file was produced from images produced  
by ,core ,historical ,literature in     
,agriculture 7,,chla71 ,cornell         
,university7                            
,,quaker ,,hill           ,a            
,,sociological ,,study                  
,,by          ,,warren ,h4 ,,wilson1 ,a4
 ,m4   ,,submitted ,,in ,,partial       
,,fulfillment ,,of ,,the                
,,requirements ,,for ,,the ,,degree ,,of
          ,,doctor ,,of ,,philosophy    
,,in ,,the        ,,faculty ,,of        
,,political ,,science                   
,,columbia ,,university                 
,,new ,,york                  #aijg     
,,copyright #aijg1                      
,,by            ,,warren ,h4 ,,wilson4  
,,contents   ,,introduction  ,,part ,i4 
,,the ,,quaker ,,community3  ,,from     
,,the ,,settlement ,,of ,,quaker ,,hill1
 #agbh1 ,,to ,,the ,,division ,,of ,,the
 ,,meeting1 #ahbh4                      
,,page  ,,chapter ,i4  ,sources         
#e   ,,chapter ,,ii4  ,the ,locality    
#h   ,,chapter ,,iii4  ,the ,assembling 

of the ,quakers                         
#af   ,,chapter ,,iv4  ,economic        
,activities of the ,quaker ,community   
#bj   ,,chapter ,v4  ,amusements        
#bh   ,,chapter ,,vi4  ,the ,ideals of  
the ,quakers                            
#cb   ,,chapter ,,vii4  ,morals of the  
,quaker ,community                      
#ch   ,,chapter ,,viii4  ,toleration of 
,hostile ,forces                        
#ej   ,,part ,,ii4  ,,the ,,transition  
,,from ,,the ,,division ,,of ,,the      
,,meeting ,,to ,,the ,,founding ,,of    
,,akin ,,hall1 #ahbh ,,to #ahhj4        
,,chapter ,i4  ,communication1--,the    
,roads                                  
#fc   ,,chapter ,,ii4  ,economic        
,changes                                
#fi   ,,chapter ,,iii4  ,religious ,life
 in ,transition                         
#gi   ,,part ,,iii4  ,,the ,,mixed      
,,community  ,,from ,,the ,,founding    
,,of ,,akin ,,hall ,,to ,,the ,,present 
,,time1 #ahhj ,,to #aijg4   ,,chapter   
,i4  ,demotic ,composition              

#hh   ,,chapter ,,ii4  ,the ,economy of 
,house and ,field                       
#ih   ,,chapter ,,iii4  ,new ,ideals of 
,quakerism1 ,assimilation of ,strangers 
#aab   ,,chapter ,,iv4  ,the ,common    
,mind                                   
#aah   ,,chapter ,v4  ,practical        
,differences and ,resemblances          
#acj   ,,chapter ,,vi4  ,the ,social    
,organization                           
#ace   ,,chapter ,,vii4  ,the ,social   
,welfare                                
#ada   ,,part ,,iv4  ,,original         
,,appendices  ,,family ,,and ,,church   
,,records4  ,appendix ,a3--,heads of    
,families in ,oblong ,meeting1 #agfj    
#aee  ,appendix ,b3--,names of          
,customers of ,daniel ,merritt1 #agga   
#aeh  ,appendix ,c3--,deeds of          
,meeting-,house ,lands                  
#afg     ,,introduction4   ,fourteen    
years ago the author came to ,quaker    
,hill as a resident1 and has spent at   
least a part of each of the intervening 
years in interested study of the        

locality4 ,for ten of those years the   
fascination of the social life peculiar 
to the place was upon him4 ,yet all the 
time1 and increasingly of late1 the     
disillusionment which affects every     
resident in communities of this sort was
 awakening questions and causing        
regrets4 ,why does not the place grow8  
,why do the residents leave8 ,what is   
the illusive unity which holds all the  
residents of the place in affection1    
even in a sort of passion for the       
locality1 yet robs them of full         
satisfaction in it1 and drives the young
 and ambitious forth to live elsewhere8 
,the answer to these questions is not   
easily to be had4 ,it is evident that on
 ,quaker ,hill life is closely          
organized1 and that for eighteen decades
 a continuous vital principle has given 
character to the population4 ,the author
 has attempted1 by use of the analysis  
of the material1 according to the       
,inductive ,sociology of ,professor     
,franklin ,h4 ,giddings1 to study       

patiently in detail each factor which   
has played its part in the life of this 
community4  ,this book presents the     
result of that study1 and the author    
acknowledges his indebtedness to        
,professor ,giddings for the working    
analysis necessary to the knowledge of  
his problem1 as well as for patient     
assistance and inspiring interest4 ,the 
gradual unfolding of the conclusions1   
the logical unity of the whole1 and the 
explanation of that which before was not
 clear1 have all been the fruit of this 
patient field-work4  ,the study of human
 society is at the present time little  
more than a classifying of material4    
,only with great reserve should any     
student announce ultimate results1 or   
generalize upon the whole problem4 ,for 
this period of classifying and analyzing
 the material1 such study of limited    
populations as this should have value4  
,the author makes no apology for the    
smallness of his field of study4 ,quaker
 ,hill is not even a civil division4 ,it

 is a fraction of a ,new ,york town4    
,therefore no statistical material of   
value is available4 ,it is1 moreover1   
not now an economic unit1 though it     
still may be considered a sociological  
one4 ,this study1 therefore1 must be of 
interest as an analysis of the working  
of purely social forces in a small      
population1 in which the whole process  
may be observed1 more closely than in   
the intricate and subtle evolution of a 
larger1 more self-sufficient social     
aggregate4  ,the descriptive history of 
,quaker ,hill1 which it is my purpose in
 this book to write1 comprises three    
periods2 and the descriptive sociology  
records two differing yet related forms 
of social life1 connected by a period of
 transition4 ,this study will then be   
made up of three parts3 ,first1 the     
,quaker ,community2 second1 the         
,transition2 and third1 the ,mixed      
,community4 ,the periods of time        
corresponding to these three are3 ,the  
,period of the ,quaker ,community1 #agcj

 to #ahcj2 second1 the ,period of       
,transition1 #ahcj to #ahhj2 and third1 
the ,period of the ,mixed ,community1   
#ahhj to #aije4  ,the ,quaker           
,community1 which ran its course in the 
one hundred years following the         
settlement of the ,hill1 presents the   
social history of a homogeneous         
population1 assembled in response to    
common stimuli1 obedient to one ideal1  
sharing an environment limited by       
nature1 cultivating an isolation favored
 by the conditions of the time1         
intermarrying1 and interlacing their    
relations of mutual dependence through a
 diversified industry2 knowing no       
government so well as the intimate      
authority of their ,monthly ,meeting2   
and after a century suffering absorption
 in the commerce and thinking of the    
time through increased freedom of       
communication4  ,the ,transition follows
 the ,division of the ,quaker ,meeting  
in #ahbh1 the building of turnpikes1 and
 the coming of the railroad in #ahdi4 ,a

 cultured daughter of ,quaker ,hill1    
whose life has extended through some of 
those years1 has called them the dark   
ages4 ,it was the middle age of the     
community4 ,the economic life of the    
place was undergoing change1 under the  
penetrating influence of the railroad2  
the population was undergoing radical   
renovation1 the ambitious sons of the   
old stock moving away1 and their places 
being filled at the bottom of the social
 ladder by foreigners1 and by           
immigration of residents and summer     
boarders of the world's people4 ,above  
all1 the powerful ideal of ,quakerism   
was shattered4 ,the community had lost  
the make-believe at which it had played 
for a century in perfect unity4 ,with it
 went the moral and social authority of 
the ,meeting4 ,two ,meetings mutually   
contradicting could never express the   
ideal of ,quakerism1 that asserted the  
inspiration of all and every man with   
the one divine spirit4 ,this schism1    
too1 was not local1 but the ,monthly    

,meeting on the ,hill was divided in the
 same year as the ,yearly ,meeting in   
,new ,york1 the ,quarterly ,meetings in 
the various sections1 and the local     
,monthly ,meetings throughout the       
,united ,states4  ,the ,period of the   
,mixed ,community1 from the building of 
,akin ,hall and the ,mizzen-,top ,hotel 
in #ahhj to the year #aije has been     
studied personally by the present       
writer2 and it is his belief that during
 this short period1 especially from     
#ahij to #aijj1 the ,hill enjoyed as    
perfect a communal life as in the       
,period of the ,quaker ,community4 ,the 
same social influence was at work4 ,an  
exceptionally strong principle of       
assimilation1 to be studied in detail in
 this book1 which made of the original  
population a century and a half earlier 
a perfect community1 now made a mixed   
population of ,quakers1 ,irish          
,catholics and ,new ,york ,city         
residents1 into a community unified1 no 
less obedient to a modified ideal1      

having its leaders1 its mode of         
association1 its peculiar local         
integrity and a certain moral           
distinction4  ,this period appears at   
the time of this writing1 in #aijg1 to  
be coming slowly to an end1 owing to the
 death of many of the older members of  
the ,quaker families1 and the swift     
diminution--with their authority        
removed--of the ,quaker influence1 which
 was the chief factor in the community's
 power of assimilation4  ,if one may    
state in condensed form what this study 
discovers in ,quaker ,hill that is      
uncommon and exceptional1 one would say 
that the social peculiarity of the ,hill
 is3 first1 the consistent working out  
of an idea in a social population1 with 
the resultant social organization1 and  
communal integrity2 and second1 the     
power of this community to assimilate   
individuals and make them part of       
itself4     ,,part ,i4  ,the ,quaker    
,community1 from its ,settlement in     
#agbh1 to the ,division in #ahbh4       

,,chapter ,i4  ,,the ,,sources ,,of     
,,this ,,history4   ,the sources of the 
history and descriptive sociology of    
,quaker hill are1 first1 the            
reminiscences of the older residents of 
the ,hill1 many of whom have died in the
 period under direct study in this      
paper2 and second1 the written records  
mentioned below4 ,at no time was ,quaker
 ,hill a civil division1 and the church 
records available were not kept with    
such accuracy as to give numerical      
results2 so that statistical material is
 lacking4  ,the written sources are3    
#a4 ,the records of ,oblong ,meeting of 
the ,society of ,friends until          
#ahbh2 of the ,hicksite ,meeting until  
#ahhe1 when it was laid down2     and of
 the ,orthodox ,meeting until #aije1    
when it ceased to meet4#a      #b4      
,records of ,purchase ,meeting of the   
,society of ,friends for the     period 
antedating #aggj4      #c4 ,ledgers of  
the ,merritt general store of dates     
#agga1 #aggb1 #ahci4      #d4 ,daybooks 

and ledgers of the ,toffey store of     
dates #ahae1 #ahbd1     #ahcc4      #e4 
,the ,quaker ,hill ,series of ,local    
,history1 publications of the           
,quaker ,hill ,conference4 ,in          
particular ,nos4 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1     
,,vii1 ,,viii1     ,,ix1 ,x1 ,,xi1      
,,xiii1 ,,xiv1 ,,xv1 ,,xvi and ,,xvii4#b
      #f4 ,maps of ,fredericksburgh and 
vicinity by ,robert ,erskine in the ,de 
,witt ,clinton ,collection1 in the ,new 
,york ,historical ,society              
,building4      #g4 ,papers by ,hon4    
,alfred ,t4 ,ackert1 read before the    
,dutchess ,county     ,society in the   
,city of ,new ,york1 #ahih and #ahii4   
#h4 ,an ,historical ,sketch4 ,the       
,bi-,centennial of the ,new ,york       
,yearly     ,meeting1 an address        
delivered at ,flushing1 #ahie1 by ,james
 ,wood4      #i4 ,a ,declaration of some
 of the ,fundamental ,principles of     
,christian     ,truth1 as held by the   
,religious ,society of ,friends4        
#aj4 ,james ,smith's ,history of        

,dutchess ,county4      #aa4 ,philip ,h4
 ,smith's ,history of ,dutchess ,county4
      #ab4 ,lossing's ,field ,book of   
the ,revolution4      #ac4 ,bancroft's  
,history of the ,united ,states4        
#ad4 ,irving's ,life of ,washington4    
#ae4 ,gazetteer of ,new ,york1 #ahab4   
#af4 ,akin and ,ferris1 ,wing1 ,briggs  
and ,hoag ,family ,records4      #ag4   
,de ,chastellux's ,travels in ,north    
,america4      #ah4 ,anburey's ,travels 
in ,north ,america4      #ai4           
,thatcher's ,military ,journal of the   
,revolution4      #bj4 ,wilson's ,rise  
and ,fall of the ,slave ,power4         
#ba4 ,barnum's ,enoch ,crosby4      #bb4
 ,the ,writings of ,washington1         
especially in ,fall of #aggh4      #bc4 
,proceedings of the ,new ,york          
,historical ,society1 #ahei1 etc4       
#bd4 ,new ,milford ,gazette1 #aheh1     
,boardman's ,letter4      #be4          
,poughkeepsie ,eagle1 ,july1 #ahgf1     
,lossing's ,articles4      #bf4         
,fishkill 7,new ,york7 ,packet1         

#aggf-aghc4      #bg4 ,new ,york        
,mercury1 #aggf-aghc4      #bh4         
,tax-lists of the ,town of ,pawling1    
,new ,york4   #a ,the oldest records of 
,oblong meeting are contained in the    
records of ,purchase ,meeting1 the      
mother society1 from the earliest date1 
about #agda1 at which ,oblong is        
mentioned1 to #agdd1 when it became an  
independent monthly meeting4 ,most of   
the early settlers on the ,oblong came  
through ,purchase1 married there and    
left their names on its pages4 ,from the
 year #agdd ,oblong ,meeting was a      
meeting of record1 but for thirteen     
years the minutes were written on loose 
sheets1 which have been lost4 ,they may 
indeed be in existence1 for in #agfj the
 meeting directs ,clerk ,zebulon        
,ferriss to record the minutes for the  
time he has been clerk2 and appoints two
 to record the previous minutes from the
 establishment of the meeting4 ,if those
 two did as they were directed1 there   
should be a book of the oldest records  

of the ,hill in existence2 and in any   
case there may be in some old leather   
bound trunk1 leaves of records from     
#agdd to #ageg1 whose value is beyond   
calculation4 ,the minutes of the        
,meeting from #ageg until the division1 
and from that date until the ,hicksite  
,meeting was laid down in #ahhe1 are in 
the possession of ,john ,cox1 ,librarian
 of the ,yearly ,meeting 7,hicksite74   
,from #ahbh1 the year of the division1  
until the present year1 the minutes of  
the ,orthodox ,friends are in the       
possession of ,william ,h4 ,osborn4 ,the
 minutes of the ,women's ,meeting       
previous to #ahjg are missing2 one      
volume1 from #ith ,mo41 #adth1 #ahjg1 to
 #crd ,mo41 #afth1 #ahce1 is with ,john 
,cox4 ,in the same place are three      
volumes of the record of ,births1       
,marriages and ,deaths3 one from #agde  
to #aggd2 then1 after a gap1 due to the 
absence of a volume1 is the second1 from
 #aghf to #ahff2 and a third volume of  
births and deaths alone from #ahbh to   

#ahic4 ,volumes lacking in this         
collection are the records of births and
 deaths previous to #ahbh3 and of       
marriages from #aggd to #aghf4  ,the    
records of the present ,orthodox        
,meeting in full1 as well as the        
following two volumes of the records of 
the ,preparative ,meeting of ,ministers 
and ,elders at ,oblong1 are in the      
possession of ,william ,h4 ,osborn on   
,quaker ,hill2 first from #ajth month1  
#abth1 #aghc1 to #ast month1 #acth1     
#ahgh2 and second from #ahgh to present 
time4 ,last of all1 the record of births
 and deaths of the meeting1 from #ahaj  
to the present day1 following the line  
of the ,orthodox society1 is in the     
possession of the ,post family on       
,quaker ,hill4  #b ,,local ,,history    
,,series4  ,david ,irish--,a ,memoir1 by
 his daughter1 ,mrs4 ,phoebe ,t4        
,wanzer1 of ,quaker ,hill1 ,n4 ,y4      
,quaker ,hill in the ,eighteenth        
century1 by ,rev4 ,warren ,h4 ,wilson1  
of ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4  ,quaker ,hill in 

the ,nineteenth century1 by ,rev4       
,warren ,h4 ,wilson1 of ,brooklyn1 ,n4  
,y4  ,hiram ,b4 ,jones and ,his ,school1
 by ,rev4 ,edward ,l4 ,chichester1 of   
,hartsdale1 ,n4 ,y4  ,richard           
,osborn--,a ,reminiscence1 by ,margaret 
,b4 ,monahan1 of ,quaker ,hill1 ,n4 ,y4 
,albert ,j4 ,akin--,a ,tribute1 by ,rev4
 ,warren ,h4 ,wilson1 of ,brooklyn1 ,n4 
,y4  ,ancient ,homes and ,early ,days at
 ,quaker ,hill1 by ,amanda ,akin        
,stearns1 of ,quaker ,hill1 ,n4 ,y4     
,thomas ,taber and ,edward ,shove--a    
,reminiscence1 by ,rev4 ,benjamin       
,shove1 of ,new ,york4  ,some ,glimpses 
of the ,past1 by ,alicia ,hopkins       
,taber1 of ,pawling1 ,n4 ,y4  ,the      
,purchase ,meeting1 by ,james ,wood1 of 
,mt4 ,kisco1 ,n4 ,y4  ,in ,loving       
,remembrance of ,ann ,hayes1 by ,mrs4   
,warren ,h4 ,wilson1 of ,brooklyn1 ,n4  
,y4  ,washington's ,headquarters at     
,fredericksburgh1 by ,lewis ,s4         
,patrick1 of ,marinette1 ,wis4          
,historical ,landmarks in the ,town of  

,sherman1 by ,ruth ,rogers1 of ,sherman1
 ,conn4     ,,chapter ,,ii4  ,,the      
,,locality4   ,in the hill country1     
sixty-two miles north of ,new ,york1 and
 twenty-eight miles east of the ,hudson 
,river at ,fishkill1 lies ,quaker ,hill4
 ,it is the eastern margin of the town  
of ,pawling1 and its eastern boundary is
 the state line of ,connecticut4 ,on the
 north and south it is bounded by the   
towns of ,dover and ,patterson          
respectively2 on the west by a line     
which roughly corresponds to the western
 line of the ,oblong1 that territory    
which was for a century in dispute      
between the ,states of ,new ,york and   
,connecticut4 ,its length is the north  
and south dimension of ,pawling4  ,this 
area is six and a half miles long1 north
 and south1 and irregularly two miles in
 width1 east and west4 ,quaker ,hill can
 scarcely be called a hamlet1 because   
instead of a cluster of houses1 it is a 
long road running from south to north by
 ,n4 ,n4 ,e4 and intersected by four    

roads running from east to west4 ,the   
households located on this road for one 
hundred and sixty years constituted a   
community of ,quakers dwelling near     
their ,meeting ,house2 and until the    
building of the ,harlem ,railroad in the
 valley below in #ahdi1 had their own   
stores and local industries4  ,before   
the railroad came1 ,quaker ,hill was    
obliged to go to ,poughkeepsie for      
access to the world1 over the           
precipitous sides of ,west ,mountain1   
and all supplies had to be brought up   
from the river level to this height4 ,at
 present ,quaker ,hill1 in its nearest  
group of houses at the ,mizzen-,top     
,hotel1 is three miles and              
three-quarters from the railroad station
 at ,pawling4 ,other houses are five and
 seven miles from ,pawling4 ,on the east
 the nearest station of the ,new ,york1 
,new ,haven and ,hartford ,railroad1    
,new ,milford1 is nine miles away4 ,the 
,central ,new ,england ,branch of the   
,n4 ,y4 ,n4 ,h4  ,h41 running east and  

west1 is at ,west ,patterson or ,west   
,pawling1 seven and eight miles4  ,the  
natural obstacle which does more than   
miles to isolate ,quaker ,hill is its   
elevation4 ,the ,mizzen-,top ,hill1 as  
it is now called1 is a straightforward  
,quaker road1 mounting the face of the  
,hill four hundred feet in a half-mile4 
,the ancient settler on horseback laid  
it out2 and the modern wayfarer in hotel
 stage1 carriage or motor-car has to    
follow4 ,quaker ,hill is conservative of
 change4  ,the mean elevation is about  
#a1ajj feet above the sea4 ,the highest 
point being ,tip-,top1 #a1caj feet1 and 
the lowest point #fbj feet4 ,the ,hill  
is characterized by its immediate and   
abrupt rise above surrounding           
localities1 being from #ejj to #hcj feet
 above the village of ,pawling1 in which
 the waters divide for the ,hudson and  
,housatonic ,rivers4 ,on its highest    
hill rises the brook which becomes the  
,croton ,river4 ,from almost the whole  
length of ,quaker ,hill road one looks  

off over intervening hills to the east  
for twenty-five miles1 and to the west  
for forty miles to ,minnewaska and      
,mohonk2 and to the north fifty and     
sixty miles to the ,catskill ,mountains4
  ,one's first impressions are of the   
green of the foliage and herbage4 ,the  
grass is always fresh1 and usually the  
great heaving fields are mellowed with  
orange tints and the masses of trees are
 of a lighter shade of green than       
elsewhere4 ,the qualities of the soil   
which have made ,quaker ,hill a grass   
country for cattle make it a delight to 
the eye4 ,well watered always1 when     
other sections may be in drought1 its   
natural advantages take forms of beauty 
which delight the artist and satisfy the
 eye of the untrained observer4  ,the   
,hill is a conspicuous plateau1 very    
narrow1 extending north and south4 ,it  
is the place that is all length and no  
breadth4 ,six miles long upon the crest 
of the height runs the road which is its
 main thoroughfare1 and was in its first

 century the chief avenue of travel4    
,crossing it at right angles are four   
roads1 that now carry the wagon and     
carriage traffic to the valleys on      
either side2 which since railroad days  
are the termini of all journeys4 ,the   
elevation above the surrounding hills   
and valleys is such that one must always
 climb to attain the hill2 and one moves
 upon its lofty ridge in constant sight 
of the distant conspicuous heights1 the 
,connecticut uplands east of the        
,housatonic on one side1 and on the     
other1 the ,shawangunk and ,catskill    
,mountains1 west of the ,hudson1 all of 
them more than #be miles away4          
,unsheltered as it is1 the locality is  
subject to severe weather4 ,the extreme 
of heat observed has been #aje degrees2 
and of cold--#bd degrees4  ,quaker ,hill
 possesses natural advantages for       
agriculture only4 ,no minerals of       
commercial value are there2 although    
iron ore is found in ,pawling and nearby
 towns4 ,on the confines of the ,hill1  

in ,deuell ,hollow1 a shaft was driven  
into the hillside for forty feet1 by    
some lonely prospector1 and then        
abandoned2 to be later on seized upon   
and made the traditional location of a  
gold mine4 ,the ,quaker ,hill           
imagination is more fertile and varied  
than ,quaker ,hill land4 ,no commercial 
advantages have ever fallen upon the    
place1 except those resultant from      
cultivation of the fertile soil in the  
way of stores1 now passed away2 and the 
opportunity to keep summer boarders in  
the heated season4  ,interest which     
attaches to ,quaker ,hill is of a       
three-fold sort3 historical1 scenic and 
climatic4 ,the locality has a history of
 peculiarly dramatic interest4 ,it is   
beautiful with a rare and satisfying    
dignity and loveliness of scene2 and it 
is the choice central spot of a region  
bathed in a salubrious atmosphere which 
has had much to do with its social      
character in the past1 and is to-day    
very effective in making the place a    

summer settlement of ,new ,york people4 
,the population is increased one hundred
 per cent4 in the summer months1 the    
increase being solely due to the        
healthful and refreshing nature of the  
place4  ,the history of the locality is 
associated with the quaint name1 ,the   
,oblong4 ,this was the name of a strip  
of land1 lying along the eastern        
boundary of ,new ,york ,state1 now part 
of ,westchester1 ,putnam and ,dutchess  
,counties1 and narrowing to the         
northward1 which was for a century in   
dispute between ,new ,york and          
,connecticut4  ,there had been a half   
century in which this was all disputed  
land1 between the ,dutch at ,new ,york  
and the ,english in ,new ,england4 ,then
 followed a half century of dispute as  
to the boundary between sister colonies1
 which are now ,new ,york and           
,connecticut4 ,as soon as this was      
settled in #agca the immigration flowed 
in1 and the history of ,quaker ,hill1   
the first settlement in the ,oblong1    

begins4 ,it was granted to ,new ,york2  
and in compensation the lands on which  
,stamford and ,greenwich stand were     
granted to ,connecticut after a long and
 bitter dispute4 ,the end of the dispute
 and the first settlement of the ,oblong
 came1 for obvious reasons1 in the same 
year4 ,the first considerable settlement
 of pioneers was made at ,quaker ,hill  
in #agca1 by ,friends1 who came from    
,harrison's ,purchase1 now a part of    
,rye4#c  ,the historical interest of the
 locality dwells in the contrast between
 the simple annals of ,quakerism1 which 
was practiced there in the eighteenth   
century1 and the military traditions    
which have fallen to the lot of peaceful
 ,quaker ,hill4 ,the ,old ,meeting      
,house1 known for years officially as   
,oblong ,meeting ,house1 experienced in 
its past1 full of memories of men of    
peace1 the violent seizures by men of   
war4 ,that storied scene1 in the fall of
 #aggh1 when the ,meeting ,house was    
seized for the uses of the army as a    

hospital1#d has lived in the thoughts of
 all who have known the place1 and has  
been cherished by none more reverently  
than by the children of ,quakers1 whose 
peace the soldiers invaded4 ,both the   
soldier and the ,quaker laid their bones
 in the dust of the ,hill4 ,both had    
faith in liberty and equality4 ,the     
history of ,quaker ,hill in the         
eighteenth century is the story of these
 two schools of idealists1 who ignored  
each other1 but were moved by the same  
passion1 obeyed the same spirit4 ,it is 
said that a locality never loses the    
impression made upon it by its earliest 
residents4 ,certain it is that the roots
 of modern things are to be traced in   
that earliest period1 and through a     
continuous self-contained life until the
 present day4  ,in the eighteenth       
century ,quaker ,hill was the chosen    
asylum of men of peace4 ,yet it became  
the rallying place of periodic outbursts
 of the fighting spirit of that warlike 
age2 and it was invaded during the great

 struggle for national independence by  
the camps of ,washington4  ,there is a  
dignity common to ,washington battling  
for liberty1 and the ,quaker pioneers   
serenely planning seven years before the
 ,revolution for the freedom of the     
slave4 ,but he was a ,revolutionist1    
they were loyal to ,king ,george2 he was
 a man of blood1 brilliant in the garb  
of a warrior1 and they were men of      
peace1 dreaming only of the kingdom of  
,god4 ,he was fighting for a definite   
advance in liberty to be enjoyed at     
once2 they were set on an               
enfranchisement that involved one       
hundred years2 and a greater war at the 
end than his revolution4 ,their records 
contains no mention of his presence     
here1 though his soldiers seized and    
fortified the ,meeting ,house4#e ,his   
letters never mention the ,quakers1     
neither their picturesque abode1 their  
dreams of freedom for the slave1 nor    
their ,tory loyalty4  ,each cherished   
his ideal and staked his life and ease  

and happiness upon it4 ,each1 after the 
fashion of a narrow age1 ignored the    
other's adherence to that ideal4 ,to us 
they are sublime figures in bold        
contrast crossing that far-off stage3   
,washington1 booted1 with belted sword1 
spurring his horse up the western slope 
of the ,hill1 to review the soldiers of 
the ,revolution in #aggh2 and ,paul     
,osborn1 ,joseph ,irish and ,abner      
,hoag1 plain men1 unarmed save with     
faith1 riding their plough horses down  
the eastern slope in #agge1 to plead for
 the freedom of the slave at the ,yearly
 ,meeting at ,flushing4  ,what effect   
the beauty of the place had upon the    
pioneer settlers it is1 of course1      
impossible to say1 for they have left no
 record of their appreciation of its    
beauty4 ,probably their interest in the 
picturesque was the same as that of a   
,quaker elder1 of fine and choice       
culture after the ,quaker standards1 who
 said to the author1 with a quiet laugh3
 ,people all say that the views from my 

house are very beautiful1 and ,i suppose
 they are2 but ,i have lived here all my
 life1 and ,i have never seen it4 ,a    
,quakeress confessed to the same        
indifference to the beauty of the ,hill1
 until she had resided for a time in    
another state1 and had mingled with     
those who had a lively sense of beauty  
of scene2 returning thereafter to the   
,hill1 it appeared beautiful to her ever
 afterward4  ,the land has been for     
several generations under a high state  
of cultivation4 ,the keeping of many    
cattle has enriched the broad pastures2 
and the dairy industry has been carried 
on with constant fertilizing of the     
lands2 so that the great fields1 heaping
 up one upon another1 high above the    
valley1 and plunging down in steep      
slopes so suddenly that the falling land
 is lost from view and the valley below 
seems to hang unattached1 are covered   
with a brilliancy of coloring and a     
variety of those rich tints of green and
 orange which spell to the eye          

abundance1 and arouse a keen delight1   
like that of possessing and enjoying4   
,there is also a large dignity in the   
outlines of every scene1 which          
constantly expands the sensations and   
gives1 on every hand1 a sense of        
exhilaration and a pleasurable          
excitement to the emotions1 which seems 
in experience to have something to do   
with the industry and application       
characteristic of ,quaker ,hill4  ,with 
this the atmosphere has had much to do1 
no doubt1 being dry and soft4 ,the first
 sensation of one alighting from a train
 in the town is one of lightness and    
exhilaration4 ,this sensation continues 
through the first hours of one's stay on
 the ,hill4#f ,after the first day of   
exhilaration come a day or more of      
drowsiness1 with nights of profound     
sleep4 ,in some persons a heightened    
nervousness is experienced1 but in most 
cases the ,hill has the effect upon     
those who reside there of a steady      
nervous arousal1 a pleasure in activity1

 and a keen interest in life and work4  
,whether the early settlers1 in         
selecting the highest ground in this    
region1 had a sense of this excellence  
of the climatic effect we do not know2  
but their descendants believe that such 
was their reason for settling the       
highest arable land on the ,hill before 
the valleys or the lower slopes were    
cleared4  ,it is the common tradition   
that they settled on the ,hill first1   
and on its highest parts1 in order to   
avoid the malaria of the lowlands2 as   
well as because they thought the hill   
lands to be more fertile4  ,the         
excellence of the climate is witnessed  
in the long lives of its residents4     
,there were living in #aijc1 in a       
population of four hundred1 five        
persons1 each of whom was at least      
ninety years of age2 and fifteen1 each  
of whom was more than seventy-five years
 of age4   #c ,mr4 ,james ,wood1 in his 
,bicentennial ,address in #ahie1 thus   
described the ,oblong3  ,the eastern    

side of the country had been settled by 
,presbyterians from ,connecticut1 and   
the western side along the ,hudson      
,river by the ,dutch4 ,the feeling      
between them was far from friendly4     
,their disputes had been very bitter1   
and ,rye and ,bedford had revolted from 
,new ,york's jurisdiction4 ,their       
whipping-posts stood ready for the      
punishment of any from the river        
settlements who committed even slight   
offenses within their limits4 ,as the   
two peoples naturally repelled each     
other they had left a strip of land1    
comparatively unoccupied1 between them4 
,this continued in nearly a north and   
south line1 parallel with the river1 and
 a little more than midway between it   
and the ,connecticut and ,massachusetts 
lines1 as far as they extended4 ,into   
and through the strip of land the       
,quaker stream flowed1 like a liquid    
injected into a fissure in the rocks4   
,each ,quaker home as it settled became 
a resting place for those who followed1 

for it was a cardinal principle of      
,quaker hospitality to keep open house  
for all fellow members1 under all       
circumstances4  #d ,one ,first ,day     
morning1 in the mellow ,october days of 
that year1 the worshipping stillness of 
the ,friends' ,meeting was broken by the
 tramp of horses1 and the jangling of   
spurs1 as a band of soldiers rode up1   
dismounted and entered the building4    
,they remained quiet and reverent1 till 
the handshaking of the elders closed the
 meeting2 then the commanding officer   
rose1 and in the name of the            
,continental ,congress took possession  
of the building for a hospital for the  
troops1 and as such it was used all that
 winter4 ,after this meetings were held 
in the 'great room' in the house of     
,paul ,osborn1 and were often frequented
 by soldiers stationed in the place1 who
 listened attentively to the speaking1  
and left quietly at the close of the    
meeting4--,richard ,osborn--a           
,reminiscence1 by ,margaret ,b4         

,monahan1 ,quaker ,hill ,local ,history 
,series1 ,no4 ,,viii4  #e ,in the garret
 of the ,meeting ,house rifle-ports1 cut
 through the original planks1 were      
discovered by the present writer4  #f   
,bodily functions are facilitated by    
atmospheric conditions which make       
evaporation from the skin and lungs     
rapid4 ,that weak persons whose         
variations of health furnish good tests1
 are worse when the air is surcharged   
with water1 and better when the weather 
is fine2 and that commonly such persons 
are enervated by residence in moist     
localities but invigorated by residence 
in dry ones1 are facts generally        
recognized4 ,and this relation of cause 
and effect1 manifest in individuals1    
doubtless holds in races4--,herbert     
,spencer1 ,principles of ,sociology1    
,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ba4     ,,chapter ,,iii4  
,,the ,,assembling ,,of ,,the ,,quakers4
   ,the social mind of the ,quaker ,hill
 population was formed1 at the          
settlement of the place1 in a common    

response to common stimuli4 ,the        
population was congregated from ,long   
,island and ,massachusetts settlements1 
by the tidings of the opening of this   
fertile land of the ,oblong for         
settlement in #agca4 ,i infer from the  
fact that settlements were previously   
made on both sides1 at ,fredericksburgh 
on one side1 and at ,new ,milford on the
 other1--at ,new ,milford there was a   
,quaker ,meeting established in #agbi1  
fifteen years before ,quaker ,hill--that
 the value of the lands in the ,oblong  
was well advertised4 ,from the fact     
noted by ,james ,wood 7,the ,purchase   
,meeting1 p4 #aj7 that the first        
settlement in any considerable numbers  
was upon ,quaker ,hill in the ,oblong1  
,i infer that the uncommon promise of   
this hill land had been made known to   
the ,quakers then assembling at this    
,purchase in the ,rye ,woods1 and that  
,quaker ,hill was settled in response to
 the stimulus of valuable1 fertile lands
 offered for occupation and ownership4  

,it seems to have been the desire of the
 first settlers to form a community     
where they could live apart1 maintain   
their form of religion and possess land 
fertile and rich4 ,the ,quakers are     
always shrewd as to economic affairs1   
and the business motive is never lost   
sight of in the spiritual inner light4  
,in choosing ,quaker ,hill soil they    
selected ground which after one hundred 
and sixty-seven years is the richest in 
the region1 sustains the best dairies1  
and is able longer than any other in the
 neighborhood in time of drought to     
afford abundant green grass and verdure4
   ,illustration3 ,,map ,no4 ,i4        
,,quaker ,,hill ,,and ,,vicinity4 7,from
 ,robert ,erskine's ,map1 #aggh-aghj1 in
 ,de ,witt ,clinton ,collection1 ,new   
,york ,historical ,society47            
,illustration3 ,,map ,no4 ,,ii4         
,,quaker ,,hill ,,and ,,vicinity4       
7,based on a tracing of ,united ,states 
,geographical ,survey47   ,to this place
 thus secluded1 came ,benjamin ,ferriss 

in #agbh1 and ,nathan ,birdsall4 ,they  
settled upon the sites marked #ca and   
#ci2 which are #a1bjj and #a1ajj feet   
above the sea1 and very near the highest
 ground for many miles4 ,there was at   
this time1 #agbi1 a meeting of ,friends 
at ,new ,milford1 nine miles away2 but  
these two men came from ,purchase       
,meeting in the town of ,rye1 forty     
miles directly to the ,south4 ,there    
soon followed others1 bearing the names1
 ,irish1 ,wing1 ,briggs1 ,toffey1 ,akin1
 ,taber1 ,russell1 ,osborn1 ,merritt1   
,dakin1 ,hoag4 ,in ten years the tide of
 settlement was flowing full4 ,in forty 
years the little community was filled   
with as many as could profitably find a 
living4  ,complete records of the       
sources of this immigration are not     
available4 ,john ,cox1 ,jr41 ,librarian 
of the ,yearly ,meeting of ,friends1    
says the records do not show in any     
direct way where the members came from4 
,a few came from ,long ,island meetings 
by way of ,purchase1 but most of them   

from the ,east1 and ,i believe from     
,massachusetts4 ,indirectly the records 
show that the members occasionally went 
on visits into ,new ,england1 and took  
certificates of clearance there 7to     
marry74 ,dartmouth1 ,mass41 a town      
between ,fall ,river and ,new ,bedford1 
was the original home of so many of them
 that it easily leads all localities as 
a source of ,quaker ,hill ancestry4 ,the
 ,akin1 ,taber1 ,briggs families came   
from ,dartmouth1 which was in a region  
of both temporary and permanent ,quaker 
settlement4 ,quaker ,hill1 ,r4 ,i41 is  
within fifteen miles of ,dartmouth4 ,the
 residents of ,quaker ,hill1 ,new ,york1
 preserve traditions of the returns of  
the early ,friends to ,rhode ,island4   
,there is a ,briggs family tradition of 
the first pair of boots owned on the    
,hill1 which were borrowed in turn by   
every man who made a visit to the       
ancestral home at ,dartmouth4  ,it is   
probable also that some of the original 
residents came from ,long ,island1      

though from what localities ,i do not   
know4 ,the minutes of ,purchase ,meeting
 at ,rye1 through which meeting most of 
the ,quaker ,hill settlers came1        
indicate in only a limited number of    
cases that the immigrant came from a    
farther point2 and leave the impression 
that the ,friend so commended to the    
,oblong was already a resident of the   
,purchase1 or of its related meetings at
 ,flushing on ,long ,island4 ,an example
 is the case of ,william ,russell and   
his wife1 notable pioneers1 the earliest
 residents of ,site #be1 whose letter   
from ,purchase ,meeting in #agda        
indicates only that they came to ,oblong
 from ,purchase4  ,the settlement of the
 ,hill continued from the early years1  
#agbh-agca1 at which it began1 until    
#aggj1 when the community may be said to
 have been complete4 ,the land was      
supporting by that time all it would    
bear4 ,since that time the number of    
houses on the ,hill has remained about  
the same1 as will be seen from a        

comparison of the ,maps ,i and ,,ii1 the
 one made for ,washington in #aggh-hj   
and the other being a tracing of the map
 of the ,topographical ,survey of the   
,united ,states ,government of recent   
date4  ,the extent of this population   
resident upon the ,hill is shown in the 
lists of persons whose names appear in  
,appendix ,a1 which is a census of the  
heads of families in the ,meeting in the
 year #agfa2 added to which is a list of
 names which appear in the minutes of   
the ,meeting in years immediately       
following4 ,these lists show the growth 
of the population under study1 in the   
years from #agfa to #aghj1 for there are
 whole families omitted from the list of
 #agfa1 who are named in the minutes in 
succeeding years4 ,an instance is that  
of ,paul and ,isaac ,osborn1 who came   
from ,rhode ,island in #agfj4g  ,as this
 list of members of the meeting shows   
the actual size of the population       
resident upon the ,hill in #agfa1 the   
other list published in ,appendix ,b1   

containing the names of those who traded
 at the ,merritt store in #agga1        
exhibits1 with startling vividness1 the 
importance of ,quaker ,hill at that     
time4 ,little as the place is now1 and  
geographically remote and hard of access
 always1 it was evidently in the years  
named a center of a far-reaching country
 trade4 ,this list is published in full1
 exactly as the names appear on ,daniel 
,merritt's ledger1 to convey this       
impression2 and by contrast1 the        
impression of the shrinkage in the years
 since the railway changed the currents 
of trade4 ,it is published also as a    
basis of this study1 being a numerical  
description1 in the rough1 of the       
problem we are studying4 ,and a third   
use which such a list may serve is that 
of information to those interested in   
genealogy4 ,it is a veritable mine of   
information1 suggestion1 and even color1
 of the life of that time--as indeed are
 the ancient ledgers1 bound in calf1 and
 kept with exquisite care1 by this      

colonial merchant4 ,in these old records
 are suggested1 though not described1   
the lives of a hard-working1 prosperous 
population1 filling the countryside1    
laying the foundations of fortunes which
 are to-day enriching descendants4 ,it  
was a community without an idler1 with  
trades and occupations so many as to be 
independent of other communities1       
hopeful1 abounding in credit1 laying    
plans for generations to come1 and      
living bountifully1 heartily from day to
 day4  ,every item in these mercantile  
records is of interest and full of      
suggestion1 from the names of the negro 
slaves1 who had accounts on the books1  
to the products brought for sale by one 
customer after another1 by which they   
liquidated their accounts2 from the     
quart of rum bought by so many with     
every trading1 to the ,greek ,testament 
and ,latin ,grammar bought by solid     
,thomas ,taber1 who wrote his name in   
real estate by his thrift and force1 if 
he did not write it in dead languages4  

