collect spruce gum 9 !    

nor? woods & ! trapp]s & all ( ! h]mit  
class ( woodsm5 frequ5tly come home to  
_! little %ack ) _! h&s full ( traps or 
) game on _! %\ld]s1 & consequ5tly !y   
want to h a door :i* may be op5$ )\t !  
necessity ( dropp+ _! load1 & s !y use a
 foot lat*4   ,foot ,lat*  ,"o ( !      
simple/ ( ! foot lat*es consi/s ( a     
piece ( wood cut out by ! aid ( axe &   
hunt+-knife to ! =m %[n by ,fig4 #aii2 a
 hole 9 ! door cut = t purpose admits ! 
flatt5$ & not*$ end & ^u ! inside x fits
 ! r\nd log sill4 ,! own] ( ! %ack1 :5  
rea*+ home1 /eps ^u ! foot lat* 7,fig4  
#aii71 :i* lifts up ! cat* 7on ! inside7
 & all[s ! door to sw+ op54   ,trigg]   
,lat*  ,fig4 #bjj %[s a m complicat$ =m 
( lat* ) a trigg] protrud+ f ! l[] "p ( 
! door1 :i* is h+$ to a wood5 %aft1 & ! 
%aft 9 turn is connect$ ) ! lat*4 ,!    
fa/5+s ( ! trigg] to ! %aft & ! %aft to 
! lat* are made ) h>dwood pegs or wire  
nails :i* move freely 9 _! sockets4 ,!  
lat* is ! simple/ =m ( a wood5 b> fa/5$ 
at "o end ) a screw or nail on :i* x c  

move up & d[n freely2 ! o!r end is all[$
 to drop into ! cat*4 ,! lat* itself is 
simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ,figs4 #aic & #aid4
 ,! trigg] is also fa/5$ to a block on !
 outside ( ! door by a nail or peg ^u   
:i* x moves freely1 s t :5 ! weight ( ! 
foot is plac$ ^u ! trigg] outside ! door
 t end is =c$ d[n :i* pu%$ ! end atta*$ 
to ! %aft up2 ?is pu%es ! %aft up & !   
%aft pu%es ! lat* up2 ?us ! door is     
unfa/5$4 ,! diagram to ! left 9 ,fig4   
#bjj %[s ! edge ( ! door ) ! trigg] on !
 outside1 ! %aft ^u ! inside4 ,! diagram
 to ! "r 9 ,fig4 #bjj %[s ! inside ( !  
door1 ! end ( ! trigg]1 ! %aft1 ! lat*1 
& ! cat*4   ,! ,lat*-,/r+  ,9 ! prec$+  
locks & fa/5+s1 no matt] h[ g5]\s &     
hospitable ! own] may be1 8 lat*-/r+    
nev] hangs on ! outside1 b 9 ?is "o !   
lat*-/r+ lit]ally hangs outside & any "o
 may ent] by pull+ x 7,figs4 #aic &     
#aid74 ,b :5 ! own] is 9 & does n want  
to be int]rupt$ he pulls ! /r+ 91 :i*   
tells ! outsid] t he mu/ knock be=e he c
 be admitt$4 ,?is simple/ =m ( lat* has 

be5 "h put ^u ! simple/ =m ( a door1 a  
door ) a wood5 h+e made by nail+ a r\nd 
rod to ! edge ( ! door & all[+ ! ends ( 
! rod to project above & bel[ ! door4 ,9
 ! sill log bel[ ! door a hole ab\t two 
in*es deep is bor$ to receive ! %ort end
 ( ! h+e rod2 above a deep] hole is bor$
 to receive ! long end ( ! h+e rod4 ,to 
hang ! door run ! long end up 9 ! top   
hole f> en\gh to lift ! door suffici5tly
 to be able to drop ! l[] end ( ! h+e   
rod 9 ! l[] hole4 ,y\r door is !n hung &
 may sw+ back & =? at y\r pleasure4     
,not)/&+ ! fact t su* a door admits     
pl5ty ( cold air1 x is a v popul> door =
 camps & is ev5 us$ = log h\ses4  ,fig4 
#aic4 ,fig4 #aid4 ,fig4 #aie4 ,fig4     
#aif4 ,fig4 #aig4 ,fig4 #aih4  ,fig4    
#aii4 ,fig4 #bjj4  ,illu/ration3 ,foot &
 ?umb door-lat*es4   ,simple ,spr+-,lat*
  ,a simple =m ( spr+-lat* is %[n by    
,fig4 #aif1 z y may see1 ,a is a peg    
driv5 into ! door-jamb4 ,x has a not* 9 
x's out] end s t ,b1 a piece ( hickory1 
may be sprung into ! not*2 ,b is fa/5$  

to ! door by a c\ple ( screws4 ,by pu%+ 
! door ! lat* w slide out ( ! r\nd$ not*
 & ! door op5s4 ,:5 y pull ! door to    
close x ! end ( ! spr+ /rikes ! r\nd$   
end ( ! ,a peg &1 slid+ ov] x1 drops    
naturally into ! slot & holds ! door    
clos$4 ,?is =m ( lat* is also a good "o 
= gates4   ,bett] ,spr+-,lat*  ,figs4   
#aig & #aih %[ m complicat$ spr+-lat*es 
b ?is lat* is n s difficult to make z x 
may appe> 9 ! diagram4 ,a & ,d 7#aig7   
%[1 respectively1 ! wood5 cat* & ! gu>d 
conf9+ ! lat*4 ,c is ano!r gu>d made1 z 
y may obs]ve1 f a twig ) a bran* ^u x2 !
 twig is split 9 half & fa/5$ at ! base 
) two screws1 & at ! upp] end1 :]e !    
bran* is b5t d[n1 is fa/5$ ) "o screw4  
,a gu>d l ! "o %[n by ,d 7,fig4 #aig7   
w\ld answ] ! purpose1 b ,i am tak+ !    
lat* z x 0 made4 ,! l[] diagram 7,fig4  
#aih7 %[s a side view ( ! edge ( ! door 
) two cotton spools fa/5$ at ea* end ( !
 /ick :i* runs ?r\gh a slot 9 ! door4 ,e
 is ! cotton spool on ! outside ( ! door
 & ,f ! cotton spool on ! inside ( !    

door4 ,! upp] left-h& diagram 7,fig4    
#aih7 %[s ! slot 9 ! door & ! spool z x 
appe>s f ! outside4 ,b 7,fig4 #aig7 is !
 spr+-lat* :i* is held 9 place by !     
spool ,f4 ,! /ick or peg :i* runs ?r\gh 
! spools & ! slot also runs ?r\gh a hole
 made = t purpose 9 ! spr+-lat*1 z %[n  
at ,f 7,fig4 #aig74 ,aft] ! /ick ) ! ,e 
spool on x has be5 run ?r\gh ! slot f ! 
outside ( ! door1 !nce ?r\gh ! spr+-lat*
 ,b & into ! spool ,f1 x is fa/5$ !re by
 driv+ ar\nd its end "s ?9 w$ges ( wood 
or by all[+ x to protrude & runn+ a     
small peg ?r\gh ! protrud+ end1 z %[n by
 ,f1 ,g 7,fig4 #aig1 l[] diagram74 ,!   
?91 spr+y end ( y\r lat* is n[ =c$ d[n  
by a peg or nail 9 ! door at ,h 7,fig4  
#aig7 & ! tail end ( x =c$ up by a peg  
or nail at ,k4 ,:5 ?is is done prop]ly x
 w give consid]able spr+ to ! lat* &    
imp>t a decid$ t5d5cy to =ce ! lat* into
 ! wood5 cat*1 a t5d5cy :i* c only be   
ov]come by lift+ ! spool up 9 ! slot &  
?us lift+ ! lat* & all[+ ! door to op54 
,fig4 #aig %[s ! inside ( ! door ) !    

spr+-lat*1 cat*es & all complete2 x also
 gives details ( ! wood5 cat* ,a ) gu>ds
 ,d & ,c & ! fa/5+ ( ! /ick 9 ! spool by
 a peg driv5 ?r\gh ! end ( ! /ick at ,f1
 ,g4 ,?is la/ "o is a good jack-knife   
lat* to make = y\r camp or cab94        
,,xxxiii  ,,secret ,,locks   ,,secret   
locks are m useful ?an /rong ones = a   
c\ntry h\se :i* is left alone dur+ !    
w9t] mon?s1 = x is n s mu* cupidity :i* 
causes su* h\ses to be brok5 into z x is
 ! curiosity ( ! native boys4 ,b :ile ^!
 lads (t5 d n hesitate to =ce or pick a 
lock !y w seldom g z f> z to sma% a door
 to effect an entrance2 h5ce1 if y\r    
lock is conceal$ y\r h\se is safe f all 
b pr(essional ?ieves1 & su* g5try seldom
 wa/e _! "t to break op5 a %ack :i*     
conta9s no?+ ( value to !m4 ,! lat*es   
%[n by ,figs4 #aic1 #bjj1 & #bja may be 
made v heavy & /rong1 & if ! trigg] 9   
,fig4 #bjj1 ! lat*-/r+ hole 9 ,fig4     
#aic1 & ! peg hole 9 ,fig4 #bja are     
adroitly conceal$ !y make ! safe/ & mo/ 
secure locks = summ] camps1 %acks1 &    

h\ses4  ,if a l>ge b> 7,fig4 #bja ,b7 be
 made ( "o-by-f\r-in* plank1 bolt$ 9 !  
middle ( ! plank ) an iron bolt ?r\gh ! 
c5tre ( ! door & fa/5$ on ! inside by a 
nut screw$ on to ! bolt x w all[ ! b> to
 revolve freely on ! inside ( ! door &  
b> ! door :5 re/+ 9 ! ,a & ,c cat*es4 ,b
 if a /r+ is atta*$ to "o end x may be  
unfa/5$ by pull+ ! /r+ up ?r\gh ! gimlet
 hole 9 ! door4  ,to conceal ?is lock1  
draw ! /r+ ?r\gh ! gimlet hole & fa/5 a 
nail on ! /r+4 ,:5 x is undrawn ! door  
b> is horizontal & ! door consequ5tly   
b>r$4 ,!n pu% ! nail 9 ! gimlet hole s t
 only ! head appe>s on ! outside & no "o
 n 9 ! secret w ev] suppose t !         
innoc5t-appe>+ nail is ! key to unfa/5 !
 door4 ,:5 y wi% to op5 ! door f !      
outside1 pluck out ! nail1 pull ! /r+1 &
 walk 94  ,!re are a ?\s& o!r simple    
contrivances :i* w sugge/ !mselves to ! 
camp]1 & he c f9d ent]ta9m5t = ra9y days
 9 plann+ & enl>g+ on ! ideas "h giv54  
,9 ! real wild]ness1 h[ev]1 e camp is   
op5 to all com]s--t is1 ! lat*-/r+ hangs

 outside ! door1 b ! real woodsm5       
respect ! hospitality ( ! abs5t own] &  
replace :atev] food !y may use ) fre%   
mat]ial f _! own packs1 wa% all di%es !y
 may use1 & sweep up & leave ! %ack 9   
apple-pie ord] aft] _! un9vit$ visit1 = 
?is is ! law ( ! wild]ness :i* ev5 horse
 ?ieves & b&its respect4   ,!           
,tippecanoe  ,! ,tippecanoe lat* is     
work$ ) a wood5 spr+ & :5 prop]ly made1 
( well-season$ wood1 w probably outla/ a
 metal "o1 = wood w n ru/ & _c rot      
unless subject$ to moi/ure4  ,! position
 ( ! spr+ 9 ,fig4 #bja %[s ! lat* ) !   
bolt sprung back4 ,! fact t ! bolt-hole 
9 ! cat* is empty also tells ! same     
/ory4 ,! draw+ ( ! outside ( ! door     
7,fig4 #bjc7 %[s by ! position ( ! peg t
 ! door is fa/5$4 ,to op5 ! door1 pu%   
back ! bolt by slid+ ! peg to ! opposite
 end ( ! slot4 ,f a view ( ! edge ( !   
door 7,fig4 #bjb7 "o may see h[ ! peg   
protrudes on ! outside ( ! door4  ,fig4 
#bja4 ,fig4 #bja4 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,fig4     
#bjc4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,tippecanoe4 ,a 

jack door-lat*4  ,al?\gh ! ,tippecanoe  
lat* is made ( q a numb] ( p>ts1 x is   
really a v simple device1 b 9 ord] to   
display ! simplicity ( its con/ruction  
to ! ambiti\s jack-knife lat* mak] ,i h 
drawn all ! p>ts b ! spr+ /ick natural  
size 7,figs4 #bjd to #bjg71 b s9ce !    
orig9al diagram is drawn too l>ge = ?is 
page & 0 r$uc$ by ! engrav] !re is a    
scale ( in*es at ! bottom to give !     
read] ! proportions4  ,!re are no fix$  
dim5sions = ?is or any o!r lock1 lat*1  
or cat*1 b ! proportions "h giv5 are    
probably ! ones t w fit y\r door4 ,!    
f\ndation block is %[n by ,fig4 #bjd4   
,^u ?is ! lat* re/s & is securely nail$ 
or screw$ to ! door4 ,figs4 #bje & #bjf 
are two wood5 clamps :i* are fa/5$ to ! 
door & also to ! f\ndation block 7,fig4 
#bjd74 ,^! clamps mu/ be not*$ z 9 !    
diagrams to all[ = ! movem5t ( ! bolt1 b
 s9ce ! bolt 7,fig4 #bjg7 is l>g] &     
?ick] at ! butt ! not* 9 ,fig4 #bje is  
made j a trifle l>g] ?an ! butt end ( ! 
bolt & 9 ,fig4 #bjf ! not* is made a    

trifle small] ?an ! opposite end ( !    
bolt4 ,! object ( ! (fset on ! bolt     
7,fig4 #bjg7 =w>d ( ! peg is to make a  
%\ld] to /op x f %oot+ too f> :5 ! spr+ 
is loos5$4  ,fig4 #bjd4 ,fig4 #bjd4     
,fig4 #bje4 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,fig4 #bjg4     
,illu/ration3 ,detail p>ts ( ,tippecanoe
 door-lat*4   ,! ,cat*  ,figs4 #bja &   
#bjd %[ ! cat* :i* is to be securely    
fa/5$ to ! door-jamb4 ,! spr+1 ( c\rse1 
mu/ be made ( well-season$1 ela/ic wood4
 ,hickory is ! be/4 ,?is /ick may be q  
long1 say half aga9 z long 9 proportion 
z ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #bja4 ,x mu/ be      
flatt5$ at ! upp] end & secur$ by two   
nails & x mu/ be flatt5$ at "r angles to
 ! upp] "p & some:at po9t$ at ! l[] end 
s z to fit 9 a not* 9 ! bolt 7,fig4     
#bja74 ,a well-made lock ( ?is sort is a
 s\rce ( con/ant joy & pride to ! mak] &
 he w nev] tire ( spr++ x back & =? &   
extoll+ its virtues to 8 gue/s4         
,,xxxiv  ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,!           
,,b[-,,arr[ ,,cab9 ,,door ,,& ,,lat* ,,&
 ,,! ,,dem+ ,,tw9 ,,bolts1 ,,hall1 ,,&  

,,billy   ,,fig4 #bji %[s ! inside ( !  
door ) ! wood5 lat* 9 place4 ,y may use 
planks f ! sawmill = ! door 9 place (   
splitt+ !m f spruce logs1 z ! ones "h   
are suppos$ to be4  ,! batt5s 7,a1 ,b1  
,c7 are made ( bir*1 b y may use any    
mat]ial at h& = !m4 ,! h+es 7,figs4 ,e1 
#baa ,d1 #baj7 are made ( bir* /icks    
:ittl$ (f at ! top s z to leave a peg   
7,fig4 ,e1 #baa7 to "w 9 a hole 9 !     
flatt5$ end ( ! horizontal batt5s 7,a & 
,c1 ,fig4 #bji74  ,! batt5 ,b is 9 two  
pieces4 ,! top piece s]ves z a brace = !
 spr+ 7,fig4 ,g1 #bji7 & ! bottom piece 
z a support = ! bolt 7,fig4 ,h1 #bji &  
#bab74 ,! batt5s may be made ( a piece (
 bo>d4 ,! bolt 7,fig4 ,h1 #bab7 works   
free ^u a nail 9 ! left-h& end & re/s 9 
! cat* 7,fig4 ,k1 #bae7 on ! door-jamb4 
,! gu>d 7,fig4 ,j1 #baf7 fits ov] ! bolt
 & keeps x 9 place4 ,! not* 9 ! gu>d mu/
 be long en\gh to give ! bolt free play 
up & d[n4  ,! spr+ 7,fig4 ,g1 #bji7 is  
fa/5$ ) a nail to ! door 9 su* a mann] t
 its ?9 end re/s ^u ! top ( ! bolt )    

suffici5t =ce to b5d ! spr+ & hold !    
bolt d[n 9 ! cat* 7,fig4 ,k1 #bae74  ,! 
?umb-lat* 7,fig4 ,l1 #bac7 is :ittl$ out
 9 ! =m %[n1 & fa/5$ 9 a slot cut 9 !   
door by a nail driv5 ?r\gh ! edge ( !   
door 7,fig4 ,m1 #bac7 & ?r\gh a hole 9 !
 ?umb-lat* 7,fig4 ,l1 #bac74 ,on ?is    
nail ! lat* works up & d[n4  ,fig4 #bag 
%[s ! outside ( ! door & y c see t by   
press+ d[n ! ?umb-lat* on ! outside x w 
lift x up on ! inside1 & ) x ! bolt     
lifts up ! free end ( ! lat* & ?us      
unfa/5s ! door4  ,! h&le 7,figs4 #bag & 
#bad ,n7 is us$ 9 place ( a door-knob4  
,x is made ( yell[ bir* b5t 9 hot wat]4 
,! ,dem+ ,tw9 ,lock  ,e4 ,w4 ,dem+1 !   
pa9t] ( ,indian pictures1 ! mighty      
hunt]1 & fell[ memb] ( ! ,camp-,fire    
,club ( ,am]ica1 is a great woodsman4 ,n
 only is he a great woodsman b he is !  
fa!r ( tw9s1 & s we h ?\ght t he        
possesses all ! *>act]i/ics necess>y to 
entitle him to a place 9 ?is book1 &    
aft] him & 8 tw9s we h nam$ ! tw9 bolts 
%[n by ,fig4 #bjh4  ,! l[] or ,hall bolt

 is %ot into a hole 9 ! door-sill1 & !  
upp] or ,billy bolt is %ot into a hole 9
 ! door-jamb above ! door4 ,! holes %\ld
 be protect$ ^u ! surface ( ! wood by   
pieces ( t9 or %eet iron ) holes cut 9  
!m to admit ! bolt4 ,! t9s may be tack$ 
ov] ! bolt-hole 9 ! sill = ! ,hall bolt 
& on ! bolt-hole ov]head = ! ,billy     
bolt1 & x w prev5t ! splitt+ away ( !   
wood ar\nd ! holes4   ,gu>ds  ,two      
gu>ds1 ,a & ,b 7,fig4 #bjh71 made z 9   
,fig4 #baf1 protect ! bolts & act z     
guides to keep !m f sw++ out ( position2
 two spr+s ,c & ,d 7,fig4 #bjh71 made ( 
well-season$ hickory & atta*$ to !      
batt5s on ! door by nails or screws1 =ce
 ! bolts d[n & up into ! bolt-holes     
7,fig4 #bjh74 ,to release ! bolts1 !    
spr+ mu/ be drawn back z %[n by ! dott$ 
l9es 9 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,?is may be done by  
means ( a /r+ or picture wire1 :i* is   
fa/5$ 9 ! ends ( ! bolts & runs ?r\gh a 
hole 9 ! ends ( ! spr+ & is atta*$ to ! 
lev] ,e 7,fig4 #bjh74 ,:5 ! end ( ?is   
lev] is pu%$ d[n into ! position %[n by 

