file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #bhbdh-;h4htm or #bhbdh-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/h_ /b_/d_/bhbdh_/bhbdh-;h_/#bhbdh-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/h_ /b_/d_/bhbdh_/bhbdh-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! punctuation & spell+ f ! orig9al text h be5 fai?fully pres]v$4 ,only obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,! ,,rocks2 ,or1 ,geology 9 ,its ,be>+s on ! ,two ,!ologies1 ,natural & ,reveal$4 by ,,hugh ,,mill] 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 #ei ,,wa%+ton ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on4 ,i4 ,,! ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one2 ,,or1 ,,new ,,walks ,,9 ,,an ,,old ,,field4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,plates & ,geological ,sections4 #abmo1 clo?4 ,price #a4jj4 ,x is )al "o ( ! mo/ beautiful specim5s ( ,engli% composition to be f\nd1 convey+ in=mation on a mo/ difficult & pr(\nd sci5ce1 9 a /yle at once novel1 pleas+ & elegant4--,,dr4 ,,sprague1 ,,albany ,,spectator4 ,,ii4 ,,my ,,fir/ ,,impressions ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,its ,,p4 ,) a f9e ,engrav+ ( ! ,au?or4 #abmo1 clo?4 ,price #a4jj4 ,a ?rill+ly int]e/+ & in/ructive book ( travels2 pres5t+ ! mo/ p]fectly life-l views ( ,engl& & its ,p to be f\nd 9 ! language4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,footpr9ts ,,( ,,! ,,creator2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,a/]olepis ,,( ,,/romness4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,) a ,memoir ( ! ,au?or1 by ,l\is ,agassiz4 #abmo1 clo?4 ,price #a4jj4 ,dr4 ,buckl& said ,,he ,,w\ld ,,give ,,8 ,,left ,,h& ,,to ,,possess ,,su* ,,p[]s ,,( ,,description ,,z ,,?is ,,man4 ,,iv4 ,,my ,,s*ools ,,& ,,s*oolma/]s2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,my ,,education4 ,,an ,,autobiography4 ,) a full l5g? ,portrait ( ! ,au?or4 #abmo1 clo?4 ,price #a4be4 ,?is is a p]sonal n>rative ( a deeply int]e/+ & in/ructive "*1 conc]n+ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable m5 ( ! age4 ,x %\ld be read & /udi$ by e "y man 9 ! l&4 ,v4 ,,te/imony ,,( ,,! ,,rocks2 ,,or1 ,,geology ,,9 ,,its ,,be>+s ,,on ,,! ,,two ,,!ologies1 ,,natural ,,& ,,reveal$4 ,?\ %alt be 9 league ) ! /ones ( ! field4--,,job4 ,) num]\s elegant ,illu/rations4 ,"o volume1 royal #abmo4 ,price #a4be4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ & mo/ compreh5sive geological "w ( ?is di/+ui%$ au?or4 ,x exhibits ! pr(\nd le>n+1 ! felicit\s /yle1 & ! sci5tific p]ception1 :i* *>act]ize 8 =m] works1 :ile x embraces ! late/ results ( geological discov]y4 ,b ! great *>m ( ! book lies 9 ^? passages ( gl[+ eloqu5ce1 9 :i*1 hav+ spread out 8 facts1 ! au?or proce$s to make d$uctions f !m ( ! mo/ /rik+ & excit+ "*4 99 99 99 99 99 -- ,! above works may be _h 9 sets ( uni=m size & /yle ( b9d+4 ,,valuable ,,works4 ,,k ,,is ,,p[]3 ,a ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,productive ,,=ces ,,( ,,mod]n ,,society1 & ! ,result ( ,labor1 ,capital1 & ,skill4 ,by ,,*>les ,,knight4 ,am]ican edition1 ) ,additions1 by ,,david ,a4 ,,wells1 ,editor ( ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 c4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?4 #a4be4 ,?is "w is em95tly entitl$ to be rank$ 9 t class1 /yl$1 ,,books ,,= ,,! ,,p4 ,! au?or is "o ( ! mo/ popul> writ]s ( ! day4 ,k is ,p[] treats ( ^? ?+s ,:i* come home to ! bus9ess & bosoms ( e man4 ,x is rem>kable = its fullness & v>iety ( in=mation1 & = ! felicity & =ce ) :i* ! au?or applies 8 facts to 8 reason+4 ,! facts & illu/rations are drawn f almo/ e bran* ( skilful indu/ry4 ,x is a "w :i* ! me*anic & artizan ( e description w be sure to read ) a ,,reli%4 ,?is is a "w ( r>e m]it1 & t\*es _m /r+s ( importance ) :i* society is l9k$ toge!r4 ,no "w we h ev] se5 is bett] calculat$ to inspire & awak5 inv5tive g5ius 9 man ?an ?is4 ,almo/ e dep>tm5t ( human labor is repres5t$1 & x conta9s a l>ge fund ( useful in=mation1 cond5s$ 9 a volume1 e *apt] ( :i* is wor? ! co/ ( ! book4 ,x w\ld be an act ( manife/ inju/ice to ! community = any editor to feel an indiff]5ce ab\t comm5d+ ?is volume to a read+ public4--,n4,y4 ,,*4 ,,h]ald4 ,! /yle is admirable1 & ! book itself is z full ( in=mation z an egg is ( meat4--,,j\rnal4 ,z tea*]s we "k no bett] remun]ation1 ?an = !m ,,fir/ to buy ?is book & dilig5tly read x !mselves2 ,,second1 to tea* to _! pupils ! pr9ciples ( indu/rial organization :i* x conta9s1 & ( ! facts by :i* x is illu/rat$4 ,x is "o ( ! m]its ( ?is book t its facts w int]e/ y\?ful m9ds & be reta9$ to blossom h]eaft] into !ories ( :i* !y are n[ incapable4 ,,?ird1 endeavor to h a copy procur$ = ! di/rict libr>y1 t ! p>5ts may read x1 & ! tea*]s reap fruit 9 ! pres5t g5]ation4--,n4,y4 ,,tea*]4 ,conta9s a great am\nt ( in=mation1 accompani$ ) num]\s illu/rations1 r5d]+ x a comp5di\s hi/ory ( ! subjects ^u :i* x treats4--,n4,y4 ,,c\ri] ,,& ,,inquir]4 ,we comm5d ! "w z "o ( real value & pr(itable read+4--,,ro*e/] ,,am]ican4 ,?is "w is a ri* repository ( valuable in=mation on v>i\s subjects1 hav+ a be>+ on ! indu/rial end social int]e/s ( a community4--,,puritan ,,record]4 ,,my ,,s*ools ,,& ,,s*oolma/]s2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,my ,,education4 ,,by ,,hugh ,,mill]1 au?or ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 ,my ,fir/ ,impressions ( ,engl&1 etc4 #abmo1 clo?4 #a4be4 ,?is autobiography is q wor?y ( ! r5[n$ au?or4 ,8 fir/ attempts at lit]ature1 & 8 c>e] until he /ood =? an ackn[l$g$ p[] among ! philosoph]s & ecclesia/ical lead]s ( 8 native l&1 are giv5 )\t egotism1 ) a p[] & vivacity :i* are equally tru?ful & delightsome4--,,presbyt]ian4 ,hugh ,mill] is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable m5 ( ! age4 ,hav+ ris5 f ! humble walks ( life1 & f ! employm5t ( a /one-cutt]1 to ! highe/ rank among sci5tific m51 ev]y?+ relat+ to 8 hi/ory possesses an int]e/ :i* belongs to t ( few liv+ m54 ,!re is mu* ev5 9 8 s*ool-boy days :i* po9ts to ! man z he n[ is4 ,! book has all ! ease & graphic p[] :i* 9 *>act]i/ic ( 8 writ+s4--,,new ,,york ,,obs]v]4 ,?is volume is a book = ! t5 ?\s&4 ,x is embelli%$ ) an admirable lik5ess ( ,hugh ,mill]1 ! /one mason--8 coat (f & 8 sleeves roll$ up--) ! implem5ts ( labor 9 h&--8 =m erect1 & 8 eye bright & pi]c+4 ,! biography ( su* a man w int]e/ e read]4 ,x is a liv+ ?+--tea*+ a lesson ( self-culture ( imm5se value4--,,philadelphia ,,*ri/ian ,,obs]v]4 ,x is a portion ( autobiography exquisitely told4 ,he is a liv+ pro( t a s+le man may conta9 )9 himself some?+ m ?an all ! books 9 ! _w1 "s unutt]$ ^w1 if he w look )9 & read4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ books we h _h ( late1 & mu/ h a he>ty welcome & a l>ge circulation 9 ,am]ica4--,,london ,,corresp4 ,n4,y4 ,,tribune4 ,x is a "w ( r>e int]e/2 at times hav+ ! fasc9ation ( a romance1 & aga9 sugge/+ ! pr(\nde/ views ( education & ( sci5ce4 ,! ex-mason holds a graphic p52 a quiet humor runs ?r\gh 8 pages2 he tells a /ory well1 & "s ( 8 pictures ( home life might almo/ be class$ ) ,wilson's4--,,new ,,york ,,indep5d5t4 ,?is autobiography is ,,! book = poor boys1 & o!rs :o are /ruggl+ ) pov]ty & limit$ advantages2 & p]haps x is n too mu* to pr$ict t 9 a few ye>s x w become "o ( ! poor man's classics1 fill+ a space on 8 scanty %elf next to ! ,autobiography ( ,frankl94--,,new ,,engl& ,,f>m]4 ,lov]s ( ! romantic %\ld n neglect ! book1 z x conta9s a n>rative ( t5d] passion & happily reciprocat$ affection1 :i* w be read ) subdu$ emotion & unfail+ int]e/4--,,bo/on ,,travell]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,sph5opt]is ,,aff9is4 ,a ,f]n ( ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures4 7,re/or$47 ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,! ,,rocks2 ,or1 ,geology 9 ,its ,be>+s on ! ,two ,!ologies1 ,natural & ,reveal$4 by ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ,au?or ( ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,) ,memorials ( ! ,dea? & ,"* ( ! ,au?or4 ,?\ %alt be 9 league ) ! /ones ( ! field4--,,job4 ,bo/on3 ,g\ld & ,l9coln1 #ei ,wa%+ton ,/reet4 ,new ,york3 ,%eldon1 ,blakeman ,co4 ,c9c9nati3 ,george ,s4 ,blan*>d4 #aheg4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #aheg1 by ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,electro-,/]eotyp$ by ,geo4 ,j4 ,/iles1 #bc ,congress ,/41 ,bo/on4 ,,to ,,james ,,mill]1 ,,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,surg]y ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,?is volume is *iefly tak5 up 9 answ]+1 to ! be/ ( its au?or's k & ability1 ! v>i\s que/ions :i* ! old !ology ( ,scotl& has be5 ask+ = ! la/ few ye>s ( ! newe/ ( ! sci5ces4 ,w y p>don me ! lib]ty ,i take 9 d$icat+ x to y8 ,9 compliance ) ! peculi> dem& ( ! "t1 t :at a man kn[s ( sci5ce or ( art he %\ld freely communicate to 8 neighbors1 we took ! field ne>ly toge!r z popul> lectur]s1 & h at lea/ s f> resembl$ ea* o!r 9 our measure ( success1 t ! same class ( c5sors h be5 sev]e ^u bo?4 ,= :ile y h be5 condemn$ z a physiologi/ = ass]t+ t ! human framework1 :5 fairly wr\ght dur+ ! week1 is greatly ! bett] = ! re/ ( ! ,sabba?1 ,i h be5 describ$ by ! same p5 z "o ( ! wret*$ class ( p]sons :o tea* t geology1 rightly und]/ood1 does n conflict ) revelation4 ,besides1 ,i owe x to y\r k9dness t1 :5 set aside by ! indisposition :i* r5d]s x d\btful :e!r ,i %all ev] aga9 address a popul> audi5ce1 y enabl$ me cr$itably to fulfil "o ( my engagem5ts by read+ = me 9 public two ( ! foll[+ disc\rses1 & by do+ !m an am\nt ( ju/ice on t occasion :i* c\ld nev] h be5 done !m by _! au?or4 ,fur!r1 y\r k9d att5tions & advice dur+ ! crisis ( my illness 7 c]ta9ly e way suit$ to rem9d me ( ^? s gratefully ackn[l$g$ by ! wit ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 he be?\ght him ( k9d ,arbu?not's aid1 ,:o knew 8 art1 b n 8 trade4 ,& s1 ?\gh ! old /yle ( d$ication has be5 long out ( fa%ion1 ,i avail myself ( ! opportunity x af=ds me ( express+ my entire concurr5ce 9 y\r physiological views1 my he>tfelt gratitude = y\r good s]vices & fri5d%ip1 & my s9c]e respect = ! dis9t]e/$ "p y h tak5 9 ! important "w ( elevat+ & in=m+ y\r humbl] c\ntryfolk1--:ile at ! same "t ma9ta9+ pr(essionally1 ) ,simpson & ) ,goodsir1 ! reputation ( t s*ool ( anatomy & m$ic9e = :i* ! ,scotti% capital has be5 long s fam\s4 ,i am1 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,) s9c]e respect & reg>d1 ,y\rs affectionately1 ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ,( ! twelve foll[+ ,lectures1 f\r 7! ,fir/1 ,second1 ,fif?1 & ,six?7 7 deliv]$ be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,in/itution 7#aheb & #ahee74 ,"o 7! ,?ird7 0 read at ,exet] ,hall be=e ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association 7#ahed71 & ! sub/ance ( two ( ! o!rs 7! ,elev5? & ,twelf?7 at ,glasg[1 be=e ! ,geological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association 7#ahee74 ,( ! five o!rs1--writt5 ma9ly to complete & imp>t a "* ( unity to ! volume ( :i* !y =m a "p1--only ?ree 7! ,f\r?1 ,sev5?1 & ,eigh?7 7 address$ viva voce to popul> audi5ces4 ,! ,?ird ,lecture 0 publi%$ bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & ,am]ica1 & translat$ into "s ( ! ,cont95tal languages4 ,! re/ n[ appe> 9 pr9t = ! fir/ "t4 ,?\gh _! writ] has _h c]ta9ly no reason to compla9 ( ! measure ( favor ) :i* ! read or spok5 ones h be5 receiv$1 !y are p]haps all bett] adapt$ = p]usal 9 ! closet ?an = deliv]y 9 ! public hall or lecture-room2 :ile ! two conclud+ ,lectures are mayhap suit$ to int]e/ only geologi/s :o1 hav+ already acqua9t$ !mselves ) ! g5]ally asc]ta9$ facts ( _! sci5ce1 are curi\s to cultivate a fur!r k ) su* new facts z 9 ! c\rse ( discov]y are f "t to "t add$ to ! common fund4 ,9 su* ( ! foll[+ ,lectures z deal ) b ! e/abli%$ geologic ph5om5a1 & owe :atev] little m]it !y may possess to ! inf]5ces drawn f ^!1 or on ! conclusions bas$ ^u !m1 mo/ ( ! figur$ illu/rations1 ?\gh n all1 w be recogniz$ z famili>3 9 ! two conclud+ ,lectures1 on ! contr>y1 !y w be f\nd to be almo/ entirely new4 ,!y are contributions1 repres5tative ( ! pati5t glean+s ( ye>s1 to ! geologic records ( ,scotl&2 & exhibit1 9 a m or less p]fect /ate1 no inconsid]able portion ( all ! =ms yet detect$ 9 ! rocks ( h] e>li] ,palozoic & ,second>y floras4 ,x w be se5 t ,i adopt1 9 my ,?ird & ,f\r? ,lectures1 t s*eme ( reconciliation betwe5 ! ,geologic & ,mosaic ,records :i* accepts ! six days ( creation z va/ly ext5d$ p]iods2 & ,i h be5 rem9d$ by a some:at capti\s critic t ,i once held a v diff]5t view1 & twitt$ ) :at he t]ms inconsi/5cy4 ,i c]ta9ly did once believe ) ,*alm]s & ) ,buckl& t ! six days 7 simply natural days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea*1--t !y _h compress$ ! entire "w ( ! exi/+ creation1--& t ! late/ ( ! geologic ages 0 sep>at$ by a great *aotic gap f our own4 ,my labors at ! "t z a practical geologi/ _h be5 v mu* re/rict$ to ! ,palozoic & ,second>y rocks1 m especially to ! ,old ,r$ & ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/ems ( ! "o division1 & ! ,oolitic ,sy/em ( ! o!r2 & ! long ext9ct organisms :i* ,i f\nd 9 !m c]ta9ly did n conflict ) ! view ( ,*alm]s4 ,all ,i f\nd necess>y at ! "t to ! "w ( reconciliation 0 "s s*eme t w\ld p]mit me to assign to ! e>? a high antiquity1 & to reg>d x z ! sc5e ( _m succe$+ creations4 ,dur+ ! la/ n9e ye>s1 h[ev]1 ,i h sp5t a few weeks e autumn 9 explor+ ! lat] =mations1 & acqua9t+ myself ) _! peculi> organisms4 ,i h trac$ !m upw>ds f ! rais$ bea*es & old coa/ l9es ( ! human p]iod1 to ! brick clays1 ,clyde b$s1 & drift & b\ld] deposits ( ! ,plei/oc5e era1 & aga9 f ^!1 ) ! help ( museums & collections1 up ?r\gh ! mammalif]\s crag ( ,engl&1 to its ,r$ & its ,coral crags4 ,& ! conclusion at :i* ,i h be5 compell$ to arrive is1 t = _m long ages ere man 0 u%]$ into be+1 n a few ( 8 humbl] contempor>ies ( ! fields & woods enjoy$ life 9 _! pres5t haunts1 & t = ?\s&s ( ye>s ant]ior to ev5 _! appe>ance1 _m ( ! exi/+ molluscs liv$ 9 our seas4 ,t day dur+ :i* ! pres5t creation came into be+1 & 9 :i* ,god1 :5 he _h made ! bea/ ( ! e>? aft] 8 k9d1 & ! cattle aft] _! k9d1 at l5g? t]m9at$ ! "w by m\ld+ a creature 9 8 own image1 to :om he gave dom9ion ov] !m all1 0 n a brief p]iod ( a few h\rs' duration1 b ext5d$ ov] mayhap mill5niums ( c5turies4 ,no blank *aotic gap ( dea? & d>kness sep>at$ ! creation to :i* man belongs f t ( ! old ext9ct elephant1 hippopotamus1 & hyna2 = famili> animals su* z ! r$ de]1 ! roe1 ! fox1 ! wild cat1 & ! badg]1 liv$ ?r\gh\t ! p]iod :i* connect$ _! times ) our own2 & s ,i h be5 compell$ to hold1 t ! days ( creation 7 n natural1 b prophetic days1 & /ret*$ f> back into ! bygone et]nity4 ,aft] 9 "s degree committ+ myself to ! o!r side1 ,i h yield$ to evid5ce :i* ,i f\nd x impossible to resi/2 & su* 9 ?is matt] has be5 my inconsi/5cy1--an inconsi/5cy ( :i* ! _w has furni%$ examples 9 all ! sci5ces1 & w1 ,i tru/1 9 its onw>d progress1 cont9ue to furni% _m m4 ,,ed9burgh1 ,,decemb]1 #ahef4 ,! la/ pro(s ( ?is preface 7 despat*$ by ! ,au?or to 8 pr9t] only ! day be=e t melan*oly t]m9ation ( 8 life1 ! details ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ! ,,memorials foll[+4--,,am4 ,,publi%]s4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,memorials ,,( ,,! ,,dea? ,,& ,,"* ,,( ,,hugh ,,mill]1 #g ,,lecture ,,fir/4 ,,! ,,pal,,ontological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,plants1 #cc ,,lecture ,,second4 ,,! ,,pal,,ontological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,animals1 #hf ,,lecture ,,?ird4 ,,! ,,two ,,records1 ,,mosaic ,,& ,,geological1 #ada ,,lecture ,,f\r?4 ,,! ,,mosaic ,,vision ,,( ,,creation1 #agi ,,lecture ,,fif?4 ,,geology ,,9 ,,its ,,be>+s ,,on ,,! ,,two ,,!ologies4 ,,"p ,i4 #baa ,,lecture ,,six?4 ,,geology ,,9 ,,its ,,be>+s ,,on ,,! ,,two ,,!ologies4 ,,"p ,,ii4 #bcg ,,lecture ,,sev5?4 ,,! ,,noa*ian ,,deluge4 ,,"p ,i4 #bhc ,,lecture ,,eigh?4 ,,! ,,noa*ian ,,deluge4 ,,"p ,,ii4 #cbj ,,lecture ,,n9?4 ,,! ,,discov]able ,,& ,,! ,,reveal$1 #cfb ,,lecture ,,t5?4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,anti-,,geologi/s1 #cib ,,lecture ,,elev5?4 ,,on ,,! ,,less ,,kn[n ,,fossil ,,floras ,,( ,,scotl&4 ,,"p ,i4 #dbi ,,lecture ,,twelf?4 ,,on ,,! ,,less ,,kn[n ,,fossil ,,floras ,,( ,,scotl&4 ,,"p ,,ii4 #dfc ,li/ ( ,illu/rations ,,page ,a ,re/oration ( ,sph5opt]is aff9is 7,frontispiece7 #a4 ,! ,g5ealogy ( ,plants1 #dj #b4 ,cyclopt]is ,hib]nicus1 #db #c4 ,conif] ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 #dc #d4 ,! ,g5ealogy ( ,animals1 #de #e4 ,oldhamia antiqua 7olde/ kn[n ,zoophyte71 #dh #f4 ,palo*orda m9or1 #di #g4 ,lycopodium clavatum1 #ea #h4 ,equisetum fluviatile1 #ea #i4 ,osmunda regalis 7,royal ,f]n71 #eb #aj4 ,p9us sylve/ris 7,scot* ,fir71 #ec #aa4 ,calamite8 ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 #ee #ab4 ,lycopodite8 ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 #ee #ac4 ,f]n8 ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 #ef #ad-ai4 ,f]ns ( ! ,coal ,measures1 #eh #bj4 ,alt+ia excelsa 7,norfolk ,isl& ,p9e71 #ei #ba4 ,ea/ ,indian ,f]n 7,asophila p]rotetiana71 #fj #bb4 ,section ( ,/em1 ( ,tree-,f]n 7,cya!a71 #fj #bc-be4 ,lepidod5dron ,/]nb]gii1 #fb #bf4 ,calamites ,m\geotii1 #fc #bg4 ,sph5ophyllum d5tatum1 #fc #bh4 ,sigill>ia r5i=mis1 #fd #bi4 ,sigill>ia r5i=mis 7nat4 size71 #fe #cj4 ,sigill>ia pa*yd]ma1 #ff #ca4 ,/igm>ia ficoides1 #fg #cb4 ,favul>ia tessellata1 #fh #cc4 ,lepidod5dron obovatum1 #fh #cd4 ,cycas revoluta1 #fi #ce4 ,zamia pung5s1 #fi #cf4 ,zamia ,f5eonis1 #fi #cg4 ,mantellia nidi=mis1 #gj #ch4 ,equisetum column>e1 #ga #ci4 ,c>poli!s conica1 #gb #dj4 ,c>poli!s ,buckl&ii1 #gb #da4 ,ac] trilobatum1 #gc #db4 ,ulmus ,bronnii 7leaf ( a tree alli$ to ! ,elm71 #gd #dc4 ,palmacites ,lamanonis 7a ,palm ( ! ,mioc5e ( ,aix71 #ge #dd4 ,cycloph?almus ,buckl&ii 7a ,fossil ,scorpion ( ! ,coal ,measures ( ,bohemia71 #ha #de4 ,fossil ,dragon-,fly1 #hc #df4 ,cya?axonia ,dalmani1 #hh #dg4 ,glyptocr9us decadactylus1 #hh #dh4 ,calym5e ,blum5ba*ii1 #hi #di4 ,or?is9a ,v]neuili1 #hi #ej4 ,lituites cornu-arietis1 #hi #ea4 ,l+ula ,l[isii1 #hi #eb4 ,=t ,jackson ,%>k 7,ce/racion ,philippi71 #ia #ec4 ,! ,g5ealogy ( ,fi%es1 #ic #ed4 ,amblypt]us macropt]us 7a ,ganoid ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em71 #id #ee4 ,lebias cephalotes 7,cycloids ( ,aix71 #id #ef4 ,platax altissimus 7a ,ct5oid ( ,monte ,bolca71 #ie #eg4 ,pt]i*?ys oblongus1 #ih #eh4 ,pleuracan?us lvissimus1 #ajj #ei4 ,c>*>ias productus 7,cutt+ ,too?71 #aja #fj4 ,placodus gigas 7,cru%+ ,tee?71 #aja #fa4 ,vesp]tilio ,p>isi5sis 7a ,bat ( ! ,eoc5e71 #ajf #fb4 ,i*?yosaurus communis1 #ajf #fc4 ,plesiosaurus doli*odeirus1 #ajh #fd4 ,pt]odactylus crassiro/ris1 #ajh #fe4 ,*elonia ,b5/$i1 #aji #ff4 ,palophis ,toliapicus 7,ophidian ( ! ,eoc5e71 #aaj #fg4 ,bird-tracks ( ! ,connecticut1 #aac #fh4 ,fossil ,footpr9t1 #aad #fi4 ,?ylaco!rium ,prevo/i1 #aag #gj4 ,anoplo!rium commune1 #abj #ga4 ,animals ( ! ,p>is ,bas91 #aba #gb4 ,d9o!rium giganteum1 #abb #gc4 ,elephas primig5ius 7,great ,briti% ,elephant71 #abg #gd4 ,trogon!rium ,cuvi]i 7,gigantic ,beav]71 #abh #ge4 ,ursus spelu 7,cave ,be>71 #abh #gf4 ,hyena ,spela 7,cave ,hyna71 #abi #gg4 ,asaphus caudatus1 #acd #gh4 ,or?oc]as lat]ale1 #acd #gi4 ,spirig]9a reticul>is1 #acd #hj4 ,ammonites m>g>itatus1 #acd #ha4 ,ammonites bisulcatus1 #acd #hb4 ,belemnitella mucronata1 #acd #hc4 ,belemnites sulcatus1 #acd #hd4 ,murex alveolatus1 #ace #he4 ,a/>te ,omalli1 #ace #hf4 ,balanus crassus1 #acf #hg4 ,a/>te arctica1 #aeb #hh4 ,tell9a proxima1 #aeb #hi4 ,norwegian ,spruce 7,abies excelsa71 #aec #ij4 ,lepidod5dron ,/]nb]gii1 #afd #ia4 ,calamites cann=mis1 #afe #ib4 ,mega!rium ,cuvi]i1 #afg #ic4 ,skull ( ,d9o!rium giganteum #afh #id4 ,ammonites ,humphriesianus1 #bdb #ie4 ,encr9ites monili=mis1 #bdc #if4 ,cupressocr9us crassius1 #bdc #ig4 ,p5tacr9us fasciculosus1 #bde #ih4 ,*amf]$ & ,imbricat$ ,scales1 #bdf #ii4 ,scale ( ,holopty*ius giganteus1 #bdg #ajj4 ,section ( ,scale ( ,holopty*ius1 #bdh #aja4 ,sigill>ia ,groes]i1 #bee #ajb-ajd4 ,:orl$ ,%ells ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 #bef #aje4 ,mur*isonia bigranulosa1 #beh #ajf4 ,conul>ia ornata1 #beh #ajg4 ,calico patt]n 7,man*e/]71 #bei #ajh4 ,smi?ia ,p5gellyi1 #bei #aji4 ,apamean ,m$al1 #bih #aaj4 ,old ,mexican ,picture1 #bii #aaa4 ,megac]os ,hib]nicus 7,iri% ,elk71 #cca #aab4 ,mylodon robu/us1 #cdf #aac4 ,glyptodon clavipes1 #cdf #aad4 ,! ,geography ( ,cosmas1 #cgf #aae4 ,! ,heav5s & ,e>? ( ,cosmas1 #cgg #aaf4 ,nummulites lvigata 7,ph>aoh's ,beans71 #dba #aag4 ,silurian ,organism1 ,graptolite1 etc41 #dca #aah4 ,fucoid1 #dcc #aai4 ,fucoids1 #dcd #abj4 ,plant resembl+ ,lycopodium clavatum1 #dcg #aba4 ,p>ka decipi5s1 #ddi #abb4 ,fossil ,f]n 7probably71 #dej #abc4 ,unnam$ ,fossil ,plant1 #dej #abd4 ,cyclopt]us ,hib]nicus1 #deh #abe4 ,new & peculi> ,f]n f ,airdrie coal field1 #dfd #abf4 ,/igm>ia1 #dfe #abg4 ,! same1 magnifi$1 #dfe #abh4 ,/igm>ia1 #dff #abi4 ,sph5opt]is bifida1 #dgj #acj4 ,conif]s8 #dge #aca4 ,conif] ,twigs1 #dgf #acb4 ,unnam$ ,fossil ,plant1 #dgh #acc4 ,zamia1 #dgi #acd4 ,zamia1 #dhj #ace4 ,zamia ( ! ,lias1 #dha #acf4 ,zamia ( ! ,oolite1 #dha #acg4 ,zamia resembl+ ,z4 lanceolata1 #dhb #ach4 ,fossil ,cone1 #dhc #aci4 ,fossil ,cone1 #dhd #adj4 ,helmsdale ,fossil ,plants1 #dhe #ada4 ,fossil ,f]ns 9 ,helmsdale ,deposits1 #dhf #adb4 ,unnam$ ,fossil ,plant1 #dhh #adc4 ,pecopt]is obtusifolia1 #dhi #add4 ,app>5t ,f]n 7new71 #dij #ade4 ,pa*ypt]is1 #dij #adf4 ,phlebopt]is1 #dia #adg4 ,unnam$ ,fossil ,plant1 #dib #adh4 ,p5tagon1 illu/rative ( ,f]n allies1 #dic #adi4 ,imbricat$ ,/em1 #did #aej4 ,fossil ,plant 7,helmsdale71 #die #aea4 ,dicotyl$on\s ,leaf ( ! ,oolite1 #dif #aeb4 ,f]n1 #dig ,,memorials ,,( ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,unkn[n he came4 ,he w5t a ,my/]y-- ,a mighty vessel f\nd]$ 9 ! calm1 ,h] freight half-giv5 to ! _w4 ,to die ,he long$1 nor fe>$ to meet ! great ,i ,,am4 ,fret n4 ,god's my/]y is solv$ to him4 ,he qu>ri$ ,tru? all r\gh-hewn f ! e>?1 ,& *isell$ x into a p]fect gem-- ,a r\nd$ ,absolute4 ,twa9 at a bir?-- ,sci5ce ) a cele/ial halo cr[n$1 ,& ,heav5ly ,tru?--,god's ,works by ,8 ,^w illum$-- ,^! twa9 he view$ 9 holie/ concord b\nd4 ,reason outso>$ itself4 ,8 m9d consum$ ,by its volcanic fire1 & frantic driv51 ,he dream$ himself 9 hell & woke 9 heav54 ,,ed9burgh1 ,decemb]1 #ahef4 ,,memorials ,,( ,,! ,,dea? ,,& ,,"* ,,( ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ,,) ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,8 ,,fun]al ,,obsequies4 ,ne> ! end ( la/ autumn ! ,am]ican publi%]s ( ,hugh ,mill]'s works receiv$ f him1 ?r\gh 8 ,ed9burgh publi%]s1 ! (f] ( a new "w f 8 p54 ,! (f] 0 accept$ & a contract 0 at once clos$4 ,soon ! advance %eets began to come2 & z successive portions 7 receiv$ & p]us$1 x became m & m evid5t t ! "w 0 de/9$ n only to ext5d 8 fame1 b to e/abli% = him new & special claims to ! admiration & gratitude ( mank9d4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! anticipations1 & ere m ?an half ! %eets _h be5 receiv$1 ! publi%]s & ! public "h 7 />tl$ by ! news t ,mr4 ,mill] _h come to a viol5t dea?4 ,! p>agraph convey+ ! intellig5ce 0 su* z to leave ! m9d 9 a /ate ( pa9ful susp5se4 ,b ! next /eam] f ,europe br\ght full details ( ! lam5table ev5t4 ,x appe>$ t 9 a mom5t>y fit ( m5tal ab]ration he _h di$ by 8 own h&1 on ! night ( ,decemb] #bc;d1 #ahef4 ,! cause 0 ov] mu* bra9-"w4 ,he _h be5 long & incessantly engag$ 9 prep>+ ! pres5t "w = ! press1 :51 j z he _h giv5 ! la/ t\*es to ! eloqu5t1 ! immortal record1 reason ab&on$ h] ?rone1 & 9 ! brief int]regnum1 t great light ( sci5ce 0 qu5*$ =ev]4 ,! ev5t caus$ univ]sal lam5tation ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,x 0 treat$ z a public calamity4 ,! ,briti% press1 f ! ,london ,times to ! remote/ prov9cial newspap]1 gave expression to ! g5]al sorr[ 9 /ra9s ( unwont$ eloqu5ce2 & 9 s do+ rec\nt$ 8 great s]vices to ! cause ( sci5ce1 & paid homage to 8 g5ius4 ,"s ( ! articles :i* ! ev5t ?us call$ =? h seem$ to ! ,am]ican publi%]s wor?y ( pres]vation1 f ! au!ntic facts :i* !y embody1 ! judgm5ts :i* !y express1 & ! lit]>y excell5ce by :i* !y are m>k$4 ,!y h !re=e det]m9$ to pr9t !m 9 connection ) ?is "w z p]man5t ,memorials ( its di/+ui%$ & lam5t$ au?or4 ,! fir/ piece appe>$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,witness ( ,decemb] #bg?1 #ahef1--! pap] ( :i* ,mr4 ,mill] _h be5 ! editor f its e/abli%m5t 9 #ahdj4 ,x pres5ts an au!ntic acc\nt ( ! circum/ances att5d+ 8 dea?1 & is und]/ood to be f ! p5 ( ! ,,rev4 ,,william ,,hanna1 ,l4,l4,d41 ! son-9-law & biograph] ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 & sometime editor ( ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review4 ,9 ! belief t no?+ t\*+ ! "* & memory ( su* a man c be reg>d$ ) o!r ?an ! deepe/ int]e/1 ! fri5ds ( ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill] h ?\ght x due at once to 8 great "n & to ! cause ( tru?1 to lay fully be=e ! public a /atem5t ( ! mo/ m\rnful circum/ances "u :i* he has dep>t$ f ?is life4 ,= "s mon?s pa/ 8 ov]-task$ intellect _h giv5 evid5ce ( disord]4 ,he became ! prey ( false or exagg]at$ al>ms4 ,he fanci$--if1 inde$1 x 0 a fancy--t occasionally1 & = brief int]vals1 8 faculties q fail$ him1--t 8 m9d broke d[n4 ,he 0 engag$ at ?is "t ) a treatise on ! ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks1 ^u :i* he 0 putt+ out all 8 /r5g?1--work+ at 8 top-mo/ pit* ( int5sity4 ,t volume w 9 a few weeks be 9 ! h&s ( _m ( our read]s2 & :ile !y p]use x ) ! sadd5$ impression t 8 intellect & g5ius p\r$ out _! late/ treasures 9 its composition1 !y w se>* ?r\gh x 9 va9 = ! slighte/ evid5ce ( feebl5ess or decay+ p[]4 ,r let u anticipate ! g5]al v]dict t w be pron\nc$ ^u x1 & speak ( x z "o ( ! able/ ( all 8 writ+s4 ,b he wr\ght at x too eag]ly4 ,h\rs aft] midnight ! light 0 se5 to glimm] ?r\gh ! w9d[ ( t room :i* )9 ! same ev5tful week 0 to witness ! close ( ! volume1 & ! close ( ! writ]'s life4 ,?is ov]-work+ ( ! bra9 began to tell ^u 8 m5tal heal?4 ,he _h always be5 some:at moodily appreh5sive ( be+ attack$ by footpads1 & _h c>ri$ load$ fire>ms ab\t 8 p]son4 ,latt]ly1 hav+ occasion sometimes to return to ,portobello f ,ed9burgh at unseasonable h\rs1 he _h furni%$ himself ) a revolv]4 ,b n[1 to all 8 old fe>s z to attacks ^u 8 p]son1 !re 0 add$ an excit+ & ov]-ma/]+ impression t 8 h\se1 & especially t ,museum1 ! fruit ( s mu* c>e1 :i* 0 conta9$ 9 a sep>ate out] build+1 7 expos$ to ! assault ( burgl>s4 ,he read all ! rec5t /ories ( h\se robb]ies4 ,he believ$ t "o night1 lately1 an actual attempt to break 9 ^u 8 ,museum _h be5 made4 ,visions ( ticket-(-leave m51 pr[l+ ab\t 8 premises1 haunt$ him by day & by night4 ,! revolv]1 :i* lay nightly ne> him1 0 n en\gh2 a broad-blad$ dagg] 0 kept beside x2 :il/ beh9d him1 at 8 b$ head1 a claymore /ood ready at h&4 ,a week or s ago1 a new & m aggravat$ feature ( c]ebral disord] %[$ itself 9 sudd5 & s+ul> s5sations 9 8 head4 ,!y came only aft] l5g!n$ int]vals4 ,!y did n la/ long1 b 7 int5sely viol5t4 ,! t]rible idea t 8 bra9 0 deeply & hopelessly diseas$1--t 8 m9d 0 on ! v]ge ( ru91--took hold ( him1 & /ood out be=e 8 eye 9 all t appall+ magnitude 9 :i* su* an imag9ation z 8 alone c\ld picture x4 ,x 0 mo/ly at night t ^! wild p>oxysms ( ! bra9 visit$ him2 b up till la/ ,monday he _h spok5 ( !m to no "o4 ,a fri5d :o _h a long conv]sation ) him on ! ,?ursday ( la/ week1 nev] enjoy$ an int]view m1 or rememb]s him 9 a m g5ial mood4 ,on ! ,saturday =5oon ano!r fri5d f ,ed9burgh f\nd him 9 ! same happy frame4 ,z 0 8 wont :5 ) an old fri5d ) :om he felt p>ticul>ly at ease1 he read or recit$ "s favorite passages1 repeat+1 on ?is occasion1 ) great emphasis1 t noble pray] ( ,john ,knox1#a :i*1 he told 8 fri5d1 x _h be5 8 frequ5t cu/om to repeat privately dur+ ! days ( ! ,disruption4 ,on ! =5oon ( ,sunday la/ he wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,free ,*ur* at ,portobello2 & 9 ! ev5+ read a little "w :i* _h be5 put into 8 h&s1 p5n+ t brief notice ( x :i* w be read ) melan*oly int]e/ z 8 la/ contribution to ?is j\rnal4 ,ab\t t5 o'clock on ,monday morn+ he took :at ) him 0 an altoge!r unusual /ep4 ,he call$ on ,dr4 ,balf\r1 9 ,portobello1 to consult him z to 8 /ate ( heal?4 ,on my ask+1 says ,dr4 ,balf\r1 9 a communication ) :i* we h be5 favor$1 :at 0 ! matt] ) him1 he repli$1 ',my bra9 is giv+ way4 ,i _c put two ?\ghts toge!r to-day4 ,i h _h a dreadful night ( x2 ,i _c face ano!r su*4 ,i 0 impress$ ) ! idea t my ,museum 0 attack$ by robb]s1 & t ,i _h got up1 put on my clo!s1 & gone out ) a load$ pi/ol to %oot !m4 ,imm$iately aft] t ,i became unconsci\s4 ,h[ long t cont9u$1 ,i _c say2 b :5 ,i awoke 9 ! morn+ ,i 0 trembl+ all ov]1 & q confus$ 9 my bra94 ,on ris+ ,i felt z if a /iletto 0 sudd5ly1 & z quickly z an electric %ock1 pass$ ?r\gh my bra9 f front to back1 & left a burn+ s5sation on ! top ( ! bra9 j bel[ ! bone4 ,s ?or\ghly conv9c$ 0 ,i t ,i mu/ h be5 out ?r\gh ! night1 t ,i exam9$ my tr\s]s to see if !y 7 wet or cov]$ ) mud1 b c\ld f9d none4' ,he fur!r said1--',i may /ate t ,i 0 some:at simil>ly affect$ ?r\gh ! night twice la/ week1 & ,i exam9$ my tr\s]s 9 ! morn+ to see if ,i _h be5 out4 ,/ill ! t]rible s5sations 7 n ne>ly s bad z !y 7 la/ night2 & ,i may fur!r in=m y1 t t[>ds ! end ( la/ week1 :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! ,ex*ange 9 ,ed9burgh1 ,i 0 seiz$ ) su* a gidd9ess t ,i /agg]$1 & w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 h fall51 _h ,i n gone into an entry1 :]e ,i lean$ aga9/ ! wall1 & became q unconsci\s = "s seconds4' ,dr4 ,balf\r /at$ 8 op9ion ( ! case2 told him t he 0 ov]-work+ 8 bra91 & agre$ to call on him on ! foll[+ day to make a full] exam9ation4 ,mean:ile ! quick eye ( affection _h notic$ t !re 0 some?+ wrong1 & on ,monday =5oon ,mrs4 ,mill] came up to ,ed9burgh to express h] anxiety to ,pr(essor ,mill]1 & reque/ t he w\ld see h] husb&4 ,i arrang$1 says ,pr(essor ,mill]1 to meet ,dr4 ,balf\r at ,%rub ,m\nt 7,mr4 ,hugh ,mill]'s h\se71 on ! aft]noon ( next day4 ,we met accord+ly at half-pa/ ?ree on ,tuesday4 ,he 0 a little annoy$ at ,mrs4 ,mill]'s hav+ giv5 me ! tr\ble1 z he call$ x1 b receiv$ me q 9 8 ord9>y k9d1 fri5dly mann]4 ,we exam9$ 8 *e/ & f\nd t unusually well2 b soon we discov]$ t x 0 head symptoms t made him uneasy4 ,he ackn[l$g$ hav+ be51 night aft] night1 up till v late 9 ! morn+1 work+ h>d & cont9u\sly at 8 new book1 ':i*1' ) mu* satisfaction1 he said1 ',i h f9i%$ ?is day4' ,he 0 s5sible t 8 head _h suff]$ 9 consequ5ce1 z evid5c$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 occasionally he felt z if a v f9e poign>d _h be5 sudd5ly pass$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh 8 bra94 ,! pa9 0 int5se1 & mom5t>ily foll[$ by confusion & gidd9ess1 & ! s5se ( be+ 'v drunk1'--unable to /& or walk4 ,he ?\ght t a p]iod ( unconsci\sness mu/ h foll[$ ?is1--a k9d ( swoon1--b he _h nev] fall54 ,second1 :at annoy$ him mo/1 h[ev]1 0 a k9d ( nightm>e1 :i* = "s nights pa/ _h r5d]$ sleep mo/ mis]able4 ,x 0 no dream1 he said2 he saw no di/9ct vision1 & c\ld rememb] no?+ ( :at _h pass$ accurately4 ,x 0 a s5se ( vague & yet int5se horror1 ) a conviction ( be+ abroad 9 ! night w9d1 & dragg$ ?r\gh places z if by "s invisible p[]4 ',la/ night1' he said1 ',i felt z if ,i _h be5 ridd5 by a wit* = fifty miles1 & rose f> m we>i$ 9 m9d & body ?an :5 ,i lay d[n4' ,s /rong 0 8 conviction ( hav+ be5 out1 t he _h difficulty 9 p]suad+ himself to ! contr>y1 by c>efully exam9+ 8 clo!s 9 ! morn+1 to see if !y 7 n wet or dirty2 & he look$ inquir+ly & anxi\sly to 8 wife1 ask+ if %e 0 sure he _h n be5 out la/ night1 & walk+ 9 ?is di/urb$ trance or dream4 ,8 pulse 0 quiet1 b tongue f\l4 ,! head 0 n hot1 b he c\ld n say x 0 free f pa94 ,b ,i ne$ n ent] into pr(essional details4 ,suffice x to say t we came to ! conclusion t he 0 suff]+ f an ov]-work$ m9d1 disord]+ 8 dige/ive organs1 en]vat+ 8 :ole frame1 & ?reat5+ s]i\s head affection4 ,we told him ?is1 & enjo9$ absolute discont9uance ( "w1 b$ at elev51 light supp] 7he _h all 8 life made t a pr9cipal meal71 ?9n+ ! hair ( ! head1 a w>m spong+-ba? at b$ "t1 c4 ,to all our comm&s he readily promis$ ob$i5ce1 n =gett+ ! discont9uance ( neck rubb+1 to :i* he _h un=tunately be5 prevail$ to submit "s days be=e4 ,= fully an h\r we talk$ toge!r on ^! & o!r subjects1 & ,i left him ) no appreh5sion ( imp5d+ evil1 & little d\bt+ b t a %ort "t ( re/ & regim5 w\ld re/ore him to 8 wont$ vigor4 ,x 0 a *e]ful h\r t ?us 0 pass$1 & 8 wife & family p>took ( ! hopeful feel+ ) :i* 8 k9d fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,mill]1 _h p>t$ ) him4 ,x 0 n[ ne> ! d9n] h\r1 & ! s]vant ent]$ ! room to spread ! table4 ,%e f\nd ,mr4 ,mill] 9 ! room alone4 ,ano!r ( ! p>oxysms 0 on him4 ,8 face 0 su* a picture ( horror t %e %runk 9 t]ror f ! sight4 ,he flung himself on ! s(a1 & buri$ 8 head1 z if 9 agony1 ^u ! cu%ion4 ,aga91 h[ev]1 ! vision flitt$ by1 & left him 9 p]fect heal?4 ,! ev5+ 0 sp5t quietly ) 8 family4 ,dur+ tea he employ$ himself 9 read+ al\d ,c[p]'s ,ca/away1 ! ,sonnet on ,m>y ,unw91 & "o ( 8 m playful pieces1 = ! special pleasure ( 8 *ildr54 ,hav+ correct$ "s pro(s ( ! =?com+ volume1 he w5t up /airs to 8 /udy4 ,at ! appo9t$ h\r he _h tak5 ! ba?1 b un=tunately 8 natural & peculi> repugnance to physic _h induc$ him to leave untak5 ! m$ic9e t _h be5 prescrib$4 ,he _h retir$ into 8 sleep+-room1--a small ap>tm5t op5+ out ( 8 /udy1 & :i*1 = "s "t pa/1 9 consid]ation ( ! delicate /ate ( 8 wife's heal?1 & ! irregul>ity ( 8 own h\rs ( /udy1 he occupi$ at night alone1--& la9 sometime ^u ! b$4 ,! horrible trance1 m horrible ?an ev]1 mu/ h return$4 ,all t c n[ be kn[n ( :at foll[$ is to be ga!r$ f ! facts1 t next morn+ 8 body1 half dress$1 0 f\nd ly+ lifeless on ! floor1 ! feet ^u ! /udy rug1 ! *e/ pi]c$ ) ! ball ( ! revolv] pi/ol1 :i* 0 f\nd ly+ 9 ! ba? t /ood close by4#b ,! deadly bullet _h p]=at$ ! left lung1 graz$ ! he>t1 cut ?r\gh ! pulmon>y art]y at its root1 & lodg$ 9 ! rib 9 ! "r side4 ,dea? mu/ h be5 in/antane\s4 ,! s]vant by :om ! body 0 fir/ discov]$1 act+ ) s+ul> discretion1 gave no al>m1 b w5t in/antly 9 se>* ( ! doctor & m9i/]2 & on ! latt] ! melan*oly duty 0 devolv$ ( break+ ! fe>ful intellig5ce to t n[ brok5-he>t$ wid[1 ov] ^: bitt] ,borr[ x becomes u to draw ! veil4 ,! body 0 lift$ & laid ^u ! b$4 ,we saw x !re a few h\rs aft]w>ds4 ,! head lay back sideways on ! pill[4 ,!re 0 ! massive br[1 ! firm-set1 manly features1 we _h s (t5 look$ ^u admir+ly1 j z we _h lately se5 !m1--no t\* nor trace ^u !m ( disease1--no?+ b t ov]spread pallor ( dea? to di/+ui% !m f :at !y _h be54 ,b ! expression ( t c\nt5ance 9 dea? w live 9 our memory =ev]4 ,dea? by gun%ot w\nds is said to leave no trace ( suff]+ beh9d2 & nev] 0 !re a face ( ! dead fre] f all %ad[ ( pa91 or grief1 or conflict1 ?an t ( our de> dep>t$ fri5d4 ,& z we b5t ov] x1 & rememb]$ ! tr\bl$ look x sometimes _h 9 life1 & ?\ght :at mu/ h be5 ! sublimely t]rific expression t x wore at ! mom5t :5 ! fatal de$ 0 done1 we c\ld n help ?9k+ t x lay !re to tell u1 9 t expression ( unruffl$1 maje/ic repose t sat ^u e feature1 :at we s assur$ly believe1 t ! _s _h pass$ ?r\gh a t]rible tornado1 9 :i* reason _h be5 brok5 d[n2 b t x _h made ! great passage 9 safety1 & /ood look+ back to u1 9 humble1 grateful triumph1 f ! o!r side4 ,on look+ r\nd ! room 9 :i* ! body _h be5 discov]$1 a folio %eet ( pap] 0 se5 ly+ on ! table4 ,on ! c5tre ( ! page ! foll[+ l9es 7 writt51--! la/ :i* t p5 0 ev] to trace3-- ,,de>e/ ,,lydia1--,my bra9 burns4 ,i mu/ h walk$2 & a fe>ful dream rises ^u me4 ,i _c be> ! horrible ?\ght4 ,god & ,fa!r ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ h m]cy ^u me4 ,de>e/ ,lydia1 de> *ildr51 f>ewell4 ,my bra9 burns z ! recollection gr[s4 ,my de>1 de> wife1 f>ewell4 ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,:at a legacy ( love to a brok5-he>t$ family6 & to u1 & all :o lov$ him1 h[ pleas+ to obs]ve1 t 9 t bewild]+ h\r1 :5 ! horror ( t great d>kness came d[n ^u t noble _s1 & "s hide\s1 %apeless phantom ov]p[]$ x1 & took f x ev5 ! capacity to disc]n ! "r f ! wrong1 humility1 & fai?1 & affection1 /ill kept _! hold2--amid ! ru9s ( ! intellect1 t t5d] he>t rema9+ /ill unbrok56 ,^! la/ l9es rema9 z ! sure/ evid5ce ( ! my/]i\s p[] t laid 8 _s pro/rate1 & ( ! noble elem5ts ( :i* t _s 0 compos$1--humble1 & rev]5t1 & lov+ to ! la/4 ,ye/]day1 at ! reque/ ( fri5ds1 & "u ! au?ority ( ! ,procurator-,fiscal1 a po/ mortem exam9ation ( ! body took place4 ,we subjo9 ! result3-- ,,ed9burgh1 ,decemb] #bf1 #ahef4 ,we h]eby c]tify1 on s\l & consci5ce1 t we h ?is day exam9$ ! body ( ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill]1 at ,%rub ,m\nt1 ,portobello4 ,! cause ( dea? we f\nd to be a pi/ol-%ot ?r\gh ! left side ( ! *e/2 & ?is1 we are satisfi$1 0 inflict$ by 8 own h&4 ,f ! diseas$ appe>ances f\nd 9 ! bra91 tak5 9 connection ) ! hi/ory ( ! case1 we h no d\bt t ! act 0 suicidal "u ! impulse ( insanity4 ,,james ,,mill]1 ,w4,t4 ,,gairdn]1 ,a4,h4 ,,balf\r1 ,a4,m4 ,,edw>ds4 ,we mu/ ask to be excus$ f attempt+ any analysis ( ,mr4 ,mill]'s "* & g5ius1 or any e/imate ( ! di/+ui%$ s]vices he has r5d]$ to lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,8 loss is too heavy a "o1--8 removal has come ^u u too sudd5ly & too awfully = m9d or h& to be /eady en\gh = su* a task4 ,! voice ( ! public press has already told :at a place he _h won = himself 9 ! admiration & affection ( 8 c\ntrym52 & = ! delicate & t5d] way 9 :i* ! mann] ( 8 dep>ture has univ]sally be5 allud$ to1 7 we p]mitt$ to speak 9 ! "n ( ,mr4 ,mill]'s fri5ds1 we %\ld express our deepe/ gratitude4 ,x is a beautiful & wor?y tribute t 8 bro!r j\rnali/s h r5d]$ to ! memory ( "o :o 0 a labor] along ) !m 9 elevat+ ! tal5t & tone ( our newspap] lit]ature4 ,z ,free ,*ur*m51 h[ev]1 x w\ld be unp>donable 7 we to omit all ref]5ce1 at su* a "t z ?is1 to :at he did on behalf ( ! *ur* ( 8 adoption4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s did n err :51 self-oblivi\s1 he spake ( ,mr4 ,mill]1 z he s (t5 did1 z ! greate/ ,scot*man alive aft] ,sir ,walt] ,scott's dea?1 & z ! man :o _h done m ?an all o!rs to def5d & make popul> ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ! non-intrusion cause4 ,we "k well :at ! mutual love & v5]ation 0 ( ^? two great m5 = "o ano!r :il/ liv+2 & n[ t bo? are gone1--& h]eaft] we believe /ill m s ?an ev5 n[1--_! two names w be int]tw9$ 9 ! grateful & admir+ remembrance ( ! m9i/]s & memb]s ( ! ,free ,*ur*4 ,x 0 die high honor ( ! writ] ( ^! hurri$ l9es to record ! "p tak5 by 8 v5]at$ relative 9 t great ecclesia/ical /ruggle :i* t]m9at$ 9 ! ,disruption4 ,at t lime x 0 matt] to him ( great regret t1 z 8 (fice 0 t ( ! biograph]1 & n ( ! hi/orian1 !re did n occur ^? natural opportunities ( speak+ ( ! "p tak5 by ,mr4 ,mill] 9 t /ruggle1 ( :i* he gladly w\ld h avail$ himself4 ,& he almo/ wi%es n[ t he _h violat$ :at appe>$ to him to be 8 duty1 9 ord] to create su* an opportunity4 ,he feels z if 9 ?is he _h done "s inju/ice to ! dead1--an inju/ice :i* x w\ld gratify him beyond measure if he c\ld n[ 9 any way repair1 by express+ x z 8 own judgm5t1 & ! judgm5t ( ! va/ body ( 8 ,*ur*1 t1 next to ! writ+s & act+s ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 ! lead+ articles ( ,mr4 ,mill] 9 ?is j\rnal did m ?an any?+ else to give ! ,free ,*ur* ! place x holds 9 ! affections ( s _m ( our fell[-c\ntrym54 ,b ,mr4 ,mill] 0 f> m ?an a ,free ,*ur*man1 & did = ! ,*ri/ianity ( 8 c\ntry & ! _w a f> high] s]vice ?an any :i* 9 t simple "* & (fice 0 r5d]$ by him4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 him ( ! _s & temp] ( ! sect>ian4 ,he brea!d too broad an atmosph]e to live & move )9 su* n>r[ b\nds4 ,9 ! heat ( ! conflict !re may h be5 too mu* occasionally ( ! p>tisan2 & 9 ! pleasure t ! sweep & /roke ( 8 intellectual tomahawk gave to him :o wield$ x1 he may h =gott5 at times ! pa9 inflict$ :]e x fell2 b let 8 writ+s be=e & aft] ! ,disruption be n[ consult$1 & x w be f\nd t x 0 ma9ly because ( 8 firm belief1 :e!r "r or wrong1 t ! int]e/s ( vital godl9ess 7 wrapp$ up 9 x1 t he took 8 /&1 & play$ 8 conspicu\s "p1 9 ! ecclesia/ical conflict4 ,x is well kn[n t = "s "t pa/1--= reasons to :i* x w\ld be altoge!r unseasonable to allude1--he has ceas$ to take any active "p 9 ecclesia/ical affairs4 ,he _h retir$ ev51 9 a great measure1 f ! field ( g5]al lit]ature1 to devote himself to ! /udy ( ,geology4 ,8 pa/ labors 9 ?is dep>tm5t1--en\gh to give him a high & honor$ place among its mo/ di/+ui%$ cultivators1--he look$ ^u b z 8 tra9+ = ! great life-"w he _h m>k$ out = himself1--! full inve/igation & illu/ration ( ! ,geology ( ,scotl&4 ,he _h l>ge mat]ials already collect$ = ?is "w2 & x 0 8 int5tion1 aft] complet+ t volume :i* has happily be5 left 9 s f9i%$ a /ate1 to set himself to _! arrangem5t4 ,! fri5ds ( sci5ce 9 _m l&s w m\rn ov] ! incomplet$ project :i*1 h[ev] ably x may h]eaft] be accompli%$ by ano!r1 x 7 va9 to hope %all ev] be s accompli%$ z x %\ld h be5 by "o :o unit$ 9 himself ! p[] ( accurate obs]vation1 ( logical d$uction1 ( broad g5]alization1 & ( pictorial & poetic repres5tation4 ,b ! fri5ds ( ,*ri/ianity _c regret1 t s9ce x 0 ! my/]i\s decree ( ,heav5 t he %\ld prematurely fall1--8 "w z a pure ,geologi/ n half done1--he %\ld h be5 l$ aside by ! publication ( ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation to t track ( semi-!ological1 semi-sci5tific rese>* to :i* 8 lat] /udies & lat] writ+s h be5 devot$4 ,t1 z x n[ seems to u1 0 ! great "w :i* x 0 giv5 him on e>? to d1--to illu/rate ! p]fect h>mony ( all t sci5ce tells u ( ! physical /ructure & hi/ory ( our globe1 ) all t ! ,bible tells ( ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ?is e>? by & ?r\gh ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,"l4 ,! e/abli%m5t & exhibition ( t h>mony 0 a task to :i* is x too mu* to say t !re 0 no man liv+ s compet5t z he8 ,we leave x to ! future to decl>e h[ mu* he has done by 8 writ+s to fulfil t task2 b m\rn+1 z we n[ c only d1 ov] 8 sad & melan*oly dea?1--to t v dea?1 ) all ! tragic circum/ances t surr\nd x1 we w\ld po9t z ! clos+ sacrifice (f]$ on ! alt> ( our fai?4 ,8 v intellect1 8 reason1--,god's mo/ preci\s gift1--a gift de>] ?an life1--p]i%$ 9 ! great endeavor to h>monize ! works & ^w ( ! ,et]nal4 ,a mo/ inscrutable ev5t1 t su* an intellect %\ld h be5 suff]$ to g to wreck ?r\gh too eag] a prosecution ( su* a "w4 ,b amid ! my/]y1 :i* we _c p5etrate1 our love1 & our v5]ation1 & our gratitude1 t[>d t s highly gift$ & truly ,*ri/ian man %all only gr[ ! deep] because ( ! cl\d & ! :irlw9d 9 :i* he has be5 borne (f f our side4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]1 two days aft] ! obsequies _h be5 p]=m$1 ,dr4 ,hanna resum$ ! subject 9 ! foll[+ elevat$ /ra93 ,we h /ill b little he>t to dilate on any political or lit]>y topic4 ,our ?\ghts c dwell on b "o ?rice melan*oly ev5t4 ,ne$ we "n t ev5t8 ,alas1 no6 ,x _h occurr$ b a few h\rs :5 ! tid+s ( x /ruck our city ) /unn+1 /upefy+1 & deeply sadd5+ bl[4 ,x has already ?rill$ our :ole l&2 & is on its way1 ?r\gh a hundr$ *annels1 to ! we/1 to ! ea/1 & to ! s\?1 c>ry+ ) x m\rn+ & lam5tation ?r\gh\t ! va/ area :i* is cov]$ by ! language 9 :i* ,hugh ,mill] wrote4 ,writ+1 z x 71 amid ! deep %ad[s ( ! fun]al *amb]1 & br\ght 9 a mann] into ! v pres5ce ( ! dead1 we are made /rongly to feel1 & we d>esay our read]s to a l>ge ext5t w feel1 too1 ! no?+ness ( ^? discussions :i* usually occupy & engross m54 ,! weightie/ matt] t ev] occupi$ ! wisdom ( cab9et or ! p5 ( j\rnali/ appe>s v]ily b fleet+ & transitory1 :5 br\ght ?us into prom95t contra/ ) ! awful realities ( human exi/5ce & de/9y2 & x is only :5 reflection %[s u t ^! matt]s are yet p>ts ( a gr& ,provid5tial s*eme1 embrac+ man's happ9ess n[1 & ent]+ deeply into ! "q ( 8 future & et]nal well-be+1 t we c see 9 !m t am\nt ( significance & importance :i* !y really possess4 ,f ! firmam5t ( ,briti% lit]ature & sci5ce a great light has dep>t$4 ,b ye/]day we rejoic$ 9 its beams1 & n[ x has set all sudd5ly & =ev]2 & to u !re rema9s b ! melan*oly task ( bewail+ its dep>ture1 & trac+ v ha/ily & imp]fectly its track4 ,! intellectual p[]s ( ,hugh ,mill] _h c]ta9ly n decl9$4 ,he 0 m>k$ to ! v la/ by t wond]ful robu/ness ( m9d :i* _h *>act]iz$ him all ?r\gh life4 ,8 s5se 0 z manly1 8 judgm5t z s\nd & compreh5sive1 8 p5etration z discrim9at+ & deep1 8 imag9ation z vigor\s & bold1 & 8 ta/e z pure & tru/y1 z !y _h ev] be54 ,! :ole ( 8 great p[]s 7 f\nd work+ toge!r up to ! la/ week ( 8 e>?ly c>e]1 ) _! usually calm1 noiseless /r5g?1 & f9ely balanc$ & exquisitely ton$ h>mony4 ,we h evid5ce ( ?is fact "u 8 own h& 9 rec5t numb]s ( ! ,witness4 ,8 la/ two articles 71 ! "o on ,russia1 & ! o!r on our mod]n poets4 ,! =m]1--t on ! res\rces ( ! ,russian empire1--is *>act]iz$ by ! same wide range ( ?9k+1 ! same skill 9 analysis1 & ! same p[] ( gr\p+ & arrang+ details1 & mak+ !m to ?r[ light on "s great pr9ciple1 :i* usually m>k$ & notifi$ 8 h& :5 employ$ on su* subjects4 ,! latt]1--t on ! poets1--is ri* & g5ial z usual1 betok5+ a full & uncl\d$ recollection ( all 8 e>ly read+ 9 t dep>tm5t ( our lit]ature1 ab\nd+ 9 ! f9e/ t\*es ( pa?os & beauty1 & r$ol5t ) a mo/ g5]\s sympa?y ) k9dr$ g5ius4 ,x is n inconsi/5t ) :at we h n[ /at$1 & x is ! fact1 t latt]ly ! inroads ( disease1 :i* _h entr5*$ itself deeply 9 a con/itution orig9ally /rong1 & :i* kept /eadily advanc+ ^u ! vital p[]s1 _h come s ne> ! seat ( ! m9d1 t = %ort int]vals ! noble _s 0 sadly becl\d$1 & its moral & intellectual action mom5t>ily susp5d$4 ,b1 ap>t f ?is1 !re seem$ gr\nd to believe t !re 0 yet be=e ,mr4 ,mill] mu* honorable & noble labor4 ,! /rong man1 aft] all 8 tasks1 appe>$ to be /ill /rong4 ,8 p[]s 7 mell[+ into ri*ness & calm1 matur$ /r5g?2 8 conceptions ( great pr9ciples 7 gr[+ yet wid]2 8 /ore ( facts1 lit]>y z well z sci5tific1 0 accumulat+ ) e busy & labori\s ye> t pass$ ov] him2 & !re did seem gr\nd to expect f 8 p51 unrivall$ among 8 contempor>ies 9 its exquisite purity & calm p[]1 _m a deep ?\ght$ article1 & _m a pr(\ndly reason$ & ri*ly illu/rat$ volume4 ,we look$ to him = ! solution ( _m a d>k "q 9 sci5ce2 & we c]ta9ly hop$1 f t f9e union ( sci5ce & !ology :i* dwelt 9 him above all m51 = a yet full] & m complete adju/m5t ( ! two great records ( ,creation1--t ( ! ,rocks1 & t ( ,moses4 ,b alas6 all ^! hopes h sudd5ly fail$ u4 ,x seem$ "r o!rwise to ! ,great ,dispos] ( all4 ,he has said to 8 fai?ful s]vant1 ,en\gh4 ,let u look back ^u t "w4 ,we by no means aim at giv+ a calm1 well weigh$1 & deeply pond]$ e/imate ( x1 b only su* a glance z ! circum/ances p]mit & require4 ,8 great & special "w 0 8 advocacy ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,free ,*ur*4 ,mr4 ,mill] 0 p> excell5ce ! popul> exp\nd] & def5d] ( ^! pr9ciples1 :e!r 9 _! embryotic /ate 9 ! ,non-,intrusion p>ty1 or z embodi$ 9 ! fully develop$ & completely emancipat$ ,free ,prote/+ ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,= ?is s]vice1 9 connection ) :i* he w\ld h be/ lik$ to be rememb]$1 z he be/ des]v$ x1 he _h unconsci\sly be5 und]go+ a c\rse ( prep>ation ev5 :5 a boy4 ,he himself has told u ) :at eag]ness he dev\r$1 at t p]iod ( life1 ! leg5d>y hi/ories ( ,wallace & ,bruce2 & ! occupation _h its use4 ,x gave him a capacity = admir+ :at 0 great ?\gh p]il\s 9 exploit1 & = truly & l>gely sympa?iz+ ) :at 0 patriotic & self-sacrific+ 9 "*2 & s x creat$ a gr\ndwork = 8 own future ?9k+ & act+4 ,! admiration he !n bore to ^! e>lie/ ( our ,scotti% ,wor?ies1 :o v9dicat$ on ,bannockburn1 & k9dr$ fields1 ,scotl&'s "r to be an indep5d5t & free c\ntry1 he aft]w>ds transf]r$ to our lat] ,wor?ies1 :om he rev]$ z great] /ill4 ,n t he ev] lo/ 8 admiration ( ! =m]1 or ceas$ to value ! incalculable s]vices !y r5d]$ to ! ,scotti% nation2 b t he reg>d$ ,knox & ,melville z m5 occupy+ a yet high] plat=m1--z gift$ ) a yet deep] insight into _! c\ntry's wants1--z1 9 %ort1 c>ry+ =w>d & consummat+ ! glori\s task :i* ,wallace & ,bruce _h b begun4 ,he saw t unless our re=m]s _h come aft] our h]oes1 plant+ s*ools1 f\nd+ colleges1 &1 above all1 imp>t+ to _! c\ntrym5 a scriptural & rational fai?1 9 va9 _h ,bruce un%ea!d 8 sword1--9 va9 _h ,wallace laid d[n 8 life4 ,wallace & ,bruce _h creat$ an indep5d5t c\ntry2 ,knox & ,melville _h creat$ an indep5d5t p4 ,!y 7 ! creators ( ! ,scotti% nation1--! real enfran*is]s ( our p2 & x 0 ?is t taught ,mr4 ,mill] to v5]ate ^! m5 s pr(\ndly1 & t made him 9 8 inmo/ s\l a devot$ foll[]1 & to ! utmo/ ext5t ( 8 great faculties a def5d]1 ( _! cause4 ,he 0 a soldi] f love1--pure1 h]oic1 *ivalr\s devotion so>+ inf9itely above ! p>tisan4 ,he saw t ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 0 ! creator ( ! rights & privileges ( ! p ( ,scotl&1--t %e 0 ! gr& palladium ( ! c\ntry's lib]ties1--t :ile %e /ood an indep5d5t & free in/itution1 ! p /ood an indep5d5t & free nation1--& t bonds to h] meant slav]y to !m4 ,!re=e did he gird on ! sword :5 he saw p]il ga!r+ ar\nd h]4 ,! privileges1--! entire /&+ ( ! common p1 z giv5 !m by ! ,re=mation1--he saw to be 9 dang]3 he 0 "o ( !mselves2 & he felt & f\ght z if almo/ ! qu>rel _h be5 a p]sonal "o1 & ! "q at issue 8 own lib]ty or slav]y4 ,h[ ri*ly equipp$ & nobly arm$ he came into ! field1 we ne$ n "h /ate4 ,:at fulness yet precision ( ecclesia/ical lore1--:at /r5g? & conclusiv5ess ( argum5t1--:at fla%es ( humor1 wit1 & s>casm1--& 9 :at a lum9\s yet pr(\ndly philosophical light did he set ! great pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! controv]sy1 mak+ !m pat5t 9 ! v cottages ( our l&1 & s fix+ !m 9 ! und]/&+s ( ! v humble/ ( our p1 t !y nev] aft]w>ds c\ld be ei!r misund]/ood or =gott56 ,x 0 ?us t ! way 0 prep>$ = ! great result ( ! #ah? ( ,may1 #ahdc4 ,( ,mr4 ,mill]1 z a man ( sci5ce & a public j\rnali/1 we _c speak at pres5t at any l5g?4 ,9 him ! love ( sci5ce 0 deeply seat$ & e>ly develop$4 ,! fir/ ar5a on :i* he appe>$--obscure & humble z x 0--af=d$ him special opportunities ( initiat+ himself into :at to him 0 !n1 & cont9u$ ev] aft]w>ds to be1 a mo/ fasc9at+ /udy4 ,! /udy ( geology 0 eag]ly prosecut$ amid ! multif>i\s duties1 & dur+ ! brief pauses1 ( a busy life4 ,sev]al orig9al discov]ies rew>d$ 8 pati5t & labori\s inve/igations4 ,he succe$$ at l5g? 9 plac+ 8 "n 9 ! fir/ rank ( ,briti% sci5tific ?9k]s & writ]s4 ,8 works are *>act]iz$ by a f9e union ( /rict sci5ce1 classic diction1 & en*ant+ description1 :i* rises n unfrequ5tly into ! l(tie/ ve9 ( poetry4 ,! fruits ( 8 rese>*es 7 ev] made to be> ^u ! def5ce & elucidation ( ! ,oracles ( ,tru?4 ,our common ,*ri/ianity owes mu* to 8 p54 ,view+ him z a j\rnali/1 ,mr4 ,mill] n only excell$ 9 article writ+1--! mo/ difficult ( all k9ds ( composition1--b1 z w be g5]ally admitt$1 he has introduc$ a new era into newspap] writ+4 ,if ! moral tone ( our newspap] press is high] n[ ?an x 0 tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 we h ,mr4 ,mill] 9 l>ge degree to ?ank = x2 & to him1 too1 is to be trac$ t pur] /yle & m philosophic _s :i* beg9s to be disc]nible 9 ! columns ( our public j\rnals4 ,b ! "* 9 :i* 8 p]sonal fri5ds w deplore him mo/1 & w mo/ frequ5tly recall 8 memory1 w be t ( ! man4 ,h[ meek & g5tle he 06--h[ unpret5d+ & mode/1 ev5 z a v *ild6--h[ true & /eady 9 fri5d%ip6--h[ wise & playful 8 mir?6--h[ rip5$ & *a/5$ 8 wisdom6--h[ ready to c\nsel6--h[ will+ to oblige6--h[ g5]\s & l>ge 8 sympa?ies6 ,no little jeal\sies1 no fretful envy+s1 _h he6 ,ev5 9 opposition1 h[ noble & manly 0 he3 if a p[]ful1 he 0 a fair & op5 antagoni/2 & :atev] h>d bl[s 7 dealt1 !y 7 dealt 9 8 own j\rnal4 ,we h se5 him 9 v>i\s moods & 9 all circum/ances2 b nev] did we he> him utt] an unk9d or disp>ag+ ^w ( man4 ,he 01 too1 a s9c]e & humble ,*ri/ian2 & ! lively fai? :i* he *]i%$ 9 ! adorable ,r$eem] & 8 all-efficaci\s sacrifice1 bore abundantly its good fruits 9 a life includ+ no ord9>y v>iety ( condition & trial1 & runn+ on to su* t]m z to make abundantly manife/ :at mann] ( man he 04 ,! article :i* foll[s is f ! ,ed9burgh ,news4 ,x is evid5tly f ! p5 ( "o :o 0 intimately acqua9t$ ) ,hugh ,mill]1 & is wor?y ( att5tion1 n only = its eloqu5t & discrim9at+ notices ( 8 works1 b also = its /atem5ts respect+ 8 great designs1 nev]1 alas1 to be accompli%$4 ,x is n _m mon?s s9ce we *ronicl$ ! dea? ( ! greate/ ( liv+ ,scotsm51 & ! pr9ce ( mod]n philosoph]s--,sir ,william ,hamilton4 ,^! la/ few days h b]eft u ( ano!r ( our c\ntrym5 n less illu/ri\s1 & kn[n all ov] ! _w z "o ( ! pr9ces ( geology4 ,we _c well e/imate ! loss :i* society su/a9s 9 ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,mill]4 ,he occupi$ a =emo/ place among u1 & !re is none on :om 8 mantle c fall4 ,9 ! _w ( lett]s 8 "n takes high rank1 = und\bt$ly he 0 "o ( ! able/ writ]s 9 our lit]ature4 ,:o c h read )\t delight 8 manly1 vigor\s language1 so>+ sometimes into ! highe/ eloqu5ce1 anon plung+ into ! dep?s ( metaphysical argum5t1 or grappl+ ) ! dry te*nicalities ( sci5ce1 yet ev] roll+ along ) ! same easy1 onw>d fl[8 ,8 /yle has all ! *>m ( ,goldsmi?'s sweetness1 ) ! infusion ( a ri* vigor t gives x an air ( great orig9ality4 ,he is "o ( ! few writ]s :o h successfully conjo9$ ! graces ( lit]ature ) ! =mal details ( sci5ce1 & ^: works are p]us$ = _! lit]>y excell5ces1 indep5d5tly altoge!r ( _! sci5tific m]it4 ,8 writ+s w ev] be reg>d$ among ! classics ( ! ,engli% language4 ,= obvi\s reasons we pass ov] 8 editorial labors4 ,x is on ! republic ( sci5ce t 8 dea? w fall mo/ heavily4 ,!re c be little d\bt t he has done m to popul>ize 8 favorite dep>tm5t ?an any o!r writ]4 ,( all geological works1 8 enjoy1 p]haps1 ! wide/ circulation--n 9 ?is c\ntry1 m]ely1 b all ov] ! _w1 & especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,8 reputation1 h[ev]1 does n re/ solely on 8 /&+ z an expon5t ( sci5ce to ! p2 he 0 himself an orig9al & accurate obs]v]4 ,:5 ! infant sci5ce ( geology 0 battl+ = exi/5ce aga9/ ! oppos+ phalanx ( unit$ ,*ri/5dom1 ,hugh ,mill]1 !n a m]e lad1 0 quietly work+ z a /one-mason 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 & employ+ 8 leisure "t among ! fossil fi%es ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & ! ammonites & ! belemnites ( ! ,lias1 t ab\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( ,crom>ty4 ,z ye>s roll$ sl[ly away1 he cont9u$ 8 obs]vations1 & :5 at l5g?1 9 #ahda1 ! results 7 giv5 to ! _w 9 8 well kn[n ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 e "o 0 *>m$ ) ! novelty & beauty ( ! /yle1 & 8 reputation z a writ] 0 at once e/abli%$4 ,m5 ( sci5ce1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ackn[l$g+ ! graphic & elegant diction ( 8 descriptions1 _h "s d\bts z to _! tru?fulness4 ,inde$1 by "s geologi/s !y 7 ca/ aside z fanciful1 & o!r re/orations ( ! ,old ,r$ fi%es 7 propos$ & adopt$4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ,old ,r$ i*?yolites1 or :o h _h ! pleasure ( exam9+ ! exquisite s]ies 9 ,mr4 ,mill]'s collection1 may well smile at ! absurdity ( ! re/orations t 7 adopt$4 ,yet "s ( ^! f\nd _! way into a "w ( no little popul>ity1--,mantell's ,m$als ( ,creation4 ,x is suffici5t to /ate t ! draw+s !re giv5 be> no resemblance to any?+ 9 ! heav5s above or on ! e>? b5ea?1 or 9 ! wat]s "u ! e>?1 nor to any fossil organism t has ev] be5 discov]$4 ,at l5g? ! progress ( inve/igation l$ to ! disc>d+ ( ^! mon/rosities1 & ,mill]'s re/orations 7 return$ to1 z1 aft] all1 ! true ones4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one =m$ an era 9 ! hi/ory ( fossil geology4 ,t =mation _h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z well nigh b>r5 ( organic rema9s2 b ,mr4 ,mill] demon/rat$ t x conta9s at lea/ ?ree successive /ages1 ea* *>act]iz$ by a suite ( unc\? & hi!rto unkn[n fi%es4 ,a few ye>s lat] he publi%$ 8 ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator4 ,?is is und\bt$ly 8 *ef-d'oeuvre1 exhibit+1 z x does1 ! full p[]s ( 8 massive intellect & 8 poetic imag9ation4 ,z a piece ( sci5tific inve/igation & rese>*1 x is ( a v high ord]2 z a reply to ! crudities ( ! developm5t !ory1 x is unansw]able2 & z a contribution to our physico-!ological lit]ature1 x ranks1 ) ,*alm]s' ,a/ronomical ,lectures1 among ! f9e/ 9 ?is or any o!r language4 ,"s ( ! ideas are z pr(\nd z !y are orig9al1 op5+ up a new field ( ?\ght1 :i* x 0 d\btless ! int5tion ( ! deceas$ himself to cultivate4 ,8 publi%$ works1 h[ev]1 conta9 b a fraction1 ( ! labors ( 8 lifetime4 ,= _m ye>s pa/ he has be51 "o ( ! mo/ en]getic memb]s ( ! ,royal ,physical ,society1 at ^: meet+s he f "t to "t made kn[n ! progress ( 8 rese>*es4 ,7 ^! pap]s collect$1 !y w\ld =m sev]al goodly volumes4 ,b _! au?or /udi\sly refra9$ f publi%+ !m1 save occasionally 9 ! columns ( ! ,witness newspap]4 ,x 0 8 int5tion t !y %\ld ea* =m a "p ( ! great "w ( 8 life1 to :i* = _m ye>s 8 leisure mom5ts _h be5 devot$4 ,8 design 0 to comb9e ! results ( all 8 labors among ! diff]5t rock =mations ( ,scotl& into "o gr& picture ( ! geological hi/ory ( our c\ntry4 ,= ?is end he _h explor$ a l>ge "p ( ! ,scotti% c\nties1 anxi\s t 8 /atem5ts %\ld re/ z f> z possible ^u ! au?ority ( 8 own p]sonal inve/igations4 ,8 k ( ! geology ( ! c\ntry 0 ?us f> m ext5sive ?an 0 g5]ally suppos$4 ,we may ref] p>ticul>ly to t bran* ( x on :i* he be/[$ ! unremitt$ att5tion ( 8 clos+ ye>s1--! palontological hi/ory ( ! glacial b$s1--t /range & z yet almo/ unkn[n p]iod t u%]$ 9 ! exi/+ creation4 ,he /udi$ x m9utely along ! %ores ( ! ,moray ,fir?1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 along ! %ores ( ,fife & ! ,lo?ians1 & on ! coa/ ( ,ayr%ire & ! ,fir? ( ,clyde4 ,?is la/ summ] he made a t\r ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 & obta9$ boreal %ells at ,bu*lyvie 9 ,/irl+%ire1--! omphalos ( ,scotl&4 ,! importance ( ?is discov]y1 9 connection ) ^? he _h previ\sly made 9 foll[+ out ! same *a9 ( evid5ce1 c only be appreciat$ by ^? :o h paid "s att5tion to geology4 ,we may /ate briefly t x proves ! c5tral area ( ,scotl& to h be5 subm]g$ b5ea? an icy sea1 & iceb]gs to h grat$ along ov] :at is n[ ! busy valley ( ! ,=? & ,clyde1 :ile ! wat]s 7 t5ant$ by %ells at pres5t f\nd only 9 ! ,nor!rn ,ocean4 ,a l>ge "p ( 8 "w is writt51 ?\gh x is to be fe>$ t mu* k1 amass$ 9 ! c\rse ( its prep>ation1 has p]i%$ ) him4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !re 7 :ole sections ( 8 ,museum und]/ood only by himself4 ,e little fragm5t _h its /ory1 & contribut$ its quota ( evid5ce to ! tru? ( 8 descriptions4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 b ano!r m9d 9 ,brita91--t ( ,sir ,philip ,eg]ton1--t c cat* up ! ?read1 & read (f1 ?\gh ) difficulty1 ! mean+ ( ^? c>efully arrang$ fragm5ts4 ,yet1 ev5 ) su* aid1 mu* mu/ long1 if n =ev]1 rema9 d>k & obscure4 ,! "w on :i* he 0 m imm$iately engag$ at ! "t ( 8 dea? 0 p>tly !ological1 p>tly sci5tific4 ,x 0 to embrace ! sub/ance ( "s lectures lately deliv]$1 & a pap] read la/ ye> be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,glasg[ on ! fossil plants collect$ by himself f ! ,oolite & ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&4 ,x 0 likewise to conta9 ! figures ( "s ?irty or =ty hi!rto undescrib$ species ( vegetables4 ,we hope t1 z x 0 all b ready = publication1 x may yet be giv5 to ! _w4 ,! "n ( ,hugh ,mill] w ev] /& =? z synonym\s ) all t is hone/ & manly2 z ! imp]sonation ( moral c\rage & indomitable en]gy2 z ! true ideal ( a self-educat$ man4 ,f ! humble/ sph]e ( life1 & f ! toils ( a /one-mason's appr5tice1 )\t means1 )\t fri5ds1 )\t o!r ?an ! mo/ rudim5t>y education1 he rose1 by 8 own unaid$ & unwe>i$ ex]tions1 to fill "o ( ! brighte/ pages 9 ! annals ( our c\ntry4 ,& :51 9 future ye>s1 an example is s\ght ( unconqu]able p]sev]ance1 ( fe>less integrity1 & ( e>ne/1 ceaseless activity1 ! voice ( univ]sal approbation %all proclaim--! /one-mason ( ,cromurty4 ,we h spok5 ( ?is m\rnful ev5t only z a public calamity2 yet1 to ^? :o 7 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! dep>t$1 x is inve/$ ) no ord9>y sadness4 ,long1 long %all !y rememb] ! playful fancy1 ! ri* humor1 ! w>m1 g5ial he>t ( _! fri5d4 ,8 simple1 op5 frankness ende>$ him to e "o1 ?\gh 8 retir+ disposition prev5t$ him f mak+ _m intimate fri5d%ips4 ,to ^? :o enjoy$ ?is high] privilege1 8 dea? mu/ h caus$ ! mo/ poignant regret4 ,yet :at c ev5 _! sorr[ be to t ( ! relatives ( ! dep>t$8 ,we lam5t ! dea? ( "o :o 0 alike an honor to 8 pr(ession1 to lit]ature1 to sci5ce1 & to 8 c\ntry1--"o ( ! mo/ lov$ & *]i%$ ( fri5ds4 ,let u n =get to m+le our sympa?y & our sorr[ ) t deep] grief t m\rns ! loss ( a husb& & a fa!r4 ,z com+ f a diff]5t qu>t]1 & pres5t+ a some:at diff]5t view1 ! foll[+1 f ! ,london ,lit]>y ,gazette1 %\ld h a place "h4 ,hugh ,mill] 0 born at ,crom>ty 9 #ahje4 ,9 8 e>ly life he work$ z a labor] 9 ! ,s&/one qu>ries 9 8 native di/rict1 & aft]w>ds z a /one-mason 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,scotl&4 ,9 a "w publi%$ 9 #ahed1 ,my ,s*ools & ,s*oolma/]s1 or ! /ory ( my ,education1 ,mr4 ,mill] gives a mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 e>ly hi/ory1 & ( ! tra9+ & self-culture by :i* he rose to honorable rank 9 lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,not)/&+ ! unpret5d+ /atem5ts ( ?is n>rative1 & ! disav[al ( any o!r elem5ts ( success ?an are )9 ord9>y rea*1 e read] ( t book feels t homage is due to a g5ius orig9al & r>e1 z well z to natural tal5ts dilig5tly & judici\sly cultivat$4 ,:ile pr(ess$ly writt5 = ! b5efit ( ! work+ classes ( 8 own c\ntry1 !re are few :o may n d]ive pleasant & pr(itable lessons f ?is mo/ rem>kable piece ( autobiography4 ,aft] be+ engag$ 9 manual labor = ab\t fifte5 ye>s1 ,mr4 ,mill] 0 = "s "t manag] ( a bank t 0 e/abli%$ 9 8 native t[n4 ,:ile 9 ?is position1 a pamphlet t he publi%$1 on ! ecclesia/ical controv]sies :i* !n di/ract$ ,scotl&1 attract$ ! att5tion ( ! lead]s ( ! p>ty :o n[ =m ! ,free ,*ur*1 & !y invit$ him to be editor ( ! ,witness newspap]1 !n ab\t to be e/abli%$ = ! advocacy ( _! pr9ciples4 ,mr4 ,mill] _h already publi%$ a volume ( ,leg5d>y ,tales ( ,crom>ty1 ( :i* ! late ,b>on ,hume1 nephew ( ! hi/orian1 himself a man ( mu* judgm5t & ta/e1 said x 0 writt5 9 an ,engli% /yle1 :i* he _h begun to reg>d z "o ( ! lo/ arts4 ,! ability display$ by ,mr4 ,mill] z editor ( ! ,witness1 & ! influ5ce ex]t$ by him on ecclesia/ical & educational ev5ts 9 ,scotl&1 are well kn[n4 ,mr4 ,mill] did n conf9e 8 newspap] to topics ( local or pass+ int]e/4 ,9 its columns he made public 8 geological obs]vations & rese>*es2 & mo/ ( 8 works orig9ally appe>$ 9 ! =m ( articles 9 t newspap]4 ,x 0 9 #ahdj1 ! ye> at :i* ! autobiographical memoir closes1 t ! "n ( ,hugh ,mill] fir/ became widely kn[n beyond 8 own c\ntry4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at ,glasg[ t ye>1 ,sir ,rod]ick1 !n ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 gave an acc\nt ( ! /rik+ discov]ies rec5tly made 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&4 ,m4 ,agassiz1 :o 0 pres5t1 po9t$ out ! peculi>ities & ! importance ( ^! discov]ies2 & x 0 on ?is occasion t he propos$ to associate ! "n ( ,mr4 ,mill] ) !m1 by ! wond]ful fossil1 ! ,pt]i*?ys ,mill]i1 specim5s ( :i* 7 !n "u ! notice ( ! section4 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 foll[+ ,m4 ,agassiz1 said t he _h nev] be5 s mu* a/oni%$ 9 8 life by ! p[]s ( any man z he _h be5 by ! geological descriptions ( ,mr4 ,mill]4 ,he describ$ ^! objects ) a felicity :i* made him a%am$ ( ! comp>ative meagr5ess & pov]ty ( 8 own descriptions 9 ! ',bridgewat] ,treatise1' :i* _h co/ him h\rs & days ( labor4 ,he 7,dr4 ,buckl&7 w\ld give 8 left h& to possess su* p[]s ( description z ?is man2 & if x pleas$ ,provid5ce to sp>e 8 useful life1 he1 if any "o1 w\ld c]ta9ly r5d] ! sci5ce attractive & popul>1 & d equal s]vice to !ology & geology4 ,at ! meet+s ( ! ,association1 ! language ( panegyric & ( mutual complim5t is n unfrequ5t1 & does n signify mu*2 b ^! 7 spontane\s tributes ( praise to "o comp>atively unkn[n4 ,! publication ( ! volume on ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ) ! details ( ! au?or's discov]ies & rese>*es1 m ?an ju/ifi$ all ! anticipations t _h be5 =m$4 ,x 0 receiv$ ) highe/ approbation1 n by m5 ( sci5ce alone1 = ! int]e/ ( its facts1 b by m5 ( lett]s1 = ! beauty ( its /yle4 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 9 8 address to ! ,geological ,society t ye>1 hail$ ! accession to _! sci5ce ( su* a writ]1 & said t 8 "w is1 to a beg9n]1 wor? a ?\s& didactic treatises4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,review spoke ( ! book be+ z admirable = ! cle>ness ( its descriptions1 & ! sweetness ( its composition1 z = ! purity & gracefulness t p]vade x4 ,! impression made by su* a te/imony 0 ! m m>k$1 t ! review] spoke ( ! writ] z a fell[ c\ntryman1 m]itori\s & self-taught4 ,9 #ahdg appe>$ ,fir/ ,impressions ( ,engl& & its ,p1 ! result ( a t\r made dur+ ! previ\s ye>4 ,"s p>ts ( ?is book1 especially ! acc\nt ( ! pilgrimages to ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 & ! ,leas[es1 & ,olney1 & o!r places memorable = _! lit]>y associations1 are z f9e pieces ( descriptive writ+ z ! ,engli% language possesses4 ,?is magic ( /yle *>act]iz$ all 8 works1 :e!r ^? ( a m popul> k9d1 or 8 sci5tific treatises1 su* z ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 a volume sugge/$ by ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 & subv]sive ( ! fallacies ( t sup]ficial & plausible book4 ,n "o ( ! au?ors ( our day has approa*$ ,hugh ,mill] z a ma/] ( ,engli% composition1 = ! equal ( :i* we mu/ g back to ! times ( ,addison1 ,hume1 & ,goldsmi?4 ,o!r liv+ writ]s h n[ a wid] celebrity1 b !y owe x mu* to ! peculi>ities ( _! /yle or ! popul>ity ( _! topics4 ,mr4 ,mill] has tak5 subjects ( sci5ce1 too (t5 r5d]$ dry & repulsive1 & has ?r[n ov] !m an air ( attractive romance4 ,8 writ+s on lit]ature1 hi/ory1 & politics1 are kn[n to comp>atively few1 f hav+ appe>$ 9 ! columns ( a local newspap]4 ,a judici\s selection f 8 miscellane\s articles 9 ! ,witness w\ld widely ext5d 8 fame1 & secure = him a place1 9 classic ,engli% lit]ature1 z high z he held dur+ 8 life z a p]iodical writ] & z a sci5tific geologi/4 ,! p]sonal appe>ance ( ,mr4 ,mill]1 or ,old ,r$1 z he 0 famili>ly nam$ by 8 sci5tific fri5ds1 w n be =gott5 by any :o h se5 him4 ,a head ( great massiv5ess1 magnifi$ by an abundant pr(usion ( sub-,celtic hair1 0 set on a body ( muscul> compactness1 b :i* 9 lat] ye>s felt ! und]m9+ influ5ce ( a life ( unusual physical & m5tal toil4 ,g5]ally wrapp$ 9 a bulky plaid1 & ) a g>b ready = any "w1 he _h ! appe>ance ( a %eph]d f ! ,ros%ire hills r ?an an au?or & a man ( sci5ce4 ,9 conv]sation or 9 lectur+1 ! man ( orig9al g5ius & cultivat$ m9d at once %one out1 & 8 abundant in=mation & philosophical acut5ess 7 only less rem>kable ?an 8 amiable disposition1 8 g5]\s _s1 & 8 consi/5t1 humble piety4 ,lit]ature & sci5ce h lo/ 9 him "o ( _! brighte/ ornam5ts1 & ,scotl& "o ( its greate/ m54 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! ,sabba? foll[+ ,mr4 ,mill]'s dea?1 s]mons ref]r+ to ! ev5t 7 prea*$ 9 _m ( ! *ur*es 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,"s ( ^! 7 report$ 9 ! newspap]s1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ^? by ! ,rev4 ,drs4 ,hanna1 ,gu?rie1 ,he!r+ton1 ,begg1 & ,twe$ie4 ,on ,monday1 ,decemb] ! #bi?1 ! ,fun]al ,obsequies 7 p]=m$4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! impos+ c]emonial is f ! ,ed9burgh ,witness4 ,,fun]al ,,( ,,mr4 ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,! mortal rema9s ( ?is truly great man 7 consign$ to ! grave on ,monday1 amid ! mo/ m>k$ demon/rations ( sorr[ on ! "p ( ! entire community4 ,! private company1 numb]+ ab\t sixty individuals1 met at ,%rub ,m\nt1 ! resid5ce ( ! deceas$ at ,portobello1 ab\t a qu>t] to "o 9 ! aft]noon4 ,among/ ^? pres5t 7 ! ,"l ,provo/ ( ,ed9burgh2 ,a4,m4 ,dunlop1 ,esq41 ,m4,p42 ,a4 ,black1 ,esq41 ,m4,p42 ,pr(essors ,simpson1 ,balf\r1 & ,fras]2 ,rev4 ,pr9cipal ,cunn+ham2 ,pr(essor ,james ,bu*anan2 ,rev4 ,drs4 ,gu?rie1 ,c&li%1 ,hanna1 ,bruce1 ,begg1 ,he!r+ton1 & ,wylie2 ,rev4 ,messrs4 ,m',k5zie ( ,dunf]ml9e1 ,cam]on & ,hunt] ( ,nagpoor2 ,maurice ,lo?ian1 ,esq42 ,geo4 ,dalziell1 ,esq41 ,w4,s42 ,w4 ,wood1 ,esq42 ,r4 ,paul1 ,esq42 ,francis ,russell1 ,esq41 advocate2 ,m4 ,torrance1 ,esq42 ,dr4 ,russell2 ,dr4 ,geo4 ,bell2 ,j4,f4 ,macf>lan1 ,esq42 ,ar*ibald ,gibson1 ,esq42 & ,c\ncillor ,john/on4 ,! devotional ex]cises 7 conduct$ by ,dr4 ,gu?rie1 :o 0 deeply affect$ dur+ ! pray]1 & ^: feel+s at times ?reat5$ to ov]come him4 ,?irte5 two-horse m\rn+ coa*es 7 "h 9 wait+ to convey ! company to ! place ( sepulture 9 ! ,grange ,cemet]y1 prec$$ by ! he>se1 :i* _h f\r horses4 ,! melan*oly ev5t1 z might h be5 expect$1 ca/ a gloom ov] ! :ole ( ,portobello2 & ! ,provo/ & ,magi/rates1 anticipat+ ! g5]al feel+ ( ! inhabitants1 to :om ,mr4 ,mill] _h ende>$ himself by 8 g5ius & ! mode/y ( 8 demeanor1 & also by ! read9ess :i* he ev] display$ to contribute to _! intellectual elevation1 by tak+ "p 9 sev]al c\rses ( popul> lectures 9 ! t[n1 recomm5d$ ! clos+ ( ! diff]5t %ops1--a reque/ :i* 0 at once readily compli$ )4 ,ano!r /rik+ pro( ( ! g5]al desire to pay ! la/ tribute ( respect to ! rema9s ( ! deceas$1 0 furni%$ by ! circum/ance t upw>ds ( "o hundr$ g5tlem51 _m ( :om _h1 s rec5tly z ! previ\s ,tuesday1 li/5$ to ! read+ ( "o ( ! able/ ( 8 lectures1 by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wight1 ! ,congregational m9i/]1 met at half-pa/ twelve 9 ! ,free ,*ur*1 9 ord] to accompany ! fun]al1 ei!r on foot or 9 c>riages1 to ! burial place1--a di/ance ( ab\t f\r miles4 ,aft] a %ort1 impressive religi\s s]vice1 conduct$ by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,philip & ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wight1 !y proce$$ to jo9 ! private company1 :o _h by ?is "t tak5 _! places 9 ! m\rn+ c>riages1 on _! way to ,ed9burgh4 ,on rea*+ ! ,g5]al ,po/-,(fice1 9 ,wat]loo ,place1 ! ranks ( ! fun]al procession 7 l>gely augm5t$1 !re be+ "h z _m z f tw5ty to ?irty private c>riages 9 wait+1 fill$ ) ! lead+ citiz5s1 & a l>ge body ( ! inhabitants1 ( all ranks1 classes1 & d5om9ations1 drawn up 9 l9e ?ree or f\r abrea/4 ,! ,kirk-,session ( ,free ,/4 ,john's1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,mill] 0 an (fice-be>]1 head$ by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,gu?rie & ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hanna1 :o left ! c>riage at ! ,po/-,(fice1 occupi$ ! front ( ! procession1 imm$iately foll[$ by ! ,royal ,physical ,society1 ( :i* ! lam5t$ deceas$ 0 a lead+ memb]1 ! employes 9 ! ,witness (fice1 & a l>ge body ( ! g5]al public4 ,a /ill m num]\s body ( ! citiz5s1 z well z ( p>ties f ,glasg[1 ,liv]pool1 ,/irl+1 ,bridge ( ,allan1 & o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 drew up 9 ! re> ( ! long l9e ( c>riages1 :ile ! sides ( ! /reets 7 also l9$ ) m\rn]s1 :o accompani$ ! procession to ! ,cemet]y4 ,besides ! l>ge conc\rse ( p :o "h jo9$ ! procession1 ! :ole front ( ! ,regi/] ,(fice & ! corn]s ( ! ,nor? ,bridge 7 d5sely occupi$ by "s ?\s&s ( spectators2 & x may be safely said1 t no ev5t s9ce ! dea? ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s has caus$ su* deep-felt sorr[ & regret 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,! numb]s pres5t 9 ! fun]al cortege mu/ h am\nt$ to f "o to two ?\s&2 inde$1 "o pap] /ates t at "o "t !re c\ld n h be5 _m less ?an f\r ?\s& p 9 ! procession2 :il/ ano!r j\rnal says1 t al?\gh ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 ! day be+ "o ( ! dre>ie/ ( ! season1 kept back _m :o w\ld o!rwise h swell$ ! l9e ( m\rn]s1 ev5 ) ?is drawback1 x has be5 in=m$ t ! att5dance 0 ev5 great] ?an on ! occasion ( ! fun]al ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s 9 #ahdg4 ,aft] a %ort delay1 caus$ by ^! accessions to ! procession1 ! :ole mov$ up ! ,nor? ,bridge4 ,x 0 gratify+ to obs]ve t ne>ly all ! %ops on ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,bridges1 & 9 ,nicolson & ,cl]k /reets1 along :i* ! cortege pass$1 7 clos$2 & along ! :ole r\te _m a sadd5$ c\nt5ance & te>ful eye c\ld be se51 all te/ify+ to ! deep respect ent]ta9$ = him ^: manly =m _h s (t5 trav]s$ ^! same /reets4 ,on rea*+ ! entrance ( ! ,grange ,cemet]y1 ! c(f9 0 remov$ f ! he>se1 & borne %\ld] high to ! tomb1 foll[$ by ! pall-be>]s & ! g5]al company4 ,! gr\nd select$ = ! burial-place is ! we/mo/ space b "o on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,cemet]y1 & 9 a l9e ) ! graves ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 ,sir ,&rew ,agnew1 & ,%]iff ,speirs1 ) :i* x is 9 close proximity4 ,z _m ( our read]s are aw>e1 ! situation is "o ( surpass+ sc5ic beauty1 & 0 describ$ by ! deceas$'s own mat*less p5 b a few ye>s ago1 on ! occasion ( ! burial ( ,*alm]s2 & c]ta9ly 9 ! grave ( ,hugh ,mill] a new feature ( attraction has be5 add$ to ! spot4 ,! pall-be>]s 7 ,mr4 ,mill]'s olde/ son1--a boy ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ( age1--:o 0 accompani$ by 8 y\ng] bro!r1 six or sev5 ye>s old2 ,mr4 ,a4 ,williamson1 8 half-bro!r & ne>e/ k9sman2 ,mr4 ,fairly1 8 p>tn] 9 bus9ess2 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,gu?rie1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hanna1 ,mr4 ,dunlop1 ,m4,p41 ,mr4 ,r4 ,paul1 & ,pr9cipal ,cunn+ham4 ,! m\rnful c]emony 0 n[ ne> its close4 ,z ! heavy1 dull s\nd1 caus$ by ! fall ( ! damp e>? ^u ! c(f91 fell ^u ! e>1 a sad & pa9ful s5sation crept ov] ! frame1 increas$ z ?is 0 by ! w9try aspect ( ! day & ! heavy lead5 sky1 :i*1 l a pall1 0 spread ov] ! face ( nature1 9 /rik+ h>mony ) ! solemnity ( ! sc5e4 ,a few m9utes m1 & all 0 ov]2 & ! va/ company1 uncov]$1 paid ! clos+ m>k ( respect to ! a%es ( ! mighty dead4 ,a t\*+ sc5e occurr$ at ! close ( all4 ,aft] ! :ole ( ! company _h retir$1 a labor+ man1 clad 9 humble habilim5ts1 seiz$ hold ( a h&ful ( ivy or laurel leaves1 & g5tly /rew$ !m ^u ! grave1 :ile ! te>ful eye eloqu5tly spoke ( ! /r5g? ( 8 feel+s4 ,s pass$ away "o ( :om ,dr4 ,*alm]s made ! rem>k t s9ce ,scott's dea? he 0 ! greate/ ,scot*man t 0 left4 ,! space 8 "n occupi$ 9 ! lit]>y & sci5tific _w1 says ano!r1 c\ld h>dly h be5 conjectur$1 b = ! blank he leaves beh9d him n[ t he has left x4 ,o!r m5 may h ext5d$ ! doma9 ( sci5ce wid]2 b no man has done m to ext5d ! circle ( its vot>ies by ! magic ( 8 /yle & ! life-l p[] ( 8 descriptions2 nor has any man done m to keep toge!r ! claims1 too (t5 made to appe> div]g5t1 ( ,sci5ce & ,religion1 & to bl5d !m into "o intellig5t & reasonable s]vice4 ,x 0 wor? :ile to h liv$ to effect ?is1 ev5 at ! co/ ( ! cl\ds :i* sadd5$ & d>k5$ ! close4 ,b ----'glory )\t end ,scatt]s ! cl\ds away2 & on t "n att5d ,! ?anks & praises ( all "t4' ,a ,,pray] ,,by ,,john ,,knox1 ,,made ,,at ,,! ,,fir/ ,,assemblie ,,( ,,! ,,congregation1 ,,:5 ,,! ,,confession ,,( ,,our ,,fai! ,,& ,,:ole ,,ord]s ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,0 ,,!re ,,r$ ,,& ,,approv$4#c ,o ,"l ,god ,almightie1 & ,fa!r mo/e mcrcifull1 !re is none lyke !e 9 heav5 nor 9 e>!1 :i* worke/ all ?+es = ! glorie ( ?y "n & ! com=t ( ?yne elect4 ,?\ dyd/ once make man rul] ov] all ?y creatures1 & plac$ hym 9 ! g>d5 ( all pleasures2 b h[ soone1 alas1 dyd he 9 8 felicitie =get ?y goodness8 ,?y p ,israel also1 9 _! weal? dyd ev]more runne a/ray1 abus+e ?y manifold m]cies2 lyke z all fle%e contynually rage? :5 x ha? gott5 lib]tie & ext]nal prosp]itie4 ,b su* is ?y wisdome adjoyn$ to ?y m]cies1 de>e ,fa!r1 t ?\ seke/ all means possible to brynge ?y *yldr5 to ! sure s5se & lyvely feel+e ( ?y fa!rly fav\r4 ,& !re=e :5 prosp]itie wyll n s]ve1 !n s5de/ ?[ adv]sitie1 graci\sly correct+e all ?y *yldr5 :ome ?\ receyve/ into ?y h[%old4 ,:]=e we1 wret*$ & mis]able synn]s1 r5d] unto !e mo/ humble & h>tie ?ankes1 t yt ha? pleas$ !e to call u home to ?y folde by ?y ,fa!rly correction at ?is pres5t1 :]as 9 our prosp]itie & lib]tie we dyd neglect ?y graces (f]$ unto u4 ,= ! :i* neglig5ce1 & _m o!r grev\s synnes :]e( we n[ accuse our selves be=e !e1 ?[ mighte/ mo/e ju/ly h gyv5 u up to reprobate mynds & induration ( our h>tes1 z ?[ ha/e done o!rs4 ,b su* is ?y goodnes1 ,o ,"l1 t ?\ seme/ to =get alt our (f5ces1 & ha/e call$ u ( ?y good pleasure f all idolatries into ?is ,citie mo/ ,*ri/ianlye ref\rm$1 to pr(esse ?y "n1 & to suff] "s crosse amonge/ ?y p = ?y tru? & ,gospell's sake2 & s to be ?y wytnesses ) ?y ,prophets & ,apo/les1 yea1 ) ?y de>ely belov$ ,sonne ,jesus ,*ri/ our head1 to :ome ?[ do/ begynne "h to fa%ion u lyke1 t 9 8 glorie we may also be lyke hym :5 he %all appe>4 ,o ,"l ,god1 :at are we ^u :ome ?[e %ulde/ %ewe ?is great m]cye8 ,o mo/e lovynge ,"l1 =gyve u our un?ankfulnes1 & all our synnes1 = ,jesus ,*ri/'s sake4 ,o heav5ly ,fa!r1 increase ?y ,holy ,_s 9 u1 to tea*e our he>tes to cry ,abba1 de>e ,fa!r6 to assure u ( our et]nal election 9 ,*ri/2 to revele ?y wyll m & m t[>ds u2 to confirme u s 9 ?y trew!1 t we may lyve & dye !re92 & t by ! p[] ( ! same ,_s we may boldlely gyve an accompts ( our fai? to all m5 ) humbl5es & mek5es1 t :]eas !y backbyte & slaund] u z evyll do]s1 !y may be a%am$ & once /opp _! m[!s1 se+e our good conv]sation 9 ,*ri/ ,iesu1 = ^: sake we bese*e !e1 ,o ,"l ,god1 to guide1 gov]ne1 & prosp] ?is our ent]prise 9 assembl+e our bre!rne1 to prayse ?y holie "n4 ,& n only to be "h pres5t ) u ?y *ildr5 accord+ to ?y promesse1 b also m]cifullie to assi/ ?y l p]secut$ p1 our ,bre!rne1 ga!r$ 9 all o!r places1 t !y & we1 cons5t+e toge!r 9 "o spirite & true!1 may 7all worldly respectes set a "p7 seke ?y onely honor & glorie 9 all our & _! ,assemblies4 ,,s ,,be ,,x4 ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,! ,,rocks4 ,,lecture ,,fir/4 ,,! ,,pal,,ontological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,plants4 ,palontology1 or ! sci5ce ( anci5t organisms1 deals1 z its subject1 ) all ! plants & animals ( all ! geologic p]iods4 ,x be>s ne>ly ! same sort ( relation to ! physical hi/ory ( ! pa/1 t biography does to ! civil & political hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,= j z a complete biographic sy/em w\ld include e "n kn[n to ! hi/orian1 a complete palontologic sy/em w\ld include e fossil kn[n to ! geologi/4 ,x enum]ates & describes all ! organic exi/5ces ( all ! ext9ct creations1--all ! exi/5ces1 too1 ( ! pres5t creation t occur 9 ! fossil or semi-fossil =m2 &1 ?us coext5sive 9 space ) ! e>?'s surface1--nay1 greatly m ?an coext5sive ) ! e>?'s surface1--= 9 ! va/ hi]oglyphic record :i* our globe composes1 page lies b5ea? page1 & inscription cov]s ov] inscription1--coext5sive1 too1 9 "t1 ) e p]iod 9 ! t]re/rial hi/ory s9ce be+ fir/ began ^u our planet1--x pres5ts to ! /ud5t a !me s va/ & multif>i\s1 t x might seem b ! result1 on 8 "p1 ( a prop] mode/y1 consci\s ( ! limit$ range ( 8 p[]s1 & ( ! brief & fleet+ t]m ( 8 life1 7 he to despair ( be+ ev] able effectually to grapple ) x4 ,b1 to borr[ f "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s ( our ,scotti% metaphysicians1 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r in/ances 9 :i* nature has giv5 u difficulties ) :i* to cope1 %e has n left u to be :olly ov]come4 ,if1 says ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n1 9 8 rem>ks on ! classify+ pr9ciple1--if %e has plac$ u 9 a labyr9?1 %e has at ! same "t furni%$ u ) a clue :i* may guide u1 n1 inde$1 ?r\gh all its d>k & intricate w9d+s1 b ?r\gh ^? broad pa?s :i* conduct u into day4 ,! s+le p[] by :i* we discov] resemblance or relation 9 g5]al1 is a suffici5t aid to u 9 ! p]plexity or confusion ( our fir/ attempts at arrangem5t4 ,x beg9s by conv]t+ ?\s&s1 & m ?an ?\s&s1 into "o2 &1 r$uc+ 9 ! same mann] ! numb]s ?us =m$1 x arrives at la/ at ! few di/9ctive *>act]s ( ^? great compreh5sive tribes on :i* x ceases to op]ate1 because !re is no?+ left to oppress ! memory or ! und]/&+4 ,b1 is ?is all8 ,c ! ,palontologi/ b say t t classify+ pr9ciple1 :i* 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( sci5ce yields su* assi/ance to ! memory1 is also ( use 9 81 or b urge t x enables him to sort & arrange 8 facts2 & t1 by conv]t+ "o idea into ! type & exempl> ( _m resembl+ ones1 x imp>ts to him an ability ( c>ry+ n inadequate conceptions ( ! mighty :ole 9 8 m9d8 ,if ?is 7 all1 y might well ask1 ,:y obtrude ^u u1 9 connection ) y\r special sci5ce1 a common semi-metaphysical idea1 equally applicable to all ! sci5ces1--9 especial1 = example1 to t botany :i* is ! sci5ce ( exi/+ plants1 & to t zoology :i* is ! sci5ce ( exi/+ animals8 ,nay1 ,i reply1 b x is n all4 ,i ref] to ?is classify+ pr9ciple because1 :ile x exi/s 9 relation to all o!r sci5ces z a pr9ciple--to use ! words ( ! metaphysician j quot$--giv5 to u by nature1--z a pr9ciple ( ! m9d )91--x exi/s 9 ,palontological sci5ce z a pr9ciple ( nature itself1--z a pr9ciple palpably ext]nal to ! m9d4 ,x is a m>vell\s fact1 ^: full mean+ we c z yet b imp]fectly compreh5d1 t myriads ( ages ere !re exi/$ a human m9d1 well nigh ! same pr9ciples ( classification n[ develop$ by man's intellect 9 our bett] treatises ( zoology & botany1 7 develop$ on ?is e>? by ! successive geologic p]iods2 & t ! by-pa/ productions ( our planet1 animal & vegetable1 7 *ronologically arrang$ 9 its hi/ory1 accord+ to ! same laws ( ?\ght :i* imp>t regul>ity & ord] to ! works ( ! lat] naturali/ & phytologi/s4 ,i ne$ sc>ce say h[ sl[ & int]rupt$ 9 bo? prov9ces ! c\rse ( arrangem5t has be51 or h[ (t5 succe$+ writ]s h _h to undo :at _! pr$ecessors _h done1 only to h _! own classifications set aside by _! successors 9 turn4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 :5 ! "w appe>s to be well nigh complet$1 a new sci5ce has aris51 :i* pres5ts u ) a v wond]ful means ( te/+ x4 ,c[ley1 9 8 too eulogi/ic ode to ,hobbes1--smit by ! s+ul> +5uity ( ! philosophic infidel1 & unable to look ?r\gh 8 sophisms to ! consequ5ces :i* !y involv$1--c\ld say1 9 address+ him1 t only ,god c\ld "k ,:e!r ! fair idea he did %[ ,agre$ entirely ) ,god's own or no4 ,& he !n n v wisely add$1-- ,?is1 ,i d>e boldly tell1 ',t is s l tru?1 't w s]ve our turn z well4 ,we n[ "k1 h[ev]1 t no m]e resemblance to tru? w = any consid]able l5g? ( "t s]ve its turn4 ,x is because ! resemblances h1 l ^? ( ,hobbes1 be5 m]e resemblances1 t s mu* "t & labor h _h to be wa/$ by ! pione]s ( sci5ce 9 _! removal2 &1 n[ t a wond]ful opportunity has occurr$ ( comp>+1 9 ?is matt] ( classification1 ! human ) ! ,div9e idea1--! idea embodi$ by ! zoologi/s & botani/s 9 _! respective sy/ems1 ) ! idea embodi$ by ! ,creator ( all 9 geologic hi/ory1--we _c p]haps d bett]1 9 ent]+ ^u our subject1 ?an to glance briefly at ! great features 9 :i* ,god's ord] ( classification1 z develop$ 9 ,palontology1 agrees ) ! ord] 9 :i* man has at l5g? le>n$ to range ! liv+ productions1 plant & animal1 by :i* he is surr\nd$1 & ( :i* he himself =ms ! mo/ rem>kable portion4 ,9 an age 9 :i* a class ( writ]s n )\t _! influ5ce 9 ! _w ( lett]s w\ld fa9 repudiate e argum5t d]iv$ f design1 & d5\nce all :o hold ) ,paley & ,*alm]s z an?ropomorphi/s1 t labor to create = !mselves a god ( _! own type & =m1 x may be n altoge!r unpr(itable to contemplate ! wond]ful p>allelism :i* exi/s betwe5 ! ,div9e & human sy/ems ( classification1 &--rememb]+ t ! geologi/s :o h discov]$ ! "o _h no h& 9 assi/+ ! naturali/s & phytologi/s :o fram$ ! o!r--sob]ly to inquire :e!r we h n a new argum5t 9 ! fact = an id5tity 9 con/itution & quality ( ! ,div9e & human m9ds1--n a m]e fanciful id5tity1 ! result ( a disposition on ! "p ( man to imag9e to himself a ,god be>+ 8 own lik5ess1 b an id5tity real & actual1 & ! result ( t creative act by :i* ,god =m$ man 9 8 own image4 ,! /udy ( plants & animals seems to h be5 a favorite "o ) ?\ghtful m5 9 e age ( ! _w4 ,accord+ to ! ,psalmi/1 ^! great works ( ! ,"l are s\ght out ( all !m t h pleasure !re94 ,! ,book ( ,job1 probably ! olde/ writ+ 9 exi/5ce1 is full ( vivid descriptions ( ! wild d5iz5s ( ! flood & des]t2 & x is expressly record$ ( ! wise old k+1 t he spake ( trees1 f ! c$> tree t is 9 ,lebanon1 ev5 unto ! hyssop t spr+e? out ( ! wall2 & also ( bea/s1 & ( f[l1 & ( creep+ ?+s1 & ( fi%es4 ,solomon 0 a zoologi/ & botani/2 & !re is palpable classification 9 ! mann] 9 :i* 8 /udies are describ$4 ,x is a law ( ! human m9d1 z has be5 already said1 t1 :]ev] a l>ge /ock ( facts are acquir$1 ! classify+ pr9ciple /eps 9 to arrange !m4 ,ev5 ! rude/ w&]] 9 ! fields1 says ,dr4 ,br[n1 f9ds t ! pr(usion ( blossoms ar\nd him--9 ! great] numb] ( :i* he is able himself to discov] _m /rik+ resemblances--may be r$uc$ to "s ord] ( arrangem5t4 ,b1 = _m c5turies1 ?is arrang+ faculty labor$ b to little purpose4 ,z specim5s ( ! /range classification t cont9u$ to obta9 d[n till comp>atively mod]n times1 let u select t ( two works :i*1 f ! lit]>y celebrity ( _! au?ors1 /ill possess a classical /&+ 9 lett]s1--,c[ley's ,treatise on ,plants1 & ,goldsmi?'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,animat$ ,nature4 ,! plants we f9d arrang$ by ! poet on ! simple b v inadequate pr9ciple ( size & %[4 ,h]bs are plac$ fir/1 z l[e/ & lea/ conspicu\s 9 ! scale2 !n fl[]s2 &1 f9ally1 trees4 ,among ! h]bs1 at lea/ two ( ! f]ns--! true maid5hair & ! sple5wort--are assign$ places among plants ( su* high /&+ z sage1 m9t1 & rosem>y3 among ! fl[]s1 monocotyl$ons1 su* z ! iris1 ! tulip1 & ! lily1 appe> among dicotyl$ons1 su* z ! rose1 ! violet1 ! sunfl[]1 & ! auricula3 & among trees we f9d ! palms plac$ betwe5 ! plum & ! olive2 & ! yew1 ! fir1 & ! junip]1 flank$ on "o side by ! box & ! holly1 & on ! o!r by ! oak4 ,su*1 9 treat+ ( plants1 0 ! classification adopt$ by "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ ( ,engli% poets 9 ! ye> #afeg4 ,nor 0 ,goldsmi?1-:o wrote m ?an a c5tury lat]1 mu* m =tunate 9 deal+ ) ! animal k+dom4 ,buffon _h already publi%$ 8 great "w2 & ev5 he c\ld be?9k him ( no bett] mode ( divid+ 8 animals ?an into wild & tame4 ,& 9 ,goldsmi?1 :o adopt$1 9 treat+ ( ! mammals1 a simil> pr9ciple1 we f9d ! fi%es & molluscs plac$1 9 advance ( ! sauroid1 ophidian1 & batra*ian reptiles1--! :ale unit$ 9 close relation%ip to ! %>ks & rays1--animals ( ! tortoise k9d class$ among animals ( ! lob/] k9d1 & bo? among %ell fi%1 su* z ! snail1 ! nautilus1 & ! oy/]4 ,& yet ,goldsmi? 0 engag$ on 8 "w little m ?an eighty ye>s ago4 ,9 f9e1 ! true pr9ciples ( classification 9 ! animal k+dom are ( well nigh z rec5t developm5t z geologic sci5ce itself1 & n greatly m anci5t 9 ev5 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be :olly out ( place to attempt giv+ a m9ute hi/ory "h ( ! progress ( arrangem5t 9 ei!r dep>tm5t2 b x c sc>ce be held t ! natural sy/em ( plants 0 o!r ?an v incomplete previ\s to #aghi1 :5 ,jussieu fir/ enunciat$ 8 s*eme ( classification2 nor did x receive its lat] improvem5ts until s late z #ahdf1 :51 aft] ! publication1 9 succession1 ( ! s*emes ( ,de ,c&olle & ,endli*]1 ,l9dley communicat$ 8 f9i%$ sy/em to ! _w4 ,& !re c]ta9ly exi/$ no ev5 tol]ably p]fect sy/em ( zoology until #ahaf1 :5 ! ,animal ,k+dom ( ,cuvi] appe>$4 ,lat] naturali/s1--su* z ,agassiz1 9 8 own special dep>tm5t1 ! hi/ory ( fi%es1 & ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 ! inv]tebrate divisions1--h improv$ on ! classification ( ev5 ! great ,fr5*man2 b = purposes ( comp>ison betwe5 ! s*eme develop$ 9 geologic hi/ory & t at l5g? elaborat$ by ! human m9d1 ! sy/em ( ,cuvi] w be f\nd1 = at lea/ our pres5t purpose1 suffici5tly complete4 ,& 9 trac+ ?r\gh "t ! c\rse ( ! vegetable k+dom1 let u adopt1 z our /&>d to measure x by1 ! sy/em ( ,l9dley4 ,comm5c+ at ! bottom ( ! scale1 we f9d ! ,?allog5s1 or fl[]less plants :i* lack prop] /ems & leaves1--a class :i* includes all ! alg4 ,next succe$ ! ,acrog5s1 or fl[]less plants t possess bo? /ems & leaves1--su* z ! f]ns & _! allies4 ,next1 omitt+ an inconspicu\s class1 repres5t$ by b a few p>asitical plants incapable ( pres]vation z fossils1 come ! ,endog5s1--monocotyl$on\s fl[]+ plants1 t include ! palms1 ! liliace1 & sev]al o!r families1 all *>act]iz$ by ! p>allel v5ation ( _! leaves4 ,next1 omitt+ ano!r inconspicu\s tribe1 !re foll[s a v important class1--! ,gymnog5s1--polycotyl$on\s trees1 repres5t$ by ! conif]s2 & cycadace4 ,&1 la/ ( all1 come ! ,dicotyl$on\s ,exog5s1--a class to :i* all our fruit1 & :at are kn[n z our =e/ trees1 belong1 ) a va/ly prepond]at+ majority ( ! h]bs & fl[]s t imp>t f]tility & beauty to our g>d5s & mead[s4 ,?is la/ class1 ?\gh b "o1 n[ occupies mu* great] space 9 ! vegetable k+dom ?an all ! o!rs unit$4 ,su* is ! arrangem5t ( ,l9dley1 or r an arrangem5t ! sl[ gr[? ( ages1 to :i* ?is di/+ui%$ botani/ has giv5 ! la/ f9i%+ t\*es4 ,& let u n[ m>k h[ closely x resembles ! geologic arrangem5t z develop$ 9 ! successive /ages ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4d -------------------------- ,?allog5s4 ,silurian4 ,acrog5s4 ------------------------- ,gymnog5s4 ,old ,r$4 ------------------------ ,monocotyl$ons4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ----------------------- ,p]mian4 ----------------------- ,triassic4 ----------------------- 3 ,dicotyl$ons4 ,oolitic4 3 ---------------------- ,cretace\s4 ---------------------- ,dicotyl$on\s ,trees4 ,t]ti>y4 ---------------------- ,geologic ,?al4 ,ac4 ,gy4 ,mon4 ,dic4 arrangem5t4 ,l9dley's ,?al4 ,ac4 ,mon4 ,gy4 ,dic4 arrangem5t4 ,,! ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,plants4 ,! mo/ anci5t p]iod ( ^: organisms any trace rema9s 9 ! rocks seems to h be51 prevail+ly at lea/1 a p]iod ( ,?allog5s4 ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 take into acc\nt ! fact1 t x has yield$ no l& plants1 & t ! sea is ev]y:]e n[1 z ( old1 ! great habitat ( ! alg1--"o ( ! f\r great ord]s into :i* ! ,?allog5s are divid$4 ,!re appe> no traces ( a t]re/rial vegetation until we rea* ! upp]mo/ b$s ( ! ,upp] ,silurian ,sy/em4 ,b1 acc\nt = ! fact z we may1 x is at lea/ wor?y ( notice1 t1 alike 9 ! sy/ems ( our botani/s & 9 ! *ronological arrangem5ts ( our geologi/s1 ! fir/ or introductory class :i* occurs 9 ! asc5d+ ord] is ?is humble ,?allog5ic class4 ,!re is "s trace 9 ! ,l[] ,silurians ( ,scotl& ( a vegetable /ructure :i* may h belong$ to "o ( ! humbl] ,endog5s1 ( :i*1 at lea/1 a s+le g5us1 ! ,zo/]ace1 /ill exi/s 9 salt wat]2 b ! trace is fa9t & d\btful1 &1 ev5 7 x e/abli%$1 x w\ld =m m]ely a solit>y exception to ! g5]al evid5ce t ! fir/ kn[n p]iod ( vegetable exi/5ce 0 a p]iod ( ,?allog5s4 ,! t]re/rial rema9s ( ! ,upp] ,silurians ( ,engl&1 ! olde/ yet kn[n1 consi/ *iefly ( spore-l bodies1 :i* belong$1 says ,dr4 ,hook]1 to ,lycopodiace1--an ord] ( ! second or acrog5ic class4 ,&1 9 ! second great geologic p]iod1--t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1--we f9d ?is second class n inadequately repres5t$4 ,9 its l[e/ fossilif]\s b$s we detect a ,lycopodite :i* n a little resembles "o ( ! commone/ ( our club mosses1--,lycopodium clavatum1--) a m9ute f]n & a l>ge /riat$ plant resembl+ a calamite1 & evid5tly alli$ to an exi/+ g5us ( ,acrog5s1 ! equisetace4 ,9 ! ,middle ,old ,r$ ,s&/one !re also occurs a small f]n1 ) "s trace ( a l>g]2 & "o ( its be/ pres]v$ vegetable organisms is a lepidod5dron1--an ext9ct ally ( ! ,lycopodiums2 :ile 9 ! upp] b$s ( ! sy/em1 especially z develop$ 9 ! s\? ( ,irel&1 ! noble f]n kn[n z ,cyclopt]is ,hib]nicus is v abundant4 ,?is f]n has be5 detect$ also 9 ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ( our own c\ntry1 m+l$ ) fragm5ts ( contempor>y calamites4 ,)1 h[ev]1 ^! e>lie/ plants ( ! l& yet kn[n1 !re occurs a true wood1 :i* belong$1 z %[n by its /ructure1 to a gymnosp]m\s or polycotyl$on\s tree1 & :i* we f9d associat$ ) rema9s ( ,cocco/eus & ,diplacan?us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,cyclopt]is ,,hib]nicus4 7,nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,conif] ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 ,crom>ty4 7,mag4 =ty diamet]s47 ,& "h let me rem>k1 t ! facts ( ,palontological sci5ce compel u to bl5d1 9 "s degree1 ) ! classification ( our mod]n botani/s1 t ( ! botani/s ( an e>li] "t4 ,9 a passage already quot$1 ,solomon is said to h disc\rs$ ( plants1 f ! c$> tree t is 9 ,lebanon1 to ! hyssop t spr+e? out ( ! wall1--f ! great tree to ! m9ute h]b2 & ,c[ley rose1 9 8 metrical treatise1 z has be5 %[n1 f descriptions ( h]bs & fl[]s to descriptions ( fruit & =e/ trees4 ,& z 9 e age 9 :i* !re exi/$ a t]re/rial vegetation !re seem to h be5 trees z c]ta9ly z h]bs1 ! palontological botanti/ f9ds t he has1 9 consequ5ce1 to range 8 classes1 n 9 "o s]ies1 b 9 two1--! ,gymnog5s1 or cone-be>+ trees1 9 a l9e ne>ly p>allel ) ! ,acrog5s1 or fl[]less1 spore-be>+ h]bs4 ,b ! arrangem5t is 9 no degree ! less /rik+ f ! circum/ance t x is rang$1 n 9 "o1 b 9 two l9es4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an unt[>d arrangem5t = ! purposes ( ! ,lam>ckian1 ^: peculi> hypo!sis w\ld imp]atively dem&1 n a d\ble1 b a s+le column1 9 :i* ! f]ns & club mosses w\ld /& f> 9 advance1 9 po9t ( "t1 ( ! ,conif]4 ,9 ! ,coal ,measures1 s rem>kable = ! great luxuriance ( _! flora1 bo? ! ,gymnog5s & ,acrog5s are l>gely develop$1 ) a v puzzl+ int]m$iate class1 t1 :ile !y atta9$ to ! size ( trees1 l ! =m]1 reta9$ 9 a rem>kable degree1 z 9 ! ,lepidod5dra & ! ,calamites1 ! peculi> features ( ! latt]4 ,& ) ^! !re appe>1 ?\gh m sp>+ly1 ! ,endog5s1--monocotyl$on\s plants1 repres5t$ by a few palm-l trees 7,palmacites71 a few date-l fruits 7,trigonoc>pum71 & a few grass-l h]bs 7,poacites74 ,9 ! great ,second>y division1 ! true dicotyl$on\s plants fir/ appe>2 b1 s f> z is yet kn[n1 no dicotyl$on\s wood4 ,9 ! e>li] =mations ( ! division a degree ( d\bt atta*es to ev5 ! few leaves ( ?is class hi!rto detect$2 b 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s /rata !y become at once unequivocal 9 _! "*1 & comp>atively abundant1 bo? z individuals & species2 & 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits !y greatly outnumb] all ! humbl] classes1 & appe> n only z h]bs1 b also z great trees4 ,n1 h[ev]1 until %ortly be=e ! introduction ( man d "s ( _! highe/ ord]s1 su* z ! ,rosace1 come ^u ! sc5e1 z plants ( t great g>d5--includ+ ! fields ( ! agriculturi/--:i* x has be5 "p ( man's set task ^u e>? to keep & to dress4 ,& su* seems to be ! ord] ( classification 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 z develop$ 9 creation1 & det]m9$ by ! geologic p]iods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4e ---------------------------------------- -- ,rad4 ,art4 ,mol4 ,silurian4 ,fi%es4 ---------------------------------------- - ,old ,r$4 ,reptiles4 ---------------------------------------- ,c>bonif]\s4 ---------------------------------------- ,p]mian4 ---------------------------------------- ,triassic4 ---------------------------------------- ,birds4 ,oolitic4 3 ,mammals4 3 -------------------------------------- 3 ,cretace\s4 3 3 -------------------------------------- ,pla4 ,mam4 ,t]ti>y4 ------------------------------------- ,rec5t4 ,man4 ------------------------------------- ,geologic ,rad4 ,art4 ,mol4 ,fi%4 ,rep4 ,bird4 ,mam4 ,man4 ,arrangem5t4 ,cuvi]'s ,rad4 ,art4 ,mol4 ,fi%4 ,rep4 ,bird4 ,mam4 ,man4 ,arrangem5t4 ,,! ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,animals4 ,! p>allelism :i* exi/s betwe5 ! c\rse ( creation1 z exhibit$ 9 ! animal k+dom1 & ! classification ( ! greate/ zoologi/ ( mod]n times1 is p]haps /ill m rem>kable4 ,cuvi] divides all animals into v]tebrate & inv]tebrate2 ! inv]tebrates consi/+1 accord+ to 8 arrangem5t1 ( ?ree great divisions1--mollusca1 articulata1 & radiata2 & ! v]tebrates1 ( f\r great classes1--! mammals1 ! birds1 ! reptiles1 & ! fi%es4 ,f ! l[e/ zone at :i* organic rema9s occur1 up till ! high] b$s ( ! ,l[] ,silurian ,sy/em1 all ! animal rema9s yet f\nd belong to ! inv]tebrate divisions4 ,! num]\s tables ( /one :i* compose ! leaves ( ?is fir/ & e>lie/ ( ! geologic volumes correspond 9 _! cont5ts ) t conclud+ volume ( ,cuvi]'s great "w 9 :i* he deals ) ! mollusca1 articulata1 & radiata2 )1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce1 t ! ?ree great divisions1 in/ead ( occurr+ 9 a cont9n\s s]ies1 are rang$1 l ! t]re/rial h]bs & trees1 9 p>allel columns4 ,! *a9 ( animal be+ on its fir/ appe>ance is1 if ,i may s express myself1 a ?reefold *a92--a fact nicely correspond5t ) ! fur!r fact1 t we _c 9 ! pres5t creation range s]ially1 z ei!r high] or l[] 9 ! scale1 at lea/ two ( ^! divisions1--! mollusca & articulata4 ,9 "o ( ! high] b$s ( ! ,upp] ,silurian ,sy/em1--a b$ :i* bord]s on ! base ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1--! v]tebrates make _! e>lie/ appe>ance 9 _! f\r? or i*?yic class2 & we f9d ourselves 9 t volume ( ! geologic record :i* corresponds to ,cuvi]'s volume on ! fi%es4 ,9 ! _m-fold$ pages ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 till we rea* ! highe/ & la/1 !re occur ! rema9s ( no o!r v]tebrates ?an ^? ( ?is f\r? class2 b 9 its upp]mo/ deposits !re appe> traces ( ! ?ird or reptilian class2 & 9 pass+ upw>ds /ill1 ?r\gh ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ,p]mian1 & ,triassic ,sy/ems1 we f9d reptiles cont9u+ ! ma/] exi/5ces ( ! "t4 ,! geologic volume 9 :i* ^! great =mations are includ$ corresponds to ! ,cuvi]ian "o devot$ to ! ,reptilia4 ,e>ly 9 ! ,oolitic ,sy/em1 birds1 ,cuvi]'s second class ( ! v]tebrata1 make _! fir/ appe>ance1 ?\gh _! rema9s1 l ^? ( birds 9 ! pres5t "t1 are r>e & infrequ5t2 &1 = at lea/ ! e>li] p]iods ( _! exi/5ce1 we "k t !y 71--t !y haunt$ = food ! wat]s ( ! p]iod1 & wad$ 9 _! %all[s1--only f m>ks simil> to ^? by :i* ,crusoe became fir/ aw>e ( ! visits paid to 8 isl& by 8 savage neighbors1--_! footpr9ts1 left impress$ on ! s&s ov] :i* !y /alk$ ( old4 ,?is e>ly ,oolitic volume corresponds 9 its cont5ts to ! section devot$ by ,cuvi]1 9 8 great "w1 to 8 second class1 ! birds4 ,& 9 ! ,/onisfield slate1--a deposit int]pos$ betwe5 ! ,inf]ior & ,great ,oolites1 we detect ! e>lie/ indications ( 8 fir/ or mammalif]\s class1 app>5tly repres5t$1 h[ev]1 by b "o ord]1--! ,m>supiata1 or p\*$ animals1 to ^: special place 9 ! scale ,i %all aft]w>ds h occasion to ref]4 ,n until we rea* ! times ( ! ,t]ti>y division d ! mammals 9 _! high] ord]s appe>4 ,! great ,t]ti>y volume corresponds to ^? volumes ( ,cuvi] :i* treat ( ! plac5tal animals t suckle _! "y4 ,& f9ally1--la/ born ( creation1--man appe>s ^u ! sc5e1 9 8 sev]al races & v>ieties2 ! sublime ar* ( animal be+ at l5g? receives its key/one2 & ! f9i%$ "w /&s up complete1 f f\ndation to p9nacle1 at once an admirably adju/$ occupant ( space1 & a wond]ful monum5t ( ,div9e arrangem5t & classification1 z x exi/s 9 "t4 ,save at two special po9ts1 to :i* ,i %all aft]w>ds adv]t1 ! p>ticul> arrangem5t unfold$ by geologic hi/ory is exactly t :i* ! greate/ & mo/ philosophic ( ! naturali/s _h1 j previ\s to its discov]y1 orig9at$ & adopt$ z mo/ con=mable to nature3 ! arrangem5ts ( geologic hi/ory z exhibit$ 9 "t1 if1 comm5c+ at ! e>lie/ ages1 we pursue x d[nw>ds1 is exactly t ( ! ,animal ,k+dom ( ,cuvi] read backw>ds4 ,let u !n1 9 grappl+ ) ! va/ multiplicity ( our subject1 attempt r$uc+ & simplify+ x by means ( ! classify+ pr9ciple2 n simply1 h[ev]1--aga9 to recur to ! rem>k ( ! metaphysician1--z an int]nal pr9ciple giv5 u by nature1 b z an ext]nal pr9ciple exemplifi$ by nature4 ,let u take ! organisms ( ! old geologic p]iods 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur 9 "t2 secure1 z has be5 %[n1 t if our *ronology be correct1 our classification w1 z a consequ5ce1 be good4 ,x w be = ! natural !ologians ( ! com+ age to %[ ! be>+ ( ?is wond]ful fact on ! progress ( man t[>ds ! j & ! solid1 & on ! be+ & "* ( man's ,creator1--to e/abli%1 on ! "o h&1 aga9/ ! undue depreciators ( intellect & its results1 t 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( m9d1 su* z t :i* deals ) ! arrangem5t & developm5t ( ! s*eme ( organic be+1 human ?\ght is n pr(itlessly revolv+ 9 an idle circle1 b progress+ ,godw>ds1 & gradually unlock+ ! ord] ( creation4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 x w be equally 8 prop] bus9ess to dem& ( ! ,pan!i/ h[1--see+ t only p]sons 7su* z ! ,cuvi]s & ,l9dleys7 c\ld h wr\ght out = !mselves ! real arrangem5t ( ?is s*eme1--h[1 ,i say1 or on :at pr9ciple1 x is to be held t x 0 a s*eme orig9at$ & e/abli%$ at ! beg9n+1 n by a p]sonal1 b by an imp]sonal ,god4 ,b our pres5t bus9ess is ) ! fact ( ! p>allel arrangem5ts1 ,div9e & human1--n ) ! inf]5ces legitimately d$ucible f x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,,oldhamia ,,antiqua2--! olde/ kn[n ,zoophyte4 ,wrae ,head1 ,irel&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,pal,,o*orda ,,m9or4 7,"o half nat4 size47 ,beg9n+ ) ! plants1 let u1 h[ev]1 rem>k1 t !y d n prec$e 9 ! ord] ( _! appe>ance ! humbl] animals4 ,no m anci5t organism ?an ! ,oldhamia ( ! ,l[e/ ,iri% ,silurians1 a plant-l zoophyte some:at resembl+ our mod]n s]tul>ia1 has yet be5 detect$ by ! geologi/2 ?