#g ,richard ,osborn--,a ,reminiscence1  
by ,margaret ,b4 ,monahan1 ,quaker ,hill
 ,local ,history ,series1 ,no4 ,,viii1  
p4 #aj4     ,,chapter ,,iv4  ,,economic 
,,activities ,,of ,,the ,,quaker        
,,community4   ,the economic activity of
 the early ,quaker ,community was       
varied4 ,all they consumed they had to  
produce and manufacture4 ,though the    
stores sold cane sugar1 the farmers made
 of maple sap in the spring both sugar  
and syrup1 and in the fall they boiled  
down the juice of sweet apples to a     
syrup1 which served for sweetness in the
 ordinary needs of the kitchen4  ,every 
man was in some degree a farmer1 in that
 each household cultivated the soil4 ,on
 every farm all wants had to be supplied
 from local resources1 so that mixed    
farming was the rule4 ,the land which   
its modern owners think unsuited to     
anything but grass1 because it is such  
heavy1 clay soil1 was made in the #ahth 
century to bear1 in addition to the     
grass for cattle and sheep1 wheat1 rye1 

oats and corn1 flax1 potatoes1 apples4  
,of whatever the farmer was to use he   
must produce the raw material from the  
soil1 and the manufacture of it must be 
within the community4  ,two lists which 
come to us from early days cast light on
 the population and occupations of the  
early period4 ,one is the sheriff's list
 of landowners in ,dutchess ,county in  
#agdj1 on which is no name of any farmer
 then resident on ,quaker ,hill4 ,the   
other list is that of those who claimed 
exemption from military duty in #agee2  
#ch are from ,oblong and #ba from       
,beekman1 many of them being ,quakers   
resident on the ,oblong4 ,this list is  
as follows3  ,joshua ,shearman1 ,beekman
 ,prec'nt1 shoemaker2 ,moses ,shearman1 
,beekman ,prec'nt1 laborer2 ,daniel     
,shearman1 ,beekman ,prec'nt1 laborer2  
,joseph ,doty1 ,beekman ,prec'nt1       
blacksmith2 ,john ,wing1 ,beekman       
,prec'nt1 farmer2 ,zebulon ,ferris      
7,oblong71 ,beekman ,prec'nt1 farmer2   
,joseph ,smith1 son of ,rich'd1 ,beekman

 ,prec'nt1 laborer2 ,robert ,whiteley1  
,beekman ,prec'nt1 farmer2 ,elijah      
,doty1 ,oblong ,house1 carpenter2       
,philip ,allen1 ,oblong1 weaver2        
,richard ,smith1 ,oblong1 farmer2 ,james
 ,aiken1 ,oblong1 blacksmith2 ,abrah'm  
,chase1 son of ,henry1 ,oblong1 farmer2 
,david ,hoeg1 ,oblong1 ----2 ,john      
,hoeg1 ,oblong1 farmer2 ,jonathan ,hoeg1
 ,oblong1 blacksmith2 ,amos ,hoeg1 son  
of ,john1 ,oblong1 laborer2 ,william    
,hoeg1 son of ,david1 ,oblong1 farmer2  
,john ,hoeg1 son of ,john1 ,oblong1     
farmer2 ,ezekiel ,hoeg1 ,oblong1        
laborer2 ,judah ,smith1 ,oblong1 tailor2
 ,matthew ,wing1 ,oblong1 ----2 ,timothy
 ,dakin1 ,oblong1 farmer2 ,jonathan     
,dakin1 ,oblong1 laborer2 ,samuel       
,russell1 ,oblong1 laborer2 ,john ,fish1
 ,oblong1 farmer2 ,reed ,ferris1        
,oblong1 shoemaker2 ,benjamin ,ferris1  
,junr41 ,oblong1 laborer2 ,joseph ,akin1
 ,oblong1 blacksmith2 ,israel ,howland1 
,oblong1 farmer2 ,elisha ,akin1 ,oblong1
 farmer2 ,isaac ,haviland1 ,oblong1     

blacksmith2 ,nathan ,soule1 son of      
,george1 ,oblong1 farmer2 ,james        
,birdsall1 ,oblong1 laborer2 ,daniel    
,chase1 ,oblong1 farmer2 ,silas         
,mossher1 ,oswego in ,beekman ,prec't1  
farmer2 ,william ,mosher1 ,oswego in    
,beekman ,prec't1 farmer2 ,silvester    
,richmond1 ,oswego in ,beekman ,prec't1 
farmer2 ,jesse ,irish1 ,oswego in       
,beekman ,prec't1 farmer2 ,david ,irish1
 ,oswego in ,beekman ,prec't1 farmer2   
,william ,irish1 ,oswego in ,beekman    
,prec't1 farmer2 ,josiah ,bull1 ,oswego 
in ,beekman ,prec't1 farmer2 ,josiah    
,bull1 ,junr41 ,oswego in ,beekman      
,prec't1 farmer2 ,allen ,moore1 ,oswego 
in ,beekman ,prec't1 farmer2 ,andrew    
,moore1 ,oswego in ,beekman ,prec't1    
farmer2 ,william ,gifford1 ,oswego in   
,beekman ,prec't1 farmer2 ,nathaniel    
,yeomans1 ,oswego in ,beekman ,prec't1  
farmer2 ,eliab ,yeomans1 ,oswego in     
,beekman ,prec't1 farmer2 ,william      
,parks1 ,oswego in ,beekman ,prec't1    
farmer4  ,this list mentions six        

occupations3 the farmer1 blacksmith1    
tailor1 shoemaker1 carpenter and        
laborer4 ,with these six a frontier     
community could live1 for every man of  
them was a potential butcher1 tanner1   
trader4 ,there is record of others in   
later years1 when the communal life had 
become differentiated4 ,there were at   
various times in the ,quaker century    
stores at four places on the ,hill4 ,the
 ,merritt store1 at ,site #bh1 descended
 to the sons of ,daniel ,merritt1 and   
finally to ,james ,craft4 ,there was a  
store in ,deuell ,hollow1 kept by       
,benjamin and ,silas ,deuell for several
 years4 ,there is extant one bill of    
merchandise purchased by them of ,edward
 and ,william ,laight1 merchants of ,new
 ,york1 the amount being #bjj and the   
date ,feb4 #be1 #aghe4 ,the ,akin stores
 at ,sites #dg and #df1 were kept by    
,daniel and ,albro ,akin1 and the store 
at ,site #ec1 by ,john ,toffey4 ,these  
stores during the period of the ,quaker 
community were in trade largely by      

barter1 taking all the commodities the  
farmer had beyond his immediate use1 and
 selling sugar1 coffee1 cloth and other 
commodities which after #ahae1 as will  
be shown later1 rapidly increased in    
number and in quantity4 ,the use of     
money increased at the same period4 ,the
 phrase still lingers in ,quaker ,hill  
speech3 ,i am going to the store to do  
some trading1 though the milk farmer has
 engaged in no barter for fifty years4  
,in the culminating period of the       
,quaker ,community1 which followed the  
,revolutionary ,war1 the following were 
some of the occupations practiced on the
 ,hill1 the record or remembrance of    
which is preserved3#h  ,abram ,thomas   
was a blacksmith1 at ,site #ad1i and is 
said to have made the nails used in     
building the ,meeting ,house4 ,george   
,kirby1 at ,site #ii-a_/b1 had a        
blacksmith shop2 there was another at   
,site x#ajj1 now abandoned on ,burch    
,hill1 kept by ,joel ,winter ,church1   
where ,washington's charger was shod1   

and the bill was paid at the close of   
the war4  ,but the most notable smithy  
was at ,site #da1 where now stands one  
of the oldest houses on the ,hill4 ,here
 ,davis ,marsh wrought in iron1 and the 
sound of his trip-hammer audible for    
miles smote its own remembered          
impression upon the ears of those       
ancient generations4 ,doubtless the     
favored location of ,marsh's shop in the
 neighborhood most central1 as is shown 
in ,chapter ,,iii1 ,part ,,iii1 gave it 
greater use4 ,there was at one time a   
forge in the ,glen at ,site #ff1 to     
which magnetic ore was hauled from      
,brewster to be worked4  ,a smith shop  
is also noted on ,erskine's map for     
,washington in #aggh at ,site x#aaa4    
,the most important manufacturing       
business of the community1 however1 was 
the wagon-worker's shop at ,site #de1   
kept by ,hiram ,sherman4 ,under the     
general title of wagon maker he         
manufactured all movables in wood and   
iron1 from fancy wagons to coffins4     

,other trades were of increasing variety
 as the century of isolation proceeded4 
,shoemakers went from house to house to 
make shoes for the family1 of the       
leather from the backs of the farmer's  
own cattle1 tanned on the farm or not   
far away4 ,reed ,ferris was a shoemaker1
 in whose residence at ,site #ii        
,washington was entertained in          
,september1 #aggh1 until he took up     
,headquarters at ,john ,kane's4 ,stephen
 ,riggs was a shoemaker4 ,three         
tanneries were maintained on the ,hill  
in the bloom of the ,quaker community by
 ,ransom ,aldrich about ,site #ac2 ,amos
 ,asborn1 at ,site x#ba1 who also made  
pottery there2 and ,isaac ,ingersoll1 at
 ,site #acd4  ,albro ,akin had a sawmill
 in the ,glen1 and a gristmill was also 
located there in an early period4       
,william ,taber had a gristmill and also
 a cloth mill1 consisting of carding    
machine1 fulling mill1 and apparatus for
 pressing1 coloring and dressing cloth4 
,john ,toffey1 at ,site #ec1 and ,joseph

 ,seeley1 at ,site #ae1 and some of the 
,arnolds1 near ,site #ab1 were hatters4 
,jephtha ,sabin1 at ,site #gd1 and      
,joseph ,hungerford were saddlers and   
harnessmakers4  ,every farmer and indeed
 every householder raised hogs4 ,pork   
was salted1 as it is to-day1 for winter 
use1 in barrels of brine4 ,hogs also    
were extensively raised and butchered   
for market1 at a year and a half old1   
the meat being taken to ,poughkeepsie by
 wagon1 and thence to ,new ,york4 ,many 
who raised more pork than their own use 
demanded exchanged it at the stores4    
,fields of peas were raised to feed the 
hogs4  ,sheep also were raised for their
 wool2 their meat afforded an acceptable
 variety in farmer's fare and their     
hides had many uses4 ,david ,irish1     
,daniel and ,david ,merritt1 ,jonathan  
,a4 ,taber and ,george ,p4 ,taber were  
farmers whose product of wool was       
notably fine and abundant4 ,jonathan    
,akin ,taber kept about eleven hundred  
sheep1 some merino and some saxony4     

,butter and cheese making were an       
important part of the business and      
income of the farmer's family1 the      
butter being packed and sent weekly to  
the ,hudson ,river boats for ,new ,york 
markets1 or to ,bridgeport or ,new      
,haven--a two-days' journey in either   
case4 ,the cheese was ripened1 or cured1
 being rubbed and turned every day1 and 
kept until the dealers came around to   
inspect and purchase4 ,on every farm was
 kept a flock of geese1 which were      
picked once in six weeks to keep up the 
supply of feather beds and to furnish   
the requisite number for the outfit of  
each daughter of the family4  ,in the   
year #agfg1 ,oblong ,meeting took action
 which resulted1 after seven years of   
agitation1 in the clear declaration by  
the ,yearly ,meeting of ,new ,york1     
earliest of such acts1 in favor of the  
freeing of slaves4 ,this was one hundred
 years before the ,emancipation         
,proclamation4  ,wilson's ,rise and     
,fall of the ,slave ,power in ,america  

says that ,members of the ,society of   
,friends took the lead in the opposition
 to slavery4 ,there had been action     
taken in #afhh by a small body of       
,germantown ,quakers1 in the form of a  
petition to their ,yearly ,meeting      
against buying1 selling and holding men 
in slavery4 ,but to this the ,yearly    
,meeting1 after eight years of delay1   
replied only that the members should    
discourage the introduction of slavery1 
and be careful of the moral and         
intellectual training of such as they   
held in servitude4  ,meantime the       
,quaker ,meetings on ,long ,island1 in  
,new ,york and ,philadelphia took action
 recognizing slavery1 with only a       
gradual tendency to regard the          
institution of slavery with disfavor4   
,now the time had come for putting the  
denomination in array against the       
institution4  ,there was a preacher of  
the ,quakers who traveled much from     
#agdf to #agfg through the colonies1    
proclaiming that the practice of        

continuing slavery is not right2 and    
that liberty is the natural right       
equally of all men4 ,in the last year of
 his propaganda occurred the event      
notable in local history4 ,this was     
thirteen years before the action of the 
,state of ,pennsylvania1 which initiated
 the lawmaking for emancipation among   
the northern colonies4 ,it was twenty   
years before ,wilberforce took the first
 step in ,england against the           
slave-trade4 ,the record of this action 
is as follows3  ,at a 7,yearly7 ,meeting
 at the ,meeting ,house at ,flushing the
 #cjth day of the #eth month1 #agfg1 a  
,querie from the ,quarterly ,meeting of 
the ,oblong in ,relation to buying and  
,selling ,negroes was ,read in this     
meeting and it was concluded to be left 
for consideration on the minds of       
friends until the ,next ,yearly         
,meeting4 ,the ,query is as follows3 ,it
 is not consistent with ,christianity to
 buy and ,sell our ,fellowmen for       
,slaves during their ,lives1  their     

,posterities after them1 then whether it
 is consistent with a ,christian ,spirit
 to keep those in ,slavery that we have 
already in possession by ,purchase1     
,gift or any otherways4  ,the year      
after1 not without due hesitation1 a    
committee was appointed which drew an   
,essay on that subject which was read   
and approved and is as follows3 ,we are 
of the mind that it is not convenient   
7considering the circumstances of things
 amongst us7 to give an ,answer to this 
,querie1 at least at this time1 as the  
answering of it in direct terms         
manifestly tends to cause divisions and 
may ,introduce heart burnings and       
,strife amongst us1 which ought to be   
,avoided1 and ,charity exercised1 and   
persuasive methods pursued and that     
which makes for peace4 ,we are however  
fully of the mind that ,negroes as      
,rational ,creatures are by nature born 
free1 and where the way opens liberty   
ought to be extended to them1 and they  
not held in ,bondage for ,self ends4    

,but to turn them out at large          
,indiscriminately--which seems to be the
 tendency of the ,querie1 will1 we      
,apprehend1 be attended with great      
,inconveniency1 as some are too young   
and some too old to obtain a livelihood 
for themselves4  ,here1 then1 is the    
first action in a legislative body in   
,new ,york ,state1 upon the freeing of  
slaves4 ,the ,querie from ,oblong had   
secured a clear deliverance in favor of 
the essential right of the negro as a   
man1 in favor of his being freed where  
the way opened1 and against the holding 
of man for the service of another4 ,the 
only hesitation of the meeting was      
frankly stated2 emancipation was not to 
be pushed to the point of division among
 ,christians1 and was not to be         
accomplished to the impoverishment of   
the negro4  ,yet if this action seems to
 any one like trimming1 it was followed 
by other deliverances increasingly clear
 and emphatic4 ,three years later       
,friends were forbidden to sell their   

slaves1 except under conditions         
controlled by the ,meeting4 ,throughout 
the communities of ,friends the         
agitation was being carried on1 and the 
meetings were anxious to purge          
themselves of the evil4  ,finally in    
#agge came the clear utterance of the   
,yearly ,meeting in favor of            
emancipation without conditions3 it     
being our solid judgment that all in    
profession with us who hold ,negroes    
ought to restore to them their natural  
right to liberty as soon as they arrive 
at a suitable age for freedom4 ,at this 
meeting the ,oblong was represented by  
,joseph ,irish1 ,abner ,hoag and ,paul  
,osborn4  ,it only remains to picture   
the rest of the process by which slavery
 was purged away on ,quaker ,hill4 ,in  
#agge the practice of buying and selling
 slaves had come to an end1 and no      
public abuse was noted by the ,meeting  
in the treatment accorded to slaves by  
their masters4 ,the next year there was 
but one slave owned by a member of the  

,meeting2 and the day he was freed in   
the fall of #aggg was counted by the    
,meeting so notable that the clerk was  
directed to make a minute of the event4 
,the owner had been ,samuel ,field1 and 
the slave was called ,philips4 ,another 
manumission in #aggi is recorded1 but it
 was doubtless in the case of a new     
resident of the ,hill1 for it is        
recorded without signs of the joy       
exhibited in the freedom of ,philips4   
,in the years #aghb-c the final act in  
emancipating the local slaves was taken1
 in the investigation by a committee of 
the ,meeting into the condition of the  
freed slaves1 and the obligations of    
their old masters to them4 ,it was not  
very cordially received at first1 but in
 the third year of the life and labors  
of the committee it was reported by them
 that the negroes appear to be satisfied
 without further settlement4 ,so the    
first ,american community to free       
herself from slavery required but       
sixteen years of agitation fully to     

complete the process4   #h ,see ,some   
,glimpses of the ,past1 by ,alicia      
,hopkins ,taber1 #aijf2 ,quaker ,hill   
,series4  #i ,see ,map ,,ii4            
,,chapter ,v4  ,,amusements ,,in ,,the  
,,quaker ,,community4   ,the ,quaker    
community had little time for           
amusements1 and less patience4 ,the     
discipline of the ,meeting levelled its 
guns at the play spirit1 and for a      
century men were threatened1 visited1   
disowned if necessary1 for going to     
frollicks1 and going to places of       
amusement4 ,the ,meeting ,house records 
leave no room for doubt as to the       
opinion held by the ,society of ,friends
 upon the matter of play4  ,an account  
is given elsewhere of the discipline of 
the ,meeting in its struggle against    
immorality and frollicking4 ,the        
following quotation from ,james ,woods' 
,the ,purchase ,meeting1 vividly depicts
 the confused elements of the social    
life of that time3 ,on great occasions  
such as the holding of a ,quarterly     

,meeting1 the population turned out en  
masse4 ,piety and worldliness both      
observed the day4 ,the latter class     
gathered about the meeting house1 had   
wrestling matches and various athletic  
sports in the neighboring fields1 and   
horse races on the adjacent roads4 ,the 
meetings regularly appointed committees 
as a police force to keep order about   
the meeting house during the time of    
worship and business4  ,the stories told
 by old ,quaker ,hill residents of the  
gatherings about the meeting house1 even
 on ,first ,day1 or ,sunday1 confirm the
 above quotation4 ,the field opposite   
the meeting house1 for years after      
#agfi1 when the earliest meeting house  
was moved away from that site1 was used 
as a burial ground1 and later1 no       
headstones being placed in those early  
days1 as a space for tethering horses4  
,an old resident tells me that crowds of
 men were always about the meeting house
 before and after meeting1 and even     
during meeting1 and that in later years 

the resident of ,site ,no4 #cb1 who     
owned valuable horses1 used to exhibit a
 blooded stallion on a tether1 leading  
him up and down to the admiration of the
 horse-owners present1 and to their     
probable interest4  ,these conditions   
seem to have continued through that     
whole century4 ,the play spirit had no  
permitted or authorized occasions4 ,it  
had to exercise itself with the other   
instincts1 in the common gatherings4 ,it
 was1 as far as we can see1 a time of   
asceticism4 ,men were forbidden rather  
than invited1 in those days4  ,the      
,meeting not only provided no play      
opportunities1 but it forbade the       
attendance of its members upon the      
frollicks1 which then were held1 as     
nowadays they are held1 in the country  
side4 ,a gathering with plenty to eat1  
and in those days a free indulgence in  
drink on the part of the men1 with music
 of the fiddler1 and dancing1 this was a
 frollick--that horror of the meeting   
house elders4 ,indeed1 it was of        

incidental moral detriment2 for it was  
outlawed amusement1 and being under the 
ban1 was controlled by men beyond the   
influence or control of the meeting4    
,the young people of the ,quaker        
families1 and sometimes their elders1   
yielded to the fascinations of these    
gatherings4 ,the unwonted excitement of 
meeting1 the sound of music1 playing    
upon the capacity for motor reactions in
 a people living and laboring outdoors1 
inflamed beyond control by rum and hard 
cider1 soon led to lively1 impulsive    
activities and physical exertions1 both 
in immoderate excess and in disregard of
 all the inhibitions of tradition and of
 conscience4 ,that there was a close    
relation of these frollicks with the    
sexual immorality of the period is      
probable4  ,of more concern to us here  
is the observation1 which is made with  
caution1 that the attitude of the       
community to amusements was not         
conducive to moral betterment1 because  
amusement was not specialized4 ,the     

repression of the play spirit1 offering 
it no occasions1 recognizing no times   
and places as appropriate for it1       
disturbed the equilibrium of life1      
forced the normal animal spirits of the 
population to impulsive and explosive   
expressions and deprived them of the    
regulative control of the community4    
,it is probable that that early period  
had modes of amusement the record of    
which is wholly lost4 ,there are few    
sources existing to inform us of the    
amusements of laboring classes4 ,hints  
occur in such records as that of the    
sale of powder and shot1 of fishhooks   
and a quart of rum1 at the ,merritt     
store1 in #agga1 to the ,vaughns4 ,seven
 years later the ,vaughns were the ,tory
 cowboys1 who robbed the defenceless    
neighborhood1 until their leader was    
killed by ,captain ,pearce1 during the  
,revolution4  ,it is probable that then 
the community wore the aspect which now 
it wears1 of industry without play2 and 
that members went elsewhere for their   

amusement1 the acknowledged leaders in  
which were resident in other            
neighborhoods and communities4  ,the    
recreation of the body of working       
population of the ,hill was incidental  
to the religious assemblies4 ,in these  
meetings they took an intense and a very
 human pleasure4 ,their solitary1       
outdoor labor was performed in an       
intense atmosphere of communal          
interaction4 ,he who raised hogs was to 
sell them1 not to a distant market1 but 
to ,daniel ,merritt1 or ,john ,toffey1  
the storekeepers4 ,he who made shoes    
went from house to house1 full of news1 
always talking1 always hearing4 ,he who 
wove heard not his creaking loom1 but   
the voice of the storekeeper or of the  
neighbor to whom he would sell4 ,the    
cheeses a woman pressed and wiped in a  
morning were to be sold1 not far away to
 persons unseen1 but to neighbors known1
 whose tastes were nicely ascertained   
and regarded4  ,the result was that     
meetings on ,first ,day and ,fourth ,day

 were times of intense pleasure1        
occasions of all-around interest3 not   
mere business interest1 but incidentally
 a large satisfaction of the play       
instinct1 especially for the working and
 mature persons4 ,the young1 too1 had   
their happiness and enjoyment of one    
another in a multitude of ways1 in      
addition to those boisterous games      
described above by ,mr4 ,james ,wood4   
,their intense friendships and lively   
enterprises were probably not so easy to
 confine to the bounds of sober1 staid  
meetings1 but no less did their merry   
good spirits fill those assemblies4 ,the
 galleries of the old ,meeting ,house   
were built in #ahjj for the young1 who  
were expected to sit there during       
meeting4 ,the wooden curtains between   
the men's part and the women's part are 
especially thorough in their exclusion  
of even an eyeshot from one side to the 
other4     ,,chapter ,,vi4  ,,the       
,,ideals ,,of ,,the ,,quakers4   ,in the
 ,introduction to ,professor ,carver's  

,sociology and ,social ,progress is a   
passage of great significance to one who
 would understand ,quaker ,hill1 or     
indeed any community1 especially if it  
be religiously organized4 ,the writer   
refers to3 a most important psychic     
factor1 namely the power of             
idealization4 ,this may be defined1 not 
very accurately1 as the power of making 
believe1 a factor which sociologists    
have scarcely appreciated as yet4 ,we   
have such popular expressions as 'making
 a virtue of necessity1' which indicates
 that there is a certain popular        
appreciation of the real significance of
 this power1 but we have very little in 
the way of a scientific appreciation of 
it4  ,one of the greatest resources of  
the human mind is its ability to        
persuade itself that what is necessary  
is noble or dignified or honorable or   
pleasant4 ,for example1 the greater part
 of the human race has been found to    
live under conditions of almost         
incessant warfare4 ,war being a         

necessity from which there was no       
escape1 it was a great advantage to be  
able to glorify it1 to persuade         
ourselves that it was a noble           
calling--in other words1 a good in      
itself4  ,another example is found in   
the case of work4 ,work is a necessity  
as imperious as war ever was4 ,looked at
 frankly and truthfully1 work is a      
disagreeable necessity and not a good in
 itself4 ,yet by persuading ourselves   
that work is a blessing1 that it is     
dignified and honorable1 our willingness
 to work is materially increased1 and   
therefore the process of adaptation is  
facilitated--in other words1 progress is
 accelerated4 ,among the most effective 
agencies for the promotion of progress1 
therefore1 must be included those which 
stimulate this power of idealization4   
,in short1 he who in any age helps to   
idealize those factors and forces upon  
which the progress of his age depends1  
is perhaps the most useful man1 the most
 powerful agent in the promotion of     

human well-being1 even though from the  
strictly realistic point of view he only
 succeeds in making things appear other 
than they really are4 ,from the         
sociologist's point of view this is the 
mission of art and preaching of all     
kinds4  ,the quotation from ,professor  
,carver bears the impression of         
incompleteness1 or rather of            
suggestiveness4 ,if making a virtue of  
necessity is idealization1 is not       
symbolism also a form of make believe4  
,if the ability to persuade oneself that
 what is necessary is noble or dignified
 or honorable or pleasant1 is exhibited 
on ,quaker ,hill as a most important    
psychic factor1 so is also the          
idealization of the commonplace the     
making believe that peace and plainness1
 that simple1 old-fashioned dress1 and  
seventeenth century forms of speech are 
spiritual and are serviceable to the    
believing mind4 ,the power of           
idealization is nowhere exhibited as a  
social force more clearly than in a     

,quaker community4 ,professor ,carver's 
word1 make believe1 is most accurate4   
,quakers act with all sincerity the     
drama of life1 using costume and        
artificial speech1 and attaching to all 
conduct peculiar mannerisms2 casting    
over all action a special veil of       
complacent serenity2 all which are parts
 in their realization of the ideal of   
life4 ,their fundamental principle is   
that the divine spirit dwells and acts  
in the heart of every man2 not in a     
chosen few1 not in the elect only1 but  
in all hearts4 ,quaker ,hill to this day
 acts this out1 in that every person in 
the community is known1 thought upon1   
reckoned and estimated by every other4  
,towns on either side have a neglected  
population area1 but ,quaker ,hill has  
none4 ,pawling in its other             
neighborhoods has forgotten roads1      
despised cabins1 in which dwell persons 
for whom nobody cares1 drunkards1       
ill-doers1 whom others forget and       
ignore4 ,quaker ,hill ignores no one4   

,there are1 indeed1 rich and poor1 but  
the former employ the latter1 know their
 state1 enjoy their peculiarities1      
relish their humor4 ,it has apparently  
always been so4 ,elsewhere ,i have      
described the measures taken by popular 
subscription to replace the losses      
suffered by the humbler members of the  
community1 in the tools of life 7see    
,chapter ,,vii74 ,it need not be said   
that the poorer members bear the rich in
 mind4 ,every person resident on the    
,hill has come to partake in this sense 
of the community1 this practice of new  
,quakerism4 ,no one is out of sight and 
yet there is no dream of equality behind
 this communal sense4 ,it is as far from
 a communistic1 as from a charitable    
state of mind4 ,it is the result of     
years of belief in common men and common
 things4  ,this make believe that       
commonplace things are the spiritual    
things was a corollary of ,george ,fox's
 life as much as of his doctrine4 ,he   
opposed pomp and ritual1 salaried       

priests1 ordinations and consecrations2 
he disbelieved in the imposition of     
hands4 ,his followers therefore went so 
far as to find in plainness a new       
sanctity4 ,they adapted at once the     
plain garb of the period of ,william    
,penn and ,robert ,barclay1 and the     
generations of men who followed felt    
themselves morally bettered by a drab   
coat and breeches1 a white neck-cloth1  
and a broad-brimmed brown hat2 the women
 by dresses of simple lines1 low tones  
of color1 bonnets of peculiar shape1    
shielding the eyes on either side4  ,of 
course in time this exceptional garb by 
its uniqueness defeated the very desire 
,george ,fox had for plainness4 ,it was 
not commonplace but extraordinary4 ,roby
 ,osborn's garb is thus described by her
 biographer3 ,her wedding gown was a    
thick1 lustreless silk1 of a delightful 
yellowish olive1 her bonnet white4      
,beneath it her dark hair was smoothly  
banded1 and from its demure shelter her 
eyes looked gravely out4 ,her vest was a

 fine tawny brown1 of a sprigged        
pattern1 both gown and vest as          
artistically harmonious as the product  
of an ,eastern loom4 ,pieces of both    
were sewn into a patchwork quilt1 now a 
family heirloom4#aj  ,for more than a   
century now plainness in dress has been 
extravagance in dress4 ,a proper ,quaker
 hat for man or woman costs twice or    
thrice what plain people of the same    
station in life would pay4 ,but be it   
so4 ,in its day1 which is now gone--for 
only one person now wears plain dress on
 ,quaker ,hill--it was a true expression
 of the make believe of sanctity in     
plainness4 ,the quiet colors1 the       
prescribed unworldliness involved a     
daily discipline1 and infused into the  
wearer an emotional experience which    
mere economy and real commonness would  
never so continuously have effected4    
,the plain speech has the same effect4  
,it is part of the same dramatic        
celebration of an ideal4 ,it is a use of
 quaint and antique forms1 not          

grammatically correct nor scriptural1 in
 which thee takes the place of thou and 
you in the singular1 both in the        
nominative and objective cases4 ,it is  
not used with the forms of the verb of  
solemn style1 but with common forms1 as 
thee has instead of thou hast4 ,another 
element of the plain speech is the use  
of such terms as farewell for good      
day--which is declared to be untruthful 
on bad days6 ,the ,quakers also address 
one another by their first names1 and   
the old-fashioned ,friends addressed    
everybody so1 refusing to use such      
titles as ,mr41 ,mrs41 or ,miss4  ,of   
late years the younger members of the   
,meeting1 while maintaining their       
standing there1 have used with persons  
not in the ,meeting the ordinary forms  
of speech1 as they have refused to      
assume the ,quaker plain garb4 ,with    
fellow-,quakers and with members of     
their own families they say thee4       
,before the period of the mixed         
community this power of idealization1 of

 making believe1 had wrought its        
greatest effects1 but it still has full 
course and power without the highest    
direction4 ,the minds of the residents  
of the ,hill are very suggestible2 but  
the persons who have the power to       
implant the suggestion are no longer    
inspired as of old1 with a sublime and  
unearthly ideal4 ,they are only animated
 with an economic one4 ,but the result  
is the same4 ,it is social1 rather than 
religious4 ,it was one thing for the    
early ,friends to cement together a     
community through the feeling that in   
every man was the ,spirit of ,god4 ,a   
wonderful appetite was that for the     
assimilation of new members coming into 
the community4 ,it was a doctrine that  
made all the children birthright members
 of the ,meeting and so of the          
community4  ,but in our later time1     
between #ahie and #aije1 this power of  
making believe had suffered the strain  
of a division of the meeting4 ,it was   
harder to believe that the ,spirit of   

,god was in all men1 when half the      
community was set off as unorthodox4 ,it
 had suffered the strain of seeing the  
wide social difference caused by money4 
,yet it bravely played the game4        
,children are not more adapt at making  
believe than were these old ,friends4   
,they deceived even themselves2 and     
their pretending assimilated into the   
communal life every newcomer4 ,for it   
created underneath all differences a    
sense of oneness2 it kept alive1 in all 
divisions1 many of the operations of    
unity4 ,it compelled strangers and      
doctrinal enemies to make believe to be 
friends4  ,i find it difficult to       
describe this elusive force of the      
communal spirit in the place1 just as   
the communal character of the place is  
itself evanescent1 while always         
powerful4 ,i know clearly only this1    
that it proceeded1 and still on ,quaker 
,hill proceeds from the old religious   
inheritance1 and from the present       
religious character of the place2 that  

it tends directly to the creation of the
 community of all men1 of all different 
groups1 and that it is ready at hand at 
all time1 to be called to the assistance
 of anyone who knows how to appeal to   
that communal unity2 and that it is a   
power of idealization1 meaning by that a
 power of making believe4 ,in this      
power1 ,i recognize this community as   
being more expert and better versed than
 any ,i have ever known4  ,the dramatic 
expression of an ideal has had great    
social power4 ,upon the casual observer 
or visitor it has wrought with the      
effect of a charm to impress upon them  
in a subtle way the ideal of ,quakerism4
 ,expressed in words1 it would have no  
interest3 acted out so quaintly1 it     
awakens admiration1 interest1 and       
imitation1 not of the forms1 but always 
in some degree of the substance of the  
,quaker ideal4  ,thus the ,quaker ideal 
has given authority to the ,friends1    
especially to the older and more        
conservative of them2 has furnished a   

subtle machinery for assimilating new   
members into the community and thus has 
been an organizing power4   #aj ,richard
 ,osborn--a ,reminiscence1 by ,margaret 
,b4 ,monahan2 ,quaker ,hill ,series1    
#aijc4     ,,chapter ,,vii4  ,,morals   
,,of ,,the ,,quaker ,,community4   ,from
 the first the members found themselves 
subjected to a clear1 simple standard of
 morals4 ,its dominion was unbroken for 
one hundred years1 and came to an end   
with the ,division of the ,meeting2     
though that event was a result as much  
as a cause of its termination4 ,for one 
hundred years a local ethical code      
prevailed4 ,while they lived apart the  
,quakers in their community life        
rejoiced in the unbroken sway of a      
communal code of morals1 the obedience  
to which made for survival and economic 
success4 ,when1 with better roads to    
,poughkeepsie and to ,fredericksburgh1  
newcomers began to invade the community2
 when in #ahdi the railroad came to the 
neighborhood1 immersing the ,quakers in 

the world economy1 the ,quaker code was 
insufficient1 retarded rather than      
assisted survival1 and rather forbade   
than encouraged success4 ,it therefore  
lost its force4 ,only in a few          
individuals has it survived4  ,the      
residents of the ,hill1 from their      
earliest settlement in #agbh to the time
 of the ,division in #ahbh1 knew no     
other government than that of the       
,meeting4 ,they accepted no other       
authority1 hoped for public good through
 no other agency1 even read no other    
literature1 than that of the ,quaker    
,monthly ,meeting of the ,oblong4 ,the  
religious ,meeting ,house was also the  
,city ,hall1 ,state ,house1 and         
,legislature for the patriotism1 as it  
was the focus of the worship and        
doctrinal activity of this population4  
,this cannot be stated too strongly1 for
 there was no limit to its effect4 ,it  
explains many things otherwise diverse  
and unexplained4  ,during all the       
periods of war the ,quakers showed their

 separateness by refusing to pay taxes1 
lest they contribute to the support of  
armies4 ,in the ,revolution1 the        
,meeting exercised unflinching          
discipline1 for the purpose of keeping  
members out of the patriot armies1 and  
punished with equal vigor those who paid
 for the privilege of exemption from    
military duty and those who enlisted in 
the ranks4 ,in every act of the         
discipline of the ,quaker ,community    
appears the purpose of the ,meeting1    
namely1 to keep its members to itself   
and away from all other moral and       
spiritual control4 ,this will appear in 
definite illustrations below4  ,the     
standard of morals which the ,meeting   
thus upheld with jealous care was a     
simple one1 and logically derived from  
the distinctive doctrine of the ,society
 of ,friends4 ,that the ,spirit of ,god 
dwells in every man was their belief1#aa
 and from #afej1 when ,fox was called a 
,quaker before ,justice ,bennett at     
,derby1 ,england1 to the ,division in   

#ahcj1 they applied this doctrine in    
practical1 rather than in metaphysical  
ways4 ,they were a moral1 rather than a 
theological people4 ,it will appear in  
this chapter that only when the moral   
grip of the ,meeting was broken in a    
division did doctrinal questions come to
 discussion on the ,hill4  ,the moral   
bearing of the one cardinal doctrine of 
,quakerism is well expressed in the     
following quotation from a ,friend      
qualified to speak with authority3  ,the
 ,friends have been consistent in all   
their peculiarities with one central    
principle1 the presence and inspiration 
of the ,divine ,spirit in the human     
soul4 ,this has been the reason for     
their opposition to slavery4 ,they felt1
 ,you cannot hold in slavery ,,god6 ,and
 ,god is in this black man's life1      
therefore you cannot enslave ,god in    
him4 ,so you must not inflict capital   
punishment upon this man in whom is     
,god4  ,the same argument dignified     
woman1 who was made the equal of man4   

,the same argument applies to the       
impossibility of war4 ,you cannot think 
of ,god fighting against ,god4 ,the     
,quaker had no sentimental idea of      
suffering2 but he believed that you     
cannot take life1 in which is ,god4     
,the same argument applied to weights   
and measures2 the ,quakers early        
demanded that they be officially sealed4
 ,so they believed in only one standard 
of truth1 rather than one for           
conversation and one for a court of     
justice4 ,no oaths were necessary for   
those who spoke for ,god all the        
time4#ab  ,in this belief one sees the  
principle on which were selected the    
reforms in which the ,quaker ,preacher  
was interested4 ,he appears to have had 
444 his mind strongly influenced to an  
active protest against the evils of     
slavery1 war1 capital punishment and    
intemperance4#ac ,each of these reforms 
was inspired by reverence for human     
life1 which was thought to be desecrated
 or abused4  ,this simple code expressed

 itself in abstinence from practices    
believed to defile the body4 ,members of
 the ,meeting early adopted a strict    
rule against the use of intoxicating    
liquors4 ,it is said of the ancestors of
 ,richard ,osborn that3 ,of these six   
generations not a man has ever been     
known to use spirituous liquors1 or     
tobacco1 to indulge in profanity1 or to 
be guilty of a dishonest action4#ad  ,a 
sense of personal degradation underlay  
their opposition to poverty among       
members4 ,there is record of an order of
 the ,meeting1 in #agge1 for the        
purchase of a cow to loan to ,joseph    
----4 ,the practice thus early observed 
has since then been unbroken4 ,the      
member of the community who comes to    
want is at this day taken care of by    
popular subscription4 ,through the early
 century the ,meeting accomplished this 
end1 sometimes by formal1 sometimes by  
informal methods4 ,in the later years of
 the nineteenth century it was          
accomplished by special funds to which  

everybody gave4 ,thus simply was poverty
 forestalled4 ,the family assisted soon 
came to self-support again4 ,no debt was
 incurred1 and no obligation remained to
 be discharged2 but every member of the 
,meeting and of the community felt      
obliged to give and was glad to give to 
this anti-poverty fund4 ,the basis of it
 seems to have been respect for human   
embodiments of the ,divine ,spirit4     
,this ideal of personality1 divinely    
indwelt1 created a sense of personal    
duty1 even in opposition to all men4 ,in
 the years of anti-slavery agitation    
,david ,irish and his sister made their 
protest against slavery by abstaining as
 far as possible from slave-made        
products2 and together they made maple1 
to take the place of cane sugar1 and    
used nothing but linen and woolen       
clothing 7largely homespun74#ae ,this   
later ,quaker1 possessed of the spirit  
of the community of his fathers1 shows  
his inner conflict with the ideals of a 
competitive age in the expression so far

 as possible4 ,it was not as practicable
 in #ahee to abstain from slave-made    
products1 as it would have been in the  
year #agee4  ,the hospitality of the    
neighborhood expressed this simple code4
 ,it was the custom to entertain the    
traveler in any house to which he might 
come4 ,it would have been wrong to      
exclude him2 he was welcomed with a     
dignified and formal respect by these   
old ,friends1 because entertainment of  
guests in those days was a vital        
reality1 as well as a religious         
practice4 ,these settlers in the wild   
forests believed that in every wayfarer 
was a divine voice1 a possible message  
from heaven4 ,they also treated every   
traveler as a possible object of their  
preachments1 and spared not to testify  
to him of their peculiar beliefs and    
leadings4 ,it was the ,friends' method  
of propagating their gospel to send men 
and women on journeys1 without pay1 to  
distant states and provinces4 ,this     
religious touring was not peculiar to   

them1 but it was made by them an        
official agency of great power in       
evangelizing the ,colonies4  ,as an     
itinerant ,friend1 ,woolman1 the        
anti-slavery apostle1 came to the ,hill 
in #agf-4 ,so ,paul ,osborn joined      
himself to a party of ,friends          
travelling on truth's account1 and with 
them visited the ,carolinas1 in the     
years before the ,revolution4 ,the same 
pioneer left in his will directions for 
the entertainment of such travellers    
upon his estate forever4#af  ,this      
religious itinerating was a part of the 
economic life of those days as well2 for
 the ,friends never separated the one   
from the other4 ,wherever they went they
 testified1 and to every place they came
 with shrewd appreciation of its value  
as a place of settlement4 ,says ,james  
,wood3 ,each ,quaker home as it was     
settled became a resting-place for those
 who followed1 for it was a cardinal    
principle of ,quaker hospitality to keep
 open house for all fellow-members1     

under all circumstances4#ag  ,the       
development of the hospitality that was 
a part of the religion of the ,quakers  
would be itself a sufficient study4 ,it 
has furnished some of the most          
interesting chapters of the history of  
the ,hill4 ,it is now completely        
transformed1 through the pressure of    
competitive economic life2 and1 with    
undiminished activities1 has become a   
means of revenue in the keeping of      
boarders4 ,seven of the old ,quaker     
homes1 in the period of the ,mixed      
,community1 took on the aspect of small 
hotels4 ,for this business the ,quakers 
have a preparation in their history and 
traditions4 ,they have an inbred genius 
for hospitality4 ,they have also a      
thrift and capacity for management which
 have made their efforts successful4    
,one is impressed in their houses by a  
union of abundance with economy1        
impossible to imitate4  ,like other     
,american pioneer neighborhoods1 of a   
religious type1 the ,quaker community at