! dott$ l9e & arr[-po9t1 x lifts up !   
,hall bolt at ! bottom ( ! door & pulls 
d[n ! ,billy bolt ov]head1 ?us unfa/5+ !
 door4  ,fig4 #bjh4 ,fig4 #bji4 ,fig4   
#baj4 ,fig4 #baa4 ,fig4 #bab4 ,fig4     
#bac4  ,fig4 #bad4 ,fig4 #bae4 ,fig4    
#baf4 ,fig4 #bag4  ,illu/ration3        
,jack-knife lat*es suitable = ,canada & 
,am]ica4  ,b1 ( c\rse1 if "o is outside 
! door "o _c rea* ! lev] ,e2 s1 to      
ov]come ?is difficulty1 a hole is bor$  
?r\gh ! c5tral batt5 ( ! door & !       
lat*-/r+ is ti$ to ! top end ( ! lev] & 
! o!r end is run ?r\gh ! hole bor$ 9 !  
door 7,fig4 #bjh74  ,! end outside ( !  
door is !n ti$ to a nail2 by pull+ !    
nail y pull d[n ! lev] ,e1 :i* undoes ! 
bolts & op5s ! door4  ,:5 x is desir$ to
 leave ! door lock$1 aft] x is clos$1   
pu% ! nail into ! lat*-/r+ hole s t only
 ! head w be visible f ! outside4 ,:5 ! 
nail & /r+ are arrang$ 9 ?is mann]1 a   
/rang] w see no means ( op5+ ! door1 &1 
z !re are _m nail-heads 9 all r\gh      
doors1 ! "o to :i* ! lat*-/r+ is atta*$ 

w n attract ! att5tion ( any "o :o is   
unacqua9t$ ) ! ,dem+ tw9 bolt4          
,,xxxv  ,,! ,,aures ,,lock ,,lat*   ,,! 
,aures lock diff]s f ! prec$+ ones 9 !  
use ( metal spr+s1 b wood5 ones may be  
sub/itut$2 = in/ance1 a wood5 spr+ l !  
"o 9 ,fig4 #bji may be put "u ! bolt or 
lat* %[n 9 ,fig4 #bai1 :i* is           
practically ! same lat*2 t is1 if y turn
 ! lat* 9 ,fig4 #bji upside d[n x w make
 ! lat* %[n 9 ,fig4 #bai2 also1 if y    
take ! bolt or lock ,b 9 ,fig4 #bai &   
make x ( "o piece ( wood ) a spr+ to x1 
l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjh or ,fig4 #bji1  
or make x exactly l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4    
#bja1 ! ,aures lock c be made altoge!r (
 wood4 ,b ) ?is lock1 z describ$ bel[1  
metal spr+s 7 us$ 7,figs4 #bai1 #bbj1 & 
#bba74   ,! ,door  ,! door %[s ! two    
/r+s ,h & ,k com+ ?r\gh gimlet holes ne>
 ! top4 ,fig4 #bah repres5ts ! outside (
 ! door4 ,! /r+s may be conceal$ by     
cov]+ _! ends ) a bo>d z %[n 9 ?is      
diagram1 b ev5 if !y are n conceal$1 "o 
unacqua9t$ ) ! lock w n "k h[ to "w !m 9

 ord] to op5 ! door4  ,a 9 ,figs4 #bai1 
#bbj1 & #bba is ! lat* :i* is made ( a  
piece ( wood ab\t eight or n9e in*es    
long by ab\t "o & "o half in*es wide by 
an in* or ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick4 ,a 
hole is drill$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! lat* & a 
screw plac$ ?r\gh :i* is screw$ into !  
door s t ! lat* w ext5d ab\t two or ?ree
 in*es beyond ! end ( ! door4  ,d       
7,figs4 #bai1 #bbj1 & #bba7 is a cat* or
 /op :i* is fa/5$ to ! door-jamb & keeps
 ! end ( ! lat* f fly+ too f> up to lock
 ! door4  ,b 7,fig4 #bai7 is ! key :i*  
is made ( ! same sort ( wood z ! lat*2 a
 hole is drill$ 9 ?is also b x is "h    
plac$ ab\t "o in* f ! top4 ,a screw is  
run ?r\gh ?is1 z 9 ! hole 9 ! lat*1 &   
screw$ into ! door 7,fig4 #bai74  ,fig4 
,c1 #bai is a small block ( wood on :i* 
a /eel-b& spr+ has be5 screw$ to keep ! 
key 9 its prop] place4 ,! block is      
screw$ to ! door a %ort di/ance above ! 
top ( ! key4  ,fig4 ,j1 #bai is a nail  
or peg plac$ 9 ! door close beside ! key
 :5 ! key is v]tical2 ?is is int5d$ to  

prev5t ! key f be+ %ov$ ov] too f> by ! 
=ce ( ! b& spr+ ,f4  ,fig4 #bai ,l is a 
/eel wire spr+ 7a w9d[-%ade spr+ w answ]
 ! purpose71 fa/5$ to ! door at "o end &
 to ! lat* at ! o!r end1 & s]ves to keep
 ! lat* d[n & 9 place :5 lock$4  ,fig4  
#bai ,k is ! lat*-/r+1 "o end ( :i* is  
fa/5$ to "o end ( ! lat* & ! o!r end run
 ?r\gh a hole ne> ! top ( ! door &      
ext5d+ outside ! same z ! lat*-/r+      
7,fig4 #bah74  ,fig4 #bai %[s !         
positions ( ! lat* & key :5 ! lat* is   
lock$2 to op5 ! lock f ! outside x is   
necess>y to pull ! key /r+ fir/ 7,h1    
,fig4 #bbj71 :i* releases ! key2 !n pull
 ! lat*-/r+1 ?us lift+ ! lat* :ile /ill 
hold+ ! key /r+4 ,! key /r+ is n[ let g2
 ! spr+ =c+ ! key into ! position %[n 9 
,fig4 #bba w keep ! door unlock$4  ,:5  
leav+ ! room1 all t is necess>y is to   
pull ! key /r+ :i* lifts ! key1 !n let g
 ! lat*-/r+1 & ! lat* w spr+ back to its
 lock$ position & ! key w also fly back 
into its position z 9 ,fig4 #bai4 ,any  
"o n kn[+ ! comb9ation w be unable to   

op5 ! door4  ,fig4 #bah4 ,fig4 #bai4    
,fig4 #bbj4 ,fig4 #bba4 ,fig4 #bbb4     
,fig4 #bbc4  ,fig4 #bbd4 ,fig4 #bbe4    
,fig4 #bbf4 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,fig4 #bbh4     
,illu/ration3 ,home-made cab9           
door-locks4   ,! ,compass ,lock  ,?is   
lock is made on ! same pr9ciple z !     
comb9ation safe lock1 b x is a lock any 
bright boy c make = himself4 ,9 ! fir/  
place1 in/ead ( numb]s1 use compass     
divisions2 t is1 use a disk ) ! po9ts ( 
! compass scrat*$ on x & an ord9>y      
door-knob ) an index m>k fil$ on its    
base1 z %[n by ,fig4 #bbd :]e ! f+] is  
po9t+4  ,hunt up ?ree old door-knobs l  
^? %[n 9 ,figs4 #bbb1 #bbd1 & #bbe4 ,:5 
y take "o ( ! door-knobs (f "o end ( !  
%aft y w f9d sev]al small screw holes 9 
! /eel %aft 7,fig4 #bbb74 ,ov] ?is end y
 set a block ( h>dwood :i* y fa%ion out 
( a squ>e block 7,fig4 #bbc7 by fir/    
cutt+ (f ! corn]s z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1
 !n :ittl+ ! angles (f until x becomes  
r\nd$ l a compass face2 aft] :i* saw (f 
an arc1 t is1 "p ( a circle1 z %[n 9    

,figs4 #bbd1 #bbf1 & #bbg4 ,next make a 
squ>e hole ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! circle to  
fit ! squ>e end ( ! /eel %aft ( !       
door-knob4 ,! squ>e hole is n ! c5tre ( 
! block z x is n[ cut1 b x is ! c5tre ( 
! block z x 0 :5 x 0 r\nd2 t is1 ! c5tre
 ( ! circle4 ,ins]t ! squ>e end ( ! /eel
 %aft into ! squ>e hole 9 ! block1 &1   
?r\gh a hole c>efully drill$ = !        
purpose1 put a screw d[n ?r\gh ! hole 9 
! end ( ! /eel %aft 7,fig4 #bbd72 ?is w 
firmly fix ! block on ! end ( ! knob4 ,(
 c\rse1 ! knob mu/ be ins]t$ ?r\gh !    
door be=e ! block is p]man5tly fa/5$ ^u 
! end ( ! %aft4 ,fig4 #bbe %[s ! edge ( 
! door ) ! ?ree knobs 9 place4 ,if ^!   
knobs are s turn$ 7,fig4 #bbf7 t _! flat
 edges are p>allel ) ! crack ( ! door1  
!re is no?+ to prev5t y f op5+ ! door2 b
 if ! knobs are s turn$ 7,fig4 #bbg7 t !
 blocks ov]lap ! crack ( ! door1 ! door 
_c be op5$ )\t break+ ! lock4  ,x is    
evid5t t we mu/ h "s sort ( a m>k to    
tell u h[ to make ! prop] comb9ation s t
 ! door may be op5$4 ,to d ?is1 take !  

metal wa%] ( ! door-knob 7! upp] figure 
9 ,fig4 #bbh7 or a circul> piece or disk
 ( t9 & divide x up l a compass 7,fig4  
#bbh74 ,fa/5 ^! disks securely on to !  
door ) nails or screws2 place all ( !   
disks ) ! nor? po9t po9t+ to ! top ( !  
door & 9 l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,file 9 !       
circul> base ( ea* door-knob 7,fig4     
#bbd7 a little not* at ! black m>k :]e !
 f+] is po9t+1 !n put ! door-knobs 9    
place & fa/5 !m !re 7,fig4 #bbe7 by     
screw+ ! block on _! ends 7,fig4 #bbd7 &
 secur+ ! screws 9 ! blocks by runn+ !m 
?r\gh ! %aft4 ,c>efully turn ! knobs s t
 ! block on ! inside fits l ^? %[n 9    
,fig4 #bbf4 ,jot d[n 9 y\r notebook !   
position ( ! index on ea* knob 7f+]     
po9t1 #bbd72 "o may read nor!a/1 ano!r  
may read s\?we/1 & ano!r may read s\?4  
,:5 "o wants to op5 ! door "o mu/ turn !
 knobs s t !y w read accord+ to ! notes 
& ! door may be op5$2 b unless ! indexes
 read z not$ "s ( !m w be turn$ z 9     
,fig4 #bbg1 lock+ ! door1 & x may n be  
op5$4  ,:5 ! door is clos$1 twi/ ! knobs

 ar\nd & x w lock !m s t no "o else c   
op5 ! door unless !y "k ! comb9ation4 ,!
 fact t !re is a comb9ation w n be      
sugge/$ to a /rang] by ! compasses1     
al?\gh x might be sugge/$ if !re 7      
figures 9 place ( compass po9ts4 ,b ev5 
suppos+ !y did suspect a comb9ation x   
w\ld take a long "t = !m to "w x out1 & 
no "o w\ld d x b a ?ief4 ,a burgl>1     
h[ev]1 w\ld n take ! "t2 he w\ld pry op5
 ! door ) 8 jimmy &1 z ,i h said be=e1  
^! locks are = ! purpose ( keep+ out    
tramps1 vagrants1 & inquisitive boys4   
,we h no locks yet inv5t$ :i* w keep out
 a real1 pr(essional burgl> if he has   
reason to suppose !re are valuables     
inside4  ,! safety ( y\r log cab9 dep5ds
 pr9cipally ^u ! fact t valuables are n 
kept 9 su* %acks1 & real burgl>s "k x4  
,,xxxvi  ,,! ,,am]ican ,,log ,,cab9     
,,n[ t we "k h[ to make doors &         
door-lat*es1 locks1 bolts1 & b>s1 we may
 busy ourselves ) build+ an ,am]ican log
 cab94 ,x is all well en\gh to build our
 %acks & %anties & camps ( logs ) ! b>k 

on !m1 b1 :5 "o wi%es to build a log    
cab91 "o wants a h\se t w la/4 ,abraham 
,l9coln's log cab9 is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 b 
x 0 built ( logs ) no b>k on !m4 ,!re is
 a two-/ory log h\se /ill /&+ 9 ,dayton1
 ,o42 x is said to h be5 built be=e !   
t[n 0 !re2 b !re is no b>k on ! logs4   
,b>k holds moi/ure & moi/ure creates    
decay by invit+ fibr\s & ?readlike c\s9s
 ( ! toad/ool to gr[ on ! damp wood & "w
 _! way into its sub/ance4 ,! b>k also  
%elt]s all sorts ( bor+ insects & ! bor+
 insects make holes ?r\gh ! logs :i*    
admit ! ra9 & 9 ! end cause decay1 s t !
 fir/ ?+ to rememb] is to peel ! logs ( 
:i* y propose to build ! cab94 ,!re is  
n[1 or 0 lately1 a log cab9 on ,hemp/ead
 ,pla9s1 ,l4 ,i41 ne> ! road lead+ f    
,m9eola to ,manhassett2 x is suppos$ to 
h be5 built :5 ! fir/ :ite settl]s began
 to arrive on ,long ,isl&1 b ?is 0 :at 0
 kn[n z a blockh\se1 a small =t4 ,9     
#aijf ,mr4 ,i4 ,p4 ,sap+ton said3 ,i ?9k
 t ,i am ! only man n[ liv+ :o help$    
build ,g5]al ,grant's log cab94 ,grant's

 h\se 0 :at is popul>ly kn[n 9 ! ,s\? z 
a saddle-bag log h\se1 or1 z ! old      
,s\?we/]n settl]s call$ x1 a two-p51 !  
p5s be+ two enclosures ) a wide         
passageway or gall]y betwe5 !m1 "o ro(  
ext5d+ ov] bo? p5s & ! gall]y4  ,g5]al  
,grant 0 n afraid ( "w1 &1 l a good     
sc\t1 0 always will+ to help a neighbor4
 ,he _h a team ( big horses1 a gray & a 
bay1 & ! loads ( cord-wood he haul$ to  
,/4 ,l\is 7 s big t !y are /ill talk$ ( 
by ! old settl]s4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahed    
,grant />t$ 8 log cab91 & all 8         
neighbors turn$ 9 to help him build 8   
h\se4   ,am]ican ,log ,h\se  ,! ,am]ican
 log h\se diff]s f ! ,canadian log h\se 
pr9cipally 9 ! %ape ( ! ro(4 ,our old   
settl]s made /eep gambrel ro(s to %$ !  
ra94      ,gambrel6 ,gambrel8 ,let me   
beg      ,y'll look at a horse's h9d]   
leg2      ,fir/ great angle above ! ho(1
      ,t's ! gambrel1 h5ce ! gambrel    
ro(4  ,! ,canadians put v flat ro(s on  
_! log cab9s1 usually compos$ ( logs    
laid ov] ! raft]s1 mak+ !m /rong en\gh  

to support ! heavy weight ( sn[4 ,!     
,am]ican log cab9s1 z a rule1 are built 
9 a mild] climate1 & ! flat sod ro( is  
peculi> to our ,nor!rn b\nd>y & ! hot1  
arid p>ts ( our c\ntry4 ,we build !     
*imneys outside ( our log cab9s because1
 z ! old settl]s w\ld say1 ?>'s m room  
out ?> 7see ,figs4 #bga1 #bgc74         
,"o-,p5 ,cab9  ,fig4 #bbi is a "o-p5    
cab94 ,to build x we fir/ snake our logs
 to a skid ne> ! site ( our propos$ cab9
 7,fig4 #afg71 f :i* we c roll our logs 
to our h\se z we ne$ !m4 ,lay out !     
corn]s & squ>e !m 7,fig4 #ahj72 not* !  
logs ) a r\nd$ or ,u-%ap$ not* 7,fig4   
#afe74 ,rememb] t all ! logs %\ld be two
 or ?ree feet long] ?an ! walls ( !     
propos$ build+1 b ! not*es mu/ be ! same
 di/ance ap>t 9 ord] to make ev5 walls4 
,! protrud+ ends ( ! logs may be all[$  
to /ick out z !y happ5 to come1 no matt]
 h[ irregul> !y may be1 until ! cab9 is 
erect$2 !n ) a two-h&$ saw & a boy at   
ea* end !y c be trimm$ (f ev5ly1 ?us    
giv+ a neat f9i% to ! h\se4  ,fig4 #bbi4

 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,fig4 #bca4 ,fig4 #bcb4    
,fig4 #bcc4 ,fig4 #bcd4  ,illu/ration3  
,h9ts & sugge/ions 9 cab9 con/ruction4  
,sills  ,! l>ge/1 /raighte/1 & be/ logs 
%\ld be sav$ = sills or f\ndations4 ,if 
y are build+ a mudsill1 t is1 a build+  
^u ! gr\nd itself1 ! sill logs w be     
subject to dampness :i* w cause !m to   
rot unless !y are protect$ by "s wood   
pres]vative4   ,wood ,pres]vative  ,if !
 logs are pa9t$ ) two or ?ree coats (   
creosote be=e !y are laid ^u ! gr\nd1 x 
w protect !m = an indef9ite "t & prev5t 
decay4 ,hugh ,p4 ,bak]1 dean ( ! ,new   
,york ,/ate ,college ( ,=e/ry1 writes me
 t--      two or ?ree applications ( w>m
 oil ) a bru% w be     v helpful & w    
probably be all t ! ord9>y man     c d4 
,creosote is ! be/ pres]vative because (
 its     p5etrat+ p[] & ! way x acts ^u 
! fibres (     wood1 & 9 ! end is *eap] 
?an a good _m o!r     ?+s :i* h be5 us$ 
to pres]ve timb]4 ,9 fact1     v>i\s =ms
 ( creosote are be/-kn[n pres]v]s (     
organic matt]4 ,!re is no advantage 9   

us+ *>coal at     all & ,i presume      
sugge/ions h be5 made = us+ x           
because we "k t *>r$ wood is m durable4 
,l9se$-oil is good2 ord9>y :ite-lead    
pa9t w be     bett]1 b nei!r ( !m is z  
effective z creosote1 &     bo? are m   
exp5sive4 ,y w f9d t c>bol9eum &     o!r
 pat5t prep>ations are recomm5d$ v      
highly2 !y     are good b exp5sive & !  
diff]5ce 9 price betwe5     ^! pat5t    
prep>ations & ord9>y creosote is mu*    
l>g] ?an is ju/ifi$ by _! increas$      
value4 ,creosote     c be procur$ 9 l>ge
 or small quantities f a numb]     (    
conc]ns4 ,i ?9k we h be5 gett+ x = ab\t 
t5     doll>s p] b>rel ( fifty or       
fifty-?ree gallons4   ,creosote  may be 
pur*as$ 9 l>ge or small quantities f    
v>i\s manufactur+ companies1 su* z !    
,b>ret ,manufactur+ ,company1 #ag       
,batt]y ,place1 ,new ,york ,city1 & !   
,*attfield ,manufactur+ ,company1       
,c>?age1 ,o41 h&le x 9 l>ge quantities4 
,op5+s  ,build ! p5 z if x 7 to h no    
op5+s1 ei!r doors1 w9d[s1 or fireplaces4