\gh only a few mon?s ago ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,salt] 9 ! anci5t rocks ( ! ,longmynd1 ,%rop%ire1 previ\sly deem$ unfossilif]\s1 h giv51 to x :at seem to be contempor>y vegetable organisms1 9 a few ill-pres]v$ fucoids4 ,s f> z is yet kn[n1 plants & animals appe> toge!r4 ,! long upw>d m>* ( ! animal k+dom takes its dep>ture at its />t+ po9t f a ?ick =e/ ( alg4 ,9 ,bohemia1 9 ,norway1 9 ,sw$51 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]ev]1 9 f9e1 :at appe>s to be ! l[e/1 or at lea/ "o ( ! l[e/1 zones ( life has yet be5 detect$1 ! rocks are f\nd to be d>k5$ by ! rema9s ( alg1 s abundantly develop$ 9 "s cases1 t !y compose1 z 9 ! anci5t ,l[] ,silurians ( ,dumfries%ire1 impure b$s ( an?racite sev]al feet 9 ?ickness4 ,app>5tly1 f ! orig9al loos5ess ( _! texture1 ! individual plants are b indiff]5tly pres]v$2 nor c we expect t organisms s anci5t %\ld exhibit any v close resemblance to ! plants :i* d>k5 ! half-tide rocks & sk]ries ( our coa/s at ! pres5t "t4 ,we d detect1 h[ev]1 9 "s ( ^! primordial fossils1 at lea/ a noticeable lik5ess to families famili> to ! mod]n algologi/4 ,! cord-l plant1 ,*orda filum1 kn[n to our *ildr5 z dead m5's ropes1 f its prov+ fatal at times to ! too adv5tur\s swimm] :o gets entangl$ 9 its ?ick wrea?s1 _h a ,l[] ,silurian repres5tative1 kn[n to ! ,palontologi/ z ! ,palo*orda1 or anci5t *orda1 :i* exi/$ app>5tly 9 two species1--a l>g] & small]4 ,! /ill bett] kn[n ,*ondrus crispus1 ! ,iri% moss or c>rage5 ( our cook]y-books1 has likewise its app>5t ?\gh m di/ant repres5tative 9 ,*ondritis1 a ,l[] ,silurian alg1 ( :i* !re seems to exi/ at lea/ ?ree species4 ,! fucoids1 or kelp we$s1 appe> to h _h also _! repres5tatives 9 su* plants z ,fucoides gracilis ( ! ,l[] ,silurians ( ! ,malv]ns2 9 %ort1 ! ,?allog5s ( ! fir/ ages ( vegetable life seem to h resembl$1 9 ! gr\p1 & 9 at lea/ _! m prom95t features1 ! alg ( ! exi/+ "t4 ,& ) ! fir/ indications ( l& we pass direct f ! ,?allog5s to ! ,acrog5s1--f ! sea we$s to ! f]n allies4 ,! ,lycopodiace21 or club mosses1 be> 9 ! axils ( _! leaves m9ute circul> cases1 :i* =m ! receptacles ( _! spore-l se$s4 ,& :51 high 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian ,sy/em1 & j :5 prep>+ to quit x = ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 we detect our e>lie/ t]re/rial organisms1 we f9d t !y are compos$ exclusively ( ^? little spore receptacles4 ,! numb] ( l& plants gradually increases z we asc5d into ! ov]ly+ sy/em4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! ,flora ( ev5 ! ,old ,r$ is b meagre & poor2 & y w p]haps p]mit me to light5 ?is "p ( my subject1 :i* ?reat5s too palpably to p>take ( ! pov]ty ( t ) :i* x deals1 by a simple illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,lycopodium ,,clavatum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,equisetum ,,fluviatile4 ,we /&1 at l[ ebb1 on ! out] edge ( "o ( ^? iron-b\nd %ores ( ! ,we/]n ,highl&s1 ri* 9 =e/s ( alg1 f :i*1 n yet a g5]ation bygone1 our ,celtic proprietors us$ to d]ive a l>g] portion ( _! rev5ues ?an f _! fields & moors4 ,rock & sk]ry are br[n ) sea we$4 ,! long cyl9drical l9es ( ,*orda filum1 _m feet 9 l5g?1 lie aslant 9 ! tideway2 long %aggy bun*es ( ,fucus s]ratus & ,fucus nodosus droop heavily f ! rock sides2 :ile ! flatt] l$ges1 t =m ! unev5 floor ^u :i* we tread1 bri/le ?ick ) ! /iff1 c>tilag9\s1 _m-cleft fronds ( at lea/ two species ( *ondrus1--! common c>rage51 & ! small] species1 ,c4 ,norvegicus4 ,n[1 9 ! ?ickly-spread fucoids ( ?is ,highl& %ore we h n a v inadequate repres5tation ( ! fir/1 or ?allog5ic vegetation1--t ( ! great ,silurian p]iod1 z exhibit$ 9 ! rocks1 f ! base to ne>ly ! top ( ! sy/em4 ,& %\ld we add to ! rocky tract1 ri* 9 fucoids1 a subm>9e mead[ ( pale %ell s&1 cov]$ by a deep gre5 swa! ( zo/]a1 ) its jo9t$ sac*>9e roots & slim fl[]s1 unfurni%$ ) petals1 we w\ld r5d] x p]haps m adequately repres5tative /ill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,,osmunda ,,regalis4 7,royal ,f]n47 ,we cross ! bea*1 & ent] on a b>e br[n moor1 comp>atively f]tile1 h[ev]1 9 ! club mosses4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ & f9e/ ( ! species1 ,lycopodium clavatum1 ) its long scaly /ems & upright spikes ( light] gre51--altoge!r a graceful ?\gh fl[]less plant1 :i* ! h]d-boy le>ns to select f among its fell[s1 & to b9d r\nd 8 cap1--goes trail+ on ! dri] spots = _m feet ov] ! soil2 :ile at ! edge ( trickl+ runnel or m>%y holl[1 a small] & less h>dy species1 ,lycopodium inundatum1 takes its place4 ,! m>%es !mselves bri/le ?ick ) ! deep gre5 horse tail1 ,equisetum fluviatile1 ) its flut$ /em & v]ticillate s]ies ( l9e> br&ies4 ,two o!r species ( ! same g5us1 ,equisetum sylvaticum & ,equisetum arv5se1 fl\ri% on ! dri] p>ts ( ! moor1 bl5t ) two species ( m9ute f]ns1 ! moonwort & ! add]'s tongue1--f]ns t1 l ! magnific5t royal f]n 7,osmunda regalis71 ?\gh on a mu* humbl] scale1 be> _! se$ cases on indep5d5t /ems1 & 7 mu* s\ght aft] ( old = imag9>y virtues1 :i* ! mod]n s*ools ( m$ic9e refuse to recognize4 ,high] up ! moor1 f]ns ( ampl] size occur1 & :at seems to be ru%es1 :i* be> atop conglobate panicles on _! smoo? leafless /ems2 b at its l[] edge little else appe>s ?an ! high] ,acrog5s1--f]ns & _! allies4 ,!re occurs1 h[ev]1 j beyond ! fir/ gr\p ( club mosses1--a rem>kable exception 9 a solit>y p9e1--! advance gu>d ( "o ( ! anci5t =e/s ( ! c\ntry1 :i* may be se5 f> 9 ! backgr\nd1 clo?+ ) its %aggy cov]+ ( deep gre5 ! l[] hill-slopes4 ,& z we f\nd 9 ! ,?allog5s ( t littoral zone ov] :i* we h j pass$1 repres5tatives ( ! m>9e flora ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 f ! fir/ appe>ance ( organisms 9 its ne!r b$s1 to its bone-b$ ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ rocks1 9 :i* ! ,lycopodites fir/ appe>1 s 9 ! ,acrog5s ( t moor1 ) its solit>y conif]\s tree1 we may recognize an equally /rik+ repres5tative ( ! t]re/rial flora :i* exi/$ dur+ ! deposition ( ^! ,ludl[ rocks1 & ( ! v>i\s =mations ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,l[]1 ,middle1 & ,upp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,p9us ,,sylve/ris4 7,scot* ,fir47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,calamite8 ,( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,%etl&4 7,"o eigh? nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,lycopodite8 ,( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,?urso4 7,mag4 two diamet]s47 ,9 ! upp] b$s ( ! ,upp] ,silurian1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 ,lycopodites are ! only t]re/rial plants yet f\nd4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one we f9d add$ to ^!1 ) ,?allog5s t be> at lea/ ! same g5]al "* z 9 ! sy/em b5ea?1 m9ute f]ns1 & a greatly l>g] plant1 alli$ to ! horse tails4 ,! ,old ,r$ flora seems to h be5 prevail+ly an acrog5ic flora2 & yet ) almo/ its fir/ beg9n+s1--contempor>y ) at lea/ ! e>li] fossils ( ! sy/em 9 ,scotl&1 we f9d a true polycotyl$on\s tree1 n l[] 9 ! scale ?an ! arauc>ites ( ! ,coal ,measures1--:i* 9 /ructure x greatly resembles1--or ?an ! p9es or c$>s ( our own times 7see ,fig4 #c74 ,9 ! ,middle ,old ,r$ ,s&/one !re occurs1 ) plants repres5tative app>5tly ( ! f]ns & _! allies1 a some:at equivocal & d\btful organism1 :i* may h be5 ! panicle or comp\nd fruit ( "s aquatic ru%2 :ile 9 ! ,upp] ,old ,r$1 j ere ! gorge\s flora ( ! ,coal ,measures began to be1 !re exi/$ 9 consid]able abundance a /ately f]n1 ! ,cyclopt]is ,hib]nicus 7see ,fig4 #b71 ( mayhap n small] proportions ?an our mon>* ( ! ,briti% f]ns1 ,osmunda regalis1 associat$ ) a peculi> lepidod5dron1 & :at seems to be a lepido/robus1--possibly ! fructif]\s spike or cone ( ! latt]1 m+l$ ) c>bonace\s /ems1 :i*1 9 ! simplicity ( _! texture1 & _! abundance1 give evid5ce ( a l[ b n scanty vegetation4 ,ere pass+ to ! luxuriant c>bonif]\s flora1 ,i %all make b "o o!r rem>k4 ,! exi/+ plants :5ce we d]ive our analogies 9 deal+ ) ! vegetation ( ?is e>ly p]iod1 contribute b little1 if at all1 to ! support ( animal life4 ,! f]ns & _! allies rema9 unt\*$ by ! graz+ animals4 ,our native club mosses1 ?\gh once us$ 9 m$ic9e1 are positively delet]i\s2 ! horse tails1 ?\gh h>mless1 s ab\nd 9 silex1 :i* wraps !m r\nd ) a cuticle ( /one1 t !y are r>ely cropp$ by cattle2 :ile ! ?ickets ( f]n :i* cov] our hill-sides1 & seem s tempt+ly ri* & gre5 9 _! season1 sc>ce support ! exi/5ce ( a s+le creature1 & rema9 unt\*$ 9 /em & leaf1 f _! fir/ appe>ance 9 spr+1 until !y droop & )] "u ! fro/s ( e>ly w9t]4 ,ev5 ! insects t infe/ ! h]b>ia ( ! botani/ almo/ nev] injure 8 f]ns4 ,nor are our res9-produc+ conif]s1 ?\gh !y n\ri% a few beetles1 favorites ) ! h]bivor\s tribes 9 a mu* great] degree4 ,judg+ f all we yet "k1 ! e>lie/ t]re/rial flora may h cov]$ ! dry l& ) its mantle ( *e]ful gre51 & s]v$ its g5]al purposes1 *emical & o!rs1 9 ! well-balanc$ economy ( nature2 b ! h]b-eat+ animals w\ld h f>$ b ill ev5 :]e x ?rove mo/ luxuriantly2 & x seems to h>monize ) ! fact ( its non-edible "*1 t up to ! pres5t "t we "k n t a s+le h]bivor\s animal liv$ among its %ades4 ,f all t appe>s1 x may be inf]r$ t x _h n to s]ve ! purposes ( ! floras ( ! pass+ "t1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! poet1 ,! _w's bread dep5ds on ! %oot+ ( a se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,f]n8 ( ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,orkney4 7,nat4 ,size47 ,! flora ( ! ,coal ,measures 0 ! ri*e/ & mo/ luxuriant1 9 at lea/ individual productions1 ) :i* ! fossil botani/ has =m$ any acqua9tance4 ,nev] be=e or s9ce did our planet be> s rank a vegetation z t ( :i* ! num]\s coal seams & inflammable %ales ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod =m b a portion ( ! rema9s1--! portion sp>$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by dissipation & decay1 & 9 ! second by ! d5ud+ ag5cies4 ,almo/ all our coal1--! /or$ up fuel ( a _w1--=ms b a comp>atively small "p ( ! produce ( ?is wond]ful flora4 ,amid mu* t 0 s /range & antique ( type 9 its productions z to set ! analogies ( ! botani/ at fault1 !re occurr$ "o solit>y ord]1 n a few ( ^: species closely resembl$ _! cog5]s ( ! pres5t "t4 ,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 to its f]ns4 ,& ^! seem to h =m$ no small proportion ( ! entire flora ( ! p]iod4 ,francis e/imates ! rec5t dorsif]\s f]ns ( ,great ,brita9 at ?irty-five species1 & ! species ( all ! o!r g5]a at six m1--=ty-"o species 9 all2 & z ! fl[]+ plants ( ! c\ntry d n fall %ort ( f\rte5 hundr$ species1 ! f]ns be> to !m ! r small proportion ( ab\t "o to ?irty-five2 :]eas ( ! ,briti% ,coal ,measure flora1 9 :i* we d n yet reckon q ?ree hundr$ species ( plants1 ab\t a hundr$ & tw5ty 7 f]ns4 ,?ree sev5?s ( ! entire c>bonif]\s flora ( ,brita9 belong$ to ?is famili> class2 & = ab\t fifty species m we c discov] no ne>] analogies ?an ^? :i* connect !m ) ! f]n allies4 ,& if ) ! ,briti% ,coal ,measure we include ^? also ( ! ,cont95t ( ,am]ica1 we %all f9d ! proportions 9 favor ( ! f]ns /ill great]4 ,! numb] ( c>bonif]\s plants hi!rto describ$ am\nts1 says ,m4 ,ad4 ,brogni>t1 to ab\t five hundr$1 & ( ^! two hundr$ & fifty1--"o half ( ! :ole1--7 f]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f]ns ,,( ,,! ,,coal ,,measures4#f ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,alt+ia ,,excelsa4 ,norfolk ,isl& ,p9e4 7,"y ,specim547 ,ris+ 9 ! scale f ! l[] to ! high] vegetable =ms ( ! sy/em1--f its f]ns to its trees1--we f9d great conif]s1--s great t !y mu/ h rais$ _! heads m ?an a hundr$ feet ov] ! soil2 & su* 0 _! abundance 9 ?is neighborhood1 t "o c sc>ce exam9e a fragm5t ( coal beside "o's h\sehold fire t is n *>g$ ) _! c>boniz$ rema9s4 ,?\gh m>k$ by c]ta9 peculi>ities ( /ructure1 !y bore1 z is %[n by ! fossil trunks ( ,granton & ,craiglei?1 ! famili> outl9es ( true conif]\s trees2 & w\ld mayhap h diff]$ no m 9 appe>ance f _! successors ( ! same ord] t n[ live 9 our =e/s1 ?an ^! diff] f ! conif]s ( ,new ,zeal& or ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,we h ?us1 9 ! num]\s f]ns & num]\s conif]\s trees ( ! ,coal ,measures1 kn[n objects by :i* to conceive ( "s ( ! m prom95t features ( ! flora ( :i* !y compos$ s l>ge a "p4 ,we h n inadequate conceptions ( at once ! giants ( its =e/s & ! gre5 swa! ( its pla9s & hill-sides1--( its mighty trees & its dw>f und]wood1--( its c$>s ( ,lebanon1 s to speak1 & its hyssop ( ! wall4 ,b ( an int]m$iate class we h no exi/+ repres5tatives2 & 9 ?is class ! fossil botani/ f9ds puzzles & enigmas ) :i* hi!rto at lea/ he has be5 able to deal ) only indiff]5t success4 ,!re is a view1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly simple1 :i* may be f\nd some:at to less51 if n altoge!r remove1 ! difficulty4 ,nature does n dwell will+ly 9 m$iocrity2 & s 9 all ages %e z c]ta9ly produc$ trees1 or plants ( tree-l proportions & bulk1 z %e did m9ute %rubs & h]bs4 ,9 n a few ( ! exi/+ ord]s & families1 su* z ! ,rosace1 ! ,legum9os1 ! ,myrtace1 & _m o!rs1 we h plants ( all sizes1 f ! creep+ h]b1 half hidd5 9 ! sw>d1 to ! /ately tree4 ,! wild dw>f /rawb]ry & m9ute /one-bramble are ( ! same ord] z our f9] or*>d trees1--apple1 pe>1 & plum1--or z ^? noble haw?orn1 m\nta9 a%1 & wild *]ry trees1 t imp>t su* beauty to our lawns & woods2 & ! m9ute spr+ vet* & ev]la/+ pea are d5iz5s ( ! same great family z ! tall locu/ & rosewood trees1 & ! gorge\s laburnum4 ,did !re exi/ no o!r plants ?an ! ,rosace or ! ,legum9os1 we w\ld possess1 not)/&+1 h]bs1 %rubs1 & trees1 j z we d n[4 ,& 9 plants ( a greatly humbl] ord] we h in/ances ( simil> v>iety 9 po9t ( size4 ,! humble/ grass 9 our mead[s belongs to ! same natural ord] z ! tall bamboo1 t1 %oot+ up its panicles amid ! jungles ( ,india to ! height ( sixty feet1 looks d[n ^u all ! second class trees ( ! c\ntry4 ,aga91 ! m9ute =k$ sple5wort ( ,ar?ur ,seat1 :i* r>ely exce$s ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 is ( ! same family z ^? tree-f]ns ( ,new ,zeal& & ,tasmania t rise to an elevation ( f tw5ty to ?irty feet4 ,& we "k h[ 9 ! f]ns provision is made = ! atta9m5t & ma9t5ance ( ! tree-l size & "*4 ,! ra*is1 :i* 9 ! small] species is ei!r subt]ranean or runs along ! gr\nd1 takes 9 ! tree-f]n a diff]5t direction1 &1 ris+ erect1 climbs sl[ly upw>ds 9 ! "* ( a trunk or /em1 & s5ds out atop1 ye> aft] ye>1 a high] & yet high] coronal ( fronds4 ,& 9 ord] to imp>t ! necess>y /r5g? to ?is trunk1 & to enable x to w> = ages ) ! elem5ts1 its mass ( s(t cellul> tissue is /r5g!n$ all r\nd by int]nal buttresses ( d5se vascul> fibre1 t\gh & ela/ic z ! /ronge/ woods4 ,n[1 n a few ( ! m anomal\s =ms ( ! ,coal ,measures seem to be simply f]n allies ( ! types ,lycopodiace1 ,m>sileace1 & ,equisetum1 t1 escap+ f ! m$iocrity ( m]e h]bs1 %ot up into trees1--"s ( !m v great trees1--& t _h ( necessity to be furni%$ ) a tissue widely diff]5t f t ( _! m9ut] contempor>ies & successors4 ,x 0 ( c\rse an absolute me*anical necessity1 t if !y 7 to pres5t1 by be+ tall & l>ge1 a wide front to ! tempe/1 !y %\ld also be comp>atively solid & /rong to resi/ x2 b ) ?is simple me*anical requirem5t !re seems to h m+l$ a pr9ciple ( a m occult "*4 ,! ,gymnog5s or conif]s 7 ! highe/ vegetable exi/5ces ( ! p]iod1--its true trees2 & all ! tree-l f]n allies 7 /r5g!n$ to meet ! necessities ( _! increas$ size1 on1 if ,i may s speak1 a conif]\s pr9ciple4 ,tissue resembl+ t ( _! contempor>y conif]s imp>t$ ! necess>y rigidity to _! framework2 nay1 s /rangely 7 !y p]vad$ ?r\gh\t by ! conif]\s *>act]i/ics1 t x seems difficult to det]m9e :e!r !y really mo/ resembl$ ! acrog5\s or gymnog5\s families4 ,! ,lepidod5dra1--great plants ( ! club moss type1 t rose f fifty to sev5ty feet 9 height1--_h well nigh z _m po9ts ( resemblance to ! conif] z to ! ,lycopodites4 ,! ,calamites1--re$-l1 jo9t$ plants1 t m ne>ly resemble ! ,equisetace ?an aught else :i* n[ exi/s1 b :i* atta9$1 9 ! l>g] specim5s1 to ! height ( ord9>y trees1 also manife/ v decid$ly1 9 _! int]nal /ructure1 "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! conif]s4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton ( ev5 ,sph5ophyllum1--a g5us ( plants ) v]ticillate leaves1 ( :i* at lea/ six species occur 9 our ,coal ,measures1 & :i* ,brogni>t ref]s to "o ( ! humble/ families ( ! f]n allies1--t x seems at lea/ z ne>ly relat$ to ! ,conif] z to its l[li] repres5tatives1 ! ,m>sileace4 ,& x is ?is union ( traits1 p]ta9+ to :at are n[ widely sep>at$ ord]s1 t imp>ts to n a few ( ! vegetables ( ! ,coal ,measures _! s+ul>ly anomal\s "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,ea/ ,,india ,,tree-,,f]n4#g 7,asophila p]rotetiana47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,section ,,( ,,/em ,,( ,,tree-,,f]n4#h 7,cya!a47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lepidod5dron ,,/]nb]gii4#i ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,,calamites ,,m\geotii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,,sph5ophyllum ,,d5tatum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,,sigill>ia ,,r5i=mis4 ,let me attempt introduc+ y m intimately to "o ( ^? plants :i* pres5t sc>ce any analogy ) exi/+ =ms1 & :i* mu/ h imp>t$ s /range a "* & appe>ance to ! flora ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,! ,sigill>ia =m$ a num]\s g5us ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod3 no few] ?an tw5ty-two diff]5t species h be5 enum]at$ 9 ! ,briti% coal fields alone2 & su* 0 _! individual abundance1 t !re are great seams ( coal :i* seem to be almo/ entirely compos$ ( _! rema9s4 ,at lea/ ! anci5t soil on :i* ^! seams re/1 & on :i* _! mat]ials appe> to h be5 elaborat$ f ! elem5ts1 is 9 _m in/ances z ?ickly trav]s$ by _! und]gr\nd /ems z ! soil occupi$ by our d5se/ =e/s is trav]s$ by ! tangl$ roots ( ! trees by :i* x is cov]$2 & we (t5 f9d associat$ ) !m 9 ^! cases ! rema9s ( no o!r plant4 ,! ,sigill>ia 7 rem>kable = _! beautifully sculptur$ /ems1 v>i\s 9 _! patt]n1 accord+ to _! species4 ,all 7 flut$ v]tically1 some:at l columns ( ! ,grecian ,doric2 & ea* flute or *annel _h its l9e ( sculpture runn+ ad[n its c5tre4 ,9 "o species 7,s4 flexuosa7 ! sculpture consi/s ( r\nd knobs1 surr\nd$ by s+le r+s1 l ! heads ( ! bolts ( ! %ip c>p5t]2 9 ano!r 7,s4 r5i=mis7 ! knobs are d\ble1 & ( an oval =m1 some:at resembl+ pairs ( kidneys1--a resemblance to :i* ! species owes its "n4 ,9 ano!r species 7,s4 cat5ulata7 :at seems a m9ute *a9 ( di/9ctly =m$ elliptical l9ks drops d[n ! middle ( ea* flute2 9 yet ano!r 7,s4 oculata7 ! c>v+s are ( an oval =m1 &1 be>+ ea* a r\nd impression 9 its c5tre1 !y some:at resemble r[s ( />+ goggle-eyes2 :ile ! c>v+s 9 yet ano!r species 7,s4 pa*yd]ma7 consi/ *iefly ( cresc5t-%ap$ depressions4 ,! roots1 or r und]gr\nd /ems1 ( ?is curi\s g5us attract$ notice1 f _! s+ul>ity1 long ere _! connection ) ! c>v$ & flut$ /ems _h be5 det]m9$1 & h be5 (t5 describ$ z ! /igm>ia ( ! fossil botani/4 ,!y1 too1 h _! curi\s c>v+s1 consi/+ ( deeply m>k$ /igmata1 qu9cuncially arrang$1 ) ea* a little r+ at its bottom1 &1 9 at lea/ "o r>e species1 surr\nd$ by a sculptur$ />4 ,unlike true roots1 !y t]m9ate abruptly2 ea* rootlet :i* !y s5d =? 0 jo9t$ to ! little r+ or dimpl$ knob at ! bottom ( ! /igmata2 & ! appe>ance ( ! :ole1 z x radiat$ f ! c5tral mass1 :5ce ! c>v$ trunk proce$$1 some:at resembl$ t ( an enorm\s coa*-:eel dive/$ ( ! rim4 ,un=tunately we _c yet complete our description ( ?is /range plant4 ,a specim51 trac$ = ab\t =ty feet across a %ale b$1 0 f\nd to bifurcate atop into two great bran*es1--a *>act]i/ic 9 :i*1 ) sev]al o!rs1 x diff]$ f mo/ ( ! tree-f]ns1--a class ( plants to :i* ,adolphe ,brogni>t is incl9$ to deem x relat$2 b no specim5 has yet %[n ! nature ( its foliage4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 n a little dispos$ to believe ) ,brogni>t t x may h borne z leaves "s ( ! suppos$ f]ns ( ! ,coal ,measures2 n[h]e1 at lea/1 h ,i f\nd ^! lie s ?ickly1 lay] above lay]1 z ar\nd ! /ems ( ,sigill>ia2 & ! fact t1 ev5 9 our own times1 plants widely diff]+ f ! tree-f]ns1--su*1 = in/ance1 z "o ( ! ,cycade1--%\ld be> leaves sc>ce di/+ui%able f f]n fronds1 may well reconcile u to an app>5t anomaly 9 ! case ( an anci5t plant su* z ,sigill>ia1 ^: entire con/itution1 s f> z x has be5 asc]ta9$1 appe>s to h be5 anomal\s4 ,! sculpturesque "* ( ?is ri*ly frett$ g5us 0 %>$ by n a few ( its contempor>ies4 ,! ,ulod5dra1 ) _! rectil9e> r[s ( circul> sc>s1 & _! /ems cov]$ ) leaf-l c>v+s1 rivall$ 9 effect ! ornately reliev$ torus ( a ,cor9?ian column3 ,favul>ia1 ,knorria1 ,halonia1 _m ( ! ,calamites1 & all ! ,lepidod5dra1 exhibit$ ! mo/ delicate sculptur+4 ,9 walk+ among ! ru9s ( ?is anci5t flora1 ! ,palontologi/ almo/ feels z if he _h got among ! brok5 fragm5ts ( ,italian palaces1 erect$ long ages ago1 :5 ! ar*itecture ( ,rome 0 mo/ ornate1 & e m\ld+ 0 r\gh5$ ) ornam5t2 & 9 attempt+ to call up 9 fancy ! old ,c>bonif]\s =e/s1 he has to dwell on ?is peculi> feature z "o ( ! mo/ prom95t1 & to see1 9 ! multitude ( trunks d>k5$ above by cl\ds ( foliage1 t rise ^u him 9 ! prospect1 ! slim columns ( an eld] ,alhambra1 r\gh5$ ) arabesque trac]y & exquisite filagree "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,sigill>ia ,,r5i=mis4 7,nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,,sigill>ia ,,pa*yd]ma4 7,"o f\r? nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,,/igm>ia ,,ficoides4 7,"o f\r? nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,,favul>ia ,,tessellata4 7,"o fif? nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,,lepidod5dron ,,obovatum4 7,nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,,cycas ,,revoluta4 7,rec5t47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4#ce4 ,,zamia ,,pung5s4 7,rec5t47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,,zamia ,,f5eonis 7,,portl& ,,oolite47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,,mantellia ,,nidi=mis4 7,portl& ,dirt-b$47 ,9 ! ,oolitic flora we f9d a few peculi> features introduc$4 ,! ,cyeade1--a family ( plants alli$ to ! f]ns on ! "o h&1 & to ! conif]s on ! o!r1 & :i* 9 _! g5]al aspect n a little resemble /unt$ palms1--appe> 9 ?is flora = ! fir/ "t4 ,its conif]\s g5]a1 too1 receive great accessions to _! numb]s1 & beg9 to resemble1 m closely ?an at an e>li] p]iod1 ! g5]a :i* /ill cont9ue to exi/4 ,! cypresses1 ! yews1 ! ?ujas1 ! damm>as1 all make _! e>lie/ appe>ance 9 ! flora ( ! ,oolite4 ,among our exi/+ woods !re seem to be b two conif]s 7t atta9 to ! dignity ( trees7 indig5\s to ,brita91--! common yew1 ,taxus baccata1 & ! common ,scot* fir1 ,p9us sylve/ris2 & yet we "k t ! latt] alone =m$1 dur+ ! la/ few c5turies1 great woods1 t d>k5$ = _m miles toge!r ! n[ b>r5 moors & b>e hill-sides ( ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1--moors & hill-sides t1 ?\gh long s9ce dive/$ ( _! la/ tree1 are /ill kn[n by _! old "n ( =e/s4 ,9 ! times ( ! ,oolite1 on ! o!r h&1 ,brita9 _h f f\rte5 to tw5ty diff]5t species ( conif]s2 & its great =e/s1 ( ^: exi/5ce we h direct evid5ce 9 ! v abundant lignites ( ! sy/em1 mu/ h possess$ a ri*ness & v>iety :i* our anci5t fir woods ( ! hi/oric or human p]iod c\ld n h possess$4 ,) ! ,conif]s & ! ,cycade !re 7 _m f]ns associat$1--s _m1 t !y /ill compos$ ne>ly two fif?s ( ! entire flora2 & associat$ ) ^!1 ?\gh 9 r$uc$ proportions1 we f9d ! f]n allies4 ,! r$uction1 h[ev]1 ( ^! la/ is r 9 species ?an 9 individuals4 ,! ,brora ,coal1 "o ( ! mo/ consid]able ,oolitic seams 9 ,europe1 seems to h be5 =m$ almo/ exclusively ( an equisetum1--,e4 column>e4 ,9 ?is flora ! m equivocal productions ( ! ,coal ,measures are repres5t$ by :at seems to be ! la/ ( ! ,calamites2 b x conta9s no ,lepidod5dra1--no ,ulod5dra1--no ,sigill>ia1--no ,favul>ia1--no ,knorria or ,halonia4 ,^? mon/]s ( ! vegetable _w t unit$ to ! =ms ( its humbl] productions ! bulk ( trees1 _h1 ) ! solit>y exception ( ! ,calamites1 pass$ into ext9ction2 & ere ! close ( ! sy/em !y too _h disappe>$4 ,! =ms borne by mo/ ( ! ,oolitic plants 7 comp>atively famili> =ms4 ,) ! ,acrog5s & ,gymnog5s we f9d ! fir/ indication ( ! ,liliace1 or lily-l plants1--( plants1 too1 alli$ to ! ,p&anace or screw p9es1 ! fruits ( :i* are sometimes pres]v$ 9 a wond]fully p]fect /ate ( keep+ 9 ! ,inf]ior ,oolite1 toge!r ) ,c>poli!s1--palm-l fruits1 v ornately sculptur$1--& ! rema9s ( at lea/ "o o!r monocotyl$on1 t be>s ! some:at g5]al "n ( an ,endog5ite4 ,) ^! !re occur a few disput$ leaves1 :i* ,i mu/ p]si/ 9 reg>d+ z dicotyl$on\s4 ,b !y =m$1 :atev] _! true "*1 a v inconspicu\s feature 9 ! ,oolitic flora2 & n until ! ov]ly+ ,cretace\s ,sy/em is u%]$ 9 d we f9d leaves 9 any consid]able quantity decid$ly ( ?is high family2 nor until we ent] into ! e>li] ,t]ti>ies d we succe$ 9 detect+ a true dicotyl$on\s tree4 ,on su* an am\nt ( obs]vation is ?is ord] ( succession det]m9$1--?\gh ! evid5ce is1 ( c\rse1 ma9ly negative1--t :51 "s eight or t5 ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,john ,wilson1 ! le>n$ ,free ,*ur* mission>y to ! ,p>sees ( ,india1 submitt$ to me specim5s ( fossil woods :i* he _h pick$ up 9 ! ,egyptian ,des]t1 9 ord] t ,i might if possible det]m9e _! age1 ,i told him1 ere yet ! optical lapid>y _h prep>$ !m = exam9ation1 t if !y exhibit$ ! conif]\s /ructure1 !y might belong to any geologic p]iod f ! times ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one d[nw>ds2 b t if !y manife/$ 9 _! tissue ! dicotyl$on\s "*1 !y c\ld n be old] ?an ! times ( ! ,t]ti>y4 ,on submitt+ !m 9 ?9 slices to ! microscope1 !y 7 f\nd to exhibit ! peculi> dicotyl$on\s /ructure z /rongly z ! oak or *e/nut4 ,& ,lieut5ant ,newbold's rese>*es 9 ! deposit 9 :i* !y occur has s9ce demon/rat$1 on /ratigraphical evid5ce1 t n only does x belong to ! great ,t]ti>y division1 b also to "o ( ! comp>atively mod]n =mations ( ! ,t]ti>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch ,,equisetum ,,column>e4 7,nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,,c>poli!s ,,conica4 7,r$uc$ "o ?ird47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,,c>poli!s ,,buckl&ii4#aj 7,r$uc$ "o ?ird47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,,ac] ,,trilobatum4#aa 7,mioc5e ( ,o,eningen47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,,ulmus ,,bronnii4#ab 7,mioc5e ( ,bohemia47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,,palmacites ,,lamanonis4 7,a ,palm ( ! ,mioc5e ( ,aix47 ,! e>li] flora ( ?is ,t]ti>y division pres5ts an aspect widely diff]5t f t ( any ( ! previ\s ones4 ,! f]ns & _! allies s9k into _! exi/+ proportions2 nor d ! conif]1 previ\sly s abundant1 occupy any long] a prom95t place4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dicotyl$on\s h]bs & trees1 previ\sly s inconspicu\s 9 creation1 are l>gely develop$4 ,trees ( ^? ,am5tif]\s ord]s to :i* ! oak1 ! hazel1 ! bee*1 & ! plane belong1 7 p]haps n less abundant 9 ! ,eoc5e woods ?an 9 ^? ( ! pres5t "t3 !y 7 m+l$ ) trees ( ! ,laurel1 ! ,legum9\s1 & ! ,anonace\s or cu/>d apple families1 ) _m o!rs2 & deep =e/s1 9 ! latitude ( ,london 79 :i* ! int]tropical =ms mu/ n[ be protect$1 z 9 ! ,cry/al ,palace1 ) cov]+s ( glass1 & w>m$ by artificial heat71 ab\nd$ 9 graceful palms4 ,mr4 ,b[]bank f\nd 9 ! ,london clay ( ! isl& ( ,%eppey alone ! fruits ( no few] ?an ?irte5 diff]5t species ( ?is picturesque family1 :i* l5ds s peculi> a feature to ! l&scapes 9 :i* x occurs2 & asc]ta9$ t ! und]gr[? b5ea? 0 compos$1 9 l>ge proportion1 ( creep+ plants ( ! g\rd & melon ord]4 ,f ! middle or ,mioc5e flora ( ! ,t]ti>y division1--( :i* we seem to possess 9 ,brita9 only ! small b int]e/+ fragm5t detect$ by 8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,argyll among ! trap-b$s ( ,mull1--mo/ ( ! m exotic =ms seem to h be5 exclud$4 ,! palms1 h[ev]1 /ill survive 9 no few] ?an ?irty-"o diff]5t species1 & we f9d 9 great abundance1 9 ! place ( ! o!r exotics1 rema9s ( ! plane & buck?orn families1--"p ( a gr\p ( plants t 9 _! g5]al aspect1 z %[n 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits ( ! ,cont95t1 n a little resembl$ ! vegetation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! pres5t day4 ,! ne>] we approa* to exi/+ times1 ! m famili> 9 =m & outl9e d ! h]bs & trees become4 ,we detect1 z has be5 %[n1 at lea/ "o exi/+ ord] 9 ! f]ns ( ! ,coal ,measures2 we detect at lea/ exi/+ g5]a among ! ,conif]1 ,equisetace1 & ,cycadace ( ! ,oolite2 ! acacias1 g\rds1 & laurels ( ! ,eoc5e flora1 & ! planes1 will[s1 & buck?orns ( ! ,mioc5e1 ?\gh we fail to id5tify _! species ) aught t n[ lives1 /ill m /rongly rem9d u ( ! rec5t productions ( our =e/s or cons]vatories2 &1 on ent]+1 9 our d[nw>d c\rse1 ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 we at l5g? f9d ourselves among famili> species4 ,on old t]re/rial surfaces1 t date be=e ! times ( ! glacial p]iod1 & und]lie ! b\ld] clay1 ! rema9s ( =e/s ( oak1 bir*1 hazel1 & fir h be5 detect$1--all ( ! famili> species indig5\s to ! c\ntry1 & :i* /ill fl\ri% 9 our native woods4 ,& x 0 held by ! late ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes1 t ! mo/ anci5t ( 8 five exi/+ ,briti% floras1--t :i* occurs 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,irel&1 & corresponds ) ! flora ( ! nor?we/ ( ,spa9 & ! ,pyr5ees1--_h be5 introduc$ into ! c\ntry z e>ly1 p]haps1 z ! times ( ! ,mioc5e4 ,be ?is1 h[ev]1 z x may1 !re c re/ no d\bt on ! great antiquity ( ! prevail+ trees ( our indig5\s =e/s4 ,! oak1 ! bir*1 ! hazel1 ! ,scot* fir1 all liv$1 ,i repeat1 9 :at is n[ ,brita91 ere ! la/ great depression ( ! l&4 ,! gigantic nor!rn elephant & rh9oc]os1 ext9ct = untold ages1 =c$ _! way ?r\gh _! tangl$ bran*es2 & ! ,briti% tig] & hyna h>bor$ 9 _! ?ickets4 ,cuvi] fram$ an argum5t = ! fixity ( species on ! fact t ! birds & bea/s embalm$ 9 ! catacombs 7 id5tical 9 e respect ) ! animals ( ! same k9ds t live n[4 ,b :at1 x has be5 ask$1 0 a brief p]iod ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 comp>$ ) ! geologic ages8 or h[ c\ld any su* argum5t be f\nd$ on a basis s little ext5d$8 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to no su* n>r[ basis we c ref] 9 ! case ( ^! woods4 ,all human hi/ory is compris$ 9 ! ne>] corn] ( ! imm5se p]iod :i* !y measure out2 & yet1 f _! fir/ appe>ance 9 creation till n[ !y h n alt]$ a s+le fibre4 ,& su*1 on ?is po9t1 is ! inv>iable te/imony ( ,palontologic sci5ce1--te/imony s inv>iable1 t no great ,palontologi/ 0 ev] yet an ass]t] ( ! developm5t hypo!sis4 ,) ! exi/+ trees ( our indig5\s woods x is probable t 9 ev5 ^! e>ly times a consid]able portion ( ! h]bs ( our rec5t flora w\ld h be5 associat$1 ?\gh _! rema9s1 less fitt$ = pres]vation1 h fail$ to leave di/9ct trace beh9d !m4 ,we at lea/ "k g5]ally1 t ) ea* succe$+ p]iod !re appe>$ a m ext5sively useful & v>i\s vegetation ?an t :i* _h gone be=e4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! sombre1 unproductive "* ( ! e>lie/ t]re/rial flora ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,x 0 a flora unfitt$1 app>5tly1 = ! support ( ei!r gram9ivor\s bird or h]bivor\s quadrup$4 ,! s+ul>ly pr(use vegetation ( ! ,coal ,measures 01 ) all its wild luxuriance1 ( a resembl+ ca/4 ,s f> z appe>s1 nei!r flock nor h]d c\ld h liv$ on its gre5e/ & ri*e/ pla9s2 nor does ev5 ! flora ( ! ,oolite seem to h be5 9 ! lea/ suit$ = ! purposes ( ! %eph]d or h]dsman4 ,n until we ent] on ! ,t]ti>y p]iods d we f9d floras amid :i* man might h pr(itably labor$ z a dress] ( g>d5s1 a till] ( fields1 or a keep] ( flocks & h]ds4 ,nay1 !re are :ole ord]s & families ( plants ( ! v fir/ importance to man :i* d n appe> until late 9 ev5 ! ,t]ti>y ages4 ,"s degree ( d\bt mu/ always atta* to m]ely negative evid5ce2 b ,agassiz1 a geologi/ ^: /atem5ts mu/ be receiv$ ) respect by e /ud5t ( ! sci5ce1 f9ds reason to conclude t ! ord] ( ! ,rosace1--an ord] m important to ! g>d5] ?an almo/ any o!r1 & to :i* ! apple1 ! pe>1 ! qu9ce1 ! *]ry1 ! plum1 ! pea*1 ! apricot1 ! victor9e1 ! almond1 ! raspb]ry1 ! /rawb]ry1 & ! v>i\s brambleb]ries belong1 toge!r ) all ! roses & ! pot5tillas1--0 introduc$ only a %ort "t previ\s to ! appe>ance ( man4 ,& ! true grasses1--a /ill m important ord]1 :i*1 z ! corn-be>+ plants ( ! agriculturi/1 fe$ at ! pres5t "t at lea/ two ?irds ( ! human species1 & 9 _! humbl] v>ieties =m ! /aple food ( ! graz+ animals1--sc>ce appe> 9 ! fossil /ate at all4 ,!y are peculi>ly plants ( ! human p]iod4 ,let me in/ance "o o!r family ( :i* ! fossil botani/ has n yet succe$$ 9 f9d+ any trace 9 ev5 ! ,t]ti>y deposits1 & :i* appe>s to h be5 specially creat$ = ! gratification ( human s5se4 ,unlike ! ,rosace1 x exhibits no ri* bl[ ( color1 or tempt+ %[ ( lusci\s fruit2--- x does n appeal v directly to ei!r ! s5se ( ta/e or ( sight3 b x is ri*ly odorif]\s2 &1 ?\gh deem$ some:at out ( place 9 ! g>d5 = ! la/ c5tury & m1 x ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( "s ( our mo/ fa%ionable p]fumes4 ,i ref] to ! ,labiate family1--a family to :i* ! lav5d]s1 ! m9ts1 ! ?ymes1 & ! hyssops belong1 ) basil1 rosem>y1 & m>joram1--all plants ( gray r5[n1 z ,%5/one happily rem>ks 9 8 description ( ! h]bal ( 8 ,s*oolmi/ress4 ,h]bs too %e knew1 & well ( ea* c\ld speak1 ,t 9 h] g>d5 sipp$ ! silv]y dew1 ,:]e no va9 fl[] disclos$ a gaudy /reak1 ,b h]bs = use & physic n a few1 ,( gray r5[n )9 ^? bord]s grew4 ,! tuft$ basil1 pun-provok+ ?yme1 ,& fragrant balm1 & sage ( sob] hue4 ,& m>joram sweet 9 %eph]d's posie f\nd1 ,& lav5d]1 ^: spikes ( azure bloom ,%all be ere:ile 9 arid bundles b\nd1 ,to lurk amid h] labors ( ! loom1 ,& cr[n h] k]*iefs clean ) meikle r>e p]fume4 ,& "h trim rosem>y1 t :ilom cr[n$ ,! da9tie/ g>d5 ( ! pr\de/ pe]1 ,ere1 driv5 f its envi$ site1 x f\nd ,a sacr$ %elt] = its bran*es "h1 ,:]e1 edg$ ) gold1 its glitt]+ skirts appe>1 ,) horeh\nd gray1 & m9t ( s(t] gre54 ,all ! plants "h enum]at$ belong to ! labiate family2 :i*1 ?\gh unfa%ionable ev5 9 ,%5/one's days1 h /ill _! products favorably receiv$ 9 ! v be/ society4 ,! rosem>y1 ^: bani%m5t f ! g>d5s ( ! great he specially records1 ent]s l>gely 9 ! composition ( eau de ,cologne4 ,( ! lav5d]s1 "o species 7,lav5dula v]a7 yields ! well kn[n lav5d] oil1 & ano!r 7,l4 latifolio7 ! spike oil4 ,! pepp]m9t 7,mean?a viridus7 furni%es ! ess5ce s popul> "u t "n among our confection]s2 & "o ( ! mo/ valu$ p]fumes ( ! ,ea/ 7next to ! fam\s ,att>1 a product ( ! ,rosace7 is ! oil ( ! ,pat*\ly plant1 ano!r ( ! labiates4 ,let me indulge1 ere quitt+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 9 a s+le rem>k4 ,!re h be5 classes ( religioni/s1 n :olly abs5t f our own c\ntry1 & well kn[n on ! ,cont95t1 :o h deem$ x a m]it to d5y !mselves e pleasure ( s5se1 h[ev] innoc5t & delicate4 ,! excell5t b mi/ak5 ,pascal refus$ to look ^u a lovely l&scape2 & ! ,port ,royali/ nuns rem>k$1 some:at simply = _! side ( ! argum5t1 t !y seem$ z if w>r+ ) ,provid5ce1 see+ t ! favors :i* he 0 abundantly %[]+ ^u !m1 !y1 9 ob$i5ce to ! /]n law ( _! lives1 7 cont9ually reject+4 ,b x is bett]1 surely1 to be on ! side ( ,provid5ce aga9/ ,pascal & ! nuns1 ?an on ! side ( ,pascal & ! nuns aga9/ ,provid5ce4 ,! great ,creator1 :o has provid$ s wisely & abundantly = all 8 creatures1 kn[s :at is be/ = u1 inf9itely bett] ?an we d ourselves2 & !re is nei!r s5se nor m]it1 surely1 9 *urli%ly refus+ to p>take ( t ample ent]ta9m5t1 spr9kl$ ) delicate p]fumes1 g>ni%$ ) roses1 & cr[n$ ) ! mo/ delici\s fruit1 :i* we n[ "k 0 n only specially prep>$ = u1 b also got ready1 z ne>ly z we c judge1 = ! appo9t$ h\r ( our appe>ance at ! fea/4 ,?is we also "k1 t :5 ! ,div9e ,man came into ! _w1--unlike ! ,port ,royali/s1 he did n refuse ! temp]ate use ( any ( ^! luxuries1 n ev5 ( t o9tm5t ( spik5>d1 v preci\s 7a product ( ! labiate family71 ) :i* ,m>y ano9t$ 8 feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,,cycloph?almus ,,buckl&i4 7,a ,fossil ,scorpion ( ! ,coal ,measures ( ,bohemia47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,,fossil ,,dragon-,,fly4 ,sol5h(54 ,?\gh x may at fir/ seem a little out ( place1 let u anticipate "h1 = ! sake ( ! illu/ration :i* x af=ds1 "o ( ! sections ( ! o!r great division ( our subject1--t :i* treats ( ! fossil animals4 ,let u run briefly ov] ! geologic hi/ory ( insects1 9 ord] t we may m>k ! peculi> light :i* x ca/s on ! "* ( ! anci5t floras4 ,no insects h yet be5 detect$ 9 ! ,silurian or ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ,sy/ems4 ,!y fir/ appe> amid ! h>d1 dry1 fl[]less vegetation ( ! ,coal ,measures1 & 9 g5]a suit$ to its "*4 ,among ^! ! scorpions take a prom95t place1--c>nivor\s ara*nid ( ill repute1 t live "u /ones & fall5 trunks1 & seize fa/ ) _! nipp]s ^u ! creatures on :i* !y prey1 cru/aceans usually1 su* z ! wood-l\se1 or insects1 su* z ! e>?-beetles & _! grubs4 ,) ! scorpions !re occur cockroa*es ( types n at all unlike ! exi/+ ones1 & t1 judg+ f _! appe>ance1 mu/ h be5 f\l fe$]s1 to :i* sc>ce any?+ c\ld h come amiss z food4 ,books1 manuscripts1 lea!r1 ink1 oil1 meat1 ev5 ! bodies ( ! dead1 are dev\r$ indiscrim9ately by ! rec5t ,blatta gigantea ( ! w>m] p>ts ( ! globe1--"o ( ! mo/ disagreeable pe/s ( ! ,european settl]1 or ( w> vessels on =eign /ations4 ,i h among my books an age-embr[n$ copy ( ,ramsay's ,tea ,table ,miscellany1 t _h be5 c>ri$ into =eign p>ts by a musical relation1 aft] x _h se5 h>d s]vice at home1 & _h become smoke dri$ & black2 & yet ev5 x1 ?\gh b little tempt+1 z might be ?\ght1 0 n safe f ! cockroa*es2 =1 f9d+ x left op5 "o day1 !y ate out 9 half an h\r half its table ( cont5ts1 consi/+ ( sev]al leaves4 ,assur$ly1 if ! anci5t ,blatt 7 z little nice 9 _! eat+ z ! dev\r]s ( ! ,tea ,table ,miscellany1 !y w\ld n h lack$ food amid ev5 ! unproductive flora & meagre fauna ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,) ^! anci5t cockroa*es a few locu/s & beetles h be5 f\nd associat$1 toge!r ) a small ,t9ea1--a creature alli$ to ! common clo!s-mo?1 & a ,phasmia1--a creature relat$ to ! spectre insects4 ,b ! gr\p is an inconsid]able "o2 = insects seem to h occupi$ no v conspicu\s place 9 ! c>bonif]\s fauna4 ,! beetles appe> to h be5 ( ! wood & se$ dev\r+ k9ds1 & w\ld probably h f\nd _! food among ! conif]s2 ! ,phasmid & gras%opp]s w\ld h liv$ on ! t5d] %oots ( ! less rigid plants _! contempor>ies2 ! ,t9ea1 probably on ligne\s or cottony fibre4 ,n a s+le insect has ! sy/em yet produc$ ( ! n[ num]\s k9ds t seek _! food among fl[]s4 ,9 ! ,oolitic ages1 h[ev]1 insects become greatly m num]\s1--s num]\s t !y seem$ to h =m$ almo/ exclusively ! food ( ! e>lie/ mammals1 & app>5tly also ( "s ( ! fly+ reptiles ( ! "t4 ,! magnific5t dragon-flies1 ! c>nivor\s tyrants ( _! race1 7 abundant2 & we n[ "k1 t :ile !y 71 z _! "n indicates1 dragons to ! weak] insects1 !y !mselves 7 dev\r$ by dragons z truly su* z 7 ev] yet feign$ by romanc] ( ! middle ages4 ,ants 7 also common1 ) crickets1 gras%opp]s1 bugs bo? ( ! l& & wat]1 beetles1 two-w+$ flies1 &1 9 species di/9ct f ! prec$+ c>bonif]\s ones1 ! disgu/+ cockroa*es4 ,& = ! fir/ "t amid ! rema9s ( a flora t seems to h _h its few fl[]s1--?\gh fl[]s c\ld h =m$ no conspicu\s feature 9 ev5 an ,oolitic l&scape1--we detect 9 a few brok5 fragm5ts ( ! w+s ( butt]flies1 decid$ trace ( ! fl[]-suck+ insects4 ,n1 h[ev]1 until we ent] into ! great ,t]ti>y division d ^! become num]\s4 ,! fir/ bee makes its appe>ance 9 ! amb] ( ! ,eoc5e1 lock$ up h]metically 9 its gem-l tomb1--an embalm$ corpse 9 a cry/al c(f91--along ) fragm5ts ( fl[]-be>+ h]bs & trees4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,bombycid too1--insects t maybe se5 susp5d$ ov] fl[]s by ! sc>ce visible vibrations ( _! w+s1 suck+ ! honi$ juices by means ( _! long1 sl5d] trunks1--also appe> 9 ! amb]1 associat$ ) mo?s1 butt]flies1 & a few cat]pill>s4 ,bees & butt]flies are pres5t 9 increas$ proportions 9 ! latt] ,t]ti>y deposits3 b n until t t]m9al creation to :i* we ourselves belong 0 u%]$ on ! sc5e did !y receive _! fulle/ developm5t4 ,!re is exquisite poetry 9 ,wordswor?'s ref]5ce to ! s(t murmur ( ! vagrant bee1-- ,a sl5d] s\nd1 yet ho>y ,"t ,do? to ! s\l exalt x ) ! *ime ,( all 8 ye>s2 a company ,( ages com+1 ages gone1 ,nations f be=e !m sweep+4 ,& yet1 mayhap1 ! nak$ sci5tific facts ( ! hi/ory ( ?is busy insect are sc>cely less poetic ?an ! pleas+ imag9ation ( ! poet reg>d+ x4 ,!y tell t man's _w1 ) all its griefs & tr\bles1 is m emphatically a _w ( fl[]s ?an any ( ! creations t prec$$ x1 & t z "o great family--! grasses--7 call$ into exi/5ce1 9 ord]1 app>5tly1 t he might ent] 9 favor+ circum/ances ^u 8 two e>lie/ avocations1 & be 9 good hope a keep] ( h]ds & a till] ( ! gr\nd2 & z ano!r family ( plants--! ,rosace--0 creat$ 9 ord] t ! g>d5s :i* x w\ld be also "o ( 8 vocations to keep & to dress %\ld h _! trees good = food & pleasant to ! ta/e2 s fl[]s 9 g5]al 7 pr(usely produc$ j ere he appe>$1 to m9i/] to t s5se ( beauty :i* di/+ui%es him f all ! l[] creatures1 & to :i* he owes n a few ( 8 mo/ exquisite enjoym5ts4 ,! poet accept$ ! bee z a sign ( high significance3 ! geologi/ also accepts h] z a sign4 ,h] entomb$ rema9s te/ify to ! gradual fitt+ up ( our e>? z a place ( habitation = a creature de/9$ to seek delight = ! m9d & ! eye z c]ta9ly z = ! gross] s5ses1 & 9 especial m>ks ! introduction ( ! /ately =e/ trees1 & ! arrival ( ! delici\s fl[]s4 ,&1 ,?us 9 _! /ations lift+ t[>d ! sky ,! foliag$ head 9 cl\d-l maje/y1 ,! %ad[-ca/+ race ( trees survive3 ,?us 9 ! tra9 ( spr+ arrive ,sweet fl[]s3 :at liv+ eye ha? view$ ,_! myriads8 endlessly r5ew$ ,:]ev] /rikes ! sun's glad ray1 ,:]e'er ! subtile wat]s /ray1 ,:]ev] sportive zephyrs b5d ,_! c\rse1 or g5ial %[]s desc5d4 ,,lecture ,,second4 ,,! ,,pal,,ontological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,animals4 ,amid ! unceas+ *ange & endless v>iety ( nature !re occur c]ta9 great radical ideas1 t1 :ile !y =m1 if ,i may s express myself1 ! gr\ndwork ( ! *ange1--! basis ( ! v>iety1--admit 9 !mselves ( no *ange or v>iety :atev]4 ,!y con/itute ! aye-endur+ tissue on :i* ! ev]-*ang+ patt]ns ( creation are inscrib$3 ! patt]ns are ev] v>y+2 ! tissue :i* exhibits !m = ev] rema9s ! same4 ,9 ! animal k+dom1 = in/ance1 ! prom95t ideas h always be5 uni=m4 ,h[ev] mu* ! faunas ( ! v>i\s geologic p]iods may h diff]$ f ea* o!r1 or f ! fauna :i* n[ exi/s1 9 _! g5]al aspect & "*1 !y 7 all1 if ,i may s speak1 equally und]laid by ! great lead+ ideas :i* /ill con/itute ! ma/] types ( animal life4 ,& ^! lead+ ideas are f\r 9 numb]4 ,fir/1 !re is ! />-l type ( life1--life embodi$ 9 a =m t1 z 9 ! corals1 ! sea-anemones1 ! sea-ur*9s1 & ! />-fi%es1 radiates outw>ds f a c5tre2 second1 !re is ! articulat$ type ( life1--life embodi$ 9 a =m compos$1 z 9 ! worms1 cru/aceans1 & insects1 ( a s]ies ( r+s unit$ by _! edges1 b m or less moveable on ea* o!r2 ?ird1 !re is ! bilat]al or molluscan type ( life1--life embodi$ 9 a =m 9 :i* !re is a duality ( correspond+ p>ts1 rang$1 z 9 ! cuttle-fi%es1 ! clams1 & ! snails1 on ! sides ( a c5tral axis or plane2 & f\r?1 !re is ! v]tebrate type ( life1--life embodi$ 9 a =m 9 :i* an int]nal skeleton is built up into two cavities plac$ ! "o ov] ! o!r2 ! upp] = ! reception ( ! n]v\s c5tres1 c]ebral & sp9al1--! l[] = ! lodgm5t ( ! respiratory1 circulatory1 & dige/ive organs4 ,su* h be5 ! f\r c5tral ideas ( ! faunas ( e succe$+ creation1 except p]haps ! e>lie/ ( all1 t ( ! ,l[] ,silurian ,sy/em1 9 :i*1 s f> z is yet kn[n1 only ?ree ( ! numb] exi/$1--! radiat$1 articulat$1 & molluscan ideas or types4 ,t ,omnipot5t ,creator1 inf9ite 9 8 res\rces1--:o1 9 at lea/ ! details ( 8 work+s1 seems nev] yet to h repeat$ himself1 b1 z ,lyell well expresses x1 breaks1 :5 ! p>5ts ( a species h be5 m\ld$1 ! dye 9 :i* !y 7 ca/1--manife/s himself1 9 ^! f\r great ideas1 z ! un*ang+ & un*angeable ,"o4 ,!y s]ve to b9d toge!r ! pres5t ) all ! pa/2 & det]m9e ! unity ( ! au?or%ip ( a wond]fully complicat$ design1 execut$ on a gr\ndwork broad z "t1 & ^: scope & be>+ are deep z et]nity4 ,! fauna ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em be>s 9 all its ?ree great types ! /amp ( a fa%ion peculi>ly antique1 & :i*1 save 9 a few ( ! mollusca1 has long s9ce become obsolete4 ,its radiate animals are *iefly corals1 simple or comp\nd1 ^: inhabitants may h some:at resembl$ ! sea-anemones2 ) zoophites1 ak9 mayhap to ! sea-p5s1 ?\gh ! relation%ip mu/ h be5 a remote "o2 & num]\s cr9oids1 or /one lilies1 "s ( :i* consi/$ ( b a sculptur$ calyx )\t petals1 :ile o!rs ?rew (f a s]ies ( long1 flexible arms1 t divid$ & subdivid$ l ! bran*es ( a tree1 & 7 ?ickly fr+$ by hair-l fibres4 ,!re is great v>iety & beauty among ^! ,silurian cr9oids2 &1 f ! ornate sculpture ( _! gro9$ & ribb$ capitals & sl5d] columns1 ! ,go?ic ar*itect might borr[ n a few /rik+ ideas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,,cya?axonia ,,dalmani4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old] & new] fa%ions1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! cup-%ap$ corals1 may be indicat$ 9 a s+le s5t5ce4 ,! anci5t corals 7 />s ( f\r rays1 or ( multiples ( f\r2 ! mod]n corals are />s ( six rays1 or ( multiples ( six4 ,b ?\gh1 at a c]ta9 def9ite p]iod1--t dur+ :i* ! great ,palozoic division end$ & ! ,second>y division began--nature1 9 =m+ ?is class ( creatures1 disc>d$ ! numb] f\r1 & adopt$ in/ead ! numb] six1 ! great lead+ idea ( ! /> itself 0 equally reta9$ 9 corals ( ! mod]n z 9 ^? ( ! m anci5t type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,,glyptocr9us ,,decadactylus4 7,hudson ,riv] ,gr\p1 ,l[] ,silurian47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,,calym5e ,,blum5ba*ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,,or?is9a ,,v]neuili4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,,lituites ,,cornu-,,arietis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,,l+ula ,,l[isii4 ,! articulata ( ! ,silurian p]iod bore a /ill m peculi> "*4 ,!y consi/$ ma9ly ( ! ,trilobites1--a family 9 ^: nicely-jo9t$ %ells ! armor] ( ! middle ages might h f\nd almo/ all ! contrivances ( 8 craft1 anticipat$1 ) n a few besides :i* he _h fail$ to discov]2 & :i*1 aft] receiv+ s imm5se a developm5t dur+ ! middle & lat] times ( ! ,silurian p]iod1 t :ole rocks 7 =m$ almo/ exclusively ( _! rema9s1 gradually di$ out 9 ! times ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & disappe>$ = ev] f creation aft] ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one _h be5 deposit$4 ,! ,palontologi/ kn[s no m unique family ?an t ( ! ,trilobites1 or a family m unlike any :i* n[ exi/s1 or a family :i* m>ks ) m c]ta9ty ! e>ly rocks 9 :i* !y occur4 ,& yet1 ?\gh =m$ 9 a fa%ion t p]i%$ myriads ( ages ago1 h[ admirably does x n exhibit ! articulat$ type ( be+1 & illu/rate t unity ( design :i*1 amid endless div]sity1 p]vades all nature4 ,! mollusca ( ! ,silurians rang$ f ! high cephalopoda1 repres5t$ 9 our exi/+ seas by ! nautili & ! cuttle-fi%es1 to ! l[ bra*ipods1 "s ( ^: cong5]s may /ill be detect$ 9 ! t]ebratula ( our ,highl& lo*s & bays1 & "s 9 ! l+ul ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! cephalopods ( ! sy/em are all ( an obsolete type1 t disappe>$ myriads ( ages ago1--a rem>k :i*1 ) ! exceptions j intimat$1 & p]haps "o or two o!rs1 applies equally to its bra*ipods2 b ( at lea/ two ( its int]m$iate families1--! ga/]opoda & lamellibran*iata1--sev]al ( ! =ms resemble ^? ( rec5t %ells ( ! temp]ate latitudes4 ,9 its g5]al aspect1 h[ev]1 ! ,silurian fauna1 antiquely fa%ion$1 z ,i h said1 z became its place 9 ! primeval ages ( exi/5ce1 0 unlike any o!r :i* ! _w ev] saw2 & ! abs5ce ( ! v]tebrata1 or at lea/ ! inconspicu\s place :i* !y occupi$ if !y 7 at all pres5t1 mu/ h imp>t$ to ! :ole1 z a gr\p1 a humble & m$iocre "*4 ,x seems to h be5 = _m ages toge!r a creation ( molluscs1 corals1 & ,cru/acea4 ,at l5g?1 9 an upp] b$ ( ! sy/em1 imm$iately "u ! base ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ! rema9s ( ! e>lie/ kn[n fi%es appe>1 bl5t ) :at also appe>s = ! fir/ "t1--! fragm5t>y rema9s ( a t]re/rial vegetation4 ,! rocks b5ea? ?is anci5t bone-b$ h yield$1 z ,i h already said1 no trace ( any plant high] ?an ! ,?allog5s1 or at lea/ n high] ?an ! ,zo/]acea1--plants ^: prop] habitat is ! sea2 b1 ?r\gh an app>5tly simultane\s advance ( ! two k+doms1 animal & vegetable1--?\gh ( c\rse ! simultane\sness may be b m]ely app>5t1--! fir/ l& plants & ! fir/ v]tebrates appe> toge!r 9 ! same deposit4 ,:at1 let u inquire1 is ! "* ( ^! anci5t fi%es1 t fir/ complete ! scale ( animat$ nature 9 its f\r ma/] ideas1 by add+ ! v]tebrate to ! inv]tebrate divisions8 ,s f> z is yet kn[n1 !y all consi/ ( "o well m>k$ ord]1--t placoidal ord] ( ,agassiz t to an int]nal framework ( c>tilage adds an ext]nal armature1 consi/+ ( plates1 sp9es1 & %agre5 po9ts ( solid bone4 ,ei!r ( ! two k9ds ( dog-fi%es on our coa/s1--! spik$ or spott$1--maybe accept$ z n inadequate repres5tatives ( ?is ord] z x n[ exi/s4 ,! ,port ,jackson %>k1 h[ev]1--a creature t to ! dorsal sp9es & %agre5-cov]$ sk9 ( ! common dog-fi% adds a m\? t]m9al at ! sn\t1 n plac$ b5ea?1 z 9 mo/ o!r %>ks1 & a palate cov]$ ) a d5se pavem5t ( cru%+ tee?1--bett] illu/rates ! ord] z x fir/ appe>$ 9 creation ?an any ( our ,briti% placoids4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,,port ,,jackson ,,%>k4 7,ce/racion ,phillippi47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4ac ----------------------- ,silurian4 ----------------------,placoid4 ,ganoid4 ,old ,r$4 --------------------- ,c>bonif]\s4 --------------------- ,p]mian4 --------------------- ,triassic4 --------------------- ,oolitic4 ------------------- ,cretace\s4 ,ct5oid & ,cycloid4 ------------------- ,t]ti>y4 ------------------- ,geologic ,pla4 ,gan4 ,cte4 ,cyc4 arrangem5t4 ,agassiz's ,pla4 ,gan4 ,cte4 ,cyc4 arrangem5t4 ,,! ,,g5ealogy ,,( ,,fi%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,,amblypt]us ,,macropt]tus4 ,f ! ,coal at ,sa>bruck4 7,a ,ganoid ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,,lebias ,,cephalotes4 ,cycloids ( ,aix4 7,mioc5e47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,,platax ,,altissimus4 ,a ,ct5oid ( ,monte ,bolca4 7,eoc5e47 ,& "h let me adduce ano!r & v rem>kable in/ance ( ! correspond5ce :i* obta9s betwe5 ! sequ5ce 9 :i* c]ta9 classes ( organisms 7 fir/ u%]$ into be+1 & ! ord] ( classification adopt$1 aft] _m revisions1 by ! high] naturali/s4 ,cuvi]1 ) n a few ( ! i*?yologi/s :o prec$$ him1 arrang$ ! fi%es into two di/9ct s]ies1--! ,c>tilag9\s & ,osse\s2 & ^! la/ he ma9ly divid$ into ! h>d or sp9y-f9n$ fi%es1 & ! s(t or jo9t-f9n$ fi%es4 ,he plac$ ! /urgeon 9 8 ,c>tilag9\s s]ies2 :ile 9 8 s(t-f9n$ ord] he f\nd a place = ! ,polypt]us ( ! ,nile & ! ,lepido/eus ( ! ,ohio & ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,b ! arrangem5t1 ?\gh x seem$ at ! "t "o ( ! be/ & mo/ natural possible1 fail$ to meet any correspond+ arrangem5t 9 ! c\rse ( geologic hi/ory4 ,! place assign$ to ! class ( fi%es z a :ole correspond$ to _! place 9 ! ,palontological scale2--- fir/ ( ! v]tebrate division 9 ! ord] ( _! appe>ance1 !y bord]1 z 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom ( ! naturali/1 on ! inv]tebrate divisions4 ,b x 0 n until ! new classification ( ,agassiz _h rang$ !m aft] a diff]5t fa%ion t ! correspond5ce became complete 9 all its p>ts4 ,fir/1 he erect$ ! fi%es t to an int]nal c>tilag9\s skeleton unite an ext]nal armature ( plates & po9ts ( bone1 into 8 ,placoid ord]2 next1 ga!r+ toge!r a m]e h&ful ( individuals f among ! v>i\s ord]s & families ov] :i* !y _h be5 scatt]$1--! /urgeons f among ! c>tilag9\s fi%es1 & ! lepido/eus & polypt]us f among ! ,clupia or h]r+s1--he erect$ into a small ganoid ord] all ! fi%es t are cov]$1 :atev] ! consi/5cy ( _! skeleton1 by a cont9u\s or ne>ly cont9u\s armor ( enamell$ bone1 or by great bony plates t lock into ea* o!r at _! edges4 ,out ( ! rema9+ fi%es1--^? cov]$ ) scales ( a horny sub/ance1 & :i* n[ comprise ne>ly n9e t5?s ( ! :ole class1--he erect$ two ord]s m1--a ,ct5oid ord]1 consi/+ ( fi%es ^: scales1 l ^? ( ! p]*1 are pect9at$ at _! l[] edges l ! tee? ( a comb1 & a ,cycloid ord]1 compos$ ( fi%es ^: scales1 l ^? ( ! salmon1 are def9$ all ar\nd by a simple cont9u\s m>g92 & no soon] 0 ! division effect$ ?an x 0 f\nd to ca/ a s+ul>ly cle> light on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! class4 ,! e>lie/ fi%es--fir/born ( _! family--seem to h be5 all placoids4 ,! ,silurian ,sy/em has n yet af=d$ trace ( any o!r v]tebral animal4 ,) ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ! ganoids 7 u%]$ ^u ! sc5e 9 amaz+ abundance2 & = untold ages1 compris+ mayhap millions ( ye>s1 ! entire i*?yic class consi/$1 s f> z is yet kn[n1 ( b ^! two ord]s4 ,dur+ ! times ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ( ! ,p]mian1 ( ! ,triassic1 & ( ! ,oolitic ,sy/ems1 all fi%es1 ?\gh app>5tly z num]\s individually z !y are n[1 7 compris$ 9 ! ganoidal & placoidal ord]s4 ,! p]iod ( ^! ord]s seems to h be5 ne>ly correspond5t ) ! reign1 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 ( ! ,acrog5s & ,gymnog5s1 ) ! int]m$iate classes1 _! allies4 ,at l5g?1 dur+ ! ages ( ! ,*alk1 ! ,cycloids & ,ct5oids 7 u%]$ 91 & 7 gradually develop$ 9 creation until ! human p]iod1 9 :i* !y seem to h rea*$ _! culm9at+ po9t1 & n[ _m times exce$ 9 numb] & importance all o!r fi%es4 ,we d n see a /urgeon 7our ,briti% repres5tative ( ! ganoids7 once 9 a twelvemon?2 & ?\gh ! skate & dog-fi% 7our repres5tatives ( ! placoids7 are greatly less r>e1 _! numb] be>s b a small proportion to t ( ! fi%es belong+ to ! two prevail+ ord]s1 ( :i* ?\s&s ( boat-loads are l&$ on our coa/s e day4 ,! all b entire disappe>ance ( ! ganoids f creation is surely a curi\s & n unsugge/ive circum/ance4 ,9 ! human family !re are races t h long s9ce rea*$ _! culm9at+ po9t1 & are n[ ei!r fa/ disappe>+ or h already disappe>$4 ,! ,aztecs ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 or ! ,copts ( ! valley ( ! ,nile1 are b ! inconsid]able fragm5ts ( once mighty nations1 memorials ( ^: greatness live 9 ! va/ sepul*ral m\nds ( ! f> ,we/1 or 9 ! temples ( ,!bes or ,luxor1 or ! pyramids ( ,gizah4 ,b 9 ! riv]s ( ^! v c\ntries1--9 ! ,polypt]us ( ! ,nile1 or ! ,lepido/eus ( ! ,mississippi1--we are pres5t$ ) ! few surviv+ fragm5ts ( a dyna/y comp>$ ) :i* t ( ,egypt or ( ,c5tral ,am]ica occupi$ b an exce$+ly small portion ( ei!r space or "t4 ,! dyna/y ( ! ganoids 0 at "o "t coext5sive ) e riv]1 lake1 & sea1 & endur$ dur+ ! unreckon$ eons :i* ext5d$ f ! times ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one until ^? ( ! ,*alk4 ,i may "h m5tion1 t z !re are ord]s ( plants1 su* z ! ,rosace & ! ,grasses1 t sc>ce prec$$ man 9 _! appe>ance1 s !re are families ( fi%es t seem peculi>ly to belong to ! human p]iod4 ,( ^!1 !re is a family v famili> on our coa/s1 & :i*1 ?\gh x furni%es none ( our high] i*?yic luxuries1 is rem>kable = ! numb]s ( ! human family :i* x provides ) a :olesome & palatable food4 ,! delicate ,salmonid & ! ,pleuronectid1--families to :i* ! salmon & turbot belong1--7 u%]$ into be+ z e>ly z ! times ( ! ,*alk2 b ! ,gadid or cod family1--t family to :i* ! cod prop]1 ! haddock1 ! dorse1 ! :it+1 ! coal-fi%1 ! pollock1 ! hake1 ! torsk1 & ! l+ belong1 ) _m o!r useful & :olesome species1--did n prec$e man by at lea/ any p]iod ( "t appreciable to ! geologi/4 ,no trace ( ! family has yet be5 detect$ 9 ev5 ! ,t]ti>y rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg ,,pt]i*?ys ,,oblongus4 7,"o half nat4 size47 ,( ! ganoids ( ! second age ( v]tebrate exi/5ce1--t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1--"s 7 rem>kable = ! /rang5ess ( _! =ms1 & "s = con/itut+ l9ks ( connection :i* no long] exi/ 9 nature1 betwe5 ! ganoid & placoid ord]s4 ,! ,acan? family1 :i* ceas$ ) ! ,coal ,measures1 0 *>act]iz$1 especially 9 its ,old ,r$ species1 by a comb9ation ( traits common to bo? ord]s2 & among ! extrem] =ms1 9 :i* ,palontologi/s = a "t fail$ to detect t ( ! fi% at all1 we reckon ^? ( ! g5]a ,cocco/eus1 ,pt]i*?ys1 & ,cephalaspis4 ,! m ab]rant g5]a1 h[ev]1 ev5 :ile !y consi/$ ea* ( sev]al species1 7 comp>atively %ort liv$4 ,! ,cocco/eus & ,cephalaspis 7 re/rict$ to b "o =mation apiece2 :ile ! ,pt]i*?ys1 :i* appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 ! l[] deposits ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 becomes ext9ct at its close4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! g5]a t exemplifi$ ! g5]al type ( _! class 7 extremely long liv$4 ,! ,celacan?s 7 reproduc$ 9 _m v>i\s species1 f ! times ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one to ^? ( ! ,*alk2 & ! ,ce/racions1 :i* appe> 9 ! ,upp] ,ludl[ ,rocks z ! olde/ ( fi%es1 cont9ue 9 at lea/ "o species to exi/ /ill4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem z if "s su* law influ5c$ ! de/9y ( g5]a 9 ?is i*?yic class1 z t :i* we f9d s (t5 exemplifi$ 9 our species4 ,! dw>f1 or giant1 or de=m$ p]son1 is seldom a long liv]2--all ! m rem>kable in/ances ( longevity h be5 furni%$ by individuals ca/ 9 ! ord9>y m\ld & proportions ( ! species4 ,n a few ( ^! primordial ganoids wore1 h[ev]1 ( ! highe/ rank & /&+ ev] exemplifi$ by _! class2 & we f9d ,agassiz boldly assign+ a reason = _! sup]iority to _! successors1 important = ! fact :i* x embodies1 & wor?y1 z com+ f him1 ( our mo/ respectful att5tion4 ,x is pla91 we f9d him say+1 t be=e ! class ( reptiles 0 introduc$ ^u our globe1 ! fi%es1 be+ !n ! only repres5tatives ( ! type ( v]tebrata1 7 inve/$ ) ! *>act]s ( a high] ord]1 embody+1 z x 71 a prospective view ( a high] developm5t 9 ano!r class1 :i* 0 introduc$ z a di/9ct type only at a lat] p]iod2 & f t "t ! reptilian "*1 :i* _h be5 s prom95t 9 ! olde/ fi%es1 0 gradually r$uc$1 till 9 m rec5t p]iods1 & 9 ! pres5t creation1 ! fi%es lo/ all ?is h]petological relation%ip1 & 7 at la/ end[$ ) *>act]s :i* contra/ z mu*1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( reptiles1 z !y agre$ closely 9 ! beg9n+4 ,lepido/eus alone rem9ds u 9 our "t ( ^! old-fa%ion$ *>act]s ( ! class ( fi%es z x 0 9 =m] days4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh ,,pleuracan?us ,l,,vissimus4 7,coal ,measures47 7,half nat4 size47 ,! anci5t fi%es seem to h receiv$ _! fulle/ developm5t dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,_! numb] 0 v great3 "s ( !m atta9$ to an enorm\s size1 &1 ?\gh ! true reptile _h already appe>$1 !y cont9u$ to reta91 till ! close ( ! sy/em1 ! high reptilian "* & organization4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 s impresses ! obs]v] z ! =midable "* ( ! (f5sive weapons ) :i* !y 7 furni%$1 & ! amaz+ /r5g? ( _! def5sive armature4 ,i ne$ sc>ce say1 t ! ,palontologi/ f9ds no trace 9 nature ( t gold5 age ( ! _w1 ( :i* ! poets delight$ to s+1 :5 all creatures liv$ toge!r 9 unbrok5 peace1 & w> & blood%$ 7 unkn[n4 ,ev] s9ce animal life began ^u our planet1 !re exi/$1 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( be+1 c>nivor\s classes1 :o c\ld n live b by ! dea? ( _! neighbors1 & :o 7 arm$1 9 consequ5ce1 = _! de/ruction1 l ! but*] ) 8 axe & knife1 & ! angl] ) 8 hook & spe>4 ,b !re 7 c]ta9 p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 dur+ :i* ^! weapons assum$ a m =midable aspect ?an at o!rs2 & nev] 7 !y m =midable ?an 9 ! times ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,! tee? ( ! ,rhizodus--a ganoidal fi% ( our coal fields--7 m %>p & tr5*ant ?an ^? ( ! crocodile ( ! ,nile1 & 9 ! l>g] specim5s fully f\r times ! bulk & size ( ! tee? ( ! huge/ reptile ( ?is species t n[ lives4 ,! dorsal sp9e ( its contempor>y1 ! ,gyracan?us1 a great placoid1 mu* exce$$ 9 size t ( any exi/+ fi%3 x 0 a mighty spe> head1 ornately c>v$ l t ( a ,new ,zeal& *ief1 b 9 a /yle t1 :5 he fir/ saw a specim5 9 my collection1 greatly excit$ ! admiration ( ,mr4 ,rusk94 ,b "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable weapons ( ! p]iod 0 ! /+ ( ! ,pleuracan?us1 ano!r great placoid ( ! age ( gigantic fi%es4 ,x 0 %>p & poli%$ z a /iletto1 b1 f its r\nd$ =m & d5se /ructure1 ( great /r5g?2 & along two ( its sides1 f ! tap] po9t to )9 a few in*es ( ! base1 !re ran a ?ickly-set r[ ( b>bs1 hook$ d[nw>ds1 l ! ?orns t bri/le on ! "y %oots ( ! wild rose1 & :i* mu/ h r5d]$ x a weapon n m]ely ( de/ruction1 b also ( torture4 ,! def5sive armor ( ! p]iod1 especially t ( its ganoids1 seems to h be5 u rem>kable = its p[]s ( resi/ance z ! (f5sive mu/ h be5 = _! pot5cy 9 ! assault2 & x seems probable t 9 ! great /r5g? ( ! bony & enamell$ armature ( ?is ord] ( fi%es we h ! secret ( ! extremely =midable "* ( ! tee?1 sp9es1 & /+s t coexi/$ along ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,,c>*>ias ,,productus4 ,cutt+ ,too?4 7,mioc5e47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,,placodus ,,gigas4 ,cru%+ ,tee?4 7,trias47 ,su* ( ! fi%es ( ! pres5t "t z live on cru/acea & ! %ell$ molluscs1--su* z ! ,wrasse or rock-fi% family1 & at lea/ "o ( ! ,goby family1 ! sea-wolf1--h an app>atus ( cru%+ tee? greatly m solid & /rong ?an ! tee? ( su* ( _! contempor>ies z are ei!r h]bivor\s or fe$ on ! weak] families ( _! own class4 ,a simil> rem>k applies to ! anci5t %>ks1 z contra/$ ) ^? ( lat] times4 ,s long z ! /rongly-arm$ ganoidal ord] prevail$ 9 nature1 ! %>ks 7 furni%$ ) massive cru%+ tee?2 b :5 ! ganoids wan$ 9 creation1 & ! s(t-scal$ cycloid & ct5oid ord]s took & amply fill$ ! place :i* !y _h left vacant1 ! well kn[n mod]n =m ( %>ks' tee? 0 introduc$1--a =m mu* r suit$ = cutt+ s(t bodies ?an = cru%+ h>d ones4 ,9 f9e1 ! (f5sive weapons ( ! times ( ! ,coal ,measures seem v =midable1 j z ^? p]sonal weapons ( ! middle ages seem s t 7 borne at a "t :5 e soldi] took ! field cas$ 9 armor ( pro(4 ,! slim scimit> or sl5d] rapi] w\ld h avail$ b little aga9/ massive iron helmets or mail coats ( temp]$ /eel4 ,& s ! w>riors ( ! p]iod arm$ !mselves ) pond]\s maces1 battle-axes z massive z hamm]s1 & d\ble-h&$ swords ( great weight & /r5g?4 ,be=e pass+ onw>ds to o!r & high] classes & ord]s1 z !y occurr$ 9 creation1 p]mit me to make ! =midable armor ( ! e>li] fi%es1 (f5sive & def5sive1 ! subject ( a s+le rem>k4 ,we are told by ,goe!1 9 8 autobiography1 t he _h atta9$ 8 six? ye> :5 ! t]rible e>?quake at ,lisbon took place1--an ev5t1 he says1 :i* greatly di/urb$ 8 peace ( m9d = ! fir/ "t4 ,he c\ld n reconcile a cata/rophe s sudd5ly de/ructive to ?\s&s1 ) ! ideas :i* he _h already =m$ = himself ( a ,provid5ce all-p[]ful & all-b5evol5t4 ,b he aft]w>ds le>n$1 he tells u1 to recognize 9 su* ev5ts ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,i "k n 9 :at _s ! rem>k 0 made2 b ?is ,i "k1 t x is ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :om we see exhibit$ 9 all nature & all provid5ce2 & t x is at once wisdom & duty 9 8 rational creatures1 h[ev] d>kly !y may p]ceive or imp]fectly !y may compreh5d1 to hold 9 implicit fai? t ! ,adorable ,mon>* ( all ! pa/ & ( all ! future is a ,k+ :o c d no wrong4 ,?is e>ly exhibition ( too?1 & sp9e1 & /+1--( weapons con/ruct$ alike to cut & to pi]ce1--to unite two ( ! mo/ indisp5sable requirem5ts ( ! mod]n armor]1--a ke5 edge to a /rong back1--nay1 /rang] /ill1 ! examples furni%$ 9 ?is primeval "t1 ( weapons =m$ n only to kill1 b also to torture1--mu/ be altoge!r at v>iance ) ! preconceiv$ op9ions ( ^? :o hold t until man appe>$ 9 creation1 & d>k5$ its sympa!tic face ) ! /a9 ( moral guilt1 ! reign ( viol5ce & outrage did n beg91 & t !re 0 no dea? among ! inf]ior creatures1 & no suff]+4 ,b preconceiv$ op9ion1 :e!r x hold fa/1 ) ,lactantius & ! old ,s*oolm51 to ! belief t !re c be no antipodes1 or ass]t1 ) ,cacc9i & ,bell>m9e1 t our globe hangs lazily 9 ! mid/ ( ! heav5s1 :ile ! sun moves r\nd x1 mu/ yield ultimately to sci5tific tru?4 ,& x is a tru? z c]ta9 z ! exi/5ce ( a s\!rn hemisph]e1 or ! motion ( ! e>? r\nd bo? its own axis & ! great sol> c5tre1 t1 untold ages ere man _h s9n$ or suff]$1 ! animal creation exhibit$ exactly its pres5t /ate ( w>1--t ! /rong1 arm$ ) =midable weapons1 exquisitely con/ruct$ to kill1 prey$ ^u ! weak2 & t ! weak1 %ea!d1 _m ( !m1 9 def5sive armor equally admirable 9 its me*anism1 & ev] increas+ & multiply+ ^u ! e>? f> beyond ! requirem5ts ( ! m]e ma9t5ance ( _! races1 7 enabl$ to escape1 z species1 ! assaults ( ! tyrant tribes1 & to exi/ un?9n$ = unreckon$ ages4 ,x has be5 weakly & impi\sly urg$1--z if x 7 m]ely ) ! geologi/ t m5 _h to settle ?is matt]1--t su* an economy ( w>f>e & suff]+1--( w>r+ & ( be+ w>r$ ^u1--w\ld be1 9 ! words ( ! infant ,goe!1 unwor?y ( an all-p[]ful & all-b5evol5t ,provid5ce1 & 9 effect a libel on 8 gov]nm5t & "*4 ,b t grave *>ge we leave ! objectors to settle ) ! great ,creator himself4 ,be x !irs1 n ours1 accord+ to ! poet1 to ,snat* f 8 h& ! balance & ! rod1 ,rejudge 8 ju/ice1 be ! god ( ,god4 ,be x en\gh = ! geologi/ rightly to int]pret ! record ( creation1--to decl>e ! tru? z he f9ds x1--to demon/rate1 f evid5ce no cle> intellect ev] yet resi/$1 t he1 ! ,creator1 f :om ev5 ! "y lions seek _! food1 & :o give? to all ! bea/s1 great & small1 _! meat 9 due season1 ev] wr\ght z he n[ works 9 8 animal k+dom1--t he gave to ! primeval fi%es _! sp9es & _! /+s1--to ! primeval reptiles _! tr5*ant tee? & _! /rong armor ( bone1--to ! primeval mammals _! great tusks & _! %>p claws1--t he ( old divid$ all 8 creatures1 z n[1 into animals ( prey & ! animals prey$ ^u1--t f ! beg9n+ ( ?+s he insep>ably e/abli%$ among 8 non-responsible exi/5ces ! tw9 laws ( g5]ation & ( dea?1--nay1 fur!r1 pass+ f ! e/abli%$ tru?s ( ,geologic to "o ( ! be/ e/abli%$ tru?s ( ,!ologic sci5ce1--,god's et]nal ju/ice & tru?1--let u ass]t1 t 9 ! ,div9e gov]nm5t ! matt] ( fact always det]m9es ! "q ( "r1 & t :atev] has be5 done by him :o r5d]e? no acc\nt to man ( 8 matt]s1 he _h 9 all ages1 & 9 all places1 an un*all5geable "r to d4 ,! olde/ kn[n reptiles appe> j a little be=e ! close ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 j z ! olde/ kn[n fi%es appe>$ j a little be=e ! close ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em4 ,:at seems to be ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ( our own c\ntry1 ?\gh !re /ill hangs a %ade ( d\bt on ! subject1 has furni%$ ! rema9s ( a small reptile1 equally ak91 x w\ld appe>1 to ! liz>ds & ! batra*ians2 & :at seems to be ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has exhibit$ ! foot-tracks ( a l>g] animal ( ! same class1 :i* n a little resemble ^? :i* w\ld be impress$ on rec5t s& or clay by ! alligator ( ! ,mississippi1 did n ! alligator ( ! ,mississippi efface its own footpr9ts 7a consequ5ce ( ! %ortness ( its legs7 by ! trail ( its abdom54 ,9 ! ,coal ,measures1 ! reptiles hi!rto f\nd1--& x is /ill little m ?an t5 ye>s s9ce ! fir/ 0 detect$1--are all alli$1 ?\gh n )\t a cross ( ! high] crocodilian or lac]tian nature1 to ! batra*ian ord]1--t l[e/ ord] ( ! reptiles to :i* ! frogs1 newts1 & salam&]s belong4 ,^! reptiles ( ! c>bonif]\s era1 ?\gh only a few twelvemon?s ago we little suspect$ ! fact1 seem to h be5 n v r>e 9 our own neighborhood4 ,my att5tion 0 call$ "s "t s9ce by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,cadell1--an intellig5t practical geologi/1--to c]ta9 appe>ances 9 "o ( ! ,duke ( ,buccleu*'s coal pits ne> ,dalkei?1 :i* lie reg>d$ z ! tracks ( air-brea?+ quadrup$s2 &1 aft] exam9+ a specim51 conta9+ f\r footpr9ts1 :i* he _h br\ght above gr\nd1 & :i* n a little excit$ my curiosity1 we visit$ ! pit toge!r4 ,& !re1 9 a side work+ ab\t half a mile f ! pit m\?1 & ab\t f\r hundr$ feet "u ! surface1 ,i f\nd ! ro( ( ! coal1 :i* rose at a high angle1 trav]s$ by s _m foot-tracks1 upw>ds1 d[nw>ds1 & a?w>t1 t x co/ me "s little c>e to trace ! individual l9es4 ,at lea/ "o ( ! numb]1 h[ev]1--consi/+ ( elev5 footpr9ts ( ! "r & z _m ( ! left foot--,i 0 able to trace f side to side ( ! work+1 a di/ance ( f\r y>ds2 & sev]al ( ! o!rs = %ort] spaces4 ,! pr9ts1 :i* 7 rev]ses or ca/s 9 a v co>se s&/one1 7 ab\t ?irtecn in*es ap>t across ! creature's *e/1 & r m ?an a foot ap>t f its =e to its h9d] limbs4 ,!y 7 alt]nately l>g] & small]1--! small] 7^? ( ! =e feet7 measur+ ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! l>g] 7^? ( ! h9d] feet7 ab\t six in*es4 ,! numb] ( toes seem$ to be alt]nately f\r & five2 b f ! circum/ance t ! orig9al matrix on :i* ! tracks _h be5 impress$1--a micace\s clay resolv$ into a loose fissile s&/one1--_h fall5 away 9 ! work+ ( ! pit1 leav+ b ! boldly-reliev$ ?\gh ill-def9$ ca/s on ! co>se s&/one1 ,i c\ld n def9itely det]m9e ! po9t4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 rema9$ to %[ t at t spot1--little m ?an a mile f :]e ! ,duke ( ,buccleu*'s palace n[ /&s1--l>ge reptiles _h congregat$ 9 consid]able numb]s %ortly aft] ! great eight feet coal seam ( ! ,dalkei? bas9 _h be5 =m$4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! pit ,i f\nd foot-tracks ( app>5tly ! same animal 9 equal abundance1 b /ill less di/9ct 9 _! /ate ( keep+4 ,b !y bore te/imony ) ! o!rs to ! comp>ative abundance ( reptilian life at an e>ly p]iod1 :5 ! coal-be>+ /rata ( ! empire 7 little m ?an half deposit$4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! ,p]mian & ,triassic ,sy/ems _h come to a close1 & ev5 ! e>li] ages ( ! ,oolitic ,sy/em _h pass$ away1 t ! class receiv$ its fulle/ developm5t 9 creation4 ,& c]ta9ly v wond]ful 0 ! developm5t :i* x !n did receive4 ,reptiles became ev]y:]e ! lords & ma/]s ( ?is l[] _w4 ,:5 any class ( ! air-brea?+ v]tebrates is v l>gely develop$1 we f9d x tak+ possession ( all ! ?ree old t]re/rial elem5ts1--e>?1 air1 & wat]4 ,! human p]iod1 = in/ance1 l t :i* imm$iately prec$$ x1 is peculi>ly a p]iod ( mammals2 & we f9d ! class1 free1 if ,i may s express myself1 ( ! ?ree elem5ts1 disput+ possession ( ! sea ) ! fi%es1 9 its ,cetaceans1 its seals1 & its sea-lions1 & ( ! air ) ! birds1 9 its num]\s g5]a ( ! bat family4 ,fur!r1 n until ! great mammalif]\s p]iod is fairly u%]$ 9 d ei!r ! bats or ! :ales make _! appe>ance 9 creation4 ,rema9s ( ,oolitic reptiles h be5 mi/ak5 9 m ?an "o in/ance = ^? ( ,cetacea2 b x is n[ g5]ally held t ! e>lie/ kn[n specim5s ( ! family belong to ! ,t]ti>y ages1 :ile ^? ( ! olde/ bats occur 9 ! ,eoc5e ( ! ,p>is ,bas91 associat$ ) ! bones ( dolph9s1 lamant9es1 & morses4 ,n[1 9 ! times ( ! ,oolite x 0 ! reptilian class t possess$ itself ( all ! elem5ts4 ,its gigantic enaliosaurs1 huge reptilian :ales m\nt$ on paddles1 7 ! tyrants ( ! ocean1 & mu/ h reign$ supreme ov] ! already r$uc$ class ( fi%es2 its pt]odactyles1--dragons z /range z 7 ev] feign$ by romanc] ( ! middle ages1 & t to ! jaws & tee? ( ! crocodile add$ ! w+s ( a bat & ! body & tail ( an ord9>y mammal1 _h ! p[] ( ! air1 &1 pursu+ ! fleete/ insects 9 _! flight1 captur$ & bore !m d[n2#ad its lakes & riv]s ab\nd$ 9 crocodiles & fre% wat] tortoises ( anci5t type & fa%ion2 & its woods & pla9s 7 ! haunts ( a /range reptilian fauna1 ( :at has be5 well t]m$ fe>fully great liz>ds1--"s ( :i*1 su* z ! iguanodon1 rivall$ ! l>ge/ elephant 9 height1 & greatly m ?an rivall$ him 9 l5g? & bulk4 ,judg+ f :at rema9s1 x seems n improbable t ! reptiles ( ?is ,oolitic p]iod 7 q z num]\s individually1 & consi/$ ( well nigh z _m g5]a & species1 z all ! mammals ( ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! cretace\s ages1 ! class1 ?\gh /ill ! dom9ant "o1 is visibly r$uc$ 9 its /&+2 x _h rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t 9 ! ,oolite1 & !n began to decl9e2 & ) ! fir/ dawn ( ! ,t]ti>y division we f9d x occupy+1 z n[1 a v subord9ate place 9 creation4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x is n until its times ( humiliation & decay t "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( its ord]s appe>s1--an ord] itself illu/rative ( extreme degradation1 & :i* figures l>gely1 9 e s*eme ( my?ology t borr[$ ?r\gh traditional *annels f ,div9e revelation1 z a meet repres5tative ( man's great enemy ! ,evil ,"o4 ,i ( c\rse ref] to ! ophidian or s]p5t family4 ,! e>lie/ ophidian rema9s kn[n to ! ,palontologi/ occur 9 t anci5t deposit ( ! ,t]ti>y division kn[n z ! ,london ,clay1 & mu/ h belong$ to s]p5ts1 "s ( !m alli$ to ! ,py?ons1 "s to ! sea-snakes1 :i*1 judg+ f ! correspond+ p>ts ( rec5t species1 mu/ h be5 f f\rte5 to tw5ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,,vesp]tilio ,,p>isi5sis4 ,a ,bat ( ! ,eoc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb ,,i*?yosaurus ,,communis4 7,lias47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,,plesiosaurus ,,doli*odeirus4 7,lias47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,,pt]odactylus ,,crassiro/ris4 7,oolite47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,,*elonia ,,b5/$i4 7,*alk47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,,pal,,ophis ,,toliapicus4 7,ophidian ( ! ,eoc5e47 ,& "h let u aga9 pause = a mom5t1 to rem>k h[ /rangely ^! irascible1 repulsive reptiles1--creatures l5g!n$ out f> beyond ! proportions ( ! o!r memb]s ( _! class by m]e vegetative repetitions ( ! v]tebr1--condemn$ to d]ive1 worm-l1 _! ability ( progressive motion f ! r+-l scutes ( ! abdom5--v5om\s 9 _m ( _! species1--=midable 9 o!rs to ev5 ! noble/ animals1 f _! fasc9at+ p[]s & _! great craft1--)\t1 =e or h9d] limbs1 )\t ?oracic or pelvic ar*es1--! v types & exempl>s 7our highe/ naturali/s be+ ! judges7 ( ! extreme ( animal degradation1--let u1 ,i say1 rem>k h[ /rangely _! hi/ory has be5 mix$ up ) t ( man & ( religion 9 all ! old] my?ologies1 & 9 t ,div9e ,revelation :5ce ! old] my?ologies 7 d]iv$4 ,x 0 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,pho5ician fables1 t ! great antagoni/ ( ! gods 0 a gigantic s]p5t1 t _h at "o "t be5 _! subject1 b revolt$ aga9/ !m & became _! enemy4 ,x 0 a mon/r\s s]p5t t assail$ & /rove to de/roy ! "m ( ,apollo ere yet ! bir? ( ! god1 b :i*1 long aft]1 ,apollo 9 turn assault$ & slew4 ,x 0 a great s]p5t t wat*$ ov] ! apples ( ! ,hesp]ides1 & t ,h]cules1 ere he c\ld possess himself ( ! fruit1 _h to combat & kill4 ,x 0 a frightful s]p5t t gu>d$ ! gold5 fleece f ,jason1 & :i* ! h]o _h to de/roy 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & next to ext]m9ate ! /range brood ( arm$ m5 t sprang up f its s[n tee?4 ,9 %ort1 ! old my?ologies are well nigh z full ( ! s]p5t z ^? anci5t ,runic obelisks ( our c\ntry1 ^: endless knots & complicat$ fretwork are =m$ ?r\gh\t ( ! int]lac+s ( snakes4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 accept z repres5tative ( ?is innum]able class ( leg5ds1 ! classical /ory1 r5d]$ yet m classical by ! pr(\nd & rev]5d comm5t giv5 by ,bacon 9 8 ,wisdom ( ! ,anci5ts4 ,jupit] & ! o!r gods1 says ! philosoph]1 9 8 simple v]sion ( ! tradition1 conf]r$ ^u m5 a mo/ acceptable & desirable boon1--! gift ( p]petual y\?4 ,b m51 fooli%ly ov]joy$ h]eat1 laid ?is pres5t ( ! gods ^u an ass1 :o1 9 return+ back ) x1 be+ extremely ?ir/y1 & com+ to a f\nta91 ! s]p5t :o 0 gu>dian !re( w\ld n suff] him to dr9k b ^u condition ( receiv+ ! burd5 he c>ri$1 :atev] x %\ld be4 ,! silly ass compli$2 & ?us ! p]petual r5ewal ( y\? 0 = a sup ( wat] transf]r$ f m5 to ! race ( s]p5ts4 ,t ?is gift ( p]petual y\? %\ld pass f m5 to s]p5ts1 cont9ues ,bacon1 seems add$1 by way ( ornam5t & illu/ration1 to ! fable4 ,& x c]ta9ly has mu* ! appe>ance ( an aft]-?\ght4 ,b h[ v /rik+ ! resemblance1 borne by ! /ory1 z a :ole1 to t n>rative 9 ! op5+ page ( human hi/ory :i* exhibits ! fir/ p>5ts ( ! race z yield+ up to ! temptation ( ! s]p5t ! gift ( immortality2 & fur!r1 h[ rem>kable ! fact1 t ! reptile select$ z typical "h ( ! great fall5 _s t kept n 8 fir/ e/ate1 %\ld be at once ! reptile ( late/ appe>ance 9 creation1 & ! "o select$ by philosophical naturali/s z repres5tative ( a rev]s$ process 9 ! c\rse ( be+1--( a d[nw>d1 s9k+ c>e]1 f ! v]tebrate antetype t[>ds greatly l[] types 9 ! inv]tebrate divisions6 ,! fall5 _s is repres5t$ 9 revelation by :at we are n[ taught to recognize 9 sci5ce z a degrad$ reptile4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,,bird ,,tracks ,,( ,,! ,,connecticut4 7,lias or ,oolite47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,,fossil ,,footpr9t4 ,connecticut4 ,birds make _! fir/ appe>ance 9 a ,r$ ,s&/one deposit ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! valley ( ! ,connecticut1 :i* 0 at "o "t suppos$ to belong to ! ,triassic ,sy/em1 b :i* is n[ held to be at lea/ n old] ?an ! times ( ! ,lias4 ,no fragm5ts ( ! skeletons ( birds h yet be5 discov]$ 9 =mations old] ?an ! ,*alk3 ! ,connecticut rema9s are ^? ( footpr9ts exclusively2 & yet !y tell _! extraord9>y /ory1 s f> z x ext5ds1 ) rem>kable precision & di/9ctness4 ,!y 7 app>5tly all ( ! ,grall or /ilt ord] ( birds1--an ord] to :i* ! cranes1 h]ons1 & bu/>ds belong1 ) ! o/ri*es & cass[>ies1 & :i* is *>act]iz$ by possess+ b ?ree toes on ea* foot 7"o species ( o/ri* has b two71 or1 if a f\r? toe be pres5t1 s imp]fectly is x develop$ 9 mo/ ( ! cases1 t x fails to rea* ! gr\nd4 ,& 9 almo/ all ! footpr9ts ( ! primeval birds ( ! ,connecticut !re are only ?ree toes exhibit$4 ,peculi>1 ill und]/ood laws regulate ! phalangal divisions ( ! v>i\s animals4 ,x is a law ( ! human k9d1 = in/ance1 t ! ?umb %\ld consi/ ( b ?ree phalanges2 :ile ! f+]s1 ev5 ! smalle/1 consi/ ( f\r4 ,&1 9 ! same way1 x is a law g5]ally exemplifi$ among birds1 t ( ! ?ree toes :i* correspond to ! f+]s1 ! inn] toe %\ld be compos$ ( ?ree phalanges1 ! middle or l>ge/ toe ( f\r phalanges1 & ! out] toe1 ?\gh b second 9 po9t ( size1 ( five phalanges4 ,su* is ! law n[1 & su* 0 equally ! law1 z %[n by ! ,am]ican footpr9ts1 9 ! times ( ! ,lias4 ,"s ( ! impressions are ( s+ul> di/9ctness4 ,e claw & phalange has left its m>k 9 ! /one2 :ile ! trifid t]m9ation ( ! t>so-metat>sal bone leaves ?ree m>ks m1--fifte5 9 all1--! true orni?ic numb]4 ,9 "s ( ! specim5s ev5 ! pressure ( a metat>sal bru%1 /ill possess$ by "s birds1 is di/9ctly traceable2 nay1 !re are in/ances 9 :i* ! impress ( ! d]moid papill has rema9$ z %>ply z if made 9 wax4 ,b ! imm5se size ( "s ( ^! footpr9ts s]v$ to militate = a "t aga9/ belief 9 _! orni?ic orig94 ,! impressions t are b second>y 9 po9t ( size greatly exce$ ^? ( ! huge/ birds :i* n[ exi/2 :ile ^? ( ! l>ge/ class equal ! pr9ts ( ! bulki] quadrup$s4 ,!re are tridactyle footpr9ts 9 ! r$ s&/ones ( ,connecticut t measure eighte5 in*es 9 l5g? f ! heel to ! middle claw1 ne>ly ?irte5 in*es 9 bread? f ! out] to ! inn] toe1 & :i* indicate1 f _! di/ance ap>t 9 ! /raight l9e1 a /ride ( ab\t six feet 9 ! creature t impress$ !m 9 ^! anci5t s&s1--measurem5ts t might well />tle zoologi/s :o _h d]iv$ _! exp]i5ce ( ! orni?ic class f exi/+ birds exclusively4 ,comp>atively rec5t discov]ies h1 h[ev]1 if n less5$1 at lea/ famili>iz$ u to ! wond]4 ,9 a deposit ( ,new ,zeal& t dates little if at all 9 advance ( ! human p]iod1 !re h be5 detect$ ! rema9s ( birds sc>ce inf]ior 9 size to ^? ( ,am]ica 9 ! ,liassic ages4 ,! bones ( ! ,d9ornus giganteus1 exhibit$ by ! late ,dr4 ,mantell 9 ,ed9burgh 9 ! autumn ( #ahej1 greatly exce$$ 9 bulk ^? ( ! l>ge/ horse4 ,a ?igh bone sixte5 in*es 9 l5g? measur$ ne>ly n9e in*es 9 circumf]5ce 9 ! middle ( ! %aft3 ! head ( a tibia measur$ tw5ty-"o in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t a foot entire 9 all its p>ts1 :i* =m$ an int]e/+ portion ( ! exhibition1 w\ld1 :5 x 0 furni%$ ) nails1 & cov]$ by ! integum5ts1 h measur$ ab\t fifte5 in*es 9 l5g?2 & x 0 calculat$ by a v compet5t au?ority1 ,pr(essor ,ow51 t ( ! o!r bones ( ! leg to :i* x belong$1 ! tibia mu/ h be5 ab\t two feet n9e in*es1 & ! femur ab\t f\rte5 & a half in*es long4 ,! l>g] ?igh bone ref]r$ to mu/ h belong$1 x 0 held1 to a bird t /ood f elev5 to twelve feet high1--! extreme height ( ! great ,african elephant4 ,su* 7 ! mon/] birds ( a comp>atively rec5t p]iod2 & _! rema9s s]ve to r5d] cr$ible ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! great footpr9ts ( _! remote pr$ecessors ( ! ,lias4 ,! huge feet ( ! greate/ ,d9ornus ^: bones h yet be5 f\nd w\ld h left impressions sc>cely an in* %ort] ?an ^? ( ! /ill hug] birds ( ! ,connecticut4 ,is x n truly wond]ful1 t 9 ?is late age ( ! _w1 9 :i* ! inv5tion ( ! poets seems to cont5t itself ) humbl] & l[li] flights ?an ( old1 we %\ld ?us f9d ! facts ( geology fully rivall+1 9 ! /range & ! outr1 ! wilde/ fancies ( ! romanc]s :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! middle ages8 ,i h already ref]r$ to fly+ dragons1--real exi/5ces ( ! ,oolitic p]iod1--t 7 q z extraord9>y ( type1 if n altoge!r s huge ( bulk1 z ^? ) :i* ! ,sev5 ,*ampions ( ,*ri/5dom us$ to d battle2 & "h are we introduc$ to birds ( ! ,liassic ages t 7 sc>ce less gigantic ?an ! roc ( ,s9bad ! ,sailor4 ,!y are fraught ) /range mean+s ^! footpr9ts ( ! ,connecticut4 ,!y tell ( a "t f> remov$ into ! by-pa/ et]nity1 :5 great birds frequ5t$ by myriads ! %ores ( a nameless lake1 to wade into its %all[s 9 que/ ( mail-cov]$ fi%es ( ! anci5t type1 or long-ext9ct molluscs2 :ile reptiles equally gigantic1 & ( /ill /rang] proportions1 haunt$ ! neighbor+ swamps & savannahs2 & :5 ! same sun t %one on ! tall mov+ =ms beside ! wat]s1 & ?rew _! long %ad[s across ! r$ s&s1 light$ up ! glades ( deep =e/s1 all ( ^: fanta/ic productions1--tree1 bu%1 & h]b1--h ev5 9 _! v species long s9ce pass$ away4 ,& ( ?is sc5e ( ?+s only ! footpr9ts rema91--footpr9ts on ! s&s ( "t1 t tell u1 among o!r matt]s1 :5ce ! graceful ,am]ican poet d]iv$ 8 quiet b s+ul>ly effective & unmi/akeably indig5\s figure3-- ,lives ( great m5 all rem9d u ,we c make our lives sublime1 ,&1 dep>t+1 leave beh9d u ,footpr9ts on ! s& ( "t4 ,footpr9ts t p]haps ano!r1 ,sail+ o'er life's solemn ma91 ,a =lorn & %ipwreck$ bro!r1 ,see+1 %all take he>t aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,,?ylaco!rium ,,prevo/i4 7,/onisfield ,slate47 ,) ! ,/onisfield slates1--a deposit :i* lies above :at is kn[n z ! ,inf]ior ,oolite1--! rema9s ( mammalif]\s animals fir/ appe>4 ,z1 h[ev]1 no o!r mammalian rema9s occur until aft] ! close ( ! great ,second>y ,division1 & z c]ta9 m>k$ peculi>ities atta* to ^! ,oolitic ones1 x may be well to inquire :e!r _! place1 s f> 9 advance ( _! fell[s1 may n be indicative ( a radical diff]5ce ( "*1--a diff]5ce consid]able en\gh to sugge/ to ! zoologi/ an improvem5t 9 8 s*eme ( classification4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,pr(essor ,ow51--our highe/ au?ority 9 comp>ative anatomy1--t :ile "o ,/onisfield g5us unequivocally belong$ to ! m>supial ord]1 ano!r ( its g5]a be>s also c]ta9 ( ! m>supial traits2 & t ! gr\p :i* !y compos$1--a v small "o1 & consi/+ exclusively ( m9ute insect-eat+ animals1--exhibits 9 its g5]al aspect ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is p\*$ family4 ,ev5 ! g5us ( ! gr\p t lea/ resembles !m 0 pron\nc$ by ,cuvi] to h its ne>e/ aff9ities ) ! opossums4 ,& let u m>k h[ v mu* may be impli$ 9 ?is circum/ance4 ,9 ! ,animal ,k+dom ( ! great naturali/ j nam$1 ! m>supiata1 or p\*$ animals1 are made to occupy ! f\r? place among ! n9e ord]s ( ! ,mammalia2 b %\ld !y n r occupy a place int]m$iate betwe5 ! plac5tal mammals & ! birds8 & does n nature indicate _! true position by ! position :i* %e assigns to !m 9 ! geologic scale8 ,! birds are ovip>\s2 & betwe5 ! extrusion ( ! egg & ! developm5t ( ! p]fect "y bird !y h to hat* x into life dur+ a long p]iod ( incubation4 ,! m>supiata are n ovip>\s1 = _! eggs want ! envelop+ %ell or sk92 b !y1 too1 are extrud$ 9 an exce$+ly rudim5t>y & foetal /ate1 & h to und]go 9 ! p\* a greatly long] p]iod ( incubation ?an t dem&$ by nature = any bird :atev]4 ,! "y kang>oo is extrud$1 aft] x has rema9$ = little m ?an a mon? 9 ! womb1 z a foetus sc>cely an in* 9 l5g? by some:at less ?an half an in* 9 bread?3 x is bl9d1 exhibit+ m]ely d>k eye spots2 its limbs are s rudim5t>y1 t ev5 ! h9d] legs1 s l>gely develop$ 9 ! g5us :5 mature1 exi/ z m]e /umps2 x is unable ev5 to suck1 b1 hold+ p]man5tly on by a m9ute dug1 has ! su/a9+ fluid occasionally press$ into its m\? by ! "m4 ,&1 und]go+ a peculi> b n ! less real process ( incubation1 ! creature t _h to rema9 = little m ?an a mon? 9 ! womb1--/rictly ?irty-n9e days1--has to rema9 9 ! "m's p\*1 ere x is fully develop$ & able to provide = itself1 = a p]iod ( eight mon?s4 ,x is f\nd to increase 9 weight dur+ ?is hat*+ process1 f some:at less ?an an ounce to some:at m ?an eight p\nds4 ,n[1 ?is surely is a process q z ne>ly ak9 to ! incubation ( egg-be>+ birds z to ! ord9>y nurs+ process ( ! plac5tal mammals2 & on ! occult b app>5tly real pr9ciple1 t ! true arrangem5t ( ! animal k+dom is t :i* we f9d exemplifi$ by ! successive introduction ( its v>i\s classes & ord]s 9 ! c\rse ( geologic hi/ory1 %\ld we n anticipate a po9t ( "t = ! introduction ( ! m>supiata1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! widely-di/ant po9ts at :i* ! egg-be>+ birds & ! true plac5tal mammals appe>$8 ,rang$ at once *ronologically1 & by _! mode ( reproduction1 ! v>i\s classes ( ! v]tebrata w\ld run1 did we accept ! sugge/$ read+1 z foll[s3--,fir/ appe> cold-blood$ v]tebrates 7fi%es71 t propagate by eggs or spawn1--*iefly by ! latt]4 ,next appe> cold-blood$ v]tebrates 7reptiles71 t propagate by eggs or spawn1--*iefly by ! =m]4 ,!n appe> w>m-blood$ v]tebrates 7birds71 t propagate by eggs exclusively4 ,!n w>m-blood$ v]tebrates come ^u ! /age1 t produce eggs )\t %ells1 :i* h to be subject$ = mon?s to a species ( extra-plac5tal incubation4 ,& la/ ( all ! true plac5tal mammals appe>4 ,& ?us1 tri$ by ! te/ ( p]fect reproduction1 ! great v]tebral division receives its full developm5t 9 creation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,,anopl!rium ,,commune4 7,eoc5e47 ,! plac5tal mammals make _! appe>ance1 z ,i h said1 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ! great ,t]ti>y division1 & exhibit 9 ! gr\p an aspect v unlike t :i* !y at pres5t be>4 ,! ,eoc5e ages 7 peculi>ly ! ages ( ! ,palo!res1--/range animals ( t pa*yd]mat\s or ?ick-sk9n$ ord] to :i* ! elephants1 ! tapirs1 ! hogs1 & ! horses belong4 ,x _h be5 rem>k$ by naturali/s1 t !re are few] families ( ?is ord] 9 liv+ nature ?an ( almo/ any o!r1 & t1 ( ! exi/+ g5]a1 n a few are widely sep>at$ 9 _! analogies f ! o!rs4 ,b 9 ! ,palo!res ( ! ,eoc5e1 :i* rang$ 9 size f a l>ge horse to a h>e1 n a few ( ! miss+ l9ks h be5 f\nd1--l9ks connect+ ! tapirs to ! hogs1 & ! hogs to ! ,palo!res prop]2 & !re is at lea/ "o species sugge/ive ( an union ( "s ( ! m peculi> traits ( ! tapirs & ! horses4 ,x 0 among ^! ext9ct ,pa*yd]mata ( ! ,p>is bas9 t ,cuvi] effect$ 8 wond]ful re/orations1 & produc$ ^? figures 9 outl9e :i* are n[ z famili> to ! geologi/ z any ( ! =ms ( ! exi/+ animals4 ,! ,london ,clay & ! ,eoc5e ( ! ,isle ( ,wight h also yield$ num]\s specim5s ( ^? pa*yd]ms1 ^: id5tity ) ! ,cont95tal ones has be5 e/abli%$ by ,ow52 b !y are m fragm5t>y1 & _! /ate ( keep+ less p]fect1 ?an ^? furni%$ by ! gypsum qu>ries ( ,velay & ,montm>tre4 ,9 ^! ! small] animals occur (t5 9 a /ate ( pres]vation s peculi> & p>tial z to excite ! curiosity ( ev5 ! untaught workm54 ,only half ! skeleton is pres5t4 ,! limbs & ribs ( ! "u side are f\nd ly+ 9 ne>ly _! prop] places2 :ile ( ! limbs & ribs ( ! upp] side usually n a trace c be detect$1--ev5 ! upp] side ( ! skull is (t5 awant+4 ,x-w\ld almo/ seem z if "s pre-,adamite but*] _h divid$ ! c>casses longitud9ally1 & c>ri$ away ) him all ! upp] halves4 ,! read+ ( ! enigma seems to be1 t :5 ! creatures lay d[n & di$1 ! gypsum 9 :i* _! rema9s occur 0 s(t en\gh to p]mit _! "u sides to s9k into x1 & t !n gradually h>d5+1 x kept ! bones 9 _! places2 :ile ! uncov]$ upp] sides1 expos$ to ! dis9tegrat+ influ5ces1 ei!r m\ld]$ away piecemeal1 or 7 remov$ by accid5t4 ,! bones ( ! l>g] animals ( ! bas9 are usually f\nd deta*$2 & ere !y c\ld be recon/ruct$ into p]fect skeletons1 !y tax$ ! extraord9>y p[]s ( ! greate/ ( comp>ative anatomi/s4 ,r m ?an tw5ty diff]5t species ( ext9ct mammals h be5 detect$ 9 ! ,p>is bas91--n a great numb]1 x may be ?\ght2 & yet = s limit$ a locality we may deem x n a v small "o1 :5 we take into acc\nt ! fact t all our native mammals ( ,brita9 & ,irel& am\nt 7accord+ to ,flem+71 if we except ! ,cetace & ! seals1 to b =ty species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ga4 ,,animals ,,( ,,! ,,p>is ,,bas94#ae 7,eoc5e47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,,d9o!rium ,,giganteum4 7,mioc5e47 ,9 ! ,middle or ,mioc5e ,t]ti>y1 pa*yd]ms1 ?\gh ( a :olly diff]5t type f _! pr$ecessors1 are /ill ! prevail+ =ms4 ,! ,d9o!rium1 "o ( ! greate/ quadrup$al mammals t ev] liv$1 seems to h =m$ a connect+ l9k 9 ?is middle age betwe5 ! ,pa*yd]mata & ! ,cetace4 ,ea* ramus ( ! "u jaw1 :i* 9 ! l>g] specim5s are fully f\r feet 9 l5g?1 bore at ! symphysis a great b5t tusk turn$ d[nw>ds1 :i* appe>s to h be5 employ$ z a pickaxe 9 uproot+ ! aquatic plants & liliace\s roots on :i* ! creature seems to h liv$4 ,! head1 :i* measur$ ab\t ?ree feet across1--a bread?1 suffici5t1 surely1 to satisfy ! dem&s ( ! mo/ exact+ phr5ologi/1--0 provid$ ) muscles ( enorm\s /r5g?1 arrang$ s z to give pot5t effect to ! op]ations ( ?is /range tool4 ,! h9d] "p ( ! skull n a little resembl$ t ( ! ,cetace2 :ile1 f ! =m ( ! nasal bones1 ! creature 0 evid5tly furni%$ ) a trunk l ! elephant4 ,x seems n improbable1 !re=e1 t ?is bulkie/ ( mammalif]\s quadrup$s con/itut$1 z ,i h said1 a sort ( unit+ tie betwe5 creatures /ill associat$ 9 ! human m9d1 f ! circum/ance ( _! massive proportions1 z ! greate/ t swim ! sea or walk ! l&1--! :ale & ! elephant4 ,! ,ma/odon1 an elephantoid animal1 also furni%$1 l ! elephant1 ) tusks & trunk1 b m>k$ by c]ta9 peculi>ities :i* con/itute x a diff]5t g5us1 seems 9 ,europe to h be5 contempor>y ) ! ,d9o!rium2 b 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 7! sc5e ( its greate/ num]ical developm5t7 x appe>s to belong to a lat] age4 ,9 height x did n surpass ! ,african elephant1 b x consid]ably exce$$ x 9 l5g?1--a specim5 :i* c\ld n h /ood above twelve feet high indicat+ a l5g? ( ab\t tw5ty-five feet3 x _h :at ! elephants want1--tusks fix$ 9 its l[] jaw1 :i* ! males reta9$ ?r\gh life1 b ! females lo/ :5 "y2 its limbs 7 proportionally %ort]1 b m massive1 & its abdom5 m elongat$ & slim2 its gr9d] tee? too1 "s ( :i* h be5 kn[n to weigh f sev5te5 to tw5ty p\nds1 & _! cusps elevat$ into great mamm-l protub]ances1 to :i* ! creature owes its "n1 & :olly diff] 9 _! proportions & outl9e f ! gr9d]s ( ! elephant4 ,! mu* great] remot5ess ( ! ma/odonic p]iod 9 ,europe ?an 9 ,am]ica is a circum/ance wor?y ( notice1 z x is "o ( _m facts t seem to indicate a g5]al transposition ( at lea/ ! lat] geologic ages on ! opposite sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,gr\ps ( correspond+ "* on ! ea/]n & we/]n %ores ( ?is great ocean 7 n contemporane\s 9 "t4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly rem>k$1 t ! exi/+ plants & trees ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) n a few ( its fi%es & reptiles1 be> 9 _! =ms & con/ruction ! m>ks ( a mu* great] antiquity ?an ^? ( ,europe4 ,! geologi/ :o sets himself to discov] simil> types on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,atlantic w\ld h to seek = !m among ! deposits ( ! lat] ,t]ti>ies4 ,nor? ,am]ica seems to be /ill pass+ ?r\gh its lat] ,t]ti>y ages2 & x appe>s to be a consequ5ce ( ?is curi\s transposition1 t :ile 9 ,europe ! ma/odonic p]iod is remov$ by two great geologic eras f ! pres5t "t1 x is remov$ f x 9 ,am]ica by only "o4 ,ev5 9 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 t p]iod lies f> beyond ! rea* ( human tradition1--a fact borne out by ! pseudo-traditions retail$ by ! aborig9es reg>d+ ! ma/odon4 ,by none ( at lea/ ! high] naturali/s has !re be5 a d\bt ent]ta9$ respect+ its h]bivor\s "*2 & ! discov]y ( late ye>s ( ! /oma* ( an individual *>g$ ) decay$ h]bage & fragm5ts ( ! succul5t bran*es ( trees1 "s ( !m ( exi/+ species1 has demon/rat$ ! solidity ( ! reason+s f\nd$ on its g5]al /ructure & aspect4 ,! pseudo-traditions1 h[ev]1 repres5t x 9 e in/ance z a c>nivor\s tyrant1 t1 _h x n be5 itself de/roy$1 w\ld h de/roy$ all ! o!r animals its contempor>ies4 ,x is said by ! r$ m5 ( ,virg9ia1 t a troop ( ^! trem5d\s quadrup$s made fe>ful havoc = "s "t among ! de]1 ! buffaloes1 & all ! o!r animals creat$ = ! use ( ! ,indians1 & spread desolation f> & wide4 ,at la/ '! ,mighty ,man above' seiz$ 8 ?und] & kill$ !m all1 ) ! exception ( ! l>ge/ ( ! males1 :o pres5t+ 8 head to ! ?und]bolts1 %ook !m (f z !y fell2 b1 be+ w\nd$ 9 ! side1 he betook himself to flight t[>ds ! great lakes1 :]e he /ill resides at ! pres5t day4 ,let me "h rem9d y 9 ! pass+1 t t antiquity ( type :i* *>act]izes ! rec5t productions ( ,nor? ,am]ica is "o ( _m wond]s1--n absolutely geological 9 !mselves1 b :i*1 save = ! revelations ( geology1 w\ld h =ev] rema9$ unnot$ & unkn[n1--:i* h be5 press$1 dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 on ! notice ( naturali/s4 ,x is a circum/ance q extraord9>y & unexpect$1 says ,agassiz1 9 8 pr(\ndly int]e/+ "w on ,lake ,sup]ior1 t ! fossil plants ( ! ,t]ti>y b$s ( ,o5+5 resemble m closely ! trees & %rubs :i* gr[ at pres5t 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ?an ^? ( any o!r p>ts ( ! _w2 ?us all[+ u to express correctly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! opposite coa/s ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 by say+ t ! pres5t ea/]n ,am]ican flora1 &1 ,i may add1 ! fauna also1 h a m anci5t "* ?an ^? ( ,europe4 ,! plants1 especially ! trees & %rubs1 gr[+ 9 our days 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are1 z x 71 old-fa%ion$2 & ! *>act]i/ic g5]a ,lagomys1 ,*elydra1 & ! l>ge ,salam&]s ) p]man5t gills1 t rem9d u ( ! fossils ( ,o5+51 are at lea/ equally s2--!y be> ! m>ks ( =m] ages4 ,h[ /range a fact6 ,n only are we accu/om$ to speak ( ! ea/]n cont95ts z ! ,old ,_w1 9 contradi/9ction to ! great cont95t ( ! we/1 b to speak also ( ! _w be=e ! ,flood z ! ,old ,_w1 9 contradi/9ction to ! po/-diluvian _w :i* succe$$ x4 ,& yet equally1 if we receive ! t]m 9 ei!r ( its acceptations1 is ,am]ica an old] _w /ill1--an old] _w ?an t ( ! ea/]n cont95ts1--an old] _w1 9 ! fa%ion & type ( its productions1 ?an ! _w be=e ! ,flood4 ,& :5 ! immigrant settl] takes axe amid ! deep backwoods1 to lay op5 = ! fir/ "t :at he deems a new c\ntry1 ! great trees t fall be=e him1--! bru%wood t he lops away ) a sweep ( 8 tool1--! unfamili> h]bs :i* he tramples "u foot1--! lazy fi%-l reptile t sc>ce /irs out ( 8 pa? z he desc5ds to ! neighbor+ creek to dr9k1--! fi]ce alligator-l tortoise1 ) ! l>ge limbs & small c>pace1 t he sees wat*+ among ! re$s = fi% & frogs1 j z he rea*es ! wat]1--& ! little h>e-l rod5t1 )\t a tail1 t he />tles by ! way1--all atte/1 by ! antiqu5ess ( ! m\ld 9 :i* !y are ca/1 h[ old a c\ntry ! seem+ly new "o really is1--a c\ntry va/ly old]1 9 type at lea/1 ?an t ( ! ant$iluvians & ! patri>*s1 & only to be comp>$ ) t :i* fl\ri%$ on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,atlantic long ere ! appe>ance ( man1 & ! rema9s ( ^: p]i%$ productions we f9d lock$ up 9 ! loess ( ! ,rh9e1 or amid ! lignites ( ,nassau4 ,am]ica is emphatically ! ,old ,_w4 ,if we accept1 h[ev]1 z s\nd ! +5i\s logic by :i* ,colton labors to %[1 9 n inelegant v]se1 t ! ,mod]ns are ! true ,anci5ts1 we may cont9ue to t]m x ! ,new ,_w /ill4 ,we t on ^! late days are ?r[n ,mu/ be ! olde/ ,anci5ts kn[n2 ,! e>lie/ ,mod]n e>? ha? se5 ,0 ,adam 9 8 apron gre54 ,he liv$ :5 "y ,creation peal$ ,h] morn+ hymn o'er flood & field1 ,till all h] infant (fspr+ came ,to t great *ri/5+ = a "n4 ,& he t w\ld ! ,anci5ts "k1 ,mu/ =w>d come1 n backw>d g3 ,! le>n$ lumb] ( ! %elves ,%[s no?+ old] ?an ourselves4 ,b :o 9 old] times ?an we ,%all live8--,t infant on ! knee1-- ,see sights to u 7 nev] %[n1 ,& secrets kn[n to u unkn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,,elephas ,,primig5ius4 7,mammo?47 ,great ,briti% ,elephant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,,trogon!rium ,,cuvi]i4 ,gigantic ,beav]4 7,plei/oc5e47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,,ursus ,,spel,,u4 ,cave ,be>4 7,plei/oc5e47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,,hy5a ,,spel,a4 ,cave ,hyna4 7,plei/oc5e47 ,! gr\p ( mammals :i*1 9 ,europe1 at lea/1 imm$iately prec$$ ! human p]iod seems to h be5 ev]y:]e a rem>kable "o2 & n[h]e 0 x m s ?an 9 ! ,briti% isl&s4 ,our pres5t mammalif]\s fauna is r poor2 b ! cont5ts ( ! lat] deposits %[ t we mu/ reg>d x z b a m]e fragm5t ( a v noble "o4 ,associat$ ) species t /ill exi/ 9 ! less cultivat$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 su* z ! badg]1 ! fox1 ! wild cat1 ! roe & ! r$ de]1 we f9d ! rema9s ( great animals1 ^: cong5]s mu/ n[ be s\ght = 9 ! int]tropical regions4 ,brita91 dur+ ! times ( ! b\ld] clay1 & = ages previ\s1 _h its native elephant1 its two species ( rh9oc]os1 its hippopotamus1 its hyna1 its tig]1 its ?ree species ( be>s1 its two species ( beav]s1 its great elk1 & its gigantic de]4 ,=ms n[ f\nd widely ap>t1 & 9 v diff]5t climates1 meet )9 ! ,briti% area4 ,dur+ at lea/ ! e>li] times ( ! gr\p1 ! temp]ature ( our isl& seems to h be5 v mu* :at x is n[4 ,z ,i h already _h occasion to rem>k1 ! ,briti% oak fl\ri%$ on its pla9s & l[] slopes1 & ! bir* & ,scot* fir on its hills4 ,& yet "u ^! famili> trees ! lagomys or tailless h>e1 a =m n[ ma9ly re/rict$ to ,sib]ia & ! wilds ( ,nor!rn ,am]ica1 & ! re9de]1 an animal ^: prop] habitat at ! pres5t "t is ,lapl&1 7 associat$ ) =ms t are n[ only to be f\nd betwe5 ! tropics1 su* z t ( ! hippopotamus & rh9oc]os4 ,^! la/1 h[ev]1 unequivocally ( ext9ct species1 seem to h be5 adapt$ to live 9 a temp]ate climate2 & we "k f ! fam\s ,sib]ian specim51 t ! ,briti% elephant1 ) its cov]+ ( long hair & closely-felt$ wool1 0 fitt$ to su/a9 ! rigors ( a v sev]e "o4 ,x is surely a /range fact1 b n less true ?an /range1 t s9ce hill & dale assum$ 9 ,brita9 _! pres5t configuration1 & ! oak & bir* fl\ri%$ 9 its woods1 !re 7 caves 9 ,engl& haunt$ = ages by families ( hynas1--t !y dragg$ into _! d5s ) ! c>casses ( long ext9ct animals ^? ( ! /ill famili> d5iz5s ( our hill-sides1 & fea/$1 n[ on ! lagomys1 & n[ on ! common h>e1--t !y n[ fa/5$ on ! beav] or ! re9de]1 & n[ ^u ! roebuck or ! goat4 ,9 "o ( ^! caves1 su* ( ! bones z project$ f ! /iff soil h be5 actually worn smoo? 9 a n>r[ passage :]e ! hynas us$ to come 9 contact ) !m 9 pass+ out & 92 & = sev]al feet 9 dep? ! floor b5ea? is compos$ almo/ exclusively ( gnaw$ fragm5ts1 t /ill exhibit ! deeply ind5t$ m>ks ( =midable tee?4 ,9 ! fam\s ,kirkdale cave alone1 p>ts ( ! skeletons ( f two to ?ree hundr$ hynas h be5 detect$1 mix$ ) portions ( ! osse\s framework ( ! cave-tig]1 ! cave-be>1 ! ox1 ! de]1 ! mammo?1 & ! rh9oc]os4 ,t cave mu/ h be5 a d5 ( wild creatures = _m ages ere ! times ( ! b\ld] clay1 dur+ :i* p]iod x 0 %ut up f all access to ! light & air by a drift deposit1 & lay cov]$ ov] until aga9 laid op5 by "s workm5 little m ?an ?irty ye>s ago4 ,n only 7 _m ( ! wild animals ( ! c\ntry :i* /ill exi/ contempor>y = a "t ) its ext9ct be>s1 tig]s1 & elephants1 b x seems at lea/ highly probable t sev]al ( our dome/icat$ bre$s d]iv$ _! orig9 f prog5itors ^: rema9s we f9d entomb$ 9 ! bone-caves & o!r deposits ( ! same age2 ?\gh ( c\rse ! *anges effect$ by dome/ication 9 almo/ all ! tame animals r5d]s ! "q ( _! id5tity ) ! indig5\s bre$s some:at obscure4 ,cuvi] 01 h[ev]1 unable to detect any diff]5ce betwe5 ! skeleton ( a fossil horse1 contempor>y ) ! elephant1 & t ( our dome/ic bre$3 a fossil goat ( ! same age _c be di/+ui%$ f ! dome/icat$ animal2 & "o ( our two fossil ox5 7,bos longifrons7 does n diff] m f "s ( ! exi/+ bre$s ?an ^! h1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 be5 made1 *iefly by artificial means1 to diff] among !mselves4 ,b ( "o ( our dome/ic tribes no trace has yet be5 f\nd 9 ! rocks3 l ! cod family among fi%es1 or ! ,rosace among plants1 x seems to h prec$$ man by b a v brief p]iod4 ,& c]ta9ly1 if creat$ specially = 8 use1 ?\gh ! pride ( ! h]ald might prev5t him f select+ x z 9 aught typical ( ! human race1 x w\ld yet n be easy to in/ance a family ( animals t has m9i/]$ m ext5sively to 8 necessities4 ,i ref] to ! %eep1--t s(t & h>mless creature1 t clo!s civiliz$ man ev]y:]e 9 ! cold] latitudes ) its fleece1--t fe$s him ) its fle%1--t gives its b[els to be spun into ! catgut ) :i* he refits 8 musical in/rum5ts1--^: horns he has le>n$ to fa%ion into a ?