 ,oblong had a history in the matter of 
sexual morality4 ,the relations of the  
sexes offered to the ,friends a field in
 which their favorite doctrine of the   
indwelling divine spirit produced moral 
harvests4 ,the records of ,oblong       
,meeting are filled with cases of moral 
discipline4 ,there is scarcely a meeting
 in whose minutes some case is not      
mentioned1 either its initial1          
intermediate or final stages4 ,no family
 was exempt from this experience4 ,the  
best families furnished the culprits as 
often as they supplied the committees to
 investigate and to condemn4  ,the      
regular method of procedure in marriage 
will best exhibit the moral standards of
 the time4 ,when a couple would marry1  
they indicated to the ,meeting their    
intention2 and a committee was at once  
appointed to investigate their          
clearness4 ,that is1 these two must be  
free of other engagements1 and must be  
free of debt or other incumbrance of    
such sort as would render marriage      

impossible or unadvisable4 ,at the next 
monthly meeting the report of the       
committee advanced the case one stage2  
and if they were found clear of all     
others1 another committee was appointed 
to see that the marriage was orderly    
performed4  ,the parties on the day set 
appeared before the ,meeting1#ah and in 
its regular course1 stood up and said   
the words of mutual agreement which made
 them man and wife4 ,a certificate was  
used1 and to it the guests signed their 
names4 ,but no minister had official    
part in the ceremony4 ,it was their     
belief1 to which they adhered with      
logical strictness1 that the divine     
spirit in each of the parties to a      
marriage made it sacred1 and that in    
marrying they spoke the will of the     
,spirit4  ,entire continence was        
expected of every unmarried person1 and 
the strictest marital faithfulness of   
man and wife1 because of the sacredness 
of personal life4 ,but in a pioneer     
society1 through those rough early      

decades1 when for long times war was    
disturbing the serenity of social life1 
the conduct of men and women1 not       
mindful of propriety1 was determined by 
the strong1 masterful passions of an out
 of door people4 ,besides1 the          
government of the ,meeting was contrary 
to the general opinion of the           
countryside1 and the ,meeting ,house    
members were immersed in a population   
whose standards were looser1 as well as 
sanctioned by authorities not recognized
 by the ,meeting4 ,the result was that  
in the first century of the ,hill1      
#agbh-ahbh1 there were many instances of
 sexual immorality1 many accusations of 
married persons untrue to their vows1   
and a resulting attention of the whole  
community to this theme which we do not 
know to-day4 ,frankness of discussion of
 these matters prevailed4 ,the          
punishments inflicted1 the public       
confessions demanded1 the condemnation  
of specific and detailed offences read  
from the steps of the ,meeting ,houses1 

were all as far from present day        
approval as the offences themselves from
 modern experience4 ,the writer is sure 
that1 comparing the records of the      
,quaker ,community with his own         
knowledge of the annals of the ,mixed   
,community1 there were more offences of 
this kind considered by the ,monthly    
,meeting of ,oblong in any one year1    
#agbh-ahbh1 than were publicly known in 
a population of the same extent in the  
ten years #ahij-aijj4 ,the commonest of 
these offences were simple cases of     
illicit relations between unmarried     
persons1 or between persons1 one of whom
 was married2 the offence often being   
associated in the minds of the accusers 
with going to frollicks4 ,in these1 as  
in all cases1 the ,meeting received the 
complaint and appointed a committee to  
investigate and to labor with the       
accused4 ,on receiving its report1 if   
guilt was evidenced1 the ,meeting       
pressed the matter1 often increasing the
 size of the committee4 ,it always      

demanded an expression of repentance1   
and the restoration of right conduct1   
without which no satisfaction was to be 
had4 ,if the accused persons1 being     
found guilty1 did not repent1 they were 
in the end disowned4 ,the disownment by 
the ,meeting was a serious penalty4 ,it 
diminished a man's business             
opportunities1 it shut the door of      
social life to him1 and it effectually  
forbade his marriage within the         
,meeting4  ,its power is shown in a     
number of cases recorded in the minutes1
 in which the ban of the ,meeting had   
been laid upon some one1 who was        
compelled later to come to the ,meeting1
 make a tardy acknowledgement1 and be   
restored1 before he could proceed freely
 in some of the communal activities     
controlled by the ,meeting4 ,often the  
committee appointed by the ,meeting     
reported that they were not satisfied   
with the repentance offered1 seeing in  
it evidently more of policy than        
penitence4 ,usually they received1 in   

later visitations of the accused1       
sufficient tokens of submission1 and the
 ,meeting was satisfied2 but not always4
  ,the most curious instance of the     
working out of this control exercised by
 the ,meeting1 especially over the      
sexual relations1 is in the marriage of 
,joseph ---- with ,elizabeth ----4 ,the 
first act in the little drama was the   
formal written statement of ,joseph that
 he was sorry for having been familiar  
with his wife before his marriage to    
her4 ,the ,monthly ,meeting appointed a 
committee1 as usual1 after making record
 of this acknowledgment4 ,after a month 
the committee reported that they had    
visited ,joseph1 and found his          
repentance sincere2 and another         
committee was appointed to draw up a    
testimony against his former misconduct1
 to which ,joseph was required to       
subscribe2 and in a later month to hear 
it read from the steps of the           
,preparative ,meeting in the            
neighborhood where he lived--or perhaps 

in that in which the offence was best   
known4 ,after this had all been done1   
with patient detail1 and reported and   
recorded1 a further month elapsed1 and  
then announcement was made at the       
,meeting of the intention of ,joseph and
 ,elizabeth to marry4 ,the reader is    
astonished1 thinking that ,joseph has   
already evidenced his loyalty to his    
wife4 ,a closer re-reading of the stages
 of the incident shows that the wife    
mentioned in the original offence was   
now dead2 but that the offence was not  
dead4 ,joseph had to be restored to the 
,meeting before he could marry          
,elizabeth1 who was very evidently a    
devoted member4 ,to win his new wife1 he
 had to make acknowledgment of the      
offence which preceded his former       
marriage4  ,this incident illustrates   
the whole attitude of that community    
toward these moralities4 ,they were     
thought to be defilements of the body1  
the temple of ,god4 ,no change of       
outward condition could eliminate the   

offence1 which must be wiped out by     
repentance1 public acknowledgment and   
formal restoration4  ,it is evident from
 the foregoing that the ,meeting        
maintained control over the community1  
at least of its own members1 by         
possessing an effective power to approve
 or to disapprove of the economic and   
the marital condition of each           
individual4  ,the code of morals        
practiced in this community required    
strict business honesty4 ,the ,quaker   
has moral discretion in economic        
affairs4 ,he expects to get what he pays
 for1 and he expects to give what he has
 agreed4 ,the honesty of stroke-measure1
 by which bushels are topped off1 the   
faithful performance of contracts and   
payment of debts were inculcated by the 
,meeting and enforced by its discipline4
  ,this chapter may fitly close with a  
statement of the anathema of ,quakerism1
 pronounced many times in a year1 during
 the century4 ,the offence selected     
shall be a moral one3  ,whereas1        

,jonathan ,osgood hath had a right of   
membership among us1 the people called  
,quakers1 but not taking heed to the    
dictates of truth1 hath so far deviated 
from the good order established among   
,friends as to neglect attendance of our
 religious meetings for worship and     
discipline1 to deviate from the plain   
scripture language1 and to refuse to    
settle with his creditors1 and pay his  
just debts2 and hath shut himself up    
concealed from the civil authorities1   
therefore for the clearing of truth and 
our ,religious ,society we do testify   
against his misconduct1 and disown him1 
the said ,jonathan ,osgood1 from being  
any longer a member of our ,society1    
until he shall from a true sight and    
sense of his misconduct condemn the same
 to the satisfaction of the ,meeting4   
,which that he may is our desire for    
him4 ,signed1 in and on behalf of       
,purchase ,monthly ,meeting this th day 
of the th month4  ,the above wording    
except the name is taken from the       

minutes of ,purchase ,meeting2 and some 
of the offences mentioned in a few pages
 of those minutes1 for which men were   
disowned1 or for acknowledgment pardoned
 and restored1 are the following3       
deviating from plainness of speech and  
apparel--not keeping to the plain       
scripture language2 going to ,frollicks1
 going to places of amusement1 attending
 a horserace2 frequenting a tavern1     
being frequently intoxicated with strong
 liquor2 placing his son out apprentice 
with one not of our ,society2 leaving   
his habitation in a manner disagreeable 
to his friends2 to use profane language 
and carry a pistol1 in an unbecoming    
manner2 bearing arms2 to challenge a    
person to fight2 to marry with a first  
cousin2 to keep company with a young    
woman not of our ,society on account of 
marriage2 to be married by a magistrate2
 to marry with one not of our ,society  
before a hireling priest2 to join       
principles and practice with another    
society of people2 to be guilty of      

fornication2 to be unchaste with her who
 is now my wife 7the person afterward   
married by the accused74 ,oblong        
minutes3 to have bought a negro slave1  
to have bought a negro wench and to be  
familiar with her4  ,it was the         
operation of this code of morals1 and of
 its ecclesiastical checks and curbs1   
that made the ,quaker ,hill man and the 
,quaker ,hill sentiment what they are4  
,and having done its work this code at  
the last tended to weaken the ,meeting1 
as it had strengthened the public       
conscience4 ,in talking recently with a 
sweet old lady past eighty1 ,i asked    
her1 ,did you ever hear anyone disowned 
in meeting8 ,no1 she never had1 and     
doubted if there had been many4 ,later1 
her daughter said1 ,why1 ,grandmother1  
you married out of meeting yourself6    
,whereupon ,i asked again1 ,well1 what  
did they do with you then8 ,oh1 she     
replied1 not at all embarrassed1 they   
turned me out6  ,but what was the       
outcome of it all8 asks ,james ,wood1 in

 the closing sentences of his monograph1
 ,the ,purchase ,meeting4 ,he continues3
 ,as a church the ,quakers here missed  
their great opportunity4 ,as settlers   
came among them in increasing numbers1  
the ,friends became solicitous to       
preserve the strictest moral observance 
among their members4 ,they withdrew from
 contact and association with the world 
about them and confined their religious 
influence and effort to themselves4 ,the
 strictest watch was maintained over the
 deportment of old and young4 ,members  
were dismissed for comparatively slight 
offences4 ,immigration further reduced  
their numbers4 ,hypercriticism produced 
disagreements among themselves4         
,finally1 doctrinal differences arose   
which resulted in a disastrous          
separation into two bodies in #ahbh4    
#aa ,francis ,b4 ,gummere of ,haverford 
college says of ,george ,fox1 the       
founder of the ,society of ,friends3    
,the central point of his doctrine is   
the direct responsibility of each soul  

to ,god1 without mediation of priest or 
form1 because of the presence of the    
,holy ,spirit in the heart of every     
human being4 ,johnson's ,universal      
,cyclopedia1 #ahid4  ,the following is  
authoritative for the ,society3 ,we     
believe in no principle of life1 light  
or holiness1 but the influence of the   
,holy ,spirit of ,god1 bestowed on      
mankind1 in various measures and        
degrees1 through ,jesus ,christ our     
,lord4 ,it is the capacity to receive   
this blessed influence1 which1 in an    
especial manner1 gives man pre-eminence 
above the beasts that perish2 which     
distinguishes him1 in every nation and  
in every clime1 as an object of the     
redeeming love of ,god2 as a being not  
only intelligent but responsible2444--,a
 ,declaration of ,some of the           
,fundamental ,doctrines of ,christian   
,truth1 as held by the ,religious       
,society of ,friends4  #ab ,mr4 ,james  
,wood1 in an address at ,quaker ,hill   
,conference1 #aijg4  #ac ,david ,irish1 

,a ,memoir1 by ,mrs4 ,phoebe ,t4        
,wanzer4  #ad ,richard ,osborn1 a       
,reminiscence1 by ,margaret ,b4         
,monahan4  #ae ,david ,irish1 ,a        
,memoir1 by ,mrs4 ,phoebe ,t4 ,wanzer4  
#af ,to friends travelling on truth's   
account the doors of the old house      
always swung wide4 ,paul ,osborn kept   
open house for his friends1 the people  
called ,quakers1 during his lifetime1   
and his will provides in the most minute
 and careful manner for his wife the    
better to qualifye her to keep a house  
of entertainment for friends4 444 ,the  
littel meadow in lot #bi he gave to     
,isaac ,osborn1 that he shall keep well 
all horses of friends my wife shall send
 him2 and should ,isaac neglect the     
injunctions herein enjoined1 and cease  
to keep such house of entertainment for 
friends then his right to certain       
legacies shall descend and revolve to   
them1 him or her that shall truly       
fulfill them4 ,all his lands in the     
latter case ,paul gives to the ,yearly  

,meeting for ,friends1 the people called
 ,quakers1 of ,philadelphia4--,richard  
,osborn1 a ,reminiscence1 by ,margaret  
,b4 ,monahan4  #ag ,the ,bi-,centennial 
of the ,new ,york ,yearly ,meeting1 ,an 
,historical ,sketch1 by ,james ,wood1   
#ahie4  #ah ,it was ,wednesday1 the day 
of the regular mid-week meeting1 and the
 house was crowded4 ,the young people   
took their places upon the facing seats1
 and the meeting began4 ,daniel         
,haviland was minister and he spoke at  
length4 ,then1 after a short pause1     
,richard ,osborn and ,roby ,hoag arose1 
and clasping hands1 spoke alternately   
the solemn sentences of the ,friends'   
marriage ceremony1 which have united    
them for sixty years4 ,then was brought 
forth the marriage certificate1 fairly  
engrossed in the bridegroom's own hand1 
and many names of those present were    
affixed1 after which it was read aloud4 
,this being done1 and kindly greetings  
offered1 ,richard and ,roby ,osborn     
drove back to their home4 ,the wedding  

was well furnished with guests1 and four
 fat turkeys graced the board that      
day4--,richard ,osborn1 a ,reminiscence1
 by ,margaret ,b4 ,monahan4 ,quaker     
,hill ,series4     ,,chapter ,,viii4    
,,the ,,toleration ,,of ,,hostile       
,,forces4   ,quaker ,hill has been      
always a place of peace4 ,the earliest  
settlers came to make an asylum for the 
propagation of the principles of peace4 
,i have spoken elsewhere of their       
consistent belief and practice of this  
principle4  ,the community always acted 
promptly in response to the known injury
 of its members4 ,the ,quakers have a   
,meeting of ,sufferings1 at which are   
related and recorded the persecutions   
from which they suffer4 ,this community1
 which for one hundred years was        
,quaker1 has always been prompt to act  
solidly and judiciously in support of   
the injured4 ,an illustration is the    
riot in opposition to ,surgeon ,fallon1 
who in ,january1 #aggi1 was left here   
with convalescent soldiers in the       

,meeting ,house4 ,it is very interesting
 as showing the length to which men will
 go in the interest of peace1 even to   
the use of violence4 ,it illustrates    
also the fact that kindness to the sick 
and wounded1 simply because they are    
helpless and needy1 is modern1 a        
humanitarian not a dogmatic development4
  ,to superior power the ,quakers of    
this place have always submitted4 ,their
 forefathers were loyalists in ,england1
 and they in ,america1 till far into the
 ,revolution4 ,but see the resolutions  
passed in ,april1 #aggh3  ,the answering
 of the #adth ,query ,respecting the    
,defrauding of the ,king of his dues is 
omitted by reason of the ,difficulty of 
the times therefore this meeting desires
 the ,quarterly meeting to ,consider    
whether it would not be well to omit the
 answering that part of the ,query in   
future until the way may appear more    
,clear4 ,this action was taken by the   
meeting five months before the coming of
 ,washington to the ,hill1 immediately  

after the heroic winter of ,valley      
,forge and just before the ,british     
retreated from ,philadelphia4 ,an       
official body which could speak of dues 
to the king at that time1 after their   
country had been separated from him for 
three years1 surely represented a       
community in which the great majority   
were ,loyalists1 and the disorderly and 
violent were ,tories4  ,but the         
non-resistant character of the          
neighborhood1 perched between the       
,connecticut ,yankees1 who took ardent  
interest in the ,revolution1 and the    
aggressive settlements of ,pawling1     
,fredericksburgh and ,beekman1 rendered 
the ,hill at times an asylum1 strange to
 say1 of the most adventurous forces4   
,whenever in ,colonial days an          
adventurer or soldier sought a peaceful 
region in which to recruit his forces1  
he thought upon ,quaker ,hill2 and in   
four memorable instances used the ,hill 
as a place of safe refuge4 ,there no one
 would by force resist his enjoyment of 

a time for recruiting4  ,the first      
instance of this is the so-called       
,anti-,rent ,war1 which in #agff excited
 the inhabitants of ,dutchess and       
,columbia ,counties4 ,its sources were  
in the land grants made by the ,crown1  
and in the independent character of the 
settlers in this state4 ,the series of  
disturbances so caused continued until  
well into the years of the nineteenth   
century4 ,they concern the local history
 only in one year1 #agff4  ,the         
,anti-,rent ,war of #agff is a forgotten
 event4 ,but in that time it aroused the
 ,indians and the white settlers to     
revolt4 ,bodies of armed men assembled1 
,british troopers marched from          
,poughkeepsie to ,quaker ,hill1 to seize
 a leader of rebellion2 and at the time 
of his trial at ,poughkeepsie in        
,august1 #agff1 a company of regulars   
with three field-pieces was brought up  
from ,new ,york4#ai  ,the prime cause of
 this insurrection was the granting of  
the land in great areas at the beginning

 of the century to favored proprietors1 
so that the actual settlers could not   
become owners but only tenants4         
,fragments of such great estates remain 
in the hands of certain families till   
our time4 ,the ownership of ,hammersley 
,lake by the family of that name is an  
example4 ,the exercise of authority by  
these monopolists of natural            
opportunities drove the actual tillers  
of the soil1 who had given it its value1
 to desperation4 ,i have shown that in  
#agdj no land owners were enrolled on   
,quaker ,hill1 and that the list of its 
most representative citizens in #agee   
contained few landowners4#bj ,a further 
cause of this conflict may have been    
that1 in the year of the settlement of  
the boundaries of the ,oblong it was    
granted to one company by the ,british  
,crown1 and to another by the ,colony of
 ,new ,york4 ,this brought the title of 
all the lands on the ,oblong into       
dispute4 ,moreover1 boundaries were     
carelessly indicated and loosely        

described1 a pile of stones or a        
conspicuous tree serving for a landmark4
 ,all this worked great confusion1 for  
the settlement of which in a crude      
community courts were ineffective4      
,finally the popular discontent broke   
out to the north in armed refusal of    
settlers to pay the rents exacted4 ,the 
movement spread from ,dutchess to       
,columbia ,county4 ,william             
,prendergast1 who is said to have lived 
in a house standing on the ground now   
part of the golf links in ,pawling1 was 
the leader of the insurgents in this    
county4 ,he assembled a band on ,quaker 
,hill so formidable that the grenadiers 
at ,poughkeepsie waited for             
reinforcements of two hundred troopers  
and two field pieces from ,new ,york    
before proceeding against him4 ,the     
sight of the red coats was enough4      
,prendergast surrendered4 ,but so great 
was the local excitement that1 to       
forestall an attempt to rescue1 he was  
taken a prisoner to ,new ,york4 ,in     

,july he was brought back for trial2 and
 on the same boat with the ,king's      
counsel1 judges1 lawyers and prisoner   
came a company of soldiers to put down  
the continued disturbance in ,columbia  
,county4#ba  ,the trial occurred the    
first fortnight of ,august4 ,prendergast
 was assisted in his defense by his     
wife1 who made a strong impression on   
the jury1 proving that her husband1     
before the acts of which he was accused1
 was esteemed a sober1 honest and       
industrious farmer1 much beloved by his 
neighbors1 but stirred up to act as he  
did by one ,munro1 who is absconded4 ,so
 ardent was this woman advocate that the
 ,state's attorney forgot himself and   
moved that she be excluded from the     
court room4 ,the motion was denied1 and 
the mover of it emphatically rebuked4   
,but there was not lacking proof of the 
fact of treason1 and ,prendergast was   
convicted and sentenced to be hanged in 
six weeks4 ,then this valiant woman's   
energy and perseverance rose to their   

highest4 ,she set off for an audience   
with the ,governor1 ,sir ,henry ,moore1 
,bart41 and returned about the first of 
,september with a reprieve4 ,just in    
time she arrived1 for a company of fifty
 mounted men had ridden the whole length
 of the county to rescue her husband    
from the jail4 ,she convinced them of   
the folly of such action as they        
proposed1 and sent them home1 while she 
turned to the task of obtaining a pardon
 from the ,king4 ,here1 too1 she was    
successful2 for1 six months later1      
,george ,,iii1 who required six years to
 be subdued by a ,washington1 released  
her husband4 ,they arrived home amid    
great popular rejoicings4  ,william     
,prendergast and ,mehitabel ,wing1 whose
 descendants settled later about        
,chautauqua ,lake1 ,new ,york1 were     
bound to the ,quaker ,community by ties 
of marriage and of trade4 ,william was  
not1 so far as ,i can learn1 a member of
 the ,meeting2 but ,mehitabel was a     
daughter of ,jedidiah ,wing1 whose      

family was devoted to the ,society from 
#agdd until the laying down of the      
,meeting in #ahhe4 ,william ,prendergast
 was1 however1 a member of the          
community4 ,his name heads an account in
 the ledgers of the ,merritt store1 in  
#agga and #aggb1 and his purchases      
indicate that he was a substantial      
farmer whose trading center was ,quaker 
,hill4#bb ,prendergast was an ,irishman4
  ,before the ,revolution he with his   
family and possessions1 a caravan of    
seventeen vehicles and thirty horses1   
emigrated westward1 going as far south  
as ,kentucky1 then north through ,ohio  
and ,new ,york4 ,a part of the family   
company proceeded to ,canada4 ,his son  
,james settled1 with other              
,prendergasts1 on ,chautauqua ,lake1 and
 became the founder of ,jamestown1 where
 his family1 now extinct there1 has     
given the city a library4 ,when ,william
 ,prendergast and ,mehitabel ,wing1 his 
resolute wife1 died1 is not known4 ,none
 of that name is later found on or near 

,quaker ,hill4  ,the motive of their    
hegira appears to have been chagrin and 
a sense of humiliation at the sentence  
of death pronounced upon the head of the
 family4 ,in the ,prendergast ,library  
at ,jamestown is a book containing      
family histories1 which came from the   
,prendergast private library4 ,from this
 book two pages had been cleanly cut    
away4 ,the ,librarians set themselves to
 replace the lost material1 and after   
patient efforts in many quarters1       
discovered another copy1 and had        
typewritten pages made and pasted in4   
,upon the missing pages1 thus replaced  
after the extinction of ,james          
,prendergast's family1 was found the    
account of ,william ,prendergast's      
sentence to be hanged4 ,his descendants1
 had they lived longer1 might have been 
more proud than ashamed of his rebellion
 against injustice4  ,the ,quakers1     
because they would passively tolerate an
 intrusion1 were forced to harbor       
another rendezvous of turbulent men4 ,it

 is said that ,enoch ,crosby1 the famous
 spy of the ,revolution1 who is believed
 to have been ,cooper's model for the   
hero of the novel1 ,the ,spy1 came to   
,quaker ,hill during the ,revolution1 in
 pursuance of a plan he was at that time
 following1 and got together a band of  
,tory volunteers1 who were planning to  
join the ,british army2 and delivered   
them to the ,continental authorities1 as
 prisoners4 ,in this he was assisted by 
,col4 ,moorehouse1 who kept a tavern on 
a site in ,south ,dover1 opposite the   
brick house which now stands one-half   
mile south of the ,methodist ,church4   
,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,,oblong 
,,meeting ,,house  ,on the facing seats 
are3 ,,olive ,,hoag1 ,,roby ,,osborn1   
,,betsy ,,post1 ,,richard ,,osborn1     
,,john ,l4 ,,worden   ,i have spoken    
above of the sullen loyalty of the      
,quakers to the ,british ,crown during  
the ,revolution4 ,it may have been in   
part owing to their loyalty that their  
neighborhood became more congenial for  

the ,tories who during that period      
harried the country-side4 ,the ,quakers 
were ,tories1 and are so called in the  
letters of the period2 but the word     
,tories remains in the speech of ,quaker
 ,hill as a name of opprobrium4 ,it     
describes a species of guerrillas who   
infested parts of ,new ,york and        
,connecticut4  ,the ,tories of the      
,revolutionary days furnish the         
substance of the stories of violence    
that are told about the fireside to     
,quaker ,hill boys and girls4 ,it is    
difficult1 however1 to persuade those   
who have heard these tales to relate    
them4 ,those who know them best are the 
very ones who cannot recall them in     
systematic or orderly form4 ,i mention  
only one more of the free lances of the 
time4 ,the chiefest of all              
bandit-leaders of those turbulent times 
was ,waite ,vaughn4 ,it is related that 
this fellow was the head of a band of   
,tories1 which means locally the same   
that the term ,cowboys or ,skinners     

means in the history of ,westchester    
,county4 ,the latter were lawless bands 
who infested the regions in which the   
armies made civil life insecure1 and    
subsisted by stealing cattle1 plundering
 houses1 robbing and often murdering    
citizens4 ,they seemed1 says a writer1  
like the savages to enjoy the sight of  
the sufferings they inflicted4          
,oftentimes they left their wretched    
victims from whom they had plundered    
their all1 hung up by their arms1 and   
sometimes by their thumbs1 on barndoors1
 enduring the agony of wounds that had  
been inflicted to wrest from them their 
property4 ,these miserable beings were  
frequently relieved by the ,american    
patrol4#bc ,waite ,vaughn lived in      
,connecticut in the part of ,new        
,fairfield known as ,vaughn's ,neck4    
,under the house1 recently demolished1  
in which ,dr4 ,vaughn1 his brother1 is  
said to have lived during the           
,revolution1 was found rotted linen     
below the cellar floor4 ,behind the     

great heap of the chimney also was found
 a secret cellar1 for years forgotten1  
in which1 among other rubbish of no     
significance1 are said to have been     
found counterfeit coins of the          
,revolutionary period and other         
evidences of outlaw practices in that   
time4#bd  ,vaughn used to ride at night 
with his troop to ,quaker ,hill1 through
 ,connecticut neighborhoods1 which knew 
the sound of his passing4 ,the ,pepper  
family still relate the tradition of his
 riding up ,stony ,hill1 past the point 
where stands ,coburn ,meeting ,house1 in
 the night1 while they and their        
neighbors stayed discreetly indoors4    
,this rendezvous was a place in the     
woods on ,irish land1 about half way    
between ,sites #if and #abj1 now known  
as ,the ,robber ,rocks4 ,here the       
,vaughns are said to have concealed     
booty at times1 and from this point they
 made forages upon farmhouses in the    
richest neighborhoods of this vicinity4 
,probably they spared the ,quakers4 ,i  

will speak later of the fact that       
,quakers have ways of their own for     
protecting themselves against intruders4
 ,moreover1 their men were not gone to  
the war4  ,the record of these years1 on
 the pages of the clerk's minute-book1  
are a disappointment4 ,one searches in  
vain for even the slightest trace of the
 presence in the ,meeting ,house of the 
troops4 ,there is no record of the      
presence in the ,meeting ,house of the  
,tories or guerrillas of the            
,revolution2 and not a word about the   
makers of the rifle-ports in the gables 
of this building which the present      
writer discovered there1 unless it be   
the unruffled and serene utterance1     
under date of #hth ,month1 #ith1 #agha1 
the very period at which the ,tories    
must have been at their worst3 ,samuel  
,hoag is appointed to take care of the  
,meeting ,house1 and to keep the door   
locked and windows fastened1 and to nail
 up the hole that goes up into the      
,garratt4 ,the ,tories robbed the store 

on ,site #bh4 ,they had hidden for that 
purpose in the loft of the ,meeting     
,house and were discovered by some young
 ,quakers who were skylarking in the    
,meeting ,house under pretense of       
cleaning it4 ,the story is that one of  
the young men1 being dared--of course by
 a maiden--to open the trap-door into   
the garret1 and look for the ,tories1   
found them hiding there4 ,the bandits1  
being discovered1 tumbled down the hole 
from the garret1 and compelled their    
discoverers to go with them to the      
store2 and proceeded at once to plunder 
it1 relying no doubt on the             
non-resistant character of the people of
 the ,hill4 ,they stacked their arms at 
the door and went about their business  
in a thorough manner4 ,but there was    
that in the blood of some ,quakers there
 that could not contain itself within   
the bounds of non-resistance1 and one of
 them1 ,benjamin ,ferris1 cried out1    
,seize the rascals4 ,in the scrimmage   
that resulted from the excitement of    

this remark1 the leader of the ,tories  
was recognized by the young lady who had
 by her challenge to the young man      
discovered them1 and being taunted by   
her was so incensed that he stabbed her4
 ,it is only said in closing the story  
that the blood of both the fair and     
adventurous young ,quakeress whose      
abounding spirit brought on all the     
trouble1 and that of the leader of the  
,tories1 flows in the veins1 of some who
 live on the ,hill in the twentieth     
century4  ,samuel ,towner1 a relative of
 ,vaughn1 resident in the region of     
,fredericksburgh 7now ,patterson71      
returning from a trip1 once found       
,vaughn at his home1 and urged him at   
once to leave1 as his property would be 
confiscated1 if ,vaughn's presence there
 were tolerated4  ,vaughn was once      
pursued by farmers near ,little ,rest1  
and was sighted and surrounded in a     
lonely road4 ,he turned upon his        
pursuers coolly and said3 ,now1         
gentlemen1 you can arrest me1 or kill   

me1 but you must take the consequences2 
for ,i will kill some of you4 ,daunted  
by his resolution1 they stood motionless
 while he crossed a fence and a field1  
and disappeared among the trees of a    
wooded hill4  ,quaker ,hill became known
 as ,vaughn's rendezvous1 and here he   
met his end1 ,i think about #agha4 ,his 
band had robbed the home of one of the  
,pearce family1 then as now resident in 
the valley where ,pawling village       
stands4 ,the victim was hung up by his  
thumbs till life was almost extinct4    
,the next day1 ,capt4 ,pearce1 of the   
,revolutionary army1 returned           
unexpectedly to his home1 and set off   
with armed assistance for the ,robber   
,rocks on ,quaker ,hill4 ,near that     
spot1 in the fields east of ,site #ig1  
on the ,wing lands1 ,vaughn and his men 
were resting1 some picking              
huckleberries1 and some playing cards on
 a flat stone4 ,pearce gave no warning1 
but opened fire at once4 ,vaughn fell   
mortally wounded4 ,he was carried to    

,john ,toffey's residence1 ,site #ec1   
where he soon died4 ,he is buried under 
the trees outside the ,toffey ,burying  
,ground1 beside the brook1 in the very  
heart of ,quaker ,hill1 into which he   
had intruded because in that peaceful   
neighborhood he had for a time a safe   
asylum4 ,with his death it is believed  
that his band dispersed1 and their      
depredations ceased4  ,a peaceful people
 like the ,quakers must find means of   
their own to protect themselves against 
intruders4 ,no one can live long on     
,quaker ,hill without knowing that they 
have done so4 ,one may brusquely intrude
 once1 but he will be a violent man     
indeed1 not to say a dull one1 who      
continues to enjoy invading the         
preserves of the ,friends4 ,the fourth  
instance of a forcible invasion of the  
,hill was that of ,washington's army1   
which encamped in the vicinity in the   
fall of #aggh1 the ,headquarters being  
in ,john ,kane's house1 on a site now   
within the borders of ,pawling ,village4

 ,see on ,map ,i1 ,head,qrs4  ,on his   
arrival1 ,september #ai1 #aggh1         
,washington1#be with his bodyguard1 was 
entertained for six days at the home of 
,reed ,ferris1 in the ,oblong1 ,site    
#ii1bf an honored guest1 when he moved  
to the place designated as his          
,headquarters on his maps by ,erskine4  
,his letters written during his         
residence here are all dated from       
,fredericksburgh1 the name at that time 
of the western and older part of the    
town of ,patterson4 ,washington's       
general officers were quartered in the  
homes of various residents of the       
neighborhood4 ,one was so entertained by
 ,thomas ,taber1 at the extreme north   
end of the ,hill4 ,it is natural to     
suppose that others were housed in      
nearer places4 ,that ,lafayette was     
entertained at the home of ,russell1 who
 lived at ,site #be1 now the            
,post-office1 is reliably asserted4 ,the
 brick house standing at that time was  
torn down by ,richard ,osborn1 who      

erected the present house4 ,that        
,washington1 with other officers1 was   
entertained at ,reed ,ferris's home is  
asserted by the descendants most        
interested1 and is undoubtedly true4    
,the ,meeting ,house was appropriated by
 the army officers for a hospital1      
because it was the largest available    
building4 ,the only official record1    
says ,mr4 ,l4 ,s4 ,patrick1 is that of  
,washington's order1 ,oct4 #bjth1 ,no   
more sick to be sent to the ,hospital at
 ,quaker ,hill1 without first inquiring 
of the ,chief ,surgeon there whether    
they can be received1 as it is already  
full4 ,arguing from the date of         
,washington's order above1 ,oct4 #bj1   
and from that of ,surgeon ,fallon below1
 this use of the building for a hospital
 continued three and perhaps five       
months4 ,meantime the ,friends'         
,meetings were held in the barn at ,site
 #ba1 then the residence of ,paul       
,osborn4 ,this barn had been the first  
,meeting ,house erected on the ,hill in 

#agdb4 ,it was removed to ,site #ba in  
#agfi1 when it was used as a barn till  
#ahhd1 when it was removed by the       
present resident4#bg  ,there is no      
mention1 even by inference1 in the      
records of ,oblong ,meeting that proves 
this occupation of their building by    
soldiers4 ,it was not voluntarily       
surrendered2 other records show that the
 use of the building was supported by   
force2 its surrender was grudging1 not a
 matter to be recorded in the ,meeting4 
,it is characteristic of the ,friends   
that they ignored it4  ,this toleration 
of the ,hospital was never sympathetic4 
,a letter of great interest to the      
student of those times was written to   
the ,governor of the ,state of ,new     
,york1 ,hon4 ,george ,clinton1#bh by    
,dr4 ,james ,fallon1 physician in charge
 of the sick which were left on ,quaker 
,hill1 in the ,meeting ,house1 after the
 departure of the ,continental army4 ,he
 could get no one to draw wood for his  
hospital in the dead of winter1 till    

finally old ,mr4 ,russell1 an excellent 
and open ,whig1 tho' a ,quaker1 hired   
him a wagon and ox team4 ,he could buy  
no milk without paying in ,continental  
money1 six for one4 ,he declared that   
,old ,ferris1 the ,quaker1 pulpiteer of 
this place1 old ,russell and his son1   
old ,mr4 ,chace and his family1 and     
,thomas ,worth and his family1 are the  
only ,quakers on or about this ,hill1   
the public stands indebted to4 ,the two 
pioneers of the ,hill1 the preacher and 
the builder1 were patriots as well4 ,he 
denounces the rest as ,tories all1 the  
,meriths1 ,akins1 ,wings1 ,kellys1      
,samuel ,walker1 the schoolmaster1 and  
,samuel ,downing1 whom he declared a    
spurious ,quaker and agent of the enemy2
 also the preacher1 ,lancaster1 the     
,widow ,irish2 and many he called       
half-,quakers1 who were probably more   
zealous1 and certainly more violent for 
,quaker and ,tory principles than the   
,quakers themselves4  ,the trouble      
culminated in ,dr4 ,fallon's impressing 

the wagons of ,wing1 ,kelly and the     
widow ,irish1 to take fourteen men to   
,danbury and ,fishkill to save their    
lives4 ,the former impress was not      
resisted2 but the soldiers who took the 
,irish team had to battle with a mob1   
headed by ,abraham ,wing and ,benjamin  
,akin1 who used the convalescent        
soldiers roughly1 but could not prevent 
the seizure4 ,they were not the first   
men to do violence for the sake of the  
principle of non-resistance4 ,one can   
see1 too1 that modern ,quakerism has    
taken a gentler tone4  ,the small       
violence done by ,abraham ,wing and     
,benjamin ,akin1 like that of young     
,ferriss to prevent the robbery of the  
,merritt store1 was ineffective4 ,but   
the ,quaker mode of self-protection was 
more effective than violence4 ,they     
froze out the doctors and their soldiers
 from the ,meeting ,house1 by leaving   
them alone in the bitter winter1 by     
letting them starve4 ,the bitterness of 
their ,toryism1 and the zeal of ,quaker 

ideals1 the ardor of their make-believe1
 carried them too far4 ,they forgot     
mercy for the sake of opposing the      
cruelty of war4  ,among the soldiers who
 lay sick in the ,meeting ,house many   
are said to have died4 ,they were buried
 in the grounds of the resident on ,site
 #cb1 in the easterly portion of the    
field facing the ,meeting ,house4 ,no   
stones mark their place of rest1 as none
 were ever placed in the cemetery of the
 early ,quakers in the western part of  
the same field4 ,over them both the     
horses of persons attending meeting were
 tethered for many decades4 ,the        
ploughman and the mower for years       
traversed the ground4 ,but it is not    
forgotten who were buried there4  ,says 
,l4 ,s4 ,patrick in his attempt to      
estimate the amount of sickness and     
death of soldiers on the hill that      
winter3#bi ,of the conditions existing1 
the prejudices prevailing1 and the      
probable number in the ,hospital1 ,dr4  
,fallon's letter to ,governor ,clinton  

furnishes the only account known to     
exist3 ',out of the #ajj sick1          
,providence took but three of my people 
off since my arrival4' ,on the occasion 
of the arrival of ,col4 ,palfrey1 the   
,paymaster ,general1 at ,boston from    
,fredericksburgh1 ,general ,gates writes
 to ,general ,sullivan3 ',i am shocked  
at our poor fellows being still         
encamped1 and falling sick by the       
hundreds4'  ,the death list--out of the 
oblivion of the past but four names have
 been found--,john ,morgan1 ,capt4      
,james ,greer's ,co41 died at ,quaker   
,hill ,hospital1 ,oct4 #ai1 #aggg7872   
,alexander ,robert1 ,capt4 ,george      
,calhoun's ,co41 #dth ,pa41 ,nov4 #f1   
#aggh2 ,james ,tryer1 ,capt4 ,james     
,lang's ,co41 #eth ,pa41 ,oct4 #bb1     
#aggh2 ,peter ,king1 #ast ,pa41 enlisted
 #aggg1 ,quaker ,hill ,hospital1 ,n4    
,j4787 #aggh 7no such hospital74  ,some 
doubt may exist as to two of these1 but 
as the hospital is named1 an error may  
exist in copying the original record4   

#ai ,dutchess ,county in ,colonial      
,days1 #ahih1 and ,dutchess ,county1    
#ahii1 papers read before the ,dutchess 
,county ,society1 in the ,city of ,new  
,york1 by ,hon4 ,alfred ,t4 ,ackert4    
,also1 ,history of ,dutchess ,county1 by
 ,james ,h4 ,smith4  #bj ,see pp4 #bj   
and #ba4  #ba ,see ,new ,york ,mercury1 
,july #bh1 #agff1 ,august #ah and #be1  
#agff1 ,september #ae1 #agff4 ,see also 
,dutchess ,county1 by ,alfred ,t4       
,ackert1 #ahii1 p4 #e4  #bb ,see        
,appendix ,b4  #bc ,thacher's ,military 
,journal of the ,revolution4  #bd ,the  
narrative of ,vaughn is gleaned from old
 residents1 ,almira ,briggs ,treadwell1 
,archibald ,dodge1 ,jane ,crane1 and    
others4  #be ,washington ,headquarters  
at ,fredricksburgh1 by ,l4 ,s4 ,patrick2
 ,quaker ,hill ,series1 #aijg4  #bf     
,this matter is very fully treated in   
,washington's ,headquarters at          
,fredericksburgh1 by ,lewis ,s4         
,patrick4 ,quaker ,hill ,conference     
,local ,history ,series1 ,,xvi4 #aijg4  

#bg ,see ,no4 ,,iii1 ,quaker ,hill      
,series1 pp4 #ab1 #db1 and ,no4 ,,viii1 
pp4 #af1 #ag4  #bh ,letters of ,governor
 ,george ,clinton1 ,new ,york ,state    
,library4  #bi ,washington ,headquarters
 at ,fredricksburgh1 by ,l4 ,s4         
,patrick1 #aijg4     ,,part ,,ii4  ,the 
,transition4     ,,chapter ,i4          
,,communication--,,the ,,roads4   ,the  
roads were originally bridle paths1 and 
to this day many a stretch of road      
testifies in its steep grade to its use 
in the days of the pack saddle4 ,no     
driver of a wheeled vehicle would have  
selected so abrupt a slope4  ,in the    
early days the roads had a north and    
south direction4 ,in the ,period of     
,transition1 with the diversion of      
commerce to the railroad in ,pawling1   
the roads of an east and west direction 
became the principal roads1 though the  
one great ,quaker ,hill highway north   
and south is still the avenue of        
communication on the ,hill4  ,as the    
years passed wagons were used2 indeed1  

by the time of the ,revolution1 in the  
second generation1 they were bearing all
 the transportation4 ,the state of the  
roads is shown1 however1 by the fact    
that ,daniel ,merritt was accustomed to 
pay1 in #aggb1 #a1 or #e1 for carting   
four barrels of beef to the river2 that 
is1 about #a1jjj lbs4 constituted a     
load4 ,at the present state of the      
country roads1 a ,quaker ,hill employer 
would expect #b1jjj lbs4 to make a load4
 ,the state of the roads before the     
turnpikes were made1 that is1 before    
#ahjj to #ahbe1 is described by a       
resident as follows3 ,the road was so   
full of stones1 large and small1 that   
people of to-day would consider         
impassable for an empty wagon1 to say   
nothing of drawing a load over it4 ,in  
the fall of the year it is said that    
toward evening one could hear the       
hammering of the wheels of the wagons on
 the stones of the road a distance of   
four or five miles4#cj  ,i cannot learn 
that ,quaker ,hill was during the       