 ,:5 y rea* ! po9t :]e ! top ( ! door1  
w9d[1 or fireplace is to be 7,fig4 #bbi7
 saw out a section ( ! log to m>k !     
place & admit a saw :5 x is desir$ to   
f9i% ! op5+ z %[n 9 ! diagram & cont9ue 
build+ until y h en\gh logs 9 place to  
tack on cleats l ^? %[n 9 ,figs4 #bbi1  
#bcj1 & #bca1 aft] :i* ! op5+s may be   
saw$ out4 ,! cleats w hold ! ends ( !   
logs 9 place until ! bo>ds ,u 7,fig4    
#bcb7 = ! door-jambs1 w9d[-frames1 or ! 
framework ov] ! fireplace c be nail$ to 
! ends ( ! logs & ?us hold !m p]man5tly 
9 place4 ,if y\r h\se is a mudsill1 wet 
! floor until x becomes spongy1 !n ) !  
butt end ( a log ram ! dirt d[n h>d     
until y h an ev51 h>d floor--su* a floor
 z "s ( ! greate/ m5 ( ?is nation fir/  
crept ov] :5 !y 7 babies4 ,b if y want a
 bo>d floor1 y mu/ necess>ily h         
floor-joi/s2 ^! are easily made ( mill$ 
lumb] or y may use ! ru/ic mat]ial ( :i*
 y\r h\se is built & select "s /raight  
logs = y\r joi/s4 ,( c\rse1 ^! joi/s mu/
 h an ev5 top surface1 :i* may be made  

by flatt5+ ! logs by scor+ & hew+ !m z  
illu/rat$ by ,figs4 #abc1 #abd1 & #abe &
 previ\sly describ$4 ,x w !n be necess>y
 to cut ! ends ( ! joi/ squ>e & small]  
?an ! re/ ( ! log 7,fig4 ,a1 #bbi72 !   
squ>e ends mu/ be made to fit easily    
into ! not*es made 9 ! sill logs 7,b1   
,fig4 #bbi7 s t !y w all be ev5 & ready 
= ! floor+ 7,c1 ,fig4 #bbi74 ,= a h\se  
t5 feet wide ! joi/s %\ld be half a foot
 9 diamet]1 t is1 half a foot ?r\gh f "o
 side to ! o!r2 = l>g] spans use l>g]   
logs = ! joi/s4   ,f\ndation  ,if y\r   
h\se is n a mudsill y may re/ y\r sill  
logs ^u po/s or /one piles2 9 ei!r case1
 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 !y %\ld ext5d ?ree 
feet bel[ ! gr\nd1 s z to be bel[       
fro/-l9e & prev5t ! upheaval ( ! spr+   
?aw f ?r[+ y\r h\se out ( plumb4   ,ro(+
  ,all ! old-"t log cab9s 7 ro($ )      
%akes1 splits1 clapbo>ds1 or h&-riv$    
%+les z already describ$ & illu/rat$ by 
,figs4 #abf1 #abh1 #abi1 & #acj2 b      
to-day !y are usually %+l$ ) !          
ma*9e-saw$ %+le ( comm]ce4 ,y may1      

h[ev]1 cov] ! ro( ) planks z %[n by     
,fig4 #bcc or ) b>k weight$ d[n ) poles 
z %[n by ,fig4 #bcd4 ,9 cov]+ x ) bo>d  
or plank nail ! latt] on z y w\ld on a  
floor1 !n lay ano!r c\rse ( bo>ds ov] ! 
cracks :i* %[ betwe5 ! bo>ds on ! fir/  
c\rse4   ,gables  ,! gable ends ( ! cab9
 %\ld be built up ( logs ) ! raft]s ( ! 
ro( runn+ betwe5 ! logs z !y are 9      
,figs4 #bbi & #bcc1 b ! ro( may be      
built1 z x frequ5tly is n[adays1 ( mill 
lumb]1 9 :i* case x may be fram$ z %[n  
by ,figs4 #di1 #ea1 & ! gable end above 
! logs fill$ 9 ) upright poles z %[n 9  
,figs4 #agc & #bdg1 or plank$ up z %[n 9
 ! ,s\!rn saddle-bag 7,fig4 #bda71 or ! 
ends may be bo>d$ up & cov]$ ) t> pap] z
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdh1 or ! gable end may be
 %+l$ ) ord9>y %+les 7,fig4 #gi74       
,/eep ,ro(  ,rememb] t ! /eep] ! ro( is 
! long] ! %+les w la/1 because ! wat] w 
run (f readily & quickly on a /eep      
surface & ! %+les h an opportunity to   
dry quickly2 besides :i* ! sn[ slides (f
 a /eep ro( & ! driv+ ra9s d n beat "u !

 %+les4 ,if y are us+ mill$ lumb] = !   
ro(1 erect ! raft]s at ! gable end fir/1
 ) ! ridge bo>d z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfc & 9  
great] detail 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,put ! o!r   
raft]s two or ?ree feet ap>t4  ,let y\r 
ro( ov]hang ! walls by at lea/ sev5 or  
eight in*es s z to keep ! drip f ! ra9  
free ( ! wall4 ,x is mu* easi] = !      
ar*itect to draw a log h\se ?an x is = a
 build] to erect "o1 = ! simple reason t
 ! draughtsman c make 8 logs z /raight z
 he *ooses1 also t he c put ! unev5     
places :]e !y fit be/2 b except 9       
well-=e/$ c\ntries ! tree trunks d n gr[
 z /raight z ! logs 9 my pictures & y   
mu/ pick out ! logs :i* w fit toge!r4   
,run !m alt]nately butt & head2 t is1 if
 y put ! ?ick end ( ! log at ! "r-h& end
 ( y\r h\se1 ) ! small end at ! left1   
put ! next log ) ! small end at ! "r &  
?ick end at ! left2 o!rwise1 if all !   
?ick ends are put at "o side & ! small  
ends at ! o!r1 y\r h\se w be tall] at "o
 end ?an at ! o!r z is ! case ) "s ( our
 previ\s %acks & camps 7,figs4 #aij1    

#aia1 & #aib7 :i* are purposely built t 
way4  ,if x is plann$ to h glass w9d[   
lights1 make y\r w9d[ op5+s ( ! prop]   
size to fit ! w9d[-frames :i* come ) !  
sa%es f ! factory4 ,9 any case1 if !    
cab9 is to be left unoccupi$ y %\ld h   
heavy %utt]s to fit 9 ! w9d[ op5+ s z to
 keep out trespass]s4   ,*9k+  ,if y\r  
logs are unev5 & leave l>ge spaces      
betwe5 !m1 !y may be *9k$ up by fill+ ! 
spaces ) mud pla/] or cem5t1 & !n =c+ 9 
qu>t]$ pieces ( small logs & nail+ !m or
 spik+ !m 9 position4 ,if y\r logs are  
/raight spruce logs & fit snugly1 !     
cracks may be calk$ up ) swamp moss     
7,sphagnum71 or l a boat1 ) oakum1 or ! 
l>g] spaces may be fill$ ) flat /ones & 
cov]$ ) mud4 ,?is mud w la/ f "o to sev5
 or eight ye>s2 ,i h "s on my own log   
cab9 t has be5 !re ev5 a long] "t4      
,,xxxvii  ,a ,,hunt]',s ,,or            
,,fi%]man',s ,,cab9   ,,9 all ! hilly & 
m\nta9\s ,/ates !re are tracts ( =e/ l&s
 & wa/e l&s ( no use to ! f>m] & ( no   
use to settl]s1 b su* places (f] ideal  

spots = summ] camps = boys & naturali/s1
 = fi%]m5 & sportsm51 & "h !y may erect 
_! cab9s 7see ,frontispiece7 & enjoy    
!mselves 9 a heal?y1 natural mann]4 ,^! 
cab9s w v>y accord+ to ! wants ( !      
own]s1 accord+ to ! mat]ial at h& & ! l&
 ^u :i* !y are built4 ,by ext5d+ !      
raft]s ( ! ro(1 ! latt] may be ext5d$   
7see ,frontispiece7 to protect ! front &
 make a sort ( piazza :i* may be floor$ 
) pun*eons4  ,! logs =m+ ! sides ( !    
h\se may be all[$ to ext5d s z to make a
 wall or f5ce1 z !y d on ! "r-h& side ( 
! ,frontispiece1 ?us prev5t+ ! dang] (  
fall+ ov] ! cliff ^u :i* ?is cab9 is    
p]*$ & receiv+ injury or an unlook$-=   
duck+ 9 ! lake4 ,!y may also be ext5d$ z
 !y are on ! left1 to make a %ield beh9d
 :i* a wood-y>d is conceal$1 or to      
protect an enclosure = ! /orage ( ! l>g]
 camp ut5sils4  ,9 fact1 ?is draw+ is   
made z a sugge/ion & n to be copi$      
exactly1 because e spot diff]s f e o!r  
spot1 & "o wants to make "o's h\se con=m
 to ! requirem5ts ( its location2 =     

in/ance1 ! logs ^u ! "r-h& side might be
 all[$ to ext5d all ! way up to ! ro(1 z
 !y d at ! bottom1 & ?us make a cosey   
corn] protect$ f ! w9d & /orm4  ,! w9d[s
 9 su* a cab9 may be made v small1 = all
 "w is suppos$ to be done outdoors1 & :5
 m light is ne$$ on ! inside ! door may 
be left op54 ,9 a black-fly c\ntry or a 
mosquito c\ntry1 h[ev]1 :5 y are out (  
rea* ( scre5 doors1 mosquito-nett+ may  
be tack$ ov] ! w9d[s & a portire (      
mosquito-nett+ ov] ! doorway4           
,,xxxviii  ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,wyom+  
,,olebo1 ,a ,,hoko ,,riv] ,,olebo1 ,a   
,,%ake ,,cab91 ,a ,,canadian ,,mossback1
 ,,& ,a ,,two-,,p5 ,,or ,,s\!rn         
,,saddle-,,bag ,,h\se   ,,"o ( ! *>ms ( 
a log-cab9 build+ is ! _m possibilities 
( novelties sugge/$ by ! logs !mselves4 
,9 ! hunt]'s cab9 7see ,frontispiece7 we
 h se5 h[ ! ends ( ! logs 7 all[$ to    
/ick out 9 front & =m a rail = ! front  
/oop2 ! build]s ( ! olebos h foll[$ ?is 
idea /ill fur!r4   ,! ,wyom+ ,olebo  ,9 
,fig4 #bcf we see t ! side walls ( ! p5 

are all[$ to ext5d on ea* side s z to   
enclose a ro($-ov] op5-air room1 or1 if 
y *oose to s call x1 a front por*1 v]&a1
 /oop1 piazza1 or gall]y1 accord+ to !  
section ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* y live4  ,s z  
to bett] und]/& ?is cab9 ! plan is drawn
 9 p]spective1 ) ! cab9 above & made to 
appe> z if "s "o _h lift$ ! cab9 to %[ !
 gr\nd-floor plan und]nea?4 ,! olebo ro(
 is built ^u ! same plan z ! ,kanuck    
7,fig4 #bdd71 ) ?is exception1 t 9 ,fig4
 #bdd ! ro(tree or ridge-log is support$
 by cross logs :i* are a cont9uation ( !
 side ( ! h\se 7,a1 ,a1 ,figs4 #bdb1    
#bdd1 & #bde71 b 9 ! olebo ! ridge pole 
or log is support$ by uprights 7,figs4  
#bcf & #bcg74 ,to build ! olebo lay !   
two side sill logs fir/ 7,a1 ,b1 & ,c1  
,d1 ,fig4 #bcf71 !n ! two end logs ,e1  
,f1 & ,d1 ,b & proce$ to build ! cab9 z 
already describ$1 all[+ ! irregul> ends 
( ! logs to ext5d beyond ! cab9 until ! 
p5 is complet$ & all is ready = ! ro(1  
aft] :i* ! protrud+ ends ( ! logs       
except+ ! two top ones may be saw$ (f to

 suit ! ta/e & conv5i5ce ( ! build]4 ,! 
olebo may be made ( any size t ! logs w 
p]mit & "o's ta/e dictate4 ,aft] ! walls
 are built1 erect ! log columns at ,a & 
,c 7,fig4 #bcf71 cut _! tops w$ge %ape  
to fit 9 not*es 9 ! ends ( ! project+   
side-plates 7,fig4 #add1 ,a & ,b72 next 
lay ! end plate 7,g1 ,fig4 #bcf7 ov] !  
two top logs on ! sides ( y\r h\se :i*  
correspond to ! side-plates ( an ord9>y 
h\se4 ,! end plate ,g is not*$ to fit on
 top ( ! side-plates1 & ! tops ( !      
side-plates h be5 scor$ & hewn &        
flatt5$1 ?us mak+ a ,g5]al ,putnam jo9t 
l ! "o %[n above 7,g1 ,fig4 #bcf72 b :5 
! ends ( ! side logs ( ! cab9 7 trimm$  
(f ! side-plates or top side logs 7     
all[$ to protrude a foot or m beyond !  
o!rs2 ?is 0 to give room = ! support+   
upright log columns at ,a & ,c 7see view
 ( cab91 ,fig4 #bcf & ! front view1     
,fig4 #bcg74 ,h & ,j 7,fig4 #bcg7 are   
two m upright columns support+ ! end    
plate :i*1 9 turn1 supports ! %ort      
uprights ^u :i* ! two purl9s ,l & ,m    

re/2 ! o!r purl9s ,k & ,n re/ directly  
^u ! end plate 7,fig4 #bcg74 ,! re> end 
( ! cab9 c h ! gable logg$ up z ! front 
( ! h\se is 9 ,fig4 #bdj1 or fill$ 9 )  
uprights z 9 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,! ro( ( !     
olebo is compos$ ( logs1 b if "o is     
build+ an olebo :]e x w n be subject$   
dur+ ! w9t] to a great weight ( sn[1 "o 
may make ! ro( ( any mat]ial h&y4  ,fig4
 #bcf4 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,fig4 #bch4 ,fig4    
#bci4 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,fig4 #bda4           
,illu/ration3 ,"s native ,am]ican log   
h\ses4   ,hoko ,riv] ,olebo  ,! ,hoko   
,riv] olebo has logs only up to ! ceil+ 
( ! fir/ /ory 7,fig4 #bch71 or ! half   
/ory z ! case may be2 ?is "p1 z y see1  
is cov]$ ) %akes previ\sly illu/rat$ &  
describ$ 7,figs4 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 &    
#acj74 ,! logs support+ ! front ( !     
second /ory s]ve _! purpose z pill>s or 
supports only dur+ ! w9t]-"t1 :5 ! heavy
 load ( sn[ might break (f ! unsupport$ 
front ( ! olebo4 ,9 ! summ]-"t !y are   
tak5 away & set to "o side1 leav+ !     
ov]hang unsupport$ 9 front4 ,! %akes on 

! side are put on ! same z %+les1       
ov]lapp+ ea* o!r & break+ jo9ts z %[n 9 
! illu/ration4 ,!y are nail$ to ! side  
poles1 ! ends ( :i* y may see protrud+ 9
 ! sket* 7,fig4 #bch74   ,! ,mossback   
,cab9  ,9 ! nor? c\ntry1 :]e ! lumb]m5  
are at "w1 ! f>m]s or settl]s are look$ 
d[n ^u by ! lumb]jacks mu* 9 ! same     
mann] z ! civilians 9 a milit>y gov]nm5t
 are look$ d[n ^u by ! soldi]s1 & h5ce !
 lumb]jacks h1 9 d]ision1 dubb$ !       
settl]s mossbacks4   ,mossback  ,fig4   
#bci %[s a mossback's h\se or cab9 9 !  
lake l&s ( ,canada4 ,! same type ( h\se 
,i h se5 9 nor!rn ,mi*igan4 ,?is "o is a
 two-p5 h\se1 b ! second p5 is made l ! 
front to ! olebo1 by all[+ ! logs ( !   
walls ( ! h\se itself to ext5d suffici5t
 di/ance beyond to make ano!r room1 p51 
or division4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case !     
settl] has put a %$ ro( ( bo>ds ^u !    
division1 b ! ma9 ro( is made ( logs 9 !
 =m ( tiles4 ,9 ,canada ^! are call$ les
 auges 7pron\nc$ oge71 a "n giv5 to !m  
by ! ,fr5* settl]s4 ,! back ( ?is h\se  

has a /eep] ro( ?an ! front1 :i* ro(1 z 
y see1 ext5ds above ! ends ( les auges  
to keep ! ra9 f beat+ 9 at ! ends ( !   
wood5 tr\ghs4 ,above ! logs on ! front  
side ( ! small room1 p51 or addition !  
front is cov]$ ) %akes4 ,fig4 #bdj %[s a
 cab9 9 ! ,olympic m\nta9s1 b x is only 
! ord9>y ,am]ican log cab9 ) a %ake ro( 
& no w9d[s4 ,a cook+-/ove inside answ]s 
= heat+ app>atus & ! /ovepipe protrudes 
above ! ro(4   ,! ,s\!rn ,saddle-,bag or
 ,two-,p5 ,cab9  ,n[ we come to ! mo/   
delightful ( all =ms ( a log h\se4 ,! "o
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bda is a v simple "o1 su* 
z might be built by any gr\p ( boys1 b  
,i h liv$ 9 su* h\ses d[n ,s\? t 7 v mu*
 m elaborate4 ,frequ5tly !y h a second  
/ory :i* ext5ds l ! ro( ov] ! op5 gall]y
 betwe5 ! p5s2 ! *imneys are at ! gable 
ends1 t is1 on ! outside ( ! h\se1 &    
s9ce we w h q a space devot$ to         
fireplaces & *imneys1 x is only necess>y
 to say "h t 9 _m portions ( ! ,s\? !   
fireplaces1 :ile broad1 are (t5 q %all[ 
& n ne>ly s deep z "s f\nd 9 ! old h\ses

 on ,long ,isl&1 9 ,new ,york1 & !      
,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,! op5 gall]y makes a    
delightful1 cool l\ng+ place1 also a    
place = ! ladies to sit & sew1 & s]ves z
 an op5-air d9+-room dur+ ! w>m wea!r2  
?is sort ( h\se is inappropriate & ill  
fitt$ = ! climate :i* produc$ ! olebo1 !
 mossback1 & ! ,kanuck1 b exactly suit$ 
= our ,s\!rn ,/ates & v pleasant ev5 z  
f> nor? z ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois4  
,i h liv$ 9 "o "p ( e summ] = ! la/     
tw5ty-two ye>s 9 ! m\nta9s ( nor!rn     
,p5nsylvania4 ,! saddle-bag may be built
 by boys ) ! two rooms t5 by t5 & a     
gall]y six feet wide1 or ! two rooms six
 by six & a gall]y five feet wide2 !    
plan may be se5 on ! sket* bel[ ! h\se  
7,fig4 #bda74  ,:]e y only expect to use
 ! h\se 9 ! summ] mon?s1 a two-p5 or    
saddle-bag c be us$ ) com=t ev5 9 !     
,nor!rn ,/ates1 b 9 ! w9t]-"t 9 su*     
,/ates z ,mi*igan & "p ( ,new ,york1 !  
gall]y w\ld be fill$ up ) drift+ sn[4   
,,xxxix  ,,native ,,names ,,= ,,! ,,p>ts
 ,,( ,a ,,kanuck ,,log ,,cab91 ,,& ,,h[ 

