,illu/ration     ,,op5+ ,,c]emonies  ,,(
 ,,!  ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,brooklyn       
,,bridge  ,,may #bd1 #ahhc4             
,,brooklyn1 ,n4,y4  #ahhc4   ,,press ,,(
  ,,! ,,brooklyn ,,eagle ,,job ,,pr9t+  
,,dep>tm5t4     ,,tru/ees ,,& ,,(fic]s  
,,( ,,!  ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,brooklyn    
,,bridge4   ,,tru/ees4  ,,new ,,york4   
,,john ,t4 ,,agnew1 ,,john ,g4 ,,davis1 
,j4 ,,adriance ,,bu%1 ,,h5ry ,,claus51  
,,?omas ,c4 ,,cl>ke1 ,,*>les            
,,macdonald1 ,h4,k4 ,,?urb]1 ,,j5k9s    
,,van ,,s*aick1 ,,frankl9 ,,edson1      
,mayor1                ,ex-(ficio4      
,,allan ,,campbell1 ,comp41             
,ex-(ficio4  ,,brooklyn4  ,,william ,c4 
,,k+sley1 ,,william ,,m>%all1 ,,h5ry ,w4
 ,,slocum1 ,,james ,s4,t4 ,,/ranahan1   
,,alfr$ ,c4 ,,b>nes1 ,,ald5 ,s4 ,,swan1 
,,otto ,,witte1 ,,james ,,h[ell1 ,,se?  
,,l[1 ,mayor1          ,ex-(ficio4      
,,a>on ,,br9k]h(f1 ,comp41              
,ex-(ficio4  ,,john ,t4 ,,agnew1        
,*airman ,executive ,committee4         
,,(fic]s4  ,,william ,c4 ,,k+sley1      

,presid5t4 ,j4 ,,adriance ,,bu%1        
,vice-,pres4 ,,otto ,,witte1 ,treasur]4 
,,ore/es ,p4 ,,qu9t>d1 ,secret>y4       
,,*ief ,,eng9e]4  ,,wa%+ton ,a4         
,,roebl+4   ,,assi/ant ,,eng9e]s4       
,,*>les ,c4 ,,m>t91 ,,francis           
,,coll+wood1 ,,samuel ,r4 ,,probasco1   
,,william ,h4 ,,pa9e1 ,,george ,w4      
,mc,n,u,l,t,y1 ,,wilhelm ,,hild5br&4    
,,programme ,,( ,,ex]cises4   #a4       
,,music--     #bc;d ,,regim5t ,,b&4  #b4
 ,,pray]--     ,rt4 ,rev4 ,,bi%op       
,,littlejohn4  #c4 ,,pres5tation        
,,address--     ,on behalf ( ,tru/ees1  
,,william ,c4 ,,k+sley1 ,vice-,presid5t4
  #d4 ,,acceptance ,,address--     ,on  
behalf ( ! ,city ( ,brooklyn1    ,hon4  
,,se? ,,l[1 ,mayor4  #e4 ,,acceptance   
,,address--     ,on behalf ( ! ,city (  
,new ,york1    ,hon4 ,,frankl9 ,,edson1 
,mayor4     ,,cornet ,,solo--     ,mr4  
,j4 ,,levy4  #f4 ,,oration--     ,hon4  
,,abram ,s4 ,,hewitt4  #g4 ,,oration--  
,rev4 ,,ri*>d ,s4 ,,/orrs1 ,d4,d4  #h4  
,,music--     #g? ,,regim5t ,,b&4  ,hon4

 ,,james ,s4,t4 ,,/ranahan w preside4   
,,introductory4   ,! ,new ,york &       
,brooklyn ,bridge 0 =mally op5$ on      
,?ursday1 ,may #bd?1 #ahhc1 ) befitt+   
pomp & c]emonial1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! l>ge/ 
multitude t ev] ga!r$ 9 ! two cities4 ,f
 ! ann\ncem5t by ! ,tru/ees ( ! date :i*
 0 to m>k ! turn+-ov] ( ! "w to !       
public1 x 0 evid5t t ! popul>           
demon/ration w\ld be ^u a scale         
comm5surate ) ! magnific5ce ( ! /ructure
 & its importance to ! p ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates4 ,! evid5ces ( widespread &      
pr(\nd int]e/ 9 ! ev5t 7 e>ly &         
unmi/akable4 ,!y 7 n conf9$ to !        
metropolis & its si/] city on ! ,long   
,isl& %ore1 nor yet to ! maje/ic ,empire
 ,/ate4 ,! occurr5ce 0 recogniz$ z "o ( 
,national importance2 & ?r\gh\t !       
,union1 f ! rocky headl&s ( ,ma9e to !  
gold5 %ores ( ! ,pacific1 & f ! gleam+  
wat]s ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ! va/ expanse 
( ! ,mexican ,gulf1 ! op5+ c]emonies 7  
reg>d$ ) intellig5t conc]n & approval4  
,ne>ly e ,/ate contribut$ its           

repres5tatives to ! swell+ ?rong t      
att5d$1 :ile ^? :o 7 unable to be pres5t
 contemplat$ ) pride & satisfaction !   
completion & consecration to its purpose
 ( ! greate/ eng9e]+ "w ( mod]n times4  
,9 ! communities mo/ directly b5efit$ by
 ! ,bridge ! demon/ration 0 conf9$ to no
 class or body ( ! populace4 ,x 0 a     
holiday = high & l[1 ri* & poor2 x 01 9 
fact1 ! ,p's ,day4 ,m delightful wea!r  
nev] dawn$ ^u a fe/al morn+4 ,! heav5s 7
 radiant ) ! cele/ial blue ( approa*+   
summ]2 silv]y fragm5ts ( cl\d sail$     
gracefully across ! firmam5t l w+$      
mess5g]s1 be>+ greet+s ( "w well done2 !
 cle>e/ ( spr+ sun%9e t+$ ev]y?+ ) a t\*
 ( gold1 & a brisk1 brac+ breeze bl[n up
 f ! ,atlantic cool$ ! atmosph]e to a   
heal?ful & invigorat+ temp]ature4 ,!    
incom+ dawn reveal$ ! tw9 cities gorge\s
 9 gala attire4 ,f t[]+ /eeple & l(ty   
faade1 f ! fronts ( bus9ess h\ses & !   
cornices & walls ( private dwell+s1 f ! 
=e/s ( %ipp+ along ! :>ves & ! vessels 9
 ! dimpl$ bay1 float$ bunt+ fa%ion$ 9 e 

conceivable design1 :ile high above all1
 f ! massive & endur+ granite t[]s ( !  
,bridge ! ,/>s & ,/ripes signal$ to ! _w
 f ! gateway ( ! cont95t ! arrival ( !  
auspici\s day4  ,almo/ be=e ! sun 0 up !
 ?or\ghf>es ( bo? cities put on a       
fe/ival appe>ance4 ,bus9ess 0 g5]ally   
susp5d$4 ,! m]cantile & pr(essional     
communities vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 ! ext5t &  
spl5dor ( _! decorations1 :ile f ! he>ty
 voice ( ,labor arose a *orus ( r++     
acclamation4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( m51 wom5 &  
*ildr5 cr[d$ into ! /reets1 &1 aft] gaz+
 admir+ly ^u ! decorations1 w5d$ _! way 
9 ! direction ( ! mighty riv] span4 ,f  
neighbor+ cities & f ! adjac5t c\ntry = 
_m miles ar\nd ! incom+ tra9s br\ght    
multitudes ( excursioni/s & sight-se]s4 
,x seem$ m>vel\s t !y c\ld all f9d      
accommodation1 b ! g5]\s hospitality ( !
 cities 0 cordially ext5d$1 & all 7     
adequately provid$ =4 ,! sc5es pres5t$  
dur+ ! day ^u ! /reets & av5ues ( ,new  
,york & ,brooklyn w nev] be =gott5 by ^?
 :o witness$ !m4 ,not)/&+ ! enorm\s     

mass+ ( p1 ! be/ ( ord] 0 ev]y:]e       
obs]vable1 & ! day happily 0 free f any 
accid5t ( a s]i\s nature4 ,! arrangem5ts
 = ! celebration 7 ( a s5sible & becom+ 
"*1 & beside insur+ an unob/ruct$ &     
spe$y c\rse = ! c]emonies1 contribut$   
beyond measure to ! popul> enjoym5t4    
,e>ly 9 ! aft]noon ! ,presid5t ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g54 ,*e/] ,a4 ,ar?ur1 & 
! ,hon4 ,grov] ,clevel&1 ,gov]nor ( !   
,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ! =m] accompani$ by 
! memb]s ( 8 ,cab9et & ! latt] by !     
(fic]s ( 8 ,/aff1 7 escort$ f ! ,fif?   
,av5ue ,hotel to ! ,new ,york ,city     
,hall1 :]e !y 7 jo9$ by 8 ,honor ,mayor 
,frankl9 ,edson & ! ,new ,york (ficials4
 ,f ! ,city ,hall ! procession proce$$  
to ! ,new ,york ,approa* to ! ,bridge4  
,! ,sev5? ,regim5t1 ,n4,g41 ,s4,n4,y41  
,col4 ,emmons ,cl>k1 comm&+1 act$ z     
escort to ! ,presid5tial & ,gub]natorial
 p>ty4 ,! regim5tal b&1 ( #ge pieces1   
head$ ! column & play$ popul> airs z !  
procession mov$ along ! cr[d$ & gaily   
decorat$ ?or\ghf>es4 ,at ! ,new ,york   

,t[] a battalion ( ! ,fif? ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,artill]y1 "u comm& ( ,major ,jackson1 
jo9$ ! escort1 & betwe5 ! l9es (        
brilliantly uni=m$ troops ! di/+ui%$    
gue/s pass$ ^u ! roadway4 ,!y 7 =mally  
receiv$ by a ,committee ( ! ,bridge     
,tru/ees1 head$ by ,mr4 ,william ,c4    
,k+sley1 ,vice-,presid5t & act+         
,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d4  ,! arrival at !   
,new ,york ,t[] 0 proclaim$ to !        
multitudes on %ore by ! ?und]+ ( _m     
cannon4 ,salutes 7 fir$ f ! =ts 9 !     
h>bor1 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy ,y>d1 & f
 ! summit ( ,=t ,gre5e4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates
 fleet1 consi/+ ( ! ,t5nessee1 !        
,yantic1 ! ,ke>s>ge1 ! ,v&alia1 & !     
,m9nesota1 ,re>-,admiral ,george ,h4    
,coop]1 comm&+1 0 an*or$ 9 ! riv] bel[ !
 ,bridge & jo9$ 9 ! salute4 ,z !        
procession mov$ across ! roadway ! y>ds 
( ! m5-(-w> 7 mann$1 & f ! docks &      
factories arose a trem5d\s babel (      
s\nds1 caus$ by ! clang+ ( bells1 ! ro>+
 ( /eam :i/les1 & ! *e]s ( en?usia/ic p1
 :ile s\nd+ f af>1 9 delightful contra/ 

) ! clamor\s discord1 ! silv] *imes (   
,tr9ity rang out ^u ! riv]4  ,9 ! ornate
 iron railway depot at ! ,brooklyn      
t]m9us1 :]e ! ex]cises 7 to take place1 
! arrival ( ! approa*+ procession 0     
anxi\sly await$4 ,! int]ior 0 bright )  
ta/eful decorations1 ! prevail+ feature 
be+ ! sky-blue hang+s ( sat9 bord]$ )   
silv]1 & ! coats-(-arms ( ! ,/ates      
appropriately int]sp]s$ amid a =e/ (    
flags4 ,on ! ,brooklyn side ! duties (  
escort 7 transf]r$ to ! #bc;d ,regim5t1 
,n4,g41 ,s4,n4,y41 ,colonel ,rodney ,c4 
,w>d comm&+4 ,! regim5t appe>$ ^u ?is   
occasion = ! fir/ "t 9 _! new ,/ate     
s]vice uni=m1 & p]=m$ _! duties mo/     
effici5tly4 ,! arrangem5ts = !          
procession & ex]cises 7 "u ! direction (
 ,major-,g5]al ,james ,j\rdan1 comm&+ ! 
,second ,division1 ,n4,g41 ,s4,n4,y41 :o
 0 ably assi/$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,division
 ,/aff4 ,! build+ 0 ?rong$ 9 e "p4 ,9 ! 
?rong 7 _m ( ! mo/ conspicu\s citiz5s ( 
,new ,york & o!r ,/ates1 includ+        
repres5tatives ( ! b5*1 ! b>1 ! pulpit1 

! press1 & all o!r pr(essions4 ,beside !
 ,presid5t & 8 ,cab9et1 consi/+ ( !     
,hon4 ,*>les ,j4 ,folg]1 ,secret>y ( !  
,treasury2 ! ,hon4 ,william ,e4 ,*&l]1  
,secret>y ( ! ,navy2 ! ,hon4 ,h5ry ,m4  
,tell]1 ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior2 ! ,hon4 
,walt] ,q4 ,gre%am1 ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 & !
 ,hon4 ,b5jam9 ,h>ris ,brew/]1          
,attorney-,g5]al2 & ,gov]nor ,clevel& & 
,/aff1 !re 7 pres5t ! ,gov]nors ( sev]al
 ,/ates & ! ,mayors ( ne>ly all ! cities
 9 ! vic9ity ( ! metropolis4 ,9 ! va/   
assemblage none 7 m conspicu\s ?an !    
(fic]s ( ! ,army & ,navy1 :o occupi$ an 
entire section & attract$ g5]al         
att5tion4  ,:5 ! ,presid5tial p>ty & _! 
escort ent]$ ! hall !y 7 greet$ )       
en?usia/ic *e]s4 ,!y occupi$ seats      
directly opposite ! /& erect$ = !       
orators ( ! day4 ,! ex]cises proce$$ )\t
 delay 9 an ord]ly mann]1 & 7           
appropriate & impressive ?r\gh\t4 ,music
 0 furni%$ dur+ ! c]emonies by ! b&s ( !
 ,sev5? & ,tw5ty-?ird regim5ts4 ,! ,hon4
 ,james ,s4,t4 ,/ranahan presid$ ) !    

skill & dignity ga9$ dur+ 8 long        
exp]i5ce 9 public life4 ,ne> him 7 !    
speak]s1 ,mr4 ,william ,c4 ,k+sley1     
,rev4 ,ri*>d ,s4 ,/orrs1 ,d4,d41 ! ,hon4
 ,abram ,s4 ,hewitt1 ,mayor ,frankl9    
,edson1 ( ,new ,york1 & ,mayor ,se? ,l[1
 ( ,brooklyn1 toge!r ) ! memb]s ( !     
,bo>d ( ,bridge ,tru/ees4 ,mr4 ,/ranahan
 op5$ ! c]emonies by introduc+ ,bi%op   
,littlejohn1 :o wore ! ,episcopal robes4
 ,! ,bi%op f]v5tly & impressively made !
 op5+ pray]1 ! great assemblage b[+ _!  
heads rev]5tially dur+ its deliv]y4     
,vice-,presid5t ,k+sley 0 next          
introduc$1 & 0 receiv$ ) he>ty applause4
 ,mr4 ,k+sley1 9 cle> & di/9ct tones1 & 
9 compreh5sive & bus9ess-l t]ms1 proce$$
 to make ! =mal spee* pres5t+ ! ,bridge 
to ! cities ( ,new ,york & ,brooklyn4 ,!
 address 0 he>d ) c>eful att5tion1 & ^u 
its conclusion a r\nd ( en?usia/ic      
applause swept ?r\gh ! build+4 ,8 ,honor
 ,mayor ,l[ foll[$ ,mr4 ,k+sley ) a     
concise & appropriate spee*1 receiv+ !  
/ructure on behalf ( ! ,city (          