\s& useful tr9kets1--& ^: sk91 conv]t$ into p>*m5t1 s]v$ to convey to lat] times ! ?9k+ ( ! fir/ full bl[ ( ! human intellect across ! dre>y gulf ( ! middle ages4 ,at l5g? ! human p]iod beg9s4 ,a creature appe>s ^u ! sc5e unlike all t _h prec$$ him1 & ^: nature x equally is to look back ^u ! ev5ts ( ! pa/1--among o!r matt]s1 on t succession ( be+s ^u ! planet :i* he inhabits1 ) :i* we are ?is ev5+ attempt+ to deal1--& to anticipate at lea/ "o succession m1 9 t /ill future /ate 9 :i* he himself is aga9 to appe>1 9 happi] circum/ances ?an n[1 & 9 a wor?i] "*4 ,we possess ano!r hi/ory ( ! primeval age & subsequ5t *ronology ( ! human family ?an t :i* we f9d inscrib$ 9 ! rocks4 ,& x is well t we d s4 ,f v>i\s causes1 ! geologic evid5ce reg>d+ ! p]iod ( man's fir/ appe>ance on e>? is s+ul>ly obscure4 ,t cu/om ( bury+ 8 dead out ( 8 sight1 :i* obta9$1 we "k1 9 ! patri>*al times1 & 0 probably 9 use ev] s9ce man came fir/ "u ! law ( dea?1 has _h ! effect ( m+l+ 8 rema9s ) ^? ( creatures t 7 ext9ct = ages ere he began to be4 ,! cav]n1 once a haunt ( c>nivor\s animals1 t 9 ! fir/ simple ages ( 8 hi/ory _h furni%$ him ) a %elt] :5 liv+1 became 8 bury+-place :5 dead2 & ?us 8 bones1 & 8 fir/ rude attempts 9 pott]y & weapon-mak+1 h be5 f\nd associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! cave-hyna & cave-tig]1 ) ! tee? ( ! anci5t hippopotamus1 & ! tusks ( ! primeval elephant4 ,! evid5ce on ! po9t1 too1--f ! great paucity ( human rema9s ( a comp>atively remote p]iod1 & f ! circum/ance t !y are r>ely se5 by geologi/s 9 ! /ratum 9 :i* !y occur1--is usually v imp]fect 9 its details4 ,fur!r1 x is an evid5ce obnoxi\s to suspicion1 f ! fact t a ke5 controv]sy has aris5 on ! subject ( man's antiquity1 t su* fragm5ts ( man himself or ( 8 works z manife/ great age h be5 press$ to s]ve z weapons 9 ! fray1--t1 occurr+ always 9 sup]ficial & local deposits1 _! true era may be greatly ant$at$1 "u ! influ5ce ( prejudice1 by m5 :o h no design wilfully to deceive1--& t :ile1 respect+ ! old] =mations1 ) _! abundant organisms1 ! conclusions ( any "o geologi/ may be te/$ by all ! o!rs1 ! geologi/ :o once 9 a lifetime picks up 9 a /ratifi$ s& or clay a /one arr[-head or a human bone1 f9ds t ! data on :i* he f\nds 8 conclusions may be receiv$ or reject$ by 8 contempor>ies1 b n re-exam9$4 ,x may be safely /at$1 h[ev]1 t t anci5t record 9 :i* man is repres5t$ z ! la/born ( creation1 is oppos$ by no geologic fact2 & t if1 accord+ to ,*alm]s1 ! ,mosaic writ+s d n fix ! antiquity ( ! globe1 !y at lea/ d fix--mak+ all[ance1 ( c\rse1 = ! v>y+ e/imates ( ! *ronolog]--! antiquity ( ! human species4 ,! great column ( be+1 ) its base set 9 ! sea1 & inscrib$1 l "s old triumphal pill>1 ) _m a /range =m1--at once hi]oglyphic & figure1--be>s1 z ! ornately sculptur$ capital1 :i* imp>ts beauty & f9i% to ! :ole1 reason+1 responsible man4 ,!re is surely a v wond]ful h>mony manife/$ 9 ! proportions ( t nice sequ5ce 9 :i* ! inv]tebrates--! fi%es1 ! reptiles1 ! birds1 ! m>supials1 ! plac5tal mammals1 &1 la/ ( all1 man himself--are s exquisitely arrang$4 ,x rem9ds u ( ! f9e figure employ$ by ,dryd5 9 8 fir/ ,ode = ,/4 ,cecilia's ,day1--a figure :i*1 view$ 9 ! light ca/ on x by ! mod]n sci5ce ( ,palontology1 /&s out 9 bold] relief ?an t 9 :i* x c\ld h appe>$ to ! poet himself3-- ,f h>mony1 f heav5ly h>mony1 ,?is univ]sal frame began2 ,f h>mony to h>mony1 ,?r\gh all ! compass ( ! notes x ran1 ,! diapason clos+ full 9 man4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,,asaphus ,,caudatus4 7,silurian47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,,or?oc]as ,,lat]ale4 7,m\nta9 ,lime/one47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,,spirig]9a ,,reticul>is4 7,old ,r$ ,s&/one47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,a4 ,,m>g>itatus4 7,lias47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,a4 ,,bisulcatus4 7,lias47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,,belemnitella ,,mucronata4 7,*alk47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,,belemnites ,,sulcatus4 7,oolite47 ,9 ! limits to :i* ,i h re/rict$ myself1 ,i h be5 able to d little m ?an simply to *ronicle ! successive eras 9 :i* ! v>i\s classes & divisions ( ! organic k+dom1 vegetable & animal1 make _! appe>ance 9 creation4 ,i h produc$ m]ely a brief record ( ! v>i\s bir?s1 9 _! ord]1 ( t great family ^: fa!r is ,god4 ,& 9 pursu+ su* a plan1 mu*1 ( necessity1 mu/ h be5 omitt$4 ,i ought p]haps to h told y1 t v r>ely1 if ev]1 d ! ma/] =ms ( a p]iod con/itute ! prevail+ or typical organisms ( its deposits4 ,( ! ?ree great divisions ( :i* ! geologic scale consi/s1--,palozoic1 ,second>y1 & ,t]ti>y1--! fir/1 or i*?yic p]iod1 is m>k$ *iefly1 n by its great fi%es1 b by ! peculi> "* ( its bra*ipod\s & cephalopod\s mollusca1 & 9 its e>li] /ages by its ?ree-lob$ cru/ace2 ! second or reptilian p]iod 0 emphatically ! p]iod ( ! ammonite & belemnite2 :ile ! ?ird & la/1 or mammalian p]iod1 0 t ( ga/ropod\s & con*if]\s molluscs1 impress$1 g5]ically at lea/1 by all ! features ( ! gr\p :i* /ill exi/s 9 our seas4 ,save 9 a few local deposits1 fi%es d n =m ! prevail+ organisms 9 ! =mations ( ! age ( fi%es2 nor reptiles 9 ! =mations ( ! age ( reptiles2 nor yet mammals 9 ! =mations ( ! age ( mammals4 ,nay1 x is n improbable t ! rec5t or human p]iod may be m>k$ mo/ prom95tly 9 ! future1 :5 x comes to exi/ simply z a geologic sy/em1 by a /ill humbl] organism ?an mo/ ( ^! molluscs4 ,on almo/ all rocky %ores a l9e ( pale gray may be se5 at l[ wat]1 runn+ = mile aft] mile along ! belt t has be5 laid b>e at ! bases ( ! cliffs by ! fall ( ! tide4 ,x owes its pale color to millions ( millions ( a small balanus 7,b4 balanoides71 produc$ 9 su* amaz+ abundance 9 ! littoral zone z to cov] ) a r\gh cru/ e m9ute portion ( rock & e s$5t>y %ell4 ,o!r species ( ! same g5us 7,b4 cr5atus & ,b4 porcatus7 occupy ! dep?s ( ! sea beyond2 & _! rema9s1 wa%$ a%ore by ! waves1 & m+l$ ) ^? ( ! littoral species1 =m (t5 great accumulations ( %ell s&4 ,i h se5 among ! ,hebrides a %ell s& accumulat$ along ! bea* to ! dep? ( _m feet1 ( :i* fully two ?irds 0 compos$ ( ! valves & comp>tm5ts ( balanid2 & a simil> s& on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 a little to ! s\? ( ,/4 ,&rews1 =m$ 9 /ill l>g] proportions ( ! fragm5ts ( a s+le species1--,balanus cr5atus4 ,n[1 ?is g5us1 s amaz+ly abundant at ! pres5t "t 9 e exi/+ sea1 & ^: accumulat$ rema9s bid fair to exi/ z great lime/one rocks 9 ! future1 _h no exi/5ce 9 ! ,palozoic or ,second>y ages4 ,x fir/ appe>s 9 ! times ( ! e>li] ,t]ti>y1 91 h[ev]1 only a s+le species2 &1 becom+ gradually ( m & m importance z a gr\p1 x receives its fulle/ num]ical developm5t 9 ! pres5t "t4 ,& ?us ! rema9s ( a sub-class ( animals1 l[ 9 _! /&+ among ! articulata1 may =m "o ( ! mo/ prom95t ,palontological features ( ! human p]iod4 ,b en\gh = ! pres5t ( circum/ance & detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,,murex ,,alveolatus4 7,r$ ,crag47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,,a/>te ,,omalii4 7,r$ ,crag47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,,balanus ,,crassus4 7,r$ ,crag47 ,su*1 s f> z ! geologi/ has yet be5 able to read ! records ( 8 sci5ce1 has be5 ! c\rse ( creation1 f ! fir/ beg9n+s ( vitality ^u our planet1 until ! appe>ance ( man4 ,& v wond]ful1 surely1 has t c\rse be56 ,h[ /range a procession6 ,nev] yet on ,egyptian obelisk or ,assyrian frieze1--:]e long l9es ( figures seem /alk+ across ! granite1 ea* *>g$ ) symbol & my/]y1--h our ,lay>ds or ,rawl9sons se5 aught s extraord9>y z t long procession ( be+ :i*1 />t+ out ( ! blank dep?s ( ! bygone et]nity1 is /ill defil+ across ! /age1 & ( :i* we ourselves =m "s ( ! pass+ figures4 ,:o %all decl>e ! pr(\nd mean+s ) :i* ^! geologic hi]oglyphics are *>g$1 or indicate ! ultimate goal at :i* ! long procession is de/9$ to arrive8 ,! read+s already giv51 ! conclusions already d$uc$1 are z v>i\s z ! hopes & fe>s1 ! habits ( ?\ght1 & ! ca/ ( intellect1 ( ! sev]al int]pret]s :o h set !mselves1--"s1 alas6 ) b little prep>ation & v imp]fect k1--to decl>e 9 _! ord] ! details ( ?is m>vell\s1 dream-l vision1 &1 ) ! dream1 ! int]pretation !re(4 ,"o class ( int]pret]s may well rem9d u ( ! dim-ey$ old man1--! g5ius ( unbelief s poetically describ$ by ,col]idge1--:o1 sitt+ 9 8 cold & dre>y cave1 talk$ mu* & vehem5tly conc]n+ an inf9ite s]ies ( causes & effects1 :i* he expla9$ to be a /r+ ( bl9d m51 ! la/ ( :om caught hold ( ! skirt ( ! "o be=e him1 he ( ! next1 & s on1 till !y 7 all out ( sight1 & t !y all walk$ infallibly /raight1 )\t mak+ "o false /ep1 ?\gh all 7 alike bl9d4 ,) ^! mu/ ,i class ^? ass]tors ( ! developm5t hypo!sis :o c see 9 ! upw>d progress ( be+ only ! op]ations ( an incompreh5d+ & incompreh5sible law1 ?r\gh :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( unreckon$ ages1 ! l[] tribes & families h ris5 into ! high]1 & inf]ior into sup]ior natures1 & 9 virtue ( :i*1 9 %ort1 ! animal creation has gr[n1 9 at lea/ its nobl] specim5s1 altoge!r unwitt+ly1 )\t ?\ght or c>e on its own "p1 & )\t intellig5ce on ! "p ( ! op]at+ law1 f irrational to rational1 & ris5 9 ! scale f ! m]e prompt+s ( in/9ct to ! highe/ ex]cise ( reason1--f apes & baboons to ,bacons & ,newtons4 ,! bl9d lead ! bl9d2--! unsee+ law op]ates on ! unp]ceiv+ creatures2 & !y g1 n toge!r into ! dit*1 b direct onw>ds1 /raight z an arr[1 & high] & high] at e /ep4 ,ano!r class look ) pr(\nd melan*oly on t great city ( ! dead1--! burial-place ( all t ev] liv$ 9 ! pa/1--:i* occupies ) its ev]-ext5d+ pavem5ts ( grave/ones1 & its ev]-l5g!n+ /reets ( tombs & sepul*res1 e region op5$ up by ! geologi/4 ,!y see ! onw>d procession ( be+ z if b tipp$ ) life1 & n\ght b inanimate c>casses all beh9d1--dead individuals1 dead species1 dead g5]a1 dead creations1--a univ]se ( dea?2 & ask :e!r ! same annihilation :i* ov]took 9 turn all ! races ( all ! pa/1 %all n "o day ov]take our own race also1 & a "t come :5 m5 & _! works %all h no exi/5ce save z /one-p]vad$ fossils lock$ up 9 ! rock =ev]8 ,n[h]e d we f9d ! d\bts & fe>s ( ?is class m admirably portray$ ?an 9 ! works ( p]haps ! mo/ ?\ghtful & sugge/ive ( liv+ poets3-- ,are ,god & ,nature !n at /rife1 ,t ,nature l5ds su* evil dreams1 ,s c>eful ( ! type %e seems1 ,s c>eless ( ! s+le life8 ',s c>eful ( ! type6' b no1 ,f sc>p$ cliff & qu>ri$ /one1 ,%e cries1 ',a ?\s& types are gone2 ,i c>e = no?+2 all %all g3 ,?\ make/ ?9e appeal to me2 ,i br+ to life1 ,i br+ to dea?2 ,! _s does b mean ! brea?4 ,i "k no m4' ,& he1--%all he1 ,man1 h] la/ "w1 :o seem$ s fair1 ,su* spl5did purpose 9 8 eyes1 ,:o roll$ ! psalm to w9try skies ,& built him fanes ( fruitless pray]1 ,:o tru/$ ,god 0 love inde$1 ,& love creation's f9al law1 ,?\gh ,nature1 r$ 9 too? & claw1 ,) rav9e %riek$ aga9/ 8 cre$1-- ,:o lov$1 :o suff]$ c\ntless ills1 ,:o battl$ = ! true1 ! j1-- ,be bl[n ab\t ! des]t du/1 ,or seal$ )9 ! iron hills8 ,no m6--a mon/] !n1 a dream1 ,a discord4 ,dragons ( ! prime1 ,t tore ea* o!r 9 _! slime1 ,7 mell[ music mat*$ ) him4 ,o1 life1 z futile !n z frail1-- ,o = ?y voice to soo! & bless6 ,:at hope ( answ] or r$ress1 ,beh9d ! vail1 beh9d ! vail6 ,! sagacity ( ! poet "h1--t /range sagacity :i* seems s ne>ly ak9 to ! prophetic _s1--sugge/s 9 ?is noble passage ! true read+ ( ! enigma4 ,! appe>ance ( man ^u ! sc5e ( be+ con/itutes a new era 9 creation2 ! op]ations ( a new in/9ct come into play1--t in/9ct :i* anticipates a life aft] ! grave1 & reposes 9 implicit fai? ^u a ,god alike j & good1 :o is ! pl$g$ rew>d] ( all :o dilig5tly seek ,him4 ,& 9 look+ along ! long l9e ( be+1--ev] ris+ 9 ! scale f high] to yet high] manife/ations1 or abroad on ! l[] animals1 :om in/9ct nev] deceives1--c we hold t man1 immeasurably high] 9 8 place1 & inf9itely high] 9 8 hopes & aspirations1 ?an all t ev] w5t be=e him1 %\ld be1 not)/&+1 ! "o gr& error 9 creation1--! "o pa9ful work]1 9 ! mid/ ( pres5t tr\ble1 = a /ate into :i* he is nev] to ent]1--! befool$ expectant ( a happy future1 :i* he is nev] to see8 ,assur$ly no4 ,he :o keeps fai? ) all 8 humbl] creatures1--:o gives to ev5 ! bee & ! dorm\se ! w9t] = :i* !y prep>e1--w to a c]ta9ty n break fai? ) man1--) man1 alike ! deput$ "l ( ! pres5t creation1 & ! *os5 heir ( all ! future4 ,we h be5 look+ abroad on ! old geologic bury+-gr\nds1 & deciph]+ ! /range inscriptions on _! tombs2 b !re are o!r bury+-gr\nds1 & o!r tombs1--solit>y *ur*y>ds among ! hills1 :]e ! du/ ( ! m>tyrs lies1 & tombs t rise ov] ! a%es ( ! wise & good2 nor are !re awant+1 on ev5 ! monum5ts ( ! p]i%$ races1 frequ5t hi]oglyphics1 & symbols ( high mean+1 :i* d>kly intimate to u1 t :ile _! burial-y>ds conta9 b ! debris ( ! pa/1 we are to reg>d ! o!rs z *>g$ ) ! s[n se$ ( ! future4 ,,lecture ,,?ird4 ,,! ,,two ,,records1 ,,mosaic ,,& ,,geological4 ,x is n[ exactly fifty ye>s s9ce a cl]gyman ( ! ,scotti% ,*ur*1 engag$ 9 lectur+ at ,/4 ,&rews1 took occasion 9 enum]at+ ! v>i\s e>?s ( ! *emi/1 to allude to ! sci5ce1 !n 9 its infancy1 t specially deals ) ! rocks & soils :i* ^! e>?s compose4 ,!re is a prejudice1 he rem>k$1 aga9/ ! speculations ( ! geologi/1 :i* ,i am anxi\s to remove4 ,x has be5 said t !y nurture infidel prop5sities4 ,x has be5 alleg$ t geology1 by ref]r+ ! orig9 ( ! globe to a high] antiquity ?an is assign$ to x by ! writ+s ( ,moses1 und]m9es our fai? 9 ! inspiration ( ! ,bible1 & 9 all ! animat+ prospects ( ! immortality :i* x unfolds4 ,?is is a false al>m4 ,! writ+s ( ,moses d n fix ! antiquity ( ! globe4 ,! bold lectur] on ?is occasion1--= x ne$$ no small c\rage 9 a div9e ( any ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* to take up1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 a position s det]m9$ on ! geologic side1--0 at ! "t an obscure "y man1 *>act]iz$1 9 ! small circle 9 :i* he mov$1 by ! ardor ( 8 temp]am5t & ! bread? & orig9ality ( 8 views2 b n yet di/+ui%$ 9 ! sci5ce or lit]ature ( 8 c\ntry1 & ( comp>atively little weight 9 ! !ological field4 ,he 0 m>k$1 too1 by :at 8 sob]] acqua9tance deem$ ecc5tricities ( ?\ght & conduct4 ,:5 ! opposite view 0 all b univ]sal1 he held & taught t free trade w\ld be n only a g5]al b5efit to ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 b w\ld inflict p]man5t injury on no "o class or portion ( !m2 & fur!r1 at a "t :5 ! /reets & lanes ( all ! great cities ( ! empire 7 light$ ) oil burnt 9 lamps1 he held t ! "t 0 n di/ant :5 a c>burett$ hydrog5 gas w\ld be sub/itut$ in/ead2 &1 on gett+ 8 snug p>sonage-h\se repair$1 he actually introduc$ into ! walls a sy/em ( tubes & pipes = ! passage into its v>i\s rooms ( ! gase\s fluid yet to be employ$ z ! illum9at+ ag5t4 ,"t & exp]i5ce h s9ce impress$ _! /amp on ^! suppos$ ecc5tricities1 & %[n !m to be ! sagaci\s =eca/+s ( a man :o saw fur!r & m cle>ly ?an 8 contempor>ies2 & fame has s9ce bl[n 8 "n v widely1 z "o ( ! mo/ compreh5sive & enlight5$1 &1 )al1 "o ( ! mo/ ?or\ghly e>ne/ & s9c]e1 ( mod]n !ologians4 ,! bold lectur] ( ,/4 ,&rews 0 ,dr4 ,?omas ,*alm]s1--a div9e ^: writ+s are n[ kn[n :]ev] ! ,engli% language is spok51 & ^: wond]ful eloqu5ce lives 9 memory z a vani%$ p[]1 :i* ev5 8 extraord9>y writ+s fail adequately to repres5t4 ,& 9 ! position :i* he took up at ?is e>ly p]iod ) respect to geology & ! ,div9e ,record1 we h yet ano!r in/ance ( ! great sagacity ( ! man1 & ( 8 ability ( correctly e/imat+ ! prevail+ weight ( ! evid5ce ) :i*1 ?\gh b p>tially collect$ at ! "t1 ! geologi/ 0 prep>+ to e/abli% ! lead+ propositions ( 8 sci5ce4 ,ev5 9 ?is late age1 :5 ! sci5tific /&+ ( geology is all b univ]sally recogniz$1 & ! va/ p]iods ( "t :i* x dem&s fully conc$$1 nei!r geologi/ nor !ologian1 c\ld1 9 any new s*eme ( reconciliation1 %ape 8 fir/ proposition m skilfully ?an x 0 %ap$ by ,*alm]s a full half c5tury ago4 ,x has =m$ s9ce t "t ! prelim9>y proposition ( ^? ornam5ts ( at once sci5ce & ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 ! pres5t v5]able ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ,dr4 ,bird ,sumn]1 ) ,doctors ,buckl&1 ,conybe>e1 & ,pr(essor ,s$gwick2 ( em95t evangeli/ic ,diss5t]s too1 su* z ! late ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,john ,h>ris1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,vaughan1 ,dr4 ,james ,hamilton1 & ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,b9ney1--enlight5$ & di/+ui%$ m51 :o all came e>ly to ! conclusion1 ) ! lectur] ( ,/4 ,&rews1 t ! writ+s ( ,moses d n fix ! antiquity ( ! globe4 ,9 #ahad1 t5 ye>s aft] ! date ( ! ,/4 ,&rews' lectures1 ,dr4 ,*alm]s produc$ 8 m elaborate s*eme ( reconciliation betwe5 ! ,div9e & ! ,geologic ,records1 9 a ,review ( ,cuvi]'s ,!ory ( ! ,e>?2 & t s*eme1 p]fectly adequate to br+ ! ,mosaic n>rative into h>mony ) :at 0 kn[n at ! "t ( geologic hi/ory1 has be5 v ext5sively receiv$ & adopt$4 ,x may1 inde$1 /ill be reg>d$ z ! mo/ popul> ( ! v>i\s exi/+ s*emes4 ,x tea*es1 & tea*es truly1 t betwe5 ! fir/ act ( creation1 :i* evok$ out ( ! previ\s no?+ ! matt] ( ! heav5s & e>?1 & ! fir/ act ( ! fir/ day's "w record$ 9 ,g5esis1 p]iods ( va/ duration may h int]v5$2 b fur!r1 x insi/s t ! days !mselves 7 b natural days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea*2 & t1 ere !y began1 ! e>?1 ?\gh mayhap 9 ! previ\s p]iod a fair resid5ce ( life1 _h become void & =mless1 & ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 ?\gh mayhap !y _h be=e giv5 light1 _h be51 at lea/ 9 relation to our planet1 tempor>ily ext+ui%$4 ,9 %ort1 :ile x tea*es t ! successive creations ( ! geologi/ may all h f\nd ample room 9 ! p]iod prec$+ t creation to :i* man belongs1 x tea*es also t ! record 9 ,g5esis be>s ref]5ce to b ! exi/+ creation1 & t !re lay betwe5 x & ! prec$+ ones a *aotic p]iod ( dea? & d>kness4 ,! s*eme prop\nd$ by ! late ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?1 & s9ce adopt$ by sev]al writ]s1 diff]s f t ( ,*alm]s 9 b "o circum/ance1 ?\gh an important "o4 ,dr4 ,smi? held1 ) ! great nor!rn div9e1 t ! ,mosaic days 7 natural days2 t !y 7 prec$$ by a *aotic p]iod2 & t ! "w done 9 !m relat$ to b t la/ ( ! creations to :i* ! human species belongs4 ,fur!r1 h[ev]1 he held 9 addition1 t ! *aos ( d>kness & confusion out ( :i* t creation 0 call$ 0 ( b limit$ ext5t1 & t outside its area1 & dur+ ! p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 _m ( our pres5t l&s & seas may h enjoy$ ! light ( ! sun1 & be5 t5ant$ by animals & occupi$ by plants1 ! desc5dants ( :i* /ill cont9ue to exi/4 ,! treatise ( ,dr4 ,pye ,smi? 0 publi%$ exactly a qu>t] ( a c5tury po/]ior to ! promulgation1 ?r\gh ! press1 ( ! argum5t ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s2 & ?is important addition1--elaborat$ by its au?or betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcg & #ahci1--seems to h be5 made to suit ! m advanc$ /ate ( geological sci5ce at ! "t4 ,! s*eme ( reconciliation p]fectly adequate 9 #ahad 0 f\nd 9 #ahci to be no long] s2 & ?is ma9ly ?r\gh a peculi>ity 9 ! ord] 9 :i* geological fact has be5 evolv$ & accumulat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! great fossilif]\s sy/ems /udi$ & wr\ght out2 to :i* ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ briefly to adv]t4 ,william ,smi?1 ! ,fa!r ( ,engli% ,geology1 z he has be5 well t]m$ 7a humble eng9e] & m9]al surveyor1 possess$ ( b ! ord9>y education ( m5 ( 8 class & pr(ession71 0 born ^u ! ,engli% ,oolite1--t sy/em :i*1 among ! five prevail+ divisions ( ! great ,second>y class ( rocks1 holds exactly ! middle place4 ,! ,triassic sy/em & ! ,lias lie b5ea? x2 ! ,cretace\s sy/em & ! ,weald re/ above4 ,smi?1 :ile yet a *ild1 _h 8 att5tion attract$ by ! ,oolitic fossils2 & x 0 obs]v$1 t :ile 8 y\?ful contempor>ies _h _! g>n]$ /ores ( m>bles pur*as$ at ! toy %op1 he _h collect$1 in/ead1 a ho>d ( sph]ical fossil t]ebratul1 :i* s]v$ ! purposes ( ! game equally well4 ,! int]e/ :i* he took 9 organic rema9s1 & ! deposits 9 :i* !y occur1 influ5c$ him 9 ! *oice ( a pr(ession2 &1 :5 support+ himself 9 hone/ indep5d5ce z a skilful m9]al surveyor & eng9e]1 he travell$ ov] _m ?\s& miles ( c\ntry1 tak+ z 8 />t+ po9t ! city ( ,ba?1 :i* /&s ne> :at is t]m$ ! ,great ,oolite3 & f t c5tre he c>efully explor$ ! v>i\s ,second>y =mations above & bel[4 ,he asc]ta9$ t ^! always occur 9 a c]ta9 det]m9ate ord]2 t ea* conta9s fossils peculi> to itself2 & t !y run diagonally across ! k+dom 9 ne>ly p>allel l9es f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4 ,&1 devot+ e h\r :i* he c\ld snat* f 8 pr(essional labors to ! "w1 9 ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 or r m1 he complet$ 8 great /ratigraphical map ( ,engl&4 ,b1 ?\gh a truly ,h]culean a*ievem5t1 reg>d$ z t ( a s+le man un9debt$ to public support1 & un*e]$ by ev5 any v g5]al sympa?y 9 8 labors1 x 0 f\nd to be *iefly valuable 9 its trac+s ( ! ,second>y deposits1 & /rictly exact 9 only t ,oolitic c5tre f :i* 8 labors began4 ,x 0 rem>k$ at an e>ly p]iod t he ought to h re/rict$ 8 publication to ! =mations :i* lie betwe5 ! ,*alk & ! ,r$ ,m>l inclusive2 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! great ,second>y division4 ,! ,coal ,measures _h1 h[ev]1 be5 previ\sly bett] kn[n1 f _! economic importance1 & ! numb] ( ! work+s op5$ among !m1 ?an ! deposits ( any o!r sy/em2 & ere ! publication ( ! map ( ,smi?1 ,cuvi] & ,brogni>t _h r5d]$ fam\s all ov] ! _w ! old] ,t]ti>y =mations ( ! age ( ! ,london ,clay4 ,b bo? ends ( ! geological scale1 compris+ ^? anci5t sy/ems old] ?an ! ,coal1 & repres5tative ( p]iods 9 :i*1 s f> z is yet kn[n1 life1 animal & vegetable1 fir/ began ^u our planet1 & ^? sy/ems ( comp>atively mod]n date1 repres5tative ( ! p]iods :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! human epo*1 7 equally unkn[n4 ,! light fell /rongly on only t middle portion ( ! s]ies on :i* ! labors ( ,smi? _h be5 ma9ly conc5trat$4 ,! va/ geologic bridge1 :i*1 l t 9 ! exquisite allegory ( ,addison1 /rode across a "p ( ! great tide ( et]nity1 _h a black cl\d hang+ at ea* end ( x4 ,& su* 0 ! /ate ( geologic sci5ce :51 9 #ahad1 ,dr4 ,*alm]s fram$ 8 s*eme ( reconciliation4 ,s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 a light n less /rong ?an ! "o ?r[n by ,william ,smi? on ! =mations ( ! ,lias & ! ,oolite has be5 ca/ on bo? ! old] & ! new] fossilif]\s sy/ems4 ,two great gaps /ill rema9 to be fill$ up1--t :i* sep>ates ! ,palozoic f ! ,second>y division1 & t :i* sep>ates ! ,second>y f ! ,t]ti>y "o4 ,b !y occur at nei!r end ( ! geological scale4 ,ma9ly ?r\gh ! labors ( two di/+ui%$ geologi/s1 :o1 f9d+ ! geologic s*ool ( _! own c\ntry di/ract$ by a fi]ce & fruitless controv]sy1 atta*$ !mselves to ! geologic s*ool ( ,engl&1 & h s9ce receiv$ ! honor ( knigh?ood 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( _! labors1 bo? ends ( ! geologic scale h be5 complet$4 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison address$ himself to ! =mations old] ?an ! ,coal1 m especially to ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,silurian sy/ems1 f ! ,ludl[ rooks to ! ,ll&eilo flags4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one too1 a sy/em :i* lies m imm$iately b5ea? ! ,coal1 has also be5 explor$1 & its v>i\s deposits1 ) _! peculi> organic rema9s1 enum]at$ & describ$4 ,& ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 sett+ himself to ! o!r extremity ( ! scale1 has wr\ght out ! ,t]ti>y =mations1 & sep>at$ !m into ! f\r great divisions :i* !y are n[ recogniz$ z =m+4 ,& ( ^!1 ! v names indicate t c]ta9 proportions ( _! organisms /ill cont9ue to exi/4 ,x is a great fact1 n[ fully e/abli%$ 9 ! c\rse ( geological discov]y1 t betwe5 ! plants :i* 9 ! pres5t "t cov] ! e>?1 & ! animals :i* inhabit x1 & ! animals & plants ( ! lat] ext9ct creations1 !re occurr$ no break or blank1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 _m ( ! exi/+ organisms 7 contempor>y dur+ ! morn+ ( _! be+1 ) _m ( ! ext9ct ones dur+ ! ev5+ ( !irs4 ,we "k fur!r1 t n a few ( ! %ells :i* n[ live on our coa/s1 & sev]al ( ev5 ! wild animals :i* cont9ue to survive amid our tracts ( hill & =e/1 7 9 exi/5ce _m ages ere ! human age began4 ,in/ead ( dat+ _! beg9n+ only a s+le natural day1 or at mo/ two natural days1 9 advance ( man1 !y mu/ h prec$$ him by _m ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,9 f9e1 9 consequ5ce ( t comp>atively rec5t ext5sion ( geologic fact 9 ! direction ( ! lat] sy/ems & =mations1 ?r\gh :i* we are l$ to "k t ! pres5t creation 0 n cut (f abruptly f ! prec$+ "o1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 x dovetail$ into x at a ?\s& diff]5t po9ts1 we are l$ also to "k1 t any s*eme ( reconciliation :i* w\ld sep>ate betwe5 ! rec5t & ! ext9ct exi/5ces by a *aotic gulf ( dea? & d>kness1 is a s*eme :i* no long] meets ! necessities ( ! case4 ,?\gh p]fectly adequate =ty ye>s ago1 x has be5 greatly outgr[n by ! progress ( geological discov]y1 & is1 z ,i h said1 adequate no long]2 & x becomes a n unimportant matt] to det]m9e ! special s*eme t w\ld br+ into complete/ h>mony ! c\rse ( creation1 z n[ asc]ta9$ by ! geologi/1 & t brief b sublime n>rative ( its progress :i* =ms a meet introduction 9 ,holy ,writ to ! hi/ory ( ! human family4 ,! fir/ "q to :i* we mu/ address ourselves 9 any su* inquiry is ( c\rse a v obvi\s "o1--,:at are ! facts sci5tifically det]m9$ :i* n[ dem& a new s*eme ( reconciliation8 ,!re runs ar\nd ! %ores ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& a flat t]race ( unequal bread?1 back$ by an esc>pm5t ( v>i$ height & "*1 :i* is kn[n to geologi/s z ! old coa/-l9e4 ,on ?is flat t]race mo/ ( ! seaport t[ns ( ! empire are built4 ,! subsoil :i* und]lies its cov]+ ( vegetable m\ld consi/s usually ( /ratifi$ s&s & gravels1 arrang$ aft] ! same fa%ion z on ! neighbor+ bea*1 & int]sp]s$ 9 ! same mann] ) sea %ells4 ,! esc>pm5t beh9d1 :5 =m$ ( mat]ials ( no great coh]5cy1 su* z gravel or clay1 exi/s z a slop+1 grass-cov]$ bank1--at "o place runn+ out into promontories t encroa* ^u ! t]race b5ea?1--at ano!r rec$+ into picturesque1 bay-l recesses2 & :]e compos$1 z 9 _m localities1 ( rock ( an endur+ quality1 we f9d x worn1 z if by ! action ( ! surf1--9 "s p>ts reliev$ into insulat$ /acks1 9 o!rs holl[$ into deep cav]ns1--9 %ort1 pres5t+ all ! appe>ance ( a precipit\s coa/-l9e1 subject$ to ! action ( ! waves4 ,n[1 no geologi/ c or does d\bt t ?is esc>pm5t 0 at "o "t ! coa/-l9e ( ! isl&1--! l9e aga9/ :i* ! waves broke at high wat] 9 "s di/ant age1 :5 ei!r ! sea /ood f tw5ty to ?irty feet high] along our %ores ?an x does n[1 or ! l& sat f tw5ty to ?irty feet l[]4 ,nor c ! geologi/ d\bt1 t along ! flat t]race b5ea?1 ) its /ratifi$ b$s ( s& & gravel1 & its accumulations ( sea %ells1 ! tides mu/ h ris5 & fall5 twice e day1 z !y n[ rise & fall along ! bea* t at pres5t girdles our c\ntry4 ,b1 9 ref]5ce to at lea/ human hi/ory1 ! age ( ! old coa/-l9e & t]race mu/ be a v remote "o4 ,?\gh geologically rec5t1 x lies f> beyond ! rea* ( any writt5 record4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,jordanhill1 "o ( our highe/ au?orities on ! subject1 t ! wall ( ,anton9us1 erect$ by ! ,romans z a protection aga9/ ! ,nor!rn ,cal$onians1 0 made to t]m9ate at ! ,fir?s ( ,=? & ,clyde1 ) relation1 n to ! level ( ! old coa/-l9e1 b to t ( ! exi/+ "o4 ,& s we mu/ inf] t1 ere ! ye> ,a4,d4 #adj 7! ye> dur+ :i*1 accord+ to our antiqu>ies1 ! great] "p ( ! wall 0 erect$7 ! old coa/-l9e _h atta9$ to its pres5t elevation ov] ! sea4 ,fur!r1 h[ev]1 we "k f ! hi/ory ( ,diodorus ! ,sicilian1 t at a p]iod e>li] by at lea/ two hundr$ ye>s1 ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt1 9 ,cornwall1 0 connect$ ) ! ma9l& at l[ wat]1 j z x is n[1 by a flat i/hmus1 across :i*1 ^u ! fall+ ( ! tide1 ! anci5t ,corni% m9]s us$ to c>ry ov] _! t9 9 c>ts4 ,_h ! relative levels ( sea & l& be5 ^? ( ! old coa/-l9e at ! "t1 ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt1 in/ead ( be+ accessible at l[ ebb w\ld h be5 sep>at$ f ! %ore by a /rait f ?ree to five fa?oms 9 dep?4 ,x w\ld n h be5 !n z n[1 z describ$ 9 ! v]se ( ,c>ew1-- ,bo? l& & isl& twice a day4 ,b ev5 ! incid5tal notice ( ,diodorus ,siculus repres5ts v inadequately ! antiquity ( ! exi/+ coa/-l9e4 ,"s ( its caves1 holl[$ 9 h>d rock 9 ! l9e ( faults & %ifts by ! attrition ( ! surf1 are m ?an a hundr$ feet 9 dep?2 & x mu/ h requir$ _m c5turies to excavate t\gh trap or rigid gneiss to a dep? s consid]able1 by a process s sl[4 ,& yet1 h[ev] long ! sea may h /ood aga9/ ! pres5t coa/-l9e1 x mu/ h /ood = a consid]ably long] p]iod aga9/ ! anci5t "o4 ,! latt] pres5ts g5]ally m>ks ( great] attrition ?an ! mod]n l9e1 & its wave-holl[$ caves are ( a dep? consid]ably m pr(\nd4 ,9 det]m9+1 on an ext5sive tract ( coa/1 ! av]age pr(undity ( bo? classes ( cav]ns f a consid]able numb] ( ea*1 ,i asc]ta9$ t ! proportional av]age dep? ( ! mod]n to ! anci5t is z two to ?ree4 ,= e two c5turies1 !n1 dur+ :i* ! waves h be5 scoop+ out ! caves ( ! pres5t coa/-l9e1 !y mu/ h be5 engag$ = ?ree c5turies 9 scoop+ out ^? ( ! old "o4 ,b we "k hi/orically1 t = at lea/ tw5ty c5turies ! sea has be5 toil+ 9 ^! mod]n caves2 & :o %all d>e affirm t x has n be5 toil+ 9 !m = at lea/ t5 c5turies m8 ,b if ! sea has /ood = b ev5 two ?\s& six hundr$ ye>s aga9/ ! pres5t coa/-l9e 7& no geologi/ w\ld d>e fix 8 e/imate l[]71 !n mu/ x h /ood aga9/ ! old l9e1 ere x c\ld h excavat$ caves "o ?ird deep]1 ?ree ?\s& n9e hundr$ ye>s4 ,& bo? p]iods unit$ 7six ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s7 m ?an exhau/ ! ,hebrew *ronology4 ,yet :at a m]e beg9n+ ( geologic hi/ory does n ! epo* ( ! old coa/-l9e =m6 ,x is b a m]e />t+ po9t f ! rec5t p]iod4 ,n a s+le %ell seems to h become ext9ct dur+ ! la/ six ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s6 ,! %ells :i* lie emb$d$ 9 ! subsoils b5ea? ! old coa/-l9e are exactly ^? :i* /ill live 9 our seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,,a/>te ,,arctica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,,tell9a ,,proxima4 ,above ?is anci5t l9e ( coa/ we f9d1 at v>i\s heights1 b$s ( %ells ( va/ly old] date ?an ^? ( ! l[-ly+ t]race1 & _m ( :i* are no long] to be f\nd liv+ ar\nd our %ores4 ,i sp5t "s "t la/ autumn 9 explor+ "o ( ^! b$s1 once a sea bottom1 b n[ rais$ two hundr$ & ?irty feet ov] ! sea1 9 :i* !re occurr$ great numb]s ( %ells n[ n ,briti%1 ?\gh f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,brita9 at heights v>y+ f two hundr$ to ne>ly f\rte5 hundr$ feet ov] ! exi/+ sea level4 ,b ?\gh no long] ,briti% %ells1 !y are %ells t /ill cont9ue to live 9 high nor!rn latitudes1 z on ! %ores ( ,icel& & ,spitzb]g52 & ! abundance 9 :i* !y 7 develop$ on ! subm]g$ pla9s & hill-sides ( :at are n[ ,engl& & ,scotl&1 dur+ :at is t]m$ ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 %[s ( itself :at a v protract$ p]iod t 04 ,! prevail+ tell9a ( ! b$ :i* ,i la/ explor$1--a b$ :i* occurs 9 "s places six miles inl&1 9 o!rs elevat$ on ! top ( dizzy crags1--is a sub-arctic %ell 7,tell9a proxima71 ( :i* only dead valves are n[ to be detect$ on our coa/s1 b :i* may be f\nd liv+ at ! ,nor? ,cape & 9 ,gre5l&4 ,! prevail+ a/>te1 its contempor>y1 0 ,a/>te arctica1 n[ s r>e z a ,briti% species1 t _m ( our mo/ s$ul\s collectors h nev] se5 a native specim51 b :i* is comp>atively common on ! nor!rn %ores ( ,icel&1 & on ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,norway1 )9 ! arctic circle4 ,9 ?is elevat$ ,scotti% b$ ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod ,i laid ^! boreal %ells op5 to ! light by hundr$s1 on ! spot evid5tly :]e ! individuals _h liv$ & di$4 ,"u ! sev]e climatal conditions to :i* 7probably f "s *ange 9 ! direction ( ! gulf /ream7 :at is n[ ,nor!rn ,europe _h be5 br\ght1 ?is tell9a & a/>te _h increas$ & multipli$ until !y became prevail+ %ells ( ! ,briti% area2 & ?is increase mu/ h be5 ! sl[ "w ( ages1 dur+ :i* ! pla9s1 & n a few ( ! table l&s1 ( ! c\ntry1 7 subm]g$ 9 a sub-arctic sea1 & ,great ,brita9 exi/$ z b a scatt]$ ar*ipelago ( w9try isl&s4 ,b 9 a /ill e>li] p]iod1 ( :i* !re exi/s unequivocal evid5ce 9 ! buri$ =e/s ( ,happisburgh & ,crom]1 ! c\ntry _h n only its head above wat]1 z n[1 b seems to h possess$ ov5 m ?an its pres5t bread? ( surface4 ,dur+ ?is anci5t "t1--m remote by _m c5turies ?an n only ! times ( ! old coa/-l9e1 b ?an ev5 ^? ( ! p>tial subm]g5ce ( ! isl&1--t nor!rn mammo? liv$ 9 great abundance1 ( :i* ! rema9s h be5 f\nd by hundr$s 9 ,engl& alone1 toge!r ) ! nor!rn hippopotamus1 & at lea/ two nor!rn species ( rh9oc]os4 ,& ?\gh !y h all ceas$ to exi/1 ) _! wild associates 9 ! =e/s & jungles ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 ! cave-hyna1 ! cave-tig]1 & ! cave-be>1 we "k t ! desc5dants ( "s ( _! feebl] contempor>ies1 su* z ! badg]1 ! fox1 ! wild cat1 & ! r$ de]1 /ill live amid our hills & brakes4 ,! trees1 too1 "u :i* !y roam$1 & ^: rema9s we f9d buri$ 9 ! same deposits z !irs1 7 ( species t /ill hold _! place z aborig9al trees ( ! c\ntry1 or ( at lea/ ! m nor!rly prov9ces ( ! cont95t4 ,! common ,scot* fir1 ! common bir*1 & a cont95tal species ( conif] ( ! f> nor?1 ! ,norwegian spruce 7,abies excelsa71 h be5 f\nd und]ly+ ! ,plei/oc5e drift1 & root$ 9 ! mammif]\s crag2 & = _m ages mu/ ! old ext9ct elephant h roam$ amid ^! famili> trees4 ,f "o limit$ tract ( sea bottom on ! ,norfolk coa/ ! fi%]m5 engag$ 9 dr$g+ oy/]s br\ght a%ore1 9 ! c\rse ( ?irte5 ye>s 7f #ahbj to #ahcc71 no few] ?an two ?\s& elephants' gr9d]s1 besides great tusks & num]\s portions ( skeletons4 ,x 0 calculat$ t ^! rema9s c\ld n h belong$ to few] ?an five hundr$ individual mammo?s ( ,engli% gr[?2 &1 v>i\s 9 _! /ates ( keep+1 & belong+ to animals ( :i* only a few at a "t c\ld h f\nd suffici5t food 9 a limit$ tract ( c\ntry1 ! inf]5ce seems inevitable t !y mu/ h belong$1 n to "o or two1 b to _m succe$+ g5]ations4 ,! fur!r fact1 t rema9s ( ?is anci5t elephant 7,elephas primig5ius7 occur all r\nd ! globe 9 a broad belt1 ext5d+ f ! =tie? to ne> ! sev5tie? degree ( nor? latitude1 leads to ! same conclusion4 ,x mu/ h requir$ _m ages ere an animal t bre$s s sl[ly z ! elephant c\ld h ext5d$ itself ov] an area s va/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,,norwegian ,,spruce4 7,abies excelsa47 ,_m ( ! contempor>ies ( ?is nor!rn mammo?1 especially ( its molluscan contempor>ies1 cont9ue1 z ,i h said1 to live 9 _! desc5dants4 ,( ev5 a /ill m anci5t p]iod1 repres5t$ by ! ,r$ ,crag1 sev5ty out ( e hundr$ species ( %ells /ill exi/2 & ( an old] p]iod /ill1 repres5t$ by ! ,coral9e ,crag1 !re survive sixty out ( e hundr$4 ,9 ! ,r$ ,crag1 = in/ance1 we f9d ! fir/ kn[n ance/ors ( our common edible p]iw9kle & common edible mussel2 & 9 ! ,coral9e ,crag1 ! fir/ kn[n ance/ors ( ! common horse-mussel1 ! common :elk1 ! common oy/]1 & ! great pect54 ,!re !n occurs a break 9 ! geologic deposits ( ,brita91 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe we f9d s fill$ up z to r5d] x evid5t t no correspond+ break took place 9 ! *a9 ( exi/5ce2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 f ! pres5t "t up to ! times repres5t$ by ! e>lie/ ,eoc5e =mations ( ! ,t]ti>y division1 day has succe$$ day1 & season has foll[$ season1 & t no *asm or hiatus--no age ( g5]al *aos1 d>kness1 & dea?--has occurr$1 to break ! l9e ( succession1 or *eck ! c\rse ( life4 ,all ! evid5ce runs c\nt] to ! supposition t imm$iately be=e ! appe>ance ( man ^u e>?1 !re exi/$ a *aotic p]iod :i* sep>at$ ! previ\s f ! pres5t creation4 ,up till ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,eoc5e ages1 if ev5 !n1 !re 0 no su* *aotic p]iod1 9 at lea/ :at is n[ ,brita9 & ! ,european cont95t3 ! p]si/5cy f a high antiquity ( "s ( ! exi/+ races1 ( n only plants & %ells1 b ( ev5 "s ( ! mammif]\s animals1 su* z ! badg]1 ! goat1 & ! wild cat1 prove !re 0 n2 & any s*eme ( reconciliation :i* takes su* a p]iod = grant$ mu/ be deem$ z unsuit$ to ! pres5t /ate ( geologic k1 z any s*eme w\ld h be5 =ty ye>s ago :i* took x = grant$ t ! writ+s ( ,moses d fix ! antiquity ( ! globe4 ,! s*eme ( reconciliation adopt$ by ! late ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?1 ?\gh1 save 9 "o p>ticul>1 id5tical1 z ,i h said1 ) t ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 is made1 9 virtue ( its s+le po9t ( diff]5ce1 to /e] cle> ( ! difficulty4 ,bo? s*emes exhibit ! creation record$ 9 ,g5esis z an ev5t :i* took place ab\t six ?\s& ye>s ago2 bo? describe x z begun & complet$ 9 six natural days2 & bo? repres5t x z cut (f f a previ\sly exi/+ creation by a *aotic p]iod ( dea? & d>kness4 ,b :ile1 accord+ to ! s*eme ( ,*alm]s1 bo? ! ,biblical creation & ! previ\s p]iod ( dea? are repres5t$ z coext5sive ) ! globe1 !y are repres5t$1 accord+ to t ( ,dr4 ,smi?1 z limit$ & local4 ,!y may h ext5d$1 x is said1 ov] only a few prov9ces ( ,c5tral ,asia1 9 :i*1 :5 all 0 life & light 9 o!r p>ts ( ! globe1 !re reign$ = a "t only dea? & d>kness amid ! welt]+s ( a *aotic sea2 :i*1 at ! ,div9e comm&1 0 p5etrat$ by light1 & occupi$ by dry l&1 & ultimately1 ere ! end ( ! creative week1 became a c5tre 9 :i* c]ta9 plants & animals1 & f9ally man himself1 7 creat$4 ,& ?is s*eme1 by leav+ to ! geologi/ 9 ?is c\ntry & else:]e1 save mayhap 9 "s unkn[n ,asiatic di/rict1 8 unbrok5 s]ies1 c]ta9ly does n conflict ) ! facts educ$ by geologic discov]y4 ,x virtually removes ,scripture altoge!r out ( ! field4 ,i mu/ confess1 h[ev]1 t on ?is1 & on "s o!r acc\nts1 x has fail$ to satisfy me4 ,i h /umbl$1 too1 at ! conception ( a m]ely local & limit$ *aos1 9 :i* ! d>kness w\ld be s complete1 t :5 fir/ p5etrat$ by ! light1 t p5etration c\ld be describ$ z actually a mak+ or creat+ ( light2 & t1 :ile life obta9$ all ar\nd its prec9cts1 c\ld yet be ?or\ghly void ( life1 ,a local d>kness s pr(\nd z to admit no ray ( light seems to h fall5 = a "t on ,egypt1 z "o ( ! t5 plagues2 b ! ev5t 0 evid5tly miracul\s2 & no /ud5t ( natural sci5ce is entitl$ to h rec\rse1 9 ord] to extricate himself out ( a difficulty1 to supposititi\s1 unrecord$ miracle4 ,creation _c take place )\t miracle2 b x w\ld be a /range rev]sal ( all our previ\s conclusions on ! subject1 %\ld we h to hold t ! dead1 d>k1 blank out ( :i* creation arose 0 miracul\s also4 ,& if1 reject+ miracle1 we ca/ ourselves on ! purely natural1 we f9d t ! local d>knesses dep5d5t on kn[n causes1 ( :i* we h any record 9 hi/ory1 7 always ei!r v imp]fect1 l ! d>kness ( y\r ,london fogs1 or v tempor>y1 l ! d>kness describ$ by ,pl9y z occasion$ by a cl\d ( volcanic a%es2 & s1 altoge!r inadequate to meet ! dem&s ( a hypo!sis su* z t ( ,dr4 ,smi?4 ,& yet fur!r1 ,i am dispos$1 ,i mu/ add1 to look = a broad] & m g5]al mean+ 9 t gr& description ( ! creation ( all ?+s ) :i* ! ,div9e record s appropriately op5s1 ?an ,i c\ld recognize x z =m+1 7 ,i assur$ x ref]r$ to b "o ( _m exi/+ creations1--a creation re/rict$ to mayhap a few hundr$ squ>e miles ( c\ntry1 & to mayhap a few scores ( animals & plants4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! s*eme ( reconciliation :i* ,i w\ld v5ture to prop\nd8 ,let me fir/ rem>k1 9 reply1 t ,i come be=e y ?is ev5+1 n z a philologi/1 b simply z a /ud5t ( geological fact1 :o1 believ+ 8 ,bible1 believes also1 t ?\gh !ologians h at v>i\s times /riv5 h>d to pl$ge x to false sci5ce1 geographical1 a/ronomical1 & geological1 x has be5 pl$g$ by its ,div9e ,au?or to no falsehood :atev]4 ,i occupy exactly ! position n[1 ) respect to geology1 t ! m]e ,*ri/ian geograph] w\ld h occupi$ ) respect to geography 9 ! days ( ^? doctors ( ,salamanca :o deem$ x unscriptural to hold ) ,columbus t ! _w is r\nd1--n flat2 or exactly ! position :i* ! m]e ,*ri/ian a/ronom] w\ld h occupi$ ) respect to a/ronomy 9 ! days ( t ,francis ,turrett9e :o deem$ x unscriptural to hold ) ,newton & ,galileo1 t x is ! e>? :i* moves 9 ! heav5s1 & ! sun :i* /&s /ill4 ,! m]e geograph] or a/ronom] might h be5 :olly unable to discuss ) ,turrett9e or ! doctors ! niceties ( ,*aldaic punctuation1 or ! v>i\s mean+s ( ! ,hebrew v]bs4 ,b ?is mu*1 not)/&+1 he w\ld be p]fectly qualifi$ to say3--,h[ev] great y\r skill z l+ui/s1 y\r read+ ( :at y t]m ! scriptural geography or scriptural a/ronomy mu/ ( necessity be a false read+1 see+ t x commits ,scripture to :at1 9 my "* z a geograph] or a/ronom]1 ,i "k to be a mon/r\sly false geography or a/ronomy4 ,premis+1 !n1 t ,i make no pret5sions to ev5 ! slighte/ skill 9 philology1 ,i rem>k fur!r1 t x has be5 held by accompli%$ philologi/s1 t ! days ( ! ,mosaic creation may be reg>d$1 )\t do+ viol5ce to ! g5ius ( ! ,hebrew language1 z successive p]iods ( great ext5t4 ,& c]ta9ly1 9 look+ at my ,engli% ,bible1 ,i f9d t ! portion ( "t spok5 ( 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis z six days1 is spok5 ( 9 ! second *apt] z "o day4 ,true1 !re are o!r philolog]s1 su* z ! late ,pr(essor ,moses ,/u>t1 :o take a diff]5t view2 b !n ,i f9d ?is same ,pr(essor ,/u>t /riv+ h>d to make ! phraseology ( ,moses fix ! antiquity ( ! globe2 & s1 z a m]e geologi/1 ,i reject 8 philology1 on exactly ! same pr9ciple on :i* ! m]e geograph] w\ld reject1 & be ju/ifi$ 9 reject+1 ! philology ( ! doctors ( ,salamanca1 or on :i* ! m]e a/ronom] w\ld reject1 & be ju/ifi$ 9 reject+1 ! philology ( ,turrett9e & ! old ,franciscans4 ,i w\ld1 9 any su* case1 at once1 & )\t hesitation1 cut ! philological knot1 by det]m9+ t t philology _c be s\nd :i* w\ld commit ! ,scriptures to a sci5ce t _c be true4 ,waiv+1 h[ev]1 ! "q z a philological "o1 & simply hold+ ) ,cuvi]1 ,p>k9son1 & ,silliman1 t ea* ( ! six days ( ! ,mosaic n>rative 9 ! fir/ *apt] 7 :at is assur$ly meant by ! day ref]r$ to 9 ! second1--n natural days1 b l5g!n$ p]iods1--,i f9d myself call$ on1 z a geologi/1 to acc\nt = b ?ree ( ! six4 ,( ! p]iod dur+ :i* light 0 creat$1--( ! p]iod dur+ :i* a firmam5t 0 made to sep>ate ! wat]s f ! wat]s1--or ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! two great lights ( ! e>?1 ) ! o!r heav5ly bodies1 became visible f ! e>?'s surface1--we ne$ expect to f9d no record 9 ! rocks4 ,let me1 h[ev]1 pause = a mom5t1 to rem>k ! peculi> "* ( ! language 9 :i* we are fir/ introduc$ 9 ! ,mosaic n>rative to ! heav5ly bodies1--sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,! moon1 ?\gh absolutely "o ( ! smalle/ lights ( our sy/em1 is describ$ z second>y & subord9ate to only its greate/ light1 ! sun4 ,x is ! app>5t1 !n1 n ! actual1 :i* we f9d 9 ! passage1--:at seem$ to be1 n :at 02 & z x 0 m]ely :at appe>$ to be greate/ t 0 describ$ z greate/1 on :at gr\nds are we to hold t x may n also h be5 :at appe>$ at ! "t to be made t has be5 describ$ z made8 ,! sun1 moon1 & />s may h be5 creat$ long be=e1 ?\gh x 0 n until ?is f\r? p]iod ( creation t !y became visible f ! e>?'s surface4 ,! geologi/1 9 8 attempts to collate ! ,div9e ) ! geologic record1 has1 ,i repeat1 only ?ree ( ! six p]iods ( creation to acc\nt =1--! p]iod ( plants1 ! p]iod ( great sea mon/]s & creep+ ?+s1 & ! p]iod ( cattle & bea/s ( ! e>?4 ,he is call$ on to "q 8 sy/ems & =mations reg>d+ ! rema9s ( ^! ?ree great p]iods1 & ( ^! only4 ,& ! "q once fairly /at$1 :at1 ,i ask1 is ! reply8 ,all geologi/s agree 9 hold+ t ! va/ geological scale naturally divides into ?ree great p>ts4 ,!re are _m less] divisions1--divisions into sy/ems1 =mations1 deposits1 b$s1 /rata2 b ! ma/] divisions1 9 ea* ( :i* we f9d a type ( life s unlike t ( ! o!rs1 t ev5 ! unpractis$ eye c detect ! diff]5ce1 are simply ?ree1--! ,palozoic1 or olde/ fossilif]\s division2 ! ,second>y1 or middle fossilif]\s division2 & ! ,t]ti>y1 or late/ fossilif]\s division4 ,9 ! fir/1 or ,palozoic division1 we f9d corals1 cru/aceans1 molluscs1 fi%es1 &1 9 its lat] =mations1 a few reptiles4 ,b none ( ^! classes ( organisms give its lead+ "* to ! ,palozoic2 !y d n con/itute its prom95t feature1 or r5d] x m rem>kable z a sc5e ( life ?an any ( ! divisions :i* foll[$4 ,t :i* *iefly di/+ui%$ ! ,palozoic f ! ,second>y & ,t]ti>y p]iods 0 its gorge\s flora4 ,x 0 emphatically ! p]iod ( plants1--( h]bs yield+ se$ aft] _! k9d4 ,9 no o!r age did ! _w ev] witness su* a flora3 ! y\? ( ! e>? 0 peculi>ly a gre5 & umbrage\s y\?1--a y\? ( dusk & tangl$ =e/s1 ( huge p9es & /ately arauc>ians1 ( ! re$-l calamite1 ! tall tree-f]n1 ! sculptur$ sigill>ia1 & ! hirsute lepidod5dron4 ,:]ev] dry l&1 or %all[ lake1 or runn+ /ream appe>$1 f :]e ,melville ,isl& n[ spreads out its ice wa/es "u ! /> ( ! pole1 to :]e ! arid pla9s ( ,au/ralia lie solit>y b5ea? ! bright cross ( ! s\?1 a rank & luxuriant h]bage cumb]$ e footbread? ( ! dank & /eam+ soil2 & ev5 to di/ant planets our e>? mu/ h %one ?r\gh ! envelop+ cl\d ) a gre5 & delicate ray4 ,( ?is extraord9>y age ( plants we h our *e]ful remembranc]s & witnesses 9 ! flames t ro> 9 our *imneys :5 we pile up ! w9t] fire1--9 ! brilliant gas t n[ ca/s its light on ?is great assemblage1 & t light5s up ! /reets & lanes ( ?is va/ city1--9 ! gl[+ furnaces t smelt our metals1 & give mov+ p[] to our pond]\s eng9es1--9 ! long dusky tra9s t1 ) %riek & snort1 spe$ d>t-l a?w>t our l&scapes1--& 9 ! great cl\d-envelop$ vessels t d>k5 ! l[] rea*es ( y\r noble riv]1 & ru% 9 foam ov] ocean & sea4 ,! geologic evid5ce is s complete z to be pat5t to all1 t ! fir/ great p]iod ( organiz$ be+ 01 z describ$ 9 ! ,mosaic record1 peculi>ly a p]iod ( h]bs & trees1 yield+ se$ aft] _! k9d4 ,! middle great p]iod ( ! geologi/--t ( ! ,second>y division--possess$1 l ! e>li] "o1 its h]bs & plants1 b !y 7 ( a greatly less luxuriant & conspicu\s "* ?an _! pr$ecessors1 & no long] =m$ ! prom95t trait or feature ( ! creation to :i* !y belong$4 ,! p]iod _h also its corals1 its cru/aceans1 its molluscs1 its fi%es1 & 9 "s "o or two exceptional in/ances its dw>f mammals4 ,b ! gr& exi/5ces ( ! age1--! exi/5ces 9 :i* x excell$ e o!r creation1 e>li] or lat]1 7 its huge creep+ ?+s1--its enorm\s mon/]s ( ! deep1--&1 z %[n by ! impressions ( _! footpr9ts /amp$ ^u ! rocks1 its gigantic birds4 ,x 0 peculi>ly ! age ( egg-be>+ animals1 w+$ & w+less4 ,its wond]ful :ales1 n1 h[ev]1 z n[1 ( ! mammalian1 b ( ! reptilian class1--i*?yosaurs1 plesiosaurs1 & cetiosaurs1--mu/ h tempe/$ ! deep2 its creep+ liz>ds & crocodiles1 su* z ! teliosaurus1 megalosaurus1 & iguanodon1--creatures "s ( :i* m ?an rivall$ ! exi/+ elephant 9 height1 & greatly m ?an rivall$ him 9 bulk1--mu/ h cr[d$ ! pla9s or haunt$ by myriads ! riv]s ( ! p]iod2 & we "k t ! footpr9ts ( at lea/ "o ( its _m birds are fully twice ! size ( ^? made by ! horse or camel4 ,we are ?us prep>$ to demon/rate1 t ! second p]iod ( ! geologi/ 0 peculi>ly & *>act]i/ically a p]iod ( :ale-l reptiles ( ! sea1 ( enorm\s creep+ reptiles ( ! l&1 & ( num]\s birds1 "s ( !m ( gigantic size2 &1 9 meet accordance ) ! fact1 we f9d t ! second ,mosaic p]iod ) :i* ! geologi/ is call$ on to deal 0 a p]iod 9 :i* ,god creat$ ! f[l t flie? above ! e>?1 ) mov+ or creep+ creatures1 bo? 9 ! wat]s & on ! l&1 & :at our translation r5d]s great :ales1 b t ,i f9d r5d]$1 9 ! m>g91 great sea mon/]s4 ,! ,t]ti>y p]iod _h also its prom95t class ( exi/5ces4 ,its flora seems to h be5 no m conspicu\s ?an t ( ! pres5t "t2 its reptiles occupy a v subord9ate place2 b its bea/s ( ! field 7 by f> ! mo/ wond]fully develop$1 bo? 9 size & numb]s1 t ev] appe>$ ^u e>?4 ,its mammo?s & its ma/odons1 its rh9oc]i & its hippopotami1 its enorm\s d9o!rium & colossal mega!rium1 greatly m ?an equall$ 9 bulk ! l>ge/ mammals ( ! pres5t "t1 & va/ly exce$$ !m 9 numb]4 ,! rema9s ( "o ( its elephants 7,elephas primig5ius7 are /ill s abundant amid ! froz5 wa/es ( ,sib]ia1 t :at h be5 n inappropriately t]m$ ivory qu>ries h be5 wr\ght among _! bones = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,ev5 9 our own c\ntry1 ( :i*1 z ,i h already %[n1 ?is elephant 0 = long ages a native1 s abundant are ! skeletons & tusks1 t !re is sc>cely a local museum 9 ! k+dom t has n its specim5s1 dug out ( ! ,plei/oc5e deposits ( ! neighborhood4 ,& ) ?is anci5t elephant !re 7 meetly associat$ 9 ,brita91 z on ! nor!rn cont95ts g5]ally all ar\nd ! globe1 _m o!r mammals ( correspond+ magnitude4 ,gr& inde$1 says an ,engli% naturali/1 0 ! fauna ( ! ,briti% isl&s 9 ^? e>ly days4 ,tig]s z l>ge aga9 z ! bigge/ ,asiatic species lurk$ 9 ! anci5t ?ickets2 elephants ( ne>ly twice ! bulk ( ! l>ge/ individuals t n[ exi/ 9 ,africa or ,ceylon roam$ 9 h]ds2 at lea/ two species ( rh9oc]os =c$ _! way ?r\gh ! primeval =e/2 & ! lakes & riv]s 7 t5ant$ by hippopotami z bulky1 & ) z great tusks1 z ^? ( ,africa4 ,! massive cave-be> & l>ge cave-hyna belong$ to ! same =midable gr\p1 ) at lea/ two species ( great ox5 7,bos longifrons & ,bos primig5ius71 ) a horse ( small] size1 & an elk 7,megac]os ,hib]nicus7 t /ood t5 feet f\r in*es 9 height4 ,truly ?is ,t]ti>y age--?is ?ird & la/ ( ! great geologic p]iods--0 peculi>ly ! age ( great bea/s ( ! e>? aft] _! k9d1 & ( cattle aft] _! k9d4 ,p]mit me at ?is /age1 9 address+ myself to a ,london audi5ce1 to ref] to :at has be5 well t]m$ "o ( ! great sights ( ,london4 ,an illu/ration drawn f :at mu/ be famili> to y all may imp>t to y\r conceptions1 respect+ ! facts on :i* ,i build1 a degree ( tangibility :i* o!rwise !y c\ld n possess4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,,lepidod5dron ,,/]nb]gii4 ,"o ( p]haps ! mo/ deeply int]e/+ dep>tm5ts ( y\r great ,briti% ,museum--! wond] ( ! _w--is t noble gall]y1 consi/+ ( a suite ( rooms1 op5+ 9 l9e1 ! "o beyond ! o!r1 :i* =ms its ri* /oreh\se ( organic rema9s4 ,y mu/ ( co>se rememb] ! ord] 9 :i* ! organisms ( t gall]y are rang$4 ,! visitor is fir/ u%]$ into a spaci\s room devot$ to fossil plants1 *iefly ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,& if ^! organisms are 9 any degree less impos+ 9 _! aspect ?an ^? ( ! ap>tm5ts :i* foll[ 9 ! s]ies1 x is only because t1 f ! exce$+ greatness ( ! ,coal ,measure plants1 !y c be exhibit$ 9 b bits & fragm5ts4 ,)9 less ?an an h\r's walk ( ! ,scotti% capital !re are s+le trees ( ?is anci5t p]iod deeply emb$d$ 9 ! s&/one /rata1 :i*1 ?\gh exi/+ z m]e mutilat$ portions ( _! =m] selves1 w\ld yet fail to f9d accommodation 9 t great ap>tm5t4 ,"o ( ^? fossil trees1--a noble arauc>ian1--:i* occurs 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,granton qu>ry1 is a m]e fragm5t1 = x wants bo? root & top1 & yet :at rema9s is sixty-"o feet 9 l5g? by six feet 9 diamet]2 & beside x !re lies a small] arauc>ian1 also mutilat$1 = x wants top & bran*es1 & x measures sev5ty feet 9 l5g? by f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,i saw lately1 9 a qu>ry ( ! ,coal ,measures ab\t two miles f my dwell+-h\se1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 ! /em ( a plant 7,lepidod5dron ,/]nb]gii71 alli$ to ! dw>fi% club mosses ( our moors1 consid]ably ?ick] ?an ! body ( a man1 & :i*1 reckon+ on ! ord9>y proportions ( ! plant1 mu/ h be5 at lea/ sev5ty feet 9 height4 ,& ( a k9d ( aquatic re$ 7calamites71 t m resembles ! dim9utive m>e's tail ( our m>%es ?an aught else t n[ lives1 rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 abundance 9 ! same coal field1 m ?an a foot 9 diamet] by ?irty feet 9 l5g?4 ,impos+1 !n1 z are ! vegetable rema9s ( ?is portion ( ! ,national ,museum1 !y w\ld be greatly m impos+ /ill did !y m adequately repres5t ! gigantic flora ( ! remote age to :i* !y belong4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,,calamites ,,cann,,=mis4 ,pass+ onw>ds 9 ! gall]y f ! great plants ( ! ,palozoic division to ! animals ( ! ,second>y "o1 ! att5tion is at once arre/$ by ! mon/r\s =ms on ! wall4 ,%apes t m ?an rival 9 /rang5ess ! great dragons1 & griff9s1 & lai?ly worms1 ( m$ival leg5d1 or1 accord+ to ,milton1 ! gorgons1 hydras1 & *im]as dire1 ( classical fable1 fr[n on ! pass+ visitor2 &1 ?\gh wrapp$ up 9 _! dead & /ony sleep ( ages1 seem n only ! mo/ /range1 b also ! mo/ t]rible ?+s on :i* 8 eye ev] re/$4 ,enorm\s jaws1 bri/l+ ) po9t$ tee?1 gape horrid 9 ! /one1 "u />+ eye-sockets a full foot 9 diamet]4 ,necks t half equal 9 l5g? ! entire body ( ! boa-con/rictor /ret* out f bodies m\nt$ on f9s l ^? ( a fi%1 & furni%$ ) tails some:at resembl+ ^? ( ! mammals4 ,"h we see a w+$ dragon1 t1 arm$ ) %>p tee? & /rong claws1 _h c>e]$ ?r\gh ! air on lea!rn w+s l ^? ( a bat2 !re an enorm\s crocodilian :ale1 t1 m\nt$ on _m-jo9t$ paddles1 _h trav]s$1 9 que/ ( prey1 ! gre5 dep?s ( ! sea2 yond] a h]bivor\s liz>d1 ) a horn l t ( ! rh9oc]os project+ f its sn\t1 & t1 :5 x br[s$ amid ! dank mead[s ( ! ,weald51 mu/ h /ood ab\t twelve feet high4 ,all is enorm\s1 mon/r\s1 va/1 amid ! creep+ & fly+ ?+s & ! great sea mon/]s ( ?is division ( ! gall]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,,mega!rium ,,cuvi]i4 ,we pass on into ! ?ird & l[] division1 & an entirely diff]5t class ( exi/5ces n[ cat* ! eye4 ,! huge ma/odon1 ) 8 enorm\s l5g? ( body1 & 8 tusks project+ f bo? upp] & "u jaw1 /&s erect 9 ! middle ( ! floor1--a giant skeleton4 ,we see beside him ! great bones ( ! mega!rium1--?igh bones elev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & claw-arm$ toes m ?an two feet 9 l5g?4 ,!re1 too1 rang$ species beyond species1 are ! ext9ct elephants2 & !re ! pond]\s skull ( ! d9o!rium1 ) ! b5t tusks 9 its l[] jaw1 t give to x ! appe>ance ( a great pickaxe1 & t mu/ h dug deeply ( old amid ! liliace\s roots & bulbs ( ! ,t]ti>y lakes & riv]s4 ,!re also are ! massive heads & spread+ horn-cores ( ! ,bos primig5ius1 & ! l>ge bones & broad plank-l horns ( ! great ,iri% elk4 ,& !re too1 9 ! same ap>tm5t1 b lean+ aga9/ its fur!r wall1--la/1 z mo/ rec5t1 ( all ! objects ( wond] 9 t great gall]y1--is ! fam\s human skeleton ( ,guadal\pe1 /&+ out 9 bold relief f its slab ( gray lime/one4 ,x occurs 9 ! s]ies1 j z ! s]ies closes1 a little beyond ! ma/odon & ! mammo?s2 &1 9 its /range "* z a fossil man1 attracts ! att5tion sc>ce less p[]fully ?an ! great ,palozoic plants1 ! great ,second>y reptiles1 or ! great ,t]ti>y mammals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,,skull ,,( ,,d9o!rium ,,giganteum4 7,mioc5e47 ,i la/ pass$ ?r\gh ?is wondr\s gall]y at ! "t :5 ! attraction ( ! ,great ,exhibition _h fill$ ,london ) curi\s visitors f all p>ts ( ! empire2 & a gr\p ( intellig5t me*anics1 fre% f "s manufactur+ t[n ( ! midl& c\nties1 7 saunt]+ on ?r\gh its *amb]s imm$iately be=e me4 ,!y /ood amaz$ b5ea? ! dragons ( ! ,oolite & ,lias2 &1 ) m ?an ! admiration & wond] ( ! disciples ( old :5 contemplat+ ! huge /ones ( ! ,temple1 !y turn$ to say1 9 almo/ ! old words1 ,lo6 ma/]1 :at mann] ( great bea/s are ^!8 ,^! are1 ,i repli$1 ! sea mon/]s & creep+ ?+s ( ! second great p]iod ( organic exi/5ce4 ,! reply seem$ satisfactory1 & we pass$ on toge!r to ! t]m9al ap>tm5ts ( ! range appropriat$ to ! ,t]ti>y organisms4 ,& !re1 be=e ! enorm\s mammals1 ! me*anics aga9 /ood 9 wond]1 & turn$ to inquire4 ,anticipat+ ! qu]y1 ,i said1 ,& ^! are ! huge bea/s ( ! e>?1 & ! cattle ( ! ?ird great p]iod ( organic exi/5ce2 & yond]1 9 ! same ap>tm5t1 y see1 b at its fur!r end1 is ! fam\s fossil man ( ,guadal\pe1 lock$ up by ! petrifactive ag5cies 9 a slab ( lime/one4 ,! me*anics aga9 seem$ satisfi$4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 _h ,i enc\nt]$ !m 9 ! fir/ *amb] ( ! suite1 & _h !y que/ion$ me respect+ ! organisms ) :i* x is occupi$1 ,i w\ld h told !m t !y 7 ! rema9s ( ! h]bs & trees ( ! fir/ great p]iod ( organic exi/5ce4 ,b 9 ! *amb] ( ! mammals we p>t$1 & ,i saw !m no m4 ,!re c\ld n be a simpl] incid5t4 ,& yet1 rightly appreh5d$1 x reads its lesson4 ,y h all visit$ ! sc5e ( x1 & mu/ all h be5 /ruck by ! ?ree sali5t po9ts1 if ,i may s speak1 by :i* t noble gall]y lays /ronge/ hold ( ! memory1 & mo/ p[]fully impresses ! imag9ation1--by its gigantic plants ( ! fir/ p]iod 7imp]fectly z ^! are repres5t$ 9 ! collection71 by its /range misproportion$ sea mon/]s & creep+ ?+s ( ! second1 & by its huge mammals ( ! ?ird4 ,amid _m ?\s& v>i\s objects1 & a p]plex+ multiplicity ( detail1 :i* x w\ld require ! pati5t /udy ( ye>s ev5 p>tially to classify & "k1 ^! are ! great prom95t features ( ! gall]y1 t involunt>ily1 on ! "p ( ! visitor1 =ce !mselves on 8 att5tion4 ,!y at once press$ !mselves on ! att5tion ( ! intellig5t ?\gh unsci5tific me*anics1 &1 ,i d\bt n1 /ill dwell vividly 9 _! recollections2 & ,i n[ ask y1 :5 y aga9 visit ! national museum1 & v]ify ! fact ( ! great prom95ce ( ^! classes ( objects1 to be> 9 m9d1 t ! gall]y 9 :i* !y occur repres5ts1 bo? 9 ! ord] & "* ( its cont5ts1 ! c\rse ( creation4 ,i ask y to rememb] t1 _h !re be5 human eyes on e>? dur+ ! ,palozoic1 ,second>y1 & ,t]ti>y p]iods1 !y w\ld h be5 fill$ 9 succession by ! great plants1 ! great reptiles1 & ! great mammals1 j z ^? ( ! me*anics 7 fill$ by !m 9 ! museum4 ,z ! sun & moon1 :5 !y fir/ became visible 9 ! heav5s1 w\ld h seem$ to human eyes--_h !re be5 human eyes to see--n only ! greate/ ( ! cele/ial lights1 b peculi>ly ! prom95t objects ( ! epo* 9 :i* !y appe>$1 s w\ld ^! plants1 reptiles1 & mammals1 h seem$ 9 succession ! prom95t objects ( ! sev]al epo*s 9 :i* !y appe>$4 ,&1 ask+ ! geologi/ to say :e!r my replies to ! me*anics 7 n1 ) all _! simplicity1 true to geological fact1 & ! !ologian to say :e!r ! /atem5ts :i* !y embodi$ 7 n1 ) all _! geology1 true to ! scriptural n>rative1 ,i ask fur!r1 :e!r 7( c\rse1 mak+ due all[ance = ! laxity ( ! t]ms botanic & zoological ( a primitive language unadapt$ to ! niceties ( botanic or zoologic sci5ce7 ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation c\ld be r5d]$ m ess5tially true1 ?an we actually f9d x1 to ! hi/ory ( creation geologically asc]ta9$4 ,if1 tak+ ! ,mosaic days z equival5t to l5g!n$ p]iods1 we hold t1 9 giv+ _! brief hi/ory1 ! inspir$ writ] seiz$ on b ^? sali5t po9ts t1 l ! two great lights ( ! day & night1 w\ld h arre/$ mo/ p[]fully1 dur+ ^! p]iods1 a human eye1 we %all f9d ! h>mony ( ! two records complete4 ,9 y\r visit to ! museum1 ,i w\ld yet fur!r ask y to m>k ! place ( ! human skeleton 9 ! great gall]y4 ,x /&s--at lea/ x /ood only a few ye>s ago--9 ! same ap>tm5t ) ! huge mammif]s4 ,& x is surely wor?y ( rem>k1 t :ile 9 bo? ! sacr$ & geologic records a /rongly def9$ l9e sep>ates betwe5 ! p]iod ( plants & ! succe$+ p]iods ( reptiles1 & aga9 betwe5 ! p]iod ( reptiles & ! succe$+ p]iod ( mammals1 no l9e 9 ei!r record sep>ates betwe5 ?is p]iod ( mammals & ! human p]iod4 ,man came into be+ z ! la/born ( creation1 j ere ! close ( t six? day--! ?ird & t]m9al p]iod ( organic creation--to :i* ! great mammals belong4 ,let me yet fur!r rem>k1 t 9 ea* ( ^! ?ree great p]iods we f9d1 ) respect to ! classes ( exi/5ces1 vegetable or animal1 by :i* !y 7 mo/ prom95tly *>act]iz$1 c]ta9 well m>k$ culm9at+ po9ts toge!r1 if ,i may s express myself1--twilight p]iods ( morn+ dawn & ev5+ decl9e4 ,! plants ( ! e>li] & t]m9al sy/ems ( ! ,palozoic division are few & small3 x 0 only dur+ ! protract$ eons ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod t !y receiv$ _! amaz+ developm5t1 unequall$ 9 any previ\s or succe$+ "t4#af ,9 l mann]1 9 ! e>li] or ,triassic deposits ( ! ,second>y division1 ! reptilian rema9s are comp>atively inconsid]able2 & !y are almo/ equally s 9 its ,cretace\s or lat] deposits4 ,x 0 dur+ ^? middle ages ( ! division1 repres5t$ by its ,liassic1 ,oolitic1 & ,weald5 =mations1 t ! class exi/$ 9 t abundance :i* r5d]$ x s peculi>ly1 above e o!r age1 an age ( creep+ ?+s & great sea mon/]s4 ,& s also1 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 reg>d$ z b an e>ly portion ( ! human division1 !re 0 a p]iod ( increase & dim9ution1--a morn+ & ev5+ ( mammalian life4 ,! mammals ( its e>ly ,eoc5e ages 7 comp>atively small 9 bulk & l[ 9 /&+2 9 its conclud+ ages1 too1 imm$iately ere ! appe>ance ( man1 or j z he _h appe>$1 !y exhibit$1 bo? 9 size & numb]1 a r$uc$ & less impos+ aspect4 ,x 0 *iefly 9 its middle & latt]1 or ,mioc5e1 ,plioc5e1 & ,plei/oc5e ages1 t ! myriads ( its hug] giants1--its d9o!ria1 ma/odons1 & mammo?s1--cumb]$ ! soil4 ,i1 ( c\rse1 re/rict my rem>ks to ! ?ree p]iods ( organic life1 & h n inquir$ :e!r aught analog\s to ^! morn+s & ev5+s ( increase & dim9ution ne$ be s\ght aft] 9 any ( ! o!rs4 ,su* are a few ( ! geological facts :i* lead me to believe t ! days ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt 7 great p]iods1 n natural days2 & be x rememb]$1 t betwe5 ! s*eme ( l5g!n$ p]iods & ! s*eme ( a m]ely local *aos1 :i* exi/$ no "o kn[s h[1 & ( a m]ely local creation1 :i* _h its sc5e no "o kn[s :]e1 geological sci5ce leaves u n[ no *oice :atev]4 ,x has be5 urg$1 h[ev]1 t ?is s*eme ( p]iods is irreconcileable ) t ,div9e reason = ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba? :i* he :o appo9t$ ! day ( old has1 9 8 goodness1 v\*saf$ to man4 ,i h fail$ to see any =ce 9 ! objection4 ,god ! ,creator1 :o wr\ght dur+ six p]iods1 re/$ dur+ ! sev5? p]iod2 & z we h no evid5ce :atev] t he recomm5c$ 8 "w ( creation1--z1 on ! contr>y1 man seems to be ! la/ =m$ ( creatures1--,god may be re/+ /ill4 ,! presumption is /rong t 8 ,sabba? is an ext5d$ p]iod1 n a natural day1 & t ! "w ( ,r$emption is 8 ,sabba? day's "w4 ,& s ,i _c see t x 9 ! lea/ int]f]es ) ! integrity ( ! reason r5d]$ to read x z foll[s3--,"w dur+ six p]iods1 & re/ on ! sev5?2 = 9 six p]iods ! ,"l creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & on ! sev5? p]iod ,he re/$4 ,! ,div9e p]iods may h be5 v great1--! human p]iods v small2 j z a va/ cont95t or ! huge e>? itself is v great1 & a map or geographical globe v small4 ,b if 9 ! map or globe ! proportions be fai?fully ma9ta9$1 & ! scale1 ?\gh a m9ute "o1 be true 9 all its p>ts & applications1 we pron\nce ! map or globe1 not)/&+ ! smallness ( its size1 a fai?ful copy4 ,7 man's ,sabba?s to be kept z enjo9$1 & 9 ! ,div9e proportions1 x w\ld sc>cely int]f]e ) ! logic ( ! reason annex$ to ! f\r? comm&m5t1 ?\gh 9 ?is matt]1 z 9 all o!rs 9 :i* man c be an imitator ( ,god1 ! imitation %\ld be a m9iature "o4 ,! "w ( ,r$emption may1 ,i repeat1 be ! "w ( ,god's ,sabba? day4 ,:at1 ,i ask1 view$ z a :ole1 is ! prom95t *>act]i/ic ( geologic hi/ory1 or ( t correspond+ hi/ory ( creation :i* =ms ! gr&ly fa%ion$ ve/ibule ( ! sacr$ volume8 ,( bo? alike ! lead+ *>act]i/ic is progress4 ,9 bo? alike d we f9d an upw>d progress f dead matt] to ! humbl] =ms ( vitality1 & f !nce to ! high]4 ,& aft] great cattle & bea/s ( ! e>? _h1 9 due ord]1 succe$$ inanimate plants1 sea mon/]s1 & mov+ creatures t _h life1 ! moral ag5t1 man1 ent]s ^u ! sc5e4 ,previ\s to 8 appe>ance on e>?1 ea* succe$+ elevation 9 ! long upw>d m>* _h be5 a result ( creation4 ,! creative fiat w5t =?1 & dead matt] came into exi/5ce4 ,! creative fiat w5t =?1 & plants1 ) ! l[] animal =ms1 came into exi/5ce4 ,! creative fiat w5t =?1 & ! ovip>\s animals1--birds & reptiles1--came into exi/5ce4 ,! creative fiat w5t =?1 & ! mammif]\s animals1--cattle & bea/s ( ! e>?1--came into exi/5ce4 ,&1 f9ally1 la/ 9 ! s]ies1 ! creative fiat w5t =?1 & responsible1 immortal man1 came into exi/5ce4 ,b has ! c\rse ( progress come1 9 consequ5ce1 to a close8 ,no4 ,god's "w ( elevat+1 rais+1 height5+1--( mak+ ! high 9 due progression succe$ ! l[1--/ill goes on4 ,b man's responsibility1 8 immortality1 8 ,god-implant$ in/9cts respect+ an et]nal future1 =bid t t "w ( elevation & progress %\ld be1 z 9 all ! o!r in/ances1 a "w ( creation4 ,to create w\ld be to sup]s$e4 ,god's "w ( elevation n[ is ! "w ( fitt+ & prep>+ peccable1 imp]fect man = a p]fect1 impeccable1 future /ate4 ,god's sev5? day's "w is ! "w ( ,r$emption4 ,&1 read 9 ?is light1 8 reason v\*saf$ to man = ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba? is f\nd to yield a mean+ ( peculi> bread? & emphasis4 ,god1 x seems to say1 re/s on 8 ,sabba? f 8 creative labors1 9 ord] t by 8 ,sabba? day's "w he may save & elevate y4 ,re/ ye also on y\r ,sabba?s1 t ?r\gh y\r co-op]ation ) him 9 ?is great "w ye may be elevat$ & sav$4 ,made orig9ally 9 ! image ( ,god1 let ,god be y\r patt]n & example4 ,engag$ 9 y\r mat]ial & temporal employm5ts1 labor 9 ! proportions 9 :i* he labor$2 b1 9 ord] t y may enjoy an et]nal future ) him1 re/ also 9 ! proportions 9 :i* he re/s4 ,"o o!r rem>k ere ,i conclude4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? :i* we inhabit1 molluscs1 fi%es1 reptiles1 mammals1 _h ea* 9 succession _! p]iods ( va/ duration2 & !n ! human p]iod began1--! p]iod ( a fell[ work] ) ,god1 creat$ 9 ,god's own image4 ,:at is to be ! next advance8 ,is !re to be m]ely a repetition ( ! pa/8--an introduction a second "t ( man made 9 ! image ( ,god8 ,no4 ,! geologi/1 9 ^? tables ( /one :i* =m 8 records1 f9ds no example ( dyna/ies once pass$ away aga9 return+4 ,!re has be5 no repetition ( ! dyna/y ( ! fi%1 ( ! reptile1 ( ! mammal4 ,! dyna/y ( ! future is to h glorifi$ man = its inhabitant2 b x is to be ! dyna/y--! k+dom--n ( glorifi$ man made 9 ! image ( ,god1 b ( ,god himself 9 ! =m ( man4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( ! two conjo9$ natures1 human & ,div9e1 & 9 ! fur!r doctr9e t ! t]m9al dyna/y is to be peculi>ly ! dyna/y ( ,,him 9 :om ! natures are unit$1 we f9d t requir$ progression beyond :i* progress _c g4 ,we f9d ! po9t ( elevation nev] to be exce$$ meetly co9cid5t ) ! f9al p]iod nev] to be t]m9at$1--! inf9ite 9 height h>moni\sly associat$ ) ! et]nal 9 duration4 ,creation & ! ,creator meet at "o po9t1 & 9 "o p]son4 ,! long asc5d+ l9e f dead matt] to man has be5 a progress ,godw>ds1--n an asymptotical progress1 b de/9$ f ! beg9n+ to furni% a po9t ( union2 & occupy+ t po9t z true ,god & true man1--z ,creator & creat$1--we recognize ! adorable ,mon>* ( all ! future6 ,,lecture ,,f\r?4 ,,! ,,mosaic ,,vision ,,( ,,creation4 ,! hi/ory ( creation is introduc$ into ! ,p>adise ,lo/ z a piece ( n>rative1 & =ms "o ( ! two great episodes ( ! poem4 ,milton repres5ts ! common fa!r ( ! race z l$ on by a desire to "k ,:at )9 ,ed5 or )\t 0 done ,be=e 8 memory2 & /raightway ,raphael1 ! affable ar*angel1 9 compliance ) ! wi%1 ent]s into a description ( ! six days' "w ( ! ,div9e ,creator1--a description 9 :i*1 z ,addison well rem>ks1 ! :ole en]gy ( our tongue is employ$1 & ! sev]al great sc5es ( creation rise up to view1 "o aft] ano!r1 9 su* a mann]1 t ! read] seems pres5t at ?is wond]ful "w1 & to assi/ among ! *oirs ( angels :o are spectators ( x4 ,9 ! o!r great episode ( ! poem1--t 9 :i* ! m prom95t *anges :i* 7 to happ5 9 aft] "t ^u ! e>? are made to pass be=e ,adam1 he is repres5t$ z c>ri$ by ,mi*ael to ! top ( a great m\nta91 l(ty z t on :i* 9 a long po/]ior age ! ,tempt] plac$ our ,savi\r1 & :]e ! com+ ev5ts are describ$ z ris+ up 9 vision be=e him4 ,9 ! e>li] episode1 z 9 ^? ( ! ,odyssey & neid1 9 :i* h]oes relate 9 ! c\rts ( pr9ces ! /ory ( _! adv5tures1 !re is b n>rative & description2 9 ! lat]1 a s]ies ( magnific5t pictures1 t =m & !n dissolve be=e ! spectator1 & comprise1 9 _! vivid t9ts & pregnant outl9es1 ! future hi/ory ( a _w4 ,& "o ( ^! two episodes1--t :i* relates to ! creation ( all ?+s1--mu/ h z c]ta9ly _h a place 9 human hi/ory z 9 ! ma/] epic ( ,engl&4 ,man w\ld h =ev] rema9$ ignorant ( _m ( ^? ev5ts relat$ 9 ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,scripture1 :i* took place ere !re 0 a human eye to witness1 or a human memory to record1 _h he n be5 p]mitt$1 l ,adam ( old1 to hold int]c\rse ) ! intellig5ces t _h prec$$ him 9 creation1 or ) ! great ,creator himself1 ! ,au?or ( !m all2 & ! "q has be5 ask$ ( late1 bo? 9 our own c\ntry & on ! ,cont95t1 ,:at 0 ! =m & nature ( ! revelation by :i* ! pre-,adamic hi/ory ( ! e>? & heav5s 0 orig9ally convey$ to man8 ,0 x convey$1 l ! sublime /ory ( ,raphael1 z a piece ( n>rative1 dictat$1 mayhap1 to ! inspir$ p5man1 or miracul\sly borne 9 ^u 8 m9d8 ,or 0 x convey$ by a succession ( sublime visions l t :i* ,mi*ael is repres5t$ z call+ up be=e ,adam1 :51 purg+ 8 visual n]ves ) euphrasy & rue1 he enabl$ him to see1 9 a s]ies ( sc5es1 ! hi/ory ( 8 (fspr+ f ! crime ( ,ca9 d[n to ! de/ruction ( ! ,old ,_w by a flood8 ,! passages 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( creation is record$ give no intimation :atev] ( _! own hi/ory2 & s we are left to balance ! probabilities reg>d+ ! mode & =m 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally reveal$1 & to f\nd our ultimate conclusions respect+ !m on evid5ce1 n direct1 b circum/antial4 ,! ,cont95tal writ]s on ?is curi\s subject may be reg>d$ z n inadequately repres5t$ by ,dr4 ,j4,h4 ,kurtz1 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,dorpat1--"o ( ! _m +5i\s biblical s*ol>s ( mod]n ,g]many4 ,we f9d him /at+ ! "q1 9 8 ,bibel und ,a/ronomie 7second edition1 #ahdi71 ) great precision & cle>ness1 b 9 a mann]1 s f> at lea/ z ! =m ( 8 ?9k+ is conc]n$1 /rik+ly *>act]i/ic ( :at may be t]m$ ! !ological fa%ion ( 8 c\ntry 9 ! pres5t day4 ,! s\rce ( all human hi/ory1 he says1 is eye-witness1 be x t ( ! report]1 or ( ano!r ^: acc\nt has be5 h&$ d[n4 ,only :at man has himself se5 or exp]i5c$ c be ! subject ( man's hi/orical compositions4 ,s t hi/ory1 s f> z man c write x1 c beg9 ) b ! po9t at :i* he has ent]$ into consci\s exi/5ce1 & end ) ! mom5t t con/itutes ! pres5t "t4 ,beyond ^! po9ts1 h[ev]1 lies a great prov9ce ( hi/oric developm5t1 exi/+ on ! "o side z ! ,pa/1 on ! o!r side z ! ,future4 ,= :5 man beg9s to be an obs]v] or actor ( hi/ory1 he himself1 & ! :ole circum/antials ( 8 condition1 h already come hi/orically into be+4 ,nor does ! fl[ ( developm5t /op ) :at is 8 pres5t4 ,millions ( influ5ces are sp9n+ ! ?read /ill on2 b no "o c tell :at ! comp\nd result ( all _! en]gies is to be4 ,bo? ^! sorts ( hi/ory1 !n1 lie beyond ! region ( man's k1 :i* is %ut up 9 space & "t1 & c only call ! pres5t its own4 ,x is ,god alone :o1 /&+ beyond & above space & "t1 sees backw>ds & =w>ds bo? ! developm5t :i* prec$$ ! fir/ pres5t ( m51 & t :i* w succe$ ?is our late/ pres5t4 ,:atev] ! diff]5ce ( ! two k9ds ( hi/ory may be1 !y hold ! same position 9 relation bo? to ! pr9ciple ( ! human ignorance & ! pr9ciple ( ! human k4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ignorance is man's condition z a creature2 ! pr9ciple ( ! k is ! ,div9e k2 & ! m$ium betwe5 ignorance & k is objectively ,div9e revelation1 & subjectively prophetic vision by man1 9 :i* he beholds ) ! eye ( ! m9d :at is %ut & hid f ! eye ( 8 body4 ,f ^! premises ,dr4 ,kurtz goes on to argue t ! pre-,adamic hi/ory ( ! pa/ be+ !ologically 9 ! same category z ! yet undevelop$ hi/ory ( ! future1 t record ( its lead+ ev5ts :i* occurs 9 ! ,mosaic n>rative is simply prophecy describ$ backw>ds2 & t1 com+ "u ! prophetic law1 x ought ( consequ5ce to be subject$ to ! prophetic rule ( exposition4 ,!re are "s v +5i\s reason+s employ$ 9 =tify+ ?is po9t2 &1 aft] quot+ f ,ei*horn a passage to ! effect t ! op5+ *apt] 9 ,g5esis is mu* r a creative picture ?an a creative hi/ory1 & f ,ammon to ! effect t ! au?or ( x evid5tly takes ! position ( a behold] ( creation1 ! le>n$ ,g]man concludes 8 g5]al /atem5t by rem>k+1 t ! sc5es ( ! *apt] are prophetic tableaux1 ea* conta9+ a lead+ phase ( ! drama ( creation4 ,be=e ! eye ( ! se]1 he says1 sc5e aft] sc5e is unfold$1 until at l5g?1 9 ! sev5 ( !m1 ! c\rse ( creation1 9 its ma9 mom5ta1 has be5 fully repres5t$4 ,! revelation has e *>act]i/ic ( prophecy by vision1--prophecy by eye-witness+2 & may be p]haps be/ und]/ood by reg>d+ x simply z an exhibition ( ! actual ph5om5a ( creation pres5t$ to ! m5tal eye ( ! prophet "u ! ord9>y laws ( p]spective1 & tru?fully describ$ by him 9 ! simple language ( 8 "t4 ,9 our own c\ntry a simil> view has be5 tak5 by ! au?or ( a s+ul>ly +5i\s little "w :i* issu$ ab\t two ye>s ago f ! press ( ,mr4 ,con/able ( ,ed9burgh1 ,! ,mosaic ,record 9 ,h>mony ) ,geology4#ag ,! writ]1 h[ev]1 exhibits1 9 deal+ ) 8 subject1 ! *>act]i/ic sobriety ( ! ,anglo-,saxon m9d2 & :ile ! lead+ features ( 8 !ory agree ess5tially ) ^? ( ! ,cont95tal "o1 he does n press x s f>4 ,9 canvass+ ! =m ( ! revelation made to ,moses 9 ! op5+ ( ,g5esis1 he discusses ! nature ( ! inspiration enjoy$ by t great prophet2 & ?us retranslates lit]ally f ! ,hebrew ! passage 9 :i* ! ,div9e ,be+ is himself introduc$ z speak+ direct on ! po9t 9 ! controv]sy rais$ by ,a>on & ,miriam4 ,& ,he ! ,"l said1 he> n[ my words3 ,if he ,moses 7 y\r prophet subord9ate1 or at lea/ n sup]ior1 to ! prophetess & ! high prie/1 ,i1 ,jehovah1 9 ! vision to him w\ld make myself kn[n3 9 ! dream w\ld ,i speak to him4 ,n s my s]vant ,moses ,god's prophet1 n !irs2 9 all my h\se fai?ful is he4 ,m\? to m\? d ,i speak to him1 & vision1 b n 9 d>k spee*es2 & lik5ess ( ,jehovah he beholds4 ,moses1 !n1 0 favor$ ) visions )\t d>k spee*es4 ,n[1 z impli$ 9 ! passage ?us retranslat$1 !re is a gr& di/9ction betwe5 symbolic & !re=e d>k visions1 & visions n symbolic nor d>k4 ,visions address$1 z ! ^w indicates1 to ! eye1 may be obvi\sly ( a tw(old "*1--!y may be ei!r d>k] ?an words1 or a great deal cle>] ?an words4 ,! vision1 = in/ance1 ( future mon>*ies :i* ,daniel saw symboliz$ "u ! =m ( mon/r\s animals _h to be expla9$ 9 words2 ! vision ( ,pet]1 :i* l$ to ! g5]al admission ( ! ,g5tiles into ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 _h also virtually to be expla9$ 9 words2 !y 7 bo? visions ( ! d>k class2 & revelation ab\nds 9 su*4 ,b !re 7 also visions greatly cle>] ?an words4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 0 ! vision ( ! secret *amb] ( imag]y1 ) its sev5ty m5 ( ! anci5ts ( ,israel giv5 ov] to idolatry1 :i* 0 se5 by ! prophet z he sat 9 8 own h\se2 & ! vision ( ! wor%ipp]s ( ! sun 9 ! inn] c\rt ( ! temple1 witness$ f :at 0 naturally ! same impossible po9t ( view2 ) ! vision ( ! ,jewi% wom5 9 ! we/]n gate weep+ = ,?ammuz1 :51 accord+ to ,milton's noble v]sion1 ,! love tale ,infect$ ,sion's daught]s ) l heat1 ,^: wanton passions 9 ! sacr$ por* ,ezekiel saw1 :51 by ! vision l$1 ,8 eye survey$ ! d>k idolatries ,( ali5at$ ,judah4 ,"h1 !n1 7 !re visions ( sc5es actually tak+ place at ! "t1 :i*1 greatly cle>] ?an any m]ely v]bal description1 sub/itut$ ! see+ ( ! eye = ! he>+ ( ! e>4 ,& visions ( ?is latt] k9d 7 enjoy$1 argues ! writ] ( ?is +5i\s treatise1 by ! prophet ,moses4 ,"o ( ! cases adduc$ may be be/ giv5 9 ! au?or's own words4 ,moses1 he says1 receiv$ directions f ,god h[ to proce$ 9 con/ruct+ ! ,tab]nacle & its sacr$ furniture2 & ,david also 0 in/ruct$ h[ ! ,temple ( ,solomon %\ld be built4 ,let u he> ,scripture reg>d+ ! nature ( ! directions giv5 to ^! m53-- ',accord+ unto ! appe>ance lit]ally sight1 vision :i* ! ,"l _h %[$ unto ,moses1 s he made ! c&le/ick4'--7,num4 #e3d47 ',! :ole 9 writ+1 by ! h& ( ,jehovah ^u me1 he taught2 ! :ole works ( ! patt]n4'--7#a ,*ron4 #bh3ai47 ,!re 0 ?us a writ+ 9 ! case ( ,david2 a sight or vision ( ! ?+ to be made 9 t ( ,moses4 ,s f> ! au?or ( ! ,treatise4 ,he might h add$ fur!r1 t f ! nature ( ?+s1 ! revelation to ,moses 9 ?is in/ance mu/ h be5 sight or vision1 if1 inde$1 :at is n 9 ! lea/ likely1 ! peculi> ar*itecture & /yle ( ornam5t us$ 9 ! ,tab]nacle 0 n a borr[$ /yle1 already employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( idolatry4 ,an old1 long e/abli%$ ar*itecture c be adequately describ$ by spee* or writ+2 a new1 orig9al ar*itecture c be adequately describ$ only by patt]n or model1 t is1 by sight or vision4 ,any intellig5t cutt] 9 /one or c>v] 9 wood c\ld furni% to ord]1 ?\gh ! ord] 7 m]ely a v]bal "o1 a ,cor9?ian or ,ionic capital2 b no su* me*anic1 h[ev] skilful or +5i\s1 c\ld furni% to ord]1 if unprovid$ ) a patt]n or draw+1 a facsimile ( "o ( ! ornately sculptur$ capitals ( ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral or ,york ,m9/]4 ,to ensure a facsimile 9 any su* case1 ! orig9als1 or repres5tations ( !m1 w\ld require to be submitt$ to ! eye1--n m]ely describ$ to ! e>4 ,nay1 f ! example giv5 9 ! text1--t ( ! gold5 c&le/ick1--we h an in/ance furni%$ 9 rec5t times ( ! utt] inadequacy ( m]e description = ! purposes ( ! sculptor or arti/4 ,ev] s9ce copp]plate engrav+s & illu/rat$ ,bibles became comp>atively common1 repres5tations ( ! bran*$ c&le/ick tak5 f ! writt5 description h be5 common also4 ,! c&le/ick on ! ar* ( ,titus1 ?\gh n deem$ an exact repres5tation ( ! orig9al "o describ$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 is n[ reg>d$1--correctly1 x _c be d\bt$1--z at lea/ ! ne>e/ approximation to x extant4 ,public att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to ?is int]e/+ piece ( sculpture 9 comp>atively mod]n times2 & x 0 !n f\nd t all ! previ\s repres5tations tak5 f ! writt5 description 7 widely errone\s4 ,!y only s]v$ to %[1 n ! true outl9es ( ! gold5 c&le/ick1 b m]ely t inadequacy ( v]bal description = arti/ic purposes :i* mu/ h r5d]$ vision1 or1 9 o!r words1 optical repres5tation1 imp]ative 9 ! case ( ,moses4 ,"s ( our mo/ sob] m9d$ comm5tators take virtually ! same view ( ?is necessity ( vision = ensur+ ! production ( ! true patt]n ( ! ,tab]nacle4 ,! ,"l1 says ,?omas ,scott1 n only direct$ ,moses by words h[ to build ! ,tab]nacle & =m its sacr$ furniture1 b %[$ him a model exactly repres5t+ ! =m ( e "p1 & ! proportion ( ea* to all ! re/4 ,!re mu/ h be5 cle> optical vision 9 ! case1--vision )\t d>k spee*es4 ,su*1 too1 0 ! "* ( o!r ( ! ,mosaic visions1 besides t ( ! patt]n se5 9 ! ,m\nt4 ,! burn+ bu%1 = in/ance1 0 a vision address$ to ! eye2 & seem$ to come s palpably "u ! ord9>y optical laws1 t ! prophet drew ne> to exam9e ! extraord9>y ph5om5a :i* x exhibit$4 ,! visual or optical "* ( "s ( ! revelations made to ,moses ?us e/abli%$1 ! writ] goes on to inquire :e!r t special revelation :i* exhibits ! g5]ations ( ! heav5s & e>? 9 _! ord] 0 n a visual revelation also4 ,7 ! words t ,moses wrote1 he asks1 m]ely impress$ ^u 8 m9d8 ,did he hold ! p51 & ano!r dictate8 ,or did he see 9 vision ! sc5es t he describes8 ,! fre%ness & po9t ( ! n>rative1 he cont9ues1 ! fre$om ( ! description1 & ! unlikelihood t ,moses 0 an un?9k+ ma*9e 9 ! composition1 all indicate t he saw 9 vision :at he has "h giv5 u 9 writ+4 ,he is describ+ f actual obs]vation4 ,! writ] rem>ks 9 an e>li] portion ( 8 treatise1 t all :o h adopt$ ! !ory advocat$ 9 ! previ\s lecture1--! ,two ,records1 :i* 01 ,i may /ate1 publi%$ 9 a sep>ate =m1 ere ! appe>ance ( 8 "w1 & :i* he does me ! honor ( l>gely quot+1--g ^u ! supposition t ?+s dur+ ! ,mosaic days are describ$ z !y w\ld appe> to ! eye ( "o plac$ ^u e>?2 & he argues t1 z no man exi/$ 9 ^? di/ant ages1 a reason mu/ be assign$ = ?is popul> view ( creation :i* ! record is rightly assum$ to take4 ,& c]ta9ly1 if x 0 9 reality a view describ$ f actual vision1 ! fact w\ld =m ( itself an adequate reason4 ,:at man _h actually se51 ?\gh b 9 dream or picture1 w\ld ( c\rse be describ$ z se5 by man3 l all human hi/ory1 x w\ld1 to borr[ f ,kurtz1 be f\nd$ on eye-witness+2 & ! fact t ! ,mosaic record ( creation is app>5tly ?us f\nd$1 af=ds a /rong presumption t x 0 9 reality reveal$1 n by dictation1 b by vision4 ,nor1 be x rememb]$1 has ! recognition ( a purely optical "* 9 ! revelation be5 re/rict$ to ! ass]tion ( any "o !ory ( reconciliation4 ,x 0 z c]ta9ly held by ,*alm]s & ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?1 z by ,dr4 ,kurtz & ! au?or ( ?is treatise2 nay1 x has be5 recogniz$ by n a few ( _! oppon5ts also4 ,granville ,p5n1 = in/ance1 does n scruple to av[ 8 belief1 9 8 elaborate ,e/imate ( ! ,m9]al & ,mosaic ,geologies1 t bo? sun & moon 7 creat$ on ! fir/ day ( creation1 ?\gh !y did n become optically visible until ! f\r?4 ,9 tru?1 t ! f\r? day only r5d]$ visible ! sid]eal creation ( ! fir/ day1 is manife/$1 he says1 by collat+ ! transactions ( ! two days4 ,on ! fir/ day1 we are told g5]ally1 ',god divid$ ! light1 or day1 & ! d>kness1 or night2' b ! physical ag5ts :i* he employ$ = t division are n !re decl>$4 ,on ! f\r? day1 we are told ref]5tially1 ',god comm&$ ! lights or lum9>ies = divid+ day & night1 to give _! light ^u e>?4' ,"h1 !n1 x is evid5t f ! retrospective implication ( ! latt] description1 t ! lights or lum9>ies = divid+ day & night1 :i* 7 to give _! light ^u ! e>? = ! fir/ "t on ! f\r? day1 7 ! unexpress$ physical ag5ts by :i* ,god divid$ ! day & night on ! fir/ day4 ,n[1 :atev] may be ?\ght ( ,mr4 ,p5n's argum5t "h1 !re c be no d\bt t x demon/rates at lea/ 8 own belief 9 ! purely optical "* ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! sid]eal creation4 ,x is an acc\nt1 he held1 n ( :at ,god wr\ght on ! fir/ day 9 ! heav5s1 b ( :at a human eye w\ld h se5 on ! f\r? day f ! e>?4 ,& ,moses ,/u>t1 9 8 philological assault on ! geologi/s1 is sc>ce less explicit 9 8 av[al ( a simil> belief4 ,e "o sees1 he says1 t to speak ( ! sun z ris+ & sett+1 is to describe1 9 common p>lance1 :at appe>s optically1 t is1 to our s5sible view1 z reality4 ,b ! hi/ory ( creation is a diff]5t affair4 ,9 ,,"o ,,respect1 inde$1 !re is a resemblance4 ,! hi/orian ev]y:]e speaks z an optical obs]v] /ation$ on a po9t ( our _w1 & survey+ f ?is ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & speak+ ( !m z se5 9 ?is mann] by 8 bodily eye4 ,! sun1 & moon1 & />s1 are s]vants ( ! e>?1 light$ up to g>ni% & to *e] x1 & to be ! gu>dians ( its times & seasons4 ,o!r uses he kn[s n = !m3 c]ta9ly ( o!r uses he does n speak4 ,! di/ances1 magnitudes1 orbicul> motions1 gravitat+ p[]s1 & projectile =ces ( ! planets & ( ! />s1 are all out ( ! circle ( 8 hi/ory1 & probably beyond 8 k4 ,inspiration does n make m5 omnisci5t4 ,x does n tea* !m ! sci5tific tru?s ( a/ronomy1 or *emi/ry1 or botany1 nor any sci5ce z su*4 ,inspiration is conc]n$ ) tea*+ religi\s tru?s1 & su* facts or occurr5ces z are connect$ imm$iately ) illu/rat+1 or ) impress+ !m on ! m9d4 ,?us f> ,dr4 ,/u>t & ,mr4 ,p5n1--m5 ^: evid5ce on ?is special head mu/ be suffici5t to %[ t x is n m]ely geologi/s :o h recogniz$ an optical or visual "* 9 ! ,mosaic hi/ory ( creation4 ,& c]ta9ly ! inf]5ce d$uc$ f ! admitt$ fact1 t is1 ! inf]5ce t ! optical description mu/ h be5 f\nd$ on a revelation address$ to ! eye1--a revelation by vision1--does seem a fair & legitimate "o4 ,! revelation mu/ h be5 ei!r a revelation 9 words or ideas1 or a revelation ( sc5es & ev5ts pictorially exhibit$4 ,fail+1 h[ev]1 to record its own hi/ory1 x leaves ! /ud5t equally at lib]ty1 s f> z ext]nal evid5ce is conc]n$1 to take up ei!r view2 :ile1 s f> z int]nal evid5ce goes1 ! presumption seems all 9 favor ( revelation by vision2 =1 :ile no reason c be assign$ :y1 9 a revelation by ^w or idea1 appe>ances :i* took place ere !re exi/$ a human eye %\ld be optically describ$1 no?+ c be m natural or obvi\s ?an t !y %\ld be s describ$1 _h !y be5 reveal$ by vision z a piece ( eye-witness+4 ,x seems1 !n1 at lea/ em95tly probable t su* 0 ! mode or =m ( ! revelation 9 ?is case1 & t he :o saw by vision on ! ,m\nt ! patt]n ( ! ,tab]nacle & its sacr$ furniture1 & 9 ! ,wild]ness ( ,horeb ! bu% burn+ b n consum$1--types & symbols ( ! com+ disp5sation & ( its ,div9e ,au?or1--saw also by vision ! patt]n ( ^? successive pre-,adamic creations1 animal & vegetable1 ?r\gh :i* our _w 0 fitt$ up z a place ( human habitation4 ,! reason :y ! drama ( creation has be5 optically describ$ seems to be1 t x 0 9 reality visionally reveal$4 ,a fur!r "q /ill rema9s3 ,if ! revelation 0 by vision1 t circum/ance af=ds ( itself a satisfactory reason :y ! description %\ld be optical2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 s9ce ! description is decid$ly optical1 ! presumption is ( c\rse /rong t ! revelation 0 by vision4 ,b :y1 x may be ask$1 by vision8 ,c ! presumption be yet fur!r /r5g!n$ by %[+ t ?is visual mode or =m 0 pref]able to any o!r8 ,c !re be a reason1 9 f9e1 assign$ = ! reason1--= t revelation by vision :i* acc\nts = ! optical "* ( ! description8 ,! "q is a difficult "o2 b ,i ?9k !re c4 ,!re seems to be a peculi> fitness 9 a revelation made by vision1 = convey+ an acc\nt ( creation to v>i\s tribes & peoples ( v>i\s degrees ( acquirem5t1 & ?r\gh\t a long c\rse ( ages 9 :i* ! k ( ! heav5ly bodies or ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 t is1 ! sci5ces ( a/ronomy & geology1 did n at fir/ exi/1 b 9 :i* ultimately !y came to be /udi$ & kn[n4 ,we mu/ recognize su* a mode z equally fitt$ = ! e>li] & ! m mod]n times1--= ! ages ant]ior to ! rise ( sci5ce1 & ! ages po/]ior to its rise4 ,! prophet1 by describ+ :at he _h actually se5 9 language fitt$ to ! ideas ( 8 "t1 w\ld %ock no previ\sly exi/+ prejudice t _h be5 f\nd$ on ! app>5t evid5ce ( ! s5ses2 he c\ld z safely describe ! moon z ! second great light ( creation1 z he c\ld ! sun z its fir/ great light1 & bo?1 too1 z equally subord9ate to ! planet :i* we inhabit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an enlight5$ age1 :5 x _h come to discov] ?is key to ! description1 w\ld f9d x optically true 9 all its details4 ,b h[ diff]5tly w\ld n a revelation h f>$1 9 at lea/ ! e>li] "t1 t 0 /rictly sci5tific 9 its details1--a revelation1 = in/ance1 ( ! great tru? demon/rat$ by ,galileo1 t ! sun re/s 9 ! c5tre ( ! heav5s1 :ile ! app>5tly immoveable e>? sweeps ) giddy velocity ar\nd x2 or ( ! great tru? demon/rat$ by ,newton1 t our pond]\s planet is kept f fall+ (f into empty space by ! op]ation ( ! same law t impels a desc5d+ pebble t[>ds ! gr\nd6 ,a great miracle wr\ght 9 pro( ( ! tru? ( ! revelation might s]ve to en=ce ! belief ( x on ! g5]ation to :om x _h be5 giv52 b ! g5]ations t foll[$1 to :om ! miracle w\ld exi/ z a piece ( m]e te/imony1 w\ld cr$it1 9 pref]5ce1 ! app>5tly sur] evid5ce ( _! s5ses1 & become unbeliev]s4 ,!y w\ld act1 all unwitt+ly1 on ! pr9ciple ( ,hume's fam\s argum5t1 & pref] to re/ r on _! own exp]i5ce ( ! great ph5om5a ( nature1 ?an on ! d\btful te/imony ( _! ance/ors1 r$uc$ 9 ! lapse ( ages to a dim1 att5uat$ tradition4 ,nor w\ld a geological revelation h f>$ bett]1 9 at lea/ ^? p]iods int]m$iate betwe5 ! d>k] & m sci5tific ages1 9 :i* +5i\s m51 some:at skeptical 9 _! lean+s1 cultivate lit]ature1 & look d[n r sup]cili\sly on ! ignorance & b>b>ism ( ! pa/4 ,:at w\ld skeptics su* z ,hobbes & ,hume h said ( an op5+ *apt] 9 ,g5esis t w\ld describe successive p]iods1--fir/ ( molluscs1 />-lilies1 & cru/aceans1 next ( fi%es1 next ( reptiles & birds1 !n ( mammals1 & f9ally ( man2 & t w\ld m9utely portray a p]iod 9 :i* !re 7 liz>ds bulki] ?an elephants1 reptilian :ales furni%$ ) necks slim & long z ! bodies ( great snakes1 & fly+ dragons1 ^: spread ( w+ greatly m ?an d\bl$ t ( ! l>ge/ bird8 ,! _w w\ld assur$ly n receive su* a revelation4 ,nor1 fur!r1 h sci5tific facts or pr9ciples be5 reveal$ to man :i* he has be5 furni%$ ) ! ability ( obs]v+ or discov]+ = himself4 ,x is accord+ to ! economy ( revelation1 t ! tru?s :i* x exhibits %\ld be ( a k9d :i*1 ly+ beyond ! rea* ( 8 k51 he himself c\ld nev] h elicit$4 ,f e view ( ! case1 !n1 a prophetic exhibition ( ! pre-,adamic sc5es & ev5ts by vision seems to be ! "o be/ suit$ = ! op5+ *apt]s ( a revelation v\*saf$ = ! accompli%m5t ( moral1 n sci5tific purposes1 & at once de/9$ to be contempor>y ) e /age ( civilization1 & to address itself to m9ds ( e v>i\s calibre1 & e diff]5t degree ( enlight5m5t4 ,! /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,kurtz1 t z vision ( pre-,adamic hi/ory comes "u ! same laws z vision ( hi/ory /ill future1 x ought !re=e to be read by ! same rules1 craves reflection4 ,s9ce ! s\rce ( k = bo? k9ds ( hi/ory1 we f9d him say+1 & n only ! s\rce1 b ! means1 & mann]1 & way ( com+ to "k1 is ! same1 viz41 ! eye-witness ( ! prophet's m5tal eye1 x foll[s t ! hi/orical repres5tation :i* he :o ?us comes to "k1 projects or portrays1 9 virtue ( ?is eye-witness+ ( 81 holds ! same relation to ! reality 9 bo? ! cases we speak (1 & mu/ be subject$ to ! same laws ( exposition4 ,we ?us get ?is v important rule ( int]pretation1 viz41 t ! repres5tations ( pre-human ev5ts1 :i* re/ ^u revelation1 are to be h&l$ f ! same po9t ( view1 & exp\nd$ by ! same laws1 z ! prophecies & repres5tations ( future times & ev5ts1 :i* also re/ ^u revelation4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! only prop] po9t ( view = sci5tific exposition ( ! ,mosaic hi/ory ( creation2 t is to say1 if we ackn[l$ge t x proce$$ f ,div9e revelation1 n f philosophic speculation or exp]im5tal inve/igation1 or f ! ideas ( reflect+ m54 ,!re is c]ta9ly food = ?\ght 9 ?is /rik+ & orig9al view2 & !re is at lea/ "o simple rule ( prophetic exposition :i* may be appli$ to ! pre-,adamic hi/ory1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple :i* x sugge/s4 ,aft] all t a sci5tific !ology has done = ! "r int]pretation ( prophecy1 we f9d ! pr$iction always be/ read by ! light ( its accompli%m5t4 ,! ev5t :i* x =etold =ms its true key2 & :5 ?is key is want+1 all is unc]ta9ty4 ,! pa/ is comp>atively cle>4 ,! hi]oglyphic =ms :i* cr[d ! ant]ior portions ( ! prophetic tablet are f\nd wond]fully to h>monize 7m5 su* z ! pr(\nd ,newton be+ ! judges7 ) ^? great hi/oric ev5ts1 already become matt] ( hi/ory1 :i* !y =e%ad[$ & symboliz$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! hi]oglyphics :i* occupy ! tablet's po/]ior portion1--! hi]oglyphics t symbolize ev5ts /ill future1--are inv9cibly difficult & inexplicable4 ,i h read sev]al works on prophecy produc$ 9 ! la/ age1 9 :i* ! writ]s 7 bold en\gh to quit ! clue ) :i* hi/ory furni%es ! /ud5t ( fulfill$ prophecy1 &1 ) ! prophecies yet unfulfill$ z _! guide1 to plunge into a tr\bl$ sea ( speculation reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ! future4 ,& ,i h f\nd t 9 e in/ance !y 7 deplorably at fault reg>d+ ev5 ! ev5ts t 7 ne>e/ at h& at ! "t4 ,hi/ory is ?us ! sure/ int]pret] ( ! reveal$ prophecies :i* ref]r$ to ev5ts po/]ior to ! times ( ! prophet4 ,9 :at %all we f9d ! sure/ int]pretation ( ! reveal$ prophecies t ref]r$ to ev5ts ant]ior to 8 "t8 ,9 :at light1 or on :at pr9ciple1 %all we mo/ correctly read ! prophetic drama ( creation8 ,9 ! light1 ,i reply1 ( sci5tific discov]y1--on ! pr9ciple t ! cle> & c]ta9 mu/ be accept$1 :5 atta9able1 z ! prop] expon5ts ( ! d\btful & obscure4 ,:at fully develop$ hi/ory is to ! prophecy :i* ( old look$ =w>ds1 fully develop$ sci5ce is to ! prophecy :i* ( old look$ backw>ds4 ,sc>ce any "o w "q :e!r t portion ( ! creation drama :i* deals ) ! heav5ly bodies ought to be read 9 ! light ( e/abli%$ a/ronomic discov]y or no2 =1 save by p]haps a few ( ,fa!r ,cull5's monks1 :o c /ill hold t ! sun moves r\nd ! e>?1 & is only six feet 9 diamet]1 all !ologians h n[ receiv$ ! a/ronomic doctr9es1 & "k t !y re/ ^u a basis at lea/ z c]ta9 z any ( ! hi/oric ev5ts symboliz$ 9 fulfill$ prophecy4 ,& 7 we to *all5ge = ! e/abli%$ geologic doctr9es a simil> place & position ) respect to ^? portions ( ! drama :i* deal ) ! two great k+doms ( nature1 plant & animal1 we might safely d s 9 ! belief t ! claim w be "o day z univ]sally recogniz$ z ! a/ronomic "o is n[4 ,on ?is pr9ciple !re may1 ( c\rse1 be portions ( ! prophetic pre-,adamic pa/ ( z d\btful int]pretation at ! pres5t "t1 f ! imp]fect developm5t ( physical sci5ce1 z is any portion ( ! prophetic future f ! imp]fect developm5t ( hi/oric ev5ts4 ,! sci5ce necess>y to ! int]pretation ( ! "o may be z c]ta9ly /ill to discov] z ! ev5ts necess>y to ! int]pretation ( ! o!r may be /ill to take place4 ,?ree c5turies h n yet pass$ s9ce a/ronomic sci5ce 0 suffici5tly develop$ to =m a true key to ! v>i\s notices ( ! heav5ly bodies :i* occur 9 ,scripture2 among ! o!rs1 to ! notice ( _! f9al appe>ance on ! f\r? day ( creation4 ,little m ?an half a c5tury has yet pass$ s9ce geologic sci5ce 0 suffici5tly develop$ to influ5ce ! int]pretation giv5 ( ! ?ree o!r days' "w4 ,& respect+ ! "w ( at lea/ ! fir/ & second days1 m especially t ( ! second1 we c /ill b vaguely guess4 ,! sci5ce necess>y to ! "r und]/&+ ( ^! portions ( ! prophetic record has /ill1 x w\ld seem1 to be develop$1 if1 inde$1 x be de/9$ at all to exi/2 & at pres5t we c indulge 9 b d\btful surmises reg>d+ !m4 ,:at may be t]m$ ! ?ree geologic days1--! ?ird1 fif?1 & six?1--may be held to h ext5d$ ov] ^? ,c>bonif]\s p]iods dur+ :i* ! great plants 7 creat$1--ov] ^? ,oolitic & ,cretaci\s p]iods dur+ :i* ! great sea mon/]s & birds 7 creat$1--& ov] ^? ,t]ti>y p]iods dur+ :i* ! great t]re/rial mammals 7 creat$4 ,= ! int]v5+ or f\r? day we h t wide space repres5t$ by ! ,p]mian & ,triassic p]iods1 :i*1 less conspicu\s 9 _! floras ?an ! p]iod t w5t imm$iately be=e1 & less conspicu\s 9 _! faunas ?an ! p]iods t came imm$iately aft]1 7 m>k$ by ! decl9e1 & ultimate ext9ction1 ( ! ,palozoic =ms1 & ! fir/ p>tially develop$ beg9n+s ( ! ,second>y ones4 ,& = ! fir/ & second days !re rema9 ! great ,azoic p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! imm5sely develop$ gneisses1 mica s*i/s1 & prim>y clay slates1 7 deposit$1 & ! two ext5d$ p]iods repres5t$ by ! ,silurian & ,old ,r$ ,s&/one sy/ems4 ,^!1 tak5 toge!r1 exhau/ ! geologic scale1 & may be nam$ 9 _! ord] z1 fir/1 ! ,azoic day or p]iod2 second1 ! ,silurian & ,old ,r$ ,s&/one day or p]iod2 ?ird1 ! ,c>bonif]\s day or p]iod2 f\r?1 ! ,p]mian & ,triassic day or p]iod2 fif?1 ! ,oolitic & ,cretace\s day or p]iod2 & six?1 ! ,t]ti>y day or p]iod4 ,let u attempt conceiv+ h[ !y might h appe>$ pictorially1 if reveal$ 9 a s]ies ( visions to ,moses1 z ! successive sc5es ( a great air-drawn panorama4 ,dur+ ! ,azoic p]iod1 ere life appe>s to h begun on our planet1 ! temp]ature ( ! e>?'s cru/ seems to h be5 s high1 t ! /rata1 at fir/ deposit$ app>5tly 9 wat]1 pass$ into a semi-fluid /ate1 became /rangely wav$ & contort$1 & assum$ 9 its composition a highly cry/all9e "*4 ,su* is peculi>ly ! case ) ! fundam5tal or gneiss deposits ( ! p]iod4 ,9 ! ov]ly+ mica s*i/ !re is /ill mu* ( contortion & di/urbance2 :]eas ! clay slate1 :i* lies ov] all1 gives evid5ce1 9 its m me*anical texture1 & ! regul>ity ( its /rata1 t a gradual refrig]ation ( ! g5]al mass _h be5 tak+ place1 & t ! close ( ! ,azoic p]iod 0 comp>atively quiet & cool4 ,let u suppose t dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ?is p]iod ( excessive heat ! wat]s ( ! ocean _h /ood at ! boil+ po9t ev5 at ! surface1 & mu* high] 9 ! pr(\nd] dep?s1 & fur!r1 t ! half-molt5 cru/ ( ! e>?1 /ret*$ out ov] a molt5 abyss1 0 s ?9 t x c\ld n support1 save = a %ort "t1 aft] "s convulsion1 ev5 a small isl& above ! sea level4 ,:at1 9 su* circum/ances1 w\ld be ! aspect ( ! sc5e1 optically exhibit$ f "s po9t 9 space elevat$ a few hundr$ y>ds ov] ! sea8 ,x w\ld be simply a blank1 9 :i* ! int5se/ gl[ ( fire w\ld fail to be se5 at a few y>ds' di/ance4 ,an inconsid]able escape ( /eam f ! safety-valve ( a railway eng9e =ms s ?ick a scre51 t1 z x l+]s = a mom5t1 9 ! pass+1 opposite ! c>riage w9d[s1 ! pass5g]s fail to disc]n ?r\gh x ! l&scape beyond4 ,a cont9u\s /ratum ( /eam1 !n1 t atta9$ to ! height ( ev5 our pres5t atmosph]e1 w\ld wrap up ! e>? 9 a d>kness gross & palpable z t ( ,egypt ( old1--a d>kness ?r\gh :i* ev5 a s+le ray ( light w\ld fail to p5etrate4 ,& b5ea? ?is ?ick canopy ! unse5 deep w\ld lit]ally boil z a pot1 wildly tempe/$ f bel[2 :ile f "t to "t m deeply seat$ convulsion w\ld upheave sudd5 to ! surface va/ tracts ( semi-molt5 rock1 soon aga9 to disappe>1 & f :i* waves ( bulk enorm\s w\ld roll outw>ds1 to meet 9 wild conflict ) ! giant waves ( o!r convulsions1 or return to hiss & sputt] aga9/ ! int5sely heat$ & fa/ f\nd]+ mass1 ^: viol5t upheaval _h fir/ elevat$ & s5t !m abroad4 ,su* w\ld be ! probable /ate ( ?+s dur+ ! times ( ! e>li] gneiss & mica s*i/ deposits1--times buri$ deep 9 t *aotic night or ev5+ :i* mu/ h cont9u$ to exi/ = mayhap _m ages aft] t beg9n+ ( ?+s 9 :i* ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & :i* prec$$ ! fir/ day4 ,to a human eye /ation$ )9 ! cl\d1 all1 z ,i h said1 mu/ h be5 ?ick d>kness3 to eyes ,div9e1 t c\ld h look$ ?r\gh ! envelop+ haze1 ! appe>ance w\ld h be5 t describ$ by ,milton1 z se5 by angel & ar*angel at ! beg9n+ ( creation1 :5 f ! gates ( heav5 !y look$ d[n ^u *aos3-- ,on heav5ly gr\nd !y /ood1 & f ! %ore ,!y view$ ! va/ immeasurable abyss1 ,outrage\s z a sea1 d>k1 wa/eful1 wild1 ,up f ! bottom turn$ by furi\s heat ,& surg+ waves1 z m\nta9s to assault ,heav5's height1 & ) ! c5tre mix ! pole4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 z ! e>?'s surface gradually cool$ d[n1 & ! envelop+ wat]s sunk to a l[] temp]ature1--let u suppose1 dur+ ! latt] times ( ! mica s*i/1 & ! e>li] times ( ! clay slate1--! /eam atmosph]e w\ld become less d5se & ?ick1 & at l5g? ! rays ( ! sun w\ld /ruggle ?r\gh1 at fir/ d\btfully & diffus$1 =m+ a fa9t twilight1 b gradually /r5g!n+ z ! latt] ages ( ! slate =mation pass$ away1 until1 at ! close ( ! great prim>y p]iod1 day & night1--! "o /ill dim & gray1 ! o!r wrapp$ 9 a pall ( ?icke/ d>kness1--w\ld succe$ ea* o!r z n[1 z ! e>? revolv$ on its axis1 & ! unse5 lum9>y rose high ov] ! cl\d 9 ! ea/1 or sunk 9 ! we/ b5ea? ! undef9$ & murky horizon4 ,& "h aga9 ! optical appe>ance w\ld be exactly t describ$ by ,milton3-- ',let !re be light1' said ,god1 & =?) light ,e!real1 fir/ ( ?+s1 qu9tess5ce pure1 ,sprung f ! deep1 & f h] native ea/ ,to j\rney ?r\gh ! airy gloom began1 ,sph]$ 9 a radiant cl\d1 = yet ! sun ,0 n3 %e 9 a cl\dy tab]nacle ,soj\rn$ ! :ile4 ,god saw ! light 0 good1 ,& light f d>kness by ! hemisph]e ,divid$3 light ! day1 & d>kness night1 ,he nam$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ day1 ev5 & morn4 ,! second day's "w has be5 int]pret$ v>i\sly1 accord+ to ! g5]ally receiv$ sci5ce ( ! times ( ! v>i\s comm5tators :o h dealt ) x4 ,ev5 9 ,milton1 ?\gh ! great poet reject$ ! e>li] idea ( a solid firmam5t1 we f9d prom95ce giv5 to t ( a va/ holl[ sph]e ( circumflu\s wat]s1 :i*1 by encircl+ ! atmosph]e1 kept alo( ! fi]ce extremes ( *aos4 ,lat] comm5tators1 su* z ! late ,drs4 ,kitto & ,pye ,smi?1 hold t ! ,scriptural analogue ( ! firmam5t "h--by ! way1 a ,greek1 n a ,hebrew idea1 fir/ introduc$ into ! ,septuag9t--0 9 reality simply ! atmosph]e ) its cl\ds4 ,! hi/orian ,moses1 says ,dr4 ,kitto1 speaks z ?+s w\ld h appe>$ to a spectator at ! "t ( ! creation4 ,a portion ( ! heavy wat]y vapor _h fl[n into ! upp] regions1 & re/$ !re 9 d5se cl\ds1 :i* /ill obscur$ ! sun2 :ile bel[1 ! :ole e>? 0 cov]$ ) wat]4 ,?us we see ! propriety ) :i* ! firmam5t is said to h divid$ ! wat]s f ! wat]s4 ,x is c]ta9ly probable t 9 a vision ( creation ! atmosph]ic ph5om5a ( ! second great act ( ! creation drama might h /ood out ) mu* great] prom95ce to ! prophetic eye plac$ 9 ! circum/ances ( a natural "o1 ?an any ( its o!r appe>ances4 ,! inv]tebrate life ( ! ,silurian p]iod1 or ev5 ! i*?yic life ( ! e>li] ,old ,b$ ,s&/one p]iod1 mu/ h be5 comp>atively inconspicu\s f any sub-rial po9t ( view elevat$ b a few hundr$ feet ov] ! sea level4 ,ev5 ! few islets ( ! latt] ages ( ! p]iod1 ) _! f]ns1 lepidod5dra1 & conif]\s trees1 =m+1 z !y did1 an exceptional feature 9 ^! ages ( va/ oceans1 & ( organisms all b exclusively m>9e1 may h well be5 exclud$ f a repres5tative diorama t exhibit$ optically ! gr& *>act]i/ics ( ! "t4 ,fur!r1 x seems equally probable t ! introduction ( organiz$ exi/5ce on our planet 0 prec$$ by a *ange 9 ! atmosph]ic conditions :i* _h obta9$ dur+ ! previ\s p]iod1 9 :i* ! e>? _h be5 a des]t & empty void4 ,we "k t j be=e ! close ( ! ,silurian ages t]re/rial plants _h appe>$1 & t be=e ! close ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ages1 air-brea?+ animals _h be5 produc$2 & inf] t ! atmosph]e 9 :i* bo? c\ld h exi/$ mu/ h be5 consid]ably diff]5t f t :i* lay d>k & heavy ov] ! b>e hot rocks1 & t5antless1 /eam-emitt+ seas1 ( ! previ\s "t4 ,"u a gray1 opaque sky1 9 :i* nei!r sun nor moon appe>1 we are n unfrequ5tly pres5t$ ) a v>i$ drap]y ( cl\ds1--a drap]y v>i$ 9 =m1 ?\gh n 9 color3 bank (t5 seems pil$ ov] bank1 %ad$ b5ea? & light] above2 or ! :ole breaks into dappl$ cl\dlets1 :i* be>--to borr[ f ! poetic description ( ,bloomfield--! beaute\s semblance ( a flock at re/4 ,& if su* rial drap]ies appe>$ 9 ?is e>ly p]iod1 ) ! cle> space betwe5 !m & ! e>? :i* we s (t5 see 9 gray1 sunless days1 ! optical aspect mu/ h be5 widely diff]5t f t ( ! previ\s "t1 9 :i* a d5se vapor\s fog lay heavy ^u rock & sea1 & ext5d$ f ! e>?'s surface to ! upp] heights ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! ?ird day's vision seems to be m purely geological 9 its "* ?an ei!r ( ! previ\s two4 ,ext5sive tracts ( dry l& appe>1 & !re spr+s up ov] !m1 at ! ,div9e comm&1 a rank vegetation4 ,& we "k t :at seems to be ! correspond+ ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 unlike any ( ! prec$+ ones1 0 rem>kable = its great tracts ( t]re/rial surface1 & = its extraord9>y flora4 ,= ! fir/ "t dry l&1 & organiz$ bodies at once bulky en\gh1 & exhibit$ 9 a m$ium cle> en\gh1 to r5d] !m conspicu\s objects 9 a di/ant prospect1 appe> 9 ! ,mosaic drama2 & we /ill f9d at once evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ext5sive ?\gh app>5tly v flat l&s1 & ! rema9s ( a wond]fully gigantic & abundant vegetation1 9 :at appe> to be ! rocks ( ?is p]iod4 ,! vision ( ! f\r? day1 l t ( ! second1 p]ta9$ n to ! e>?1 b to ! heav5s2 ! sun1 moon1 & />s become visible1 & =m ! sole subjects ( ! prophetic description4 ,& j z1 dur+ ! second p]iod1 ! e>? w\ld 9 all probability h fail$ to furni% any feature ( m>k en\gh to div]t a human eye plac$ on a comm&+ /ation f ! conspicu\s atmosph]ic ph5om5a ( ! "t1 s x seems equally probable t dur+ ?is f\r? p]iod x w\ld h fail$ to furni% any feature ( m>k en\gh to div]t a human eye f ! /ill m conspicu\s cele/ial ph5om5a ( ! "t4 ,z has be5 already incid5tally rem>k$1 ! ,p]mian & ,triassic p]iods 7 epo*s--to employ ! language ( ! late ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes--( great pov]ty ( production ( g5]ic types4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! appe>ance = ! fir/ "t ( sun1 moon1 & />s1 mu/ h =m$ a sc5e well suit$ to div]t ! att5tion ( ! se] f e o!r4 ,nor 7z has be5 some:at ra%ly argu$ by ,dr4 ,kitto & sev]al o!rs7 does x seem irrational to hold t ?ree v ext5d$ p]iods %\ld h elaps$ ere ! sid]eal heav5s became visible on e>?4 ,addison's popul> illu/ration1 drawn f "o ( ! calculations ( ,newton1 made 9 an age :5 comets 7 believ$ to be solid bodies1 r5d]$ ! read+ public famili>1 consid]ably m ?an a c5tury ago1 ) ! va/ "t :i* l>ge bodies greatly heat$ w\ld take 9 cool+4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,isaac ,newton's calculation1 said ! exquisitely classical essayi/1 ! comet t made its appe>ance 9 #afhj imbib$ s mu* heat by its approa*es to ! sun1 t x w\ld h be5 two ?\s& times hott] ?an r$ hot iron _h x be5 a globe ( t metal2 & t1 suppos+ x z big z ! e>?1 & at ! same di/ance f ! sun1 x w\ld be fifty ?\s& ye>s 9 cool+ be=e x recov]$ its natural temp]4 ,su* 0 an e/imate ( ! philosoph]1 t excit$ no little wond] 9 ! days ( our great gr&fa!rs1 = ! va/ "t :i* x dem&$2 &1 n[ t ! data on :i* su* a calculation ought to be f\nd$ are bett] kn[n ?an 9 ! age ( ,newton1 yet m "t w\ld be requir$ /ill4 ,x is n[ asc]ta9$1 f ! circum/ance t no dew is deposit$ 9 our summ] ev5+s save "u a cle> sky1 t ev5 a ?9 cov]+ ( cl\d1--s]v+ z a robe to keep ! e>? w>m1--prev5ts ! surface heat ( ! planet f radiat+ into ! spaces beyond4 ,& su* a cl\d1 ?ick & cont9u\s1 z mu/ h wrapp$ r\nd ! e>? z ) a mantle dur+ ! e>li] geologic p]iods1 mu/ h s]v$ to ret>d = _m ages ! radiation1 & consequ5tly ! r$uction1 ( t int]nal heat ( :i* x 0 itself a consequ5ce4 ,fur!r1 ! rocks & soils t =m ! surface ( our globe w\ld be mu* m indiff]5t conductors ( heat ?an ! iron sup]ficies ( ,newton's ball1 & w\ld s]ve yet m to l5g!n out ! cool+ process4 ,nor w\ld a planet cov]$ ov] = ages ) a ?ick scre5 ( vapor be a novelty ev5 yet 9 ! univ]se4 ,x is d\btful :e!r a/ronom]s h ev] yet look$ on ! face ( ,m]cury3 x is at lea/ v g5]ally held t hi!rto only 8 cl\ds h be5 se54 ,ev5 ,jupit]1 ?\gh x is ?