,,to ,,build ,,"o   ,,if ! writ] =gets  
himself once 9 a :ile & uses words n    
famili> to 8 boy read]s1 he hopes !y w  
=give him & put all su* slips d[n z !   
result ( leav+ boys' company once 9 a   
:ile & associat+ ) m54 ,! read] kn[s t  
m5 de>ly love big1 unga9ly words & t j z
 soon z boys d some?+ wor? :ile ! m5 get
 busy hunt+ up "s top-heavy "n = x4  ,:5
 "o is talk+ ( =eign ?+s1 h[ev]1 x is   
well to give ! =eign names = ^? ?+s1 &1 
s9ce ! next h\se to be describ$ is n a  
real ,am]ican "o b a native ( ,canada1 !
 ,canadian names are giv5 = its p>ts4   
,:ile 9 nor!rn ,quebec1 mak+ notes = !  
,kanuck1 ! writ] enli/$ ! int]e/ ( a    
fell[ memb] ( ! ,camp-,fire ,club (     
,am]ica1 ,doctor ,alex&] ,lamb]t1 &     
?r\gh him secur$ ! names ( all p>ts ( ! 
,canadian %ack4  ,! au?or is n a        
,fr5*-,canadian1 &1 al?\gh1 l mo/ ( 8   
read]s1 he /udi$ ,fr5* at s*ool1 :at he 
le>n$ ( t great language is n[ securely 
lock$ up 9 "o ( ! safe-deposit vaults ( 
8 bra9 & ! key lo/4  ,he owns up to 8   

ignorance because he is a sc\t & w\ld n 
try to deceive 8 read]s1 also because if
 ! read]'s k ( ,fr5* enables him to f9d 
"s error1 ! writ] c side/ep ! mi/ake &  
say1 ',ta9't m9e4 ,b1 jok+ aside1 ^!    
names are ! ones us$ 9 ! ,prov9ce (     
,quebec & are "h giv5 n because !y are  
good ,fr5* b because !y are ! names us$ 
by ! build]s among ! natives kn[n by !  
,indians z les habitants   ,local ,names
 ( ,p>ts ( ,cab9   spruce               
p9ette  balsam                          
sap9  to *op                            
b\*]1 ,figs4 #aac & #abb  to cut        
c\p]  logs                              
les bois or les billots1 ,a1 ,a1 ,a1    
,figs4 #bdb1 #bde1 also #aai1 #abf1 etc4
  squ>e                             c>r 
door                                    
porte1 ,figs4 #bdb1 #bdc  w9d[          
*ssis1 ,fig4 #bdc  w9d[-glass           
les vitres1 #bdb  ! joi/ on :i* ! floor 
is    laid                              
les trav]ses1 ,fig4 #di1 ,b1 ,b1 ,b1    
,b1 ,fig4 #bdd  ! floor itself          

plan*]  ! purl9s1 t is1 ! two big       
logs us$ to support ! ro(    les p\dres1
 ,c1 ,c1 ,fig4 #bdd  ! ro(              
c\v]ture1 ,fig4 #bdb  b>k               
corce  bir* b>k                         
b\leau  ! poles put on a bir*-b>k    ro(
 to keep ! b>k flat       les p*es1     
,figs4 #da1 #bcd1 #bdb  ! holl[         
half-logs sometimes    us$ l til+ on a  
ro(       les auges1 ,fig4 #bdf  piazza1
 por*1 front /oop1    v]&a              
gal]ie1 ,figs4 #bcf1 #bcg1 & #bda  ,!   
only ?+ t ne$s explanation is ! squ>+ ( 
! r\nd logs ( ! cab94 ,= in/ance1 in/ead
 ( leav+ ! logs absolutely r\nd & unt\*$
 inside ! camp1 aft] ! logs are plac$1  
!y are squ>$ (f s z to leave a flat     
surface 7,fig4 #abe74 ,!y call ?is !    
c>rage4 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is is a local "n
 or :e!r x is an expression peculi> to t
 ,quebec section ( ,canada or :e!r x is 
simply a corruption ( bett] ,fr5*4 ,x is
 d]iv$ f ! ^w c>r]1 to squ>e4  ,fig4    
#bdb4 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,fig4     
#bde4 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,fig4 #bdg4  ,fig4    

#bdh4 ,fig4 #bdi4  ,illu/ration3 ,%[+   
con/ruction ( ! common ,canadian log    
h\se4  ,! p]spective draw+s 7,figs4 #bdb
 & #bdc7 %[ views ( ! cab9 we call !    
,kanuck4 ,! p5 is built exactly z x is  
built 9 ! h\ses already describ$4 ,!    
w9d[s are plac$ :]e ! build] desires1 z 
is also ! doorway1 b :5 ! side-plate    
logs1 t is   ,les ,trav]ses  or top side
 logs1 are put 9 place1 !n ! trav]ses   
logs 7,b1 ,b1 ,b1 ,b1 ,fig4 #bdd7 are   
laid across ! p5 f "o side-plate to !   
o!r1 _! ends re/+ on top ( ! side-plates
 ov] ! trav]ses logs1 ! two purl9s      
,les ,p\dres  7,c1 ,c1 ,fig4 #bdd7 are  
not*$ & fitt$1 & ov] _! ends ! two      
pieces ,d1 ,d are fitt$1 &1 re/+ on !   
c5tres ( ! ,d logs1 ! ridge log 7,e1    
,fig4 #bdd7 is plac$4   ,c\v]ture  ,!   
ro( is made ( small logs flatt5$ on !   
"u-side or left 9 _! r\nd$ =m 7,fig4    
#bdb7 & laid f ! ridge logs d[n1 ext5d+ 
ov] ! eaves six or m in*es4   ,les ,p*es
  ,! ro( logs are !n held 9 place by    
poles pegg$ ) wood5 pegs to ! ro( 7,f1  

,g1 ,fig4 #bdb74   ,ro(+ ,mat]ial  ,!   
ro( is n[ cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( br[se1  
hay1 /raw1 dry leaves1 or dry grass1 &  
on top ( ?is moi/ blue clay1 yell[ clay1
 h>d-pan1 or simple mud is spread &     
trampl$ d[n h>d1 =c+ ! ?at* und]nea?    
into all ! cracks & crannies & =m+ a    
firm cov]+ ( clay sev]al in*es ?ick4    
,fireplace  ,! fireplace & *imney may be
 built inside or outside ! cab91 or !   
h\se may be heat$ by a /ove & ! /ovepipe
 all[$ to protrude ?r\gh a hole 9 ! ro( 
l>ge en\gh to sep>ate ! pipe a safe     
di/ance f ! wood & /raw & amply protect$
 by a piece ( %eet iron or t94 ,!n1 aft]
 y h /or$ y\r but9 7luggage71 y c sit & 
s+3      ,y may pull ! s\rd9e out     ,y
 may pu% ! rabat-joie 9     ,b ! b\can  
goes up ! *em9e j ! same     ,j ! same1 
j ! same1     ,b ! b\can goes up ! *em9e
 j ! same4  ,:5 l'habitant he>s y s+ ?is
 v]se he w n "k :at y\r song is ab\t1 b 
he w slap y on ! back1 laugh1 & call y  
,bon ,homme *ez n\s1 b d n get mad at   
?is2 x is a complim5t & n a bad "n4     

,clay ,ro(  ,a clay ro( %\ld be z flat z
 possible ) only pit* en\gh to %$ !     
wat]2 a %+le ro( %\ld h a rise ( at lea/
 "o foot high to f\r feet wide & a ?at*$
 ro( %\ld h a rise ( #de1 t is1 ! rise (
 a l9e drawn f corn] to corn] ( a squ>e4
  ,fig4 #bdg %[s a gable fill$ ) upright
 logs & ,fig4 #bdh %[s a t> pap] ro( & a
 gable cov]$ ) t> pap]4  ,s9ce ,kanucks 
are cold-climate h\ses1 !y frequ5tly h  
novel means ( keep+ !m w>m2 "o way t ,i 
h frequ5tly se5 us$ is to surr\nd !m ) a
 log f5ce %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdi1 & pack !    
space betwe5 ) /able manure or dirt &   
rott5 leaves4     ,,xl  ,,h[ ,,to ,,make
 ,a ,,pole ,,h\se ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,make  
,a ,,unique ,,b ,,?or\ghly ,,am]ican    
,,totem ,,log ,,h\se   ,a ,,pole h\se is
 a log h\se ) ! logs set upright4 ,we   
call x a pole h\se because1 usually1 !  
logs are small] ?an ^? us$ = a log h\se4
 ,! pole h\se 7,fig4 #bej7 is built 9 ! 
mann] %[n by ,figs4 #aga1 #agb1 & #agc1 
b 9 ! pres5t in/ance ! ridge-pole is a  
log :i* is all[$ to ext5d "s di/ance    

beyond ! h\se bo? 9 front & re>1 & !    
front end ( ! ridge-pole is c>v$ 9 !    
%ape ( a grotesque or comical animal's  
head l ^? we see on totem-poles4 ,! ro( 
is made ( %akes 7see ,figs4 #abf to     
#acj7 & ! %akes are held 9 place by     
poles pegg$ onto ! ro( 9 mu* ! same     
mann] z we h describ$ & call$ les p*es =
 ! ,kanuck4 ,?is pole cab9 may h an     
old-fa%ion$ ,dut* door :i* w add to its 
qua9tness & may h b "o room :i* w answ] 
! _m purposes ( a liv+-room1            
sleep+-room1 & d9+-room4 ,a lean-to at !
 back c be us$ = a kit*54   ,am]ican    
,totem ,log ,h\se  ,b if y really want  
some?+ unique1 build a log h\se on !    
g5]al plan %[n by ,figs4 #bea & #beb2 !n
 c>ve ! ends ( all ! ext5d+ logs to     
repres5t ! heads ( reptiles1 bea/s1 or  
birds2 also c>ve ! po/s :i* support !   
end logs on ! front gall]y1 por*1 or    
v]&a 9 ! =m ( totem-poles4 ,y may add   
fur!r to ! qua9t effect by plac+ small  
totem-po/s :]e y\r /eps beg9 on ! walk  
7,fig4 #bec7 & add+ a tall totem-pole   

7,fig4 #bee7 = y\r family totem or !    
totem ( y\r clan4 ,fig4 #beb %[s h[ to  
arrange & cut y\r logs = ! p5s4 ,!      
d9+-room is suppos$ to be beh9d ! half  
p>tition next to ! kit*52 ! o!r half (  
?is room be+ op51 ) ! front room1 x     
makes a l>ge liv+-room4 ,! /airs lead up
 to ! sleep+-rooms ov]head2 ! latt] are 
made by divid+ ! space ) p>titions to   
suit y\r conv5i5ce4   ,be=e ,build+     
,take y\r jack-knife & a numb] ( little 
/icks to repres5t ! logs ( y\r cab92    
call an in* a foot or a half in* a foot 
z w suit y\r conv5i5ce & measure all !  
/icks on ?is scale1 us+ in*es or p>ts ( 
in*es = feet4 ,!n sit d[n on ! gr\nd or 
on ! floor & exp]im5t 9 build+ a toy    
h\se or m9iature model until y make "o  
:i* is satisfactory4 ,next glue ! little
 logs ( ! p5 toge!r2 b make ! ro( s t x 
may be tak5 (f & put on l ! lid to a    
box2 keep y\r model to use 9 place ( an 
ar*itect's draw+2 ! backwoods workm5 w  
und]/& x bett] ?an !y w a set ( plans & 
sections on pap]4 ,fig4 #bea is a v     

simple plan & only put "h z a sugge/ion4
 ,y c put ! kit*5 at ! back ( ! h\se    
in/ead ( on "o side ( x or make any     
*anges :i* suit y\r fancy2 ! p5 ( ! h\se
 may be t5 by twelve or tw5ty by ?irty  
feet1 a camp or a dwell+2 ! ma9 po9t is 
to f9i% y\r h\se up ) totems z %[n by   
,fig4 #bec1 & !n tell ! o!r fell[s :]e y
 got ! idea4  ,fig4 #bej4 ,fig4 #bea4   
,fig4 #beb4 ,fig4 #bec4 ,fig4 #bed4     
,fig4 #bee4  ,illu/ration3 ,a totem     
motif4 ,an arti/ic & novel treatm5t = a 
log h\se4   ,peel$ ,logs  ,= any        
/ructure :i* is int5d$ to be p]man5t    
nev] use ! logs ) b>k on !m2 use peel$  
logs4 ,:5 y\r h\se is f9i%$ x may look v
 fre% & new )\t b>k1 b "o season (      
exposure to ! wea!r w tone x d[n s t x w
 be suffici5tly ru/ic to please y\r     
fancy1 b if y leave ! b>k on ! logs1 a  
few seasons w rot y\r h\se d[n1 mak+ x  
too ru/ic to suit any "o's fancy4  ,lay 
up ! p5 ( ?is h\se z already describ$ & 
illu/rat$ by ,figs4 #bbi1 #bcc1 etc41 & 
:5 ! sides & front walls h rea*$ !      

desir$ height1 frame y\r ro( aft] !     
mann] %[n by ,fig4 #di or any ( ! o!r   
me?ods describ$ :i* may suit y\r fancy  
or conv5i5ce1 b 9 ?is case we use !     
,susitna =m = ! end plates1 :i* are made
 by fir/ sev]+ ! root ( a tree & leav+  
an elb[ or b5d at ! end ( ! trunk 7,fig4
 #bfd74 ,?is is flatt5$ by scor+ & hew+ 
z is describ$ & illu/rat$ "u ! head+ ( !
 ,susitna h\se4 ,! elb[s at ! t]m9als ( 
! end plate are c>v$ to repres5t        
grotesque heads 7,fig4 #bec74 ,! h\se :5
 built is some?+ l ! ,wyom+ olebo 7,fig4
 #bcf71 b ) ! diff]5ce :i* w appe> aft] 
c>eful inspection ( ! diagram4 ,! ,wyom+
 olebo is a "o-/ory h\se2 ?is is a      
two-/ory h\se4 ,! ,wyom+ olebo has a ro(
 built ^u a modifi$ plan ( a ,kanuck2   
?is ro( is built on ! ,am]ican log-cab9 
plan1 ) ! logs cont9u$ up to ! top ( !  
gable1 z are ^? 9 ! ,olympic 7,fig4     
#bdj74 ,b ! pres5t h\se is suppos$ to be
 v c>efully built2 to be sure1 x is made
 ( rude mat]ial b h&l$ 9 a v neat &     
workmanlike mann]4 ,great c>e mu/ be us$

 9 not*+ & jo9+ ! logs1 & only !        
/raighte/ logs :i* c be _h %\ld be us$ =
 ! walls ( ! h\se4 ,! piazza may ne$ "s 
additional supports if !re is a wide    
front to ! h\se1 b ) a n>r[ front half1 
log pun*eons w be suffici5tly /iff to   
support !mselves4   ,totems  ,! mo/     
difficult "p ab\t ^! descriptions1 = !  
writ]1 is :]e he attempts to tell y h[  
to make y\r totems2 b rememb] t a totem1
 9 ord] to h a real totem look1 mu/ be v
 crude & amateuri%1 a quality t ! read] 
%\ld be able to give x )\t mu*          
in/ruction4 ,! next important ?+ is t :5
 y make "o side ( a head1 be x a        
snake's1 a man's1 a bea/'s1 or a bird's1
 make ! o!r side l x4 ,d n make ! head  
lopsid$2 make bo? sides ( ! same        
proportions4 ,flatt5 ! sides ( ! end ( !
 log en\gh to give y a smoo? surface1 !n
 sket* ! pr(ile on ea* side ( ! log )   
*>coal or *alk1 c>ve out ! head ) a     
*isel1 draw+-knife1 & jack-knife1 & g\ge
 until y h fa%ion$ x into ! %ape desir$4
 ,9 ord] to d ?is ! end ( ! log %\ld be 

free f ! gr\nd & a conv5i5t di/ance     
above x4 ,! c>v+ is be/ done aft] ! h\se
 is practically f9i%$2 b ! two end      
plates _h bett] be c>v$ be=e !y are     
hoi/$ into place4   ,totem-,poles  ,:5 y
 c>ve out ! totem-poles 7,fig4 #bef or  
#bfb71 ! log _h bett] be put on an      
elongat$ sawbuck arrangem5t :i* w hold x
 free f ! gr\nd & all[ "o to turn x ov] 
z ! "w may require4 ,fig4 #bei repres5ts
 a peel$ log4 ,on ?is log "o may sket*1 
) *alk1 ! v>i\s figures "h repres5t$1 !n
 beg9 by not*+ ! log 7,fig4 #beh7       
accord+ to ! not*es :i* are necess>y to 
c>ve out ! totem4 ,figs4 #bfj1 #bfa1 &  
#bfb %[ diff]5t views ( ! same totem    
figures4 ,fig4 #beg %[s h[ to make a    
v>iation ( ! totem-pole4 ,pa9t y\r totem
 heads & figures r$1 blue1 & yell[1 & to
 suit y\r fancy2 ! m />tl+ !y are !     
bett] w !y imitate ! ,indian totems4 ,! 
wea!r w ev5tually tone !m d[n to !      
h>moni\s colors ( a ,turki% rug4  ,9 ,! 
,boy ,pione]s ,i h told h[ to make v>i\s
 o!r =ms ( totems1 all ( :i* h s9ce be5 

built by boys & m5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( !   
c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t ,edw>d ,:ite1 a     
memb] ( ! ,camp-,fire ,club ( ,am]ica1  
woodsman1 pla9sman1 m\nta9e]1 & ,african
 hunt] & explor]1 built himself a totem 
9 ! =m ( a huge bird twelve feet high f 
! plans publi%$ 9 ,! ,boy ,pione]s1 & ,i
 anticipate no great difficulty w be    
enc\nt]$ by ^? :o try to totemize a log 
cab9 aft] ! mann] %[n by ,fig4 #beh4 ,x 
w n1 h[ev]1 be a small boy's "w1 b !    
small boys :o />t$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is    
book are old] & m exp]i5c$ n[1 &1 ev5 if
 !y _c h&le ! big logs !mselves1 !y are 
p]fectly compet5t to tea* _! daddies &  
uncles & _! big bro!rs h[ to d x1 s !y  
may act z boss build]s & ar*itects & let
 ! old] m5 d ! heavy "w4 ,b h[ev] y     
proce$ to build ?is h\se1 :5 x is f9i%$ 
y w h a typically native build+1 & at ! 
same "t diff]5t f all o!rs1 z qua9t z   
any bungl+ bungal[1 & 9 bett] ta/e1     
because x w fit 9 ! l&scape & become "p 
( x & look z if x belong$ !re1 9 place (
 appe>+ z if x _h be5 bl[n by a tornado 

f "s box factory & deposit$ 9 an        
unsuitable l&scape4  ,fig4 #bef4 ,fig4  
#beg4 ,fig4 #beh4 ,fig4 #bei4 ,fig4     
#bfj4 ,fig4 #bfa4  ,fig4 #bfb4          
,illu/ration3 ,totem-poles & h[ to make 
!m4  ,y mu/ und]/& by ?is t unsuitable  
ref]s to ! fact t a bungal[ does n      
belong 9 ! ,am]ican l&scape1 al?\gh _m (
 ! cottages & %acks1 miscall$ bungal[s1 
may be ?or\ghly ,am]ican & appropriate  
to ! ,am]ican surr\nd+s despite ! exotic
 "n by :i* "s p humble !m4     ,,xli    
,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,a ,,susitna ,,log    
,,cab9 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,cut ,,trees ,,=  
,,! ,,end ,,plates   ,,/&+ on a hill    
ov]look+ ! salt mead[s at ,hunt]'s      
,po9t1 ,l4 ,i41 !re 0 an old f>mh\se !  
ro( ( :i* project$ ov] bo? sides ( !    
h\se f\r or five feet4 ,! hill on :i* x 
/ood has be5 cut away1 ! mead[s :i* x   
ov]look$ h be5 fill$ up ) ! dirt f !    
hill1 & only a surveyor ) 8 transit & ! 
old prop]ty-l9es map be=e him c\ld ev]  
f9d ! =m] location ( ?is h\se1 b x is   
some:]e among ! tracks ( ! ,long ,isl&  

,railroad4  ,opposite ! h\se1 on ! o!r  
side ( ! railroad track1 9 ! section    
kn[n z ,dut* ,kills ( ,long ,isl& ,city1
 two o!r h\ses ( ! same /yle (          
ar*itecture /ood2 !y _h d\ble doors--t  
is1 doors :i* 7 cut 9 two half-way up s 
t y might op5 ! top or bottom half or   
bo? halves to suit y\r fancy4 ,! upp]   
panels ( ^! doors _h two drop-lights (  
glass set 9 on ! bias1 & betwe5 !m1     
half-way d[n ! upp] half1 0 a great     
brass knock] ) a grip big en\gh to      
accommodate bo? h&s 9 case y really     
want$ to make a noise4  ,!re 0 ano!r    
h\se ( ?is same description 9 !         
outskirts ( ,hobok51 & ,i (t5 wond]$ :at
 ! orig9 ( t peculi> ro( might be4 ,i   
f\nd ?is type ( h\se z f> nor? t[>d !   
,hudson ,bay z ! settlem5ts g1 & /ill   
f>!r nor? ! ,susitna h\se expla9s !     
orig9 ( ! ov]hang+ eaves 7,fig4 #bfh74  
,( c\rse ! ,susitna1 z "h drawn1 is n   
exactly ! same z t built by ! natives on
 ! ,susitna ,riv]1 b ! end plates 7,fig4
 #bfc7 are ! same z ^? us$ 9 ! primitive

 h\ses ( ! ,nor?we/4   ,h[ to ,cut !    
,tree  ,fig4 #bfd %[s a /&+ fir-tree &  
also %[s :at cuts to make 9 ord] to get 
! "r-%ap$ log = an end plate4 ,fig4 #bfe
 %[s ! me?od ( scor+ & hew+ necess>y 9  
ord] to flatt5 ! end ( ! log z x is 9   
,fig4 #bff4 ,fig4 #bfg %[s ! /yle 9 :i* 
! natives ro( _! ,susitnas ) logs4 ,!   
elb[s at ! end ( ! plates 7,fig4 #bff7  
s]ve to keep ! logs ( ! ro( 7,fig4 #bfg7
 f roll+ (f1 b ! ,susitna log cab9 :i*  
we are build+ is expect$ to h a ro(     
7,fig4 #bfh7 ( ?at* or a ro( ( %+les1   
because we h pass$ ! rude %acks1 %$s1 & 
%elt]s us$ = camps & are n[ build+ real 
h\ses 9 :i* we may live4 ,! ,susitna may
 be built ( r\nd logs or ( flatt5$ logs 
7le c>rage71 9 :i* case we c use !      
,g5]al ,putnam squ>e not* 7,fig4 #bfc7 =
 jo9+ ! ends ( our logs4 ,9 rais+ ! ro(1
 erect ! ridge-pole fir/4 ,! ridge-pole 
may be set up on two uprights to :i* x  
is tempor>ily nail$1 & ! upright props  
may be held 9 place by ! two diagonal   
props or braces1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,if