,quaker ,period on any main line of     
country travel4 ,marquis ,de            
,chastelleux records in his ,travels in 
,north ,america1 that he journeyed in   
#aghi to ,moorehouse's ,tavern 7see ,map
 ,i7 along the ,ten ,mile ,river1 two or
 three miles from the ,housatonic to    
several handsome houses forming part of 
the district known as ,the ,oblong4 ,the
 inn ,i was going to is in the ,oblong1 
but two miles farther on4 ,it is kept by
 ,col4 ,moorehouse1 for nothing is more 
common in ,america than to see an inn   
kept by a colonel 444 the most esteemed 
and most creditable citizen4 ,there was 
no inn on ,quaker ,hill and no colonel4 
,the ,quaker aversion to military titles
 was then as great as to the sale of    
rum4 ,the houses referred to by the     
,french traveller were probably the     
northern boundary of the ,quaker        
community1 at what is now ,webatuck4 ,i 
cannot find record of any post road     
coming nearer than this1 until in the   
#aith century a stage was maintained    

between ,poughkeepsie and ,new ,milford1
 by way of ,quaker ,hill1 making the    
journey every other day1 and stopping at
 ,john ,toffey's store at ,site #ec4    
,the building of turnpikes became1 in   
the years following #ahjj1 a popular    
form of public spirit4 ,says ,miss      
,taber3 ,in fact1 turnpikes seemed to be
 a fad in those days all over the state 
and probably a necessary one4 ,the      
longest one ,i learn of in this part of 
the country was from ,cold ,spring on   
the ,hudson ,river to ,new ,milford in  
,connecticut4 ,the turnpike in which the
 people of this neighborhood were most  
interested was the one incorporated     
,april #c1 #ahah1 and reads1 ',that     
,albro ,akin1 ,john ,merritt1 ,gideon   
,slocum1 ,job ,crawford1 ,charles ,hurd1
 ,william ,taber1 ,joseph ,arnold1      
,egbert ,carey1 ,gabriel ,l4            
,vanderburgh1 ,newel ,dodge1 ,jnrs41 and
 such other persons as shall associate  
for the purpose of making a good and    
sufficient turnpike road in ,dutchess   

,co4' ,it was named as the ,pawlings and
 ,beekman ,turnpike1 being a portion of 
what is known as the ,poughkeepsie road 
passing over the ,west ,mountain1 but we
 do not find that anything was done     
until after the act was revived in      
#ahbd1 when ,joseph ,c4 ,seeley1 ,benoni
 ,pearce1 ,samuel ,allen1 ,benjamin     
,barr and ,george ,w4 ,slocum were      
associated with them4  ,the ,pawlings   
and ,beekman ,turnpike maintained a     
tollgate till #aije1 when it was burned 
down2 and the company1 which had long   
discussed its discontinuance1 then      
abandoned its private rights in that    
excellent stretch of road4 ,the turnpike
 which crossed ,quaker ,hill ended at   
the ,jephtha ,sabin residence1 known to 
the present generation as the ,garry    
,ferris place1 ,site #gd4 ,the roads of 
the neighborhood were the same in       
#aggh-hj as at the present day1 as will 
be seen from a comparison of ,map ,i1   
made by ,erskine for ,washington1 and   
,map #b1 which is a copy of the ,u4 ,s4 

,survey2 except the road from           
,mizzen-,top ,hotel to ,hammersley      
,lake1 made after the hotel was erected4
 ,the comparison of maps shows also1 to 
one who knows the use of these roads1   
that they have changed from a north and 
south use to an east and west use2 the  
highway on the northward slope of the   
,hill in ,dover1 and on the southward   
slope in ,patterson1 being but little   
used to-day4 ,the road from the ,meeting
 ,house and cemetery westward1 which was
 once much favored1 is now scarcely ever
 used1 and being neglected by the       
authorities1 is little more than a stony
 gutter4  ,the whole character of the   
neighborhood was changed by a revolution
 in transportation4 ,not turnpikes      
effected the change1 but railroads4 ,the
 early years of the nineteenth century  
were filled with expectation of new     
modes of travel4 ,robert ,fulton was    
building his steamboat amid the derision
 of his contemporaries1 and to their    
amazement steaming up the ,hudson       

against the tide4 ,at first canals      
seemed to country folk the solution of  
their problem4 ,they occupied in the    
dawn of the #aith century the place     
which trolley cars occupy in the minds  
of promoters to-day4 ,a canal was       
planned to run through the ,harlem      
valley1 where now ,pawling stands1 and  
,quaker ,hill men were among the        
promoters of it1 among them ,daniel     
,akin and ,johnathan ,akin ,taber4      
,presently1 however1 came the promotion 
of railroads1 and many of the same men  
who had favored the canals1 entered     
heartily into the new projects4 ,the    
foundation of ,albert ,akin's fortune   
was made when1 about #ahcj1 he began to 
borrow money of his neighbors and invest
 in the rapidly growing lines of        
steam-cars in ,new ,york ,state4 ,there 
were those1 however1 who foresaw dire   
things from the new iron highway1 and   
old residents tell of one man who said  
that whosoever farm that locomotive     
passed through would have to give up    

fatting cattle1 as it would be          
impossible to keep a steer on the place4
  ,for many years the railroad came no  
nearer than ,croton ,falls4 ,richard    
,osborn used to tell the story of one   
resident of the ,hill who boasted that  
he could go to ,new ,york and return the
 same day4 ,this he finally attempted   
and accomplished by driving with a good 
pair of horses to ,croton ,falls in the 
morning1 taking an early train to ,new  
,york1 returning in the evening1 and    
driving home before night4 ,this story1 
which is well authenticated1 proves the 
good condition of some of the roads     
before #ahdi1 for the drive to ,croton  
,falls is about twenty miles4 ,among    
leading ,quaker ,hill residents who     
promoted railroads in the valley were   
,jonathan ,akin1 ,daniel ,d4 ,akin1 ,j4 
,akin ,taber1 ,john and ,albert ,j4     
,akin4 ,the two men who were most       
influential in completing the last link 
of the road--from the local             
viewpoint--were ,albert ,akin and ,hon4 

,john ,ketcham1 of ,dover1 both recently
 deceased4 ,they supplied cash for the  
continuation of the road from ,croton   
,falls to ,dover ,plains4 ,to ,mr4 ,akin
 the promise was made that if he would  
supply a building for a station the road
 would place an eating house at the     
point nearest ,quaker ,hill4 ,there was 
then no such village or hamlet as       
,pawling1 the locality being known as   
,goosetown4 ,patterson was an old       
village1 west of its present business   
center one mile1 and was known as       
,fredericksburgh4 ,dover also was a     
place of distinction in the             
country-side4 ,mr4 ,akin1 with several  
yoke of oxen1 hauled a dwelling to the  
railroad track from the site on which   
,washington's ,headquarters stood in    
#aggh2 and thus was initiated the       
settlement of the village which is now  
among the most thriving on the road4    
,illustration3 ,a ,,quaker ,,gentleman  
,at that time ,quaker ,hill was the most
 prosperous community for many miles    

around4 ,a description of its industries
 will be found elsewhere1 in ,chap4     
,,iv1 ,part ,i4 ,the coming of the      
railroad changed the whole aspect of    
things4 ,the demand for milk to be      
delivered by farmers at the railroad    
station every day1 and sold the next day
 in ,new ,york1 began at once4 ,it soon 
became the most profitable occupation   
for the farmers and the most profitable 
freight for the railroad4 ,eleven years 
after the first train entered ,pawling  
came the war1 with inflated prices4 ,the
 farmer found that no use of his land   
paid him so much cash as the making of  
milk1 and thereafter the raising of flax
 ceased1 grain was cultivated less and  
less1 except as it was to be used in the
 feeding of cattle1 and even the fatting
 of cattle soon had to yield to the     
lowered prices occasioned by the        
importation of beef from western grazing
 lands4 ,the making of butter and       
cheese1 with the increased cost of labor
 on the farms1 was abandoned1 that the  

milk might be sold in bulk to the city  
middleman4 ,the time had not come1      
however1 in which farmers or their      
laborers imported condensed milk1 or    
used none4 ,quaker ,hill farmers lived  
too generously and substantially for    
that2 but they ceased1 during the ,civil
 ,war1 when milk was bought at the      
platform for six cents a quart1 to make 
butter or cheese4  ,thus the ,harlem    
,railroad transformed ,quaker ,hill from
 a community of diversified farming1    
producing1 manufacturing1 selling1      
consuming1 sufficient unto itself1 into 
a locality of specialized farming4 ,its 
market had been ,poughkeepsie1          
twenty-eight miles away1 over high hills
 and indifferent roads4 ,its metropolis 
became ,new ,york ,city1 sixty-two miles
 away by rail and four to eight miles by
 wagon road4  ,with the railroad's      
coming the isolated homogeneous         
community scattered4 ,the sons of the   
,quakers emigrated4 ,laborers from      
,ireland and other ,european lands1 even

 negroes from ,virginia1 took their     
places4 ,new ,yorkers became residents  
on the ,hill1 which became the farthest 
terminus of suburban traffic4 ,the      
railroad granted commuters' rates to    
,pawling1 and twice as many trains as to
 any station further out4 ,the          
population of the ,hill became          
diversified1 while industries became    
simplified4 ,in the first century the   
people were one1 the industries many4   
,in the ,period of the ,mixed           
,community1 in the second century1 the  
people were many and the industries but 
one4 ,i speak elsewhere of these        
elements of the mixed community4        
,suffice it to have traced here the     
simplifying of the economic life of the 
,hill1 by the influence of the railroad1
 which made the neighborhood only one   
factor in a vaster industrial community1
 of which ,new ,york was the center4    
,when the ,meeting ,house and the       
,merritt store were for a century the   
centers of a homogeneous ,quaker        

community1 it was a solid unit1 of one  
type1 doing varied things2 when ,wall   
,street and ,broadway became the social 
and industrial centers1 a varied people1
 no less unified1 did but one thing4    
#cj ,some ,glimpses of the ,past1 by    
,alicia ,hopkins ,taber4     ,,chapter  
,,ii4  ,,economic ,,changes4   ,the     
transition from the mixed or diversified
 farming of the ,quaker community to the
 special and particular farming of the  
mixed community is written in the growth
 of the dairy industry1 which in the    
year #aijj was the one industry of the  
,hill4 ,in #ahjj dairy products were    
only beginning to emerge from a place in
 the list of products of the ,quaker    
,hill lands to a single and special     
place as the only product of salable    
value4 ,while the ,hill people          
constituted a community dependent on    
itself and sufficient unto itself1 the  
exceptional fitness of the heavy clay   
soil to the production of milk1 butter  
and cheese did not assert itself1 and   

wheat1 rye1 flax1 apples1 potatoes were 
raised in large quantities and sold2 but
 in the period of opening communication 
with the world in general1 exactly in   
proportion as the ,hill shared in the   
growth of commerce1 by so much did the  
dairy activities supplant all other     
occupations4 ,the order of this         
emergence is a significant commentary   
upon the opening of roads and the       
development of transportation4 ,the     
stages are3 first1 cheese and butter2   
second1 fat cattle2 and third1 milk4 ,at
 the end of the ,quaker community1 when 
the best roads were of the east and west
 directions1 and ,poughkeepsie was the  
market-place1 cheese and butter were    
made for a money crop1 by the women1 who
 retained the money for their own use4  
,there is a story told in the ,taber and
 ,shove families1 which prettily shows  
the customs in the ,quaker century4     
,anne ,taber1 wife of ,thomas ,taber1   
substantial pioneer at the north end of 
the ,hill1 had a fine reputation as a   

cheese maker4 ,being a ,new ,england    
woman1 she was of the few who in        
,revolutionary days were in sympathy    
with the ,colonies1 and she gave forth  
that she would present a cheese to the  
first general officer who should visit  
the neighborhood4 ,one day1 being       
summoned to the door1 writes one of her 
descendants1 she was greatly surprised  
to find a servant of ,general           
,washington1 with a note from him       
claiming1 under conditions of the       
promise1 the cheese4 ,of course it was  
sent1 and the ,general had opportunity  
to test her skill in that domestic      
art4#ca  ,the ,taber family did not     
preserve that note2 but in the ,treasury
 ,department of the ,united ,states1    
among ,washington's memoranda of        
expenditures1 is the item under date of 
,nov4 #f1 #aggh1 ,to ,cash paid servant 
for bringing cheese from ,mr4 ,taber1   
#af shillings4 ,it would seem that the  
fame of ,anne ,taber's cheeses had won  
her a market with the officers at       

,headquarters1 for sixteen shillings was
 payment for bringing cheese in large   
quantity1 and the date is six weeks     
after the arrival of ,washington for his
 stay in the vicinity4  ,in the ledger  
of the ,merritt store1 under date of    
,nov4 #f1 #aggb1 ,thomas ,taber1 ,esq41 
is credited as follows3 ,by #bi cheses  
wd4 #dhd lb4 at #f;d41 #ab #bs4 ,in that
 year ,thomas ,taber1 ,esq41 satisfied  
his account with an ox1 #f #afs42 cash1 
#aj2 three pounds and nine ounces of old
 pewter1 #ds4 #f;d42 seven hogs1 #bj    
#aas4 #f;d41 and the above #bi cheeses4 
,so that approximately one-fourth of the
 money crop of this substantial farmer  
was in the form of a dairy product4 ,in 
the year #ahie1 the average ,quaker     
,hill farm was producing1 as will be    
shown in ,chapter ,,iii1 ,part ,,iii1   
ninety per cent4 of dairy product1      
namely milk4  ,the second phase of the  
industry proper to ,quaker ,hill was    
that of raising fat cattle4 ,this       
culminated at the end of the period of  

the ,quaker ,community4 ,in this        
industry were laid the foundations of   
some large fortunes4 ,it brought in its 
day more money into the neighborhood    
than any other occupation had ever      
brought4 ,it disappeared with the coming
 of the railroad into the valley1       
bringing1 in refrigerator cars1 meat    
from western lands1 and killed in       
,chicago4 ,then the cattle were fattened
 on these hills1 in the rich grass1 and 
driven to ,new ,york to be killed and   
sold there4  ,in ,some ,glimpses of the 
,past1 ,miss ,taber says3 ,but the chief
 business of most farmers was the       
fatting of cattle4 ,the cattle were     
generally bought when from two to three 
years old1 usually in the fall1 kept    
through the winter and the following    
summer fattened and sold4 ,they were the
 only things that did not have to go to 
the river to reach the market4 ,from all
 over the country they were driven to   
,new ,york on foot1 and the road through
 the valley was the main thoroughfare   

for them4 ,monday was the market day in 
,new ,york and all started in time to   
reach the city by ,saturday4 ,from      
,pawling the cattle were started on     
,thursday1 and those from greater       
distances planned to reach this part of 
their journey on that day4 ,it used to  
be said that the dealers could tell what
 the market would be in ,new ,york on   
the following ,monday by watching the   
cattle that passed through ,pawling on  
,thursday4 ,the cattle were collected   
and taken to the city by drovers2 theirs
 was a great business in those days4    
,hotels or taverns were provided for    
their accommodation at frequent         
intervals along the road4 ,ira ,griffin 
was a drover and ,mr4 ,archibald ,dodge 
remembers when a boy going to ,new ,york
 with him and his cattle1 walking all   
the way4 ,there were also droves of     
cattle other than fat ones1 on the road1
 some called store cattle1 and the books
 of ,mr4 ,benjamin ,v4 ,haviland1 who   
kept one of the taverns1 show that in   

the year #ahdg there had been kept on   
his place #bg1ghd cattle1 #cj1jjj sheep 
and #gjj mules1 and it is said that     
occasionally there would be #b1jjj head 
between his tavern and that of ,john    
,preston's in ,dover4 ,when ,mr4 ,albert
 ,j4 ,akin was a young man he was       
considered an expert judge and buyer of 
steers for fattening1 and generally had 
the finest herd of fat cattle4  ,this   
reference is to the business at its     
height and applies to the years         
#ahjj-ahej4 ,in the books of ,john      
,toffey's store are frequent references 
to the business4  ,interesting material 
is furnished for the study of the period
 of transition1 in the records of the   
store kept by ,john ,toffey at ,site    
,no4 #ec4 ,these old day-books and      
ledgers are incomplete1 but they cover  
spaces of time in the years #ahad1      
#ahbd1 #ahcc2 and their account of the  
purchases made by ,john ,toffey's       
customers furnishes a record1 we may    
suppose1 of the goods brought into the  

households on the ,hill at that time1   
from other communities2 as well as the  
actual exchange of commodities on the   
,hill1 where at that time diversified   
industries were carried on4  ,the growth
 of trade in these respects1 from the   
period #ahad-ahaf to the period         
#ahbd-ahcc will be considered in four   
lines1 as it is exhibited in the        
commodities3 first of ,costume1 second  
of ,food and ,medicine1 and third of    
,tools and ,material for ,industry1     
fourth1 of ,house-furnishings4 ,it is   
assumed that ,john ,toffey kept a       
representative store1 and that the      
growth in his trade corresponded to the 
growth in the commercial interchange in 
the community4  ,in #ahad-ahaf the      
imported goods kept and sold by ,john   
,toffey are cloth 7perhaps in part      
locally manufactured71 indigo1 thread1  
cambric1 penknives1 knitting needles1   
spelled nittenneedels1 plaster1 fine    
salt1 molasses1 tea1 apple-trees1       
nutmeg1 shad and occasionally other     

fish4 ,the list is brief1 and its       
proportion to the other commodities sold
 in the store evidences the simplicity  
of a community dependent chiefly upon   
itself1 and living a life of rudeness   
and content4  ,among prices which change
 in the twenty years recorded in ,john  
,toffey's books are those of molasses   
which was in #ahad-ahaf #b4jj per       
gallon1 and fell to #a4be and in #ahbd  
to #ce;c4 per gallon4 ,tobago was sold  
in #ahad at #b4ge per pound1 and later  
for #fb;c4 ,flour was sold in #ahad for 
#ah per barrel1 or #i;c4 per pound2 wool
 hats at #d2 fine salt #aj;c4 per pound2
 plaster #c4be per hundredweight2 boots 
at #i4jj2 tea at #b4ge per pound4  ,a   
day's work for a man in #ahad-ahaf was  
from #a4jj per day for ordinary work1 to
 #a4be for driving oxen1 or #a4ej for   
digging a grave1 or the same amount for 
going after the thief4  ,house-rent is  
recorded at the rate of thirty dollars a
 year4  ,one may explain the high rates 
of many of these commodities1 and the   

relatively high rate paid for labor by  
the prevalence of war prices at the     
time4 ,commodities such as molasses     
would be expensive as a result of the   
stoppage of sea-trade2 and the labor    
market was exhausted to supply the army 
with soldiers4  ,in #ahbd ,toffey       
imported1 for ,costuming1 shawls1 crepe 
at #a per yard1 silk1 skein-silk1 twist1
 ribbon1 velvet at #ij;c4 per yard1     
drab-cloth1 flannel1 braid1             
handkerchiefs1 buttons and              
button-moulds1 gloves1 suspenders1      
calico1 vest patterns1 pins1            
chrome-yellow1 bearskin at #hb;c4 per   
yard1 dress handkerchiefs1 beads1       
buckles1 silk flags and morocco skins4  
,of new foods he imported molasses at   
#ce;c4 per gallon1 oranges at #b;c4     
each1 which he seems to have sold only  
one by one1 sugar at #f;c41 tobacco at  
#ab;c41 alum1 tea at #he;c41 salt at #a 
per bushel1 pepper1 all-spice1 raisins1 
salt-peter1 pearlash1 castile soap1 hard
 soap1 paregoric1 ginger1 logwood1      

vitriol1 cinnamon1 snuff1 sulphur1      
cloves1 mustard1 opium1 coffee1 loaf    
sugar1 watermelons1 and seeds for beets1
 lettuce1 parsnips4  ,of                
,house-furnishings1 he had for sale1    
knives1 forks--one set of knives and    
forks selling for #ac1 plates1 bowls1   
pitchers1 mugs1 teacups1 teapots1       
decanters1 almanacs1 brooms1 oilcloth1  
glass and putty1 inkstands1 bedsteads1  
spoons in sets1 sugar-bowls1 tin pans4  
,of ,tools and ,materials for ,industry 
he sold nails by the paper1 by the      
hundred and by the pound1 files1 oil at 
#ge;c4 a gallon1 locks1 slates1 paper1  
pocket-books1 pencils1 turpentine1 raw  
steel and iron1 spectacles at #cd;c41   
sandpaper1 shovels and spades1 screws1  
gimlets4  ,rum1 brandy and gin appear   
also1 with powder1 shot and fishhooks1  
as tributes to the convivial and        
adventurous spirit4 ,but the convivial  
spirits were the better patrons1 for    
there was scarcely an entry in certain  
years in which was not an item of       

alcoholic spirits4 ,the sporting goods  
were only occasionally purchased4  ,in  
#ahcc for ,costuming1 cotton-batting had
 appeared1 and canton flannel1 canvas1  
blue jeans at #hc;c4 per yard1 brown    
,holland1 cloth at #c4fd per yard1 hats 
at #dd;c4 each1 hooks and eyes1 pearl   
buttons at #aj;c4 a dozen1 side combs1  
bandanna handkerchiefs2 while           
sole-leather was still sold in quantity1
 with buckskin mittens1 which were      
scarcely made on the ,hill4  ,for       
,industry1 behold the arrival of        
pincers1 gum arabic1 ,pittsburgh cord at
 #ba;c4 per yard4 ,in ,housings1        
candles1 frying pans1 tin pails1        
dippers1 tin basins1 wash-tubs made     
their appearance2 and in this year for  
the first time window-blinds were sold1 
for #ge;c4  ,for ,food and ,medicines   
,john ,toffey offered at this time      
codfish1 coffee1 souchong tea1 crackers1
 castor oil1 camphor gum1 ,epsom salts4 
,meantime1 a day's wages had fallen from
 #a and #a4ej to #fe;c4 and #ge;c4 per  

day4  ,the growth of trade in ,john     
,toffey's store is summarized in ,table 
,i4 ,in this table may be seen also the 
growth of economic demand4 ,the increase
 of the number of kinds of commodities  
in each evidences the acquirement of    
varied tastes by this people of the     
,hill4               ,,table ,i4 ,,john 
,,toffey',s ,,store4                    
----------------------------------------
------  ,commodities          #ahad-af  
#ahbd    #ahcc                          
----------------------------------------
------  ,costume                 #e     
#be      #ch  ,food and ,medicine       
#e       #bi      #cf  ,tools and       
,materials     #e       #ah      #ba    
,house ,furnishings               #ah   
#bd                                     
----------------------------------------
------  ,daily ,wage          #a4-a4ej  
#fe;c4-#ge;c4                           
----------------------------------------
------   ,the above summary of the      
importations to the ,hill in the years  

#ahad-ahcc casts light upon the social  
and religious history of the period in  
question2 in which occurred the greatest
 social convulsion this community has   
ever known4 ,in the year #ahbh the      
,religious ,society of the ,friends was 
divided1 never to be united1 the        
integrity of the community as a social  
and religious unit was ended1 the ties  
of a century were severed1 and instead  
of the unity of which ,quakers are      
always so conscious1 came mutual        
criticism1 recrimination1 and           
excommunication of one-half of the      
community by the majority of the        
,meeting4 ,thus ended the communal life 
of ,quaker ,hill1 and began the         
disintegration of the community which is
 now almost complete4  ,it is true that 
this schism was general throughout the  
denomination1 in all the ,united        
,states2 and that it was shared in its  
doctrinal influences by the             
,congregational churches1 the ,unitarian
 ,association having been formed in     

,boston in #ahbe4 ,but nevertheless it  
had roots on ,quaker ,hill in an        
economic condition2 and that economic   
condition may have been general         
throughout the ,eastern ,states4  ,let  
the doctrinal causes of this schism be  
considered elsewhere4#cb ,economic      
causes are hinted at in the above       
paragraphs4 ,there came in many         
embellishments of life which must have  
seemed to early ,friends mere luxuries1 
and to the stricter few must have       
appeared instruments of sin1 as beads1  
ribbons1 velvet1 silk1 braid1 crepe1    
shawls1 dress handkerchiefs1 buckles1   
silk flags1 pearl buttons--these are    
expressions of new states of mind4 ,the 
economic change underlying the social   
convulsion is seen in the increase of   
varied stuffs for costume1 articles and 
materials for the food and medicine     
cupboards of the farmhouses1 and in more
 varied tools and materials both for    
industry and house furnishing4  ,even   
more influential than the exciting power

 of luxuries would be the quieter and   
more pervasive stimulus of comfort4     
,houses that are glazed and ceiled and  
furnished with well adapted implements  
in every room2 tables set with all the  
wares of leisurely and pleasurable      
feeding speak a new state of affairs4   
,the people so clothed and so fed begin 
to produce in every family some members 
of cultured tastes1 some of independent 
thought1 who are restive under the      
denials of ,quakerism4  ,business and   
industry too become more varied2 and the
 effect of this prosperous and varied   
industry shows itself in active and     
critical minds4 ,importation from places
 beyond ,poughkeepsie awakened          
imagination and invited reflection upon 
the state of the world4  ,all this time 
the daily wage continued to fall1 from  
#a and #a4ej in #ahad to #ej;c41 #fe;c4 
and #ge;c4 in #ahcc4 ,it is said that   
men bitterly commented1 in those days of
 the rapid development of the country1  
that a farmer who paid a laborer fifty  

cents for a day's labor in the hay-field
 from daybreak to dark1 would pay the   
same amount1 fifty cents1 for his supper
 on the ,hudson ,river boat1 when he    
made his annual visit to the great city 
of ,new ,york4  ,we have1 then1 in ,john
 ,toffey's daybook a reflection of      
conditions which had to do with the     
break-up of the community1 as truly as  
did the theological difference between  
,elias ,hicks and the ,orthodox4        
,comfortable living1 diversified and    
intensified industry1 importation of    
expensive and stimulating comforts1     
leisure with its sources in wealth1 and 
its tendencies toward reflection1 and   
especially a differentiation of the     
homogeneous community into diverse      
classes1 owing to lowered wages and     
multiplied embellishments of life1 made 
up altogether the raw materials of      
discontent1 criticism and division4     
,these factors go with a state of       
growing discontent and disintegration4  
,the men and women possessed of leisure 

cultivated a humanist state of mind1    
with which arose a critical spirit1 a   
nicer taste and a cultured              
discrimination4 ,they were offended by  
literalism1 bored by crudeness however  
much in earnest1 and disgusted with the 
illogical assertions of pietists4 ,the  
imperative mandate of the meeting       
awakened in them only opposition4 ,they 
found many to sympathize with their     
state of mind4  ,on the other side there
 were those who seriously feared the    
incoming of luxurious ways4 ,they       
distrusted books1 remembering the values
 of one ,book to the laborer who reads  
it alone2 they believed in plainness1   
and their minds associated freedom of   
dress with freedom of thought4 ,they    
resented also the new privileges        
conferred on some by wealth1 because to 
most had come only harder work with     
discontent4  ,the schism which rent the 
community was an economic heresy1 the   
belief in the use of money for          
embellishment of life4 ,all the ,quakers

 regarded with favor the making of      
money4 ,the ,liberals1 however1 saw ends
 beyond money1 and processes of ultimate
 value beyond administration and        
business4 ,they looked for household    
comforts1 books1 travel1 and the leisure
 with great souls who have written and  
have expressed the greatest truths4     
,they believed in a divinity such as    
could have made1 and regarded with      
favor1 the whole teeming world4  ,the   
,orthodox saw the values of prosperity  
only in plainness of life1 recognized no
 divinity in humanized manners1 and     
sternly but ineffectually called the    
community back to idealized             
commonplaceness1 and to hear the        
utterances of rude ploughmen and        
cobblers in the name of ,deity4  ,one   
ventures to believe1 too1 that there was
 a falling away from all religious      
exercises at this time1 and that the    
pious of both schools were troubled     
about it1 and accused one another4 ,the 
poor were too hard worked and too poorly

 paid to feel anything but discontent2  
and the leaders of the community        
differed as to the solution of the      
religious problem4 ,hence came division4
  ,the ,quakers are conscious of        
religious unity1 but their mode of life 
is a true economic unity4 ,the ,quaker  
,community was re-arranging itself      
economically1 but the members felt a    
religious change4 ,class division was   
coming upon them1 and they felt it as a 
sectarian division4 ,it was indeed the  
end of the old community ruled by       
religion1 and the formation of a new    
neighborhood life2 a new ,quakerism1    
ruled by economic classes3 the persons  
of influence being invariably persons of
 means1 and the dominating leaders rich4
 ,doubtless the ,quakers who led in the 
,division of #ahbh hoped1 in each party 
equally1 to maintain the old religious  
domination4 ,the community has never    
granted that leadership to the divided  
,meeting1 neither to the ,orthodox1 nor 
to the ,hicksites4 ,the real power has1 

since a period antedating the division1 
been in the hands of those who have     
owned farms centrally located2 who in   
addition to owning land centrally       
located have been possessed of large    
means3 the rich men and wealthy women   
have possessed a monopoly of actual     
leadership4 ,if also1 they have been    
religiously inclined1 their leadership  
has been absolute4   #ca ,thomas ,taber 
and ,edward ,shove--a ,reminiscence1 by 
,rev4 ,benjamin ,shove2 ,quaker ,hill   
,series1 #aijc4  #cb ,the matter is     
fully treated in ,quaker ,hill in the   
,nineteenth ,century1 by ,rev4 ,warren  
,h4 ,wilson2 ,quaker ,hill ,series of   
,local ,history ,no4 ,,iv4     ,,chapter
 ,,iii4  ,,religious ,,life ,,in        
,,transition4   ,in religion the        
solidarity of this country place has    
been best shown in the fact that1 during
 most of its history1 it has had but one
 church at a time4 ,for one hundred     
years there was the undivided meeting4  
,from #ahbh to #ahhe the                

,hicksite--,unitarian1 branch of the    
,friends held the ,old ,meeting ,house1 
with diminishing numbers4 ,the ,orthodox
 had their smaller meeting house around 
the corner1 attended by decreasing      
gatherings4 ,in #ahhj was organized     
,akin ,hall1 in which till #ahib were   
held religious services in the summer   
only4 ,since that time religious        
services have been held there all the   
year round4 ,the early united meeting   
had a membership of probably two        
hundred1 and audiences of three hundred 
were not uncommon4  ,the church in ,akin
 ,hall1 named ,christ's ,church1 ,quaker
 ,hill1 had in #ahih a membership of    
sixty-five1 and audiences of fifty to   
two hundred and fifty1 according to the 
occasion and the time of year4 ,in the  
past the general attitude of the        
community toward religion has been      
reverent and sympathetic4 ,it is no less
 so to-day4  ,of religious ceremonies   
the ,quakers claim to have none4 ,but   
they are fond of ceremoniousness beyond 

most men4 ,the very processes by which  
they abolish forms are made formal      
processes4 ,they have ceremonies the    
intent of which is to free them from    
ceremony4 ,the meeting is called to     
order by acts ever so simple1 and       
dismissed by two old persons shaking    
hands2 but these are invariable and     
formal as a doxology and a benediction4 
,they receive a stranger in their own   
way4 ,a visiting minister is honored    
with fixed propriety4 ,an expelled      
member is read out of meeting with      
stated excommunicatory maledictions4    
,worship has had on ,quaker ,hill a     
large place in characterizing the social
 complexion of the people4 ,by this1 ,i 
mean that the peculiarities of the      
,quaker worship1 now a thing of the     
past1 have engraved themselves upon     
character4 ,those peculiarities are     
four3 the custom of silence2 the        
non-employment of music1 or conspicuous 
color or form2 the separate place       
provided for women2 the assertion and   

practice of individualism4  ,the silence
 of the ,quaker meeting is far from     
negative4 ,it is not a mere absence of  
words4 ,it is a discipline enforced upon
 the lower elements of human nature1 and
 a reserve upon the intellectual        
elements1 in order that ,god may speak4 
,i think that in this silence of the    
meeting we discover the working of the  
force that has moulded individual       
character on ,quaker ,hill and organized
 the social life4 ,for this silence is a
 vivid experience1 a silence that may be
 felt4 ,the presence and influence of   
men are upon one1 even if that of ,god  
be not4 ,the motionless figures about   
one subtly penetrate one's              
consciousness1 though not through the   
senses4 ,they testify to their belief in
 ,god when they do not speak better than
 they could with rhetoric or eloquence4 
,it is the influence of many1 not of    
one2 yet of certain leaders who are the 
organs of this impression1 and of the   
human entity made of many who in        

communion become one4 ,the self-control 
of it breathes power1 and principle1 and
 courage4 ,one would expect a ,quaker   
meeting to exert an imperious rule upon 
the community4 ,it is an expression of  
the majesty of an ideal4 ,i believe that
 the ,quaker ,hill meeting has been able
 to accomplish whatever it has put its  
hand to do4 ,the only pity is that the  
meeting tried to do so little4  ,the    
original religious influence of         
,quakerism1 carried through all changes 
and transformation1 was a pure and      
relentless individualism4 ,it was the   
doctrine that the ,spirit of ,god is in 
every heart of man1 absolutely every    
one2 resisted indeed by some1 but given 
to each and all4 ,with honest           
consistency it must be said1 the        
,quakers applied this--and this it was  
they did apply--to the status of women1 
to the question of slavery1 to the civic
 relations of men4 ,this it was that    
made ,fox and ,penn refuse to doff their
 hats before judge1 or titled lord1 or  

the king himself4  ,the character of the
 common mind of the community has been  
much influenced by the fact that the    
,quakers made no use of color1 form and 
music either in worship or in private   
life2 that they also idealized the      
absence of these4 ,they made it a matter
 of noble devotion4 ,in nothing do local
 traditions abound more than in stories 
of the stern repression of the aesthetic
 instincts4 ,one ancient ,quakeress1    
coming to the well-set table at a       
wedding1 in the old days1 beheld there a
 bunch of flowers of gay colors1 and    
would not sit down until they were      
removed4 ,nor could the feast go on     
until the change was effected4 ,so great
 was the power of authority1 working in 
the grooves of making believe1 that     
those who might have tolerated the      
bouquet in silence1 as well as those who
 had sensations of pleasure in it1      
supported her opposition4  ,i have      
spoken elsewhere of the effect of this  
century-long repression and ignoring of 

the aesthetic movements of the human    
spirit1 in banking the fires of literary
 culture in this population4 ,the       
present generation1 all inheriting the  
examples of ancestors ruled in such     
unflinching rigor1 has in none of its   
social grouping any true sense of color 
or of the beauty of color4 ,neither in  
the garments of those who have laid off 
the ,quaker garb1 nor in the decorations
 of the houses is there a lively sense  
of the beauty of color4 ,none of the    
women of ,quaker extraction has a sense 
of color in dress2 nor can any of them  
match or harmonize colors4 ,i except1 of
 course1 those whose clothing is        
directly under the control of the city  
tailor or milliner4 ,the general effect 
of costume and of the decorations of a  
room1 in the population who get their   
living on the ,hill1 is that of gray    
tones1 and drab effects2 not mere       
severity is the effect1 but poverty and 
want of color4  ,in forms of beauty they
 know and feel little more4 ,i do not   

refer to the lack of appreciation of the
 elevations and slopes of this ,hill    
itself--a constant delight to the       
artistic eye4 ,farmers and laborers     
might fail to appreciate a scene known  
to them since childhood4 ,but there is  
in the ,quaker breeding1 which gives on 
certain sides of character so true and  
fine a culture a conspicuous lack in    
this one particular4  ,as to music1 even
 that of simplest melody1 it has come to
 the ,hill1 but it knows not ,joseph4   
,an elderly son of ,quakerism said3 ,you
 will find no ,quaker or son of the     
,quakers who can sing2 if you do find   
one who can sing a little1 it will be a 
limited talent1 and you will unfailingly
 discover that he is partly descended   
from the world's people4  ,the effect of
 this aesthetic negation appears1 it    
seems to the present writer1 in a       
certain rudeness or more precisely a    
certain lack in the domain of manners1  
outside of the interests in which       
,quakerism has given so fine a culture4 

,this appears to be keenly felt by the  
descendants of ,friends4 ,not in        
business matters2 for they are made     
directors of savings banks and          
corporations1 and trustees1 and         
referees1 and executors of estates1 in  
all which places they find themselves at
 home4 ,nor is it a lack of dignity and 
composure in the parlor or at the table4
 ,nor is it a lack of sense of propriety
 in meetings of worship4 ,but it is in  
matters ethical1 civic and deliberate1  
and in the free and discursive meetings 
of men1 in which new and intricate      
questions are to arise2 in positions of 
trust1 in which the highest             
considerations of social responsibility 
constitute the trust2 in these1 the men 
and women trained in ,quakerism are     
lacking throughout whole areas of the   
mind1 and lacking1 too1 in ethical      
standards1 which can only appeal to     
those whose experience has fed on a rich
 diversity of sources and distinctions4 
,in this ,i speak only of the ,quaker   

group and of those who have been under  
its full influence4 ,it does not apply  
to the ,irish ,catholics1 nor to the    
incomers from the city4 ,the ,quakers   
and their children lack precisely those 
elements of aesthetic breeding which    
would be legitimately derived from      
contemplation and enjoyment of beauty   
aside from ethical values4 ,ethical     
beauty1 divorced from pure beauty1 a    
stern1 bare1 grim beauty they have1 and 
their children and employees have4 ,but 
they have little sense of order in      
matters that do not proceed to the ends 
of money-making1 housekeeping and       
worship4 ,they do not seem to possess   
instinctive fertility of moral resource4
 ,it may be due to other sources as     
well1 but it seems to the present writer
 that the moral density shown by some of
 these birthright ,quakers1 upon matters
 outside of their wonted and trodden    
ethical territories1 is due to their    
long refusal to recognize aesthetic     
values1 and to see discriminations in   

the field in which ethics and aesthetics
 are interwoven4  ,they made red and    
purple to be morally wrong1 idealizing  
the plainness of their uncultured       
ancestry1 and sweet sounds they excluded
 from their ears1 declaring them to be  
evil noises1 because they would set up  
the boorishness of simple folk of old   
time as something noble and exalted1    
making believe that such aesthetic lack 
was real self-denial and unworldliness4 
,it is not surprising that in a riper   
age of the world1 after lifetimes of    
this idealization of peasant states of  
mind1 their children find themselves    
morally and mentally unprepared for the 
responsibilities of citizenship1 of high
 ethical trust and of the varied ways of
 a moral world1 whose existence their   
fathers made believe to ignore and deny4
  ,women have always occupied in        
,quakerism a place theoretically equal  
to that of the men1 in business and     
religious affairs4 ,george ,fox and his 
successors declared men and women equal1

 inasmuch as the ,divine ,spirit is in  
every human soul4  ,after the influence 
of the early ,friends ceased1 the place 
of woman began to be circumscribed by   
new rules1 and crystallized in a        
reaction under the influence of purely  
social forces2 so that this most        
sensible people made women equal to men 
in meetings and in religious legislation
 through a form of sexual taboo4        
,following the custom of many early     
,english meeting houses1 the men and    
women sat apart1 the men on one side of 
the middle aisle1 and the women on the  
other1 so that men and women were not   
equals in the individualist sense1 as   
they are for instance1 in the practice  
and theory of ,socialism1 but were      
equals in separate group-life2 to each  
sex1 grouped apart from the other1 equal
 functions were supposed to be          
delegated4 ,oblong ,meeting ,house1 on  
,quaker ,hill1 had seats for two hundred
 and fifty people on the ground floor1  
and in the gallery for one hundred and  

fifty more4 ,the men's side was         
separated from the women's1 of equal    
size and extent1 by wooden curtains1    
which could be raised or lowered2 so    
that the whole building could be one    
auditorium1 with galleries2 or the      
curtains could be so lowered that no man
 on the ground floor could see any woman
 unless she be a speaker on the facing  
seats2 nor could any young person in the
 gallery see any one of the opposite    
sex2 yet a speaker could be heard in all
 parts4 ,the curtains could be so fixed1
 also1 that two independent meetings    
could be held1 each in a separate       
auditorium1 even the speakers being     
separated from one another4  ,it was the
 custom for women to have delegated to  
them certain religious functions1 at    
,monthly ,meeting and ,quarterly and    
,yearly ,meetings1 on which they        
deliberated1 before submitting them to  
the whole meeting4 ,this old ,oblong    
,meeting ,house is a mute record and    
symbol of the century-old contest of the

 ,puritan spirit among the old ,quakers1
 striving for an inflexibly right       
relation between the sexes4 ,they       
attained their ends through the creation
 of a community1 but not until the      
community dissolved4  ,the position of  
woman among ,friends is another eloquent
 tribute to the two-fold dealing of     
,quakerism with women4 ,she is man's    
equal1 but she is man's greatest source 
of danger4 ,she must be on a par with   
him1 but she must be apart from him4    
,the relations of men and women are     
therefore very interesting4 ,in         
doctrinal matters1 in discussion1 in    
preaching and testifying1 men and women 
are equal1 and the respect that a man   
has for his wife or sister or neighbor  
woman1 in these functions of a devout   
sort is like that he has for another    
man4 ,generally the men of the ,quaker  
school of influence believe as a matter 
of course in the intellectual and       
juristic equality of women with men2 and
 in the religious equality of the       

individual woman with the individual    
man4 ,but in the practical arts and in  
business a woman is a woman and a man is
 a man4 ,here the women are restricted  
by convention to housekeeping1 which on 
large farms is quite enough for them2   
and the men have the outdoor life1 the  
trading1 and the gainful                
occupations--except the boarding of city
 people4 ,there is no especial respect  
for the managing woman who runs a farm2 
the community expects such a woman to   
fail4  ,moreover1 between the sexes     
there is no camaraderie1 no             
companionship of an intellectual sort   
between husband and wife1 no free       
exchange of ideas except in circles made
 up of the members of one sex4 ,in any  
public meeting the men habitually sit   
apart from their wives and from the     
women members of their families1 even   
though the audiences be not bilaterally 
halved4  ,the orbits of man's and       
woman's lives are separate1 though each 
ascribes to the individuals of the other

 sex an ethical and religious parity4   
,the effect is seen in the diminishing  
of the numbers of men on the ,hill1 in  
the group-life of the women1 and in the 
type of woman4 ,it may be well to       
consider these in reverse order4  ,the  
individual ,quaker ,hill woman1 so far  
as she differs from women generally1 may
 be described as a woman almost         
perfectly conformed to type1 presenting 
fewer variations than elsewhere1 either 
in the form of youthful prettinesses and
 follies1 or in the strenuous opinion of
 mature years4 ,she is neither a flirt  
as a girl1 nor a radical as a woman4    
,color has not yet come into her        
maidenly days1 nor violence of opinion  
into her womanly years4 ,she affects    
neither fashion nor intellectual        
eccentricity4 ,yet she attains to a     
better average of reasonable1 sensible  
action than she could otherwise do4 ,she
 knows less of the impulsive1 emotional 
prettiness of adolescence than women of 
other country communities1 and in later 

years gives herself less to intellectual
 vagaries4 ,women's rights are          
established on the ,hill2 it is         
impossible to be strenuous about them4  
,the numerous groupings and associations
 of women are especially interesting in 
view of the fact that the men of the    
,hill have no associations whatever1 now
 that the stores are closed2 and are    
assembled in no fixed groupings4 ,it has
 never been possible1 so far as records 
go1 to maintain a society of men on the 
,hill4 ,in the early part of the period 
under study a literary and debating     
society was organized1 with social      
attractions2 but it was feeble and      
short-lived4 ,there are not enough      
leaders among the men to make such      
group-life possible4 ,they are related  
by ties of labor1 rather than of        
class-fraternity2 and they have never   
acquired any interest common to their   
sex to assemble them in groups and      
companies2 the discipline of the        
religion known to the ,hill has         

discouraged and outlawed it4  ,this     
contrast may have something to do with  
the departure of men from the ,hill4 ,so
 long as the stores were in operation1  
at ,toffey's1 ,akin's1 and ,merritt's   
places1 the men could meet there1 and   
had in their assembling a natural       
group-life1 which satisfied many with   
life in the country4 ,but with the      
closing of the stores after the coming  
of the railroad in #ahdi1 this also     
failed1 and the men having no capacity  
for general association with one        
another1 and few interests possessed in 
common with the women1 have been the    
more impelled to leave the ,hill4       
,economic advantage had only to be as   
good elsewhere1 and the man emigrated4  
,i have not known those who have left   
the place1 in my knowledge of it1 to    
give as a reason inability to make a    
good living there2 but always they have 
spoken most emphatically of the bareness
 and lack of interest in the social life
 of the ,hill as their reason for       

emigrating to the city or large town4   
,part ,,iii4  ,the ,mixed ,community1   
from #ahhj to the ,present4             
,,chapter ,i4  ,,demotic ,,composition4 
,there are ninety-three dwellings on    
,quaker ,hill1 as defined above1 and    
illustrated in ,map ,,ii4 ,the shaded   
area alone is referred to here as the   
area proper to the term ,quaker ,hill4  
,in these dwellings live four hundred   
and five persons4 ,this gives a density 
of population of #bf4ffg per square     
mile4 ,in the summer months of ,july and
 ,august there come to the ,hill at     
least five hundred and nineteen more1   
increasing the density of population to 
more than #fa per square mile4  ,there  
is a steady emigration from the ,hill1  
due to the departure of working-people  
and their families in search of better  
economic opportunities4 ,this has in ten
 years removed thirty-nine persons4     
,death has removed or occasioned the    
removal of twenty-seven more1 while only
 three have been removed by marriage4   