\ght 8 m\nta9s h be5 occasionally detect$ rais+ _! peaks ?r\gh op5+s 9 8 cl\dy atmosph]e1 is kn[n *iefly by ! d>k %ift+ b&s t1 /reak+ 8 surface 9 ! l9e ( 8 trade w9ds1 belong n to 8 body1 b to 8 ?ick d>k cov]+4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r a human eye on ! surface ( ,m]cury w\ld ev] behold ! sun1 not)/&+ 8 ne> proximity2 nor w\ld he be (t5 visible1 if at all1 f ! surface ( ,jupit]4 ,nor1 yet fur!r1 w\ld a w>m /eam+ atmosph]e muffl$ 9 cl\ds h be5 unfavorable to a rank1 fl[]less vegetation l t ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,!re are moi/1 mild1 cl\dy days ( spr+ & e>ly ,summ] t rejoice ! he>t ( ! f>m]1 = he kn[s h[ conducive !y are to ! "y gr[? on 8 fields4 ,! ,coal ,measure climate w\ld h consi/$ ( an unbrok5 s]ies ( ^!1 ) mayhap a little m ( cl\d & moi/ure1 & a great deal m ( heat4 ,! e>? w\ld h be5 a va/ gre5h\se cov]$ ) smok$ glass2 & a vigor\s ?\gh mayhap loosely knit & fa9tly color$ vegetation w\ld h luxuriat$ "u its %ade4 ,! fif? & six? days1--t ( w+$ f[l & great sea mon/]s1 & t ( cattle & bea/s ( ! e>?1--,i mu/ reg>d z adequately repres5t$ by ^? ,second>y ages1 ,oolitic & ,cretace\s1 dur+ :i* birds 7 introduc$1 & reptiles receiv$ _! greate/ developm5t1 & ^? ,t]ti>y ages dur+ :i* ! gigantic mammals possess$ ! e>? & occupi$ ! l>ge/ space 9 creation4 ,to ! close ( ?is latt] p]iod1--! ev5+ ( ! six? day1--man belongs1--at once ! la/ creat$ ( t]re/rial creatures1 & inf9itely beyond comp>ison ! mo/ elevat$ 9 ! scale2 & ) man's appe>ance on ! sc5e ! days ( creation end1 & ! ,div9e ,sabba? beg9s1--t ,sabba? ( re/ f creative labor ( :i* ! prop] "w is ! moral developm5t & elevation ( ! species1 & :i* w t]m9ate only ) ! full completion ( t sublime task on ! full accompli%m5t ( :i* ,god's et]nal purposes & ! t5d5cies ( man's progressive nature seem alike direct$4 ,n[1 ,i am greatly mi/ak5 if we h n 9 ! six geologic p]iods all ! elem5ts1 )\t misplacem5t or exagg]ation1 ( ! ,mosaic drama ( creation4 ,i h ref]r$ 9 my brief survey to ext5d$ p]iods4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! prophetic vision ( creation1 if su* 0 its "*1 consi/$ ( only s+le repres5tative sc5es1 embrac+ ea* b a po9t ( "t2 x 01 let u suppose1 a diorama1 ov] ^: %ift+ pictures ! curta9 rose & fell six times 9 succession1--once dur+ ! ,azoic p]iod1 once dur+ ! e>li] or middle ,palozoic p]iod1 once dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 once dur+ ! ,p]mian or ,triassic p]iod1 once dur+ ! ,oolitic or ,cretace\s p]iod1 & f9ally1 once dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,dr4 ,kurtz holds1 tak+ ! ,sabba? into ! s]ies1 t ! division into sev5 sc5es or /ages may h be5 regulat$ ) ref]5ce to ! importance & sacr$ness ( ! my?ic numb] sev51--! symbol ( complet5ess or p]fection2 b ! sugge/ion w p]haps n n[ c>ry mu* weight among ! !ologians ( ,brita91 :atev] x might h done two c5turies ago4 ,x is true1 t creation might h be5 exhibit$1 n by sev51 b by sev5 hundr$1 or ev5 by sev5 ?\s& sc5es2 & t ! accompli%$ man ( sci5ce1 skill$ 9 e bran* ( physics1 might h f\nd some?+ di/9ct 9 !m all4 ,b n ! less d ! sev51 or r ! six1 exhibit$ sc5es appe> to be n symbolic or my/ical1 at lea/ n exclusively symbolic or my/ical1 b truly repres5tative ( successive p]iods1 /rongly di/9ctive 9 _! "*1 & capable1 ) ! ?ree geologic days z giv5 po9ts 9 ! problem1 ( be+ treat$ geologically4 ,ano!r ( ! que/ions rais$1 bo? by ! ,g]man doctor & ! writ] 9 our own c\ntry1 mu/ be recogniz$ z em95tly sugge/ive4 ,we treat ! hi/ory ( creation1 says ,dr4 ,kurtz1 ) its six days' "w1 z a connect$ s]ies ( s _m prophetic visions4 ,! appe>ance & evani%+ ( ea* su* vision seem to ! se] z a morn+ & an ev5+1 app>5tly because ^! 7 pres5t$ to him z an increase & decrease ( light1 l morn+ & ev5+ twilight4 ,& we f9d ! ,scotti% writ] tak+ ess5tially ! same view4 ,ea* day conta9s1 he says1 ! description ( :at he ,moses beheld 9 a s+le vision1 & :5 x fad$ x 0 twilight4 ,!re is no?+ =c$ 9 suppos+ t1 aft] ! vision _h = a "t illum9$ ! fancy ( ! se]1 x 0 )drawn f 8 eyes1 9 ! same way t ! l&scape becomes dim on ! approa* ( ev5+4444 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 a 'day' c only mean ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,div9ely enlight5$ fancy ( ! se] 0 active4 ,:5 all cont9u$ bright & manife/ be=e 8 entranc$ b /ill consci\s s\l1 x 0 'day' or 'light4' ,:5 ! dimness ( dep>t+ enlight5m5t fell ^u ! sc5e1 x 0 ! ev5+ twilight4 ,! days1 !n1 are remov$1 we f9d1 by ! hold]s ( ?is view1 altoge!r f ! prov9ce ( *ronology to ! prov9ce ( prophetic vision2 !y are repres5t$ simply z p>ts ( ! exhibit$ sc5]y1 or r z =m+ ! measures ( ! app>5t "t dur+ :i* ! sc5]y 0 exhibit$4 ,we mu/ also hold1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! "* ( symbolic days !y 7 z truly repres5tative ( ! lapse ( =egone p]iods ( creation z ! sc5]y itself 0 repres5tative ( ! creative "w accompli%$ 9 ^! p]iods4 ,= if ! app>5t days occurr$ 9 only ! vision1 & 7 n symbolic ( =egone p]iods1 !y c\ld n h be5 transf]r$ ) any logical propriety f ! vision itself to t :i* ! vision repres5t$1 z we f9d done 9 :at our ,%ort] ,cate*ism t]ms ! reason annex$ to ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t4#ah ,! days mu/ h be5 prophetic days1 introduc$1 inde$1 into ! panorama ( creation z mayhap m]e op5+s & dropp+s ( ! curta91 b n ! less symbolic ( t s]ies ( successive p]iods1 ea* *>act]iz$ by its own productions & ev5ts1 9 :i* creation itself 0 compris$4 ,no?+ m probable1 h[ev]1 ?an t ev5 ,moses himself may h be5 unacqua9t$ ) ! ext5t ( ! p]iods repres5t$ 9 ! vision2 nay1 he may h be5 equally unconsci\s ( ! actual ext5t ( ! seem+ days by :i* !y 7 symboliz$4 ,visions )\t d>k spee*es1--visions1 n ( symbolic app>itions1 b ( actual exi/5ces & ev5ts1 pa/ or pres5t1--may1 nay mu/1 h diff]$ f :at may be t]m$ ! d>k hi]oglyphic visions2 b we f9d 9 all visions an elem5t ( m]e repres5tative value introduc$ :5 !y deal ) "t1 & t !y occur z if :olly outside its pale4 ,^! creation days seem1 9 relation to :at !y typify1 to h be51 if ,i may s express myself1 ! m]e modules ( a graduat$ scale4 ,su* a description ( ! creative vision ( ,moses z ! "o giv5 by ,milton ( t vision ( ! future1 :i* he repres5ts z conjur$ up be=e ,adam by ! ar*angel1 w\ld be a task r = ! sci5tific poet ?an = ! m]e practical geologi/ or sob] !ologian4 ,let u suppose t x took place f> f man1 9 an untrodd5 recess ( ! ,midian des]t1 ere yet ! vision ( ! burn+ bu% _h be5 v\*saf$2 & t1 z 9 ! vision ( ,/4 ,john 9 ,patmos1 voices 7 m+l$ ) sc5es1 & ! e> z c]ta9ly address$ z ! eye4 ,a great d>kness fir/ falls ^u ! prophet1 l t :i* 9 an e>li] age fell ^u ,abraham1 b )\t ! horror2 &1 z ! ,div9e ,_s moves on ! face ( ! wildly tr\bl$ wat]s1 z a visible aurora envelop$ by ! pit*y cl\d1 ! great doctr9e is orally enunciat$1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,unreckon$ ages1 cond5s$ 9 ! vision into a few brief mom5ts1 pass away2 ! creative voice is aga9 he>d1 ,let !re be light1 & /raightway a gray diffus$ light spr+s up 9 ! ea/1 &1 ca/+ its sickly gleam ov] a cl\d-limit$ expanse ( /eam+1 vapor\s sea1 j\rneys ?r\gh ! heav5s t[>ds ! we/4 ,"o heavy1 sunless day is made ! repres5tative ( myriads2 ! fa9t light waxes fa9t]1--x s9ks b5ea? ! dim1 undef9$ horizon2 ! fir/ sc5e ( ! drama closes ^u ! se]2 & he sits a:ile on 8 hill-top 9 d>kness1 solit>y b n sad1 9 :at seems to be a calm & />less night4 ,! light aga9 bright5s1--x is day2 & ov] an expanse ( ocean )\t visible b\nd ! horizon has become wid] & %>p] ( outl9e ?an be=e4 ,!re is life 9 t great sea1--inv]tebrate1 mayhap also i*?yic1 life2 b1 f ! comp>ative di/ance ( ! po9t ( view occupi$ by ! prophet1 only ! sl[ roll ( its waves c be disc]n$1 z !y rise & fall 9 long undulations be=e a g5tle gale2 & :at mo/ /rongly impresses ! eye is ! *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! atmosph]ic sc5]y4 ,t l[] /ratum ( ! heav5s occupi$ 9 ! previ\s vision by see?+ /eam1 or gray1 smoke-l fog1 is cle> & transp>5t2 & only 9 an upp] region1 :]e ! previ\sly invisible vapor ( ! tepid sea has ?ick5$ 9 ! cold1 d ! cl\ds appe>4 ,b !re1 9 ! high] /rata ( ! atmosph]e !y lie1 ?ick & manifold1--an upp] sea ( great waves1 sep>at$ f ^? b5ea? by ! transp>5t firmam5t1 &1 l !m too1 impell$ 9 roll+ masses by ! w9d4 ,a mighty advance has tak5 place 9 creation2 b its mo/ conspicu\s optical sign is ! exi/5ce ( a transp>5t atmosph]e1--( a firmam5t1 /ret*$ out ov] ! e>?1 t sep>ates ! wat]s above f ! wat]s bel[4 ,b d>kness desc5ds = ! ?ird "t ^u ! se]1 = ! ev5+ & ! morn+ h complet$ ! second day4 ,yet aga9 ! light rises "u a canopy ( cl\d2 b ! sc5e has *ang$1 & !re is no long] an unbrok5 expanse ( sea4 ,! :ite surf breaks1 at ! di/ant horizon1 on an insulat$ reef1 =m$ mayhap by ! ,silurian or ,old ,r$ coral zoophytes ages be=e1 dur+ ! bygone ye/]day2 & beats 9 long l9es ( foam1 ne>] at h&1 aga9/ a l[1 w9d+ %ore1 ! seaw>d b>ri] ( a widely spread c\ntry4 ,= at ! ,div9e comm& ! l& has aris5 f ! deep1--n inconspicu\sly & 9 scatt]$ islets1 z at an e>li] "t1 b 9 ext5sive ?\gh flat & m>%y cont95ts1 little rais$ ov] ! sea level2 & a yet fur!r fiat has cov]$ !m ) ! great c>bonif]\s flora4 ,! sc5e is "o ( mighty =e/s ( cone-be>+ trees1--( palms1 & tree-f]ns1 & gigantic club mosses1 on ! op5] slopes1 & ( great re$s clu/]+ by ! sides ( quiet lakes & d>k roll+ riv]s4 ,!re is deep gloom 9 ! recesses ( ! ?ick] woods1 & l[ ?ick mi/s creep along ! dank m>% or sluggi% /ream4 ,b !re is a g5]al light5+ ( ! sky ov] head2 z ! day decl9es1 a r$d] flu% ?an _h hi!rto light$ up ! prospect falls a?w>t f]n cov]$ bank & long )draw+ glade4 ,& :ile ! f\r? ev5+ has fall5 on ! prophet1 he becomes s5sible1 z x we>s on1 & ! f\r? dawn approa*es1 t yet ano!r *ange has tak5 place4 ,! ,creator has spok51 & ! />s look out f op5+s ( deep uncl\d$ blue2 & z day rises1 & ! planet ( morn+ pales 9 ! ea/1 ! brok5 cl\dlets are transmut$ f bronze into gold1 & anon ! gold becomes fire1 & at l5g? ! glori\s sun arises out ( ! sea1 & ent]s on 8 c\rse rejoic+4 ,x is a brilliant day2 ! waves1 ( a deep] & s(t] blue ?an be=e1 dance & sp>kle 9 ! light2 ! e>?1 ) little else to attract ! gaze1 has assum$ a g>b ( bright] gre52 & z ! sun decl9es amid ev5 ri*] glories ?an ^? :i* _h encircl$ 8 ris+1 ! moon appe>s full orb$ 9 ! ea/1--to ! human eye ! second great lum9>y ( ! heav5s1--& climbs sl[ly to ! z5i? z night advances1 %$d+ its mild radiance on l& & sea4 ,aga9 ! day breaks2 ! prospect consi/s1 z be=e1 ( l& & ocean4 ,!re are great p9e woods1 re$-cov]$ swamps1 wide pla9s1 w9d+ riv]s1 & broad lakes2 & a bright sun %9es ov] all4 ,b ! l&scape d]ives its int]e/ & novelty f a feature unm>k$ be=e4 ,gigantic birds /alk along ! s&s1 or wade f> into ! wat] 9 que/ ( _! i*?yic food2 :ile birds ( less] size float ^u ! lakes1 or scream discordant 9 hov]+ flocks1 ?ick z insects 9 ! calm ( a summ] ev5+1 ov] ! n>r[] seas1 or bright5 ) ! sunlit gleam ( _! w+s ! ?ick woods4 ,& ocean has its mon/]s3 great tann9im tempe/ ! deep1 z !y heave _! huge bulk ov] ! surface1 to inhale ! life-su/a9+ air2 & out ( _! no/rils goe? smoke1 z out ( a see?+ pot or cauldron4 ,mon/r\s creatures1 arm$ 9 massive scales1 haunt ! riv]s1 or sc\r ! flat rank mead[s2 e>?1 air1 & wat] are *>g$ ) animal life2 & ! sun sets on a busy sc5e1 9 :i* un]r+ in/9ct pursues unremitt+ly its few simple ends1--! support & pres]vation ( ! individual1 ! propagation ( ! species1 & ! protection & ma9t5ance ( ! "y4 ,aga9 ! night desc5ds1 = ! fif? day has clos$2 & morn+ breaks on ! six? & la/ day ( creation4 ,cattle & bea/s ( ! fields graze on ! pla9s2 ! ?ick-sk9n$ rh9oc]os wall[s 9 ! m>%es2 ! squat hippopotamus ru/les among ! re$s1 or plunges sull5ly into ! riv]2 great h]ds ( elephants seek _! food amid ! "y h]bage ( ! woods2 :ile animals ( fi]c] nature1--! lion1 ! leop>d1 & ! be>1--h>bor 9 deep caves till ! ev5+1 or lie 9 wait = _! prey amid tangl$ ?ickets1 or b5ea? "s brok5 bank4 ,at l5g?1 z ! day wanes & ! %ad[s l5g!n1 man1 ! responsible "l ( creation1 =m$ 9 ,god's own image1 is introduc$ ^u ! sc5e1 & ! "w ( creation ceases =ev] ^u ! e>?4 ,! night falls once m ^u ! prospect1 & !re dawns yet ano!r morr[1--! morr[ ( ,god's re/1--t ,div9e ,sabba? 9 :i* !re is no m creative labor1 & :i*1 bless$ & sanctifi$ beyond all ! days t _h gone be=e1 has z its special object ! moral elevation & f9al r$emption ( man4 ,& ov] x no ev5+ is repres5t$ 9 ! record z fall+1 = its special "w is n yet complete4 ,su* seems to h be5 ! sublime panorama ( creation exhibit$ 9 vision ( old to ,! %eph]d :o fir/ taught ! *os5 se$1 ,9 ! beg9n+ h[ ! heav5s & e>? ,rose out ( *aos2 &1 rightly und]/ood1 ,i "k n a s+le sci5tific tru? t militates aga9/ ev5 ! m9ute/ or lea/ prom95t ( its details4 ,,lecture ,,fif?4 ,,geology ,,9 ,,its ,,be>+s ,,on ,,! ,,two ,,!ologies4 ,,"p ,i4 ,! sci5ce ( ! geologi/ seems de/9$ to ex]t a m>k$ influ5ce on t ( ! natural !ologian4 ,= n only does x greatly add to ! mat]ials on :i* ! natural !ologian f\nds 8 d$uctions1 by add+ to ! organisms1 plant & animal1 ( ! pres5t creation ! ext9ct organisms ( ! creations ( ! pa/1 ) all _! extraord9>y display ( adaptation & design2 b x af=ds him1 besides1 mat]ials peculi> to itself1 9 ! hi/ory :i* x furni%es bo? ( ! appe>ance ( ^! organisms 9 "t1 & ( ! wond]ful ord] 9 :i* !y 7 *ronologically arrang$4 ,n only--to borr[ f ,paley's illu/ration--does x enable him to argue on ! old gr\nds1 f ! contrivance exhibit$ 9 ! wat* f\nd on ! moor1 t ! wat* c\ld n h la9 ^u ! moor =ev]2 b x e/abli%es fur!r1 on diff]5t & m direct evid5ce1 t !re 0 a "t :5 absolutely ! wat* 0 n !re2 nay1 fur!r1 s to speak1 t !re 0 a previ\s "t 9 :i* no wat*es exi/$ at all1 b only wat] clocks2 yet1 fur!r1 t !re 0 a "t 9 :i* !re 7 n ev5 wat] clocks1 b only sundials2 & fur!r1 an e>li] "t /ill 9 :i* sundials 7 n1 nor any measur]s ( "t ( any k9d4 ,& ?is is di/9ct gr\nd f t urg$ by ,paley4 ,=1 besides hold+ t ea* ( ^! contrivances mu/ h _h 9 turn an orig9ator or contriv]1 x adds hi/oric fact to philosophic inf]5ce4 ,geology takes up ! ma/] volume ( ! greate/ ( ! natural !ologians1 &1 aft] scann+ its _m apt in/ances ( palpable design1 drawn f ! me*anism ( exi/+ plants & animals1 au?oritatively decides t n "o ( ^! plants or animals _h begun to be 9 ! times ( ! ,*alk2 nay1 t !y all date _! orig9 f a p]iod po/]ior to t ( ! ,eoc5e4 ,& ! fact is1 ( c\rse1 corroborative ( ! inf]5ce4 ,t well con/ruct$ edifice1 says ! natural !ologian1 _c be a m]e lusus natur1 or *ance comb9ation ( /ones & wood2 x mu/ h be5 erect$ by a build]4 ,yes1 rem>ks ! geologi/1 x 0 erect$ "s "t dur+ ! la/ n9e ye>s4 ,i pass$ ! way t5 ye>s ago1 & saw only a blank space :]e x n[ /&s4 ,nor does ! e/abli%$ fact ( an absolute beg9n+ ( organic be+ seem m pregnant ) important consequ5ces to ! sci5ce ( ! natural !ologian ?an ! fact ( ! peculi> ord] 9 :i* !y beg9 to be4 ,! importance ( ! n[ demon/rat$ fact1 t all ! liv+ organisms :i* exi/ on e>? _h a beg9n+1 & t a "t 0 :5 !y 7 n1 w be be/ appreciat$ by ^? :o "k h[ mu*1 &1 x mu/ be add$1 h[ unsuccessfully1 writ]s on ! evid5ces h labor$ to convict ( an absurdity1 on ?is special head1 ! a!i/ic ass]tors ( an inf9ite s]ies ( be+s4 ,ev5 ,rob]t ,hall 79 8 fam\s ,s]mon on ,mod]n ,infidelity7 c\ld b play1 :5 he attempt$ grappl+ ) ! subject1 ^u ! words "t & et]nity1 & /rangely argue1 t z ea* memb] ( an inf9ite s]ies mu/ h begun 9 "t1 :ile ! succession itself 0 et]nal1 x 0 palpably absurd to ask u to believe 9 a succession ( be+s t 0 ?us inf9itely e>li] ?an any ( ! be+s !mselves :i* compos$ ! succession4 ,& ,b5tley1 m p]v]sely +5i\s /ill1 c\ld ass]t1 t z ea* ( ! individuals 9 an inf9ite s]ies mu/ h consi/$ ( _m p>ts1--t z ea* man 9 su* a s]ies1 = in/ance1 mu/ h _h t5 f+]s & t5 toes1--x 0 palpably absurd to ask u to believe 9 an inf9ity :i* ?us compris$ _m inf9ities1--t5 inf9ities ( f+]s1 = example1 & t5 inf9ities ( toes4 ,! infidels _h ! bett] 9 ?is "p ( ! argum5t4 ,x 0 surely easy en\gh to %[ aga9/ ! great prea*]1 on ! "o h&1 t "t 9 su* a "q is b a m]e ^w t means simply a c]ta9 limit$ or def9ite p]iod :i* _h a beg9n+1 :]eas et]nity means an unlimit$ & undef9able p]iod :i* _h no beg9n+2--t 8 seem+ argum5t 0 no argum5t1 b m]ely a sort ( v]bal play on ?is diff]5ce ( signification 9 ! words2--fur!r1 t man c\ld conceive ( an inf9ite s]ies1 :e!r ext5d$ 9 inf9ite space1 or subsi/+ 9 inf9ite "t1 j z well z he c\ld conceive ( any o!r inf9ity1 & 9 ! same way2 & t ! only mode ( disprov+ ! possibility ( su* a s]ies w\ld be to %[1 :at ( c\rse _c be %[n1 t 9 conceiv+ ( x 9 ! progressive mode 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,locke1 man c alone conceive ( ! inf9ite or ! et]nal1 !re w\ld be a po9t rea*$ at :i* x w\ld be impossible = him to g on add+ millions on millions to ! previ\s sum4 ,! symbolic ad inf9itum c\ld be made z adequately repres5tative 9 ! case ( an inf9ite s]ies ( m5 or animals 9 unlimit$ "t1 z ( an inf9ite s]ies ( feet or in*es 9 unlimit$ space1 or ( an inf9ite s]ies ( h\rs or m9utes 9 ! pa/ et]nity4 ,& z = ,b5tley1 on ! o!r h&1 he ought surely to h kn[n t all inf9ities are n equal1 see+ t ,newton _h expressly told him s 9 ! second ( 8 f\r fam\s lett]s2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 "o inf9ity may be n only t5 times great] ?an ano!r inf9ity1 b ev5 inf9itely great] ?an ano!r inf9ity2 & t s ! conception ( an inf9ity ( m5 possess$ ( t5 inf9ities ( f+]s & toes is 9 no respect an absurdity4 ,( ! ?ree inf9ities possible 9 space1 ! second is inf9itely great] ?an ! fir/1 & ! ?ird inf9itely great] ?an ! second4 ,a l9e inf9itely produc$ is capable ( be+ divid$ into--t is1 consi/s (--an inf9ity ( giv5 p>ts2 a plane inf9itely ext5d$ is capable ( be+ divid$ into an inf9ity ( inf9itely divisible l9es2 & a cube1 t is1 a solid1 inf9itely exp&$1 is capable ( be+ divid$ into an inf9ity ( inf9itely divisible planes4 ,9 f9e1 metaphysic !ology furni%es no argum5t aga9/ ! inf9ite s]ies ( ! a!i/4 ,b geology does4 ,e plant & animal t n[ lives ^u e>? began to be dur+ ! great ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & _h no place among ! plants & animals ( ! great ,second>y division4 ,we c trace sev]al ( our exi/+ quadrup$s1 su* z ! badg]1 ! h>e1 ! fox1 ! r$ de]1 & ! wild cat1 up till ! e>li] times ( ! ,plei/oc5e2 & n a few ( our exi/+ %ells1 su* z ! great pect51 ! edible oy/]1 ! :elk1 & ! ,pelican's-foot %ell1 up till ! greatly e>li] times ( ! ,coral9e ,crag4 ,b at c]ta9 def9ite l9es 9 ! deposits ( ! pa/1 repres5tative ( c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! exi/+ mammals & molluscs cease to appe>1 & we f9d _! places occupi$ by o!r mammals & molluscs4 ,ev5 su* ( our ,briti% %ells z seem to h enjoy$ z species ! longe/ t]m ( life _c be trac$ beyond ! times ( ! ,plioc5e deposits4 ,we detect _! rema9s 9 a p]fect /ate ( keep+ 9 almo/ e %ell-be>+ b$1 till we rea* ! ,r$ & ,coral9e ,crags1 :]e we f9d !m = ! la/ "t2 &1 on pass+ into old] & deep] ly+ b$s1 we see _! places tak5 by o!r %ells1 ( species altoge!r di/9ct4 ,! v common %ell ,purpura lapillus1 = in/ance1 is f\nd 9 our rais$ bea*es1 9 our ,clyde b$s1 9 our b\ld] clays & mammalif]\s crags1 &1 f9ally1 9 ! ,r$ ,crag1 beyond :i* x fails to appe>4 ,& su* also is ! hi/ory ( ! common edible mussel & common p]iw9kle2 :]eas ! common edible cockle1 & common edible pect5 7,p4 op]cul>is7 occur n only 9 all ^! successive b$s1 b 9 ! ,coral ,crag also4 ,!y are old] by a :ole deposit ?an _! pres5t contempor>ies1 ! mussel & p]iw9kle2 & ^!1 9 turn1 seem ( old] /&+ ?an %ells su* z ,murex er9aceus1 t has n be5 trac$ beyond ! times ( ! mammalif]\s crag1 or ?an %ells su* z ,scrobicul>ia pip]ata1 t has n be5 detect$ 9 m anci5t deposits ?an rais$ sea bea*es ( ! lat] p]iods1 & ! elevat$ bottoms ( old e/u>ies & lagoons4 ,we ?us "k1 t 9 c]ta9 p]iods1 ne>] or m remote1 all our exi/+ molluscs began to exi/1 & t !y _h no exi/5ce dur+ ! previ\s p]iods2 :i* 71 h[ev]1 ri*] 9 animals ( ! same great molluscan gr\p ?an ! pres5t "t4 ,our ,briti% gr\p ( rec5t m>9e %ells falls some:at %ort ( f\r hundr$ species2#ai :]eas ! gr\p *>act]i/ic ( ! old] ,mioc5e deposits1 l>gely develop$ 9 ^? di/ricts ( ,france :i* bord] on ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 & m sp>+ly 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 ne> ,y>m\?1 comprises m ?an six hundr$ species4 ,ne>ly an equal numb] ( /ill old] %ells h be5 detect$ 9 a s+le deposit ( ! ,p>is bas91--! ,calcaire grossi]2 & a good _m m 9 a m anci5t =mation /ill1 ! ,london ,clay4 ,on ent]+ ! ,*alk1 we f9d a yet old] gr\p ( %ells1 :olly unlike any ( ! prec$+ ones2 & 9 ! ,oolite & ,lias yet o!r & diff]5t gr\ps4 ,& ?us gr\p prec$$ gr\p ?r\gh\t all ! ,t]ti>y1 ,second>y1 & ,palozoic p]iods2 "s ( !m rem>kable = ! numb] ( species :i* !y conta9$1 o!rs = ! pr(use abundance ( _! individual specim5s1 until1 deep 9 ! rocks at ! base ( ! ,silurian sy/em1 we detect :at seems to be ! primordial gr\p1 b5ea? :i* only a s+le animal organism is kn[n to occur1--! ,oldhamia antiqua1--a plant-l zoophyte1 ak9 app>5tly to "s ( our rec5t s]tul>ia1 7,see fig4 #e1 page #dh47 ,ea* ( ! ext9ct gr\ps _h1 we f9d1 a beg9n+ & an end2--!re is n 9 ! wide doma9 ( physical sci5ce a m c]ta9 fact2 & e species ( ! gr\p :i* n[ exi/s _h1 l all _! pr$ecessors on ! sc5e1 _! beg9n+ also4 ,! inf9ite s]ies ( ! a!i/s ( =m] times c h no place 9 mod]n sci5ce3 all organic exi/5ces1 rec5t or ext9ct1 vegetable or animal1 h _h _! beg9n+2--!re 0 a "t :5 !y 7 n4 ,! geologi/ c indicate t "t1 if n by ye>s1 at lea/ by p]iods1 & %[ :at its relations 7 to ! p]iods t w5t be=e & t came aft]2 & z x is equally a recogniz$ tru? on bo? sides ( ! controv]sy1 t z some?+ n[ exi/s1 some?+ mu/ h exi/$ =ev]1 & z x mu/ n[ be n less surely recogniz$1 t t some?+ 0 n ! race ( man1 nor yet any o!r ( ! _m races ( man's pr$ecessors or contempor>ies1 ! "q1 ,:at !n 0 t some?+8 comes ) a po9t & directness :i* x did n possess at any =m] "t4 ,by :at1 or ?r\gh :om1 did ^! races ( nicely organiz$ plants & animals beg9 to be8 ,hi!rto at lea/ !re has be5 b "o reply to ! "q orig9at$ on ! skeptical side4 ,all ^! races1 x is said1 h be5 develop$1 9 ! long c\rse ( ages1 into :at !y n[ are1 z ! "y animal is develop$ 9 ! womb1 or ! "y plant is develop$ f ! se$4 ,topsy1 9 ! novel1 'spect$ t %e 0 n made1 b gr[$2 & ! only class ( oppon5ts :i* ! geological !i/ f9ds 9 ! field :i* 8 sci5ce has laid op5 to ! _w is a class t hold by ! philosophy ( ,topsy4 ,let me briefly rem>k reg>d+ ?is developm5t hypo!sis1 ) :i* ,i h else:]e dealt at consid]able l5g?1 t :ile ! facts ( ! geologi/ are demon/rably su*1 t is1 tru?s capable ( pro(1 ! hypo!sis is a m]e dream1 unsupport$ by a %ad[ ( evid5ce4 ,a man ( a lively imag9ation c\ld no d\bt orig9ate _m su* dreams2 nay1 we "k t 9 ! d>k ages dreams ( ! k9d 7 actually orig9at$4 ,! ,ans] ,b]nicla1 or b>nacle goose1 a common w9t] visitant ( our coa/s1 0 once believ$ to be develop$ out ( decay+ wood long subm]g$ 9 sea wat]3 & "o ( our commone/ cirrip$es or b>nacles1 ,lepas anatif]a1 /ill be>s1 9 its specific "n ( ! goose-produc+ lepas1 evid5ce t x 0 ! creature specially recogniz$ by our ance/ors z ! half-develop$ goose4 ,z if 9 memory ( ?is old developm5t leg5d1 ! bird /ill be>s ! "n ( ! b>nacle1 & ! b>nacle ( ! bird2 & we "k fur!r1 t v intellig5t m5 = _! age1 su* z ,g]>des ! h]bali/ 7#aeig71 & ,hector ,boece ! hi/orian 7#aebd71 bo? exam9$ ^! %ells1 &1 kn[+ b little ( comp>ative anatomy1 7 satisfi$ t ! animal )9 0 ! p>tially develop$ embryo ( a f[l4 ,su* 0 "o ( ! fables gravely cr$it$ z a piece ( natural hi/ory 9 ,brita9 ab\t ?ree c5turies ago1 & su* 0 ! k9d ( evid5ce by :i* x 0 support$4 ,& we "k t ! foll[]s ( ,epicurus receiv$ f _! ma/]1 )\t app>5t suspicion1 fables /ill m extravagant1 & t want$ ev5 su* a %ad[ ( pro( to support !m z satisfi$ ! h]bali/ & ! hi/orian4 ,! ,epicureans at lea/ pr(ess$ to believe t ! e>?1 aft] spontane\sly produc+ h]bs & trees1 began to produce 9 great numb]s mu%room-l bodies1 t1 :5 !y came to maturity1 bur/ op51 giv+ egress ea* to a "y animal1 :i* prov$ ! f\nd] ( a race2 & t ?us1 9 succession1 all ! memb]s ( ! animal k+dom 7 u%]$ into exi/5ce4 ,b :e!r ! dream be t ( ! ,epicureans ( classic times1 or t ( ! naturali/s ( ! middle ages1 or t ( ! ,lam>ckians ( our own days1 x is equally a dream1 & c h no place assign$ to x among ei!r ! solid facts or ! sob] d$uctions ( sci5ce4 ,nay1 ! dream ( ! ,lam>ckians labors "u a special disadvantage1 f :i* ! dreams ( ! o!rs are free4 ,if "s mod]n ,boece or ,epicurus 7 to ass]t t at c]ta9 def9ite p]iods1 remov$ f fifte5 to fifty ?\s& ye>s f ! pres5t "t1 all our exi/+ animals 7 develop$ f decay+ wood1 or f a wond]ful k9d ( mu%rooms t ! e>? produc$ only once e t5 ?\s& ye>s1 ! ass]tion1 if incapable ( pro(1 w\ld be at lea/ equally incapable ( be+ dis-prov54 ,b :5 ! ,lam>ckian affirms t all our rec5t species ( plants & animals 7 develop$ out ( previ\sly exi/+ plants & animals ( species entirely diff]5t1 he affirms :at1 if true1 w\ld be capable ( pro(2 & s1 if x _c be prov51 x is only because x is n true4 ,! trilobites h be5 ext9ct ev] s9ce ! times ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one2 & yet1 by s]ies ( specim5s1 ! individual developm5t ( c]ta9 species ( ?is family1 almo/ f ! extrusion ( ! animal f ! egg until ! atta9m5t ( its full size1 has be5 satisfactorily %[n4 ,by specim5 aft] specim5 has e /age ( gr[? & e degree ( developm5t be5 exemplifi$2 & ! ,palontologi/ has come z ?or\ghly to "k ! creatures1 9 consequ5ce1 "u _! v>i\s *anges f y\? to age1 z if !y _h be5 8 contempor>ies1 & _h gr[n up "u 8 eye4 ,& _h our exi/+ species1 vegetable & animal1 be5 d]iv$ f o!r species ( ! e>li] p]iods1 x w\ld h be5 equally possible to demon/rate1 by a s]ies ( specim5s1 _! relation%ip4 ,let u aga9 in/ance ! ,briti% %ells4 ,los+ c]ta9 species 9 ea* ( ! old] & yet old] deposits at :i* we successively arrive1 we at l5g? rea* ! ,r$ & ,coral9e ,crags1 :]e we f9d1 m+l$ ) ! famili> =ms1 a l>ge p] c5tage ( =ms n[ ext9ct2 !n go+ on to ! %ells ( ! l[] ,mioc5e1 m ?an six hundr$ species appe>1 almo/ all ( :i* are /range to u2 & !n1 pass+ to ! ,eoc5e %ells ( ! ,calcaire grossi]1 we f9d ourselves among well nigh z l>ge a gr\p ( yet o!r & old] /rang]s1 n "o ( :i* we are able to id5tify ) any %ell n[ liv+ 9 ! ,briti% area4 ,!re w\ld be ?us no lack ( mat]ials = =m+ su* a g5ealogy ( ! ,briti% %ells1 _h !y be5 gradually develop$ out ( ! ext9ct species1 z t :i* ,m4 ,b>r&e has =m$ ( ! trilobites4 ,b no su* g5ealogy c be =m$4 ,we _c l9k on a s+le rec5t %ell to a s+le ext9ct "o4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t we f9d ! rec5t %ells exhibit+ all _! pres5t specific peculi>ities1 & beyond t po9t !y cease to appe>4 ,d[n to a c]ta9 po9t ! ext9ct %ells also exhibit all _! specific peculi>ities1 & !n !y disappe> =ev]4 ,!re are no int]m$iate species1--no connect+ l9ks1--no su* connect$ s]ies ( specim5s to be f\nd z enables u to trace a trilobite ?r\gh all its metamorphoses f y\? to age4 ,all geologic hi/ory is full ( ! beg9n+s & ! ends ( species1--( _! fir/ & _! la/ days2 b x exhibits no g5ealogies ( developm5t4 ,! ,lam>ckian sets himself to grapple1 9 8 dream1 ) ! hi/ory ( all creation3 we awak5 him1 & ask him to grapple1 in/ead1 ) ! hi/ory ( b a few individual species1--) t ( ! mussel or ! :elk1 ! clam or ! oy/]2 & we f9d f 8 helpless ignorance & incapacity :at a m]e pret5d] he is4 ,b :ile no hypo!sis ( developm5t c neutralize or expla9 away ! great geologic fact1 t e true species _h a beg9n+ indep5d5tly1 app>5tly1 ( e prec$+ species1 !re 0 demon/rably a g5]al progress1 9 ! c\rse ( creation1 f l[] to high] =ms1 :i* seems sc>ce less fraught ) important consequ5ces to ! natural !ologian ?an ?is fact ( beg9n+ itself4 ,= :ile ! "o fact effectually disposes ( ! inf9ite s]ies ( ! a!i/1 ! o!r fact disposes sc>ce less effectually ( ^? reason+s on ! skeptical side :i*1 fram$ on ! assumption t creation is a s+ul> effect1--an effect )\t duplicate1--h be5 employ$ 9 urg+1 t f t "o effect only c we "k aught reg>d+ ! produc+ cause4 ,kn[+ ( ! cause f b ! effect1 & hav+ exp]i5ce ( b "o effect1 we _c rationally hold1 x has be5 argu$1 t ! produc+ cause c\ld h orig9at$ effects ( a high] or m p]fect k9d4 ,! creation :i* x produc$ we "k2 b1 hav+ no o!r measure ( its p[]1 we _c reg>d x1 x has be5 cont5d$1 z equal to ! production ( a bett] or nobl] creation1 or ( c\rse hold t x c\ld orig9ate su* a /ate ( ?+s z t p]fect future /ate :i* fai? delights to contemplate4 ,x has be5 well said ( ! au?or ( ?is +5i\s argum5t1--by f> ! mo/ sagaci\s ( ! skeptics1--t if we admit 8 premises we %all f9d x difficult inde$ to set aside 8 conclusions4 ,& h[1 9 ?is case1 does geology deal ) 8 premises8 ,by op5+ to u ! hi/ory ( ! remote pa/ ( our planet1 & introduc+ u1 ?r\gh ! pres5t1 to =m] creations1 x breaks d[n t s+ul>ity ( effect on :i* he built1 & = "o creation gives u _m4 ,x gives u exactly t :i*1 z he truly argu$1 8 contempor>ies _h n1--an exp]i5ce 9 creations4 ,& let u m>k h[1 appli$ to ea* ( ^! 9 succession1 8 argum5t w\ld tell4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 life1 animal or vegetable1 did n exi/ on our planet1 & :5 all creation1 f its c5tre to its circumf]5ce1 0 b a creation ( dead matt]4 ,:at1 9 t e>ly age1 w\ld h be5 ! effect ( ! argum5t ( ,hume8 ,simply ?is1--t ?\gh ! produc+ ,cause ( all t appe>$ 0 compet5t to ! =mation ( gases & e>?s1 metals & m9]als1 x w\ld be unphilosophic to deem him adequate to ! orig9ation ( a s+le plant or animal1 ev5 to t ( a spore or ( a monad4 ,ages pass by1 & ! ,palozoic creation is u%]$ 91 ) its tall arauc>ians & p9es1 its highly organiz$ fi%es1 & its reptiles ( comp>atively l[ /&+4 ,& h[ n[1 & ) :at effect1 does ! argum5t apply8 ,x is n[ r5d]$ evid5t1 t 9 ! e>li] creation ! produc+ ,cause _h ex]t$ b a portion ( 8 p[]1 & t he c\ld h done greatly m ?an he actually did1 see+ t we n[ f9d him adequate to ! orig9ation ( vitality & organization 9 its two great k+doms1 plant & animal4 ,b1 /ill conf9+ ourselves ) cauti\s skepticism )9 ! limits ( our argum5t1 we cont9ue to hold t1 z fi%es ( a high & reptiles ( a l[ ord]1 ) trees ( ! cone-be>+ family1 are ! mo/ p]fect specim5s ( _! respective classes :i* ! produc+ ,cause has orig9at$1 x w\ld be ra% to hold1 9 ! abs5ce ( pro(1 t he c\ld orig9ate aught high] or m p]fect4 ,& n[1 z yet o!r ages pass away1 ! creation ( ! great ,second>y division takes ! place ( t ( ! vani%$ ,palozoic2 & we f9d 9 its few dicotyl$on\s plants1 9 its reptiles ( highe/ /&+1 9 its great birds1 & 9 its "s two or ?ree humble m>supial mammals1 t 9 ! previ\s1 z 9 ! e>li] creation1 ! produc+ ,cause _h be51 if ,i may s express myself1 work+ greatly "u 8 /r5g?1 & t 9 ?is ?ird creation we h a /ill high] display ( 8 pot5cy4 ,) "s misgiv+s1 h[ev]1 we aga9 apply our argum5t4 ,& n[ yet ano!r creation1--t ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 ) its noble =e/s ( dicotyl$on\s trees & its sagaci\s & gigantic mammals1--rises ^u ! sc5e2 & z our exp]i5ce 9 creations has n[ become v consid]able1 & z we h se5 ea* 9 succession high] ?an t :i* prec$$ x1 we f9d t1 not)/&+ our assum$ skepticism1 we _h1 compell$ by "o ( ! mo/ deeply seat$ in/9cts ( our nature1 be5 secretly anticipat+ ! advance :i* ! new /ate ( ?+s actually realizes4 ,b apply+ ! argum5t once m1 we at lea/ assume to hold1 t z ! sagaci\s elephant is ! highe/ example ( animal life yet produc$ by ! orig9at+ ,cause1 x w\ld be unphilosophic to deem him capable ( produc+ a high] example4 ,&1 :ile we are ?us reason+1 man appe>s ^u creation1--a creature immeasurably sup]ior to all ! o!rs1 & ^: v nature x is to make use ( 8 exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ = 8 guidance 9 ! future4 ,& if t only be solid exp]i5ce or j reason+ :i* enables u truly to anticipate ! ev5ts :i* are to come1 & s to make provision = !m2 & if t exp]i5ce be n solid1 & t reason+ n j1 :i* w\ld s]ve b to d>k5 our disc]nm5t1 & prev5t u f correctly pr$icat+ ! ca/ & complexion ( com+ ev5ts2 :at ought to be our decision reg>d+ an argum5t :i*1 _h x be5 employ$ 9 ea* ( ! vani%$ creations ( ! pa/1 w\ld h _h b ! effect ( arre/+ all j anticipation reg>d+ ! imm$iately succe$+ creation1 & :i*1 ?us rev]s+ ! ma9 end & object ( philosophy1 w\ld r5d] ! philosoph] :o clung to x less sagaci\s 9 div9+ ! future ?an ev5 ! ord9>y man8 ,b1 9 tru?1 ! exi/+ premises1 :olly alt]$ by geologic sci5ce1 are no long] ^? ( ,hume4 ,! footpr9t on ! s&--to ref] to 8 happy illu/ration--does n n[ /& alone4 ,in/ead ( "o1 we see _m footpr9ts1 ea* 9 turn 9 advance ( ! pr9t beh9d x1 & on a high] level2 &1 f\nd+ at once on an acqua9tance ) ! pa/1 ext5d$ ?r\gh\t all ! p]iods ( ! geologi/1 & on t in/9ct ( our nature ^: peculi> function x is to anticipate at lea/ "o creation m1 we mu/ reg>d ! expectation ( new heav5s & a new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness1 z n unphilosophic1 b z1 on ! contr>y1 altoge!r rational & accord+ to exp]i5ce4 ,su* is ! be>+ ( geological sci5ce on two ( ! mo/ important que/ions t h yet be5 rais$ 9 ! field ( natural !ology4 ,nor does x be> mu* less directly on a controv]sy to :i*1 dur+ ! e>li] half ( ! la/ c5tury1 !re 0 no little importance atta*$ 9 ,brita91 & :i* engag$ on its opposite sides "s ( ! f9e/ & mo/ vigor\s intellects ( ! age & c\ntry4 ,! s*ool ( infidelity repres5t$ by ,bol+broke1 &1 9 at lea/ 8 e>li] writ+s1 by ,soame ,j5yns1 & :i*1 9 a modifi$ =m1 atta9$ to mu* popul>ity ?r\gh ,pope's fam\s ,essay1 assign$ to man a comp>atively inconsid]able space 9 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,x reg>d$ him z b a s+le l9k 9 a *a9 ( mutual dep5d5cy1--a *a9 :i* w\ld be no long] an entire1 b a brok5 "o1 7 he to be /ruck out ( x1 b z ?us m important f 8 position ?an f 8 nature or 8 p[]s4 ,y w rememb] t "o ( ! sections ( ,pope's fir/ epi/le to 8 good ,/4 ,john is av[$ly devot$ to %[ :at he t]ms ! absurdity ( man's suppos+ himself ! f9al cause ( ! creation2 & ?\gh ?is great ma/] ( cond5s$ mean+ & brilliant po9t is n[ less read ?an he 0 9 ! days ( our gr&fa!rs1 y w all rememb] ! elegant /anzas 9 :i* he /ates ! usual claims ( ! species only to ridicule !m4 ,x is human pride p]sonifi$ t he repres5ts z exclaim+1-- ,= me k9d ,nature wakes h] g5ial p[]1 ,suckles ea* h]b1 & spreads out e fl[]1 ,annual = me ! grape1 ! rose1 r5ew ,! juice nect>i\s & ! balmy dew4 ,= me ! m9e a ?\s& treasures br+s2 ,= me heal? gu%es f a ?\s& spr+s2 ,seas roll to waft me1 suns to light me rise2 ,my foot/ool e>?1 my canopy ! skies4 ,y w fur!r rememb] h[ ! poet1 aft] ?us r$uc+ ! claims & l[]+ ! position ( ! species1 set himself to %[ t man1 view$ 9 relation to ! place :i* he occupies1 ought n to be reg>d$ z an imp]fect be+4 ,man is1 he said1 z p]fect z he ought to be4 ,&1 su* be+ ! case1 ! ,au?or ( all1 look+1 x w\ld seem1 v little aft] him1 has j left him to take c>e ( himself4 ,a cold1 unfeel+ ab/raction1 l ! gods ( ! old ,epicurean1 ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause ( ?is s*ool is a be+ ,:o sees ) equal eye1 z ,god ( all1 ,a h]o p]i% or a sp>r[ fall2 ,atoms or sy/ems into ru9 hurl$1 ,& n[ a bubble bur/1 & n[ a _w4 ,su*1 assur$ly1 0 n t ,god ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :om ! ,savi\r ( mank9d reveal$ to 8 disciples z c>+ = all 8 creatures ( ! du/1 b z c>+ mo/ = ! highe/ ( all4 ,are n two sp>r[s1 he said1 sold = a f>?+8 & "o ( !m %all n fall to ! gr\nd )\t y\r ,fa!r4 ,fe> ye n1 !re=e2 ye are ( m value ?an _m sp>r[s4 ,x 0 ! error ( ?is +5i\s b v unsolid s*ool1 t x reg>d$ ! m]e ord] ( ! univ]se z itself an end or f9al cause4 ,x reason$ respect+ creation1 z if x w\ld be true philosophy to acc\nt = ! orig9 & exi/5ce ( "s great city1 su* z ! city ( ,wa%+ton 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 built1 z we "k1 = purely political purposes1 by %[+ t1--z x 0 rem>kable = its ord]1 = ! rectil9e> directness ( its /reets1 & ! rectangul>ity ( its squ>es1--x mu/ h be5 erect$ simply to be a p]fect embodim5t ( regul>ity2 & to urge fur!r t1 save 9 _! "* z compon5t p>ts ( a p]fect :ole1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! mansion ( ! ,presid5t 7 ( no m intr9sic importance1 or no m decid$ly ! end ( ! :ole1 ?an any l[ tav]n or ou?\se 9 ! less] /reets or lanes4 ,! de/ruction ( ei!r ! ou?\se or ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives w\ld equally =m a void 9 ! g5]al plan ( ! city1 reg>d$ z an admirably arrang$ :ole4 ,& x 0 ?us ) ! gr& s*eme ( creation2 =1 ,f nature's *a9 :atev] l9k we /rike1 ,t5? or t5? ?\s&1 breaks ! *a9 alike4 ,nor is x 9 o!r ?an due keep+ ) su* a view ( creation1 t its great ,au?or %\ld be repres5t$ z a cold ab/raction1 )\t love or reg>d1 & equally indiff]5t to ! man & ! sp>r[1 to ! atom & ! planet4 ,ord] has respect to b ! relations ( ?+s or ( be+s1--n to ! ?+s or be+s !mselves2 ord] is ! figure :i*1 z m]e et*$ po9ts or /rokes1 !y compose1--! leg5d :i*1 z signs or *>act]s1 !y =m2 & :o c>es any?+ = ! compon5t /rokes or dots irrespective ( ! pr9t1 or = ! compon5t lett]s or words ap>t f ! writ+8 ,! equal eye1 9 su* a s*eme1 w\ld ( necessity be an indiff]5t "o4 ,aga9/ ?is /range doctr9e1 ?\gh 9 "s measure c\nt5anc$ by ! glosses ( ,w>burton 9 8 def5ce ( ,pope1 ! !ologians prote/$1--none ( !m1 h[ev]1 m vigor\sly ?an ,johnson1 9 8 fam\s critique on ! ,free ,inquiry ( ,soame ,j5yns4 ,nor is x un9t]e/+ to m>k ) :at a purely in/9ctive feel+ ( ! "r "s ( ! bett] poets1 ^: lyre1 accord+ to ,c[p]1 0 _! he>t1 prote/$ aga9/ x too4 ,poor ,goldsmi?1 :5 sitt+ a homeless vagabond on ! slopes ( ! ,alps1 c\ld exclaim 9 a greatly tru] tone ?an t ( 8 poli%$ pr$ecessor1-- ,creation's heir1 ! _w1 ! _w is m9e6 ,& 9 ,c[p] himself we f9d all ,goldsmi?'s int5se feel+ ( appropriation1 t calls ! delightful sc5]y all its own1 associat$ ,) wor?y ?\ghts ( t unv>i$ love ,t plann$1 & built1 & /ill upholds1 a _w ,s clo!d ) beauty1 = rebelli\s man4 ,/range to say1 h[ev]1 x is to ! high] expon5ts ( natural sci5ce1 & 9 especial to ! geologi/s1 t x has be5 left to deal mo/ directly ) ! sophi/ries ( ,bol+broke & ,pope4 ,ok51 a man q z f> wrong 9 "s po9ts z ei!r ! poet or 8 ma/]1 0 ! fir/ to rem>k1 & ?is 9 ! oracul>1 enigmatical /yle peculi> to ! ,g]man1 t man is ! sum total ( all ! animals4 ,gift$1 z all all[1 ) a peculi>ly nice eye = detect+ ^? analogies :i* unite ! animal _w into a h>moni\s :ole1 he rem>k$1 t 9 "o exi/5ce or be+ all ^! analogies conv]ge4 ,ev5 ! humbl] /ud5ts ( ! heav5s h le>n$ to f9d = !mselves ! /> ( ! pole1 by foll[+ ! direction indicat$ by :at are t]m$ ! two po9t] />s 9 ! ,great ,be>4 ,& to ! eye ( ,ok5 all ! gr\ps ( ! animal k+dom =m$ a sph]e ( con/ellations1 ea* ( :i* has its po9t] />s1 if ,i may s speak1 turn$ t[>ds man4 ,man occupies1 z x 71 ! c5tral po9t 9 ! great circle ( be+2 s t ^? l9es :i* pass s+ly ?r\gh ea* ( ! inf]ior animals /ation$ at its circumf]5ce1 meet 9 him2 & ?us1 z ! focus 9 :i* ! scatt]$ rays unite1 he imp>ts by 8 pres5ce a unity & complet5ess to creation :i* x w\ld n possess 7 he away4 ,y w be />tl$1 h[ev]1 by ! language 9 :i* ! ,g]man embodies 8 view2 ?\gh x may be n un9/ructive to ref] to x 9 evid5ce ( ! fact t a man may be intellectually on ! v v]ge ( tru?1 & yet = e moral purpose inf9itely remov$ f x4 ,man1 he says1 is ,god manife/ 9 ! fle%4 ,& yet x may be admitt$ t !re is a c]ta9 loose s5se 9 :i* man is ,god manife/ 9 ! fle%4 ,z may be aft]w>ds %[n1 he is ,god's image manife/$ 9 ! fle%2 & an image or lik5ess is a manife/ation or mak+ evid5t ( t :i* x repres5ts1 :e!r x be an image or lik5ess ( body or ( m9d4 ,n less extraord9>y1 b greatly m s\nd 9 _! application1 are ! views ( ,pr(essor ,ow51--supreme 9 8 own special walk z a comp>ative anatomi/4 ,we f9d him recogniz+ man z exemplify+ 9 8 /ructure ! p]fection ( t type 9 :i*1 f ! e>lie/ ages1 nature _h be5 work+ ) ref]5ce to "s future developm5t1 & z !re=e a =eorda9$ exi/5ce4 ,! recognition ( an ideal exempl> = ! v]tebrat$ animals proves1 he says1 t ! k ( su* a be+ z man mu/ h exi/$ be=e man appe>$4 ,= ! ,div9e m9d t plann$ ! ar*etype also =eknew all its modifications4 ,! ar*etypal idea 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle% "u div]s modifications1 ^u ?is planet1 long prior to ! exi/5ce ( ^? animal species t actually exemplify x4 ,s f> ,ow54 ,& n less wond]ful is ! conclusion at :i* ,agassiz has arriv$1 aft] a survey ( ! geologic exi/5ces1 m ext5d$ & m9ute1 9 at lea/ ! i*?yic dep>tm5t1 ?an t ( any o!r man4 ,x is evid5t1 we f9d him say+1 9 ! conclusion ( 8 rec5t "w1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,zoology1#bj t !re is a manife/ progress 9 ! succession ( be+s on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?is progress consi/s 9 an increas+ simil>ity to ! liv+ fauna1 & among ! v]tebrates1 especially 9 _! increas+ resemblance to man4 ,b ?is connection is n ! consequ5ce ( a direct l9eage betwe5 ! faunas ( diff]5t ages4 ,!re is no?+ l p>5tal desc5t connect+ !m4 ,! fi%es ( ! ,palozoic age are 9 no respect ! ance/ors ( ! reptiles ( ! ,second>y age1 nor does man desc5d f ! mammals :i* prec$$ him 9 ! ,t]ti>y age4 ,! l9k by :i* !y are connect$ is ( a high] & immat]ial nature2 & _! connection is to be s\ght 9 ! view ( ! ,creator himself1 ^: aim 9 =m+ ! e>?1 9 all[+ x to und]go ! successive *anges :i* geology has po9t$ out1 & 9 creat+ successively all ! diff]5t types ( animals :i* h pass$ away1 0 to introduce man ^u ! surface ( our globe4 ,,man ,,is ,,! ,,end ,,t[>ds ,,:i* ,,all ,,! ,,animal ,,creation ,,has ,,t5d$ ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pal,,ozoic ,,fi%es4 ,^!1 surely1 are extraord9>y d$uctions4 ,9 ?y book1 says ! ,psalmi/1 all my memb]s 7 writt51 :i* 9 cont9uance 7 fa%ion$ :5 z yet !re 0 none ( !m4 ,& "h is natural sci5ce1 by ! voice ( two ( its mo/ di/+ui%$ pr(essors1 say+ exactly ! same ?+4 ,( ! e>lie/ kn[n v]tebrates1--! placoidal fi%es ( ! ,upp] ,silurian rocks1--we possess only fragm5ts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly indicate1 f _! resemblance to ! correspond+ p>ts ( an exi/+ %>k1--! ce/racion1--t !y belong$ to fi%es furni%$ ) ! two pairs ( f9s n[ s g5]ally recogniz$ z ! homologues ( ! =e & h9d] limbs 9 quadrup$s4 ,) ! second e>lie/ v]tebrates1--! ganoids ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1--we are m directly acqua9t$1 & "k t !y exhibit$ ! true typical =m1--a v]tebral column t]m9at+ 9 a bra9-protect+ skull2 & t1 9 at lea/ ! acan?1 celacan?1 & dipt]ian families1 !y _h ! limb-l f9s4 ,9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! sy/em ! e>lie/ reptiles leave ! fir/ kn[n traces ( ! typical foot1 ) its five digits4 ,high] /ill 9 "o ( ! deposits ( ! ,trias we are />tl$ by :at seems to be ! impression ( a human h& ( an unc\? massive %ape1 b ) ! ?umb app>5tly set 9 opposition1 z 9 man1 to ! o!r f+]s2 we next trace ! type upw>ds among ! wond]fully develop$ reptiles ( ! ,second>y p]iods2 !n among ! mammals ( ! ,t]ti>y ages1 high] & yet high] =ms appe>2 ! mute prophecies ( ! com+ be+ become ) ea* approa* cle>]1 full]1 m expressive1 & at l5g? receive _! fulfilm5t 9 ! adv5t ( man4 ,a d\ble mean+ atta*es to ! t]m type2 & h5ce "s ambiguity 9 ! writ+s :i* h appe>$ on ?is curi\s subject4 ,type means a prophecy embodi$ 9 symbol2 x means also :at ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds well t]ms "o ( ! g5]al =ms ( nature1--a patt]n =m1 f :i* all o!rs 9 ! same class or family1 h[ev] num]\s1 are recogniz$ z m]e exceptions & ab]rations4 ,b 9 ! geologic s]ies bo? mean+s conv]ge & become "o4 ,! =m or numb] typical z ! g5]al =m or numb]1 is f\nd typical also z a prophecy ( ! =m or numb] t came at l5g? to be exemplifi$ 9 ! deput$ "l ( creation4 ,let u 9 our examples take typical numb]s1 z m easily illu/rat$ )\t diagrams ?an typical =ms4 ,!re are v]tebrate animals ( ! second age ( i*?yic exi/5ce1 t1 l ! ,pt]i*?ys & ,cocco/eus1 7 furni%$ ) b two limbs4 ,! murnid ( rec5t times h no m2 at lea/ "o ( _! numb]1 ! murna prop]1 wants limbs altoge!r2 s also d ! lampreys4 ,! snakes are equally limbless1 save t ! boas & py?ons possess ! rudim5ts ( a s+le pair2 & su* also is ! condition1 among ! amphibia1 ( all ! kn[n species ( ,coecilia4 ,& yet1 not)/&+ ^! exceptional cases1 ! true typical numb] ( limbs1 z %[n by a prepond]at+ majority ( ! v]tebrates ( all ages ( ! _w1 is f\r4 ,& ?is typical numb] is ! human numb]4 ,!re is z c]ta9ly a typical numb] ( digits too1 z ( ! limbs :i* be> !m4 ,! exceptions are _m4 ,all ! species ( ! horse g5us possess b a s+le digit2 ! cattle family possess b two digits1 ! rh9oc]os ?ree digits1 ! hippopotamus f\r digits2 _m animals1 su* z ! dog & cat1 h b f\r digits on "o pair ( limbs & five on ! o!r2 :]eas 9 "s ( ! fi%es ! numb] ( digits is s+ul>ly great1--f t5 to tw5ty 9 mo/ species1 & 9 ! rays f eighty to a hundr$4 ,& yet1 z %[n 9 ! rocks1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! ab]rations appe> e>ly1 ! true typical numb] is five on bo? ! =e & h9d] limbs4 ,& su* is ! numb] 9 man4 ,!re is also1 9 at lea/ ! mammalia1 a typical numb] ( v]tebr 9 ! neck4 ,! ?ree-to$ slo? has n9e c]vical v]tebr2 ! manati only six2 b sev5 is ! typical numb]4 ,& sev5 is ! human numb] also4 ,man1 9 %ort1 is pre-em95tly :at a !ologian w\ld t]m ! antetypical exi/5ce1--! be+ 9 :om ! types meet & are fulfill$4 ,& n only d typical =ms & numb]s ( ! exemplifi$ "* meet 9 man1 b !re are n a few p>ts ( 8 framework :i* 9 ! inf]ior animals exi/ z b m]e symbols1 ( z little importance z dugs 9 ! male animal1 ?\gh !y acquire significancy & use 9 him4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! _m-jo9t$ b moveless & unnecess>y bones ( :i* ! /iff inflexible f9 ( ! dugong & ! =e paw ( ! mole consi/1 & :i* exi/ 9 8 arm z ess5tial portions1 none ( :i* c\ld be want$1 ( an exquisitely flexible in/rum5t4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! old types are exemplifi$ s]ially 9 ! gr[? & developm5t ( c]ta9 portions ( 8 frame4 ,su* is specially ! case ) t all important portion ( x1 ! organ ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,! human bra9 is built up by a wond]ful process1 dur+ :i* x assumes 9 succession ! =m ( ! bra9 ( a fi%1 ( a reptile1 ( a bird1 ( a mammif]\s quadrup$2 &1 f9ally1 x takes ^u x its unique "* z a human bra94 ,h5ce ! rem>k ( ,ok51 t man is ! sum total ( all ! animals2 h5ce1 too1 a recognition ( type 9 ! hi/ory ( ! successive v]tebral p]iods ( ! geologi/1 symbolical ( ! hi/ory ( e individual man4 ,x is n difficult to conceive h[1 on a subject ( su* complexity1 especially if approa*$ 9 an irrev]5t _s1 grave mi/akes & misconceptions %\ld take place4 ,virgil knew j en\gh ( ,hebrew prophecy to misapply1 9 8 ,pollio1 to 8 great patron ,octavius1 ^? anci5t pr$ictions :i* =etold t 9 t age ! ,messiah 0 to appe>4 ,& ,i am incl9$ to hold1 t 9 ! m +5i\s speculations ( ! ,lam>ckians we h j a simil> misapplication ( :at1 embold5$ by ! views ( ,ow5 & ,agassiz1 ,i %all v5ture to t]m ! ,geologic ,prophecies4 ,! t]m is new1 b ! idea :i* x embodies1 ?\gh x at fir/ exi/$ r z a nice poetic in/9ct ?an z a sci5tifically bas$ ?\ght1 is at lea/ z old z ! times ( ,h]d] & ,col]idge4 ,9 a passage quot$ f ! =m] writ] by ,dr4 ,m',co%1 9 8 v ma/]ly "w on typical =ms1 ,i f9d ! pr(\nd ,g]man rem>k+ ( ! /range resemblances :i* p]vade all nature1 & imp>t a g5]al unity to its =ms1 t x w\ld seem z if on all our e>? ! =m-ab\nd+ "m _h propos$ to h]self b "o type1--"o proto-plasma1--accord+ to :i*1 & = :i*1 %e =m$ !m all4 ,"k1 !n1 he cont9ues1 :at ?is =m is4 ,x is ! id5tical "o :i* man also we>s4 ,& ! rem>k ( ,col]idge1 9 8 ,aids to ,reflection1 is /ill m def9ite4 ,let u c>ry u back 9 _s1 he says1 to ! my/]i\s week1 ! teem+ "w days ( ! ,creator 7z !y rose 9 ,,vision be=e ! eye ( ! inspir$ hi/orian7 ( ! op]ations ( ! heav5s & ( ! e>?1 9 ! day t ! ,"l ,god made ! e>? & ! heav5s4 ,& :o t wat*$ _! ways ) an und]/&+ he>t c\ld1 z ! vision evolv$ /ill advanc$ t[>ds him1 contemplate ! filial & loyal bee1 ! home-build+1 w$d$1 & divorceless swall[1 &1 above all1 ! manifoldly intellig5t ant tribes1 ) _! commonweal?s & conf$]acies1 _! w>riors & m9]s1 ! husb& folk t fold 9 _! t9y flocks on ! honey leaf1 & ! virg9 si/] ) ! holy in/9cts ( mat]nal love deta*$ & 9 selfless purity1 & n say 9 himself1 ,behold ! %ad[ ( approa*+ humanity1 ! sun ris+ f beh9d 9 ! k9dl+ morn ( creation8 ,!re is fancy "h2 b x is t sagaci\s fancy1 v\*saf$ to only ! true poet1 :i* has s (t5 prov$ ! pione] ( sci5tific discov]y1 & :i* is 9 reality m sob] & tru?ful1 9 ! mid/ ( its app>5t extravagance1 ?an ! grave/ cogitations ( ord9>y m54 ,x is surely no incr$ible ?+1 t ,he :o1 9 ! disp5sations ( ! human p]iod1 spake by type & symbol1 & :o1 :5 ,he walk$ ! e>? 9 ! fle%1 taught 9 p>able & allegory1 %\ld h also spok5 9 ! geologic ages by prophetic figures embodi$ 9 ! =m & /ructure ( animals4 ,nay1 :at ! poet imag9$1 ?\gh 9 a some:at extreme =m1 ! philosoph]s seem to be on ! v eve ( confirm+4 ,! =ekn[n ar*etypal idea ( ,ow51--! immat]ial l9k ( connection ( all ! pa/ ) all ! pres5t1 :i* ,agassiz resolves into ! =eorda9$ design ( ! ,creator1--w be yet f\nd1 ,i _c d\bt1 to translate !mselves into "o great g5]al tru?1 namely1 t ! ,palozoic1 ,second>y1 & ,t]ti>y disp5sations ( creation 7 *>g$1 l ! patri>*al & ,mosaic disp5sations ( grace1 ) ! %ad[s ( bett] ?+s to come4 ,! adv5t ( man simply z su* 0 ! great ev5t prefigur$ dur+ ! old geologic ages4 ,! adv5t ( t ,div9e ,man :o ha? aboli%$ dea?1 & br\ght life & immortality to light1 0 ! great ev5t prefigur$ dur+ ! hi/oric ages4 ,x is ^! two gr& ev5ts1 equally portions ( "o sublime s*eme1 orig9at$ :5 ,god took c\nsel ) himself 9 ! dep?s ( et]nity1 t b9d toge!r pa/1 pres5t1 & future1--! geologic ) ! ,patri>*al1 ! ,mosaic1 & ! ,*ri/ian ages1 & all toge!r ) t new heav5s & new e>?1 ! la/ ( _m creations1 9 :i* !re %all be no m dea? nor curse1 b ! ?rone ( ,god & ! ,lamb %all be 9 x1 & 8 s]vants %all s]ve him4 ,!re is absurdity1 said ,pope1 9 man's conceit+ himself ! f9al cause ( creation4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 man _h ! entire s*eme ( creation be=e him1 ) ! fur!r p>tially kn[n s*eme ( :i* b a "p con/itutes ! gr& !me ( revelation1 h[ c\ld he pron\nce on ! absurdity8 ,! k ( ! geologi/ asc5ds no high] ?an man4 ,he sees all nature 9 ! pre-,adamic pa/1 po9t+ ) prophetic f+] t[>ds him2 & on ev5 ! argum5t ( ,hume1--j & solid )9 its prop] limits1--he refuses to acquiesce 9 ! unf\nd$ inf]5ce ( ,pope4 ,9 ord] to prove ! absurdity ( man's conceit+ himself ! f9al cause ( creation1 pro( ( an ult]ior cause1--( a high] end & aim1--mu/ he adduc$2 & ( aught high] ?an man1 ! geologi/1 z su*1 kn[s no?+4 ,! long vi/a op5$ up by 8 sci5ce closes ) ! deput$ "l ( creation1--) man z he at pres5t exi/s2 & :51 ca/+ himself full ^u revelation1 ! vail is drawn aside1 & an inf9itely gr&] vi/a /ret*es out be=e him into ! future1 he sees man--no long]1 h[ev]1 ! natural1 b ! ,div9e man--occupy+ :at is at once its t]m9al po9t & its highe/ apex4 ,su* are "s ( ! be>+s ( geologic sci5ce on ! sci5ce ( natural !ology4 ,geology has dispos$ effectually & =ev] ( ! (t-urg$ assumption ( an inf9ite s]ies2 x deals z no o!r sci5ce c\ld h dealt ) ! ass]tion ( ! skeptic1 t creation is a s+ul> effect2 x ca/s a flood ( unexpect$ light on ! some:at obsolete plausibilities ( ,bol+broke & ,j5yns1 t exhibits _! utt]ly unsolid "*2 yet fur!r1 x exhibits 9 a new aspect ! argum5t f\nd$ on design1 & inve/s ! place & /&+ ( man 9 creation ) a peculi> significancy & importance1 f its relation to ! future4 ,b on ?is latt] "p ( my subject--necess>ily ( consid]able ext5t & multiplicity1 & connect$ r ) reveal$ ?an ) natural religion--,i mu/ n n[ expatiate4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 attempt lay+ be=e y1 on "s future ev5+1 a few ?\ghts on ?is portion ( ! g5]al "q1 :i* y may at lea/ f9d sugge/ive ( o!rs1 & :i*1 if !y fail to elicit new tru?s1 may h ! effect ( op5+ up ^u an old tru? or two a few fre% av5ues ?r\gh :i* to survey !m4 ,! "* ( man z a fell[-work] ) 8 ,creator 9 ! mat]ial prov9ce has /ill to be consid]$ 9 ! light ( geology4 ,man 0 ! fir/1 & is /ill ! only creature ( :om we "k any?+1 :o has set himself to c>ry on & improve ! "w ( ! _w's orig9al fram]1--:o is a plant] ( woods1 a till] ( fields1 & a keep] ( g>d5s1--& :o c>ries on 8 "w ( me*anical contrivance on obvi\sly ! same pr9ciples z ^? on :i* ! ,div9e design] wr\ght ( old1 & on :i* he works /ill4 ,x may n be :olly unpr(itable to acqua9t ourselves1 ?r\gh evid5ce furni%$ by ! rocks1 ) ! rem>kable fact1 t ! ,creator imp>t$ to man ! ,div9e image be=e he unit$ to man's ! ,div9e nature4 ,,lecture ,,six?4 ,,geology ,,9 ,,its ,,be>+s ,,on ,,! ,,two ,,!ologies4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,up till ! introduction ( man ^u our planet1 ! humbl] creatures1 8 pr$ecessors1 =m$ b m]e figures 9 its v>i\s l&scapes1 & fail$ to alt] or affect by _! works ! face ( nature4 ,!y 7 conspicu\s1 n f :at !y did1 b f :at !y 74 ,at a v e>ly p]iod reefs ( coral1 ! "w ( m9ute zoophytes1 :it5$ ! %all[s ( ! ocean1 or encircl$ ) pale1 ev] broad5+ frames1 solit>y isl&s gre5 ) ! %rubs & trees ( ext9ct floras2 b1 ?\gh products ( ! animal _w1 !y 7 n built up "u ! direction ( ev5 an in/9ctive intellig5ce1 b 7 z entirely ! results ( a vegetative process ( m]e gr[? z ! =e/s or re$ brakes ( ! old ,c>bonif]\s savannahs4 ,at a lat] "t an ant hill might be "h & !re descri$1 re>+ its squat1 br[n pyramid amid ! recesses ( "s ,oolitic =e/2 or1 9 a p]iod /ill m rec5t1 ! dam ( ! gigantic beav] might be se5 ext5d+ its m9ute eye-l circlet ( blue amid ! w9d+s ( "s bosky rav9e ( ! ,plioc5e age2 or exi/+ z a little m\nd-skirt$ pond1 ) ! rude half-subm]g$ cottage ( ! creature1 its ar*itect1 ris+ beside x1 on "s rivulet ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,b h[ inconsid]able su* works1 comp>$ ) ! wide ext5t ( prospect 9 :i* !y 7 includ$6 ,h[ entirely inconspicu\s r1 save :5 plac$ 9 ! imm$iate =egr\nd ( ! pictures into ^: composition !y ent]$6 ,n until ! introduction ( man ^u e>? d we f9d a creature ^: works s5sibly affect & modify ! aspects ( nature4 ,b :5 man appe>s1 h[ mighty ! *ange :i* he effects6 ,imm$iately on 8 creation he takes "u 8 c>e ! vegetable productions ( use & %[3 x becomes 8 bus9ess to keep & dress a g>d54 ,he next becomes a till] ( fields1 !n a plant] ( v9ey>ds3 "h he cuts d[n great =e/s2 !re he re>s ext5sive woods4 ,he makes himself places ( habitation2 & busy cities spr+ up z ! trophies ( 8 dilig5ce & skill4 ,8 labors1 z !y gr[ ^u ! wa/e1 affect ! appe>ance ( va/ cont95ts2 until at l5g?1 f _m a hill-top & tall spire1 sc>ce a rood ( gr\nd c be se5 on :i* he has n built1 or s[n1 or plant$1 or ar\nd :i* lie has n erect$ 8 walls or re>$ 8 h$ges4 ,man1 9 ?is great dep>tm5t ( indu/ry1 is :at none ( 8 pr$ecessors ^u ! e>? ev] 71--a fell[-work] ) ! ,creator4 ,he is a mighty improv] ( creation4 ,we recognize t z improvem5t :i* adapts nature m ?or\ghly to man's own necessities & wants1 & r5d]s x m pleas+ bo? to 8 s5se ( ! /hetic & to 8 m mat]ial s5ses also4 ,he adds to ! beauty ( ! fl[]s :i* he takes "u 8 *>ge1--to ! delicacy & f]tility ( ! fruits2 ! se$s ( ! wild grasses become corn b5ea? 8 c>e2 ! gre5 h]bs gr[ great ( root or bulb1 or bulky & succul5t ( top & leaf2 ! wild produce ( nature sports "u 8 h&2 ! rose & lily broad5 _! disks & multiply _! petals2 ! h>% gre5 crab swells out into a delici\s gold5-r9d$ apple1 /reak$ ) crimson2 ! productions ( 8 kit*5 g>d51 /rangely metamorphos$ to s]ve ! uses ( 8 table1 be> =ms unkn[n to nature2 an occult law ( *ange & developm5t inh]5t to ^! organisms meets 9 him ) ! develop+ in/9ct & ability1 & !y are reg5]at$ "u 8 surveillance4 ,nor is 8 influ5ce ov] _m ( ! animals less m>k$4 ,! habits :i* he imp>ts to ! p>5ts become nature1 9 8 behalf1 9 _! (fspr+4 ,! dog acquires1 "u 8 tutelage1 ! virtues ( fidelity to a ma/] & affection to a fri5d4 ,! ox & horse le>n to assi/ him 9 ! labors ( ! fields4 ,! udd]s ( ! c[ & goat di/5d b5ea? 8 c>e f> beyond ! size necess>y 9 ! wild /ate1 & supply him ) ri* milk1 & ! o!r v>i\s products ( ! dairy4 ,! fleece ( ! %eep becomes f9] ( texture & long] ( fibre 9 8 p5s & folds2 & ev5 ! indocile silkworm sp9s1 9 8 %elt]$ cons]vatories1 & among ! mulb]ry trees :i* he has plant$1 a l>g]1 & bright]1 & m gli/5+ cocoon4 ,man is ! great creature-work] ( ! _w1--its "o creat$ be+1 t1 tak+ up ! "w ( ! adorable ,creator1 c>ries x on to high] results & nobl] developm5ts1 & f9ds a field = 8 p]sev]+ +5uity & skill 9 e prov9ce 9 :i* 8 ,mak] _h expatiat$ be=e him4 ,he is evid5tly--to adopt & modify ! rem>k ( ,ok5--,god's image manife/ 9 ! fle%4 ,survey$ f ! special po9t ( view furni%$ by ?is peculi> nature ( man1 unique 9 creation1 all ! pa/ ( our planet divides into two p]iods2--! p]iod1 inclusive ( e age kn[n to ! geologi/1 dur+ :i* only ! ,creator wr\ght2 & ! p]iod dur+ :i* man has wr\ght1 & to :i* all human hi/ory belongs4 ,9 su* a view we are pres5t$ ) two sets ( works1--^? ( ! ,creator-work]1 & ^? ( ! creature-work]2 & ! va/ fund ( mat]ials on :i* ! natural !ologian frames 8 argum5ts demon/rative ( design or contrivance1 assumes a new significancy & int]e/ :5 employ$ z evid5ce t !re exi/s a c]ta9 correspond5ce ( nature & intellect betwe5 ! two work]s1 human & ,div9e4 ,! ability ( accompli%+ ! same ends by ! same means1--9 o!r words1 ( ?9k+ & act+ 9 ! same practical tract1--indicates a simil>ity1 if n id5tity1 ( intellectual nature4 ,9 ! ,*9ese c5tre ( civilization1 = in/ance1 pr9t+1 gunp[d]1 ! m>9]'s compass1 ) ! v>i\s *emical & me*anical arts ( elegant life1 7 orig9at$ )\t conc]t ) ! ,european c5tre ( civilization1 simply because 9 ,*9a1 z 9 ,europe1 ! same human faculties1 prompt$ by ! same ta/es & necessities1 _h expatiat$ 9 ! same tracts ( inv5tion1 & _h1 z a consequ5ce1 educ$ ! same results4 ,i 0 mu* /ruck1 :5 sp5d+ half an h\r 9 a museum illu/rative ( ! arts 9 ,*9a1 by ! id5tity ( ^! ) our own1 especially 9 ! purely me*anical dep>tm5ts2 & aga91 :5 simil>ly employ$ 9 t ap>tm5t devot$1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 to ! dome/ic ut5sils ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,! id5tity ( ! m common contrivances :i* ,i witness$1 ) famili> contrivances 9 our own c\ntry1 ,i reg>d$ z altoge!r z conclusive ( an id5tity ( m9d 9 ! individuals :o _h orig9at$ !m1 z if ,i _h actually se5 human creatures at "w on !m all4 ,"o class ( productions %[$ me t ! pott]'s :eel & ! turn+ la! _h be5 kn[n & employ$ z c]ta9ly 9 ,*9a & anci5t ,egypt z 9 ,brita94 ,ano!r1 t _! weav+ processes mu/ h be5 ne>ly ! same4 ,! ,*9ese "k1 = in/ance1 z well z ourselves1 t patt]ns c be delicately br\ght out1--z 9 ! damasks1--)\t ! assi/ance ( color1 simply by expos+ silk5 or flax5 fibre at diff]5t angles to ! light2 & !y h fall51 z _! "w %[s1 on ! "r me?ods ( produc+ x4 ,& ! ,egyptians anticipat$ u 9 ev5 our mo/ homely h\sehold contrivances4 ,!y ev5 f]m5t$ _! bread & truss$ _! f[ls aft] ! same fa%ion2 & ?us gave evid5ce1 9 ^! famili> matt]s1 t !y ?\ght & contriv$ aft] ! mann] ( m54 ,n[1 9 acqua9t+ myself ) ! organisms ( ! geologic p]iods1 ,i h be5 simil>ly b m deeply impress$ by :at ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ to t]m ! human ca/ & "* ( ! contrivances :i* !y exemplifi$4 ,n only c\ld ,i und]/& ! pr9ciples on :i* !y 7 con/ruct$1 b fur!r1 n a few ( !m _h1 ,i f\nd1 be5 actually introduc$ into works ( human inv5tion ages ere !y 7 discov]$ 9 ! rock4 ,:at ! great ,creator-work] _h orig9at$ 9 ! ,palozoic & ,second>y p]iods1 _h be5 9 aft] times orig9at$ by ! little creature-work]1 :olly unaw>e t 8 contrivance _h be5 anticipat$1 & 0 b a repetition ( a previ\sly execut$ design4 ,9 ! lat] geologic ages ! organization ( ! v>i\s ext9ct animals s ne>ly resembl$ t ( ! animals :i* /ill live1 t we may reg>d x z n inadequately repres5t$ by ! illu/rations ( ,paley4 ,a few su* exceptional contrivances appe> among ! mammals ( ! ,t]ti>y z t =m$ by ! huge pickaxe-l tusks ( ! ,d9o!rium1 or a few su* extraord9>y modifications ( ! ord9>y mammalian framework z t exhibit$ 9 ! enorm\sly massive pelvic ar*es & h9d] limbs ( ! ,mylodon & ,mega!rium4 ,b n until we pass into ! deposits ( ! ,second>y p]iod1 & get among its cephalopoda1 d we f9d a me*anism altoge!r unlike any ) :i* we are acqua9t$ among liv+ organisms4 ,z admirably %[n by ,buckl&1 ! p>titions :i* sep>ate into *amb]s all ! :orls ( ! ammonite except ! out]mo/ "o1 7 exquisitely adapt$ to /r5g!n1 by ! tortu\s w9d+s ( _! out] edges1 a %ell :i* _h to comb9e great lightness ) great p[]s ( resi/ance4 ,itself a cont9u\s ar* ?r\gh\t1 x 0 support$ by a s]ies ( cont9u\s ar*es inside1 some:at resembl+ 9 =m ! gro9$ ribs ( ! ,go?ic ro(1 b :i*1 unlike ! pond]\s /one "w ( ! m$ival ar*itects1 7 z light z !y 7 /rong4 ,& to ?is comb9ation ( ar*es !re 0 add$1 9 ! ribs & grooves ( ! %ell1 yet ano!r elem5t ( /r5g?1--t :i* has ( late be5 introduc$ into iron ro(s1 :i*1 by means ( _! corrugations1--ribs & grooves l ^? ( ! ammonite1--are made to span ov] wide spaces1 )\t ! support ( beams or raft]s4 ,/ill m rec5tly1 ! same pr9ciple has be5 introduc$ into metallic boats1 :i*1 :5 corrugat$1 l ! old ammonites1 are f\nd to be suffici5tly /rong to resi/ almo/ any degree ( pressure )\t ! wont$ addition ( an int]ior framework4 ,simil> evid5ces ( design appe> 9 ! o!r ext9ct molluscs peculi> to ^! geologic ages1 su* z ! hamite & turrilite4 ,! belemnite seems to h unit$ ! pr9ciple ( ! float to t ( ! s9k]1 z we see bo? unit$ 9 "s ( our mod]n life boats1 :i* are /eadi$ on _! keel by "o pr9ciple1 & pres]v$ f f\nd]+ by ! o!r2 or z we f9d !m unit$ by ! boy 9 8 mimic smack1 :i* he holl[s out & decks1 9 ord] to r5d] x suffici5tly light1 :ile at ! same "t he furni%es x ) a keel ( lead1 9 ord] to r5d] x suffici5tly /eady4 ,! old articulata ab\nd 9 m>ks ( +5i\s me*anical contrivance4 ,! trilobites 7 cov]$ ov] back & head ) ! mo/ exquisitely con/ruct$ plate armor3 b z _! abdom5s seem to h be5 s(t & def5celess1 !y _h ! ability ( coil+ !mselves r\nd on ! approa* ( dang]1 plate mov+ on plate ) ! nice/ adju/m5t1 till ! rim ( ! arm$ tail re/$ on t ( ! arm$ head1 & ! creature pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a ball def5d$ at e po9t4 ,9 "s g5]a1 z 9 ,calym5e1 ! tail consi/$ ( jo9t$ segm5ts till its t]m9ation2 9 o!rs1 z 9 ,illnus1 !re 0 a great caudal %ield1 t 9 size & =m correspond$ to ! %ield :i* cov]$ ! head2 ! segm5ts ( ,calym5e1 f ! flexibility ( _! jo9ts1 fitt$ close to ! c]ebral rim2 :ile ! same effect 0 produc$ 9 ! inflexible %ields1 caudal & cephalic1 ( ,illnus1 by _! exact correspond5ce1 & ! flexibility ( ! connect+ r+s1 :i* enabl$ !m to fit toge!r l two equal-siz$ cymbals br\ght into contact at e po9t by ! h&4 ,nor 7 ! anci5t cr9oids less rem>kable = ! am\nt ( nice contrivance :i* _! /ructures exhibit$1 ?an ! anci5t molluscs or cru/aceans4 ,9 _! calyx-l bodies1 consi/+ always ( _m p>ts1 we f9d ! pr9ciple ( ! ar* introduc$ 9 almo/ e possible =m & modification1 & ! utmo/ flexibility secur$ to _! /ony arms by ! amaz+ numb] ( ! pieces ( :i* !y 7 compos$1 & ! nice disposition ( ! jo9ts4 ,9 ! ,p5tacr9ites ( ! ,second>y p]iod 7see ,fig4 #ig7 an imm5se spread ( arms1 ab\t a ?\s& 9 numb]1 & compos$ ( ab\t a hundr$ ?\s& sep>ate pieces1 _h all ! flexibility1 ?\gh =m$ ( solid lime1 ( a drift ( nets1 & yet 7 s nicely jo9t$1 too? fitt+ into too? 9 all _! num]\s p>ts1 & ! :ole s b\nd toge!r by ligam5t1 t1 ) all ! flexibility1 !y _h also all ! t\ghness & t5acity1 ( pieces ( ?read network4 ,human +5uity1 ) ! same purposes to effect1 t is1 ! sweep+ ( %oals ( swimm+ animals into a c5tral receptacle1 w\ld probably con/ruct a some:at simil> ma*9e2 b x w\ld take half a lifetime to execute "o equally elaborate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,,ammonites ,,humphriesianus4 7,oolite47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,,encr9ites ,,monili=mis4 7,trias47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,,cupressocr9us ,,crassus4 7,old ,r$ ,s&/one47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4ba ,,p5tacr9us ,,fasciculosus4 7,lias47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 a1 ,,*amf]$ ,,scales4 7,o/eolepis47 b1 ,,imbricat$ ,,scales4 7,glyptolepis47 7,old ,r$ ,s&/one47 ,9 c>efully exam9+1 = purposes ( re/oration1 "s ( ! e>lie/ ganoidal fi%es1 ,i 0 n a little impress$ by ! peculi> me*anical contrivances exhibit$ 9 _! l>gely develop$ d]mal skeletons4 ,9 "s cases ^! contrivances 7 suffici5tly simple1 resembl+ ^? :i* we f9d exemplifi$ 9 ! humbl] trades1 orig9at$ 9 comp>atively un5light5$ ages2 & yet _! simplicity _h b ! effect ( r5d]+ ! peculi>ly human ca/ ( ! m9d exhibit$ 9 _! production all ! m obvi\s4 ,! bony scales :i* cov]$ fi%es su* z ! ,o/eolepis & ,diplopt]us ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 or ! ,megali*?ys ( ! ,coal ,measures1 7 ( consid]able mass & ?ickness4 ,!y c\ld n1 compatibly ) mu* nicety ( f9i%1 be laid ov] ea* o!r1 l ! ?9 horny scales ( ! salmon or h]r+2 & s we f9d !m curi\sly fitt$ toge!r1 n l slates on a mod]n ro(1 b l hewn /ones on an anci5t "o4 ,!re ran on ! upp] surface ( ea*1 along ! ant]ior side & high] end1 a groove ( a dep? equal to half ! ?ickness ( ! scale2 & along ! po/]ior side & l[] end1 on ! "u surface1 a sort ( bevell$ *amf]1 :i*1 fitt+ into ! grooves ( ! scales imm$iately beh9d & b5ea? x1 br\ght _! surfaces to ! same l9e1 & r5d]$ ! %9+ cov]+s ( ^! /rongly arm$ ganoids z smoo? & ev5 z ^? ( ! mo/ delicately coat$ fi%es ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! scales ( ! ,celacan? family ! arrangem5t 0 diff]5t4 ,?\gh exce$+ly massive 9 "s ( ! g5]a1 !y 7 imbricat$1 l ^? ( ! ,pangol9s2 & 7 *iefly rem>kable = ! comb9ation ( contrivances :i* !y exhibit$ = secur+ ! greate/ possible am\nt ( /r5g? f ! lea/ possible am\nt ( ?ickness4 ,! scales ( ,holopty*ius giganteus may be select$ z repres5tative ( ^? ( ! family to :i* x belong$4 ,x consi/$ ( ?ree plates1 or r1 l ! human skull1 ( two solid plates1 ) a diploe or spongy lay] betwe54 ,! out] surface 0 curi\sly frett$ into alt]nate ridges & furr[s2 & h5ce ! "n ( ! g5us1--wr9kl$ scale2 & ^! imp>t$ to ! ext]ior plate on :i* !y occurr$1 & :i* 0 =m$ ( solid bone1 ! /r5g? :i* results f a corrugat$ or flut$ surface4 ,cromwell1 9 commission+ a fri5d to s5d him a helmet1 %rewdly /ipulat$ t x %\ld be a flut$ pot2 & we f9d t ! ,holopty*ius _h got ! pr9ciple ( ! flut$ pot exemplifi$ 9 ! out] plate ( ea* ( its scales1 untold ages be=e4 ,! spongy middle plate mu/1 l ! diploe ( ! skull1 h s]v$ to dead5 ! vibrations ( a bl[ dealt f ! outside4 ,x 0 a /ratum ( s& bags pil$ up 9 ! middle ( a plank ramp>t4 ,_! inn]mo/ table 0 =m$1 l ! out]1 ( solid bone1 b _h a diff]5t arrangem5t4 ,x 0 prop]ly n "o1 b sev]al tables1 9 ea* ( :i* ! osse\s fibres1 spread out 9 ! g5]al plane ( ! scale1 lay at a div]se angle f ^? ( ! table imm$iately 9 contact ) x4 ,! pr9ciple 0 evid5tly t ( ! d\ble-wov5 clo?1 or clo? ( two incorporat$ lay]s1 su* z molesk91 9 :i*1 f ! arrangem5t ( ! ?reads1 :at a drap] w\ld t]m ! te> ( ! "o lay] or fold lies at a diff]5t angle 9 ! g5]al fabric f t ( ! o!r4 ,we are ?us pres5t$1 9 a s+le fossil scale little m ?an ! eigh? "p ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 ) ?ree di/9ct /r5g!n+ pr9ciples1--! pr9ciple ( ,cromwell's flut$ pot1--! pr9ciple ( a ramp>t l9$ ) plank1 & fill$ ) s& bags 9 ! c5tre1--& ! pr9ciple ( ! d\ble-wov5 fabrics ( ! molesk9 manufactur]4#bb ,! contrivances exemplifi$ 9 ! cuirass ( ! ,pt]i*?ys 7 sc>ce less rem>kable4 ,x 0 =m$ ( bony plates1 /rongly ar*$ above1 b comp>atively flat b5ea?2 & along bo? its ant]ior & po/]ior rims a sudd5 ?ick5+ ( ! plates =m$ a massive b&1 :i* s]v$ to /r5g!n ! entire /ructure1 z transv]se ribs ( /one are f\nd /r5g!n+ ,go?ic vaults ( ! ,norman age4 ,! scale cov]$ tail ( ! creature issu$ f )9 ! po/]ior rim1 :i* =m$ ar\nd x a complete ?\gh irregul> r+1 ar*$ above & depress$ b5ea?2 :]eas ! ant]ior rim1 to :i* ! head 0 atta*$1 0 incomplete :5 sep>at$ f x4 ,x 01 9 its deta*$ /ate1 an ar* want+ ! key/one4 ,a key/one1 h[ev]1 project$ outw>ds f ! occipital plate ( ! head2 &1 z x _h to =m at once ! bond ( connection betwe5 ! c]ebral armature ( ! creature & its cuirass1 & to complete ! ar* =m$ by ! /r5g!n+ belt or rib ( ! latt]1 x curi\sly comb9$ ! pr9ciple ( bo? ! dovetail ( ! c>p5t] & ! key/one ( ! mason4 ,view$ f above1 x 0 a dovetail1 =m+ a /rong atta*m5t ( ! head to ! body2 view$ 9 ! transv]se section1 x 0 an effici5t key/one1 t gave solidity & /r5g? to ! ar*$ belt or rib4 ,bo? key/one & dovetail are comp>atively simple contrivances2 b ,i "k n t !y h be5 unit$ 9 ! same piece1 save 9 ! v anci5t in/ance furni%$ by ! /rong bony plate :i* connect$ ! helmet ( ! ,pt]i*?ys ) its cuirass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,,scale ,,( ,,holopty*ius ,,giganteus4 7,nat4 size47 7,old ,r$ ,s&/one47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,,section ,,( ,,scale ,,( ,,holopty*ius4 7,mag4 eight diamet]s47 ,a brief anecdote1 yet fur!r illu/rative ( ! framework ( ?is anci5t ganoid1 may ?r[ "s additional light on :at ,i h v5tur$ to t]m ! human ca/ ( ! contrivances exhibit$ 9 ! organisms ( ! old geologic ages4 ,aft] c>efully exam9+ _m specim5s1 ,i publi%$ a re/oration ( bo? ! upp] & "u side ( ,pt]i*?ys fully fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,! greate/ ( liv+ i*?yologi/s1 h[ev]1 misl$ by a s]ies ( specim5s mu* less complete ?an m9e1 diff]$ f me 9 my conclusions2 & :at ,i _h repres5t$ z ! creature's "u or abdom9al side1 he repres5t$ z its upp] or dorsal side2 :ile its actual upp] side he reg>d$ z belong+ to ano!r1 ?\gh closely alli$1 g5us4 ,i _h no opportunity1 z he resid$ on ! ,cont95t at ! "t1 ( submitt+ to him ! specim5s on :i* ,i _h f\nd$2 ?\gh1 at once c]ta9 ( 8 ?or\gh c&or & love ( tru?1 & ( ! solidity ( my data1 ,i felt confid5t t1 9 ord] to alt] 8 decision1 x 0 b necess>y t ,i %\ld submit to him my evid5ce4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ! case 0 reg>d$ z settl$ aga9/ me2 & ,i f\nd at lea/ "o popul> & v +5i\s writ] on geology1 aft] ref]r+ to my description ( ! ,pt]i*?ys1 go+ on to say t1 ?\gh graphic1 x 0 n correct1 & t he himself c\ld describe x at lea/ m tru?fully1 if n m vividly1 ?an ,i _h done4 ,& !n !re foll[$ a description id5tical ) t by :i* m9e _h be5 supplant$4 ,five ye>s _h pass$1 :5 "o day our greate/ ,briti% au?ority on fossil fi%es1 ,sir ,philip ,eg]ton1 0 /ruck1 :5 pass+ an h\r among ! i*?yic organisms ( 8 pr9cely collection1 by ! appe>ance pres5t$ by a c5tral plate 9 ! cuirass ( ! ,pt]i*?ys4 ,x is ( a loz5ge =m1 &1 occupy+ exactly su* a place 9 ! ne!r armature ( ! creature z t occupi$ by ! loz5ge %ap$ spot on ! ace ( diamonds1 x comes 9 contact ) f\r o!r plates t lie ar\nd x1 & repres5t1 s to speak1 ! :ite portions ( ! c>d4 ,& ,sir ,philip n[ f\nd1 t in/ead ( ly+ ov]1 x lay "u1 ! f\r contigu\s plates3 !y ov]lapp$ x1 in/ead ( be+ ov]lapp$ by x4 ,?is1 he at once said1 on asc]ta9+ ! fact1 _c be ! upp] side ( ! ,pt]i*?ys4 ,a plate s arrang$ w\ld h =m$ no prop] protection to ! expos$ dorsal surface ( ! creature's body1 z a slight bl[ w\ld h at once s5t x 9 ^u ! int]ior framework2 b a prop] en\gh "o to ! "u side ( a heavy swimm]1 t1 l ! flat fi%es1 kept close to ! bottom2--a "* :i*1 z %[n by ! massive bulk ( its body1 & its small spread ( f91 mu/ h belong$ to ! ,pt]i*?ys4 ,sir ,philip foll[$ up 8 obs]vations on ! c5tral plate by a m9ute exam9ation ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! creature's armature2 & ! survey t]m9at$ 9 a recognition ( ! e>li] re/oration1--set aside s long be=e1--z virtually ! true "o2--a recognition 9 :i* ,agassiz1 :5 made acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! evid5ce1 at once acquiesc$4 ,n[1 "h 0 !re a "q :i* _h be5 rais$ reg>d+ ! true me*anism ( "o ( ! olde/ ganoidal fi%es1 & settl$ errone\sly on wrong data1 aga9 op5$ up1 to be settl$ anew on "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s me*anical pr9ciples exemplifi$ 9 ! simple art ( ! slat] or til]4 ,! argum5t ( ,sir ,philip am\nt$ simply to ?is3--,if ! accept$ re/oration be a true "o1 !n ! ,creator ( ! ,pt]i*?ys mu/ h committ$ a mi/ake 9 me*anics :i* an ord9>y slat] w\ld h avoid$2 b z ! ,creator commits no su* blund]s1 ! mi/ake probably occurs 9 b ! re/oration4 ,i may m5tion1 t ! dorsal surface ( ?is anci5t fi% _h also its c5tral plate1--a loz5ge truncat$ at its two long] ends2 & t1 m\ld$ to meet ! necessities ( its position1 x 0 n flat1 l ! "u "o1 b /rongly ar*$2 & t on f\r ( its six sides x ov]rode by a squamose suture ! l[] plates ) :i* x came 9 contact4 ,^! are b humble illu/rations ( ! design+ pr9ciple1 z exhibit$ ( old2 & yet !y impress none ! less /rongly on t acc\nt4 ,among ! _m contrivances ( ! ,*9ese ,museum1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 none seem$ m to excite ! curiosity ( visitors ?an a set ( tall-back$1 elaborately c>v$ *airs1 exce$+ly l ^? :i* 7 us$ 9 our own c\ntry two c5turies ago1 & :i* ,c[p] s exquisitely describes4 ,= ?\s&s ( miles 9 ! wide tract t spreads out betwe5 ,european ,*ri/5dom & ! great wall1 ! inhabitants squat ^u mats or c>pets1 or loll on divans2 & ! contrivance ( ! *air is unkn[n3 x reappe>s 9 ,*9a1 h[ev]1 & reappe>s1 n z a m]e seat or /ool1 b z1 9 e b> & limb1 ! id5tical *air ( ,europe arre/$ a c5tury or two back 9 its developm5t4 ,& e correspond+ t5on & mortise exhibit$ by ! ,*9ese & ,european examples ( ?is simple piece ( furniture s]v$ m =cibly to %[ an id5tity ( "* 9 ! m9ds :i* _h orig9at$ !m 9 c\ntries s f> ap>t1 ?an ! m elaborate contrivances :i*1 ?\gh illu/rative ( ! same pr9ciples ( inv5tion1 7 less easily und]/ood4 ,x is s ) ! m simple & famili> in/ances ( adaptation furni%$ by ! works ( ! ,creator4 ,we inf] f !m1 m directly ?an f ! complex me*anisms1 t he :o wr\ght ( old aft] ! mann] ( a man mu/ h1 9 8 intellectual "*1 if ,i may s express myself1 c]ta9 man-l qualities & traits4 ,9 all ^? works on ,natural ,!ology t treat1 l ! "w ( ,paley1 on ! argum5t ( design1 ! assumption ( a c]ta9 unity ( ! intellectual nature ( ! ,creator & creature is made1 tacitly at lea/1 ! basis ( all ! reason+s2 & x is 9 ! cases 9 :i* ! design is mo/ simple t ! argum5t is mo/ g5]ally und]/ood4 ,x is 9 ! l[] skirts ( ! ,div9e nature t we mo/ readily trace ! resemblance to ! nature ( man1--an effect1 mayhap1 ( ! n>r[ rea* ( our faculties 9 _! pres5t infantile /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,,sigill>ia ,,groes]i 7,coal ,measures47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,,:orl$ ,,%ells ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4#bc ,b ! resemblance is n re/rict$ to ! con/ructive dep>tm5t4 ,bo? 9 ! ,*9ese collection & among ! ,egyptian antiquities exhibit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,i f\nd color z c]ta9ly z me*anical contrivance4 ,& ! color furni%$ n only a practical example f bo? ! e>ly & ! remote peoples ( ! same sort ( *emical sci5ce z exi/s at ! pres5t "t among ourselves 9 our dyeworks & pigm5t manufactories1 b x also %[$ a c]ta9 id5tity ) our own ( _! s5se ( beauty4 ,! ,*9ese sat9s are gorge\s ) gre51 blue1 yell[1 sc>let1 crimson1 & purple1 & h fr+es heavy ) ?read ( gold4 ,gild+ is z common among ?is di/ant p z among ourselves1 & at once %[s a famili>ity ) ! art ( ! gold beat]1 & a s5sibility to ! beauty ( a gold5 surface2 & 9 ! pa9t$ ornam5ts ,i detect$ ! ri* t9ts ( v]milion & crimson lake1 ) ! m9]al blues1 yell[s1 & gre5s4 ,9 ! ,egyptian dep>tm5t1 ?\gh ! blan*+ influ5ces ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s _h dimm$ ! t9ts & t>ni%$ ! metals1 ,i f\nd evid5ce ( ! same reg>d to hue & lu/re z exi/s /ill 9 ,*9a & among ourselves2 all t n[ pleases ! eye 9 ,london & ,pek9 _h pleas$ x 9 ,!bes dur+ ! times ( ! e>li] ,ph>aohs4 ,& j z we inf] f ! me*anical contrivances ( ! ,creative-,work] t he possesses a c]ta9 id5tity ( m9d 9 ! con/ructive dep>tm5t ) 8 creature-work]s1 & ?is ^u ! pr9ciple on :i* we inf] an id5tity ( m9d betwe5 ! creature-work]s ( ,*9a1 anci5t ,egypt1 & our own c\ntry1 see+ t _! works are id5tical1 mu/ we n also inf]1 on ! same pr9ciple1 t he possesses 9 ! /hetic dep>tm5t a c]ta9 id5tity ) !m also4 ,true1 ?is region ( ! beautiful1 ev] surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( obscure1 ill-settl$ metaphysics1 is greatly less cle> ?an t me*anical prov9ce ( ^: v>i\s ma*9es1 :e!r ( ,div9e or human contrivance1 x c be at lea/ affirm$ t ma*9es !y are1 & t !y effect _! purposes by contrivances ( ! same or ( resembl+ k9ds4 ,& yet ! appe>ance 9 nature1 age aft] age1 ( ! same =ms & colors ( beauty :i* man1 9 gratify+ 8 ta/e = ! lovely 9 %ape & hue1 is ev] reproduc+ = himself1 does seem to ju/ify our inf]5ce ( an id5tity ( m9d 9 ?is prov9ce also4 ,! colors ( ! old geologic organisms1 l ^? ( ! pa9t+s ( anci5t ,egypt1 are greatly fad$4 ,a few1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,second>y1 & ev5 ,palozoic %ells1 /ill reta9 ! ri* prismatic hues ( ! orig9al nacre4 ,_m ( ! ,t]ti>y division /ill be> ! di/9ctive pa9t$ spots4 ,"s ( ! lat] fossil fi%es1 :5 fir/ laid op5 9 ! rock1 exhibit ! pe>ly gleam t mu/ ( old h light$ up ! gre5 dep?s ( ! wat] z !y d>t$ ?r\gh4 ,n a few ( ! fossil corals pres]ve en\gh ( _! =m] color to imp>t mu* delicacy ( t9t to ! m>bles 9 :i* !y occur4 ,b x is *iefly 9 =m1 n 9 %ade or hue1 t we f9d 9 ! organisms ( ! geologic ages examples ( t beauty 9 :i* man delights1 & :i* he is ev] reproduc+ = himself4 ,!re is sc>ce an ar*itectural ornam5t ( ! ,go?ic or ,grecian /yles :i* may n be f\nd exi/+ z fossils 9 ! rocks4 ,! ,ulod5dron 0 sculptur$ into gracefully arrang$ r[s ( po9t$ & closely imbricat$ leaves1 simil> to ^? into :i* ! ,roman ar*itects frett$ ! torus ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]4 ,! ,sigill>ia 7 flut$ columns ornately c>v$ 9 ! l9e ( ! *annell$ flutes2 ! ,lepidod5dra bore1 accord+ to _! species1 sculptur$ scales1 or loz5ges1 or egg-l holl[s1 set 9 a sort ( frame1 & reliev$ into knobs & furr[s2 all ( !m furni%+ examples ( a delicate diap] "w1 l t s admir$ 9 our m ornate ,go?ic build+s1 su* z ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 or ,cant]bury & ,*i*e/] ,ca!drals1 only greatly m exquisite 9 _! design & f9i%4 ,! scroll %ells1 a v num]\s section ( ! class 9 ! e>li] ages1 su* z ,maclurea1 ,euomphalus1 ,clym5ia1 & ! great family ( ! ammonites1 7 volutes ( v>y+ proportions1 b n less graceful ?an ! ornam5t ( simil> proportions s frequ5tly introduc$ into ,greek & ,roman ar*itecture1 & ( :i* we h su* prom95t examples 9 ! capitals ( ! ,ionic1 ,cor9?ian1 & composite ord]s4 ,9 :at is kn[n z ! mod]n ,ionic ! spiral ( ! volute is n all on "o plane2 x is a ,euomphalus3 9 ! c5tral volutes ( ! ,cor9?ian ! spiral is an op5 "o2 x is a ,lituite or ,gyroc]as3 9 ! anci5t ,ionic x is ei!r :olly flat1 z 9 ,planorbus or ! upp] side ( ,maclurea1 or slightly reliev$1 z 9 ! ammonites4 ,!re is no =m ( ! volute kn[n to ! ar*itect :i* may n be f\nd 9 ! rocks1 b !re are _m =ms 9 ! rocks unkn[n to ! ar*itect4 ,nor are ! spire-l %ells 7see ,fig4 #aje7 less rem>kable = ! ri* & v>i$ /yle ( _! ornam5tation ?an ! :orl$ ones4 ,!y are spires1 p9nacles1 turrets1 broa*es2 ornate1 9 "s in/ances1 beyond ! rea* ( ! ar*itect1 & illu/rative1 9 almo/ all1 ( 8 happie/ =ms & proportions4 ,we detect among ! fossils ! g]ms ( num]\s designs develop$ 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( art2 b m]ely to enum]ate !m w\ld require a volume4 ,"o =m ( ! old classic lamp 0 t ( ! nautilus2 ano!r1 t ( ,gypha incurva2 ! zigzag m\ld+s ( ! ,norman ,go?ic may be f\nd 9 ! c>9at$ oy/]s ( ! ,gre5s&2 ! m delicate frett+s ( simil> =m :i* r\gh5$ ! pill>s ( a some:at lat] age occur on ,conul>ia & ! dorsal sp9es ( ,gyracan?us4 ,! old corals1 too1 ab\nd 9 ornam5tal patt]ns1 :i* man1 unaw>e ( _! exi/5ce at ! "t1 devis$ long aft] = himself4 ,9 an article on calico pr9t+1 :i* =ms "p ( a rec5t hi/ory ( ,lanca%ire1 !re are a few ( ! patt]ns introduc$1 back$ by ! recomm5dation t !y 7 ! mo/ successful ev] tri$4 ,( "o ( ^!1 kn[n z ,lane's ,net1 !re sold a great] numb] ( pieces ?an ( any o!r patt]n ev] br\ght into ! m>ket4 ,x l$ to _m imitations2 & "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ^! answ]s l9e = l9e1 save t x is m /iff & rectil9e>1 to ! patt]n 9 a rec5tly discov]$ ,old ,r$ ,s&/one coral1 ! ,smi?ia ,p5gellyi4 ,! beautifully arrang$ l9es :i* s smit ! dames ( ,engl&1 t ea* _h to provide h]self ) a g[n ( ! fabric :i* !y adorn$1 _h be5 /amp$ amid ! rocks eons ( ages be=e4 ,& x mu/ n be =gott51 t all ^! =ms & %ades ( beauty :i* once fill$ all nature1 b ( :i* only a few fragm5ts1 or a few fad$ t9ts1 survive1 7 creat$1 n to gratify man's love ( ! /hetic1 see+ t man _h no exi/5ce until long aft] !y _h disappe>$1 b 9 meet h>mony ) ! ta/es & faculties ( ! ,div9e ,work]1 :o _h 9 8 wisdom produc$ !m all4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,,mur*isonia ,,bigranulosa4 7,old ,r$ ,s&/one47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,,conul>ia ,,ornata4 7,old ,r$ ,s&/one47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,,calico ,,patt]n4 7,man*e/]47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,,smi?ia ,,p5gellyi4 7,old ,r$ ,s&/one47 ,y w1 ,i tru/1 be> ) me %\ld ,i seek1 9 dep?s :]e ! light %$ by sci5ce becomes obscure1 to guide my /eps by light d]iv$ f ano!r & :olly diff]5t s\rce4 ,9 an assembly su* z t :i* ,i h n[ ! honor ( address+1 !re mu/ be _m %ades ( religi\s op9ion4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 assail no man's fai?1 b simply lay be=e y a few d$uctions :i*1 f\nd$ on my own1 h suppli$ me ) :at ,i deem a consi/5t !ory ( ! curi\s class ( ph5om5a ) :i* ?is ev5+ we h be5 ma9ly deal+4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,i mu/ hold t we receive ! true explanation ( ! man-l "* ( ! ,creator's work+s ere man 01 9 ! rem>kable text 9 :i* we are told t ,god made man 9 8 own image & lik5ess4 ,!re is no re/riction "h to moral quality3 ! moral image man _h1 & 9 l>ge measure lo/2 b ! intellectual image he /ill reta9s4 ,z a geometrician1 z an ari?metician1 z a *emi/1 z an a/ronom]1--9 %ort1 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( :at are kn[n z ! /rict sci5ces1--man diff]s f 8 ,mak]1 n 9 k9d1 b 9 degree1--n z matt] diff]s f m9d1 or d>kness f light1 b simply z a m]e portion ( space or "t diff]s f all space or all "t4 ,i h already ref]r$ to me*anical contrivances z id5tically ! same 9 ! ,div9e & human productions2 nor c ,i d\bt t1 n only 9 ! p]vad+ s5se ( ! beautiful 9 =m & color :i* x is our privilege z m5 9 "s degree to exp]i5ce & possess1 b also 9 t p]ception ( h>mony :i* con/itutes ! musical s5se1 & 9 t poetic feel+ ( :i* ,scripture furni%es u ) at once ! e>lie/ & ! highe/ examples1 & :i* we may t]m ! poetic s5se1 we be> ! /amp & impress ( ! ,div9e image4 ,n[1 if ?is be s1 we mu/ look ^u ! s*emes ( ,creation1 ,revelation1 & ,provid5ce1 n z s*emes ( m]e adaptation to man's nature1 b z s*emes also specially adapt$ to ! nature ( ,god z ! patt]n & orig9al nature4 ,fur!r1 x speaks1 ,i mu/ hold1 ( ! h>mony & unity ( "o sublime s*eme1 t1 aft] long ages ( immaturity1--aft] ! dyna/ies ( ! fi%1 ! reptile1 & ! mammal %\ld 9 succession h t]m9at$1--man %\ld h at l5g? come ^u ! sc5e 9 ! image ( ,god2 & t1 at a /ill lat] p]iod1 ,god himself %\ld h come ^u ! sc5e 9 ! =m ( man2 & t ?us all ,god's work+s 9 creation %\ld be indissolubly l9k$ to ,god himself1 n by any su* m]e lik5ess or image ( ! ,div9ity z t :i* ! fir/ ,adam bore1 b by ,div9ity itself 9 ! ,second ,adam2 s t on ! ra9b[-encircl$ apex ( ! pyramid ( creat$ be+ ! ,son ( ,god & ! ,son ( ,man %\ld sit en?ron$ =ev] 9 "o adorable p]son4 ,t man %\ld h be5 made 9 ! image ( ,god seems to h be5 a meet prep>ation = ,god's aft] assumption ( ! =m ( man4 ,x 0 p]haps ?us secur$ t /ock & graft1 if ,i may v5ture on su* a metaphor1 %\ld h ! necess>y aff9ity1 & be capable ( be+ unit$ 9 a s+le p]son4 ,! false gods ( ! ,egyptians assum$1 x 0 fabl$1 ! =ms ( brutes3 x 0 ! human =m & nature t 0 assum$ by ! true ,god2--s f> z we "k1 ! only =m & nature t c\ld h br\ght him into direct union ) at once ! matt] & m9d ( ! univ]se :i* he _h creat$ & made1--) true body & reasonable s\l4 ,yet fur!r1 ,i le>n by inevitable inf]5ce f "o ( ! m di/9ctive articles ( my cre$1 t z c]ta9ly z ! dyna/y ( ! fi% 0 pr$et]m9$ 9 ! s*eme ( ,provid5ce to be succe$$ by ! high] dyna/y ( ! reptile1 & t ( ! reptile by ! /ill high] dyna/y ( ! mammal1 s x 0 equally pr$et]m9$ t ! dyna/y ( responsible1 fallible man %\ld be succe$$ by ! dyna/y ( glorifi$1 immortal man2 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 ! pres5t mix$ /ate ( ?+s is n a m]e result1 z "s !ologians believe1 ( a c]ta9 human act :i* 0 p]petrat$ ab\t six ?\s& ye>s ago1 b 01 virtually at lea/1 ! effect ( a ,god-det]m9$ decree1 old z et]nity1--a decree 9 :i* t act 0 writt5 z a portion ( ! g5]al programme4 ,9 look+ abroad on t great hi/ory ( life1 ( :i* ! latt] portions are record$ 9 ! pages ( revelation1 & ! e>li] 9 ! rocks1 ,i feel my grasp ( a doctr9e fir/ taught me by our ,calv9i/ic ,cate*ism at my "m's knee1 tight5+ in/ead ( relax+4 ,! decrees ( ,god are 8 et]nal purposes1 ,i 0 told1 accord+ to ! c\nsel ( 8 w1 :]eby = 8 own glory he ha? =eorda9$ :atsoev] comes to pass4 ,& :at ,i 0 told e>ly ,i /ill believe4 ,! programme ( ,creation & ,provid5ce1 9 all its successive p]iods1 is ( ,god1 n ( man4 ,) ! arrangem5ts ( ! old geologic p]iods x is obvi\s man c\ld h _h no?+ to d3 ! primeval ages ( wondr\s plants & mon/] animals ran _! c\rse )\t c\nsel tak5 ( him2 & 9 read+ _! record 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & 9 le>n+ f _! /range *>act]s t su* ages !re 71 & :at !y produc$1 we are ! bett] enabl$ to appreciate ! impressive directness ( ! sublime message to ,job1 :5 ! ,"l answ]$ him out ( ! :irlw9d1 & said1 ,:]e wa/ ?\ :5 ,i laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>?8 ,decl>e if ?\ ha/ und]/&+4 ,& ,i c z little reg>d ! pres5t sc5e ( ?+s z an ultimate consequ5ce ( :at man _h will$ or wr\ght1 z ev5 any ( ! pre-,adamic ages4 ,x is simply "o sc5e 9 a =eorda9$ s]ies1--a sc5e int]m$iate 9 place betwe5 ! age ( ! irresponsible mammal & ( glorifi$ man2 & to provide = ! upw>d passage to ! ultimate /ate1 we "k t1 9 ref]5ce to ! purposes ( ! ,et]nal1 he ?r\gh :om ! "w ( re/oration has be5 effect$ 0 9 reality :at he is designat$ 9 ! rem>kable text1 ,! ,lamb sla9 f ! f\ndations ( ! _w4 ,fir/ 9 ! c\rse ( ?+s1 man 9 ! image ( ,god1 & next1 9 meet sequ5ce1 ,god 9 ! =m ( man1 h be5 equally f all et]nity pr$et]m9$ actors 9 ! same great s*eme4 ,i approa* a pr(\nd & t]rible my/]y4 ,we c see h[ 9 ! pre-,adamic ages high] %\ld h succe$$ l[] dyna/ies4 ,to be l[ 0 n to be immoral2 to be l[ 0 n to be guilt-/a9$ & mis]able4 ,! sea anemone on its half-tide rock1 & ! f]n on its mossy hill-side1 are l[ 9 _! respective k+doms2 b !y are1 not)/&+1 wor?y1 9 _! quiet1 unobtrusive beauty1 ( ! ,god :o =m$ !m4 ,x is only :5 ! human p]iod beg9s t we are />tl$ & p]plex$ by ! problem ( a l[ness n innoc5t1--an inf]iority tantam\nt to moral de=mity4 ,9 ! p]iod ( responsibility1 to be l[ means to be evil2 & h[1 we ask1 c\ld a l[ness & inf]iority resolvable into moral evil h _h any place 9 ! decrees ( t ,judge :o ev] does :at is "r1 & 9 :om moral evil c h no place8 ,! subject is "o :i* x seems n giv5 to man ?or\ghly to compreh5d4 ,p]mit me1 h[ev]1 to rem>k 9 reply1 t 9 a s5se s pla91 s obvi\s1 s unequivocally true1 t x w\ld lead an intellig5t jury1 impannell$ 9 ! case1 consci5ti\sly to convict1 & a wise judge righte\sly to condemn1 all t is evil 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s man may z c]ta9ly h wr\ght out = himself1 z ! crim9als :om we see s5t5c$ at e ju/ici>y c\rt "w out = !mselves ! c\rse ( puni%m5t to :i* !y are ju/ly subject$4 ,x has be5 well said ( ! ,au?or ( all by ! poet1 t1 b9d+ nature fa/ 9 fate1 he left free ! human w4 ,& x is ?is fre$om or indep5d5cy ( w op]at+ on an intellect m\ld$ aft] ! image & lik5ess ( ! ,div9ity t has r5d]$ m5 capable ( be+ :at ! ,scriptures s emphatically t]m fell[-work]s ) ,god4 ,9 a humble & re/rict$ s5se1 z ,i h already rem>k$1--humble & re/rict$1 b 9 t re/rict$ s5se obvi\sly true1--! surface ( ! e>? f> & wide te/ifies to ?is fact ( fell[%ip 9 work+4 ,! deput$ "l ( creation1 avail+ himself ( ,god's natural laws1 does :at no m]e animal ( ! old geologic ages ev] did1 or ev] c\ld h done1--he adorns & beautifies ! e>?1 & adds t5fold to its orig9al f]tility & productiv5ess4 ,9 ?is special s5se1 !n1 he is a fell[-work] ) ,him :o1 accord+ to ! ,psalmi/1 cause? ! grass to gr[ = ! cattle1 & h]b = ! s]vice ( man1 & w9e t make? glad ! he>t ( man1 & oil t make? 8 face to %9e1 & bread :i* /r5g!ne? man's he>t4 ,b x is 9 a greatly high] s5se1 & 9 ref]5ce to ,god's moral laws1 t he is fitt$ to be 8 fell[-work] 9 ! ,scriptural s5se4 ,& 8 prop] employm5t 9 ?is dep>tm5t is ! elevation & developm5t1 moral & intellectual1 ( himself & 8 fell[-m51 bo? 9 adaptation to ! dem&s ( ! pres5t "t1 & 9 prep>ation = a future /ate4 ,all exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 s]ves to %[ t 9 ?is p>am\nt dep>tm5t man greatly fails2 nay1 t he is inf9itely less true to 8 prop] end & de/9y ?an ! bea/s t p]i% to _! sev]al in/9cts4 ,& yet x may be rem>k$1 t su* ( ! l[] animals z are guid$ by pure in/9ct are greatly m infallible )9 _! prop] sph]es ?an ! high]1 half-reason+ animals4 ,! ma!matical bee nev] con/ructs a false angle2 ! sagaci\s dog is n unfrequ5tly out 9 8 calculations4 ,! high] ! animal 9 ! scale1 ! great] its liability to error4 ,b x is n ! less true1 t no fi%1 no reptile1 no mammal1 ( ! geologic or ! rec5t ages1 ev] s fail$ 9 work+ out ! purposes x 0 creat$ to s]ve1 z man has fail$ 9 work+ out 82 fur!r1 9 no creature save 9 man does !re exi/ t w> ( ! m9d betwe5 appetite & duty ( :i* ! ,apo/le s consci\sly compla9$4 ,& we mu/ seek an explanation ( ^! tw9 facts 9 t orig9al fre$om ( ! w :i*1 :ile x r5d]$ man capable ( be+ ( *oice ,god's fell[-work]1 also conf]r$ on him an ability ( *oos+ n to "w ) ,god4 ,& 8 *oice ( n work+ ) him1 or ( work+ aga9/ him1 be+ once freely made1 we may see h[1 f man's v con/itution & nature1 z an intellig5ce unit$ to matt] t increases 8 k9d f g5]ation to g5]ation 9 virtue ( ! orig9al law1 ! ability ( aga9 work+ ) ,god might be =ev] de/roy$4 ,& ?us man's g5]al condition z a laps$ creature may be z unequivocally a consequ5ce ( man's own act1 z ! condition ( individuals born free1 b doom$ to slav]y 9 puni%m5t ( _! (f5ces1 is a consequ5ce ( _! own acts4 ,a brief survey ( ! _m-color$ & v>i\sly-plac$ human family1 z at pres5t di/ribut$ on ! e>?1 may enable u 9 "s degree to conceive ( a matt] :i*1 involv+1 z x does1 t ma/] problem ( moral sci5ce1 ! orig9 ( evil1 seems1 z ,i h said1 n to be giv5 to man fully to compreh5d4 ,! diff]5t races ( mank9d1 says ,humboldt1 employ+1 let me rem>k1 ! language ( ! di/+ui%$ ,g]man naturali/ ,mll]1 to give expression to ! view :i* he himself adopts1--! diff]5t races ( mank9d are n diff]5t species ( a g5us1 b =ms ( "o sole species4 ,! human species1 says ,cuvi]1 appe>s to be s+le4 ,:5 we comp>e1 says ,prit*>d1 all ! facts & obs]vations :i* h be5 h]et(ore fully e/abli%$ z to ! specific in/9cts & sep>ate psy*ical end[m5ts ( all ! di/9ct tribes ( s5ti5t be+s 9 ! univ]se1 we are entitl$ to draw confid5tly ! conclusion1 t all human races are ( "o species & "o family4 ,god ha? made ( "o blood1 said ! ,apo/le ,paul1 9 address+ himself to ! lite ( ,a!ns1 all nations1 = to dwell on ! face ( all ! e>?4 ,su*1 on ?is special head1 is ! te/imony ( ,revelation1 & su* ! conclusion ( our highe/ sci5tific au?orities4 ,! "q has1 inde$1 be5 rais$ 9 ^! latt] times1 :e!r ea* species ( animals may n h be5 orig9ally creat$1 n by s+le pairs or 9 s+le c5tres1 b by sev]al pairs & 9 sev]al c5tres1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! human species among ! re/8 ,& ! qu]y1--= 9 reality x am\nts to no?+ m1--has be5 favorably ent]ta9$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,on purely sci5tific gr\nds x is ( c\rse difficult to prove a negative 9 ! case1 j z x w\ld be difficult to prove a negative 7 ! "q to be1 :e!r ! planet ,v5us 0 n compos$ ( qu>tz rock1 or ! planet ,m>s ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one8 ,b ! portion ( ! problem really solvable by sci5ce1--! id5tity ( ! human race "u all its conditions1 & 9 all its v>ieties1--sci5ce has solv$4 ,x has det]m9$ t all ! v>i\s tribes ( man are b =ms ( a s+le species4 ,& 9 ! def9ition ( species1--waiv+ ! ,am]ican d\bt until x %all at lea/ become some?+ m1--,i am cont5t to foll[ ! high] au?orities4 ,we unite1 says ,m4 de ,c&olle1 "u ! designation ( a species1 all ^? individuals t mutually be> to ea* o!r s close a resemblance z to all[ ( our suppos+ t !y may h proce$$ orig9ally f a s+le be+ or a s+le pair4 ,a species1 says ,buffon1 is a con/ant succession ( individuals simil> to & capable ( reproduc+ ea* o!r4 ,a species1 says ,cuvi]1 is a succession ( individuals :i* reproduces & p]petuates itself4 ,n[1 all hi/ory & all tradition1 s f> z !y ?r[ light on ! "q at all1 agree 9 %[+ t ! c5tre 9 :i* ! human species orig9at$ mu/ h be5 some:]e 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ! ,ea/1 n f> di/ant f ! ,caucasian gr\p ( m\nta9s4 ,all ! old seats ( civilization1--t ( ,n9eveh1 ,babylon1 ,pale/9e1 ,egypt1 & ,greece1--are spread out ar\nd ?is c5tre4 ,& x is c]ta9ly a circum/ance wor?y ( notice1 & surely n )\t be>+ on ! physical condition ( primeval humanity1 t 9 ?is c5tre we f9d a v>iety ( ! species :i* naturali/s ( ! highe/ /&+ reg>d z fundam5tally typical ( ! highe/ races ( ! globe4 ,! natives ( ! ,caucasus1 says ,cuvi]1 are ev5 n[ consid]$ z ! h&some/ on e>?4 ,& :]ev] man has1 if ,i may s speak1 fall5 lea/1--:]ev] he has reta9$1 at lea/ intellectually1 ! ,div9e image1--?is ,caucasian type ( feature & figure1 )1 ( c\rse1 c]ta9 national modifications1 he also reta9s4 ,x 0 develop$ 9 a rem>kable degree among ! old ,greeks1 z may be se5 f ! bu/s ( "s ( _! h&som] m52 & /ill m rem>kably 9 _! beau ideal ( beauty1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! /atues ( _! gods4 ,we see x also1 ?\gh da%$ ) a %ade ( sev]ity1 9 ! /rong =ms & /]n features ( mon>*s t reign$ ( old 9 ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 z br\ght to light 9 _! impressive effigies by ! excavations ( ,rawl9son & ,lay>d4 ,& fur!r1 ?\gh some:at modifi$ by ! ,african da%1 we detect x 9 ! colossal /atues ( ,egypt4 ,nor1 z %[n by ,egyptian pa9t+s /ill fre% 9 color & outl9e1 0 x less traceable 9 ! anci5t ,jewi% c\nt5ance & figure4 ,x is /ill palpable1 too1 amid all ! m9or peculi>ities ( national physiognomy1 9 ! v>i\s peoples ( ,europe4 ,we may see x 9 our own c\ntry1 ?\gh1 z ,sir ,walt] ,scott truly tells u1-- ,! rugg$ =m may m>k ! m\nta9 b&1 ,& h>%] features & a mi5 m grave4 ,x walks1 h[ev]1 ! bo>ds ( our ,p>liam5t ,h\se "h 9 a v respectable type ( ,caucasian man2 & all agree t n[h]e else 9 mod]n ,europe is x to be f\nd m true to its orig9al cont\r ?an among ! high-br$ ari/ocracy ( ,engl&1 especially among ! female memb]s ( ! class4 ,look+1 !n1 at ! entire evid5ce1--at ! admitt$ fact t ! ,circassians ( ! pres5t day are an em95tly h&some p1--t ! old ,greeks1 ,n9evites1 ,egyptians1 ,jews1 ,romans1 & ) ^! all ! mod]n nations ( ,europe1 are b ! v>ieties ( ! c5tral race t h reta9$ 9 greate/ p]fection ! orig9al traits1--,i d n see h[ we are to avoid ! conclusion t ?is ,caucasian type 0 ! type ( ,adamic man4 ,adam1 ! fa!r ( mank9d1 0 no squalid savage ( d\btful humanity1 b a noble specim5 ( man2 & ,eve a s(t ,circassian beauty1 b exquisitely lovely beyond ! lot ( fall5 humanity4 ,! lovelie/ pair ,t ev] yet 9 love's embraces met3 ,adam1 ! goodlie/ man ( m5 s9ce born ,8 sons2 ! faire/ ( h] daught]s ,eve4 ,i "k n :e!r ,i %\ld add :at foll[s4 ,x has be5 said t ,luke1 ! belov$ physician1 0 also a pa9t]4 ,x has be5 said t t tradition>y1 "t-honor$ =m1 :i* we at once recognize 9 ! pictures ( ! old ma/]s z t ( ! ,savi\r ( mank9d1 he 9 reality bore :5 he walk$ ?is e>? 9 ! fle%4 ,i "k n :at degree ( probability atta*es to ! belief4 ,i "k n :e!r ! tradition>y =m be 9 reality ! true "o4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,i "k1 t if su* 0 ! =m :i* ! adorable ,r$eem] assum$ :5 he took to himself a real body & a reasonable s\l1 ! second ,adam1 l ! fir/1 exemplifi$1 :5 ^u e>?1 ! p]fect type ( ,caucasian man4 ,let me next rem>k1 t ! fur!r we remove f ! orig9al c5tre ( ! race1 ! m degrad$ & sunk d we f9d ! sev]al v>ieties ( humanity4 ,we mu/ set :olly aside1 9 our survey1 ! di/urb+ elem5t ( mod]n emigration4 ,caucasian man has be5 press+ outw>ds4 ,9 ! backwoods ( ,am]ica1 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 9 ,au/ralia1 & 9 ! ,polynesian isl&s1 ! old ,adamic type has be5 ass]t+ its sup]iority1 & annihilat+ be=e x ! degrad$ races4 ,b tak+ into acc\nt m]ely ! aborig9al v>ieties1 x seems to be a g5]al rule1 t ! fur!r we remove 9 any direction f ! ,adamic c5tre1 ! m animaliz$ & sunk d we f9d ! v>i\s tribes or races4 ,contr>y to ! conceptions ( ! ass]tors ( ! developm5t hypo!sis1 we asc]ta91 z we proce$ outw>ds1 t ! c\rse is n "o ( progression f ! l[ to ! high1 b ( desc5t f ! high to ! l[4 ,pass+ nor?w>ds1 we meet1 :]e ! li*5-cov]$ l& projects into ! froz5 ocean1 ) ! dim9utive ,laps1 squat1 ungraceful1 ) _! flat features surm\nt$ by pyramidal skulls ( small capacity1 &1 z a race1 unfitt$ = ! arts ei!r ( peace or w>4 ,we meet also ) ! timid ,namollas1 ) noses s flat z to be sc>ce visible 9 ! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! race2 & ) ! sw>?y ,kamts*atkans1 ) _! broad faces1 protub]ant bellies1 & ?91 ill-=m$ legs4 ,pass+ s\?w>ds1 we come to ! negro tribes1 ) _! sooty sk9s1 broad noses1 ?ick lips1 project+ jawbones1 & p>tially-webb$ f+]s4 ,& !n we f9d ourselves among ! squalid ,hott5tots1 repulsively ugly1 & begrimm$ ) fil?2 or ! /ill m mis]able ,bu%m54 ,pass+ ea/w>ds1 aft] tak+ leave ( ! ,p]sian & ,indian bran*es ( ! ,caucasian race1 we meet ) ! squat ,mongolian1 ) 8 high *eek bones set on a broad face1 & 8 compress$1 un9tellectual1 pig-l eyes2 or enc\nt]1 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago or ! ,au/ralian int]ior1 ! pitiably l[ ,al=ian races1 ) _! n>r[1 retreat+ =eheads1 slim1 feeble limbs1 & baboon-l faces4 ,or1 f9ally1 pass+ we/w>d1 we f9d ! l>ge-jaw$1 copp]-color$ ,indians ( ! ,new ,_w1 vigor\s 9 "s ( ! nor!rn tribes z animals1 ?\gh feeble z m51 b gradually s9k+ 9 s\!rn ,am]ica1 z among ! wild ,c>ibs or spott$ ,araucans2 till at ! extremity ( ! cont95t we f9d1 nak$ & %iv]+ among _! sn[s1 ! hide\s1 small-ey$1 small-limb$1 flat-head$ ,fuegians1 p]haps ! mo/ wret*$ ( human creatures4 ,& all ^! v>ieties ( ! species1 9 :i* we f9d humanity fall51 accord+ to ! poet1 into disgrace1 are v>ieties t h laps$ f ! orig9al ,caucasian type4 ,!y are all ! desc5dants ( man z ,god creat$ him2 b !y d n exemplify man z ,god creat$ him4 ,!y d n repres5t1 save 9 hide\s c>icature1 ! glori\s creature m\ld$ ( old by ! h& ( ! ,div9e ,work]4 ,!y are fall51--degrad$2 _m ( !m1 z races1 hopelessly lo/4 ,= all exp]i5ce s]ves to %[1 t :5 a tribe ( m5 falls b5ea? a c]ta9 level1 x _c come into competition ) civiliz$ man1 press+ outw>ds f 8 old c5tres to possess ! e>?1 )\t becom+ ext9ct be=e him4 ,sunk b5ea? a c]ta9 level1 z 9 ! =e/s ( ,am]ica1 9 ,van ,dieman's ,l&1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & among ! ,bu%m5 ( ! ,cape1 ! exp]i5ce ( m ?an a hundr$ ye>s demon/rates t its de/9y is ext9ction1--n re/oration4 ,individuals may be recov]$ by ! labors ( "s zeal\s mission>y2 b x is ! fate ( ! race1 aft] a few g5]ations1 to disappe>4 ,x has fall5 too hopelessly l[ to be re/or$4 ,!re rema9 curi\s traces 9 ! ,new ,_w ( ^! p]i%$ tribes4 ,! ,bible1 translat$ into an old ,indian language1 f :i* ! devot$ ,david ,bra9]d taught s successfully a nation ( ,r$ ,m51 /ill exi/s2 b x speaks 9 a dead tongue1 :i* no "o c n[ und]/&2 = ! nation to :om he prea*$ has become ext9ct4 ,& ,humboldt tells u1 9 ref]r+ to a p]i%$ tribe ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 t !re liv$ 9 #ahjf1 :5 he visit$ _! c\ntry1 an old p>rot 9 ,maypures1 :i* c\ld n be und]/ood1 because1 z ! natives in=m$ him1 x spoke ! language ( ! ,atures4 ,tribes ( ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia h :olly disappe>$ dur+ ! pres5t g5]ation2 & ,i rememb] see+ x /at$ 9 a newspap] p>agraph1 :i* appe>$ a few ye>s ago1 t ! la/ male survivor ( ! natives ( ,tasmania 0 at t "t 9 ! latt] /ages ( consumption4 ,b if man1 9 at lea/ ! m degrad$ v>ieties ( ! race1 be s palpably n :at ! ,creator orig9ally made him1 by :om1 !n1 0 he made ! poor lo/ creature :i* 9 ^! races we f9d him to be8 ,he 0 made :at he is1 ,i reply1 by man himself2 & ?is1 9 _m in/ances1 by a process :i* we may see e day tak+ place among ourselves 9 individuals & families1 ?\gh happily1 n 9 races4 ,man's nature aga91--to employ ! cond5s$ /atem5t ( ! poet1--has be5 b\nd fa/ 9 fate1 b 8 w has be5 left free4 ,he is free ei!r to resign himself to ! indol5ce & self-indulg5ce s natural to ! species2 or1 spurn+ delights1 to live labori\s days2--free ei!r to s9k into ignorant slo?1 dep5d5t uselessness1 & self-induc$ imbecility1 bodily & m5tal1 or to ass]t by hone/ labor a noble indep5d5ce1--to seek aft] k z = hidd5 treasures1 &1 9 ! se>*1 to %>p5 8 faculties & invigorate 8 m9d4 ,& :ile we see ar\nd u "s m5 address+ !mselves ) /\t1 brave he>ts to :at ,c>lyle t]ms1 ) homely vigor1 _! heavy job ( "w1 &1 by d5y+ !mselves _m an insidi\s indulg5ce1 do+ x effectually & well1 & re>+ up well-taught families 9 usefulness & com=t1 to be ! /ay ( ! future1 we see o!r m5 yield+ to ! ignoble solicitations ( appetite or ( indol5ce1 & becom+ worse ?an useless !mselves1 & ! p>5ts ( ignorant1 immoral1 & worse ?an useless families4 ,! w&]+ vagrants ( ,great ,brita9 at ! pres5t "t h be5 e/imat$ at f fifte5 to tw5ty ?