 ! logs are squ>$1 cut a small          
bird's-m\? not* 9 ! raft] :]e x ext5ds  
ov] ! side-plate logs ( ! p5 & bevel !  
top end ( y\r gable raft]s to fit aga9/ 
! ridge-pole z 9 ! diagrams4 ,! o!r     
raft]s are n[ easily put 9 place1 b if !
 logs are r\nd y mu/ not* ! raft]s &    
side-plates z %[n by ! diagram betwe5   
,figs4 #bfc & #bfg2 ! dott$ l9es %[ :]e 
! raft] & ! logs come toge!r4 ,nail y\r 
raft]s to y\r ridge-pole & fa/5 !m to ! 
side-plate ) wood5 pegs or spikes4 ,!   
ridge-pole may be all[$ to ext5d1 z 9   
,fig4 #bfh1 on ea* side ( ! cab9 or !   
elb[s 7,fig4 #bff7 may be atta*$ to ea* 
end ( ! ridge-pole ) noses turn$ up &   
pa9t$ or c>v$ into a fanciful head z 9  
,fig4 #bfh4 ,if ! ro( is to be %+l$1    
collect a lot ( poles ab\t f\r in*es 9  
diamet]1 flatt5 !m on bo? sides1 & nail 
!m to ! raft]s n m ?an two in*es ap>t1  
all[+ ! ends ( ! /icks to ext5d beyond !
 walls ( ! h\se at lea/ six in*es4      
,fig4 #bfc4 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,fig4 #bfe4     
,fig4 #bff4 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,fig4 #bfh4     

,illu/ration3 ,! ,susitna log h\se4  ,if
 y desire to make y\r own %+les1 saw up 
a hemlock1 p9e1 or spruce log into      
billets ( "o foot f\r in*es long1 !n ) a
 froe & a mall 7,fig4 #agi7 split !     
%+les f ! billets ( wood1 or use a      
broadaxe = ! same purpose4 ,broadaxes   
are dang]\s weapons 9 ! h&s ( an        
amateur1 b ! writ] split %+les ) a      
broadaxe ^u ! %ores ( ,lake ,erie :5 he 
0 b sev5 ye>s old &1 z ne> z he c c\nt1 
he /ill has t5 toes & t5 f+]s4 ,if y    
int5d to ?at* ! ro( y ne$ n flatt5 !    
poles :i* y fa/5 across ! raft]s1       
because ! ?at* w hide all unev5ness ( ! 
und]p9n+4 ,! poles may be laid at "r    
angles to ! raft]s betwe5 six & eight   
in*es ap>t & ! ro( ?at*$ z describ$ &   
illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ff4 ,! ,susitna =m (
 h\se is ! "o f :i* ! old ,long ,isl&   
f>mh\ses 7 evolv$1 al?\gh ! old ,long   
,isl&]s copi$ !irs f ! homes !y left 9  
,holl&1 b we mu/ rememb] t ev5 ! effete 
civilization ( ,europe once _h a        
backwoods c\ntry a long1 long "t ago1 & 

!n !y built _! h\ses f ! timb]s hewn 9 !
 =e/s z our own ance/ors did 9 ?is      
c\ntry2 consequ5tly1 _m ( ! *>act]i/ics 
( pres5t-day h\ses :i* seem to u useless
 & unnecess>y are survivals ( ! necess>y
 *>act]i/ics ( h\ses made ( crude       
mat]ial4     ,,xlii  ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a
 ,,fireplace ,,& ,,*imney ,,= ,a        
,,simple ,,log ,,cab9   ,,fig4 #bfi %[s 
a simple =m ( fireplace :i* is          
practically ! gr&daddy ( all ! o!r      
fireplaces4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree walls =   
w9dbreaks1 laid up 9 /one or sod aga9/  
"s /akes driv5 9 ! gr\nd = ! purpose (  
support+ !m4 ,! f\r-corn]$ /akes are    
not*$ or =k$ & small logs are laid      
horizontally 9 ^! =ks & on top ( ?is a  
pyramidal =m ( a log p5 is built ( small
 logs & billets1 & ?is answ]s ! purpose 
( a *imney4 ,?is /yle ( fireplace is    
adapt$ to use 9 camps & rude %acks l ^? 
%[n by ,figs4 #ahg1 #ahi1 #aia1 & #aib2 
also = ! mo/ primitive log cab9s1 b :5  
we make a real log h\se we usually plan 
to h a m elaborate or m f9i%$ fireplace 

& *imney4 ,! gr\nd-plan ( ,fig4 #bfi is 
%[n by ,fig4 #bgj4   ,mud ,he>?  ,"h y  
see !re is a mud he>?1 a wall ( clay    
pla/]$ ov] ! /ones ( ! fireplace4 ,?is w
 prev5t ! fire f crack+ & *ipp+ ! /ones1
 b clay is n absolutely necess>y 9 ?is  
fireplace4 ,:51 h[ev]1 y build ! walls (
 y\r fireplace ( logs & y\r *imney (    
/icks ! clay is necess>y to prev5t !    
fire f ignit+ ! woodwork & consum+ x4 ,=
 a log-fram$ fireplace1 make a l>ge op5+
 9 ! wall ( y\r h\se & aga9/ ! ends ( ! 
logs :]e y saw$ out ! op5+1 erect jamb  
pieces ( planks two or ?ree in*es ?ick  
runn+ up to ! log ov] ! fireplace &     
spik$ to ! r\nd ends ( ! logs 7see plan1
 ,fig4 #bgb74 ,next1 lay y\r f\ndation (
 sill logs on ! fireplace1 fir/ two side
 logs & !n a back log1 neatly not*$ s z 
to look l ! logs 9 ! walls ( ! cab94    
,build y\r fireplace walls z %[n by     
,fig4 #bga1 aft] :i* take y\r mud or    
clay & make ! he>? by hamm]+ ! clay d[n 
h>d until y h a firm1 smoo? f\ndation4  
,! front he>? may be made1 z %[n 9 !    

diagram1 ( /ones ( any size f pebbles to
 flag/ones1 ) ! surfaces levell$ by s9k+
 ! "u-"p d[n into ! clay until a uni=m  
level is rea*$ on top4 ,! fireplace may 
be built ) bricks ( moi/ clay & wet clay
 us$ = mort>4 ,make ! clay walls ( !    
fireplace at lea/ "o foot ?ick & pack x 
d[n h>d & tight z y build x4 ,if y *oose
 y may make a tempor>y inside wall (    
plank z !y d :5 !y make cem5t walls1 &  
!n betwe5 ! tempor>y bo>d wall & ! logs 
put 9 y\r moi/ clay & ram x d[n h>d     
until ! top ( ! fireplace is rea*$1 aft]
 :i* ! bo>ds may be remov$ & ! inside ( 
! fireplace smoo!d (f by wip+ x ) a wet 
clo?4   ,/ick ,*imney  ,aft] ! walls (  
logs & clay are built to top ( !        
fireplace prop]1 split "s /icks & make  
!m ab\t "o in* wide by "o & "o half in* 
?ick1 or use ! r\nd /icks 9 ! =m 9 :i*  
!y gr[1 b peel (f ! b>k to r5d] !m less 
combu/ible2 !n lay !m up z %[n by ,fig4 
#bfa1 log-cab9 /yle4 ,) ! *imney we h   
f\r sides to ! wall 9 place ( ?ree sides
 z 9 ! fireplace4 ,! logs ( ! fireplace1

 :]e !y run next to ! cab91 may h to be 
*9k$ up s z to keep !m level1 b ! *imney
 %\ld be built level z x has f\r sides  
to balance x4 ,leave a space betwe5 !   
*imney & ! outside wall & pla/] ! /icks 
?ickly ) clay ^u ! outside & mu* ?ick] )
 clay ^u ! inside1 z %[n by ,fig4 #bga  
,a1 :i* is suppos$ to be a section ( !  
*imney4  ,fig4 #bfi4 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,fig4  
#bga4 ,fig4 #bga;,a4 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,fig4  
#bgc4  ,illu/ration3 ,detail =          
fireplaces & flues4   ,durability  ,all 
?r\gh ! m\nta9s ( ,ea/ ,t5nessee &      
,k5tucky ,i h se5 ^! /ick *imneys1 "s ( 
!m _m1 _m ye>s old4 ,9 ^! m\nta9        
c\ntries ! fireplaces are l9$ ) /ones1 b
 9 ,ill9ois1 9 ! old5 times1 /ones 7    
sc>ce & mud 0 pl5ty & ! fireplaces 7    
made l ^? j describ$ & illu/rat$ by     
,fig4 #bgb4  ,! /one *imney is an       
advance & improvem5t ^u ! log *imney1 b 
,i d\bt if x requires any m skill to    
build4   ,*imney ,f\ndation  ,dig y\r   
f\ndation = y\r fireplace & *imney at   
lea/ ?ree feet deep2 !n fill ! hole up )

 small cobble/ones or brok5 blue/one    
until y h rea*$ ne>ly ! level ( ! gr\nd2
 ^u ?is y c beg9 to lay y\r he>? &      
*imney f\ndation4 ,if y fail to dig ?is 
f\ndation ! fro/ w "w ! gr\nd "u y\r    
*imney & ! *imney w "w ) ! gr\nd1 caus+ 
x ei!r to upset or to tilt to "o side or
 ! o!r & spoil ! looks ( y\r h\se1 ev5  
if x does n put y\r fireplace out (     
commission4   ,/one ,*imney  ,9 lay+ up 
! /ones = y\r *imney1 rememb] t x makes 
no diff]5ce h[ r\gh & unev5 x is ^u !   
outside4 ,! m unev5 ! outside is ! m    
picturesque x w appe>1 b ! smoo!r & m   
ev5 ! inside is ! less w x collect soot 
& ! less w be ! dang] ( *imney fires4   
,lay y\r /ones 9 mort> or cem5t4 ,see t 
ea* /one fits firmly 9 ! b$ & does n    
rock & t x breaks jo9ts ) ! o!r /one    
bel[ x4 ,by break+ jo9ts ,i mean t !    
crack betwe5 ! two /ones on ! upp] ti]  
%\ld fit ov] ! middle ( ! /one on ! l[] 
ti]2 ?is1 ) ! aid ( ! cem5t1 locks !    
/ones & prev5ts any accid5tal cracks :i*
 may op5 f ext5d+ any fur!r ?an ! two   

/ones betwe5 :i* x />t$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y d
 n break jo9ts1 a crack might run f !   
top to ! bottom ( ! *imney caus+ x to   
fall ap>t4 ,above ! fireplace make f\r  
walls to y\r *imney1 z y did ) y\r /ick 
*imney 7,fig4 #bga71 & let ! top ( !    
*imney ext5d above ! ro( at lea/ ?ree   
feet2 ?is w n only help ! draught b x w 
also less5 ! dang] ( fire4     ,,xliii  
,,he>?/ones ,,& ,,fireplaces   ,,9      
erect+ ! fireplace = y\r cab9 ! /one "w 
%\ld ext5d into ! cab9 itself1 ?us      
protect+ ! ends ( ! logs f ! fire4 ,!   
/one ov] ! top ( ! fireplace 7,a1 ,b1   
,fig4 #bgd7 re/s ^u two iron b>s2 ^!    
iron b>s are necess>y = safety because1 
al?\gh ! /one ,a1 ,b may bridge !       
fireplace successfully1 ! settl+ ( !    
*imney or ! heat ( ! fire is liable to  
crack ! /one1 9 :i* case1 unless x is   
support$ by two flat iron b>s1 x w fall 
d[n & wreck y\r fireplace4 ,! /one ,a1  
,b 9 ,fig4 #bge1 has be5 crack$ = fifte5
 ye>s b1 z x re/s ^u ! flat iron b>s    
b5ea?1 ! crack does no h>m4  ,fig4 #bgd4

 ,fig4 #bge4  ,illu/ration3 ,fireplace 9
 au?or's cab91 & sugge/ion = /one & wood
 mantel4  ,9 ,fig4 #bgd 7! ends ( !     
fireplace7 ! two w+ walls ( x are built 
up inside ! cab9 to support a plank = a 
mantelpiece4 ,ano!r plank ,c1 ,d is     
nail$ "u ! mantelpiece aga9/ ! log be=e 
! /one "w is built up4 ,?is is only = ! 
purpose ( giv+ a f9i% to y\r            
mantelpiece4 ,! he>? 9 ,fig4 #bgd is    
made ( odd bits ( flat /ones laid 9     
cem5t1 b ! he>? 9 ,fig4 #bge is "o big  
slab ( blue/one j z x came f ! qu>ry1 & 
! fireplace 9 ,fig4 #bge is l9$ )       
fire-brick4 ,! two ?ree-legg$ /ools :i* 
y see on ea* side 7 made by ! woodsm5 :o
 built ! cab9 to use 9 _! camp :ile !   
cab9 0 be+ erect$4 ,! /ools h occupi$ ! 
position ( honor on ea* side ( !        
fireplace n[ = tw5ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,!      
mantelpiece 9 ?is draw+ is made (       
pun*eons ) ! r\nd$ side out on ! two    
supports & ! flat side aga9/ ! wall2 (  
c\rse1 = ! mantel itself1 ! r\nd$ side  
mu/ be d[n & ! flat side up4 ,?is       

fireplace has be5 us$ = cook+ purposes &
 ! crane is /ill hang+ ov] ! flames1    
:ile up ov] ! mantel y may see1 r\ghly  
indicat$1 a wr\ght-iron broil]1 a toa/]1
 & a brazi]4 ,! flat %ovel hang+ to !   
left ( ! fireplace is :at is kn[n z a   
peal1 us$ 9 old5 times to slip "u ! pies
 or cakes 9 ! old-fa%ion$ ov5s 9 ord] to
 remove !m )\t burn+ "o's f+]s4         
,,xliv  ,,m ,,he>?s ,,& ,,fireplaces    
,,sometimes x is desir$ to h a fireplace
 9 ! middle ( ! room4 ,p]sonally1 su* a 
fireplace does n appeal to me1 b !re are
 o!r p :o l ! novelty ( su* a fireplace1
 & ,fig4 #bgf %[s "o con/ruct$ ( r\gh   
/ones4 ,! fireplace is high s t "o t5d+ 
x does n h to /oop & get a backa*e4 ,!  
f\ndation %\ld be built 9 ! gr\nd       
und]nea? ! cab9 & up ?r\gh ! floor4 ,a  
flat /one cov]s ! top ( ! fireplace1 z 9
 ! o!r draw+s4 ,fig4 #bgg %[s a         
fireplace ) a pun*eon support = a plank 
mantel4  ,fig4 #bgf4 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,fig4  
#bgh4 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,fig4 #bhj4           
,illu/ration3 ,fireplace & mantel ( half

 logs4 ,also c5tre fireplaces = cab94   
,a ,plank ,mantel  ,a & ,b are two half 
logs1 or pun*eons1 :i* run f ! floor to 
! ceil+ on ea* side ( ! fireplace4 ,s1  
,s1 ,s are ! logs ( ! cab9 walls4 ,c is 
! pun*eon support+ ! mantel & ,d is !   
mantel4 ,fig4 #bgi %[s a section or a   
view ( ! mantel look+ d[n on x f ! top1 
a topographical view ( x4 ,fig4 #bgh is 
! same sort ( a view %[+ ! pun*eon ,a at
 ! o!r end ( ! mantel be=e ! mantel is  
put 9 place betwe5 ! two pun*eons ,a &  
,b4 ,9 ,fig4 #bgi ! read] may see t x w 
be necess>y to cut ! corn]s out ( !     
mantel-bo>d 9 ord] to fit x ar\nd !     
pun*eons ,a & ,b2 also1 s9ce ,a & ,b h  
r\nd$ surfaces1 x w be necess>y to s    
bevel ! ends ( ! pun*eon 7,c1 ,fig4     
#bgg7 t !y w fit on ! r\nd$ surfaces (  
,a & ,b4 ,fig4 #bhj %[s ! end ( ,c      
bevell$ 9 a p]spective view1 & also a   
pr(ile view ( x1 ) ! pun*eon ,a indicat+
 ! mann] 9 :i* ,c mu/ be cut to fit ^u !
 r\nd$ surface4 ,?is makes a simple     
mantelpiece b a v appropriate "o = a log

 cab94     ,,xlv  ,,fireplaces ,,& ,,!  
,,art ,,( ,,t5d+ ,,! ,,fire   ,,"o ( my 
read]s has writt5 to me ask+ :at to d   
ab\t a fireplace t smokes4 ,n kn[+ !    
fireplace 9 "q1 ,i _c prescribe = t     
p>ticul> invalid1 b ,i h a long         
acqua9tance ) _m fireplaces t smoke &   
fireplaces t d n--9 o!r words1 heal?y   
fireplaces ) a good dige/ion & diseas$  
fireplaces functionally wrong ) poor    
dige/ion--s p]haps ! easie/ way to answ]
 ^! que/ions is to describe a few ( my  
acqua9tances among ! fireplaces :i* ,i h
 /udi$4  ,!re is an old fireplace 9     
,small ,acres1 ,b+hamton1 ,n4 ,y41 ( :i*
 ,i made sket*es & took measurem5ts :i* 
furni%$ me data by :i* ,i built !       
fireplaces 9 my own h\ses4  ,9 ,b+hamton
 fireplaces ! side walls are on an angle
 & conv]ge t[>d ! back ( ! fireplace1 z 
9 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,! back also pit*es =w>d1 
z 9 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,! great advantage ( ?is
 is ! reflect+ ( m heat into ! room4    
,fig4 #bha %[s ! fireplace be=e :i* ,i  
am n[ work+4 ,! fire 0 />t$ 9 la/       