,over against this there has been an    
immigration in the years #ahie-aije of  
thirty persons2 of whom eleven have come
 in to labor1 and nineteen for residence
 on their own property4  ,there were    
resident in #aije on ,quaker ,hill the  
following social-economic classes3      
,professional men1 three2 one minister1 
two artists2 wealthy business men1      
three2 farmers1 thirty-eight2 laborers1 
forty 7heads of houses74  ,there were   
fifty-three births in ten years1        
#ahie-aije1 of which fourteen were in   
the families of property-owners1 and    
thirty-nine in families of tenants4     
,there were in these ten years          
thirty-one deaths1 of which twenty-five 
were in the families of property-owners1
 and only six in those of tenants4 ,thus
 the tenant class1 bound to the         
community by no ties of property1       
contributed #gc per cent4 of the births 
and only #bj per cent4 of the deaths1   
while the property holders suffered #hj 
per cent4 of the deaths and were        

increased by only #bf4d per cent4 of the
 births4 ,the number of persons in the  
families of property holders in #aije   
was #ahd1 and in those of tenants #bba4 
,these are as one to one and one-fifth4 
,this difference is not enough to       
account for the great disparity in      
births and deaths between the two       
classes of families4 ,for1 allowing for 
this difference1 births are two and     
one-third times as numerous in the      
working and landless class as among the 
landowners2 and deaths are almost three 
and a half times as many among the      
landholders as among their servants and 
tenants4  ,the present population of the
 ,hill is of a composition which is     
explainable by migration1 and by the    
effect of the topography of the ,hill   
upon that population4 ,there is every   
evidence that before the coming of the  
railroad in #ahdi the population was    
unified1 and the community freer of     
neighborhood groupings4 ,the lists of   
customers who traded at ,daniel         

,merritt's store1 given in ,appendix ,b 
of this volume1 indicates the centering 
on the ,hill of a wide economic life4   
,every record and tradition of a        
religious sort indicates that the       
,oblong ,meeting ,house was also the    
center of a religious community as      
wide-spread as the business of the      
stores4 ,the ,hill was one neighborhood 
until #ahbh1 when the ,division of the  
,meeting occurred2 and #ahdi1 when the  
railroad came to ,pawling4 ,it is not   
now one neighborhood4 ,three groupings  
of households may be discerned1 roughly 
designated ,the ,north ,end1 ,quaker    
,hill ,proper1 and ,wing's ,corners4    
,the second of these1 being the         
territory most under scrutiny in ,part  
,,iii1 might again be divided into the  
territory up by the ,meeting ,house1 and
 that down by ,mizzen-,top4 ,the        
difficulty one experiences in naming    
these groupings of houses is a token of 
the indefiniteness of these divisions4  
,they are accentuated by events         

occurring in the more recent history of 
the ,hill4 ,the older history which     
shapes the consciousness of the         
community does not know these           
neighborhood divisions4 ,yet the change 
of the emphasis of travel to the roads  
running east and west1 from those north 
and south1 has separated these          
neighborhoods from one another4 ,the    
,north ,end1 therefore1 is composed of  
those households between ,sites #a and  
#ae1 who go to the village of ,pawling  
for trading and to take the cars1 along 
the road which passes ,sites #af to #ah4
 ,they include ,hammersley ,lake and    
,hurd's ,corners in their interests4    
,the ,middle ,distance1 or as ,i would  
call it ,the ,meeting ,house            
,neighborhood1 is composed of those     
households from ,sites #ba to #da2 the  
,hotel ,neighborhood1 of those from     
,site #db to #ie2 and these all1 whether
 regarded as one or as two sections1 go 
habitually to the village by the        
,mizzen-,top road1 past ,sites #ii and  

#aac4  ,wing's ,corner is properly the  
name of ,site #ajj1 but it may serve for
 a title of the southern neighborhood   
from ,site #abb to #ajd4 ,from this     
neighborhood all travel to the valley by
 the road westward from the ,corners4   
,the ,north ,end and ,wing's ,corners   
are settled almost entirely by          
,americans1 and until within the past   
two years1 by families derived from the 
original population4 ,quaker ,hill      
,proper is the place of residence of the
 ,irish-,americans4 ,it has been also   
the place of residence of the last of   
the ,quakers during the period1 just    
closed1 of the ,mixed ,community4 ,it is
 also the territory in which land has   
the highest value4 ,here also are the   
residences of all the persons of        
exceptional wealth4  ,the community most
 cherishes the central territory1 lying 
upon the two miles of road between the  
,mizzen-,top ,hotel and the ,meeting    
,house1 and extending beyond these      
points and on either hand one-half mile4

 ,within this area land is nominally    
held at a thousand dollars an acre4     
,the proximate causes of demotic        
composition1 says ,professor            
,giddings1#cc are organic variation and 
migration4 ,the ultimate causes are to  
be looked for in the characteristics of 
the physical environment4 ,the ,quaker  
,hill population1 drawn originally from 
a common source1 was in #ahbh perfectly 
homogeneous4 ,the very intensity of the 
communal life had effected the          
elimination of strange and other        
elements1 and preserved only the        
,quakers1 and those who could live with 
the ,quakers4 ,since #ahdi this         
population has become increasingly      
heterogeneous4 ,it is not yet a blended 
stock4 ,there is but little vital       
mixture of the elements entering into   
social and economic union here4 ,they do
 not generally intermarry4 ,they are    
related only by economic facts and by   
religious sympathies1 so that the effect
 of organic variation does not yet      

appear among them4 ,but in this chapter 
the effect of immigration will be       
indicated4  ,the influence of the       
physical environment is worthy of brief 
notice4 ,between one and another of the 
three neighborhoods lie stretches of    
land1 nearly a mile wide1 valued less   
highly than that on which the clusters  
of houses stand4 ,in the days before the
 railroad1 the population passed over   
this territory to the centers of the    
community in the three stores at        
,toffey's1 ,akin's and ,muritt's places1
 and to the ,meeting ,house4 ,but with  
the necessity of driving westward to the
 railway1 the stretches of road passing 
poorer land had diminished use1 and the 
clusters of households1 once closely    
related1 ceased to interchange reactions
 and services2 so a segregation of      
neighborhoods began1 which is increasing
 with time4  ,the list of members of the
 ,meeting in ,appendix ,a1 and that of  
customers of one of the stores in       
,appendix ,b1 will serve to show the    

extent of the community1 religious and  
economic1 in the eighteenth century4 ,a 
steady shrinkage has drawn in the       
margins of this communal life4 ,at this 
date ,quaker ,hill receives no tribute  
from any outer territory2 and might be  
confined to the limits of ,quaker ,hill 
,proper1 as some indeed call the ,middle
 ,distance4 ,the present writer1 while  
not so limiting the ,hill1 has omitted  
both ,burch ,hill to the south and the  
stretches toward ,webatuck to the north1
 which lie in other towns4  ,just a word
 about neighborhood character4 ,there is
 no especial character localized in the 
,wing's ,corners neighborhood4 ,the     
central territory has been fully        
described in this book1 and especially  
in the chapters on ,the ,common ,mind1  
and ,practical ,differences and         
,resemblances4 ,the ,north ,end is the  
most isolated of any neighborhood       
included within the ,hill population4   
,its families are less directly derived 
from ,quaker stock4 ,the older ,quaker  

families once living there have         
disappeared4 ,it is a genial1 kindly1   
chatty neighborhood1 without the exalted
 sense of past importance or of present 
day prestige which affects the manners  
of ,quaker ,hill ,proper4 ,it has1      
moreover1 none of the ,irish-,american  
residents1 and until recently no ,new   
,york families4 ,the seven family groups
 resident in these fifteen houses have  
been long acquainted1 and have become   
used to one another4 ,a kindly1 tolerant
 feeling prevails4 ,gossip is not       
forbidden4 ,standards of conduct are not
 stretched upon high ideals1 and a      
preference for enjoyments shows itself  
in a greater leisure and a laxer        
industry than in the central portion of 
the ,hill4  ,the greater distance from  
the railway also forbids some of the    
activities of ,quaker ,hill ,proper4    
,the milk wagon which in #ahic-ahii was 
driven each day from ,site #a to the    
railway1 gathering up the milk cans on  
the successive farms1 has been          

discontinued1 and in winter the road    
between ,sites #ae and #ba is often     
blocked with snow for weeks4 ,the       
resident at ,site #c has for about      
twenty years maintained a               
slaughter-house and a wagon for the sale
 of meat1 using his land for fatting    
cattle and sheep1 and selling the meat  
along two routes4 ,the resident at ,site
 #ae maintains a fish-wagon1 buying his 
fish at the railways and selling at the 
houses along selected routes1 through   
the summer4 ,the other residents follow 
the diversified farming1 based on       
grazing1 which in this country includes 
fatting of calves and pigs1 raising of  
poultry and other small agricultural    
industries4 ,one family only in this    
neighborhood takes boarders in the      
summer4  ,the peculiar religious        
character of ,quaker ,hill had by #ahhj 
drawn in its margins to ,quaker ,hill   
,proper1 though the population in these 
outlying neighborhoods had a passive    
acquiescence in it4 ,they still respond 

to the activities which are centered in 
the focal neighborhood4 ,of themselves1 
none of these neighborhoods originates  
any religious activity4  ,in this       
connection mention should be made of the
 ,connecticut neighborhood known as     
,coburn1 in which a certain relation to 
,quaker ,hill has always been           
maintained4 ,it is not here regarded as 
a ,quaker ,hill neighborhood4 ,its      
characteristics are those of            
,connecticut1 and its traditions are not
 ,quaker1 in a pure sense2 but ,quaker  
,hill has influenced it not a little1   
religiously4 ,in ,coburn remains a      
measurable deposit of ,quaker ,hill     
population4  ,among the changes wrought 
by the railroad was the introduction of 
new social elements into the community4 
,the ,quaker population had become      
divided into rich and poor1 but all were
 of the same general stock4 ,the parents
 of all had the same experience to      
relate4 ,their fathers had come to      
,quaker ,hill in the early or middle    

part of the eighteenth century1 had     
endured together the hardships of       
pioneer days1 had known the unity of    
,quaker discipline for one hundred      
years1 and had held loyally to the ideas
 and standards of ,quakerism4  ,with the
 approach of the railroad came ,irish   
laborers1 who settled first in the      
valley below1 generally in the limits of
 ,pawling village1 and later came on the
 ,hill as workers on the farms in the   
new forms of dairy industry to which the
 farmers were stimulated by the         
railroad4 ,this immigration continued   
from #ahdj until #ahfj4 ,in that time1 a
 period of about twenty years1 there    
came laborers for almost all the farmers
 on the ,hill4 ,i am informed that in   
the decade following the ,civil ,war the
 work on all the farms1 from ,wing's    
corner to the ,north ,end1 was done by  
young ,irishmen4  ,the first ,irishmen  
of this immigration whose names appear  
upon the tax-lists of the town of       
,pawling are ,owen and ,patrick ,denany1

 who are assessed upon one hundred acres
 in #ahde1 the land upon which they     
first settled being in the western part 
of the town4 ,these two brothers came   
before the railroad was extended to     
,pawling1 in #ahdj4 ,in #ahfg ,patrick  
moved to ,quaker ,hill and bought a     
place1 midway between ,sites #abh and   
#aca4 ,thomas ,guilshan in #aheh and    
years following was taxed upon nine     
acres1 the land upon which his widow    
still lives1 at ,site #ic4 ,john ,brady 
lived for years at ,site #ga1 and in a  
house now removed except for traces of a
 cellar1 about fifty feet southeast of  
the ,akin ,free ,library1 lived ,charles
 ,kiernan4 ,among the earliest ,irish   
,catholics came ,james ,cullom and      
,margaret1 his wife1 who acquired land  
at ,site #cd4 ,other names of the       
earlier ,irish generations are ,hugh    
,clark1 who acquired land at ,site #aaf1
 ,james ,rooney1 ,fergus ,fahey1 ,james 
,doyle1 ,kate ,leary1 ,james ,hopper1   
who settled in ,pawling or ,hurd's      

,corner1 and ,david ,burns1 who became a
 landowner at ,site #aag4  ,the ,irish  
,catholics early differentiated into two
 classes1 only one of which1 with their 
children1 remains to the present day4   
,there were the loose-footed fellows1   
who followed the railroad1 worked for   
seasons on the farms1 drifted on with   
the renewal of demand for railroad      
laborers1 and disappeared from the      
,hill4 ,their places were taken1 in the 
years following #ahhj1 by ,american     
laborers1 and a very few other          
foreigners1 of whom ,i will speak below4
 ,the other class of ,irish ,catholics  
sought to own land4 ,the details given  
above indicate their promptness in      
acquiring interest in the soil4 ,from   
them has been recruited almost all the  
present ,catholic population of the     
,hill1 which in #aije amounted in all to
 twenty-five households and one hundred 
persons4  ,whereas the early immigration
 of ,irish worked in all the dairies    
from one end of the ,hill to the other1 

the land owned by ,irish-,americans now 
is all in the central portion of the    
,hill1 within a radius of one mile from 
,mizzen-,top ,hotel4 ,within this mile  
also all the ,irish laborers employed on
 the ,hill are at work4 ,they are       
employed about the ,hotel1 on the places
 of the wealthier landowners of the     
,hill1 and in such independent trades as
 stone-mason1 blacksmith or wheelwright4
 ,only an occasional ,irish-,american is
 found among the hired hands on the     
dairy farms4  ,in contrast to the       
indifference of the original population 
of the town to education1 it is worthy  
of note that the grandson of an         
,irish-,american named above promises at
 this writing to be the first youth born
 in the town to graduate from a higher  
institution of learning1 being in his   
last year at ,west ,point4  ,the ,irish 
population who have remained on the     
,hill are singularly homogeneous1 and   
thoroughly imbued with the spirit of the
 place4 ,in the chapter on ,the ,ideals 

of the ,new ,quakerism1 ,i have         
commented on ,irish acquisition of a    
character like that of the ,quakers4    
,the gentleness of manner1 the quickness
 of social sympathy and the industrious 
quietness of the ,quakers have come to  
be theirs4 ,yet they are loyal          
,catholics1 and with very few exceptions
 support their ,church in the village   
regularly4 ,many of them who have not   
conveyances have for years employed a   
stage-driver to transport them on       
,sunday morning to ,st4 ,bernard's      
,church4 ,this church has been built by 
the ,irish and ,irish-,americans4 ,at   
the time of their coming in #ahdj-ahej1 
there was no ,catholic church1 and if   
you wanted to hear mass said1 you had to
 drive to ,poughkeepsie4 ,later1 a tent 
was erected for a time1 for the         
,catholic services1 then a ,baptist     
church building was purchased4 ,this    
building was destroyed by fire about    
#ahge1 and the present structure in the 
village was erected4  ,the ,catholic    

population of the ,hill is now equal to 
the ,quaker population1 there being of  
each twenty-five households2 the old and
 the new4 ,but each has gone through    
striking changes since the ,catholics   
came1 sixty years ago4 ,when ,i was a   
boy1 says a prominent ,irish-,american1 
you could hardly see the road here for  
the carriages and the dust1 all of them 
,quakers going to the ,old ,meeting     
,house1 on ,sunday1 or to ,quarterly    
,meeting4 ,but now they are all gone4   
,the religious faithfulness of those    
,friends of two generations ago has     
descended upon no part of the population
 more fully than upon the handful of    
,catholic families1 who now drive to    
,pawling every ,sunday in great         
wagon-loads1 while the members of the   
,quaker households have closed their    
meeting houses forever4  ,of the        
,irish-,catholic population here        
described only eleven are ,irish born4  
,the rest1 about ninety in number1 are  
,american born of ,irish parents4  ,the 

other elements who have been adopted    
into the ,quaker ,hill population are   
small in number in comparison with the  
,irish4 ,they are among the working     
people1 one ,swiss1 two ,poles1 who have
 bought small places at ,sites #db and  
#ge1 respectively2 and two ,new ,york   
ladies who about #ahij purchased places 
at ,sites #da and #ce1 who have become a
 strong influence1 being socially and   
religiously in sympathy with the        
original ,quaker population4 ,their     
influence is described in the chapter   
upon ,the ,common ,mind of the ,mixed   
,community4 ,purchases of land have been
 made in the years #aije-aijg1 more than
 in the preceding decade1 by persons    
coming from outside the ,quaker ,hill   
population1 all of the buyers being from
 ,new ,york ,city4 ,these purchases are 
all upon the outer fringes of the ,hill 
territory1 at ,sites #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaa1  
#aah1 in the southwestern part1 and     
,sites #f and #aj in the ,north ,end1   
and in the ,coburn neighborhood1 ,sites 

#hh and others near the ,meeting ,house1
 ,site #aci4 ,the land in the central   
section has changed hands1 in the years 
#ahij-aijg1 only through the increase in
 the holdings of those who owned large  
estates before the period of the ,mixed 
,community4   #cc ,descriptive and      
,historical ,sociology1 p4 #aah4        
,,chapter ,,ii4  ,,the ,,economy ,,of   
,,house ,,and ,,field4   ,the           
hospitality of the ,quakers is worthy of
 a treatise1 not of the critical order1 
but poetic and imaginative4 ,it cannot  
be described in mere social analysis4   
,it has grown out of their whole order  
of life1 and expresses their religious  
view1 as well as their economic habits4 
,i showed in ,chapter ,,vii1 ,part ,i1  
that the hospitality of the ,friends    
acquired religious importance from their
 belief that in every man is the ,spirit
 of ,god4 ,with the simplicity1 and     
direct adherence to a few truths1 which 
characterized the early ,friends this   
belief was practiced1 and became one of 

the religious customs of the ,society4  
,they entertained travellers1 especially
 such as were of the household of faith4
 ,they made it a religious tenet to     
house and welcome ,friends travelling on
 truth's account4  ,with equal          
directness they proceeded further to    
welcome every traveller1 and to endure  
often the intrusions of those who would 
not be desired as guests1 because they  
believed that such might be acting by   
the divine impulse4  ,the hospitality1  
therefore1 of such a community is very  
beautiful4 ,for they have their ways of 
asserting themselves1 in spite of       
non-resistance4 ,they open their doors1 
they set their table1 with a religious  
spirit4 ,a thoroughness characterizes   
all their household arrangements1 a     
grace is given to all their             
housekeeping1 which infuses an          
indescribable content into the          
experiences of a guest in these homes4  
,their hospitality to one another has   
been therefore a powerful enginery for  

continuing and for extending the domains
 of ,quakerism4  ,on ,quaker ,hill the  
living generations have known this      
hospitality in two notable ways only1 in
 the ,quarterly ,meetings1 and in the   
transformed hospitality of the          
boarding-house4 ,the ,quarterly ,meeting
 is now gone from the ,hill4 ,both the  
,hicksite ,meeting1 which was laid down 
in #ahhe1 and the ,orthodox ,meeting1   
which ceased to meet in #aije1 brought  
in their day to the ,hill1 once in the  
year1 an inundation of guests1 who      
stayed through the latter days of a     
week1 and then went their way1 to meet  
quarterly throughout the year1 but in   
other places1 until the season came     
again for ,quaker ,hill4  ,the ,quaker  
,hill ,quarterly was in ,august1 and    
after haying4 ,the roads were full of   
the ,quakers going up to the ,meeting   
,house4 ,in every ,quaker home they were
 welcomed1 whether they had written to  
announce their coming1 or whether they  
had not4 ,all through the days of the   

,meeting1 they would renew the old ties1
 and discuss the passing of the         
,society1 the interests of the ,kingdom1
 as they saw it1 the things of the      
spirit4  ,they meet no more4 ,in the    
,quarterly ,meeting1 which comprises the
 ,monthly ,meetings of an area          
comparable to ,dutchess ,county1 there  
are still some ,friends1 and some       
meetings which are not laid down4 ,but  
they come no more1 at ,quarterly        
,meeting time to ,quaker ,hill4 ,many of
 the older members are dead4 ,of the    
younger members many have only a passive
 adherence to ,quakerism1 only          
sufficient to excuse them from          
undesirable worldliness1 and from       
irksome responsibility in other         
religious bodies4  ,the hospitality of  
the old ,quaker assemblings has passed  
over into the business of boarding city 
people4 ,the same table is set1 the same
 welcome given2 but to the paid guest4  
,the passing of the old hospitality of  
the ,friends was illustrated in the     

years of the writer's residence on the  
,hill1 in the person of an old peddler1 
known as ,charles ,eagle4 ,it had been  
the ancient custom to entertain any and 
every wayfarer2 and ,eagle journeyed    
from ,south to ,north about once a month
 in the warmer seasons1 for many years4 
,he had enjoyed the entertainment of the
 ,quakers1 following the ancient line of
 their settlements along the ,oblong1   
and stopping overnight in their ample1  
kindly households4 ,he carried a pack on
 his back and another large bundle in   
his hand4 ,his pace was slow1 like that 
of an ox1 but untiring and unresting1   
hour after hour4 ,his person1 sturdy and
 short1 was clothed in overall stuff1   
elaborately patched and mended4 ,at     
first sight it seemed to be patched from
 use and age2 but closer inspection     
showed that the patches were            
deliberately sewed on the new material4 
,he wore a straw hat in summer1         
decorated with a bright ribbon1 in which
 were flowers in season4 ,he wore also a

 red wig1 tied under his chin with a    
ribbon4 ,his face was like that of an   
,indian1 with broad cheek-bones and     
small shifting eyes4  ,eagle was        
,french1 and professed to be a refugee1 
a person of interest to foreign         
monarchs4 ,on the inner wrapping of his 
pack was written large1 ,vive le        
,napoleon6 ,vive la ,france6 ,vive6 ,he 
had little hesitation about speaking of 
himself1 though always with stilted     
courtesy1 and always furtively4  ,he    
made a study of astronomy1 and every    
night would ask his hostess1 with much  
apology but firm insistence1 for a      
pitcher of water1 and for the privilege 
that he might retire early to his room1 
open the window and view the stars4     
,strange to say1 in this he was not     
merely eccentric2 for his reading was of
 the latest books on the science1 and he
 exchanged with ,akin ,hall ,library a  
,young's ,astronomy for a ,newcomb's1 in
 #ahih4 ,he accompanied the presentation
 of the later book1 in which was the    

author's name inscribed with a note to  
,mr4 ,eagle1 with a demonstration of a  
theory of the ,aurora ,borealis4  ,eagle
 never tried to sell his goods on the   
,hill1 and indeed it is doubtful if he  
carried them for any other purpose than 
to conceal his real commodities1 which  
were watches4 ,of these he carried a    
good selection of the better and of the 
cheaper sorts1 all concealed in the     
center of his pack1 among impossible dry
 goods and varied fancy wares4  ,an     
attempt was made to rob him1 or at least
 to annoy him1 by some young men2 and he
 shot one of his assailants4 ,for this  
offence he was1 after trial1 sent to the
 ,asylum for the ,criminal ,insane4     
,his earlier journeys over the ,hill    
found him a welcome guest at the ,quaker
 homes4 ,but the substitution of        
boarding for the ancient hospitality    
made the peddler unwelcome2 and he      
passed through without stopping in his  
later years4  ,the ,quarterly ,meeting  
of the ,society of ,friends was the     

annual culmination of the hospitality of
 the ,hill population4 ,coming in       
,august1 after haying1 it was for a     
century and a half the great assembly of
 the people of the ,hill1 and of their  
kindred and friends2 and until the      
,orthodox ,meeting ceased to meet1 in   
#aije1 there was ,quarterly ,meeting in 
the smaller ,meeting ,house4 ,the old   
hospitality was never diminished by the 
,quakers as long as their meetings      
continued4 ,even though the same house  
were filled with paying boarders1 the   
family retreated to the attic1 the best 
rooms were devoted to the ,friends      
travelling on truth's account2 and the  
same house saw hospitality of the old   
sort extended for one week to the       
religious guests1 and of the new sort   
faithfully set forth for the guests who 
paid for it by the week4  ,the          
,quakeress and daughter of ,quakers has 
produced the summer boarding-house2     
which is no more than the ample ,quaker 
home1 organized to extend the thrifty   

hospitality continuously for four       
months1 for good payment in return1     
which has always been extended to       
,friends and visiting relatives for     
longer or shorter periods in the past1  
as an act of household grace4  ,the     
,quaker ,hill woman is a good           
housekeeper4 ,the substantial farmhouses
 on the ,hill are outward signs of      
excellent homes within4 ,the table is   
well spread1 with a measured abundance1 
which satisfies but does not waste4 ,the
 rooms are each furnished forth in spare
 and righteous daintiness1 over which   
nowadays is poured1 in occasional       
instances1 a pretty modern color1       
timidly laid on1 which does not remove  
the prim ,quakerness4 ,ventures in the  
use of decoration1 however1 have been   
crude in most cases1 and the results1 so
 far as they have been effected by the  
taste of the woman of the ,hill1 are    
incongruous in color1 and ill-assorted  
in design4 ,it is in house-furnishing   
that the tendency of the daughter of the

 ,quakers shows the most frequent       
variation4 ,occasionally one sees the   
outcropping of a really artistic        
spirit--peculiarly refreshing because so
 rare--which has only in a woman's      
mature years ventured to indulge in a   
bit of happy color2 but the venture if  
successful is always reserved and       
simple2 and the most of such ventures   
are of unhappy result4  ,the            
housekeeping arts have reached a high   
degree of perfection on the ,hill4      
,cooking is there done with a precision1
 economy and tastefulness in sharp      
contrast to the non-aesthetic manner in 
which the ,quakers conduct most         
occupations4 ,it is1 moreover1 a kind of
 cooking after the ,quaker manner1 at   
once frugal and abundant4 ,for of all   
people1 the ,quakers have learned to    
manage generously and economically4     
,the outcome of this housekeeping is the
 diversion of much of the business      
energy of the ,hill to the keeping of   
boarders4 ,seven of the old ,quaker     

families1 and one ,irish ,catholic      
household are devoted to the keeping of 
boarders2 five of them being supported  
in the main by this business4 ,of these 
five families1 however1 four reside upon
 farms of more than one hundred and     
fifty acres apiece4 ,these families sell
 at certain times in the year1 a certain
 quantity of milk1 or make butter1 or   
fatten calves1 but not as their central 
means of support4  ,to these farmhouses 
come year after year the same paying    
guests1 each house having its own       
constituency1 built up through thirty   
years of patient and unbroken service4  
,the charm of the ,quaker character1 the
 excellence of the cooking and the      
enjoyable character of the other factors
 of the household1 bring patrons back2  
while the benefits of the elevation and 
pure air are1 to city dwellers1 material
 returns for the moneys expended4 ,for  
this board1 the price charged is1 in the
 ,irish ,catholic household1 five       
dollars per week2 in one of the oldtime 

,quaker houses1 six dollars1 and in the 
others from eight to ten or twelve      
dollars per week4  ,the season in which 
boarders can be secured in paying       
numbers is a period extending from ,june
 fifteenth to ,october first1 with the  
houses filled only in the months of     
,july and ,august4 ,for this period1    
which is one continued strain upon the  
housekeepers and their aids1 preparation
 begins as early as the month of ,march4
 ,the housework is generally done by the
 women of the family1 with some employed
 help1 of an inferior sort4 ,the horses 
and carriages on the farm must be used  
for the transportation of guests1 and   
for hire to those who drive for         
pleasure4 ,on one farm sheep are kept2  
though most of the boarding-houses buy  
their meat supplies of the dealers      
mentioned below4  ,of late years the    
help employed in these boarding-houses1 
in addition to members of the family1   
has come to be negroes from ,culpepper  
,county1 ,virginia4 ,these employees    

come each spring and return in the fall4
  ,the one ,irish ,catholic             
boarding-house is for the entertainment 
of the hired men on the lower part of   
the ,hill1 near the ,hotel4 ,it is      
maintained throughout the year1 with a  
varying number of guests1 by a woman    
ninety years of age1 who in addition to 
the management1 does much of the hard   
work herself4  ,the conservatism of the 
,hill families is shown in the fact that
 the boarding-house business has never  
been extended4 ,no house has ever been  
erected for that purpose alone2 but the 
present business of that sort is carried
 on in the old ,quaker homes1 each      
receiving only as many paid guests as it
 was used to receive of its hospitable  
duty1 when the ,quarterly ,meeting      
brought ,friends from afar1 once in the 
year4  ,mizzen-,top ,hotel is perhaps an
 exception1 if1 indeed1 a large hotel1  
with quarters for two hundred and fifty 
guests1 and at prices ranging from three
 dollars per day up1 be an exception4   

,it has grown out of the same conditions
 which transformed the farmhouses into  
boarding-houses1 save that it has never 
been managed at a profit1 and they never
 at a loss4 ,it is1 however1 an         
institution by itself1 and will be      
treated in another place4  ,the         
,mizzen-,top ,hotel has always been a   
sober institution1 influenced thereto by
 the pleasureless spirit of the ,hill4  
,baseball1 tennis1 and golf in their    
times have had vogue there1 but under   
every management it has been hard to    
arouse and maintain active interest in  
outdoor or indoor sports4 ,the direct   
road to ,hammersley ,lake1 formerly     
called ,quaker ,hill ,pond1 has made    
possible a moderate indulgence in       
carriage-driving4 ,the laying out of the
 golf links in #ahig set going that     
dignified sport1 just as the ,wayside   
,path in #ahhj occasioned some mild     
pedestrianism4 ,but the ,hotel          
diminishes rather than increases in its 
play-activities2 and only games of cards

 retain a hold upon the guests1 who     
prefer the piazza1 the croquet ground1  
the tennis court1 and the golf links in 
rapidly diminishing proportion4         
,intemperance was common in earlier     
times1 and drinking was universal4      
,every household made and stored for    
winter many barrels of cider4 ,rum and  
wine were freely bought at the store4   
,their use in the harvest field was     
essential to the habits of agriculture  
which preceded the times of the mower   
and reaper4 ,this free use of cider1    
with accompanying intemperance1 survives
 in only two houses on ,quaker ,hill4   
,miss ,taber's account1 in ,some        
,glimpses of the ,past1 describes the   
drinking habits of the older period3 ,it
 was customary to have cider on the     
table at every meal1 the ladies would   
have their tea1 but most of the men     
drank cider largely1 many to excess1    
consequently there were great quantities
 made in the fall and stored in the     
cellars during the winter4 ,a large     

farmer would lay out a great deal of    
work1 gathering from ten to twenty      
cartloads of apples1 hooping and        
cleaning barrels1 and many ground and   
pressed their own cider1 then the large 
casks were drawn to and placed in the   
cellars4 ,this usually occupied a large 
part of the month of ,october4 ,in the  
spring a portion of the hard cider would
 be taken to a distiller1 and made into 
cider brandy to be used in the haying   
and harvest field1 at sheep washings1   
butchering1 raisings1 shearings and on  
many occasions4 ,some was always on the 
sideboard and often on the table4 ,in   
most households there were sideboards   
well furnished with spirits1 brandy1    
homemade wine1 metheglin1 etc41 which   
were offered to guests4 ,it was a       
fashion or custom to offer a drink of   
some kind whenever a neighbor called4   
,my grandfather being obliged to have so
 many men at least two months each year 
became disgusted with the custom of     
furnishing so much cider and spirits to 

the men in the field1 as many of them   
would come to the house at supper time  
without any appetite and in a           
quarrelsome mood4 ,there would be       
wrestlings and fighting during the      
evening and the chain in the well could 
be heard rattling all night long4 ,so   
one year1 probably about #ahce or '#cf1 
he decided that he would do it no       
longer4 ,his brother and many of his    
neighbors tried to dissuade him and     
prophesied that he would not be able to 
get sufficient help to secure his crops1
 but he declared he would give up       
farming before he would endure it any   
longer1 and announced when securing his 
extra help for that summer that he would
 furnish no cider or spirits in the     
field1 but that coffee and other drinks 
would be carried out and that every man 
should have a ration of spirits at each 
meal4 ,most of the men he had had in    
past years came back and seemed to be   
glad to be out of the way of temptation4
 ,the next year he dispensed with the   

ration at meal times1 and the custom    
grew among his neighbors with surprising
 rapidity2 it was but a few years when  
it became general1 with a few           
exceptions1 where the farmer himself was
 fond of it1 until to-day such a thing  
is not heard of1 and in fact1 the       
farmer1 like the railroads and other    
large corporations1 do not care to      
employ a man that is in the habit of    
using spirits at all4  ,in the years    
#ahij-aije there were only two families 
on the ,hill which followed primitive   
custom in putting in cider into the     
cellar in quantity for the winter4 ,in  
five more a very small quantity was     
kept4 ,in the other cases it was        
regarded as immoral to use the beverage4
 ,the writer was only once offered a    
drink of alcoholic beverage in six      
years' residence on the ,hill4  ,in     
respect to the standard of living which 
is regarded as necessary to the         
maintenance of respect and social       
position1 the ,hill exhibits two strata 

of the population4 ,the city people1 and
 the farmers and laborers4 ,the former  
class1 besides the ,hotel and its       
cottages1 comprise seven households1 who
 have formed their ways of living upon  
the city standard4 ,the others1 resident
 all the year round upon the ,hill1 live
 after a standard common to ,american   
country-people generally of the better  
class4  ,the economic ideas and habits  
are in no way peculiar to the ,hill4    
,there survive in a few old persons some
 primitive industrial habits4 ,one old  
lady1 now about ninety1 amuses herself  
with spinning1 knitting and weaving2    
keeping alive all the primitive         
processes from the shearing of sheep in 
her son's field to the completed        
garment4 ,axe-helves are still made by  
hand in the neighborhood4  ,the         
practical arts of the community are     
agriculture1 especially the cultivation 
of grass for hay1 cooking and general   
housekeeping1 and the entertainment of  
paid guests1 as boarders in farmhouse   

and hotel4 ,there is in addition on one 
farm1 at ,site ,no4 #c1 a               
slaughter-house1 at which beef and      
mutton and pork are prepared for market1
 the animals being bought1 pastured1    
fattened and killed on the place1 and   
the meat delivered to customers1        
especially in the summer months1 by     
means of a wagon1 which makes its       
journey twice a week1 over the length of
 the ,hill and in the country eastward4 
,there is also a fish-wagon owned and   
maintained by the resident at ,site ,no4
 #ae1 which buys fish during the year   
and maintains by means of a wagon a     
similar trade4 ,these two are the only  
food supply businesses maintained on the
 ,hill4  ,economic opportunity has      
always appealed strongly to the ,quaker 
,hill man and woman4 ,in #agdj ,john    
,toffey settled at the crossing of ways 
which is called ,toffey's ,corners1 and 
began to make hats4 ,other industries   
followed4  ,in recent years1 in almost  
every ,quaker house boarders have been  

taken1 and a better profit has been made
 than from the sale of milk4 ,for       
twenty-five years the ,mizzen-,top      
,hotel1 accommodating two hundred and   
fifty guests1 has represented notably   
this response to opportunity4 ,the      
beautiful scenery1 which the ,quaker    
himself does not appreciate1 because he 
has educated himself out of the         
appreciation of color and form1 has     
offered him an opportunity of profit    
which he has been prompt and diligent to
 seize4 ,all through the summer every   
one of the six largest ,quaker          
homesteads is filled with guests4 ,the  
fact cited above that in the summer     
there comes to the ,hill a greater      
transient population than dwells there  
through the year1 a population of       
guests1 illustrates this lively economic
 alertness4  ,the emigration from the   
,hill since #ahdj of so many persons1   
notably the younger and more ambitious1 
is in itself a token of this response4  
,the railroad brought the opportunity2  

the ambitious accepted it2 many whole   
families have disappeared4 ,their strong
 members emigrated2 the weaker stock    
died out4 ,the ,merritt1 ,vanderburgh1  
,irish1 ,wing1 ,sherman1 ,akin1 and     
other families offer examples4 ,in the  
place of those who departed have come   
others1 to fill the total population4   
,there were in #aije on the ,hill       
twenty-five old families with           
seventy-five persons1 and twenty-five   
,irish ,catholic families with one      
hundred persons4  ,the response to      
economic opportunity has often been too 
keen1 and the attempt too grasping4 ,in 
#ahia wealthy ,new ,yorkers offered for 
certain farms so located as to command  
beautiful views1 prices almost double   
what they are worth for farming4 ,the   
reply was a demand in every case of one 
thousand dollars more than was offered2 
and the result was--no sale4  ,land is  
valued1 though few sales are made1 at   
#a1jjj per acre1 near the ,hotel4 ,the  
acre numbered #db1 one mile from        