\s& s\ls2 ! h]$it>y paup]s ( ,engl&1--a va/ly m num]\s class1--h become1 9 a consid]able degree1 a sept di/9ct f ! g5]al community2 & 9 all our l>ge t[ns !re are c]ta9 p] c5tages ( ! population1--unhappily ev] increas+ p] c5tages1--t1 d>k5$ 9 m9d & embrut$ 9 s5tim5t1 are widely recogniz$ z emphatically ! dang]\s classes ( ! community4 ,& let u rememb] t we are witness+ 9 ^! in/ances no new ?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! species3 e p]iod s9ce t ( ! vagabond ,ca9 has _h its waifs & /raggl]s1 :o fell beh9d 9 ! g5]al m>*4 ,9 circum/ances su* z obta9$ 9 ! e>li] ages ( ! human family1 all ! exi/+ nomades & paup]s ( our c\ntry w\ld h pass$ into di/9ct races ( m54 ,= 9 ! c\rse ( a few g5]ations _! =ms & complexions w\ld beg9 to tell ( ! self-induc$ degradation t _h tak5 place 9 _! m9ds2 & 9 a few ages m !y w\ld h become p]man5t v>ieties ( ! species4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* n m ?an f two to ?ree c5turies h be5 f\nd suffici5t ?or\ghly to alt] ! orig9al physiognomy ( a race4 ,on ! plantation ( ,ul/] 9 #afaa1 & aft]w>ds1 on ! success ( ! ,briti% aga9/ ! rebels 9 #afda & #afhi1 says a %rewd writ] ( ! pres5t day1 himself an ,iri%man1 great multitudes ( ! native ,iri% 7 driv5 f ,armagh & ! s\? ( ,d[n1 into ! m\nta9\s tract ext5d+ f ! ,b>ony ( ,fleurs ea/w>d to ! sea2 on ! o!r side ( ! k+dom ! same race 7 expos$ to ! wor/ effects ( hung] & ignorance1 ! two great brutaliz]s ( ! human race4 ,! desc5dants ( ^! exiles are n[ di/+ui%$ physically by great degradation4 ,!y are rem>kable = op51 project+ m\?s1 ) prom95t tee? & expos$ gums2 & _! advanc+ *eek bones & depress$ noses be> b>b>ism on _! v front4 ,9 ,sligo & nor!rn ,mayo ! consequ5ces ( ! two c5turies ( degradation & h>d%ip exhibit !mselves 9 ! :ole physical condition ( ! p1 affect+ n only ! features1 b ! frame4 ,five feet two in*es on an av]age1--pot-belli$1 b[-legg$1 abortively featur$1 _! clo?+ a wisp ( rags1--^! spectres ( a p t 7 once well-gr[n1 able-bodi$1 & comely1 /alk abroad into ! daylight ( civilization1 ! annual app>ition ( ,iri% ugl9ess & ,iri% want4 ,su* is man z man himself has made him1--n man z he came f ! h& ( ! ,creator4 ,9 _m in/ances ! degradation has be5 volunt>y2 9 o!rs x has be5 =c$ ^u families & races by ! iron h& ( oppression2 9 almo/ all1--:e!r self-*os5 by ! p>5ts or impos$ ^u !m1--! *ildr5 & ! *ildr5's *ildr5 h1 z a matt] ( inevitable necessity1 be5 born to x4 ,=1 :atev] we may ?9k ( ! ,scriptural doctr9e on ?is special head1 x is a fact broad & palpable 9 ! economy ( nature1 t p>5ts d occupy a f$]al position2 & t ! laps$ prog5itors1 :5 cut (f f civilization & all ext]nal int]f]5ce ( a mission>y "*1 become ! f\nd]s ( a laps$ race4 ,! iniquities ( ! p>5ts are visit$ ^u ! *ildr54 ,& 9 all su* in/ances x is man left to ! fre$om ( 8 own w t is ! det]iorator ( man4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,fall1 9 its purely !ologic aspect1 is a doctr9e :i* mu/ be appreh5d$ by fai?2 b x is at lea/ some?+ to f9d t ! analogies ( sci5ce1 in/ead ( runn+ c\nt] to x1 run 9 exactly ! same l9e4 ,x is "o ( ! inevitable consequ5ces ( t nature ( man :i* ! ,creator b\nd fa/ 9 fate1 :ile he left free 8 w1 t ! free w ( ! p>5t %\ld become ! de/9y ( ! *ild4 ,b ! subject is "o 9 :i* we c see our way z b ?r\gh a glass d>kly4 ,nay1 x is possible t ! ma/] problem :i* x involves no creat$ intellig5ce c ?or\ghly unlock4 ,x has be5 well said1 t ! poet's he>t is in=m$ by a t]rible sagacity2 & ,i am at times dispos$ to reg>d ,milton's conception ( ! p]plexity ( ! fall5 spirits1 :5 reason+ on fix$ fate1 free w1 =ekn[l$ge absolute1 & f9d+ no end 9 w&]+ mazes lo/1 mu* r z a sob] tru? caught f ! invisible _w1 ?an z m]ely an +5i\s fancy4 ,! late ,rob]t ,montgom]y has r unhappily *os5 ,satan z "o ( ! !mes ( 8 muse2 & 9 8 long poem1 designat$ 9 its second title ,intellect )\t ,god1 he has set t p]sonage a-reason+ 9 a /yle :i*1 ,i fe>1 m completely demon/rates ! abs5ce ( ,god ?an ! pres5ce ( intellect4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 sometimes occurr$ to me1 t a poet ( ! l>g] calibre1 :o to ! ,div9e faculty & vision add$ su* a k ( geologic sci5ce z t :i* ,virgil possess$ ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( 8 "t1 or z t :i* ,milton possess$ ( ! g5]al le>n+ ( 81 might f9d1 9 a some:at simil> subject1 ! mat]ials ( a poem :i* po/]ity w\ld n will+ly let die4 ,!re is "o ( ! satiri/s ju/ly sev]e on a class ( critics ,:o1 drily pla91 )\t inv5tion's aid1 ,write dull receipts h[ poems may be made4 ,b at "s risk ( r5d]+ myself obnoxi\s to 8 c5sure1 ,i %all attempt indicat+ at lea/ ! g5]al scope & "* ( :at ! s*oolm5 might t]m a possible poem2 :i*1 if vivifi$ by ! g5ius ( "s ( ! high] ma/]s ( ! lyre1 broad ( faculty1 & at once great poets & great m51 might prove "o preci\s boon m to ! _w1 suit$1 con=mably to ! special dem&s ( ^! latt] times1 to ass]t ,et]nal ,provid5ce1 ,& ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man4 ,!re has be5 w> among ! intellig5ces ( ,god's spiritual creation4 ,lucif]1 son ( ! morn+1 has fall5 l fire f heav52 & our pres5t e>?1 exi/+ z a half-ext+ui%$ hell1 has receiv$ him & 8 angels4 ,dead matt] exi/s1 & 9 ! unembodi$ spirits vitality exi/s2 b n yet 9 all ! univ]se ( ,god has ! vitality be5 unit$ to ! matt]2 animal life1 to ev5 ! pr(\nd appreh5sion ( ! fall5 angel1 is an inconceivable idea4 ,mean:ile1 z ! sc>ce reckon$ c5turies roll by1 vacantly & dull1 l ! *e]less days & nights ov] ! head ( "s unhappy captive1 ! mis]able prison]s ( our planet become aw>e t !re is a sl[ *ange tak+ place 9 ! condition ( _! prison-h\se4 ,:]e a l[1 d>k ar*ipelago ( isl&s raise _! flat backs ov] ! !rmal wat]s1 ! heat gl[s less int5sely ?an ( old2 ! r$ fire bur/s =? less frequ5tly2 ! dread e>?quake %akes m r>ely2 save 9 a few c5tres ( int5s] action1 ! great deep no long] boils l a pot2 & ?\gh ! heav5s are /ill %ut out by a gray ceil+ ( ?ick vapor1 ?r\gh :i* sun or moon nev] yet appe>$1 a less gloomy twilight /ruggles at noonday ?r\gh ! envelop+ cl\d1 & falls m *e]fully ?an h]et(ore ^u l& & sea4 ,at l5g? !re comes a morn+ 9 :i* great ocean & ! scatt]$ isl&s decl>e t ,god ! ,creator _h desc5d$ to visit ! e>?4 ,! hi!rto v]dureless l& be>s ! gre5 flu% ( vegetation2 & !re are creep+ ?+s among ! trees4 ,nor is ! till n[ unexampl$ my/]y ( animal life abs5t f ! s\nds & bays4 ,x is ! highe/ intellig5ces t manife/ ! deepe/ int]e/ 9 ! works ( ! ,all ,wise4 ,nor c we d\bt t on t morn+ ( creative miracle1 9 :i* matt] & vitality 7 fir/ unit$ 9 ! bonds ( a /range w$lock1 ! compreh5sive intellect ( ! great fall5 _s--pr(\nd & active beyond ! lot ( humanity--w\ld h f\nd ample employm5t 9 attempt+ to fa?om ! va/ my/]y1 & 9 va9ly ask+ :at ^! /range ?+s might mean4 ,) h[ mu* ( wond]1 z sc5e succe$$ sc5e1 & creation foll[$ creation1--z life sprang out ( dea?1 & dea? out ( life1--mu/ n t acute ,intellig5ce h wat*$ ! c\rse ( ! ,div9e ,work]1--scornful ( _s & full ( enmity1 & yet aw>e1 9 ! inn] dep?s ( 8 intellect1 t :at he d>$ insult+ly to depreciate1 he yet fail$1 9 its ultimate end & purpose1 adequately to compreh5d6 ,/&+ 9 ! pres5ce ( unsolv$ my/]y1 "u ! *ill & )]+ %ad[ ( t secret ( ! ,"l :i* 0 n ) him1 h[ ?or\ghly mu/ he n h se51 & ) :at bitt] malignity felt1 t ! grasp ( ! ,almighty 0 /ill ^u him1 & t 9 ! ev] v>y+ problem ( creation1 :i*1 ) all 8 p[]s1 he fail$ to unlock1 & :i*1 z age succe$$ age1 rema9$ an unsolv$ problem /ill1 ! ,div9e ,ma/] aga9/ :om he _h rebell$1 b f ^: pres5ce x 0 9 va9 to flee1 emphatically spake to him1 z 9 an aft] age to ! patri>* ,job1 &1 ) ! quiet dignity ( ! ,inf9ite1 *all5g$ him ei!r to d or to "k6 ,%all he t c\t5de? ) ! ,almighty in/ruct him8 ,he t reprove? ,god1 let him answ]4 ,kn[e/ ?\ ! ord9ances ( ,heav58 or can/ ?\ set ! dom9ion !re( 9 ! e>?8 ,) :at wild ?\ghts mu/ t re/less & unhappy _s h w&]$ amid ! tangl$ mazes ( ! old c>bonif]\s =e/s6 ,) :at bitt] mock]ies mu/ he h wat*$ ! fi]ce w>s :i* rag$ 9 _! sluggi% wat]s1 among rav5\s creatures horrid ) tr5*ant tee?1 b>b$ /+1 & %>p sp9e1 & envelop$ 9 glitt]+ armor ( plate & scale6 ,& h[1 z g5]ation aft] g5]ation pass$ away1 & ev] & anon ! ocean roll$ :]e ! l& _h be51 or ! l& rose to possess ! anci5t seats ( ! ocean1--h[1 :5 look+ back ^u myriads ( ages1 & :5 call+ up 9 memory :at once _h be51 ! features ( e>? seem$ sc>ce m fix$ to 8 view ?an ! features ( ! sky 9 a day ( dappl$1 breeze-borne cl\ds1--h[ mu/ he h felt1 z he became consci\s t ! e>? 0 fa/ rip5+1 & t1 z its f\ndations became /able on ! abyss1 x 0 made by ! ,creator a home ( high] & yet high] =ms ( exi/5ce1--h[ mu/ he h felt1 if1 l "s old augur look+ into ! inn] my/]ies ( animal life1 ) _! /range prophecies1 ! tru? _h at l5g? bur/ ^u him1 t reason+1 acc\ntable man 0 fa/ com+ to ! bir?1--man1 ! moral ag5t1--man1 ! ultimate "w & end ( creation1--man1 a creature 9 :om1 z 9 ! inf]ior animals1 vitality 0 to be unit$ to matt]1 b 9 :om also1 z 9 no inf]ior animal1 responsibility 0 to be unit$ to vitality6 ,h[ mu/ expectancy h quick5$1--h[ mu/ solicitude h gr[n1--:51 aft] ! dyna/y ( ! fi% _h be5 succe$$ by ! dyna/y ( ! reptile1 & t ( ! reptile by ! dyna/y ( ! sagaci\s mammal1 a "t _h at l5g? arriv$ :5 ! e>? _h become fix$ & /able1 & ! pr\d waves ( ocean _h be5 /ay$1--:51 aft] species & g5]a 9 bo? k+doms _h be5 increas$ t5fold beyond ! prec$5t ( any =m] age1 ! ,creative ,h& seem$ to pause 9 its work+1 & ! f9i%$ creation to dem& its "l6 ,ev5 at ?is late p]iod1 h[ /range may n ! d\bts & unc]ta9ties h be5 t rema9$ to d>k5 ! m9d ( ! lo/ _s6 ,x 0 accord+ to 8 exp]i5ce1--/ret*$ backw>ds to ! fir/ beg9n+s ( organic vitality1 & coext5sive1 at a /ill e>li] p]iod1 ) ,god's spiritual univ]se1--t all animals %\ld die1--t all moral ag5ts %\ld live4 ,h[1 9 ?is new creature1--?is prodigy ( creation1 :o 0 to unite :at nev] be=e _h be5 unit$1--! nature ( ! animals t die ) ! /&+ & responsibility ( ! moral ag5ts t live1--h[1 9 ?is p>tak] ( ! d\ble nature1 0 ! discrepancy to be reconcil$8 ,h[1 9 ?is matt]1 7 ! opposite claims ( life & dea? to be adju/$1 or ! absolute immortality1 :i* _c admit ( degrees1 to be made to meet ) & %ade into ! mortality :i*1 let u ext5d ! t]m ( previ\s vitality z we may1 mu/ =ev] involve ! antagoni/ic idea ( f9al annihilation & ! ceas+ to be8 ,at l5g? creation receives its deput$ mon>*4 ,=1 m\ld$ by ,god's own f+]1 & 9 ,god's own lik5ess1 man ent]s ^u ! sc5e1 an exquisite creature1 ri* 9 native faculty1 pregnant ) ! yet undevelop$ se$s ( all wisdom & k1 t5d] ( he>t & pure ( _s1 =m$ to hold high communion ) 8 ,creator1 & to brea! abroad 8 s\l 9 sympa?y ov] all t ! ,creator _h made4 ,& yet1 left to ! fre$om ( 8 own w1 !re is a weakness 9 ! fle% t betrays 8 e>?ly l9eage4 ,x is into ! du/ ( ! gr\nd t ! liv+ s\l has be5 brea!d4 ,! son ( ! soil1 :o1 l ! inf]ior animals1 8 subjects1 sleeps & wakes1 & c feel ?ir/ & hung]1 & ! we>9ess ( toil1 & ! sweets ( re/1 & :o come "u ! g5]al law1 increase & multiply1 promulgat$ ( old to !m1 /&s less firmly ?an ! immat]ial spirits /ood ( old2 & yet ev5 !y rebell$ aga9/ ,heav51 & fell4 ,!re awakes a grim hope 9 ! sull5 "l ( ! fir/ revolt4 ,ages beyond tale or reckon+ has ?is temple ( creation be5 9 build+4 ,long h its mute prophecies 9 fi%es & 9 creep+ ?+s1 9 bird & 9 bea/1 told ( com+ man1 its f9al object & end4 ,& n[ !re ne$e? b "o bl[1 & ! :ole edifice is de/roy$1 ,god's purposes m>r$ & fru/rat$1 & ?is new favorite ( e>? da%$ back to ! du/ out ( :i* he 0 creat$1 & br\ght1 l ! old1 ext9ct races1 "u ! et]nal law ( dea?4 ,arm$ ) ! exp]i5ce 9 evil ( unsumm$ ages1 ! ,tempt] plies 8 "w3 nor is x to l[ or ignoble appetites t he appeals4 ,x is to ! newly-=m$ creature's ?ir/ = k2 x is to 8 love /rong] ?an dea?4 ,! wiles ( ! ,old ,s]p5t prevail2 man falls pro/rate be=e him2 creation trembles2 & !n f amid ! trees ( ! g>d5 comes ! voice ( ,god4 ,& lo6 9 an enigma my/]i\s & d>k a new disp5sation ( prophecy beg9s4 ,victims ble$2 alt>s smoke2 ! tab]nacle arises amid ! :ite t5ts ( ! des]t2 ! temple asc5ds all glori\s on ! heights ( ,m\nt ,zion2 prophet aft] prophet decl>es 8 message4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! fulness ( "t1 ! ,messiah comes2 &1 9 satisfy+ ! law1 & 9 fulfill+ all righte\sness1 & 9 br++ life & immortality to light1 abundantly %[s =? t ! t]m9al dyna/y ( all creation _h be5 ( old =eorda9$1 ere ! f\ndations ( ! _w1 to possess = its et]nal "l & mon>*1 n primeval man1 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god1 b ,god1 made manife/ 9 ! fle%1 9 ! =m ( primeval man4 ,b h[ breaks on ! baffl$ ,tempt] ! sublime revelation8 ,we>ily did he toil1--d>kly did he devise1 & take1 9 8 great mis]y1 deep c\nsel aga9/ ! ,almighty2 & yet all ! :ile1 :ile /riv+ & resi/+ z an enemy1 has he be5 wield$ z a tool2 :51 gl>+ alo( 9 8 pr\d rebellion1 ! grasp ( ! ,omnipot5t has be5 ^u him1 & ! ,et]nal ,purposes h encompass$ him1 & he has be5 work+ out1 all unwitt+ly1 ! =eorda9$ decree1 ,= our ,god make? ! wra? ( ! wick$ to praise him1 & ! rema9d] !re( do? he re/ra94 ,b en\gh1 = ! pres5t1 ( ! poems t might be4 ,p]mit me1 h[ev]1 to add1 9 ! words ( "o ( ! mo/ sugge/ive1 & c]ta9ly n lea/ p[]ful1 ( ,engli% ?9k]s1 t a fall ( "s sort or o!r1--! creation1 z x 71 ( ! non-absolute1--is ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( ! moral hi/ory ( man4 ,)\t ?is hypo!sis1 he adds1 man is un9telligible1--) x e ph5om5on is explicable4 ,! my/]y itself is too pr(\nd = human insight4 ,su*1 9 ?is matt]1 0 ! ultimate judgm5t ( a man :o 9 y\? _h ent]ta9$ v opposite views1--! poet ,col]idge4 ,x has be5 said t ! inf]5ces ( ! geologi/ militate aga9/ ^? ( ! !ologian4 ,nay1 n ^? ( our high] geologi/s & high] !ologians1--n :at our ,mur*isons & ,s$gwicks inf] 9 ! "o field1 ) :at our ,*alm]ses & ,isaac ,taylors inf] 9 ! o!r4 ,betwe5 ! ,^w & ! ,works ( ,god !re c be no actual discrepancies2 & ! seem+ ones are disc]nible only by ! m5 :o see wor/4 ,mote-l !y flick] 9 un/eady eyes1 ,& weake/ 8 :o be/ descries4 ,! geologi/1 z c]ta9ly z ! !ologian1 has a prov9ce exclusively 8 own2 & 7 ! !ologian ev] to rememb] t ! ,scriptures c\ld n possibly h be5 giv5 to u z revelations ( sci5tific tru?1 see+ t a s+le sci5tific tru? !y nev] yet reveal$1 & ! geologi/ t x mu/ be 9 va9 to seek 9 sci5ce ^? tru?s :i* lead to salvation1 see+ t 9 sci5ce ^! tru?s 7 nev] yet f\nd1 !re w\ld be little dang] ev5 ( diff]5ce among !m1 & none ( collision4 ,nay1 !re is1 ,i d\bt n1 a "t com+ 9 :i* ! ,butl]s & ,*alm]ses ( ! future w be cont5t to recognize ! geologic field z t ( _! ri*e/ & mo/ pregnant analogies4 ,x is ) ! hi/ory ( ! pre-,adamic ages t geology sets itself to deal2 & by c>efully conn+ ! anci5t *>act]s grav5 9 ! rocks1 & by deciph]+ ! /range inscriptions :i* !y compose1 x greatly ext5ds ! record ( ,god's do+s ^u ! e>?4 ,& :at m natural to expect1 or rational to hold1 ?an t ! ,un*angeable ,"o %\ld h wr\ght 9 all "t aft] "o g5]al type & patt]n1 or ?an t we may seek1 9 ! hope ( f9d+1 meet correspond5ces & /rik+ analogies betwe5 8 reveal$ work+s dur+ ! human p]iod1 & 8 previ\s work+s ( old dur+ ! geologic p]iods1--correspond5ces & analogies suit$ to e/abli% ! id5tity ( ! work]1 &1 ( c\rse1 f t id5tity to demon/rate ! au!nticity ( ! revelation8 ,p]mit me to br+ out1 9 conclusion1 :at ,i h (t5 ?\ght on ?is subject1 b h n be5 able s t]sely to express1 9 a brief quotation f "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive works ( ! pres5t age1 ! ,me?od ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,m',co%3--,sci5ce has a f\ndation1 says ?is solid ?9k] & accompli%$ writ]1 & s has religion4 ,let !m unite _! f\ndations1 & ! basis w be broad]1 & !y w be two comp>tm5ts ( "o great fabric re>$ to ! glory ( ,god4 ,let ! "o be ! out] & ! o!r ! inn] c\rt4 ,9 ! "o let all look1 & admire1 & adore2 & 9 ! o!r let ^? :o h fai? kneel1 & pray1 & praise4 ,let ! "o be ! sanctu>y :]e human le>n+ may pres5t its ri*e/ inc5se z an (f]+ to ,god1 & ! o!r1 ! holie/ ( all1 sep>at$ f x by a veil n[ r5t 9 twa91 & 9 :i*1 on a blood-spr9kl$ m]cy seat1 we p\r out ! love ( a reconcil$ he>t1 & he> ! oracles ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,,lecture ,,sev5?4 ,,! ,,noa*ian ,,deluge4 ,,"p ,i4 ,!re are ev5ts s /rik+ 9 !mselves or f _! accompanim5ts1 t !y p[]fully impress ! memories ( *ildr5 b little remov$ f infancy1 & are reta9$ by !m 9 a sort ( tr\bl$ recollection ev] aft]1 h[ev] ext5d$ _! t]m ( life4 ,samuel ,johnson 0 only two & a half ye>s old :51 9 accordance ) ! belief ( ! "t1 he 0 t\*$ by ,que5 ,anne = ! ,evil2 b m ?an sev5ty ye>s aft]1 he c\ld call up 9 memory a dream-l recollection ( ! lady dress$ 9 a black hood1 & glitt]+ ) diamonds1 into ^: awful pres5ce he _h be5 u%]$ on t occasion1 & :o _h done = ! cure ( 8 compla9t all t legitimate royalty c\ld d4 ,& an anci5t lady ( ! nor? c\ntry1 :o _h be5 c>ri$1 :5 a *ild1 9 h] nurse's arms1 to witness ! la/ wit* execution t took place 9 ,scotl&1 c\ld di/9ctly tell1 aft] ! lapse ( ne>ly a c5tury1 t ! fire 0 surr\nd$ by an awe-/ruck cr[d1 & t ! smoke ( ! burn+1 :5 bl[n ab\t h] by a cross breeze1 _h a f\l & suffocat+ odor4 ,9 ?is respect ! memory ( infant tribes & nations seems to resemble t ( individuals4 ,!re are *>act]s & ev5ts :i* impress x s /rongly1 t !y seem nev] to be =gott51 b live z traditions1 sometimes mayhap v vague1 & mu* modifi$ by ! inv5tions ( an aft] "t1 b :i*1 9 float+ d[nw>ds to late ages1 always be> ab\t !m a c]ta9 /rong impress ( _! pri/9e reality4 ,!y are %ad[s t h become ill def9$ f ! va/ di/ance ( ! objects t ca/ !m1--l ! %ad[s ( great birds flung1 9 a summ]'s day1 f ! blue dep?s ( ! sky to ! l&scape f> bel[1--b ^: v pres5ce1 h[ev] diffus$ !y may h become1 te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( ! remote realities f :i* !y are ?r[n1 & )\t :i* !y c\ld h _h no be+ at all4 ,! old my?ologies are fill$ ) %ad[y traditions ( ?is k9d1--%ad[s ( ! _w's gray fa!rs1--:i*1 l ^? %ad[s se5 reflect$ on cl\ds by travell]s :o asc5d l(ty m\nta9s1 are exagg]at$ into ! mo/ gigantic proportions1 & be> radiant glories ar\nd _! heads4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o special tradition :i* seems to be m deeply impress$ & m widely spread ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,! de/ruction ( well nigh ! :ole human race1 9 an e>ly age ( ! _w's hi/ory1 by a great deluge1 appe>s to h s impress$ ! m9ds ( ! few survivors1 & seems to h be5 h&$ d[n to _! *ildr51 9 consequ5ce1 ) su* t]ror-/ruck impressiv5ess1 t _! remote desc5dants ( ! pres5t day h n ev5 yet =gott5 x4 ,x appe>s 9 almo/ e my?ology1 & lives 9 ! mo/ di/ant c\ntries1 & among ! mo/ b>b>\s tribes4 ,x 0 ! laudable ambition ( ,humboldt1--fir/ ent]ta9$ at a v e>ly p]iod ( life1--to p5etrate into di/ant regions1 unkn[n to ! natives ( ,europe at ! "t1 t he might acqua9t himself1 9 fields ( rese>* altoge!r fre% & new1 ) m5 & ) nature 9 _! mo/ primitive conditions4 ,9 c>ry+ out 8 design1 he j\rney$ f> into ! woody wild]ness t surr\nds ! ,or9oco1 & f\nd himself among tribes ( wild ,indians ^: v names 7 unkn[n to ! civiliz$ _w4 ,& yet among ev5 ^! =gott5 races ( ! human family he f\nd ! tradition ( ! deluge /ill fre% & di/9ct2 n conf9$ to s+le tribes1 b g5]al among ! scatt]$ nations ( t great region1 & int]tw9$ ) curi\s additions1 sugge/ive ( ! inv5tions ( classic my?ology 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,! belief 9 a great deluge1 we f9d him say+1 is n conf9$ to "o nation s+ly1--! ,tamanacs3 x makes "p ( a sy/em ( hi/orical tradition1 ( :i* we f9d scatt]$ notions among ! ,maypures ( ! great cat>acts2 among ! ,indians ( ! ,rio ,erevato1 :i* runs into ! ,caura2 & among almo/ all ! tribes ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,:5 ! ,tamanacs are ask$ h[ ! human race surviv$ ?is great deluge1--'! age ( wat]' ( ! ,mexicans1--!y say1 a man & woman sav$ !mselves on a high m\nta9 call$ ,tamanacu1 situat$ on ! banks ( ! ,asiv]u1 &1 ca/+ beh9d !m ov] _! heads ! fruits ( ! mauritia palm-tree1 !y saw ! se$s conta9$ 9 ^! fruits produce m5 & wom51 :o re-peopl$ ! e>?4 ,?us1 adds ! philosophic travell]1 we f9d 9 all simplicity1 among nations n[ 9 a savage /ate1 a tradition :i* ! ,greeks embelli%$ ) all ! *>ms ( imag9ation4 ,! resemblance is c]ta9ly v /rik+4 ,quit ! temple1 said ! ,oracle to ,deucalion & ,pyrrha1 :5 !y _h consult$ x1 aft] ! great deluge1 reg>d+ ! mode 9 :i* ! e>? 0 to be re-peopl$1--vail y\r heads1 unloose y\r girdles1 & ?r[ beh9d y\r backs ! bones ( y\r gr&mo!r4 ,rightly int]pret+ :at seem$ d>ke/ & mo/ obscure 9 ! reply1 !y took /ones ( ! e>?1 &1 ca/+ !m beh9d !m1 ! /ones flung by ,deucalion became m51 & ^? by ,pyrrha became wom51 & ?us ! disfurni%$ _w 0 peopl$ anew4 ,! navigator always reg>ds himself z sure ( 8 position :5 he has two l&m>ks to det]m9e x by1 or :5 9 ! op5 ocean he c asc]ta91 n only 8 latitude1 b 8 longitude also4 ,& ?is curi\s ,am]ican tradition seems to h its two su* m>ks1--its two bisect+ l9es ( det]m9ation1--to id5tify x ) ! classic tradition ( ! ,old ,_w t ref]s evid5tly to ! same great ev5t4 ,!re are o!r portions ( ,am]ica 9 :i* ! tradition ( ! ,flood is /ill m di/9ct ?an among ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco4 ,x is relat$ by ,h]r]a1 "o ( ! ,spani% hi/orians ( ,am]ica1 t ev5 ! mo/ b>b>\s ( ! ,brazilians _h "s k ( a g5]al deluge2 t 9 ,p]u ! anci5t ,indians report$1 t _m ye>s be=e !re 7 any ,incas1 all ! p 7 dr[n$ by a great flood1 save six p]sons1 ! prog5itors ( ! exi/+ races1 :o 7 sav$ on a float2 t among ! ,me*oa*ans x 0 believ$ t a s+le family 0 pres]v$1 dur+ ! outbur/ ( ! wat]s1 9 an ark1 ) a suffici5t numb] ( animals to repl5i% ! new _w2 &1 m curi\s /ill1 t x us$ to be told by ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,cuba1 t an old man1 kn[+ ! deluge 0 to come1 built a great %ip1 & w5t into x ) 8 family & abundance ( animals2 & t1 we>y+ dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! flood1 he s5t out a cr[1 :i* at fir/ did n return1 /ay+ to fe$ on ! dead bodies1 b aft]w>ds return$ be>+ ) x a gre5 bran*4 ,! resemblance borne by ?is la/ tradition to ! ,mosaic n>rative is s close z to awak5 a d\bt :e!r x may n h be5 b a m]e recollection ( ! tea*+ ( "s e>ly mission>y4 ,nor c its g5u95ess n[ be te/$1 see+ t ! race :i* *]i%$ x has be5 long s9ce ext9ct4 ,x may be /at$1 h[ev]1 t a simil> suspicion cross$ ! m9d ( ,humboldt :5 he 0 engag$ 9 collect+ ! traditions ( ! ,indians ( ! ,or9oco2 b t on fur!r reflection & inquiry he dismiss$ ! d\bt z gr\ndless4 ,he ev5 set himself to exam9e :e!r ! di/rict 0 n a fossilif]\s "o1 & :e!r b$s ( sea %ells1 or deposits *>g$ ) ! petrifi$ rema9s ( corals or ( fi%es1 might n h orig9at$ among ! aborig9es "s m]e my? ( a great inundation suffici5t to acc\nt = ! appe>ances 9 ! rocks4 ,b he f\nd t ! region 0 ma9ly a prim>y "o1 9 :i* he c\ld detect only a s+le pat* ( s$im5t>y rock1 exi/+ z an unfossilif]\s s&/one4 ,& s1 ?\gh little prejudic$ 9 favor ( ! ,mosaic record1 he c\ld n avoid arriv+ at ! conclusion1 simply 9 8 "* z a philosophic inquir]1 :o _h no o!r object ?an to atta9 to ! real & ! true1 t ! leg5d ( ! wild ,maypures & ,tamanacs reg>d+ a great de/ructive deluge 0 simply "o ( ! _m =ms ( t olde/ ( traditions :i* appe>s to be well nigh coext5sive ) ! human family1 & :i*1 9 all its v>i$ editions1 seems to po9t at "o & ! same signal ev5t4 ,v v>i$ "s ( ^! editions are4 ,! inhabitants ( ,tahiti tell1 = in/ance1 t ! ,supreme ,god1 a long "t ago1 be+ angry1 dragg$ ! e>? ?r\gh ! sea1 b t by a happy accid5t _! isl& broke (f & 0 pres]v$2 ! ,indians ( ,t]ra ,firma believe1 t :5 ! great deluge took place1 "o man1 ) 8 wife & *ildr51 escap$ 9 a canoe2 & ! ,indians ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican lakes hold1 t ! fa!r ( all _! tribes be+ w>n$ 9 a dream t a flood 0 com+1 built a raft1 on :i* he pres]v$ 8 family1 & pairs ( all ! animals1 & :i* drift$ ab\t = _m mon?s1 until at l5g? a new e>? 0 made = _! reception by ! ,mighty ,man above4 ,9 t widely ext5d$ portion ( ! ,old ,_w ov] :i* ,*ri/ianity has spread 9 its ?ree great types1--,greek1 ,romi%1 & ,prote/ant1--& 9 ! sc>ce less ext5d$ portion occupi$ by ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$1 ! ,scriptural acc\nt ( ! deluge1 or ! imp]fect reflection ( x borr[$ by ! ,koran1 has1 ( c\rse1 supplant$ ! old traditions4 ,b outside ^! regions we f9d ! traditions exi/+ /ill4 ,"o ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,p>sees 7repres5tatives ( ! anci5t ,p]sians7 records1 t ! _w hav+ be5 corrupt$ by ,ahriman ! ,evil ,"o1 x 0 ?\ght necess>y to br+ ov] x a univ]sal flood ( wat]s1 t all impurity might be wa%$ away4 ,accord+ly ! ra9 came d[n 9 drops z l>ge z ! head ( a bull1 until ! e>? 0 :olly cov]$ ) wat]1 & all ! creatures ( ! ,evil ,"o p]i%$4 ,& !n ! flood gradually subsid$1 & fir/ ! m\nta9s1 & next ! pla9s1 appe>$ once m4 ,9 ! ,sc&9avian ,edda1 betwe5 ^: wild fables & ^? ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,p>sees !re has be5 a resemblance trac$ by accompli%$ antiqu>ies su* z ,mallet1 ! tradition ( ! deluge takes a s+ul>ly mon/r\s =m4 ,on ! dea? ( ! great giant ,ymir1 ^: fle% & bones =m ! rocks & soils ( ! e>?1 & :o 0 sla9 by ! e>ly gods1 8 blood1 :i* n[ con/itutes ! ocean1 ru%$ s copi\sly out ( 8 w\nds1 t all ! old race ( ! less] giants1 8 (fspr+1 7 dr[n$ 9 ! flood :i* x occasion$1 save "o2 & he1 by escap+ on bo>d 8 b>k ) 8 wife1 outliv$ ! deluge4 ,! tradition "h is evid5tly allegoriz$1 b x is by no means lo/ 9 ! allegory4 ,sir ,william ,jones1 p]haps ! mo/ le>n$ & accompli%$ man ( 8 age 7su* at lea/ 0 ! e/imate ( ,johnson71 & ! fir/ :o fairly op5$ up ! great /oreh\se ( ea/]n antiquities1 describes ! tradition ( ! deluge z preval5t also 9 ! va/ ,*9ese empire1 ) its ?ree hundr$ millions ( p4 ,he /ates t x 0 !re believ$ t1 j ere ! appe>ance ( ,fohi 9 ! m\nta9s1 a mighty flood1 :i* fir/ fl[$ abundantly1 & !n subsid$1 cov]$ = a "t ! :ole e>?1 & sep>at$ ! high] f ! l[] age ( mank9d4 ,! ,h9du tradition1 z relat$ by ,sir ,william1 ?\gh disfigur$ by /range additions1 is /ill m explicit4 ,an evil demon hav+ purlo9$ ! sacr$ books f ,brahma1 ! :ole race ( m5 became corrupt except ! sev5 ,ni%is1 & 9 especial ! holy ,satyavrata1 ! pr9ce ( a m>itime region1 :o1 :5 "o day ba?+ 9 a riv]1 0 visit$ by ! god ,vi%nu 9 ! %ape ( a fi%1 & ?us address$ by him3--,9 sev5 days all creatures :o h (f5d$ me %all be de/roy$ by a deluge2 b ?\ %alt be secur$ 9 a capaci\s vessel1 miracul\sly =m$4 ,take1 !re=e1 all k9ds ( m$ic9al h]bs1 & escul5t gra9 = food1 &1 toge!r ) ! sev5 holy m51 y\r respective wives1 & pairs ( all animals1 ent] ! ark )\t fe>3 !n %alt ?\ "k ,god face to face1 & all ?y que/ions %all be answ]$4 ,! god !n disappe>$2 & aft] sev5 days1 dur+ :i* ,satyavrata _h con=m$ 9 all respects to ! in/ructions giv5 him1 ! ocean began to ov]fl[ ! coa/s1 & ! e>? to be flood$ by con/ant ra9s1 :5 a l>ge vessel 0 se5 com+ float+ %ore-w>ds on ! ris+ wat]s2 into :i* ! ,pr9ce & ! sev5 virtu\s ,ni%is ent]$1 ) _! wives1 all lad5 ) plants & gra91 & accompani$ by ! animals4 ,dur+ ! deluge ,vi%nu pres]v$ ! ark by aga9 tak+ ! =m ( a fi%1 & ty+ x fa/ to himself2 & :5 ! wat]s _h subsid$1 he communicat$ ! cont5ts ( ! sacr$ books to ! holy ,satyavrata1 aft] fir/ slay+ ! demon :o _h /ol5 !m4 ,x is add$1 h[ev]1 t ! good man hav+1 on "o occasion long aft]1 by ! act ( de/9y1 drunk mead1 he became s5seless1 & lay asleep nak$1 & t ,*>ma1 "o ( ?ree sons :o _h be5 born to him1 f9d+ him 9 t sad /ate1 call$ on 8 two bro!rs to witness ! %ame ( _! fa!r1 & said to !m1 ,:at has n[ befall58 ,9 :at /ate is ?is our sire8 ,b by ! two bro!rs1--m dutiful ?an ,*>ma1--he 0 hidd5 ) clo!s1 & recall$ to 8 s5ses2 &1 hav+ recov]$ 8 intellect1 & p]fectly kn[+ :at _h pass$1 he curs$ ,*>ma1 say+1 ,?\ %alt be a s]vant ( s]vants4 ,x w\ld be difficult c]ta9ly to produce a m curi\s leg5d1 or "o m /rik+ly illu/rative ( ! mixture ( tru? & fable :i* mu/ ev] be look$ = 9 t tradition :i* "s are cont5t to accept ev5 9 religion z a tru/wor?y guide4 ,9 ev] v>y+ tradition1 z 9 ^? difficult problems 9 physical sci5ce :i* h to be wr\ght out f a multitude ( diff]+ obs]vations1 x is1 if ,i may s express myself1 ! mean result ( ! :ole t mu/ be accept$ z approximately ! true "o4 ,& ! mean result ( ^? dim & di/ort$ recollections ( ! v>i\s tribes ( m5 :i* ref] to ! ,flood is a result :i* be>s simply to ?is effect1--t 9 "s e>ly age ( ! _w a great deluge took place1 9 :i* well nigh ! :ole human family 0 de/roy$4 ,! anci5t traditions :i* h come d[n to u embalm$ 9 classic lit]ature =m b a small portion ( :at seems once to h exi/$ 9 ! wide region n[ ov]spread by ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism4 ,a second deluge1 m fatal to at lea/ ! productions ( ! human m9d ?an ! fir/ _h be51 ov]spread ! e>? dur+ :at are kn[n z ! ,middle ,ages2 & s signal 0 ! wreck :i* x occasion$1 t ( sev5 hea!n writ]s#bd ^: te/imony reg>d+ ! ,flood ,josephus cites z corroborative ( 8 own1 n "o has desc5d$ 9 8 writ+s to ^! lat] times4 ,we le>n1 h[ev]1 f ! ,jewi% hi/orian1 t "o ( _! numb]1 ,b]osus1 0 a ,*aldean2 t two ( ! o!rs1 ,hi]onymus & ,mane?o1 7 ,egyptians2 & t a ?ird1 ,nicolaus1 ^: hi/ory he quotes1 0 a citiz5 ( ,damascus4 ,!re is1 said ?is latt] writ]1 9 8 p]i%$ hi/ory1 a great m\nta9 9 ,arm5ia1 ov] ,m9yas1 call$ ,b>is1 ^u :i* x is report$ t _m :o fl$ at ! "t ( ! deluge 7 sav$2 & t "o :o 0 c>ri$ 9 an ark came on %ore on ! top ( x2 & t ! rema9s ( ! timb] 7 a great :ile pres]v$4 ,?is might be ! man1 add$ ?is =gott5 writ]1 ab\t :om ,moses1 ! legislator ( ! ,jews1 wrote4 ,! works ( ! ,*aldean1 ,b]osus1 h long s9ce be5 lo/1 all save a few extracts pres]v$ by ! ,patri/ic writ]s4 ,"o ( ^!1 h[ev]1 :i* embodies ! ,*aldean tradition ( ! ,flood1 is v rem>kable4 ,l ! ,sc&9avian leg5d1 x repres5ts ! ant$iluvians z giants1 all ( :om1 save "o1 became exce$+ly impi\s & deprav$4 ,b !re 0 "o among ! giants1 says ,b]osus1 t rev]5c$ ! gods1 & 0 m wise & prud5t ?an all ! re/4 ,8 "n 0 ,noa2 he dwelt 9 ,syria1 ) 8 ?ree sons1 ,sem1 ,japet1 ,*em1 & _! wives1 ! great ,tidea1 ,p&ora1 ,noela1 & ,noegla4 ,?is man1 fe>+ ! de/ruction :i*1 he =esaw f ! />s1 w\ld come to pass1 began1 9 ! sev5ty-eigh? ye> be=e ! inundation1 to build a %ip cov]$ l an ark4 ,sev5ty-eight ye>s f ! "t he began to build ?is %ip1 ! ocean ( a sudd5 broke out1 & all ! inl& seas & ! riv]s & f\nta9s bur/+ f b5ea? 7att5d$ by ! mo/ viol5t ra9s f heav5 = _m days71 ov]fl[$ all ! m\nta9s2 s t ! :ole human race 0 buri$ 9 ! wat]s1 except ,noa & 8 family1 :o 7 sav$ by means ( ! %ip1 :i*1 be+ lift$ up by ! wat]s1 re/$ at la/ ^u ! top ( ! ,g5dyae or ,m\nta91 on :i*1 x is report$1 !re n[ rema9e? "s "p1 & t m5 take away ! bitum5 f x1 & make use ( x by way ( *>m or expiation1 to avoid evil4 ,a m g5]al ,assyrian tradition1 some:at diff]5t 9 its details1 also survives4#be ,! god ,*ronus1 x 0 said1 appe>$ 9 a vision to ,xisu?rus1 ! t5? k+ ( ,babylon2 &1 w>n+ him t on a c]ta9 day !re w\ld be a great flood ^u ! e>?1 by :i* mank9d w\ld be de/roy$1 he enjo9$ him to build a vessel1 & to br+ into x 8 fri5ds & relatives1 ) ev]y?+ necess>y to su/a9 life1 & all ! v>i\s animals1 birds1 & quadrup$s4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ! comm&1 ! k+ built a vessel ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile 9 l5g? & half a mile 9 bread?1 :i* he load$ ) /ores & ! diff]5t k9ds ( animals2 & into :i*1 on ! day ( ! flood1 he himself ent]$1 accompani$ by 8 wife & *ildr51 & all 8 fri5ds4 ,! flood broke out4 ,aft]1 h[ev]1 accompli%+ its "w ( de/ruction1 x abat$2 & ! k+ s5t out birds f ! vessel1 :i*1 at fir/ f9d+ no food or place ( re/1 return$ to him2 b :i*1 :51 aft] ! lapse ( "s days1 he s5t !m =? aga91 came back to him ) _! feet t+$ ) mud4 ,on a ?ird trial !y return$ no m2 ^u :i*1 judg+ t ! surface ( ! e>? 0 laid dry1 he made an op5+ 9 ! vessel1 &1 look+ =?1 f\nd x /r&$ on a m\nta9 ( ! l& ( ,arm5ia4 ,!re seems to exi/ no su* def9ite outl9e ( ! ,egyptian tradition ref]r$ to by ,josephus z t pres]v$ ( ! ,*aldean "o4 ,plato1 ,9 8 ,timu1 makes ! ,egyptian prie/ :om he introduces z disc\rs+ ) ,solon1 to attribute t cle> recollection ( a remote antiquity :i* surviv$ 9 ,egypt1 to its comp>ative fre$om f ^? great floods :i* _h at v>i\s times desolat$ ,greece1 & de/roy$ ! memory ( remote ev5ts by ! de/ruction ( ! p & _! records2 & ,bacon _h evid5tly ?is passage 9 view :5 he poetically rem>k$1 9 8 magnific5t essay on ! ,vicissitude ( ,?+s1 t ! great w9d+ %eets t bury all ?+s 9 oblivion are two1--deluges & e>?quakes2 f :i* two de/ructions is to be not$1 he adds1 t ! remnant ( p t happ5 to be pres]v$ are commonly ignorant & m\nta9\s p1 t c give no acc\nt ( ! "t pa/4 ,ev5 9 ,egypt1 h[ev]1 ! recollection ( ! deluge seems to h surviv$1 ?\gh x lay entangl$ amid :at seem to be symboliz$ memories ( unusual flood+s ( ! riv] ,nile4 ,! ,noah ( ,egypt1 says ,pr(essor ,hit*cock1 9 8 s+ul>ly +5i\s essay 7,hi/orical & ,geological ,deluges ,comp>$71 appe>s to h be5 ,osiris4 ,typhon1 a p]sonification ( ! ocean1 entic$ him into an ark1 :i*1 be+ clos$1 he 0 =c$ to sea2 & x 0 a curi\s fact1 t he emb>k$ on ! sev5te5? day ( ! mon? ,a?yr1--! v day1 mo/ probably1 :5 ,noah ent]$ ! ark4 ,! classical tradition ( ,greece1 z if ! ev5ts :5ce x took its rise _h be5 view$ ?r\gh a multiply+ glass1 appe>s to h be5 increas$ f "o to _m4 ,plut>* enum]ates no few] ?an five great floods2 & ,plato makes 8 ,egyptian prie/ describe ! ,greek deluges z (t repeat$ & num]\s4 ,!re 0 ! flood ( ,deucalion1 ! flood ( ,ogyges1 & sev]al o!r floods2 & no little "t & le>n+ h be5 wa/$ 9 attempt+ to fix _! sev]al p]iods4 ,b1 ly+ f> )9 ! my?ologic ages1--! la/ ( !m to :i* any det]m9+ circum/ances are atta*$1 9 ! days ( t ,prome!us :o /ole fire f heav51 & 0 *a9$ by ,jupit] to ,m\nt ,caucasus1--x appe>s greatly m probable t ! traditions respect+ !m %\ld be ! m]e repeat$ & re-repeat$ e*oes ( "o signal ev5t1 ?an t _m wide-spread & de/ructive floods %\ld h tak5 place 9 ! obscure1 fabul\s ages ( ,grecian /ory1 :ile n "o su* flood has happ5$ dur+ its two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s ( au!ntic hi/ory4 ,nor is x difficult to conceive h[ su* repetitions ( ! orig9al tradition %\ld h tak5 place4 ,! traditions ( ! same ev5t pres]v$ by tribes liv+ 9 ev5 ! same tract ( c\ntry come 9 c\rse ( "t consid]ably to diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! adjuncts & circum/ances2 ^?1 = in/ance1 ( ! v>i\s tribes ( ! ,or9oco d s2 & %\ld ^! tribes come to be fus$ ultimately into "o nation1 no?+ seems m probable ?an t _! v>y+ editions1 in/ead ( be+ also fus$ toge!r1 %\ld rema9 di/9ct1 z ! recollections ( sep>ate & indep5d5t cata/rophes4 ,& ?us ! sev]al deluges ( ,grecian my?ology may 9 reality te/ify1 n to ! occurr5ce ( sev]al floods1 b to ! exi/5ce m]ely ( sev]al indep5d5t tribes1 among :om ! "o great tradition has be5 s alt]$ & modifi$ ere !y came to possess a common lit]ature1 t :5 at l5g? !y became skilful en\gh to place x on record1 x appe>$ to !m n z "o1 b z _m4 ,! admirable reflection ( ,humboldt sugge/$ by ! ,s\? ,am]ican traditions seems1 incid5tally at lea/1 to be> out ?is view4 ,^? anci5t traditions ( ! human race1 he says1 :i* we f9d disp]s$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! globe1 l ! relics ( a va/ %ipwreck1 are highly int]e/+ 9 ! philosophical /udy ( our own species4 ,h[ _m diff]5t tongues belong+ to bran*es t appe> totally di/9ct transmit to u ! same facts6 ,! traditions conc]n+ races t h be5 de/roy$1 & ! r5ewal ( nature1 sc>cely v>y 9 reality1 ?\gh e nation gives !m a local color+4 ,9 ! great cont95ts1 z 9 ! smalle/ isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 x is always on ! l(tie/ & ne>e/ m\nta9 t ! rema9s ( ! human race h be5 sav$2 & ?is ev5t appe>s ! m rec5t 9 proportion z ! nations are uncultivat$1 & z ! k !y h ( _! own exi/5ce has no v remote date4 ,& x seems at lea/ n improbable1 t ! sev]al traditions ( app>5tly special deluges1--deluges ea* ) its own set ( circum/ances1 & f :i* ! prog5itors ( "o nation 7 sav$ on a hill-top1 ^? ( ano!r on a raft1 & ^? ( yet ano!r 9 an ark or canoe1 & :i* 9 "o in/ance de/roy$ only giants1 & _h 9 ano!r ! loss :i* !y occasion$ repair$ by date-/ones1 & 9 yet ano!r by /ones ( ! e>?1--%\ld come to be reg>d$ among a p compos$ ( v>i\s tribes1 & b little accu/om$ to sift ! evid5ce on :i* !y f\nd$1 r z all div]se n>ratives ( div]se ev5ts1 ?an z 9 reality b v>i$ acc\nts ( "o & ! same trem5d\s cata/rophe4 ,tak+ x = grant$1 !n1 t ! sev]al ,greek traditions ref] to b "o great ev5t1 let u accept t :i* records :at is kn[n z ! flood ( ,deucalion1 z m adequately repres5tative ( ! g5]al type ( its class1 especially 9 ! edition giv5 by ,lucian 79 8 "w ,de ,dea ,syria71 ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,! pres5t _w1 says ?is writ]1 is peopl$ f ! sons ( ,deucalion4 ,9 respect to ! =m] brood1 !y 7 m5 ( viol5ce1 & lawless 9 _! deal+s2 !y reg>d$ n oa?s1 nor obs]v$ ! rites ( hospitality1 nor %[$ m]cy to ^? :o su$ = x4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y 7 doom$ to de/ruction2 & = ?is purpose !re 0 a mighty eruption ( wat] f ! e>?1 att5d$ ) heavy %[]s f above1 s t ! riv]s swell$ & ! sea ov]fl[$1 till ! :ole e>? 0 cov]$ ) a flood1 & all fle% dr[n$4 ,deucalion alone 0 pres]v$1 to p ! _w4 ,?is m]cy 0 %[n him on acc\nt ( 8 ju/ice & piety4 ,8 pres]vation 0 effect$ 9 ?is mann]3--,he put all 8 family1 bo? 8 sons & _! wives1 into a va/ ark :i* he _h provid$1 & he !n w5t into x himself4 ,at ! same "t1 animals ( e species1--bo>s1 horses1 lions1 s]p5ts1--:atev] liv$ ^u ! face ( ! e>?1--foll[$ him by pairs2 all :i* he receiv$ into ! ark1 & exp]i5c$ no evil f !m4 ,su* is ! tradition ( ,deucalion1 z pres]v$ by ,lucian4 ,x is add$ by 8 contempor>y ,plut>*1 t ,deucalion1 z 8 voyage 0 draw+ to a close1 s5t out a dove1 :i* com+ 9 a %ort "t back to him1 indicat$ t ! wat]s /ill cov]$ ! e>?2 b :i* on a second occasion fail$ to return2 or1 z "s say1 return$ to him ) mud-/a9$ feet1 & ?us intimat$ ! abatem5t ( ! flood4 ,x _c1 ,i ?9k1 be rationally d\bt$ t we h 9 ?is anci5t leg5d "o o!r tradition ( ! ,noa*ian ,deluge4 ,ev5 z relat$ by ,ovid1 ) all ! lic5se ( ! poet1 we f9d 9 x ! great lead+ traits t indicate its p>5tage4 ,i quote f ! vigor\s translation ( ,dryd54 ,impetu\s ra9 desc5ds2 ,nor f 8 patrimonial heav5 alone ,is ,jove cont5t to p\r 8 v5geance d[n2 ,b f 8 bro!r ( ! seas he craves ,to help him ) auxili>y waves4 ,!n ) 8 mace ! mon>* /ruck ! gr\nd2 ,) inw>d trembl+ e>? receiv$ ! w\nd1 ,& ris+ /reams a ready passage f\nd4 ,n[ seas & e>? 7 9 confusion lo/1-- ,a _w ( wat]s1 & )\t a coa/4 ,a m\nta9 ( trem5d\s height !re /&s ,betwixt ! ,a!nian & ,boeotian l&s3 ,p>nassus is its "n1 ^: =ky rise ,m\nts ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 & mates ! l(ty skies4 ,high on ! summit ( ?is dubi\s cliff1 ,deucalion1 waft+1 moor$ 8 little skiff3 ,he1 ) 8 wife1 7 only left beh9d ,( p]i%$ man2 !y two 7 human k9d3 ,! mo/ upright ( mortal m5 0 he1-- ,! mo/ s]5e & holy woman %e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,,apam,,an ,,m$al4 ,su* are "s ( ! traditions ( t great cata/rophe :i* ov]took ! human family 9 its infancy1 & made s deep an impression on ! memories ( ! few awe-/ruck survivors1 t ! race nev] =got x4 ,ere ! disp]sal ( ! family x w\ld h ( c\rse exi/$ z b "o unique recollection1--a s+le reflection on ! face ( an unbrok5 mirror4 ,b ! mirror has s9ce be5 %att]$ into a ?\s& pieces2 & we n[ f9d ! object1 orig9ally b "o1 pictur$ 9 ea* brok5 fragm5t1 ) v>i\s degrees ( di/9ctness1 accord+ to ! v>i\s degrees ( injury receiv$ by ! reflect+ m$ium4 ,picture1 too1 sc>ce less c]ta9ly ?an language spok5 & writt51 te/ifies to ! wide ext5t ( ! tradition4 ,its symbols are f\nd /amp$ on co9s ( old classical ,greece2 !y h be5 trac$ amid ! anci5t hi]oglyphics ( ,egypt1 recogniz$ 9 ! sculptur$ caves ( ,h9du/an1 & detect$ ev5 9 ! f> we/1 among ! picture writ+s ( ,mexico4 ,! sev]al glyphic repres5tatives ( ! tradition be>1 l its v>i\s writt5 or oral editions1 a consid]able resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,ev5 9 ! rude pa9t+s ( ! old ,mexican1 ! same lead+ idea may be trac$ z 9 ! classic sculpture ( ! ,greek4 ,on :at is kn[n to antiqu>ies z ! ,apaman m$al1 /ruck dur+ ! reign ( ,philip ! eld]1 we f9d ! famili> "n ( ,noe inscrib$ on a float+ *e/ or ark1 )9 :i* a man & woman are se5 seat$1 & to :i* a bird on ! w+ is repres5t$ z be>+ a bran*4#bf ,& 9 an anci5t ,mexican pa9t+1 figur$ by ,humboldt1 ! man & woman :o surviv$ ! age ( wat] are %[n simil>ly inclos$ 9 a leaf-tuft$ box1 or holl[ trunk ( a tree2 :ile a gigantic female1--,matalcueje1 ! goddess ( wat]1--is se5 p\r+ d[n h] floods ar\nd !m1 & ^u an ov]:elm$ human figure1 repres5tative app>5tly ( ! victims ( ! cata/rophe4 ,all is classical 9 ! =ms ( ! "o repres5tation1 & unc\? 9 ^? ( ! o!r4 ,!y be> ! same sort ( arti/ic relation to ea* o!r t ! rude ,tamanac tradition be>s1 9 a lit]>y po9t ( view1 to ! well con/ruct$ /ory & elegant v]se ( ,ovid2 b !y are *>g$ app>5tly ) ! same mean+1 & %ad[ =? ! same ev5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,,old ,,mexican ,,picture4 7,humboldt47 ,! tradition ( ! ,flood may1 ,i repeat1 be prop]ly reg>d$ z univ]sal2 see+ !re is sc>ce any consid]able race ( man among :i*1 9 "s ( its _m =ms1 x is n to be f\nd4 ,n[1 x has be5 argu$ by "s ( ! old] !ologians1 ) a n v cog5t logic1 t ! univ]sality ( ! tradition e/abli%es ! univ]sality ( ! ,flood1--t :]e ! tradition is to be f\nd1 ! ,flood mu/ h be52--an argum5t :i* w\ld h =ce if x c\ld also be %[n t ea* tribe _h _h its own ,noah1 sav$ by ark1 raft1 or canoe1 or on "s tall m\nta9 summit1 9 ! region 9 :i* 8 desc5dants cont9u$ to reside2 b ( no =ce :atev] if ! ,noah ( ! race 0 b "o1 & if ! sc5e ( 8 dang] & deliv]ance 0 re/rict$1 z ( necessity x mu/ h be5 9 t case1 to a s+le locality4 ,fur!r1 if1 z we believe1 !re 0 b "o ,noah1--if1 accord+ to ! ,scriptural acc\nt1 cond5s$ into a s+le s5t5ce by ! ,apo/le1 only eight s\ls 7 sav$ 9 ! great cata/rophe ( ! race1--!re c\ld h exi/$ no human te/imony to det]m9e :e!r ! ext]m9at+ deluge t occasion$ _! de/ruction 0 a univ]sal deluge1 or m]ely a p>tial "o4 ,x c\ld n be kn[n by m5 %ut up 9 an ark1 nor ev5 ?\gh f a ma/ top !y c\ld h swept ! horizon ) a telescope1 :e!r ! wat]s t spread out on e side ( !m1 cov]+ ! old famili> m\nta9s1 & occupy+ ! entire range ( _! vision1 ext5d$ all ar\nd ! globe1 or f\nd _! limits "s eight or t5 hundr$ miles away4 ,! po9t is "o respect+ :i*1 z c]ta9ly z respect+ ! creation ( ! _w itself1 or ( ! _w's inhabitants1 !re c\ld h exi/$ no human witness-be>+3 contempor>y man1 left to ! unassi/$ evid5ce ( 8 s5ses1 mu/ ( necessity h be5 ignorant ( ! ext5t ( ! deluge4 ,true1 :at man c\ld nev] h kn[n ( himself1 ,god c\ld h told him1 & 9 _m cases has told him2 b !n1 ,god's revelations h 9 mo/ in/ances be5 made to effect exclusively moral purposes2 & we "k t ^? :o h p]il\sly held t1 along ) ! moral facts1 def9ite physical facts1 geographic1 geologic1 or a/ronomical1 _h also be5 imp>t$1 h almo/ inv>iably f\nd !mselves involv$ 9 mon/r\s error4 ,& 9 ?is matt] ( ! ,flood1 ?\gh x be a fact ( great moral significancy t ,god 9 an e>ly p]iod ( ! human hi/ory de/roy$ ! :ole race = _! wick$ness1--all save "o j man & 8 family1--x is n 9 ! lea/ a matt] ( moral significancy :e!r or no ! deluge by :i* ! judgm5t 0 effect$ cov]$ n only ! p>ts ( ! e>? occupi$ by man at ! "t1 b ext5d$ also to ,t]ra del ,fuego1 ,tahiti1 & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,9 f9e1 ?\gh ! "q :e!r ! ,noa*ian deluge 0 univ]sal1 or m]ely p>tial1 is an int]e/+ "q 9 physics1 x is 9 no high] degree a moral "o ?an ^? que/ions :i* relate to ! "r figure or age ( ! e>?1 or to ! true motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,& x w be f\nd t ! only passages 9 ,scripture :i* ref] to ?is /rictly physical subject1 in/ead ( det]m9+ ! geographic ext5t ( ! ,flood1 s]ve only to raise a "q reg>d+ _! own ext5t ( mean+4 ,x is kn[n to all /ud5ts ( ! sacr$ writ+s1 t !re is a num]\s class ( passages 9 bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts 9 :i*1 by a sort ( metonymy common 9 ! ,ea/1 a consid]able "p is spok5 ( z ! :ole1 ?\gh 9 reality (t5 greatly less ?an a moiety ( ! :ole4 ,( ?is class are ! passages 9 :i* x is said1 t on ! day ( ,p5teco/ !re 7 ,jews assembl$ at ,j]usalem out ( e nation "u heav52 t ! gospel 0 prea*$ to e creature "u heav52 t ! ,que5 ( ,%eba came to he> ! wisdom ( ,solomon f ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?2 t ,god put ! dread & fe> ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel ^u ! nations t 7 "u ! :ole heav52 & t all c\ntries came into ,egypt to ,joseph to buy corn4 ,& ( c\rse ! univ]sally admitt$ exi/5ce ( su* a class ( passages1 9 :i* words are n to be accept$ 9 _! rigidly lit]al mean+s1 b ) c]ta9 great modifications1 r5d]s ! task ( det]m9+ & di/+ui%+ su* passages f o!rs 9 :i* ! mean+ is def9ite & /rict1 n only legitimate1 b also laudable2 & ju/ifies u 9 inquir+ :e!r ^? passages descriptive ( ! ,flood or its effects1 9 :i* x is said t ! wat]s prevail$ exce$+ly on ! e>?1 s t all ! high hills t 7 "u ! :ole heav5s 7 cov]$1 or t all fle% di$ t mov$ ^u ! e>?1 belong to _! numb] or no4 ,!re are "s in/ances 9 :i* ! ,scriptures !mselves reveal ! "* & limit ! mean+ ( ! metonymic passages4 ,!y d s ) respect to ! passage already quot$ reg>d+ ! /rang] ,jews assembl$ 9 ,j]usalem at ! ,p5teco/al fea/1--out ( e nation "u heav54 ,= fur!r on we read t ^! ,jews _h come f b ! v>i\s c\ntries ext5d+ ar\nd ,judea1 z f> z ,italy on ! "o h&1 & ! ,p]sian ,gulf on ! o!r2--an area l>ge1 inde$1 b sc>ce equal to a "o fiftie? "p ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,b !re is no su* explanation giv5 to limit or re/rict mo/ ( ! o!r passages2 ! modify+ elem5t mu/ be s\ght = outside ! sacr$ volume1--9 anci5t hi/ory or anci5t geography4 ,! read] mu/1 = in/ance1 acqua9t himself ) ! progress ( discov]y 9 e>ly ages1 or ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,roman ,empire "u ! fir/ ,cs>s1 ere he c =m a probable conjecture reg>d+ ! ext5t ( t all ! e>? :i* s\ght ! pres5ce ( ,solomon1 or a correct e/imate respect+ ! limits ( t all ! _w :i* ,cs> ,augu/us c\ld h tax$4 ,& to ?is la/ class1 :i* fail to expla9 !mselves1 ! passages respect+ ! ,flood evid5tly belong4 ,l ! passages cit$1 &1 ) ^!1 almo/ all ! texts ( ,scripture 9 :i* que/ions ( physical sci5ce are involv$1 ! limit+1 modify+1 expla9+ facts & circum/ances mu/ be s\ght = 9 t outside region ( secul> rese>*1 hi/oric & sci5tific1 f :i* ( late ye>s s mu* valuable biblical illu/ration has be5 d]iv$1 & ) :i* x is s imp]atively ! duty ( ! ,*ur* to keep up an acqua9tance at lea/ z close & intimate z t ma9ta9$ ) x by h] ga9say]s & assailants4 ,t ! ,noa*ian deluge might h be5 b p>tial1 n univ]sal1 0 held1 let me "h rem>k1 by di/+ui%$ !ologians 9 our own c\ntry1 at lea/ z e>ly z ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x 0 held1 = in/ance1 by ! le>n$ biblical comm5tator1 old ,mat!w ,poole1 :om we f9d say+1 9 8 ,synopsis on ,g5esis1 t x is n to be suppos$ t ! entire globe ( ! e>? 0 cov]$ ) wat]2 = :]e1 he adds1 0 ! ne$ ( ov]:elm+ ^? regions 9 :i* !re 7 no human be+s8 ,x 0 held also by t di/+ui%$ ,prote/ant *ur*man ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet1 :om ,pr9cipal ,cunn+ham ( ,ed9burgh well describes1 9 8 elaborate edition ( ! ,bi%op's "w1 ,! ,doctr9es & ,practices ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 z a div9e ( great tal5ts & prodigi\s le>n+4 ,i _c see1 says ! ,bi%op1 9 8 ,orig9es ,sacra1 any urg5t necessity f ! ,scriptures to ass]t t ! ,flood did spread ov] all ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,t all mank9d1 ^? 9 ! ark except$1 7 de/roy$ by x1 is mo/ c]ta91 accord+ to ! ,scriptures4 ,! ,flood 0 univ]sal z to mank9d2 b f !nce foll[s no necessity at all ( ass]t+ ! univ]sality ( x z to ! globe ( ! e>?1 unless x be suffici5tly prov$ t ! :ole e>? 0 peopl$ be=e ! ,flood1 :i* ,i despair ( ev] see+ prov$4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! comp>atively rec5t times 9 :i* ! belief ent]ta9$ by ,poole & ,/ill+fleet 0 adopt$ & en=c$ by writ]s su* z ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?1 & ,pr(essor ,hit*cock ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t !re 0 any %[ ( argum5t display$ aga9/ ! !ory ( a p>tial deluge :i* w\ld n[ be deem$ wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,& ^! mod]n objections may be f\nd +5i\sly array$ by ! late ,dr4 ,john ,kitto1 9 8 ,daily ,bible ,illu/rations1 publi%$ only six ye>s ago 79 #ahej71 & by ! le>n$ ,dr4 ,william ,hamilton ( ,mobile1 9 8 ,fri5d ( ,moses1 publi%$ 9 #aheb4 ,bo? ^! writ]s1 h[ev]1 virtually agree ) _! oppon5ts 9 hold+ t ! /rict mean+ ( ! t]ms employ$ by ,moses 9 describ+ ! deluge is to be det]m9$ on consid]ations ap>t f ! m]e philological ones4 ,aft] m>%all+ 8 objections to ! !ory ( a local flood1 ,dr4 ,kitto goes on to say1 ,we yield our judgm5t to :at appe>s to u ! =ce ( ^! argum5ts z to ! mean+ ( ,scripture2 & we f9d ,dr4 ,hamilton prefac+ 8 objections z foll[s3--,7 ! m]e univ]sality ( "s ( ! t]ms employ$ 9 ! ,mosaic n>rative ! sole gr\nd ( objection to ! hypo!sis ( a local inundation only 9 ! days ( ,noah1 t hypo!sis might p]haps be deem$ admissible4 ,b !re are1 he adds1 o!r & m s]i\s difficulties att5d+ x4 ,let u1 !n1 briefly exam9e ^! suppos$ difficulties & objections2 & z !y h be5 bett] & m amply /at$ by ,dr4 ,kitto ?an by any o!r writ] ) :om ,i am acqua9t$1--= ,dr4 ,hamilton takes up r ! argum5ts 9 favor ( a univ]sal1 ?an ! objections aga9/ a m]ely p>tial flood1--let u take !m z !y occur 9 8 writ+s1 especially 9 ! excell5t "w n[ be=e me1--8 ,daily ,bible ,illu/rations4 ,x w sc>ce be suspect$ t su* an accompli%$ writ]1 :o did s mu* = ,biblical ,illu/ration1 & ^: admirable ,pictorial ,bible =m$1 ) b f\r works m1 :at ,*alm]s us$ to t]m ) peculi> emphasis 8 ,biblical ,libr>y1#bg w\ld d inju/ice to any cause1 or any l9e ( argum5t :i* he adopt$1 if x 0 9 reality a good & s\nd "o4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 n to te/ too rigidly ! value ( ! rem>k1--meant to be at lea/ ( ! nature ( argum5t1--:5 we f9d him say+ t a pla9 man sitt+ d[n to read ! ,scripture acc\nt ( ! deluge w\ld h no d\bt ( its univ]sality4 ,p]haps n4 ,b x is at lea/ equally c]ta91 t pla9 m5 :o set !mselves to d$uce f ,scripture ! figure ( ! planet we inhabit _h z little d\bt1 until correct$ by ! geograph]1 t ! e>? 0 a great plane1--n a sph]e2 t pla9 m5 :o set !mselves to acquire f ,scripture "s notion ( ! planet>y motions _h no d\bt1 9 ! same way1 until correct$ by ! a/ronom]1 t x 0 ! e>? t re/$1 & ! sun t mov$ r\nd x2 & t pla9 m5 :o h s\ght to det]m9e f ,scripture ! age ( ! e>? h _h no d\bt1 until correct$ by ! geologi/1 t x 0 at mo/ n mu* m ?an six ?\s& ye>s old4 ,9 f9e1 :5 pla9 m51 :o1 accord+ to ,c[p]1 "k1 & "k no m1 _! ,bible true1 h 9 p]haps e in/ance le>n$ f x :at x 0 9 reality int5d$ to tea*1--! way ( salvation1--x seems sc>ce less c]ta91 t 9 e in/ance 9 :i* !y h s\ght to d$uce f x :at x 0 n int5d$ to tea*1--! tru?s ( physical sci5ce1--!y h fall5 into extravagant error4 ,& z any "q :i*1 be>+1 n on ! punitory ext5t & e?ical consequ5ces ( ! ,flood1 b m]ely on its geographic limits & natural effects1 is n a moral1 b a purely physical "q1 x w\ld be b a fair presumption1 f\nd$ on ! almo/ inv>iable exp]i5ce ( ages1 t ! d$uctions f ,scripture ( ! pla9 m5 reg>d+ x w\ld be1 n true1 b false d$uctions4 ,( app>5tly n m real weight & importance is ! doctor's fur!r rem>k1 t !re seems1 aft] all1 to be a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! t]ms 9 :i* ! univ]sality ( ! deluge is spok5 (1 & ! t]ms employ$ 9 ^? admitt$ly metonymic passages 9 :i* ! :ole is sub/itut$ = a "p4 ,:at limitation1 he asks1 c we assign to su* a phrase z ?is3--'all ! high hills t 7 ,,"u ,,! ,,:ole ,,heav5s 7 cov]$8' ,if "h ! phrase _h be51 '^u ! face ( ! :ole e>?1' we %\ld h be5 told t '! :ole e>?' _h sometimes ! mean+ ( '! :ole l&2' b1 z if design$ly to obviate su* a limitation ( mean+1 we h "h ! l>ge/ phrase ( univ]sality :i* ! language ( man af=ds1--'"u ! :ole heav5s6' ,s f> ,dr4 ,kitto4 ,b 8 argum5t seems to be n m valuable 9 ?is case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,x 0 ^u ! nations t 7 ,,"u ,,! ,,:ole ,,heav5s t ,deity repres5t$ himself z putt+ ! fe> & dread ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel2 b he w\ld be c]ta9ly a v pla9 man :o w\ld inf] f ! univ]sality ( a passage s evid5tly metonymic1 t t fe> ext5d$ to ! p ( ,japan on ! "o h&1 or to ! ,r$ ,indians ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s on ! o!r4 ,! phrase "u ! :ole heav5s seems to be b coext5sive 9 mean+ ) ! phrase ^u ! face ( ! :ole e>?4 ,! :ole e>? is evid5tly tantam\nt to ! :ole t]re/rial floor1--! :ole heav5s1 to ! :ole cele/ial ro( t ar*es ov] x2 & on :at pr9ciple ! :ole t]re/rial floor is to be deem$ less ext5sive ?an ! floor "u ! :ole cele/ial ro(1 really does n appe>4 ,fur!r1 no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t bo? ! phrases contra/$ by ,dr4 ,kitto are equally employ$ 9 ! metonymic =m4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! doctor passes to argum5t bas$ ^u natural sci5ce1 we f9d :at he adduces wor?y ( our att5tion1 7 x b = ! inquiries :i* x sugge/s4 ,if ! deluge 7 b local1 we f9d him say+1 :at 0 ! ne$ ( tak+ birds into ! ark2 & among !m birds s widely diffus$ z ! rav5 & ! dove8 ,a deluge :i* c\ld ov]spread ! region :i* ^! birds inhabit c\ld h>dly h be5 less ?an univ]sal4 ,if ! deluge 7 local1 & all ! birds ( ^! k9ds 9 t di/rict p]i%$1--?\gh we %\ld ?9k !y might h fl$ to ! un9undat$ regions1--x w\ld h be5 useless to encumb] ! ark ) !m1 see+ t ! birds ( ! same species :i* surviv$ 9 ! l&s n ov]fl[$ w\ld spe$ily repl5i% ! inundat$ tract z soon z ! wat]s subsid$4 ,x w be f\nd t ! reason+ "h is ma9ly bas$ ^u an error 9 natural sci5ce1 into :i* ev5 naturali/s ( ! la/ c5tury1 su* z ,buffon1 n unfrequ5tly fell1 & :i* 0 almo/ univ]sal among ! e>li] voyag]s & travell]s1--! error ( conf\nd+ z id5tical ! m]ely alli$ birds & bea/s ( di/ant c\ntries1 & ( ?us assign+ to species wide areas 9 creation :i* 9 reality !y d n occupy4 ,! gr\se1 = in/ance1 is a widely spread g5us1 or r family2 = x consi/s ( m g5]a ?an "o4 ,x is s ext5sively pres5t ov] ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 t ,sib]ia1 ,norway1 ,icel&1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 h all _! gr\se1--! latt] cont95t1 inde$1 f five to eight diff]5t k9ds2 & yet s re/rict$ are "s ( ! species ( :i* !y consi/1 t1 7 ! ,briti% isl&s to be subm]g$1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! family1--! r$ gr\se1 or moor-f[l 7,lagopus ,scoticus71--w\ld disappe> f creation4 ,?is bird1 :i*1 rat$ at its money value1 is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ,europe1--= ! b>r5 moors :i* x frequ5ts 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& alone are let e season almo/ entirely = its sake = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p\nds1--is exclusively a ,briti% bird2 &1 unless by miracle a new migratory in/9ct 7 giv5 to x1 a complete subm]sion ( ! ,briti% isl&s w\ld secure its de/ruction4 ,if ! subm]g5ce am\nt$ to b a few hundr$ miles 9 lat]al ext5t1 ! moor-f[l w\ld to a c]ta9ty n seek ! di/ant un9undat$ l&4 ,nor is x at all to be inf]r$1 t 9 a m]ely local b wide spread deluge1 birds occupy+ a m ext5sive area ?an t ov]spread by ! ,flood w\ld1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,kitto1 spe$ily repl5i% ! inundat$ tract z soon z ! wat]s _h subsid$4 ,! /atem5t mu/ h be5 haz>d$ 9 ignorance ( ! peculi> habits ( _m ( ! non-migratory birds4 ,up till ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! cap]cailzie1 or great cock ( ! woods1 0 a native ( ,scotl&4 ,x 0 ext]m9at$1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! "t ( ! la/ ,rebellion1 or n long aft]3 ! la/ specim5 se5 among ! p9e =e/s ( ,/ra?spey 0 kill$1 x is said1 9 ! ye> #agde3 ! la/ specim5 se5 among ! woods ( ,/ra?glass surviv$ till ! ye> #agfj4 ,p5nant relates t he saw 9 #agfi a specim51 probably a /uff$ "o1 t _h be5 kill$ %ortly be=e 9 ! neighborhood ( ,inv]ness4 ,b f at lea/ t "t ! species disappe>$ f ! ,briti% isl&s2 &1 ?\gh x cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ,norway1 did n repl5i% ! tracts f :i* x _h be5 extirpat$4 ,! late ,m>quis ( ,breadalbane 0 at no small co/ & tr\ble 9 re-introduc+ ! species1 & to "s ext5t he succe$$2 b ! cap]cailzie is1 ,i und]/&1 /ill re/rict$ to ! ,breadalbane woods4 ,i h se5 ! gold5 eagle annihilat$ z a species 9 move ?an "o di/rict ( ! nor? ( ,scotl&2 nor1 ?\gh x /ill exi/s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom1 & is comp>atively common among ! m\nta9s ( ,norway1 h ,i kn[n x 9 any in/ance to spread anew ov] ! tracts f :i* x _h be5 extirpat$4 ,s mu* = ! g5]al reason+s ( ,dr4 ,kitto4 ,fur!r1 we f9d him /at+1 t a deluge :i* c\ld ov]spread ! region inhabit$ by birds s widely diffus$ z ! rav5 & ! dove1 c\ld h>dly h be5 less ?an univ]sal4 ,! doctor1 h[ev]1 ought to h kn[n t ! dove is a family1 n a species4 ,all ! ,am]ican species ( doves1 = example1 diff] f ! six ,european species1 ?ree ( :i* are to be f\nd 9 ,scotl&4 ,( ev5 ! ,am]ican pass5g] pigeons 7,ectopi/es migratoria71 :i* occur 9 su* numb]s 9 _! native c\ntry z actually to eclipse1 dur+ _! migratory flights1 ! light ( day1 only a s+le /raggl]1--! "o ^: *ance visit has be5 record$ by ,dr4 ,flem+1--seems to h be5 ev] se5 9 ,brita94 ,& ! ,ea/ has also its own peculi> species1 unkn[n to ,europe4 ,! gold5-gre5 pigeons & ! great cr[n$ pigeons ( ! ,indian isles are nev] se5 9 nor!rn & we/]n latitudes1 save 9 /uff$ specim5s 9 a museum4 ,! ,v9ago pigeons1 ) _! vividly bright plumes1 ?\gh !y exi/ 9 sev]al species1 are all re/rict$ to ! woods ( ! torrid zone4 ,ev5 ! coll>$ dove ( ,africa & ! ,levant r>ely visits1 & !n only z a /raggl]1 ! we/]n & nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! blue-capp$ turtel9e pigeon is re/rict$1 z a species1 to ! isl& ( ,celebes2 ! blue & gre5 turtel9e pigeon is a native ( ,new ,gu9ea2 ! ,cape turtle occurs 9 b ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,africa2 ! ,nicob> gr\nd pigeon 9 b ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago2 ! magnific5t fruit pigeon 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,au/ralia2 & ! cr[n$ g\ra pigeon1 ! giant ( its family1 9 ! ,molucca ,isl&s4 ,no s+le species ( dove seems to be s widely spread b t x might be ext]m9at$ 9 a m]ely p>tial deluge2 & ( c\rse conjecture may 9 va9 we>y itself 9 /riv+ to det]m9e :at t p>ticul> species 0 :i* ,noah s5t =? z a mess5g] f ! ark1 or 9 inquir+ :at 0 ! ext5t ( ! area :i* x occupi$8 ,! common rav5 is m widely spread ?an any s+le species ( pigeon4 ,ev5 ! rav51 h[ev]1 seems re/rict$ to ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,india & ,s\!rn ,africa h bo? _! rav5s2 b ! species diff] f ea* o!r1 & f ! widely spread nor!rn "o4 ,x is a "q :e!r ev5 ! pi$ rav5 ( ! ,f>oe ,isles be n a di/9ct bird f ! black rav5 ( our own c\ntry3 if n an indep5d5t species1 x is at lea/ a v rem>kable v>iety4 ,fur!r1 :5 extirpat$ 9 a di/rict1 x is f\nd t1 z 9 ! case ( ! cap]cailzie & ! gold5 eagle1 ! neighbor+ regions 9 :i* ! rav5 cont9ues to exi/ fail = ages to furni% a fre% supply4 ,!re are c\nties 9 ,engl& 9 :i* ! rav5 is n[ nev] se52 & ,i am acqua9t$ ) a di/rict 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl& f :i*1 :5 a pair t 7 kn[n to bre$ = m ?an a c5tury 9 a tall cliff 7 de/roy$ by ! f[l]1 ! species disappe>$4#bh ,su*1 :5 exam9$1 are ! argum5ts drawn by ,dr4 ,kitto f natural sci5ce2 nor is he 9 any degree happi] :5 he resorts to argum5ts m re/rict$ly physical4 ,if1 we f9d him say+1 ! wat]s ( ! ,deluge rose fifte5 cubits above all ! m\nta9s ( ! c\ntries :i* ! rav5 & ! dove inhabit1 ! level mu/ h be5 high en\gh to give univ]sality to ! ,deluge4 ,! only po9t "h n already dealt )1--= ,i h j %[n t c]ta9 species ( ! dove & ! rav5 might h ( necessity be5 inmates ( ! ark1 ?\gh ! ,flood _h be5 only a p>tial "o1--is t :i* ref]s to ! subm]g5ce ( ! hills ov] at lea/ an ext5sive tract1 & to ! inf]5ce1 evid5t 9 ! passage1 t if l(ty m\nta9s 7 cov]$ 9 "o portion ( ! globe1 m\nta9s ( simil> altitude mu/ h be5 equally cov]$ 9 e o!r portion ( x4 ,! inf]5ce "h seems to be f\nd$ on a common b altoge!r mi/ak5 view ( "s ( ! gr&e/ op]ations ( nature ) :i* mod]n sci5ce has br\ght u acqua9t$4 ,x has be5 well rem>k$1 t :5 two oppos+ explanations ( extraord9>y natural ph5om5a are giv51--"o ( a simple & seem+ly common s5se "*1 ! o!r complex & app>5tly absurd1--x is almo/ always saf] to adopt ! app>5tly absurd ?an ! seem+ly common s5se "o4 ,dr4 ,kitto's pla9 man1 yield+ to ! dictates ( :at he w\ld deem common s5se1--:i*1 ( c\rse1 9 que/ions ( natural sci5ce is tantam\nt to common nons5se1--w\ld be sure to g wrong4 ,& we f9d ! rem>k n inaptly illu/rat$ by ! n[ well e/abli%$ fact1 t :ile ! m$ium level ( ! ocean is "o ( ! mo/ fix$ l9es 9 nature1 ! level ( ! great cont95ts1 ) _! table-l&s & m\nta9s1 is an ev] fluctuat+ l9e4 ,x may seem /range t l& %\ld be less /able ?an wat]4 ,we see ! tide ris+ & fall+ twice e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ! rock ev] rema9+ 9 its place2--we speak ( ! fix$ e>? & ! un/able sea4 ,& yet1 :ile we h no evid5ce :atev] t ! sea level has *ang$ dur+ at lea/ ! ages ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations1 & absolutely "k t x c\ld n h v>i$ m ?an a few y>ds1 or at mo/ a few fa?oms1 we h direct evid5ce t dur+ t "t great m\nta9 *a9s1 _m ?\s& feet 9 height1 su* z ! ,alps1 h aris5 f ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & t great cont95ts h sunk b5ea? x & disappe>$4 ,! l>g] "p ( nor!rn ,europe & ,am]ica h be5 cov]$ by ! sea s9ce our pres5t gr\p ( %ells began to exi/2 & x seems n improbable t ! l[] portion ( ! valley ( ! ,jordan 0 depress$ to its pres5t l[ level ( ?irte5 hundr$ feet b5ea? ! ,m$it]ranean s9ce ! times ( ! deluge4 ,on sev]al p>ts ( ! coa/s ( ,brita9 & ,irel& ! voyag] c look d[n ?r\gh ! cle> sea1 9 dep?s to :i* ! tide nev] falls1 on ! rema9s ( subm]g$ =e/s2 & x is a demon/rable fact1 t ev5 dur+ ! pres5t age !re are c]ta9 ext5sive tracts ( l& :i* h sunk b5ea? ! sea level1 :ile c]ta9 o!r ext5sive tracts h be5 elevat$ ov] x4 ,9 #ahai1 a wide expanse ( c\ntry 9 ! delta ( ! ,indus1 conta9+ fully two ?\s& squ>e miles ( flat mead[1 0 conv]t$ by a sudd5 depression ( ! l&1 accompani$ by an e>?quake1 into an inl& sea2 & ! t[] ( a small =t1 :i* occupi$ ne>ly ! middle ( ! sunk5 area1 & on :i* _m ( ! inhabitants ( a neighbor+ village succe$$ 9 sav+ !mselves1 may /ill be se5 rais+ its %att]$ head ov] ! surface1--! only object visible 9 a wa/e ( wat]s ( :i* ! eye fails to det]m9e ! ext5t4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s aft] ?is ev5t1 a tract ( c\ntry1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! foot ( ! ,&es & ! ,pacific1 m ?an equal 9 area to all ,great ,brita91 0 elevat$ f two to sev5 feet ov] its =m] level1 & rocks laid b>e 9 ! sea1 :i* ! pilots & fi%]m5 ( ! coa/ _h nev] be=e se54 ,on ! ,indian coa/ ! sea seem$ to be ris+ at ne>ly ! same "t :5 x appe>$ to be fall+ on ! ,am]ican "o2 & on ! latt] su* 0 ! actual impression ent]ta9$ by ! p4 ,x is /at$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 9 8 ,elem5ts1 t he 0 in=m$ by ,mr4 ,cruick%anks1 an ,engli% botani/ :o resid$ 9 ,*ili at ! "t1 t x 0 ! g5]al belief ( ! fi%]m5 & inhabitants1 n t ! l& _h ris51 b t ! ocean _h p]man5tly retreat$4 ,b if x _h retreat$ f ! ,*ilian %ore1 h[ c\ld x h ris5 on ! ,indian "o8 ,9 l mann] ! sea appe>s to be rec$+ f ! nor?-ea/]n %ores ( ,sw$5 at ! rate ( ne>ly f\r v]tical feet 9 ! c5tury2 :ile x seems to be advanc+ on ! we/]n coa/s ( ,gre5l& at app>5tly a rate m consid]able1 ?\gh !re ! ratio ( its rise has n be5 m>k$ ) equal c>e4 ,x seems to be ris+ on ev5 ! ,sw$i% prov9ce ( ,scania2 :ile all ! "t1 h[ev]1 ! actual motion1--upw>ds 9 "o region1 d[nw>ds 9 ano!r1--is 9 ! solid e>?1--n 9 ! un/able wat]1 :i* m]ely s]ves z a sort ( hydro/atic level1 to indicate ?is fact ( subsid5ce or elevation 9 ! l&4 ,& ( c\rse all ! reason+1 f\nd$ on m]e appe>ances1 t w\ld rev]se ! process by assign+ p]man5cy to ! level ( ! l&1 & fluctuation to t ( ! sea1 w\ld lead to inevitable error4 ,let u1 = ! illu/ration's sake1 suppose t ! ,briti% isl&s _h be5 ! sc5e ( ! ,deluge2 & t x _h be5 occasion$ by a gradual depression 9 ! e>?'s surface ( ab\t fifte5 hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 a ?\s& miles 9 bread?1 five ?\s& feet 9 dep? 9 its c5tre1 & :i* gradually tr5d$ all ar\nd t[>ds ! sides4 ,su* a depression w\ld =m a sc>ce appreciable inequality on ! surface ( ev5 a ?ree feet globe2 9 a twelve in* globe x might be repres5t$ by ! abrasion ( a small pat* ( ! v>ni%2 nor w\ld x h 9 nature "o six? ! dep?1 or "o sixte5? ! area1 ( ! b$ ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,let u suppose fur!r1 t x _h be5 produc$ by an equable s9k+ ( ! surface1 prolong$ = =ty days at ! rate ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet p] day1--a motion n equal to t ( ! m9ute-h& ( a clock ^: dial plate measures two feet 9 diamet]4 ,fur!r1 let u suppose t a ?or\ghly intellig5t man1--let u say ,dr4 ,kitto himself1--secure f all p]sonal dang] 9 an ark p]*$ on "s su* comm&+ em95ce z ,ar?ur's ,seat1 _h be5 a witness ( ! cata/rophe2 & t1 in/ead ( hav+ m]ely to reason respect+ x aft] ! lapse ( m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s1 he _h be5 enabl$ to be> te/imony reg>d+ x f ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let me rem>k t ! s9k+ or d[nw>d motion ( ! e>?'s cru/ w\ld be altoge!r inappreciable by s5se2 9 ! next1 t ! depression1 ev5 :5 x _h rea*$ its acme1 w\ld 9 no s5sible degree affect ! cont\r ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,ev5 at ! end ( ! =ty days1 :5 ! five ?\s& feet ( depression _h be5 rea*$1 ! gradi5t ( decl9ation across ! sunk5 area w\ld n exce$ t5 feet p] mile1 & across ! l>g] diamet] w\ld am\nt to b six feet eight in*es p] mile4 ,( c\rse1 at ! end ( ! tw5tie? day ! gradi5ts w\ld be repres5t$ by b "o half ^! sums1 & w\ld be altoge!r inappreciable 9 ! l&scape2 ! hills w\ld seem q z high z be=e1 & ! valleys n m pr(\nd4 ,! only s5sible sign felt or visible ( :at 0 tak+ place w\ld be simply a p]si/5t ris+ ( ! sea at some:at less ?an twice its rate ( fl[ dur+ /ream tides4 ,ocean1 z if =getful ( its anci5t b\nds1 w\ld cont9ue to encroa* ^u ! l&4 ,on ! second day ! great] "p ( :at is n[ ! site ( ,ed9burgh w\ld be cov]$2 on ! sev5? day ! tide w\ld h rea*$ ! vessel p]*$ on ! top ( ! hill n[ kn[n z ,ar?ur's ,seat2 on ! sixte5? day ! highe/ peak ( ! ,p5tl&s w\ld h disappe>$2 & 9 n9e days m ! di/ant summit ( ,b5 ,lomond4 ,f ! ro( ( ! sl[ly drift+ ark no?+ w\ld !n h appe>$ save a %oreless ocean4 ,b x w\ld h tak5 yet o!r elev5 days ere ! pr\d cre/ ( ,b5 ,nevis1 ! highe/ l& 9 ! ,briti% isl&s1 w\ld h be5 subm]g$2 & ! eve ( ! =tie? day w\ld h se5 x cov]$ by little m ?an five hundr$ feet ( wat]4 ,an actual witness1 9 su* circum/ances1 h[ev] intellig5t1 c\ld h b te/ifi$ to ! p]si/5t rise ( ! sea1 accompani$ mayhap by ra9 & tempe/2 he c\ld b tell h[ t = _m days toge!r x _h be5 flood )\t ebb1 z if ! f\nta9s ( ! great deep _h be5 brok5 up2 & t at l5g? he 0 encompass$ by :at seem$ a %oreless ocean4 ,b he w\ld c]ta9ly dep>t p]il\sly f 8 position z a witness-be>]1 7 he to argue1 t :5 8 ark _h begun to float on a hill eight hundr$ feet 9 height1 all hills ^u ! surface ( ! globe ( a correspond+ altitude mu/ h be5 also cov]$2 or t1 f :at 0 9 reality b a local depression1 a univ]sal deluge might be legitimately inf]r$4 ,8 error w\ld be ( ! same nature 7?\gh ( c\rse imm5sely great]7 z t ( ! native ( ,*ili :o held1 t because ! ocean _h retreat$ f ! coa/s ( 8 own c\ntry1 x _h ( necessity also retreat$ f ! delta ( ! ,indus2 or z t ( ! inhabitant ( ,cut* :o held1 t z ! sea _h ris5 high ov] 8 native di/ricts1 x _h also ( necessity ov]fl[$ ! coa/s ( ,*ili & ,aracan4 ,dr4 ,kitto br+s =w>d b "o o!r objection to a ,flood only p>tial1 & t ! "o virtually dispos$ ( by ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet 9 ! t]m9al half ( a %ort s5t5ce4 ,! ,bi%op despair$1 z he well might1 ( ev] see+ x prov$ t ! :ole e>? _h be5 peopl$ be=e ! ,deluge4 ,x has be5 mu* urg$ ( late1 says ,dr4 ,kitto1 t ! ,deluge 0 n univ]sal1 b 0 conf9$ to a p>ticul> region1 :i* man inhabit$4 ,x may be freely admitt$ t1 see+ ! object ( ! ,flood 0 to dr[n mank9d1 !re 0 no ne$ t x %\ld ext5d beyond ! region ( man's habitation4 ,b ?is !ory necess>ily assigns to ! _w be=e ! ,flood a l[] population1 & a m limit$ ext5sion ( x1 ?an we are prep>$ to conc$e4 ,he !n goes on to argue1 t1 z ! species increas$ v rapidly imm$iately aft] ! ,deluge1 x mu/ h increas$ 9 a ratio at lea/ equally rapid be=e t cata/rophe took place4 ,b h[ gratuit\s ! assumption6 ,x w\ld be q z safe to inf]1 t z ! human race multipli$ greatly 9 ,irel& dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury1 x mu/ h also multipli$ greatly 9 ,italy1 a mu* f9] c\ntry1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury1 or 9 ! weal?i] portions ( ,kurdi/an dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5?4 ,ere apply+1 h[ev]1 ! ,iri% ratio ( increase to ei!r ! ,italy ( ?irte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 or to ! ,kurdi/an ( five hundr$ ye>s ago1 x w\ld surely be necess>y to take into acc\nt ! important fact1 t ^! 7 ! ages ( ,z+is ,khan & ( ,attila2 ( ,z+is ,khan1 :o1 on possess+ himself ( ! ?ree capitals ( ! "o c\ntry1 coolly but*]$ f\r millions ?ree hundr$ & =ty-sev5 ?\s& p]sons1 _! inhabitants2 & ( t ,attila1 ! sc\rge ( ,god1 :o us$ to say1 m especially 9 ref]5ce to ! o!r c\ntry1 t :5ev] 8 horse-ho(s _h once trod1 ! grass nev] aft]w>ds grew1 & be=e ^: ravages ! human race seem$ melt+ away4 ,! t]ms 9 :i* ! great wick$ness ( ! ant$iluvians is describ$ indicate a p]iod ( viol5ce & outrage2--! age :i* prec$$ ! ,flood 0 an age ( giants & ( mighty m51 & ( m5 ( r5[n1--=gott5 ,attilas1 ,al>ics1 & ,z+is ,khans1 mayhap1--giants ( mighty bone & bold emprise1 :o became fam\s = _! inf9ite manslaught]1 & ! ?\s&s :om !y de/roy$4 ,su* is decid$ly ! view :i* ! brief ,scriptural description sugge/$ to ! poets2 & c]ta9ly1 :5 a "q comes to be "o ( guess "w1 no o!r class ( p]sons guess half s sagaci\sly z !y4 ,x has n unfrequ5tly occurr$ to me1--& 9 a "q ( ?is k9d "o sugge/ion may be q z admissible z ano!r1--t ! ,deluge may h be5 m a visitation ( m]cy to ! race ?an ( judgm5t4 ,ev5 9 our own times1 z happ5$ 9 ,new ,zeal& dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 & 9 ,tahiti ab\t ! close ( ! la/1 tribes re/rict$ to "o tract ( c\ntry1 :5 seiz$ by ! madness ( conque/1 h n>r[ly escap$ ext]m9ation4 ,we "k t 9 "s in/ances bett] h be5 de/roy$ by worse races1--t ! m ref9$ h at times yield$ to ! m b>b>\s1--yield$ s entirely1 t all t surviv$ ( va/ populations & a comp>atively high civilization h be5 brok5 temples1 & great burial m\nds lock$ up 9 ! solitudes ( deep =e/s2 & fur!r1 t :ole peoples1 exhau/$ by _! vices1 h sunk into su* a /ate ( depression & decl9e1 t1 unable any long] to supply ! inevitable wa/e ( nature1 !y h dropt into ext9ction4 ,& su* may h be5 ! condition ( ! human race dur+ t p]iod ( port5t\s evil & viol5ce :i* prec$$ ! deluge4 ,we "k t ! good came at l5g? to be re/rict$ to a s+le family2 & ev5 ! evil1 in/ead ( be+ numb]$1 z n[1 by hundr$s ( millions1 may h be5 compris$ 9 a few ?\s&s1 or at mo/ a few hundr$ ?\s&s1 t 7 becom+ few] e ye>1 f ! indulg5ce ( fi]ce & evil passions1 9 a "t ( outrage & viol5ce4 ,! ,creator ( ! race may h dealt ) x on ?is occasion ( judgm5t1 z a flori/ does ) "s decay+ plant1 :i* he cuts d[n to ! gr\nd 9 ord] to secure a fre% %oot f ! root4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! pro( ( an ant$iluvian population at once enorm\sly great & v l>gely spread mu/ re/ ) ^? :o hold1 ) ,dr4 ,kitto1 t its numb]s & ext5t 7 su* z to militate aga9/ ! probability ( a deluge m]ely p>tial2 & any su* pro( we may1 ) ! good old ,bi%op ( ,worce/]1 well despair ( ev] see+ produc$4 ,ev5 admitt+1 h[ev]1 = ! argum5t's sake1 t ! inhabitants ( ! ,old ,_w may h be5 z num]\s z ^? ( ,*9a are n[1--a numb] e/imat$ by ! rec5t au?orities at m ?an ?ree hundr$ & fifty millions1--& ! admission is c]ta9ly greatly l>g] ?an !re is argum5t en\gh on ! o!r side to extort1--a comp>atively p>tial deluge w\ld h be5 suffici5t to secure _! de/ruction4 ,9 %ort1 x may be fairly conclud$1 t if !re be a %[ ( reason aga9/ ! !ory ( a flood m]ely local1 x has n yet be5 exhibit$4 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,kitto1 ) all 8 +5uity & le>n+1 has fail$ to array aga9/ x argum5ts ( any real weight or cog5cy2 & 9 my next address ,i may be p]haps able to %[ y t ! objections :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 be> aga9/ ! antagoni/ hypo!sis1 are at once solid & num]\s4 ,i may be mi/ak5 9 my e/imate2 b = "s ye>s pa/ ,i h reg>d$ !m z altoge!r insurm\ntable4 ,,lecture ,,eigh?4 ,,! ,,noa*ian ,,deluge4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,a c5tury has n yet gone by s9ce all ! organic rema9s on :i* ! sci5ce ( ,palontology is n[ f\nd$ 7 reg>d$ z ! wrecks ( a univ]sal deluge1 & held good 9 evid5ce t ! wat]s _h prevail$ 9 e kn[n c\ntry1 & ris5 ov] ! highe/ hills4 ,intellig5t obs]v]s 7 n want+ at ev5 an e>li] "t :o ma9ta9$ t a tempor>y flood c\ld n h occasion$ ph5om5a s extraord9>y4 ,su* 0 ! view tak5 by sev]al ,italian naturali/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 9 ,brita9 by ! di/+ui%$ ma!matician ,hooke1 ! contempor>y1 & 9 "s matt]s rival1 ( ,newton4 ,b ! conclusions ( ^! obs]v]s1 n[ s g5]ally adopt$1 7 reg>d$ bo? 9 ,popi% & ,prote/ant c\ntries z b little fri5dly to ,revelation2 & s /rong 0 ! opposite op9ion1 & s g5]ally 7 petrifactions reg>d$ z s _m pro(s ( a univ]sal deluge1 t ,voltaire felt himself con/ra9$1 fir/ 9 8 ,diss]tation drawn up = ! ,academy at ,bologna1 & next 9 8 article on %ells 9 ! ,philosophical ,diction>y1 to take up ! "q z *>g$ ) "o ( ! evid5ces ( t ,revelation :i* x 0 ! great design ( 8 life to subv]t4 ,& ) an unfairness too *>act]i/ic ( 8 sp>kl+ b unsolid writ+s1 we f9d him argu+1 t all fossil %ells 7 ei!r ^? ( fre% wat] lakes & riv]s evaporat$ dur+ dry seasons1 or ( l& snails develop$ 9 unusual abundance dur+ wet ones2 or t !y 7 %ells :i* _h be5 dropp$ f ! hats ( pilgrims on _! way f ! ,holy ,l& to _! homes2 or t !y 7 %ells t _h gone a/ray f cab9ets & museums2 or1 f9ally1 t !y 7 n %ells at all1 b m]e %ell-l =ms1 produc$ by "s occult process ( nature 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,9 f9e1 9 ord] to de/roy ! cr$ibility ( ! ,noa*ian deluge1 ! brilliant ,fr5*man exhau/$ e exp$i5t 9 8 attempts to neutralize t ,palontologic evid5ce on :i* geologi/s n[ f\nd "s ( _! mo/ legitimate conclusions4 ,b he only succe$$1 in/ead1 9 produc+ compositions ( :i* e s5t5ce conta9s ei!r an absurdity or an untru?1 & 9 rais+ a reaction aga9/ ! special s*ool ( infidelity :i* he _h f\nd$1 t at l5g? bore x d[n4 ,he wrote 9 ! middle ( ! ,p>is bas91 ) its multitude ( fossil %ells & bones2 &1 :5 p5n+ 8 article = ! ,encyclopdia1 he _h1 he tells u1 a boxful ( ! %ell-*>g$ soil ( ! ,faluns ( ,t\ra9e actually be=e him2 b ! deluge _h to be put d[n1 :atev] ! nature or be>+ ( ! facts2 & s he c\ld f9d 9 ei!r no evid5ce ( a "t :5 ! sea _h cov]$ ! l&4 ,he f\nd1 in/ead1 only "s mussels1 because !re 7 ponds 9 ! neighborhood4 ,z = ! spiral petrifactions t]m$ cornu ammonis1 ( :i* ! ,jurassic ,alps are full1 !y 7 n nautili1 he said2 !y c\ld be no?+ else ?an reptiles2 see+ t reptiles take almo/ always ! =m ( a spiral :5 n 9 motion2 & x 0 surely m likely1 t :5 petrifi$ !y %\ld /ill reta9 ! spiral disposition1 ?an t ! ,indian ,ocean %\ld h long ago ov]fl[$ ! m\nta9s ( ,europe4 ,7 !re n1 h[ev]1 real %ells ( ! ,syrian type 9 ,france & ,italy8 ,p]haps s4 ,b ought we n to recollect1 he ask$1 ! numb]less b&s ( pilgrims :o c>ri$ _! money to ! ,holy ,l&1 & br\ght back %ells8 or 0 x pref]able to ?9k t ! sea ( ,joppa & ,sidon _h cov]$ ,burgundy & ,milanais8 ,z = ! seem+ %ells ( ! less sup]ficial deposits1 ,are we sure1 he inquir$1 t ! soil ( ! e>? _c produce fossils8 ,agate 9 "s specim5s conta9s its app>5t sprigs ( moss1 :i*1 we "k1 nev] exi/$ z ! vegetable !y resemble2 & :y %\ld n ! e>? h1 9 l mann]1 produc$ its app>5t %ells8 ,or are n _m ( ^! %ells m]e lake or riv] petrifactions8--"o nev] sees among !m true m>9e sub/ances66 ,if !re 7 any1 :y h we nev] se5 bones ( sea dogs1 %>ks1 & :ales8666 ,& ?us he ran on1 9 ! belief app>5tly t he _h to deal ) b an ignorant prie/hood1 too little acqua9t$ ) ! facts to make out a case aga9/ him 9 behalf ( ! ,mosaic n>rative1 & :om at lea/1 %\ld argum5t fail him1 he c\ld vanqui% ) a joke4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a "y ,g]man1 :o _h n at ! "t q made up 8 m9d ei!r = ! ,fr5* s*ool or aga9/ x1 :o 0 no un9t]e/$ read] ( ,voltaire's disquisitions on fossil %ells4 ,& ?is "y man 0 de/9$ to be 9 ! com+ age :at ! ,fr5*man _h be5 9 ! clos+ "o1--! lead+ m9d ( ,europe4 ,he1 too1 _h be5 look+ at fossils2 & hav+ no case to make out ei!r = or aga9/ ,moses1 or any "o else1 he _h receiv$ 9 a fair & c&id _s ! evid5ce ) :i* !y 7 *>g$4 ,& ! gross di%one/y ( ,voltaire 9 ! matt] =m$ s decid$ a turn+ po9t ) him1 t f t "t =w>d he employ$ 8 great influ5ce 9 be>+ d[n ! ,fr5* s*ool ( infidelity1 z a s*ool dete/ably false & holl[2--a w>n+1 surely1 to all1 :e!r !y /& up = ,revelation or aga9/ x1 ( ! dang] ( be+1 l ! witty ,fr5*man1 wick$ ov]mu*4 ,to u y\?s1 says ,goe!1 9 8 ,autobiography1 ) our ,g]man love ( tru? & nature1 ! facti\s di%one/y ( ,voltaire1 & ! p]v]sion ( s _m wor?y subjects1 became m & m annoy+1 & we daily /r5g!n$ ourselves 9 our av]sion f him4 ,he c\ld nev] h done ) degrad+ religion & ! sacr$ books = ! sake ( injur+ prie/craft1 z he call$ x2 & ?us produc$ 9 me _m an unpleas+ s5sation4 ,b :5 ,i n[ le>n$1 t to weak5 ! tradition ( a ,deluge1 he _h d5i$ all petrifi$ %ells1 & only admitt$ !m z lusus natur1 he entirely lo/ my confid5ce2 = my own eyes _h on ! ,bas*b]g pla9ly en\gh %[n me t ,i /ood on ! bottom ( an old dri$-up sea1 among ! exuvi ( its anci5t inhabitants4 ,^! m\nta9s _h c]ta9ly be5 once cov]$ ) waves1--:e!r be=e or dur+ ! ,deluge did n conc]n me3 x 0 en\gh t ! valley ( ! ,rh9e _h be5 a mon/r\s lake1--a bay ext5d+ beyond ! rea* ( eyesight3 out ( ?is ,i 0 n to be talk$4 ,i ?\ght mu* m ( advanc+ 9 ! k ( l&s & m\nta9s1 let :at w\ld be ! result4 ,i "k n 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( op9ion a m in/ructive passage ?an ?is4 ,little c\ld ,voltaire h kn[n :at he 0 9 reality do+1 or h[ egregi\sly he 0 ov]rea*+ himself1 :51 9 labor+ to be> d[n ! evid5ce borne by fossils to ! anci5t upheavals & cataclysms1 he suff]$ himself to make use ( ass]tions & argum5ts s palpably unfair4 ,& ^? :o employ1 9 _! zeal aga9/ ! geologi/s1 :at is /ill exce$+ly common1--! ,voltairean /yle ( argum5t1--especially if !y employ x 9 :at !y deem ! behalf ( religion1 might d well to inquire :e!r !y are n 9 "s little dang] ( produc+ ! ,voltairean result4 ,no man acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al outl9es ( ,palontology1 or ! true succession ( ! s$im5t>y =mations1 has be5 able to believe1 dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 t any pro( ( a g5]al deluge c be d]iv$ f ! old] geologic sy/ems1--,palozoic1 ,second>y1 or ,t]ti>y4 ,x has be5 held1 h[ev]1 by accompli%$ geologi/s1 )9 ev5 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 t su* pro( might be successfully s\ght = 9 :at are kn[n z ! sup]ficial deposits4 ,su* 0 ! belief ( ,cuvi]1--a man :o1 ev5 9 geologic sci5ce1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly n 8 peculi> prov9ce1 ex]t$ a mighty influ5ce ov] ! ?9k+ ( o!r m54 ,i agree ) ,,mm4 ,deluc & ,dolomieu 9 ?9k+1 we f9d him say+1 9 8 widely fam$ ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 t if any?+ 9 geology be e/abli%$1 x is1 t ! surface ( our globe has und]gone a great & sudd5 revolution1 ! date ( :i* _c be ref]r$ to a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an five or six ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,b f ! same celebrat$ "w we le>n t ,cuvi] held t ?is sudd5 cata/rophe1--occasion$1 z he suppos$1 by an elevation ( ! sea bottom & a subm]g5ce ( ! previ\sly exi/+ l&1--_h n be5 univ]sal2 see+ he c\ld ent]ta9 ! belief t ! ?ree great races ( ! human family1--,e?iopian1 ,mongolian1 & ,caucasian1--_h all escap$ f x 9 sev]al directions4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! m>k$ peculi>ities ( ! ,mongolian race1 s v di/9ct f ! ,caucasian1 he m]ely intimates1 t he 0 tempt$ to believe _! ance/ors & ours _h escap$ ! great cata/rophe on diff]5t sides2 b 9 dwell+ on ! /ill m m>k$ peculi>ities ( ! ,negroes1 we f9d him explicitly /at+1 t1 all _! *>act]s cle>ly %[ t !y _h escap$ f ! ov]:elm+ deluge at ano!r po9t ?an ! ,caucasian & ,altaic races2 f :i* !y _h p]haps be5 sep>at$1 he adds1 = a long "t previ\s to ! occurr5ce ( t ev5t4 ,= a season1 geologi/s ( high /&+ 9 our own c\ntry1 su* z ,buckl& & ,conybe>e1 foll[$ ,cuvi] s f> z to hold1 t ! sup]ficial deposits bore evid5ce ev]y:]e ( a great cataclysm1 ! la/ ( ! geologic cata/rophes2 & :i* might be id5tifi$1 !y believ$1 ) ! ,noa*ian ,deluge4 ,aga9/ ?is view "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ,scotti% naturali/s1 ,dr4 ,john ,flem+1 rais$ a vigor\s prote/ z e>ly z ! ye> #ahbf1 & conclusively %[$ t no tempor>y flood c\ld h produc$ ! exi/+ appe>ances4 ,& s ?or\ghly 7 8 facts & reason+s confirm$ by subsequ5t discov]y1 t ! geologi/s ( "n :o _h acquiesc$1 :olly or 9 "p1 9 ! ,cuvi]ian view1 read 9 succession _! recantations3 ,dr4 ,buckl& 9 especial1 :o _h writt5 mo/ l>gely on ! subject1 & committ$ himself mo/ ?or\ghly1 did s a v few ye>s aft]3 nor does ! hypo!sis ( ,cuvi] appe> to h be5 s9ce adopt$ by any writ] ( sci5tific reputation4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( cont5d+ ) argum5ts or inf]5ces :i* !re are n[ no p>ties 9 ! field to ma9ta91 ,i %all briefly ref] to a few ( ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ^? sup]ficial deposits on :i* ! ab&on$ conclusions 7 orig9ally bas$1 & %[1 9 ! pass+1 t !y are n su* z a tempor>y deluge c\ld h produc$4 ,! sup]ficial deposits include :at is kn[n z ! mammalif]\s crag1 ! drift1 ! b\ld] & brick clays1 ! /ratifi$ s&s & gravels1 ! travell$ rocks1 ! s>s1 & mora9es ( ! high] latitudes4 ,= x is a fact v significant 9 its be>+s on ! diluvial controv]sy1 t x is 9 ! high] latitudes 9 bo? hemisph]es t ^! peculi> deposits are *iefly to be f\nd4 ,!y h be5 trac$ 9 ,patagonia 9 ! "o hemisph]e1 f ! s\!rn limits ( ! c\ntry to ! =ty-fir/ degree ( s\? latitude2 & 9 ,europe 9 ! o!r1 to ! =tie?2 & 9 ,am]ica to ev5 ! ?irty-eigh? degree ( nor? latitude4 ,b 9 ! great belt1 ne>ly eighty degrees 9 bread?1 :i*1 encircl+ ! globe f ea/ to we/1 includes ) ! torrid ! w>m] portions ( ! temp]ate zones1 !y h sc>ce any exi/5ce at all1 or exi/ at lea/ 9 diff]5t =ms & exce$+ly r$uc$ proportions4 ,! sup]ficial deposits1 9 _! mo/ *>act]i/ic conditions1 are deposits ( ! cold] portions ( ! globe1 & 9 _m p>ts indicate t !re prevail$ dur+ _! =mation a mu* sev]] climate ?an n[ obta9s 9 ! regions 9 :i* !y occur4 ,! %ells :i* !y conta9 9 ,brita91 = in/ance1 ?\gh almo/ all ( exi/+ species1 are _m ( !m su* z are n n[ to be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% seas1 b 9 seas ab\t t5 degrees fur!r to ! nor?2 & !re is evid5ce t ! l9e ( p]petual sn[ mu/ h desc5d$ at ! "t to a l[] level ?an t atta9$ by our second-class hills1 & t almo/ e ,highl& valley _h its glaci]4 ,!y repres5t1 too1 va/ p]iods ( "t2--e>li] p]iods1 dur+ :i* ! l& gradually sank1 till only its high] em95ces 7 uncov]$1 & great floats ( iceb]gs w5t c>e]+ ov] its subm]g$ pla9s & l[] hills2 & lat] p]iods1 dur+ :i* ! l& z gradually arose1 aft] app>5tly _m pauses & oscillations1 until at l5g?1 :5 x _h rea*$ a level sc>ce eighty feet high] ?an t :i* x at pres5t ma9ta9s1 ! climate s(t5$1 & ! glaci]s :i* _h =m$ 9 ! lat] times among its hills ultimately disappe>$4 ,b$s ( sea-%ells ( ! boreal type1 t belong to ^? ice ages1 may be /ill f\nd occupy+ ! places 9 :i* !y _h liv$ & di$1 _m miles inl&1 & hundr$s ( feet ov] ! sea level4 ,bor+ %ells1 su* z ! pholodadid1 may be detect$ f> out ( sight ( ! ocean1 /ill occupy+ ! cells :i* !y _h scoop$ out = !mselves 9 h>d lime/one or yield+ %ale2 & s]pula & nuliporate encru/ations may be se5 /ill adh]+ to rocks rais$ to giddy elevations ov] ! sea4 ,! gr\p ( mammals1 h[ev]1 :i* liv$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 & to ^: abundant tusks & skeletons "o ( its old] deposits 7! mammalif]\s crag7 owes its "n1 0 m>k$ by s peculi> a "*1 t evid5ce ( a univ]sal deluge has be5 (t5 s\ght = 9 _! rema9s4 ,! gr\p1--t :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! animals ( our own times1 & includ$ n a few ( ! indig5\s species :i* /ill inhabit our c\ntry1--0 *iefly rem>kable = conta9+ _m g5]a1 all ( ^: exi/+ species are exotic4 ,x _h its great elephant1 its two species ( rh9oc]os1 its hippopotamus1 its hyna1 its tig]1 & its monkey2 & mu* +5i\s calculation has be5 employ$ by writ]s su* z ,granville ,p5n1 9 attempt+ to %[ h[ ^! rema9s might h be5 transport$ f ! int]tropical regions dur+ ! ,flood1 n only to ,brita91 b ev5 to ! nor!rn wa/es ( ,sib]ia1--a voyage ( f f\r to five ?\s& miles4 ,!re are in/ances on record 9 :i* ! bodies ( ! dr[n$ h be5 drift$ f n9ety to a hundr$ & fifty miles f ! spot :]e !y _h be5 fir/ subm]g$2 b !y h always be5 f\nd1 9 ^! cases1 9 a condition ( sad mutilation & decay2 :]eas ! c>cass ( ! anci5t elephant :i* 0 discov]$1 a little ere ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 lock$ up 9 ice 9 ,sib]ia1 ?ree ?\s& six hundr$ miles f :]e elephants n[ live1 0 9 su* a /ate ( excell5t keep+1 t ! be>s & dogs f$ ^u its fle%4 ,x seems a significant circum/ance too1 t ! rema9s ( ^! fossil elephants1 tig]s1 & hynas1 %\ld be associat$ 9 ev5 our own c\ntry ) ^? ( well kn[n nor!rn species1--) ! rema9s ( ! re9de]1 ( ! r$ de]1 ( ! ,li?uanian auro*1 ( ! ,european beav]1 ( ! ,european wolf1 ( ! wild cat1 ! fox1 & ! ott]4 ,writ]s1 h[ev]1 su* z ,mr4 ,p5n1 got ov] bo? difficulties4 ,he %[$1 = in/ance1 h[ a %ip _h once run across ! ,atlantic "u b>e poles1 dur+ an almo/ cont9u$ hurricane1 at ! rate ( two hundr$ & eighty-eight miles 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1--ne>ly ! rate at :i* ! great ,am]ican /eam]s cross ! same ocean n[2 & :y1 he ask$1 might n ! c>casses ( elephants h drift$ nor?w>ds at an equal rate on ! tides ( ! deluge8 ,& z = ! mix$ "* ( ! gr\p ) :i* ^! rema9s are f\nd associat$1 t 0 exactly :at ,mr4 ,p5n w\ld h expect$ 9 ! circum/ances4 ,x 0 ! result ( a tumultu>y flood1 :i* _h br\ght toge!r 9 our nor!rn region ! float+ c>casses ( ! animals ( all climates1 to s9k 9 unwont$ companion%ip1 :5 putrefaction _h done its "w1 into ! same deposits4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 unluckily ov]look$ ! fact1 t comp>ative anatomy is 9 reality a sci5ce2 & fur!r1 t x is a sci5ce ( :i* m5 su* z ,cuvi] & ,ow5 "k a great deal m ?an ! m5 :o nev] /udi$ x1 h[ev] respectable4 ,x is ! record$ decision ( ^! great anatomi/s1--a decision :i* has be5 _m times te/$ & confirm$1--t ! nor!rn species ( elephant1 rh9oc]os1 tig]1 & hyna1 7 entirely diff]5t f ! int]tropical species2 t !y diff]$ f !m v consid]ably m ?an ! ass diff]s f ! horse1 or ! dog f ! wolf2 & t1 :ile !re is a prepond]at+ am\nt ( evid5ce to %[ t !y 7 natives ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* _! rema9s are n[ f\nd1 !re is n a %ad[ ( evid5ce to %[ t !y _h ev] liv$1 or c\ld h liv$1 9 an int]tropical c\ntry4 ,( ! nor!rn elephant1 x is positively kn[n1 f ! ,sib]ian specim51 t x 0 cov]$1 l _m o!r sub-arctic animals1 ) long hair1 & a ?ick crisp und]gr[? ( wool1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1--c]ta9ly n an int]tropical provision2 & s entirely diff]5t 0 x 9 =m f ei!r ( ! exi/+ species1 ,african or ,indian1 t a *ild c\ld be taught 9 a s+le lesson to di/+ui% x by ! tusks alone4 ,9 f9e1 ! assumption t *all5ges ! rema9s ( ! old ,plei/oc5e c>nivora & pa*yd]mata z ^? ( int]tropical species br\ght nor?w>ds by a univ]sal deluge1 is ab\t z well bas$ & s\nd z if x *all5g$ ! bones ( foxes occasionally f\nd 9 our woods = ! rema9s ( dogs ( ,aleppo or ,askalon br\ght into ,brita9 by ! ,crusad]s1 or z if x pron\nc$ a dead ass to be "o ( ! cavalry horses ( ! fatal *>ge ( ,balaklava1 transport$ to ,engl& f ! ,crimea z a relic ( ! fight4 ,! hypo!sis conf\nds z a species ! ,ros9ante ( ,quixote ) ! ,dapple ( ,san*o ,panza1 & frames its argum5t on ! mi/ake4 ,t ?is ext9ct gr\p ( animals inhabit$ = ages ! c\ntries 9 :i* _! rema9s are n[ emb$d$1 is r5d]$ evid5t by _! great numb]s 9 "s localities1 & f _! occurr5ce 9 v>i\s /ates ( pres]vation1 & 9 b$s ( v>i\s ages4 ,! five hundr$ mammo?s ^: tusks & gr9d]s 7 dragg$ up 9 ?irte5 ye>s by ! oy/] dr$g]s ( ! ,norfolk coa/ f a tract ( subm]g$ drift1 c\ld n all h be5 contempor>y 9 a small corn] ( ,engl&1 b mu/ h repres5t$ sev]al g5]ations4 ,& ( c\rse ! two ?\s& gr9d]s br\ght up f ! expos$ surface ( ! drift mu/ h borne b a small proportion to ! ?\s&s /ill disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! entire dep? ( ! deposit4 ,any argum5t1 h[ev]1 f\nd$ on ! m]e numb]s ( ^! elephant9e tusks & gr9d]s1 & :i* evad$ ! important "q ( species1 might be elud$1 h[ev] unfairly1 by ! ass]tors ( a univ]sal deluge4 ,floods c]ta9ly d at times accumulate1 9 great heaps1 bodies ( ! same specific gravity2 & :y might n a univ]sal flood h accumulat$ on ?is special tract ( drift1 ! c>casses ( _m elephants8 ,b x w be f\nd greatly m difficult to elude ! +5i\s argum5t on ! g5]al "q ( ,pr(essor ,ow54 ,next1 p]haps1 to ! ext9ct elephant1 "o ( ! mo/ num]\s animals ( ?is anci5t gr\p 0 ! great ,iri% elk1 ,megac]os ,hib]nicus1 a creature t1 measur$ to ! top ( its enorm\s antl]s1 /ood t5 feet f\r in*es 9 height1 & exce$$ 9 bulk & size ! l>ge/ horses4 ,l all o!r species ( ! de] family1 ! creature annually %$ & r5ew$ its horns2 & a male de] may be reckon$1 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 to h left ab\t eight pairs ( antl]s1 besides its bones1 to te/ify its =m] exi/5ce ^u ! e>?4 ,b z ! female has usually no antl]s1 our expectations might be limit$ to ! discov]y ( f\r times z _m pairs ( antl]s z skeletons 9 ! sup]ficial deposits ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* su* de] h liv$ & di$4 ,! actual proportion ( ! fossil antl]s ( ! great ext9ct species ( ,briti% ,plioc5e de] 7:i* antl]s are prov$ by ! =m ( _! base to h be5 %$ by ! liv+ animals7 to ! fossil bones ( ! same species1 is some:at great] ?an 9 ! above calculation4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 x may be cont5d$ t ! swoll5 c>cass ( a dr[n$ exotic de] might be borne along a diluvial wave to a consid]able di/ance1 & its bones ultimately deposit$ f> f its native soil1 x is n cr$ible t all ! solid %$ antl]s ( su* species ( de] c\ld be c>ri$ by ! same cause to ! same di/ance2 or t any ( !m c\ld be roll$ = a %ort di/ance1 ) o!r heavy debris ( a mighty torr5t1 )\t fracture & signs ( friction4 ,b ! %$ antl]s ( ! l>ge ext9ct species ( de] f\nd 9 ?is isl& & 9 ,irel& h commonly _! p>ts or bran*es entire z :5 !y fell2 & ! fractur$ specim5s are g5]ally f\nd 9 caves1 & %[ m>ks ( ! tee? ( ! ossivor\s hynas by :i* !y _h be5 gnaw$2 ?us at ! same "t reveal+ ! mode 9 :i* !y 7 introduc$ into ^? caves1 & prov+ ! contemporane\s exi/5ce 9 ?is isl& ( bo? k9ds ( mammalia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,,megac]os ,,hib]nicus4 7,iri% ,elk47 ,b ! cont5ts ( ! bone caves1 consi/+ 9 l>ge "p ( ! ext9ct mammals1 ought ( !mselves to be decisive 9 ?is "q4 ,z ! op5+ ( ! ,kirkdale cav]n is only ab\t f\r feet ea* way1 a diluvial wave1 *>g$ ) ! wreck ( ! l[] latitudes1 c\ld sc>ce h wa%$ into su* an orifice any consid]able numb] ( ! int]tropical animals4 ,& yet !re has be5 f\nd 9 ?is cave1--) ! tee? ( a v "y mammo?1 ( a v great tig]1 ( a tig]-l animal ^: g5us is ext9ct1 ( a rh9oc]os1 & ( a hippopotamus1--! fragm5t>y rema9s ( f two to ?ree hundr$ hynas4 ,fur!r1 ev5 suppos+1 :at is impossible1 t a diluvial wave _h swept !m all f ! tropics into ! f\r-feet hole1 on :at pr9ciple is x to be expla9$ t ! bones ?us wa%$ into ! cave %\ld be all gnaw$ bones1 ev5 ^? ( ! hynas !mselves1 :]eas ! bones ( ! same creatures f\nd 9 ! mammalif]\s deposits ( ! c\ntry be> no m>ks ( tee?8 ,mr4 ,granville ,p5n1 h[ev]1 gets ov] ! difficulty ( ! cave1 :i* is holl[$1 ,i may m5tion1 9 a lime/one ( ! ,oolitic s]ies1 inclos+ ! ammonite & belemnite1 by ass]t+ t its mammalif]\s cont5ts may be some:at old] ?an itself6 ,! lime/one exi/$1 he holds1 z b a m]e un=m$ pulp at ! "t ! int]tropical animals came float+ nor?w>ds3 !y sank into x2 ! gasses evolv$ dur+ putrefaction blew up ! pla/ic lime above !m into a great oblong bubble1 some:at z a glass-bl[] bl[s up a bottle2 & h5ce ! ,kirkdale cav]n1 ) its gnaw$ bones & its amaz+ numb] ( tee?4 ,& c]ta9ly a geologic argum5t ( ?is +5i\s "* has "o signal advantage1--x is 9 no dang] :atev] ( be+ answ]$ by ! geologi/s4 ,mr4 ,p5n1 9 a second edition ( 8 "w1 express$ "s surprise t an ,ed9burgh ,review] %\ld h m]ely /at$ 8 argum5t )\t reply+ to x66 ,b ,i ne$ n dwell on ! argum5ts = a univ]sal deluge :i* h be5 d]iv$ f ! sup]ficial deposits4 ,!y all belong to an immature age ( geologic sci5ce1 & are ( no value :atev]4 ,let u pass r to ! consid]ation ( ! facts & argum5ts :i* militate aga9/ ! univ]sality ( ! cata/rophe4 ,! =m & dim5sions ( ,noah's ark are def9itely giv5 9 ! sacr$ record4 ,x seems to h be5 a great oblong box1 some:at l a wood5 gran>y1 ?ree /ories high1 & furni%$ ) a ro( app>5tly ( ! ord9>y angul> %ape1 b ) a some:at broad] ridge ?an common2 & x measur$ ?ree hundr$ cubits 9 l5g?1 fifty cubits 9 bread?1 & ?irty cubits 9 height4 ,a good deal ( controv]sy has1 h[ev]1 aris5 reg>d+ ! cubit employ$2 "s hold+1 ) ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 & mo/ ( ! old] !ologians1 su* z ,%uck=d & ,hales1 t ! ,noa*ian cubit 0 :at is kn[n z ! common or natural cubit1 conta9+1 says ,sir ,walt]1 "o foot & a half1 or a l5g? equal to t ( ! human =e-arm measur$ f ! %>p ( ! elb[ to ! po9t ( ! middle f+]2 o!rs cont5d+ t x 0 ! palm-cubit1 :i* take?1 adds my au?ority1 "o h&ful m ?an ! common2 yet o!rs1 ! royal or ,p]sian cubit ( tw5ty-"o in*es2 & s on2 = !re are1 x seems1 five sev]al k9ds ( cubit to *oose f1 all diff]+ ea* f ! o!rs4 ,! controv]sy is "o 9 :i* !re is exce$+ little foot+ = any p>ty4 ,i am incl9$1 h[ev]1 to adopt1 ) ,raleigh & ,hales1 ! natural cubit1 = ! foll[+ reason4 ,! giv5 dim5sions ( ! ark =m ! olde/ example ( measurem5t ( :i* we h any record2 & all1 or almo/ all1 ! old] & simpl] /&>ds ( measure be> ref]5ce to portions ( ! human frame4 ,!re is ! span1 ! palm1 ! h&-bread?1 ! ?umb-bread? 7or in*71 ! hair-bread?1 & ! foot4 ,! simple fi%]man on our coa/s /ill measures (f 8 fa?oms by /ret*+ out bo? 8 arms to ! full2 ! village semp/ress /ill tells (f h] clo?-bread?s by f+]-l5g?s & nails2 ! untaught till] ( ! soil /ill e/imates ! area ( 8 little field by pac+ along its sides4 ,man's fir/ & mo/ obvi\s exp$i5t1 :5 he sets himself to measure1 is to employ 8 own p]son z 8 /&>d2 & ! fir/ or common cubit 0 a measure ( ?is natural description equal 9 l5g? to ! ext5d$ =e-arm & h&4 ,all ! o!r cubits 7 artificial comp\nds ( aft] introduction2 & s1 9 ! abs5ce ( direct evid5ce on ! po9t1 ,i accept ! mo/ natural & olde/ cubit z 9 all probability ! "o employ$ 9 ! olde/ record$ piece ( cubit measurem5t4 ,& ! ark1 if measur$ by ! common or natural cubit1 mu/ h be5 a vessel f\r hundr$ & fifty feet 9 l5g?1 sev5ty-five feet 9 bread?1 & =ty-five feet 9 height4 ,dr4 ,kitto1 h[ev]1 ?\gh we f9d him rem>k+ t 9 computations ( ,scripture measures ! cubit may be reg>d$ z half a y>d 7,sir ,walt]'s e/imate71 adopts1 9 8 own computation ( ! size ( ! ark1 )\t assign+ any reason :y1 ! palm-cubit1 or cubit ( tw5ty-"o in*es & ne>ly n9e l9es 7#ba4hhh in*es72 &1 wav+ all controv]sy on ! "q1 let u1 = ! argum5t's sake1 admit ! l>g] measure4 ,let u1--h[ev] mu* incl9$ to hold ) ,raleigh1 ,%uck=d1 & ,hales1--agree ) ,dr4 ,kitto t ! ark 0 five hundr$ & =ty-sev5 feet 9 l5g?1 by n9ety-"o feet 9 bread?4 ,su* dim5sions1 multipli$ by ?ree1 ! numb] ( /ories 9 ! vessel1 w\ld give an area equal to ab\t "o sev5? t ( ! great ,cry/al ,palace ( #ahea4 ,or1 to take a m def9ite illu/ration f ! same va/ build+1 ! area ( ! ?ree floors ( ! ark1 tak5 toge!r1 w\ld fall %ort by ab\t tw5ty-eight ?\s& squ>e feet ( t ( ! nor!rn gall]y ( ! ,palace1 :i* measur$ "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & =ty-eight feet 9 l5g?1 by n9ety-six feet 9 bread?4 ,& ?us1 yield+ to our oppon5ts _! own l>ge measurem5ts1 let u n[ see :e!r ! non-univ]sality ( ! deluge _c be fairly pr$icat$ f ! dim5sions ( ! ark4 ,i may fir/ rem>k1 h[ev]1 t measures s def9ite z ^? giv5 by ,moses 7def9ite1 ( c\rse1 if we waive ! d\bt reg>d+ ! cubit employ$7 7 effectual 9 sett+ ! ari?meticians to "w 9 all ages ( ! ,*ur*1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r all ! animals 9 ! _w1 by sev5s & by pairs1 ) food suffici5t to s]ve !m = a twelvemon?1 c\ld h be5 accommodat$ 9 ! giv5 space4 ,x 0 a sort ( /ock problem1 t requir$1 x 0 ?\ght1 no v high atta9m5ts to solve4 ,eighty ye>s h n yet pass$ s9ce k9d old ,samuel ,johnson1 9 writ+ to little ,miss ,?rale a nice little lett]1 recomm5d+ h] to be a good girl1 & to m9d h] ari?metic1 advis$ h] to try ! ark problem4 ,if y c borr[ ',wilk9s' ,real ,"*1' we f9d him say+ to ! "y lady1 a folio :i* p]haps ! booksell]s c let y h1 y w h a v curi\s calculation1 :i* y are qualifi$ to consid]1 to %[ t ,noah's ark 0 capable ( hold+ all ! kn[n animals ( ! _w1 ) provision = all ! "t 9 :i* ! e>? 0 "u wat]4 ,unluckily1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ! dim5sions ( ! ark 7 kn[n1 ! animals ( ! _w 7 n2 & s ! "q1 9 at lea/ "o ( its t]ms1 _h to be v frequ5tly re/at$4 ,let u take x z we f9d x pres5t$ 7drawn1 h[ev]1 f a mu* old] s\rce71 9 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's magnific5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w4 ,if 9 a %ip ( su* greatness1 says ?is di/+ui%$ man1 we seek room = eighty-n9e di/9ct species ( bea/s1 or1 le/ any %\ld be omitt$1 = a hundr$ sev]al k9ds1 we %all easily f9d place bo? = !m & = ! birds1 :i* 9 bigness are no way answ]able to !m1 & = meat to su/a9 !m all4 ,= !re are ?ree sorts ( bea/s ^: bodies are ( a quantity well kn[n2 ! beef1 ! %eep1 & ! wolf2 to :i* ! re/ may be r$uc$ by say+1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 t "o elephant is equal to f\r beeves1 "o lion to two wolves1 & s ( ! re/4 ,( bea/s1 "s fe$ on vegetables1 o!rs on fle%4 ,!re are "o-&-?irty k9ds ( ! great] sort fe$+ on vegetables1 ( :i* numb] only ?ree are clean1 accord+ to ! law ( ,moses1 :]e( sev5 ( a k9d ent]$ into ! ark1 namely1 ?ree c\ples = bre$1 & "o odd "o = sacrifice2 ! o!r eight-&-tw5ty k9ds 7 'tak5 by two ( ea* k9d2 s t 9 all !re 7 9 ! ark "o-&-tw5ty great bea/s clean1 & six-&-fifty unclean2 e/imable = l>g5ess z n9ety-"o beeves2 yet1 = a supplem5t 7le/1 p]haps1 any species be omitt$71 lot !m be valu$ z a hundr$ & tw5ty beeves4 ,( ! less] sort fe$+ on vegetables 7 9 ! ark six-&-tw5ty k9ds1 e/imable1 ) good all[ance = supply1 z f\rscore %eep4 ,( ^? :i* dev\r fle% 7 two-&-?irty k9ds1 answ]able to ?reescore & f\r wolves4 ,all ^! two hundr$ & eighty bea/s might be kept 9 "o /ory or room ( ! ark1 9 _! sev]al cab9s2 _! meat 9 a second2 ! birds & _! provision 9 a ?ird1 ) space to sp>e = ,noah & 8 family1 & all _! necess>ies4 ,su* 0 ! calculation ( ! great voyag] ,raleigh1--a man :o _h a m practical acqua9tance ) /[age ?an p]haps any ( ! o!r writ]s :o h speculat$ on ! capabilities ( ! ark2 & 8 e/imate seems sob] & judici\s4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t f ! va/ increase 9 our k ( ! mammals :i* has tak5 place s9ce ! age 9 :i* ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w 0 writt51 ! calculation :i* embrac$ all ! eighty-n9e kn[n animals ( t "t w\ld embrace ^? ( b a s+le c5tre ( creation n[2 & t ! e/imate ( ,sir ,walt] tells1 9 consequ5ce1 on ! side1 n ( a univ]sal1 b ( a p>tial deluge4 ,z man ext5d$ 8 acqua9tance ) ! mammals1 he f\nd _! numb] greatly increas+ on 8 h&s4 ,button1 l ,raleigh1 ?\gh a pr(ess$ naturali/1 & a writ] ( admirable g5ius1 _h no v di/9ct notions ( species4 ,he 0 incl9$ to "q :e!r ev5 ! ass might n be m]ely a degrad$ horse2 & conf\nd$ _m ( ! mammals ( ! ,new ,_w ) _! repres5tative cong5]s 9 ! ,old4 ,& yet1 9 summ+ up 8 hi/ory ( ! mammalif]\s division1 he c\ld /ate1 t ?\gh x includ$ descriptions ( a hundr$ & ?irty-f\r diff]5t species ( creatures t suckl$ _! "y1 _m ( :i* _h n be5 obs]v$ or describ$ be=e1 x 0 necess>ily incomplete1 z !re 7 /ill o!rs to add to ! li/1 = ^: hi/ory !re exi/$ no mat]ials4 ,at ! same "t he rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ! numb] ( quadrup$ animals ^: exi/5ce is c]ta9 & well e/abli%$ does n am\nt to m ?an two hundr$ on ! surface ( ! kn[n _w4 ,yet "h 0 ! extreme e/imate made by ,raleigh1 ) :at he deem$ l>ge all[ance = ! unkn[n animals1 fairly d\bl$2 & "u ! h&s ( m discrim9at+ naturali/s1 & 9 ! inevitable c\rse ( discov]y1 ! numb] has s enorm\sly increas$1 t ! eighty-n9e di/9ct species kn[n to ! great voyag] h be5 repres5t$ dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s by ! "o ?\s& mammals ( ,swa9son's e/imate1 ! "o ?\s& "o hundr$ & =ty-n9e mammals ( ,*>les ,bonap>te's e/imate1 ! "o ?\s& two hundr$ & ?irty mammals ( ,w9d+'s e/imate1 & ! "o ?\s& five hundr$ mammals ( ,ok5's e/imate4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ! admirable ,physical ,atlas ( ,john/on 7publi%$ 9 #ahdh7 !re are "o ?