,novemb] & is n[ 7,april #a7 /ill burn+1
 al?\gh x has n be5 rek9dl$ s9ce x 0    
fir/ light$4 ,?is fireplace is well     
con/ruct$1 & on v cold days ,i h ! fire 
burn+ out on ! he>? fully a foot beyond 
! l9e ( ! mantel )\t any smoke com+ into
 my /udio4  ,fig4 #bhb %[s a diagram ) !
 dim5sions ( my /udio fireplace &       
repres5ts ! v]tical section ( x4 ,i give
 ^! = ! b5efit ( ! p :o want to "k h[ to
 build a fireplace :i* w n smoke4 ,b1 ( 
c\rse1 ev5 ! be/ ( fireplaces w smoke if
 ! fire is n prop]ly arrang$4 ,) smoke !
 angle ( reflection w\ld be equal to !  
angle ( incid5ce did n ! con/ant t5d5cy 
( smoke to asc5d modify ?is rule4  ,?r[ 
a rubb] ball aga9/ ! wall & ! direction 
f y\r h& to :]e x /rikes ! wall makes ! 
angle ( incid5ce2 :5 ! ball b\nces away 
f ! wall x makes ! angle ( reflection4  
,managem5t ( ! ,fire  ,b1 be=e we ent]  
into ! "q reg>d+ ! /ructure ( ! flue we 
w take up ! managem5t ( ! fire itself4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is b "o p]son :o c 
manage a fire1 & t is y\rself4 ,s]vants 

nev] did & nev] w le>n ! art1 &1 z ,i am
 writ+ = m51 & ! ladies are n suppos$ to
 read ?is article1 ,i w /ate t ! fair   
sex %[ a l defici5cy 9 ?is l9e4 ,! fir/ 
?+ a woman wants to d ) a fire is to    
make ! logs roo/ on ! &irons1 ! next ?+ 
is to remove e speck ( a%es f ! he>?1 & 
!n %e wond]s :y ! fire won't burn4  ,!  
a%es h n be5 remov$ f my /udio fire s9ce
 x 0 fir/ light$ la/ fall4 ,a%es are    
absolutely ess5tial to control a        
wood-fire & to keep ! emb]s burn+       
ov]night4 ,fig4 #bhh %[s ! pres5t /ate (
 ! a%es 9 my /udio fire4 ,y w see by ?is
 diagram t ! logs are n re/+ on !       
&irons4 ,i only use ! &irons z a        
safegu>d to keep ! logs f roll+ out on !
 he>?4 ,if ! fire has be5 repl5i%$ late 
9 ! ev5+ ) a fre% log1 be=e retir+ ,i   
pull ! front or ! ornam5tal p>ts ( !    
&irons to ! he>? & !n lay ! %ovel & pok]
 across !m horizontally4 ,:5 ! burn+ log
 is cov]$ ) a%es & ! &irons arrang$ 9   
?is mann] y c retire at night ) a feel+ 
( security & ! k t if y\r h\se cat*es   

afire x w n be caus$ by ! emb]s 9 y\r   
fireplace4 ,!n 9 ! morn+ all y h to d is
 to %ovel out ! a%es f ! re> ( !        
fireplace1 put 9 a new backlog1 & b$ x 9
 ) a%es1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,put y\r   
gl[+ emb]s next to ! backlog & y\r fre% 
wood on top ( t & sit d[n to y\r        
breakfa/ ) ! c]ta9ty t y\r fire w be    
blaz+ be=e y get up f ! table4  ,don't  
make ! mi/ake ( pok+ a wood-fire1 ) !   
idea1 by t means1 ( mak+ x burn m       
briskly1 or boo/+ up ! logs to get a    
draught "u !m4  ,two logs plac$ edge to 
edge1 l ^? 9 ,fig4 #bhh1 ) hot coals    
betwe5 !m1 w make _! own draught1 :i*   
comes 9 at ea* end ( ! log1 &1 :at is   
ess5tial 9 fire build+1 !y keep ! heat  
betwe5 !mselves1 con/antly increas+ x by
 reflect+ x back f "o to ! o!r4 ,if y   
happ5 to be 9 great ha/e to make !      
flames />t1 don't di/urb ! logs b use a 
pair ( bell[s4  ,fig4 #bhg %[s a set ( !
 logs :i* w make ! be/-con/ruct$        
fireplace smoke4 ,! arr[-po9t %[s ! l9e 
( incid5ce or ! natural direction :i* ! 

smoke w\ld take did n ! heat c>ry x     
upw>d4  ,fig4 #bhe %[s ! same logs      
arrang$ s t ! angle ( incid5ce /rikes ! 
back ( ! *imney & ! smoke asc5ds 9 !    
full & ord]ly mann]4 ,b bo? ,figs4 #bhe 
& #bhg are clumsily arrang$4 ,! ,b logs 
9 ea* case %\ld be ! backlog & ! small  
logs ,a & ,c %\ld be 9 front ( ,b4      
,fig4 #bha4 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,fig4 #bhc4     
,fig4 #bhd4 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,fig4 #bhf4     
,fig4 #bhg4 ,fig4 #bhh4  ,illu/ration3  
,prop] & improp] ways to build a        
fireplace & make a fire4  ,9 all ( !    
fireplaces :i* we h describ$ y w note t 
! top front ( ! fireplace "u ! mantel   
ext5ds d[n sev]al in*es bel[ ! angle ( !
 *imney4  ,fig4 #bhc %[s a fireplace t  
is improp]ly built4 ,?is is f a         
fireplace 9 a palatial resid5ce 9 ,new  
,york ,city1 enclos$ 9 an antique       
,italian m>ble mantel1 yell[ ) age1 :i* 
co/ a small =tune4 ,! fireplace 0       
design$ & built by a firm ( ! be/       
ar*itects1 compos$ ( m5 fam$ ?r\gh\t !  
:ole ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe1 b !   

fireplace smok$ because ! angle ( !     
*imney 0 bel[ ! op5+ ( ! fireplace &1   
consequ5tly1 s5t ! smoke out into !     
room4 ,?is _h to be rem$i$ by sett+ a   
piece ( ?ick plate glass ov] ! top ( !  
fireplace1 ?us mak+ ! op5+ small] &     
ext5d+ x bel[ ! angle ( ! *imney4  ,fig4
 #bhd %[s ! mo/ primitive =m ( fireplace
 & *imney4 ,"o t a *ild may see w smoke 
unless ! fire is kept 9 ! extreme back (
 ! he>?4  ,! advantages ( a%es 9 y\r    
fireplace are manifold4 ,!y reta9 !     
heat1 keep ! hot coals gl[+ ov]night1 & 
:5 ! fire is too hot may be us$ to cov] 
! logs & subdue ! heat4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 if 
y want a clean he>?/one & ! logs roo/+  
^u ! &irons1 & are devoid ( all !       
camp-fire s5tim5t1 h "s asbe/os         
gas-logs4 ,!re w be no du/ or dirt1 no  
cov]+ up at night ) a%es1 no bill =     
cord-wood1 & x w look z /iff & prim z   
any ,new ,engl& old maid & be z devoid (
 s5tim5t & art z a dep>tm5t-/ore b>ga9  
picture frame4     ,,xlvi  ,,! ,,build+ 
,,( ,,! ,,log ,,h\se   ,h[ a            

,=ty-,foot-,front1 ,two-,/ory ,pione]   
,log ,h\se ,0 ,put ,up ) ! ,help (      
,backwoods ,f>m]s--,mak+ ,plans ) a     
,pocket ,knife4  ,,our log h\se on !    
%ore ( ,big ,t9k ,pond1 ,pike ,c\nty1   
,pa41 0 built long be=e ! g5]al public  
_h be5 educat$ to enjoy ! subtle *>ms ( 
wild nature1 at a "t :5 nature-/udy 0   
conf9$ to sci5ti/s & *ildr51 & long be=e
 x 0 fa%ionable to h wild f[l on "o's   
lawn & wild fl[]s 9 "o's g>d54 ,at t "t 
only a few unconv5tional s\ls sp5t _!   
vacations out ( sight ( summ] hotels1   
camp+ on ! m\nta9 or =e/ trails4 ,!     
pres5t /ate ( ! public m9d 9 reg>d to   
outdoor life has only be5 develop$ )9 ! 
la/ few ye>s1 & :5 ,i fir/ ann\nc$ my   
int5tion ( hunt+ up "s accessible wild  
corn] & !re erect+ a log h\se = a summ] 
/udio & home ,i f\nd only unsympa!tic   
li/5]s4 ,b ,i 0 "y & ra% at t "t1 & )\t 
any previ\s exp]i5ce 9 build+ or ! aid (
 books to guide me & ) only su* help z  
,i c\ld f9d among backwoods f>m]s ,i    
built a =ty-foot-front1 two-/ory log    

h\se t is probably ! pione] among log   
h\ses erect$ by city m5 = summ] homes4  
,x gave ,mr4 ,*>les ,w+ate ! sugge/ions 
f :i* he evolv$ ,twilight ,p>k 9 !      
,catskills4 ,twilight ,p>k1 be+ ! resort
 ( lit]>y p & _! fri5ds1 did mu* to     
popul>ize log h\ses ) city p4  ,! des]t$
 f>ms ( ,new ,engl& (f] *>m+            
possibilities = ^? ^: ta/e is = nature )
 a %ave1 hair cut1 & /ore clo!s1 b =    
lov]s ( untam$ nature ! wa/e l&s (f]    
/rong] inducem5ts = summ]-vacation days1
 & !re is no build+ :i* fits s naturally
 9 a wild l&scape z a good1 old-fa%ion$ 
log cab94 ,x looks z if x really belong$
 !re & n l a w9dfall f "s pass+ :irlw9d4
  ,:5 ,i make ! claim t any ord9>y man c
 build himself a summ] home1 ,i d n mean
 to say t he w n make blund]s & pl5ty ( 
!m2 only fools nev] make mi/akes1 wise  
m5 pr(it by !m1 & ! read] may pr(it by  
m9e1 = !re is no lack ( !m 9 our log    
h\se at ,big ,t9k4 ,b ! h\se /ill /&s on
 ! bank ov]look+ ! lake & is practically
 z s\nd z x 0 :5 ! la/ spike 0 driv51   

tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ago4  ,almo/ all ( !    
orig9al log cab9s t 7 once spr9kl$ ?r\gh
 ! ea/]n "p ( our c\ntry disappe>$ ) !  
adv5t ( ! saw-mill1 & ! few :i* /ill    
exi/ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! c\ntry ea/ ( !   
,alleghany ,m\nta9s w\ld n be recogniz$ 
z log h\ses by ! casual obs]v]1 = !     
picturesque log ext]iors h be5 conceal$ 
by a cov]+ ( clapbo>ds4  ,to my surprise
 ,i discov]$ t ev5 among ! old m\nta9e]s
 ,i c\ld f9d none :o _h ev] att5d$ a    
log-roll+ frolic or p>ticipat$ 9 !      
erection ( a real log h\se4 ,mo/ ( ^!   
old fell[s1 h[ev]1 c\ld rememb] liv+ 9  
su* h\ses 9 _! y\?1 b !y c\ld n und]/&  
:y any sane man ( to-day want$ to wa/e s
 mu* good lumb]1 & 9 ! qua9t old        
,am]ican dialect /ill pres]v$ 9 ^!      
regions !y expla9$ ! wa/efulness ( my   
plans & po9t$ out to me ! numb] ( good  
planks :i* might be saw$ f ea* log4     
,fig4 #bhi4  ,illu/ration3 ,wildl&s1 !  
au?or's log h\se 9 ,pike ,c\nty1 ,pa4   
,fig4 #bij1 ,b1 %[s ! plans ( ! h\se1   
:i* w be se5 to be a modification ( !   

,s\!rn saddle-bag cab9--two h\ses "u "o 
ro(4 ,by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #bhi x w be se5
 t above ! gall]y !re is a portico1 :i* 
we call$ ! aft]?\ght because x did n    
appe> ^u ! orig9al plans4 ,we got ! h9t1
 z ,jimmy call$ x1 :5 x 0 notic$ t *ance
 _h orda9$ t ! two ,a logs %\ld protrude
 mu* f>!r ?an ! o!rs4 ,don't saw !m (f1 
,i exclaim$2 we w h a balcony2 & s ! two
 ,a logs 7 left1 & ?is gave u room = a  
balcony ov] ! gall]y1 back ( :i* is a   
t5-by-t5 b$room1 :ile ! two l>ge b$rooms
 on ea* side h doors op5+ on ! six-foot 
passageway1 :i* is made /ill broad] by !
 addition ( ! balcony4  ,x w be se5 t   
!re is a /airway m>k$ out on ! gr\nd    
plan1 b !re 0 none on ! orig9al plan1 =1
 to tell ! hone/ tru?1 ,i did n "k :]e  
to put ! /airs until ! logs 7 9 place4  
,h[ev]1 x is j su* problems t l5d *>m to
 ! "w ( build+ y\r own h\se4 ,an        
ar*itect or a pr(essional build] w\ld h 
! ?+ all cut & dri$ be=eh& & leave no?+ 
to *ance & inspiration2 ?is takes ! :ole
 *>m out ( ! "w :5 "o is build+ =       

recreation & ! pleasure to be d]iv$ f ! 
occupation4  ,:5 our h\se 0 f9i%$ we _h 
no %utt]s to ! w9d[s & no way ( clos+ up
 ! op5 ends ( ! gall]y1 & my help]s told
 me t ,i mu/ n leave ! h\se t way       
because /ray cattle w\ld use ! h\se = a 
/able & break ! w9d[s ) _! horns z !y   
swung _! heads to drive away ! flies4 ,s
 we nail$ bo>ds ov] ^! op5+s :5 we clos$
 ! h\se = ! w9t]4 ,lat] we inv5t$ "s    
%utt]s 7see ,c1 ,fig4 #bij7 :i* c be put
 up ) little tr\ble & 9 a few mom5ts4   
,fig4 #bij1 ,c1 %[s h[ ^! %utt]s are put
 9 place & lock$ on ! inside by a       
movable sill t is slid up aga9/ ! bottom
 ( ! %utt]s & fa/5$ 9 place by iron p9s 
let into holes bor$ = ! purpose4  ,fig4 
#bij4  ,illu/ration3 ,details ( au?or's 
log h\se1 ,wildl&s4  ,( c\rse1 ?is =ms  
no b> to a pr(essional burgl>1 b !re is 
no?+ inside to tempt cracksm51 & ^!     
pr(essional m5 seldom /ray into ! woods4
 ,! %utt]s s]ve to keep out cattle1     
small boys1 & /ray fi%]m5 ^: idle       
curiosity might tempt !m to m$dle ) !   

cont5ts ( a h\se less securely fa/5$4   
,a h\se is nev] really f9i%$ until "o   
loses int]e/ 9 x & /ops t9k]+ & plann+  
homely improvem5ts4 ,?is sort ( "w is a 
heal?y1 :olesome occupation & j ! k9d   
necess>y to p ( s$5t>y occupations or ^?
 ^: mis=tune x is to be engag$ 9 "s ( ! 
n]ve-rack+ bus9ess peculi> to life 9 big
 cities4  ,dwell]s 9 our big cities d n 
seem to realize t !re is any o!r life   
possible = !m ?an a cont9u\s nightm>e   
exi/5ce amid mon/r\s build+s1 noisy     
traffic1 & ! ta9t$ air ( unsanit>y      
/reets4 ,!y seem to h =gott5 t ! same   
sun t 9 summ] scor*es ! t[]+ masonry &  
pav$ sidewalks until ! canyon-l /reets  
become unbe>able also %9es on gre5      
woods1 tumbl+ wat]s1 & mirror-l lakes2  
or1 if !y are dimly consci\s ( ?is fact1
 !y ?9k su* places are s f> di/ant z to 
be practically out ( _! rea* 9 e s5se4  
,yet 9 reality ! wild]ness is almo/     
knock+ at our doors1 = )9 "o hundr$     
miles ( ,new ,york be>s1 spott$         
wildcats1 & timid de] live unconf9$ 9 _!

 primitive wild condition4 ,fi% caught 9
 ! /reams c be cook$ = d9n] 9 ,new ,york
 ! same day4  ,9 #ahhg1 :5 ! writ] 0    
himself a ba*elor1 he w5t out into !    
wild]ness on ! %ores ( ,big ,t9k ,pond1 
^u :i* he built ! log h\se %[n 9 !      
sket*4 ,at fir/ he kept ba*elor hall !re
 ) "s *oice spirits1 n ! k9d y f9d 9    
bottles on ! b>-room %elf1 b ! human k9d
 :o love ! outdoor _w & nature1 or he   
took 8 p>5ts & ne> relatives ) him = a  
vacation 9 ! woods4 ,l all s5sible m51 9
 c\rse ( "t he m>ri$1 & !n he took 8    
bride out to ! cab9 9 ! woods4 ,at l5g? 
! "t came :5 he f\nd x necess>y to %\ld]
 8 axe & g to ! woods to secure mat]ial 
= a new piece ( furniture4 ,he cut ! "y 
*e/nut-trees1 peel$ !m1 & ) !m con/ruct$
 a crib2 & e ye> = ! la/ eight ye>s t   
crib has be5 occupi$ "p ( ! season4     
,?us1 y see1 a camp ( ?is k9d becomes   
hall[$ ) ! mo/ sacr$ ( human memories & 
becomes a joy n only to ! build] !re( b 
also to ! com+ g5]ation4 ,at ! big1 op5 
fire 9 ! grill-room1 ) ! old-fa%ion$    

cook+ ut5sils ga!r$ f f>mh\ses on ,long 
,isl&1 ,i h cook$ v5ison /eaks1 t5d]lo9 
( ! great nor!rn h>e1 ! plump1 :ite     
brea/s ( ! ruff$ gr\se1 all broil$ ov] !
 hot coals ) slices ( bacon1 & :5 done  
to a turn1 plac$ 9 a big platt] ) fre%  
butt] & s]v$ to a cr[d :o wat*$ !       
op]ation & sniff$ ! delici\s odor until 
!y lit]ally drool$ at ! corn]s ( _!     
m\?s4 ,z ! h\se 0 built on a de] runway1
 all ^! ?+s 7 products ( ! surr\nd+     
c\ntry1 & on sev]al occasions !y h all  
be5 s]v$ at "o meal4     ,,xlvii  ,,h[  
,,to ,,lay ,a ,,t> ,,pap]1 ,,bir* ,,b>k1
 ,,or ,,pat5t ,,ro(+   ,prep>+ ! ,ro(+ =
 ,lay+  ,,bir* ,,b>k & pat5t ro(+ are m 
pliable ?an t9 or %+les1 consequ5tly    
tak+ less "t to lay & mak+ x easi] "w4  
,9 v cold wea!r put y\r pat5t ro(+ 9 a  
w>m room a few h\rs be=e us+ x4 ,nev]   
try to cut bir* b>k1 t> pap]1 or pat5t  
ro(+ ) a dull knife4   ,ro(+ ,f\ndation 
,no matt] :at sort ( ro(+ mat]ial is    
us$1 d n =get ! great importance ( !    
ro(+ f\ndation 7,figs4 #bif & #bih74 ,if

 ! f\ndation is poor or unev5 ! ro(+ w  
be poor & unev51 ev5 if only ! be/ ro(+ 
mat]ial is us$4 ,! %ea?+ bo>ds %\ld be  
mat*$ if possible & ( uni=m ?ickness1   
laid close1 & free f nails1 protrud+    
knots1 & %>p edges4 ,d n use gre5 lumb]2
 ! sun is almo/ c]ta9 to %r9k & w>p x4  
,sometimes x w ev5 break ! ro(+ mat]ial4
 ,on v p>ticul> "w1 :]e ! raft]s are    
wide ap>t1 ! be/ build]s recomm5d lay+ a
 c\rse ( bo>ds ov] ! plank+ at "r angles
 to x4   ,valleys  ,if !re are valleys 9
 ! ro( 7,fig4 #bih7 use a long /rip (   
ro(+ & lay x up & d[n 9 ! direction ( ! 
valleys4 ,press ! /rip into ! holl[ s t 
x takes ! %ape ( ! valley itself4 ,all[ 
! edges ( ! ro(+ to ov]lap ! /rip 9 !   
valley an equal di/ance on bo? sides ( !
 valley 7,fig4 #bih74   ,h[ to ,lay !   
,ro(+  ,beg9 at ! eaves to lay ! ro(+   
7,fig4 #bii74 ,always lay ! roll ( pat5t
 ro(+ ) ! inside surface to ! wea!r & 9 
! same direction t ! bo>ds run--n at "r 
angles to !m4 ,beg9 nail+ at ! c5tre ( !
 edges ( ! /rips & "w bo? ways to !     