,brooklyn4 ,8 address elicit$ sev]al    
demon/rations ( approval f ! audi5ce4 ,!
 ,hon4 ,frankl9 ,edson1 ,mayor ( ,new   
,york1 :o 0 ! next speak]1 0 he>tily    
applaud$ z he aptly accept$ ! ,bridge 9 
behalf ( ! au?orities ( ! great         
metropolis4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,hewitt 0 introduc$
 z ! orator on ! "p ( ,new ,york ,city1 
he 0 w>mly *e]$4 ,8 eloqu5t address     
rivet$ ! att5tion ( 8 he>]s f beg9n+ to 
end1 & 8 po9t$ & conclusive v9dication (
 ! bridge managem5t f ! outset ar\s$ !  
en?usiasm ( 8 he>]s to ! utmo/ pit*4    
,foll[+ ,mr4 ,hewitt came ! ,rev4 ,ri*>d
 ,s4 ,/orrs1 ,d4,d41 :o deliv]$ !       
oration on behalf ( ,brooklyn4 ,nev] did
 ! di/+ui%$ prea*] appe> to bett]       
advantage1 & 8 oration1 :i* 0 punctuat$ 
) applause1 0 *>act]iz$ z a ma/]piece by
 all :o he>d x4 ,^u ! conclusion ( 8    
address ! presid+ (fic] decl>$ !        
ex]cises at an end1 & ! company 9 !     
build+ disp]s$4  ,! fe/ivities1 h[ev]1  
did n end ) ! conclusion ( ! =mal       
c]emonies4 ,! celebration 0 cont9u$ 9   

bo? cities ?r\gh\t ! day & f> into !    
night4 ,?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( en?usia/ic p   
cr[d$ ! /reets4 ,aft] ! c]emonies1 !    
,presid5t1 ! ,gov]nor1 ! speak]s ( !    
day1 & ! ,tru/ees 7 driv5 to ! resid5ce 
( ,col4 ,wa%+ton ,a4 ,roebl+1 on        
,columbia ,heights1 :]e a reception 0   
held4 ,z !y pass$ ?r\gh ! /reets ! p    
*e]$ z p only c :o *e] 9 ! atmosph]e ( a
 free gov]nm5t4 ,f ,col4 ,roebl+'s h\se 
! company proce$$ to ! resid5ce ( ,mayor
 ,l[1 :]e !y 7 ent]ta9$ at a banquet4 ,9
 ! ev5+1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,municipal   
au?orities1 a gr& reception to ,presid5t
 ,ar?ur & ,gov]nor ,clevel& 0 giv5 by ! 
citiz5s ( ,brooklyn at ! ,academy (     
,music1 & 0 att5d$ by a great multitude4
 ,ano!r /rik+ feature ( ! celebration at
 night 0 ! display ( fireworks on !     
,bridge giv5 "u ! direction ( ! ,bo>d ( 
,tru/ees4 ,! pyrote*nic exhibition 0    
view$ by almo/ ! entire populace ( ! two
 cities1 & a va/ conc\rse ( visitors f  
abroad4 ,! ,ea/ ,riv] 0 fairly block$ ) 
craft ( e description be>+ legions (    

delight$ spectators1 & ! /reets &       
h\setops 7 pack$ ) p4 ,! display 0      
g5]ally *>act]iz$ z "o ( ! gr&e/ ev]    
witness$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! p ( bo? cities   
ev9c$ _! public _s 9 ! decorations by   
day & ! illum9ations by night4 ,!       
illum9ations 9 ,brooklyn1 p>ticul>ly1 7 
on a magnific5t scale1 & excit$ !       
admiration ( multitudes ( visitors to ! 
city4 ,9 addition to ! special features 
( ! celebration !re 7 _m ent]ta9m5ts 9  
honor ( ! ev5t1 includ+ conc]ts 9 !     
v>i\s city p>ks4 ,?r\gh\t ! aft]noon &  
ev5+ ! be/ ( ord] 0 pres]v$2 !          
casualties t occurr$ 7 few &            
unimportant1 & ! auspici\s day end$ )\t 
! intrusion ( any?+ t w\ld c>ry ) x o!r 
?an pleasant memories ( ! significant   
ev5t :i* x commemorat$4     ,,ord] ,,(  
,,religi\s ,,s]vices1  ,,conduct$ ,,by  
,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,a4,n4 ,,littlejohn1 ,d4,d4
   ,! et]nal ,god is ?y refuge1 &       
und]nea? are ! ev]la/+ arms4 ,deut4     
xxxiii43 #bg4  ,"k !re=e t ! ,"l ?y     
,god1 ,he is ,god1 ! fai?ful ,god1 :i*  

keepe? cov5ant & m]cy ) !m t love ,him &
 keep ,8 comm&m5ts to a ?\s& g5]ations4 
,deut4 vii43 #i4  ,rememb] ! m>vel\s    
works t ,he ha? done3 ,8 wond]s1 & !    
judgm5ts ( 8 m\?4 ,psalm cv43 #e4       
,m>vel\s ?+s did ,he 9 ! sight ( our    
=efa!rs1 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 ev5 9 ! field 
( ,zoan4  ,he divid$ ! sea1 & let !m g  
?r\gh3 ,he made ! wat]s to /& on an     
heap4  ,9 ! day "t also ,he l$ !m ) a   
cl\d1 & all ! night ?r\gh ) a light (   
fire4 ,psalm lxxviii43 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4   
,oh1 t m5 w\ld !re=e praise ! ,"l = ,8  
goodness & decl>e ! wond]s t ,he doe? = 
! *ildr5 ( m54 ,psalm cvii43 #ba4  ,!   
,"l ha? be5 m9dful ( u1 & ,he %all bless
 u2 ,he %all bless !m t fe> ! ,"l1 bo?  
small & great4 ,psalm cxv43 #ab1 #ac4   
,glory be to ! ,fa!r1 & to ! ,son1 & to 
! ,holy ,gho/3  ,z x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 is   
n[1 & ev] %all be1 _w )\t end4  ,praise 
ye ! ,"l3  ,! ,"l's "n be prais$4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,pray]4  ,almighty ,god1 :o ha/ 9 all  
ages %[$ =? ,?y p[] & m]cy 9 !          

pres]vation & advancem5t ( ! race r$eem$
 by ! preci\s blood ( ,?y de> ,son3 we  
yield ,!e our unfeign$ ?anks & praise z 
= all ,?y public m]cies1 s especially = 
! signal manife/ation ( ,?y ,provid5ce  
:i* we commemorate ?is day4 ,all        
?+s--weal?1 indu/ry1 en]gy1 skill1      
g5ius--come ( ,!e2 & :5 we consecrate _!
 triumphs unto ,!e1 we give ,!e b ,?9e  
own4 ,enable u to see 9 ! /r5g? & gr&eur
 ( ?is /ructure ! evid5t tok5s ( ,?y    
p[]1 br++ mighty ?+s to pass ?r\gh !    
weakness ( ,?y creatures4 ,give u grace 
& wisdom to disc]n 9 all ?is "w ! nobl] 
uses x 0 orda9$ by ,!e to subs]ve4 ,tea*
 u to "k t all ?is mighty fabric is b   
vanity1 save z x %all promote ,?y       
sov]eign purpose t[>d ! sons ( m54 ,o   
,"l ,god1 clo!d ) maje/y & honor1 deck+ 
,?yself ) light z ) a g>m5t1 & spread+  
out ! heav5s l a curta91 ) ! beams ( ,?y
 *amb]s 9 ! wat]s1 & ! cl\ds = ,?y      
*>iot1 walk+ ^u ! w+s ( ! w9d1 ,?y      
mess5g]s spirits & ,?y m9i/]s a flam+   
fire1 accept1 we besee* ,!e1 ?is la/ &  

*iefe/ fruit ( human toil & g5ius z a   
tribute to ,?y glory1 & a new p[] mak+ =
 righte\sness & peace amid all conflicts
 ( e>?ly int]e/s1 & all ! /ir & pomp (  
worldly aggr&izem5t4 ,our life is a ?+ (
 n\ght1 & our purposes vani% away2 b ,?y
 ye>s %all n fail1 & ) ,!e ! beg9n+ & ! 
end are ! same4 ,!re=e we implore ,!e to
 bless & direct ?is "w1 t x %all be m   
?an a highway = ! ?+s t p]i%1 ev5 a pa? 
( ,?y et]nal ,_s lift+ by ,8 own inf9ite
 grace1 m & m1 z ! ye>s roll on1 ! p (  
^! cities t[>d ! plane ( ,?9e own       
life--! life ( endless peace1 ( absolute
 unity1 & p]fect love1 ?r\gh ,jesus     
,*ri/1 ! "o ,r$eem] & ,m$iator betwe5   
,god & man4 ,am54     ,,address ,,(     
,,wm4 ,c4 ,,k+sley1  ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! 
,,bo>d ,,( ,,tru/ees4   ,9 ! pres5ce (  
?is great assemblage1 & ( ! *os5        
repres5tatives ( ! p ( ^! two great     
cities1 ( ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate ( ,new   
,york & ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 ! pleas+ duty devolves ^u me1 z !      
(ficial ag5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees ( !   

,new ,york & ,brooklyn ,bridge1 to      
ann\nce =mally to ! *ief magi/rates ( ^!
 two municipalities t ?is ,bridge is n[ 
ready to be op5$ = public use1 & is     
subject 9 its control & managem5t only  
to su* re/rictions z ! p1 to :om x      
belongs1 may *oose to impose ^u         
!mselves4 ,if ,i 7 at lib]ty to consult 
my own wi%es ,i %\ld n attempt to occupy
 y\r att5tion any fur!r4 ,i am n "h z ! 
spokesman ( my associates 9 ! ,bo>d (   
,bridge ,tru/ees4 ,!y are well cont5t to
 let ?is great /ructure speak = !m1 & to
 speak m fitt+ly & m eloqu5tly yet = !  
skillful1 fai?ful & d>+ m5 :o h giv5 s  
_m ye>s ( _! lives--& 9 sev]al in/ances 
ev5 _! lives--to ! end t ! natural b>ri]
 to ! union1 gr[? & greatness ( ?is     
great comm]cial c5tre %\ld be remov$1 & 
t a va/ sci5tific conception %\ld be    
mat*$ 9 ! skill1 & c\rage1 & endurance  
^u :i* x dep5d$ = its realization4 ,) "o
 "n1 9 an especial s5se1 ?is ,bridge w  
always be associat$--t ( ,roebl+4 ,at ! 
outset ( ?is ent]prise we 7 s =tunate z 

to be able to secure ! s]vices ( ! late 
,john ,a4 ,roebl+1 :o _h built ! *ief   
susp5sion bridges 9 ?is c\ntry1 & :o _h 
j !n complet$ ! l>ge/ susp5sion bridge  
ev] con/ruct$ up to t "t4 ,8 "n &       
a*ievem5ts 7 ( invaluable s]vice to ?is 
ent]prise 9 its infancy4 ,!y secur$ = x 
a confid5ce n o!rwise obta9able4 ,he    
ent]$ promptly & ) m ?an pr(essional    
zeal into ! "w ( erect+ a bridge ov] !  
,ea/ ,riv]4 ,z is univ]sally kn[n1 :ile 
te/+ & p]fect+ 8 surveys 8 foot 0 cru%$ 
betwe5 ! planks ( "o ( our pi]s2 lockjaw
 sup]v5$1 & ! man :o design$ ?is ,bridge
 lo/ 8 life 9 its s]vice4 ,! ma9 designs
 71 h[ev]1 complet$ by ! eld] ,roebl+   
be=e he met 8 sad & untimely dea?4 ,he 0
 succe$$ at once by 8 son1 ,colonel     
,wa%+ton ,a4 ,roebl+1 :o _h = ye>s be=e 
%>$ 9 8 fa!r's pr(essional confid5ces & 
labors4 ,"h ! son did n succe$ ! fa!r by
 inh]itance m]ely4 ,! eld] ,roebl+1     
accord+ to 8 own /atem5ts1 w\ld n h     
und]tak5 ! conduct ( ?is "w at 8 age--& 
he 0 indep5d5t ( m]e pr(essional ga9--if

 x 7 n = ! fact1 z he frequ5tly /at$1 t 
he _h a son :o 0 entirely capable (     
build+ ?is ,bridge4 ,inde$1 ! eld]      
,roebl+ advis$ t ! son1 :o 0 de/9$ to   
c>ry on & complete ! "w1 %\ld be plac$ 9
 *ief au?ority at ! beg9n+4 ,! turn+    
po9t--z det]m9+ ! feasibility ( ?is     
ent]prise--0 rea*$ d[n 9 ! e>?1 & "u !  
b$ ( ! ,ea/ ,riv]4 ,dur+ ! anxi\s days &
 nights :ile "w 0 go+ on )9 ! caissons1 
,colonel ,roebl+ seem$ to be always on  
h&1 at ! head ( 8 m51 to direct _!      
ef=ts1 & to gu>d aga9/ a mi%ap or a     
mi/ake :i*1 at ?is /age ( ! "w1 might h 
prov$ to be disa/r\s4 ,! f\ndations ( ! 
t[]s 7 successfully laid1 & ! problem ( 
! feasibility ( ! ,bridge 0 solv$4      
,colonel ,roebl+ contract$ ! my/]i\s    
disease 9 ! caissons :i* _h prov$ fatal 
to sev]al ( ! workm5 9 our employ4 ,= _m
 long & we>y ye>s ?is man1 :o ent]$ our 
s]vice "y & full ( life1 & hope1 & d>+1 
has be5 an invalid & conf9$ to 8 home4  
,he has nev] se5 ?is /ructure z x n[    
/&s1 save f a di/ance4 ,b ! disease1 :i*

 has %att]$ 8 n]v\s sy/em = ! "t1 seem$ 
n to h enfeebl$ 8 m9d4 ,x appe>$ ev5 to 
quick5 8 intellect4 ,8 physical         
infirmities %ut him out1 s to speak1 f !
 _w1 & left him dep5d5t l>gely on !     
society ( 8 family1 b x gave him = a    
companion day & night ?is d>l+ *ild ( 8 
g5ius--e /ep ( ^: progress he has       
direct$ & wat*$ ov] ) pat]nal           
solicitude4 ,colonel ,roebl+ may nev]   
walk across ?is ,bridge1 z s _m ( 8     
fell[-m5 h done to-day1 b :ile ?is      
/ructure /&s he w make all :o use x 8   
debtor4 ,8 infirmities are /ill su* t he
 :o w\ld be ! c5tre ( int]e/ on ?is     
occasion1 & ev5 9 ?is greatly di/+ui%$  
company1 is conspicu\s by 8 abs5ce4 ,?is
 ent]prise 0 only less =tunate 9 secur+ 
an executive head ?an 9 obta9+ sci5tific
 direction4 ,= sixte5 ye>s toge!r ! late
 ,hon4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,murphy /ood = ?is "w  
:]ev] x *all5g$ ! enmity ( an oppon5t or
 ne$$ an advocate1 a support] & a fri5d4
 ,he devis$ ! legislation "u :i* x 0    
comm5c$4 ,he /ak$ 9 its inception a l>ge

 portion ( 8 private =tune on its       
success4 ,he upheld its feasibility &   
utility be=e committees1 & legislatures1
 & law c\rts1 & 9 e =um ( public        
discussion4 ,= ye>s he look$ =w>d to ?is
 day to fitt+ly close ! activities ( a  
long1 useful &1 9 _m respects1 an       
illu/ri\s c>e]4 ,x 0 n p]mitt$ him to   
see x1 b he saw v ne> ! end1 & he liv$  
long en\gh to realize1 :at is n[        
admitt$1 t he 0 to ! end ( 8 days engag$
 9 a "w f :i* ! "n ( ! city he lov$ s   
well w nev] be disassociat$1 = x is a "w
 ! hi/ory ( :i* w = all "t be embrac$ 9 
! records ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ,am]ican     
ent]prise & ( ,am]ican g5ius4 ,i am sure
 ,i speak = ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees 9 return+
 _! ?anks to all ! pr(essional g5tlem5  
:o h be5 9 our employ--& especially to  
,messrs4 ,m>t91 ,pa9e1 ,f>r+ton1        
,mc,nulty & ,probasco4 ,= ! mo/ "p ^! m5
 h be5 engag$ on ! ,bridge f its        
comm5cem5t to its completion4 ,x has    
always seem$ to ! ,tru/ees z if ! highe/
 & ! humble/ workm5 engag$ on ?is "w 7  

alike influ5c$ by ! _s ( ent]prise 9 :i*
 ! ,bridge _h its orig94 ,m5 ^: daily   
comp5sation 0 n m ?an suffici5t to      
provide !m & _! families ) _! daily     
bread 7 at all times ready to take _!   
lives 9 _! h&s 9 ! p]=mance ( !         
imp]ative & p]il\s duties assign$ !m4 ,9
 ! direct prosecution ( ! "w tw5ty m5   
lo/ _! lives4 ,peace ha? its victories1 
& x has its victims & its m>tyrs1 too4  
,( ! sev5 consult+ eng9e]s to :om !     
matur$ plans ( ! eld] ,roebl+ 7         
submitt$--all m5 ( ! highe/ em95ce 9 _! 
pr(ession--?ree h pass$ away1 & f\r are 
liv+ to witness1 9 ! assur$ success (   
?is /ructure1 ! "o ratification ( _!    
judgm5t :i* _c be que/ion$4  ,x rema9s =
 me to say1 9 conclusion1 t ! two cities
 rose at all times to ! level ( ! _s (  
our "t & c\ntry4 ,_! citiz5s /ak$       
millions on :at seem$ to _m to be an    
exp]im5t--a /ructure1 x 0 (t5 said1 t at
 its be/ w\ld n be ( any actual use4 ,h[
 solid x is2 h[ f> remov$ x is f all    
s5se ( appreh5sion2 h[ sev]ely practical

 x is 9 all its relations1 & h[ great a 
factor 9 ! corporate lives ( ^! cities x
 is de/9$ to be1 we all n[ realize4 ,?is
 ,bridge has co/ _m millions ( doll>s1 &
 x has tak5 _m ye>s to build x4 ,may ,i 
say on ?is occasion t ! p :om y repres5t
 7turn+ to :]e ! ,mayors ( ! two cities 
/ood toge!r7 w\ld n "p ) ! ,bridge      
to-day = ev5 twice or ?rice its co/8 ,& 
may ,i rem9d ^? :o1 n unnaturally1      
p]haps1 h be5 disappo9t$ & irritat$ by  
delays 9 ! pa/1 t ^? :o ent] a race )   
,"t = a competitor h an antagoni/ t     
makes no mi/akes1 is subject to no      
int]f]5ce & liable to no accid5t4       
,,address ,,( ,,hon4 ,,se? ,,l[1        
,,mayor ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,brooklyn4  
,,g5tlem5 ,,( ,,! ,,tru/ees--,) pr(\nd  
satisfaction1 on behalf ( ! ,city (     
,brooklyn1 ,i accept ! complet$ ,bridge4
 ,f\rte5 times ! e>? has made its great 
m>* ?r\gh ! heav5s s9ce ! "w began4 ,!  
vicissitudes ( f\rte5 ye>s h tri$ !     
c\rage & ! fai? ( eng9e]s & ( p4 ,at la/
 we all rejoice 9 ! signal triumph4 ,!  

beautiful & /ately /ructure fulfills !  
fonde/ hope4 ,x w be a s\rce ( pleasure 
to-day to e citiz5 t no o!r "n is       
associat$ ) ! end ?an t :i* has direct$ 
! "w f ! beg9n+--! "n ( ,roebl+4 ,) all 
my he>t ,i give to him :o be>s x n[ !   
city's ackn[l$gm5t & ?anks4  ,f\rte5    
ye>s ago a city ( #djj1jjj p on ?is side
 ( ! riv] he>d ( a project$ susp5sion   
bridge ) incr$ulity4 ,! span 0 s long1 !
 height s great1 & ! ent]prise likely to
 be s co/ly1 t few ?\ght ( x z some?+   
begun 9 e>ne/4 ,! irresi/ible dem&s (   
comm]ce en=c$ ^! h>d conditions4 ,b     
,sci5ce said1 ,x is possible1 & ,c\rage 
said1 ,x %all be6 ,to-day a city (      
#fjj1jjj p welcomes ) en?usiasm !       
wond]ful creation ( g5ius4 ,graceful1 & 
yet maje/ic1 x cl+s to ! l& l a ?+ t has
 tak5 root4 ,beautiful z a vision (     
fairyl& x salutes our sight4 ,!         
impression x makes ^u ! visitor is "o ( 
a/oni%m5t1 an a/oni%m5t t gr[s ) e      
visit4 ,no "o :o has be5 ^u x c ev] =get
 x4 ,?is great /ructure _c be conf9$ to 