,mizzen-,top1 on ,map ,,ii1 was sold in 
#ahic to a laboring man for #bej4 ,at   
#ec1 land was sold in #aijc for #gjj per
 acre4 ,at #eb1 three acres were sold by
 sisters to a brother in #ahie1 the     
asking-price being #a1jjj per acre1 and 
the price paid #hjj per acre4 ,for      
farming1 this land is worth #ej and #ge 
per acre4 ,four miles further inland as 
good recently sold for #aj per acre4    
,quaker ,hill has not neglected its     
economic opportunities4  ,nearness to   
the soil has1 under the influences of   
,quaker ethics and economic ambition1   
cultivated in this population a patient 
and steadfast industry1 which expresses 
itself in the milk dairy1 a form of     
farming by its nature requiring early   
hours and late1 with all the day between
 filled by various duties4 ,i have shown
 above that this industry is losing its 
hold on the farmers of the ,hill1 but   
for two generations it has been the     
distinctive type of labor on the ,hill4 
,to rise at four or even earlier in the 

morning and to prepare the milk1 to     
deliver it at the station1 four to eight
 miles away1 to attend to the wants of  
cows from twenty to one hundred in      
number2 to prepare the various          
food-products1 either by raising from   
the soil1 or by carting from the        
railroad1--these activities filled1 ten 
years ago1 the lives of one hundred and 
four of the adult males of the          
community2 and these activities at      
present fill the time of sixty of the   
adult males of the community4#cd  ,while
 the milk business is a declining       
industry1 other things are not less     
engrossing4 ,the land must be tilled1   
and is tilled4 ,hay is the greatest     
crop1 and the mere round of the seasons 
brings for a community used to          
agriculture a discipline and a course of
 labor1 which make life regular and     
industrious4  ,farming1 as stated above1
 is carried on with a view to the       
production of milk for the city market4 
,it is a laborious and exacting         

occupation4 ,the dairy cow1 generally of
 the ,holstein stock1 or with a strain  
of ,holstein in her blood1 is the most  
common variety2 though the grass of the 
,hill is so good that very rich milk is 
produced by red cow1 just plain farmer's
 cow1 as the local description runs2 and
 the demands of the middlemen have      
brought in some ,jersey cattle1 which   
are desired1 because of the greater     
proportion of cream they produce4 ,the  
largest profit from the making of milk  
is secured by those farmers who keep as 
many cows as can be fed from the land   
owned by them4 ,but the more ambitious  
farmers rent land1 and in a few cases on
 a small farm keep so many cattle that  
they have to buy even hay and corn4 ,it 
is necessary for the farmer1 in order to
 meet the demands of the city market1 to
 feed his cattle on grains not raised on
 the ,hill4 ,one hundred years ago the  
lands of the ,hill were planted in      
wheat1 rye1 corn and other grains1 but  
to-day the farmers buy all grains1      

except corn1 of which an increasing     
quantity is being raised1 and oats1 of  
which they do not raise enough for the  
use of their horses4 ,there are no silos
 used on the ,hill1 the city milkmen    
having a standing objection to the milk 
of cows fed on ensilage4  ,the labor    
problem created by the milk business is 
an acute one4 ,one man can milk not more
 than twenty cows1 and he is a stout    
farm-hand who can daily milk more than  
twelve or fifteen4 ,as a farmer must    
keep between twenty and forty cows to do
 justice to his acreage1 on the average 
,hill farm1 there must be at least two  
men1 and often there must be five or six
 men employed on the farm4 ,to secure   
this number of capable men1 to keep     
them1 and to pay them are hard problems4
 ,their wages have risen in the past    
twelve years1 from fourteen dollars a   
month and board to twenty-three dollars 
and board2 or for a married man1 who has
 house rent1 wood1 and time to cut it1  
garden and time to tend it1 and a quart 

of milk a day1 the wages have risen from
 twenty-eight to thirty-five dollars a  
month4  ,these men are recruited from a 
class born in the country1 and of a     
drifting1 nomadic spirit2 and from the  
city1 the latter a sinister1 dangerous  
element1 whom the farmers fear and      
suspect4 ,on a large farm1 with five men
 in employ1 the farmer may expect to    
replace one man each month2 and to      
replace his whole force at least once a 
year4 ,so changeable are the minds of   
this class of laborers4  ,those who are 
married are somewhat more stable2 but of
 the others it is asserted by the       
farmers that out of their wages they    
save nothing4  ,there has been a rise in
 the price secured by the farmers for   
their milk in the past ten years1 but it
 has been only for limited periods4 ,the
 variation was from #a4i cents and #b   
cents1 the price in #ahie-ih1 to #c     
cents1 the price paid in the winter of  
#aijg4 ,in the summer the price is      
always lower4 ,the farmers have no      

control over the price paid them for    
milk1 nor have they control over the    
prices to be paid for labor1 though of  
course in this matter1 there is room for
 a certain skill in bargaining and for  
the lowering of the total wages paid on 
the farm through the skillful employment
 of the cheaper kinds of hands4  ,there 
is also a difference in the price paid  
for milk by the ,milk ,factory1 a plant 
established at the railway in the past  
ten years1 in each dairy-town4 ,this    
establishment takes milk from the poorer
 dairies under conditions less exacting 
than are laid down by some buyers1 and  
in consequence pays a price             
correspondingly lower than the market   
rates for milk and the higher prices    
secured by the better farmers4  ,one    
energetic farmer1 who has in the past   
five years had large farms to manage1 on
 hire1 or on shares1 has prepared milk  
for hospital use in the city1 meeting   
the exactions of inspection1 and the    
prescribed care of stables1 animals1    

workmen and receptacles in a way        
intolerable to the average farmer4 ,he  
receives in return a price twenty per   
cent above the market rate4  ,the effect
 of the above conditions is seen in the 
fact that in the twelve years under     
study nine owners of large farms have   
given up the milk business1 have sold   
their cows1 or keeping them have made   
butter and fatted calves for market4    
,the profits to be made in dairy-farming
 are so small1 unless the farmer conduct
 his dairy in an exceptional manner1 or 
on a very large scale1 that the average 
man on the ,hill cannot continue it4    
,indeed1 the average farmer on the ,hill
 is unable through lack of vitality or  
incapacity for application1 to conduct  
any business1 successfully1 against     
competition4 ,the state of mind of such 
men1 in the worst cases1 is illustrated 
by the remark of one of them who        
approached a successful dairyman1       
saying3 ,i am going to cease to make    
milk for the city market1 and ,i thought

 ,i would come to you and find out      
something about the way to make         
butter--not the best butter1 such as you
 make1 but a sort of second-class       
butter4   #cd ,mr4 ,e4 ,i4 ,hurd is my  
authority for the following statement4  
,in the total income of the farmers of  
,pawling1 nine dollars are paid them for
 milk for every dollar in payment for   
other products4     ,,chapter ,,iii4    
,,new ,,ideals ,,of ,,quakerism3        
,,assimilation ,,of ,,strangers4        
,quaker ,hill has always been a         
community with great powers of          
assimilation4 ,the losses suffered by   
emigration have been repaired by the    
genius of the community for socializing4
 ,whoever comes becomes a loyal learner 
of the ,quaker ,hill ways4 ,i think this
 is a matter of imitation4 ,personality 
has here made a solemn effort to perfect
 itself for a century and a half2 and   
the characters of ,richard ,osborn1     
,james ,j4 ,vanderburgh1 ,anne ,hayes1  
,david ,irish and his daughter1 ,phoebe 

,irish ,wanzer1 ripened into possession 
of at least amazing power of example4 ,i
 must be sparing of illustration here1  
where too rich a store is at hand4 ,i   
will offer only this striking fact1     
observed by all who know the ,hill3 the 
,irish emigrant and his ,american-born  
children1 of whom there are now as many 
as remain of the original ,quakers1 have
 come to be as good ,quakers in         
character--though still loyal ,catholics
 in dogma--as if they said thee and     
thou1 and wore drab4 ,they are          
peaceable1 gentle folk1 sober and       
inoffensive2 and the transforming       
influence of ,quaker character is seen  
in certain of them in a marked degree4  
,the same statement may be made of the  
pervasive example of the ,quaker        
character upon other areas of           
population2 servants who come from the  
city1 summer guests1 artistic people who
 love the ,hill for its beauty and      
suggestiveness1 ministers and other     
public teachers who come hither4  ,the  

area to the southeast1 called ,coburn1  
settled to a degree by those who have   
worked on the ,hill in times past as    
employees1 is touched with the same     
manner4 ,its meeting house1 erected over
 sixty years ago1 even retains the      
,quaker way of seating the men and women
 apart4  ,the ,quaker ,hill ,conference1
 now in its ninth year1 is another      
illustration of the charm and reach of  
the gentle influence of the ,quaker     
,hill ideal upon personal character4    
,suggestion also explains much4 ,in such
 a social whole1 manners and customs are
 fixed4 ,the newcomer is often fresh1   
ingenuous1 and sometimes intrusive4     
,little by little he becomes socialized4
 ,ways of action are fixed for him1 and 
a range of performance comes to be his4 
,in harmony with this range1 suggestion 
is very fertile2 but one learns after a 
time that there is a limit to its force 
beyond which individuals will not go4   
,suggestion1 to be effective upon the   
many1 must come from the sources which  

embody the community's religious and    
economic ideal4  ,ideas1 once broached1 
are usually1 if they contemplate action1
 opposed1 at least by inertness2 but    
after a time they reappear as if native 
to the minds which would have none of   
them by reasonable approaches4 ,this    
process is accelerated if the suggestion
 begins to travel from mind to mind4    
,some individuals are less slow than    
others2 and the leaders of ,quaker ,hill
 thinking have always been able to work 
by the plan of academic proposal--to    
avoid rejection--followed by incitement 
of popular action in particular         
quarters4 ,quaker ,hill cannot bear to  
be divided2 and that which comes to be  
successful in one quarter soon comes to 
be universal4 ,things can be done by    
social suggestion which could never be  
accomplished by appeal or rational      
discussion4  ,the word that has formed  
the social mind of ,quaker ,hill has    
been1 not the ,spirit1 not the inner    
light1 but orthodoxy or plainness4 ,for 

this community1 it must be remembered1  
had no great thinkers4 ,it discouraged  
study1 stiffened reason in formulas and 
dissolved thinking in vision4 ,to its   
formulas the ,hill has been exceedingly 
devoted4 ,he who upheld them was        
accepted1 and he who rejected them1 as  
well as he who ignored them1 was to the 
early ,quaker ,hill as if he did not    
exist4  ,this shibboleth has indeed     
always been religious4 ,even to-day the 
way of direct access to the common heart
 is a religious one4 ,catholic as well  
as ,protestant1 ,quaker no more and no  
less than the world's people1 welcome   
religious approaches1 respect           
confessions1 and believe experiences4   
,nothing can assemble them all which    
does not originate in religion and      
clothe itself in religious sanction4    
,history is religious history4 ,business
 prosperity is approved when the        
prosperity has followed religious       
profession4  ,i do not mean to say that 
there are not other symbols than those  

of religion4 ,prosperity has spoken its 
shibboleths as well as orthodoxy4       
,business is business on ,quaker ,hill4 
,not to save money is an unforgiven     
sin--and a rare one6  ,much has been    
done in forming the common mind of      
,quaker ,hill by antipathies and        
sympathies1 chiefly again of a religious
 order modified by the economic4 ,the   
community is markedly divided into rich 
and poor1 and into orthodox and         
not-orthodox4 ,these have no inclination
 one to another4 ,each group has its    
symbols and pass-words1 and while       
neighborly1 and answering to certain    
appeals to which the community has      
always responded1 each resident of the  
,hill lives and dwells in his own group 
and has no expectation of moving out of 
it4 ,so long as a man stays in his group
 he is1 by a balancing of antipathy and 
sympathy1 respected and valued4 ,if he  
venture to be other than what he was    
born to be1 he suffers all the social   
penalties of a highly organized         

community4  ,authority1 working along   
the lines of belief and dogma1 has      
almost irresistible force for the       
,quaker ,hill social mind4 ,a visitor to
 the ,hill said ,these are an obedient  
people4 ,any barrenness of the ,hill is 
to be attributed rather to the lack of  
leaders who could speak to the beliefs  
and in harmony with the dogmas1 than to 
lack of willingness to obey authority4  
,from the past the families on the ,hill
 inherit their willingness respectively 
to command and to obey4 ,this is true   
socially of certain families and        
religiously of others4 ,that to-day some
 are not led is due solely to the       
decadence of initiative in the          
households which1 by reason of wealth or
 dogmatic rectitude1 inherit and claim  
the first place4  ,it was said above    
that ,quaker ,hill has shown great power
 of assimilating foreign material1 and  
of causing newcomers to be possessed of 
the communal spirit4 ,the agency which  
from the first accomplished this was    

religious idealization1 embodied in the 
meeting1 the dress1 language and manners
 of ,friends4 ,generally the ,meeting   
was recruited from births1 and members  
were such by birthright4 ,in former     
times the community and the ,meeting    
were one4 ,this assimilating of foreign 
material by social imitation to the     
,quaker type1 and into organic          
subjection to the ,quaker ,hill         
community1 was wrought by six agencies4 
,they were language1 manners1 costume1  
amusements1 worship1 and morals4 ,in    
each of these the ,quakers were         
peculiar4 ,in the use of the plain      
language the ,quakers had a machinery of
 amazing and subtle fascination for     
holding the attention1 purifying the    
speech1 and disciplining the whole      
deportment of the young and the         
newcomer4 ,no one has ever been         
addressed with the use of his first name
 by grave1 sweet ladies and elderly     
saints1 without its beginning an        
influence and exerting a charm he could 

not resist2 the more so that the ,quaker
 in so doing is guarding his own soul1  
rather than seeking to save his hearer4 
,the grave manners of the ,quakers1 both
 in meeting and without1 are framed upon
 their belief that all days are holy1   
and all places sacred4 ,their long and  
triumphant fight against amusements is a
 tribute to the gravity of life4 ,the   
contest to which ,i have elsewhere      
referred for pure morals1 in matters of 
sex1 of property and of speech1 was a   
victorious battle4  ,in all these       
matters ,quaker ,hill was a population  
socialized by religion4 ,central to it  
all was the worship of the ,meeting on  
,first ,day1 and on other occasions2 and
 the great solemnity of the annual      
,quarterly ,meeting4 ,fascinated by that
 silence that can be felt1 men came from
 far4 ,they would come as readily       
to-day4 ,they went away under the       
domination of that idea of pure and     
spiritual faith1 which kept a whole     
houseful of men silent for an hour in   

communion4  ,as ,i have looked into this
 matter it has seemed to me that the    
induction to be drawn from the history  
of ,quaker ,hill is this3 ,religion was 
a true organizing power for this social 
population4 ,whatever the meeting       
determinedly strove to do it            
accomplished4 ,if it had tried to do    
more it would have succeeded4  ,this was
 a gain1 moreover1 without corresponding
 losses2 a total net gain in all the    
moralities4 ,the whole area on which    
this meeting exerted its influence was  
by it elevated to a higher moral and    
social tone1 and organized into a       
communal whole1 characterized by a      
loftier and cleaner standard than that  
of surrounding populations4  ,why1 then1
 did it die out8 ,first1 because of the 
bareness of its worship1 the lack of    
music1 color and form2 through which it 
lost in the nineteenth century some of  
its best families4 ,then through        
dogmatic differences1 of no interest to 
human beings1 it lost its primacy in the

 community and so its authority4  ,in   
the chapter on ,ideals of the ,quakers1 
,i have dwelt upon their dramatization  
of life4 ,they made believe that        
plainness was sanctity4 ,they fixed     
their minds upon the commonplace as the 
ideal4 ,it is probable that the early   
population were men and women of no such
 talents as to disturb this conviction2 
and the variations from plainness in the
 direction of gayety were sternly       
denounced as immoral4 ,also the struggle
 with the wilderness occupied and       
exhausted the powers of the exceptional 
as well as of the average man4 ,but when
 with wealth came leisure1 there were   
born sons of the ,quakers who rebelled  
against the discipline of life that     
repressed variation1 who demanded       
self-expression in dress1 in language1  
in tastes1 and in pleasures4 ,gradually 
but surely1 as the outside world was    
brought nearer1 these persons were      
influenced in their restiveness by books
 and examples1 by imitation and other   

stimuli from new sources1 until they    
cast off in their minds the ,quaker     
ideal of plainness4 ,to be ordinary no  
longer seemed to them a way of goodness4
 ,they were oppressed and stifled by the
 ban of the meeting upon variation4 ,and
 though the ideal of plainness has      
subtly ruled them even in their         
rebellion and freedom1 it has done so by
 its negative power1 in that the        
community has never furnished           
exceptional education4 ,the positive    
dominion of the meeting broken1 the     
negative plainness of the community     
rules all the children of the ,hill to  
this day4 ,so few are the sources of    
individual variation furnished1 in the  
form of books1 music1 education1 art1   
that no son or daughter of ,quaker ,hill
 has attained a place of note even in   
,new ,york ,state4 ,the ideal of        
plainness has been an effectual         
restraint4     ,,chapter ,,iv4  ,,the   
,,common ,,mind4   ,the common mind has 
been formed to a great degree by strong 

personalities2 for the common mind has  
held an ideal of perfection in a person4
 ,the force which at the beginning      
assembled its elements was personal4    
,the type represented by ,george ,fox1  
as interpreted by ,barclay1 embodied    
this influence4 ,in all the history of  
the place response to strong personality
 has been immediate and general4 ,the   
past is a history of names4 ,william    
,russell led the community in erecting a
 ,meeting ,house1 and then a second     
one--which still stands4 ,ferriss1 the  
early settler1 located the meeting house
 on his land1 as later ,osborn located  
the ,orthodox ,meeting ,house1 at the   
,division1 on his land4 ,judge ,daniel  
,akin1 in the early ,nineteenth         
,century1 was a leader of the economic  
activities of this ,quaker community1   
then differentiating themselves from the
 religious4 ,so1 too1 his nephew1       
,albert ,akin1 in the last half of that 
century was a leader1 gathering up the  
money of the wealthy farmers to invest  

in railroads1 founding the ,pawling     
,bank1 the ,mizzen-,top ,hotel1 and     
launching ,akin ,hall1 with its literary
 and religious basis4  ,david ,irish1   
the preacher of the ,hicksite ,meeting  
in the middle of the nineteenth century 
was leader and exponent of the most     
representative phases of ,quakerism1 for
 at that time it was still possible for 
the business and the religion of        
,quakerism to be united in the minds of 
the majority2 ,unitarian ,quakerism was 
the result1 and of this ,david ,irish   
was the ideal embodiment4  ,the respect 
paid by the community to leadership is  
shown in the place assigned to ,admiral 
,john ,l4 ,worden1 commander of the     
,monitor1 who married a ,quaker ,hill   
woman1 ,olive ,toffey1 spent the summers
 of his life on the ,hill1 and is buried
 in the ,pawling ,cemetery4 ,there was  
universal pride in his charming         
personality1 interest in his sayings1   
and no pious condemnation of his warlike
 deeds4 ,his nautical names of the high 

points on the ,hill have been generally 
accepted2 so that the ,hill rides high  
above all surrounding lands1 her heights
 labelled like the masts of a gallant   
ship3 ,mizzen-,top1 ,main-,top1         
,tip-,top4  ,there is indeed by contrast
 a corresponding unwillingness to be    
impressed by great personality4 ,the    
residence of ,washington with his troops
 in the neighborhood left no impression 
on the records of the ,meeting1 though  
he turned out the worshippers and filled
 the place with sick soldiers2 no       
impression upon the devout tradition1   
except the story of his being seen once 
in the woods alone on his knees in      
prayer2 and no impression upon the      
social tradition1 except the cherished  
claim of one family that he used their  
residence as his headquarters4          
,washington was the embodiment of all   
that this community opposed1 and he was 
ignored4  ,another instance of grudging 
allegiance was the following given to a 
,new ,york broker1 who set out to build 

a modern schoolhouse1 and was permitted 
only by a packed school-meeting1 and by 
paying two-thirds of the expense        
himself1 to build in #ahib the comely   
structure at #dc1 with which ,quaker    
,hill is content4  ,the same resident   
was discouraged from further acts of    
public service1 in #ahid1 by the        
declining of his offer made to the town 
of ,pawling1 to build one mile of       
macadam for every mile built by the     
town4 ,he had constructed in #ahic1 at  
#aac1 a sample piece of such road1      
covering at his own expense an ancient  
sink-hole in the highway1 through which 
during two months in every year for a   
century and a half ,quaker ,hill had    
wallowed2 and he desired with this      
object-lesson to convince the town1--to 
win the support of at least his         
neighbors1--to the proposal to transform
 the highways into good roads4 ,but     
there was never a response1 and even his
 neighbors on the ,hill1 who cheerfully 
enjoy his smooth stretch of stone road  

over the ancient wallow of their        
fathers1 manifested no active           
appreciation of his generosity4 ,the    
generous resident had purchased a       
stone-crusher and other necessaries for 
the work2 but they have been used only  
on private grounds4  ,the most          
conspicuous instance of following       
leadership in recent times has been the 
measured devotion given by the community
 to the activities which have centered  
in ,akin ,hall and in the institution   
known as ,hill ,hope1 on ,site #ce4 ,the
 leaders in this activity have been     
themselves under the influence of ,new  
,york city ideas4 ,two of the three most
 conspicuous persons are of this        
neighborhood1 but have resided in ,new  
,york for years1 returning to the ,hill 
for the summers4 ,the third is a ,new   
,yorker by birth1 and trained in        
,presbyterian religious experience and  
especially in charitable activity4      
,akin ,hall has in the years #ahib-aije 
expressed the leadership in religious   

confession and worship1 after the forms 
of the ,reformed ,christian order1 and  
has embodied this leadership in the     
conventional activities of a vigorous   
country parish4  ,for ten years ,hill   
,hope1 supported personally by the third
 member of this group of leaders1 was1  
until it was closed in #aijd1 a country 
home for working girls4 ,by a liberal   
policy it became also a center of much  
interest and of a pervasive influence to
 the neighborhood4 ,meetings of a social
 and devotional character were held     
there1 to which the residents were      
pleased to come1 and in which the young 
women from the city met and mingled with
 the ,protestant residents of the ,hill1
 especially with those of the ,quaker   
stock4 ,the influence of ,hill ,hope was
 very marked1 and its power in          
representing to people of a narrow      
experience the ideals of a richer and   
broader life was obvious to any one who 
saw the place it held in the interests  
of the whole resident community4  ,these

 influences1 thus compounded of the     
humanitarian1 the liberal-orthodox and  
the devotional1 but in all things       
confessedly religious1 exerted          
themselves for the ten years named1     
unbroken4 ,the death of one member of   
this group of leaders1 the head of one  
of the three households peculiarly      
identified with its work1 appreciably   
weakened the group4 ,but in the thirteen
 years of its influence1 it united the  
whole community in the formation of a   
church1 to some of whose services came  
all the ,protestant population2 in whose
 membership were representatives of all 
groups of the ,protestant residents2 and
 which was able at least once a year to 
call the ,catholics also together at    
,christmas festivities4  ,to this group 
of leaders a guarded1 though at times   
cordial following was given by ,orthodox
 ,friends1 the ,hicksite group1 the     
farmer class1 laborers1 ,catholics and  
,protestants1 and summer people4 ,it was
 generally inert and negative in spirit1

 seldom actively loyal4 ,at its best it 
was willing that leaders should lead and
 pay the price1 and be more admired than
 upheld4 ,at its worst it was alert to  
private and blind to public interests1  
peevish of change1 incapable of         
foresight4  ,i do not think that ,quaker
 ,hill people have much expectation of  
benefit from social life4 ,they are     
habitually skeptical of its advantages1 
though eager to avail themselves of     
those advantages when proven4 ,almost   
every person on the ,hill1 however1 is a
 member of some secret society1 to which
 he is drawn by anticipations of        
economic advantage1 or of moral culture4
  ,nor can ,i say that there is prompt  
or general reaction to wrongdoing1      
either of one or of many4 ,i might      
illustrate with two cases4 ,in one a    
rich man perverted a public trust1      
openly1 to his own advantage2 and a     
conspiracy of silence hedged his wrong  
about4 ,in the other1 a youth entered in
 one winter every house on the ,hill in 

succession1 and there was no one to     
detect or to punish him4  ,the ,hill    
does not exhibit the highest type of    
social response in the recognition of   
impersonal evil1 in the quest of        
knowledge1 or in free discussion4       
,almost two centuries of dogma-worship1 
with its contemplation of selected      
facts1 has made it now impossible to    
secure from one thoroughly socialized in
 the spirit of the place the exact truth
 upon any matter4 ,it seems to be       
reserve which conceals it1 but it is    
rather the effect of continued          
perversion of the sense of right and    
wrong1 and indifference to knowledge for
 its own sake4  ,the ideal of the common
 mind of ,quaker ,hill is the practice  
of inner and immaterial religion4 ,it   
looks for the effects of certain dogmas1
 effects expressed in emotions1         
convictions1 experiences4 ,the ideal    
contains no thought of the community or 
of its welfare4 ,it is purely           
individual1 internal and emotional4  ,it

 was expressed in the comment of one    
excellent representative citizen upon   
another1 ,he does not seem to me to be  
the man he once was4 ,he does not say in
 meetings the things he used to say4 ,he
 used to be very helpful in his remarks4
 ,this was said at a time when the      
citizen commented on was laboring       
heroically for a public improvement by  
which the citizen speaking would chiefly
 be benefited4  ,the ,quaker ,hill man  
and woman desire to make money4 ,they   
instinctively love money1 though not for
 any other purpose than saving4 ,they   
cherish no illusions of an unworldly    
sort about it4 ,this is true of ,quaker 
and ,catholic1 laborer and summer       
resident4 ,it is true of the small class
 of cultivated intellectual-aesthetes1  
who might be expected to be less        
mercenary4 ,they all value money2 but   
not for display1 not for luxury1        
scarcely for travel2 not for books or   
the education of children4 ,quaker ,hill
 men and women would accumulate money1  

invest and manage it wisely and live in 
respectable plainness4 ,this            
characteristic is written largely over  
the whole social area4 ,it is an        
instinct4  ,the emotional nature of this
 population has been by long-continued  
application of an accepted discipline1  
economic and religious1 restrained and  
schooled4 ,more beautiful personalities 
than some of the ,quaker and ,irish     
women of the ,hill1 schooled in a       
discipline which produces the most      
charming manners1 the gentlest kindness1
 one may never see4 ,there is no cloud  
in the sky of these women's justice1    
truthfulness1 goodness4 ,one may        
remember1 even with them1 a day of      
anger1 of indignation2 but it was a     
storm restrained2 the lightnings were   
held in sure hands1 and the attack was  
eminently just4  ,but this very         
discipline has resulted1 in other       
persons1 in an explosive emotionality4  
,one person suffers this explosion in a 
periodic lawsuit--a rare action for the 

,hill2 another in an almost insane      
family quarrel1 another in an occasional
 fury of futile violence1 another in    
periods1 increasing in frequency as he  
grows older1 of causeless and           
uncontrolled anger1 or extravagant      
grief2 and when weightier occasion is   
lacking1 in torrents of language poured 
forth from the treasuries of an         
exhaustless memory4 ,the very serenity  
and placidity which ,quaker worship and 
industry produce in the true ,quaker    
have resulted in the emotional ruin of  
some1 and in the subconscious volcanic  
state in others4  ,strange to say1 the  
immigrants1 ,irish and ,american1 have  
in this conformed to the better type2 so
 that gentle manners1 placidity of      
character and restraint of emotion may  
be said to prevail among them4  ,as for 
judgment1 on economic questions and     
matters of benevolence the judgment of  
,quaker ,hill people is sound4 ,they use
 money sanely and with wisdom4 ,they act
 wisely in matters of poverty and need1 

or appeal on behalf of the dependent4   
,on other matters1 outside the range of 
the social discipline in which the      
community has been to school1 not so    
much can be said4  ,the judgment of the 
community is not determined by evidence 
in any other matters than economic4 ,the
 ,quaker ,hill mind works subjectively  
on the lines of instincts and habits    
inherited and inbred4 ,auto-suggestion  
has been a great force in this          
community4 ,men and women have had an   
impression1 a leading1 believed to come 
from the ,divine ,spirit1 and have acted
 upon it and have led others with them4 
,so that the prevailing determination of
 the social judgment has been by        
personal suggestion1 and the appeal of  
inner convictions1 fortified by alleged 
divine influence4 ,it must be said that 
this is a disappearing habit4 ,even     
those born ,quakers1 now that the       
,hicksite ,meeting has been discontinued
 since #ahhe1 and the ,orthodox since   
#aijc1 and the ,quarterly ,meetings of  

both societies have ceased to come to   
the ,hill1 do not so often see visions  
or act upon leadings4 ,the influence of 
non-,quakers in the place has been of   
late to quarantine such leadings and    
prevent social contagion4  ,frugality is
 universal4 ,almost every resident      
laboring man has a bank account4        
,indeed1 these laborers have done more  
in saving than have the farmers4 ,but   
the tastes of all are simple4 ,clothing 
is never showy or expensive1 and        
housekeeping is carried on with the most
 sparing use of purchased articles4     
,cleanly most of the people of the ,hill
 are1 in person and in their care of    
house and grounds1 of carriages1 horses 
and other properties4 ,the houses and   
barns are always freshly painted1 and an
 appearance of neatness pervades the    
community4  ,for reasons which ,i will  
mention in a later paragraph the men and
 women trained under ,quakerism are not 
orderly1 either in the use of their time
 or in the management of their labor1 or

 in anything1 save in the discipline of 
their religion and in the economic      
system to which they give themselves4   
,the community has grown in compassion  
since the days when ,surgeon ,fallon's  
soldiers were starved and neglected in  
the ,meeting ,house4 ,to-day ,i am sure 
no class of men in real need could      
appeal to the community1 or to any      
constituent group of it1 in vain4 ,the  
growth has been along lines which1      
beginning in a group-compassion that has
 from earliest days recompensed any poor
 member of the ,meeting in his sudden   
losses of property1 have widened first  
to ,quakers of other places1 then to    
other ,christians1 then to other men1   
and last of all to ,quakers of the other
 ,quaker sect2 and from ,protestant to  
,catholic and ,catholic to ,protestant4 
,property seems to be sacred4 ,doors of 
houses and barns do not require locks1  
but one winter there was a series of    
house-breakings1 in which almost every  
summer residence on the ,hill was       

entered4 ,contents were inspected1 but  
nothing was stolen4 ,but the honesty    
here is a passive honesty4 ,it is not   
the aggressively just fulfilment of     
obligation which one finds in ,new      
,england4  ,the ,hill is a community    
with a high level of chastity4 ,this may
 be said of all classes1 though not     
uniformly of all4 ,yet it was not always
 so4 ,the first century of the life of  
the ,quakers here is recorded in the    
minutes of ,oblong ,meeting as one long 
struggle of ,quaker discipline against  
unchastity4 ,there is an amazing        
frankness about these records1 and a    
persistence in the exercise of          
discipline1 a frequency of accusation1  
proof1 conviction1 expulsion from the   
,meeting1 which is astonishing to the   
twentieth century reader4 ,the best     
families furnished the culprits almost  
as often as they supplied the accusers  
and prosecuting committees4 ,so many are
 the cases and so frequent the          
expulsions1 often for matters which     

might better have been ignored1 but     
generally for substantial offences1 that
 one wonders who was left in the        
,meeting4 ,but men often confessed and  
were received again1 and the ,meeting   
held its ground4 ,in general it may be  
said that often in the eighteenth       
century there were more cases of        
unchastity dealt with in a year by the  
,meeting1 in a population no larger than
 the present1 than have come to public  
knowledge in the past ten years in this 
community4 ,the change shows also in a  
reserve of speech upon these matters4   
,the characteristic pleasures of the    
community1 as a whole1 are few4 ,there  
is a group of women of leisure1 of      
course1 devoted to bridge-whist1 who    
come in the summer and do not go far    
from the ,hotel4 ,young men go hunting1 
and a few grown men are fond of fishing4
 ,the typical person provides himself   
with no pleasures outside of his family 
and home4 ,men and women are too busy to
 play1 and the ,quakers educated        

themselves out of a playful mind4       
,there are a few pleasures which are    
native and general4 ,one of these is    
public assembly1 with an entertaining   
speaker as a central pleasure4 ,quaker  
,hill audiences are alert and keen      
hearers1 and indulgent critics of a     
public speaker4 ,there are only two     
other forms of public entertainment more
 pleasing to them4 ,the first is a      
dramatic presentation4 ,many of the     
,quakers are excellent actors1 and the  
,irish are quite their equals1 while the
 other newcomers are equally            
appreciative4 ,the ,christmas play in   
,akin ,hall is a great annual event1    
assembling all the people on the ,hill  
of all classes and groups1 for it       
embodies very many of the appeals to    
characteristic pleasure4 ,only one other
 attraction is more generally responded 
to2 ,i refer to a dinner4 ,something    
good to eat1 in common with one's       
neighbors1 in a place hallowed by       
historic associations1 under religious  

auspices--here you have the call that   
brings ,quaker ,hill all together4 ,on  
such a day there will be none left      
behind4  ,of all these sorts is the     
attraction the ,quaker ,hill ,conference
 has for the people of the neighborhood4
 ,it is a universal appeal to the       
capacity for pleasure in the community4 
,it presents famous and eloquent        
speakers through the days of the week4  
,matters of religion1 farming1 morals1  
literature1 are discussed1 by men of    
taste and culture2 and the closing day  
is ,quaker ,hill ,day4 ,on this day1    
after an assembly in the old ,oblong    
,meeting ,house1 erected in #agfd1 at   
which the neighborhood has listened to  
papers descriptive of the past of the   
,hill1 all adjourn for a generous dinner
 under the trees of ,akin ,hall1 or     
latterly under a tent beside the        
,meeting ,house1 partaken of by four    
hundred people1 of all groups and       
classes1 and followed by brisk1 happy   
speeches by visitors present4 ,this1    

after almost two centuries of keen      
interest in the question of amusements1 
is the last and most perfect expression 
of the capacity for amusement in the    
community4   ,illustration3 ,,oblong    
,,meeting ,,house   ,illustration3      
,,memorial ,,stone   ,of active         
pleasure-taking1 ,quaker ,hill1 purely  
considered1 is incapable4  ,it should be
 said that the ,roman ,catholic ,church 
in ,pawling provides its people with a  
yearly feast1 parallel with the         
,conference1 which was for years held in
 a grove on the borders of ,quaker      
,hill4  ,traits of character which are  
general or even common among ,quaker    
,hill people are worthy of mention under
 the heads of regular industry1         
frugality1 cleanliness1 temperance1     
chastity1 honesty as to property1 and   
compassion4  ,politically the ,hill was 
until the year #ahif inclined to be     
,democratic4 ,for years a number of the 
,protestants on the ,hill have been     
,prohibitionists4  ,primitive notions of

 morals survive in spite of what has    
been said earlier1 in isolated          
instances1 or tend to recur in certain  
families4 ,until twelve years ago       
members of certain families maintained  
the right to catch fish with a net in   
,hammersley ,lake4 ,over the line in    
,connecticut this practice1 and that of 
taking fish with a spear1 survive in    
spite of law4 ,but this primitive method
 was forcibly ended by the attempt to   
arrest the chief offender4 ,he made his 
escape from the officers1 but has never 
returned1 and the practice has not till 
this date1 #aije1 been resumed on       
,quaker ,hill4  ,primitive moralities of
 sex appear in certain families1 in     
which in each generation there appears  
one illegitimate child1 at least2 as it 
were a reminder of their disorderly     
past4 ,the chari-vari survives among the
 better class of working people1 a      
strange1 noisy outbreak for a ,quaker   
community1 with which a newly married   
pair are usually serenaded4  ,i find    

also no animistic ideas1 or practices2  
no folk-lore and no magic4 ,the ,quaker 
,hill imagination has been disciplined4 
,the preferred attainment in this       
community is neither power1 splendor1   
pleasure1 nor ceremonial purity2 nor yet
 justice1 liberty or enlightenment2 but 
rather1 first of all1 prosperity1 a     
well-being in which one's good fortune  
sheds its favors on others2 secondly1   
righteousness1 to be enjoyed in         
religious complacency2 and thirdly1     
equality4 ,this last is one of the few  
elements of a social ideal actually     
realized4 ,even among the women of the  
place there is a simple and unaffected  
democracy in the religious and communal 
societies1 which is quite unusual in    
such a place4  ,of sacred places there  
are avowedly none4 ,but the historic    
sense of the community is reverent1     
almost religious1 in its regard for the 
past2 so that the ,oblong ,meeting      
,house1 cradle of the community1 and for
 over a century its home and house of   

government1 is chief in the affections  
of all4 ,in the summer of #aijd this    
place was marked for all time by the    
placing there of a boulder of white     
feldspar1 bearing a bronze tablet       
inscribed with the important facts of   
the history of that spot4  ,quaker ,hill
 does not desire to expand4 ,the type of
 community preferred is the simple1     
small1 and exclusive4 ,in this all      
agree1 whether they confess it or not4  
,no expansion will ever come by native  
forces or conscious purpose4  ,quaker   
,hill reveres leaders1 not heroes2 and  
not saints1 for men have been cherished 
for their leadership in dogmatic        
activities1 rather than for their       
abstract goodness or human value4 ,the  
type of the social mind that has been   
most esteemed is the dogmatic-emotional4
 ,even ,albert ,j4 ,akin1 whose dogma   
was the union of all ,christians1 had no
 patience with any divergence in        
religious experience from this1 his     
dogma4  ,the forms of complex activity  

that are chiefly cherished are1 first1  
the economic arts2 second1 religion2    
third1 morals2 and fourth1 things       
pertaining to costume4 ,the institutions
 chiefly prized are the family and      
marriage1 the economic system and the   
cultural system1 especially the church4 
,social welfare is conceived of under   
forms of peace1 the increase and        
diffusion of wealth1 industry1 and by a 
minority1 culture4 ,high morality is    
most valued as an element in the social 
personality4 ,next after it is a highly 
developed sociality4 ,social policies   
would be favored on the ,hill as they   
represented authority and individualism4
 ,conversion is the accepted means of   
modifying type4  ,practical politics may
 be said to be foreign to ,quaker ,hill1
 for reasons drawn from its isolation   
and religious offishness4 ,an exception 
was in the early part of the nineteenth 
century1 when ,daniel ,akin1 apparently 
in consequence of mercantile position1  
was elected ,county ,judge4 ,after him1 

his brother ,albro was appointed to the 
office4  ,the consciousness of kind on  
,quaker ,hill is stronger in the group  
than in the community4 ,yet the general 
sense of unity is very strong and it    
often comes into play4  ,the chief      
social bonds which unite the whole      
community are1 first of all1 imitation1 
in which process it seems to me the     
,quakers are a peculiarly subtle people4
 ,second1 a good-will which pervades the
 ,hill like a genial atmosphere4 ,third1
 kindness1 which on certain occasions   
draws the whole community together in   
unusual acts of helpfulness to some     
member in need4     ,,chapter ,v4       
,,practical ,,differences ,,and         
,,resemblances4   ,the prevailing type  
of mind among ,quaker ,hill folk is the 
,ideo-,emotional2 for these folk are a  
gentle1 social sort of persons1 ready of
 affection1 imaginative and analogical  
in mental process1 weak and complacent  
in emotionality1 with motor reaction    
rather inconstant1 and of slow response4

 ,of these ,i find thirty-seven         
families4  ,the next category is that of
 the ,dogmatic-,emotional1 in which ,i  
observe twenty-two families4 ,these are 
composed of persons in whom austere and 
domineering character proceeds from a   
dogmatic fixity of mind1 and expresses  
itself in the same inconstant           
application shown by the former class4  
,a few of the more notable of the       
personalities produced by ,quaker birth 
and breeding belong1 ,i think1 in the   
,ideo-,motor class4 ,i find only seven  
families of that type1 but the forceful 
character1 of aggressive bent1 moderate 
intellect and strong but well-controlled
 emotion1 is distinctly present2 and    
this class has furnished some of the    
most successful of the sons of ,quaker  
,hill4  ,i have known only six persons  
resident on the ,hill in the twelve     
years under study who could be described
 as ,critically-,intellectual4 ,of      
these1 four have been bred in the larger
 school of the city1 and only two have  

lived their lives upon the ,hill4 ,of   
these six1 five are women4  ,there is1  
of course1 only one language spoken in  
,quaker ,hill4 ,indeed only one or two  
persons have any other than ,english as 
their native tongue4#ce ,and very few   
have acquired any other as a matter of  
culture4 ,the vocabulary used is        
limited4 ,an intelligent observer says3 
,the vocabulary of the native community 
is the meagerest ,i have ever known1    
except that of the immigrant4 ,there    
are1 however1 very few illiterates2     
none1 indeed1 in the literal meaning of 
the term4  ,manners on the whole are    
uniform for the resident population4 ,of
 course the summer people have the      
conventional manners1 or lack of        
manners1 of the city4 ,so far as        
religion has shaped the manners of the  
old ,quaker group1 they are often gentle
 and refined2 but as often blunt and    
imperious4 ,the ,irish have the best    
manners1 ,i observe1 and the more       
transient summer people and farm-hands  

the worst4 ,in both the last two classes
 there is too often a pride in rudeness 
and vulgarity which the native of mature
 years never exhibits4 ,the ,quaker and 
the ,catholic are equally ceremonious in
 inclination4 ,the latter always desires
 to please4 ,the ,quaker1 when he       
desires to please1 is capable of very   
fine courtesy2 but he does not always   
desire1 and he has less insight into the
 essence of a social situation4  ,the   
community has had a history1 of course1 
in the matter of costume4 ,the ,meeting 
,house law made costume a matter of     
ethics for a century4 ,but to-day there 
is great diversity4 ,probably this is a 
sign of the transition from the ,quaker 
to the broader human order4 ,but all one
 can say upon costume is that there is  
now no dress prescribed for any         
occasion4 ,at one extreme there are a   
few1 in #aije only three1 in #aijg only 
one1 who wear the ,quaker garb4 ,at the 
other extreme are outsiders who dress as
 the city tailor and milliner clothe    

them4 ,and between these there is       
liberty4  ,the dispositions again are   
varied4 ,one finds the aggressiveness of
 five stirring men and three capable    
women sufficient to give character to   
the place4 ,many functions of the       
community are still vigorously upheld1  
yet the number of aggressive spirits is 
diminishing4 ,the instigative type is   
present in three1 and its processes give
 pleasure to all who behold4 ,the       
domineering type is present in eight    
members1 especially in those families   
which claim by right of inheritance     
either social or religious leadership4  
,and1 as to others1 as ,i quoted an     
observer above1 ,they are an obedient   
people4 ,i do not know any creative     
minds1 much less any class with original
 initiative4 ,if there had been any     
such1 ,quaker ,hill would have produced 
artists1 great and small1 and writers1  
not a few4 ,there is a consciousness of 
material for creation1 and in certain   
families the culture which creation     

presupposes2 but something in ,quakerism
 has quieted the muse and banked the    
fires4  ,as to types of character1 there
 are forceful persons1 a very few1 nine 
at the utmost being of this type4       
,austere persons1 who have in the past  
given to the ,hill much of its          
character1 have almost disappeared1 not 
more than four being within that        
category1 among the population under    
study in this part of the book4  ,the   
number of the rationally conscientious  
is as small as is that of the convivial4
 ,the ,meeting1 which was for over a    
century the organ of conscience for the 
community1 denied to the convivial their
 license1 and released the conscientious
 from any obligation to be rational4    
,the ,meeting has now but recently      
passed away1 and its standards of       
character speak as loudly as ever4 ,i   
find three women who may be called      
rationally conscientious1 one a         
,quakeress1 one a ,new ,yorker1 and one 
of ,quaker birth and worldly breeding4  