ends--nev] ! rev]se1 z ! ro(+ may become
 wr9kl$1 twi/$1 or crook$4 ,always set  
caps ev5 ) ! edge ( ! laps ab\t two     
in*es ap>t betwe5 _! c5tres4   ,gutt]s  
,to f9i% gutt]s1 fa/5 & c>efully cem5t )
 ! pit* or t> or prep>$ composition !   
edge ( ! /rip ab\t half-way to ! gutt]4 
,br+ ! o!r edge onto ! ro(1 !n lay !    
next /rip ov] ?is /rip s t x w ov]lap at
 lea/ two in*es4 ,proce$ to lay !       
balance ( ! ro(+ 9 ! same way4 ,nev]    
nail ! middle ( ! /rips2 nail only along
 ! edges4 ,! end /rips %\ld always be   
lapp$ ov] ! edges ( ! ro( & fa/5$       
7,figs4 #big & #bii74  ,be=e fa/5+ laps 
pa9t a two-in* /rip ) ! t> or pit* cem5t
 :i* comes ) all pat5t ro(+ 9 ord] to   
/ick x to ! l[] /rip ( ro(+ & to make a 
tight jo9t :5 put 9 place4  ,d n drive  
nails c>elessly or ) too mu* =ce & be   
sure ! cap fits snugly aga9/ ! ro(+4 ,if
 nails g into holes or op5 cracks1 d n  
remove !m b ?or\ghly cem5t ar\nd !m4    
,all[ six in*es = ov]laps = jo9ts :]e "o
 /rip jo9s ano!r 7,fig4 #bii1 ,b74 ,be  

sure t two /rips ( ro(+ nev] meet at !  
ridge leav+ a jo9t to invite a leak ov] 
! ridge-pole4 ,exam9e ! diagrams if y   
fail to und]/& ! description4   ,h[ to  
,pat* a ,%+le ,ro(  ,! read] mu/ n      
suppose t ! ro( ( my camp 0 made (      
flannel because x %rank1 = ! :ole h\se1 
:i* 0 made ( logs1 dim9i%$ 9 size z !   
wood became season$2 s t n[ ea* log     
av]ages a qu>t] ( an in* less 9 wid? ?an
 x did :5 ! h\se 0 built tw5ty odd ye>s 
ago4 ,!re are j "o hundr$ logs 9 ! h\se1
 :i* makes ! h\se tw5ty-five in*es      
small] ?an x 0 :5 x 0 built1 b ,i _c    
po9t out ! exact spot :]e ! two feet &  
"o in* are miss+4 ,nei!r d ,i "k t ?is  
_h any?+ to d ) ! op5+ 9 ! ro( ab\t !   
*imney2 b ,i d "k t ! op5+ gradually    
became wid] & wid] until x n only       
admitt$ ! entrance ( num]\s fly+        
squirrels & o!r v>m9ts b also let 9 !   
ra9 & sn[ & consequ5tly x _h to be      
rem$i$4 ,nei!r ! fly+ squirrels nor !   
elem5ts c n[ ent] at t po9t4  ,!        
,connecticut ,yankees /op ! leaks ar\nd 

! big *imneys ( ! old f>mh\ses ) mort>  
or concrete1 b at p]man5t camps cem5t is
 n always h&y1 & ev5 if "o is liv+ 9 a  
f>mh\se x w probably necessitate q a    
long drive to procure x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re
 happ5s to be on h& "s /rips ( ! v>i\s  
t> ro(+ comp\nds1 "s old t91 or ev5 a   
good piece ( oilclo?--by :i* ,i mean a  
piece t may be s worn z to h be5 ca/    
aside & yet n s p]=at$ ) holes t x w    
admit ! ra9--x may be us$ to /op ! leak4
  ,fig4 #bia4 ,fig4 #bib4 ,fig4 #bic4   
,fig4 #bid4 ,fig4 #bif4 ,fig4 #big4     
,fig4 #bih4 ,fig4 #bii4  ,illu/ration3  
,h[ to lay a composition ro( & h[ to    
cov] space ar\nd flue4 7,fig4 #bie is on
 next plate47   ,fixtures = ,apply+     
,ro(+  ,! complete ro(+ kit consi/s (   
cem5t1 caps1 & nails4 ,! galvaniz$ caps 
& nails are ! be/ to use2 !y won't ru/4 
,squ>e caps h m b9d+ surface ?an !      
ord9>y r\nd ones2 b we c m5d ) any old  
?+4  ,fig4 #bia %[s a *imney f :i* ! ro(
 ( ! h\se is p>t$1 leav+ a good-siz$    
op5+ ar\nd ! smoke-/ack4 ,to cov] ?is1  

take a piece ( ro(+ comp\nd1 t91        
oilclo?1 t> pap]1 or p>oid & cut z is   
%[n 9 ! upp] diagram 7,fig4 #bib74 ,make
 ! slits 9 ! two ends ( ! mat]ial ( su* 
a l5g? t :5 ! upp] ends are b5t back1 z 
9 ! l[] diagram 7,fig4 #bib71 !y w fit  
snugly ar\nd ! *imney4 ,y w ne$ "o piece
 l ?is = ea* side ( ! *imney4 ,:]e !    
ends ( ! *imney butt aga9/ ! ridge ( !  
ro( y w require pieces slit 9 ! same    
mann] z ! fir/ b b5t diff]5tly4 ,! upp] 
lobe 9 ?is case is b5t on ! bias to fit 
! *imney1 :ile ! l[] "o is b5t ov] !    
ridge ( ! ro( 7,figs4 #bic & #bid74  ,to
 bett] illu/rate h[ ?is is done1 ,fig4  
#bic is suppos$ to %[ ! *imney ) ! ro(  
remov$4 ,fig4 #bid is ! same view ( !   
*imney ) ! two pieces 9 place4 ,y w ne$ 
f\r pieces1 two at ea* end ( ! *imney1  
to cov] ! ridge ( ! ro(4  ,) all ! _m   
v>ieties ( t> pap] & composition ro(+   
!re come tacks or wire nails suppli$ )  
r\nd t9 disks p]=at$ 9 ! c5tre1 :i* are 
us$ z wa%]s to prev5t ! nail f pull+    
?r\gh ! ro(+4  ,fig4 #bie %[s ! *imney )

 ! pat*es ar\nd x tack$ 9 place1 & !    
protrud+ ends ( ! p>ts trimm$ (f accord+
 to ! dott$ l9es4 ,fig4 #big %[s ! way !
 ro(+ p put fla%+ on2 b ,i l my own way1
 z illu/rat$ by ,figs4 #bia1 #bib1 #bic1
 #bid1 & #bie4 ,x mu/ n be tak5 = grant$
 t e camp or f>mh\se has a supply ( t9  
wa%]s1 b we "k t e camp & f>mh\se does h
 a supply ( t9 cans1 & ! wa%]s may be   
made f ^!1 z %[n by ,figs4 #cjj & #cja4 
,knock ! cans ap>t at _! seams & cut !  
t9 up into pieces l ! rectangul> "o %[n 
"u ! h& 9 ,fig4 #cja4 ,b5d ^! pieces 9  
_! c5tres s z to make !m into squ>es1 !n
 place !m on a piece ( s(t wood & pun*  
holes 9 !m by driv+ a wire nail ?r\gh ! 
t9 & y w h bett] wa%]s ?an ^? y c buy   
al?\gh !y may n be s h&some4   ,pat*$   
,ro(s & ,new ,%+les  ,any dec5t %+l$ ro(
 %\ld la/ fifte5 ye>s )\t repair+ & _m (
 !m la/ ne>ly twice t "t4 ,b !re comes a
 "t :5 ! ro( beg9s to leak & ne$s m5d+2 
:5 t "t comes1 ) y\r jack-knife :ittle a
 numb] ( little wood5 pegs or spl9ts ea*
 ab\t six in*es long & a little ?ick]   

?an a pipe-/em ) :i* to   ,m>k ! ,holes 
,g up 9 ! attic & :]ev] y see daylight  
?r\gh ! ro( pu% ?r\gh ! hole a wood5 peg
 to m>k ! spot4 ,!n1 :5 y h f9i%$ & are 
ready to climb on ! ro(1 take (f y\r    
%oes1 put on a pair ( wooll5 socks1 &   
!re w be little dang] ( y\r slipp+4 ,new
 india rubb] %oes ) corrugat$ soles are 
also good to we> :5 climb+ on ! ro(4  ,9
 ,fig4 #bie y w see two ( ! pegs /ick+  
?r\gh ! ro( m>k+ ! holes1 & bel[ is a   
l>g] view ( "o ( ^! pegs connect$ ) !   
upp] ones by dott$ l9es4   ,%eet-,iron  
,%+les  ,to m5d simple cracks or holes l
 ^! x is only necess>y to b5d up bits ( 
t9 or %eet iron 7,fig4 #cjj7 & drive !  
metal %+le up und]nea? ! %+le above !   
hole s t ! wea!r "p ( ! t9 cov]s ! leak1
 or drive x "u ! leak+ %+le itself1 or  
drive a new %+le up "u or ov] ! damag$  
"o4 ,:]e !re is a bad place 9 ! ro( x   
may be necess>y to make a pat* ( a numb]
 ( %+les l ! "o %[n 9 ! "r-h& corn] (   
,fig4 #bie1 b ev5 !n x is n necess>y to 
remove ! old %+les unless ! hole is v   

l>ge4  ,^! pat*es ( old t9 or new %+les 
d n look h&some on an old ro(1 b !y s]ve
 _! purpose 9 keep+ out ! ra9 & sn[ &   
prev5t+ moi/ure f rott+ ! timb]s4 ,!    
wea!r w soon tone d[n ! color ( ! new   
%+les s t !y w n be noticeable & y w h !
 satisfaction ( hav+ a dry ro( ov] y\r  
head4 ,!re is only "o ?+ worse ?an a    
leaky ro( & t is a leaky boat4          
,practical ,pat*+  ,9 ^! days :5        
ev]ybody ) a few hundr$ doll>s 9 pocket 
is v s5sibly us+ x to buy a f>m &       
f>mh\se s z to be able = a "p ( ! ye> to
 return to ! simple life ( our ance/ors 
x is v necess>y t we %\ld also "k some?+
 ( ! simple economies ( ^? days1 = :5 "o
 f9ds oneself out on a f>m !re is no    
plumb] ar\nd ! corn] & no t9smi? on !   
next block :om "o may call ^u to repair 
breaks & ! damage done by "t & wea!r on 
an old f>mh\se4 ,! ord9>y man "u ^!     
conditions is helpless1 b "s are inspir$
 by novel ideas1 z1 = in/ance1 ! man :o 
m5d$ ! leak+ ro( ) por\s pla/]s4  ,fig4 
#bie4 ,fig4 #bie4 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,fig4     

#cja4 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,fig4     
#cjd4  ,fig4 #cje4 ,fig4 #cjf4          
,illu/ration3 ,h[ to m5d a %+le or t9   
ro(4  ,b = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are n       
suppli$ ) a /ock ( por\s pla/]s ,i w    
tell h[ to d ! plumb+ & h[ to m5d ! t9  
ro( ) old bits ( t91 rags1 & :ite lead2 
& to beg9 ) ,i want to impress ^u !     
read]'s m9d t ?is w be no bungl+1       
unsightly piece ( "w1 b mu* m durable & 
j z neat z any piece ( "w :i* !         
pr(essionals w\ld d = him4 ,9 ! fir/    
place1 if y h an old t9 ro( on "o ( !   
ext5sions ( y\r h\se or on y\r h\se     
itself1 d n be 9 ha/e to replace x ) a  
new "o4 ,rememb] t mo/ ( ! mod]n %eet t9
 is made by mod]n me?ods & its life is n
 an ext5d$ "o4 ,! %eet /eel !y (t5 use 9
 place ( %eet iron rapidly dis9tegrates 
& su* a ro( w n la/ y half ! "t t a     
prop]ly pat*$ old "o w4  ,! ro( ( ! h\se
 9 :i* ,i am writ+ ?is article is made (
 t9 & 0 made ab\t sixty ye>s ago2 x has 
be5 pat*$ & m5d$ b to no great ext5t1 & 
x bids fair to outlive me4 ,_h x be5    

made ( %eet /eel x w\ld h be5 necess>y  
to r5ew x _m times s9ce t p]iod4 ,s1 if 
y f9d t ! t9 ro( to y\r f>mh\se1        
bungal[1 or camp leaks 9 consequ5ce ( "s
 splits at ! seams & a few ru/ holes    
pat* !m y\rself4 ,fig4 #cja %[s ! only  
mat]ial necess>y = t purpose4 ,y d n ev5
 ne$ a pair ( %e>s to cut y\r t91 = x is
 mu* bett] fold$ ov] & hamm]$ into %ape1
 z %[n by ,fig4 #cja4 ,fig4 #cjb %[s a  
crack & "s ru/ holes 9 ! t9 ro(4 ,take  
y\r c>pet-tacks & hamm] & neatly tack   
d[n ! edges ( ! op5+1 z %[n by ,fig4    
#cjc4 ,if !re is any difficulty 9 driv+ 
tacks ?r\gh ! t9 ro(1 use a small wire  
nail & hamm] to fir/ pun* ! holes4 ,put 
! tacks close toge!r4 ,) y\r pa9t-bru%  
?ickly coat ! m5d$ p>ts ) :ite lead1 z  
%[n by ,fig4 #cjd4 ,cut a /rip ( a rag  
to fit ov] ! holes & tack x at its f\r  
corn]s1 z %[n by ,fig4 #cje4 ,n[1 !n1   
cov] ! rag ) a ?ick coat 7,fig4 #cjf7 ( 
! :ite lead4 ,next tack ! t9 ov] ! w\nd$
 spots1 putt+ ! tacks close toge!r1 z   
%[n by ,fig4 #cjf4 ,aft]w>d coat ! t9 ) 

a cov]+ ( :ite lead & ! pat*work is     
done4 ,! ro( w n leak aga9 at ^? spots 9
 ! next tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is w leave :ite1  
unsightly blot*es on ! ro(1 b aft] !    
:ite lead is dry a few dabs ) ! r$ ro(  
pa9t w make ! :ite pat*es ! same color z
 ! surr\nd+ t9 & effectually conceal !m4
  ,d n =get ! importance ( c>efully go+ 
ov] y\r ro( aft] x is m5d$ & make sure t
 e jo9t is prop]ly cov]$1 tack$1 &      
?or\ghly coat$ ) :ite lead4 ,cov] all   
jo9ts1 nails1 & caps ) a coat ( :ite    
lead4 ,wat] w n run ?r\gh ! t9 ro(+1 b x
 w f9d its way ?r\gh nail holes1 ru/    
holes1 & op5 seams if !y are n made     
absolutely tight4   ,plumb+  ,aft] ,i _h
 f9i%$ doctor+ up ! kit*5 ro( ( my      
f>mh\se1 ,i discov]$ t ! dra9-pipe f !  
kit*5 s9k _h a na/y leak :]e ! pipe ran 
?r\gh ! cell>4 ,( c\rse1 !re 0 no plumb]
 h&y--plumb]s d n live 9 f>m+           
di/ricts--s x 0 up to me & my help] to  
/op ! leak z be/ we c\ld4 ,a few bl[s on
 ! lead ) ! hamm]1 c>efully adm9i/]$1   
almo/ clos$ ! hole4 ,i !n _h rec\rse to 

! :ite lead :i* ,i _h be5 us+ on ! kit*5
 ro(1 & ,i daub$ ! pipe ) pa9t2 /ill !  
wat] ooz$ ?r\gh2 b aft] ,i _h appli$ a  
/rip ( l95 to ! leak & !n neatly wrapp$ 
x r\nd & pa9t$ ! :ole ( x ) :ite lead ! 
leak 0 effectually /opp$1 & ! pipe is   
app>5tly z good n[1 six ye>s aft] !     
m5d+1 z x 0 :5 x 0 new4  ,9 ?is sort (  
"w x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is ! :ite lead 
we dep5d ^u1 & ! o!r mat]ial :i* we     
use--! t9 & ! rags--are only = ! purpose
 ( protect+ & hold+ ! :ite lead 9 place4
 ,( c\rse1 a ro( may be m5d$ ) t>1 b t  
is always unsightly & insi/s ^u runn+ :5
 heat$ by a hot sun2 besides1 x is mo/  
difficult to conceal & does n come ready
 = use l :ite lead4  ,if ! leak happ5s  
to be ar\nd ! *imney x c be m5d$ by b5d+
 pieces ( t9 up aga9/ ! *imney accord+  
to ! diagram %[n = ! t> pap] & pat5t    
ro(+s 7,figs4 #bie & #big74   ,fla%+s1  
,*imneys1 ,walls1 ,etc4  ,lead or copp] 
is be/ = fla%+s1 b 9 case metal is n    
conv5i5t y w f9d t v>i\s pat5t ro(+     
mat]ials are good sub/itutes4 ,run !    

/rips ( ro(+ to ! angle =m$ by ! object 
to be fla%$ & ext5d ! same up ! object  
?ree or f\r in*es4 ,fa/5 ^! /rips to !  
ro( 9 ! usual way or by nail+ cleats (  
wood ov] ! top edges4  ,leaks 9 tubs1   
b>rels1 & tanks us$ ab\t ! f>m c be m5d$
 ) rags1 t91 & :ite lead 9 ! mann]      
describ$ = ! ro( & pipe4 ,also leaks 9 !
 lead]s runn+ f ! ro( may be treat$ 9 ! 
same mann]1 b if y mu/ get new lead]s = 
y\r h\se by no means replace ! old ones 
) galvaniz$-/eel tubes4 ,y c tell !     
diff]5ce betwe5 galvaniz$ /eel &        
galvaniz$ iron by its appe>ance4 ,! /eel
 is bright] & m silv]y ?an ! iron1 b my 
exp]i5ce is t ! /eel w la/ only two or  
?ree ye>s2 sometimes "o season puts /eel
 pipes out ( commission1 :]eas galvaniz$
 iron w la/ indef9itely4 ,aft] hav+ ?ree
 sets ( galvaniz$-/eel lead]s on my t[n 
h\se1 ,i _h !m replac$ ) copp] lead]s2  
=1 al?\gh ! exp5se is great]1 ,i h f\nd 
x m economical 9 ! end4 ,= p hav+ pl5ty 
( money to sp5d on _! c\ntry h\ses ,i   
w\ld advise ! use ( copp] lead]s1 b     

folks ( limit$ means w save money pat*+ 
up ! old t9 ones or old galvaniz$ ones  
in/ead ( replac+ !m ) galvaniz$ /eel1   
:i* is ( little s]vice = outdoor we>4   
,!re are1 ,i believe1 only a few firms  
:o n[ manufacture galvaniz$ iron1 b y\r 
ar*itect c f9d !m if y insi/ ^u x4      
,,xlviii  ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,conceal$
 ,,log ,,cab9 ,,inside ,,( ,a ,,mod]n   
,,h\se   ,,x 0 because ! writ] knew t a 
great _m m5 & all ! boys rebell$ aga9/ !
 conv5tionalities & re/rictions ( a     
mod]n h\se t he fir/ inv5t$ & sugge/$ ! 
surprise d5 & told h[ to make "o ye>s   
ago 9 ! ,out+ magaz9e4 ,s9ce t article  
appe>$ ! idea has be5 adopt$ by a numb] 
( p4 ,!re is a beautiful "o 9 ,tol$o1   
,o41 :]e ! writ] 0 ent]ta9$ dur+ !      
floods1 & ,doctor ,root1 ( ,h>t=d1      
,conn41 has ev5 a bett] "o 9 8 home 9 t 
,yankee city4 ,fig4 #cjh %[s a r\gh     
sket* ( a corn] ( ,doctor ,root's       
surprise d5 :i* he calls 8 logg]y4  ,f !
 outside ( ! h\se !re is no indication (
 any?+ ^u ! inside t may n be f\nd 9 any

 conv5tional dwell+1 :i* is ! prop] way 
to build ! surprise d54  ,figs4 #cjg1   
#cji1 & #caj are sket*es made z         
sugge/ions to ^? wi%+ to add ! surprise 
d5 to _! dwell+4  ,to fa!rs & mo!rs hav+
 sons any:]e f twelve to ?irty ye>s (   
age1 x is almo/ a necessity n[adays to  
give ^! boys a room ( _! own1 popul>ly  
kn[n z ! d51 a retreat :]e !y c g & sit 
9 a *air )\t hav+ fancy embroid]$ tidies
 adh]e to _! coat coll>s1 :]e !y c lean 
back 9 _! *airs1 if !y *oose1 ) no dang]
 ( ru9+ ! valuable ,hepple:ite or break+
 ! claw feet (f a r>e ,*ipp5dale--a     
place :]e !y c relax4 ,! great] !       
contra/ betwe5 ?is room & ! re/ ( !     
h\se1 ! great] w be ! enjoym5t d]iv$ by 
! boys to :om x belongs4 ,! only two    
surprise d5s :i* ,i h p]sonally visit$  
are ! pride ( ! lives ( two g5tlem5 :o  
are bo? long pa/ ! ye>s g5]ally accord$ 
to y\?1 b bo? ( !m are /ill boys 9 _!   
he>ts4 ,! tru? is a surprise d5 appeals 
to any man ) romance 9 8 s\l2 & ! m gr&1
 /ately1 & =mal 8 h\se may be1 ! great] 