! limits ( local pride4 ,! glory ( x    
belongs to ! race4 ,n "o %all see x & n 
feel pr\d] to be a man4  ,& yet x is    
di/9ctly an ,am]ican triumph4 ,am]ican  
g5ius design$ x1 ,am]ican skill built x1
 & ,am]ican work%ops made x4 ,ab\t #ahcg
 ! ,screw ,dock across ! riv]1 !n kn[n z
 ! ,hydro/atic ,lift+ ,dock1 0 built4 ,9
 ord] to con/ruct x ! ,am]icans ( t day 
7 oblig$ to h ! cyl9d]s ca/ 9 ,engl&4   
,:at a /ride f #ahcg to #ahhc--;f !     
,hydro/atic ,dock to ! ,new ,york &     
,brooklyn ,bridge6  ,& s ?is ,bridge is 
a wond] ( sci5ce4 ,b 9 no less degree x 
is a triumph ( fai?4 ,i speak n n[ ( !  
c\rage ( ^? :o project$ x4 ,except = !  
fai? :i* removes m\nta9s yond] riv] c\ld
 n h be5 spann$ by ?is ,bridge4 ,x is   
true t ! mat]ial :i* has gone into x has
 be5 paid =2 ! labor :i* has be5 sp5t ^u
 x has receiv$ its hire4 ,b ! money :i* 
did ^! ?+s 0 n ! money ( ^? :o own !    
,bridge4 ,! money 0 l5t to !m on ! fai? 
t ^! two great cities w\ld r$eem _!     
bond4 ,s h ! ,alps be5 tunnel$ 9 our    

day2 :ile ! anci5t prophecy has be5     
fulfill$ t fai? %\ld remove m\nta9s4 ,we
 ju/ify ?is fai? 9 u z we pay = !       
,bridge by r$eem+ ! bond4  ,9 ! c\rse ( 
! con/ruction ( ! ,bridge a numb] (     
lives h be5 lo/4 ,does x n sometimes    
seem z ?\gh e "w ( endur+ value1 9 !    
mat]ial z 9 ! moral _w1 mu/ ne$s be     
pur*as$ at ! co/ ( human life8 ,let u   
recall ) k9dness at ?is h\r ! "w ( ^? :o
 labor$ "h fai?fully unto ! dea?1 no    
less ?an ( t great army ( m5 :o h       
wr\ght1 ye> 9 & ye> out1 to execute !   
great design4 ,let u give our me$ (     
praise to-day to ! humble/ workman :o   
has "h done 8 duty well1 no less ?an to 
! great eng9e] :o told him :at to d4  ,!
 importance ( ?is ,bridge 9 its f>-rea*+
 effects at once entices & baffles !    
imag9ation4 ,at ei!r end ( ! ,bridge    
lies a great city--cities full ( vigor\s
 life4 ,! activities & ! en]gies ( ea*  
fl[ ov] into ! o!r4 ,! electric curr5t  
has convey$ un*eck$ betwe5 ! two !      
int]*ang+ ?\ghts1 b ! rapid riv] has ev]

 bidd5 halt to ! foot ( man4 ,x is z    
?\gh ! population ( ^! cities _h be5    
br\ght d[n to ! riv]-side1 ye> aft] ye>1
 !re to be taught pati5ce2 & z ?\gh1 9  
?is ,bridge1 aft] ^! _m ye>s1 pati5ce _h
 _h h] p]fect "w4 ,! ard5t m]*ant1 !    
busy lawy]1 ! impati5t travel]--all1 )\t
 di/9ction & )\t exception--at ! riv] h 
be5 told to wait4 ,no "o c compute !    
loss ( "t ensu+ daily f delays at !     
f]ries to ! multitudes cross+ ! /ream4  
,& "t is n only money--x is opportunity4
 ,brooklyn becomes available1 h5ce=?1 z 
a place ( resid5ce to ?\s&s1 to :om !   
ability to rea* _! places ( bus9ess )\t 
int]ruption f fog & ice is ( p>am\nt    
importance4 ,to all ,brooklyn's pres5t  
citiz5s a di/9ct boon is giv54 ,!       
c]ta9ty ( communication ) ,new ,york    
af=d$ by ! ,bridge is ! fundam5tal      
b5efit x conf]s4 ,incid5t to ?is is !   
opportunity x gives = rapid             
communication4  ,z ! wat] ( ! lakes f\nd
 ! salt sea :5 ! ,erie ,canal 0 op5$1 s 
surely w quick communication seek & f9d 

?is noble ,bridge1 & z ! %ips h c>ri$   
hi!r & ?i!r ! products ( ! mighty ,we/1 
s %all div]g+ railroads transport ! p   
swiftly to _! homes 9 ! hospitable city 
( ,brooklyn4 ,! ,erie ,canal is a       
wat]way ?r\gh ! l& connect+ ! great ,we/
 ) ! old] ,ea/4 ,?is ,bridge is a l&way 
ov] ! wat]1 connect+ two cities be>+ to 
ea* o!r relations 9 "s respects simil>4 
,x is ! function ( su* works to bless   
bo? him t gives & him t takes4 ,!       
developm5t ( ! ,we/ has n belittl$1 b   
has enl>g$ ,new ,york1 & ,brooklyn w gr[
 by reason ( ?is ,bridge1 n at ,new     
,york's exp5se1 b to h] p]man5t         
advantage4 ,! ,brooklyn ( #aijj c h>dly 
be guess$ at f ! city ( to-day4 ,! h& ( 
,"t is a mighty h&4 ,to ^? :o are       
privileg$ to live 9 sight ( ?is noble   
/ructure e l9e ( x %\ld be eloqu5t )    
inspiration4 ,c\rage1 ent]prise1 skill1 
fai?1 endurance--^! are ! qualities :i* 
h made ! great ,bridge1 & ^! are !      
qualities :i* w make our city great &   
our p great4 ,god grant !y nev] may be  

lack+ 9 our mid/4 ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,tru/ees1
 9 accept+ ! ,bridge at y\r h&s1 ,i ?ank
 y w>mly 9 ,brooklyn's "n = y\r manifold
 & ardu\s labors4     ,,address ,,(     
,,hon4 ,,frankl9 ,,edson1  ,,mayor ,,(  
,,! ,,city ,,( ,,new ,,york4   ,,mr4    
,,presid5t--,on behalf ( ! ,city ( ,new 
,york1 ,i accept ! great "w :i* y n[    
t5d] z ready = ! public use ( ! two     
cities :i* x s sub/antially &1 at ! same
 "t1 s gracefully jo9s toge!r4  ,! ,city
 ( ,new ,york joyfully unites ) ! ,city 
( ,brooklyn 9 ext5d+ to y1 sir1 & to ^? 
:o h be5 associat$ ) y1 s9c]e           
congratulations ^u ! successful         
completion ( ?is gr& highway1 e/abli%+1 
z x does1 an endur+ alliance betwe5 ^!  
two great cities4 ,?r\gh ! wisdom1      
en]gy1 zeal & pati5ce ( y\rself & y\r   
co-labor]s 9 ?is va/ ent]prise1 we are  
enabl$ ?is day to recognize ! fact t a  
common & unbrok5 curr5t fl[s ?r\gh !    
ve9s ( ^! two cities1 :i* mu/ add 9 no  
small degree to ! /r5g?1 heal?ful gr[? &
 prosp]ity ( bo?1 & we believe t :at has

 ?us be5 jo9$ toge!r %all nev] be put   
asund]4  ,:51 m ?an fifte5 ye>s ago1 y1 
,mr4 ,presid5t1 =esaw ! advantages t    
w\ld surely accrue to ^! cities f !     
e/abli%m5t ( su* a means ( communication
 betwe5 !m1 few c\ld be f\nd to look ^u 
su* advantages z o!r ?an1 at be/1       
problematical4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 !y are   
recogniz$1 & s fully1 t be=e ?is ,bridge
 0 complet$ ! build+ ( ano!r n f> di/ant
 _h begun to be s]i\sly consid]$4  ,x 0 
=ty ye>s aft] ! va/ advantages ( wat]   
communication betwe5 ! ,hudson & ! great
 lakes _h dawn$ ^u ! m9d ( ,wa%+ton1 9 !
 c\rse ( a t\r ?r\gh ! valley ( !       
,mohawk1 t su* a "w came to be          
appreciat$ by ! p1 & result$ 9 t gr&    
art]y ( weal? to our ,/ate1 ! ,erie     
,canal4 ,s ,i believe x has ev] be5 9 ! 
pa/ ) ! initiation & con/ruction ( great
 public works1 & ) ! introduction (     
ag5cies & me?ods :i* h be5 ( ! greate/  
b5efit to mank9d ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & s      
p]haps x w ev] be4 ,yet1 = ! welf>e ( ^!
 two cities1 let u v5ture ! hope t !    

tide ( improvem5t & ( active prep>ation 
is sett+ 91 = x behooves u m ?an mo/ are
 aw>e to be =eca/+ our future           
necessities1 & to recognize ! fact t    
,!re is a tide 9 ! affairs ( cities1    
,:i*1 tak5 at ! flood1 leads on to      
=tune4  ,x is n difficult = mo/ ( u to  
look back tw5ty-five ye>s & see cle>ly !
 wond]ful /rides :i* h be5 made 9       
population1 comm]ce1 manufactur+ &      
f9ancial int]e/s1 & 9 all ! indu/ries   
:i* help to make great & prosp]\s       
communities2 nor is x difficult to trace
 ! wond]s t h be5 wr\ght ?r\gh ! ag5cies
 ( /eam & electricity )9 ^? ye>s4 ,b to 
look =w>d tw5ty-five ye>s & attempt to  
disc]n ! condition ( ?+s 9 ?is          
metropolis1 if !y %all cont9ue to move  
=w>d on ! same scale ( progress1 is an  
und]tak+ t few c grasp4 ,no "o d>es     
accept ! possibilities t are =c$ ^u !   
m9d 9 ! c\rse ( its contemplation4 ,w ^!
 two cities ere !n h be5 consolidat$    
into "o great municipality1 numb]+ )9   
its limits m ?an five millions ( p8 ,w !

 "r ( self-gov]nm5t h be5 accord$ to !  
great city1 ?us unit$1 & w h] p h le>n$ 
h[ be/ to ex]cise t "r8 ,w ! progress ( 
improvem5t & ! prep>ation = comm]ce1    
manufactories & trade1 & = ! com=ts (   
home = poor & ri*1 h kept pace ) ! dem& 
9 ! great & gr[+ city8 ,w ! e/abli%m5t (
 life-giv+ p>ks1 embelli%$ ) appropriate
 f\nta9s & /atues & ) ! numb]less graces
 ( art1 :i* at once gladd5 ! eye & raise
 ! /&>d ( civilization1 h kept abrea/ ) 
its gr[? 9 weal? & numb]s8  ,^! are b   
few ( ! p]t95t que/ions :i* mu/ be      
answ]$ by ! zeal\s & hone/ acts ( !     
g5]ation ( m5 already 9 active life4 ,"h
 are ! possibilities2 all ! elem5ts &   
conditions are "h2 b ! results mu/ dep5d
 ^u ! wisdom & patriotism & en]gy ( ^?  
:o %all lead 9 public affairs4 ,may !y  
be clo!d ) a _s ( wisdom & k ak9 to t   
:i* inspir$ ^? :o conceiv$ & execut$ !  
great "w :i* we receive at y\r h&s &    
d$icate to-day4     ,,address ,,( ,,hon4
 ,,abram ,s4 ,,hewitt4   ,two hundr$ &  
sev5ty ye>s ago ! good %ip ,tig]1 comm&$

 by ,capta9 ,adrai5 ,block1 0 burn$ to !
 wat]'s edge1 z %e lay at an*or1 j (f ! 
s\!rn end ( ,manhattan ,isl&4 ,h] crew1 
?us =c$ into w9t] qu>t]s1 7 ! fir/ :ite 
m5 :o built & occupi$ a h\se on ! l& :]e
 ,new ,york n[ /&s2 !n1 to quote !      
graphic language ( ,mrs4 ,lamb1 9 h]    
hi/ory ( ! ,city1 9 primeval solitude1  
wait+ till comm]ce %\ld come & claim its
 own4 ,nature wore a h>dy c\nt5ance1 z  
wild & z untam$ z ! savage l&hold]s4    
,manhattan's tw5ty-two ?\s& acres (     
rock1 lake & roll+ table l&1 ris+ at    
places to a height ( "o hundr$ &        
?irty-eight feet1 7 cov]$ ) sombre =e/s1
 grassy knolls & dismal swamps4 ,! trees
 7 l(ty2 & old1 decay$ & )]$ limbs      
contra/$ ) ! y\ng] gr[? ( bran*es2 &    
wild fl[]s wa/$ _! sweetness among !    
dead leaves & uncut h]bage at _! roots4 
,! wanton grapev9e swung c>elessly f !  
topmo/ b\ghs ( ! oak & ! sycamore2 &    
blackb]ry & raspb]ry bu%es1 l a picket  
gu>d1 pres5t$ a bold front 9 all        
possible av5ues ( approa*4 ,! entire    

surface ( ! isl& 0 bold & granitic1 & 9 
pr(ile resembl$ ! c>tilag9\s back ( !   
/urgeon4  ,?is primeval sc5e 0 ! product
 ( natural =ces work+ ?r\gh unc\nt$     
p]iods ( "t2 ! cont95t sl[ly ris+ &     
fall+ 9 ! sea l ! heav+ brea/ ( a _w    
asleep2 glaci]s c>v+ pati5tly ?r\gh ages
 ! deep e/u>ies2 seasons innum]able     
clo?+ ! hills ) alt]nate bloom & decay4 
,! same sun %9es to-day ^u ! same e>?2  
yet h[ trans=m$6 ,c\ld !re be a m a/\nd+
 exhibition ( ! p[] ( man to *ange !    
face ( nature ?an ! panoramic view :i*  
pres5ts itself to ! spectator /&+ ^u !  
cr[n+ ar* ( ! ,bridge1 ^: completion we 
are "h to-day to celebrate 9 ! honor$   
pres5ce ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 ) _! fifty millions2 ( ! ,gov]nor ( !  
,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ) its five millions2
 & ( ! ,mayors ( ! two cities1 aggregat+
 ov] two millions ( inhabitants8 ,9 !   
place ( /illness & solitude1 ! foot/eps 
( ^! millions ( human be+s2 in/ead ( !  
smoo? wat]s unvex$ by any keel1 highways
 ( comm]ce ablaze ) ! flags ( all !     

nations2 & :]e once 0 ! gre5 monotony ( 
=e/$ hills1 ! pil$ & t[]+ spl5dors ( a  
va/ metropolis1 ! c\ntless homes (      
indu/ry1 ! e*o+ m>ts ( trade1 ! gorge\s 
palaces ( luxury1 ! sil5t & /eadfa/     
spires ( wor%ip6  ,to cr[n all1 ! "w (  
sep>ation wr\ght s surely1 yet s sl[ly1 
by ! h& ( ,"t1 is n[ rev]s$ 9 our own   
day1 & ,manahatta & ,seawanhaka are jo9$
 aga91 z once !y 7 be=e ! dawn ( life 9 
! f> azoic ages4                   ,x is
 done6          ,clang ( bell & ro> (   
gun      ,s5d ! tid+s up & d[n4         
,h[ ! belfries rock & reel6          ,h[
 ! great guns1 peal on peal1      ,fl+ !
 joy f t[n to t[n6  ,:at ha? ,god       
wr\ght6 7 ! words ( wond]1 :i* u%]$ into
 be+ ! magnetic telegraph1 ! greate/    
m>vel ( ! _m m>vel\s inv5tions ( !      
pres5t c5tury4 ,x 0 ! natural impulse ( 
! pi\s maid5 :o *ose ?is fir/ message ( 
rev]5ce & awe1 to look to ! ,div9e ,p[] 
z ! au?or ( a new gospel4 ,= x 0 !      
invisible1 & n ! visible ag5cy1 :i*     
address$ itself to h] p]ceptions4 ,nei!r

 ! b>e poles1 nor ! sl5d] wire1 nor !   
sil5t batt]y1 c\ld sugge/ an adequate   
explanation ( ! ext9ction ( "t & space  
:i* 0 manife/ to h] s5ses1 & %e c\ld    
only say1 ,:at ha? ,god wr\ght6  ,b :5  
we turn f ! unsightly telegraph to !    
graceful /ructure at ^: portal we /&1 & 
:5 ! airy outl9e ( its curves ( beauty1 
p5dant betwe5 massive t[]s sugge/ive (  
art alone1 is contra/$ ) ! ov]-rea*+    
vault ( heav5 above & ! ev]-mov+ flood (
 wat]s b5ea?1 ! "w ( omnipot5t p[]1 we  
are irresi/ibly mov$ to exclaim1 ,:at   
ha? man wr\ght6  ,man ha?1 inde$1 wr\ght
 f> m ?an /rikes ! eye 9 ?is d>+        
und]tak+1 by ! g5]al judgm5t ( eng9e]s1 
)\t a rival among ! wond]s ( human      
skill4 ,x is n ! "w ( any "o man or (   
any "o age4 ,x is ! result ( ! /udy1 ( !
 exp]i5ce1 & ( ! k ( _m m5 9 _m ages4 ,x
 is n m]ely a creation--x is a gr[?4 ,x 
/&s be=e u to-day z ! sum & epitome (   
human k2 z ! v heir ( ! ages2 z ! late/ 
glory ( c5turies ( pati5t obs]vation1   
pr(\nd /udy & accumulat$ skill1 ga9$1   