,i find also three who are truly        
convivial in type1 one a son of         
,quakers1 and two who are ,irish        
,catholics2 while to these might be     
added two whose designation ought to be 
,industrious-,convivial1 hard-working   
men who are fond of social pleasure as  
an end of life4  ,a few in certain      
households1 three in number1 are        
intellectually aesthetic in a passive   
way1 fond of art and books1 but creating
 nothing4 ,two artists of note have in  
the past twelve years come to the ,hill1
 bought places and made it at least a   
summer home4  ,it must not be inferred  
from the foregoing that there is not a  
wide range of mental difference among   
,quaker ,hill men and women4 ,in the    
matter of quickness and slowness of     
action this variation appears even among
 the members of any one group4 ,in the  
same family are two brothers1 both      
farmers1 both tenants4 ,one is able to  
farm a thousand acres more successfully 
than the other can cultivate two        

hundred4 ,the one is instant in         
judgment1 swift in action1 able to      
compress into an hour heavy physical    
labor and also the control of many other
 men4 ,the other is leisurely1 indolent 
in movement1 though a diligent man1 and 
is as much burdened by increase of      
responsibilities as the former is       
stimulated4 ,these two men are not      
exceptional1 but typical4 ,the extreme  
of slowness is indeed represented in one
 man whose tortoise pace in all matters 
dependent on the mind and will is oddly 
contrasted with his vigor and energy of 
manner4 ,his movements are a provocation
 of delighted comments by his neighbors2
 ,i think partly because they are felt  
to be representative of what is latent  
in other men1 and partly because he is  
surrounded by others more alert4 ,such  
men are the outcropping of a vein of    
degenerate will4 ,it is not immoral     
degeneracy1 but its weakness is         
incapacity for action of any kind1      
inability to see and do the specific    

task4 ,this degenerate will does not    
extend to traditional morals1 and does  
not always affect whole families4 ,but  
its pervasive effects are seen in almost
 all the representatives of three large 
families of the old ,quaker stock4      
,contrasted to these are some of the old
 stock1 who though slow of thought and  
barren of mental initiative1 are swift  
of action1 sure in synthesis of a       
situation1 and instant in performance of
 precisely the requisite deed4  ,one    
finds on the ,hill many examples of     
native administrative ability of a high 
order--for a farm is as complicated a   
property as a railway is4 ,there are    
fully as many others who would be       
burdened with the cares of a            
ticket-chopper4  ,not a few on the ,hill
 are like the farmer who1 sent on an    
errand to bring some guests from a train
 to a certain house1 spent half an hour 
after meeting the guests in conversation
 with them in the railway station before
 mentioning his errand2 and would have  

made it an hour had they not inquired of
 him for a conveyance4 ,yet a neighbor  
of his1 in the same social group1       
closely related1 has unusual capacity   
for affairs4  ,the instincts of the     
people of the ,hill are not1 ,i think1  
so varied4 ,they involuntarily respect  
religion1 when expressed with sincerity1
 and incarnated in strength of          
character4 ,it must have the authority1 
however1 of strength1 at least passive  
strength1 to appeal to local instinct4  
#ce ,in #aije-g six ,swedes and ,poles  
also have come1 as laborers4            
,,chapter ,,vi4  ,,the ,,social         
,,organization4   ,the members of the   
community have organized themselves into
 associations for the carrying on of    
special forms of activity to a degree   
which is worthy of record4 ,as one might
 expect1 the societies of most vigor are
 those maintained by the women1 since   
the men have never been able            
spontaneously to organize1 or to        
maintain1 any society on the ,hill4     

,central to all this organization1      
through the period of the ,mixed        
,community1 has been ,akin ,hall        
,association1 created by one man1 and   
endowed by him4 ,under its shelter a    
church and library live1 and a yearly   
,conference is maintained for five days 
in the month of ,september4 ,in this    
chapter we will consider first the      
incorporated1 then the unincorporated   
societies4  ,the chief incorporated     
institution on ,quaker ,hill is ,akin   
,hall ,association1 founded in #ahhj by 
,albert ,j4 ,akin4 ,it was his intention
 to create an institution of the        
broadest purpose1 through which could be
 carried on activities of a religious1  
literary1 educational1 benevolent and   
generally helpful order4 ,albert ,akin  
endowed1 said a visitor1 not a college  
or a hospital1 but a community6 ,the    
charter of the ,association1 which was  
from time to time1 on advice1 amended1  
up to the time of ,mr4 ,akin's death in 
#aijc1 provided for the most catholic   

endowment of ,quaker ,hill1 in every    
possible need of its population4  ,the  
particular directions in which this     
endowment has been used are two4 ,a     
library and a church are in active use  
by the neighborhood1 the former since   
#ahhc1 and the latter since #ahie1 of   
which ,i will speak in detail hereafter4
  ,akin ,hall ,association is a         
corporation consisting of five trustees1
 a self-perpetuating body1 and eleven   
other members4 ,the number of trustees  
was originally sixteen1 but ,mr4 ,akin  
early yielded to legal advice in        
concentrating authority in five persons2
 while continuing the remaining eleven  
as a quasi-public to whom the five      
report their doings1 and with whom they 
regularly confer4 ,the annual meeting of
 the ,association is upon the birthday  
of the founder1 ,august #adth4 ,at that 
time the trustees assemble at two p4 m4 
for the transaction of business1        
election of members and of officers2 and
 at #c p4 m4 the members' meeting is    

called to order1 the officers of the    
trustees being officers of the whole    
body4 ,members are permitted and        
expected to inquire as to activities of 
the ,association1 its funds and its work
 in general1 and to vote on all matters 
coming before the body for its action4  
,only no action involving the           
expenditure of money1 or the election of
 trustees1 shall be valid without the   
concurrence in majority opinion of a    
majority of the trustees4  ,the chief   
interest of the trustees has always been
 the care of the property of the        
,association1 which includes invested   
funds1 and the following buildings1 with
 about thirty acres of land3 a hotel1   
having rooms for two hundred guests1 a  
stone library1 a chapel1 and seven      
cottages4 ,the hotel is usually rented  
to a proprietor1 and the duties of the  
library and church are laid upon a      
minister1 the earliest of whom1 ,mr4    
,chas4 ,ryder1 was called the ,agent4   
,the ,akin ,free ,library1 consisting of

 about three thousand books1 selected   
with uncommon wisdom by committees of   
ladies through about twenty-five years1 
was originally established by the ladies
 of the ,hill1 in the early eighties1   
through a popular fund4 ,it has ever    
since been funded by the ,akin ,hall    
,association1 who have also given it    
quarters1 and care1 in the ,chapel known
 as ,akin ,hall4 ,it will soon be moved 
into the stone ,library1 erected in     
#ahih1 but only finished in #aijf1 and  
it is reasonable to suppose that it will
 there have a wider scope and an        
increasing use4  ,the ,library has been 
managed primarily for the use of the    
,summer people1 and the books have the  
excellence of their selection1 as well  
as the proportion of certain kinds of   
books1 determined by the preferences of 
the ,summer residents4 ,no adequate     
records are kept of the books used2 so  
that it is impossible to give statistics
 of the specific utility of the library4
 ,but it occupies a real place in the   

community1 and is drawn upon by families
 from every section of the population4  
,the fact that it was originally        
assembled by popular subscription1 and  
only later sustained by the ,akin       
endowment is a token of the exceptional 
latent interest in literature1 and the  
passive culture1 to which tribute has   
been paid in this study of the ,quaker  
,hill population4 ,it is fair to say1   
however1 that such interest has been    
confined to a small group of the        
population1 now fast disappearing4      
,there is a small corporation1 formed   
for the purpose of holding and caring   
for the ,old ,meeting ,house4 ,it is    
known as ,oblong ,meeting ,house1       
,incorporated4 ,to this corporation1    
consisting of three trustees1 a         
self-perpetuating body1 the ,yearly     
,meeting of ,friends#cf handed over in  
#aijb the building and grounds known as 
the ,old ,meeting ,house1 at ,site #bh4 
,this ancient building1 erected in      
#agfd1 is probably the oldest edifice on

 the ,hill1 and is the embodiment of the
 religious and historical traditions of 
the community4 ,these trustees attend to
 the repair of the ,meeting ,house1     
which is maintained in exactly the      
condition in which it was used for over 
a century4 ,no meeting of worship is    
held now in this building1 the monthly  
meeting having been laid down in #ahhe4 
,the building is1 however1 the center of
 frequent pilgrimages during the summer1
 by the visitors to the ,hill and       
boarders1 who delight in its quaint     
interior4 ,it is used for occasional    
sales for the benefit of some public    
interest4 ,once a year at the close of  
,quaker ,hill ,conference1 it is the    
place of ,quaker ,hill ,day exercises1  
at which addresses and papers are       
presented1 in celebration and           
commemoration of the past history of the
 community4  ,the ,hill has record of   
few revivals4 ,quaker ways preclude     
surprises1 and revivals usually arise   
from new things4 ,there was1 however1   

during five years1 #ahib-ahig1 a        
religious awakening1 prolonged month    
after month1 for five years with        
undiminished force4 ,the cause of it    
seems to have been the study of the     
,bible in the historic method2 a new    
mode of awakening traditional religious 
interest4 ,during that time the whole   
community was keenly alive1 old and     
young2 and in certain cases a change of 
life became permanent4 ,in many young   
persons a definite religious impulse was
 the result4  ,this quickened religious 
interest involved all the ,quaker       
influence1 both ,orthodox and ,hicksite1
 and it was reinforced by several strong
 personalities from outside the ,hill1  
persons trained in church work in ,new  
,york and elsewhere4 ,it crystallized in
 the organization of ,christ's ,church1 
,quaker ,hill1 in the ,spring of #ahie1 
which received at the beginning         
adherents of all the religious groups   
represented on the ,hill4 ,within three 
years it had grown to a membership of   

sixty-five1 among whom were members or  
adherents of the following religious    
bodies1 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 
,anglican and ,roman ,catholic          
,churches1 ,quakers1 ,hicksite and      
,orthodox1 ,presbyterian1 ,baptist1     
,methodist ,episcopal1 ,congregational1 
,disciples and ,lutheran4  ,this church 
is served by the minister employed in   
,akin ,hall1 and it has therefore a     
peculiar place4 ,its membership is drawn
 from the population resident on the    
,hill4 ,its doctrinal truths are simple1
 namely the ,apostles' ,creed4 ,its     
ordinances are elastic1 baptism being   
waived in the case of those who1 being  
trained as ,quakers1 do not believe in  
water baptism2 and by the conditions    
affixed to ,mr4 ,akin's endowment1 that 
no denominational use should ever be    
made of ,akin ,hall1 it is without      
sectarian connections4  ,the religious  
services in ,akin ,hall have in ,summer 
been attended since #ahhj by numbers of 
summer people1 from ,mizzen-,top ,hotel 

and the boarding-houses4 ,a ,sunday     
,school was maintained from #ahij to    
#aije1 a ,christian ,endeavor ,society  
from #ahid to #aijc4 ,both have been    
discontinued1 owing to lack of members4 
,the church has also a diminished       
membership1 especially since #aijc1     
owing in part to mere removal of        
population2 and even more to the death  
and removal from the ,hill of persons of
 forceful1 aggressive type1 and the     
impoverishment of the population in     
respect of initiative and coherence4    
,the other agency carried on under the  
patronage of ,akin ,hall ,association is
 the ,quaker ,hill ,conference4 ,founded
 in #ahii by ,mr4 ,akin1 entertained by 
,miss ,monahan1 this assembly has made  
,september of each year a focal point in
 local interest4 ,for five days of      
public meetings1 ,bible study1 addresses
 upon religion1 social and economic     
topics1 culminating in a great dinner1  
of which four hundred partake1 it is the
 modern successor of the now extinct    

,quaker ,quarterly meetings4 ,it        
expended in #aijg about #a1djj1 of which
 about half was contributed by ,akin    
,hall ,association1 and the remainder by
 individuals4  ,the groups in which the 
women of the ,hill are associated are of
 great interest4 ,the ,roman ,catholic  
women have only their kinship           
associations1 and no voluntary          
associations1 being generally in the    
employ of ,protestants1 and having their
 church center away from the ,hill in   
,pawling village4  ,the ,king's         
,daughters is the largest association1  
and most representative of the ,hill1   
both in its numbers1 frequency of       
meetings and variety of interests2      
though it is not the oldest4 ,it has a  
membership of forty1 and is actively    
devotional1 charitable and benevolent4  
,it serves also a useful purpose in     
providing social meetings1 bazaars1     
sales and other occasions throughout the
 year which bring neighbors together2   
and uses their assembling for the       

assisting of the poor1 ignorant or      
needy4  ,this society1 as well as the   
one to be mentioned next1 exemplifies   
the real democracy in which the women of
 the ,hill meet and plan for common     
local interests2 a fine spirit and      
practical efficiency characterizing     
their meetings1 and each woman1 however1
 humble1 having a part with the best in 
the general result4  ,the ,wayside ,path
 ,association is smaller in number of   
members1 as well as older than the      
,king's ,daughters2 indeed1 it has      
perhaps no fixed membership1 but is an  
assembling of the women of the place    
about a small group as a working center 
for a yearly duty4 ,its purpose is to   
maintain a dirt sidewalk1 over three    
miles in length1 which follows the road 
northward and southward1 from the ,glen 
to the ,post ,office1 with branches4    
,once a year the ,association meets1    
gathers funds by a sale or by           
subscription1 hires a laborer to repair 
the ,wayside ,path2 then for a year lies

 dormant4 ,in #ahih there was a general 
effort made to transform this           
association into a general ,village     
,improvement ,society1 with diversified 
interests1 into which men would come1   
but it failed1 and no such society      
exists4  ,the ,west ,mountain ,mission  
is an association of ladies of the      
,hill1 who through sales and bazaars1   
supplemented by gifts1 contribute to the
 support of a chapel of the ,protestant 
,episcopal ,church1 two miles west of   
,pawling4 ,this association draws its   
membership from the hotel guests and    
from residents in the cottages2 and but 
little from the essential ,quaker ,hill 
households4  ,the same may be said of   
whist clubs maintained in the summer at 
the hotel and cottages4   ,illustration3
 ,,roby ,,osborn ,,richard ,,osborn     
#cf ,the ,hicksite or ,unitarian body   
held possession of the ,meeting ,house  
in #ahbh1 and until the above action4   
,,chapter ,,vii4  ,,the ,,social        
,,welfare4   ,quaker ,hill is an example

 of the working of a religious and      
economic system toward its inevitable   
results in social welfare4 ,the results 
consciously sought were mainly personal4
 ,they were not seeking culture or      
security or equity1 and not attempting  
to create a community1 those early      
,quakers2 but they sought with all their
 heart and mind after prosperity1       
individual and communal2 after vitality1
 morality and that self-expression which
 is in the form of self-sacrifice or    
altruism in the service of others4 ,the 
conscious mind of the ,quaker fathers of
 this community was other-worldly1      
except in the matters of business--of   
which more later4 ,that spiritual state 
of mind was intensely individual4 ,all  
the interests it regarded were of the   
self1 conceived as an inner1 immaterial 
duplicate of the body1 destined for     
heaven after death1 and now enjoying    
interchanges of experience1 especially  
of emotion and intelligence1 with the   
,deity1 during life4  ,it was a mind    

consciously framed to serve personal    
development1 with no thought of public  
or common interests4 ,yet subconsciously
 the ,quaker was acutely aware of common
 interests4 ,a ,quaker frequently uses  
the expression ,i feel myself in unity  
with them4 ,their doctrine of the       
indwelling of the divine in every man   
made them quick to feel common emotion4 
,their group-sympathy was lively and    
strong4 ,they felt the community1 though
 they never thought upon it4            
,subconsciously1 though not consciously1
 they were public-spirited4 ,they acted 
upon a fine social spirit1 thought they 
taught no social gospel4  ,the supreme  
result of efficient organization1#cg    
says ,professor ,f4 ,h4 ,giddings1 and  
the supreme test of efficiency is the   
development of the personality of the   
social man4 ,if the man himself becomes 
less social1 less rational1 less manly2 
if he falls from the highest type1 which
 seeks self-realization through a       
critical intelligence and emotional     

control1 to one of those lower types    
which manifest only the primitive       
virtues of power2 if he becomes         
unsocial1 the social organization1      
whatever its apparent merits1 is failing
 to achieve its supreme object4 ,if1 on 
the contrary1 the man is becoming ever  
better as a human being1 more rational1 
more sympathetic1 with an ever          
broadening consciousness of kind1 then1 
whatever its apparent defects1 the      
social organization is sound and        
efficient4 ,let us consider whether     
,quaker ,hill has met this test4 ,it has
 been well organized4 ,it has had       
definite purposes4 ,what has been the   
type of welfare enjoyed as a result8    
,what kind of man has emerged from      
almost two centuries of cultivation of a
 religious and economic ideal8  ,in     
economic operations the ,quakers dwelt  
in this world4 ,they sought a living and
 they sought wealth--not for the        
services wealth can render in culture   
and education1 but to accumulate it1    

possess it1 invest and manage it1 and to
 live in plainness4  ,yet they          
subconsciously did also seek after a    
prosperity that should be general4 ,not 
closely1 not in any declarations or     
definite teachings of their code1 but   
still in a real way1 as a by-product of 
their code of life1 they acted so that  
none in their community should be in    
want4 ,this they did with profound      
wisdom--for they taught no communal     
doctrine--and the details of their      
action toward weaker members of the     
neighborhood were uncommonly shrewd and 
sensible4 ,i will show later the effects
 of this in the fact that the population
 under our study shows the absence of   
defective classes in a significant      
degree4 ,there are no idiots1 no        
defective1 no criminal1 no pauper       
classes among the ,quaker ,hill         
population4  ,the mind of the community 
had1 indeed1 an active interest in      
liberty and the contribution noted above
 7see ,ch4 ,,iv4 ,part ,i7 in the       

agitation for the abolition of slavery  
in this state was an act of public      
spirit along the lines of a great       
national experience4 ,the fact that the 
meeting of ,friends in #agfg was held on
 ,quaker ,hill1 which initiated         
effective action against slave-holding1 
is much cherished on the ,hill1 and is  
commemorated in a stone and bronze      
memorial at the ,meeting ,house4        
,equality of suffrage and universal     
suffrage are jealously believed in1     
owing to the ,quaker teaching as to     
woman's parity with man4 ,yet in the    
school-meeting1 in which women have the 
same right to vote that men have1 there 
are seldom any women present4 ,indeed1  
except for a packed meeting once in a   
decade1 to decide some agitated         
question1 few women attend              
school-meetings4  ,the size of the      
holdings of land on the ,hill1 and the  
curve of increase and decrease for      
seventy years1 are exhibited in ,table  
,,ii4   ,,table ,,ii4  ,land-,holdings  

on ,quaker ,hill3 ,acreages on which    
,owners are taxed4    ,years            
#ahce    #ahde    #ahfe    #ahge        
#ahij    #aijj    #aijf                 
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------  ,no4  
,owners         #ca      #bf      #ci   
#ea      #dh      #ec      #db          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,highest ,acreage   #faj     #edj       
#dde     #dbj     #edj     #edj     #edj
  ,higher ,quartile   #cgh     #bfj     
#bbe     #bbe     #ahc4e   #bbb4e   #bfe
  ,average           #bbb     #bjf      
#aej4e   #adg4h   #acg4h   #aed         
#ahd4b  ,median            #ahg     #aej
     #aca     #abj     #ajd     #abj    
#aee4e  ,lower ,quartile     #hj        
#ajj      #ei      #eb      #dc4e    #eg
      #ij  ,lowest ,acreage      #a     
#db       #c       #f       #e       #a 
#f   ,the above table gives in a graphic
 manner the tendency of wealth to       
increase1 on the ,hill1 so far as wealth

 is represented in land4 ,it is to be   
noted that these figures1 taken from the
 ,tax-,lists of the town of ,pawling1   
are not precisely accurate1 especially  
in the lower ranges4 ,there is an       
evident inaccuracy in the reporting of  
the smaller places4 ,yet from them the  
following may be inferred3 ,first1 that 
from the beginning of the reports1 which
 was about the end of the period of the 
,quaker ,community1 there was a         
shrinkage in the size of the            
land-holdings on the ,hill2 and from the
 beginning of the period of the ,mixed  
,community a rise in the general        
averages4 ,the lowest of the curve is   
about #ahij1 in the ,median1 the average
 and in each of the quartiles4 ,second1 
the incoming of the ,irish immigrants1  
who began to be land-holders about      
#ahej1 multiplied the number of small   
holdings of land4  ,just what cause has 
operated in the years #ahij-aijf to     
increase the size of the holdings of    
land it is hard to say1 unless it be the

 expectation that land would have a     
value1 which is aroused by the presence 
on the ,hill every summer of visitors to
 a number equal to the numbers of the   
resident population4 ,it is evident at  
the present time1 when the milk business
 has been reduced to half in the past   
five years1 that the farmers are holding
 their lands with a hope of selling4    
,it is worthy of remark that the        
tax-list of the town furnish no other   
data of reliable value1 or even of      
suggestion1 being obviously inaccurate  
and uneven in their reports of the      
values of land1 and of the holdings of  
personal property4  ,the fact that is   
not recorded in the above statistics is 
this3 that certain owners1 associated in
 close family ties1 own all the land of 
greatest value4 ,seven family groups    
possess1 in the names of eleven of the  
above owners1 all the land near the     
,hotel1 all the land for which any one  
has ever thought of charging more than  
fifty dollars an acre4 ,these eleven    

owners of all the land of greatest value
 possess probably nine-tenths of the    
personal property4  ,holdings of        
property on ,quaker ,hill are very      
unequal4 ,the smallest owner of real    
estate has an acre1 and the largest     
about six hundred acres4 ,contrasts here
 are sharp and permanent4 ,the same     
families have possessed certain         
properties for many decades1 often for  
two centuries2 and generally ,quaker    
,hill families do not sell till they all
 die or move away4  ,wealth is          
increasing on ,quaker ,hill in the slow 
course of years1 and probably along the 
lines of present growth1 will increase4 
,it is distributed with marked          
inequality4 ,the tendency1 especially in
 central territory1 is toward increasing
 inequality4 ,there is a small group at 
a high degree4  ,yet the community is   
generally prosperous and well-to-do4    
,there are none poor4 ,indeed1 the      
wealthy women who began to come to      
,mizzen-,top ,hotel in #ahhj1 looking   

about for some poor to assist1 were     
obliged to go off the ,hill to the      
south1 and lay hold of a lonely female  
with a curious nervous malady but       
self-respecting withal1 and deliberately
 pauperize her4 ,to this process1 after 
some initial struggles1 she has         
submitted through these intervening     
years4 ,she has now for years been      
pensioned by the church in ,akin ,hall  
through the year1 visited in summer by  
people in carriages1 has maintained an  
extensive begging correspondence through
 the mails all winter1 and has been     
generally despised by her neighbors4    
,but she has represented to interested  
clergymen and charity workers on their  
summer vacations the fascinating and    
mysterious problem of poverty4#ch  ,very
 few indeed have been the defectives4 ,i
 know of none in ten years4 ,the        
prevailing vitality of the community is 
high4 ,there were living two years ago  
five persons past ninety2 and one of    
them died in his hundredth year4        

,octogenarians drive the roads every    
day1 and manage their estates with ripe 
discretion and unabated interest in     
affairs4 ,the religious revival referred
 to 7see ,chapter ,,vi7 brought into the
 church an active man of great wealth of
 ninety-five years of age4  ,there are  
no blind persons4 ,one old man1 who     
suffered from cataract1 lost an eye in  
an operation at eighty-five years of    
age2 and refused to submit the other    
eye-ball to the surgeon4 ,there are no  
deaf and dumb4  ,people on ,quaker ,hill
 are well-born4 ,i suppose this may be  
in part due to the high morality of     
their fathers4 ,i attribute it1 in view 
of the contrast in this respect to the  
contiguous population in ,sherman1      
,conn41 to the highly organic communal  
life of ,quaker ,hill4 ,connecticut     
people1 some of them of the same        
original ,quaker stock1 have settled on 
small holdings of lands1 and held them  
till isolation and poverty have driven  
them to suicide1 insanity or other      

miseries4 ,quaker ,hill was from the    
beginning differentiated into a         
healthier diversity1 and it has been the
 better for her people4  ,there are few 
mentally abnormal persons in the        
community4 ,one may designate three     
persons as unbalanced1 two of them      
unmarried women2 and another such as    
probably insane1 though residing at     
home4 ,but even the aged do not die     
first in the head4 ,there are no idiotic
 persons4  ,the prevailing morality is  
high4 ,very few would be classified as  
immoral1 by the public disapproval of   
their conduct4 ,individuals have        
committed theft1 or an act of cruelty1  
or adultery1 in the years #ahie-aije4   
,they do not constitute classes4  ,the  
sociality of ,quaker ,hill seems to the 
writer relatively high4 ,response to a  
case of real need is prompt1 wise and   
abundant2 and common action for others  
is heartily begun and completed4 ,there 
are no unsocialized persons2 neither    
paupers1 criminals1 nor degraded1 in the

 community2 at least no class or classes
 of such4 ,there is a man who perhaps   
drinks too much and too often2 but even 
he is too far from the saloon to attain 
to the dignity of neighborhood drunkard4
  ,quaker ,hill has not been of a mind  
to contribute institutions or resources 
to the public4 ,toward war hostile1     
toward the state always impassive1      
sometimes actively disloyal in times of 
war1 ,quaker ,hill has lived a life     
apart4  ,common school privileges are   
offered to all in the three school      
houses at ,sites #ab1 #dc and #aja      
7school districts ,no4 #a1 #c1 #d7 and  
the advantages offered are generally    
studiously appropriated by the young4   
,in the ten years under study two       
families alone have been unwilling to   
take full advantage of the school       
opportunities4  ,in the school at ,site 
#dc1 for which alone an improved1 modern
 building has been erected1 there was1  
beginning in #ahic1 a determined effort 
made to provide a school better than the

 ordinary country school4 ,by the       
co-operation of certain farmers with    
children in school1 and through         
contributions of citizens of means who  
had no children1 better teachers were   
employed1 at increased expense1 for the 
space of twelve years4 ,during two years
 the school was graded1 employing two   
teachers4 ,but the effort in this       
direction seems to have ceased with the 
close of the year #aije-aijf4 ,this     
school has had1 for the years #aijd-f1  
only one ,protestant child1 in an       
enrollment of twenty to thirty4  ,the   
other school-districts are maintained in
 the old back-country way1 their        
attendance is small and no effort is    
made to raise the standard of teaching4 
,it has been accepted for generations   
among the authoritative leaders on      
,quaker ,hill that higher education was 
not good for the poor4 ,of this         
doctrine1 ,albert ,akin1 generally      
progressive1 was a firm believer4 ,he   
insisted1 and other representatives of  

the leading families have done the same1
 that to offer them higher education    
only makes them discontented2 they won't
 work if you get them to studying--and  
somebody must do the work4  ,it seems in
 strict harmony with this opinion1 which
 ,i never heard opposed on the ,hill1   
that ,quaker ,hill has never until #aijd
 sent a young man or woman through the  
college or university4 ,albert ,j4      
,akin1 #b;d1 was a member of class of   
#aijd of ,columbia ,university1 but he  
was not born on the ,hill1 and never    
long resided there4 ,indeed1 the town of
 ,pawling has not another college       
graduate among its sons4 ,there have    
been1 however1 a few who have gone to   
school to the grade of high school and  
no normal schools4 ,in the past ten     
years ten young men and women have done 
so4 ,one youth all but completed a      
college course in #aijf4 ,two young     
women are just completing courses as    
nurses4  ,personality is the field in   
which the conscious purpose cherished on

 ,quaker ,hill would have wrought its   
best efforts4 ,but personality was      
always on ,quaker ,hill inhibited1      
restrained and schooled into mediocrity4
 ,variation was repressed4 ,spontaneity 
was forbidden4 ,ingenuous spirits were  
firmly and effectively directed into    
channels believed to be harmless4  ,the 
result has been that mediocre people    
have both lived on the ,hill1 and gone  
away from it1 in voluntary exile from   
its beautiful scenes1 but not in exile  
from its spirit of plainness4 ,no person
 of brilliant mind or of uncommon       
talents has ever come of the ,quaker    
,hill population4 ,there is not among   
the sons or daughters of this place one 
whose name is of lasting interest to any
 beyond the limits of ,pawling4 ,no     
artist or poet has ever ventured to     
express the intense feeling of the      
aesthetic which pervades the place1 but 
has always been hushed from singing1    
restrained from picturing4  ,i think the
 end for which the ,quaker ,hill        

population have lived could be called   
,individual-,social4 ,they are          
consciously individual1 and             
unconsciously1 inevitably social4 ,these
 people have sought generation after    
generation for personal salvation and   
personal gain4 ,and that1 says a        
resident1 that is why the place is      
dying4 ,yet the common interest was a   
logical corollary of the ,quaker        
doctrine of ,god in every man1 and      
therefore a community was formed1 a     
community indeed which was no one's     
conscious care4 ,in the chapter upon    
,the ,common ,mind1 above1 ,i have      
showed that all the leaders of the      
community as a whole1 save one1 have    
been outsiders1 who came to see the     
integrity of the community with eyes of 
the world's people1 and these leaders in
 communal service have been grudgingly  
followed4  ,that one1 ,albert ,j4 ,akin1
 who founded ,akin ,hall ,association1  
lived away from ,quaker ,hill1 in ,new  
,york ,city1 the most of the months of  

fifty years1 #ahcj-ahhj1 and fell under 
the influence of outsiders4#ci  ,indeed1
 a rare beauty characterizes these      
children of the old ,quaker ,community2 
and a fine harmony blends the members of
 the ,mixed ,community into one another4
 ,the type of country gentleman and lady
 was perfectly embodied in ,james ,j4   
,vanderburgh1 who died about #ahhi1 in  
his residence at ,site #cj4 ,he was a   
good man1 hospitable1 large-minded1 well
 read1 humane2 he was sufficiently      
reverent to be good neighbor to the     
,orthodox2 and he was sufficiently      
wealthy to express the ,quaker economic 
ideal4 ,he had the ,quaker genius of    
thrift expressing itself in bounty4     
,mrs4 ,zayde ,akin ,bancroft1 resident  
at ,site #cb1 who died in #ahif1 was an 
example of the ideal ,quaker ,hill lady4
 ,a woman of leisure and culture1       
accustomed to the possession of wealth1 
and enjoying it in books and travel1 she
 surrounded herself for several of her  
last years with an atmosphere1 and      

secured for herself enjoyment1 of the   
highest aspirations of the ,quaker ,hill
 economic ideal4  ,no one quite so much 
embodied that ideal as ,albert ,j4      
,akin1 who died in his hundredth year1  
in ,january1 #aijc4 ,his fortune1 which 
amounted at his death to more than two  
million dollars1 was the culmination of 
the wealth of his family1 acquired since
 his great-great-grandfather1 ,david    
,akin1 the pioneer1 came to ,quaker     
,hill about #agcj4 ,he was a far-seeing 
and brilliant investor1 and through his 
long business life1 which lasted until  
#aija1 he followed the growth of        
railroads in the ,united ,states with   
steady optimism1 and almost unvarying   
profit4 ,after the year #ahhj he came to
 live on ,quaker ,hill1 in the interest 
of his health1 more constantly than he  
had in the preceding fifty years4 ,he at
 once interested himself in local       
enterprises1 and ,akin ,hall            
,association and ,mizzen-,top ,hotel    
were at that time founded by him and    

others4 ,until his death1 twenty-three  
years later1 he was the leading citizen 
and the most interesting personality    
among this social population4 ,such was 
his place and so masterful as well as   
constructive his influence that it was a
 true expression of the feeling of all  
which one resident wrote at that time to
 another3 ,the king is dead1 the man on 
whom we unconsciously leaned and whom   
none of us thought of disobeying1 though
 only his personality held us to        
allegiance1 is gone from us4 ,and ,i for
 one feel that ,i have lost a dear      
friend4   ,illustration3 ,,albert ,,john
 ,,akin ,,born #ahjc1 ,,died #aijc      
,these three illustrations will serve to
 indicate both the kind of persons who  
have come of the ,quaker ,hill          
community1 and one of its tendencies4   
,they illustrate also the spirit of the 
community toward its leaders4           
,personalities of the austere type1 men 
and women of the devotional side of     
,quakerism1 may be cited in the cases of

 #dj;,david ,irish and #da,richard ,t4  
,osborn4 ,the former was the last       
minister of the ,hicksite ,society of   
,friends on the ,hill4 ,his preaching   
covered the years of its separate       
existence1 for he was made a minister in
 #ahca1 three years after the ,division1
 and he died in #ahhd1 at the age of    
ninety-two4 ,one year after his death   
the ,meeting was formally laid down1 in 
,oblong ,meeting ,house1 and from a     
place of worship it became a house of   
memories4  ,david ,irish was austere4   
,believing that slavery was wrong1 he   
made his protest against slavery by     
abstaining1 so far as possible1 from the
 use of slave-products 444 made maple to
 take the place of cane sugar1 and used 
nothing but linen and woolen clothing   
7largely home-spun74 ,this abstaining he
 continued for himself and family until 
slavery was abolished4 ,yet he never    
felt free1 continues his daughter and   
biographer1 to join with anti-slavery   
societies outside his own1 believing    

that by so doing he might compromise    
some of his testimonies4 ,he welcomed in
 his home the fugitive slave fleeing    
from the ,south1 and there must never be
 any distinction made in the family on  
account of his color2 he sat at the same
 table and was treated as an equal4     
,david ,irish was equally opposed to    
war1 and to capital punishment4 ,he     
wrote1 testified and suffered for these 
principles4 ,in the time of the ,civil  
,war he allowed his cattle to be sold by
 the tax-collector1 not feeling free to 
pay the direct war-tax4 ,his biographer 
enumerates further his hospitality1 his 
fondness for books1 his humor1 and      
mentions with a pride characteristic of 
the ,quaker that he was often entrusted 
with the settlement of estates1 showing 
the esteem in which his business        
capacity and integrity were held by the 
community4  ,richard ,t4 ,osborn was the
 ,elder of the ,orthodox branch of the  
,friends during the same period1        
subsequent to the ,division1 as that    

covered by ,david ,irish's life4 ,born  
in #ahaf1 he was conversant as a child  
with the period of the ,division4 ,the  
seceding members of the ,meeting met in 
his father's house and barn until the   
,orthodox ,meeting ,house could be      
erected on the land upon which1 at his  
marriage in #ahdb1 he erected his house4
 ,richard ,osborn was the head of his   
family4 ,strong of will1 austere1       
convinced1 he lived in the world of     
,robert ,barclay and ,william ,penn1 and
 for years never hesitated to rebuke    
young or old ,quakers or world's people1
 whom he found violating the principles 
of truth4 ,a summer boarder who played a
 violin upon his premises was silenced1 
and the singing of a hymn in the        
,meeting ,house of which he was ,clerk  
was once sternly testified against4     
,but ,richard ,osborn was kindly4 ,he   
had a gentle and appreciative humor2 and
 about #ahij there come influences in   
the presence of neighbors to whom he was
 strongly drawn1 as well as the constant

 presence in his house of boarders from 
,new ,york2 so that his later years were
 spent in a mellower interest in dogma1 
and an ever keener interest in the      
history of ,quakerism and of the        
community in which he lived4 ,his wife1 
,roby1 was a ,quakeress of rare         
sweetness and exquisite gentleness of   
character4 ,together this strong1       
dominating man and his gentle wife      
constituted an influence1 while they    
lived1 which held the community         
together1 and disseminated their        
principles more successfully than if he 
had been eloquent1 instead of terse1 and
 she an evangelist instead of a meek and
 demure ,quakeress4  ,these persons were
 conspicuous examples of the best social
 product of ,quaker ,hill4 ,they were   
not famous1 nor great4 ,their philosophy
 was one of self-repression and required
 them to reduce their lives and those of
 other men to mediocrity4 ,quaker ,hill 
taught and practiced the prevention of  
pauperism--and the prevention of genius6

 ,the ideals of the place discouraged   
higher education4 ,the leading          
personages distinctly opposed the offer 
of higher education to the young4       
,therefore this community1 which has    
been exceptionally wealthy for one      
hundred and fifty years1 has done       
nothing for general education2 and has  
not educated its own sons4 ,as noted    
above1 no person born on ,quaker ,hill  
ever completed the courses for a degree 
in college or university1 and though the
 community has had for a century        
families with aesthetic and literary    
tastes1 no member of the community has  
painted a picture1 written a song1 or   
published a book4  ,the personages      
briefly described above are named for   
another reason4 ,their deaths1 with the 
deaths of certain others whom they      
represent1 have brought to an end the   
period of ,quaker ,hill's history which 
,i have called ,the ,mixed ,community4  
,the others who with them made up this  
group were ,jedediah and ,phoebe ,irish 

,wanzer1 ,anne ,hayes1 ,olive ,toffey   
,worden1 and six other persons still    
living1 of whom four are past eighty    
years and two are very near one hundred 
years of age4 ,this group of persons    
were the center of that ,mixed          
,community4 ,they possessed the actual  
authority which this population always  
has required in its leaders4 ,the piety1
 the austerity1 the forcefulness1 the   
ownership of the land of greatest value1
 and even the available wealth of the   
community1 were so largely possessed by 
this group that in the years #ahij-aijj1
 in which this group was still intact1  
its leadership was such as to unite the 
community and consolidate the whole     
population for whatever interests the   
leaders of this group approved4 ,of that
 period it was said3 ,everybody on      
,quaker ,hill goes to everything6  ,with
 the death of those who have passed away
 in the latter part of the period under 
study the power of initiative has gone4 
,new proposals are hushed4 ,variation is

 discouraged2 the rut of custom and     
convention is preferred4 ,and a subtle  
stifling air of the impossibility of all
 active purposes pervades social and    
religious and business activity on the  
,hill4  ,religiously speaking1          
attendance upon public services have    
decreased by twenty per cent41 while the
 ,protestant population has only        
decreased five per cent4  ,in business  
activity reference is made above to the 
fact that the number of milk dairies has
 decreased from eighteen to nine1 a     
decrease of fifty per cent4 ,at the same
 time the largest dairy on the ,hill    
which in the decade #ahij-aijj was      
milking one hundred cows1 has for the   
years #aijc-aijg made milk from only    
forty and fifty cows1 although the owner
 has more land than his predecessor4    
,the population which now remains on    
,quaker ,hill contains only a few       
persons of force and leadership1 and    
they are no longer so grouped as to     
command4 ,the majority have no ability  

to follow unless authority be an element
 in the leadership2 and authority to    
command the whole community has not     
existed since #aijc4 ,the king is dead4 
#cg ,descriptive and ,historical        
,sociology1 p4 #eda4  #ch ,s4 ,p4 died  
#aijf4  #ci ,an analysis of the sources 
of ,mr4 ,akin's leadership1 written for 
the ,memorial ,service after his death  
in #aijc1 is of interest here1 as       
showing the influence of persons upon   
him who were not of ,quaker ,hill       
ancestry or of ,quaker breeding3  ,in   
all the years he lived on the ,hill he  
had to do with every movement and was in
 touch with every person on the ,hill4  
,he made himself a party to every public
 interest4 ,when the building of the    
,hotel was suggested1 he put himself at 
the head of the movement1 invested the  
most money in it1 and later obtaining   
entire control1 deeded it to his ,akin  
,hall foundation4 ,when the library     
enterprise was broached1 which has grown
 into ,akin ,free ,library1 he organized

 and incorporated the institution       
required1 endowed it generously2 later  
reorganized it1 upon legal advice2 thus 
accepting ideas from ,admiral ,worden1  
,william ,b4 ,wheeler1 ,cyrus ,swan1    
,judge ,barnard1 and others of his      
neighbors1 and contributing his own     
patient and unflagging executive        
faculty4 ,when it was thought best1 in  
#ahib1 to continue the church services  
throughout the winter under the         
leadership of ,mrs4 ,wheeler and of     
,miss ,monahan1 and the growth of the   
,sunday school and permanent            
congregation seemed to require the      
employment of a resident pastor1 ,mr4   
,akin acquiesced2 at first as a         
follower1 but steadily and increasingly 
as a leader1 he identified himself more 
and more every year until his death1    
with the religious life of ,akin ,hall  
and ,christ's ,church4 ,he was a good   
leader1 for he confessed himself a      
follower in the enterprise which he was 
in a position absolutely to control4 ,he

 eagerly availed himself of the         
suggestions of others1 took a quiet and 
lowly place with entire dignity1 and    
exerted without arbitrariness a         
determining influence4  ,when ,mr4 ,akin
 was about sixty years of age1 he bought
 a residence in ,new ,york1 and went    
there to live in the winters4 ,he had as
 a neighbor a ,quaker preacher named    
,wright1 who was accustomed to come to  
,oblong ,meeting in the course of the   
year4 ,with him ,mr4 ,akin had many     
conversations on matters of duty and    
worship4  ,he began also to attend the  
,oblong ,meeting in the summer1 though  
the ,sunday meetings were not at that   
time largely attended4  ,later when his 
residence was at ,fifty-sixth ,street he
 became the fast friend and devoted     
admirer of ,dr4 ,john ,hall1 who used   
often to call upon him4 ,for years ,mr4 
,akin was carried into ,dr4 ,hall's     
,church2 but after ,dr4 ,hall died1 and 
even before1 he had ceased from that    
custom4  ,the growth of the church on   

,quaker ,hill1 under the leadership of  
,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,william ,b4 ,wheeler and
 ,miss ,margaret ,b4 ,monahan took      
strong hold on ,mr4 ,akin's heart1 and  
exerted over no one a more vital        
influence than on this old man4--,albert
 ,j4 ,akin--,a ,tribute1 by ,rev4       
,warren ,h4 ,wilson1 ,quaker ,hill      
,conference1 #aijc4  #dj ,david         
,irish--,a ,memoir1 by ,mrs4 ,phoebe ,t4
 ,wanzer1 ,quaker ,hill ,conference1    
#aijb4  #da ,richard ,osborn--,a        
,reminiscence1 by ,margaret ,b4         
,monahan1 ,quaker ,hill ,conference1    
#aijb4     ,part ,,iv4  ,appendices3    
,original ,family and ,church ,records4 
,,appendix ,a4   ,a ,list of the ,heads 
of ,families in the ,verge of our       
,monthly ,meeting held on the ,oblong   
and in the ,nine-,partners ,circularly  
taken in the #c mo4 #agfj4 7,this date  
should be #agfa4 ,the ,monthly ,meeting 
directed the list to be made #d1 #af1   
#agfa4db7    #ast          ,at ,new     
,milford  ,dobson ,wheeler and his ,wife