\s& six hundr$ & tw5ty-six diff]5t species ( mammals enum]at$2 & 9 ! second edition 7publi%$ 9 #ahef71 "o ?\s& six hundr$ & fifty-eight species4 ,& to ?is v extraord9>y advance on ! eighty-n9e mammals ( ,raleigh1 & ! two hundr$ mammals ( ,buffon1 we mu/ add ! six ?\s& two hundr$ & sixty-six birds ( ,lesson1 & ! six hundr$ & fifty-sev5 reptiles ( ,*>les ,bonap>te2 or at lea/1--subtract+ ! sea snakes1 & p]haps ! turtles1 z fitt$ to live outside ! ark1--8 six hundr$ & =ty-two reptiles4#bi ,su* is ! numb] ( ! kn[n v]tebrates1 exclusive ( ! fi%es1 ) :i* 9 ?is "q we h n[ to deal4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 !re are a few l+]+ !ologians1 "s ( !m v intellig5t m51 :o cont9ue to reg>d ! ark z q big en\gh = !m all4 ,dr4 ,hamilton ( ,mobile1 = in/ance1 aft] fairly /at+ ,swa9son's e/imate1 namely1 "o ?\s& mammalia1 six ?\s& birds1 & "o ?\s& five hundr$ reptiles & amphibi1 goes on to say1 t x mu/ n be =gott51 t ( all ^!1 ! va/ly great] proportion are small2 & t numb]s ( !m c\ld be plac$ toge!r 9 ! same comp>tm5t ( ! ark4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 p]mit me to say ) all respect1 is n meet+ ! real difficulty4 ,no d\bt _m ( ! birds are small1--_m ( ! reptiles are small1--_m ev5 ( ! mammals are small1--_m small animals 7 kn[n 9 ! days ( ,raleigh1 & a mu* great] numb] ( small animals are kn[n n[2 b ! "q prop] to ! case seems to be1 ,:at proportions d bo? ! l>ge & ! small animals n[ kn[n be> to ! l>ge & small animals kn[n 9 ! days ( ,raleigh or ,buffon2 & h[ mu* additional accommodation-room w\ld !y require dur+ _! suppos$ voyage ( a twelvemon?8 ,!re are two diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! li/ ( ! kn[n animals has be5 increas$1 especially ( ! kn[n mammals4 ,!y h be5 increas$ 9 a c]ta9 appreciable proportion by discov]y2 & z discov]y has be5 made *iefly 9 isl&s1--= ! great cont95ts _h be5 previ\sly kn[n1--& z ! mammals ( isl&s1 z has be5 well rem>k$ by ,cuvi]1 are usually small1 ( ?is appreciable proportion ! bulk is comp>atively n great4 ,! great kang>oo 7,macropus giganteus71 ?\gh ! inhabitant ( an isl& :i* ranks among ! cont95ts1 w\ld n mu* exce$ 9 bulk1 tri$ by ,raleigh's qua9t scale ( measurem5t1 a %eep & a half1 or at mo/ two %eep2 & yet ,i "k n t discov]y 9 ! isl&s has add$ a l>g] animal to ! previ\sly kn[n ones ?an ! great kang>oo4 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se1 :5 he publi%$1 9 #ahda1 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,m>supialia1 reckon$ up "o hundr$ & five di/9ct species ( p\*$ animals2 & eighte5 species m1--9 all "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree1--h be5 s9ce add$ to ! ord]4 ,) ! exception ( an opossum or two1 all ^! m>supiata may be reg>d$ z discov]ies made s9ce ! "t ( ,buffon2 mo/ ( !m1 z ,i h said1 are small4 ,& su*1 g5]ally1 has be5 ! nature ( ! revelations made dur+ ! la/ sev5ty ye>s by positive discov]y4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 by discov]y1 b by sci5tific scrut9y into ! true nature & di/9ctions ( species1 t ! rec5t enorm\s increase 9 ! numb] ( ! kn[n mammals has ma9ly tak5 place4 ,& 9 ^! cases x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! new species1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly conf\nd$ ) "s old ones1 s ne>ly resemble ! latt] 9 bulk1 z well z aspect1 z to ju/ify 9 "s degree ! mi/ake4 ,let u take two ( ! greate/ animals z examples1--! elephant & ! rh9oc]os4 ,buffon conf\nd$ ! ,african ) ! ,asiatic elephant4 ,we n[ "k t !y repres5t two well m>k$ species1 ,elephas ,africanus & ,elephas ,indicus2 & t an ark :i* conta9$ ! ance/ors ( all ! exi/+ animals w\ld require to h its two pair ( elephants1 n ! "o pair only :i* w\ld h be5 deem$ suffici5t eighty ye>s ago4 ,aga91 ) respect to ! rh9oc]os1 ,buffon 0 acqua9t$ ) ! s+le horn$ animal1 & _h he>d ( ! animal ) two horns2 & s1 ?\gh by no means c]ta9 t ! v>iety 0 con/ant1 he yet held t two di/9ct species might possibly be e/abli%$4 ,b we n[ "k t !re are six species ( rh9oc]os 7sev51 accord+ to ! ,physical ,atlas17--,rh4 ,indicus1 ,rh4 ,javanus1 ,rh4 ,sumatr5sis1 ,rh4 ,africanus1 ,rh4 simus1 & ,rh4 ketloa2 & t1 in/ead ( possibly f\r1 at lea/ twelve1 or m probably f\rte51 animals ( ! g5us w\ld require1 on ! hypo!sis ( a univ]sal deluge1 to h be5 accommodat$ 9 ! ark4 ,buffon ev5 held t ! bison ( ,am]ica might be id5tical ) n simply ! auro* ( ,europe1 :i* x closely resembles1 b ) ev5 ! ,european ox1 :i* x does n resemble4 ,b x is n[ kn[n1 t :ile ! ,european auro*s are provid$ by nature ) b f\rte5 pairs ( ribs1 ! ,am]ican bison is furni%$ ) fifte54 ,( ea* ( ! rum9ants t divide ! ho(1 !re 7 sev5 introduc$ into ! ark2 & x may be well to m>k h[1 ev5 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 our acqua9tance ) ?is ord] ( animals has be5 gr[+1 & h[ greatly ! kn[n species1 9 _! relation to human k1 h 9 consequ5ce increas$4 ,9 #ahdh 79 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,physical ,atlas7 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se e/imat$ ! ox5 at ?irte5 species2 9 #ahef 79 ! second edition7 he e/imates !m at tw5ty4 ,9 #ahdh he e/imat$ ! %eep at tw5ty-"o species2 9 #ahef he e/imates !m at tw5ty-sev54 ,9 #ahdh he e/imat$ ! goats at f\rte5 species2 9 #ahef he e/imates !m at tw5ty4 ,9 #ahdf he e/imat$ ! de] at ?irty-eight species2 9 #ahef he e/imates !m at fifty-"o4 ,9 %ort1 if1 exclud+ ! lamas & ! musks z d\btfully clean1 tri$ by ! ,mosaic te/1 we b add to ! %eep1 goats1 de]1 & cattle1 ! =ty-eight species ( unequivocally clean antelopes1 & multiply ! :ole by sev51 we %all h z ! result a sum total ( "o ?\s& "o hundr$ & sixty-two individuals1--a numb] m ?an f\r times great] ?an t = :i* ,raleigh made provision 9 ! ark1 & consid]ably m ?an twice great] ?an t provid$ = by ! /ud5ts ( ,buffon4 ,su* is ! nature & am\nt ( ! increase :i* has tak5 place dur+ ! la/ half c5tury 9 ! mammalif]\s fauna4 ,9 s great a majority ( cases has x increas$ its bulk 9 ! ratio 9 :i* x has increas$ its numb]s1 t if "o ark 0 n deem$ m ?an suffici5t to accommodate ! animal _w kn[n to ! ,fr5* naturali/ ( eighty ye>s ago1 x w\ld require at lea/ f five to six arks to accommodate ! animal _w kn[n 9 ! pres5t day4 ,ev5 9 ! days ( ,buffon1 h[ev]1 & at a /ill e>li] p]iod1 ! ark1 reg>d$ z a natural means ( pres]vation f dea? by dr[n+1 0 usually c\pl$1 9 ! case ( at lea/ ! c>nivor\s animals1 ) c]ta9 miracul\s provisions aga9/ dea? by />v+4 ,x seems to h be5 g5]ally tak5 = grant$1 t ! fle%-eat+ animals1 :5 introduc$ to ! %elt] ( ! ark1 entirely *ang$ ! nature indicat$ by _! =m ( tee?1 ! "* ( _! /oma*s1 & ! %ortness ( _! b[els1 & f$1 = ! "t !y rema9$ 9 x1 exclusively on vegetable sub/ances1 :i*1 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 _! lacteals c\ld n h conv]t$ into *yle4 ,c]ta9 figurative expressions 9 ,scripture tak5 lit]ally1 :i* ref] to a class ( wild animals ^: real de/9y is r1 x w\ld seem1 to be extirpat$ ?an to be *ang$1 c\pl$ ) ! belief1 n[ no long] t5able1 t !re 0 a "t1 ere man _h s9n$1 :5 !re 0 no dea? among ! inf]ior creatures1 & ( c\rse no eat]s ( fle%1 r5d]$ ! belief easy ( reception2 b x involv$ a miracle n[h]e record$2 & ! burd5 ( ! pro( t su* a miracle actually took place 9 ! circum/ances lies ( necessity on ! ass]tors ( a univ]sal deluge4 ,fur!r1 ( ev5 ! creatures t live on vegetables1 _m are re/rict$ 9 _! food to s+le plants1 :i* are !mselves re/rict$ to limit$ localities & remote regions ( ! globe4 ,dr4 ,hamilton has n ref]r$1 9 8 li/ ( animals1 to ! insects1--a class :i*1 ?\gh !y 7 e/imat$ 9 #ahdb to consi/ ( no few] ?an five hundr$ & fifty ?\s& species1 might yet be accommodat$ 9 a comp>atively limit$ space4 ,b h[ extraord9>y an am\nt ( miracle w\ld x n require to br+ !m all toge!r into any "o c5tre1 or to pres]ve !m !re6 ,_m ( !m1 l ! myriapoda & ! ?ysanura1 h no w+s1 & b feeble locomotive p[]s2 _m ( !m1 su* z ! ephem]a & ! male ants1 live aft] !y h got _! w+s only a few h\rs1 or at mo/ a few days2 & !re are myriads ( !m t c live ^u b s+le plants t gr[ 9 v limit$ botanic c5tres4 ,ev5 suppos+ !m all br\ght into ! ark by miracle z eggs1 :at multitudes ( !m w\ld n1 )\t ! ex]tion ( fur!r miracle1 require to be s5t back to _! prop] habitats z w+less grubs1 or z insects re/rict$ by nature to a few days ( life6 ,or1 suppos+ ! eggs all left 9 _! sev]al localities to lie "u wat] = a twelvemon? amid mud & debris1--?\gh c]ta9 ( ! h>di] k9ds might survive su* treatm5t1 by miracle alone c\ld ! prepond]at+ majority ( ! class be pres]v$4 ,& be x rememb]$1 t ! exp$i5t ( hav+ rec\rse to supposititi\s miracle 9 ord] to get ov] a difficulty insurm\ntable on e natural pr9ciple1 is n ( ! nature ( argum5t1 b simply an evid5ce ( ! want ( x4 ,argum5t is at an end :5 supposititi\s miracle is introduc$4 ,b ! v inadequate size ( ! ark1 ?\gh a conclusive pro( t all1 or ne>ly all1 ! prog5itors ( our exi/+ animals c\ld n h h>bor$ )9 x f any g5]al cataclysm1 does n furni% a /rong] argum5t aga9/ ! possibility ( any su* assemblage1 ?an ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* we n[ f9d ^! animals di/ribut$ ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,l9nu held1 e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 t all creatures :i* n[ inhabit ! globe _h proce$$ orig9ally f "s su* common c5tre z ! ark might h furni%$2 b no zoologi/ acqua9t$ ) ! di/ribution ( species c acquiesce 9 any su* conclusion n[4 ,we n[ "k t e great cont95t has its own peculi> fauna2 t ! orig9al c5tres ( di/ribution mu/ h be51 n "o1 b _m2 fur!r1 t ! areas or circles ar\nd ^! c5tres mu/ h be5 occupi$ by _! pri/9e animals 9 ages long ant]ior to t ( ! ,noa*ian ,deluge2 nay1 t 9 ev5 ! latt] geologic ages1 !y 7 prec$$ 9 !m by animals ( ! same g5]al type4 ,!re are f\rte5 su* areas or prov9ces enum]at$ by ! lat] naturali/s4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( runn+ any risk ( los+ ourselves amid ! less nicely def9$ prov9ces ( ! ,old ,_w1 to draw our illu/rations f two & a half prov9ces ( lat] discov]y1 ^: limits h be5 rigidly fix$ by nature4 ,! great cont95ts1 says ,cuvi]1 conta9 species peculi> to ea*2 insomu* t :5ev] l>ge c\ntries ( ?is description h be5 discov]$1 :i* _! situation _h kept isolat$ f ! re/ ( ! _w1 ! class ( quadrup$s :i* !y conta9$ has be5 f\nd extremely diff]5t f any t _h exi/$ else:]e4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,spani>ds fir/ p5etrat$ into ,s\? ,am]ica1 !y did n f9d a s+le species ( quadrup$ ! same z any ( ,europe1 ,asia1 or ,africa4 ,! puma1 ! jagu>1 ! tapir1 ! cabiai1 ! lama1 ! vicuna1 ! slo?s1 ! armadilloes1 ! opossums1 & ! :ole tribe ( sapaj\s1 7 to !m entirely new animals1 ( :i* !y _h no idea4 ,simil> circum/ances h recurr$ 9 our own "t1 :5 ! coa/s ( ,new ,holl& & ! adjac5t isl&s 7 fir/ explor$4 ,! v>i\s species ( kang>oo1 phascolomys1 dasyurus1 & p]ameles1 ! fly+ phalang]s1 ! orni?oryn*i1 & e*idn1 h a/oni%$ naturali/s by ! /rang5ess ( _! con=mations1 :i* pres5t$ proportions contr>y to all =m] rules1 & 7 incapable ( be+ arrang$ "u any ( ! sy/ems !n 9 use4 ,new ,zeal&1 ?\gh s+ul>ly devoid ( indig5\s mammals & reptiles1--= ! only native mammal seems to be a peculi> species ( rat1 & ! only native reptile a small1 h>mless liz>d1--has a sc>ce less rem>kable fauna ?an ei!r ( ^! great cont95ts4 ,x consi/s almo/ exclusively ( birds1 "s ( !m s ill provid$ ) w+s1 t1 l ! wika ( ! natives1 !y c only run along ! gr\nd4 ,& x is a mo/ significant fact1 t bo? 9 ! two great cont95ts & ! ,new ,zeal& isl&s !re exi/$1 9 ! lat] geologic ages1 ext9ct faunas t bore ! peculi> g5]ic *>act]s by :i* _! rec5t ones are /ill di/+ui%$4 ,! slo?s & armadilloes ( ,s\? ,am]ica _h _! gigantic pr$ecessors 9 ! enorm\s mega!rium & mylodon1 & ! /rongly arm$ glyptodon2 ! kang>oos & wombats ( ,au/ralia _h _! ext9ct pr$ecessors 9 a kang>oo ne>ly twice ! size ( ! l>ge/ liv+ species1 & 9 s huge a wombat1 t its bones h be5 mi/ak5 = ^? ( ! hippopotamus2 & ! orni?ic inhabitants ( ,new ,zeal& _h _! pr$ecessors 9 ! mon/r\s birds1 su* z ! d9ornis1 ! aptornis1 & ! palapt]yx1--w+less creatures l ! o/ri*1 t /ood f six to twelve feet 9 height4 ,9 ^! sev]al regions two g5]ations ( species ( ! g5]a peculi> to !m h exi/$1--! rec5t g5]ation by ^: desc5dants !y are /ill inhabit$1 & ! ext9ct gigantic g5]ation1 ^: rema9s we f9d lock$ up 9 _! soils & caves4 ,b h[ are su* facts reconcileable ) ! hypo!sis ( a univ]sal deluge8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,,mylodon ,,robu/us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,,glyptodon ,,clavipes4 ,! deluge 0 an ev5t ( ! exi/+ creation4 ,_h x be5 univ]sal1 x w\ld ei!r h brok5 up all ! div]se c5tres1 & sub/itut$ "o great g5]al c5tre in/ead1--t 9 :i* ! ark re/$2 or else1 at an enorm\s exp5se ( miracle1 all ! animals pres]v$ by natural means by ,noah w\ld h _h to be return$ by sup]natural means to ! regions :5ce by means equally sup]natural !y _h be5 br\ght4 ,! slo?s & armadilloes1--little fitt$ by nature = long j\rneys1--w\ld h requir$ to be f]ri$ across ! ,atlantic to ! regions 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ! mega!rium & glyptodon lie entomb$2 ! kang>oo & wombat1 to ! insulat$ cont95t t conta9s ! bones ( ! ext9ct macropus & phalcolomys2 & ! ,new ,zeal& birds1 includ+ its heavy fly+ quails & its w+less wood-h51 to ^? remote isl&s ( ! ,pacific 9 :i* ! skeletons ( ,palapt]yx +5s & ,d9ornus giganteus lie entomb$4 ,nor w x avail aught to urge1 ) c]ta9 ass]tors ( a univ]sal deluge1 t dur+ ! cataclysm1 sea & l& *ang$ _! places1 & t :at is n[ l& _h =m$ ! bottom ( ! ant$iluvian ocean1 &1 vice v]sa1 :at is n[ sea _h be5 ! l& on :i* ! fir/ human inhabitants ( ! e>? increas$ & multipli$4 ,no geologi/ :o kn[s h[ v v>i\s ! ages ( ! sev]al table-l&s & m\nta9 *a9s 9 reality are c\ld acquiesce 9 su* an hypo!sis2 our own ,scotti% %ores1--if to ! t]m ( ! exi/+ we add t ( ! anci5t coa/ l9e1--mu/ h =m$ ! limits ( ! l& f a "t va/ly m remote ?an ! age ( ! deluge4 ,b ev5 suppos+1 = ! argum5t's sake1 ! hypo!sis recogniz$ z admissible1 :at1 9 ! circum/ances ( ! case1 w\ld be ga9$ by ! admission8 ,a cont9u\s tract ( l& w\ld h /ret*$1--:5 all ! oceans 7 cont95ts & all ! cont95ts oceans1--betwe5 ! ,s\? ,am]ican & ! ,asiatic coa/s4 ,& x is j possible t1 dur+ ! hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s 9 :i* ! ark 0 9 build+1 a pair ( slo?s might h crept by in*es across ?is cont9u\s tract1 f :]e ! skeletons ( ! great mega!ria are buri$1 to :]e ! great vessel /ood4 ,b aft] ! ,flood _h subsid$1 & ! *ange 9 sea & l& _h tak5 place1 !re w\ld rema9 = !m no long] a roadway2 & s1 ?\gh _! j\rney outw>ds might1 9 all save ! impulse :i* l$ to x1 h be5 altoge!r a natural "o1 _! voyage homew>ds c\ld n be o!r ?an miracul\s4 ,nor w\ld ! ex]tion ( miracle h _h to be re/rict$ to ! transport ( ! remot] travell]s4 ,h[1 we may well ask1 _h ! ,flood be5 univ]sal1 c\ld ev5 su* isl&s z ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& h ev] be5 repl5i%$ ) _m ( _! orig9al inhabitants8 ,ev5 suppos+ x possible t animals1 su* z ! r$ de] & ! native ox might h swam across ! ,/raits ( ,dov] or ! ,iri% ,*annel1 to graze anew ov] deposits 9 :i* ! bones & horns ( _! remote ance/ors _h be5 entomb$ long ages be=e1 ! feat w\ld h be5 surely f> beyond ! p[] ( su* feeble natives ( ! soil z ! mole1 ! h$gehog1 ! %rew1 ! dorm\se1 & ! field-vole4 ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?1 9 deal+ ) ?is subject1 has emphatically said1 t all l& animals hav+ _! geographical regions1 to :i* _! con/itutional natures are cong5ial1--_m ( !m be+ unable to live 9 any o!r situation1--we _c repres5t to ourselves ! idea ( _! be+ br\ght into "o small spot f ! pol> regions1 ! torrid zone1 & all ! o!r climates ( ,asia1 ,africa1 ,europe1 & ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 & ! ?\s&s ( isl&s1--_! pres]vation & provision1 & ! f9al disposal ( !m1--)\t br++ up ! idea ( miracles m /up5d\s ?an any t are record$ 9 ,scripture4 ,! great decisive miracle ( ,*ri/ianity1 he adds1--! resurrection ( ! ,"l ,jesus1--s9ks d[n be=e x4 ,& let u rememb] t ! pres]vation & r$i/ribution ( ! l& animals w\ld dem& b a portion ( ! am\nt ( miracle absolutely necess>y = ! pres]vation1 9 ! circum/ances1 ( ! entire fauna ( ! globe4 ,! fre% wat] fi%es1 molluscs1 cru/acea1 & zoophytes1 c\ld be kept alive 9 a univ]sal deluge only by miracul\s means4 ,x has be5 urg$ t1 ?\gh ! liv+ individuals 7 to p]i%1 _! spawn might be pres]v$ by natural means4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ( "s fi%es ^: prop] habitat is ! sea1 su* z ! salmon1 x is ess5tial = ! ma9t5ance ( ! species t ! spawn %\ld be deposit$ 9 fre% wat]1 nay1 9 runn+ fre% wat]2 = 9 /ill wat]1 h[ev] pure1 ! eggs 9 a few weeks addle & die4 ,! eggs ( ! common tr\t also require to be deposit$ 9 runn+ fre% wat]2 :ile o!r fre% wat] fi%es1 su* z ! t5* & c>p1 are re>$ mo/ successfully 9 /ill1 re$y ponds4 ,! fre% wat] fi%es spawn1 too1 at v diff]5t seasons1 & ! "y rema9 = v diff]5t p]iods 9 ! egg4 ,! p]* & grayl+ spawn 9 ! end ( ,april or ! beg9n+ ( ,may2 ! t5* & roa* ab\t ! middle ( ,june2 ! common tr\t & p[an 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,& :ile "s fi%es1 su* z ! salmon1 rema9 f n9ety to a hundr$ days 9 ! egg1 o!rs1 su* z ! tr\t1 are extrud$ 9 five weeks4 ,)\t special miracle ! spawn ( all ! fre% wat] fi%es c\ld n be 9 exi/5ce z su* at "o & ! same "t2 )\t special miracle x c\ld n ma9ta9 its vitality 9 a univ]sal deluge2 & )\t special miracle1 ev5 did x ma9ta9 its vitality1 x c\ld n rema9 9 ! egg /ate ?r\gh\t an entire twelvemon?1 b w\ld be develop$ into fi%es ( ! sev]al species to :i* x belong$ at v diff]5t p]iods4 ,fur!r1 9 a univ]sal deluge1 )\t special miracle va/ numb]s ( ev5 ! salt wat] animals c\ld n fail to be extirpat$2 9 p>ticul>1 almo/ all ! molluscs ( ! littoral & lam9>ian zones4 ,nor w\ld ! vegetable k+dom f>e greatly bett] ?an ! animal "o4 ,( ! "o hundr$ ?\s& species ( kn[n plants1 few inde$ w\ld survive subm]sion = a twelvemon?2 nor w\ld ! se$s ( mo/ ( ! o!rs f>e bett] ?an ! plants !mselves4 ,!re are c]ta9 h>dy se$s t 9 favorable circum/ances ma9ta9 _! vitality = ages2 & !re are o!rs1 /rongly encas$ 9 wat]-tight %ells or sk9s1 t h float$ across oceans to g]m9ate 9 di/ant isl&s2 b su*1 z e flori/ kn[s1 is n ! g5]al "* ( se$s2 & n until aft] _m unsuccessful attempts1 & _m exp$i5ts _h be5 resort$ to1 h ! m delicate k9ds be5 br\ght un9jur$1 ev5 on %ipbo>d1 f di/ant c\ntries to our own4 ,x is n too mu* to hold t1 )\t special miracle1 at lea/ ?ree f\r?s ( ! t]re/rial vegetation ( ! globe w\ld h p]i%$ 9 a univ]sal deluge t cov]$ ov] ! dry l& = a ye>4 ,assur$ly ! v>i\s vegetable c5tres or regions1--e/imat$ by ,s*\w at tw5ty-five1--be> witness to no su* cata/rophe4 ,/ill di/9ct & unbrok51 z ( old1 ei!r no effac+ flood has pass$ ov] !m1 or !y 7 %ield$ f its effects at an exp5se ( miracle _m times m consid]able ?an t at :i* ! ,jews 7 br\ght out ( ,egypt & pres]v$ amid ! nations1 or ,*ri/ianity itself 0 ultimately e/abli%$4#cj ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a class ( le>n$ & ?or\ghly respectable !ologians :o seem dispos$ to accept r ( any am\nt ( unrecord$ miracle1 ?an to admit ( a m]ely p>tial deluge1 coext5sive ) b ! human family4 ,7 ! difficulty att5d+ ?is subject t5fold great]1 & seem+ly beyond all satisfactory explanation1 says ,dr4 ,william ,hamilton1 if ,i yet f9d x record$ 9 ! ,book ( ,revelation1 t 9 ! deluge 'e liv+ ?+ 9 :i* is ! brea? ( life p]i%$1 & ,noah only rema9$ alive1 & !y :i* 7 ) him 9 ! ark1' ,i c\ld /ill believe x implicitly1 satisfi$ t ! difficulty ( explanation spr+s solely f ! imp]fection ( human k1 & n f any limitation 9 ! p[] or ! wisdom ( ,god1 nor yet f any lack ( tru/wor?9ess 9 ! docum5t giv5 u 9 a revelation f ,god1--a docum5t giv5 to m5 by ! h&s ( ,moses1 ! le>n$1 accompli%$1 & em95tly dev\t ,jewi% legislator4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,hamilton seems to h mi/ak5 ! "q actually at issue4 ,! true "q is1 n :e!r or no ,moses is to be believ$ 9 ! matt]1 b :e!r or no we 9 reality und]/& ,moses4 ,! "q is1 :e!r we are to reg>d ! passages 9 :i* he describes ! ,flood z univ]sal1 z belong+ to ! v num]\s metonymic texts ( ,scripture 9 :i* a "p--sometimes a n v l>ge "p--is describ$ z ! :ole1 or to reg>d !m z /rictly & sev]ely lit]al4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 :e!r we are1 ) le>n$ & solid div9es ( ! old5 "t1 su* z ,poole & ,/ill+fleet1 & ) _m +5i\s & accompli%$ div9es ( ! pass+ age1 su* z ! late ,dr4 ,pye ,smi? & ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock1 to reg>d ^! passages z m]ely metonymic2 or1 ) ,drs4 ,hamilton & ,kitto1 to reg>d !m z /rictly lit]al1 & to call up 9 support ( ! lit]al read+ an am\nt ( supposititi\s miracle1 comp>$ ) :i* all ! record$ miracles ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts s9k into insignificance4 ,! controv]sy does n lie betwe5 ,moses & ! naturali/s1 b betwe5 ! read+s ( !ologians su* z ,mat!w ,poole & ,/ill+fleet on ! "o h&1 & ! read+s ( !ologians su* z ,drs4 ,hamilton & ,kitto on ! o!r4 ,& f9d+ all natural sci5ce array$ aga9/ ! conclusions ( ! "o class1 & 9 favor ( ^? ( ! o!r1 & believ+1 fur!r1 t !re has be5 always su* a m>k$ economy %[n 9 ! ex]cise ( miracul\s p[]s1 t !re has nev] be5 m ( miracle employ$ 9 any "o ( ! disp5sations ?an 0 ne$$1#ca ,i mu/ hold t ! !ologians :o believe t ! deluge 0 b coext5sive ) ! moral purpose :i* x s]v$ are m 9 ! "r1 & may be m safely foll[$1 ?an ! !ologians :o hold t x ext5d$ greatly fur!r ?an 0 necess>y4 ,x is n ) ,moses or ! tru? ( revelation t our controv]sy lies1 b ) ! oppon5ts ( ,/ill+fleet & ( ,poole4 ,to only "o ( ! o!r argum5ts employ$ 9 ?is controv]sy ne$ ,i at all ref]4 ,! cones ( volcanic crat]s are =m$ ( loose incoh]5t scori & a%es1 &1 :5 expos$1 z 9 ! case ( subm>9e volcanoes1 su* z ,graham's ,isl& & ! isl&s ( ,nyoe & ,sabr9a1 to ! d5ud+ =ce ( waves & curr5ts1 !y h 9 a few weeks1 or at mo/ a few mon?s1 be5 wa%$ completely away4 ,& yet 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 su* z ,auv]gne 9 c5tral ,france1 & along ! flanks ( tna1 !re are cones ( long ext9ct or long slumb]+ volcanoes1 :i*1 ?\gh ( at lea/ triple ! antiquity ( ! ,noa*ian deluge1 & ?\gh compos$ ( ! ord9>y incoh]5t mat]ials1 exhibit no m>ks ( d5udation4 ,accord+ to ! calculations ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 no deva/at+ flood c\ld h pass$ ov] ! =e/ zone ( tna dur+ ! la/ twelve ?\s& ye>s1--= su* is ! antiquity :i* he assigns to its old] lat]al cones1 t reta9 9 integrity _! orig9al %ape2 & ! volcanic cones ( ,auv]gne1 :i* inclose 9 _! a%es ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals1 & pres5t an outl9e z p]fect z ^? ( tna1 are deem$ old] /ill4 ,graham ,isl& arose out ( ! sea e>ly 9 ,july1 #ahca2 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ ,augu/ x _h atta9$ to a circumf]5ce ( ?ree miles1 & to a height ( two hundr$ feet2 & yet 9 less ?an ?ree mon?s f t "t ! waves _h wa%$ its imm5se mass d[n to ! sea level2 & 9 a few weeks m x exi/$ b z a dang]\s %oal4 ,& su* inevitably w\ld h be5 ! fate ( ! equally incoh]5t cone-l crat]s ( tna & ,auv]gne dur+ ! sev5 & a half mon?s t int]v5$ betwe5 ! break+ up ( ! f\nta9s ( ! great deep & ! reappe>ance ( ! m\nta9-tops1 _h !y be5 includ$ )9 ! area ( ! deluge4 ,x is e/imat$ t ev5 ! new] ,auv]gne lavas are z old z ! times ( ! ,mioc5e4 ,x is at lea/ a demon/rable fact1 t ! sl[ action ( /reams _h holl[$ !m 9 sev]al places into deep *asms ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago2 = ! rema9s ( ,roman works ( ab\t t age survive1 to %[ t !y _h !n1 z n[1 to be spann$ ov] by bridges1 & t ba?s _h be5 erect$ 9 _! d5ud$ recesses2 & yet ! crat]s out ( :i* ^! lavas _h fl[$ reta9 well nigh all _! orig9al %>pness ( outl9e4 ,no wave ev] da%$ aga9/ _! symmetrically slop+ sides4 ,n[1 ,i h 9 no in/ance se5 ! argum5t d]ivable f ?is class ( facts fairly met4 ,! suppos$ mi/ake ( ! ,canonico ,recup]o1 or r ( ,brydone1 :o argu$ t ! l[e/ ( a s]ies ( sev5 di/9ct lavas ( tna1 mo/ ( !m cov]$ by ?ick int]v5+ b$s ( ri* e>?1 mu/ h be5 f\rte5 ?\s& ye>s old1 has be5 (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! controv]sy4 ,brydone or ! ,canon mi/ook1 x has be5 said1 b$s ( br[n a%es1 ea* ( :i* might h be5 deposit$ dur+ a s+le %[]1 = b$s ( ri* e>?1 ea* ( :i* w\ld h tak5 c5turies to =m4 ,! olde/ ( ! s]ies ( lava b$s1 !re=e1 in/ead ( be+ f\rte5 ?\s&1 might be sc>ce f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s old4 ,& if ,brydone or ! ,canon 7 ?us mi/ak5 9 _! calculations1 :y may n ! mod]n geologi/s be also mi/ak5 9 !irs8 ,n[1 altoge!r waiv+ ! "q z to :e!r ! +5i\s travell] ( eighty-six ye>s ago 0 or 0 n mi/ak5 9 8 e/imate1--= to ^? acqua9t$ ) geologic fact 9 g5]al1 or m p>ticul>ly ) ! elaborate descriptions ( tna giv5 dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s by ,elie de ,beaumont1 ,h(fmann1 & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ! facts ( ,brydone1 9 _! be>+ on ei!r ! age ( ! e>? or ! age ( ! m\nta91 c well be sp>$1--waiv+1 ,i say1 ! "q :e!r ! travell] 0 9 reality 9 mi/ake1 ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ to rem>k1 t ! concurr5t te/imony ( geologi/s _c 9 fairness be plac$ on ! same level z ! te/imony ( a man :o1 ?\gh accompli%$ & intellig5t1 0 n only no geologi/1 b :o obs]v$ & describ$ ere geology _h any exi/5ce z a sci5ce4 ,fur!r1 ,i mu/ be all[$ to add1 t geology is n[ a sci5ce2 & t individuals unacqua9t$ ) x 9 its "* z su* place !mselves 9 positions greatly m p]il\s ?an !y seem to ?9k1 :5 !y ent] on ! field ( argum5t ) m5 :o = _m ye>s h made x a subject ( special /udy4 ,x is n by bidd+ d[n ! age ( ! ext9ct or quiesc5t volcanoes by a species ( bl9d haggl+1 or by presum+ mi/ake 9 ! calculations reg>d+ !m1 simply because mi/akes are possible & h sometimes be5 made1 t t portion ( ! cumulative evid5ce aga9/ a univ]sal deluge :i* !y furni% is to be neutraliz$ or set aside4 ,! argum5t on ! g5]al "q is a cumulative "o2 & :ile _m ( its compon5t portions are ( !mselves s conclusive1 t only supposititi\s miracle1 & n pres5table argum5t1 c be array$ aga9/ !m1 its aggregate =ce seems :olly irresi/ible4 ,9 pass+1 h[ev]1 f ! facts & reason+s t be> aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( a univ]sal deluge1 to indicate 9 a few s5t5ces bo? ! possible mode 9 :i* a m]ely p>tial flood might h tak5 place1 & ! probable ext5t ( area :i* x cov]$1 ,i %all h to remove f v /rong to comp>atively weak gr\nd1--f :at c be ma9ta9$ z argum5t1 to :at c at be/ be b (f]$ z conjecture4 ,!re is a rem>kable portion ( ! globe1 *iefly 9 ! ,asiatic cont95t1 ?\gh x ext5ds into ,europe1 & :i* is ne>ly equal to all ,europe 9 area1 ^: riv]s 7"s ( !m1 su* z ! ,volga1 ! ,oural1 ! ,sihon1 ! ,k\r1 & ! ,amoo1 ( great size7 d n fall into ! ocean1 or into any ( ! _m seas :i* communicate ) x4 ,!y are1 on ! contr>y1 all turn$ inw>ds1 if ,i may s express myself2 los+ !mselves1 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! tract1 9 ! lakes ( a ra9less di/rict1 9 :i* !y supply b ! wa/e ( evaporation1 & fall+1 9 ! we/]n p>ts1 into seas su* z ! ,caspian & ! ,aral4 ,9 ?is region !re are ext5sive di/ricts /ill "u ! level ( ! ocean4 ,! %ore l9e ( ! ,caspian1 = in/ance1 is r m ?an eighty-?ree feet b5ea? t ( ! ,black ,sea2 & "s ( ! great flat /eppes :i* spread out ar\nd x1 su* z :at is kn[n z ! ,/eppe ( ,a/racan1 h a mean level ( ab\t ?irty feet b5ea? t ( ! ,baltic4 ,7 !re a tr5*-l /rip ( c\ntry t communicat$ betwe5 ! ,caspian & ! ,gulf ( ,f9l& to be depress$ b5ea? ! level ( ! latt] sea1 x w\ld s op5 up ! f\nta9s ( ! great deep z to lay "u wat] an ext5sive & popul\s region1 conta9+ ! cities ( ,a/racan & ,a/rabad1 & _m o!r t[ns & villages4 ,nor is x unwor?y ( rem>k1 surely1 t "o ( ! depress$ /eppes ( ?is peculi> region is kn[n z ! ,l[ ,/eppe ( ! ,caucasus1 & =ms no inconsid]able portion ( ! great recogniz$ c5tre ( ! human family4 ,! ,m\nt ,ar>at on :i*1 accord+ to _m ( our comm5tators1 ! ark re/$1 rises imm$iately on ! we/]n edge ( ?is great holl[2 ! ,m\nt ,ar>at select$ z ! sc5e ( t ev5t by ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 c]ta9ly n )\t "s %[ ( reason1 lies f> )9 x4 ,va/ pla9s1 :ite ) salt1 & *>g$ ) sea %ells1 %[ t ! ,caspian ,sea 0 at no di/ant p]iod greatly m ext5sive ?an x is n[4 ,9 an out] region1 :i* includes ! va/ des]t ( ,khiva1 %ells also ab\nd2 b !y seem to belong1 z a gr\p1 r to "s ( ! lat] ,t]ti>y eras ?an to ! rec5t p]iod4 ,x is q possible1 h[ev]1 t1--z on p>ts ( ! we/]n %ores ( our own c\ntry1 :]e rec5t m>9e deposits lie ov] m>9e deposits ( ! ,plei/oc5e age1 :ile a t]re/rial deposit1 repres5tative ( an int]v5+ p>oxysm ( upheaval1 lies betwe51--x is possible1 ,i say1 t 9 ?is great depress$ area1 ! region cov]$ ( old by a ,t]ti>y sea1 :i* we "k unit$ ! ,sea ( ,aral ) ! ,caspian1 & roll$ ov] _m a wide /eppe & va/ pla91 may h be5 aga9 cov]$ = a brief p]iod 7aft] ages ( upheaval7 by ! break+ 9 ( ! great deep dur+ t season ( judgm5t :51 ) ! exception ( "o family1 ! :ole human race 0 de/roy$4 ,x seems confirmatory ( ?is view1 t dur+ ev5 ! hi/oric p]iod1 at lea/ "o ( ! neighbor+ inl& seas1 ?\gh x belongs to a diff]5t sy/em f t ( ! ,caspian & ! ,aral1 cov]$ a va/ly great] area ?an x does n[1--a consequ5ce1 app>5tly1 ( a m consid]able depression 9 ! ,caucasian region ?an at pres5t exi/s4 ,h]odotus1 z quot$ by ,cuvi] 9 8 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 repres5ts ! ,sea ( ,az(f z equal 9 ext5t to ! ,eux9e4 ,) ! kn[n facts1 !n1 reg>d+ ?is depress$ ,asiatic region be=e u1 let u see :e!r we _c orig9ate a !ory ( ! ,deluge free f at lea/ ! palpable mon/rosities ( ! old] ones4 ,let u suppose t ! human family1 /ill am\nt+ to sev]al millions1 ?\gh greatly r$uc$ by ext]m9at+ w>s & exhau/+ vices1 7 congregat$ 9 t tract ( c\ntry :i*1 ext5d+ ea/w>ds f ! mod]n ,ar>at to f> beyond ! ,sea ( ,aral1 includes ! orig9al ,caucasian c5tre ( ! race3 let u suppose t1 ! h\r ( judgm5t hav+ at l5g? arriv$1 ! l& began gradually to s9k1 z ! tract 9 ! run ( ,cut* sank 9 ! ye> #ahai1 or z ! tract 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 kn[n z ! sunk c\ntry1 sank 9 ! ye> #ahba3 fur!r1 let u suppose t ! depression took place sl[ly & equably = =ty days toge!r1 at ! rate ( ab\t f\r hundr$ feet p] day1--a rate n twice great] ?an t at :i* ! tide rises 9 ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 & :i* w\ld h r5d]$ itself app>5t z b a p]si/5t inw>d fl[+ ( ! sea3 let u yet fur!r suppose1 t f mayhap "s volcanic outbur/ co9cid5t ) ! depression1 & an effect ( ! same deep seat$ cause1 ! atmosph]e 0 s affect$1 t heavy dr5*+ ra9s cont9u$ to desc5d dur+ ! :ole "t1 & t1 ?\gh !y c\ld contribute b little to ! actual volume ( ! flood1--at mo/ only "s five or six in*es p] day1--!y at lea/ seem$ to con/itute "o ( its ma9 causes1 & add$ greatly to its t]rors1 by swell+ ! riv]s1 & ru%+ d[nw>ds 9 torr5ts f ! hills4 ,! depression1 :i*1 by ext5d+ to ! ,eux9e ,sea & ! ,p]sian ,gulf on ! "o h&1 & to ! ,gulf ( ,f9l& on ! o!r1 w\ld op5 up by ?ree sep>ate *annels ! f\nta9s ( ! great deep1 & :i* includ$1 let u suppose1 an area ( ab\t two ?\s& miles ea* way1 w\ld1 at ! end ( ! =tie? day1 be sunk 9 its c5tre to ! dep? ( sixte5 ?\s& feet1--a dep? suffici5tly pr(\nd to bury ! l(tie/ m\nta9s ( ! di/rict2 & yet1 hav+ a gradi5t ( decl9ation ( b sixte5 feet p] mile1 ! cont\r ( its hills & pla9s w\ld rema9 app>5tly :at !y _h be5 be=e1--! doom$ inhabitants w\ld see b ! wat] ris+ along ! m\nta9 sides1 & "o refuge aft] ano!r swept away1 till ! la/ witness ( ! sc5e w\ld h p]i%$1 & ! la/ hill-top w\ld h disappe>$4 ,& :51 aft] a hundr$ & fifty days _h come & gone1 ! depress$ holl[ w\ld h begun sl[ly to rise1--& :51 aft] ! fif? mon? _h pass$1 ! ark w\ld h gr\nd$ on ! summit ( ,m\nt ,ar>at1--all t c\ld h be5 se5 f ! upp] w9d[ ( ! vessel w\ld be simply a b\ndless sea1 r\gh5$ by tides1 n[ fl[+ outw>ds1 ) a rev]s$ c\rse1 t[>ds ! di/ant ocean1 by ! ?ree great outlets :i*1 dur+ ! p]iod ( depression1 _h giv5 access to ! wat]s4 ,noah w\ld ( c\rse see t ! f\nta9s ( ! deep 7 /opp$1 & ! wat]s return+ f (f ! e>? cont9ually2 b :e!r ! ,deluge _h be5 p>tial or univ]sal1 he c\ld nei!r see nor "k4 ,8 prospect 9 ei!r case w\ld h be5 equally t describ$ by ! poet ,b[les3-- ,! mighty ark ,re/s ^u ,ar>at2 b n\ght ar\nd ,its inmates c behold1 save o'er ! expanse ,( b\ndless wat]s ! sun's ori5t orb ,/ret*+ ! hull's long %ad[1 or ! moon ,9 sil5ce ?r\gh ! silv]-curta9$ cl\ds ,sail+1 z %e h]self 7 lo/ & left ,9 holl[ lonel9ess4 ,let me fur!r rem>k1 t 9 "o important s5se a p>tial ,flood1 su* z ! "o ( :i* ,i h conceiv$ z adequate to ! de/ruction1 9 an e>ly age1 ( ! :ole human family1 c\ld sc>ce be reg>d$ z miracul\s4 ,sev]al ( our fir/ geologi/s hold1 t "s ( ! =midable cataclysms ( ! remote pa/ may h be5 occasion$ by ! sudd5 upheaval ( va/ cont95ts1 :i*1 by displac+ great bodies ( wat]1 & roll+ !m outw>ds 9 ! "* ( enorm\s waves1 inundat$ wide regions elevat$ hundr$s ( feet ov] ! sea level1 & /rew$ !m ov] ) ! rock b\ld]s1 clays1 gravels1 & organic debris ( deep sea bottoms4 ,& ^! cataclysms !y reg>d z p]fectly natural1 ?\gh ( c\rse v unusual1 ev5ts4 ,nor w\ld ! gradual depression ( a cont95t1 or1 z 9 ! suppos$ case1 ( a portion ( a cont95t1 be 9 any degree less natural ?an ! sudd5 upheaval ( a cont95t4 ,x w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 be mu* m accord+ to exp]i5ce4 ,nay1 7 su* a depression & elevation ( ! great ,asiatic bas9 to take place dur+ ! com+ twelvemon? z t ( :i* ,i h conceiv$ z ! probable cause ( ! ,deluge1 ?\gh ! geologi/s w\ld h to describe x z beyond comp>ison ! mo/ rem>kable oscillation ( level :i* _h tak5 place )9 ! hi/oric p]iod1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly reg>d x z no m miracul\s ?an ! great e>?quake ( ,lisbon1 or ?an t exhibition ( ! volcanic =ces :i* elevat$ ! m\nta9 ( ,jorullo 9 a s+le night sixte5 hundr$ feet ov] ! pla94 ,& :y h rec\rse1 9 speculat+ on ! real ev5t ( f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 to supposititi\s miracle1 if an ev5t ( app>5tly ! same k9d w\ld n be reg>d$ z miracul\s n[8 ,may we n 9 ?is matt] take our /& beside ! poet1 :o1 :5 recogniz+ a ,provid5ce 9 ! great ,calabrian e>?quake1 & 9 ! ov]:elm+ wave by :i* x 0 accompani$1 p]t95tly inquir$ ( ! skeptics1-- ,has n ,god ,/ill wr\ght by means s9ce fir/ he made ! _w8 ,& did he n ( old employ 8 means ,to dr[n x8 ,:at is 8 creation less ,?an a capaci\s res]voir ( means1 ,=m$ = 8 use1 & ready at 8 w8 ,! revelation to ,noah1 :i* w>n$ him ( a com+ ,flood1 & taught him h[ to prep>e = x1 0 evid5tly miracul\s3 ! ,flood itself may h be5 purely provid5tial4 ,b on ?is "p ( ! subject ,i ne$ n dwell4 ,i h accompli%$ my purpose if ,i h %[n1 z 0 attempt$ ( old by div9es su* z ,/ill+fleet & ,poole1 t !re seems to be no reason :y ! ,deluge %\ld be ext5d$ beyond ! occasion ( x1 :i* 0 ! corruption ( man1 b1 on ! contr>y1 mu* reason aga9/ x2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 a ,flood re/rict$ & p>tial1 & yet suffici5t to de/roy ! race 9 an e>ly age1 :ile /ill congregat+ 9 _! orig9al c5tre1 _c be reg>d$ z by any means an incr$ible ev5t4 ,! incr$ibility lies 9 ! m]e human glosses & mis9t]pretations 9 :i* its hi/ory has be5 envelop$4 ,dive/$ ( ^!1 & view$ 9 its connection ) ^? wond]ful traditions :i* /ill float all ov] ! _w reg>d+ x1 x =ms1 n "o ( ! /umbl+-blocks1 b "o ( ! evid5ces1 ( our fai?2 & r5d]s ! ex]cise a n unpr(itable "o1 :51 accord+ to ! poet1-- ,back ?r\gh ! dusk ,( ages ,contemplation turns h] view1 ,to m>k1 z f its infancy1 ! _w ,peopl$ aga9 f t my/]i\s %r9e ,t re/$ on ! top ( ,ar>at4 ,,lecture ,,n9?4 ,,! ,,discov]able ,,& ,,! ,,reveal$4 ,x seems natural1 nay1 inevitable1 t false revelations1 :i* h desc5d$ f remote1 unsci5tific ages1 %\ld be committ$ to a false sci5ce4 ,natural ph5om5a1 :5 ( an extraord9>y "*1 p[]fully impress ! untutor$ m9d4 ,9 op]at+1 ?r\gh ! curiosity or ! fe>s ( m51 ^u t in/9ct ( humanity--nev] :olly inactive 9 ev5 ! rude/ /ate--:i* _c witness any rem>kable effect )\t seek+ to connect x ) its produc+ cause1 !y excite into activity 9 ! se>* ! imag9ative faculty1--always ( e>li] developm5t ?an ! judgm5t 9 bo? peoples & individuals1 & :i* nev] fails1 :5 s employ$1 to conduct to delusions & extravagances4 ,& ?is /ate ( m9d gives bir? simultane\sly to bo? false religion & false sci5ce4 ,great tempe/s1 inundations1 eclipses1 e>?quakes1 ?und] & lightn+1 fam9e & pe/il5ce1 ! bir?s ( mon/]s1 or ! r>e visitation ( /range fi%es or wild animals1 come all to be includ$ 9 ! my?ologic doma94 ,ev5 ! untutor$ ,indian sees ,god 9 cl\ds1 & he>s him 9 ! w9d4 ,& :5 an ord] ( prie/hood spr+s up1 a portion ( ! leisure ( ! class is usually employ$ 9 speculat+ on ^! ph5om5a2 & to _! speculations !y give ! =m ( direct revelation4 ,?us almo/ all ! false religions ( ! old _w--n graft$1 l ,mohamm$anism1 on ! true "o--h _! pret5d$ revelations reg>d+ ! =m1 /ructure1 & orig9 ( ! e>?1 ! me*anism ( ! heav5s1 ! electric & meteoric ph5om5a1 & ev5 ! arrangem5t ( oceans & cont95ts on ! surface ( our planet4 ,! old ext9ct =ms ( hea!nism1--,etrurian1 ,egyptian1 ,pho5ician1 & ,babylonian1--_h all _! cosmogonies4#cb ,9 ! wild my?ology ( anci5t ,sc&9avia1 ( :i* we f9d su* di/9ct traces 9 ! languages & sup]/itions ( nor!rn ,europe1 & :i* ev5 9 our own c\ntry cont9ues to give ! names ( its unc\? deities to ! days ( our week1 !re is a /range g5esis ( n only ! heav5s & e>?1 b ( ! gods also4 ,x has1 besides1 its s*eme ( ! univ]se 9 its great mundane tree ( ?ree va/ roots1--cele/ial1 t]re/rial1 & inf]nal1--:i* supports ! l&1 ! sea1 ! sky1 & all ?+s4 ,! lead+ religions ( ! ,ea/ :i* /ill survive1 su* z ,buddhism1 ,brahm9ism1 & ,p>seeism1 h all _! a/ronomy1 geography1 meteorology1 & geology1 exi/+ z compon5t p>ts ( _! sev]al sy/ems4 ,nor h !re be5 want+ +5i\s m5 :o1 ?\gh little tol]ant ( ! v>i\s attempts made to reconcile ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation ) ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 h look$ ) a favorable eye on ! wild sci5ce ( ! false religions1 & pr(ess$ to detect 9 x at lea/ /rik+ analogies ) ! d$uctions ( bo? ! geologi/ & ! a/ronom]4 ,:5 ! skeptical wits ( ! la/ c5tury wi%$ to produce1 by way ( foil1 a morality va/ly sup]ior1 z !y said1 to t ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y _h rec\rse to ! ,brahm9s & ! ,*9ese4 ,& ?\gh we he> less ( ! e?ics ( ^! p s9ce we h come to "k !m bett]1 we are /ill occasionally rem9d$ ( ! sup]iority ( _! sci5ce4 ,h9duism has be5 reg>d$ z furni%+ examples ( ! geologic doctr9e ( a succession ( creations ext5d$ ov] imm5sely protract$ geologic p]iods2 & ,buddhism repres5t$ z *>g$ ) bo? ! geologic doctr9e & ! p]haps less c]ta9 a/ronomic d$uction ( a plurality ( worlds4 ,& be=e ent]+ on our g5]al argum5t1 x may be well to %[ by specim5 :at m]e *ance hits ^! are1 & h[ enorm\s ! am\nt ( ! nons5se & absurdity really is 9 :i* !y are set4 ,:5 ,brahma1 we>i$ ) ! "w ( produc+ & ma9ta9+ ! univ]se1 goes to sleep1 say ! ,h9dus1--an occurr5ce :i* happ5s at ! end ( e f\r millions ( ye>s1--a deluge ( wat] rises high above ! sun & moon1 & ! worlds & _! inhabitants are de/roy$4 ,:5 he awakes1 h[ev]1 he imm$iately sets himself to produce anew2 & ano!r univ]se spr+s up1 consi/+1 l ! =m] "o1 ( t5 worlds plac$ ov] ea* o!r1 l ! /ories ( a tall build+1 & repl5i%$ ) plants & animals4 ,( ^! our own _w is ! eigh? 9 numb]1 reckon+ f ! gr\nd floor upw>ds2 !re are sev5 worlds worse ?an itself b5ea? x1 & two bett] ones above2 ) a few worlds m high] up /ill1 to :i* ! de/roy+ flood does n rea*1 save once or twice 9 an et]nity or s2 & :i*1 9 consequ5ce1 h n to be re-creat$ ea* "t ) ! o!rs4 ,! special =ms :i* ! upp] & ne!r worlds exhibit d n seem to be v well kn[n2 b t :i* man inhabits is flat1 l ! fl[] ( ! wat]-lily1 9 :i* ! petals project beyond ea* o!r2 & x has 9 all1 includ+ sea & l&1 a diamet] ( sev]al hundr$ ?\s& millions ( miles4 ,x has its _m great oceans1--"o ( ^! 7un=tunately ! only "o 9 contact ) man's place ( habitation7 ( salt wat]1 "o ( sug>-cane juice1 "o ( spiritu\s liquor1 "o ( cl>ifi$ butt]1 & "o ( s\r curds4 ,x has1 besides1 its v great ocean ( sweet wat]4 ,& ar\nd all1 =m+ a sort ( gigantic hoop or r+1 !re ext5ds a cont95t ( pure gold4 ,( all ! lum9>ies t rise ov] ?is huge _w1 ! sun is ! ne>e/3 ! di/ance ( ! moon is twice z great2 ! less] fix$ />s occur imm$iately beyond2 !n ,m]cury1 !n ,v5us1 !n ,m>s1 !n ,jupit]1 !n ,saturn2 & f9ally1 ! great be> & ! pol> />4 ,& su* is t cosmogony & a/ronomy ( ! ,brahm9s to :i* _! religion1 9 its "* z a revelation1 /&s committ$1 & 9 :i* a v l5i5t criticism has f\nd ! geologic revolutions4 ,let me draw my next illu/ration f ,buddhism1 ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ widely spread religion ( ! ,ea/2 =1 ?\gh p>tially ov]laid 9 ! great ,indian p59sula by ! m mod]n mon/rosities ( ,brahm9ism1 x ext5ds 9 "o direction f ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ,=mosa & ,japan1 & 9 ! o!r f ! wa/es ( ,sib]ia to ! ,gulf ( ,siam4 ,sc>ce any ( ! o!r =ms ( hea!nism d>k5 s l>ge a portion ( ! map z ,buddhism1--a sup]/ition :i* is e/imat$ to include )9 its pale ne>ly "o ?ird ( ! :ole human species4 ,x has be5 held1 ,i ne$ sc>ce say1 by mo/ a/ronom]s s9ce ! times ( ,newton1 t ! univ]se consi/s ( innum]able sy/ems ( worlds1 furni%$ ea* ) its own sun2 & held by mo/ geologi/s dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 t ! pa/ duration ( our e>? 0 divid$ into p]iods ( va/ ext5t1 ea* ( :i* _h a creation ( its own4 ,& c]ta9ly 9 ,buddhism we f9d bo? ^! ideas1--! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( sep>ate sy/ems1 ea* ) its own sun2 & ! idea ( successive p]iods1 ea* ) its own creation4 ,we asc]ta9 on exam9ation2 h[ev]1 t 9 ! sup]/ition !y are n sci5tific ideas at all1 b m]e *ance guesses1 set1 l ^? ( ,brahm9ism1 9 a f>ago ( wild & mon/r\s fable4 ,ea* ( ! _m sy/ems ( :i* ! univ]se is compos$ consi/s1 say ! ,buddhi/s1 ( ?ree worlds ( a circul> =m1 jo9$ toge!r at ! edges1 s t !re int]v5es betwe5 !m an angul> int]space1 :i* con/itutes _! common hell2 & to ea* ( ^! sy/ems !re is a sun & moon apportion$1 t take _! daily j\rneys ov] !m1 return+ at night ?r\gh a void space und]nea?4 ,& ea* ( ! bygone successive creations 0 a creation orig9at$1 x is add$1 out ( *aos1 ?r\gh ! /or$-up m]its ( ! ,buddhas1 & ! effects ( a life-invigorat+ ra91 & :i* sank into *aos aga9 :5 ! old /ock ( m]it1 accumulat$ 9 ! previ\s p]iod1 0 exhau/$4 ,! creatures ( ea* p]iod1 too1 :e!r brute or human1 7 animat$ by b ! s\ls ( =m] creatures embodi$ anew4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( ! ?ree worlds ( :i* a sy/em or sackwala consi/s1 !re is a va/ m\nta91 m ?an =ty ?\s& miles 9 height1 surr\nd$ by a circul> sea1 :i* is 9 turn surr\nd$ by a r+ ( l& & rock4 ,ano!r circul> sea lies outside ! r+1 & a second solid r+ outside ! sea2 & ?us r+s ( l& & wat] alt]nate f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,accord+ to ! geography ( ! ,buddhas1 a model ( our own e>? w\ld exactly resemble t old-fa%ion$ ornam5t1--a "w ( ! turn+-la!1--:i* "s ( my auditors mu/ h se5 r\gh5+ ! upp] bo>d ( ! ornate p>lor bell[s ( ! la/ c5tury1 & :i* consi/$ ( a l>ge c5tral knob1 surr\nd$ by alt]nate circul> r+s & furr[s4 ,& z 9 ! old-fa%ion$ bell[s ea* r+ flatt5$1 & ea* furr[ became %all[]1 9 proportion z x 0 remov$ f ! c5tre1 s 9 ! ,buddhi/ e>?1 ! seas1 f be+ _m ?\s& miles deep 9 ! inn] r+s1 %all[ s greatly1 t 9 ! out] r+s _! dep? is only an in*2 :ile ! cont95ts1 f be+ =ty ?\s& miles high1 s9k into m]e pla9s1 almo/ on ! level ( ! surr\nd+ ocean4 ,su* is ! geography to :i* ?is religion pl$ges itself4 ,its a/ronomy1 on ! o!r h&1 is n q s bad z t to :i* ,fa!r ,cull5 has affix$ 8 imprimatur1 see+ t1 ?\gh x gives ! same sort ( diurnal j\rney to ! sun1 x conf]s ^u x a diamet]1 n ( only six feet1 b ( f\r hundr$ miles4 ,nor is its geology a great deal worse ?an t ( _m ,*ri/ians4 ,x makes ! e>? consi/1 reckon+ f its f\ndations upw>ds1 ( a lay] ( w9d1 a lay] ( wat]1 a lay] ( sub/ance resembl+ honey1 a lay] ( rock1 & a lay] ( soil4 ,su* is a small portion ( ! natural sci5ce ( ,buddhism3 ! m9ute details ( its mon/r\s cosmogony1 ) its descriptions ( fabul\s oceans1 inhabit$ by fi%es ?\s&s ( miles 9 l5g?1 & ( wond]ful =e/s ab\nd+ 9 trees f\r hundr$ miles high1 & haunt$ by s++ lions t leap two miles at a b\nd1 occupy _m *apt]s ( ! sacr$ volumes4 ,e =m ( fai? has its h]etics2 & !re are1 x w\ld seem1 h]etics among ev5 ! ,buddhi/s1 :o1 in/ead ( adopt+ ! nons5se ( ! prie/s 9 ?is physical dep>tm5t1 orig9ate a nons5se equally great ( _! own4 ,! error ( conclud+ t ! worlds ( ! univ]se are f9ite 9 numb]1 say ! sacr$ books1 is ! h]esy antawada2 ! error ( conclud+ t ! _w itself is inf9ite is ! h]esy anantawada2 ! error ( conclud+ t ! _w is f9ite v]tically b inf9ite horizontally is ! h]esy anantanantawada2 & ! error ( conclud+ ! _w to be nei!r f9ite nor inf9ite is ! h]esy nawantanantawada4 ,a "n equally =midable w\ld be1 ( c\rse1 f\nd = ! /ud5ts ( mod]n a/ronomy & ! o!r k9dr$ sci5ces1 among ! pr(ess$ believ]s 9 ,buddh1 did n ^! contrive to get ov] ! difficulty by obs]v+1 t c]ta9 ?+s1 z /at$ 9 ! ,sa/ras1 mu/ h be5 s =m]ly2 b great *anges h tak5 place 9 ^! 9 latt] times2 & = a/ronomical purposes a/ronomical rules mu/ be foll[$4 ,believ]s 9 ,buddhism may be /ill f\nd by t5s ( millions on ! %ores ( ! ,yell[ ,sea4 ,let me select my ?ird specim5 ( a univ]se-fa%ion+ my?ology f a fai?1 long s9ce ext9ct1 t _h its seat on ! opposite side ( ! ,old ,_w1 along ! coa/s ( ! ,nor!rn ,atlantic4 ,! old ,teutonic religion pr(ess$ to reveal1 l t ( ,buddh & ( ,brahma1 h[ ! heav5s & e>? 7 =m$1 & ( :at4 ,ymir1 ! great fro/-giant1 a be+ my/]i\sly eng5d]$ out ( froz5 vapor1 0 sla9 by ! god ,od9 & 8 bro!rs2 &1 dragg+ 8 body into ! middle ( ! univ]se1 !y employ$ ! mat]ials ( :i* x 0 compos$ 9 =m+ ! e>?4 ,( 8 blood !y made ! va/ ocean1 & all ! lakes & riv]s2 ( 8 fle% !y con/ruct$ ! l&1 plac+ x 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s2 ( 8 bones !y built up ! m\nta9s2 8 tee? & jaws !y broke up into ! /ones & pebbles ( ! e>? & %ore2 ( 8 great skull !y fa%ion$ ! vault ( ! heav5s2 &1 toss+ 8 bra9s into ! air1 !y became ! cl\ds4 ,e>?1 sea1 & sky1 h[ev]1 ?us made1 7 support$ by ! great a%-tree ,yggdrasill1 :i*1 ) its roots an*or$ deep 9 ! primordial abyss1 rose up ?r\gh ! va/ c5tral m\nta9s ( ! _w1 &1 /ret*+ =? its bran*es to ! fur!/ heav51 bore ! />s z its fruit4 ,encircl+ ! :ole e>? l a r+1 lay ! huge snake ,midg>d1--always hidd5 9 ! sea1 save :5 half drawn =? on "o occasion by ! god ,?or2 outside ! snake a broad] r+ ( ice-m\nta9s swept r\nd bo? l& & ocean1 & =m$ ! out] frame ( ! _w1--= !re lay only blank space beyond2 & ov] all1 ! sun & moon p]=m$ _! j\rneys1 *as$ ?r\gh ! sky by rav5\s wolves1 t ev] s\ght to dev\r !m4 ,su* 0 ! wild dream ( our ,sc&9avian ance/ors1--a dream1 h[ev]1 t occupi$ z prom95t a place 9 _! ,edda z any ( _! o!r religi\s beliefs1 & :i*1 ) ! fir/ dawn ( sci5ce1 w\ld n only h fall5 itself1 b w\ld h also dragg$ d[n ! o!rs along ) x4 ,n[ ?is physical dep>tm5t has ev] prov$ ! vuln]able portion ( false religions1--! portion :i*1 if ,i may use ! metaphor1 _! orig9ators c\ld n dip 9 ! inf]nal riv]4 ,! ability ( draw+ ! l9e1 9 ! e>ly & ignorant ages ( ! _w1 betwe5 :at man c ( himself discov] & :at he _c1 is an ability :i* man _c possibly possess4 ,! anci5t ,*aldeans1 :o fir/ wat*$ ! motions ( ! planets1 c\ld n possibly h =ese51 t :ile on ! "o h& m5 w\ld be "o day able ( !mselves to measure & weigh ^! bodies1 & to det]m9e _! di/ances f ! e>? & f ea* o!r1 m5 might nev] be able ( !mselves to demon/rate ! fact ( _! au?or%ip1 or to discov] ! true "* ( _! au?or4 ,nay1 if !y c\ld h at all ?\ght on ! subject1 ! latt] w\ld h seem$ to !m by mu* ! simpl] discov]y ( ! two4 ,to "k at su* a "t :at 0 9 reality discov]able & :at 0 n1 w\ld be to "k by anticipation :at is n yet kn[n1--! limits ( all human k4 ,x w\ld be to trace a l9e non-exi/5t at ! p]iod1 & untraceable1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 until ! hi/ory ( ! human race %all be complet$4 ,x 0 held by ev5 ! sagaci\s ,socrates1 t m5 _c arrive at any c]ta9ty 9 que/ions respect+ ! =m or motion ( ! e>?1 or ! me*anism ( ! heav5s2 & s he set himself to elucidate :at he deem$ mu* simpl] matt]s1--to prove1 = in/ance1 z we f9d 9 ! ,ph$on1 t human s\ls exi/$ ere !y came to inhabit _! mortal bodies1 & reta9$ fa9t recollections ( great mis=tunes t _h ov]tak5 !m ere _! embodim5t z m51 & ( suff]+s to :i* !y _h be5 subject$ 9 a primev\s /ate4 ,& lack+ ?is ability ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! naturally discov]able & :at _c be naturally discov]$1 ! orig9ators ( ! old my?ologic beliefs obtrud$ into prov9ces 9 :i* ultimately ! lawless nature ( ! obtrusion c\ld n fail to be detect$2 & ?us1 by mak+ _! false sci5ce a portion ( _! false religion1 !y creat$ :at 0 aft]w>ds to prove its weake/ & mo/ vuln]able "p4 ,we absolutely "k t ! c\rse at pres5t pursu$ by enlight5$ ,*ri/ian mission>ies 9 ,india is to br+ sci5tific tru? into direct antagonism ) ! mon/r\sly false sci5ce ( ! pret5d$ revelations ( ,p>seeism1 ,brahm9ism1 & ,buddhism2 & t by ?is means ! g5]al falsity ( ^! sy/ems has be5 s pla9ly %[n1 t x has become a matt] ( d\bt :e!r a s+le educat$ native ( any consid]able ability 9 reality believes 9 !m4 ,!y seem to h lo/ _! hold ( all ! m9ds capable ( appreciat+ ! weight & =ce ( sci5tific evid5ce4 ,let u fur!r rem>k1 t s9ce x seems inevitable t pret5d$ revelations ( anci5t date %\ld pl$ge !mselves to a false sci5ce1 ! presumption mu/ be /rong t an anci5t revelation ( great multiplicity ( detail1 :i* has n s pl$g$ itself1 is n a false1 b a true revelation4 ,nay1 if we f9d 9 x ! l9e drawn betwe5 :at man c "k ( himself & :at he _c "k1 & det]m9e t ?is l9e 0 trac$ 9 a remote & primitive age1 we h positive evid5ce 9 ! circum/ance1 good s f> z x ext5ds1 ( its ,div9e orig94 ,n[1 x w be ultimately f\nd t ?is l9e 0 drawn ) exquisite precision 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1--n m]ely ! mo/ anci5t works t pr(ess to be revelations1 b absolutely ! mo/ anci5t ( all writ+s4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 :at ,god seems to h done = 8 ,revelation1 influ5tial !ologians ( bo? ! ,romi% & ,or?odox ,*ur*es h labor$ h>d to undo2 &1 f _! mi/ak+1 9 n a few rem>kable passages1 ! scope & object ( ! v\*saf$ message1 !y h at v>i\s times /riv5 to pl$ge x to a sci5ce z false z ev5 t ( ,buddhi/1 ,teuton1 or ,h9du4 ,& s1 n only has ! argum5t be5 weak5$ & obscur$ :i* might be f\nd$ on ! rectitude ( ! l9e drawn ( old betwe5 :at ought & :at ought n to be ! subject ( revelation1 b ev5 a positive argum5t has be5 furni%$ to ! infidel1--ev] ready to id5tify ! glosses ( ! !ologian ) ! enunciations ( revelation itself1--simil> to t :i* ! ,*ri/ian mission>y directs aga9/ ! false religions ( ,india4 ,x may be well briefly to inquire h[ ?is unlucky mi/ake has orig9at$4 ,x is ( fir/ importance (t5 to ! navigator t he %\ld h a good *ronomet]1 see+ t 8 ability ( det]m9+ 8 exact position on wide seas1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ( det]m9+ also ! exact place & be>+ ( ! rocks & reefs :i* he mu/ avoid1 & ( ! l&s & h>bors on :i* he mu/ direct 8 c\rse1 mu/ v mu* dep5d ^u ! rectitude ( 8 in/rum5t4 ,b x may be ( v little importance to him to "k h[ *ronomet]s are made4 ,& s a fri5d may reveal to him :]e ! be/ *ronomet]s are to be pur*as$1 ) ! "n ( ! mak]1 )\t at ! same "t reveal+ to him ! pr9ciple on :i* !y are con/ruct$4 ,let u suppose1 h[ev]1 t f "s peculi>ity 9 ! mode ( ! revelation1 ! navigator has come to believe t x includes bo? items1--an enunciation reg>d+ ! place :]e & ! mak] f :om ! be/ *ronomet]s are to be _h1 & a fur!r enunciation reg>d+ ! true me*anism ( *ronomet]s4 ,let u suppose fur!r1 t :ile ! good fai? & intellig5ce ( 8 fri5d are unque/ionable1 ! suppos$ revelation reg>d+ ! con/ruction ( *ronomet]s1 :i* he ?9ks he owes to him1 is altoge!r errone\s & absurd4 ,! *ronomet] ma9ly diff]s f ! ord9>y wat* 9 be+ =m$ ( a mixture ( metals1 :i* pres]ve s nice a *emical balance1 t ^? *anges ( temp]ature :i* quick5 or ret>d ! movem5ts ( common "t-pieces fail to affect x4 ,n[1 let u suppose t ! fri5d & advis] ( ! sailor _h said to him1--us+ a common metonymy1--!re are no *ronomet]s any:]e con/ruct$ t s completely neutralize ! temp]ature z ! ones ,i recomm5d to y2 & t ! sailor _h at once leap$ to ! conclusion1 t ! rem>k 0 au?ority en\gh = hold+ t x is ! pr9ciple ( *ronomet]s1 n to be compos$ ( su* c\nt]active comb9ations ( metals z t ! expansion ( "o %all be *eck$ by ! contraction ( ano!r1 b to keep up an equal temp]ature )9 ?r\gh a heat-eng5d]+ quality 9 ! amalgamat$ metals4 ,su* a mi/ake might be readily en\gh orig9at$ 9 ?is way2 & yet x w\ld be a v s]i\s mi/ake inde$2 see+ t x w\ld sub/itute an active = a passive pr9ciple1--a pr9ciple ( equaliz+ ! temp]ature by act+ ^u x1 = a pr9ciple ( in]t impassibility to ! temp]ature4 ,& ( c\rse n only w\ld ! sailor himself be 9 error 9 tak+ su* a view1 b he might s]i\sly compromise ! intellig5ce or integrity ( 8 fri5d 9 ! judgm5t ( all :o held1 on 8 te/imony1 t x 0 ) 8 fri5d1 & n f 8 own misconception ( 8 fri5d's mean+1 t ! view _h orig9at$4 ,& h[1 let u ask1 ere dismiss+ our l5g!n$ illu/ration1 is an error su* z ! suppos$ "o "h to be te/$1 & its errone\sness expos$8 ,!re c be b "o reply to su* a qu]y4 ,x might be :olly 9 va9 to fall back ^u ! ipsissima v]ba ( ! revelation made by ! sailor's fri5d4 ,?\gh 9 reality b an enunciation reg>d+ ! au?or%ip ( c]ta9 *ronomet]s1 x might possibly en\gh appe>1 f its metonymic "*1 to be also a revelation reg>d+ ! con/ruction ( *ronomet]s4 ,! sailor's error respect+ ! con/ruction ( *ronomet]s is to be te/$ & expos$1 n by any ref]5ces to :at 8 fri5d _h said1 b by ! art ( ! *ronomet] mak]4 ,! demon/rable pr9ciples ( ! art1 z practis$ by ! mak]s ( *ronomet]s1 mu/ be ! te/ ( all suppos$ revelations reg>d+ ! pr9ciples & me*anism ( *ronomet] mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,,! ,,geography ,,( ,,cosmas4#cc 7,f a r$uc$ facsimile ( ! orig9al pr9t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,n[1 x w be f\nd t ^? mi/akes ( ! !ologians to :i* ,i ref] h be5 exactly simil> to t ( ! navigator 9 ! suppos$ case1 & t !y are mi/akes :i* mu/ be correct$ on exactly ! same pr9ciple4 ,! dep>tm5ts 9 :i* ! mi/akes h be5 made1 h1 z 9 ! false religi\s1 be5 *iefly ?ree1--! geographic1 a/ronomic1 & geologic prov9ces4 ,! geographic errors are ( comp>atively anci5t date4 ,!y belong ma9ly to ! lat] patri/ic & e>li] middle ages1 :5 ! monk ,cosmas1 z ! geograph] ( ! ,*ur*1 repres5t$ ! e>? z a p>allelogrammical pla91 twice long] ?an x 0 broad1 deeply ind5t$ by ! inl& seas1--! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,caspian1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,p]sian ,gulf1--& encompass$ by a rectangul> tr5* occupi$ by ! oceans4 ,"s ( my audi5ce w1 h[ev]1 rememb] t ( ! c\ncil ( cl]gym5 :i* met 9 ,salamanca 9 #adhf to exam9e & te/ ! views ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 a consid]able portion held x to be grossly het]odox to believe t by sail+ we/w>ds ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! _w c\ld be rea*$4 ,no "o c\ld ent]ta9 su* a view )\t also believ+ t !re 7 antipodes1 & t ! _w 0 r\nd1 n flat1--errors d5\nc$ by n only great !ologians ( ! gold5 age ( ecclesia/ical le>n+1 su* z ,lactantius & ,/4 ,augu/9e1 b also directly oppos$1 x 0 said1 to ! v lett] ( ,scripture4 ,!y obs]v$1 says ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 9 8 ,life ( ,columbus1 t 9 ! ,psalms ! heav5s are said to be ext5d$ l a hide1--t is1 accord+ to comm5tators1 ! curta9 or cov]+ ( a t5t1 :i* among ! anci5t pa/oral nations 0 =m$ ( ! hides ( animals2 & t ,/4 ,paul1 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 comp>es ! heav5s to a tab]nacle or t5t ext5d$ ov] ! e>?1 :i* !y !nce inf]r$ mu/ be flat4 ,9 ! sectional view ( ,cosmas ! heav5s are repres5t$ z a semicircul> vault or t5t rais$ on p]p5dicul> walls2 a va/ m\nta9 beyond ! ,great ,sea1 l(ty z ! inn]mo/ cont95t ( ! ,buddhi/ cosmogony1 rises imm$iately "u x2 :5 ! sun pass$ beh9d ?is m\nta9 x 0 night1 & :5 x em]g$ f x1 x 0 day4 ,& c]ta9ly "u ! cry/al box ( ! monk x w\ld be 9 va9 to attempt1 by pass+ we/w>ds1 to arrive at ! f> ea/4 ,! cosmogony ( ,cosmas 0 also t ( ! doctors ( ,salamanca2 & ! views ( ,columbus 7 d5\nc$ z het]odox because !y fail$ to con=m to x4 ,su* 0 "o ( ! e>li] mi/akes ( ! !ologians4 ,:5 m]ely told reg>d+ ! au?or%ip ( ! *ronomet]1 !y held t !y _h be5 told also respect+ ! me*anism ( ! *ronomet]4 ,atta*+ lit]al mean+s to :at we n[ recognize z m]ely poetic or oratorical figures1 !y believ$ t n only 0 x reveal$ to !m t ,god _h creat$ ! heav5s & e>?1 b also t he _h creat$ ! e>? 9 ! =m ( an ext5d$ pla91 & plac$ a semi-globul> heav5s ov] x1 j z "o places a semi-globul> case ( glass ov] a piece ( fl[]-plot or a m9iature ?icket ( f]n4 ,& h[1 ,i ask1 0 ?is error ultimately correct$8 ,simply by t sci5ce ( ! geograph] :i* demon/rates t ! e>? is n flat1 b sph]ical1 & t ! heav5s h n edges1 l a sk9-t5t or glass-case1 to come any:]e 9 contact ) x1 b consi/ ma9ly ( a diffus$ atmosph]e1 ) illimitable space beyond4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,,! ,,heav5s ,,& ,,e>? ,,( ,,cosmas4#cd 7,sectional ,view47 ,! second great error to :i* ! !ologians w\ld fa9 h pl$g$ ! tru? ( ,scripture 0 an error 9 ! a/ronomical prov9ce4 ,i ne$ sc>ce ref] to ! (t5-adduc$ case ( ,galileo4 ,! doctr9e :i* ! philosoph] _h to abjure1 curse1 & dete/1 & :i* he 0 nev] aga9 to tea*1 because errone\s1 h]etical1 & contr>y to ,scripture1 0 ! doctr9e ( ! e>?'s motion & ! sun's /ability4 ,b to ! "p tak5 by our ,prote/ant div9es 9 ! same controv]sy1--m5 /ill reg>d$ z au?orities 9 _! own prop] walk1--,i mu/ be all[$ to ref]1 z less kn[n1 ?\gh n less in/ructive1 ?an t enact$ by ! ,romi% ,*ur* 9 ! case ( ,galileo4 ,?is1 we affirm1 t is1 t ! e>? re/s1 & ! sun moves daily ar\nd x1 said ,voetius1 a great ,dut* div9e ( ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ) all div9es1 natural philosoph]s1 ,jews & ,mohamm$ans1 ,greeks & ,lat9s1 except+ "o or two ( ! anci5ts1 & ! mod]n foll[]s ( ,cop]nicus4 ,& we detect ,heidegg]i1 a ,swiss !ologian1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t half an age lat]1 giv+ expression1 a few ye>s ere ! comm5cem5t ( ! la/ c5tury1 to a simil> view1 z ! "o tak5 by himself & _m o!rs1 & z a view f :i*1 he /ates1 our pi\s rev]5ce = ! ,scriptures1 ! ^w ( tru?1 w n all[ u to dep>t4 ,a /ill m rem>kable in/ance occurs 9 ,turrett9e1 :om we f9d 9 "o ( 8 writ+s argu+ 9 ! /rictly logical =m1 9 opposition to c]ta9 philosoph]s1 & 9 behalf ( ! old ,ptolemaic doctr9e t ! sun moves 9 ! heav5s & revolves r\nd ! e>?1 :ile ! e>? itself rema9s at re/ 9 ! mid/4 ,fir/1 he rem>ks1 ! sun is said 9 ,scripture to move 9 ! heav5s1 & to rise & set4 ',! sun is z a bridegroom com+ out ( 8 *amb]1 & rejoice? z a /rong man to run a race4' ',! sun kn[e? 8 go+ d[n4' ',! sun also arise?1 & ! sun goe? d[n4' ,secondly1 ,! sun by a miracle /ood /ill 9 ! "t ( ,jo%ua2 & by a miracle x w5t back 9 ! "t ( ,hezekiah4 ,?irdly1 ,! e>? is said to be fix$ immovably4 ',! e>? is also e/abli%$ t x _c be mov$4' ',?\ ha/ e/abli%$ ! e>?1 & x abide?4' ',!y cont9ue ?is day accord+ to _! ord9ance4' ,f\r?ly1 ,nei!r c\ld birds1 :i* (t5 fly (f ?r\gh an h\r's circuit1 be able to return to _! ne/s4 ,fif?ly1 ,:atev] flies or is susp5d$ 9 ! air ought 7by ?is !ory7 to move f we/ to ea/2 b ?is is prov$ n to be true1 f birds1 arr[s %ot =?1 atoms made manife/ 9 ! sun1 & d[n float+ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! !ologian1 aft] ?us lay+ d[n ! law1 sets himself to meet objections4 ,if x be urg$ t ! ,scriptures 9 natural ?+s speak accord+ to ! common op9ion1 ,turrett9e answ]s1 ,fir/1 ,! ,_s ( ,god be/ und]/&s natural ?+s4 ,secondly1 ,t 9 giv+ in/ruction 9 religion1 he meant ^! ?+s %\ld be us$1 n abus$4 ,?irdly1 ,t he is n ! au?or ( any error4 ,f\r?ly1 ,nei!r is he to be correct$ on ! pret5ce ( our bl9d reason4 ,if x be fur!r urg$1 t birds1 ! air1 & all ?+s are mov$ ) ! e>?1 he answ]s1 ,fir/1 ,t ?is is a m]e fiction1 s9ce air is a fluid body2 & secondly1 if s1 by :at =ce w\ld birds be able to g f ea/ to we/8 ,n[ ?is ,i mu/ reg>d z a passage z in/ructive z x is extraord9>y4 ,turrett9e 0 "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ !ologians ( 8 age2 nor is t age by any means a remote "o4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,kepl]1 & ,galileo1 _h all f9i%$ _! labors long ere he publi%$ ?is passage2 nay1 at ! "t :5 8 "w issu$ f ! ,am/]dam press 7#afie71 ,isaac ,newton _h atta9$ 8 fifty-?ird ye>2 & fully t5 ye>s previ\s1 ,pr(essor ,david ,gregory1 nephew ( ! inv5tor ( ! ,gregorian telescope1 _h begun to tea*1 f 8 *air 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 ! doctr9e ( gravitation & ! true me*anism ( ! heav5s1 z unfold$ 9 ! ,newtonian philosophy4 ,! le>n$ !ologian1 _h he appli$ himself to a/ronomical sci5ce1 c\ld h f\nd at ! "t v enlight5$ tea*]s2 b fall+ into exactly ! mi/ake ( ! sailor ( my illu/ration1 or t into :i*1 two c5turies be=e1 ! doctors ( ,salamanca _h fall51 he set himself1 in/ead1 to cont5d ) ! a/ronom]s1 &1 to ! ext5t ( 8 influ5ce1 labor$ to pl$ge revelation to an a/ronomy z false z t ( ! ,buddhi/1 ,h9du1 or old ,teuton4 ,8 mi/ake1 ,i repeat1 0 exactly t ( ! sailor4 ,?\gh 9 ! ,scriptures only ! fact ( ! au?or%ip ( ! great *ronomet] set 9 ! heav5s to be a sign = seasons1 & = days & ye>s1 is reveal$1 he reg>d$ himself z also in=m$ respect+ ! pr9ciples on :i* ! *ronomet] 0 con/ruct$1 or at lea/ respect+ ! true nature ( its movem5ts2 & sev]al v important d$uctions may1 ,i ?9k1 be drawn f ! c>efully con/ruct$ passage 9 :i* he s unwitt+ly records 8 error1 & ! gr\nds ( x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we may safely hold t ! texts ( ,scripture quot$ by s able a !ologian are ^? :i* h mo/ ! appe>ance ( be+ revelations to m5 respect+ ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,we may conclusively inf]1 t if !y d n reveal ! "* ( ^? motions1 !n n[h]e 9 ,scripture is _! "* reveal$4 ,9 ! second place1 x is obvi\s t ! cit$ texts d n reveal ! nature ( ! motions4 ,x w\ld be z rational to hold t our be/ almanacs reveal ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy4 ,9 ! sci5tific portion ( our almanacs !re occur _m phrases :i* are p]fectly well und]/ood1 & indicate v def9itely :at ! writ] really int5ds to express by !m1 t yet1 tak5 lit]ally1 are n sci5tifically true4 ,! words1 ,sun rises1 & ,sun sets1 & ,moon rises1 & ,moon sets1 occur 9 e page2 !re are two pages--^? devot$ to ! mon?s ( ,m>* & ,septemb]--9 :i* ! phrase occurs1 ,sun crosses ! equ9octial l9e2 & fur!r1 9 ! o!r pages1 su* phrases z ,sun ent]s ,aries1 ,sun ent]s ,taurus1 ,sun ent]s ,gem9i1 c41 c41 are n unfrequ5t4 ,! phrase1 new moon1 is also ( common occurr5ce4 ,& ^! phrases1 int]pret$ aft] ! mann] ( ,turrett9e1 & accord+ to _! /rict grammatical mean+1 w\ld ( c\rse imply t ! sun has a motion r\nd our planet1--t ! moon moves r\nd x e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1--& t ! e>? is provid$ e mon? ) a new satellite4 ,& yet we "k t none ( ^! ideas are 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] :o1 9 compil+ ! almanac1 employs ! phrases4 ,he employs !m to indicate1 n ! nature ( ! heav5ly motions1 b ! exact "t :51 f ! sev]al motions ( ! e>?1 ! sun & moon are br\ght into c]ta9 app>5t positions ) respect to ei!r ! e>? itself or to ! cele/ial signs2 or to indicate ! "t at :i* ! moon completes its mon?ly revolution1 & pres5ts a :olly d>k5$ disk to ! e>?4 ,! comm5tator skilful en\gh to pl$ge ! almanac1 9 virtue ( ! lit]al mean+ ( ! specifi$ phrases1 to ! old ,ptolemaic hypo!sis1 w\ld pl$ge x to a false sci5ce1 :i* its au?or nev] held4 ,& su*1 evid5tly1 has be5 ! "p enact$ by ,turrett9e & ! eld] !ologians4 ,! ,scriptural phrases are 9 no degree m express respect+ ! motion ( ! sun & ! o!r heav5ly bodies ?an ^? ( ! almanac1 :i*1 we "k1 d n ref] to motion at all1 b to "t4 ,nor are we less ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ t ! cit$ ,scriptures d n ref] to motion1 b to au?or%ip4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 h[ev]1 x is n by any m]e reconsid]ation ( ! adduc$ passages t ! error1 once made1 is to be correct$4 ,9 a purely a/ronomic "q ! appeal lies1 n to ,scripture1 b to a/ronomic sci5ce4 ,& 9 ! f\r? place1 ! reason+s ( ,turrett9e1 :51 quitt+ 8 own prop] walk1 he disc\rses1 n z a !ologian1 b z a natural philosoph]1 are su* z to read a lesson n :olly unne$$ 9 ! pres5t day4 ,!y %[ h[ 9 a dep>tm5t 9 :i* x dem&$ ! unit$ life-long labors ( a ,kepl]1 ,galileo1 & ,newton to elicit ! tru?1 ! ha/y guesses ( a great !ologian1 ra%ly v5tur$ 9 a polemic _s1 gave =m & body to b ludicr\s error4 ,x is n aft] a fa%ion s impetu\s & headlong t ! elaborately wr\ght key mu/ be pli$ :i* unlocks ! pr(\nd my/]ies ( nature4 ,b ( ?is m anon4 ,let me rem>k 9 ! pass+1 t :ile ,turrett9e1 "o ( ! greate/ ( !ologians1 fail$1 z we h se51 to f9d 9 ,scripture ! fact ( a/ronomic con/ruction1 ,la ,place1 "o ( ! greate/ ( ! a/ronom]s1 fail$ 9 a mann] equally signal to f9d 9 8 sci5ce ! fact ( a/ronomic au?or%ip4 ,! pr(\nd ,fr5*man 7:om ,sir ,david ,brew/] well *>act]izes z ! philosoph] to :om po/]ity w probably assign ! place next to ,newton 71 by demon/rat+ t c]ta9 irregul>ities 9 ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* _h be5 suppos$ to indicate a future t]m9ation to ! :ole1 7 b m]e oscillations1 subject to p]iodic correction1 & indicative ( no su* t]m9ation 9 consequ5ce1 demon/rat$ also t1 f all t appe>s1 ! pres5t a/ronomical movem5ts might g on =ev]4 ,& z he c\ld f9d 9 ! sol> sy/em no indications ( an end1 s 0 he unable1 he said1 to f9d 9 x any trace ( a beg9n+4 ,he fail$ 9 discov]+ 9 all a/ronomy ! fact ( au?or%ip1 j z ,turrett9e _h fail$ 9 f9d+ 9 all ,scripture ! fact ( a/ronomic con/ruction4 ,& "h lies1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 ! true l9e betwe5 revelation & sci5ce1--a l9e drawn ( old ) a ,god-d]iv$ precision1 :i* c be rightly appreciat$ nei!r by m]e !ologians l ,turrett9e1 nor by m]e m5 ( sci5ce l ,la ,place1 b :i* is not)/&+ fraught ) an evid5ce direct 9 its be>+ on ! tru? ( ,scripture4 ,t great fact1 moral 9 its influ5ce1 ( ! au?or%ip ( ! heav5s & e>?1 :i* ! sci5ce ( ,la ,place fail$ ( itself to discov]1 & :i* 0 equally unkn[n to ! anci5t philosoph]s1 ,god has reveal$4 ,x is ?r\gh fai? we und]/& t ! worlds 7 =m$ by ! ^w ( ,god1 s t ?+s :i* are se5 7 n made ( ?+s :i* d appe>4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! great tru?s1 physical 9 _! be>+1 to ! discov]y ( :i* sci5ce is fully compet5t1 ,god did n reveal1 b left !m to be develop$ piecemeal by ! unassi/$ human faculties4 ,& t ability ( nicely draw+ ! l9e betwe5 ! two classes ( tru?s 9 a v remote age ( ! _w1 :i* we f9d manife/$ 9 ! olde/ ( ! ,scriptural books1 ,i mu/ reg>d z an ability :i* c\ld h be5 d]iv$ only ?r\gh inspiration1 & f ,god alone4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 pursue our argum5t4 ,que/ions ( geography1 su* z ^? ent]ta9$ by ! !ologians ( ,salamanca1 mu/ be te/$1 we conclude1 n by a revelation nev] int5d$ by its ,div9e ,au?or to tea* geography1 b by ! f9d+s ( geographic sci5ce4 ,que/ions 9 a/ronomy1 su* z ^? :i* ,turrett9e & ! oppon5ts ( ,galileo ent]ta9$1 mu/ be tri$1 we hold1 n by a revelation nev] int5d$ to tea* a/ronomy1 b by ! f9d+s ( a/ronomic sci5ce4 ,b h[ deal1 ,i next ask1 ) ! !ologian :o holds t geologic fact has be5 reveal$ to him8 ,geology is z ?or\ghly a physical sci5ce z ei!r geography or a/ronomy4 ,its facts are equally capable ( be+ educ$ & e/abli%$ by ! unassi/$ human intellect4 ,x seems q z unlikely t x %\ld h be5 made a special subject ( revelation1 9 its "* z a sci5ce1 z ei!r ( ^! sci5ces2 or t ! l9e s nicely ma9ta9$ ) respect to !m %\ld h be5 transgress$ ) reg>d to x4 ,9 %ort1 9 ord] satisfactorily to answ] our qu]y1 x seems b necess>y satisfactorily to answ] ano!r1 namely1 ,:at1 9 ?is special dep>tm5t1 are tru? & fact sci5tifically asc]ta9$8 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 texts t appe> to h a m direct be>+ on ! successive p]iods ( ! geologi/ ?an any ( ^? t 7 once held to ref] to ! =m ( ! e>?1 or to ! nature ( ! heav5ly bodies1 are n[ believ$ to h on geography or a/ronomy4 ,no "o n[ holds t !re is a geography reveal$ 9 ,scripture1 or reg>ds ! cavils ( ! ,salamanca doctors z o!r ?an m]e ab]rations ( ! human m9d4 ,nor1 save mayhap 9 ! d>k] corn]s ( ! ,greek & ,romi% ,*ur*es1 are !re m5 9 ! pres5t day :o hold t !re is a reveal$ a/ronomy4 ,! texts s confid5tly quot$ by ,turrett9e1 su* z ,! sun also arise? & ! sun goe? d[n1 are reg>d$ 9 e ,prote/ant ,*ur* z simply tantam\nt1 9 _! be>+ on ! "q at issue1 to ! ,sun rises & ,sun sets ( ! almanac4 ,b :ile ! ,scriptures d n reveal ! =m ( ! e>? or ! motions ( ! planets1 !y d reveal ! fact t ! miracle ( creation 0 effect$1 n by a s+le act1 b 9 sev]al successive acts4 ,& x is ) ! organisms produc$ by successive acts ( creation1 & ! =mations deposit$ dur+ ! p]iods 9 :i* ^! acts took place1 t ! geologi/ is call$ on by 8 sci5ce to deal4 ,& h5ce1 :ile !re are n[ no attempts made to reconcile geographic or a/ronomic fact ) ! ,scripture passages :i* ref]1 9 ! language ( ! "t1 to ! glory ( ! heav5s or ! /ability ( ! e>?1 j because x is held t !re is really no?+ geographic or a/ronomic 9 ! passages to conflict ) ! geographic or a/ronomic facts1 we /ill seek to reconcile ! facts ( geologic sci5ce ) :at is t]m$ ! ,mosaic geology4 ,we inquire :e!r1 9 its lead+ features1 ! ,mosaic does n correspond ) ! geologic record2 & :e!r ! days ( ! retrospective prophecy ( creation are to be reg>d$ z coext5sive ) ! va/ p]iods ( ! geologi/1 or z m]ely repres5tative portions ( !m1 or z lit]al days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea*8 ,b ?\gh we ?us seek to h>monize ! two records1 we cont9ue to reg>d _! gr\nds & objects z entirely diff]5t4 ,! object ( geology is simply ! elucidation ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 & ( ! /ory ( its v>i\s creations2 & its gr\nds are1 l ^? ( a/ronomy or geography1 or ( any o!r physical sci5ce1 facts & inf]5ces sci5tifically det]m9$ or d$uc$2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! gr\nds ( ! ,mosaic record are ^? on :i* ! o!r ,scriptures re/1 & :i* h be5 s well laid d[n 9 :at we may t]m ! high] lit]ature ( ! ,evid5ces1 :ile at lea/ "s ( its objects1--= :o %all decl>e !m all8--seem to be1 fir/1 to e/abli% ! all-important fact ( ! ,div9e au?or%ip ( ! univ]se1 & to %[ t all its v>i\s =ces are n self-exi/5t1 b owe _! orig9 to a ,great ,fir/ ,cause2 next1 to exhibit ! progressive "* ( ,god's work+s1--a "* :i* equally applies to 8 works ( creation & provid5ce2 &1 9 ! ?ird place1 to furni% a basis & prec$5t1 9 ! ,div9e example1 = t in/itution ( ! ,sabba? :i* be>s n only a prophetic ref]5ce to ! great dyna/y to come1--la/ ( all ! dyna/ies1 & ( :i* re-creat$ m5 are to be ! happy subjects1 & ! ,div9e ,man ! adorable ,mon>*1--b :i* has also be5 specially e/abli%$ 9 ord] t "r prep>ation may be made = ! t]m9al /ate :i* x symbolizes & =e%ad[s4 ,"h1 z c]ta9ly z 9 ! o!r physical sci5ces1 ! l9e has be5 drawn ) p]fect precision betwe5 :at man c\ld & :at he c\ld n h kn[n ( himself4 ,:at he c\ld h kn[n1 & 9 "p already kn[s1 is geologic sci5ce2 :at 9 all probability he nev] c\ld h kn[n is ! fact ( ! ,div9e au?or%ip ( ! univ]se1 & ! true nature ( ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba?1 z a "t ( prep>ation = ! f9al /ate1 & z alike repres5tative ( ,god's work+s 9 ! pa/1 & ( 8 et]nally pr$et]m9$ s*eme = ! future4 ,is x n c]ta91 ,socrates is repres5t$ z inquir+1 9 ! fir/ ,alcibiades1 ( 8 gay & confid5t pupil1 t y "k no?+ b :at has be5 told y by o!rs1 or :at y h f\nd out = y\rself8 ,!re is at once exquisite simplicity & great t]s5ess 9 ?is natural division ( ! only modes 9 :i* m5 c acquire k2 & we f9d x wond]fully exemplifi$ 9 all revelation4 ,scripture draws practically a broad l9e betwe5 ! two modes2 & :ile x tells man all t is necess>y to 8 wants & welf>e z a religi\s creature1 x does n communicate to him a s+le sci5tific fact :i* he is compet5t to f9d out = himself4 ,ab\t an age previ\s to ! times ( ,turrett9e1 ! dang] ( corrupt+ philosophy ?r\gh an int]mix$ div9ity 0 admirably %[n by ,bacon 9 8 ,novum ,organum2 & ! l9e indicat$ 0 exactly :at we n[ f9d 0 laid d[n ( old ) su* precision 9 ,scripture4 ,to deify error & to adore va9 ?+s1 said ! great philosoph]1 may be well acc\nt$ ! plague ( ! und]/&+4 ,"s mod]n m51 guilty ( mu* levity1 h s indulg$ ?is vanity1 t !y h essay$ to f9d natural philosophy 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 ! ,book ( ,job1 & o!r places ( holy writ1 seek+ ! liv+ among ! dead4 ,n[ ?is vanity is s mu* ! m to be *eck$ & re/ra9$1 because1 by unadvis$ mixture ( ,div9e & human ?+s1 n only a phanta/ical philosophy is produc$1 b also an h]etical religion4 ,!re=e x is safe to give unto ,fai?1 ) a sob] m9d1 ! ?+s t are ,fai?'s4 ,! passage1 p>tially quot$1 has be5 n unfrequ5tly misappli$1 z if x bore1 n aga9/ !ologians su* z ,turrett9e & ! ,franciscans1 b aga9/ !ologians su* z ,*alm]s1 ,dr4 ,bird ,sumn]1 & ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?1--n aga9/ ! m5 :o d]ive a false sci5ce f ,scripture1 into :i* ,god nev] introduc$ natural sci5ce ( any k9d1 b aga9/ ! m5 :o1 hav+ s\ght & acquir$ _! sci5ce :]e x is alone to be f\nd1 h /riv5 to br+ ,scripture1 9 ! mis9t]pret$ passages1 into h>mony ) its f9d+s4 ,tak51 h[ev]1 z a :ole1 its true mean+ is obvi\s4 ,x is ! m5 :o h essay$ to f9d natural philosophy positively reveal$ 9 ,g5esis & ! o!r sacr$ books1--n ! m5 :o h m]ely %[n t !re is no?+ 9 ,scripture :i* conflicts ) ! natural philosophy legitimately f\nd else:]e1--t are obnoxi\s to ! c5sure convey$ 9 ! rem>k4 ,x is !y only1 & n ! o!rs1 t are phanta/ical 9 _! philosophy & h]etical 9 _! religion4 ,i say h]etical 9 _! religion4 ,! ,ptolemaic doctr9e :i* ascrib$ to ! e>? a c5tral place 9 ! univ]se 0 only sci5tifically false1 :]eas ! same doctr9e 9 ,turrett9e & ! ,franciscans1 f ! circum/ance t !y pl$g$ ! ,scripture to its falsity1 & pr(ess$ to d]ive x direct f revelation1 0 n only sci5tifically false1 b a h]esy to boot4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 x is ! class :o t]m !mselves ! ,mosaic geologi/s1--m5 su* z ! ,granville ,p5ns1 ,moses ,/ew>ts1 ,eleaz> ,lords1 ,dean ,cockburns1 & ,pet] ,macf>lanes1--:o essay to f9d natural philosophy 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 & t too a demon/rably false natural philosophy1 :o are obnoxi\s to ! ,baconian c5sure n[4 ,no true geologi/ ev] pr(esses to d$uce 8 geology f ,scripture4 ,x is f ! e>?'s cru/1 ) its num]\s sy/ems1 always inv>iable 9 _! ord]1 & its successive gr\ps ( fossil rema9s1 always 79 accordance ) _! place & age7 ( a c]ta9 det]m9able "*1--n 9 a revelation nev] int5d$ by its ,div9e ,au?or to tea* any natural sci5ce z su*1--t he d]ives ! mat]ials ) :i* he builds4 ,_h !re be5 no ,div9e ,revelation1 geology w\ld be z c]ta9ly :at x n[ is z ei!r geography or a/ronomy4 ,t x comes 9 ! pres5t "t m 9 contact ) reveal$ tru? ?an ei!r ( ^! sci5ces1 is1 z ,i h %[n1 m]ely a consequ5ce ( ! fact t !re is a hi/ory giv5 9 ! op5+ passages ( ,scripture1 = f> o!r ?an geological purposes1 ( ! au?or%ip ( ! heav5s & e>?1 & ( ! successive /ages ( creation2 & fur!r1 f ! circum/ance t1 f v>i\s motives1 m5 are ev] & anon inquir+ h[ ! geologic agrees ) ! ,scriptural record4 ,x may be well "h to rem9d ! anti-geologi/s1 9 connection ) ?is "p ( my subject1 ( :at at ! utmo/ !y may hope to accompli%4 ,judg+ f all ,i h yet se5 ( _! writ+s1 !y seem to be z c]ta9ly impress$ by ! belief t !y are settl+ textually ! geologic "q ( ! _w's antiquity1 z ! doctors ( ,salamanca held t !y 7 settl+ textually ! "q ( ! _w's =m2 or ,turrett9e & ! ,franciscans1 t !y 7 settl+ textually ! "q ( ! _w's motion1 or r want ( motion4 ,b ! mi/ake is q z gross 9 _! case z 9 t ( ,turrett9e & ! doctors4 ,geology re/s on a broad1 ev] ext5d+ basis ( evid5ce1 :olly indep5d5t ( ! revelation on :i* !y pr(ess1 v un9tellig5tly1 9 all ! in/ances ,i h yet kn[n1 to f\nd _! objections4 ,:at !y ne$ at mo/ promise !mselves is1 to defeat ^? attempts to reconcile ! two records :i* are made by geologi/s :o respect & believe ! ,scripture te/imony1--n a v laudable feat1 ev5 c\ld x be accompli%$1 & c]ta9ly wor?y ( be+ made r a subject ( condol5ce ?an ( congratulation4 ,& ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 m5 %\ld pursue ! tru? simply = its own sake1 & indep5d5tly ei!r ( ! consequ5ces :i* x may be f\nd to involve1 or ( ! company ) :i* x may br+ !m acqua9t$1 ! anti-geologi/s might be worse employ$ ?an 9 scann+ ! "* & aims ( ! associates ) :om !y virtually league !mselves :5 !y decl>e w> aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian geologi/4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t p>ties 9 ! field1 ei!r directly oppos$1 or at lea/ little fri5dly1 to ! m5 :o hone/ly attempt reconcil+ ! ,mosaic ) ! geologic record4 ,fir/1 !re are ! anti-geologi/s1--m5 :o hold t geological que/ions are to be settl$ n[ z ! ,franciscans contempor>y ) ,galileo held t a/ronomical que/ions 7 to be settl$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 or z ! doctors ( ,salamanca contempor>y ) ,columbus held t geographic que/ions 7 to be settl$ 9 ! fifte5?4 ,& !y believe t geology1 z int]pret$ by ! geologi/s1 is entirely false1 because1 z !y ?9k1 irreconcilable ) ,scripture2 fur!r1 t our planet _h no exi/5ce "s sev5 or eight ?\s& ye>s ago1--t ! app>5t antiquity ( ! v>i\s s$im5t>y sy/ems & organic gr\ps ( ! e>?'s cru/ is :olly illusive1--& t ! v olde/ ( !m _c be m ?an a few days old] ?an ! human p]iod4 ,9 f9e1 j z x 0 held two c5turies ago by ,turrett9e & ! ,franciscans1 t ! ,bible z int]pret$ by !m 0 ! only legitimate au?ority 9 a/ronomic que/ions1 s ?is class n[ hold t ! ,bible z int]pret$ by !m is ! only legitimate au?ority 9 geologic que/ions2 & fur!r1 t ! ,bible be+1 z !y cont5d1 :olly oppos$ to ! d$uctions ( ! geologi/1 ^! d$uctions mu/ ( necessity be errone\s4 ,next1 !re is a class1 m l>gely repres5t$ 9 society ?an 9 lit]ature1 :o1 look+ at ! g5]al be>+s ( ! "q1 ! "* & /&+ ( ! geologi/s1 & ! sublime nature ( _! discov]ies1 believe t geology ranks z c]ta9ly among ! sci5ces z a/ronomy itself2 b :o1 little 9 e>ne/ 9 _! religion1 are q ready en\gh1 :5 !y f9d !ologians ass]t+ ! irreconcilability ( ! geologic doctr9es ) ^? ( ,scripture1 to believe !m2 nay1 n only s1 b to repeat ! ass]tion4 ,x is n fa%ionable 9 ! pres5t age op5ly to av[ infidelity1 save mayhap 9 "s modifi$ rationali/ic or pan!i/ic =m2 b 9 no age did ! ?+ itself exi/ m ext5sively2 & ! numb] ( individuals is v great :o1 :ile !y pr(ess an outw>d respect = revelation1 h no s]i\s qu>rel ) ! class :o1 9 _! bl9d zeal 9 its behalf1 are 9 reality und]m9+ its f\ndations4 ,nor are !re av[$ infidels awant+ :o also make common cause ) ! p>ty s f> z to ass]t t ! results ( geologic discov]y conflict irreconcilably ) ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation4 ,b !re is yet ano!r class1 compos$ ( respectable & able m51 :o1 f ! natural influ5ce ( _! acquirem5ts & tal5ts1 are p]haps m dang]\s allies /ill1 & :om we f9d repres5t$ by writ]s su* z ,mr4 ,babbage & ! ,rev4 ,bad5 ,p[ell4 ,x is held by bo? ^! accompli%$ m51 t x is 9 va9 to attempt reconcil+ ! ,mosaic writ+s ) ! geologic discov]ies3 bo? are intimately acqua9t$ ) ! evid5ce adduc$ by ! geologi/1 & ent]ta9 no d\bt :atev] reg>d+ :at x e/abli%es2 b ?\gh 9 ! ma9 fri5dly to at lea/ ! moral sanctions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 bo? virtually set aside ! ,mosaic cosmogony2 ! "o 7,mr4 ,babbage7 on ! pr(ess$ gr\nds t we really _c arrive ) any c]ta9ty at ! mean+ ( t old ,hebrew introduction to ! ,scriptures 9 :i* ! g5esis ( ?+s is describ$2 & ! o!r 7,mr4 ,p[ell7 on ! assumption t t introduction is b a m]e picturesque my? or p>able1 z little sci5tifically true z ! p>ables ( our ,savi\r or ( ,na?an ! se] are hi/orically s4 ,n[1 ,i _c ?9k t ! anti-geologi/s are q 9 ! place 9 :i* !y ei!r ought or int5d to be :5 engag$ virtually 9 mak+ common cause ) ei!r ( ^! latt] classes4#ce ,be ?is z x may1 h[ev]1 x may be n un9/ructive1 & p]haps n :olly unamus+1 to exam9e :at ! claims really are ( "s ( our lat] anti-geologi/s to be recogniz$ z ! legitimate & qualifi$ c5sors ( geologic fact or inf]5ce4 ,x w be se51 t 9 ! passage :i* ,i h quot$ f ,turrett9e1 ! !ologian1 9 ?ree ( 8 five divisions1 re/ricts himself to ! !ologic prov9ce1 & t :5 9 8 own prop] sph]e ev5 8 errors are respectable2 b t 9 ! two conclud+ divisions he passes into ! prov9ce ( ! natural philosoph]1 & t !re 8 respectability ceases = ! "t1 & he becomes em95tly ridicul\s4 ,! anti-geologi/s1--m5 ( consid]ably small] calibre ?an ! massive ,dut* div9e ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1--also ent] into a field n _! own4 ,pass+ f ! !ologic prov9ce1 !y obtrude into t ( ! geologi/1 & settle aga9/ him1 app>5tly aft] a few m9utes' consid]ation1 or z m]e special plead]s1 que/ions on :i* he has be5 conc5trat+ ! pati5t /udy & direct+ ! labori\s explorations ( ye>s4 ,& an exhibition by specim5 ( ! nons5se to :i* !y h 9 ?is way committ$ !mselves 9 _! ha/e1 may n be :olly un9/ructive4 ,b ,i mu/ def] ! display till ano!r ev5+4 ,i %all d !m no inju/ice2 b ,i tru/ x w be =giv5 me %\ld ,i exhibit1 z !y h exhibit$ !mselves1 a class ( writ]s to ^: assaults ,i h submitt$ = ! la/ f\rte5 ye>s )\t provocation & )\t reply4 ,,lecture ,,t5?4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,anti-,,geologi/s4 ,x has be5 well rem>k$1 t t writ] w\ld be equally 9 dang] ( error :o w\ld assign v ab/ruse motives = ! conduct ( great bodies ( m51 or v obvi\s causes = ! great ph5om5a ( nature4 ,! motives ( ! masses1--on a level always ) ! av]age compreh5sion1--are nev] ab/ruse2 ! causes ( ! ph5om5a1 on ! o!r h&1 are nev] obvi\s4 ,& :5 ^! la/ are ha/ily s\ght aft]1 n f any devotion to sci5tific tru?1 or any g5u9e love ( x1 b = "s purpose ( controv]sy1 we may receive x z a sure & c]ta9 fact t !y w n be f\nd4 ,"s m]e plausibility w be produc$ in/ead1 be>+ on its front an obvi\sness favorable mayhap to its reception = ! "t by ! vulg>1 b 9 reality fatal to its claims 9 ! e/imate ( all deep ?9k]s2 :ile tru? w mean:ile lie conceal$ f> bel[1 9 ! bottom ( h] well1 until pati5tly solicit$ =? by "s previ\sly un?\ght ( process1 9 ! "* ( "s :olly unanticipat$ result4 ,su*1 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 has be5 ! c\rse & "* ( error on ! "o h&1 & ( actual discov]y on ! o!r3 ! error has be5 always comp>atively obvi\s1--! discov]y unexpect$ & ab/ruse4 ,& z m5 desc5d 9 ! scale ( accompli%m5t or intellect1 a ne>] & yet ne>] approximation takes place betwe5 _! conceptions ( ! causes ( ! occult processes ( nature1 & ! common & obvi\s motives :i* influ5ce l>ge masses ( _! fell[s2 until at l5g? ! sublime contrivances ( ! univ]se s9k1 9 _! int]pretation ( !m1 into ! clumsy exp$i5ts ( a bungl+ me*anism4 ,te/$ by _! read+ ( ! ph5om5a on ?is pr9ciple1 we f9d curi\s gradations betwe5 ! high] & ! humbl] ord]s ( m9ds4 ,! vortices ( ,desc>tes1 = in/ance1 involve b a simple idea1 t might h be5 /ruck out by almo/ any individual ( a tol]ably lively fancy1 :o _h walk$ by ! side ( a w9d+ riv]1 & se5 /icks & /raws revolv+ 9 its eddies4 ,b no fancy1 h[ev] active1 or no rea* ( m]e common s5se1 h[ev] respectable1 c\ld h orig9at$1 or conduct$ to a successful conclusion1 t pr(\nd contemplation into :i* ,newton fell 9 ! g>d5 ( ,wool/horpe1 :5 he saw ! loos5$ apple drop f ! tree1 & succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ t ! planets are reta9$ 9 _! orbits by ! same law :i* impels a fall+ pebble t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,s little obvi\s1 inde$1 0 ! ,newtonian s*eme1 t mo/ ( ! contempor>y g5]ation ( philosoph]s1--"s ( !m1 su* z ,font5elle & 8 bro!r academicians ( ,france1 m5 ( no mean /&+1--di$ reject+ x4 ,& ! objections ( ,turrett9e to ! motion ( ! e>? on its axis are1 we f9d1 /ill m obvi\s ?an ev5 ! idea ( ! vortices4 ,x does at fir/ seem natural en\gh to suppose1 t if ! e>?'s surface be spe$+ ea/w>ds at ! rate ( sev]al hundr$ miles 9 ! h\r 7a ?\s& miles at ! equator71 ! birds :i* flutt] ov] x %\ld be some:at 9 dang] ( be+ left beh9d2 & t atoms & d[n flakes float+ 9 ! atmosph]e 9 a "t ( calm1 in/ead ( appe>+1 z !y (t5 d1 ei!r 9 a /ate ( re/1 or mov+ ) equal fre$om 9 e direction1 ought to be se5 hurry+ we/w>ds1 z if puff$ by ! brea? ( a tornado4 ,su* an objection mu/ = a "t h appe>$ z j z x seems obvi\s1 especially 9 "o's /udy on a ,saturday night1 ) mu* ( "o's lecture /ill to write1 & ! ,sabba? too ne> to p]mit ( v]ification or exp]im5t4 ,font5elle1 h[ev]1 ?\gh he c\ld n get ov] ! difficulty ( conceiv+ h[ ! same gravitation :i* made a /one fall also kept ! moon 9 its place1 fairly surm\nt$ t :i* puzzl$ ,turrett9e2 & 9 8 ,plurality ( ,worlds1--a publication ( ! same age z ! ,comp5dium ,!ologica1--he makes 8 ,m>*ioness surm\nt x too4 ',b ,i h a difficulty to solve1' he repres5ts ! lady z say+1 '& y mu/ be s]i\s4 ,z ! e>? moves1 ! air *anges e mom5t2 s we brea! ! air ( ano!r c\ntry4' ',n at all1' repli$ ,i2 '= ! air :i* encompasses ! e>? foll[s ) u1 & turns ) u4 ,h y n se5 ! labors ( ! silkworm8 ,! %ell or cocoon :i* x weaves ar\nd itself ) s mu* art is ( a d[n v loose & s(t2 & s ! e>?1 :i* is solid1 is cov]$1 f ! surface tw5ty leagues upw>ds1 ) a k9d ( d[n1 :i* is ! air1 &1 l ! %ell ( ! silkworm1 turns along ) x4' ,ev5 ,turrett9e1 h[ev]1 0 z f> 9 advance ( "s ( our contemn]s ( sci5ce 9 ! pres5t day1 z ,font5elle 0 9 advance ( ,turrett9e1 or ,newton 9 advance ( ,font5elle4 ,! old !ologian c\ld sc>ce h held1 ) a liv+ ecclesia/ic ( ! ,romi% ,*ur* 9 ,irel&1 ,fa!r ,cull51 t ! sun is possibly only a fa?om 9 diamet]2 or h ass]t$ ) a mo/ ,prote/ant lectur] :o address$ an audi5ce 9 ,ed9burgh little m ?an ?ree ye>s ago1 t1 ?\gh ,god creat$ all ! wild animals1 x 0 ! devil :o made ! fle%-eat]s among !m fi]ce & c>nivor\s2 &1 ( c\rse1 %ort5$ _! b[els1 l5g!n$ _! tee?1 & /uck =midable claws into ! po9ts ( _! digits4#cf ,fur!r1 ! error ( ,turrett9e 0 b t ( 8 age1 :]eas our mod]n decri]s ( sci5tific fact & inf]5ce are always m5 greatly 9 ! re> ( !irs1 & z f> inf]ior to ! anci5t ass]tors ( ! same errors z ! few untutor$ peasants & fi%]m5 ( our own "t1 locat$ 9 remote p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :o /ill reta9 ! old fai? 9 wit*craft1 are inf]ior to ! great lawy]s1 poets1 & div9es1--! ,fairfaxes1 ,h5ry ,mores1 ,judge ,haleses1 & ,sir ,george ,mack5zies1--:o 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ent]ta9$ a simil> belief4 ,& s x may seem some:at idle "w to take any pa9s 9 scatt]+ su* a re> ( d>kness ?9 z ?is =lorn phalanx composes4 ,let !m alone1 said a lunatic 9 ! lucid fit1 to a soldi] :o _h told him1 :5 ask$ :y he c>ri$ a sword1 t x 0 to kill 8 enemies1--let !m alone1 & !y w all die ( !mselves4 ,b ?\gh v inconsid]able1 !re is a comp>atively l>ge proportion ( ! class p]il\sly po/$1 on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 9 :at us$ to be t]m$ ( old 9 ,scotl& ! *air ( v]ity2 & !re !y sometimes succe$ 9 do+ h>m1 all unwitt+ly1 n to ! sci5ce :i* !y oppose1 b to ! religion :i* !y pr(ess to def5d4 ,i 0 n a little /ruck lately by f9d+ 9 a religi\s p]iodical ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a wor?y ,episcopalian cl]gyman bitt]ly compla9+1 t :5ev] 8 s5se ( duty l$ him to d5\nce f 8 pulpit ! gross infidelity ( mod]n geology1 he c\ld see an unbeliev+ gr9 ris+ on ! faces ( n a few ( 8 congregation4 ,alas6 :o c d\bt t su* ecclesia/ics z ?is good cl]gyman mu/ virtually be p[]ful prea*]s on ! skeptical side1 to all among _! p :o1 ) intellig5ce en\gh to appreciate ! geologic evid5ce1 are /ill unsettl$ 9 _! m9ds respect+ t ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,& s on ?is consid]ation alone x may be f\nd n un9/ructive to devote ! address ( ! pres5t ev5+ to an exposure ( ! errors & nons5se ( our mod]n anti-geologi/s1--! true successors & repres5tatives1 9 ! pass+ age1 ( ! ,franciscan & ,salamanca doctors ( ! fifte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,let me fir/ rem>k1 t no "o ne$ expect to be orig9al simply by be+ absurd4 ,!re is a cycle 9 nons5se1 z c]ta9ly z 9 op9ion ( a m solid k9d1 :i* ev] & anon br+s back ! delusions & errors ( an e>li] "t3 ! follies ( ! pres5t day are transcripts1 unwitt+ly produc$1 & ) ( c\rse a few v>iations1 ( follies :i* exi/$ c5turies ago2 & x seems to be on ?is pr9ciple1--a consequ5ce1 mayhap1 ( ! limit$ range ( ! human m9d1 n only 9 its elucidations ( tru?1 b also 9 its =ms ( error1--t sc>ce an explanation ( geologic ph5om5a has be5 giv5 by ! anti-geologi/s ( our own times1 t 0 n anticipat$ by writ]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,x 0 held1 = in/ance1--9 opposition to ! great pa9t]1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :o fl\ri%$ e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 0 "o ( ! fir/ :o1 aft] ! revival ( le>n+1 ass]t$ ! true "* ( organic rema9s1--t fossils 7 =m$ 9 ! rocks ?r\gh ! planet>y influ5ces1 or a c]ta9 pla/ic =ce 9 nature1 & _h nev] ent]$ into ! composition ( liv+ creatures or plants4 ,& ?is view obta9$ v g5]ally till ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :51 save = a brief space long aft]1 9 ! times ( ,voltaire1 x ceas$ to be reg>d$ z any long] t5able4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 h[ev]1 x 0 virtually reproduc$ by "o ( ! extant anti-geologi/s1--a cl]gyman ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1--only ?ree ye>s ago1 9 a publication writt51 he says1 to c\nt]act ! imm5se mis*ief occasion$ by ! infidel works ( geologi/s1 especially among ! l[] classes1 & :i* he has t]m$ a brief & complete refutation ( _! anti-scriptural !ory4#cg ,fossils1 says ?is c\rage\s writ]1 7 n necess>ily animat$ /ructures3 "s ( !m 7 9 all probability =m$ ( /one f ! v fir/2 o!rs1 ( inanimate fle% & bone4 ,! mammo? f\nd "u ! ice 9 arctic regions _h n necess>ily be5 a liv+ creature3 x 0 creat$ "u ! ice1 & !n pres]v$ 9 t peculi> =m ( pres]vation1 in/ead ( be+ transmut$ into /one1 l ! re/ ( its class4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( keep+ ( ?is fam\s mammo?1 :5 discov]$ a little ere ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 t1 z ,i _h occasion =m]ly to rem>k1 dogs & be>s f$ ^u its fle%2 & its bones1 & "p ( its sk91 cov]$ ) long r$ hair1 are n[ 9 ! museum ( ,pet]sburg4 ,b !re is no evid5ce :atev]1 accord+ to ?is writ]1 t x _h ev] be5 a liv+ creature3 x 0 simply a creat$ c>cass4 ,all organisms are1 he holds1 models or ar*etypes1 fa%ion$ dur+ ! fir/ day 9 ! dep?s ( *aos1 to typify or =e%ad[ ! liv+ plants & animals t 7 to be call$ into exi/5ce a few days lat]4 ,:at1 he asks1 d ! cocoa-nuts1 melons1 & g\rds1 :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! /rata1 %[1 b t ! vegetable _h its p]fect ar*etype 9 *aos z well z ! animal8 ,nay1 fur!r1 ! geologi/ has b got into ! ap>tm5t 9 :i* ! orig9al ar*itect /or$ up 8 plans & models1--_m ( !m1 h[ev]1 reject$ ones4 ,= ?\gh e animal is =m$ aft] 8 ar*etype1 we f9d him say+1 ! conv]se is n true1 t e *aotic /ructure is repres5t$ by its liv+ facsimile4 ,b !y typify1 if n liv+ organisms1 mu* m important ?+s1--!y repres5t1 says our writ]1 ! l& ( ! %ad[ ( dea?2 & ! /rata conta9+ !m1 :i* geologi/s h op5$1 are symbolical ( ! gates ( dea?4 ,! /ate ( pres]vation 9 :i* mo/ fossils are1 in/ead ( hav+ m\ld]$ away1 =e%ad[s immortality4 ,! gradation1 too1 f ! organisms ^: types are said to be lo/ or de/roy$1 & confus$ 9 innum]able heaps1 up to ! p]fect & complete specim51 is no fanciful repres5tation ( ! resurrection2 :ile ! isolat$ bones & p>ts ( skeletons :i*1 ?\gh f\nd f> ap>t1 z !y 7 creat$1 h be5 fitt$ toge!r by ! skill ( ! accompli%$ anatomi/1 give assurance ( ! fact t our scatt]$ du/--our membra disjecta--%all come toge!r at ! s\nd ( ! la/ trump4 ,& ?is is geology on ,scripture pr9ciples1 sob]ly exp\nd$ by a man :o respects facts1 :ile he gives no place to fancy4 ,! ,engli% cl]gyman !n goes on to %[ 9 8 pamphlet1 t ! ,coal ,measures furni% no evid5ce ( ! e>?'s antiquity4 ,!y 7 =m$1 he says1 by ! f+] ( ! ,creator1 imm$iately & at once4 ,a c>bonif]\s tree ( gigantic size has be5 discov]$1 he adds1 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 ( su* a %ape z entirely to prove ! absurdity ( a !ory t ( ! e>?'s antiquity :i* has n a s+le valid argum5t to support x4 ,x is describ$ z hav+ its trunk ris+ f ! e>? p]p5dicul>ly t5 feet1 & !n b5d+ ov] & ext5d+ horizontally sixty feet4 ,n[1 :at liv+ tree ?us lopsid$ c\ld support su* a weight 9 su* a direction8 ,x seems to h be5 creat$ on purpose to sil5ce ! ,,horrid ,,blasphemies ( geologi/s2 = x proves to a demon/ration1 t ! upp]1 ne!r1 & surr\nd+ matt] came into exi/5ce ) x at ! same in/ant2 = h[ else c\ld x h be5 pres]v$ 9 su* a position8 ,! triumph secur$ by ! c>bonif]\s tree1 h[ev]1--?\gh x does n seem :olly impossible t a tree might 9 any age ( ! _w h be5 brok5 ov] "s t5 feet f its root1 & b5t 9 a horizontal position1--seems 9 "s dang] ( be+ neutraliz$1 z we read on1 by ! circum/ance t geologi/s f9d n unfrequ5tly1 among _! fossils1 ! dung ( ! c>nivor\s v]tebrates1 *>g$ 9 _m in/ances ) ! tee?1 bones1 & scales ( ! creatures on :i* !y _h prey$1 & /rongly impress$1 9 at lea/ ! coprolites ( ! l>g] ,palozoic ganoids1 & ( ! enaliosaurs ( ! ,second>y p]iod1 by ! screw-l m>k+s ( a spiral inte/9e1 simil> 9 =m to t n[ exemplifi$ by ! %>ks & rays4 ,& 9 ma9ta9+ 8 hypo!sis t mo/ fossils are m]e ar*etypes--m]e plans or models--( exi/5ces to be1 ! ar*etypal dung proves r a /umbl+-block1 & ! ,engli% cl]gyman waxes exce$+ly wro? aga9/ ! geologi/s4 ,we _c1 he says1 believe 9 su* ?+s z coprolites4 ,!y are only a curi\s =m ( matt] comm&$ by ,him :o has made ! fl[] to assume all %apes z well z all hues4 ,he :o w\ld n all[ s mu* z a tool to be lift$ up on ! /ones t compos$ 8 alt>1 w\ld c]ta9ly n all[ ! "w ( animals to compose 8 creation1 mu* less1 !n1 _! dung4 ,! geological ass]tion t ! ,creator ( ?is _w =m$ x 9 "s p>ts ( coprolites savors v mu* ( ,satan or ,beelzebub1 ! god ( dung4 ,geologi/s c\ld sc>cely h made a m un=tunate self-refut+ ass]tion ?an ?is4 ,i "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! cl]gyman does well to be angry ) ! geologi/s "h4 ,t fossils are m]e models & ar*etypes1 is 8 hypo!sis1 n !irs2 & s x is he himself :o is answ]able1 n !y1 = :at he deems ! impiety ( ! ar*etypal dung4 ,8 next /atem5t is ( a k9d suit$ some:at to a/oni% ! practical geologi/4 ,x is ! con/ant language ( geologi/s1 he says1 9 giv+ ! result ( _! discov]ies1 t no "y h be5 f\nd666 :ile ! l>g] fossils h be5 detect$ isolat$1 or 9 ! company ( o!rs1 all diff]+ 9 k9d4 ,ar*etypal resemblances ( ova h be5 f\nd1 & su* ?+s z mo?s2 b ^! are di/9ct & p]fect 9 _! k9d4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! "y1 :i* are imp]fect1 is a fact :i* has n be51 & nev] c be1 e/abli%$2 !re=e x nev] c be prov$ t ?is _w has _h a long] exi/5ce ?an six ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is ! con/ant language ( geologi/s t no "y h be5 f\nd 9 ! fossil /ate4 ,amaz+ ass]tion6 ,!re=e x nev] c be prov$ t ?is _w has _h a long] exi/5ce ?an six ?\s& ye>s4 ,a/oni%+ inf]5ce6 ,!re is n a tyro 9 geology :o ev] look$ ov] a set ( fossils1 or ev] sp5t an h\r 9 explor+ a fossilif]\s deposit1 :o does n "k t ! rema9s ( organisms 9 e /age ( gr[? may be f\nd ly+ side by side 9 ! same b$1--t almo/ e museum conta9s its s]ies ( molluscs1 cru/aceans1 fi%es1 & corals1 =m$ to illu/rate species 9 _! v>i\s /ages ( gr[?1--t1 9 especial1 among ! ammonites ( ! ,second>y ages1 & ! trilobites ( ! ,palozoic ones1 ^! s]ies h be5 made ) great c>e1 9 ord] to prev5t ! errone\s multiplication ( species1--& t1 9 %ort1 e ri*ly fossilif]\s /ratum 9 ! e>?'s cru/ repeats ! lesson s (t5 d$uc$ f our *ur*y>ds1 :]e graves ( all sizes1 f t ( ! infant ( a day to t ( ! ag$ adult1 may be f\nd ly+ side by side4 ,:at ! ,engli% cl]gyman repres5ts z ! con/ant language ( geologi/s1 is a language :i* no geologi/ ev] yet us$1 or ev] w4 ,& 8 inf]5ce is 9 e way wor?y ( 8 premises4 ,! fl\ri% ) :i* he concludes 8 pamphlet w\ld be inf9itely amus+ _h 8 language be5 j a little less solemn4 ,! writ] ( ! above rem>ks has felt x 8 duty1 we f9d him say+1 to publi% !m1 n only to refute ! argum5ts ( ! va9 & puff$-lip geologi/1 :o fancies himself wis] ?an ,god1 b also to prev5t1 by ,god's bless+1 ! evil t mu/ ensue f tamp]+ ) ! sacr$ text4 ,& n[1 :at has ,satan to say8 ,:y1 ,,! ,,tables ,,are ,,turn$4 ,let m5 bew>e4 ,:y did n ! ,briti% ,association1 at _! tw5ty-?ird meet+1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahec1 ackn[l$ge _! error z a body1 9 applaud+ s l\dly ! ass]tion ( "o ( _! geological memb]s at a previ\s meet+1 t ?is e>? exi/$ ages be=e man8 ,!y may n[ h ! satisfaction ( ?9k+ t1 9 spite ( !mselves1 ^? impi\s plaudits h be5 turn$ by ! wra? ( ,god into hisses4 ,/range z ! fact may seem1 ?is passage 0 writt51 n 9 grave joke1 b 9 s]i\s e>ne/4 ,! belief t fossil rema9s _h nev] ent]$ into ! composition ( liv+ organisms1 b _h be5 =m$ 9 ! rocks j z we f9d !m1 gradually gave place1 dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 to ! belief t !y 7 ! debris ( ! ,noa*ian ,deluge1 & evid5ces1 z !y occurr$ 9 almo/ e kn[n c\ntry1 & 7 f\nd on ! top ( l(ty hills1 ( at once its univ]sality & ! height to :i* its wat]s _h prevail$4 ,& ?is hypo!sis1 l ! o!rs1 has be5 reproduc$ by "s ( ! anti-geologi/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,! kn[n fact1--a result ( mod]n sci5ce1--t ! sev]al =mations 7always inv>iable 9 _! ord] ( succession7 h _! gr\ps ( organisms peculi> to !mselves1 has1 h[ev]1 int]pos$ a difficulty f :i* ! e>li] cosmogoni/s 7 exempt4 ,x has become necess>y to %[ t ! ,noa*ian cataclysm 0 /rangely selective1 9 bury+ 9 ! b$s :i* x is held by ! class to h =m$1 n[ "o gr\p ( plants & animals1 n[ q ano!r gr\p1 & anon yet ano!r & diff]5t gr\p /ill2 & all ?is _m times repeat$ ) su* nice c>e & discrim9ation1 t n a s+le organism ( ! l[] b$s is to be detect$ 9 ! middle ones1 nor yet a s+le organism ( ei!r ! middle or l[] 9 ! b$s t lie above4 ,ev5 ?is task1 h[ev]1 j a little light5$ by "h & !re a suppression ( ! facts1 has be5 attempt$ by ! r$\btable ,dean ( ,york4#ch ,fire & wat] 71 he conceives1 equally ag5ts 9 ! great cata/rophe t de/roy$ ! old _w1--a circum/ance :i*1 if true1 w\ld h furni%$ ) an admirable apology ! class ( p]sons :o1 accord+ to ! wit1 w\ld h cri$ out ,fire1 fire1 at ! deluge4 ,! dean conceives t at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,flood1 :5 torr5ts ( ra9 7 fall+ ^u ! l&1 num]\s subm>9e volcanoes began to disgorge _! molt5 cont5ts into ! sea1 de/roy+ ! fi%1 & all o!r m>9e productions1 by ! int5sity ( ! heat1 & at ! same "t lock+ !m up 9 /rata =m$ ( ! erupt$ matt]4 ,?is process took place ere ! l& floods1 lad5 ) ! spoils ( isl& & cont95t1 & ! accompany+ mud & s&1 c\ld arrive at ! remot] dep?s2 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y ultimately rea*$1 & =m$ a second =mation1 ov]ly+ ! fir/4 ,!re 7 ?us two =mations orig9at$1--a m>9e =mation bel[1 & a t]re/rial or fre% wat] =mation above2 b z ^! two deposits c\ld n be made to include all ! geological ph5om5a ) :i* ev5 ! dean 0 acqua9t$1 he _h nicely to p>cel out ! "w ( 8 volcanoes on ! "o h&1 & t ( 8 l& floods on ! o!r1 into sep>ate fits or p>oxysms1 ea* ( :i* s]v$ to entomb a di/9ct class ( creatures1 & orig9ate a def9ite set ( rocks4 ,?us1 ! fir/ "w ( 8 volcanoes 0 to =m ! ,transition s]ies ( /rata4 ,z a comm5cem5t ( ! :ole1 ! int]nal fire blew up f ! b$ ( ! ocean1 9 trem5d\s explosions1 va/ quantities ( pulv]iz$ rock mix$ ) clay1 :i*1 sl[ly subsid+1 & cov]+ up1 z x sank1 %ells1 /one-lilies1 & trilobites1 =m$ ! ,silurian rocks4 ,a second explosion br\ght up ! v5ts ( ! volcanoes to ! level ( ! ocean2 & :ile ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ?us produc$1 & *>g$ ) fi% kill$ by ! heat1 0 settl+ on _! flanks1 !y !mselves1 z if seiz$ by black vomit1 began to disgorge 9 va/ quantities1 coal 9 ! liquid /ate4 ,v opportunely1 j ere x cool$1 enorm\s quantities ( vegetables1 wa%$ out to sea by ! extraord9>y l& floods1 7 precipitat$ imm$iately ov] x2 &1 /ick+ 9 its viscid surface1 or s9k+ into its sub/ance ?r\gh cracks =m$ 9 x dur+ ! cool+1 !y became atta*$ to x 9 su* consid]able masses1 z to lead long aft] to ! v mi/ak5 notion t coal itself 0 ( vegetable orig94 ,!n !re ensu$ ano!r deposit ( r$ s&1 ) salt boil$ into x2 & !n a deposition ( lime & clay4 ,! l& floods /ill cont9u+1 ! great ,sauroid reptiles :i* _h haunt$ ! riv]s & l[] pla9s began to yield to _! =ce1 & _! c>casses1 float+ out to sea1 sank amid ! sl[ly subsid+ lime & clay1 n[ kn[n z ! ,lias4 ,! volcanoes too 7 /ill v active2 & ! light] %ells1 ammonites1 & ! l1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly bobb+ up & d[n on ! boil+ surface1 n[ sank by myriads2 = ! viscid argillace\s mud ?r[n up by ! fi]y ebullitions f b5ea? /uck fa/ to !m1 & dragg$ !m d[n4 ,!n came ! =mation ( ! ,oolite1 roll$ into little egg-l pellets by ! waves2 & la/ ( all1 ! ,gre5 s& & ,*alk2 aft] :i* ! wat]s ran (f1 & sank into ! deep holl[ :i* n[ =ms ! b$ ( ! ocean1 b :i* previ\s to ! cataclysm _h be5 ! place ( ! l&4 ,! dean1 z he w5t on1 fell into "s little confusion reg>d+ ! true place ( "s ( 8 animals1 su* z ! mega!rium1 :i* arriv$ 9 8 arrangem5t a little too soon4 ,he spoke1 too--if a newspap] report is to be cr$it$--( a heavy creature soon ov]tak5 & dr[n$ by ! ris+ wat]s1 :i* he t]m$ ! pt]ogactylus1 & :i* does n seem to h turn$ up1 ei!r 9 ! body or out ( x1 s9ce x 0 lo/ on t memorable occasion4 ,nor did he make any provision 9 8 arrangem5t = ! =mation ( ! v>i\s ,t]ti>y deposits4 ,b !n all ^! are slight matt]s1 t c\ld be v easily wov5 into 8 hypo!sis4 ,z ! flood rose along ! hill sides1 fir/ su* ( ! weighti] animals w\ld p]i% z c\ld n readily climb /eep acclivities2 & !n ! ox51 ! horses1 ! de]1 & ! goats1 ) ! light] c>nivora1 :o1 z !y w\ld die la/1--"s ( !m n until ! f9al disappe>ance ( ! hill-tops1--w\ld ( c\rse be entomb$ 9 ! upp] deposits4 ,su* is ! hypo!sis ( ! ,dean ( ,york1--a hypo!sis ( :i* x may be ju/ly affirm$1 t x is well nigh z +5i\s z ! circum/ances ( ! case p]mit1 & aga9/ :i* little else c be urg$ ?an t x mu/ seem r cumbr\s & fanciful to ! class :o d n "k geology1 &1 on ! :ole1 some:at inadequate to ! class :o d4 ,! ,flood1 h[ev]1 is n left to d ! :ole geologic "w1 by ev5 su* ( ! anti-geologi/s z assign to x ! l>ge/ %>e4 ,a great unrecord$ convulsion :i* accompani$ ! ,fall is held by "s ( _! numb] to h greatly assi/$1 by lay+ d[n ! old] =mations ( ! fossilif]\s rocks2 & v mu* is said to h be5 done dur+ ! ext5d$ ant$iluvian p]iod t succe$$ x4 ,"o ( p]haps ! mo/ amus+ ?