/ep by /ep1 9 ! nev]-end+ /ruggle ( man 
to subdue ! =ces ( nature to 8 control &
 use4  ,9 no previ\s p]iod ( ! _w's     
hi/ory c\ld ?is ,bridge h be5 built4 ,)9
 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ! great] "p ( ! k    
necess>y = its erection has be5 ga9$4   
,*emi/ry 0 n born until #aggf1 ! ye> :5 
political economy 0 u%]$ into ! _w by   
,adam ,smi?1 & ! ,decl>ation (          
,indep5d5ce 0 proclaim$ by ! ,cont95tal 
,congress1 to be ma9ta9$ at ! po9t ( !  
sword by ,george ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ! same ye>
 ,watt produc$ 8 successful /eam eng9e1 
& a c5tury has n elaps$ s9ce ! fir/     
specim5 ( 8 skill 0 erect$ on ?is       
cont95t4 ,! law ( gravitation 0 inde$   
kn[n a hundr$ ye>s ago1 b ! intricate   
laws ( =ce1 :i* n[ control ! doma9 (    
indu/ry1 _h n be5 develop$ by ! /udy (  
physical sci5ce1 & _! practical         
applications h only be5 effectually     
accompli%$ )9 our own day1 &1 inde$1 "s 
( ! mo/ important ( !m dur+ ! build+ ( !
 ,bridge4 ,= use 9 ! caissons1 ! p]fect+
 ( ! electric light came too late1 ?\gh1

 happily1 9 season = ! illum9ation ( !  
f9i%$ "w4  ,?is con/ruction has n only  
employ$ e ab/ract conclusion & =mula (  
ma!matics1 :e!r d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ! e>?  
or ! heav5s1 b ! :ole /ructure may be   
said to re/ ^u a ma!matical f\ndation4  
,! great discov]ies ( *emi/ry1 %[+ !    
composition ( wat]1 ! nature ( gases1 ! 
prop]ties ( metals2 ! laws & processes (
 physics1 f ! /ra9s & pressures ( mighty
 masses to ! delicate vibrations (      
molecules1 are all record$ "h4 ,e       
dep>tm5t ( human indu/ry is repres5t$1 f
 ! qu>ry+ & ! cutt+ ( ! /ones1 ! m9+ &  
smelt+ ( ! ores1 ! conv]sion ( iron into
 /eel by ! pneumatic process1 to ! f9al 
%ap+ ( ! masses ( metal into useful =ms1
 & its r$uction into wire1 s z to       
develop 9 ! highe/ degree ! t5sile /r5g?
 :i* fits x = ! "w ( susp5sion4 ,e tool 
:i* ! +5uity ( man has inv5t$ has       
some:]e1 9 "s special detail1 contribut$
 its %>e 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! f9al      
result4       ,ah6 :at a wondr\s ?+ x is
      ,to note h[ _m :eels ( toil       

,"o ^w1 "o ?\ght c set 9 motion4  ,b )\t
 ! mo/ rec5t discov]ies ( sci5ce1 :i* h 
enabl$ /eel to be sub/itut$ =           
iron--applications made s9ce ! orig9al  
plans ( ! ,bridge 7 devis$--we %\ld h _h
 a /ructure fit1 inde$1 = use1 b ( su*  
mod]ate capacity t we c\ld n h ju/ifi$ !
 claim :i* we are n[ able to make1 t !  
cities ( ,new ,york & ,brooklyn h       
con/ruct$1 & to-day rejoice 9 !         
possession (1 ! cr[n+ glory ( an age    
memorable = great indu/rial a*ievem5ts4 
,?is is n ! prop] occasion = describ+ ! 
details ( ?is und]tak+4 ,?is grateful   
task w be p]=m$ by ! eng9e] 9 ! f9al    
report1 ) :i* e great "w is prop]ly     
committ$ to ! judgm5t ( po/]ity4 ,b !re 
are "s lessons to be drawn f ! l9e (    
?\ght ,i h foll[$ :i* may enc\rage &    
com=t u z to ! de/9y ( man & ! outcome (
 human progress4  ,:at message1 !n1 (   
hope & *e] does ?is a*ievem5t convey to 
^? :o w\ld fa9 believe t love travels h&
 9 h& ) light along ! rugg$ pa?way ( "t8
 ,h ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 ! triumphs ( 

art & ! progress ( civilization1 :i* h  
made its accompli%m5t a possibility & a 
reality1 promot$ ! welf>e ( mank9d1 &   
rais$ ! great mass ( ! p to a high]     
plane ( life8  ,?is "q c be/ be answ]$  
by comp>+ ! comp5sation ( ! labor       
employ$ 9 ! build+ ( ?is ,bridge ) !    
e>n+s ( labor ^u works ( equal magnitude
 9 ages gone by4 ,! money exp5d$ = ! "w 
( con/ruction prop] on ! ,bridge1       
exclusive ( l& damages & o!r outlays1   
su* z int]e/1 n ent]+ into actual co/1  
is n9e million 7#i1jjj1jjj7 doll>s4 ,?is
 money has be5 di/ribut$ 9 numb]less    
*annels--= qu>ry+1 = m9+1 = smelt+1 =   
fabricat+ ! metals1 = %ap+ ! mat]ials1 &
 erect+ ! "w1 employ+ e k9d & =m ( human
 labor4 ,! wages paid at ! ,bridge      
itself may be tak5 z ! fair /&>d ( !    
wages paid = ! "w done else:]e4 ,^!     
wages are3                              
,av]age4 ,labor]s1                #a #ge
           p] day4 ,blacksmi?s1         
#c #ej to #d #jj    d4 ,c>p5t]s1        
#c #jj to  #c #ej    d4 ,masons &       

,/onecutt]s1  #c #ej to  #d #jj    d4   
,rigg]s1                  #b #jj to  #b 
#ej    d4 ,pa9t]s1                 #b   
#jj to  #c #ej    d4  ,tak+ all ^! k9ds 
( labor into acc\nt1 ! wages paid = "w  
on ! ,bridge w ?us av]age #b4ej p] day4 
,n[1 if ?is "w _h be5 done at ! "t :5 ! 
,pyramids 7 built1 ) ! skill1 appliances
 & tools !n 9 use1 & if ! money         
available = its execution _h be5 limit$ 
to n9e million 7#i1jjj1jjj7 doll>s1 !   
labor]s employ$ w\ld h receiv$ an av]age
 ( n m ?an two c5ts p] day1 9 money ( ! 
same pur*as+ p[] z ! co9 ( ! pres5t era4
 ,9 o!r words1 ! effect ( ! discov]ies (
 new me?ods1 tools & laws ( =ce1 has be5
 to raise ! wages ( labor m ?an an      
hundr$ fold1 9 ! int]val :i* has elaps$ 
s9ce ! ,pyramids 7 built4 ,i %all n     
weak5 ! sugge/ive =ce ( ?is /atem5t by  
any comm5ts ^u its a/\nd+ evid5ce (     
progress1 beyond ! obvi\s coroll>y t su*
 a /ate ( civilization z gave bir? to ! 
,pyramids w\ld n[ be ! signal = univ]sal
 blood%$1 revolution & an>*y4 ,i d n    

und]e/imate ! h>d%ips borne by ! labor (
 our "t4 ,!y are1 inde$1 griev\s1 & to  
light5 !m is1 z x %\ld be1 ! *ief conc]n
 ( /atesman%ip4 ,b ?is comp>ison proves 
t ?r\gh =ty c5turies ^! h>d%ips h be5   
/eadily dim9i%$2 t all ! a*ievem5ts (   
sci5ce1 all ! discov]ies ( art1 all !   
inv5tions ( g5ius1 all ! progress (     
civilization1 t5d by a high] & immutable
 law to ! /eady & c]ta9 amelioration ( !
 condition ( society4 ,x %[s t1 not)/&+ 
! app>5t gr[? ( great =tunes1 due to an 
era ( unp>allel$ developm5t1 !          
di/ribution ( ! fruits ( labor is       
approa*+ f age to age to m equitable    
conditions1 & mu/1 at la/1 rea* ! plane 
( absolute ju/ice betwe5 man & man4  ,b 
?is is n ! only lesson to be drawn f su*
 a comp>ison4 ,! ,pyramids 7 built by ! 
sacrifices ( ! liv+ = ! dead4 ,!y s]v$  
no useful purpose1 except to make odi\s 
to future g5]ations ! tyranny :i*       
degrades humanity to ! level ( ! brute4 
,9 ?is age ( ! _w su* a wa/e ( ef=t w\ld
 n be tol]at$4 ,to-day ! exp5ditures (  

communities are direct$ to useful       
purposes4 ,except ^u works design$ =    
def5ce 9 "t ( w>1 ! weal? ( society is  
n[ ma9ly exp5d$ 9 op5+ *annels (        
communication = ! free play ( comm]ce1 &
 ! communion ( ! human race4 ,an        
analysis ( ! di/ribution ( ! surplus    
e>n+s ( man aft] provid+ food1 %elt] &  
raim5t1 %[s t !y are *iefly absorb$ by  
railways1 canals1 %ips1 bridges &       
telegraphs4 ,9 anci5t times ^! objects (
 exp5diture 7 sc>cely kn[n4 ,our ,bridge
 is "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s examples ( ?is
 *ange 9 ! social condition ( ! _w1 & ( 
! feel+ ( m54 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages cities 
wall$ ea* o!r out1 & ! fett]s (         
prejudice & tyranny held ! en]gies ( man
 9 hopeless bondage4 ,to-day m5 &       
nations seek free int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 &
 mu* ( ! =ce ( ! intellect & en]gy ( !  
_w is exp5d$ 9 break+ d[n ! b>ri]s      
e/abli%$ by nature1 or creat$ by man1 to
 ! solid>ity ( ! human race4  ,& yet1 9 
view ( ?is t5d5cy1 ! mo/ /rik+ &        
*>act]i/ic feature ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1  

!re /ill are ^? :o believe & tea* t     
ob/ruction is ! creator ( weal?2 t !    
peoples c be made great & free by !     
erection ( artificial b>ri]s to !       
b5efic5t action ( comm]ce1 & !          
unre/rict$ int]c\rse ( m5 & nations )   
ea* o!r4 ,if !y are "r1 !n ?is ,bridge  
is a colossal blund]1 & ! doctr9e :i*   
bids u to love our neighbors z ourselves
 is f\nd$ ^u a misconception ( ! div9e  
purpose4  ,b ! ,bridge is m ?an an      
embodim5t ( ! sci5tific k ( physical    
laws1 or a symbol ( social t5d5cies4 ,x 
is equally a monum5t to ! moral         
qualities ( ! human s\l4 ,x c\ld nev] h 
be5 built by m]e k & sci5tific skill    
alone4 ,x requir$1 9 addition1 ! inf9ite
 pati5ce & unwe>i$ c\rage by :i* great  
results are a*iev$4 ,x dem&$ ! endurance
 ( heat1 & cold1 & physical di/ress4    
,its con/ructors h _h to face dea? 9 its
 mo/ repulsive =m4 ,dea?1 inde$1 0 !    
fate ( its great projector1 & dread     
disease ! h]itage ( ! great] eng9e] :o  
has br\ght x to completion4 ,! fai? ( ! 

sa9t & ! c\rage ( ! h]o h be5 comb9$ 9 !
 conception1 ! design & ! execution (   
?is "w4  ,let u1 !n1 record ! names ( ! 
eng9e]s & =em5 :o h ?us made humanity   
itself _! debtor = a successful         
a*ievem5t1 n ! result ( accid5t or (    
*ance1 b ! fruit ( design1 & ( !        
consecration ( all p]sonal int]e/ to !  
public weal4 ,!y are3 ,john ,a4 ,roebl+1
 :o conceiv$ ! project & =mulat$ ! plan 
( ! ,bridge2 ,wa%+ton ,a4 ,roebl+1 :o1  
inh]it+ 8 fa!r's g5ius1 & m ?an 8 fa!r's
 k & skill1 has direct$ ! execution (   
?is great "w f its inception to its     
completion2 aid$ 9 ! sev]al dep>tm5ts by
 ,*>les ,c4 ,m>t91 ,francis ,coll+wood1 
,william ,h4 ,pa9e1 ,george ,w4         
,mc,nulty1 ,wilhelm ,hild5br& & ,samuel 
,r4 ,probasco z assi/ant eng9e]s2 & z   
=em5 by ,e4,f4 ,f>r+ton1 ,ar?ur ,v4     
,abbott1 ,william ,van d] ,bos*1 ,*>les 
,"y & ,h>ry ,tupple1 :o1 9 app>5tly     
subord9ate positions1 h %[n !mselves    
peculi>ly fitt$ to comm&1 because !y h  
kn[n h[ to s]ve4 ,b ! record w\ld n be  

complete )\t ref]5ce to ! unnam$ m5 by  
^: unfl9*+ c\rage1 9 ! dep?s ( !        
caissons1 & ^u ! susp5d$ wires1 ! "w 0  
c>ri$ on amid /orms1 & accid5ts1 &      
dang]s1 suffici5t to appall ! /\te/     
he>t4 ,to !m we c only r5d] ! tribute   
:i* hi/ory accords to ^? :o fight z     
privates 9 ! battles ( fre$om1 ) all ! m
 devotion & patriotism because _! names 
w nev] be kn[n by ! _w ^: b5efactors !y 
are4 ,"o "n1 h[ev]1 :i* may f9d no place
 9 ! (ficial records1 _c be pass$ ov] "h
 9 sil5ce4 ,9 anci5t times :5 great     
works 7 con/ruct$1 a goddess 0 *os51 to 
^: t5d] c>e !y 7 d$icat$4 ,?us ! ru9s ( 
! ,acropolis to-day recall ! "n (       
,pallas ,a!ne to an admir+ _w4 ,9 !     
,middle ,ages1 ! bless+ ( "s sa9t 0     
invok$ to protect f ! rude attacks ( !  
b>b>ians1 & ! de/ructive h& ( "t1 !     
build+ erect$ by man's devotion to !    
wor%ip ( ,god4 ,s1 ) ?is ,bridge w ev]  
be c\pl$ ! ?\ght ( "o1 ?r\gh ! subtle   
alembic ( ^: bra91 & by ^: facile f+]s1 
communication 0 ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! direct+

 p[] ( its con/ruction1 & ! ob$i5t      
ag5cies ( its execution4 ,x is ?us an   
ev]la/+ monum5t to ! self-sacrific+     
devotion ( woman1 & ( h] capacity = t   
high] education f :i* %e has be5 too    
long deb>r$4 ,! "n ( ,mrs4 ,emily ,w>r5 
,roebl+ w ?us be insep>ably associat$ ) 
all t is admirable 9 human nature1 & )  
all t is wond]ful 9 ! con/ructive _w (  
art4  ,?is tribute to ! eng9e]s1 h[ev]1 
w\ld n be des]v$1 if !re is to be f\nd  
any evid5ce ( deception on _! "p 9 !    
orig9 ( ! "w1 or any complicity ) fraud 
9 its execution & completion4 ,x is ?is 
consid]ation :i* induc$ me to accept !  
unexpect$ invitation ( ! tru/ees to     
speak = ! city ( ,new ,york on ! pres5t 
occasion4 ,:5 !y ?us honor$ me1 !y did n
 "k t ,john ,a4 ,roebl+ address$ to me !
 lett] 9 :i* he fir/ sugge/$ 7&1 s f> z 
,i am aw>e1 he 0 ! fir/ eng9e] to       
sugge/71 ! feasibility ( a bridge betwe5
 ! two cities1 s con/ruct$ z to pres]ve 
unimpair$ ! fre$om ( navigation4 ,?is   
lett]1 dat$ ,june #ai1 #aheg1 ,i caus$  

to be pr9t$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,j\rnal (    
,comm]ce1 :]e x attract$ great att5tion 
because x came f an eng9e] :o _h already
 demon/rat$1 by successfully build+     
susp5sion bridges ov] ! ,s*uylkill1 !   
,ohio & ! ,niag>a riv]s1 t he spoke ) ! 
voice ( exp]i5ce & au?ority4 ,?is lett] 
0 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! con/ruction ( ! "w1
 :i*1 h[ev]1 came ab\t 9 a mann] diff]5t
 f 8 expectations1 & 0 f9ally complet$  
on a plan m ext5sive ?an he _h v5tur$ to
 describe4 ,x has be5 *>g$ t ! orig9al  
e/imates ( co/ h be5 f> exce$$ by !     
actual outlay4 ,if ?is 7 true1 ! words (
 praise :i* ,i h utt]$ = ! eng9e]s1 :o  
design$ & execut$ ?is "w1 ought r to h  
be5 a s5t5ce ( c5sure & condemnation4   
,h5ce1 ! invitation :i* came to me      
uns\ght1 seem$ r to be an appeal f !    
grave = su* v9dication z x 0 )9 my p[]  
to make1 & :i* c\ld n come ) equal =ce f
 any o!r qu>t]4  ,eng9e]s are ( two     
k9ds3 ! creative & ! con/ructive4 ,! p[]
 to conceive great works dem&s          
imag9ation & fai?4 ,! creative eng9e]1 l