w ! contra/ be & ! great] ! surprise (  
?is d54 ,x is a unique idea & makes a   
delightful smok+-room = ! g5tlem5 ( !   
h\se z well z a d5 = ! boys ( ! h\se4   
,fig4 #cjg4 ,fig4 #cjh4 ,fig4 #cji4     
,fig4 #caj4  ,illu/ration3 ,sugge/ions =
 int]iors ( surprise d5s & sket* ( ,dr4 
,root's surprise d54  ,if ! read]'s h\se
 is already built1 ! surprise d5 may be 
erect$ z an addition2 x may be built z a
 log cab9 aft] ! mann] ( any ( ^?       
previ\sly describ$ 9 ?is book1 or x may 
be made an imitation log cab9 by us+    
slabs & nail+ !m on ! walls 9 place (   
real :ole logs4 ,doctor ,root's surprise
 d51 or logg]y1 is made ( :ole logs &   
*9k$ ) moss4 ,fig4 #caj is suppos$ to be
 made ( slabs1 half logs1 or pun*eons   
nail$ to ! walls & ceil+ & s arrang$ t !
 visitor _c detect ! deception4         
,p]sonally1 h[ev]1 ,i d n l deception ( 
any sort & w\ld recomm5d t ! h\se be    
made1 if possible1 ( :ole logs2 b :atev]
 way y build x1 rememb] t x mu/ h a     
g5]\s1 wide fireplace1 a crane1 & a good

 he>?/one1 & t y\r furniture mu/ ei!r be
 made ( ! mat]ial to be f\nd 9 ! woods  
or select$ f ! antique furniture ( "s   
old f>mh\se1 n mahogany furniture1 b    
,w9dsor *airs1 ?ree-legg$ /ools1 &      
deal-wood tables--su* furniture z might 
be f\nd 9 an old pione]'s home4  ,fig4  
#caa4 ,fig4 #cab4 ,fig4 #cac4 ,fig4     
#cad4 ,fig4 #cae4 ,fig4 #caf4 ,fig4     
#cag4  ,fig4 #cah4 ,fig4 #cai4 ,fig4    
#cbj4  ,illu/ration3 ,details ( comb9$  
door-knob & wood5 lat*4  ,! pr9cipal ?+ 
to ! surprise d51 h[ev]1 is ! doorway4  
,! outside ( ! door--t is1 ! side se5 f 
! ma9 "p ( ! h\se--%\ld be z =mal z its 
surr\nd+s & give no indication ( :at    
might be on ! o!r side4 ,if x op5s f !  
mo/ =mal room 9 ! h\se1 s mu* ! bett]4  
,fig4 #cba %[s ! outside ( ! door ( !   
surprise d52 ,i d n mean by ?is outside 
( ! h\se b a doorway fac+ ! d9+-room1   
libr>y1 draw+-room1 or p>lor4 ,fig4 #cba
 %[s "o side ( ! door & ,fig4 #cbb ! o!r
 side ( ! same door4 ,9 ?is in/ance "o  
side ( ! door is suppos$ to h a bronze  

escut*eon & a glass knob 7,figs4 #cae & 
#caf74 ,( c\rse1 any o!r sort ( a knob  
7,fig4 #cac7 w answ] our purpose1 b !   
inside1 or ! surprise-d5 side1 ( ! door 
mu/ h   ,a ,wood5 ,lat*  ,aft] "s       
exp]im5ts ,i discov]$ t ?is c\ld be     
easily arrang$ by cutt+ a half-r\nd     
piece ( h>dwood 7,f1 ,fig4 #cab7 to fit 
^u ! squ>e end ,g ( ! knob 7,figs4 #caa 
& #cac7 & be held 9 place ) a small     
screw 7,fig4 #cad74 ,:5 ?is arrangem5t  
is made = ! door & ! knob put 9 place z 
x is 9 ,figs4 #cae & #caf1 a simple     
wood5 lat* 7,fig4 #cag7 ) ! cat* ,k     
7,fig4 #cai7 & ! gu>d 7,fig4 #cbj7 may  
be fa/5$ ^u ! d5 side ( ! door z %[n by 
,k1 ,l1 7,fig4 #cag74 ,:5 ! door is     
lat*$ ! wood5 piece ,f fits und]nea? !  
lat* z %[n by ,fig4 #cag4 ,:5 ! knob is 
turn$1 x turns ! half disk & lifts !    
lat* ,h z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cah2 ?is1 (      
c\rse1 op5s ! door1 & ! visitor is /ruck
 ) amazem5t ^u be+ u%]$ into a pione]   
backwoods log cab91 :]e aft]-d9n] c(fee 
may be s]v$1 :]e ! g5tlem5 may retire to

 smoke _! cig>s1 :]e ! ma/] ( ! h\se may
 retire1 free f ! noise ( ! *ildr51 to g
 ov] 8 acc\nts1 write 8 private lett]s1 
or simply sit be=e ! fire & re/ 8 tir$  
bra9 by wat*+ ! smoke g up ! *imney4    
,fig4 #cba4 ,fig4 #cbb4  ,illu/ration3  
,! surprise d54 ,a log h\se inside a    
mod]n mansion4  ,"h also1 ov] ! op5     
fire1 fi%1 game1 & *ick5s may be cook$1 
z our gr&ams & gr&daddies cook$ !m1 &   
qua9t1 old-fa%ion$ lun*eons & supp]s    
s]v$ on e>!nw>e or t9 di%es1 camp /yle4 
,9 tru?1 ! surprise d5 possesses s _m   
*>m+ possibilities t x is de/9$ to be an
 adjunct to almo/ e mod]n home4 ,x c be 
enclos$ )9 ! walls ( a city h\se1 a     
suburban h\se1 or add$ z a w+ to a      
c\ntry h\se1 b 9 all cases ! outside ( !
 surprise d5 %\ld con=m 9 mat]ial us$ & 
g5]al appe>ance to ! re/ ( ! h\se s z n 
to betray ! secret4     ,,xlix  ,,h[    
,,to ,,build ,,appropriate ,,gateways   
,,= ,,gr\nds ,,enclos+ ,,log ,,h\ses1   
,,game ,,pres]ves1 ,,ran*es1 ,,big      
,,c\ntry ,,e/ates1 ,,& ,,la/ ,,b ,,n    

,,lea/ ,,boy ,,sc\ts' ,,camp ,,gr\nds   
,,! great dang] ) ru/ic "w is !         
temptation1 to :i* mo/ build]s yield1 to
 make x too fancy & intricate 9 place ( 
practical & simple4 ,figs4 #cbc1 #cbd1  
#cbe1 & #cbf are z ornam5tal z "o c make
 !m )\t incurr+ ! dang] ( be+ ov]done1  
too ornate1 too fancy to be really      
appropriate4  ,fig4 #cbc4 ,fig4 #cbd4   
,fig4 #cbe4 ,fig4 #cbf4  ,illu/ration3  
,:i* w\ld y r d or g fi%+8 ,sugge/ions =
 log gates4   ,:i* ,w\ld ,y ,r ,d or ,g 
,fi%+8  ,fig4 #cbh is a gate made (     
upright logs ) bevell$ tops protect$ by 
plank act+ z a ro(1 & a flatt5$ log     
fitt+ across ! top4 ,! gate & f5ce1 y   
may see1 are ( simple con/ruction2      
horizontal logs = ! l[] "p keep out     
small animals1 upright po/s & rails = ! 
upp] "p keep out l>g] animals & at !    
same "t d n %ut out ! view f ! outside  
or ! inside ( ! enclosure4 ,fig4 #cbd   
%[s a ro( gateway design$ & made = !    
purpose ( supply+ build+ sites = b>n    
swall[s or o!r useful birds4 ,! f5ce =  

?is "o is a diff]5t arrangem5t ( logs1  
practical & n too fancy4 ,fig4 #cbe %[s 
a modification ( ! gate %[n by ,fig4    
#cbc2 9 ?is "o1 h[ev]1 9 place ( a plank
 protect+ bevell$ edges ( ! upright     
logs1 two flatt5$ logs are spik$ on l   
raft]s to a ro(1 ! apex be+ surm\nt$ by 
a bird-h\se4 ,fig4 #cbf %[s ano!r       
gateway compos$ ( two upright logs ) a  
cross log ov]head 9 :i* holes h be5     
excavat$ = ! use ( :ite-brea/$ swall[s1 
bluebirds1 woodpeck]s1 or flick]s4 ,fig4
 #cbg is ano!r simple b picturesque =m (
 gateway1 :]e ! cross log at ! top has  
its two ends c>v$ aft] ! fa%ion (       
totem-poles4 ,9 place ( a wood5 f5ce a  
/one wall is %[n4 ,! ends ( ! logs      
7,fig4 #cbg71 :i* are emb$d$ 9 ! e>?1   
%\ld fir/ be treat$ ) two or ?ree coats 
( creosote to prev5t decay2 b s9ce x is 
! moi/ure ( ! gr\nd t causes ! decay1 if
 y arrange y\r gate-po/s l ^? %[n 9 !   
v]tical section 7,fig4 #cbh71 !y w la/  
practically =ev]4 ,note t ! %ort        
gate-po/ re/s ^u sev]al small /ones )   

air spaces betwe5 !m1 & po9t$ ends ( !  
upright logs re/ ^u "o big /one4 ,!     
gate-po/ is fa/5$ to ! logs by          
crosspieces ( bo>d runn+ horizontally f 
log to ! po/1 & ^! are enclos$ inside ! 
/one pi] s t !y are conceal$ f view4    
,?is arrangem5t all[s all ! wat] to dra9
 f ! wood1 leav+ x dry & ?us prev5t+    
decay4 ,fig4 #cbi %[s ano!r =m (        
gate-po/ ( m elaborate /ructure1        
surm\nt$ by ! =k$ trunk ( a tree2 ^!    
p>ts are suppos$ to be spik$ toge!r or  
secur$ 9 place by h>dwood pegs4  ,nev]  
=get to add ! bird-h\se or bird %elt] to
 e gateway y make2 x is m important ?an 
! gate itself4 ,9 my o!r books ,i h     
describ$ & told h[ to make v>i\s =ms (  
bird-h\ses1 includ+ my inv5tion ( !     
woodpeck]'s h\se n[ be+ manufactur$ by  
_m firms1 includ+ "o 9 ,g]many1 b !     
read] %\ld make 8 own bird-h\ses4 ,i am 
glad ! manufactur]s h tak5 up ^! ideas =
 ! good !y w d ! birds1 b ! ideas 7     
publi%$ fir/ solely = ! use ( ! boys 9 !
 hopes ( educat+ !m bo? 9 ! cons]vation 

( bird life & 9 ! manual tra9+ necess>y 
to con/ruct bird-h\ses4  ,fig4 #cbg4    
,fig4 #cbh4 ,fig4 #cbi4  ,illu/ration3  
,gateways = game pres]ves1 camps1 etc4  
,fig4 #ccj4 ,fig4 #cca4 ,fig4 #ccb4     
,illu/ration3 ,log gate & details (     
same4  ,! read] mu/ h1 no d\bt1 notic$ t
 ! problems 9 ?is book h become m & m   
difficult z we approa* ! end1 b ?is is  
because ev]y?+ gr[s2 z we acquire skill 
we naturally seek m & m difficult "w on 
:i* to ex]cise our skill4 ,^! gateways1 
h[ev]1 are none ( !m too difficult = !  
boys to build !mselves4 ,! ma9 problem  
to ov]come 9 build+ ! picturesque log   
gateway %[n by ,fig4 #cca is n 9 lay+ up
 ! logs or con/ruct+ ! ro(--! read] has 
already le>n$ h[ to d bo? 9 ! =ep>t (   
?is book--b x is 9 s lay+ ! logs t !    
slant or incl9e on ! two outsides w be  
exactly ! same1 also 9 s build+ ! sides 
t :5 y rea* ! top ( ! op5 way & place   
y\r fir/ ov]head log1 ! log w be exactly
 horizontal1 exactly level1 z x mu/ be  
to c>ry out ! plan 9 a workmanlike      

mann]4 ,fig4 #ccj %[s y ! framework ( ! 
ro(1 ! ridge-pole ( :i* is a plank cut  
sway-back$1 t is1 l[] 9 ! c5tre ?an at  
ei!r end4 ,! frame %\ld be ro($ )       
h&-riv$ %+les1 or at lea/ h&-trimm$     
%+les1 if y use ! manufactur$ article ( 
comm]ce4 ,?is gateway is appropriate = a
 common po/-&-rail f5ce or any ( ! log  
f5ces illu/rat$ 9 ! previ\s diagrams4   
,fig4 #ccb %[s h[ ! f5ce "h %[n is      
con/ruct$3 ! ,a logs are bevell$ to fit 
9 diagonally1 ! ,b & ,c logs are set 9 z
 %[n by ! dott$ l9e 9 ,fig4 #ccb4 ,a    
gateway l ! "o %[n "h w\ld make a       
spl5did & impos+ "o = a p]man5t camp1   
:e!r x be a ,boy ,sc\t1 a ,girl ,pione]1
 a private camp = boys1 or simply !     
entrance to a l>ge private e/ate4  ,!   
writ] has made ^! diagrams s t !y may be
 us$ by m5 or boys2 ! la/ "o %[s a      
gateway l>ge en\gh to admit a f\r-9-h&  
/age-coa* or an automobile1 b ! boys may
 build x 9 m9iature s t ! op5+ is only  
l>ge en\gh to admit a p$e/rian4    ,!   
,end     ,,! ,,be>d ,,books ,,= ,,boys  

,by ,,dan ,c4 ,,be>d   ,%elt]s1 ,%acks1 
& ,%anties    ,illu/rat$ by ! ,au?or    
#a4be net  ,he gives easily workable    
directions1 accompani$ by v full        
illu/ration1 = ov] fifty %elt]s1 %acks1 
& %anties1 rang+ f ! mo/ primitive %elt]
 to a fully equipp$ log cab94 ,boys w   
f9d x an invaluable guide 9 con/ruct+   
tempor>y or p]man5t %elt]s 9 _! hikes or
 encampm5ts4   ,boat-,build+ & ,boat+   
,a ,h&y ,book = ,beg9n]s    ,illu/rat$  
by ! ,au?or         #a4jj net  ,!       
directions = mak+ boats are practical & 
illu/rat$ by simple diagrams1 & ! "w is 
full ( new & sugge/ive ideas = all k9ds 
( craft4   ,! ,boy ,pione]s  ,sons (    
,daniel ,boone    ,illu/rat$ by ! ,au?or
         #a4ej net  ,a book t is truly  
f9e & w probably h a wid] influ5ce on ! 
lives ( boys into ^: h&s x falls ?an    
almo/ any o!r book t comes _! way4--,!  
,int]ior4    ,!   ,field & ,=e/ ,h&y    
,book  ,or1 ,new ,ideas = ,out ( ,doors 
,illu/rat$ by ! ,au?or         #a4ej net
  ,in/ructions z to ways to build boats 

& fire-eng9es1 make aqu>iums1 rafts &   
sl$s1 to camp 9 a back-y>d1 etc4 ,no    
bett] book ( ! k9d exi/s4--,*icago      
,record-,h]ald4    ,,! ,,be>d ,,books   
,,= ,,boys     ,! ,jack ( ,all ,trades  
,or1 ,new ,ideas = ,am]ican ,boys       
,illu/rat$ by ! ,au?or           #a4ej  
net  ,e boy :o is h&y ) tools ( any sort
 w enjoy ?is book4--,y\?'s ,companion4  
,full ( new ideas = active boys :o l to 
use tools & see int]e/+ ?+s gr[+ "u _!  
h&s4--,new ,york ,tribune4  ,a p]fect   
treasure-h\se ( ?+s t delight ! s\l ( a 
boy4--,! ,int]ior4     ,! ,outdoor ,h&y 
,book    ,= ,playgr\nd1 ,field & ,=e/   
,illu/rat$ by ! ,au?or           #a4ej  
net  ,x tells h[ to play all sorts (    
games ) m>bles1 h[ to make & sp9 m k9ds 
( tops ?an mo/ boys ev] he>d (1 h[ to   
make ! late/ ?+s 9 pla9 & fancy kites1  
:]e to dig bait & h[ to fi%1 all ab\t   
boats & sail+1 & a ho/ ( o!r ?+s :i* c  
be done out ( doors4 ,! volume is       
pr(usely illu/rat$ & w be an unmix$     
delight to any boy4--,new ,york         

,tribune4    ,!   ,am]ican ,boys ,h&y   
,book    ,or1 ,:at ,to ,d & ,h[ ,to ,d  
,x    ,illu/rat$ by ! ,au?or            
#a4ej net  ,x tells boys h[ to make all 
k9ds ( ?+s--boats1 traps1 toys1 puzzles1
 aqu>iums1 fi%+ tackle2 h[ to tie knots1
 splice ropes1 make bird calls1 sl$s1   
bl[ guns1 balloons2 h[ to re> wild      
birds1 to tra9 dogs1 & d a ?\s& & "o ?+s
 t boys take delight 94 ,! book is      
illu/rat$ 9 su* a way t no mi/ake c be  
made2 & ! boy :o gets a copy ( ?is book 
w consid] himself set up 9 bus9ess4--,! 
,indianapolis ,j\rnal4   ,,*>les        
,,scribn]',s ,,sons     ,,! ,,be>d      
,,books ,,= ,,girls  ,by ,,l9a ,,be>d & 
,,adelia ,b4 ,,be>d     ,h&icraft &     
,recreation   = ,girls    ,) ov] #gjj   
illu/rations by ! ,au?ors   #hvo4 #a4ej 
net  ,an elaborate book = girls1 by ,l9a
 & ,adelia ,be>d ^: =m] books on girls' 
sports h become classic1 :i* conta9s a  
mass ( practical in/ruction on h&icrafts
 & recreations4 ,s _m & s v>i\s are !   
?+s x tells h[ to d & make t x w give   

occupation to any sort ( girl 9 all     
seasons & all wea!rs4  ,! girl :o gets  
?is book w n lack = occupation &        
pleasure4--,*icago ,ev5+ ,po/4     ,:at 
a ,girl ,c ,make   & ,d    ,new ,ideas =
 ,"w & ,play    ,) m ?an #cjj           
illu/rations by ! ,au?ors   ,squ>e #hvo4
 #a4ej net  ,?is book is ! result ( !   
au?ors' e>ne/ desire to enc\rage 9 _! "y
 fri5ds ! wi% to d ?+s = !mselves4 ,its 
aim is to give sugge/ions t w help !m to
 satisfy ?is wi%4 ,)9 its cov]s are     
describ$ a great v>iety ( ?+s useful1   
in/ructive1 & ent]ta9+1 suit$ = bo?     
indoors & out4  ,x w\ld be a dull girl  
:o c\ld n make h]self busy & happy      
foll[+ its precepts4--,*icago           
,record-,h]ald4     ,,! ,,be>d ,,books  
,,= ,,girls     ,!   ,am]ican ,girl's   
,h&y ,book    ,h[ ,to ,amuse ,y\rself & 
,o!rs    ,) ne>ly #ejj illu/rations     
#hvo4 #a4ej net  ,9 ?is book ,l9a &     
,adelia ,be>d1 ! au?ors1 tell ev]y?+ !  
girls ( to-day want to "k ab\t sports1  
games1 & w9t] aft]noon & ev5+ amusem5ts 

& "w1 9 a cle>1 simple1 ent]ta9+ way4   
,eight new *apt]s h be5 add$ to !       
orig9al =ty-two t made ! book fam\s4  ,x
 is a treasure :i*1 once possess$1 no   
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