\gh lea/ kn[n ( ! writ]s t take ?is special view is a ,scot*man1 resid5t 9 a seclud$ prov9cial t[n1 :o = ! la/ twelve or fifte5 ye>s has be5 pr9t+ +5i\s little books aga9/ ! infidel geologi/s1 & gett+ lett]s ( simil> "* ins]t$ 9 su* ( our c\ntry newspap]s z are ambiti\s ( r5d]+ _! sci5ce equal to _! lit]ature4 ,& f ! great tr\ble :i* he has tak5 ) ! writ+s ( ! individual :o n[ addresses y1 he seems to reg>d !m z peculi>ly unsolid & dang]\s4 ,accord+ to ?is pr(\nd cosmogoni/1 ! _w be=e ! ,fall 0 r m ?an twice its pres5t size1 & v artificially con/ruct$4#ci ,x 0 a holl[ ball1 support$ inside by a framework ( metal wr\ght into hexagonal reticulations1 some:at l ! framework ( ! great iron bridge ov] ! riv] ,we> at ,sund]l&2 & :i* _h an op5 space 9 its c5tre1 occupi$ by a va/ tubul> furnace ly+ direct s\? & nor?1 :i* ?rew out huge volumes ( flame t[>ds ! poles4 ,ov] ! reticulat$ framework !re rose a great1 ?ick firmam5t ( metal1 :i* =m$ ! inn] %ell ( ! globe2 ov] ! metal !re lay a consid]ably ?ick] %ell ( granite2 & ov] ! granite1 a ?9n] %ell ( a sub/ance n specifi$1 p]haps n kn[n1 b :i*1 f its be+ completely wat]-tight1 s]v$ ! purpose ( ! lay] ( asphalt or t]ra cotta :i* ! ar*itect spreads ov] 8 flat ro(s1 or on ! tops ( 8 slop+ t]races1 aft]w>ds to be cov]$ ) soil & laid out into g>d5s4 ,su*1 x seems1 0 t portion ( ! framework ( our great globe :i* correspond$ to ! holl[ la? & pla/] framework ( ! little globes us$ 9 s*ools2 :ile its upp]mo/ lay]1--correspond5t ) ! slips ( ! map :i* ! geograph] pa/es on ! model & !n v>ni%es1--0 =m$ ( e>? & wat]1 economically laid out into mo/ useful & ta/eful configurations1--! e>? into pretty little ris+ gr\nds & valleys1 & ! wat] into seas & lakes ( no great ext5t1 b :i* =m$1 f _! v h&some comb9ations1 a t]raque\s surface all ov] ,,p]fectly ,,p>adisaical4 ,ov] ?is exquisitely neat e>? !re lay an envelop+ atmosph]e1 greatly ?9n] & less d5se ?an ! air at pres5t is1 & incapable1 9 consequ5ce1 ( be+ agitat$ by /orms2 :ile directly ov] ! nor!rn & s\!rn extremities ( ! _w ! pol> auroras1 n[ s fitful & brok51 ext5d$ 9 a p]man5t ar*1 & gave light1 dur+ ! long d>k w9t]s1 to ! regions ly+ bel[4 ,& z w>m? 0 z necess>y to ! p>adisaical p]fection ( ^! di/ricts z light1 !y receiv$ ! necess>y heat f ! great d\ble-act+ furnace 9 ! int]ior1 :i*1 bel*+ out flames at bo? ends1 act$ p[]fully aga9/ ! pol> portions ( ! metallic cru/ or %ell1 & ?us ma9ta9$ ! necess>y gl[ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! sun1 on ! pr9ciple on :i* a fry+-pan or ,scot* girdle is heat$ :5 plac$ by ! cookmaid ov] ! fire4 ,& su*1 accord+ to ?is excell5t _w-fa%ion] & v zeal\s man1 0 ! con/ruction ( t unblight$ & unbrok5 e>? :i* 0 ( old pron\nc$ to be v good4 ,! ,fall1 h[ev]1 produc$ a mo/ rem>kable & s+ul>ly disa/r\s *ange4 ,! e>? 0 someh[ p>tially cru%$ & brok51 contemporane\sly ) ! ev5t1--l a /rong fi%+ basket :5 x accid5tally falls f a coa*-top "u ! :eel2 &1 f a mo/ int]e/+ color$ copp]plate t illu/rates "o ( ! au?or's treatises 7= he draws z well z he writes71 ! exact damage :i* x receiv$ c be m9utely e/imat$4 ,! int]ior network 0 compress$ into all sorts ( irregul> polygons2 ! iron firmam5t 0 brok5 into great fragm5ts1--"s ( :i* may be se5 9 ! pr9t hang+ d[n into ! holl[ int]ior1 l pat*es ( brok5 pla/] dangl+ f a ceil+1 susp5d$ by ! hairs orig9ally employ$ to give ! necess>y t5acity to ! lime4 ,! great granitic %ell 0 also brok51 b brok5 s nicely1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! ar*1 t ! pieces rema9$ 9 ne>ly _! orig9al places4 ,f9ally1 va/ r5ts are se5 to occur 9 ! cem5t & soil ( ! out] cru/2 & ^! great r5ts1 :i* mu/ h =m$ enorm\s gulfs & deep int]m9able rav9es1 7 de/9$1 x w\ld seem1 to p]=m a mo/ important "p 9 ! future geology ( ! globe4 ,=m+ impassable l9es ( dem>cation betwe5 ! sev]al portions into :i* !y broke up ! e>?'s surface1 !y imprison$ ! rec5tly creat$ animals 9 sep>ate gr\ps1 kept z completely f mix+ toge!r z ! fall[-de] ( "o l(tily-wall$ p>k are kept f mix+ ) ! :ite ox5 ( ano!r l(tily-wall$ p>k1 or z ! kang>oos or duck-bill$ quadrup$s ( ,au/ralia are kept by ! surr\nd+ ocean f mix+ ) ! tig]s ( ,sumatra or ! tortoises ( ,madagasc>4 ,i employ ! writ]'s own happy illu/ration3--,9 "s places ^! fragm5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/ w\ld be pil$ m or less above ea* o!r1 & 9 o!rs q deta*$ & isolat$1 l fragm5ts ( ice on ! bank ( a riv] aft] a ?aw4 ,!y w\ld ( c\rse be on v diff]5t levels1 ea* hav+1 z ,i h said1 a di/9ct gr\p ( animals ( its own2 & :51 aft] ! lapse ( ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s1 ! great cata/rophe ( ! ,flood came on1 x w\ld necess>ily f9d1 z x rose along ! levels1 & subm]g$ plat=m aft] plat=m 9 succession1 a diff]5t & yet diff]5t set ( creatures to kill4 ,to borr[ f ! description ( ?is +5i\s cosmogoni/1 ^? on ! l[] fragm5ts w\ld be fir/ engulph$1 & _! races completely ext+ui%$ f (f ! surface1 & deposit$ 9 ! e>?2 !n ^? on high] & high] upw>ds1 till ! :ole became subm]g$4 ,& we h only to suppose t man1 ) ! pres5t survivors1 7 ^? t occupi$ "o ( ! high] table-l&s :5 ! ,flood comm5c$ 7& ( c\rse 9 t case ,noah c\ld collect into ! ark only out ( ^? ( 8 own c\ntry72 !n ! result w\ld be1 t man & 8 pres5t contempor>ies w\ld be among ! la/ ov]:elm$4 ,?is w suffici5tly acc\nt = ! fact ( 8 & _! rema9s n be+ f\nd deep 9 ! e>?4444 ,! two mo/ int]e/+ geological facts !re=e1 namely1 t di/9ct organisms are to be f\nd 9 di/9ct =mations respectively2 & secondly1 t no rema9s ( man1 & few or none ( ! o!r races at pres5t surviv+1 are to be f\nd 9 any b comp>atively rec5t =mations1--^! two gr& facts ( geology1 we say1 in/ead ( po9t+ back to va/ cycles ( ages be=e ! creation1 seem to po9t m]ely to ! peculi> physical circum/ances ( ! fall5 planet 9 ! int]val betwe5 ^? two ev5tful /ages 9 its hi/ory1 ! ,fall & ,flood1 & ! natural consequ5ces ( ^! circum/ances 9 caus+ di/9ct divisions1 & "s ( ^! ( diff]5t elevations1 among ! organic liv+ creatures1 dur+ ! int]val4 ,"o o!r circum/ance completes ?is really orig9al & beautiful hypo!sis4 ,! cosmogoni/ holds t ! ,flood1--no m]e tranquil ris+ ( ! wat]s1 z "s suppose1--0 accompani$ by t]rible convulsions1 :i* r$uc$ to utt] ru9 ! already %att]$ e>?4 ,! granitic dome fell inw>ds ^u ! c5tral furnace2 & ! fires1 bur/+ outw>ds "u ! enorm\s pressure1 f\nd v5t at ! surface1 & made ! volcanoes4 ,& ?is collaps$ & dim9i%$ _w1--sc>ce half ! bulk ( ! old "o1--) no heat+ furnace "u its pol> regions1 nor aught save ! m]e/ tatt]s ( an aurora flitt+ occasionally ov] !m1--greatly too d5se 9 itself1 & surr\nd$ by a greatly too d5se atmosph]e1--) its huge m\nta9s1 va/ oceans1 wide /eppes1 & arid des]ts1 ) its sn[s1 its fro/s1 its dr5*+ ra9s1 its horrible tempe/s1 its t]rible ?und] /orms1 & deva/at+ e>?quakes1--all alike frightful defects1 n 9 ! orig9al plan1--is n only unlike ! primeval _w1 n v good1 or1 unlike ! ant$iluvian _w1 tol]ably good1 b n good at all4 ,on tak+ a bird's-eye view ( ! geographical & hydrographical features or sup]ficies ( ! globe1 says ?is bold writ]1 any unprejudic$ p]son mu/ at once admit1 t 9 ei!r ( ^! dep>tm5ts !re is sc>ce a trace ( t beautiful1 ta/eful1 & economical design :i* we h a "r to expect f ! admitt$ qualities ( ! great ,au?or1 & 8 av[$ object 9 ! /ructure & report ( x :5 newly f9i%$4 ,x is add$1 h[ev]1 t its pres5t object1 z ! ,sib]ia--! p5al settlem5t--( expatriat$ rebels1 x is 9 its pres5t /ate well calculat$ to fulfil4 ,x may be wor? m5tion+1 t ! writ] :o sets himself aft] a fa%ion s peculi> to ass]t & ju/ify ! ways ( ,provid5ce aga9/ ! geologi/s resides 9 "o ( ! lovelie/ di/ricts 9 ,scotl&1--a di/rict1 h[ev]1 %aggy ) rock1 & ov]%ad[$ by great m\nta9s1 & occasionally visit$ by e>?quake tremors1 & bo? sn[ & ?und] /orms1 & s1 ) all its wild beauty to o!r eyes1 m]ely1 ,i mu/ suppose1 "o ( ! r\gh] di/ricts ( ! p5al ,sib]ia 9 84 ,he is1 inde$1 p>ticul>ly sev]e ^u m\nta9s2 ?\gh n1 z he tells u1 :olly devoid ( a lurk+ prejudice 9 _! favor4 ,b :at weak prejudice might palliate or plead =1 8 bett] judgm5t condemns4 ,see1 says ?is judici\s writ]1 va/ di/ricts ( ! globe disfigur$ by trem5d\s masses ( rugg$ & almo/ b>r5 m\nta9s4444 ,:at1 cry "s1 w\ld y bury z de=mities ! l(ty peak & rugg$ m\nta9 br[1 nature's palaces1--g5]ally ! gr&e/ & mo/ sublime objects 9 natural sc5]y6 ,we cordially assure ! read] we are by no means prejudic$ aga9/ ^! gr& objects2 = if prejudice we h on ! subject1 x is r on ! o!r side4 ,x is !re=e ! =ce ( evid5ce alone makes u1--reluctantly we admit1--give up ^! to rank among ! d]angem5ts & de=mities ( nature4 ,%e1 accord+ to h] usual ta/e & economy1 w\ld nev] be at ! exp5se ( re>+1 & t ^u gr\nd t might h o!rwise be5 mu* bett] occupi$1 su* unwieldy1 useless masses ( matt]1 m]ely = ! sake ( gratify+ ! ta/e = gr&eur & sublimity 9 a few ( h] sons1 nor1 inde$1 = any o!r use we ev] he>d ascrib$ to !m4444 ,accord+ to our te/1 a ri* & g5tly undulatory surface1 int]sect$ ) rivulets & %eets ( wat]1 9 ! places tak5 up by ^! elevations1 w\ld be f> bett]1 z comb9+ 9 ! highe/ degree ! utile cum dulce4#dj ,to su* ( my audi5ce z are famili> ) ,dr4 ,?omas ,burnet's ,sacr$ ,!ory ( ! ,e>? 7#afhd71 t revolution 9 ! cycle ( hypo!sis to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 & ?r\gh :i* ! vision>ies ( ! lat] ages return to ! dreams :i* _h occupi$ ! vision>ies ( an e>li] "t1 mu/ be suffici5tly app>5t 9 ?is passage4 ,= n only does ,burnet speak aft] ! same mann] ( hills & m\nta9s1 b also ( an idle1 ill-f\nd$ prejudice ent]ta9$ 9 _! favor4 ,we f9d him ?us summ+ up a g5]al survey ( ! m\nta9s ( ! globe3--,look ^u ^! great ranges3 9 :at confusion d !y lie6 ,!y h nei!r =m nor beauty1 nor %ape1 nor ord]1 no m ?an ! cl\ds 9 ! air4 ,!n1 h[ b>r51 h[ desolate1 h[ nak$ are !y6 ,h[ !y /& neglect$ by nature6 ,nei!r ! ra9s c s(t5 !m1 nor ! dews f heav5 make !m fruitful4 ,i give ?is %ort survey ( ! m\nta9s ( ! e>? to help to remove t prejudice we are apt to h1 or t conceit t ! pres5t e>? is regul>ly =m$4444 ,!re is no?+ 9 nature1 adds ?is writ]1 m %apeless & ill-figur$ ?an an old rock or a m\nta94 ,i leave x to my audi5ce to det]m9e h[ f> ?is depreciatory view1--:e!r reg>d$ z t ( ,dr4 ,burnet or ( ! mod]n anti-geologi/1--agrees ) ! e/imate ( ! high] m9ds1 or :e!r x manife/s ! prop] respect = ! adorable ,be+ :o1 9 8 inf9ite wisdom1 made our _w :at x is4 ,let me next %[ t "s ( ev5 ! abl] & m respectable anti-geologi/s exhibit no v pr(\nd v5]ation = ! lett] ( ,scripture1 :51 in/ead ( be>+1 z !y ?9k1 aga9/ ! d$uctions ( _! oppon5ts1 !y f9d x directly oppos$ to fancies ( _! own4 ,x is held by n a few among !m1 t at ! ,deluge ! sea & l& *ang$ places4 ,:5 ! wat]s rec$$1 x 0 f\nd1 !y allege1 t ! old l& _h become ocean1 & ! old ocean _h become l&2 & z !re are c]ta9 riv]s :i* are describ$ 9 ,scripture z fl[+ beside ,ed51 & :i*1 judg+ by ! names giv5 !m1 /ill exi/1 x has become imp]ative on ! ass]tors ( ! hypo!sis to %[ t ! riv]s :i* n[ dra9 tracts ( :at !y hold 0 !n sea1 & t fall into seas :i* !y hold 7 !n l&1 c\ld n by any possibility h =m$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! old ,adamic g>d54 ,let u m>k h[ ,mr4 ,granville ,p5n1--c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ ext5sively in=m$ ( 8 class1--deals ) ?is difficulty4#da ,!re are1 he argues1 c]ta9 great corruptions ( ,scripture4 ,:at _h be5 at fir/ writt5 z m>g9al notes by un9spir$ m51 & 7 9 "s cases v errone\s & absurd1 came 9 ! c\rse ( transcription to be transf]r$1 :olly by mi/ake1 f ! side ( ! page into ! body ( ! text2 & ?us1 9 at lea/ a few places1 ! ,scriptures 7 vitiat$1 & n[ decl>e1 in/ead ( ,div9e tru?1 :at is nei!r s5se nor fact4 ,& on ?is v g5]al1 & c]ta9ly mo/ p]il\s gr\nd1 he goes on to argue1 unsupport$ by a s+le anci5t manuscript1 & solely on :at he t]ms int]nal evid5ce1 t ! v]ses 9 ,g5esis :i* conflict ) 8 hypo!sis mu/ be reg>d$ z m]e idle glosses1 ignorantly or surreptiti\sly introduc$ into ! text by ! anci5t copyi/s4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis1 we f9d him say+1 !re appe>s an int]nal critical evid5ce ( an ins]tion ( ! #aa?1 #ab?1 #ac?1 & #ad? v]ses1 simil> to t ( ! #d? v]se ( ! #e? *apt] ( ,/4 ,john1 & con/itut+1 9 a simil> mann]1 a p>5!sis int]sect+ ! ?read ( ! n>rative1 & introduc$ solely = a simil> purpose ( illu/ration4 ,x does n we> ! "* ( ! simple n>rative 9 :i* x appe>s1 b ( ! sur*>ge ( ! gloss or note ( a lat] age1 f\nd$ ^u ! fanciful traditions !n prevail+ ) respect to ! situation ( ! anci5t ,p>adise4 ,?is c]ta9ly is cutt+ ! knot2 &1 if erect$ into a prec$5t by ! geologi/1 w\ld no d\bt greatly facilitate ! labor ( reconciliation4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be p]il\s "w = him4 ,a wolf1 says ,plut>*1 peep+ into a hut :]e a company ( %eph]ds 7 assembl$1 saw !m regal+ !mselves ) a jo9t ( mutton4 ',ye gods6' he exclaim$1 ':at a clamor ^! m5 w\ld h rais$ if !y _h caught me at su* a banquet4' ,i ne$ sc>cely add1 t ! hypo!sis 9 ^: behalf ,scripture is ?us dive/$ ( its au?ority1 & recklessly ca/ aside1 is entirely a wor?less "o2 & t ! v>i\s cont95ts ( ! globe1 in/ead ( all dat+ f "o p]iod little m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s back1 are ( v v>i\s ages1--"s ( !m comp>atively mod]n1 ?\gh absolutely old 9 relation to human hi/ory2 & "s ( s ho> an antiquity1 t ! t]m s9ce man appe>$ ^u e>? might be employ$ z a m]e unit to measure x by4 ,x ne$ n surprise u t a writ] :o takes su* /range lib]ties ) a book :i* he pr(esses to respect1 & :i* he mu/ h _h _m opportunities ( kn[+1 %\ld take /ill great] lib]ties ) a sci5ce = :i* he ent]ta9s no respect :atev]1 & ( ^: fir/ pr9ciples he is palpably ignorant4 ,& yet ! wild recklessness ( "s ( 8 explanations ( geological ph5om5a mu/ some:at a/oni% all suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce to "k t ! place & relations ( its v>i\s =mations h be5 long s9ce det]m9$1 & n[ z c]ta9ly =m ! regulat+ data ( ! practical m9]1 z ! places & relations long s9ce det]m9$ by ! geograph] =m ! regulat+ data ( ! practical navigator or eng9e]4 ,x is z c]ta91 = in/ance1 t ! ,oolitic sy/em und]lies ! ,gre5 ,s& & ! ,*alk1 ) all ! v>i\s =mations ( ! ,t]ti>y division1--,eoc5e ,mioc5e1 ,plioc5e1 & ,plei/oc5e1--z t ,york is situat$ to ! s\? ( ,ed9burgh1 or t bo? ^! cities lie v consid]ably to ! nor? ( ,london & ,p>is4 ,& ! anti-geologi/ :o w\ld argue1 9 ! heat ( controv]sy1 t ! ,oolite & ! ,plei/oc5e 7 contemporane\s deposits1 w\ld be no m wor?y ( reply ?an ! anti-geograph] :o w\ld ass]t1 9 ord] to s]ve "s argum5tative purpose1 t ! ,nor? ,cape lies 9 ! same latitud9al p>allel z ,s\? ,cali=nia1 or t ,t]ra del ,fuego is b a day's sail+ f ,icel&4 ,& yet su*1 z ,i intimat$ on a =m] ev5+1 is ! l9e tak5 up by ,mr4 ,granville ,p5n1 9 deal+ ) ! difficulties ( ! ,kirkdale ,cave1 s rem>kable = its accumulations ( gnaw$ bones ( ! ,plei/oc5e ages1--especially = its bones ( hynas1 tig]s1 be>s1 wolves1 rh9oc]oses1 & elephants4 ,! cave occurs 9 ! moorl&s ( ,york%ire1 9 a lime/one rock ( t ,oolitic division to :i* ! ,ox=d ,clay & ! ,coral ,rag belong1 & conta9s corals & %ells t _h pass$ into ext9ction long ev5 ere ! ,t]ti>y p]iod began2 :ile 9 ! cave itself1 mix$ ) bones ( ! ext9ct mammals ( ! geologic age 9 imm$iate advance ( ! pres5t "o1 !re h be5 f\nd ! contempor>y rema9s ( animals t /ill live 9 our fields & woods1 su* z ! h>e1 ! rabbit1 ! weasel1 & ! wat] rat4 ,& we f9d ,mr4 ,p5n assign+ bo? ! ,oolitic rock 9 :i* ! cave is holl[$1 & ! mammalian rema9s ( ! cave itself1 equally to ! p]iod ( ! deluge4 ,! lime/one exi/$ at t "t1 x w\ld seem1 z a s(t calc>e\s pa/e1 into :i* ! animal rema9s1 float$ nor?w>ds f int]tropical regions on ! wat]s ( ! ,flood1 7 precipitat$ 9 va/ quantities1 & sank1 & !n1 f]m5t+ "u ! putrefactive influ5ces1 ! gas :i* !y =m$ bl[ up ! yield+ lime & mud ar\nd !m into a long n>r[ cave1 j z a glass-bl[] bl[s up a bottle1 or z a little yea/ bl[s up into simil> b greatly small] cavities a bit ( leav54 ,& ! /alactites & /alagmites :i* encru/ ! ,kirkdale ,cave are1 ,mr4 ,p5n holds1 simply ! la/ runn+s ( ! lime t exud$ aft] ! g5]al mass _h begun to set4 ,c]ta9ly any "o dispos$ to take su* lib]ties ) ! ,bible on ! "o h&1 & ) geologic sci5ce on ! o!r1 z ^? tak5 9 ! giv5 in/ances by ?is mo/ =midable ( ! anti-geologi/s1 c\ld h b little difficulty 9 mak+ ei!r ,scripture z geological or geology z ,scriptural z he _h a m9d4 ,8 *ief dang] w\ld be t ( mak+ ! s\nd] !ologians j a little angry1 & ( escap+1 unless quot$ = ! joke's sake1 ! notice ( ! geologi/s altoge!r4 ,9 tru?1 ! extreme absurdity ( our lat] anti-geologi/s 9 virtually cont5d+1 9 ! controv]sy1 t _! ignorance ( an int]e/+ sci5ce1 f\nd$ on millions ( det]m9$ facts1 ought to be p]mitt$ to weigh aga9/ ! k ( ! m5 :o h /udi$ x mo/ ?or\ghly1 =ms _! be/ def5ce4 ,x secures !m aga9/ all save neglect4 ,z1 h[ev]1 "s ( _! numb] are well mean+ m51 :o w\ld n be ridicul\s if !y c\ld help x1 & only oppose !mselves to ! geologi/s because !y deem !m mis*iev\s & 9 error1 x may be wor? :ile %[+ !m1 by an example or two1 ! ludicr\s nature ( ! positions :i* 9 _! hone/ ignorance !y p]mit !mselves to occupy1 & ! real scope & be>+ ( ! argum5ts :i* !y unwitt+ly p]mit !mselves to use4 ,i %all adduce two sev]al in/ances ( reason+1 direct$ by ! anti-geologi/s aga9/ _! antagoni/s 7z !y !mselves believ$71 b :i*1 f _! ignorance ( ! true /ate ( ! argum5t1 & ( ! be>+ ( ! facts ) :i* !y dealt1 9 reality made out = ^! antagoni/s z /rong a case z !y c\ld possibly h made out = !mselves4 ,& ,i am sure t1 r ?an be f\nd sid+ ) _! oppon5ts1 ! anti-geologi/s w\ld be cont5t ev5 to acquire a little geology4 ,i %all select my fir/ in/ance f ! records ( ! annual controv]sy :i* us$ to rage "s t5 or fifte5 ye>s ago1 9 s]mons1 newspap]s1 & magaz9es1 imm$iately aft] e meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,a religi\s ,dubl9 newspap]1--! ,/atesman & ,record1--s9ce ext9ct1 took always an active "p 9 ^! discussions on ! anti-geological side1 & boldly affirm$1 z 9 a numb] n[ be=e me1 t geology _h ! devil = its au?or4 ,a le>n$ correspond5t ( ! pap]1 :o 01 h[ev]1 some:at m *>itable1 ?\ght t at lea/ ! facts ( ! sci5ce might be exempt$ f a condemnation s sweep+2 nay1 t1 well int]pret$1 !y might be f\nd decid$ly oppos$ to at lea/ ! m mis*iev\s d$uctions ( ! geologi/s2 & 9 illu/rat+ ! po9t1 we f9d him ?us argu+1 f c]ta9 appe>ances 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile1 t ! globe :i* we inhabit _c possibly be m ?an six ?\s& ye>s old4#db ,! valley ( ! ,nile1 says ?is writ]1 is kn[n to be cov]$ ) a b$ ( slime :i* ! riv] has deposit$ 9 its p]iodical inundations1 & :i* re/s on a f\ndation ( s&1 l t ( ! adjac5t des]t4 ,! ,fr5* savans :o accompani$ ,bonap>te 9 8 ,egyptian exp$ition made sev]al exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! ?ickness & dep? ( ?is sup]9cumb5t b$4 ,!y dug ab\t two hundr$ pits1 & c>efully measur$ ! ?ickness 9 ! transv]sal section ( ! valley1 :]e ! deposit _h be5 free f ob/acles1 & _h n be5 mat]ially increas$ or less5$ by local causes4 ,!y f\nd ! mean ( all ^! measurem5ts to be six & a half metres1 or r m ?an tw5ty feet4 ,m4 ,gironde endeavor$ to det]m9e ! quantity ( slime deposit$ 9 a c5tury2 & he f\nd t ! elevation ( soil 9 t p]iod 0 r less ?an f\r in*es & a half6 ,divid+ ! total ?ickness ( ! b$ by ! c5t5>y elevation1 he f\nd ! quoti5t #ef4ej2 :5ce x foll[$ t ! inundations _h comm5c$ #efej ye>s be=e ! ye> #ahjj1 :5 ! exp]im5ts 7 made1--a numb] :i* only diff]$ #aei ye>s f ! ,mosaic date4 ,! diff]5ce is n v important1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! mo/ trifl+ error1 :e!r 9 ! measure ( ! entire sup]9cumb5t b$1 or 9 ! valuation ( ! quantity ( slime deposit$ 9 a c5tury1 affects ! f9al results4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! co9cid5ce betwe5 ! sacr$ hi/orian & ! computations ( sci5ce is rem>kable1 & furni%es "o pro( m ( ! h>mony exi/+ betwe5 nature & revelation4 ,an hone/ exp]im5tali/ 0 con/ra9$ to arrive at ?is conclusion at a p]iod :5 ! infidel s*ool ( our cont95tal neighbors 0 9 high fea!r4 ,i am sorry to add1 t ! result ( 8 own calculation _h n t effect on ! philosoph] himself1 or 8 free-?9k+ associates1 :i*1 = _! own sakes1 0 desirable2 b x is no less valuable to u on t acc\nt2 = we "k t an unwill+ witness to ! tru? is wor? a score ( evid5ces already prejudic$ 9 its favor4 ,n[1 ?is is cle>1 di/9ct /atem5t2 & no?+ c be m evid5t ?an t ! !ologian :o makes x holds he is reason+ ) conclusive effect 9 behalf ( :at may be t]m$ ! %ort *ronology1--n 9 its legitimate connection ) ! rec5t introduction ( ! human species1 b 9 its suppos$ be>+ on ! age ( ! e>?4 ,& 9 do+ s he commits himself to ! app>5t positive fact1 det]m9$ on :at may be reg>d$ z geologic data1 t ! riv] ,nile has be5 fl[+ ov] its b$ = ab\t z _m ye>s z h elaps$1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew *ronology adopt$ by ,u%]1 s9ce ! creation ( man1 & no m4 ,to ! integrity ( ?is inf]5ce he pl$ges himself1 z an inf]5ce to :i* ! infidel ought to h yield$1 z conclusive 9 its be>+ on ! "q ( ! e>?'s age1 & z ( s+ul> value to ! believ] :o sets himself to deal ) ! evid5ces ( 8 fai?4 ,n[1 )\t ref]r+ to ! circum/ance t ! data on :i* ! ,fr5* savans "u ,napoleon f\nd$ h s9ce be5 *all5g$ by geologi/s1 su* z ,lieut5ant ,newbold & ,sir ,g4 ,wilk9son1 :o h c>efully survey$ ! rocks & soils ( ,egypt ) ! assi/ance ( cle>] light ?an exi/$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! c5tury1 let u1 = ! argum5t's sake1 hold ! inf]5ce to be q z good z ?is !ologian reg>ds x4 ,& see1 we urge ^u him1 t y y\rself d n suff] x to drop %\ld y f9d t x commits y to ! o!r side ( ! argum5t4 ,be at lea/ z fair & hone/ z y say ! infidels ought to h be54 ,! six & a half metres ( silt & slime1--repres5tative1 let u hold1 ( f five to six ?\s& ye>s1--re/1 y say1 on a f\ndation ( s& l t ( ! adjac5t des]t4 ,b h y asc]ta9$ on :at ! s& re/s8 ,i "k no?+ ( t1 replies ! !ologian2 ,i _h n ev5 ?\ght ( t4 ,b ! geologi/ has ?\ght ( x1 we reply2 & has sp5t mu* "t "u ! hot sun 9 asc]ta9+ ! po9t4 ,= ne>ly ?ree hundr$ miles1--f ! inn] b\nd>ies ( ! delta to )9 a few h\rs' j\rney ( ! cat>acts1--! silt & s& re/ on :at is kn[n z ! m>9e or nummulitic lime/one1--a =mation ( great ext5t1 = x runs into ! ,nubian des]t on ! "o h&1 & into ! ,libyan des]t on ! o!r2 & :i*1 ?\gh x ab\nds 9 ! animalcules ( ! ,european *alk1 is held to belong1 9 at lea/ its upp] b$s1 :i* are *>g$ ) nummulites1 to ! e>li] ,eoc5e4 ,ov] ?is m>9e lime/one !re re/s a new] =mation1 ( lat] ,t]ti>y age1 :i* conta9s ! ca/s ( sea %ells1 & :ole =e/s ( dicotyl$on\s trees1 conv]t$ into a fl9t-l *]t2 & ov] all repose ! s&s & gravels ( ! des]t4 ,und]nea? ! silt ( ! riv]1 !n1 & ! s& ( ! des]t1 lie ^! two =mations ( ! ,t]ti>y division4 ,! l[]1 :i* is ( great ?ickness1 mu/ h be5 ( sl[ =mation4 ,x is compos$ almo/ exclusively1 9 _m p>ts1 ( microscopic animals1 & ab\nds 9 o!rs 9 fossil %ells1--nautili1 o/read1 turritella1 & nummulites1 ) corals1 sponges1 ! rema9s ( cru/acea1 & ! tee? ( fi%es4 ,& betwe5 ! p]iod ( its deposition & t ( ! =mation :i* re/s ^u x ! surface ( :at is n[ ,egypt mu/ h be5 elevat$ ov] ! surface ( ! sea1 to be cov]$1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 by great =e/s1 :i*1 ere ! l& assum$ its pres5t =m & level1 7 subm]g$ by ano!r oscillation ( ! surface1 & petrifi$ amid b$s ( a silice\s s& at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,nor is ! und]ly+ m>9e lime/one by any means ! olde/ ( ! s$im5t>y rocks ( ,egypt4 ,x re/s on a s&/one ( ,p]mian or ,triassic age2 ! s&/one re/s1 9 turn1 on ! fam\s ,breccia de ,v]de ( ,egypt2 & ! ,breccia on a gr\p ( ,azoic rocks1 gneisses1 qu>tzes1 mica s*i/s1 & clay slates1 t wrap r\nd ! granitic nucleus ( ,sy5e4 ,! =mations ( ,egypt con/itute a well-det]m9$ "p ( t great s]ies ( sy/ems :i* compose ! upp] portion ( ! e>?'s cru/3 its silt is by f> ! mo/ inconsid]able ( its deposits2 & if five ?\s& six hundr$ & fifty ye>s 7 exhau/$ 9 lay+ d[n lay] aft] lay] ( ! tw5ty feet :i* =m its av]age ?ickness1 :at enorm\s p]iods mu/ we n dem& 9 addition = ! lay+ d[n ( ! =e/ =mation1 ( ! m>9e lime/one =mation1 ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one =mation1 ( ! ,breccia de ,v]de =mation1 &1 9 %ort1 = ! "s t5 miles ( fossilif]\s rock ( :i* ^? deposits =m su* def9ite1 well-det]m9$ portions2 besides ! "t necess>y = ! production ( ! enorm\sly develop$ ,azoic rocks :i* lie "u all6 ,! !ologian1 9 ?is in/ance1 in/ead ( reason+1 z he himself suppos$1 9 behalf ( ! %ort *ronology1 has be5 mak+ out a v =midable case = ! long "o2 & all t ! geologi/ c h to urge ^u him 9 ! circum/ances is simply t he %\ld act z he holds ! infidel ought to h done1 & yield to ! =ce ( evid5ce4 ,i may m5tion 9 ! pass+1 t "s ( ! mo/ anci5t build+s ( ,egypt are =m$ ( ! ,t]ti>y m>9e lime/ones ( ! c\ntry2 ! /ones ( ! pyramids are *>g$ ) nummulites1 kn[n to ! ,arabs z ,ph>aoh's beans2 & ^! organisms /& out 9 high relief on ! wea!r$ portions ( ! ,great ,sph9x4 ,"s ( ! olde/ ?+s 9 ! _w 9 _! relation to human hi/ory1--erections1 _m ( :i* _h surviv$ ! memory ( _! f\nd]s ev5 9 ! days ( ,h]odotus1--are =m$ ( mat]ials s mod]n 9 _! relation to ! geologic epo*s1 t !y _h no exi/5ce z rock until aft] ! ,palozoic & ,second>y ages _h gone by4 ,n only ! ,c>bonif]\s s&/one ( ! ,high ,*ur* & ,p>liam5t ,h\se ( ,ed9burgh1 b ev5 ! ,oolitic 7t is1 ,portl& /one7 ( ,som]set ,h\se & ,/4 ,paul's1 are ( an antiquity incalculably va/ comp>$ ) ! /one out ( :i* ! olde/ ( ! pyramids 7 fa%ion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,,nummulites ,l,,vigata4 7,ph>aoh's ,beans47 ,! second example :i* ,i %all adduce is "o ) :i* _m ( my auditors mu/ be already famili>4 ,! ,falls ( ,niag>a are gradually eat+ _! way ?r\gh an elevat$ tract ( table-l&1 upw>ds t[>ds ,lake ,erie1 at ! rate ( ab\t fifty y>ds 9 =ty ye>s2 & x has be5 argu$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 t z !y are n[ sev5 miles di/ant f ,que5/on1 :]e ! elevation ( ! plateaux beg9s1 !y mu/ h tak5 ab\t t5 ?\s& ye>s to scoop out _! pres5t deep *annel ?r\gh t space4#dc ,t5 ?\s& ye>s ago ! ,falls 71 he inf]s1 at ,que5/on2 & ! gr\nds on :i* he reasons are exactly ^? on :i* "o w\ld inf] t a labor] :o _h cut a dit* two hundr$ y>ds long at ! rate ( t5 y>ds p] day1 & 0 /ill at "w )\t pause or int]mission1 _h begun to cut x j tw5ty days previ\s4 ,a rev]5d anti-geologi/ takes up ,sir ,*>les2#dd &1 aft] d5\nc+ ! calculation z a /ab at ! ,*ri/ian religion1 see+ x involves ! ass]tion t ! ,falls 7 actually at ,que5/on f\r ?\s& ye>s be=e ! creation ( ! _w accord+ to ,moses1 he br+s c]ta9 facts1 adduc$ bo? by o!r writ]s & ,sir ,*>les himself1 to be> on ! calculation1 su* z ! fact t ! deep tr5* ?r\gh :i* ! ,niag>a runs is mu* n>r[] 9 its l[] ?an 9 its upp] rea*es1 & t ! riv] mu/ h p]=m$ its "w ( excavation1 :5 ! bread? 0 less1 at a greatly quick] rate ?an n[4 ,& ?us ! "w ( excavat+ ! tr5* is br\ght fairly )9 six ?\s& ye>s4 ,nor is ! pr9ciple ( ! reason+ bad4 ,9 our illu/ration ( ! dit* excavat$ by ! labor] we ( c\rse take x = grant$ t x is a dit* ( ! same dep? & bread? ?r\gh\t1 & excavat$ 9 ! same sort ( soil2 = if greatly n>r[] & %all[] at "o place ?an at ano!r1 or dug 9 a greatly s(t] m\ld1 ! rate ( its excavation at diff]5t times might be v diff]5t inde$1 & ! g5]al calculation widely errone\s1 if bas$ on ! ratio ( progress :5 x w5t on mo/ sl[ly1 tak5 z an av]age ratio = ! :ole4 ,b ! anti-geologi/ provokes only a smile :51 9 8 triumph1 he exult+ly exclaims1 ,x is on gr\nds su* z ^! t ! mo/ le>n$ & volum9\s among ,engli% geologi/s disputes ! ,mosaic hi/ory ( ! ,creation & ,deluge1--a /rong pro( t ev5 m5 ( argum5t on o!r subjects (t5 reason 9 ! mo/ *ildi% & ridicul\s mann]1 & on gr\nds totally false1 :5 !y und]take to d5y ! tru? ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,n[1 x mu/ be :olly unnecess>y to rem>k "h1 t x is surely "o ?+ to und]take to d5y ! tru? ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & q ano!r & diff]5t ?+ to hold t ! ,niag>a ,falls may h be5 at ,que5/on t5 ?\s& ye>s ago2 or fur!r1 t x seems n 9 ! lea/ wise to /ake ! tru? ( ,revelation on any su* issue4 ,let me reque/ y1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve1 t 9 "o important respect ?is writ] resembles ! =m] "o4 ,! =m]1 ignorant ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a exhibit$ by ! great deposits ( ,egypt1 exhau/$ all 8 five ?\s& six hundr$ ye>s ( available "t 9 acc\nt+ = ! =mation ( "o ( ! lea/ ( !m1--! silt ( ! ,nile2 & ! latt]1 ?\gh he bids d[n ,sir ,*>les "s f\r ?\s& f\r hundr$ ye>s or s 9 ! "o item ( scoop+ out ! b$ ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 at lea/ exp5ds ! rema9d] ( ! t5 ?\s&1--8 five ?\s& six hundr$ ye>s1--9 t "w ( excavation alone1 & leaves himself no fur!r sums to set (f aga9/ ! v>i\s geologic processes t may h prec$$ x4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!r1 let u grant1 = ! argum5t's sake1 all ! facts4 ,let u admit t ! tr5* ?r\gh :i* ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce n[ fl[s has be5 cut by ! riv] 9 some:at less ?an six ?\s& ye>s4 ,b ?r\gh :at1 let u ask1 has x be5 cut8 ,!re c exi/ no d\bt on ! subject3 x has be5 cut ?r\gh an anci5t gravey>d ( ! ,upp] ,silurian sy/em1 *>g$ ) ! peculi> fossils *>act]i/ic ( :at are kn[n z ! ,cl9ton & ,niag>a gr\ps1 & common1 _m ( !m1 to ! ,upp] ,silurian ( our own c\ntry & ( ! ,european cont95t4 ,leptna depressa & ,p5tam]us oblongus1 two ( ! mo/ frequ5t %ells ( ! deposit1 occur also 9 equal abundance 9 ! ,dudley & ,c>adoc =mations ( ,engl&2 its prevail+ encr9ite1 ,i*?yocr9us lvis1 is sc>ce di/+ui%able f an encr9ite :i* ,i h (t5 pick$ up 9 ! qu>ries ( ! ,wr5's ,ne/ 7,i*?yocr9us pyri=mis72 :ile its prevail+ trilobite1 ,phacops limulurus1 seems to be b a transatlantic v>iety ( our well kn[n ,asaphus 7,phacops7 caudatus4 ,fur!r1 ! sequ5ce ( ! v>i\s =mations bo? above & bel[ ! ,niag>a gr\p1 is %[n ) rem>kable di/9ctness 9 t "p ( ! _w along ! %ores ( ! great lakes4 ,!y may be trac$ d[nw>d1 on ! "o h&1 along ! ,l[] ,silurian deposits1 to ! non-fossilif]\s base on :i* ! sy/em re/s1 & upw>ds1 on ! o!r1 ?r\gh ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one1 to ! workable ,coal ,measures4 ,bo? /ratigraphically & palontologically ! place 9 ! scale ( ! ,niag>a gravey>d c be def9itely det]m9$2 & a sup]ficial deposit on ! heights 9 its imm$iate neighborhood %[s t ! riv] did n beg9 its "w ( excavation among its long ext9ct %ells1 trilobites1 & corals1 until aft] n only ! great ,palozoic1 b also ! ,second>y & ,t]ti>y divisions _h be5 laid d[n1 & ! rec5t p]iod u%]$ 94 ,! sup]ficial %ells ( ! adjac5t heights belong to ! ,plei/oc5e age1 & %[ t 9 ev5 t comp>atively mod]n "t ! l[] l&s ( ,upp] ,canada 7 subm]g$ b5ea? ! level ( ! ocean1 & t a s]ies ( deep seas1 connect$ by broad s\nds1 occupi$ ! place ( ! great lakes4 ,n until ! la/ upheaval ( ! l& 0 ! riv] n[ kn[n z ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce call$ into exi/5ce1 to beg9 its "w ( excavation2 & ere t ev5t took place1 fully t5 miles ( fossilif]\s rock _h be5 deposit$ on ! e>?'s surface1 *>g$ ) ! rema9s ( _m succe$+ creations4 ,! deposit ?r\gh :i* ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce is sl[ly m9+ its way is old] ?an ! riv] itself by ! va/ bread? ( ! f\r ,t]ti>y p]iods1 by t ( all ! ,second>y ages1--,cretace\s1 ,oolitic1 & ,triassic1--by ! p]iods1 too1 ( ! ,p]mian sy/em1 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 ( ! ,old ,r$ sy/em1 & ( ! upp]mo/ b$s ( ! ,upp] ,silurian sy/em4 ,b a simple illu/ration may bett] s]ve to %[ ! true "* ( ! conclusion urg$ "h by ! oppon5t ( ,sir ,*>les1 ?an any su* l9e ( /atem5t z t :i* ,i employ1 h[ev] cle> to ! geologi/4 ,9 ! ye> #ahag1 ,pr9ce's ,/reet1 9 ,ed9burgh1 0 op5$ up to ! ,calton ,hill1 & ! ,calton bury+-gr\nd cut ?r\gh to ! dep? ( _m feet by ! roadway4 ,let u suppose t :5 ! excavation has be5 c>ri$ a hundr$ y>ds into ! cemet]y1 a geologi/1 f9d+ ! labor]s cutt+ on ! av]age ab\t a y>d p] day1 simply intimates z 8 op9ion t ! labor]s h be5 a hundr$ days at "w4 ,no1 replies a controv]siali/ on ! anti-geological side2 = ! fir/ fifty y>ds1 s s(t 0 ! subsoil1 & s %all[ ! cov]+ ( m\ld1 t ! labor]s mu/ h cut at ! rate ( two y>ds a day2 x has be5 m]ely = ! la/ fifty y>ds t !y h be5 excavat+ at ! pres5t sl[ rate3 !y _c h be5 m ?an sev5ty-five days at "w4 ,i m>vel exce$+ly at ! absurdity ( geological reason]s3 palpably ! bury+-gr\nd ( ! ,calton is only sev5ty-five days old4 ,n[1 su*1 9 no exagg]at$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 greatly modifi$ =m1 is ! argum5t t w\ld limit ! age ( ! e>? to ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce has be5 scoop+ out a *annel = itself1 f ,que5/on to ,niag>a1 ?r\gh an anci5t ,silurian bury+-gr\nd4 ,bo? argum5ts alike conf\nd ! age ( ! anci5t bury+-gr\nds ) ! date ( ! mod]n excavations op5$ up ?r\gh !m2 b 9 ord] to r5d] ! argum5t ( my illu/ration equally absurd ) ! o!r1 x w\ld be n only necess>y to inf] t ! ,calton cemet]y 0 only sev5ty-five days old1 b also t ! rock on :i* x re/$ 0 no old]4 ,b en\gh ( follies su* z ^!6 ,i _h m>k$ a good _m o!r passages ( simil> "* 9 ! writ+s ( ! rec5t anti-geologi/s1 & w\ld h little difficulty 9 fill+ a volume ) su*2 b x w\ld be a useless1 ?\gh mayhap curi\s "w1 & is mu* bett] exhibit$ by specim5 ?an z a :ole4 ,a little folly is amus+1 b mu* ( x fatigues4 ,!re is a "t com+1 & n[ n v di/ant1 :5 ! vag>ies ( ! anti-geologi/s w be z obsolete z ^? ( ! geograph]s ( ,salamanca1 or z ^? ( ! a/ronom]s :o upheld ! or?odoxy ( ,ptolemy aga9/ ,galileo & ,newton2 & :5 !y w be reg>d$ z a sort ( curi\s fossils1 v mon/r\s & biz>re1 & altoge!r ( an ext9ct type1 b :i* _h once n only life1 b 7 =midable4 ,x w !n be se5 by all :at a noble ve/ibule ! old geologic ages =m to t human p]iod 9 :i* moral responsibility fir/ began ^u e>?1 & a creature de/9$ to immortality anticipat$ an et]nal h]eaft]4 ,!re is always mu* ( ! mean & ! little 9 ! worlds :i* man creates = himself1 & 9 ! hi/ory :i* he gives !m4 ,( all ! abortions ( ! middle ages :i* h come d[n to u1 ,i "k n a m mis]able "o1--at once ludicr\s & sad1--?an t heav5s & e>? ( ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 ! monk1 :i* ,i illu/rat$ by diagrams 9 my la/ lecture 7,figs4 #aad1 #aae74 ,!y are j su* heav5s & e>? z a monk might h made1 & made too at a sitt+4 ,! heav5s1 repres5t$ z a solid ar* rais$ on tall walls1 resemble1 z a :ole1 ! ar* :i* figures 9 ! middle ( a freemason's apron1 or1 m homely /ill1 ! section ( a w9e cell>2 :ile ! e>? lies b5ea? z a great pla9 or floor1 ) a huge hill 9 ! di/ance1 beh9d :i* ! sun passes :5 x is night4 ,& yet ?is s*eme gave law to ! _w = m ?an six c5turies1 & lay l a nightm>e on physical discov]y1 a/ronomic & geographical4 ,! anti-geologi/s h be5 less mis*iev\s1 = !y live 9 a m enlight5$ age2 & we already see b ! /raggl+ rema9s ( ! body1 & "k t ! "t _c be f> di/ant :5 x w be z completely ext9ct z any ( ! old faunas4 ,! great globe1 ev] revolv+ on itself1 & j\rney+ 9 space r\nd ! sun1 9 ob$i5ce to laws :i* x immortaliz$ a ,newton to discov] & demon/rate1 is an inf9itely m sublime & noble object ?an ! e>? ( ,cosmas ! monk1 ) its conical m\nta9 & its crypt-l firmam5t2 nor c ,i d\bt t its hi/ory ?r\gh\t ! long geologic ages1--its /range /ory ( successive creations1 ea* plac$ 9 advance ( t :i* _h gone be=e1 & its succe$+ organisms1 vegetable & animal1 rang$ accord+ to _! appe>ance 9 "t1 on pr9ciples :i* our pr(\nd] /ud5ts ( natural sci5ce h b ( late det]m9$1--w be f\nd 9 an equal degree m wor?y ( its ,div9e ,au?or ?an t :i* w\ld huddle ! :ole into a few lit]al days1 & conv]t ! incalculably anci5t univ]se :i* we inhabit into a ha/ily run-up erection ( ye/]day4 ,,lecture ,,elev5?4 ,,on ,,! ,,less ,,kn[n ,,fossil ,,floras ,,( ,,scotl&4#de ,,"p ,i4 ,scotl& has its f\r fossil floras1--its flora ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 its ,c>bonif]\s flora1 its ,oolitic flora1 & t flora ( app>5tly ,t]ti>y age ( :i* 8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,argyll f\nd s int]e/+ a fragm5t ov]fl[n by ! ?ick basalt b$s & trap tuffs ( ,mull4 ,( ^!1 ! only "o adequately kn[n to ! geologi/ is ! gorge\s flora ( ! ,coal ,measures1--probably ! ri*e/1 9 at lea/ individual plants1 :i* ! _w has yet se54 ,! o!rs are all b :olly unkn[n2 & ! ,association may be ! m dispos$ to tol]ate ! comp>ative meagr5ess ( ! few brief rem>ks :i* ,i purpose mak+ on two ( _! numb]1--! floras ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ! ,oolite1--f ! consid]ation t t meagr5ess is only too truly repres5tative ( ! pres5t /ate ( our k reg>d+ !m2 & t if my descriptions be scanty & inadequate1 x is only because ! facts are /ill few4 ,h[ mu* ( ! lo/ may yet be recov]$ ,i "k n2 b ! circum/ance t two great floras1--remote pr$ecessors ( ! exi/+ "o1--:i* once cov]$ ) _! cont9u\s mantle ( gre5 ! dry l& ( :at is n[ ,scotl&1 %\ld be repres5t$ by b a few conif]\s fossils1 a few cycadace\s fronds1 a few f]ns & club mosses1 mu/ s]ve to %[ :at m]e fragm5ts ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( our c\ntry we h yet be5 able to recov] f ! rocks1 & h[ v mu* 9 ! "w ( exploration & discov]y /ill rema9s = u to d4 ,we /& on ! fur!r edge ( ! great floras ( by-pa/ creations1 & h ga!r$ b a few h&fuls ( fad$ leaves1 a few brok5 bran*es1 a few decay$ cones4 ,! ,silurian deposits ( our c\ntry h n yet furni%$ u ) any unequivocal traces ( a t]re/rial vegetation4 ,pr(essor ,nicol ( ,ab]de51 on subject+ to ! microscope ! a%es ( a ,silurian an?racite :i* occurs 9 ,peebles%ire1 detect$ 9 x m9ute tubul> fibres1 :i* seem1 he says1 to indicate a high] class ( vegetation ?an ! alg2 b ^! may h belong$ to a m>9e vegetation not)/&+4 ,i detect$ "s ye>s ago1 9 ! ,trilobite-be>+ s*i/s ( ,girvan1 associat$ ) graptolites ( ! ,l[] ,silurian type1 a vegetable organism some:at resembl+ ! leaf ( "o ( ! pond we$s1--an ord] ( plants1 "s ( ^: species1 su* z ,zo/]a1 f9d _! prop] habitats 9 salt wat]4 ,i h plac$ beside ?is specim5 a fragm5t ( ! same graptolite-be>+ rock1 across :i* ,i h pa/$ "p ( a leaf ( ,zo/]a m>9a1 ! only plant ( our ,scotti% seas :i* is furni%$ ) true roots1 be>s real fl[]s inclos$ 9 h]bace\s spa!s1 & produces a well =m$ f>9ace\s se$4 ,x w be se51 t 9 ! few po9ts ( comp>ison :i* c be in/itut$ betwe5 =ms s exce$+ly simple1 ! anci5t v closely resembles ! rec5t organism4 ,x is n impossible1 !re=e1 t ! ,silurian vegetable may h belong$ to "s tribe ( plants alli$ to ,zo/]a2 & if s1 we c easily conceive h[ ! ,silurian an?racite ( our c\ntry may be altoge!r ( m>9e orig91 & may yet exhibit 9 its microscopic tubul> fibres ve/iges ( a vegetation high] ?an ! alg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 a1 ,,silurian ,,organism4 b1 ,,graptolite4 c1 ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,leaf ,,( ,,zo/]a ,,m>9a4 ,x 7 well1 9 deal+ ) ! v anci5t floras1 9 :i* equivocal =ms occur t might h belong$ to ei!r ! l& or ! sea1 to keep 9 view ^? curi\s plants ( ! pres5t "t1 ! habitats ( :i* are decid$ly m>9e1 b :i* are m>k$ by _m ( ! peculi>ities ( ! se$-be>+ plants ( ! l&4 ,! sup]iority ( ,zo/]a to ! common sea we$s ( our coa/s appe>s to h /ruck 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl& eyes v little practis$ 9 su* matt]s1 & seems to h giv5 rise1 9 consequ5ce1 to a popul> my?4 ,zo/]a m>9a ab\nds on a s]ies ( s& banks1 p>tially uncov]$ by ! l>g] /ream tides1 :i* lie directly opposite ! t[n ( ,crom>ty1 ne> ! spot po9t$ out by tradition z ! site ( an e>li] t[n1 :i* 0 swept away "s two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago by ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea4 ,& ^! banks1 ) _! ?ick cov]+ ( gre5 ,zo/]a1 us$ to be po9t$ out by ! fi%]m5 ( ! place1 9 my y\ng] days1 z ! mead[s ( ! old t[n1 /ill be>+ _! orig9al cov]+s ( vegetation1--a vegetation alt]$ no d\bt by ! sea *ange t _h come ov] x1 b /ill ess5tially ! same1 x 0 said1 z t :i* _h smil$ ar\nd ! old burgh1 & n at all ak9 to ! br[n kelp or tangle t e /orm f ! boi/]\s nor?-ea/ heaps along ! %ore4 ,x 0 virtually affirm$ t ! luxuriant t]re/rial grasses ( anci5t ,crom>ty _h made a virtue ( necessity 9 _! alt]$ circum/ances2 & t1 settl+ d[n into grasses ( ! sea1 !y rema9$ to te/ify t an anci5t ,crom>ty !re _h once be54 ,zo/]a m>9a1 l mo/ plants ( ! l&1 rip5s its se$s t[>ds ! close ( autumn2 & ,i h se5 a sm>t night's fro/ at ?is season1 :5 co9cid5t ) a /ream tide t laid b>e ! b$s1 nip its se$-be>+ /ems by ?\s&s2 & h f\nd !m /rew$ along ! bea* a few days aft]1 ) all _! grass-l spikes fully develop$1 & _! gra9-l se$s *>g$ ) a f>9ace\s sub/ance1 :i* "o w\ld sc>ce expect to f9d develop$ 9 ! sea4 ,9 ! high] rea*es ( ! ,crom>ty ,fir?1 ! ,zo/]a b$s1 :i* are ( great ext5t1 are mu* frequ5t$1 dur+ ! m protract$ fro/s ( a sev]e w9t]1 by wild geese & swans1 t dig up & fe$ ^u ! sac*>9e roots ( ! plant4 ,! ,zo/]a ( ! w>m] latitudes atta9 to a l>g] size ?an ^? ( our ,scotti% seas4 ,a s\!rn species1 says ,l\don1 ,zo/]a oceanica1 has leaves a foot long & an in* broad4 ,x is us$ z a ?at*1 :i* is said to la/ a c5tury2 blea*es :ite ) exposure2 & furni%es ! ru%-l mat]ial f :i* ! envelops ( ,italian liquor flasks are prep>$4 ,! simple rectil9e> v5ation ( ribbon-l fronds1 usually mu* brok51 t occurs 9 ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 has (t5 rem9d$ me ( t exhibit$ by ?is exotic species ( ,zo/]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,,fucoid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,,fucoids4 ,associat$ ) ! e>lie/ i*?yic rema9s ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 we f9d vegetable organisms 9 su* abundance1 t !y communicate (t5 a fissile "* to ! /one 9 :i* !y occur4 ,b1 exi/+ z m]e c>bonace\s m>k+s1 _! /ate ( keep+ is usually s bad1 t !y tell u little else ?an t ! antiquely-=m$ fi%es ( ?is remote p]iod swam ov] sea bottoms d>k5$ by =e/s ( alg4 ,! prevail+ plant 0 "o furni%$ ) a long1 smoo? /em1 :i*1 ?\gh x ?rew (f1 9 ! alt]nate ord]1 num]\s bran*es at lea/ half z /\t z itself1 pres]v$ its ?ickness = consid]able di/ances )\t dim9ution1--a common fucoidal *>act]i/ic4 ,we f9d its rema9s mix$ 9 ! rock1 ?\gh sp>+ly1 ) ^? ( a r\gh-edg$ plant1 knobb$ some:at l ! ?ong-l receptacles ( ,himan?alia lorea1 :i* also ?rew (f bran*es l ! o!r1 b dim9i%$ m rapidly4 ,a greatly m m9ute vegetable organism ( ! same b$s1 *>act]iz$ by its bifid p>t+s1 :i* /rike (f at angles ( ab\t sixty1 some:at resembles ! small-frond$ v>iety ( ,dictyota di*otoma1 save t ! slim t]m9ations ( ! frond are usually b5t into little hooks1 l ! t5drils ( ! pea j z _! po9ts beg9 to turn4 ,ano!r r r>e plant ( ! p]iod1 exi/+ z a broad1 irregul>ly cleft frond1 some:at resembl+ t ( a mod]n ,cutl]ia or ,nitophyllum1 betrays at once1 9 its outl9e & g5]al appe>ance1 its m>9e orig92 z does also an equally r>e contempor>y1 :i*1 judg+ f its appe>ance1 seems to h be5 a true fucus4 ,x exi/s 9 ! rock z if simply drawn 9 ,indian ink2 = x exhibits no /ructure1 ?\gh1 z 9 "s ( ! f]ns ( ! ,coal ,measures1 :at 7 once ! curls ( its leaflets cont9ue to exi/ z s5sible holl[s on ! surface4 ,x broad5s & divides atop into ?ree or f\r lobes1 & ^!1 9 turn1 broad5 & divide into m9or lobes1 d\ble or t]nate1 & usually r\nd$ at _! t]m9ations4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance ! plant n a little resembles ^? specim5s ( ,fucus vesiculosus :i* we f9d exi/+ 9 a dim9utive =m1 & dive/$ ( bo? ! receptacles & ! air vessels1 at ! m\? ( riv]s4 ,( two o!r k9ds ( plants ,i h se5 only confus$ masses1 9 :i* ! individuals 7 s cr[d$ toge!r1 & )al s fragm5t>y & brok51 t _! sep>ate =ms c\ld n be trac$4 ,9 ! "o ! g5]al appe>ance 0 su* z might be produc$ by compress$ & tangl$ masses ( ,*orda filium1 9 :i* ! l9e> & ev5 tubul> "* ( ! plant c\ld be det]m9$1 b n its cont9u\s1 cord-l aspect2 9 ! o!r1 ! fragm5ts seem$ well nigh z slim z hairs1 & ! appe>ance 0 su* z might be produc$ by bran*es ( t common ectoc>pus1 ,e4 littoralis1 :i* may be se5 on our rocky coa/s r\gh5+ at l[ wat] ! /ems ( lam9>ia4 ,:5 highly magnifi$1 a mesial groove might be detect$ runn+ along ea* ( ! hair-l l9es4 ,) ^! m>9e plants we occasionally f9d l>ge rectil9e> /ems1 resolv$ into a true coal1 b reta9+ no organic "* by :i* to di/+ui% !m4 ,z ,i h se5 "s ( ^! m ?an ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 &1 ?\gh exi/+ z m]e fragm5ts1 sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 !y mu/1 if !y 7 also plants ( ! sea1 h exce$$ 9 size our l>ge/ lam9>ia4#df ,& su* are ! few vegetable organisms1 ( app>5tly aquatic orig91 :i* ,i h hi!rto succe$$ 9 detect+ 9 ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&4#dg ,_! individual numb]s1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 v great1 ?\gh1 f ! de/ructible "* ( _! tissues1 _! =ms h p]i%$ 9 ! /one4 ,! imm5sely develop$ flag/ones ( ,cai?ness seem to owe _! d>k color to organic matt] ma9ly ( vegetable orig94 ,s /rongly bitum9\s1 inde$1 are "s ( ! b$s ( d+i] t9t1 t !y flame 9 ! fire l slates /eep$ 9 oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,! rema9s ( a t]re/rial vegetation 9 ?is deposit are greatly scanti] ?an ^? ( its m>9e plants2 b !y mu/ be reg>d$ z possess+ a peculi> int]e/1 z1 ) ! exception ( ! spore cases ( ! ,ludl[ rocks1 ! olde/ ( _! class1 9 at lea/ ! ,briti% isl&s1 ^: true place 9 ! scale c be satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,9 ! flag/ones ( ,orkney !re occurs1 ?\gh v r>ely1 a m9ute vegetable organism1 :i* ,i h else:]e describ$ z hav+ mu* ! appe>ance ( "o ( our small] f]ns1 su* z ! maid5hair-sple5wort1 or dw>f moonwort4 ,x consi/s ( a m9ute /em1 p>tially cov]$ by :at seems to be a small %ea? or holl[ bract1 & bifurcates into two fronds or p9n1 fr+$ by f t5 to twelve leaflets1 t ne>ly imp+e on ea* o!r1 & some:at resemble 9 _! mode ( arrangem5t ! leaflets ( "o ( our commone/ ,aspl5iums1--,aspl5ium tri*omanes4 ,"o ( our highe/ au?orities1 h[ev]1 9 su* matt]s 7,pr(essor ,balf\r ( ,ed9burgh7 que/ions :e!r ?is organism be 9 reality a f]n1 & describes x f ! specim5 on ! table1 9 ! ,palontological *apt] ( 8 admirable ,class ,book1 simply z a rem>kable p9nate frond4 7,fig4 #ac1 p4 #ef47 ,we f9d x associat$ ) ! rema9s ( a t]re/rial plant alli$ to lepidod5dron1 & :i* 9 size & g5]al appe>ance n a little resembles "o ( our commone/ club mosses1--,lycopodium clavatum4#dh ,x s5ds out its bran*es 9 exactly ! same /yle1--"s %ort & simple1 o!rs bran*$ l ! p>5t /em1--9 an arrangem5t approximately alt]nate2 & is ev]y:]e cov]$1 /em & bran*1 by ?ickly set scale-l leaflets1 t1 sudd5ly n>r[+1 t]m9ate 9 exce$+ly slim po9ts4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 proportionally a /\t] /em ?an ,lycopodium2 its leaves1 :5 se5 9 pr(ile1 seem m rectil9e> & ?92 & none ( its bran*es yet f\nd be> ! fructif]\s /alk or spike4 ,its resemblance1 h[ev]1 to ?is commone/ ( ! ,lycopodia1--a plant t may be ga!r$ by h&fuls on ! moors by :i* ! flag/ones are cov]$1--is close en\gh to sugge/ a new read+ ( ! famili> adage on ! meet+ ( extremes4 ,betwe5 ! times ( ?is anci5t fossil1--"o ( ! olde/ ( l& plants yet kn[n1--& ^? ( ! exi/+ club moss t n[ scatt]s its light spores by millions ov] ! dead & black5$ rema9s ( its remote pr$ecessor1 _m creations mu/ h int]v5$1 & _m a prodigy ( ! vegetable _w appe>$1 especially 9 ! e>li] & middle p]iods1--,sigill>ia1 ,favul>ia1 ,knorria1 & ,ulod5dron1--t h _h no repres5tatives 9 ! floras ( latt] times2 & yet "h1 flank+ ! imm5se scale at bo? its ends1 d we f9d plants ( s ne>ly ! same =m & type1 t x dem&s a c>eful survey to di/+ui% _! po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 to illu/rate ! fact1 is !re a specim5 ( ,lycopodium clavatum1 f "o ( ^! ,cai?ness moors1 t agrees bran* = bran*1 & bo? 9 ! disposition ( its scales & 9 g5]al outl9e1 ) ! specim5 9 ! /one4 ,:at seems to be an e>ly repres5tative ( ! ,calamites occurs 9 ! same b$s4 ,"s ( ! specim5s are ( l>ge size1--at lea/ f n9e in*es to a foot 9 circumf]5ce1--& reta9 _! ?ickness1 ?\gh exi/+ z fragm5ts sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 ) b little dim9ution ?r\gh\t4 ,!y resembl$ ! int]ior ca/s ( ,calamites 9 be+ longitud9ally furr[$2 b ! furr[s are flatt]1 & are !mselves m9utely /riat$ l5g?wise by l9es z f9e z hairs2 &1 in/ead ( pres5t+ any appe>ance ( jo9ts1 !re run diagonally across ! /ems1 int]rupt$ & v irregul> l9es ( knobs4 ,^! ,i f9d ref]r$ to by ,dr4 ,joseph ,hook]1 9 describ+ a set ( massive b ill pres]v$ rema9s ( ! same organism detect$ 9 ,s\? ,ness qu>ry1 ne> ,l]wick1 by ! ,hon4 ,mr4 ,tuffnell1 z tak+1 9 two ( ! specim5s1 ! appe>ance ( transv]se knobs & b>s 7mayhap spirally arrang$7 t cross ! /ri obliquely4 ,b ?\gh ! knobs1 he adds1 may p]haps indicate a peculi> "* ( ! plants1 !y h m probably be5 caus$ by pressure dur+ silicification4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !y also occur 9 ! be/ pres]v$ fragm5t ( ! plant :i* ,i h yet se51--a ,?urso specim5 :i* ,i owe to my fri5d ,mr4 ,dick1--,i deem x be/ to reg>d !m1 provisionally at lea/1 z "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! plant4 ,i may m5tion1 t :ile ,i dis9t]r$ "o ( my specim5s f ! ,?urso flag/ones1 :]e x occurr$ among rema9s ( ,dipt]us & ,a/]olepis1 ,i d]iv$ ano!r specim5 f ! great ov]ly+ =mation ( pale ,r$ ,s&/one to :i* ! l(ty hills ( ,hoy & ! tall mural precipices ( ,dunnet ,head belong2 & t ?is plant is ! only organism :i* has yet be5 f\nd 9 ?is upp]mo/ memb] ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$1 to at lea/ ! nor? ( ! ,moray ,fir?4 ,ano!r app>5tly t]re/rial organism ( ! l[] =mation1 (1 h[ev]1 r>e occurr5ce1 v mu* resembles a %ea?+ bract or spa!4 ,x is ( consid]able size1--f f\r to six in*es 9 l5g?1 by f two to ?ree in*es 9 bread?1--( a broadly elliptical & yet some:at lanceolate =m1 deeply b irregul>ly corrugat$1 ! rug exhibit+ a t5d5cy to conv]ge t[>ds bo? its l[] & upp] t]m9ations1 & )1 9 "s in/ances1 :at seems to be ! fragm5t ( a second spa! spr++ f its base4 ,ano!r & mu* small] vegetable organism ( ! same b$s pres5ts ! =m ( a spa!-envelop$ bud or unbl[n fl[] wrapp$ up 9 its calyx2 b all ! specim5s :i* ,i h yet se5 are too obscure to admit ( c]ta9 det]m9ation4 ,i may "h m5tion1 t curi\s m>k+s1 :i* h be5 reg>d$ z impressions made by vegetables t _h !mselves disappe>$1 h be5 detect$ dur+ ! la/ twelvemon? 9 a qu>ry ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ne> ,huntly1 by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,mackay ( ,rhynie4 ,!y are v curi\s & v puzzl+2 b ?\gh "s ( ! specim5s pres5t ! appe>ance ( a cont9u\s midrib1 t ?r[s (f1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( regul>ity1 app>5t leaflets1 ,i am incl9$ to reg>d !m r z ly+ )9 ! prov9ce ( ! i*nologi/ ?an ( ! fossil botani/4 ,!y be> ! same sort ( resemblance to a long1 ?ickly-leav$ frond1 l t ( ! h>d f]n1 t ! ca/ ( a _m-legg$ annelid does to a club moss2 & ,i 0 /ruck1 on my fir/ walk along ! ,portobello bea*1 aft] exam9+ a specim5 k9dly s5t me by ,mr4 ,mackay1 to see h[ ne>ly ! tract ( a small %ore crab 7,c>c9us ,mnas7 along ! wet s& resembl$ !m1 9 exhibit+ :at seem$ to be an obscure midrib fr+$ ) leaflets4 ,b ! g5u9e vegetable organism ( ! =mation1 indicative ( ! highe/ rank ( any yet f\nd 9 x1 is a true wood ( ! cone-be>+ ord]4 ,i laid op5 ! nodule :i* conta9s ?is specim51 9 "o ( ! i*?yolite b$s ( ,crom>ty1 r m ?an eighte5 ye>s ago2 b ?\gh ,i describ$ x1 9 ! fir/ edition ( my little "w on ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 9 #ahda1 z exhibit+ ! woody fibre1 x 0 n until #ahde t1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! optical lapid>y1 ,i subject$ its /ructure to ! te/ ( ! microscope4 ,x turn$ out1 z ,i _h anticipat$1 to be ! portion ( a tree2 & on my submitt+ ! prep>$ specim5 to "o ( our highe/ au?orities1--! late ,mr4 ,william ,nicol1--he at once decid$ t ! reticulat$ texture ( ! transv]se section1 ?\gh some:at compress$1 cle>ly indicat$ a conif]\s orig94 ,i may add1 t ?is mo/ anci5t ( ,scotti% lignites pres5ts sev]al peculi>ities ( /ructure4 ,l "s ( ! ,arauc>ians ( ! w>m] latitudes1 x exhibits no l9es ( ye>ly gr[?2 its m$ull>y rays are sl5d]1 & comp>atively inconspicu\s2 & ! discs :i* mottle ! sides ( its sap-*amb]s1 :5 view$ 9 ! longitud9al section1 are exce$+ly m9ute1 & are rang$1 s f> z c be judg$ 9 _! imp]fect /ate ( keep+1 9 ! alt]nate ord] peculi> to ! ,arauc>ians4 ,on :at p]i%$ l& ( ! e>ly ,palozoic ages did ?is v5]ably antique tree ca/ root & fl\ri%1 :5 ! ext9ct g5]a ,pt]i*?ys & ,cocco/eus 7 enjoy+ life by millions 9 ! surr\nd+ seas1 long ere ! flora or fauna ( ! ,coal ,measures _h begun to be8 ,i may be "h p]mitt$ to m5tion1 t 9 a little volume1 writt5 9 reply to a widely kn[n & v +5i\s "w on ! ,developm5t hypo!sis1 ,i describ$ & figur$ ?is unequivocally g5u9e lignite1 9 ord] to %[ t a true wood takes its place among ! e>lie/ t]re/rial plants kn[n to ! geologi/4 ,i at ! same "t m5tion$1--desir\s1 ( c\rse1 t ! facts ( ! "q %\ld be fairly /at$1 :atev] _! be>+1--t ! nodule 9 :i* x occurr$ _h be5 p>tially wa%$ out ( ! fi% b$ 9 :i* ,i f\nd x1 by ! action ( ! surf2 & my oppon5t1 fix+ on ! circum/ance1 ins9uat$1 9 ! answ] ) :i* he honor$ me1 t x _h n belong$ to ! b$ at all1 b _h be5 d]iv$ f "s o!r =mation ( lat] date4 ,he ought1 h[ev]1 to h tak5 into acc\nt my fur!r /atem5t1 namely1 t ! same nodule :i* enclos$ ! lignite conta9$ "p ( ano!r fossil1 ! well m>k$ scales ( ,diplacan?us /riatus1 an i*?yolite re/rict$1 l ! ,cocco/eus 7a specim5 ( :i* occurr$ 9 a neighbor+ nodule71 to ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one exclusively4 ,if !re be any value :atev] 9 palontological evid5ce1 ?is ,crom>ty lignite mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 a sea inhabit$ by ! ,cocco/eus & ,diplacan?us4 ,x is demon/rable t1 :ile yet 9 ! rec5t /ate1 a ,diplacan?us lay d[n & di$ beside x2 & ! evid5ce 9 ! case is unequivocally ?is1 t 9 ! olde/ portion ( ! olde/ t]re/rial flora yet kn[n1 !re occurs ! fragm5t ( a tree q z high 9 ! scale z ! /ately ,norfolk ,isl& p9e1 or ! noble c$> ( ,lebanon4 ,i h fail$ hi!rto 9 f9d+ any rema9s ( t]re/rial plant-cov]$ surfaces 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&1 ?\gh decid$ traces ( desiccat$ sub-rial ones are n r>e4 ,%all[s & banks seem to h be5 num]\s dur+ ! p]iod ( at lea/ ! ,l[] =mation4 ,! flag/ones ( ,cai?ness & ,orkney1 & ! argillace\s fi% b$s ( ,crom>ty & ,ross1 n only ab\nd 9 ! ripple-m>k$ surfaces ( a %all[ sea1 b also 9 crack$ & flaw$ planes t mu/ h dri$ & split into polygonal p>t+s 9 ! air & ! sun4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! 9 ! neighborhood ( ! t[n ( ,?urso1 ab\t half a mile to ! ea/ ( ! riv]1 is n a little curi\s4 ,be>+ ?r\gh\t ! g5]al d+y hue ( ! flag/ones1 !y yet consi/ ( alt]nat+ b$s ( two di/9ct *>act]s & qualities4 ,! "o k9d1 fissile1 f9ely gra9$1 & %>ply ripple-m>k$1 seems to h be5 deposit$ 9 %all[ wat]2 ! o!r1 n fissile1 b1 if ,i may s speak1 felt$ toge!r s z to yield ) difficulty to ! hamm] 9 any direction1 & trav]s$ by polygonal p>t+s1 fill$ up usually by ! sub/ance ( ! ov]ly+ /ratum1 appe>s to h _h a diff]5t orig94 ,! /ate ( keep+1 too1 9 :i* ! i*?yic rema9s ( ^! alt]nat+ b$s occur is always v diff]5t4 ,! small] & m delicately organiz$ fi%es are nev] f\nd entire1 save 9 ! fissile1 f9ely gra9$ b$s2 9 ! o!rs we detect only scatt]$ fragm5ts2 & ev5 ^!1 unless !y belong$ to ! robu/ ,a/]olepis or 8 cong5]s1--:i*1 h[ev]1 9 ^! b$s !y usually d1--mu* brok54 ,! polygonal p>t+s seem to indicate t ^! t\ghly-felt$ b$s1 ^: v /yle ( wea!r+--r\gh1 gn>l$1 frett$ into globose protub]ances & irregul> holl[s--%[s t x _h n be5 =m$ by quiet deposition1 mu/ h _h _! broad backs rais$ = a "t above ! surface ( ! wat]1 to be desiccat$ 9 ! hot sun4 ,& ! fragm5t>y /ate ( ! fossils :i* !y conta9 seems to po9t1 ) ! r\ghnesses ( _! wea!r$ surfaces1 to "s peculi>ity 9 _! orig94 ,! recollection :i* !y awoke 9 my m9d ) ea* visit ,i paid !m = ?ree ye>s toge!r1 may probably indicate :at t orig9 04 ,i _h a relation :o di$ m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 :o pass$ _m ye>s 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 9 ! colony ( ,b]bice1 & ^: graphic descriptions ( t "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica made a /rong impression ^u me :5 a boy1 & /ill dwells 9 my memory4 ,he 0 settl$ on a cotton plantation ne> ! coa/ side2 & s exce$+ly flat 0 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 t ! h\se 9 :i* he dwelt1 ?\gh ne>ly two miles di/ant f ! %ore1 /ood little m ?an five feet above its level4 ,! soil consi/$ ( a d>k gray consolidat$ mud2 & 9 look+ seaw>ds f ! m>g9 ( ! l&1 !re 0 no?+ to be se51 :5 ! tide fell1 save dre>y mud flats :ole miles 9 ext5t1 ) ! l9e ( blue wat] beyond /ret*+ along ! di/ant horizon4 ,^! mud flats 7 mu* frequ5t$ by birds ( ! wad] family1 t us$ to come & fi% 9 ! %all[ pools = ! small fry t _h l+]$ beh9d :5 ! tide fell2 & my c\s91 a ke5 sportsman 9 8 day1 has told me t he us$ to /eal ^u !m 9 8 mud %oes1--flat bo>ds atta*$ to ! soles1 l ! sn[ %oes ( ! high] latitudes1--& enjoy r>e sport 9 knock+ d[n magnific5t game1 su* z ! roseate spoonbill & gorge\s flam+o4 ,!re 7 times1 h[ev]1 :5 ! mud %oe prov$ ( no avail1 & ! flat expanse rema9$ impassable = weeks1-- ,a boggy syrtis1 nei!r sea ,nor good dry l&4 ,! coa/1--directly imp+$ on by ! drift curr5t1 & beat5 by ! long roll ( waves :i* _h fir/ begun to rise "u ! impulsions ( ! trade w9ds on ! ,african coa/ two ?\s& miles away1--0 mu* expos$ to tempe/s2 & aft] e fre% /orm f ! ea/1 a huge bank ( mud us$ to come roll+ 9 f ! sea1 ?ree or f\r feet abrea/1 & rema9 :olly impassable until1 dur+ "s two or ?ree neap tides1 its surface _h be5 expos$ to a tropical sun1 & p>tially consolidat$ by ! heat4 ,& !n ! wa/e w\ld become passable z be=e1 & ! *opp$ & brok5 surface1 expos$ to ! ord9>y action ( ! sea1 & to gradual depositions dur+ flood1 w\ld beg9 to be smoo!d ov]1 & ! birds w\ld f9d !mselves no long] safe4 ,n[1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t we h "h ! conditions necess>y to ! =mation ( ! ,?urso deposits4 ,let u suppose1 ne> :]e ,?urso n[ /&s1 a wide tract ( flat mud banks 9 a sea s %all[ z to be laid dry at ebb = miles toge!r4 ,let u fur!r suppose p]iods ( tranquil deposition or re-arrangem5t1 dur+ :i* "o ripple-m>k$ /ratum is laid quietly d[n ov] ano!r1 & ! fi%1 kill$ by accid5t1 or left /r&$ by ! evaporation ( ! little pools1 are cov]$ up1 l ! plants 9 a botani/'s dry+-book1 9 a /ate ( complete entir5ess4 ,let u yet fur!r suppose great mud banks driv5 by occasional tempe/s f ! deep] wat] beyond1 & s heap$ up ov] ^! s$im5t>y b$s z to be expos$ dur+ ev5 ! flood ( neap tides to ! desiccat+ influ5ces ( ! atmosph]e & ! sun1 until ! surface has become h>d z a sun-burn$ brick1 & has *opp$ into polygonal p>t+s1 ) wide r5ts betwe54 ,& f9ally1 let u suppose ! :ole 9 ?is /ate laid "u wat] at ! return ( /ream tides1 & expos$ to ! ord9>y s$im5t>y action4 ,does x n seem probable t ! alt]nat+ b$s 9 all _! conditions w\ld be giv5 u by su* a process8 ,9 ! /ratum repres5t$ by ! mud bank1 ! /one w\ld be ( :at ,i h t]m$ a felt$1 n a fissile "*2 its organic rema9s w\ld exi/ 9 a fragm5t>y & scatt]$ /ate1--=1 torn up f _! places ( orig9al deposition1 & roll$ onw>ds 9 ! /orm-impell$ mud1 !y c\ld n fail to be brok5 up & disp]s$2 & fur!r1 !y w\ld be 9 l>ge "p ^? ( bulky deep-sea fi%es4 ,& la/ly1 ! surface ( ^! b$s w\ld be polygonally crack$ & flaw$1 & ! wid] cracks fill$ up by ! sub/ance ( ! ov]ly+ /rata4 ,& ^! ov]ly+ /rata1 on ! o!r h&1--! result ( a p]iod ( quiet deposition 9 %all[ wat]1--w\ld be regul>ly b$d$1 & _! i*?yic rema9s1 consi/+ ma9ly ( small littoral fi%es1 w\ld be pres]v$ 9 a /ate ( comp>ative entir5ess4 ,=1 h[ev]1 su* num]\s repetitions ( alt]nately felt$ & fissile ripple-m>k$ /rata z we f9d 9 ! neighborhood ( ,?urso1--repetitions c>ri$ on = hundr$s ( feet 9 v]tical ext5t1--we require yet ano!r condition1--t condition ( gradual subsid5ce 9 ! g5]al cru/ :i* c alone acc\nt = ! fact s (t5 press$ ^u ! geologi/ 9 explor+ ! ,coal ,measures1 t 9 deposits ?\s&s ( feet 9 ?ickness1 ea* /ratum 9 succession _h be5 laid d[n 9 a %all[ sea4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance1 t ! ,old ,r$ flag/ones :i* lie along ! s\!rn flanks ( ! ,grampians1 & are repres5t$ by ! gray /one kn[n 9 comm]ce z ! ,arbroa? ,pavem5t1 h n1 s f> z is yet kn[n1 an organism 9 common ) ! ,old ,r$ flag/ones ( ! nor?4 ,i at "o "t suppos$ t ! rectil9e>1 smoo?-/emm$ fucoid1 already describ$1 occurr$ 9 bo? s]ies1 z ! gray /ones h also _! smoo?-/emm$1 rectil9e>1 tape-l organism2 b ! po9ts ( resemblance 7 too few & simple to ju/ify ! conclusion t !y 7 id5tical1 & ,i h s9ce asc]ta9$ t !y 7 entirely diff]5t plants4 ,! fucoid ( ! ,cai?ness flag/ones ?rew (f1 z ,i h %[n1 9 ! alt]nate ord]1 num]\s ribbon-l bran*es or fronds2 :]eas ! ribbon-l fronds or bran*es ( ! ,=f>%ire plant rose by doz5s f a common root1 l ! fronds ( ,zo/]a1 & some:at resembl$ a sc\rge ( cords fa/5$ to a h&le4 ,contempor>y ) ?is organism ( ! gray flag/one =mation1 & ?ickly occupy+ ! planes on :i* x re/s1 !re occur fragm5ts ( twi/$ /ems1 "s ( !m f ?ree to f\r in*es 9 diamet] 7?\gh repres5t$ by b m]e films ( c>bonace\s matt]71 & irregul>ly /reak$1 or r wr9kl$1 longitud9ally1 l ! b>k ( "s ( our =e/ trees1 ?\gh on a small] scale4 ,) ^! we f9d 9 consid]able abundance irregul>ly-%ap$ pat*es1 also ( c>bonace\s matt]1 reticulat$ into ! semblance ( polygonal1 or1 9 "s in/ances1 egg-%ap$ me%es1 & :i* rem9d "o ( pieces ( ill wov5 lace4 ,:5 fir/ laid op51 ^! me%es are fill$ ea* ) a c>bonace\s speck2 &1 f _! suppos$ resemblance1 9 ! aggregat$ =m1 to ! eggs ( ! frog 9 _! album9\s envelop1 ! qu>ri]s t]m !m puddock frog spawn4 ,! slabs 9 :i* !y occur1 ?ickly cov]$ ov] ) _! vegetable impressions1 did c]ta9ly rem9d me1 :5 ,i fir/ exam9$ !m "s fifte5 ye>s ago1 ( ! bottom ( "s /agnant dit* beside "s decay+ h$ge1 z x appe>s 9 middle spr+1 :5 pav$ ) fragm5ts ( dead bran*es & )]$ grass1 & mottl$ ) its life-impregnat$ pat*es ( ! gelid sub/ance reg>d+ :i* a prov9cial poet tells 8 read]s1 9 classical ,scot*1 t ,puddock-spue is fu' o' e'en1 ,an' e e'e 's a pu-head4#di ,high] au?orities ?an ! qu>ri]s1--among ! re/1 ! late ,dr4 ,mantell1--h be5 dispos$ to reg>d ^! polygonal m>k+s z ! fossiliz$ spawn ( anci5t ,batra*ians2 b !re n[ seems to be evid5ce en\gh f :i* to conclude t !y are ! rema9s1 n ( ! eggs ( an animal1 b ( ! se$ ( a plant4 ,su* 0 ! view tak5 _m ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,flem+1--! orig9al discov]]1 let me add1 ( fossils bo? 9 ^? ,upp] & ,middle ,old ,r$ ,s&/one deposits t lie 9 ,scotl& to ! s\? ( ! ,grampians4 ,^! organisms1 we f9d him say+1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ,*eek's ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal 7#ahca71 occur 9 ! =m ( circul> flat pat*es1 n equall+ an in* 9 diamet]1 & compos$ ( num]\s small] contigu\s pieces4 ,!y are n unlike :at might be expect$ to result f a compress$ b]ry1 su* z ! bramble or ! rasp4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !y are f\nd adjac5t to ! n>r[ leaves ( gram9e\s look+ vegetables1 & *iefly 9 clay slate1 orig9ally lacu/r9e silt1 x is probable t !y con/itut$ ! conglobate panicles ( ext9ct species ( ! g5us ,junicus or ,sp>zanium4 ,f specim5s subsequ5tly f\nd by ,dr4 ,flem+1 & on :i* he has erect$ 8 species ,p>ka decipi5s1 x seems evid5t t ! ne>ly circul> bodies 7:i* 9 all ! bett] pres]v$ in/ances circumscribe ! small polygonal ones7 7 set 9 receptacles some:at resembl+ ! receptacle or calyx ( ! /rawb]ry or rasp4 ,judg+ f "o ( ! specim5s1 ?is calyx appe>s to h consi/$ ( five pieces1 :i* unit$ 9 a c5tral /em1 & 7 trav]s$ by broad irregul>ly div]g+ /ri4 ,& ! spawn-l pat*es ( ,c>mylie appe> to be simply ill pres]v$ specim5s ( ?is fruit1 :atev] its true "*1 9 :i* ! m9ute circul> portions1 dive/$ ( ! receptacle & /em1 _h be5 ?r[n into irregul> =ms by ! jo9t ag5cy ( pressure & decay4 ,! great abundance ( ^! organisms1--= s abundant are !y1 t visitors to ! ,c>mylie qu>ries f9d !y c c>ry away ) !m z _m specim5s z !y please1--may be reg>d$ z ( itself indicative ( a vegetable orig94#ej ,x is n 9 ! lea/ /range1 h[ev]1 t !y %\ld h be5 tak5 = pat*es ( spawn4 ,! l>ge-gra9$ spawn ( fi%es1 su* z ! lump-fi%1 salmon1 or /urgeon1 might be readily en\gh mi/ak51 9 ev5 ! rec5t /ate1 = ! deta*$ sph]ical-se$ vessels ( fruit1 su* z ! bramble-b]ry1 ! /one-bramble1 or ! rasp4 ,hang x6 ,i once he>d a c\ntryman exclaim1 on help+ himself at table to a spoonful ( ,cavi>e1 :i* he _h mi/ak5 = a sweet-meat1 & in/antly1 accord+ to ,milton1 ) sputt]+ noise reject$1--,hang x = na/y /uff6--,i took x = bramble b]ry jam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,,p>ka ,,decipi5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,along ) ^! curi\s rema9s ,dr4 ,flem+ f\nd an organism :i* 9 =m some:at resembles ! spike ( "o ( ! grasses1 save t ! bett] pres]v$ bracts t]m9ate 9 fan or kidney-%ap$ leaflets1 ) a simple v5ation radiat+ f ! base4 ,x is probably a f]n1 m m9ute 9 its p9nules ?an ev5 our smalle/ specim5s ( true maid5hair4 ,its /ipes1 h[ev]1 seems proportionally /\t] ?an t ( any ( ! small] f]ns ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,b ! /ate ( keep+ ( ! specim5 is n good1 nor d ,i "k t ano!r has yet be5 f\nd4 ,fur!r1 9 ! same b$s ,dr4 ,flem+ f\nd a curi\s nondescript vegetable1 or r "p ( a vegetable1 ) smoo? n>r[ /ems1 resembl+ ^? ( ! smoo?-/emm$ organism ( ! ,cai?ness flag/ones1 b unlike x 9 ! circum/ance t its deta*$ ne>ly p>allel /alks ana/omose ) ea* o!r by means ( cross bran*es1 t unite !m 9 ! middle1 some:at 9 ! /yle ( ! ,siamese tw9s4 ,i h he>d ! doctor sugge/1 b "k n :e!r he has plac$ ! rem>k on record1 t ^! p>allel /ems may h be5 b ! int]nal fibres ( "s l>g] plant1 ^: m succul5t portions h disappe>$2 & c]ta9ly1 :ile su* in/ances ( ana/omosis are r>e among ! /ems ( plants1 !y are common en\gh among _! int]nal fibres1 z all :o h exam9$ ! mac]at$ debris ( a kit*5-g>d5 or a turnip-field mu/ h _h occasion to rem>k4 ,we sometimes1 h[ev]1 f9d cases ( ana/omosis among ! /ems ( ev5 ! high] plants4 ,i h se5 (t5] ?an once1 9 neglect$ haw?orn h$ges1 ! bran* ( "o plant ent]+ into ! /em ( ano!r1 & becom+ incorporat$ ) its sub/ance2 & we are told by ,pr(essor ,balf\r1 t ?is k9d ( *ance adhesion is (t5 se5 9 ! bran*es ( ! ivy2 & t n unfrequ5tly1 by a simil> process1 ! roots ( contigu\s trees are unit$4 ,nor does x seem improbable1 t :at occasionally takes place among ! high] plants ( ! pres5t "t may h be5 common among "s ( ! comp>atively l[ plants ( s anci5t a p]iod z t ( ! ,middle ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,?is =mation ( ! gray tile/ones has furni%$ "o vegetable organism app>5tly high] 9 ! scale ?an ^? j describ$1 9 a well m>k$ ,lepidod5dron1 :i* exhibits1 l ! ,arauc>ian ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$1 ?\gh less di/9ctly1 ! int]nal /ructure4 ,x 0 f\nd ab\t sixte5 ye>s ago 9 a pavem5t qu>ry ne> ,clockbriggs1--! la/ /ation on ! ,ab]de5 & ,=f> ,railway z ! travell] approa*es ! t[n ( ,=f> f ! nor?4 ,i owe my specim5 ( ?is anci5t ,lepidod5dron to ,mr4 ,william ,mill]1 bank]1 ,dundee1 an accompli%$ geologi/1 :o has tak5 no little tr\ble 9 det]m9+ its true hi/ory4 ,he has asc]ta9$ t x occurr$ deep 9 ! rock1 sev5ty-"o feet f ! surface2 t ! b$s :i* re/$ ov] x 7 compos$1 9 ! desc5d+ ord]1 fir/1 ( a conglom]ate ?irty feet ?ick2 secondly1 ( a r$ rock f\r feet ?ick2 ?irdly1 ( tw5ty-eight feet ( ! s(t %aly sub/ance kn[n to ! qu>ri]s z caulm2 & f\r?ly1 ( m ?an n9e feet ( gray pavem5t1 imm$iately "u :i*1 9 a s(t1 argillace\s /ratum1 lay ! organism4 ,x 0 ab\t f\r feet 9 l5g?1 bulg$ out at ! l[] end into a bulb-l protub]ance1 :i* may h be51 h[ev]1 m]ely an accid5tal result ( its /ate ( keep+2 & ?rew (f1 at an acute angle1 two bran*es ab\t a foot f ! top4 ,x 0 cov]$ ) a b>k ( brittle coal1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 want+ 9 all ! fragm5ts t h be5 pres]v$2 & 0 resolv$ int]nally into a br[n calc>e\s sub/ance ( ab\t ! h>dness ( ord9>y m>ble1 & v mu* resembl+ t into :i* ! petrifactive ag5cies h consolidat$ ! fossil trees ( ,granton & ,craiglei?4 ,f ! decorticat$ condition ( ! surviv+ fragm5ts1 & ! imp]fect pres]vation ( ! int]ior /ructure1 9 all save ! c5tral portions ( its transv]se sections1 x yields no specific m>ks by :i* to di/+ui% x2 b en\gh rema9s 9 its irregul> network ( cells1 devoid ( l9e> arrangem5t1 & untrav]s$ by m$ull>y rays1 to demon/rate its g5]ic /&+ z a ,lepidod5dron4 ,x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r ! l[] place 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,sy/em %\ld be assign$ to ! flag/ones ( ,cai?ness & ,ross1 ) _! *>act]i/ic ,dipt]us & ,cocco/eus b$s1 or to ! gray tile/ones ( ,=f> & ,k9c>d9e%ires1 ) _! equally *>act]i/ic ,cephalaspis4 ,! evid5ce on ! po9t is c]ta9ly n s conclusive z ,i deem$ x fifte5 ye>s ago1 :5 our highe/ au?ority on ! subject n only reg>d$ ! tile/one ( ! ,silurian regions ( ,engl& z a memb] ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 7an arrangem5t :i* ,i am /ill dispos$ to deem ! true "o71 b also held fur!r1 t !re _h be5 detect$ 9 ?is =mation ne> ,d[nt[n ,ca/le1 ,h]e=d%ire1 brok5 rema9s ( ,dipt]us macrolepidotus1 "o ( ! be/ m>k$ i*?yolites ( ! flag/ones ( ,cai?ness & ,orkney4 ,a great & unbrok5 s]ies ( fossilif]\s rocks1 ) ,dipt]us at its base1 ,cephalaspis 9 its m$ial spaces1 & ,holopty*ius at its top1 might well be reg>d$ z ! analogue ( ! ,old ,r$ ( ,scotl&1 ) ! ,cai?ness flag/ones rang$ at its bottom1 ! ,cephalaspis b$s ( ,=f>%ire plac$ 9 its middle1 & ! ,holopty*ius b$s ( ,scot-,crag & ,cla%b9nie on its upp] horizon2 b s9ce t "t ! tile/ones h be5 transf]r$ to ! ,upp] ,silurian division ( rocks1 & ! evid5ce furni%$ by _! suppos$ ,dipt]us has n be5 confirm$4 ,& z ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/ones ( ,scotl& h no true fossilif]\s base1 b re/ on prim>y rocks bo? to ! s\? & nor? ( ! ,grampians1 x may be reg>d$ z 9 "s degree a moot po9t :e!r ! l[e/ fossilif]\s b$s to ! nor? be old] or new] ?an ^? to ! s\?1 or1 :at is q possible1 ( ! same age4 ,provisionally1 h[ev]1 ,i h arrang$ my pap] on ! supposition t ! ,cocco/ean =mation ( ! nor? is ! l[e/ & olde/ ( ! ?ree2 & ?is f ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,cocco/eus & its contempor>ies appe> 9 ! nor? at a v %ort di/ance above ! base ( ! sy/em4 ,i h dis9t]r$ an ,o/eolepis f a fi% b$ ne> ,crom>ty only ?irty-?ree feet ov] ! great conglom]ate1 & only a hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e feet ov] ! granitic gneiss b5ea?2 :]eas ! ,cephalaspis b$s occur high above ! prim>y base ( ! sy/em 9 ! s\?1--at "s di/ance ov] ev5 ! ?ick conglom]ate ( ,/onehav5 & ,dunnott>2 & "u ?is conglom]ate1 z %[n 9 ! section furni%$ by ! valley ( ! ,nor? ,esk1 !re lies a pale r$ s&/one memb] ( ! sy/em1 e/imat$ by ,colonel ,imrie at sev5 hundr$ & eighty feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! conglom]ate itself he e/imates at twelve hundr$ feet4 ,adopt+ z correct ,colonel ,imrie's section1 tak5 along ! banks ( ! ,nor? ,esk1--& ! colonel 0 unque/ionably a tru?ful obs]v]1--! ,cephalaspis b$s ( ! s\? lie ne>ly two ?\s& 7n9ete5 hundr$ & eighty7 feet above ! ,azoic slates on :i* ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,=f>%ire re/s1 :]eas ! ,cocco/eus & ,o/eolepis b$s ( ! nor? lie only "o hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e feet ov] ! ,azoic gneiss on :i* ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,crom>ty re/s4 ,!re is ?us at lea/ room 9 ! s\? = an und]ly+ fossilif]\s =mation betwe5 t ( ! ,cephalaspis & ! base ( ! sy/em1 b none 9 ! nor? b5ea? t ( ! ,cocco/eus & its base4 ,9 ! nor? we f9d ! room ly+ above1 betwe5 ! ,cocco/ean & ,holopty*ian =mations1 & repres5t$ by t great unfossilif]\s deposit ( pale s&/one to :i* ! hills ( ,hoy & ! rocks ( ,duncansbay ,head & ( ,t>bet ,ness belong4 ,fur!r1 9 ! second place1 :ile ! upp] or ,holopty*ian =mation is f\nd directly ov]ly+ t ( ! ,cocco/eus 9 only "o locality1--,moray1--we f9d x directly ov]ly+ t ( ! ,cephalaspis 9 two widely sep>at$ localities2--9 ! va/ b& ( ,old ,r$ :i* runs diagonally across ! isl& f sea to sea1 p>allel to ! ,grampian *a91 & 9 ! imm5sely develop$ ,r$ ,s&/ones ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,& x is ( c\rse m probable t ! two corroborative in/ances %\ld repres5t ! natural succession ( ! =mations1 & ! s+le in/ance ! accid5tal gap 9 ! scale consequ5t on ! miss+ =mation1 ?an t1 vice v]sa1 ! solit>y in/ance %\ld repres5t ! natural succession1 :ile ! two mutually corroborative ones %\ld repres5t1 9 localities widely ap>t1 ! m]e accid5t ( ! gap4 ,b1 9 ! ?ird place1 ,i atta* m weight to a conclusion f\nd$ on ! positive "* ( ! gr\ps ( organic rema9s by :i* ! ?ree great =mations ( ! ,old ,r$ ,sy/em are *>act]iz$1 ?an ,i d to ei!r ( ^! consid]ations4 ,! organisms ( ! ,cephalaspian deposits diff] g5]ically1 & 9 _! :ole aspect1 f bo? ^? ( ! ,cocco/ean & ,holopty*ian =mations2 :]eas ! organisms ( ! ,cocco/ean =mations1 :ile !y resemble g5]ically & 9 ! gr\p ^? ( ! ,holopty*ian "o1 ma9ly diff] f !m specifically4 ,! extreme g5]ic diff]5ce 9 ! "o case argues evid5tly a great diff]5ce 9 condition1--! less] specific diff]5ce 9 ! o!r1 a great diff]5ce 9 po9t ( "t4 ,! ,cephalaspian =mation might1 z a fre% wat] =mation1 be ne>ly contempor>y ) ei!r ( ! o!r two1 or1 z seems m probable1 int]pos$ betwe5 !m2 :ile !y !mselves1 on ! o!r h&1 g5]ically simil> & decid$ly m>9e 9 _! "*1 mu/ h be5 s widely sep>at$ 9 "t1 t all ! species ( ! l[] gr\p became ext9ct ere ^? ( ! upp] "o _h be5 u%]$ into be+4 ,& su* are "s ( ! consid]ations t /ill lead me1 not)/&+ ! failure ( previ\s evid5ce1 to hold1 at lea/1 provisionally1 t our ,scotti% flag/ones to ! nor? ( ! ,grampians occupy a l[] horizon ?an our ,scotti% tile/ones to ! s\?4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be /at$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! cru/aceans ( ! gray tile/ones ( ,=f> & ,k9c>d9e n a little resemble ^? ( ! ,upp] ,silurian & r$ tile/one b$s ( ,engl&2 & t1 judg+ f ! i*?yodorulites f\nd 9 bo?1 _! fi%es mu/ h be5 at lea/ g5]ically alli$4 ,! cru/aceans ( ! upp] ,silurian ( ,lesmahag[1 too1 seem c]ta9ly mu* ak9 to ^? ( ! ,=f>%ire tile/ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,,cyclopt]us ,,hib]nicus4 ,above ?is gray tile/one =mation lies ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ) its peculi> gr\p ( i*?yic organisms1 none ( :i* seem specially id5tical ) ^? ( ei!r ! ,cai?ness or ! ,=f>%ire b$s4 ,= x is an int]e/+ circum/ance1 sugge/ive surely ( ! va/ p]iods :i* mu/ h elaps$ dur+ its deposition1 t ! great ,old ,r$ ,sy/em has1 z ,i h j said1 its ?ree di/9ct plat=ms ( organic exi/5ce1 ea* :olly diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,g5]ically & 9 ! gr\p1 h[ev]1 ! ,upp] fi%es mu* m closely resemble1 ,i repeat1 ! fi%es ( ! ,l[] or ,cai?ness & ,crom>ty plat=m1 ?an !y d ^? ( ! ,=f>%ire & ,k9c>d9e "o4 ,! vegetable rema9s ( ! ,upp] =mation 9 ,scotl& are bo? r>e & ill pres]v$4 ,i h se5 :at ,i deem$ fucoidal m>k+s dimly impress$ on ! planes ( "s ( ! /rata1 n 9 ! c>bonace\s =m s common 9 ! o!r two =mations1 b z m]e color$ films ( a deep] r$ ?an ! surr\nd+ matrix4 ,fur!r1 ,i h detect$ 9 ! same b$s1 & exi/+ 9 ! same /ate1 fragm5ts ( a /riat$ organism1 :i* may h =m$ "p ( ei!r a true calamite1 l ^? ( ! ,coal ,measures1 or ( "s su* /riat$ b jo9tless vegetable z t ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ( ,?urso & ,l]wick4#ea ,) ^! m>k+s f]ns are occasionally f\nd2 & to "o ( ^!1 f ! light :i* x ?r[s on ! true place 9 ! scale ( a s]ies ( deposits 9 a si/] c\ntry1 !re atta*es no little int]e/4 ,i owe my specim5 to ,mr4 ,john ,/ew>t ( ,ed9burgh1 :o laid x op5 9 a micace\s r$ s&/one 9 ! qu>ry ( ,pre/onhaugh1 ne> ,dunse1 :]e x is associat$ ) "s ( ! bett] kn[n i*?yic organisms ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 su* z ,pt]i*?ys major & ,holopty*ius ,nobilissimus4 ,exi/+ z b a deep r$ film 9 ! rock1 ) a tol]ably well def9$ outl9e1 b )\t trace ( ! *>act]i/ic v5ation on :i* ! fossil botani/1 9 deal+ ) ! f]ns1 f\nds 8 g5]ic di/9ctions1 ,i c\ld only det]m9e t x 0 ei!r a ,cyclopt]us or ,neuropt]us4 ,my collection 0 visit$1 h[ev]1 by ! late lam5t$ ,edw>d ,=bes1 only a few weeks be=e 8 dea?2 & he at once recogniz$ 9 my ,b]wick%ire f]n1 s unequivocally an organism ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$1 ! ,cyclopt]us ,hib]nicus ( ^? l>gely develop$ b$s ( yell[ s&/one :i* =m s m>k$ a feature 9 ! geology ( ! s\? ( ,irel&1 & ^: true place1 :e!r z ,upp] ,old ,r$ or ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 has be5 ! subject ( s mu* controv]sy4 ,i _h be5 previ\sly introduc$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes1 9 ! ,museum ( ,economic ,geology 9 ,j]myn ,/reet1 ,london1 to an int]e/+ collection ( plants f ^! yell[ b$s1 & _h an opportunity af=d$ me ( exam9+ ! only i*?yic organism hi!rto f\nd associat$ ) !m2 & 0 /ruck1 ?\gh ,i c\ld n id5tify its species1 ) its peculi>ly ,old ,r$ aspect2 b ! evid5ce ( ! ,cyclopt]us is ( c\rse m conclusive ?an t ( ! fi%2 & we may1 ,i ?9k1 legitimately conclude1 t 9 ,irel&1 z 9 our own c\ntry1 x 0 a contempor>y ( ! great ,pt]i*?ys 7,p4 major71--! huge/1 & at lea/ "o ( ! la/1 ( 8 race1--& gave its ri* gre5 to ! hill sides ( :at is /ill ! ,em]ald ,isl& dur+ ! latt] ages ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & ere ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod _h yet begun4 ,! ,cyclopt]us ,hib]nicus1 z %[n bo? by ! ,pre/onhaugh specim5 & ^? ( ,irel&1 0 a bip9nate f]n ( v consid]able size1--probably a tree f]n4 ,its p9n1 opposite 9 ! l[] "p ( ! frond1 are alt]nate 9 ! upp]2 :ile its leaflets1 :i* are ( a sub-rhomboidal =m1 & s closely rang$ z to imp+e on ea* o!r1 are at lea/ g5]ally alt]nate 9 _! arrangem5t ?r\gh\t4 ,among liv+ plants x seems mo/ ne>ly repres5t$ by a ,s\? ,am]ican species1--,didymoclo5a pul*]rima1--"o ( ! small] tree f]ns4 ,! leaves ( ?is graceful species are bip9nate1 l ^? ( ! fossil2 & ! p9n 7?ickly set ) simple1 alt]nately arrang$ leaflets7 are opposite 9 ! l[] "p ( ! frond1 & alt]nate 9 ! upp]4 ,widely z !y are sep>at$ 9 "t1 ! rec5t ,s\? ,am]ican ,didymoclo5a & ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ,cyclopt]us1 t pass$ into ext9ction ere ! times ( ! ,coal1 might be rang$ toge!r1 s f> at lea/ z appe>s f _! =ms1 z k9dr$ species4 ,x 7 v desirable t we _h a good monograph ( ! ,iri% ,old ,r$ plants1 ! contempor>ies ( ! latt]1 z ! complete/ & be/ pres]v$ repres5tatives ( ! ,middle ,palozoic flora yet f\nd4 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison has figur$ a s+le p9n ( ?is ,cyclopt]us 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ ,siluria2 & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 bo? t & "o ( its contempor>y ,lepidod5dra1 9 ! la/ edition ( 8 ,elem5ts4 ,^! int]e/+ fragm5ts1 h[ev]1 s]ve b to excite our curiosity = m4 ,:5 urg+ ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes on ! subject1 ere p>t+ f him =1 alas6 :at prov$ to be ! la/ "t1 he intimat$ an int5tion ( soon tak+ x up2 b ,i fe> 8 purpos$ monograph repres5ts only "o ( _m works1 important to sci5ce1 :i* 8 untimely dea? has arre/$ = mayhap long ye>s to come4 ,9 ! upp]mo/ b$s ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ =mation 9 ,scotl&1 :i* are usually ( a pale or light yell[ color1 ! vegetable rema9s aga9 become /rongly c>bonace\s1 b _! /ate ( pres]vation cont9ues bad1--too bad to admit ( ! det]m9ation ( ei!r species or g5]a2 & n until we rise a v little beyond ! sy/em d we f9d ! rema9s ( a flora ei!r ri* or well pres]v$4 ,b v rem>kable is ! *ange :i* at ?is /age at once occurs4 ,we pass at a s+le /ride f great pov]ty to great weal?4 ,! sudd5ness ( ! *ange seems suit$ to rem9d "o ( t exp]i5c$ by ! voyag]1 :51--aft] trav]s+ = _m days "s wide expanse ( ocean1 unv>i$ save by its banks ( float+ sea we$1 or1 :]e occasionally & at wide int]vals1 he picks up "s leaf-be>+ b\gh1 or m>ks "s fragm5t ( drift we$ g float+ pa/1--he ent]s at l5g? ! %elt]$ lagoon ( "s coral isl&1 & sees all ar\nd ! deep gre5 ( a tropical vegetation desc5d+ 9 tangl$ luxuriance to ! wat]'s edge1--tall1 erect f]ns1 & creep+ lycopodiace1 & ! p&anus1 ) its rial roots & its screw-l clu/]s ( n>r[ leaves1 &1 high ov] all1 tall palms1 ) _! huge p9nate fronds1 & _! curi\sly aggregat$ gr\ps ( massive fruit4 ,& yet ! m meagre vegetation ( ! e>li] "t is n )\t its special int]e/4 ,! l& plants ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one seem to compose1 all ov] ! _w1 ! mo/ anci5t ( ! t]re/rial floras4 ,x 0 held only a few ye>s ago1 t ! ,silurians ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h _! plants alli$ to ! ,lepidod5dron4 ,b ! gr\p 9 :i* ^! occur has s9ce be5 transf]r$ f ! ,upp] ,silurian to ! ,old ,r$ ,sy/em2 & we f9d x expressly /at$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,d4 ,rog]s1 9 8 valuable contribution to ! ,physical ,atlas 7second edition1 #ahef71 t ! ,cad5t or ,l[] ,old ,r$ /rata are ! olde/ ,am]ican =mations 9 :i* rema9s ( a true t]re/rial vegetation h yet be5 discov]$4 ,x has be5 %[n1 too1 by ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 t ! suppos$ ,silurian plants ( ,oporto are 9 reality ,c>bonif]\s1 & owe _! app>5t position to a rev]se fold+ ( ! /rata4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! solit>y spore-cases ( ! ,ludl[ ,rocks2 & b5ea? ^! rocks1 says ,sir ,rod]ick 7#ahed71 no rema9s ( plants h be5 discov]$ :i* are recognizably ( t]re/rial orig94 ,scanty1 too1 z ! t]re/rial flora ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ev]y:]e is1 we f9d x exhibit+ v def9itely ! lead+ ,palozoic features4 ,its prevail+ plants are ! f]ns & _! app>5t allies4 ,x has 9 our own c\ntry1 z has be5 j %[n1 its f]ns1 its lepidod5dra1 its /riat$ plants alli$ to ! calamites1 & its decid$ araucanite2 9 ,am]ica1 9 ! ,cad5t s]ies1 x _h its plants alli$ to f]ns & lepidod5dra2 & 9 ! ,devonian bas9 ( ,sab]o 9 ,spa91 its *>act]i/ic organisms are1 a lepidod5dron 7,l4 ,*emung5sis71 & a v peculi> f]n 7,sph5opt]is laxus74#eb ,b :ile 9 its ma9 features x resembl$ ! succe$+ flora ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 x seems 9 all its =ms to h be5 specifically di/9ct4 ,x 0 ! indep5d5t flora ( an e>li] creation ?an t to :i* we owe ! coal4 ,= ! meagr5ess ( ! pap] 9 :i* ,i h attempt$ to describe x z x occurs 9 ,scotl&1 ,i h b "o apology to (f]4 ,my lecture conta9s b little2 b !n1 su* is ! scant9ess ( ! mat]ials on :i* ,i _h to "w1 t x c\ld n h conta9$ mu*3 if1 accord+ to ! dramati/1 ! am\nt be begg>ly1 x is because ! boxes are empty4 ,p>tly1 app>5tly1 f ! circum/ance t ! organisms ( ?is flora 7 ill suit$ = pres]vation 9 ! rocks1 & p>tly because1 judg+ f :at appe>s1 ! mo/ anci5t l&s ( ! globe 7 widely scatt]$ & ( n>r[ ext5t1 ?is olde/ ( ! floras is ev]y:]e ! mo/ meagre4 ,,lecture ,,twelf?4 ,,on ,,! ,,less ,,kn[n ,,fossil ,,floras ,,( ,,scotl&4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,9 ! noble flora ( ! ,coal ,measures mu* /ill rema9s to be done 9 ,scotl&4 ,our ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks are ( imm5se developm5t2 ! ,lime/ones ( ,burdieh\se1 ) _! num]\s t]re/rial plants1 occur _m hundr$ feet b5ea? our ,m\nta9 ,lime/ones2 & our li/ ( vegetable species peculi> to ^! l[] deposits is /ill v incomplete4 ,ev5 9 ^? high] ,c>bonif]\s rocks ) :i* ! _m coal work+s ( ! c\ntry h r5d]$ u comp>atively famili>1 !re appe>s to be /ill a good deal ( ! new & ! unkn[n to repay ! labor ( future exploration4 ,x 0 only la/ ye> t ,mr4 ,g\rlay#ec ( ?is city 7,glasg[7 add$ to our fossil flora a new ,volkmannia f ! coal field ( ,c>luke2 & ,i detect$ v rec5tly 9 a neighbor+ locality 7! ,airdrie coal field71 ?\gh 9 b an indiff]5t /ate ( keep+1 :at seems to be a new & v peculi> f]n4 ,x pres5ts at fir/ sight m ! appe>ance ( a ,cycadace\s frond ?an any o!r vegetable organism ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age :i* ,i h yet se54 ,f a mid /em !re proce$ at "r angles1 & 9 alt]nate ord]1 a s]ies ( sessile1 lanceolate1 acute leaflets1 ne>ly two in*es 9 l5g? by ab\t an eigh? "p ( an in* 9 bread?1 & ab\t ?ree l9es ap>t4 ,ea* is furni%$ ) a sl5d] midrib2 &1 :at seems a s+ul>1 ?\gh n entirely unique1 feature 9 a f]n1 _! edges are d5sely hirsute1 & bri/le ) ?ick1 %ort hair1 ne>ly z /iff z prickles4 ,! v5ation is n di/9ctly pres]v$2 b en\gh rema9s to %[ t x mu/ h be5 peculi>1--app>5tly radiat+ outw>ds f a s]ies ( c5tres rang$ along ! midrib4 ,nay1 ! app>5t hairs seem to be b prolongations ( ! n]ves c>ri$ beyond ! edges ( ! leaflets4 ,!re is a ,/igm>ia1 too1 on ! table1 v ornate 9 its sculpture1 ( :i* ,i h n[ f\nd ?ree specim5s 9 a qu>ry ( ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ne> ,portobello1 t has /ill to be figur$ & describ$4 ,9 ?is ri*ly ornam5t$ ,/igm>ia ! *>act]i/ic areol pres5t ! ord9>y aspect4 ,ea*1 h[ev]1 =ms ! c5tre ( a sculptur$ />1 consi/+ ( f eighte5 to tw5ty rays1 or r ! c5tre ( a sculptur$ fl[] ( ! composite ord]1 resembl+ a mead[ daisy or sea-a/]4 ,! m9ute petals1--if we are to accept ! latt] comp>ison1--are ( an irregul>ly l5ticul> =m1 g5]ally entire1 b 9 "s in/ances rang$ 9 two1 or ev5 ?ree1 conc5tric l9es r\nd ! depress$ c5tre ( ! areol2 :ile ! int]spaces outside are occupi$ by num]\s frett$ m>k+s1 resembl+ brok5 fragm5ts ( petals1 :i*1 ?\gh less regul>ly rang$ ?an ! o!rs1 are effective 9 imp>t+ a ri*ly ornate aspect to ! :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,,/igm>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,,! ,,same1 ,,magnifi$4 ,ev] s9ce ! appe>ance1 9 #ahdf1 ( ,mr4 ,b9ney's pap] on ! relations ( /igm>ia to sigill>ia z roots & /ems1 ,i h be5 look+ = di/+ui%+ specific m>ks among ! =m]2 &1 fail+ = a "t to f9d any1 ,i conclud$ t1 ?\gh ! /ems ( ! sigill>ian g5us 7 v>i\sly sculptur$1 _! roots might 9 all ! species h be5 ! same4 ,! pres5t ri* specim5 does seem1 h[ev]1 to be> ! specific /amp2 &1 f ! peculi> "* ( ! t]m9ation ( ano!r specim5 on ! table1 ,i am incl9$ to hold t ! /igm>ia may h borne ! appe>ance r ( und]gr\nd /ems ?an ( prop] roots4 ,?is specim5 sudd5ly t]m9ates1 at a ?ickness ( two & a half in*es1 9 a r\nd$ po9t1 abrupt z t ( "o ( ! massi] cacti2 & e "p ( ! blunt sudd5 t]m9ation is ?ickly frett$ ov] ) ! *>act]i/ic areol4 ,! slim tubul> rootlets mu/ h /uck out on e side f ! obtuse r\nd$ t]m9ation ( ?is und]gr\nd /em1 z we see1 on a small scale1 ! leaflets ( our l>g] club mosses /ick+ out f :at are comp>atively ! sc>ce less abrupt t]m9ations ( _! creep+ /ems & bran*es4 ,9 at lea/ c]ta9 /ages ( gr[? ! sub-rial /ems ( ,lepidod5dron also t]m9at$ abruptly 7see ,fig4 #bd72 & ! only t]m9al po9t ( ,ulod5dron ,i ev] saw 0 ne>ly z obtuse z t ( ,/igm>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,,/igm>ia4 ,i h be5 long desir\s ( acqua9t+ myself ) ! true "* ( ?is latt] plant 7,ulod5dron71 b hi!rto my labors h n be5 v successful4 ,a specim5 ( ,ulod5dron m9us1 h[ev]1 n[ on ! table1 :i* ,i dis9t]r$ sev]al ye>s ago f out a b$ ( f]rug9\s %ale 9 ! ,wat] ( ,lei?1 a little above ! village ( ,col9ton1 exhibits sev]al peculi>ities :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 h n yet be5 describ$4 ,?\gh r less ?an t5 in*es 9 l5g? by ab\t ?ree in*es 9 bread?1 x exhibits no few] ?an sev5 ( ^? r\nd1 beautifully sculptur$ sc>s1 rang$ rectil9e>ly along ! trunk1 by :i* ?is anci5t g5us is s rem>kably *>act]iz$4 ,x is cov]$ ) small1 %>ply reliev$1 obovate scales1 mo/ ( !m furni%$ ) an app>5t midrib1 & ) _! edges slightly turn$ up2 f :i* peculi>ities1 & _! great beauty1 !y seem suit$ to rem9d ! ar*itect ( t /yle ( sculpture adopt$ by ,palladio f 8 ma/] ,vitruvius1 :51 9 ornam5t+ ! ,cor9?ian & composite torus1 lie frett$ x into closely imbricat$ obovate leaves4 ,^! scales are rang$ 9 elegant curves1 n unlike ^? ornam5tal curves1--a feat ( ! turn+-la!1--:i* "o sees r\gh5+ ! backs ( ladies' wat*es ( ,fr5* manufacture4 ,my fossil exhibit$1 z x lay 9 ! rock1 :at ,i nev] saw 9 any o!r specim51--a true bran* /ick+ out at an acute angle f ! /em1 & frett$ ) scales ( a peculi> =m1 :i* 9 "o little corn] appe> also on ! ma9 /em1 b :i* diff] s consid]ably f ^? ( ! obovate1 app>5tly imbricat$ type1 t1 if f\nd on a sep>ate specim51 !y might be held to indicate diff]5ce ( species4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,messrs4 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 on ! evid5ce ( "o ( ! specim5s figur$ 9 ! ,fossil ,flora1 t ! l9e ( circul> sc>s s rem>kable 9 ?is g5us1 & :i* is held to be ! impressions made by a rectil9e> range ( almo/ sessile cones1 exi/$ 9 duplicate on ea* /em1--a r[ occurr+ on two ( ! sides ( ! plant directly opposite ea* o!r4 ,! bran* 9 my specim5 /ruck (f f "o ( ! int]m$iate sides at "r angles ) ! cones4 ,we already "k t ^! 7 rang$ 9 "o plane2 nor1 if ! bran*es 7 rang$ 9 "o plane also1--c]ta9ly ! disposition ( bran* :i* w\ld consort be/ ) su* a disposition ( cone1--w\ld ! arrangem5t be )\t example 9 ! vegetable k+dom z x ev5 n[ exi/s4 ,our ho/1 says ! late ,capta9 ,basil ,hall1 9 8 brief description ( ! isl& ( ,java1 c>ri$ u to see a s+ul> tree1 :i* _h be5 br\ght f ,madagasc>1 call$ famili>ly ! ,travell]'s ,fri5d1 ,urania be+1 ,i believe1 its botanic "n4 ,we f\nd x to diff] f mo/ o!r trees 9 hav+ all its bran*es 9 "o plane1 l ! /icks ( a fan or ! fea!rs ( a peacock's tail4 ,i may fur!r m5tion1 t ! specim5 :i* %[$ me ! abrupt cactus-l t]m9ations ( ,ulod5dron repeat$ ! evid5ce ( ,messrs4 ,l9dley & ,hutton's specim5 reg>d+ ! arrangem5t ( ! cone sc>s on opposite sides1 & %[$ also t ^! sc>s asc5d$ to )9 little m ?an an in* ( ! top ( ! plant4 ,z !re are cases 9 :i* ! position ( a fossil plant may add1 f its be>+ on geologic hi/ory1 a ?reefold int]e/ to ! fossil itself1 reg>d$ simply z an organism1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to ref] to a circum/ance already record$1 t !re 0 a well m>k$ ,be*]a detect$ ab\t two ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,macbean ( ,ed9burgh1 an accompli%$ naturali/ & c>eful obs]v]1 9 a ?9 argillace\s /ratum1 int]pos$1 9 ! ,que5's ,p>k1 betwe5 a b$ ( column> basalt & a b$ ( trap-tuff1 9 ! side ( ! em95ce occupi$ atop by ! ru9s ( ,/4 ,an?ony's ,*apel4 ,! /ratifi$ b$ 9 :i* x occurs seems1 f its texture & color1 to be compos$ ma9ly ( trappean mat]ials1 b deposit$ & arrang$ 9 wat]2 & ab\nds 9 c>bonace\s m>k+s1 usually 9 s imp]fect a /ate ( keep+ t1 ?\gh long kn[n to "s ( ! ,ed9burgh geologi/s1 n a s+le species1 or ev5 g5us1 7 !y able to det]m9e4 ,all t c\ld be said 01 t !y seem$ fucoidal1 & might ( c\rse belong to any age4 ,! ,be*]a1 h[ev]1 %[s t ! deposit is "o ( ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures4 ,!re 0 f\nd associat$ ) x a too? ( a ,c>bonif]\s ,holopty*ius1 ^: evid5ce bore out ! same conclusion2 & bo? fossils d]ive an importance f ! light :i* !y ?r[ on ! age ( ! b$ ( tuff :i* und]lies ! /ratum 9 :i* !y occur4 ,at lea/ ?is trap-rock mu/ be z old z ! fossilif]\s lay] :i* re/s ^u x1 or r1 z %[n by its und]ly+ position1 a little old]3 x mu/ be a trap ( ! e>li] ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,fur!r1 x mu/ h be51 n inject$ among ! /rata1 b p\r$ out ov] ! surface1--9 all probability cov]$ at ! "t by wat]2 & !re mu/ h =m$ ov] x1 ere ano!r ov]fl[ ( trap took place1 a ?9 s$im5t>y b$ *>g$ ) fragm5ts ( ! plants ( ! p]iod1 & visit$1 :5 9 ! c\rse ( deposition1 by "s ( its fi%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,,sph5opt]is ,,bifida4 7,burdieh\se47 ,ev5 among ! vegetable organisms ( our ,coal ,measures1 already p>tially describ$ & figur$1 mu* rema9s to be accompli%$ 9 ! way ( re/oration4 ,portions ( ,sph5opt]is bifida1 = in/ance1 a f]n ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks h be5 repeat$ly figur$2 b a beautiful specim5 on ! table1 :i* exhibits :at seems to be ! complete frond ( ! plant1 w give1 ,i d\bt n1 fre% ideas respect+ ! g5]al framework1 if ,i may s speak1 ( ?is skeleton f]n1 to ev5 ^? be/ acqua9t$ ) ! figures2 & an elaborate re/oration ( its contempor>y1 ,sph5opt]is aff9is 7see frontispiece7 :i* ,i complet$ f a f9e s]ies ( specim5s 9 my collection1 w be new1 z a :ole1 to ^? mo/ famili> ) ?is commone/ ( ! ,burdieh\se fossils4 ,f comp>isons in/itut$ betwe5 m9ute portions ( ?is ,sph5opt]is & a rec5t f]n1 x has be5 held consid]ably to resemble a ,davallia ( ! ,we/ ,indies2 :]eas x w be se5 f ! entire frond t x 0 *>act]iz$ by v /rik+ peculi>ities1 exemplifi$1 say "s ( our high] botanical au?orities1 to :om ,i h submitt$ my re/oration1 by no f]n t n[ lives4 ,! frond ( ,davallia ,can>i5sis1 ?\gh unlike 9 its v5ation1 greatly resembles 9 g5]al outl9e "o ( ! l>g] p9n ( ,sph5opt]is aff9is2 b ^! p9n =m only a small "p ( ! entire frond ( ?is ,sph5opt]is4 ,x 0 furni%$ ) a /\t leafless ra*is1 or leaf-/alk1 exce$+ly simil> 9 =m to t ( our common brake 7,pt]is aquil9a74 ,s completely1 inde$1 did x exhibit ! same club-l1 slightly b5t t]m9ation1 ! same gradual dim9ution 9 ?ickness1 & ! same smoo? surface1 t "o accu/om$ to see ?is "p ( ! brack5 us$ z a ?at* c sc>ce d\bt t ! /ipes ( ,sph5opt]is w\ld h s]v$ ! purpose equally well2 nay1 t 7 x /ill 9 exi/5ce to be s employ$1 a ro( ?at*$ ) x1 on :i* ! p9n & leaflets 7 conceal$1 & only ! club-l /ems expos$1 r[ above r[1 9 ! /yle ( ! f]n-?at*]1 c\ld n be di/+ui%$1 s f> z =m & size w5t1 f a ro( ?at*$ ) brake4 ,high above ! club-l t]m9ation ( ! ra*is ! /em divid$ into two p>ts1 ea* ( :i*1 a little high] up1 also divid$ into two2 ^! 9 turn1 9 at lea/ ! l>g] fronds1 also bifurcat$2 & ?is law ( bifurcation1--a m>k$1 mayhap unique1 peculi>ity 9 a f]n1--regulat$ all ! l>g] divisions ( ! frond1 ?\gh its small] p9n & leaflets 7 alt]nate4 ,x 0 a fur!r peculi>ity ( ! plant t1 unlike ! brake1 x ?rew (f1 ere ! ma9 divisions ( its ra*is took place1 two p9n plac$ 9 ! alt]nate ord]1 & ( comp>atively small size4 ,! frond ( ,sph5opt]is bifida 0 ( a m simple =m ?an t ( its l>g] cong5]1 & n a little resembl$ a liv+ f]n ( ,new ,zeal&1 ,co5opt]is vivip>a4 ,x 0 trip9nate2 its second>y /ems 7 plac$ directly opposite on ! midrib1 b its t]ti>y ones 9 ! alt]nate arrangem5t2 & its leaflets :i* 7 also alt]nate1 7 z rectil9e> & slim z m]e ve9s1 or z ! ?read-l leaflets ( asp>agus4 ,l ! fronds ( ,co5opt]is :5 n 9 se$1 x mu/ h pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( ! m]e mac]at$ framework ( a f]n4 ,i ne$ sc>ce rem>k t1 indep5d5tly ( ! sci5tific int]e/ :i* mu/ atta* to re/orations ( ^! e>ly plants1 !y speak p[]fully to ! imag9ation1 & supply x ) mat]ials f :i* to con/ruct ! vani%$ l&scapes ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ages4 ,f "o su* re/or$ f]n z ! two n[ submitt$ to ! ,association1 x is n difficult to pass 9 fancy to ! dank slopes ( ! anci5t l& ( ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures1 :5 !y wav$ z ?ickly ) graceful ,sph5opt]es z our exi/+ hill sides ) ! common brake2 & :5 e breeze t ru/l$ ?r\gh ! old =e/s b5t 9 mimic waves _! slim flexible /ems & light & graceful foliage4 ,9 #ahdd1 :5 ,pr(essor ,nicol1 ( ,m>is*al ,college1 ,ab]de51 app5d$ to 8 int]e/+ ,guide to ! ,geology ( ,scotl&1 a li/ ( ! ,scotti% fossils kn[n at ! "t1 he enum]at$ only two vegetable species ( ! ,scot* ,oolitic sy/em1--,equisetum column>e & ,p9ites or ,peuce ,eigg5sis2 ! =m] "o ( ! e>ly discov]ies ( our di/+ui%$ ,presid5t1 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison2 ! latt]1 ( ! late ,mr4 ,william ,nicol ( ,ed9burgh4 ,*iefly f rese>*es 9 ! ,lias ( ,ea?ie1 ne> ,crom>ty1 & 9 ! ,oolites ( ,su!rl& & ! ,hebrides1 ,i h be5 enabl$ to increase ! li/ f two to r m ?an fifty species1--n a great numb]1 c]ta9ly1 reg>d$ z ! sole repres5tative ( a flora2 & yet x may be deem$ comp>atively n a v small "o by su* z may rememb]1 t 9 #ahcg1 :5 ,dr4 ,buckl& publi%$ ! second edition ( 8 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 ,adolphe ,brogni>t _h enum]at$ only sev5ty species ( plants z occurr+ 9 all ! ,second>y =mations ( ,europe1 f ! ,*alk to ! ,trias inclusive4 ,9 a pap] su* z ! pres5t ,i c ( c\rse d little m ?an j indicate a few ( ! m /rik+ features ( ! ,scotti% flora ( ! middle ,second>y ages4 ,l t ( ! p]iod ( ! true ,coal1 x _h its num]\s conif]\s trees4 ,z %[n by ! fossil woods ( ,helmsdale & ,eigg1 old ,oolitic ,scotl&1 l ! ,scotl& ( ?ree c5turies ago1 mu/ h _h its mighty =e/s ( p9e2#ed & 9 "o respect ^! trees seem to h m ne>ly resembl$ ^? ( ! rec5t p9e =e/s ( our c\ntry ?an ! trees ( ! conif]\s =e/s ( ! remote ,c>bonif]\s era4 ,= :ile we sc>ce ev] f9d a cone associat$ ) ! conif]\s woods ( ! ,coal ,measures1--,l9dley & ,hatton nev] saw b "o f all ! ,engli% coal fields1 & ,mr4 ,alex&] ,bryson ( ,ed9burgh1 only "o f all ! coal fields ( ,scotl&1--tree-cones ( at lea/ f\r diff]5t species1 m probably ( five1 are n r>e 9 our ,scotti% deposits ( ! ,lias & ,oolite4 ,x seems n improbable t 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s g5]a ,p9ites1 ,pitus1 & ,anaba?ra1 :i* approa* b remotely to aught t n[ exi/s1 ! place ( ! ligne\s scaly cone may h be5 tak51 z 9 ! junip]s & ! yews1 by a p]i%able b]ry2 :ile ! ,p9es & ,arauc>ians ( ! ,oolite 71 l _! cong5]s 9 rec5t times1 9 reality conif]\s1 t is1 cone-be>+ trees4 ,x is ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ^! ,second>y conif]s1 t :ile ! woods ( ! ,palozoic p]iods exhibit (t51 l ^? ( ! tropics1 none ( ! d5se conc5tric l9es ( annual gr[? :i* m>k ! reign ( w9t]1 ^! annual l9es are sc>ce less /rongly impress$ on ! ,oolitic woods ?an on ^? ( ,norway or ( our own c\ntry 9 ! pres5t day4 ,9 "s ( ! fossil trees ^! ye>ly r+s are ( great bread?2 !y seem to h sprung up 9 ! ri* soil ( %elt]$ holl[s & pla9s1 & to h increas$ 9 diamet] f half an in* to ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* ye>ly2 :ile 9 o!r trees ( ! same species ! ye>ly zones ( gr[? are s+ul>ly n>r[1--9 "s in/ances little m ?an half a l9e 9 ?ickness4 ,root$ on "s expos$ hill side1 9 a %all[ & meagre soil1 !y increas$ _! diamet] dur+ ! twelvemon? little m ?an a l9e 9 ! sev]] seasons1 & little m ?an an eigh? "p ( an in* ev5 :5 ! seasons 7 mo/ favorable4 ,fur!r1 :e!r ! r+s be l>ge or small1 we ord9>ily f9d !m occurr+ 9 ! same specim5s 9 gr\ps ( l>g] & small]4 ,9 "o ( my ,helmsdale specim5s1 indicative g5]ally ( rapid gr[?1 !re are f\r contigu\s annual r+s1 :i* measure 9 all an in* & two twelf?s across1 :ile ! f\r contigu\s r+s imm$iately beside !m measure only half an in*4 ,if1 at ! pres5t day1 says a di/+ui%$ fossil botani/1 a w>m & moi/ summ] produces a broad] annual lay] ?an a cold & dry "o1 & if fossil plants exhibit su* appe>ances z we ref] 9 rec5t plants to a div]sity ( summ]s1 !n x is reasonable to suppose t a simil> div]sity =m]ly prevail$4 ,! same reason+ is ( c\rse z applicable to gr\ps ( annual lay]s z to s+le annual lay]s2 & may we n v5ture to inf] f ! almo/ inv>iable occurr5ce ( su* gr\ps 9 ! woods ( ?is anci5t sy/em1 t t ill-und]/ood law ( ! wea!r :i* gives u 9 irregul> succession gr\ps ( cold] & w>m] seasons1 & ^: op]ation1 z ,bacon tells u1 0 fir/ rem>k$ 9 ! prov9ces ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 0 z c]ta9ly 9 exi/5ce dur+ ! ages ( ! ,oolite z at ! pres5t "t8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,,conif]s8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,,conif] ,,twigs4 ,twigs :i* exhibit ! foliage ( ^! anci5t conif]s seem to be less r>e 9 our ,scot* deposits ?an 9 ^? ( ,engl& ( ! same age4 ,my collection conta9s fossil sprigs1 ) ! slim ne$le-l leaves atta*$1 ( :at seem to be f six to sev5 diff]5t species2 & x is wor?y ( notice1 t !y resemble 9 ! gr\p r ! conif] ( ! s\!rn ?an ^? ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,"o sprig 9 my collection seems sc>cely di/+ui%able f t ( ! rec5t ,alt+ia excelsa2 ano!r1 f t ( ! rec5t ,alt+ia cunn+hami4 ,l9dley & ,hutton figure 9 _! fossil flora a m9ute bran* ( ,dacrydium cupress9um1 9 ord] to %[ h[ ne>ly ! twigs ( a l>ge tree1 f fifty to a hundr$ feet high1 may resemble "s ( ! fossils ref]able to ,lycopodiace4 ,m ?an "o ( ! ,oolitic twigs 9 my collection are ( a resembl+ "*1 & may h belong$ ei!r to cone-be>+ trees or to club mosses4 ,respect+1 h[ev]1 ! real "* ( at lea/ "o ( ! specim5s1--a m9ute bran* f ! ,lias ( ,ea?ie1 ) ! leaflets atta*$1--!re c be no mi/ake4 ,! ?ick] "p ( ! /em is 9 su* a /ate ( keep+1 t x pres5ts to ! microscope1 9 a slic$ prep>ation1 ! int]nal /ructure1 & exhibits1 z 9 rec5t conif]\s twigs ( a ye>'s gr[?1 a c5tral pi?1 a s+le r+ ( reticulat$ tissue arrang$ 9 l9es t radiate outw>ds1 & a ?9 lay] ( envelop+ b>k4 ,no?