 ! poet1 is born1 n made4 ,if to ! p[]  
to conceive1 is add$ ! ability to       
execute1 !n h we "o ( ^? r>e g5iuses :o 
n only give a decid$ impulse to         
civilization1 b add new glory to        
humanity4 ,su* m5 7 ,mi*ael ,angelo1    
,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,watt1 ,w$gwood1     
,brunel1 ,/eph5son & ,bessem]2 & su* a  
man 0 ,john ,a4 ,roebl+4 ,x 0 8 /rik+   
peculi>ity1 t :ile 8 conceptions 7 bold 
& orig9al1 8 execution 0 always exact1 &
 )9 ! limits ( co/ :i* he assign$ to !  
"w ( 8 bra94 ,he _h made bridges a /udy1
 & _h decl>$ 9 favor ( ! susp5sion      
pr9ciple = heavy traffic1 :5 ! greate/  
liv+ au?orities _h condemn$ x z co/ly & 
unsafe4 ,:5 he und]took to build a      
susp5sion bridge = railway use1 he did s
 9 ! face ( ! delib]ate judgm5t ( !     
pr(ession1 t success w\ld be impossible4
 ,/eph5son _h condemn$ ! susp5sion      
pr9ciple & approv$ ! tubul> gird] =     
railway traffic4 ,b x 0 ! ,nemesis ( 8  
fate1 t :5 he came out to approve !     
location ( ! great tubul> bridge at     

,montreal1 he %\ld pass ov] ! ,niag>a   
,riv] 9 a railway tra91 on a susp5sion  
bridge1 :i* he _h decl>$ to be an       
impracticable und]tak+4  ,:5 ,roebl+    
sugge/$ ! ,bridge ov] ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 8   
ideas 7 limit$ to ! dem&s ( ! "t1 &     
controll$ by ! necessity = a pr(itable  
inve/m5t4 ,he _h no expectation t ! two 
cities w\ld emb>k 9 ! ent]prise4 ,inde$1
 9 "o ( 8 lett]s s late z ,april #ad1   
#ahfj1 he says1 ,z to ! corporations (  
,new ,york & ,brooklyn und]tak+ ! job1  
no su* hope may be ent]ta9$ 9 our "t4 ,9
 eight ye>s !reaft]1 ^! cities _h       
und]tak5 ! task ^u a scale ( exp5se f>  
exce$+ 8 orig9al ideas ( a /ructure1 to 
be built exclusively by private capital 
= ! sake ( pr(it4  ,h[ came ?is miracle 
to pass8 ,! w> ( ! rebellion occurr$1   
delay+ = a "t ! fur!r consid]ation (    
,roebl+'s ideas4 ,?is w> accu/om$ !     
nation to exp5ditures on a scale ( :i* x
 _h no previ\s conception4 ,x did m ?an 
exp5d l>ge sums ( money4 ,(ficials      
became corrupt & organiz$ !mselves =    

plund]4 ,9 ! city ( ,new ,york1         
especially1 ! gov]nm5t fell into ! h&s (
 a b& ( ?ieves1 :o engag$ 9 a s]ies (   
great & b5eficial public works1 n = !   
good !y might d1 b = ! opportunity :i*  
!y w\ld af=d to rob ! public treasury4  
,!y erect$ c\rt-h\ses & armories2 !y    
op5$ roads1 b\lev>ds & p>ks2 & !y       
organiz$ two ( ! gr&e/ devices =        
transportation :i* ! g5ius ( man has ev]
 conceiv$2 a rapid transit railway =    
,new ,york1 & a great highway betwe5    
,new ,york & ,brooklyn4 ,! ,bridge 0    
comm5c$1 b ! ,r+ 0 driv5 into exile by !
 =ce ( public indignation1 be=e ! rapid 
transit s*eme1 s9ce execut$ on a diff]5t
 r\te by private capital1 0 und]tak54 ,!
 collapse ( ! ,r+ br\ght ! "w on !      
,bridge to a /&-/ill4  ,x 0 a timely    
ev5t4 ,! patriotic ,new ,york] might    
well h exclaim$1 j be=e ?is great       
deliv]ance1 9 ! words ( ! ,consul (     
anci5t ,rome1 9 ,macaulay's /irr+ poem1 
,& if !y once may w9 ! bridge1      ,:at
 hope to save ! t[n8  ,mean:ile1 ! eld] 

,roebl+ _h di$1 leav+ beh9d him 8       
e/imates & ! g5]al plans ( ! /ructure1  
to co/1 indep5d5t ( l& damages & int]e/1
 ab\t #g1jjj1jjj4 ,?is great "w :i*1 if 
n conceiv$ 9 s91 0 br\ght =? 9 iniquity1
 ?us became ! object ( great suspicion1 
& ( a prejudice :i* has n be5 remov$ to 
?is day4 ,i "k t to _m ,i make a />tl+  
ann\ncem5t1 :5 ,i /ate ! incontrov]tible
 fact1 t no money 0 ev] /ol5 by ! ,r+ f 
! funds ( ! ,bridge2 t ! :ole money     
rais$ has be5 hone/ly exp5d$2 t !       
e/imates = con/ruction h n be5 mat]ially
 exce$$2 & t ! excess ( co/ ov] !       
e/imates is due to pur*ases ( l& :i* 7  
nev] includ$ 9 ! e/imates2 to int]e/    
paid on ! city subscriptions2 to ! co/ (
 additional height & bread? ( ! ,bridge2
 & ! increase 9 /r5g? r5d]$ necess>y by 
a bett] compreh5sion ( ! volume (       
traffic betwe5 ! two cities4 ,! items   
cov]$ by ! orig9al e/imate ( #g1jjj1jjj 
h ?us be5 rais$ to #i1jjj1jjj1 s t      
#b1jjj1jjj repres5ts ! addition to !    
orig9al e/imates4  ,= ?is excess1 am\nt+

 to less ?an ?irty p] c5t41 !re is      
actual value 9 ! ,bridge 9 dim5sion &   
/r5g?1 :]eby its work+ capacity has be5 
greatly increas$4 ,! c>riage-ways1 z    
orig9ally design$1 w\ld h p]mitt$ only a
 s+le l9e ( vehicles 9 ea* direction4 ,!
 spe$ ( ! entire procession1 m ?an a    
mile long1 w\ld1 !re=e1 h be5 limit$ by 
! rate ( ! sl[e/2 & e accid5t caus+     
/oppage to a s+le c>t w\ld h /opp$      
ev]y?+ beh9d x = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,x 
is n too mu* to say t ! removal ( ?is   
objection1 by wid5+ ! c>riage-ways1 has 
multipli$ manifold ! practical          
usefulness ( ! ,bridge4  ,! /atem5t ,i h
 made is due to ! memory n only ( ,john 
,a4 ,roebl+1 b also ( ,h5ry ,c4 ,murphy1
 t great man :o devot$ 8 la/ ye>s to ?is
 ent]prise2 & :o1 hav+1 l ,moses1 l$ ! p
 ?r\gh ! toilsome way1 0 p]mitt$ only to
 look1 b n to ent] ^u ! promis$ l&4     
,?is te/imony is due also to ! liv+     
tru/ees & to ! eng9e]s :o h controll$ & 
direct$ ?is l>ge exp5diture 9 ! public  
s]vice1 ! latt]1 9 ! consci5ti\s dis*>ge

 ( pr(essional duty2 & ! =m]1 ) no o!r  
object ?an ! welf>e ( ! public1 & )\t   
any o!r possible rew>d ?an ! good op9ion
 ( _! fell[-citiz5s4  ,i d n make ?is   
/atem5t )\t a full s5se ( !             
responsibility :i* x involves1 & ,i     
realize t its accuracy w %ortly be te/$ 
by ! report ( exp]ts :o are n[ exam9+ ! 
acc\nts4 ,b x w be f\nd t ,i h spok5 !  
words ( tru? & sob]ness4 ,:5 ! ,r+      
abscond$ ,i 0 ask$ by ,william ,c4      
,havemey]1 !n ! ,mayor ( ,new ,york1 to 
become a tru/ee1 9 ord] to inve/igate ! 
exp5ditures1 & to report z to !         
propriety ( go+ on ) ! "w4 ,?is duty 0  
p]=m$ )\t fe> or favor4 ,! me?ods by :i*
 ! ,r+ propos$ to b5efit !mselves 7 cle>
 en\gh1 b its memb]s fl$ be=e !y succe$$
 9 reimburs+ !mselves = ! prelim9>y     
exp5ses :i* !y _h defray$4 ,) _! flight 
a new era comm5c$1 & dur+ ! ?ree ye>s :5
 ,i act$ z a tru/ee1 ,i am sure t no    
fraud 0 committ$1 & t none 0 possible4  
,s9ce t "t ! ,bo>d has be5 controll$ by 
tru/ees1 "s ( :om are ?or\gh exp]ts 9   

bridge build+1 & ! o!rs m5 ( su* high "*
 t ! sugge/ion ( malpractice is         
improbable to absurdity4  ,! ,bridge has
 n only be5 hone/ly built1 b x may be   
safely ass]t$ t x c\ld n n[ be duplicat$
 at ! same co/4 ,mu* money might1 h[ev]1
 h be5 sav$ if ! "w _h n be5 delay$     
?r\gh want ( means1 & unnecess>y        
ob/acles int]pos$ by mi/ak5 public      
(ficials4 ,moreov]1 measur$ by its      
capacity1 & ! limitations impos$ on its 
con/ruction by its relation to ! int]e/s
 ( traffic & navigation1 x is ! *eape/  
/ructure ev] erect$ by ! g5ius ( man4   
,?is w be made evid5t by a s+le         
comp>ison ) ! ,britannia ,tubul> ,bridge
 erect$ by ,/eph5son ov] ! ,m5ai        
,/raits4 ,he adopt$ ! tubul> pr9ciple1  
because he believ$ t ! susp5sion        
pr9ciple c\ld n be made practical =     
railway traffic1 al?\gh he _h to deal ) 
spans n great] ?an #dgj feet4 ,he built 
a /ructure t conta9$ #aj1edj tons (     
iron1 & co/ #fja1jjj p\nds /]l+1 or ab\t
 #c1jjj1jjj4 ,=tunately he has left a   

calculation on record z to ! possible   
ext5sion ( ! tubul> gird]1 %[+ t x w\ld 
rea* ! limits 9 :i* x c\ld be> only its 
own weight 7#fb1jjj tons71 at #a1egj    
feet4 ,n[1 = a span ( #a1eie-a_/b feet1 
! ,brooklyn ,bridge conta9s b #f1gdj    
tons ( mat]ial1 & w su/a9 sev5 times its
 own weight4 ,its co/ is #i1jjj1jjj1    
:]eas a tubul> bridge = ! same span w\ld
 conta9 t5 times ! weight ( metal1 &    
?\gh co/+ twice z mu* money1 w\ld be )\t
 ! ability to d any useful "w4  ,roebl+1
 !re=e1 solv$ ! problem :i* _h defi$    
,/eph5son2 & ^u 8 design has be5 built a
 successful /ructure1 at half ! co/ ( a 
tubul> bridge t w\ld h fall5 :5 load$ 9 
actual use4 ,x is impossible to furni%  
any m /rik+ pro( ( ! g5ius :i* orig9at$1
 & ( ! economy :i* con/ruct$ ?is triumph
 ( ,am]ican eng9e]+4  ,we h ?us a       
monum5t to ! public _s ( ! two cities1  
creat$ by an exp5diture z hone/ & z     
economical z ! managem5t :i* gave u !   
,erie ,canal1 ! ,croton ,aqu$uct1 & !   
,c5tral ,p>k4 ,o!rwise1 x w\ld h be5 a  

monum5t to ! et]nal infamy ( ! tru/ees &
 ( ! eng9e]s "u ^: sup]vision x has be5 
erect$1 & ?is br+s me to ! f9al         
consid]ation :i* ,i feel con/ra9$ to (f]
 on ?is po9t4  ,dur+ all ^! ye>s (      
trial1 & false report1 a great s\l lay 9
 ! %ad[ ( dea?1 pray+ only to /ay long  
en\gh = ! completion ( ! "w to :i* he _h
 devot$ 8 life4 ,i say a great s\l1 = 9 
! spr+-"t ( y\?1 ) fri5ds & =tune at 8  
comm&1 he gave himself to 8 c\ntry1 & = 
h] sake brav$ dea? on _m a well-f\ght   
battle-field4 ,:5 re/or$ to civil life1 
8 heal? 0 sacrific$ to ! duties :i* _h  
devolv$ ^u him1 z ! inh]itor ( 8 fa!r's 
fame1 & ! executor ( 8 fa!r's plans4    
,liv+ only = honor1 & fre$ f !          
temptations ( n>r[ means1 h[ is x       
conceivable t su* a man--^: approval 0  
necess>y to e exp5diture--%\ld1 by      
conniv+ ) jobb]s1 ?r[ away m ?an ! life 
:i* 0 de> to him1 t he might fulfill 8  
de/9y1 & leave to 8 *ildr5 ! h]itage ( a
 good "n & ! glory ( a gr& a*ievem5t8   
,well may ?is suff]+ h]o quote ! words (

 ,hyp]ion3 ,oh1 ,i h look$ ) wond] ^u   
^?1 :o1 9 sorr[ & privation1 & bodily   
discom=t1 & sickness1 :i* is ! %ad[ (   
dea?1 h work$ "r on to ! accompli%m5t ( 
_! great purposes2 toil+ mu*1 endur+    
mu*1 fulfill+ mu*2 & !n1 ) %att]$ n]ves1
 & s9ews all un/rung1 h laid !mselves   
d[n 9 ! grave1 & slept ! sleep ( dea?1 &
 ! _w talks ( !m :ile !y sleep6 ,& z 9 !
 sun's eclipse we c behold ! great />s  
%9+ 9 ! heav5s1 s 9 ?is life-eclipse h  
^! m5 beheld ! lights ( ! great et]nity1
 burn+ solemnly & =ev]6  ,& n[ :at is to
 be ! outcome ( ?is great exp5diture ^u 
! highway :i* unites ! two cities1 = :i*
 ,dr4 ,/orrs & ,i h ! honor to speak    
to-day8 ,t ,brooklyn w ga9 9 numb]s & 9 
weal? ) accel]at$ spe$ is a =egone      
conclusion4 ,:e!r ?is ga9 %all 9 any    
wise be at ! exp5se ( ,new ,york1 is a  
matt] 9 reg>d to :i* ! great metropolis 
does n conc]n h]self4 ,h] citiz5s are   
cont5t ) ! k t %e exi/s & gr[s ) ! gr[? 
( ! :ole c\ntry1 ( ^: progress &        
prosp]ity %e is b ! expon5t & ! index4  

,w ! ,bridge lead1 z has be5 =cibly     
sugge/$1 & 9 "s qu>t]s hopefully        
anticipat$1 to ! fur!r union ( ! two    
cities "u "o "n & "o gov]nm5t8 ,?is     
sugge/ion is 9 "p s5tim5tal & 9 "p      
practical4 ,s f> z ! union 9 "n is      
conc]n$1 x is sc>cely wor? consid]ation1
 = 9 any comp>ison :i* our national or  
local pride may in/itute betwe5 ?is     
metropolis & ! o!r great cities ( ! _w1 
its environm5t1 :e!r 9 ,long ,isl&1     
,/at5 ,isl&1 or ,new ,j]sey1 w always be
 includ$4 ,9 consid]+ ! population (    
,london1 no "o ev] sep>ates ! city prop]
 f ! surr\nd+ p>ts4 ,!y are prop]ly     
reg>d$ z "o homog5e\s aggregation (     
human be+s4  ,x is only :5 we come to   
consid] ! problem ( gov]n+ great masses 
t ! s]i\s elem5ts ( ! "q pres5t         
!mselves1 & mu/ be det]m9$ be=e a       
satisfactory answ] c be giv54 ,! t5d5cy 
( mod]n civilization is t[>ds !         
conc5tration ( population 9 d5se masses4
 ,?is is due to ! high] & m div]sifi$   
life1 :i* c be secur$ by association &  

co-op]ation on a l>ge scale1 af=d+ n    
m]ely great] com=t & (t5 luxury1 b      
actually di/ribut+ ! fruits ( labor on a
 m equitable basis ?an is possible 9    
sp>sely settl$ regions & among feeble   
communities4 ,! great improvem5ts ( our 
day 9 labor-sav+ ma*9]y1 & its          
application to agriculture1 enable !    
nation to be f$ ) a less p]c5tage ( its 
total =ce ?us appli$1 & leave a l>g]    
m>g9 ( population free to engage 9 su*  
o!r pursuits z are be/ c>ri$ on 9 l>ge  
cities4  ,! disclosures ( ! la/ c5sus   
prove ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t4 ,at ! fir/  
c5sus 9 #agij ! population resid5t 9    
cities 0 #c4c p] c5t4 ( ! total         
population4 ,?is p]c5tage sl[ly ga9$ at 
ea* successive c5sus1 until 9 #ahdj x _h
 rea*$ #h4e p] c5t4 ,9 fifty ye>s x _h  
?us ga9$ a little ov] five p] c5t4 ,b 9 
#ahej x rose to #ab4e p] c5t42 9 #ahfj x
 0 #af4a p] c5t42 9 #ahgj x 0 #bj4i p]  
c5t41 hav+ 9 ?is "o decade ga9$ z mu* z 
9 ! fir/ fifty ye>s ( our political     
exi/5ce4 ,9 #ahhj ! population resid5t 9

 cities 0 #bb4e p] c5t4 ( ! :ole        
population4  ,) ?is rapid gr[? ( urban  
population1 h gr[n ! contemporane\s     
compla9ts ( corrupt adm9i/ration & bad  
municipal gov]nm5t4 ,! outcry may be    
said to be univ]sal1 = x comes f bo?    
sides ( ! ,atlantic2 & ! compla9ts appe>
 to be 9 direct proportion to ! size (  
cities4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! k ( !  
art ( local gov]nm5t has n kept pace ) !
 gr[? ( population4 ,i am "h by y\r     
favor to speak = ! city ( ,new ,york1 & 
,i %\ld be ! la/ p]son to ?r[ any       
discr$it on its fair fame2 b ,i ?9k ,i  
only give voice to ! g5]al feel+1 :5 ,i 
say t ! citiz5s ( ,new ,york are        
satisfi$ nei!r ) ! /ructure ( its       
gov]nm5t1 nor ) its actual adm9i/ration1
 ev5 :5 x is 9 ! h&s ( intellig5t &     
hone/ (ficials4 ,dissatisfi$ z we are1  
no man has be5 able to devise a sy/em   
:i* comm5ds itself to ! g5]al approval1 
& x may be ass]t$ t ! rem$y is n to be  
f\nd 9 devices = any special ma*9]y (   
gov]nm5t4 ,exp]im5ts )\t numb] h be5    

tri$1 & sugge/ions 9 inf9ite v>iety h   
be5 (f]$1 b to-day no man c say t we h  
approa*$ any ne>] to ! idea ( good      
gov]nm5t1 :i* is dem&$ by ! intellig5ce 
& ! wants ( ! community4  ,if1 !re=e1   
,new ,york has n yet le>n$ to gov]n     
itself1 h[ c x be expect$ to be bett]   
gov]n$ by add+ half a million to its    
population1 & a great t]ritory to its   
area1 unless x be ) ! idea t a little   
leav5 leav5e? ! :ole lump4 ,is ,brooklyn
 t leav58 ,if n1 & if possibly ! salt   
has lo/ its savor1 :]e) %all x be salt$8
 ,brooklyn is n[ /ruggl+ ) ?is problem1 
x rema9s to be se5 ) :at success2 b     
mean:ile x is idle to consid] ! idea (  
gett+ rid ( our common evils by add+ !m 
toge!r4  ,besides x is a fundam5tal     
axiom 9 politics1 approv$ by ! exp]i5ce 
( old] c\ntries1 z well z ( our own1 t !
 s\rces ( p[] %\ld nev] be f> remov$ f  
^? :o are to feel its ex]cise4 ,x is !  
violation ( ?is pr9ciple :i* produces   
*ronic revolution 9 ,france1 & makes !  
,briti% rule s obnoxi\s to ! ,iri% p4   