  ,aaron ,benedick and his ,wife        
,joseph ,ferriss  ,gaius ,talcott       
,james ,mc,kenney  ,lydia ,norton  ,anna
 ,philips   #b;d           ,at ,oblong  
,john ,bull and his ,wife  ,wing ,kelley
 and his ,wife  ,oliver ,tyron and his  
,wife  ,john ,wing and his ,wife  ,john 
,hoag ye #b;d and ,wife  ,benjam ,hoag  
and his ,wife  ,abner ,hoag and ,wife   
,philip ,allen and ,wife  ,moses ,hoag  
and ,wife  ,george ,soule and ,wife     
,wm4 ,russell and ,wife  ,david ,hoag   
and ,wife  ,ebenezer ,peaslee and ,wife 
,nehemiah ,merritt and ,wife  ,nehemiah 
,merritt ,junr4 and ,wife  ,elijah ,doty
 and ,wife  ,henry ,chase and ,wife     
,abraham ,chase and ,wife  ,benjam      
,ferriss and ,wife  ,timothy ,dakin and 
,wife  ,elisha ,akin's ,children  ,reed 
,ferriss and ,wife  ,zebulon ,ferriss   
and ,wife  ,john ,hoag1 ,senr4 and ,wife
  ,john ,hoag1 ,junr4 and ,wife         
,jedidiah ,wing and ,wife  ,josiah ,akin
 and ,wife  ,stephen ,hoag and ,wife    
,james ,hunt and ,wife  ,prince ,howland

 and ,wife  ,isaac ,haviland and ,wife  
,nathn4 ,birdsall and ,wife  ,nathn4    
,birdsall1 ,junr4 and ,wife  ,daniel    
,chase and ,wife  ,edward ,wing and     
,wife  ,abraham ,wing and ,wife  ,israel
 ,howland and ,wife  ,david ,akin and   
,wife  ,jonathan ,akin and ,wife        
,joseph ,jinnins and ,wife  ,robert     
,whitely and ,wife  ,nathanael          
,stevenson  ,joseph ,hoag  ,abraham     
,thomas  ,isaac ,bull  ,patience ,akin  
,desire ,chase  ,mary ,allen1 ,widow    
,mersey ,fish  ,margaret ,akin  ,margery
 ,woolman  ,dinah ,gifford1 ,widow      
,elizab ,hunt1 ,widow  ,abigail ,gifford
  ,phebe ,boudy  ,ann ,hepbern  ,sarah  
,davis  ,ann ,corban  ,hannah ,birdsall 
#c;dly  ,at ,nine ,partners  ,peter     
,hallock and ,wife  ,moses ,haight and  
,wife  ,aaron ,haight and ,wife  ,joshua
 ,haight and ,wife  ,george ,soule and  
,wife  ,william ,palmer and ,wife       
,reuben ,palmer and ,wife  ,nehemiah    
,reynolds and ,wife  ,peter ,palmer and 
,wife  ,aaron ,vail and ,wife  ,joseph  

,haight and ,wife  ,john ,lapham and    
,wife  ,jonathan ,holmes and ,wife      
,jonathan ,hoag and ,wife  ,israel      
,devil and his ,wife  ,john ,kees and   
,wife  ,nathaniel ,brown and ,wife      
,anthony ,arnold and ,wife  ,caleb      
,norton and ,wife  ,micah ,griffin and  
,wife  ,jacob ,haight and ,wife  ,john  
,haight and ,wife  ,stephen ,haight and 
,wife  ,micah ,palmer and ,wife  ,andrew
 ,white and ,wife  ,stephen ,hicks and  
,wife  ,daniel ,tobias and ,wife        
,ezekiel ,hoag and ,wife  ,william      
,haight  ,joseph ,reynolds  ,obadiah    
,griffin  ,solomon ,haight  ,benjam     
,white  ,john ,hallock  ,david ,arnold  
,nathan ,bull  ,hannah ,thorn  ,hannah  
,tripp  ,margaret ,allen  ,rose ,barton 
,sarah ,collins  ,bersheba ,southerlin  
,sarah ,jacocks  ,ruth ,mabbit          
,patience ,green   #dthly        ,at    
,oswegoe  ,samuel ,dorland and ,wife    
,richard ,smith and ,wife  ,joseph      
,smith and ,wife  ,samuel ,hall and     
,wife  ,allen ,moore and ,wife  ,john   

,thomas and ,wife  ,lot ,tripp and ,wife
  ,ebenezer ,shearman and ,wife  ,joshua
 ,sherman and ,wife  ,daniel ,shepherd  
and ,wife  ,john ,thomas and ,wife      
,josiah ,bull  ,zebulon ,hoxsie         
,ichabod ,bowerman  ,david ,irish       
,andrew ,moore  ,joseph ,waters  ,eliah 
,youmans  ,othniel ,allen  ,john ,carman
  ,jesse ,irish  ,deborah ,reed  ,martha
 ,gifford  ,abigail ,adams  ,mary ,moore
  ,catharine ,leaven  ,mary ,youman     
,mehetable ,devil   #ethly  ,at ,peach  
,ponds  ,samuel ,field and ,wife  ,elias
 ,palmer and ,wife  ,david ,palmer and  
,wife  ,samuel ,coe and ,wife  ,stephen 
,field and ,wife  ,solomon ,field and   
,wife   ,additional names which occur in
 the minutes of ,oblong ,meeting1 in the
 years #agdb-aghj 7obviously an         
incomplete list of members73    ,akin1  
,nathan ,fields  ,akin1 ,james  ,akin1  
,timothy  ,birdsall1 ,timothy  ,briggs1 
,zebedy  ,brundige1 ,edward  ,bunker1   
,annie  ,chase1 ,johnan  ,chase1        
,phynehas  ,clement1 ,james  ,comstock1 

,thomas  ,dakin1 ,preserved  ,dickerson1
 ,isaac  ,dickerson1 ,henry  ,mehitable 
,devil1 ,devill1 ,duvall or ,deuell     
,franklin1 ,thomas  ,falyer1 ,abraham   
,haviland1 ,daniel  ,haviland1 ,benjamin
  ,hoag1 ,enoch  ,hoag1 ,samuel  ,hall1 
,joseph  ,hunt1 ,josiah  ,irish1 ,joseph
  ,irish1 ,jessee  ,jenkns1 ,volunteer  
,lancester1 ,aaron  ,lester1 ,murray    
,laurelson1 ,aaron  ,mosher1 ,wm4       
,moore1 ,allen  ,norton1 ,robert        
,osborn1 ,paul  ,osborn1 ,isaac         
,peckham1 ,jos4  ,sherman1 ,joshua      
,smith1 ,denten  ,shove1 ,edward        
,stedwell1 ,roger  ,sweet1 ,elnathan    
,benony ,sweet  ,taber1 ,jeremiah1      
married ,delilah ,russell  ,wanzer1     
,moses  ,wing1 ,william  ,wing1         
,elisabeth  ,wing1 ,daniel  ,whiteley1  
,pardon  ,wood1 ,drusilla1 married      
,israel ,howland of ,purchase4   #db    
,correction of date is by ,john ,cox1   
,jr41 the ,librarian of the ,yearly     
,meeting of the ,society of ,friends1   
#cae ,rutherford ,place2 in whose charge

 is the original4     ,,appendix ,b4    
,the following are the names of those   
who had accounts at the store of ,daniel
 ,merritt1 on ,quaker ,hill1 in #agga1  
as the names appear in his ,ledger3     
,akin1 ,john1 ,esq4  ,akin1 ,david1 ,jr4
  ,akin1 ,thomas  ,allen1 ,mary1        
,george's mother  ,akin1 ,james  ,akin1 
,josiah  ,akin1 ,elisha  ,akin1 ,stephen
  ,akin1 ,jonathan  ,akin1 ,abraham     
,akin1 ,timothy  ,allen1 ,ephraim       
,allen1 ,alexander  ,allen1 ,moses      
,allen1 ,samuel  ,allen1 ,thomas        
,allen1 ,george  ,allen1 ,daniel  ,allen
 ,john1 ,elisha's son  ,allen1 ,john    
,taylor  ,allen1 ,elizabeth1 widow      
,allen1 ,mary1 ,elisha's mother  ,allen1
 ,mary1 ,elisha's daughter  ,allen1     
,elisha  ,allen1 ,sarah1 ,george's wife 
,ashby1 ,anthony  ,arnold1 ,joseph      
,arle1 ,nath41 ,,ii  ,ackley1 ,david    
,arle1 ,rebecca  ,andras1 ,thaddeus     
,alderman1 ,elisha  ,arnold1 ,nathaniel 
,briggs1 ,edward  ,briggs1 ,jeremiah    
,briggs1 ,william  ,briggs1 ,henry      

,briggs1 ,elkanah  ,briggs1 ,phoebe1    
widow  ,briggs1 ,zepheniah  ,briggs1    
,edward1 ,junr4  ,briggs1 ,jeremiah     
,briggs1 ,thomas1 ,senr4  ,briggs1      
,prince  ,briggs1 ,thoms1 ,junr4        
,briggs1 ,anthony  ,briggs1 ,john       
,birdsall1 ,nathan  ,birdsall1 ,nathan1 
,junr4  ,birdsall1 ,james  ,birdsall1   
,thomas  ,birdsall1 ,benjamin           
,birdsall1 ,lemuel  ,bennet1 ,benj41 of 
,patent  ,brownson1 ,libe  ,bostwick1   
,daniel4  ,boult1 ,john1 ,senr4         
,barnum1 ,timothy  ,benedic1 ,aron      
,bowdish1 ,nathaniel  ,buck1 ,lydeal1   
,junr4  ,bostwick1 ,daniel1 ,junr4      
,brown1 ,john  ,bennet1 ,benjamin       
,barnum1 ,david  ,buck1 ,david  ,betts1 
,william  ,birdsley1 ,johiel4           
,beardsley1 ,josiah  ,barnum1 ,zadoc    
,burret1 ,daniel  ,barley1 ,abigail     
,boult1 ,john1 ,junr4  ,billings1       
,increase  ,brush1 ,thos41 ,esq4        
,bosworth1 ,nathanael  ,beach1 ,david   
,bump1 ,stephen  ,bowdy1 ,nathanael     
,bennet1 ,henry  ,brush1 ,thomas1 ,junr4

  ,beardsley1 ,nehemiah  ,boom1 ,sarah  
,burdick1 ,ephraim  ,brown1 ,joseph     
,burtch1 ,nathanael  ,bull1 ,abraham    
,brownell1 ,william  ,barlow1 ,david    
,bass1 ,thomas  ,burrett1 ,israel       
,burtch1 ,increase  ,birchard1 ,jonathan
  ,beers1 ,james  ,brayton1 ,gideon     
,burdick1 ,nathan  ,brady1 ,william     
,bostwick1 ,ichabod  ,botheford1 ,joel  
,bowdy1 ,moses1 ,junr4  ,bennet1        
,richard  ,bush1 ,john ,newfair         
,bostwick1 ,amos  ,benson1 ,benj4       
,bull1 ,isaac1 ,junr4  ,barley1 ,daniel 
,brownson1 ,peter  ,bennet1 ,amos       
,birdsall1 ,lemuel  ,brown1 ,wm41       
schoolmaster  ,burdick1 ,jessee         
,brownin1 ,benj4  ,benedic1 ,abner      
,bracket1 ,john  ,bull1 ,thomas         
,butler1 ,nathanael  ,butler1 ,truelove 
,buck1 ,john4  ,bacon1 ,wm4  ,bradshaw1 
,james ,h4  ,beardsley1 ,elihu          
,brownen1 ,wm4  ,batchford1 ,jonathan   
,batchford1 ,joel  ,brown1 ,wm4 7,dover7
  ,buck1 ,isaac  ,buck1 ,lydeal         
,burten1 ,oliver  ,bump1 ,george        

,bowdy1 ,moses1 ,junr4  ,barnes1 ,james 
,burteh1 ,jonathan  ,bennet1 ,david     
,beemus1 ,thomas  ,brownson1 ,sarah     
,burtch1 ,jonathan1 #bnd constable      
,burtch1 ,isaiah  ,bostwick1 ,robert    
,burdick1 ,robert  ,burdick1 ,ephraim   
,bangs1 ,john  ,bruce1 ,james  ,chase1  
,daniel1 ,senr4  ,chase1 ,daniel1 ,junr4
  ,calkin1 ,elijah  ,close1 ,reuben1    
,senr4  ,close1 ,reuben1 ,junr4         
,church1 ,ebenezer1 hat maker  ,congo1  
,joseph  ,chase1 ,henry  ,chase1        
,benjamin  ,corbin1 ,peter  ,covel1     
,micajah  ,cook1 ,thomas1 laborer       
,camp1 ,enos  ,croch1 ,widow  ,campbell1
 ,archabel  ,chase1 ,joseph  ,chase1    
,john  ,chase1 ,nathan  ,caswell1 ,john 
,clarke1 ,richard  ,conger1 ,jessee     
,conger1 ,joel  ,campbell1 ,dunkin      
,corbin1 ,sarah  ,conger1 ,joel  ,close1
 ,gideon  ,corbin1 ,thomas1 ,junr4      
,cary1 ,rhoda  ,chase1 ,benj41 ,junr4   
,caswell1 ,reuben  ,collins1 ,amos      
,covel1 ,zacheus  ,caswell1 ,amey       
,carey1 ,lucy  ,caswell1 ,robert1 ,senr4

  ,caswell1 ,robert1 ,junr4  ,cary1     
,nathan  ,cary1 ,rhoda  ,crowfoot1      
,gideon  ,covel1 ,seth  ,chase1 ,stephen
  ,coller1 ,elisha  ,calkin1 ,david     
,chase1 ,phinehas1 ,junr4  ,curtis1     
,john  ,cook1 ,abial  ,chamberlin1 ,john
  ,chase1 ,elizabeth1 widow  ,cummins1  
,isaac  ,calkin1 ,john ,doet1 doctor    
,canfield1 ,zarobabel  ,crouch1 ,william
  ,churchel1 ,joseph  ,collins1 ,caleb  
,calkin1 ,simon  ,calkin1 ,nathaniel    
,cary1 ,lemuel  ,corbin1 ,thomas1 ,senr4
  ,corbin1 ,sarah1 widow  ,cummins1     
,john  ,caswell1 ,robert  ,crane1       
,daniel  ,caswell1 ,nathan  ,coon1      
,matthew  ,chase1 ,abner  ,cummins1     
,john1 ,ten ,mile ,hills  ,calkin1      
,james  ,dakin1 ,thomas  ,deaveal1      
,joseph  ,dakin1 ,ruth  ,dakin1 ,timothy
  ,dakin1 ,preserved  ,dakin1 ,wooster  
,dakin1 ,mercy  ,dakin1 ,simon          
,deaveal1 ,phillip  ,deaveal1 ,george   
,deaveal1 ,hannah  ,deaveal1 ,benj41    
,junr4  ,deavil1 ,jonathan  ,deaveal1   
,abigail  ,deaveal1 ,michael  ,deaveal1 

,benj41 ,senr4  ,deaveal1 ,john         
,deaveal1 ,abraham  ,doty1 ,elijah      
,dunk1 ,thomas  ,darling1 ,ebenezer1    
,junr4  ,dutton1 ,joel  ,dowglass1      
,thomas1 ,senr4  ,dowglass1 ,thomas1    
,junr4  ,dowglass1 ,jonathan  ,daviss1  
,paul  ,dowgleess1 ,dominy  ,daviss1    
,henry  ,daviss1 ,deliverance  ,daviss1 
,wm4  ,daviss1 ,benjamin  ,deen1 ,samuel
  ,drinkwater1 ,george  ,dolph1 ,edward 
,dwalfe1 ,ezra  ,dubois1 ,matthew       
,evens1 ,john  ,elliott1 ,david1 ,senr4 
,elliott1 ,david1 ,newfairfield         
,elliott1 ,benj41 ,senr4  ,elliott1     
,benj41 ,junr4  ,elliott1 ,john         
,elliott1 ,david1 ,junr4  ,elliott1     
,jonathan  ,elliott1 ,daniel  ,edwards1 
,talmage  ,eastman1 ,joseph  ,eastman1  
,benjamin  ,eastman1 ,azariah  ,eastman1
 ,azariah  ,eldeston1 ,joseph  ,eastman1
 ,hezekiah  ,evens1 ,thomas  ,eady1     
,joshua  ,ellwell1 ,sam4 ,sen           
,eldridge1 ,elisha  ,ferriss1 ,benj41   
,senr4  ,ferriss1 ,benj41 ,junr4        
,ferriss1 ,benj41 #crd  ,ferriss1       

,zebulon  ,ferriss1 ,joseph1 ,junr4     
,ferriss1 ,matthew  ,ferriss1 ,zachariah
  ,ferriss1 ,zebulon  ,ferriss1 ,gilbert
  ,ferriss1 ,reed  ,ferriss1 ,david     
,field1 ,john  ,field1 ,samuel  ,finch1 
,reed  ,finch1 ,ebenezer  ,flint1 ,asa  
,franklin1 ,walter  ,franklin1 ,john    
,fisher1 ,nathaniel  ,foster1 ,josiah   
,fuller1 ,jonathan  ,fairchild1 ,eleazer
  ,fairchild1 ,alexander  ,giddings1    
,joseph  ,giddings1 ,jonathan           
,giddings1 ,zebulon  ,gregory1 ,samuel  
,gregory1 ,ralph  ,gregory1 ,rivevias   
,gregory1 ,jeremiah  ,graves1 ,jedediah 
,graves1 ,russell  ,gifford1 ,benj41    
,senr4  ,gifford1 ,benj41 ,junr4        
,gifford1 ,gideon  ,gifford1 ,joseph    
,gaylord1 ,ebenezer  ,gaylord1 ,benjamin
  ,gaylard1 ,william  ,gaylard1 ,aaron  
,gaylard1 ,phebe  ,griffin1 ,phillip    
,gillet1 ,hezekiah  ,gourham1 ,ichabod  
,garlick1 ,reed  ,gray1 ,william        
,garrett1 ,thomas  ,green1 ,david       
,halaway1 ,john  ,halaway1 ,william     
,howland1 ,azariah  ,howland1 ,william  

,howland1 ,israel  ,howland1 ,prince    
,howland1 ,nathaniel  ,howland1 ,sarah  
,howland1 ,charles  ,howland1 ,cook     
,howland1 ,nathaniel1 ,junr4  ,howland1 
,peleg  ,howland1 ,samuel  ,howland1    
,john  ,howland1 ,silvey  ,howland1     
,anne  ,hunt1 ,william  ,hunt1 ,samuel1 
farmer  ,hunt1 ,stephen  ,hunt1         
,elizabeth  ,hunt1 ,abel  ,hunt1        
,daniel1 ,junr4  ,hunt1 ,timothy  ,hunt1
 ,daniel1 ,senr4  ,hall1 ,james  ,hall1 
,lewis  ,hitchcock1 ,john  ,herrington1 
,moses  ,hatch1 ,maltier  ,hatch1 ,benj4
  ,holister1 ,nathaniel  ,holister1     
,abel  ,holister1 ,jonathan  ,howard1   
,edward  ,howard1 ,edward1 ,junr4       
,howard1 ,stephen  ,howard1 ,john       
,hoag1 ,lydia1 ,benj4 daughter  ,hoag1  
,amos  ,hoag1 ,david1 ,junr41 carter    
,hoag1 ,abner1 #b  ,hoag1 ,samuel       
,hoag1 ,john1 merchant  ,hoag1 ,abner1  
#a  ,hoag1 ,william1 carter  ,hoag1     
,timothy  ,hoag1 ,elijah  ,hoag1        
,abigail  ,hoag1 ,stephen  ,hoag1       
,joseph  ,hoag1 ,john1 merchant  ,hoag1 

,john1 #ast  ,hoag1 ,john1 #bnd  ,hoag1 
,john1 #eth  ,hoag1 ,ruth ,s41 daughter 
,hoag1 ,enoch  ,hoag1 ,peter  ,hoag1    
,elisha  ,hoag1 ,sarah ,n41 ,benj4      
daughter  ,hoag1 ,ebenezer  ,hoag1      
,abbigail  ,hoag1 ,wm41 ,joseph's son   
,hoag1 ,david1 ,senr4  ,hoag1 ,john1 ,d4
 son  ,hoag1 ,daniel  ,hoag1 ,paul      
,hoag1 ,tabithy  ,hammond1 ,jonathan    
,hammond1 ,william  ,hammond1 ,samuel   
,hammond1 ,jonathan1 ,junr4  ,hammond1  
,benj41 cooper  ,hammond1 ,mary         
,hammond1 ,elizabeth  ,happern1 ,anne   
,happern1 ,george  ,hubbell1 ,gaylard   
,hubbell1 ,dennis  ,hubbell1 ,shadrick  
,hubbell1 ,john  ,hubbell1 ,ephraim     
,hubbell1 ,eleazer  ,hubbell1 ,gideon   
,holdridge1 ,thomas  ,hungerford1       
,josiah  ,hungerford1 ,thomas           
,hungerford1 ,samuel  ,hungerford1      
,miriam  ,hurd1 ,david1 tailor  ,hurd1  
,george1 doctor  ,hurd1 ,william        
,howard1 ,ruth  ,hill1 ,anne  ,hill1    
,george  ,hill1 ,henry  ,hill1 ,john    
,hill1 ,stephen  ,haviland1 ,dan  ,hill1

 ,caleb1 carter  ,haviland1 ,isaac      
,haviland1 ,susannah  ,haviland1        
,solomon  ,haviland1 ,mary  ,haviland1  
,joseph  ,haviland1 ,john  ,haviland1   
,stephen  ,haviland1 ,james  ,holaway1  
,joseph  ,haviland1 ,roger  ,haviland1  
,benj4  ,haviland1 ,jacob  ,hull1       
,daniel  ,hains1 ,solomon  ,hadden1     
,bartholemew  ,hendrick1 ,john  ,haws1  
,edmund  ,hilks1 ,edmund  ,holmes1      
,thadford  ,hollister1 ,joseph  ,halms1 
,thadford  ,hart1 ,lydia  ,hatfield1    
,barns  ,hicks1 ,john  ,hicks1 ,benjamin
  ,hawley1 ,isaac  ,hillerd1 ,nathan    
,handy1 ,jude  ,irish1 ,joseph1 farmer  
,irish1 ,isaac  ,irish1 ,john  ,irish1  
,jedediah1 ,senr4  ,irish1 ,jedediah1   
,junr4  ,ingersol1 ,daniel  ,ingersoll1 
,josiah  ,jewett1 ,jedediah  ,jewit1    
,aaron  ,jewit1 ,isaac  ,johnson1 ,john 
,johnson1 ,sabin  ,jeffers1 ,robert     
,john1 ,june1 ,jr4  ,joyce1 ,john       
,kelly1 ,wing  ,keeler1 ,ezra1 carter   
,kaysson1 ,james1 wheelwright  ,kane1   
,john1 merchant  ,ketcham1 ,elihu       

,kent1 ,seth  ,knapp1 ,moses  ,knapp1   
,moses  ,lake1 ,thomas  ,lake1 ,judah   
,lake1 ,thomas1 ,junr4  ,loveless1      
,joseph  ,lee1 ,john  ,lee1 ,asahel     
,lee1 ,john1 ,jr4  ,leach1 ,ebenezer    
,leach1 ,ephraim  ,leach1 ,john  ,leach1
 ,james  ,leach1 ,ichabod  ,leach1      
,miriam  ,lee1 ,catherine  ,leach1      
,simeon  ,leach1 ,amos  ,leonard1 ,moses
  ,leonard1 ,isaac  ,leonard1 ,david    
,luddington1 ,henry  ,langdon1 ,john    
,lester1 ,murray  ,lewis1 ,sam4         
,lamphire1 ,jessee  ,lamphire1 ,elisha  
,lamphere1 ,john  ,lowrey1 ,john        
,lancaster1 ,aaron  ,lum1 ,samuel       
,lacey1 ,seth  ,loveless1 ,joseph       
,martin1 ,aggrippa  ,martin1 ,ephraim   
,marten1 ,manasah  ,martin1 ,james      
,mosher1 ,benj4  ,mosher1 ,daniel       
,mosher1 ,lavinia  ,mosher1 ,jonathan   
,mosher1 ,hannah  ,mosher1 ,mary        
,millerd1 ,phebe  ,millerd1 ,joshua     
,millerd1 ,joshua  ,millerd1 ,jonathan  
,millerd1 ,john ,phillips  ,millerd1    
,robert1 ,jr4  ,millerd1 ,jacob         

,menzies1 ,thomas  ,morgan1 ,joseph     
,menzies1 ,alexander  ,menzies1 ,thomas 
,morgan1 ,consider  ,miles1 ,sam4       
,marsh1 ,john  ,marsh1 ,elihu  ,marsh1  
,eunice  ,morison1 ,malcum  ,marsh1     
,samuel  ,munroe1 ,sam41 ,jr  ,munroe1  
,nathan  ,mead1 ,daniel1 ,jr4  ,mead1   
,jessee  ,man1 ,sam4  ,man1 ,dependence 
,merritt1 ,nehemiah1 ,jr4  ,millerd1    
,benajah  ,munroe1 ,daniel  ,morehouse1 
,john  ,mead1 ,daniel1 ,senr4  ,malary1 
,caleb  ,mc,herty1 ,mancey  ,marsey1    
,ebenezer  ,milk1 ,job  ,mc,man1        
,cornelius  ,noble1 ,asahel  ,northrop1 
,amos  ,northrop1 ,abraham  ,northrop1  
,salmon  ,northrop1 ,amos1 ,jr4         
,northrop1 ,johannah  ,northrop1 ,moses 
,northrop1 ,thomas  ,northrop1 ,david   
,noble1 ,zadoc  ,noble1 ,thaddeus       
,noble1 ,stephen  ,noble1 ,morgan       
,noble1 ,david  ,noble1 ,gideon  ,negro1
 ,sip1 slave  ,negro1 ,tone1 slave      
,negro1 ,kajah1 slave  ,negro1 ,jethro1 
slave  ,nicholas1 ,rowland  ,nicholas1  
,john  ,nicherson1 ,seth  ,nickerson1   

,seth1 ,jr4  ,norton1 ,rowland  ,norton1
 ,lydia  ,neerings1 ,john  ,odle1       
,daniel  ,osborn1 ,jonathan1 ,senr4     
,osborn1 ,paul1 potter  ,osborn1 ,isaac 
,osborn1 ,jonathan1 ,jr4  ,osborn1      
,amos1 potter  ,osborn1 ,aaron  ,osborn1
 ,stephen  ,price1 ,john  ,peasely1     
,ebenezer  ,picket1 ,benjamin  ,pickett1
 ,ebenezer  ,peasely1 ,john  ,peasely1  
,isaac  ,potter1 ,james  ,potter1       
,william  ,potter1 ,judah  ,pepper1     
,stephen  ,parce1 ,jonathan  ,perce1    
,wm4  ,pepper1 ,john1 ,jr4  ,pepper1    
,john  ,page1 ,jonathan1 ,senr4  ,page1 
,john  ,page1 ,william  ,page1 ,lydia   
,page1 ,sarah  ,prindle1 ,aaron         
,prindle1 ,david  ,prindle1 ,john       
,prindle1 ,gideon  ,prince1 ,job        
,parks1 ,whiten  ,parks1 ,richard       
,pendegrass1 ,william  ,perry1 ,sam4    
,perry1 ,rowland  ,prindle1 ,dan1 ,jr4  
,peasely1 ,john  ,prindle1 ,samuel      
,pourham1 ,john  ,perry1 ,john  ,perry1 
,george  ,parks1 ,daniel  ,penfield1    
,peter  ,platt1 ,samuel  ,penny1 ,ammial

  ,phillips1 ,samuel  ,patterson1 ,james
  ,patterson1 ,andrew  ,penny1 ,william 
,phillips1 ,mifford1 ,jr4  ,pennen1     
,wright  ,patterson1 ,alexander         
,palmer1 ,phinehas  ,putnicholos1       
,nathan  ,porter1 ,joshua  ,phelps1     
,barney  ,phelps1 ,william  ,peek1      
,phinehas  ,peek1 ,samuel  ,prosper1    
,ichabod  ,palmeter1 ,silvenus  ,pearce1
 ,nathan1 ,esq4  ,precinct by ,andrew   
,morehouse  ,quinby1 ,ephraim  ,russell1
 ,elihu  ,russell1 ,william  ,russell1  
,margaret  ,russell1 ,samuel  ,russell1 
,elizabeth  ,ross1 ,zebulon  ,ross1     
,daniel  ,ross1 ,zebulon1 ,jr4  ,ross1  
,matthias  ,ross1 ,hugh  ,richardson1   
,william  ,rennolds1 ,jeremiah          
,ruggals1 ,lois  ,ruggals1 ,joseph      
,rundle1 ,joseph1 ,senr4  ,stephens1    
,thomas  ,stevens1 ,benj4  ,stephens1   
,joseph  ,shaw1 ,phallice  ,shaw1       
,joseph  ,shaw1 ,benannuel1 farmer      
,shaw1 ,benj4  ,stewart1 ,lemuel        
,stewart1 ,james1 ,jr4  ,stewart1       
,james1 ,senr4  ,stewart1 ,alexander    

,stewart1 ,alexander1 #bnd  ,stewart1   
,samuel  ,stewart1 ,nathaniel  ,sweet1  
,ezekiel  ,sweet1 ,charles  ,sweet1     
,benedic  ,scribner1 ,abel  ,scribner1  
,abraham  ,springer1 ,richard           
,springer1 ,john  ,scribner1 ,zadoc     
,springer1 ,elizabeth  ,sherwood1       
,daniel  ,stephens1 ,william  ,sherwood1
 ,nathan  ,stevens1 ,william1 ,jr41     
carter  ,stillson1 ,nathan  ,stillson1  
,enoch  ,stillson1 ,moses  ,stillson1   
,john  ,smith1 ,mary  ,smith1 ,john     
,smith1 ,daniel  ,sprague1 ,john        
,stevens1 ,peter  ,smith1 ,richard      
,soule1 ,george  ,soule1 ,nathan1 ,jr4  
,soule1 ,john  ,soule1 ,elizabeth       
,soule1 ,nathan  ,soule1 ,joseph        
,shearman1 ,benj41 farmer  ,shearman1   
,jabez  ,shearman1 ,justin  ,shearman1  
,mary ,w4  ,shearman1 ,job  ,shearman1  
,joshua  ,stephenson1 ,nathaniel        
,stephenson1 ,nathaniel1 ,jr4  ,shelden1
 ,isaac  ,shelden1 ,george  ,shelden1   
,john  ,shelden1 ,joseph  ,shelden1     
,gideon  ,shelden1 ,benj4  ,sheldon1    

,thomas  ,sheldon1 ,potter  ,sheldon1   
,sarah  ,seelye1 ,nathaniel  ,seelye1   
,benj41 ,senr4  ,seelye1 ,ebenezer      
,seelye1 ,eleanor  ,seelye1 ,abel       
,seelye1 ,bradley  ,seelye1 ,elizabeth  
,spaulden1 ,nathan  ,spalden1 ,samuel   
,spaulding1 ,abijah  ,sill1 ,elijah     
,starke1 ,william  ,shannon1 ,george    
,slocum1 ,abraham  ,sill1 ,uriah        
,slocum1 ,elizabeth  ,sill1  ,bangs     
,slocum1 ,benj4  ,stephenson1 ,james    
,shove1 ,edward  ,sturdevant1 ,jonathan 
,sturdevant1 ,nathan  ,sturdevant1 ,john
  ,sturdevant ,esther  ,smith1 ,noah    
,smith1 ,gaius  ,starke1 ,james         
,starke1 ,christopher1 ,jr4  ,slone1    
,sam4  ,salsbury1 ,sarah  ,salmon1      
,hannah  ,storker1 ,seth  ,seamen1      
,stephen  ,stedwell1 ,james  ,stedwell1 
,gilbert  ,salmon1 ,john  ,sweet1       
,benedic  ,sabin1 ,jeremiah1 blacksmith 
,seaman1 ,moses  ,stone1 ,eathael       
,starke1 ,aaron  ,shed1 ,martha  ,sabin1
 ,jeremiah1 ,senr4  ,shapparoon1 ,peter 
,stone1 ,ebenezer  ,thomas1 ,john       

,thomas1 ,benj4  ,thomas1 ,abraham      
,thomas1 ,lewis  ,tripp1 ,john  ,tripp1 
,experience  ,tallcott1 ,gaius  ,tripp1 
,lott  ,towner1 ,dan  ,towner1 ,david   
,towner1 ,lois  ,towner1 ,sam1 ,senr4   
,towner1 ,mary  ,towner1 ,zacheus       
,thatcher1 ,partridge  ,taber1 ,job     
,taber1 ,hannah  ,taber1 ,thomas1 ,esq4 
,tuttle1 ,ebenezer  ,truman1 ,jonathan  
,tryon1 ,james  ,tryon1 ,asahel         
,trowbridge1 ,seth  ,trowbridge1 ,billey
  ,trowbridge1 ,caleb  ,towner1 ,sam1   
,jr4  ,trim1 ,moses  ,thornton1 ,john   
,tayler1 ,nathaniel  ,tyler1 ,bezaleel  
,tryon1 ,elisabeth  ,ter ,boss1 ,daniel 
,toffey1 ,john1 hat maker  ,terry1      
,peter  ,vaughn1 ,william  ,vaughn1     
,joseph1 weaver  ,vaughn1 ,benjamin     
,veal1 ,michael  ,wing1 ,elisabeth      
,wing1 ,elihu  ,wing1 ,thomas  ,wing1   
,gershom  ,wing1 ,edward  ,wing1 ,elisha
  ,wing1 ,john  ,wing1 ,william  ,wing1 
,abram ,thomas  ,wing1 ,prince  ,wing1  
,russell  ,wing1 ,daniel  ,willcox1     
,louis1 laborer  ,willcox1 ,thomas      

,willcox1 ,eunice  ,willcox1 ,joshua    
,willcox1 ,stephen  ,willcox1 ,rebecca  
,willcox1 ,rebecca  ,willcox1 ,jeffrey  
,willcox1 ,handy  ,willcox1 ,isaac      
,west1 ,mary  ,west1 ,elijah  ,west1    
,delight  ,west1 ,aaron  ,west1 ,clement
  ,west1 ,sarah1 ,clement's wife  ,west1
 ,benajah  ,welch1 ,paul  ,willcox1     
,mary  ,willcox1 ,antras  ,willcox1     
,sarah  ,willcox1 ,amos  ,wheeler1      
,enoch  ,wheeler1 ,joseph  ,wheeler1    
,samuel  ,wright1 ,samuel  ,wright1     
,kent  ,wright1 ,dennis  ,wright1       
,deborah  ,wright1 ,mary  ,wright1      
,uriah  ,wright1 ,abigail  ,wright1     
,samuel1 ,jr4  ,weed1 ,jacob  ,weed1    
,judah  ,wanzar1 ,moses  ,wanzar1       
,abraham  ,wanzar1 ,anthony  ,wanzar1   
,abigail  ,wanzar1 ,abraham1 ,jr4       
,wanzer1 ,chester  ,wanzer1 ,darkis     
,wanzer1 ,elizabeth  ,warner1 ,lemuel   
,warner1 ,oliver  ,warner1 ,orange      
,wood1 ,wilber  ,wickham1 ,david        
,wickham1 ,phebe  ,wilkinson1 ,ebenezer 
,wickham1 ,gideon  ,whitely1 ,robert    

,wickham1 ,john1 weaver  ,woodward1     
,jonathan  ,whitely1 ,martha  ,weed1    
,jacob  ,woodard1 ,joseph  ,woodard1    
,john  ,woodard1 ,elisabeth  ,woodard1  
,ephraim  ,williams1 ,daviss  ,wallace1 
,nathaniel  ,walsworth1 ,william  ,wade1
 ,jonathan  ,wallups1 ,jonathan         
,wheeler1 ,hezekiah  ,washburn1 ,joseph 
,woolman1 ,hannah  ,waldo1 ,jonathan    
,welch1 ,john  ,wilkerson1 ,robert      
,williams1 ,marke  ,willmut1 ,lemuel    
,yates1 ,paul     ,,appendix ,c4        
,,package ,,of ,,deeds ,,of ,,oblong ,m4
 ,m4 ,,properties4  ,discovered #aijf by
 ,,william ,,ryder1 of ,brewster1 ,n4   
,y4   ,,deed4  ,zebulon ,ferriss1 of    
,oblong1 to ,benjamin ,ferriss1 ,david  
,akin1 ,ebenezer ,peaslee1 ,david ,hoag1
 ,joseph ,irish1 ,nehemiah ,merritt and 
,abraham ,wing1 all of ,beekman's       
,precinct1 ,dutchess ,county1 #ebhj     
square feet1 being #acb feet frontage on
 north side of road1 and #dj feet deep1 
east of ,zebulon ,ferriss' acre lot4    
,consideration four 7#d7 pounds4 ,dated1

 #d4af4agfd4 ,recorded in the ,first    
,book of ,friends' ,records for         
,dutchess ,county in the ,province of   
,new ,york1 the #bdth of ye #dth ,mo4   
#agfd1 in ,folio #hi1 #ij4   ,,deed4    
,william ,russell of ,oblong1 to same   
grantees1 #dj square rods1 being #e rods
 frontage on north side of road1        
opposite ,friends' old meeting house1   
and #h rods deep4 ,consideration #h     
pounds4 7,these two deeds seem to       
conflict as to direction and area47     
,recorded #d4bd4agfd in same volume1    
page #hg and #hh4   ,,warranty ,,deed4  
,joseph ,ferriss and ,nathan ,gaylor1   
both of ,town of ,new ,milford1         
,litchfield ,co41 ,conn41 to ,dobson    
,wheeler1 and ,gaius ,talcott of same   
town1 ,benjamin ,ferriss1 ,david ,akins1
 ,henry ,chase1 ,timothy ,dakins1       
,george ,soule1 ,abraham ,wing1 ,reed   
,ferriss and ,zebulon ,ferriss1 of ,york
 ,government1 land in ,new ,milford in  
the ,common ,field1 by the side of the  
,great ,river at the south end of the   

,indian ,field lots1 a top of the hill  
,east of the road1 as goes to ,danbury4 
,the ,meeting ,house of the ,people     
called ,quakers' ,stands1 on the said   
land4 ,we had it of ,benjamin ,ferriss  
and ,david ,noble the quantity to be    
seen on the records and it all the ,land
 we are possessed of on the ,east ,side 
of that ,road bounded ,north and ,west  
on the road that goes to ,danbury1 ,east
 on the ,river4 ,dated ,july #fth1      
#agfb4   ,,consideration ,,received4    
,acknowledged before ,john ,hitchcock1  
,j4 ,p4 ,recorded ,july #g1 #agfb1 in   
,new ,milford1 #ith ,book of ,records1  
page #ffg4   ,,deed4  ,nicholas ,wanzer 
of ,new ,fairfield1 ,fairfield ,co41    
,conn41 to the society of people called 
,quakers1 one acre in ,new ,milford1    
with ,meeting ,house1 etc4 thereon4     
,consideration #b pounds1 #aj shillings4
 ,dated #aa4ba4aghh4 ,recorded in ,new  
,milford1 #afth ,book of ,records1 page 
#dhd4 ,this does not seem to be the     
property described in above deed of     

,joseph ,ferriss1 this being on the west
 side of the ,grate ,rode that goes     
north and south through the plain4      
,daniel ,haviland of ,southeast         
precinct1 ,dutchess ,county1 to ,joseph 
,irish1 ,edward ,shove1 ,reed ,ferriss  
and ,wing ,kelley1 of ,pawling's        
precinct and ,elnathan ,sweet and       
,joseph ,lancaster1 of ,beekman's       
precinct and ,benjamin ,ferriss of ,new 
,milford1 ,conn41 for the people called 
,quakers1 one acre and #gj rods1 in     
,south ,east precinct4 ,consideration1  
love of the ,society4 ,dated #h4ab4aghb4
 ,not recorded4   ,,deed4  ,roger       
,haviland1 of ,new ,fairfield1 ,conn41  
to same grantees1 one acre and #cj rods 
in ,south ,east precinct4               
,consideration1 love of the ,society4   
,dated #h4ab4aghb4 ,not recorded4 ,this 
would seem to join the property given by
 ,daniel ,haviland4   ,,deed4  ,john    
,hoag1 of ,pawling's precinct1 to       
,nathan ,soule1 ,edward ,shove and      
,thomas ,haight1 of ,pawling's1 #db     

rods1 on ,east ,side of the highway in  
north end of ,lot #ch of the ,oblong4   
,consideration1 love of the ,society4   
,dated1 #b4ab4aghd4 ,recorded in ,oblong
 ,m4 ,m4 minutes for #bnd month1 #aghd4 
,,deed4  ,isaiah ,hoag1 of ,pawling's   
precinct to ,nathan ,soule1 ,edward     
,shove1 ,abner ,hoag1 ,thomas ,haight1  
,azariah ,howland and ,isaac ,osborn1 of
 ,pawling's precinct1 #a-a_/b acres in  
,pawling's precinct1 for pasturing      
,friends' horses1 etc4 ,consideration   
#aj pounds4 ,dated #g4cj4aghf4 ,not     
recorded4 7,branch ,meeting ,house47    
,,deed4  ,daniel ,wing1 of ,pawling's   
precinct1 to same grantees as above1 #de
 rods1 for building a meeting house1    
etc4 ,consideration #e pounds4 ,dated   
#i4ah4aghf4 ,not recorded4 7,branch     
,meeting ,house47   ,,deed4  ,abner     
,hoag of ,town of ,dover1 ,dutchess     
,co41 to ,m4 ,m4 of ,oblong1 #bg rods1  
adjoining the meeting house lot1 now    
called ,branch ,meeting4 ,consideration 
#g4ej4 ,dated #e4ba4ahaa4 ,not recorded4

  ,list of ,deeds belonging to ,oblong  
,m4 ,m4 #eth ,mo41 #aghh4     ,,vita4   
,the author of this dissertation was    
born ,may #a1 #ahfg4 ,he received from  
,oberlin ,college the degree of ,a4 ,b4 
in #ahij1 and that of ,a4 ,m4 in #ahid4 
,he graduated from ,union ,theological  
,seminary in #ahid1 and has since served
 as an active pastor at ,quaker ,hill   
and in ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york4 ,while in 
the ,seminary and also during the years 
#aijc-aije he was a graduate student in 
,columbia ,university1 having especial  
interest in the lectures of ,professor  
,franklin ,h4 ,giddings2 to whom as to  
his associates on the ,faculty of       
,political ,science1 he owes a debt of  
gratitude for a conception of the common
 life of men on the earth4