+1 !n1 c be m c]ta9 ?an t ?is anci5t twig1 :i* mu/ be accept$ z repres5tative ( ! foliage ( :ole =e/s ( ! ,second>y ages 9 ,scotl&1 =m$ "p ( a conif] ( ! ,lias2 & ! foliage ( sev]al ( ! o!r twigs1 its contempor>ies1 ?\gh ,i h fail$ to demon/rate _! true "* 9 ! same way1 be> a sc>ce less conif]\s aspect4 ,! cones ( ! p]iod1 f ! circum/ance t !y are lock$ up 9 a h>d lime/one t cl+s closely ar\nd _! scales1 & f ! fur!r circum/ance t ! semi-calc>e\s lignite into :i* !y are resolv$ is s(t] & less t5aci\s ?an ! enclos+ matrix1 pres5t1 :5 laid op51 n _! out] surfaces1 b m]e sections ( _! int]ior2 & give1 9 consequ5ce1 save 9 _! g5]al proportions & outl9e1 b few specific m>ks by :i* to di/+ui% !m4 ,we see1 h[ev]1 9 "s cases 9 ^! sections :at w\ld be o!rwise unse51--! flat nak$ se$s ly+ emb$d$ 9 _! holl[ receptacles betwe5 ! scales1 & 9 z p]fect a /ate ( keep+ z ! se$s ( rec5t p9es t _h rip5$ only a twelvemon? ago4 ,_h n ! vitality ( se$s its limits 9 "t1 l life ( all o!r k9ds1 "o might commit ^! p]fect fossil g]ms to ! soil1 9 ! hope ( see+ ! old ext9ct =e/s call$1 ?r\gh _! ag5cy1 a second "t into exi/5ce4 ,( ?ree app>5t species ( cones :i* occur 9 ! ,ea?ie ,lias1 ! smalle/ seems to h resembl$ 9 size & appe>ance t ( ! ,scot* fir2 ! l>ge/1 :i* consi/$ f bottom to top1 z se5 9 section1 ( f n9e to t5 scales1 appe>s to h be5 m 9 ! proportions ( ! oblong oval cones ( ! spruce family2 :ile a cone ( int]m$iate l5g?1 b ( consid]ably great] bread?1 assum$ ! r\nd$ =m ( ! cones ( ! c$>4 ,i h f\nd 9 ! same deposit :at seems to be ! sprig ( a conif]1 ) f\r app>5tly embryo cones atta*$ to x 9 ! alt]nate ord]4 ,^! are r m sessile ?an ! "y cones ( ! l>*2 b ! aspect ( ! :ole is t ( a l>* twig 9 e>ly summ]1 :5 ! m9ute & t5d] cones1 possess$ ( all ! beauty ( fl[]s1 fir/ appe> along its sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,,zamia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,,zamia4 ,among conif]s ( ! ,p9e & ,arauc>ian type we m>k ! fir/ appe>ance 9 ?is sy/em1 9 at lea/ ,scotl&1 ( ! g5us ,?uja4 ,"o ( ! ,helmsdale plants ( ?is g5us closely resembles ! common ,arbor ,vit 7,?uja occid5talis7 ( our g>d5s & %rubb]ies4 ,x exhibits ! same num]\s slim1 ?ick-clu/]$ bran*lets1 cov]$ ov] by ! same m9ute1 sessile1 scale-l leaves2 & s entirely rem9ds "o ( ! rec5t ,?uja1 t x seems difficult to conceive ( x z ! memb] ( a flora s anci5t z t ( ! ,oolite4 ,b n a few ( ! ,oolitic plants 9 ,scotl& be> ?is mod]n aspect4 ,! great developm5t ( its ,cycadace1--an ord] unkn[n 9 our ,coal ,measures1--also =ms a prom95t feature ( ! ,oolitic flora4 ,"o ( ! fir/ kn[n g5]a ( ?is curi\s ord]1--! g5us ,pt]ophyllum1--appe>s 9 ! ,trias4 ,x di/9ctively m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,second>y flora1 & intimates t ! once great ,palozoic flora1 aft] gradually wan+ ?r\gh\t ! ,p]mian ages1 & becom+ ext9ct at _! close1 _h be5 succe$$ by a vegetation altoge!r new4 ,at lea/ "o ( ! ,helmsdale =ms ( ?is family is id5tical ) a ,york%ire species already nam$ & figur$1--,zamia pect9ata3 a well m>k$ ,zamia :i* occurs 9 ! ,lias ( ,ea?ie appe>s to be new4 ,its p9nate leaves 7 furni%$ ) a /rong woody midrib1 s well pres]v$ 9 ! rock1 t x yields its int]nal /ructure to ! microscope4 ,! ribbon-l p9n or leaflets 7 rectil9e>1 reta9+ _! full bread? until !y unit$ to ! /em at "r angles1 b set some:at awry2 &1 l sev]al ( ! rec5t ,zami1 !y 7 /rip$ longitud9ally ) cord-l l9es4 7,fig4 #acc47 ,ev5 ! mode ( decay ( ?is ,zamia1 z %[n by ! abrupt t]m9ation ( its leaflets1 exactly resembl$ t ( its exi/+ cong5]s4 7,fig4 #acd47 ,! )]$ po9ts ( ! p9n ( rec5t ,zami drop (f z if clipp$ across ) a pair ( scissors2 & 9 fossil fronds ( ?is ,zamia ( ! ,lias we f9d exactly ! same clipp$-l appe>ance4 7,fig4 #ace47 ,ano!r ,scot* ,zamia 7,fig4 #acf71 :i* occurs 9 ! ,l[] ,oolite ( ,helmsdale1 resembles ! ,ea?ie "o 9 ! bread? ( its leaflets1 b !y are n :olly s rectil9e>1 dim9i%+ slightly t[>ds _! base ( atta*m5t2 !y are rang$1 too1 along ! /em or midrib1 n at a "r angle1 b at an acute "o2 ! l9e ( atta*m5t is n set awry1 b on ! g5]al plane ( ! leaf2 & ! midrib itself is consid]ably less massive & r\nd4 ,a ?ird species f ! same locality be>s a g5]al resemblance to ! latt]2 b ! leaflets are n>r[] at ! base1 &1 z ! pr9t indicates 7,fig4 #acf71 s diff]5tly atta*$ to ! /em1 t f ! pressure 9 ! rock mo/ ( !m h become deta*$2 :ile yet a f\r? species 7,fig4 #acg71 v closely resembles a ,zamia ( ! ,sc>bor\gh ,oolite1--,z4 lanceolata4 ,! leaflets1 h[ev]1 contract mu* m sudd5ly f _! greate/ bread? ?an ^? ( lanceolata1 into a pseudo-foot/alk2 & ! contraction takes place n almo/ equally on bo? sides1 z 9 t species1 b almo/ exclusively on ! upp] side4 ,& s1 provisionally at lea/1 ?is ,helmsdale ,zamia may be reg>d$ z specifically new4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,,cone4 ,) ! leaves ( ! ,ea?ie ,zamia1 we f9d1 9 ?is nor!rn outli] ( ! ,lias1 cones ( a peculi> =m1 :i*1 l ! leaves !mselves1 are /ill unfigur$ & undescrib$1 & "s ( :i* c\ld sc>ce h belong$ to any conif]\s tree4 ,9 "o ( ^! 7,fig4 #ach71 ! ligne\s bracts or scales1 n>r[ & long1 & gradually tap]+ till !y assume ne>ly ! awl-%ap$ =m1 clu/] out ?ick f ! base & middle portions ( ! cone1 &1 l ! involucral app5dages ( ! hazel-nut1 or ! sepals ( ! yet unfold$ rose-bud1 sweep gracefully upw>ds to ! top1 :]e !y pres5t at _! m>g9s m9ute d5ticulations4 ,9 ano!r species ! bracts are broad]1 ?9n]1 & m leaf-l3 !y rise1 too1 m f ! base ( ! cone1 & less f its middle portions2 s t ! :ole mu/ h resembl$ an enorm\s bud1 ) /rong woody scales1 "s ( :i* ext5d$ f base to apex4 ,! fir/ describ$ ( ^! two species seems to h be5 m decid$ly a cone ?an ! o!r2 b x is probable t !y 7 bo? connect+ l9ks betwe5 su* lea!rn se$-be>+ fl[]s z we f9d develop$ 9 ,cycas revoluta1 & su* se$-be>+ cones z we f9d exemplifi$ 9 ,zamia pung5s4 ,! bud-l cone1 h[ev]1 does n seem to h be5 t ( a ,cycadace\s plant1 z x occupi$ evid5tly n a t]m9al position on ! plant t bore x1 l ! cones ( ,zamia or ! fl[]s ( ,cycas1 b a lat]al "o1 l ! lat]al fl[]s ( "s ( ! ,cactus tribe4 ,ano!r class ( vegetable =ms1 ( occasional occurr5ce 9 ! ,helmsdale b$s1 seems int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,cycadace & ! f]ns3 at lea/1 s ne> is ! approa* to ! ord9>y f]n outl9e1 :ile reta9+ ! /iff ligne\s "* ( ,zamia1 t x is sc>ce less difficult to det]m9e to :i* ( ! two ord]s ( plants su* organisms belong$1 ?an to decide :e!r "s ( ! slim graceful sprigs ( foliage t occur 9 ! rocks beside !m belong$ to ! conif]s or ! club mosses4 ,& ,i am in=m$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 t 7z "s ( ! exi/+ conif]s be> a foliage sc>ce di/+ui%able f t ( ,lycopodiace71 s a rec5tly discov]$ ,zamia is furni%$ ) fronds t sc>ce diff] f ^? ( a f]n4 ,ev5 ,zamia pect9ata may1 z ,/]nb]g rem>ks1 h be5 a f]n4 ,l9dley & ,hutton place x m]ely provisionally among ! ,cycadace1 9 def]5ce to ! judgm5t ( ,adolphe ,brogni>t1 & po9t out its resemblance to ,polypodium pect9atum2 & a small ,helmsdale frond :i* ,i h plac$ beside x be>s ! impress ( a "* sc>ce less equivocal4 ,! flora ( ! ,oolite 0 peculi>ly a flora ( int]m$iate =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,we recognize ano!r *>act]i/ic ( our ,oolitic flora 9 its simple-leav$ fronds1 9 "s ( ! species n a little resembl+ ^? ( ! rec5t ,scolop5drium1 or ,h>t's-,tongue f]n1--a =m reg>d$ by ,adolphe ,brogni>t z peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( 8 ?ird p]iod ( vegetation4 ,^! simple f]ns are1 9 ! ,helmsdale deposits1 ( ?ree di/9ct types4 ,!re is fir/ a lanceolate leaf1 f two & a half to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 ( n unfrequ5t occurr5ce1 :i* may h =m$1 h[ev]1 only "o ( ! f\r leaflets1 unit$ by _! pseudo-foot/alks1 :i* compose ! frond ( ,glossopt]is1--a di/9ctive ,oolitic g5us4 ,!re is next a simple ovate lanceolate leaf1 f f\r to five & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* 9 =m & v5ation1 & all save its ?rice great] size1 n a little resembles ! leaflets ( a ,coal ,measure neuropt]is1--,n4 acum9ata4 ,&1 9 ! ?ird place1 !re are ! simple leaves t 9 g5]al outl9e resemble1 z ,i h said1 ! fronds ( ! rec5t ,h>t's-,tongue f]n 7,scolop5drium vulg>e71 except t _! base is lanceolate1 n cordate4 ,( ^! la/ !re are two k9ds 9 ! b$s1 repres5tative ( two sev]al species1 or1 z _! diff]5ce 9 g5]al aspect & detail is v great1 mayhap two sev]al g5]a4 ,! small] ( ! two has a sl5d] midrib1 depress$ on its upp] side1 & flank$ on ea* side by a r[ ( m9ute1 slightly elongat$ protub]ances1 b elevat$ on ! "u side1 & flank$ by r[s ( small b well m>k$ grooves1 t curve outw>ds to ! edges ( ! leaf4 ,! l>g] resemble a ,tniopt]is ( ! ,engli% & ,cont95tal ,oolites1 save t its midrib is m massive1 its v5ation less at "r angles ) ! /em1 its base m elongat$1 & its size mu* great]4 ,"s ( ! ,helmsdale specim5s are ( gigantic proportions4 ,f1 h[ev]1 a description & figure ( a plant ( evid5tly ! same g5us1--a ,tniopt]is ( ! ,virg9ian ,oolite1 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,w4,b4 ,rog]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1--,i f9d t "s ( ! ,am]ican fronds are l>g] /ill4 ,my l>ge/ leaf f ,helmsdale mu/ h be5 ne>ly five in*es 9 bread?2 & if its proportions 7 ^? ( "s ( ! small] ones ( app>5tly ! same species f ! same locality1 x mu/ h measur$ ab\t ?irty in*es 9 l5g?4 ,b fragm5ts ( ,am]ican leaves h be5 f\nd m ?an six in*es 9 bread?1 & ^: l5g? _c h fall5 %ort ( =ty in*es4 ,! ,tniopt]is1 z its "n be>s1 is reg>d$ z a f]n4 ,f1 h[ev]1 ! lea!rn-l ?ickness ( "s ( ! ,su!rl& specim5s1--f ! great massiv5ess ( _! midrib1--f ! rectil9e> simplicity ( _! fibres1--&1 )al1 f1 9 "s in/ances1 _! great size1--,i am mu* dispos$ to believe t 9 our ,scot*1 mayhap also 9 ! ,am]ican species1 x may h be5 ! frond ( "s simple-leav$ ,cycas or ,zamia4 ,b ! po9t is "o :i* x mu/ be left = ! future satisfactorily to settle2 ?\gh provisionally ,i may be p]mitt$ to reg>d ^! leaves z belong+ to "s ,cycadace\s plant1 ^: fronds1 9 _! v5ation & =m1 resembl$ ! simple fronds ( ,scolop5drium1 j z ! leaves ( "s ( its cong5]s resembl$ ! fronds ( ! p9nate f]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! close resemblance :i* c]ta9 ,cycadace\s g5]a be> to c]ta9 ( ! f]n family4 ,9 at lea/ two species ( ,pt]ophyllum1--,p4 comptum & ,p4 m9us1--! divisions ( ! leaflets seem little else ?an accid5tal r5ts 9 a simple frond2 9 ,p4 ,nelsoni !y are app>5tly no?+ m2 & simil> divisions1 evid5tly1 h[ev]1 ! effect ( accid5t1 & less r\nd$ at _! extremities ?an 9 at lea/ ,p4 comptum1 we f9d exhibit$ by "s ( ! ,helmsdale specim5s ( ,tniopt]is 7,see ,fig4 #adb1 p4 #dhh47 ,b :atev] ! nature ( ^! simple fronds1 !y seem to imp>t mu* ( its peculi> "*1 all ! _w ov]1 to ! flora ( ! ,oolitic ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,,pecopt]is ,,obtusifolia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,,pa*ypt]is4 ,! comp\nd f]ns ( ! =mation are num]\s1 & at lea/ proportionally a consid]able "p ( !m seem id5tical 9 species ) ^? ( ! ,oolite ( ,engl&4 7,see ,fig4 #adc47 ,among ^! !re occur ,pecopt]is ,:itbi5sis1 ,pecopt]is obtusifolia1 ,pecopt]is insignis1--all well m>k$ ,engli% species2 ) sev]al o!rs4 ,x has1 besides1 its app>5t f]ns1 t seem to be new--7,fig4 #add7--t are at lea/ n figur$ 9 any ( ! fossil floras to :i* ,i h access1--7,fig4 #ade71--su* z a well def9$ ,pa*ypt]is1 ) leaflets broad] & r\nd] ?an ! typical ,p4 lanceolata1 & a mu* /\t] midrib2 a m9ute ,sph5opt]is too1 & :at seems to be a ,phlebopt]is1 some:at resembl+ ,p4 prop9qua1 b greatly m massive 9 its g5]al proportions4 ,! equisetacea we f9d repres5t$ 9 ! ,brora deposits by ,equisetum column>e1--a plant ! brok5 rema9s ( :i* occur 9 great abundance1 & :i*1 z 0 rem>k$ by our ,presid5t _m ye>s ago1 9 8 pap] on ! ,su!rl&%ire ,oolite1 mu/ h ent]$ l>gely into ! composition ( ! b$ ( lignite kn[n z ! ,brora ,coal4 ,we f9d associat$ ) x :at seems to be ! la/ ( ! ,calamites1--,calamites ar5aceus1--a "n1 h[ev]1 :i* seems to h be5 be/[$ bo? on ?is ,oolitic plant & a resembl+ ,c>bonif]\s species4 ,! deposit has also its ,lycopodites1 ?\gh1 f _! resemblance 9 foliage to ! conif]s1 !re exi/s t difficulty 9 draw+ ! l9e betwe5 !m to :i* ,i h already adv]t$4 ,"o ( ^!1 h[ev]1 s exactly resembles a lycopodite ( bo? ! ,virg9ian & ,york%ire ,oolite1--,l4 uncifolius1--t ,i _c avoid reg>d+ x z specifically id5tical2 & x seems m ?an d\btful :e!r ! /em :i* ,i h plac$ among ! conif]s is n a lycopodite also4 ,x exhibits n only ! g5]al outl9e ( ! true club moss1 b1 l ! fossil club mosses too1 x wants t degree ( lignif]\s body 9 ! rock :i* ! conif]\s fossils almo/ always possess4 ,yet ano!r ( ! organisms ( ! deposit seems to h be5 ei!r a lycopodite or a f]n4 ,its leaflets are exce$+ly m9ute1 & set alt]nately on a /em sl5d] z a hair1--circum/ances 9 :i* x resembles "s ( ! t9y lycopodites ( ! tropics1 su* z ,lycopodium apodium4 ,i mu/ m5tion1 h[ev]1 t ! l>g] plant ( ! same b$s :i* ,i h plac$ beside x1 & :i* resembles x s closely t my engrav] f9ds x difficult to indicate any o!r diff]5ce betwe5 !m ?an t ( size1 appe>s to be a true f]n1 n a lycopodium4 ,to yet ano!r vegetable organism ( ! sy/em1--an organism :i* mu/ be reg>d$1 if ,i d n mi/ake its "*1 z at once v int]e/+ & extraord9>y1 occurr+ z x does s l[ 9 ! scale1 & be>+ an antiquity s high1--,i %all adv]t1 aft] a prelim9>y rem>k on a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ! flora to :i* x belongs1 b to :i* x seems to furni% a /rik+ exception4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,,phlebopt]is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,f ! disappe>ance ( _m ( ^? anomal\s types ( ! ,coal ,measures :i* s puzzle ! botani/1 & ! ext5sive introduction ( types t /ill exi/1 we c bett] conceive ( ! g5]al features & relations ( ! flora ( ! ,oolite ?an ( ^? ( ! e>li] floras4 ,& yet ! g5]al result at :i* we arrive may be f\nd n )\t its be>+ on ! old] vegetations also4 ,?r\gh\t almo/ all ! families ( ?is ,oolitic flora1 !re seems to h run a curi\s bond ( relation%ip1 :i*1 l ^? ties :i* b\nd toge!r "s ( ! old clans ( our c\ntry1 unit$ !m1 high & l[1 into "o great sept1 & conf]r$ ^u !m a c]ta9 wond]ful unity ( "* & appe>ance4 ,let u assume ! f]ns z our c5tral gr\p4 ,?\gh less abundant ?an 9 ! e>li] creation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 !y seem to h occupi$1 judg+ f _! rema9s1 v consid]able space 9 ! ,oolitic vegetation2 & ) ! f]ns !re 7 associat$ 9 great abundance ! two prevail+ families ( ! ,pt]ides1--,equiseta & ,lycopodia1--plants :i*1 9 mo/ ( our mod]n treatises on ! f]ns prop]1 take _! place z ! f]n allies4 7,see ,fig4 #adh47 ,let u place ^! along two ( ! sides ( a p5tagon1--! ,lycopodia on ! "r side ( ! f]ns1 ! ,equiseta on ! left2 fur!r1 let u occupy ! two rema9+ sides ( ! figure by ! ,conif] & ! ,cycadace1--plac+ ! ,conif] on ! side next ! ,lycopodia1 & ! ,cycadace1 z ! la/ add$ key/one ( ! erection1 betwe5 ^! & ! ,equiseta4 ,& n[1 let u consid] h[ v curi\s ! l9ks are :i* give a wond]ful unity to ! :ole4 ,we /ill f9d great difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! foliage ( "s ( ev5 ! exi/+ club mosses & ! conif]s2 & ! anci5t ,lepidod5dra are v g5]ally recogniz$ z ( a type int]m$iate betwe5 ! two4 ,simil> int]m$iate types1 exemplifi$ by ext9ct families1 unit$ ! conif]s & ! f]ns4 ,! analogy ( ,kir*n]ia ) ! ,?9nfeldia1 says ,dr4 ,braun1 is v rem>kable1 not)/&+ t ! =m] is a f]n1 & t ! latt] is rank$ among conif]s4 ,! po9ts ( resemblance borne by ! conif]s to ! huge ,equiseta ( ! ,oolitic p]iod seem to h be5 equally /rik+4 ,! pores :i* trav]se longitud9ally ! *annell$ grooves by :i* ! /ems ( our rec5t ,equiseta are s delicately flut$1 are said consid]ably m to resemble ! discs ( p9es & arauc>ians ?an ord9>y /omata4 ,mr4 ,francis does n hesitate to say1 9 8 "w on ,briti% ,f]ns1 t ! relation ( ?is special family to ! ,conif] is s /rong1 bo? 9 ext]nal & int]nal /ructure1 t x is n )\t "s hesitation he places !m among ! f]n allies2 & x has be5 asc]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,dawes1 9 8 rese>*es reg>d+ ! calamite1 t 9 its int]nal /ructure ?is app>5t repres5tative ( ,equiseta 9 ! e>li] ages ( ! _w unit$ a network ( quadrangul> tissue simil> to t ( ,conif] to o!r quadrangul> cells arrang$ 9 p]p5dicul> s]ies1 l ! cells ( plants ( a humbl] ord]4 ,! relations ( ! ,cycadacean ord] to f]ns on ! "o h&1 & to ! ,conif] on ! o!r1 are equally well m>k$4 ,z 9 ! f]ns1 ! v5ation ( its fronds is circ9ate1 or scroll-l1--!y h 9 sev]al respects a resembl+ /ructure1--9 at lea/ "o rec5t species !y h a ne>ly id5tical =m2 & fronds ( ?is f]n-l type seem to h be5 comp>atively common dur+ ! times ( ! ,oolite4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,cycadace manife/ close relations to ! conif]s4 ,bo? h _! se$s orig9ally nak$2 bo? are cone-be>+2 bo? possess discs on ! sides ( _! cellules2 & 9 bo?1 9 ! transv]se section1 ^! cellules are subhexagonal1 & radiate f a c5tre4 ,su* 7 ! v curi\s relations t unit$ into "o great sept ! prevail+ memb]s ( ! ,oolitic flora2 & simil> bonds ( connection seem to h exi/$ 9 ! floras ( ! /ill e>li] ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,,imbricat$ ,,/em4 7,helmsdale47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 7,helmsdale47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,9 ! ,oolite ( ,scotl& ,i h1 h[ev]1 at l5g? f\nd trace ( a vegetable organism t seems to h la91 if ,i may s express myself1 outside ! p5tagon1 & 0 n a memb] ( any ( ! great families :i* x compris$4 7,see ,fig4 #aea47 ,i succe$$ ab\t f\r ye>s ago 9 dis9t]r+ f ! lime/one ( ,helmsdale :at appe>s to be a true dicotyl$on\s leaf1 ) ! fragm5t ( ano!r leaf1 :i* ,i at fir/ suppos$ might h belong$ to a plant ( ! same great class1 b :i* ,i n[ f9d might h be5 a portion ( a f]n4 ,:5 ,phlebopt]is ,phillipsii 0 fir/ detect$ 9 ! ,oolite ( ,york%ire1 ,l9dley & ,hatton1 reg>d+ x z dicotyl$on\s1 orig9at$ _! t]m ,dictyophillum z a g5]al "o = all su* leaves4 ,b x has s9ce be5 assign$ to a greatly l[] ord]1--! f]ns2 & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has k9dly %[n me t an exotic f]n ( ! pres5t day exhibits exactly su* a reticulat$ /yle ( v5ation z my ,helmsdale fragm5t4 7,see ,fig4 #aeb1 p4 #dig47 ,! o!r leaf1 h[ev]1 ?\gh also fragm5t>y1 & b indiff]5tly pres]v$1 seems to be decid$ly m>k$ by ! dicotyl$on\s "*2 & s ,i cont9ue to reg>d x1 provisionally at lea/1 z "o ( ! fir/ precursors 9 ,scotl& ( our great =e/ trees1 & ( s _m ( our fl[]+ & fruit-be>+ plants1 & z app>5tly occupy+ ! same relative place 9 advance ( its contempor>ies z t occupi$ by ! conif] ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 advance ( ! f]ns & ,lycopodace ) :i* ,i f\nd x associat$4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( its l>g] ve9s ! bett] pres]v$ ,oolitic leaf some:at resembles t ( ! buck?orn2 b its /ate ( keep+ is su* t x has fail$ to leave its ext]ior outl9e 9 ! /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,"o or two g5]al rem>ks1 9 conclusion1 on ! ,oolite flora ( ,scotl& may be p]mitt$ me by ! ,association4 ,9 its aspect z a :ole x greatly resembles ! ,oolite flora ( ,virg9ia1 ?\gh sep>at$ 9 space f ! locality 9 :i* ! latt] occurs by a di/ance ( ne>ly f\r ?\s& miles4 ,!re are sev]al species ( plants common to bo?1 su* z ,equisetum column>e1 ,calamites ar5aceus1 ,pecopt]is ,:itbi5sis1 ,lycopodites uncifolius1 & app>5tly ,tniopt]is magnifolia2 bo?1 too1 manife/ ! great abundance 9 :i* !y 7 develop$ ( old by ! b$s ( coal into :i* _! rema9s h be5 conv]t$4 ,! coal ( ! ,virg9ia ,oolite has be5 pr(itably wr\ght = _m ye>s3 x is /at$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :o c>efully exam9$ ! deposit1 & has giv5 z ! results ( 8 obs]vation 9 8 second s]ies ( ,travels 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t ! annual quantity tak5 f ! ,oolitic pits by ,philadelphia alone am\nt$ to t5 ?\s& tons2 & ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,su!rl&%ire deposit has nev] be5 pr(itably wr\ght1 x has be5 at lea/ wr\ght m ext5sively ?an any o!r 9 ! ,briti% ,oolite4 ,! seam ( ,brora1 v>y+ f ?ree feet ?ree to ?ree feet eight in*es 9 ?ickness1 furni%$1 says ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahad & #ahbf1 no less ?an sev5ty ?\s& tons ( coal4 ,su* is its ext5t1 too1 t ne>ly ?irty miles f ! pit's m\? 79 ,ross-%ire "u ! ,nor!rn ,sutor7 ,i h f\nd x /ill exi/+1 ?\gh 9 dim9i%$ proportions1 z a decid$ coal seam1 :i* x mu/ h tak5 no small am\nt ( vegetable matt] to =m4 ,& almo/ on ! o!r side ( ! _w1 ne>ly five ?\s& miles f ! ,su!rl& b$s1 & m ?an eight ?\s& miles f ! ,c>ol9a ones1 ! same ,oolitic flora aga9 appe>s1 associat$ ) b$s ( coal4 ,at ,nagpur 9 ,c5tral ,india ! ,oolitic ,s&/ones ab\nd 9 simple frond$ f]ns1 su* u ,tniopt]is & ,glossopt]is1 & has its ,zamites1 its conif]\s leaves1 & its equisetace4 ,comp>$ ) exi/+ floras1 t ( our ,scotti% ,oolite seems to h mo/ ne>ly resembl$ ! flora ( ,new ,zeal&1--a flora rem>kable = ! great abundance ( its f]ns1 & its va/ =e/s ( conif]\s trees1 t reta9 at all seasons _! cov]+s ( acicul> spiky leaves4 ,x is to ?is flora t ,dacrydium cupress9um1--s l a club moss 9 its foliage1--belongs2 & ,podoc>pus f]rug9eus1--a tree :i* m closely resembles 9 its foliage ! ,ea?ie conif]1 save t its spiky leaves are some:at n>r[] & long] ?an any o!r ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,ab\t two ?irds ( ! plants :i* cov] ! pla9s1 or rise on ! hill-sides ( t c\ntry1 are cryptogamic1 consi/+ ma9ly ( f]ns & _! allies2 & x is a curi\s circum/ance1--:i* 01 h[ev]1 n )\t prec$5t 9 ! m]ely physical conditions ( ! ,oolitic flora ( ,scotl&1--t s %all[ is ! soil ev5 :]e its greate/ =e/s h sprung up1 & s imm$iately does ! rock lie bel[1 t ! c5tral axes ( ! trees d n elongate d[nw>ds into a tap1 b ?r[ out horizontally on e side a ?ick network ( roots1 :i* rises s high ov] ! surface z to r5d] walk+ ?r\gh ! woods a difficult & v fatigu+ ex]cise4 ,! flora ( ! ,oolite1 l t ( ,new ,zeal&1 seems to h be5 9 l>ge "p cryptogamic1 consi/+ ( f]ns & ! alli$ horse-tail & club moss families4 ,its =e/s seem to h conta9$ only cone-be>+ trees2 at lea/ among ! _m ?\s& specim5s ( its fossil woods :i* h be5 exam9$1 no tissue ( ! true1 dicotyl$on\s "* has yet be5 f\nd2 & ) ! exception ( ! leaves j describ$1 all ^? yet f\nd 9 ! ,sy/em1 :i* c\ld h belong$ to true trees1 are ( ! acicul> =m common to ! ,conif]1 & %[ 9 _! d5se ligne\s /ructure t !y 7 p]si/5t1 n decidu\s4 ,nor is !re evid5ce want+ t _m ( ! ,conif] ( ! p]iod grew 9 s %all[ a soil1 t _! tap-roots 7 flatt5$ & b5t backw>ds1 & !y 7 left to d]ive _! sole support1 l ! trees ( ! ,new ,zeal& =e/s1 f su* ( _! roots z %ot out horizontally4 ,we ev5 "k ! nature ( ! rock ^u :i* !y re/$4 ,z %[n by fragm5ts /ill lock$ up among ! int]/ices ( _! petrifi$ roots1 x 0 an ,old ,r$ flag/one simil> to t ( ,cai?ness 9 ! neighborhood ( ,wick & ,?urso1 & conta9+ ! same fossil rema9s4 ,9 ! wat]-roll$ pebbles ( ! ,conglom]ate ( ,helmsdale & ,port ,g[]1--pebbles encru/$ by ,oolitic corals1 & enclos$ 9 a calc>e\s pa/e1 conta9+ ,oolitic belemnites & a/re1--,i h f\nd ! well m>k$ fi%es & fucoids ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,z %[n by ! appe>ance ( ! r\nd$ masses 9 :i* ^! lay1 !y mu/ h pres5t$ z anci5t an appe>ance 9 ! times ( ! ,l[] ,oolite z !y d n[2 & ! glimpse :i* !y l5t ( s remote an antiquity1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an antiquity :i*1 save = ! comp>ison :i* !y furni%$ ! means ( in/itut+1 might be well deem$ sup]latively remote1 ,i h felt s+ul>ly awe-inspir+ & impressive4 ,macaulay anticipates a "t :5 ! travell] f "s di/ant l& %all take 8 /& on a brok5 ar* ( ,london ,bridge to survey ! ru9s ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,9 dis9t]r+ f amid ! antique rema9s ( ! ,oolite ! imm5sely m antique rema9s ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,i h felt z su* a travell] w\ld feel if1 on sett+ himself to dig among ! scatt]$ heaps = memorials ( ! ru9$ city1 he _h fall5 on :at _h be5 once ! ,assyrian ,gall]y ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & _h f\nd m+l+ ) ! antiquities ( p]i%$ ,london ! greatly old] & m v5]able antiquities ( ,n9eveh or ( ,babylon4 ,! l& ( ! ,oolite 9 ?is nor!rn locality mu/ h be5 cov]$ by a soil :i*1--except t f a lack ( ! b\ld] clays x mu/ h be5 poor] & %all[]1--mu/ h n a little resembl$ t ( ! l[] pla9s ( ,crom>ty1 ,cai?ness1 & ,ea/]n ,ross4 ,& on ?is ,palozoic plat=m1 long expos$1 z ! ,oolitic ,conglom]ates abundantly te/ify1 to d5ud+ & dis9tegrat+ ag5cies1--a plat=m beat5 by ! surf :]e x desc5d$ to ! sea level1 & wa%$ 9 ! int]ior by riv]s1 ) "h a tall hill or abrupt precipice1 & !re a flat pla9 or sluggi% morass1--!re grew va/ =e/s ( cone-be>+ trees1 tangl$ ?ickets ( gigantic equisetace1 num]\s =ms ( ,cycas & ,zamia1 & wide-roll+ seas ( f]n1 amid ^: op5 spaces club mosses ( ext9ct tribes s5t =? _! long1 creep+ /ems1 spiky & dry1 & ?ickly mottl$ ) pseudo-spore-be>+ catk9s4 ,! curta9 drops ov] ?is anci5t flora ( ! ,oolite 9 ,scotl&2 & :51 long aft]1 !re is a corn] ( ! ?ick envelop+ scre5 )drawn1 & we cat* a p>tial glimpse ( "o ( ! old ,t]ti>y =e/s ( our c\ntry1 all is new4 ,trees ( ! high dicotyl$on\s class1 alli$ to ! plane & ! buck?orn1 prevail 9 ! l&scape1 int]m+l$1 h[ev]1 ) d+y fun]eal yews2 & ! f]ns & equiset t rise 9 ! d>k] op5+s ( ! wood approa* to ! exi/+ type4 ,& yet1 ?\gh eons ( ! pa/ et]nity h elaps$ s9ce we look$ out ^u ,cycas & ,zamia1 & ! la/ ( ! ,calamites1 ! "t is /ill e>ly1 & long ages mu/ lapse ere man %all arise out ( ! du/1 to keep & to dress fields wav+ ) ! productions ( yet ano!r & diff]5t flora1 & to busy himself ) all ! labor :i* he take? "u ! sun4 ,our c\ntry1 9 ?is ,t]ti>y "t1 has /ill its great outbur/s ( molt5 matt]1 t bury 9 fi]y deluges _m feet 9 dep?1 & _m squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 ! debris ( wide tracts ( woodl& & m>%2 & ! basaltic columns /ill =m 9 its great lava b$2 & ev] & anon1 z ! volcanic ag5cies awake1 cl\ds ( a%es d>k5 ! heav5s1 & cov] up ! l&scape z if ) accumulat$ drifts ( a protract$ sn[ /orm4 ,:o %all decl>e :at1 ?r\gh\t ^? long ages1 ! hi/ory ( creation has be58 ,we see at wide int]vals ! m]e fragm5ts ( successive floras2 b "k n h[ :at seem ! blank int]spaces 7 fill$1 or h[1 z ext9ction ov]took 9 succession "o tribe ( exi/5ces aft] ano!r1 & species1 l individuals1 yield$ to ! great law ( dea?1 yet o!r species 7 br\ght to ! bir?1 & u%]$ ^u ! sc5e1 & ! *a9 ( be+ 0 ma9ta9$ unbrok54 ,we see only deta*$ bits ( t gre5 web :i* has cov]$ our e>? ev] s9ce ! dry l& fir/ appe>$2 b ! web itself seems to h be5 cont9u\s ?r\gh\t all "t2 ?\gh ev] z bread? aft] bread? issu$ f ! creative loom1 ! patt]n has alt]$1 & ! sculpturesque & graceful =ms t illu/rat$ its fir/ beg9n+s & its middle spaces h yield$ to fl[]s ( ri*] color & bl[1 & fruits ( fair] %ade & outl9e2 & = gigantic club mosses /ret*+ =? _! hirsute arms1 goodly trees ( ! ,"l h exp&$ _! great b\ghs2 & = ! b>r5 f]n & ! calamite1 clu/]+ 9 ?ickets beside ! wat]s1 or spread+ on fl[]less hill slopes1 luxuriant or*>ds h yield$ _! ruddy flu%1 & ri* h>ve/s _! gold5 gleam4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ,pray] w be f\nd at ! end ( ^! ,memorials4 #b ,! same revolv] prov$ to be ! in/rum5t ( dea? to ano!r p]son1 two days aft]4 ,! circum/ances are ?us relat$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,witness ( ,decemb] #bg3-- ,a mo/ melan*oly ev5t1 aris+ out ( ! foll[+ circum/ances1 occurr$ ye/]day 9 ! %op ( ,mr4 ,?omson1 gunmak]4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,july1 la/ ye>1 ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill] b\ght a six-%ot revolv+ *amb] pi/ol1 size ( ball n9ety-two to ! p\nd1 f ! late firm ( ,messrs4 ,alex&] ,?omson ,son1 gunmak]s1 #af ,union ,place4 ,a few days aft]1 he call$ & said he ?\ght x a little /iff 9 its work+s1 & got x made to revolve m readily4 ,! pi/ol has n be5 se5 by ,mr4 ,?omson s9ce !n2 b 9 8 abs5ce a few m9utes at d9n] ye/]day1 ,pr(essor ,mill] call$ ab\t tw5ty m9utes f two1 & ask$ ,mr4 ,?omson's =eman h[ _m ( ! six %ots _h be5 fir$4 ,he add$1 ',m9d1 x is load$4' ,! =eman1 in/ead ( remov+ ! bree* or *amb] to exam9e x1 bad incauti\sly turn$ ! pi/ol entire t[>ds 8 own p]son1 & lift+ up ! hamm] ) 8 f+]s1 :ile he c\nt$ ! rema9+ load$ *amb]s1 he mu/ h slipp$ 8 f+]s :ile ! pi/ol 0 turn$ to 8 own head4 ,x explod$1 & ! ball lodg+ 9 ! angle ( 8 "r eye1 he fell back a lifeless corpse4 ,! pi/ol is a bolt$ "o1 :i* p]mits ( be+ c>ri$ load$ ) p]fect safety4 ,hav+ be5 wet int]nally1 ru/ may h /opp$ ! action ( ! bolt4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ,hugh ,mill] dropp$ ! pi/ol into ! ba?1 :]e x rema9$ = sev]al h\rs4 ,?is may acc\nt = ! app>5t incaution ( ,mr4 ,?omson's =eman4 #c ,see ante1 p4 #i4 #d ,! horizontal l9es 9 ?is diagram indicate ! divisions ( ! v>i\s geologic sy/ems2 ! v]tical l9es ! sweep ( ! v>i\s classes or sub-classes ( plants across ! geologic scale1 )1 s f> z has yet be5 asc]ta9$1 ! place ( _! fir/ appe>ance 9 creation2 :ile ! d\ble l9e ( type bel[ %[s 9 :at degree ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce agrees ) ! arrangem5t ( ! botani/4 ,! s+le po9t ( diff]5ce indicat$ by ! diagram betwe5 ! ord] ( occurr5ce & t ( arrangem5t1 viz41 ! transposition ( ! gymnog5\s & monocotyl$on\s classes1 mu/ be reg>d$ z purely provisional4 ,x is def9itely asc]ta9$ t ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one has its conif]\s wood1 b n yet def9itely asc]ta9$ t x has its true monocotyl$on\s plants2 ?\gh indications are n awant+ t ! latt] 7 introduc$ ^u ! sc5e at lea/ z e>ly z ! p9es or arauc>ians2 & ! *ance discov]y ( "s fossil 9 a suffici5tly good /ate ( keep+ to det]m9e ! po9t may1 ( c\rse1 at once retranspose ! transposition1 & br+ into complete correspond5ce ! geologic & botanic arrangem5ts4 #e ,! horizontal l9es ( ! diagram "h indicate1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! divisions ( ! sev]al geologic sy/ems2 ! v]tical l9es repres5t ! lead+ divisions & classes ( animals1 &1 z %[n by ! =mations 9 :i* _! e>lie/ kn[n rema9s occur1 ! probable p]iod ( _! fir/ appe>ance 9 creation2 :ile ! d\ble l9e ( text bel[ exhibits ! complete correspond5ce :i* obta9s betwe5 _! occurr5ce1 9 nature & ! ,cuvi]ian arrangem5t4 ,! l9e repres5tative ( ! ,radiata ought p]haps to h be5 elevat$ a little high] ?an ei!r ( its two neighbors4 #f ,fig4 #ad1 ,neuropt]is ,lo%ii4 ,fig4 #ae1 ,neuropt]is gigantea4 ,fig4 #af1 ,neuropt]is acum9ata4 ,fig4 #ag1 ,sph5opt]is aff9is4 ,fig4 #ah1 ,pecopt]is het]ophylla4 ,fig4 #ai1 ,sph5opt]is dilitata4 #g ,fig4 #ba1 r a1 ,ra*is1 greatly ?ick5$ t[>ds its base by num]\s rial roots1 %ot d[nw>ds to ! soil1 & :i* closely cov] ! /em4 #h ,fig4 #bb1 m1 ,cellul> tissue ( ! c5tre ( ra*is2 d1 simil> tissue ( ! circumf]5ce2 f1 v1 d>kly-color$ woody fibres ( great /r5g?1 ! int]nal buttresses ( ! illu/ration2 e1 ! out] cortical portion =m$ by ! bases ( ! leaves4 #i ,fig4 #bc1 ,bran*+ /em1 ) b>k & leaves4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,extremity ( bran*4 ,fig4 #be1 ,extremity ( ano!r bran*1 ) indication ( cone-l receptacle ( spores or se$4 #aj ,no true fossil palms h yet be5 detect$ 9 ! great ,oolitic & ,weald5 sy/ems1 ?\gh !y c]ta9ly occur 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian rocks1 & are comp>atively common 9 ! e>li] & middle ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,mu* _c be f\nd$ on m]ely negative evid5ce2 b x w\ld be c]ta9ly a curi\s circum/ance %\ld x be f\nd t ?is graceful family1 fir/ u%]$ into be+ "s "t 9 ! lat] ,palozoic p]iods1 0 )drawn f creation dur+ ! ,middle ages ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 to be aga9 introduc$ 9 greatly m ?an ! e>li] proportions dur+ ! ,t]ti>y & rec5t p]iods4 #aa ,leaf ( a tree alli$ to ! maple4 #ab ,leaf ( a tree alli$ to ! elm4 #ac ,"h1 z 9 ! =m] diagrams 7,figs4 #a & #d71 ! horizontal l9es repres5t ! divisions ( ! great geologic sy/ems2 :ile ! v]tical l9es indicate ! sweep ( ! sev]al ord]s ( fi%es across ! scale1 & ! p]iods1 s f> z has yet be5 det]m9$1 ( _! fir/ occurr5ce 9 creation4 #ad ,"s ( ^! dragons ( ! ,second>y ages 7 ( v consid]able size4 ,! w+s ( a ,pt]odactyle ( ! ,*alk1 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,b[]bank1 mu/ h _h a spread ( ab\t eighte5 feet2 ^? ( a rec5tly discov]$ ,pt]odactyle ( ! ,gre5s&1 a spread ( n less ?an tw5ty-sev5 feet4 ,! ,lamm]-gey] ( ! ,alps has an ext5t ( w+ ( b f t5 to elev5 feet2 :ile t ( ! great ,condor ( ! ,&es1 ! l>ge/ ( fly+ birds1 does n exce$ twelve feet4 #ae a1 ,palo!rium magnum4 b1 ,palo!rium m9us4 c1 ,anoplo!rium commune4 #af ,x w be se5 t !re is no attempt made 9 ?is lecture to repres5t ! great ,palozoic division z *>act]iz$ ?r\gh\t its entire ext5t by a luxuriant flora4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 expressly /at$ "h1 t ! plants ( its e>li] & t]m9al =mations 7i4e4 ^? ( ! ,silurian1 ,old ,r$1 & ,p]mian ,sy/ems7 7 few & small1 & t x 0 only dur+ ! protract$ eons ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod t !y receiv$ _! amaz+ developm5t1 unequall$ 9 any previ\s or succe$+ "t4 ,be+ ?us express 9 my limitation1 ,i ?9k ,i h j cause ( compla9t aga9/ any "o :o repres5ts me u unfairly labor+1 9 ?is v composition1 to make x be believ$ t ! :ole ,palozoic p]iod 0 *>act]iz$ by a gorge\s flora2 & z ?us sophi/ically g5]aliz+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 9 ord] to make a fallaci\s use ( ! g5]alization 9 ! second1 ) ! int5tion ( mislead+ non-geologic read]s4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ extracts f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ce at ,philadelphia1 is ! *>ge pref]r$ aga9/ me by a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mr4 ,william ,p>k] ,f\lke ask$ ! att5tion ( ! ,society to a lecture by ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill]1 rec5tly republi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! title ( ',! ,two ,records1 ,mosaic & ,geological1' & made "s rem>ks ^u ! importance ( ma9ta9+ a c>eful scrut9y ( ! logic ( ! natural sci5ces4444 ,mr4 ,mill] tea*es t1 9 ! attempt to reconcile ! two 'records1' !re are only ?ree p]iods to be acc\nt$ = by ! geologi/1 viz4 '! p]iod ( plants2 ! p]iod ( great sea mon/]s & creep+ ?+s2 & ! p]iod ( cattle & bea/s ( ! e>?2' & t ! fir/ ( ^! p]iods is repres5t$ by ! rocks gr\p$ "u ! t]m ,palozoic1 & is di/+ui%$ f ! ,second>y & ,t]ti>y *iefly by its gorge\s flora2 & t ! geological evid5ce is s complete z to be pat5t to all1 t ! fir/ great p]iod ( organiz$ be+ 01 z describ$ 9 ! ,mosaic record1 peculi>ly a p]iod ( h]bs & trees1 yield+ se$ aft] _! k9d4 ,! g5]al read]1 n famili> ) ! details ( geological arrangem5t1 c\ld n fail to inf] f su* a /atem5t1 us$ = su* a purpose1 t ! ,palozoic rocks are reg>d$ by geologi/s z =m+ "o gr\p repres5tative ( "o p]iod1 :i* c prop]ly be said to be di/+ui%$ z a :ole by its gorge\s flora2 & t x is prop]ly s di/+ui%$ = ! argum5t 9 "q4 ,x 0 famili> to ! ,academy1 z well z to ,mr4 ,mill]1 t f ! c>bonif]\s rocks d[nw>d 7backw>d 9 ord] ( "t71 !re h be5 discrim9at$ a l>ge numb] ( p]iods1 diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 m9]al & 9 organic rema9s2 & t ! proportion ( ! c>bonif]\s era to ! :ole s]ies is small1 :e!r we reg>d ! ?ickness ( its deposits or its conjectural *ronology4 ,x 9 only ( ?is c>bonif]\s era1 ! late/ ( ?is s]ies1 t ! au?or's rem>ks c\ld be true2 & ev5 ( ?is1 if tak5 = ! entire surface ( ! e>?1 x c\ld n be truly ass]t$ t '! evid5ce is s complete z to be pat5t to all1' t ! quantity ( its vegetable products di/+ui%es x f ! e>?'s surface dur+ ! era 9 :i* we live4 ,to conf\nd by implication all ?is p]iods t]m$ ,palozoic1 s z to apply to !m z a :ole :at c\ld be true1 if at all1 only ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod1 is a fallaci\s use ( a g5]alization made = a purpose1 & ^u a pr9ciple n prop]ly available = ! writ]'s argum5t1 c4 ,s f> ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy4 ,?is1 surely1 is v mu* ! rev]se ( fair4 ,i1 h[ev]1 ref] ! matt]1 )\t note or comm5t 7s f> at lea/ z x involves ! "q :e!r ,mr4 ,f\lke has n1 9 ! face ( ! mo/ express /atem5t on my "p1 :olly misrepres5t$ me71 to ! judgm5t ( c&id & intellig5t read]s on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,i "k n t ,i %\ld recognize ,mr4 ,f\lke z entitl$1 aft] su* a display1 to be dealt ) simply z ! memb] ( a le>n$ society :o diff]s f me on a sci5tific "q2 nor does 8 ref]5ce to ! c>bonif]\s era z ! late/ ( ! ,palozoic s]ies1 & 8 app>5t unacqua9tance ) t ,p]mian p]iod1 9 reality ! t]m9al "o ( ! division dur+ :i* ! ,palozoic =ms seem to h gradually di$ away1 9 ord] to give place to ^? ( ! ,second>y division1 inspire any v high respect = 8 acquirem5ts z a geologi/4 ,waiv+1 h[ev]1 ! legitimacy ( 8 claim1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to repeat1 = ! fur!r in=mation ( ! non-geological read]1 t ! c>bonif]\s =mations1 :]ev] !y h yet be5 detect$1 ju/ify1 9 ! amaz+ abundance ( _! c>boniz$ vegetable organisms1 ! "n :i* !y be>4 ,mr4 ,f\lke1 9 ?ree %ort s5t5ces1 uses ! t]ms c>bonif]\s era1 c>bonif]\s rocks1 c>bonif]\s p]iod1 f\r sev]al times2 & ^! t]ms are d]iv$ f ! pr$om9at+ am\nt ( c>bon 7elaborat$ ( old by ! plants ( ! p]iod7 :i* occurs 9 its sev]al =mations4 ,! v language :i* he has to employ is ( itself a confirmation ( ! /atem5t :i* he *all5ges4 ,= s pat5t is ?is c>bonif]\s "* ( ! sy/em1 t x has giv5 to x its univ]sally accept$ designation1--! v]bal sign by :i* x is repres5t$ :]ev] x is kn[n4 ,mr4 ,f4 /ates1 t if tak5 = ! entire surface ( ! e>?1 x _c be truly ass]t$ t ! c>bonif]\s flora prepond]at$ ov] t ( ! pres5t "t1 or1 at lea/1 t its prepond]ance c\ld n be reg>d$ z pat5t to all1 ,! /atem5t admits ( s _m diff]5t mean+s1 t ,i "k n :e!r ,i %all succe$ 9 reply+ to ! special mean+ int5d$ by ,mr4 ,f\lke4 ,!re are no d\bt c>bonif]\s deposits on ! e>?'s surface /ill unkn[n to ! geologi/1 ! evid5ce ( :i* on ! po9t mu/ be reg>d$1 9 consequ5ce1 n z pat5t to all1 b z nil4 ,!y are witnesses abs5t f c\rt1 ^: te/imony has n yet be5 t5d]$4 ,b equally c]ta9 x is1 ,i repeat1 t :]ev] c>bonif]\s =mations h be5 discov]$ & exam9$1 !y h be5 f\nd to be> ! unique *>act]i/ic to :i* ! sy/em owes its "n1--!y h be5 f\nd *>g$ ) ! c>bon1 exi/+ usually z great b$s ( coal1 :i* 0 elaborat$ ( old by its unrivall$ flora f ! elem5ts4 ,& z ?is evid5ce is c]ta9 & positive1 no "o w\ld be entitl$ to set (f aga9/ x1 z ( equal weight1 ! m]ely negative evid5ce ( "s "o or two deposits ( ! c>bonif]\s age t did n be> ! c>bonif]\s "*1 ev5 7 su* kn[n to exi/2 f> less is anyone entitl$ to set (f aga9/ x ! possibly negative evid5ce ( deposits ( ! c>bonif]\s age n yet discov]$ nor exam9$2 = t w\ld be simply to set (f aga9/ good positive evid5ce1 :at is no evid5ce at all4 ,x w\ld be to set (f ! possible evid5ce ( ! abs5t witnesses1 n yet precognosc$ 9 ! case1 aga9/ ! express decl>ations ( ! witnesses already exam9$1 & /rong on ! positive side4 ,surely an ,am]ican1 be=e appeal+1 9 a "q ( ?is k9d1 to ! b>e possibility ( ! exi/5ce some:]e or o!r ( b>ely negative evid5ce1 ought to h be?\ght him ( ! v extraord9>y positive evid5ce furni%$ by ! c>bonif]\s deposits ( 8 own great c\ntry4 ,! coal fields ( ,brita9 & ! ,european cont95t _h be5 wr\ght = ages ere ^? ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7 kn[n1 & = ages m aft] x _h be5 b asc]ta9$ t ! ,new1 l ! ,old ,_w1 has its ,coal ,measures4 ,& dur+ ! latt] p]iod ! argum5t ( ,mr4 ,f\lke might h be5 employ$1 j z n[1 & "s memb] ( a le>n$ society might h urg$ t1 ?\gh ! coal fields ( ,europe bore evid5ce to ! =m] exi/5ce ( a s+ul>ly luxuriant flora1 beyond comp>ison m va/ ?an ! ,european "o ( ! pres5t day1 ! same c\ld n be pr$icat$ ( ! ,am]ican coal fields1 ^: c>boniz$ rema9s might be f\nd repres5tative ( a flora :i* _h be5 at lea/ n m l>gely develop$ ?an t exi/+ ,am]ican flora to :i* ! great we/]n =e/s belong4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! "t = any su* argum5t has gone by2 ! ,am]ican coal fields h be5 c>efully explor$2 & :at is ! result8 ,! geologi/ has come to "k1 t ev5 ! mighty =e/s ( ,am]ica are inconsid]able1 comp>$ ) its deposits ( coal2 nay1 t all its =e/s ga!r$ into "o heap w\ld fail to furni% ! mat]ials ( a s+le coal seam equal to t ( ,pittsburg2 & t c5turies aft] all its ?ick woods %all h disappe>$ be=e ! axe1 & x %all h come to pres5t ! comp>atively b>e1 unwood$ aspect ( ! long civiliz$ c\ntries ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 x w cont9ue to d]ive ! elem5ts ( its comm]cial greatness1 & ! *e]ful blaze ( its _m millions ( dome/ic he>?s1 f ! unprec$5t$ly luxuri\s flora ( ! old c>bonif]\s ages4 ,truly1 v wond]ful are ! coal fields ( ,nor!rn ,am]ica6 ,if geologi/s inf]r$1 z !y well might1 t ! ext9ct flora :i* _h orig9at$ ! ,european coal va/ly outrivall$ 9 luxuriance t ( ! exi/+ "t1 :at %all be said ( t flora ( ! same age :i* orig9at$ ! coal deposits ( ,nova ,scotia & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1--deposits tw5ty times z great z all ^? ( all ,europe put toge!r6 #ag ,su* is also ! view tak5 by ! au?or ( a rec5tly publi%$ "w1 ,! ,g5esis ( ! ,e>? & ( ,man4 ,*ri/ian philosoph]s h be5 compell$ to ackn[l$ge1 says ?is writ]1 t ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation is only reconcileable ) demon/rat$ facts1 by its be+ reg>d$ z a record ( appe>ances2 & if s1 to v9dicate ! tru? ( ,god1 we mu/ consid] x1 s f> z ! acts are conc]n$1 z ! relation ( a revelation to ! sight1 :i* 0 suffici5t = all its purposes1 r ?an z "o 9 words2 ?\gh ! words are p]fectly true z describ+ ! revelation itself1 & ! revelation is equally true z %[+ man ! pr9cipal ph5om5a :i* he w\ld h se5 _h x be5 possible = him to be a witness ( ! ev5ts4 ,fur!r1 if we view ! n>rative z ! description ( a s]ies ( visions1 :ile we f9d x to be p]fectly reconcileable ) ! /atem5t 9 o!r p>ts ( ,scripture1 t 9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 we remove1 ) o!r difficulties1 ! only /rong objection to ! op9ion ( ^? :o reg>d ! 'six days' z p]iods ( undeflnable duration1 & :o may ev5 believe t we are n[ 9 ! 'sev5? day1'--! day ( re/ or ( cessation f ! "w ( creation4 ,c]ta9ly1 '! day ( ,god1' & '! day ( ! ,"l1' & ! '?\s& two hundr$ & ?reescore days1' ( ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john1 & ! 'sev5ty weeks' 9 ! ,prophecy ( ,daniel1 are n to be und]/ood 9 _! prim>y & natural s5ses1 c41 c4 #ah ,= 9 six days ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 ! sea1 & all t 9 !m is1 & re/$ ! sev5? day3 :]e=e ! ,"l bless$ ! ,sabba? day1 & hall[$ x4 #ai ,=bes & ,hanley enum]ate "o hundr$ & sixty bivalves1 & two hundr$ & ?irty-two univalves1--9 all ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-two species1 z ! only kn[n %ell-be>+ molluscs ( ! exi/+ ,briti% seas4 #bj ,pr9ciples ( ,zoology3 t\*+ ! ,/ructure1 ,developm5t1 ,di/ribution1 & ,natural ,arrangem5t ( ! ,races ( ,animals1 liv+ & ext9ct4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,= ! ,use ( ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,"p ,i41 ,comp>ative ,physiology4 ,by ,l\is ,agassiz & ,augu/us ,a4 ,g\ld4 ,bo/on3 ,g\ld ,l9coln4 #ba a1 ,articulat+ surface ( jo9t4 b1 ,fragm5t ( column1 exhibit+ lat]ally ! too? processes1 s fitt$ into ea* o!r z to admit ( flexure )\t risk ( dislocation4 ,! upp]mo/ jo9t %[s two lat]al cavities = ! articulation ( auxili>y arms4 #bb ,p]haps "o /r5g!n+ pr9ciple m might be enum]at$ z occurr+ 9 ?is curi\s piece ( me*anism4 ,9 ! lay] ( ! ne!r plate1 ! fibres1 in/ead ( be+ laid 9 p>allel l9es1 l ! ?reads 9 ! molesk9 ( my illu/ration1 seem to be felt$ toge!r1--an arrangem5t :i* mu/ h add$ consid]ably to _! coh]5cy & p[]s ( resi/ance4 #bc ,fig4 #ajb1 ,clym5ia ,s$wicki2 ,fig4 #ajc1 ,gyroc]as ,eifel5sis2 ,fig4 #ajd1 ,cirrus ,goldfussii4 #bd ,b]osus1 ,hi]onymus1 ,mnaseas1 ,nicolaus1 ,mane?o1 ,mo*us1 & ,he/u4 #be ,see ,cory's ,anci5t ,fragm5ts4 #bf ,z 0 common 9 ,bible illu/rations publi%$ 9 our own c\ntry a c5tury & a half ago1 ! old ,greek arti/ has introduc$ into 8 m$al two po9ts ( "t4 ,two ( ! figures repres5t ,noe & 8 wife quitt+ ! ark2 :ile ! o!r two exhibit !m z seat$ )9 x4 ,an ,engli% pr9t ( ! dea? ( ,abel1 n[ be=e me1 :i* dates a little aft] ! times ( ! ,revolution1 %[s1 on ! same pr9ciple1 ! two bro!rs1 repres5t$ by f\r figures1--two ( ^! quietly (f]+ up _! respective sacrifices 9 ! backgr\nd1 & ! o!r two grappl+ 9 deadly w>f>e 9 front4 #bg ,9 prep>+ ! ',hor ,biblic ,quotidian1' he ,dr4 ,*alm]s _h beside him1 = use & ref]5ce1 ! ,concordance1 ! ,pictorial ,bible1 ,poole's ,synopsis1 ,h5ry's ,comm5t>y1 & ,rob]tson's ,rese>*es 9 ,pale/9e4 ,^! con/itut$ :at he call$ 8 ,biblical ,libr>y4 ',!re1' said he to a fri5d1 po9t+1 z he spoke1 to ! above nam$ volumes z !y lay toge!r on 8 libr>y table1 ) a volume ( ! ',quotidian1' 9 :i* he _h j be5 writ+1 ly+ op5 beside !m1--'^! are ! books ,i use3 all t is ,biblical is !re4'--,dr4 ,hanna's ,preface to ,daily ,scripture ,read+s4 #bh ,! rav5 is said to live = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 n prep>$ to say t x 0 ! same pair ( birds t us$1 ye> aft] ye>1 to build on ! same rock-%elf among ! precipices ( ,navity1 f ! times ( my great-gr&fa!r's boyhood to ^? ( my own4 #bi ,! foll[+ e/imate ( ! air-brea?+ v]tebrates 7t ( ! ,physical ,atlas1 second edition1 #ahef7 may be reg>d$ z ! late/4 ,x w he se5 t x does n include ! cetacea or ! seals3-- ,,species4 ,quadrumana #agj ,m>supialia #abc ,ed5tata #bh ,pa*yd]mata #ci ,t]re/rial ,c>nivora #ead ,rod5tia #fjd ,rum9antia #ahj ---- #afeh ,birds #fbff ,reptiles #feg ,turtles #h ,sea ,snakes #g #ae ---- #fdb ,great z is ?is numb] ( animals1 comp>$ ) ^? kn[n a c5tury ago1 !re are indications t ! li/ is to be increas$ r ?an dim9i%$4 ,ev5 by ! late/ ,european au?orities ! re9de] is repres5t$ z consi/+ ( b a s+le species1 common to ! sub-arctic regions ( bo? ! ,old & ,new ,worlds2 :]eas 9 ! ,canadian ,naturali/ = #ahef ,i f9d x /at$1 on :at seems to be compet5t au?ority1 t ,am]ica has its two species ( re9de]1 & t !y bo? diff] f ! ,european species4 #cj ,if ,i d n introduce "h ! argum5t f\nd$ on ! great age ( c]ta9 gigantic trees1 su* z ! ,baobab ( int]tropical ,africa1 or ! ,taxodium ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 x is n because ,i h any reason to *all5ge ! e/imates ( ,adamson or ,c&olle4 ,! "o tree may h liv$ its five ?\s&1 ! o!r its six ?\s&1 ye>s2 b z ! gr\nds h be5 disput$ on :i* ! calculations respect+ _! va/ age h be5 f\nd$1 & z !y _c be rexam9$ anew by ! read]1 ,i :olly omit ! evid5ce1 9 ! g5]al "q1 :i* !y h be5 suppos$ to furni%4 #ca ,! foll[+ excell5t rem>ks on ! economy ( miracle1 by ,*alm]s1 be> v directly on ?is subject3--,x is rem>kable t ,god is sp>+ ( miracles1 & seems to pref] ! ord9>y processes ( nature1 if equally effectual = ! accompli%m5t ( 8 purposes4 ,he might h sav$ ,noah & 8 family by miracles2 b he is n prodigal ( ^!1 & s he appo9t$ t an ark %\ld be made to be> up ! liv+ c>go :i* 0 to be kept alive on ! surface ( ! wat]s2 & n only s1 b he respects ! laws ( ! animal physiology1 z he did ^? ( hydro/atics1 9 t he put !m by pairs into ! ark1 male & female1 to secure _! transmission to aft] ages1 & food 0 /or$ up to su/a9 !m dur+ _! long conf9em5t4 ,9 %ort1 he disp5ses ) miracles :5 ^! are n requisite = ! fulfilm5t ( 8 ends2 & he nev] disp5ses ) ! ord9>y means :5 ^! are fitt$1 & at ! same "t suffici5t1 = ! occasion4--,daily ,scripture ,read+s1 vol4 i4 p4 #aj4 #cb ,= a brief b ma/]ly view ( ^! anci5t cosmogonies1 see ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,macdonald's ,creation & ! ,fall4 ,ed9burgh3 ,con/able ,co4 #cc #a4 ,! great surr\nd+ oceans4 #b4 ,caspian ,sea4 #c4 ,riv] ,phison4 #d-d4 ,po9ts ( ! ,compass4 #e4 ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 #f4 ,r$ ,sea4 #g-h4 ,p]sian ,gulf1 ) ! riv]s ,tigris & ,euphrates4 #i4 ,riv] ,gihon4 #cd #a4 ,! sun ,occid5t4 #b4 ,! sun ori5t4 #c4 ,! ,heav5s4 #d4 ,great m\nta9 beh9d :i* ! sun is hidd5 :5 x is night4 #e4 ,! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 #f4 ,r$ ,sea4 #g4 ,p]sian ,gulf4 #h4 ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 #i4 ,great surr\nd+ ocean #aj4 ,! ,creator look+ d[n ^u 8 "w1 & see+ t all 0 good4 #ce ,! v diff]5t t]ms :i* ,mr4 ,p[ell employs 9 *>act]iz+ ! anti-geologi/s1 f ^? :i* he makes use ( 9 d5\nc+ ! m5 hone/ly b5t on reconcil+ ! enunciations ( revelation ) ! f9d+s ( geologic sci5ce1--a class :i* includ$ 9 ! pa/1 div9es su* z ,*alm]s1 ,buckl&1 & ,pye ,smi?1 & comprises div9es su* z ,hit*cock & ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury n[1--is wor?y ( be+ not$4 ,9 two s]mons1 ,*ri/ianity )\t ,judaism1 writt5 by ?is cl]gyman ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 to %[ t all days ( ! week are alike1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,sabba? a m]e blund]1 ,i f9d ! foll[+ passage3--,"s div9es h consi/5tly reject$ all geology & all sci5ce z pr(ane & c>nal2 & "s ev51 :5 pret5d+ to call !mselves m5 ( sci5ce1 h /oop$ to ! mis]able policy1 ( tamp]+ ) ! tru?1 inve/+ ! real facts 9 false disguises1 to cr+e to ! prejudices ( ! _m1 & to p]v]t sci5ce into a seem+ accordance ) popul> prepossessions4 ,i _c believe t ?is w be reg>d$ z ju/ifiable language3 x seems sc>ce wor?y ( a man ( sci5ce2 & w1 ,i fe>1 only be accept$ z good 9 evid5ce t ! odium !ologicum is n re/rict$ to :at is t]m$ ! or?odox side ( ! ,*ur*4 #cf ,! g5tleman "h ref]r$ to lectur$ no lat] ?an ,octob]1 #ahec1 aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ! geologi/s2 & mode/ly *ose z ! sc5e ( 8 labors ! city ( ,hutton & ,playfair4 ,:at he set himself specially to demon/rate 01 z he said1 t ! geologic !ories z to antiquity ( ! e>?1 successive eras1 c41 7 n only fallaci\s & unphilosophical1 b r5d]$ nugatory ! au?ority ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 did he ex]t himself 9 demoli%+ ! geologi/s z infidel1 b he d5\nc$ also z uns\nd ! !ology ( good old ,isaac ,watts4 ,! l9es taught u 9 our infancy1-- ,let dogs delight to b>k & bite1 ,= ,god ha? made !m s1 71 he rem>k$1 decid$ly het]odox4 ,!y ought to h run in/ead1-- ,let dogs delight to b>k & bite1 ,satan ha? made !m s666 #cg ,a ,brief & ,complete ,refutation ( ! ,anti-,scriptural ,!ory ( ,geologi/s4 ,by a ,cl]gyman ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,london3 ,w]!im ,mac9to%4 #ahec4 #ch ,newspap] ,report ( ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association held at ,york 9 ,septemb]1 #ahdd4 #ci ,see ,prim>y & ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 p>ticul>ly ( our own ,planet2 & ,exposure ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n ,geology4 ,by ,p4 ,m',f>lane1 ,au?or ( ! ,prim>y & ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,ed9burgh3 ,?omas ,grant4 #dj ,"o ( ! m brilliant writ]s ( ! pres5t day1--a native ( ! picturesque village 9 :i* ?is anti-geologi/ resides1--describes 9 a rec5t "w1 ) ! en?usiasm ( ! poet1 ! noble m\nta9s :i* rise ar\nd x4 ,i "k n1 h[ev]1 :e!r my admiration ( ! passage 0 n 9 "s degree da%$ by a few comic notions sugge/ive ( an imag9>y conv]sation1 9 ! /yle ( ,l&or1 betwe5 ?is popul> au?or & 8 anti-geologic t[nsman1 on ! m]its ( hills 9 g5]al1 & 9 especial on ! claims ( ^? :i* encircle ,comrie z ! m\nta9s are r\nd ab\t ,j]usalem4 ,! two g5tlem5 w\ld1 ,i suspect1 exp]i5ce consid]able difficulty 9 lay+ d[n1 9 su* a discussion1 _! common pr9ciples4 #da ,comp>ative ,e/imate ( ! ,m9]al & ,mosaical ,geologies4 ,by ,granville ,p5n1 ,esq4 ,london1 #ahbe4 #db ,/atesman & ,record1 ,octob] #f?1 #ahdf4 #dc ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's /atem5t is by no means s express or def9ite z x is repres5t$ to be 9 ?is passage1 9 :i* ,i h tak5 ! evid5ce ( 8 oppon5ts reg>d+ x4 ,:at he really says 7see 8 ,pr9ciples1 second edition1 #ahcb7 is :at foll[s3--,if ! ratio ( recession _h nev] exce$$ fifty y>ds 9 =ty ye>s1 x mu/ h requir$ ne>ly t5 ?\s& ye>s = ! excavation ( ! :ole rav9e2 b no probable conjecture c be (f]$ z to ! quantity ( "t consum$ 9 su* an op]ation1 because ! retrograde movem5t may h be5 mu* m rapid :5 ! :ole curr5t 0 conf9$ )9 a space n exce$+ a f\r? or fif? ( t :i* ! ,falls n[ occupy4 ,9 ! eigh? edition ( ! same "w1 h[ev]1 publi%$ 9 #ahej1 aft] he _h exam9$ ! ,falls1 !re occurs ! foll[+ re-/atem5t ( ! case3--,aft] ! mo/ c>eful inquiries ,i 0 able to make dur+ my visit to ! spot 9 #ahda-db1 ,i came to ! conclusion t ! av]age recession ( "o foot a ye> w\ld be a mu* m probable conjecture ?an t ( "o & a qu>t] y>ds4 ,9 t case x w\ld h requir$ ?irty-five ?\s& ye>s = ! retreat ( ! ,falls f ! esc>pm5t ( ,que5/on to _! pres5t site4 ,x seems by no means improbable t su* a result w\ld be no exagg]ation ( ! tru?1 al?\gh we _c assume t ! retrograde movem5t has be5 uni=m4 ,at "s po9ts x may h rec$$ mu* fa/] ?an at pres5t2 b 9 g5]al its progress 0 probably sl[]1 because ! cat>act1 :5 x began to rec$e1 mu/ h be5 ne>ly twice its pres5t height4 #dd ,scotti% ,*ri/ian ,h]ald1 #ahch1 vol4 iii41 p4 #gff4 #de ,! sub/ance ( ?is & ! foll[+ lecture 0 orig9ally giv5 9 a s+le pap]1 be=e ! ,geological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association1 held at ,glasg[ 9 ,septemb] #ahee4 ,s consid]able h be5 ! additions1 h[ev]1 t ! "o pap] has swell$ into two lectures4 ,mo/ ( ! add$ matt] 0 at fir/ ?r[n into ! =m ( ,notes2 b x 0 f\nd1 t f _! l5g? & frequ5cy1 !y w\ld h emb>rass$ ! pr9t]1 mayhap ! read] also2 & s mo/ ( ! l>g] ones h be5 introduc$ into ! text )9 brackets4 #df ,a curi\s set ( ^!1 ) specim5s ( ! smoo?-/emm$ fucoid collect$ by ,mr4 ,john ,mill] ( ,?urso1--a m]itori\s labor] 9 ! geologic field1--7 exhibit$ at ,glasg[ to ! ,association4 ,! l>g] /ems 7 ?ickly trav]s$ 9 ,mr4 ,j4 ,mill]'s specim5s by diagonal l9es1 :i* seem$1 h[ev]1 to be m]ely l9es ( rhomboidal fracture 9 ! glassy coal into :i* ! plants 7 conv]t$1 & n "o ( _! orig9al *>act]s4 #dg ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 add1 t !re 0 f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( ,/romness ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago1 by ,dr4 ,john ,flem+1 a curi\s nondescript vegetable organism1 :i*1 ?\gh equivocal 9 "* & appe>ance1 0 9 all probability a plant ( ! sea4 ,x consi/$ ( a flatt5$ cyl9d]1 9 "s ( ! specim5s exce$+ a foot 9 l5g? by an in* 9 bread?1 & trav]s$ on bo? ! upp] & "u sides by a mesial groove ext5d+ to ! extremities4 ,x bore no ext]nal m>k+s1 & ! section exhibit$ b an indi/9ct fibr\s /ructure1 suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to indicate its vegetable orig94 ,i h n hi!rto succe$$ 9 f9d+ = myself specim5s ( ?is organism1 :i* has be5 nam$ provisionally1 by ,dr4 ,flem+1 ,/roma obscura2 b x seems n improbable t c]ta9 suppos$ fragm5ts ( wood1 detect$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,pea* 9 ! ,cai?ness ,flag/ones1 b :i* d n exhibit ! woody /ructure1 may h belong$ to x4 #dh ,i figur$ ?is species f an imp]fect ,crom>ty specim5 fifte5 ye>s ago4 7,see ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 fir/ edition1 #ahda1 ,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #d74 ,( ! greatly bett] specim5s n[ figur$ ,i owe ! l>g] "o 7,fig4 #abj7 to ,mrs4 ,mill1 ,?urso1 :o detect$ x 9 ! ri*ly fossilif]\s flag/ones ( ! locality 9 :i* %e resides1 & k9dly made x ov] to me2 & ! specim5 ( :i* ,i h giv5 a magnific5t repres5tation 7,fig4 #ab1 p4 #ee7 to my fri5d ,mr4 ,rob]t ,dick4 ,i h1 besides1 se5 sev]al specim5s ( ! same organism1 9 a bett] or worse /ate ( keep+1 9 ! int]e/+ collection ( ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,cl\/on1 ,s&wick1 ne> ,/romness4 #di ,frogspawn is full ( eyes t is1 black eye-l po9ts1 & e eye is a tadpole4 #ej ,mr4 ,page figures1 9 8 ,advanc$ ,text ,book ( ,geology 7p4 #abg71 a few circul> m>k+s f ! ,=f>%ire b$s1 :i* he /ill reg>ds z spawn1 probably t ( a ,cru/acean1 & :i* c]ta9ly diff] greatly 9 appe>ance f ! m>k+s f\nd enclos$ 9 ! app>5t spa!s4 #ea ,s9ce ^! s5t5ces 7 writt5 ,i h se5 a description ( bo? ! plants ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ to :i* !y ref]1 9 an int]e/+ sket* ( ! geology ( ,roxburg%ire by ! ,rev4 ,james ,duncan1 :i* =ms "p ( a rec5t publication devot$ to ! hi/ory & antiquities ( ! %ire4 ,9 ! r$ qu>ry ( ,d5holm ,hill !re occurs1 says ,mr4 ,duncan1 a /ratum ( s(t yell[i% s&/one1 :i* conta9s impressions ( an app>5t fucoid 9 consid]able quantity4 ,"o or sev]al l9e> /ems div]ge f a po9t1 & ?r[ (f at acute angles1 z !y gr[ upw>ds1 bran*es or leaves v simil> to ! /em1 :i* are 9 turn subdivid$ into o!rs4 ,! wid? ( ! /alks is g5]ally ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*1 ! l5g? (t5 a foot4 ,! color is br[n1 blacki%-br[n1 or grayi%4 ,! same plant also occurs 9 ! :ite/one qu>ry an ov]ly+ b$ 9 ! =m ( ,c>bonace\s impressions4 ,!re c be little d\bt t x is a fucoid4 ,! g5]al mode ( gr[? greatly resembles t ( c]ta9 seawe$s2 & 9 "s specim5s we h se5 ! bran*es dilat$ a little at ! extremities1 l ^? ( su* ( ! liv+ fuci z exp& 9 ord] to af=d space = ! fructification4 ,x is des]v+ ( rem>k1 t ! plant is seldom obs]v$ ly+ horizontally on ! rock 9 a direction p>allel to its /ratification1 b ris+ up ?r\gh ! lay]s1 s z only to be se5 :5 ! /one is brok5 across2 z if x _h be5 /&+ erect1 or kept buoyant 9 wat]1 :ile ! /ony matt] to :i* x owes its pres]vation 0 deposit$ ar\nd x4 ,mr4 ,duncan1 aft] next ref]r+ to ! rema9s ( :at he deems a l& plant1 d]iv$ f ! same deposit1 & :i*1 ?\gh sadly mutilat$1 pres5ts n a little ( ! appe>ance ( ! nak$ framework ( a frond ( ,cyclopt]us ,hib]nicus dive/$ ( ! leaflets1 goes on to describe ! app>5t calamite ( ! =mation4 ,! be/ pres]v$ vegetable rema9 yet f\nd 9 ,d5holm ,hill qu>ry1 he says1 is ! radical portion ( :at we _c hesitate to call a species ( calamite4 ,! l[] "p is regul>ly & beautifully r\nd$1 bulg+ & prom95t1 ne>ly f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,ab\t an in* f ! bottom x contracts some:at sudd5ly 9 two sep>ate /ages1 &1 f ! upp]mo/ s5ds up a /em ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 & ne>ly ( ! same l5g?1 :]e x is brok5 across4 ,at ! orig9 ( ?is /em ! small longitud9al ridges are di/9ctly m>k$2 & ! :ole outl9e ( ! figure1 ?\gh conv]t$ into /one1 is z well def9$ z x c\ld h be5 9 ! liv+ plant4 ,mr4 ,duncan accompanies 8 description ) a figure ( ! organism describ$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 r resembles ! bulb ( a liliace\s plant ?an ! root ( a calamite1 :i* 9 all ! bett] pres]v$1 specim5s contracts1 in/ead ( exp&+1 z x desc5ds4 ,! app>5t expansion1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,old ,r$ specim5 may be simply a result ( compression 9 its upp] "p3 ! "u "p c]ta9ly mu* resembles1 9 ! dome-l symmetry ( its outl9e1 ! radical t]m9ation ( a solit>y calamite4 #eb ,?\gh ! coal ( ,sab]o is app>5tly includ$ 9 ,devonian rocks1 says ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 ,m4 ,casiano de ,prado ?9ks t ?is appe>ance may be d to inv]t$ folds ( ! /rata4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,m4 ,alcide ,d',orbigny reg>ds x u decid$ly ,old ,r$2 & c]ta9ly its ,sph5opt]is & ,lepidod5dron b5t mu* m ! aspect ( ,devonian ?an ( ,c>bonif]\s plants4 #ec ,n[1 alas6 no m4 ,9 ,mr4 ,g\rlay ! en]gy & %rewd bus9ess habits ( ! accompli%$ m]*ant 7 add$ to an enlight5$ zeal = g5]al sci5ce1 & no inconsid]able k 9 bo? ! geologic & botanic prov9ces4 ,! m>k$ success1 9 sev]al respects1 ( ! brilliant meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association :i* held 9 ,glasg[ 9 ,septemb] #ahee1 0 ow+ 9 no small measure to ! indefatigable ex]tions & well calculat$ arrangem5ts ( ,mr4 ,g\rlay4 #ed ,trees mu/ h be5 v abundant 9 :at is n[ ,scotl& 9 ^! ,second>y ages4 ,trunks ( ! common ,scot* fir are ( sc>ce m frequ5t occurr5ce 9 our mosses ?an ! trunks ( some:at resembl+ trees among ! %ales ( ! ,l[] ,oolite ( ,helmsdale4 ,on exam9+ 9 t neighborhood1 ab\t t5 ye>s s9ce1 a huge heap ( mat]ials :i* _h be5 collect$ along ! sea %ore = burn+ into lime 9 a tempor>y kiln1 ,i f\nd t m ?an ?ree f\r?s ( ! :ole consi/$ ( fragm5ts ( conif]\s wood wa%$ out ( ! %ale b$s by ! surf1 & ! rema9d] ( a massive ,isa/rea4 ,& only two ye>s ago1 aft] _m kilnfuls _h be5 ga!r$ & burnt1 8 grace ! ,duke ( ,argyll f\nd t fossil wood c\ld /ill he collect$ by c>tloads along ! %ore ( ,helmsdale4 ,! same woods also occur at ,port ,g[]1 ,k9tradwell1 ,%&wick1 & ,ea?ie4 ,9 ! ,isl& ( ,eigg1 too1 9 an ,oolite deposit1 lock$ up 9 trap1 & ^: /ratigraphical relations _c 9 consequ5ce be exactly trac$1 great fragm5ts ( ,p9ites ,eigg5sis are s abundant1 t1 arm$ ) a mattock1 ,i h dug out ( ! rock1 9 a few m9utes1 specim5s en\gh to supply a doz5 ( museums4 ,9 %ort1 judg+ f its fossilif]\s rema9s1 x seems n improbable t old ,oolitic ,scotl& 0 z d5sely cov]$ ) conif]\s trees z ! ,scotl& ( ,roman times1 :5 ! great ,cal$onian =e/ /ret*$ nor?w>ds f ! wall ( ,anton9us to ! fur!/ ,?ule4 ,,important ,,lit]>y ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,works1 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 #ei ,,wa%+ton ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,annual ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y2 ,or1 ,ye> ,book ( ,facts 9 ,sci5ce & ,art4 ,by ,,david ,a4 ,,wells1 ,a4,m4 #ab mo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,?is "w1 comm5c$ 9 ! ye> #ahej1 & issu$ 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 annually1 embraces an enum]ation & description ( e ,important ,inv5tion1 ,discov]y1 or ,sci5tific ,!ory1 report$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,ea* volume is di/9ct 9 itself1 & conta9s ,,entirely ,,new ,,matt]1 ) a f9e portrait ( "s p]son di/+ui%$ = 8 atta9m5ts 9 sci5ce & art4 ,,lake ,,sup]ior2 ,its ,physical ,"*1 ,vegetation1 & ,animals4 ,by ,l4 ,,agassiz1 & o!rs4 ,"o volume1 octavo1 elegantly ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?4 #c4ej4 ,,! ,,plurality ,,( ,,worlds4 ,new ,edition4 ,) a ,,supplem5t>y ,,dialogue1 9 :i* ! au?or's review]s are review$4 #abmo4 clo?1 #a4jj ,?is ma/]ly production1 :i* has excit$ s mu* ,int]e/ 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 w n[ h increas$ attraction 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 9 :i* ! au?or's review]s are triumphantly review$4 ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,k+dom4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,,?4 ,,von ,,siebold & ,h4 ,,/annius4 ,translat$1 ) ,notes1 ,additions1 c41 ,by ,,waldo ,j4 ,,burnett1 ,m4,d4 ,"o vol41 octavo1 clo?1 #c4jj4 ,?is is unque/ionably ! be/ & mo/ complete "w ( its class ev] yet publi%$4 ,,works ,,by ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,,! ,,footpr9ts ,,( ,,! ,,creator2 or1 ,! ,a/]olepis ( ,/romness4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,memoir ( ! ,au?or by ,,l\is ,,agassiz4 #abmo4 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,my ,,s*ools & ,,s*oolma/]s2 or1 ,! ,/ory ( my ,education4 ,) an elegant ,lik5ess4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,?is is a p]sonal n>rative ( a deeply int]e/+ & in/ructive "*1 conc]n+ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable m5 ( ! age4 ,,! ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one2 ,or1 ,new ,) ,walks 9 an ,old ,field4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,plates & ,geological ,sections4 #ab mo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,fir/ ,,impressions ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,its ,,p4 ,) a f9e ,engrav+ ( ! ,au?or4 #abmo1 cl41 #a4jj4 ,a ?rill+ly int]e/+ & v in/ructive book ( travels2 pres5t+ ! mo/ p]fectly life-l views ( ,engl& & its p1 to be f\nd 9 ! language4 ,,dr4 ,,buckl& said1 ,he w\ld give 8 left h& to possess su* p[]s ( description z ?is man4 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,species4 ,its ,typical ,=ms & ,primeval ,di/ribution4 ,by ,,*>les ,,hamilton ,,smi?1 ,) an ,introduction1 conta9+ an ,ab/ract ( ! ,views ( ,blum5ba*1 ,pri*>d1 ,ba*man1 ,agassiz1 & o!r writ]s ( repute4 ,by ,,samuel ,,kneel&1 ,jr41 ,m4,d4 ,) elegant ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,x is a book ( le>n+1 & full ( int]e/1 & may be reg>d$ z among ! comp>atively few real contributions to sci5ce--,*ri/ian ,witness4 ,,!saurus ,,( ,,engli% ,,words ,,& ,,phrases4 ,s classifi$ & arrang$ z to facilitate ! expression ( ideas1 & assi/ 9 lit]>y composition4 ,by ,,pet] ,,m>k ,,roget4 ,revis$ & ,edit$1 ) a ,li/ ( ,=eign ,words ,def9$ 9 ,engli%1 & o!r additions1 by ,,b>nas ,,se>s1 ,d4,d41 ,presid5t ( ,br[n ,univ]sity4 ,a ,new ,am]ican1 f ! late /]eotype ,london edition1 ) ,,additions ,,& ,,improvem5ts4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ej4 ,?is edition conta9s ,important additions ( words & phrases ,,n ,,9 ,,! ,,engli% ,,edition1 mak+ x 9 all respects ,,m ,,full ,,& ,,p]fect ,,?an ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,edition4 ,! "w has already become "o ( /&>d au?ority1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,great ,brita94 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,geology4 ,adapt$ to ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,by ,j4,r4 ,,loomis4 ,lewisburg ,univ]sity1 ,pa4 #abmo1 clo?1 #ge cts4 ,x is surpass$ by no "w be=e ! ,am]ican public4 ,we hope t e tea*] among our read]s w exam9e ! "w & put ! ju/ness ( our rem>ks to ! te/ ( 8 judgm5t & exp]i5ce4--,m4,b4 ,,&]son1 ,,ll4 ,d4--,pres4 ( ,ro*e/] ,univ]sity1 ,n4,y4 ,?is is j su* a "w z is ne$$ = all our s*ools4 ,x %\ld take its place z a text-book 9 all ! s*ools ( ! l&4--,n4,y4 ,obs]v]4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,man4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,arnold ,,guyot4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,ot ,,sci5ce ,,^u ,,intellectual ,,education4 ,by ,,william ,,:ewell1 ,d4,d4 #afmo1 clo?1 #be c5ts4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,zo,,logy4 ,) illu/rations4 ,by ,,l\is ,,agassiz & ,,augu/us ,a4 ,,g\ld4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4 ,?is "w places u 9 possession ( in=mation half a c5tury 9 advance ( all our elem5t>y works on ?is subject4--,,pr(4 ,,james ,,hall4 ,a "w emanat+ f s high a s\rce h>dly requires comm5dation to give x curr5cy4 ,simple & elem5t>y 9 its /yle1 full 9 its illu/rations1 compreh5sive 9 its range4--,silliman's ,j\rnal4 ,! be/ book ( ! k9d 9 our language4--,*ri/ian ,exam9]4 ,zoology is an int]e/+ sci5ce1 & is "h treat$ ) a ma/]ly h&4--,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,,! ,,l&+ ,,at ,,cape ,,anne2 ,or1 ,! ,*>t] ( ! ,fir/ ,p]man5t ,colony on ! ,t]ritory ( ! ,massa*usetts ,company4 ,n[ discov]$ & fir/ publi%$ f ! orig9al manuscript4 ,by ,,john ,,w+ate ,,?ornton4 ,octavo1 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,geological ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,briti% ,,prov9ces4 ,) an ,explanatory ,text1 ,geological ,sections1 & ,plates ( ! ,fossils :i* *>act]ize ! ,=mations4 ,by ,,jules ,,m>c\4 ,two volumes4 ,octavo1 clo?1 #c4jj4 -- ,! ,map is elegantly color$1 & done up ) l95 clo? back1 & fold$ 9 octavo =m1 ) ?ick clo? cov]s4 ,,k ,,is ,,p[]4 ,a view ( ! ,productive ,=ces ( ,mod]n ,society1 & ! ,results ( ,labor1 ,capital & ,skill4 ,by ,,*>les ,,knight4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,am]ican edition4 ,revis$1 ) ,additions1 by ,,david ,a4 ,,wells1 editor ( ! ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,,anecdotes ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts4 ,a *oice selection ( ,anecdotes ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ,lit]ature1 ( ! ,arts1 ( ,ar*itecture1 ,engrav+s1 ,music1 ,poetry1 ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture1 & ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,lit]>y ,*>act]s & ,arti/s ( diff]5t ,c\ntries & ,ages1 c4 ,by ,,kazlitt ,,arv9e1 ,a4,m4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #gbe pages1 octavo1 clo?1 #c4jj4 ,?is is unque/ionably ! *oice/ collection ( ,,anecdotes ev] publi%$4 ,x conta9s ,,?ree ,,?\s& ,,& ,,=ty ,,anecdotes1 & m ?an ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,fifty ,,illu/rations4 ,x is admirably adapt$ to lit]>y & sci5tific m51 to arti/s1 me*anics1 & o!rs1 z a ,,diction>y ,,= ,,ref]5ce1 9 relation to facts on ! numb]less subjects & *>act]s introduc$4 ,,kitto',s ,,popul> ,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,,biblical ,,lit]ature4 ,cond5s$ f ! l>g] "w1 by ! au?or1 ,,john ,,kitto1 ,d4,d4 ,assi/$ by ,,james ,,taylor1 ,d4,d4 ,) ov] #ejj ,illu/rations4 ,octavo1 #hab pp41 clo?1 #c4jj4 ,?is "w answ]s ! purpose ( a comm5t>y1 :ile at ! same "t x furni%es a complete ,,diction>y ,,( ,,! ,,bible1 embody+ ! products ( ! be/ & mo/ rec5t rese>*es 9 biblical lit]ature1 9 :i* ! s*ol>s ( ,europe & ,am]ica h be5 engag$4 ,x is n only int5d$ = m9i/]s & !ological /ud5ts1 b is also p>ticul>ly adapt$ to p>5ts1 ,sabba?-s*ool tea*]s1 & ! great body ( ! religi\s public4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,pale/9e4 ,) ! ,geography & ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\ntry1 ! ,cu/oms & ,in/itutions ( ! ,hebrews1 etc4 ,by ,,john ,,kitto1 ,d4,d4 ,) upw>ds ( #bjj ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?4 #a4be4 ,beyond all dispute ?is is ! be/ hi/orical comp5dium ( ! ,holy ,l&1 f ! days ( ,abraham1 to ^? ( ! late ,pa%a ( ,egypt1 ,mehemet ,ali4--,ed9burgh ,review4 -- ,9 ! num]\s notices & reviews1 ! "w has be5 /rongly recomm5d$1 z n only admirably adapt$ to ! ,,family1 b also z a text-book = ,,sabba? & ,,week ,,day ,,s*ools4 ,,*amb]s',s ,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature4 ,two l>ge imp]ial octavo volumes ( #adjj pages2 ) upw>ds ( #cjj elegant ,illu/rations4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,*amb]s4 ,emboss$ clo?1 #e4jj4 ,?is "w embraces ab\t ,,"o ,,?\s& ,,au?ors1 *ronologically arrang$ & class$ z ,poets1 ,hi/orians1 ,dramati/s1 ,philosoph]s1 ,metaphysicians1 ,div9es1 etc41 ) *oice selections f _! writ+s1 connect$ by a ,biographical1 ,hi/orical1 & ,critical ,n>rative2 ?us pres5t+ a complete view ( ,engli% lit]ature f ! e>lie/ to ! pres5t "t4 ,let ! read] op5 :]e he w1 he _c fail to f9d matt] = pr(it & delight4 ,! selections are gems--inf9ite ri*es 9 a little room2 9 ! language ( ano!r1 ,a ,,:ole ,,engli% ,,libr>y ,,fus$ ,,d[n ,,into ,,"o ,,*eap ,,book6 ,,*amb]s',s ,,miscellany ,,( ,,useful ,,& ,,ent]ta9+ ,,k4 ,by ,,william ,,*amb]s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,t5 vols41 #afmo1 clo?1 #g4jj4 ,,*amb]s',s ,,home ,,book ,,& ,,pocket ,,miscellany4 ,a *oice ,selection ( ,int]e/+ & ,in/ructive ,read+ = ! ,old & ! ,"y4 ,six vols4 #afmo1 clo?1 #c4jj4 ,?is "w is fully equal1 if n sup]ior1 to ei!r ( ! ,*amb]'s o!r works 9 int]e/1 conta9+ a va/ fund ( valuable in=mation1 furni%+ ample v>iety = e class ( read]s4 ,,*amb]s',s ,,repository ,,( ,,in/ructive ,,& ,,amus+ ,,pap]s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #afmo1 clo?1 b\nd4 #d vols4 9 two1 #a4ge2 & #d vols4 9 "o1 #a4ej4 ,,! ,,cruise ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,/>2 ,a ,n>rative ( ! ,excursion ( ,mr4 ,v&]bilt's ,p>ty1 9 h] ,voyage to ,engl&1 ,russia1 ,d5m>k1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,malta1 ,turkey1 ,madeira1 etc4 ,by ,rev4 ,,john ,,ov]ton ,,*\les1 ,d4,d4 ,) elegant ,illu/rations1 etc4 #abmo1 clo?1 gilt back & sides1 #a4ej4 ,,visits ,,to ,,european ,,celebrities4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,william ,b4 ,,sprague1 ,d4,d4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,a s]ies ( graphic & life-l ,p]sonal ,sket*es ( _m ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 & wom5 ( ,europe1 ) :om ! au?or became acqua9t$ 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al ,european t\rs1 :]e he saw !m 9 _! own homes & "u ! mo/ advantage\s circum/ances4 ,x 0 my uni=m cu/om1 aft] e su* int]view1 to take copi\s memor&a ( ! conv]ation1 includ+ an acc\nt ( ! individual's appe>ance & mann]s2 9 %ort1 def9+ z well z ,i c\ld1 ! :ole impression :i* 8 physical1 intellectual1 & moral man _h made ^u me4 ,f ! memor&a ?us made1 ! mat]ial = ! pres5t in/ructive & exce$+ly int]e/+ volume is d]iv$4 ,besides ^! p5 & ink sket*es1 ! "w conta9s ! novel attraction ( a ,,fac ,,simile ,,( ,,! ,,signature ( ea* ( ! p]sons introduc$4 ,,pilgrimage ,,to ,,egypt2 ,,explorations ,,( ,,! ,,nile4 ,) ,obs]vations1 illu/rative ( ! ,mann]s1 ,cu/oms1 etc4 ,by ,hon4 ,j4,v4,c4 ,,smi?1 ,m4,d4 ,) num]\s elegant ,engrav+s1 #abmo2 clo?1 #a4be4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,campaign4 ,a complete ,n>rative ( ! ,w> 9 ,s\!rn ,russia4 ,writt5 9 a ,t5t 9 ! ,crimea4 ,by ,major ,e4 ,,bruce ,,hamley1 au?or ( ,lady ,lee's ,wid[hood4 ,) a new & complete ,map ( ! ,seat ( ,w>4 #abmo4 pap] cov]s1 #cg-a_/b cts4 ,,poetical ,,works4 ,,milton',s ,,poetical ,,works4 ,) ,life & ,elegant ,illu/rations4 #afmo1 clo?1 #a4jj2 f9e clo?1 gilt1 #a4be4 ,,poetical ,,works ,,( ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott4 ,) ,life1 & ,illu/rations on ,/eel4 #afmo1 cl41 #a2 f9e cl41 gilt1 #a4be4 ,,complete ,,poetical ,,works ,,( ,,william ,,c[p]4 ,) a ,life1 & ,critical ,notices ( 8 ,writ+s4 ,) new & elegant ,illu/rations on ,/eel4 #afmo4 clo?1 #a4jj2 f9e clo?1 gilt1 #a4be4 -- ,! above ,poetical ,works1 by /&>d au?ors1 are all ( uni=m size & /yle1 pr9t$ on f9e pap]1 f cle>1 di/9ct type1 ) new & elegant illu/rations1 ri*ly b\nd 9 full gilt1 & pla92 ?us r5d]+ !m1 9 connection ) ! exce$+ly ,,l[ ,,price at :i* !y are (f]$1 ! *eape/ & mo/ desirable ( any ( ! num]\s editions ( ^! au?or's works n[ 9 ! m>ket4 ,,life ,,& ,,correspond5ce ,,( ,,john ,,fo/]4 ,edit$ by ,j4,e4 ,,ryl&1 ) ,notices ( ,mr4 ,fo/] z a ,prea*] & a ,companion4 ,by ,,john ,,%epp>d4 ,two volumes 9 "o1 #gjj pages4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,9 simplicity ( language1 9 maje/y ( conception1 9 ! eloqu5ce ( t concis5ess :i* conveys 9 a %ort s5t5ce m mean+ ?an ! m9d d>es at once admit1--8 writ+s are unmat*$4--,nor? ,briti% ,review4 ,,guido ,,& ,,julius4 ,?o ,doctr9e ( ,s9 & ! ,propitiator2 or1 ! ,true ,consecration ( ! ,d\bt]4 ,exhibit$ 9 ! ,correspond5ce ( two ,fri5ds4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,augu/us ,o4 ,,?olu*1 ,d4,d4 ,translat$ by ,,jona?an ,,edw>ds ,,ryl&4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,john ,,pye ,,smi?1 ,d4,d4 #afmo1 clo?1 #fj c5ts4 ,,new ,,& ,,complete ,,cond5s$ ,,concordance ,to ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,crud54 ,revis$ & re-edit$ by ,rev4 ,,david ,,k+1 ,l4,l4,d4 ,octavo1 clo? backs1 #a4be1 %eep1 #a4ej4 ,,valuable ,,works ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 #ei ,,wa%+ton ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian',s ,,daily ,,treasury4 ,a ,religi\s ,ex]cise = ,e ,day 9 ! ,ye>4 ,by ,e4 ,,temple4 ,a new & improv$ edition4 #abmo4 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,a "w = e ,*ri/ian4 ,x is inde$ a ,treasury ( good ?+s4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,*ri/2 ,or1 ,*ri/ianity ,view$ 9 its ,lead+ ,aspects4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4,l4,r4 ,,foote1 au?or ( ,incid5ts 9 ! ,life ( our ,savi\r1 etc4 #afmo1 clo?1 #ej c5ts4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,life4 ,social & ,individual4 ,by ,,pet] ,,bayne1 ,m4,a4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,! dem& = ?is extraord9>y "w1 comm5c+ be=e its publication1 is /ill eag] & con/ant4 ,!re is b "o voice respect+ x2 m5 ( all d5om9ations agree 9 pron\nc+ x "o ( ! mo/ admirable works ( ! age4 ,,god ,,reveal$ ,,9 ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,creation4 ,& by ! ,manife/ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,includ+ an ,exam9ation ( ! ,developm5t ,!ory conta9$ 9 ! ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ,by ,,james ,b4 ,,walk]1 au?or ( ,philosophy ( ! ,plan ( ,salvation4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,salvation4 ,by an ,,am]ican ,,citiz54 ,an ,introductory ,essay1 by ,,calv9 ,e4 ,,/[e1 ,d4,d4 ,new improv$ edition1 ) a ,,supplem5t>y ,,*apt]4 #abmo1 clo?1 #ge cts4 ,?is book is g5]ally admitt$ to be "o ( ! be/ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,! "w has be5 translat$ into sev]al diff]5t languages 9 ,europe4 ,a capital book to circulate among "y m54 ,a ,,wrea? ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,cross2 ,or1 ,scripture ,tru?s ,illu/rat$4 ,by ,a4 ,,morton ,,br[n1 ,d4,d4 ,recomm5datory ,preface1 by ,,john ,,angell ,,james4 ,beautiful ,frontispiece4 #afmo1 clo?1 #fj c5ts4 ,,! ,,bett] ,,l&2 ,or1 ,! ,believ]'s ,j\rney & ,future ,home4 ,by ,,rev4 ,a4,c4 ,,?ompson4 #abmo1 clo?1 #he c5ts4 ,a mo/ *>m+ & in/ructive book = all n[ j\rney+ to ! ,bett] ,l&1 & especially = ^? :o h fri5ds already ent]$ ^u its nev]-end+ joys4 ,,! ,,mission ,,( ,,! ,,com=t]4 ,) copi\s ,notes4 ,by ,,julius ,,*>les ,,h>e4 ,) ! ,notes translat$ = ! ,am]ican edition4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,,dr4 ,,wayl&',s ,,univ]sity ,,s]mon ,deliv]$ 9 ! ,*apel ( ,br[n ,univ]sity4 #abmo1 clo?1 ,s#a4jj4 ,,! ,,religions ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,& _! ,relations to ,*ri/ianity4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,d5ison ,,maurice1 ,a4,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity1 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 #afmo1 clo?1 #fj cts4 ,,sacr$ ,,rhetoric2 ,or1 ,composition & ,deliv]y ( ,s]mons4 ,by ,,h5ry4 ,j4 ,,ripley1 ,pr(essor 9 ,newton ,!ological ,in/itution1 ,includ+ ,pr(essor ,w>e's ,h9ts on ,extemporane\s ,prea*+4 #abmo1 #ge cts4 ,,! ,,prea*] ,,& ,,! ,,k+2 ,or1 ,b\rdalone 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,an ,acc\nt ( t di/+ui%$ ,era1 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,l4,f4 ,,bung5]4 ,) an ,introduction by ! ,rev4 ,,george ,,potts1 ,d4,d4 ,new edition1 ) a f9e ,lik5ess1 & a ,sket* ( ! ,au?or's ,life4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,x comb9es sub/antial hi/ory ) ! highe/ *>m ( romance4 ,its attractions are s v>i\s t x c h>dly fail to f9d read]s ( almo/ e description4--,puritan ,record]4 ,,! ,,prie/ ,,& ,,! ,,hugu5ot2 ,or1 ,p]secution 9 ! ,age ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,l4,f4 ,,bung5]4 #b vols41 #abmo1 clo?1 #b4be4 -- ,?is is truly a ma/]ly production1 full ( int]e/1 & may be set d[n z "o ( ! greate/ ,prote/ant works ( ! age4 ,,foot/eps ,,( ,,our ,,=efa!rs4 ,:at !y ,suff]$ & :at !y ,s\ght4 ,describ+ ,localities & portray+ ,p]sonages & ,ev5ts conspicu\s 9 ! ,/ruggles = ,religi\s ,lib]ty4 ,by ,,james ,g4 ,,miall4 ,?irty-six f9e ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 #a4jj4 ,an exce$+ly ent]ta9+ "w4 ,! read] soon becomes s deeply ent]ta9$ t he f9ds x difficult to lay aside ! book till f9i%$1--,*4 ,p>lor ,mag4 ,a "w absorb+ly int]e/+1 & v in/ructive4--,we/]n ,lit4 ,magaz9e4 ,,memorials ,,( ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ianity4 ,pres5t+1 9 a graphic1 compact1 & popul> =m1 ,memorable ,ev5ts ( ,e>ly ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 etc4 ,by ,,james ,g4 ,,miall4 ,) num]\s elegant ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 -- ,?is1 l ! ,foot/eps ( our ,=efa!rs1 w be f\nd a "w ( uncommon int]e/4 ,,works ,,by ,,john ,,h>ris1 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,pre-,,adamite ,,e>?4 ,contributions to ,!ological ,sci5ce4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,man ,,primeval2 or1 ! ,con/itution & ,primitive ,condition ( ! ,human ,be+4 ,) a f9e ,portrait ( ! ,au?or4 #abmo4 clo?1 #a4be ,,patri>*y2 or1 ,,! ,,family4 ,its ,con/itution & ,probation2 be+ ! ?ird volume ( ,contributions to ,!ological ,sci5ce4 #a4be4 ,,! ,,great ,,tea*]2 or1 ,*>act]i/ics ( our ,"l's ,m9i/ry4 ,) an ,introductory ,essay4 ,by ,h4 ,,humphrey1 ,d4,d4 #abmo1 clo?1 #he cts4 ,,! ,,great ,,commission2 or1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* con/itut$ & *>g$ to convey ! ,gospel to ! ,_w4 ,introductory ,essay by ,w4,r4 ,,williams1 ,d4,d4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,zebulon2 ,or1 ! ,moral ,claims ( ,seam54 #ahmo1 clo?1 #be cts4 ,,philip ,,doddridge4 ,8 ,life & ,labors4 ,by ,,john ,,/\ghton1 ,d4,d41 ) beautiful ,illum9at$ ,title-page & ,frontispiece1 #afmo1 clo?1 #fj c5ts4 ,,! ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,z exhibit$ 9 ! writ+s ( its apologi/s1 d[n to ,augu/9e4 ,by ,w4,j4 ,,bolton1 ( ,gonville & ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge4 #abmo4 clo?1 #hj c5ts4 ,,works ,,by ,,dr4 ,,twe$ie4 ,,glad ,,tid+s2 or1 ,! ,gospel ( ,peace4 ,a s]ies ( ,daily ,m$itations = ,*ri/ian ,disciples4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4,k4 ,,twe$ie1 ,d4,d4 ,) elegant ,illu/rat$ ,title-page4 #afmo1 clo?1 #fc cts4 ,,! ,,morn ,,( ,,life2 or1 ,examples ( ,female ,excell5ce4 ,a ,book = ,"y ,ladies4 #afmo1 clo?4 ,9 press4 ,a ,,lamp ,,to ,,! ,,pa?2 or1 ! ,bible 9 ! ,he>t1 ! ,home1 & ! ,m>ket ,place4 ,) an elegant ,illu/rat$ ,title-page4 #afmo1 clo?4 #fc cts4 ,,se$ ,,"t ,,& ,,h>ve/2 or1 ,s[ ,well & ,reap ,well4 ,a ,book = ! ,"y4 ,) an elegant ,illu/rat$ ,title-page4 #afmo1 clo?1 #fc cts4 -- ,! above works1 by ,dr4 ,twe$ie1 are ( uni=m size & /yle4 ,!y are mo/ *>m+1 pi\s1 & in/ructive works1 beautifully gott5 up1 & well adapt$ = gift-books4 ,,works ,,by ,,john ,,angell ,,james4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,memb]',s ,,guide2 ,edit$ by ,j4,o4 ,,*\les1 ,d4,d4 ,new edition4 ,) an ,introductory ,essay by ,rev4 ,,hubb>d ,,w9sl[4 ,clo?1 #cc;c4 ,,*ri/ian ,,progress4 ,a ,sequel to ! ,anxi\s ,inquir]4 #ahmo1 clo?1 #ca;c4 -- ,"o ( ! be/ & mo/ useful works ( ?is popul> au?or4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,e>ne/4 ,sev5? ?\s&4 #ahmo1 clo?1 #dj c5ts ,,mo!rs ,,( ,,! ,,wise ,,& ,,good4 ,by ,,jabez ,,burns1 ,d4,d4 #afmo1 clo?1 #ge c5ts4 ,we wi% x 7 9 e family1 & read by e "m 9 ! l&4--,lu!ran ,obs]v]4 ,,my ,,"m2 ,or1 ,recollections ( ,mat]nal ,influ5ce4 ,by a ,new ,engl& ,cl]gyman1 ,) a beautiful ,frontispiece4 #abmo1 clo?1 #ge c5ts4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ books t h issu$ f ! press = a long p]iod4 ,x is1 says a di/+ui%$ au?or1 "o ( ^? r>e pictures pa9t$ f life ) ! exquisite skill ( "o ( ! ',old ,ma/]s1' :i* no seldom pres5t !mselves to ! amateur4 ,,! ,,excell5t ,,woman4 ,) an ,introduction by ,rev4 ,w4,b4 ,,sprague1 ,d4,d4 ,conta9+ tw5ty-f\r spl5did ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 clo?1 #a4jj2 clo?1 gilt1 #a4ge2 extra ,turkey1 #b4ej4 -- ,?is elegant volume is an appropriate & valuable gift book = ! husb& to pres5t ! wife1 or ! *ild ! "m4 ,,memories ,,( ,a ,,gr&mo!r4 ,by a ,lady ( ,massa*usetts4 l#fmo1 clo?1 #ej c5ts4 ,,! ,,m>riage ,,r+2 ,or1 ,h[ to make ,home ,happy4 ,by ,,john ,,angell ,,james4 ,beautiful illu/rat$ edition #afmo1 clo?1 gilt1 #ge c5ts4 ,a beautiful volume1 & a v suitable pres5t to a newly-m>ri$ c\ple4--,n4,v4 ,*ri/ian ,intellig5c] ,,works ,,by ,,william ,r4 ,,williams1 ,d4,d4 ,,religi\s ,,progress2 ,disc\rses on ! ,developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,"*4 #abmo1 clo?1 #he cts4 ,?is "w is f ! p5 ( "o ( ! brighte/ lights ( ! ,am]ican pulpit4 ,we sc>cely "k ( any liv+ writ] :o has a f9] comm& ( p[]ful ?\ght & gl[+1 impressive language ?an he4--,,dr4 ,,sprague1 ,alb4 ,atl4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,"l',s ,,pray] ,?ird edition4 #abmo1 clo?1 #he cts4 ,_! bread? ( view1 /r5g? ( logic1 & /irr+ eloqu5ce place !m among ! v be/ homilitical ef=ts ( ! age4 ,e page is full ( sugge/ions z well z eloqu5ce4--,*4 ,p>lor ,mag4 ,,miscellanies4 ,new improv$ edition4 ,price r$uc$4 #abmo1 #a4be4 ,,valuable ,,works4 ,,! ,,hallig2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,%eepfold ,,9 ,,! ,,wat]s4 ,a ,tale ( ,humble ,life on ! ,coa/ ( ,s*leswig4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,bi]natzski1 by ,mrs4 ,,george ,p4 ,,m>%4 ,) a ,biographical ,sket* ( ! ,au?or4 #abmo4 clo?4 #a4jj4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w 0 ! gr&son ( an exil$ ,poli% nobleman4 ,8 own portrait is und]/ood to be drawn 9 "o ( ! *>act]s ( ! ,tale1 & inde$ ! :ole "w has a sub/antial f\ndation 9 fact4 ,9 ,g]many x has pass$ ?r\gh sev]al editions1 & is !re reg>d$ z ! *ef-d'oeuvre ( ! au?or4 ,z a revelation ( an entire new phase ( human society1 x w /rongly rem9d ! read] ( ,miss ,brem]'s tales4 ,9 orig9ality & brilliancy ( imag9ation1 x is n inf]ior ^?2--its aim is f> high]4 ,! elegance ( ,mrs4 ,m>%'s translation w at once arre/ ! att5tion ( e compet5t judge4 ,,hon4 ,,rob]t ,c4 ,,w9?rop4 ,i h read x ) deep int]e/4 ,mrs4 ,m>% has giv5 u an admirable v]sion ( a mo/ /rik+ & p[]ful "w4 ,,f ,,pr(4 ,f4,d4 ,,hunt+ton1 ,d4,d41 ,,9 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,magaz9e4 ,:]ev] ! "w goes x fasc9ates ! cultivat$ & ! illit]ate1 ! "y & ! old1 ! dev\t & ! c>eless4 ,our own copy is 9 brisk circulation4 ,! vivid & eloqu5t description ( ! /range sc5]y1 ! ?rill+ acc\nts ( ! my/]i\s action ( ! wat]s & vapors ( ! ,s*leswig coa/1 c41 all =m a /ory ( uncommon attractions & unm+l$ excell5ce4 ,,dr4 ,,sprague ,,9 ,,albany ,,spectator4 ,a r>e & beautiful "w4 ,x is an int]e/+ contribution to ! physical geography ( a "p ( ,europe ly+ q beyond ! rea* ( ord9>y obs]vation1 & z a g5ial & fai?ful sket* ( human life "u conditions :i* are h>dly p>allel$ else:]e4 ,! tale is a novel "o1 conta9+ ?rill+ sc5es1 z well z religi\s tea*+s4--,,presbyt]ian4 ,a beautiful & exquisite natural tale4 ,9 novelty ( life & cu/oms1 z well z 9 nicely drawn %ades ( local & p]sonal "* ! ,hallig1 is equall$ by v few works ( fiction4--,,bo/on ,,atlas4 ,! /ory1 :i* is deeply ?rill+1 is exclusively religi\s4--,,*4 ,,secret>y4 ,"h we h ano!r su* book z makes ! read+ ( x a luxury1 ev5 9 hot summ] wea!r4 ,x takes u to an isl& home1 9 ! *ill regions ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 & introduces u to pa/oral sc5es z lively & z edify+ z ^? ( ,ob]l91 9 ! ,ban de la ,ro*e4--,,s\!rn ,,bap4 ,,! ,,camel3 ,8 ,organization1 ,habits & ,uses1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to 8 ,introduction into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,by ,,george ,p4 ,,m>%1 late ,u4 ,s4 ,m9i/] at ,con/ant9ople4 #afmo1 clo?4 #ge c5ts4 ,?is book treats ( a subject ( great int]e/1 especially at ! pres5t "t4 ,x furni%es ! only complete & reliable acc\nt ( ! ,camel 9 ! language4 ,x is ! result ( ext5sive rese>* & p]sonal obs]vation1 & x has be5 prep>$ ) special ref]5ce to ! exp]im5t n[ be+ made by our ,gov]nm5t1 ( dome/icat+ ! ,camel 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a repository ( int]e/+ in=mation respect+ ! ,camel4 ,! au?or collect$ ! pr9cipal mat]ials = 8 "w dur+ 8 resid5ce & travels = "s ye>s 9 ! ,ea/4 ,he describes ! species1 size1 color1 temp]1 longevity1 useful products1 diet1 p[]s1 tra9+ & spe$ ( ! ,camel1 & treats ( 8 introduction into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,,phil4 ,,*ri/ian ,,obs]v]4 ,?is is a mo/ int]e/+ book1 on sev]al acc\nts4 ,! subject is full ( romance & in=mation2 ! treatm5t is able & ?or\gh4--,,texas ,,*4 ,,advocate4 ,our ,gov]nm5t h tak5 measures = introduc+ ! ,camel into ?is c\ntry1 & an appropriation ( #cj1jjj has be5 made by ,congress4 ,x becomes a matt] ( practical importance1 !re=e1 to obta9 ! fulle/ & mo/ reliable in=mation possible respect+ ! animal & 8 adaptation to ?is c\ntry4 ,8 adv5t among u w /imulate g5]al curiosity1 & raise a ?\s& que/ions respect+ 8 "* & habits ( life1 8 p[]s ( endurance1 8 food1 8 spe$1 8 l5g? ( life1 8 fecundity1 ! me?ods ( manag+ & us+ him1 ! co/ ( keep+ him1 ! value ( 8 c>cass aft] dea?1 c4 ,?is "w furni%es1 9 a small compass1 all ! desir$ in=mation4--,,bo/on ,,atlas4 ,a complete sket* ( ! habits & nature ( ! ,camel is giv51 :i* has great int]e/4 ,! value ( ! camel z a bea/ ( burd5 is abundantly confirm$4--,n4,y4 ,,evangeli/4 ,,important ,,works4 ,,analytical ,,concordance ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,scriptures2 or1 ,! ,bible pres5t$ "u ,di/9ct & ,classifi$ ,heads or ,topics4 ,by ,,john ,,eadie1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,au?or ( ,biblical ,cyclopdia1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 c41 c4 ,"o volume1 royal octavo1 #hcf pp4 ,clo?4 #c4jj2 %eep1 #c4ej4 ,j publi%$4 ,! publi%]s w\ld call ! special att5tion ( cl]gym5 & o!rs to "s ( ! peculi> features ( ?is great "w4 #a4 ,x is a concordance ( subjects1 n ( words4 ,9 ?is x diff]s f ! common concordance1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 x does n sup]s$e4 ,bo? are necess>y to ! ,biblical /ud5t4 #b4 ,x embraces all ! topics1 bo? secul> & religi\s1 :i* are naturally sugge/$ by ! entire cont5ts ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ?is x diff]s f ,scripture ,manuals & ,topical ,text-books1 :i* are conf9$ to religi\s or doctr9al topics4 #c4 ,x conta9s ! :ole ( ! ,bible )\t abridgm5t1 diff]+ 9 no respect f ! ,bible 9 common use1 except 9 ! classification ( its cont5ts4 #d4 ,x conta9s a synopsis1 sep>ate f ! concordance1 pres5t+ )9 ! compass ( a few pages a bird's-eye view ( ! :ole cont5ts4 #e4 ,x conta9s a table ( cont5ts1 embrac+ ne>ly two ?\s& heads1 arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]4 #f4 ,x is mu* sup]ior to ! only o!r "w 9 ! language prep>$ on ! same g5]al plan1 & is (f]$ to ! public at mu* less co/4 ,! pur*as] gets n only a ,concordance1 b also a ,bible1 9 ?is volume4 ,! sup]ior conv5i5ce aris+ out ( ?is fact1--sav+1 z x does1 ! necessity ( hav+ two books at h& & ( mak+ two ref]5ces1 in/ead ( "o1--w be readily app>5t4 ,! g5]al subjects 7"u ea* ( :i* !re are a va/ numb] ( sub-divisions7 are arrang$ z foll[s1 viz43 ,agriculture1 ,animals1 ,ar*itecture1 ,army1 ,arms1 ,body1 ,canaan1 ,cov5ant1 ,diet & ,dress1 ,disease & ,dea?1 ,e>?1 ,family1 ,g5ealogy1 ,god1 ,heav51 ,idolatry1 ,idols1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,jews1 ,laws1 ,magi/rates1 ,man1 ,m>riage1 ,metals & ,m9]als1 ,m9i/]s ( ,religion1 ,miracles1 ,occupations1 ,ord9ances1 ,p>ables & ,emblems1 ,p]secution1 ,praise & ,pray]1 ,prophecy1 ,provid5ce1 ,r$emption1 ,sabba?s & ,holy ,days1 ,sacrifice1 ,scriptures1 ,spee*1 ,spirits1 ,tab]nacle & ,temple1 ,v9ey>d & ,or*>d1 ,visions & ,dreams1 ,w>1 ,wat]4 ,t su* a "w z ?is is ( exce$+ great conv5i5ce is matt] ( obvi\s rem>k4 ,b x is mu* m ?an t2 x is also an in/ructive "w4 ,x is adapt$ n only to assi/ ! /ud5t 9 prosecut+ ! inve/igation ( preconceiv$ ideas1 b also to imp>t ideas :i* ! mo/ c>eful read+ ( ! ,bible 9 its ord9>y arrangem5t might n sugge/4 ,let him take up any "o ( ! subjects--,agriculture1 = example--& see if su* be n ! case4 ,?is feature places ! "w 9 a high] grade ?an t ( ! common ,concordance4 ,x %[s x to be1 s to speak1 a "w ( m m9d4 ,no ,biblical /ud5t w\ld will+ly disp5se ) ?is ,concordance :5 once possess$4 ,x is adapt$ to ! necessities ( all classes1--cl]gym5 & !ological /ud5ts2 ,sabba?-s*ool sup]9t5d5ts & tea*]s2 au?ors engag$ 9 ! composition ( religi\s & ev5 secul> works2 &1 9 f9e1 common read]s ( ! ,bible1 int5t only on _! own improvem5t4 ,a ,,comm5t>y ,,on ,,! ,,orig9al ,,text ,,( ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les4 ,by ,,horatio ,b4 ,,hackett1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,biblical ,lit]ature & ,int]pretation1 9 ! ,newton ,!ological ,in/itution4 -- ,a new1 revis$1 & enl>g$ edition4 ,9 ,press4 -- ,?is mo/ important & v popul> "w1 has be5 ?or\ghly revis$ 7"s p>ts be+ entirely rewritt571 & consid]ably enl>g$ by ! introduction ( important new matt]1 ! result ( ! ,au?or's cont9u$1 labori\s inve/igations s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition1 aid$ by ! m rec5t publi%$ criticisms on ?is portion ( ! ,div9e ,^w1 by o!r di/+ui%$ ,biblical ,s*ol>s1 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,,amos ,,lawr5ce4 ,,di>y ,,& ,,correspond5ce ,,( ,,! ,,late ,,amos ,,lawr5ce2 ) a brief acc\nt ( "s ,incid5ts 9 8 ,life4 ,edit$ by 8 son1 ,,william ,r4 ,,lawr5ce1 ,m4,d4 ,) f9e /eel ,portraits ( ,,amos & ,,abbott ,,lawr5ce1 an ,engrav+ ( _! ,bir?-place1 a ,fac-simile page ( ,mr4 ,lawr5ce's ,h&-writ+1 & a copi\s ,index4 ,octavo edition1 clo?1 #a4ej4 ,royal duodecimo edition1 #a4jj4 ,?is "w 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 an elegant octavo volume1 & sold at ! unusually l[ price ( #a4ej4 ,at ! solicitation ( num]\s b5evol5t individuals :o 7 desir\s ( circulat+ ! "w--s rem>kably adapt$ to d good1 especially to "y m5--gratuit\sly1 & ( giv+ ^? ( mod]ate means1 ( e class1 an opportunity ( possess+ x1 ! royal duodecimo1 or *eap edition1 0 issu$1 v>y+ f ! o!r edition1 only 9 a r$uction 9 ! size 7all[+ less m>g971 & ! ?ickness ( ! pap]4 ,)9 six mon?s aft] ! fir/ publication ( ?is "w1 tw5ty-two ?\s& copies _h be5 sold4 ,?is extraord9>y sale is to be acc\nt$ = by ! "* ( ! man & ! m]its ( ! book4 ,x is ! memoir ( a ,bo/on m]*ant1 :o became di/+ui%$ = 8 great weal?1 b m di/+ui%$ = ! mann] 9 :i* he us$ x4 ,x is ! memoir ( a man1 :o1 comm5c+ bus9ess ) only #bj1 gave away 9 public & private *>ities1 dur+ 8 lifetime m1 probably1 ?an any o!r p]son 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is sub/antially an autobiography1 conta9+ a full acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,lawr5ce's c>e] z a m]*ant1 ( 8 v>i\s multipli$ *>ities1 & ( 8 dome/ic life4 ,we h by u ano!r "w1 ! ',life ( ,amos ,lawr5ce4' ,we he>d x once said 9 ! pulpit1 ',!re is no "w ( art l a noble life1' & = t reason he :o has a*iev$ "o1 takes rank ) ! great arti/s & becomes ! _w's prop]ty4 ,,we ,,are ,,pr\d ,,( ,,?is ,,book4 ,,we ,,are ,,will+ ,,to ,,let ,,x ,,g ,,=? ,,to ,,o!r ,,l&s ,,z ,a ,,specim5 ,,( ,,:at ,,am]ica ,,c ,,produce4 ,9 ! old _w1 review]s h call$ ,b>num ,,! *>act]i/ic ,am]ican man4 ,we are will+ en\gh to admit t he is a *>act]i/ic ,am]ican man2 he is ,,"o fruit ( our soil1 b ,amos ,lawr5ce is ano!r4 ,let our c\ntry h cr$it = him also4 ,,! ,,good ,,effect ,,:i* ,,?is ,,life ,,may ,,h ,,9 ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,"y ,,m5 ,,to ,,honor ,,& ,,virtue ,,is ,,incalculable4--,,mrs4 ,,/[e1 ,,9 ,n4,y4 ,,indep5d5t4 ,we are glad to "k t our l>ge bus9ess h\ses are pur*as+ copies ( ?is "w = ea* ( _! num]\s cl]ks4 ,its influ5ce on "y m5 _c be o!rwise ?an highly salut>y4 ,z a bus9ess man1 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce 0 a patt]n = ! "y cl]k4--,,bo/on ,,travell]4 ,we are ?ankful = ! volume be=e u4 ,x c>ries u back to ! f>m-h\se ( ,mr4 ,lawr5ce's bir?1 & ! village /ore ( 8 fir/ appr5tice%ip4 ,x exhibits a *>ity noble & active1 :ile ! "y m]*ant 0 /ill poor4 ,& above all1 x reveals to u a beautiful clu/] ( si/] graces1 a ke5 s5se ( honor1 integrity :i* nev] knew ! %ad[ ( suspicion1 c&or 9 ! e/imate ( "*1 filial piety1 rigid fidelity 9 e dome/ic relation1 & all ^! connect$ ) & fl[+ f /eadfa/ religi\s pr9ciple1 pr(\nd s5tim5ts ( devotion1 & a vivid realization ( spiritual tru?4--,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,review4 ,we are glad t ,am]ican ,biography has be5 enri*$ by su* a contribution to its treasures4 ,9 all t composes ! c>e] ( '! good man1' & ! practical ,*ri/ian1 we h read few memoirs m full ( in/ruction1 or ri*] 9 lessons ( wisdom & virtue4 ,we cordially unite 9 ! op9ion t ! publication ( ?is memoir 0 a duty ow$ to ,society4--,,national ,,intellig5ce4 ,) ! int5tion ( plac+ x )9 ! rea* ( a l>ge numb]1 ! m]e co/ price is *>g$1 & a m beautifully pr9t$ volume1 or "o calculat$ to d m good1 has n be5 issu$ f ! press ( late ye>s4--,,ev5+ ,,gazette4 ,?is book1 besides be+ ( a diff]5t class f mo/ biographies1 has ano!r peculi> *>m4 ,x %[s ! inside life ( ! man4 ,y h1 z x 71 a peep beh9d ! curta91 & see ,mr4 ,lawr5ce z he w5t 9 & out among bus9ess m51 z he appe>$ on *ange1 z he receiv$ 8 fri5ds1 z he p\r$ out1 ') lib]al h& & g5]\s he>t1' 8 weal? = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 z he receiv$ ! greet+s & salutations ( *ildr51 & z he appe>$ 9 ! bosom ( 8 family at 8 own he>? /one4--,,brunswick ,,telegraph4 ,x is pr9t$ on new type1 ! be/ pap]1 & is illu/rat$ by f\r beautiful plates4 ,h[ x c be sold = ! price nam$ is a m>vel4--,,norfolk ,,co4 ,,j\rnal4 ,x 0 fir/ privately pr9t$1 & a limit$ numb] ( copies 7 di/ribut$ among ! relatives & ne> fri5ds ( ! deceas$4 ,?is volume 0 read ) ! deepe/ int]e/ by ^? :o 7 s favor$ z to obta9 a copy1 & x pass$ f fri5d to fri5d z rapidly z x c\ld be read4 ,dr4 ,lawr5ce has yield$ to ! g5]al wi%1 & made public ! volume4 ,x w n[ be widely circulat$1 w c]ta9ly prove a /&>d "w1 & be read ov] & ov] aga94--,,bo/on ,,daily ,,adv]tis]4 ,,mod]n ,,a!ism4 ,,mod]n ,,a!ism1 "u its ,=ms ( ,pan!ism1 ,mat]ialism1 ,secul>ism1 ,developm5t1 & ,natural ,laws4 ,by ,,james ,,bu*anan1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,! ,au?or ( ?is "w is ! successor ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s 9 ! ,*air ( ,div9ity 9 ! ,new ,college1 ,ed9burgh1 & ! intellectual lead] ( ! ,scotti% ,free ,*ur*4 ,,f ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ,,au?or ,,( ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one1 c41 c41--,! "w be=e u is "o ( at once ! mo/ readable & solid :i* we h ev] p]us$4 ,,f ,,! ,,news ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*es4--,x is a "w ( :i* no?+ less c be said1 ?an t1 bo? 9 _s & sub/ance1 /yle & argum5t1 x fixes irrev]sibly ! "n ( ! au?or z a lead+ classic 9 ! ,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ,brita94 ,,f ,,h[>d ,,malcom1 ,d4,d41 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,lewisburg ,,univ]sity4--,no "w has come into my h&s1 = a long "t1 s helpful to me z a tea*] ( metaphysics & morals4 ,i "k ( no?+ :i* w answ] = a sub/itute4 ,! public specially ne$s su* a book at ?is "t1 :5 ! cov]t a!ism ( ,fi*te1 ,wolfe1 ,hegel1 ,kant1 ,s*ell+1 ,d',holba*1 ,comte1 ,cr\sse1 ,atk9son1 ,m>t9eau1 ,l]\x1 ,mackay1 ,holyoake1 & o!rs1 is be+ spread abroad ) all e>ne/ness1 support$1 at lea/ 9 "s places1 bo? by *ur* influ5ce & univ]sity honors4 ,i _c b hope t a "w s timely1 s*ol>ly1 & complete1 w d mu* good4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ solid & rem>kable books 9 its dep>tm5t ( lit]ature2 "o ( ! mo/ s*ol>ly & pr(\nd inductions ( mod]n ,*ri/ian lit]ature4--,,worce/] ,,transcript4 ,dr4 ,bu*anan has e>n$ a high & well-des]v$ reputation z a classical writ] & close logical reason]4 ,he deals heavy1 deadly bl[s on a!ism 9 all its v>i\s =ms2 & :]ev] ! "w is read x _c fail to d good4--,,*ri/ian ,,secret>y4 ,x is a "w :i* places its au?or at once 9 ! highe/ rank ( mod]n religi\s au?ors4 ,8 analyses ( ! doctr9es held by ! v>i\s s*ools ( mod]n a!ism are admirable1 & 8 criticism orig9al & pr(\nd2 :ile 8 argum5ts 9 def5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? are p[]ful & conv9c+4 ,x is an attractive z well z a solid book2 & he :o p]uses a few ( its pages is1 z x 71 irresi/ibly drawn on to a ?or\gh read+ ( ! book4--,,bo/on ,,portfolio4 ,! /yle is v felicit\s1 & ! reason+ cle> & cog5t4 ,! oppos+ !ories are fairly /at$ & combat$ ) rem>kable case & skill4 ,ev5 :5 ! argum5t falls )9 ! range ( sci5ce1 x is s happily /at$ t no intellig5t read] c fail to und]/& x4 ,su* a pr(\nd1 dispassionate "w is p>ticul>ly call$ = at ! pres5t "t4--,,bo/on ,,j\rnal4 ,x is ju/ly describ$ z a great argum5t1 magnific5t 9 its /r5g?1 ord]1 & beauty1 9 def5ce ( tru?1 & aga9/ ! v>iant !ories ( a!ism4 ,x reviews ! doctr9es ( ! diff]5t s*ools ( mod]n ,a!ism1 gives a fair /atem5t ( _! !ories1 answ]s & refutes !m1 nev] evad+1 b meet+ & cru%+ _! argum5ts4--,,phila4 ,,*ri/ian ,,obs]v]4 ,dr4 ,bu*anan is c&id & imp>tial1 too1 z a /rong a man c af=d to be1 evades no argum5t1 und]takes no oppos+ view1 b meets 8 antagoni/s ) ! quiet & unsw]v+ confid5ce ( a locomotive on iron tracks1 pretty sure to cru% !m4--,,*ri/ian ,,regi/]4 ,we hail ?is production ( a ma/] m9d z a lucid1 vigor\s1 discrim9at+1 & satisfactory refutation ( ! v>i\s false philosophies :i* h appe>$ 9 mod]n times to allure +5u\s y\? to _! de/ruction4 ,dr4 ,bu*anan has /udi$ !m ?or\ghly1 weigh$ !m dispassionately1 & expos$ _! falsity & empt9ess4 ,8 refutation is a cle> /ream ( light f beg9n+ to end4--,,phila4 ,,presbyt]ian4 ,we recomm5d ,mod]n ,a!ism z a book = ! times1 & z hav+ special claims on !ological /ud5ts4--,,univ]sali/ ,,qu>t]ly4 ,x is rem>kable = ! cle>ness ) :i* x appreh5ds & ! fairness ) :i* x /ates1 n less ?an = ! ability ) :i* x replies to1 ! s*emes ( unbelief 9 its v>i\s mod]n =ms4 ,x w be f\nd easy to read--?\gh n light read+--& v quick5+ to ?\ght1 :ile x cle>s away1 "o by "o1 ! mi/s :i* ! ,devil has conjur$ ar\nd ! great doctr9es ( our ,fai?1 by ! help ( "s ( 8 +5i\s mod]n coadjutors1 & leaves ! tru? ( ,god /&+ 9 its s]5e & pri/9e maje/y1 z if ! brea? ( hatr$ nev] _h be5 brea!d =? aga9/ x4--,,congregationali/4 ,dr4 ,bu*anan has "h gone into ! enemy's camp1 & defeat$ him on 8 own gr\nd4 ,! "w is a ma/]ly def5ce ( fai? aga9/ dogmatic unbelief on ! "o h&1 & t univ]sal skepticism on ! o!r1 :i* nei!r affirms nor d5ies1 on ! gr\nd ( an assum$ defici5cy ( evid5ce z to ! reality ( ,god & religion4--,n4,y4 ,,*ri/ian ,,*ronicle4 ,x is a cle>ly & vigor\sly writt5 book4 ,x is p>ticul>ly valuable = its cle> /atem5t & ma/]ly refutation ( ! ,pan!ism ( ,sp9oza & 8 ,s*ool4--,,*ri/ian ,,h]ald4