,?is evil is happily avoid$ :5 a natural
 b\nd>y circumscribes adm9i/ration )9   
n>r[ limits4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 we rejoice   
toge!r at ! new bond betwe5 ,new ,york &
 ,brooklyn1 we ought to rejoice ! m1 t x
 de/roys none ( ! conditions :i* p]mit  
ea* city to gov]n itself1 b r urges !m  
to a g5]\s rivalry 9 p]fect+ ea* its own
 gov]nm5t1 recogniz+ ! tru?1 t !re is no
 true lib]ty )\t law1 & t et]nal        
vigilance1 :i* is ! only safegu>d (     
lib]ty1 c be/ be ex]cis$ )9 limit$      
areas4  ,x w\ld be a mo/ =tunate        
conclusion1 if ! completion ( ?is       
,bridge %\ld ar\se public att5tion to ! 
absolute necessity ( good municipal     
gov]nm5t1 & recall ! only pr9ciple ^u   
:i* x c ev] be successfully f\nd$4 ,!re 
is reason to hope t ?is result w foll[1 
because ! erection ( ?is /ructure %[s h[
 a problem1 analog\s to t :i* confronts 
u 9 reg>d to ! city gov]nm5t1 has be5   
met & solv$ 9 ! doma9 ( physical sci5ce4
  ,! m5 :o controll$ ?is ent]prise at ! 
outset 7 n all ( ! be/ type2 "s ( !m1 z 

we h se51 7 public jobb]s4 ,b !y knew t 
!y c\ld n build a bridge1 al?\gh !y _h  
no d\bt ( _! ability to gov]n a city4   
,!y !reupon proce$$ to organize ! k :i* 
exi/$ z to ! con/ruction ( bridges2 & !y
 held ! organization ?us creat$         
responsible = results4 ,n[1 we "k t x is
 at lea/ z difficult to gov]n a city z  
to build a bridge1 & yet1 z citiz5s1 we 
h delib]ately all[$ ! ignorance ( !     
community to be organiz$ = its gov]nm5t1
 & we !n compla9 t x is a failure4      
,until we imitate ! example ( ! ,r+1 &  
organize ! intellig5ce ( ! community =  
its gov]nm5t1 our compla9t is *ildi% &  
unreasonable4 ,b we %all be told t !re  
is no analogy betwe5 build+ a bridge &  
gov]n+ a city4 ,let u exam9e ?is        
objection4 ,a city is made up ( inf9ite 
int]e/s4 ,!y v>y f h\r to h\r1 &        
conflict is ! law ( _! be+4 ,_m ( !     
elem5ts ( social life are :at           
ma!maticians t]m v>iables ( ! indep5d5t 
ord]4 ,! problem is1 to reconcile ^!    
conflict+ int]e/s & v>iable elem5ts into

 "o organization :i* %all "w )\t j>1 &  
all[ ea* citiz5 to pursue 8 call+1 if x 
be an hone/ "o1 9 peace & quiet4  ,n[1  
turn to ! ,bridge4 ,x looks l a         
motionless mass ( masonry & metal2 b1 z 
a matt] ( fact1 x is in/9ct ) motion4   
,!re is n a p>ticle ( matt] 9 x :i* is  
at re/ ev5 = ! m9ute/ portion ( "t4 ,x  
is an aggregation ( un/able elem5ts1    
*ang+ ) e *ange 9 ! temp]ature1 & e     
movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! problem  
01 out ( ^! un/able elem5ts1 to produce 
absolute /ability2 & x 0 ?is problem :i*
 ! eng9e]s1 ! organiz$ intellig5ce1 _h  
to solve1 or confess to +lori\s failure4
 ,! problem has be5 solv$4 ,9 ! fir/    
con/ruction ( susp5sion bridges x 0     
attempt$ to *eck1 repress & ov]come _!  
motion1 & failure result$4 ,x 0 !n se5 t
 motion is ! law ( exi/5ce = susp5sion  
bridges1 & provision 0 made = its free  
play4 ,!n !y became a success4 ,!       
,bridge be=e u elongates & contracts    
betwe5 ! extremes ( temp]ature f #ad to 
#af in*es2 ! v]tical rise & fall 9 !    

c5tre ( ! ma9 span ranges betwe5 #b ft4 
#c 94 & #b ft4 #i 942 & be=e ! susp5d]s 
7 atta*$ to ! cable x actually revolv$  
on its own axis ?r\gh an arc ( ?irty    
degrees1 :5 expos$ to ! sun %9+ ^u x on 
"o side4 ,y d n p]ceive ?is motion1 & y 
w\ld "k no?+ ab\t x unless y wat*$ !    
gauges :i* record its movem5t4  ,n[ if  
our political sy/em 7 guid$ by organiz$ 
intellig5ce1 x w\ld n seek to repress ! 
free play ( human int]e/s & emotions1 ( 
human hopes & fe>s1 b w\ld make         
provision = _! developm5t & ex]cise1 9  
accordance ) ! high] law ( lib]ty &     
morality4 ,a l>ge portion ( our vices & 
crimes are creat$ ei!r by law1 or its   
maladm9i/ration4 ,^! laws exi/ because  
organiz$ ignorance1 l a highwayman ) a  
club1 is p]mitt$ to /& 9 ! way ( wise   
legislation & hone/ adm9i/ration1 & to  
dem& satisfaction f ! spoils ( (fice1 & 
! pr(its ( contracts4 ,( ?is /ate (     
affairs we compla91 & on great occasions
 ! community arises 9 its wra?1 & visits
 summ>y puni%m5t on ! (f5d]s ( ! h\r1 & 

!n relapses into *ronic grumbl+ until   
grievances suffici5tly accumulate to /ir
 x aga9 to action4  ,:at is ! rem$y =   
?is /ate ( affairs8 ,%all !re be no m   
political p>ties1 & %all we %att] !     
political ma*9]y :i*1 bad z x is1 is f> 
bett] ?an no ma*9]y at all8 ,%all we    
embrace nihilism z our cre$1 because we 
h practical communism =c$ ^u u z !      
consequ5ce ( jobb]y1 & ! imposition (   
unju/ taxes8  ,no1 let u r le>n ! lesson
 ( ! ,bridge4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ to     
re/rict suffrage1 let u try to educate !
 vot]s2 in/ead ( disb&+ p>ties1 let ea* 
citiz5 )9 ! p>ty always vote1 b nev] = a
 man :o is unfit to hold (fice4 ,?us    
p>ties1 z well z vot]s1 w be organiz$ on
 ! basis ( intellig5ce4  ,b :at man is  
fit to hold (fice8 ,only he :o reg>ds   
political (fice z a public tru/1 & n z a
 private p]quisite to be us$ = !        
pecuni>y advantage ( himself or 8       
family1 or ev5 8 p>ty4 ,is !re          
intellig5ce en\gh 9 ^! cities1 if ?us   
organiz$ )9 ! p>ties1 to produce !      

result :i* we desire8 ,:y1 ! ov]?r[ ( ! 
,twe$ ,r+ 0 conclusive evid5ce ( !      
prepond]ance ( public virtue 9 ! city ( 
,new ,york4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w1 & 9
 no o!r political sy/em ?an "o :i*      
provides = & secures univ]sal suffrage1 
w\ld su* a sudd5 & peaceful revolution h
 be5 possible4 ,! demon/ration ( ?is    
fact 0 ri*ly wor? ! tw5ty-five or ?irty 
millions ( doll>s :i* ! ?ieves _h /ol54 
,!reaft]1 & !nce=?1 !re c\ld be no d\bt 
:e!r our city population1 het]og5e\s z x
 is1 conta9s )9 itself suffici5t virtue 
= its own pres]vation4 ,let x nev] be   
=gott5 t ! rem$y is complete2 t x is ev]
 pres5t2 t no man ought to be depriv$ ( 
! opportunity ( its ex]cise2 & t1 if x  
be ex]cis$1 ! w ( ! community c nev] be 
p>alyz$4 ,our safety & our success re/  
on ! ballot 9 ! h&s ( freem5 at ! polls1
 delib]ately deposit$1 nev] = an unwor?y
 man1 b always ) a pr(\nd s5se ( !      
responsibility :i* %\ld gov]n e citiz5 9
 ! ex]cise ( ?is fundam5tal "r4  ,if !  
lesson ( ! ,bridge1 :i* ,i h ?us s\ght  

to en=ce1 %all revive ! confid5ce ( ! p 
9 _! own p[]1 & induce !m to use x      
practically = ! election to (fice ( good
 m51 clo!d1 z 7 ! eng9e]s1 ) suffici5t  
au?ority1 & held1 z !y 71 to correspond+
 responsibility = results1 !n1 inde$1 w 
its completion be a public bless+1 wor?y
 ( ! new era ( indu/rial developm5t 9   
:i* x is our =tunate lot to live4       
,great1 inde$1 has be5 our national     
progress4 ,p]haps we1 :o belong to a    
comm]cial community1 d n fully realize  
its significance & promise4 ,we buy &   
sell /ocks1 )\t /opp+ to ?9k t !y       
repres5t ! mo/ a/oni%+ a*ievem5ts (     
ent]prise & skill 9 ! magical ext5sion (
 our va/ railway sy/em2 we speculate 9  
:eat1 )\t reflect+ on ! /up5d\s fact t !
 pla9s ( ,dakota & ,cali=nia are fe$+   
hungry m\?s 9 ,europe2 we he> t !       
,treasury has made a call = bonds1 &    
=get t ! rapid ext9ction ( our national 
debt is a pro( ( our prosp]ity &        
patriotism1 z wond]ful to ! _w z 0 ! p[]
 we exhibit$ 9 ! /ruggle :i* left t     

app>5tly cru%+ burd5 ^u u4 ,if1 !n1 we  
deal successfully ) ! evils :i* ?reat5  
our political life1 :o c v5ture to      
pr$ict ! limits ( our future weal? &    
glory--weal? t %all enri* all2 glory t  
%all be no selfi% h]itage1 b ! bless+ ( 
mank9d8 ,beyond all leg5ds ( ori5tal    
treasure1 beyond all dreams ( ! gold5   
age1 w be ! spl5dor1 & maje/y1 &        
happ9ess ( ! free p dwell+ ^u ?is fair  
doma91 :5 fulfill+ ! promise ( ! ages & 
! hopes ( humanity !y %all h le>n$ h[ to
 make equitable di/ribution among       
!mselves ( ! fruits ( _! common labor4  
,!n1 inde$1 w be realiz$ by a wait+ _w !
 y\?ful vision ( our own ,bryant3       
,"h ! free _s ( mank9d at l5g?          
,?r[s its la/ fett]s (f2 & :o %all place
      ,a limit to ! giant's untam$      
/r5g?1        ,or curb its swiftness 9 !
 =w>d race8      ,f>1 l ! comet's way   
?r\gh inf9ite space1        ,/ret*es !  
long untravel$ pa? ( light      ,into ! 
dep?s ( ages2 we may trace              
,di/ant1 ! bright5+ glory ( its flight1 

,till ! rec$+ rays are lo/ to human     
sight4  ,at ! ocean gateway ( su* a     
nation well may /& ! /ately figure (    
,lib]ty enlight5+ ! ,_w2 &1 9 hope &    
fai?1 z well z gratitude1 we write ^u ! 
t[]s ( our beautiful ,bridge1 to be     
illum9at$ by h] electric ray1 ! words ( 
exultation1 ,f9is coronat opus4         
,,oration  ,,(  ,,ri*>d ,s4 ,,/orrs1    
,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4   ,,mr4                
,,*airman--,,fell[-,,citiz5s3 ,x c      
surprise no "o t we celebrate !         
completion ( ?is great "w1 9 :i* l9es ( 
delicate & a]ial grace are comb9$ ) a   
/r5g? m endur+ ?an ( m>bles1 & ! wov5   
wires prolong to ^! heights !           
metropolitan av5ues4 ,aft] delays :i* h 
(t5 di/urb$ ! popul> pati5ce1 & h (t5]  
disappo9t$ ! hopes ( ! build]s1 we      
gratefully welcome ?is sup]b            
consummation3 rejoic+ to "k t ! silv]   
/reak :i* s long has divid$ ?is city f !
 cont95t1 is conqu]$1 h5ce=?1 by ! silv]
 b& /ret*+ above x1 c>eless alike ( w9d 
& tide1 ( ice & fog1 ( curr5t & ( calm4 

,to ! m9d :i*1 = f\rte5 ye>s1 has wat*$1
 guid$1 & gov]n$ ! "w1 look+ out ^u x   
?r\gh physical organs almo/ fatally     
smitt5 9 its prosecution1 we br+ our    
eag] & unanim\s tribute ( honor &       
applause4 ,he :o took up1 elaborat$1 &  
has br\ght to fulfillm5t ! plans ( !    
fa!r ^: own life _h be5 sacrific$ 9 _!  
fur!rance1 has build$ to bo? ! noble/   
memorial4 ,he may ) tru? h said1        
h]et(ore1 z ! furnaces h gl[$ f :i* ?is 
weld$ network has come1 9 ! words (     
,s*ill]'s ,lay ( ! ,bell3       ,deep   
hid )9 ! ne!r cell        ,:at ,=ce )   
,fire is m\ld+ ?us1      ,9 yond] airy  
t[]s %all dwell1        ,& witness wide 
& f> ( u4  ,he may1 at ?is h\r1 add =   
himself ! l9es :i* ! poet he>s f ! lips 
( 8 ,h\se-,ma/]3       ,my h\se is built
 ^u a rock1      ,& sees unmov$ ! /ormy 
%ock      ,( waves t fret bel[4  ,x mu/ 
be a sup]lative mom5t 9 life :5 "o /&s  
on a /ructure z maje/ic z ?is :i* 0 at  
fir/ a m]e ?\ght 9 ! bra91 :i* 0 aft]w>d
 a plan on ! pap]1 & :i* has be5        

transport$ hi!r1 f qu>ry & m9e1 f       
wood-y>d & work%op1 on ! po9t ( 8 p5cil4
  ,he w\ld be ! fir/ to ackn[l$ge also1 
if he 7 speak+1 ! intellig5t1 fai?ful1  
indefatigable s]vice r5d]$ 9 execution (
 8 plans by ^? :o h be5 associat$ ) him1
 z assi/ant eng9e]s1 z ma/] me*anics1 or
 z tra9$1 tru/$1 & exp]i5c$ workm54 ,on 
_! k & vigilance1 _! practic$ skill &   
pati5t fidelity1 ! "w has ( necessity   
l>gely dep5d$ = its complet$ grace &    
/r5g?4 ,!y h wr\ght ! zeal\s labor (    
ye>s into all p>ts ( x2 & x w be> to !m 
h]eaft]1 z x does to-day1 mo/ honorable 
witness4  ,"s ( our honor$              
fell[-citiz5s1 :o h borne a di/+ui%$ "p 
9 ?is ent]prise1 are no m "h to %>e our 
fe/ivities4 ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,pr5tice1 =  
ye>s ! ,treasur] ( ! ,bo>d1 wise 9      
c\nsel1 ( a lib]al yet a wat*ful        
economy1 ( incorruptible integrity1     
pass$ f ! e>? two ye>s ago2 b to ^? :o  
knew him 8 memory is z fre% z ! v]dure  
above 8 grave at ,gre5wood4 ,m lately1  
"o :o _h be5 f ! outset associat$ ) :at 

to _m appe>$ ?is vision>y plan1 to ^:   
capacity & exp]i5ce1 8 legal skill1 8   
legislative influ5ce1 8 social          
di/9ction1 ! "w has be5 always l>gely   
indebt$1 & :o 0 = ye>s ! ,presid5t ( !  
,bo>d1 has foll[$ into ! sil5t l&4 ,x is
 a grief to all :o knew him t he is n "h
 to see ! consummation ( labors & plans 
:i* = ye>s _h occupi$ 8 life4 ,b 8 face 
& figure are be=e u1 almo/ z di/9ctly z 
if he 7 pres5t2 & x w be only ! dulle/  
=getfulness :i* c ev] cease to connect )
 ?is ,bridge ! "n ( ! accompli%$ s*ol>1 
! exp]i5c$ diplomati/1 ! untir+ work]1 !
 cordial & ev]-helpful fri5d1 ,mr4 ,h5ry
 ,c4 ,murphy4  ,b o!rs rema9 to :om ! "w
 has br\ght its burd5s1 ( labor1 c>e1 & 
long solicitude1 sometimes1 no d\bt1 ( a
 public criticism ^: imp]i\s %>pness !y 
may h felt1 b :o h foll[$ _! plans to   
completion1 )\t wav]+ or pause2 :o h1   
inde$1 exp&$ ^? plans z ! progress ( !  
"w has sugge/$ enl>gem5t2 & :o1 to-day1 
ent] ! rew>d :i* belongs to ^? :o1 aft] 
promot+ a magnific5t ent]prise1 see x   

accompli%$4 ,among !m are two :o 7      
associat$ ) x at ! beg9n+1 & :o h       
cont9u$ s associat$ f t day to ?is--,mr4
 ,william ,c4 ,k+sley1 ,mr4 ,james      
,s4,t4 ,/ranahan4 ,! judgm5t _c be      
mi/ak5 :i* affirms t to ^! m51 m ?an to 
any o!r citiz5s rema9+ among u1 !       
prosecution ( ?is "w to its cr[n+       
success is prop]ly ascrib$4 ,!y are !   
true orators ( ! h\r4 ,we may praise1 b 
!y h build$4 ,on ! t5acity ( _! purpose1
 ( :i* t ( ^! comb9+ wires only pres5ts 
! physical image1--on ! lift ( _! wills1
 /rong] ?an ( ^! cons5t+ cables1--!     
imm5se /ructure has ris5 to its place4  
,no gr&] "w has x be5 giv5 to m5 to d = 
! city1 :i* w feel ! unfail+ impulse (  
_! =esight & c\rage1 _! wisdom 9 c\nsel1
 & _! resolute s]vice1 to ! end ( its   
hi/ory6  ,mr4 ,william ,m>%all1 ,g54    
,h5ry ,w4 ,slocum1 7 also connect$ ) !  
"w at ! outset1 &1 ) int]vals 9 ! p]iod 
( _! s]vice1 h giv5 x important         
assi/ance to ! end2 :ile o!rs are ) u :o
 h jo9$ ) intellig5ce1 en?usiasm1 &     

helpfulness 9 ! c\ncils ( ! ,bo>d at    
diff]5t times4 ,we rejoice 9 ! pres5ce (
 all ^? :o1 e>li] or lat]1 h tak5 "p 9 !
 plans1 at once va/ & m9ute1 :i* n[ are 
realiz$4 ,we (f] !m ! tribute ( our     
admir+ & grateful e/eem4 ,we tru/ t _!  
remembrance ( ! "w !y h accompli%$1 & _!
 p]sonal exp]i5ce ( its manifold        
b5efits1 may cont9ue ?r\gh _m happy     
ye>s4 ,& we congratulate ourselves1 z   
well z !m1 t ! city w keep ! memorial ( 
!m1 n 9 yond] tablets alone1 b 9 ! great
 fabric above :i* ^? /&1 :ile /one &    
/eel reta9 _! /r5g?4  ,b1 aft] all1 !   
real build] ( ?is surpass+ & significant
 /ructure has be5 ! p3 ^: wat*fulness ( 
its progress has be5 con/ant1 ^: desire 
= its b5efits has be5 ! inc5tive beh9d  
its plans1 by :om its treasury has be5  
suppli$1 ^: exultant gladness n[        
welcomes its success4 ,! p ( ,new ,york 
h illu/rat$ anew _! magnanim\s _s 9     
*e]fully supply+ _! %>e ( ! co/1 ?\gh n 
anticipat+ f su* l>ge outlay direct     
reliefs & signal advantages4 ,! p (     

,brooklyn h %[n at lea/ an intellig5t1  
intrepid1 & f>-sight$ sagacity1 9       
readily accept+ ! imm$iate burd5s 9     
expectation ( future returns4  ,su* a   
popul> a*ievem5t is "o to be pr\d (4 ,/4
 ,pet]sburg c\ld be comm5c$ #ahj ye>s   
ago--almo/ to a day1 on ,may #bg?1      
#agjc--;& c\ld aft]w>d be built1 by ! w 
( an autocrat1 to give him a new c5tre (
 empire1 ) a ne>] outlook ov] ,europe2  
its palaces ris+ on artificial          
f\ndations1 :i* x co/1 x is said1       
#ajj1jjj lives 9 ! fir/ ye> to lay4     
,p>is c\ld be recon/ruct$1 tw5ty-five   
ye>s ago1 by ! m&ate ( an emp]or1       
det]m9$ to make x m beautiful ?an be=e1 
to op5 new av5ues = guns & troops1 to   
give to its labor]s1 :o might become    
tr\blesome1 desir$ occupation4 ,b n only
 h ^! cities ( ours be5 f\nd$1 built1   
recon/ruct$ by ! p1 b ?is *>m+ & mighty 
av5ue 9 ! air1 by :i* !y are h5ce=?     
rebuilt into "o1 is to ! p's honor &    
praise4 ,x %[s :at multitudes1          
democratically organiz$1 c d if !y w4 ,x

 w %[1 to ^? :o %all succe$ u1 to :at   
l>g5ess ( ent]prise1 :at pati5ce (      
purpose1 :at lib]al wisdom1 !           
populations n[ rul+ ^! associat$ cities 
7 compet5t 9 _! "t4 ,x takes ! aspect1 z
 s reg>d$1 ( a durable monum5t to       
,democracy itself4  ,we congratulate !  
,mayors ( bo? ! cities1 ) _! associates 
9 ! gov]nm5t ( !m1 on ! public _s       
manife/$ by bo?1 on ! ampl]             
opportunities (f]$ to ea*1 & on ^?      
intimate alliances betwe5 !m :i* are a  
s\rce ( happ9ess to bo?1 & :i* are almo/
 c]ta9ly prophetic ( an organic union to
 be realiz$ h]eaft]4 ,& we tru/ t !     
crosses1 encircl$ by ! laurel wrea?1 on 
! orig9al seal ( ,new ,am/]dam1 ) !     
,dut* leg5d ( ?is city1 ,union makes    
,/r5g?1 may cont9ue to describe !m1 :e!r
 or n /amp$ ^u p>*m5ts & blazon$ on     
bann]s1 z long z human eyes %all see !m4
  ,! "w n[ complet$ is ( int]e/ to bo?  
cities1 & its endur+ & multiply+ b5efits
 w be f\nd1 we are confid5t1 to be      
common1 n local4  ,we :o h made &       

/eadfa/ly kept our homes 9 ,brooklyn1 & 
:o are fond & pr\d ( ! city--= its fre%1
 brac+1 & heal?ful air1 & ! brilliant   
out/ret* ( sea & l& :i* op5s f its      
,heights2 = its scores ( ?\s&s (        
prosp]\s homes2 = its unsurpass$ s*ools1
 its co-op]at+ *ur*es1 ! social temp]   
:i* p]vades x1 ! indep5d5ce & ent]prise 
( its j\rnals1 & ! local en?usiasms :i* 
!y fruitfully fo/]2 = its g5]al         
lib]ality1 & ! occasional spl5did       
examples ( individual munific5ce :i* h  
giv5 x fame2 = its rec5t b en]getic     
in/itutions1 ( lit]ature1 art1 & a noble
 philan?ropy2 & = ! /imulat+ ent]prise &
 culture ( ! "y life :i* is com+ to     
comm& 9 x--we h obvi\s reason to rejoice
 9 ! "w :i* br+s u into ne>] connection 
) all t is delightful & all t is enri*+ 
9 ! metropolis1 & ) t div]g+ sy/em (    
railways1 ov]spread+ ! cont95t1 :i* has 
9 ! comm]cial capital its natural c5tre 
( radiation4  ,we h no ^w ( criticism to
 speak1 only words ( mo/ he>ty          
admiration1 = ! safe & spe$y wat]-s]vice

 on ! l9es ( ! f]ries :i* has giv5 u    
h]et(ore su* easy transportation f city 
to city1 )\t delays t 7 n unavoidable1 &
 ) rem>kable exemption f disa/]4 ,s f> z
 human c>efulness & skill c\ld assure   
safety & spe$1 9 ! mid/ ( conditions    
unfri5dly to bo?1 ! managem5t ( ^!      
f]ries has be5 pe]less1 _! success      
unsurpass$4 ,to !m is due1 9 l>ge/      
measure1 ! rapid gr[? already "h        
realiz$4 ,!y h =m$ ! indisp5sable       
art]ies1 ( supply & transmission1 ?r\gh 
:i* ! circulat+ life-blood has fl[$1 &  
_! m9i/ry to ?is city has be5 con/ant & 
vital4 ,b we confess ourselves glad to  
rea*1 ) sur] c]ta9ty & a great]         
rapidity1 ! libr>ies & gall]ies1 !      
*ur*es & ! homes1 z well z ! resorts (  
bus9ess & ( pleasure1 ) :i* we are n[ 9 
in/ant connection2 & ! horizon wid5s    
ar\nd u z we t\* ) m imm$iate contact ! 
l9es ( travel :i* op5 h5ce to ! edges ( 
! cont95t4  ,if we h n z mu* to (f] 9   
imm$iate return1 we h1 at lea/1 a broad 
expanse ( uncov]$ acres )9 ! city1 = !  

easy occupation ( ^? :o wi% homes1 ei!r 
mode/ or spl5did1 or :o %all wi% su* z !
 gr[? ( ! metropolis multiplies its     
population into ! millions1 cr[ds its   
ro(s high] t[>d ! />s1 & makes a        
productive silv] m9e ( ea* sev]al       
h\se-lot4 ,& to ^? :o visit u b at      
int]vals we c op5 n only yond] p>k1 set 
l an em]ald 9 ! great circul> sweep (   
our b\nd>ies f ! wat]s ( ! ,n>r[s to !  
wat]s ( ! ,s\nd1 b also _! readie/      
approa* to ! ocean4 ,! capital & ! sea  
are h5ce=? br\ght to ne>] neighborhood4 
,long ,isl& bays1 & brooks1 & bea*es1   
are )9 readi] rea* ( ! t[n4 ,! w9ds t h 
t\*$ no o!r l& ?is side ( ,cuba are m   
accessible to ^? :o seek _! tonic brea?4
 ,! long roll ( ! surf on ! %ore breaks 
clos] ?an be=e to (fice & mansion1 & to 
t5em5t *amb]4  ,! b5efits w1 !re=e1 be  
reciprocal1 :i* pass back & =? across   
?is solid & /ately frame-"w2 & bo?      
cities w rejoice1 we gladly hope1 9 !   
pati5ce & labor1 ! discipl9$ skill1 !   
l>ge exp5diture1 ( :i* x is ! trophy &  

fruit4 ,new ,york has n[ ! unique       
opportunity to wid5 its b\nd>ies to !   
sea1 & ar\nd its brilliant civic %ield1 
m /ately & manifold ?an t ( ,a*illes1 by
 ! aid ( ^? :o h wr\ght already ^! twi/$
 bracelets & clasp+ cables1 to set !    
gl[+ m>g9 ( ! ,ocean-/ream4  ,?is "w is 
important1 too1 we _c b feel1 9 wid]    
relations2 = :at x signifies1 z = :at x 
secures1 & = all t x promises4 ,itself a
 repres5tative product & "p ( ! new     
civilization1 "o /&+ on x f9ds an       
outlook f x ( l>g] circumf]5ce ?an t (  
^! cities4  ,e ent]prise l ?is1         
successfully accompli%$1 becomes an     
inc5tive to o!rs l x4 ,x leads on to    
su*1 & supplies incessant enc\ragem5t to
 !m4 ,we may n "k1 or probably          
conjecture1 :at ^! are to be1 9 ! city  
or ! ,/ate1 9 ! ye>s t %all come4 ,b1   
:atev] !y may be1 = ! m complete        
equipm5t ( ei!r ) conditions ( happ9ess 
& ! in/rum5ts ( progress1 !y w all take 
an impulse f t :i* "h has be5           
accompli%$4 ,su* a trophy ( triumph ov] 

an orig9al ob/acle ( ,nature w n        
contribute to sleep 9 o!rs2 & :atev] is 
ne$$ ( mat]ial improvem5t1 ?r\gh\t !    
,/ate ( :i* x is our pride to be        
citiz5s1 w be only m surely & spe$ily   
suppli$ because ( ?is impressive        
success4  ,x is1 !re=e1 mo/ fitt+ to our
 fe/ival t we are p]mitt$ to welcome to 
x ! ,*ief ,magi/rate ( ! ,/ate1 ) ^?    
repres5t+ its diff]5t regions 9 !       
legislative c\ncils4 ,we rejoice to     
rememb] t ! "w be=e u has be5 assi/$ by 
! favor+ action ( ^? h]et(ore 9 au?ority
 9 ! ,/ate2 & we tru/ t to ^? n[ hold+  
high (fices 9 x1 :o are pres5t to-day1 !
 occasion w be "o ( pleasant exp]i5ce1 &
 ( enl>g$ & re9=c$ expectation4  ,inde$1
 x is n extravagant to say t ! future ( 
! c\ntry op5s be=e u1 z we see :at skill
 & w c d to ov]leap ob/acles1 & make    
nature subs]vi5t to human designs4 ,s we
 gladly welcome ^! em95t m5 f o!r       
,/ates2 :ile ! pres5ce ( ! ,executive   
,head ( ! ,nation1 & ( "s ( ! memb]s ( 8
 ,cab9et1 is appropriate to ! "t1 z x is

 an occasion ( s9c]e & pr(\nd           
gratification to u all4 ,)\t !          
concurr5ce ( ! ,national ,gov]nm5t1 ?is 
/ructure1 ?\gh prim>ily ( local         
relations1 z rea*+ across ^! navigable  
wat]s1 c\ld n h be5 built4 ,we feel     
assur$ t ^? honorably repres5t+ t       
,gov]nm5t1 :o favor its completion ) _! 
att5dance1 & 9 ^: pres5ce political     
diff]5ces are =gott51 w %>e ) u 9 !     
joyful pride ) :i* we reg>d x1 & 9 !    
inspir+ anticipation t ! physical       
app>atus ( civilization 9 ! l& is to    
take fre% impulse1 n imp$im5t or        
h9drance1 f t :i* "h has be5 effect$4 ,!
 day seems br\ght di/9ctly ne>] :5 !    
,nation1 equipp$ ) ! late/ implem5ts    
furni%$ by sci5ce1 %all ma/] & use z    
nev] be=e its ri* doma94  ,n only !     
mod]n _s is "h1 ev5 9 em95ce1 :i* d>es  
great ef=t = great advantage2 b ! *iefe/
 ( mod]n in/rum5ts is "h1 :i* is !      
anci5t untractable iron1 transfigur$    
into /eel4  ,x 0 a sign1 & ev5 a        
measure1 ( anci5t deg5]acy1 :5 ! age (  

,gold 0 foll[$ if n =gott5 by "o (      
,iron4 ,decad5ce ( arts1 ( le>n+ & laws1
 ( society itself1 0 impli$ 9 ! fact4 ,!
 m intrepid intellig5ce1 ! m v]satile   
en]gy1 amid :i* we live1 h a*iev$ !     
success ( comb9+ ! two3 s t :ile x is   
true n[1 z ( old1 t no mattock plunges a
 gold5 edge into ! gr\nd1 & no nail     
drives a silv] po9t into ! plank1 x is  
also true t1 "u ! /imulus ( ! l>g]      
exp5diture :i* ! add$ supplies ( gold   
make possible1 ! dull] metal has tak5 a 
f95ess1 a brightness & h>dness1 ) a     
t5sile /r5g?1 be=e unfamili>4  ,! iron1 
z ( old1 qu>ries ! gold1 & cuts x out f 
riv]-b$ & f rock4 ,b1 "u ! al*emy :i*   
gold applies1 ! iron takes nobl]        
prop]ties ^u x4 ,conv]t$ into /eel1 9   
masses t w\ld lately h /agg]$ m5's      
?\ghts1 x becomes ! k+lie/ in/rum5t (   
peoples = subdu+ ! e>?4 ,?+s da9ty & ?+s
 mighty are fa%ion$ f x 9 equal         
abundance3--gun-c>riage & cannon1 ) !   
solid plat=ms on :i* !y re/2 ! l>ge/    
ca/+s1 & heavie/ plates1 z well z :eel1 

axle1 & rail1 z well z screw or file or 
saw4 ,x is %ap$ into ! hulls ( %ips4 ,x 
is built alike into column & truss1     
balcony1 ro(1 & spr++ dome4 ,to ! loom &
 ! press1 & ! boil] f ^: fi]ce & untir+ 
he>t _! =ce is suppli$1 x is equally    
apt2 :ile1 z drawn into delicate wires1 
x is coil$ into spr+s1 wov5 into gauze1 
%>p5$ into ne$les1 twi/$ into ropes2 x  
is made to yield music 9 all our homes2 
electric curr5ts are s5t ^u x1 along our
 /reets1 ar\nd ! _w2 x enables u to talk
 ) correspond5ts af>1 or x is knit1 z   
be=e our eyes1 into ! new & noble       
causeways ( pleasure & ( comm]ce4  ,i   
h>dly ?9k t we yet appreciate !         
significance ( ?is *ange :i* has pass$  
^u iron4 ,x is ! indu/rial victory ( !  
c5tury1 n to h heap$ ! extract$ gold 9  
high] piles1 or to h cr[d$ ! bur/+      
vaults ) accumulat$ silv]1 b to h       
conf]r$1 by ! sov]eign t\* ( sci5tific  
inv5tion1 flexibility1 grace1 v>iety (  
use1 an almo/ e!real & spiritual virtue1
 on ! /ubborne/ ( common metals4 ,!     

indications ( physical a*ievem5t 9 !    
future1 ?us inaugurat$1 outrun ! compass
 ( human ?\ght4  ,two bridges lie ne>   
ea* o!r1 across ! hi/orical /ream ( !   
,moldau1 "u ! %ad[ ( ! anci5t & haughty 
palace at ,prague--! "o ! picturesque   
bridge ( ,/4 ,nepomuk1 patron ( bridges 
?r\gh\t ,bohemia1 ( massive /one1 :i*   
occupi$ a c5tury & a half 9 its         
erection1 & 0 f9i%$ almo/ f\r c5turies  
ago1 ) /ately /atues along its sides1 ) 
a sup]b monum5t at its end1 su/a9+      
symbolic & portrait figures2 ! o!r an   
iron susp5sion-bridge1 built & f9i%$ 9  
?ree ye>s1 a half c5tury s9ce1 & s+ul>ly
 contra/+1 9 its lightness & grace1 !   
sombre solidity ( ! fir/4 ,x is         
impossible to look ^u ! two )\t feel+ h[
 di/9ctly ! diff]5t ages to :i* !y      
belong are indicat$ by !m1 & h[ !       
c]emonial & milit>y "* ( ! c5turies t   
are pa/ has be5 sup]s$$ by ! rapid &    
practical _s ( comm]ce4  ,b ! mod]n     
bridge is !re a small "o1 & re/s at !   
c5tre on an isl& & a pi]4 ,! /ructure   

be=e u1 ! l>ge/ ( its class z yet 9 !   
_w1 9 its swift]1 m graceful1 & m d>+   
leap f bank to bank1 across ! tides (   
?is arm ( ! sea1 n only illu/rates !    
bold] temp] :i* is natural "h1 !        
read9ess to attempt unp>allel$ works1 ! 
disda9 ( difficulties 9 unfalt]+        
reliance on exact calculation1 b1 9 !   
mat]ial out ( :i* x is wr\ght1 x %[s !  
new supremacy ( man ov] ! metal :i*1 9  
=m] "t1 he sc>cely c\ld use save = rude 
& co>se implem5ts4 ,! /eel ( ! blades ( 
,damascus or ,tol$o is n "h ne$$2 nor t 
( ! *isel1 ! knife-blade1 ! wat*-spr+1  
or ! surgical in/rum5t4 ,b ! /eel ( !   
m$ival lance-head or sabre 0 h>dly f9]  
?an t :i* is "h built into a ,ca/le1 :i*
 ! sea _c %ake1 ^: b9d+ cem5t ! ra9s _c 
loos51 & be=e ^: undecay+ p>apets op5   
fair] visions ( isl& & t[n1 ( e>?1 wat]1
 & sky1 ?an f any =tress along ! ,rh9e4 
,!re is inexhau/ible promise 9 ! fact4  
,( c\rse1 too1 !re is impressively be=e 
u--in/all$ z on ?is fair & brilliant    
civic ?rone--t desire = swifte/         

int]communication betwe5 t[ns & di/ricts
 divid$ f ea* o!r1 :i* belongs to our   
times1 & :i* is to be an en]getic1      
endur+1 & salut>y =ce 9 m\ld+ ! nation4 
,! ye>s are n di/ant 9 :i* sep>at$      
communities reg>d$ ea* o!r ) av]sion &  
di/ru/1 & ! ef=t 0 mutual to raise      
b>ri]s betwe5 !m1 n to unite !m 9 clos] 
alliance4 ,n[1 ! traffic ( "o is vitally
 dep5d5t on ! indu/ries ( ! o!r2 !      
c\nt+-room 9 ! "o has ! factory or !    
w>eh\se tribut>y to x e/abli%$ 9 ! o!r2 
& ! dem& is imp]ative t ! two be l9k$1  
by all possible me*anisms1 9 a union z  
complete z if no *asm _h op5$ betwe5 !m4
 ,s ^! cities are h5ce=? unit$2 & s all 
cities1 :i* may m9i/] to ea* o!r1 are   
b\nd m & m 9 intimate comb9ations4      
,santa ,f1 :i* soon celebrates ! ?ird ( 
a mill5ium s9ce its f\ndation1 rea*es   
out its connections t[>d ! newe/        
log-city 9 ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory2 & ! olde/
 t[ns ^u our seabo>d f9d allies 9 ^? t h
 ris51 l exhalations1 along ! ,we/]n    
lakes & riv]s4  ,?is mighty &           

symmetrical b& be=e u seems to /& z !   
type ( all t immeasurable communicat+   
sy/em :i* is m completely ) e ye> to    
int]l9k cities1 to conf$]ate ,/ates1 to 
make "o c\ntry ( our di/ribut$ imp]ial  
doma91 & to weave its hi/ory into a va/1
 h>moni\s contexture1 z messages fly    
in/antane\sly across x1 & ! rapid tra9s 
ru% back & =?1 l %uttles ^u a mighty    
loom4  ,x is n fanciful1 ei!r1 to feel t
 9 all its hi/ory1 & 9 :at is peculi> 9 
its con/itution1 x becomes a noble1     
visible symbol ( t b5ign ,peace amid :i*
 its t[]s & roadway h ris51 & :i*1 we   
tru/1 x may long cont9ue to signalize & 
to %>e4  ,we may look at ?is mom5t on ! 
site ( ! %ip-y>d f :i*1 9 ,m>*1 #ahfb1  
tw5ty-"o ye>s ago1 w5t =? ! unma/$ &    
raft-l ,monitor1 ) its flat decks1 its  
l[ bulw>ks1 its gu>d$ me*anism1 its     
heavy armam5t1 & its imp5etrable revolv+
 turret1 to t ne> battle ) ! ,m]rimac1  
on :i*1 z x seem$ to u at ! "t1 ! de/9y 
( ! nation 0 p]il\sly pois$4 ,! mat]ial 
( :i* ! %ip 0 wr\ght 0 l>gely t :i* is  

built 9 beauty into ?is luxuri\s l(ty   
fabric4 ,b no contra/ c\ld be great]    
among ! works ( human g5ius ?an betwe5 !
 compact & rigid solidity into :i* !    
iron _h !re be5 =g$ & w$g$ & ramm$1 & ^!
 wav+ & graceful curves1 sw++ d[nw>d &  
up1 almo/ l blossom+ fe/oon$ v9es along 
! p]fum$ ,italian lanes2 ?is allur+     
roadway1 re/+ on t[]s :i* rise l ^? (   
anci5t ca!drals2 ?is lace-"w ( ?reads1  
int]weav+ _! sep>ate delicate /r5g?s    
into ! complex solidity ( ! :ole4  ,!   
%ip 0 = w>1 & ! ,bridge is = peace3--!  
product ( x2 almo/1 "o might say1 its   
express palpable emblem1 9 its h>mony ( 
proportions1 its da9ty elegance1 its    
advantages = all1 & its ample conv5i5ce4
 ,! deadly raft1 float+ level ) waves1 0
 relat$ to ?is e!real /ructure1 ^: f9e/ 
curves are wr\ght 9 ! /r5g? ( t\ghe/    
/eel4 ,we c\ld n h _h ?is except = t    
unsightly craft1 :i* at fir/ refus$ to  
be /e]$1 :i* bump$ headlong aga9/ our   
pi]s1 :i* almo/ sank :ile be+ t[$ to !  
field ( its fame1 & :i*1 at la/1 :5 its 

mission 0 fulfill$1 f\nd its grave 9 !  
deep ov] ^: wat]s1 & ne> _! l9e1 its    
%att]+ lightn+s _h be5 %ot4 ,?is        
/ructure w /&1 we fondly tru/1 =        
g5]ations to come1 ev5 = c5turies1 :ile 
metal & granite reta9 _! coh]5ce2 n only
 emitt+1 :5 ! w9d surges or plays ?r\gh 
its network1 t a]ial music ( :i* x is ! 
mighty h>p1 b repres5t+ to e eye !      
manifold bonds ( int]e/ & affection1 (  
sympa?y & purpose1 ( common political   
fai? & hope1 ov] & f ^: mighti] *ords   
%all rise ! liv+ & unmat*$ h>monies (   
cont95tal gladness & praise4  ,:ile no  
man1 !re=e1 c measure 9 ?\ght ! va/     
processions--#dj1jjj1jjj a ye>1 x       
already is comput$--:i* %all pass back &
 =? across ?is pa?way1 or %all pause on 
its summit to survey ! va/ & bright     
panorama1 to greet ! break (            
summ]-morn+1 or wat* ! pageant ( clos+  
day1 we may hope t ! "o use to :i* x    
nev] w ne$ to be put is t ( w>2 t ! "o  
tramp n to be he>d on x is t ( soldi]s  
m>*+ to battle2 t ! only :eels ^: roll x

 %all n be call$ to e*o are ! :eels ( ! 
tumbrils ( troops & artill]y4 ,born (   
peace1 & signify+ peace1 may its mission
 ( peace be un9t]rupt$1 till its /rong  
t[]s & cables fall6  ,if su*            
expectations %all be fulfill$1 (        
me*anical inv5tion ev] advanc+1 ( cities
 & ,/ates l9k$ m closely1 ( b5efic5t    
peace assur$ to all1 x is impossible to 
assign any limit to ! com+ expansion &  
opul5ce ( ^! cities1 or to ! influ5ce   
:i* !y %all ex]t on ! develop+ life ( ! 
c\ntry4  ,cities h (t51 9 o!r times1 be5
 creat$ by w>2 z m5 7 cr[d$ toge!r 9 !m 
! bett] to escape ! :irls ( /rife by :i*
 ! unwall$ di/ricts 7 ravag$1 or ! m    
effectively to comb9e _! =ce aga9/      
?reat5+ foes4 ,& x is a /rik+ sugge/ion 
( hi/ory t to ! frightful ravages ( !   
,huns--sw>?y1 ill-%ap$1 f]oci\s1        
de/roy+--may h be5 due ! ,great ,wall ( 
,*9a1 = ! protection ( its remote t[ns1 
z to !m1 on ! o!r h&1 0 c]ta9ly due !   
f\ndation ( ,v5ice4 ,! fir/ inhabitants 
( :at has be5 s9ce t que5ly city--along 

^: liquid & level /reets ! travel]      
passes1 betwe5 palaces1 *ur*es1 &       
fasc9at+ squ>es1 9 con/ant delight--its 
fir/ inhabitants fl$ be=e ,attila1 to ! 
flood$ lagoons :i* 7 aft]w>d to blossom 
into ! beauty ( a consummate art4 ,!    
fe>ful cra% ( blood & fire 9 :i*        
,aquileia & ,padua fell smote ,v5ice    
into exi/5ce4  ,b ev5 ! city ?us born ( 
w> mu/ aft]w>d be built up by peace1 :5 
! /rifes :i* _h pu%$ x to its sudd5     
beg9n+ _h di$ into ! di/ant sil5ce4 ,!  
fi%+ indu/ry1 ! manufacture ( salt1 !   
timid comm]ce1 gradually exp&+ till x   
left ! riv]s & s\ght ! sea1 ^!1 ) o!r   
relat$ indu/ries1 _h made ,v5etian      
galleys kn[n on ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean    
be=e ! imm5se ru% ( ! crusades cr[d$    
tumultu\sly ov] its quays & _m bridges4 
,its v>iety ( indu/ry1 & its comm]cial  
connections1 turn$ t va/ movem5t into   
ano!r s\rce ( weal?4 ,x rose rapidly to 
t naval supremacy :i* enabl$ x to       
capture piratical vessels & weal?y      
galleons1 to seize or sack ,ionian      

cities1 to /orm ,byzantium1 & make ! s\?
 ( ,greece its suburb4 ,its manufactures
 7 multipli$4 ,its docky>ds 7 ?rong$ )  
busy workm54 ,its palaces 7 cr[d$ )     
preci\s & fam\s works ( art1 :ile       
!mselves m>vels ( beauty4 ,/4 ,m>k's    
unfold$ its magnific5t lovel9ess above !
 great squ>e4 ,9 ! palace adjo9+ 0 !    
seat ( a dom9ion at ! "t unsurpass$1 &  
/ill brilliant 9 hi/ory2 & x 0 9 no     
fanciful or exagg]at$ pride t ! ,doge 0 
wont ye>ly1 on ,asc5sion ,day1 to w$ !  
,adriatic ) a r+1 z ! bridegroom w$s !  
bride4  ,dreamlike z x seems1 equally ) 
,am/]dam1 ! l>g] & ri*] ,v5ice ( !      
,nor?1 x 0 erect$ by h>dy h&s4 ,! v>i\s 
works & arts ( peace1 ) a prosp]\s      
comm]ce1 7 ! real piles1 sunk5 b5ea? !  
fla%+ surface1 on :i* *ur* & palace1    
piazza & ars5al1 all arose4 ,x 0 only :5
 ^! unse5 supports secretly fail$ t     
advancem5t ceas$1 & ! horses ( ,/4 ,m>k 
at la/ 7 bridl$4 ,n all ! w>s1 ) ,g5oa1 
,hung>y1 ) ,we/]n ,europe1 ! ,greek     
,empire1 or ! ,ottoman--n e>?quake1     

plague1 or conflagration1 ?\gh by all x 
0 smitt5--ov]:elm$ ! city ^: place 9    
,europe _h be5 s di/+ui%$4 ,! decad5ce (
 ent]prise1 ! gr[+ discr$it put ^u      
indu/ry1 ! f9al discov]y by ,vasco da   
,gama ( ! passage ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good 
,hope1 div]t+ traffic into new          
*annels--^! laid _! sil5t & tight5+     
grasp on ! p[] ( ,v5ice1 till           
! salt sea-we$      ,clung to ! m>ble ( 
h] palaces1  & ! glory ( ! pa/ 0 m]g$ 9 
a gloom :i* lat] c5turies h n light5$4  
,!re is a lesson & a promise 9 ! fact4  
,new ,york itself may almo/ be said to h
 sprung f w>2 z ! va/ excitem5ts ( ! =ty
 ye>s' wre/le betwe5 ,spa9 & its revolt$
 prov9ces gave inc5tive1 at lea/1 to !  
settlem5t ( ,new ,ne!rl&4 ,b ! city1    
s9ce its real developm5t 0 begun1 has   
be5 almo/ :olly built up by peace2 & !  
swiftness ( its progress 9 our own "t1  
:i* *all5ges p>allel1 %[s :at1 if !     
m9i/ry ( ?is peace %all cont9ue1 may be 
look$ = 9 ! future4  ,:5 ! ,dut* trad]s 
rais$ _! /oreh\se ( logs on yond] untam$

 & desolate /r&1 p]haps z e>ly z #afae2 
:5 ! ,walloons e/abli%$ _! settlem5t on 
?is side ( ! riv]1 9 #afbd1 at t        
,walloons' ,bay :i* we /ill call !      
,wallab\t2 or :51 lat]1 9 #afbf1        
,manhattan ,isl&1 e/imat$ to conta9     
#bb1jjj acres1 0 pur*as$ f ! ,indians = 
#bd1 paid 9 beads1 buttons & tr9kets1 & 
! ,block ,h\se 0 built1 ) c$> palisades1
 on ! site ( ! ,batt]y1 x is1 ( c\rse1  
commonplace to say t !y :o _h come hi!r 
c\ld sc>cely h _h ! lea/ conception (   
:at a c>e] !y ?us 7 comm5c+ = two great 
cities4 ,b x is n s :olly commonplace to
 say t ^? :o saw ?is n[ weal?y & spl5did
 ,new ,york a hundr$ ye>s s9ce1 less    
conspicu\s ?an ,bo/on1 f> small] ?an    
,philadelphia1 ) its fir/ bank e/abli%$ 
9 #aghd1 & n fully *>t]$ till sev5 ye>s 
lat]2 ) its fir/ daily pap] 9 #aghe2 its
 fir/ %ip 9 ! ,ea/]n trade return+ 9    
,may ( ! same ye>2 its fir/ ,directory  
publi%$ 9 #aghf1 & conta9+ only #ijj    
names2 its ,broadway ext5d+ only to ,/4 
,paul's2 ) ! gr\nds ab\t ,reade /reet   

graz+-fields = cattle1 & ) ducks /ill   
%ot 9 t ,beekman's ,swamp :i* ! traffic 
9 lea!r has s9ce made fam\s3 or ^? :o   
saw x ev5 fifty ye>s ago1 :5 its        
population 0 little m ?an "o-?ird ( !   
pres5t population ( ?is y\ng] city2 :5  
its fir/ ,mayor _h n be5 *os5 by popul> 
election2 :5 gas _h b lately be5        
introduc$1 & ! sup]s$+ ( ! primitive    
pumps by ,croton wat] _h n yet be5      
project$--!y1 all1 c\ld h>dly h imag9$  
:at already ! city %\ld h become3 !     
recogniz$ c5tre ( ! comm]ce ( !         
,cont95t2 "o ( ! pr9cipal cities ( ! _w4
  ,s ^? :o h liv$ 9 ?is city f *ildhood1
 & :o h>dly yet claim ! dignities ( age1
 c\ld sc>cely h conjectur$1 :5 look+ on 
:at ,mr4 ,murphy recall$ z ! village ( 8
 y\?1 a hamlet ( a hundr$ h\ses1 t x    
%\ld h become1 9 our "t1 a city ( ne>ly 
#gj1jjj dwell+ h\ses1 occupi$ by twice z
 _m families2 ) a population1 by ! c5sus
 rates1 ( little less ?an #gjj1jjj2 ) m 
?an #aej1jjj *ildr5 9 its public &      
private s*ools2 ) #ccj miles ( pav$     

/reets1 z _m z la/ ye> 9 ,new ,york1 & )
 m ?an #bjj additional miles impati5tly 
wait+ to be pav$2 ) #acj miles ( /reet  
railway track1 ov] :i* la/ ye>          
#hh1jjj1jjj ( pass5g]s 7 c>ri$2 ) ne>ly 
#b1ejj miles ( telegraph & telephone    
wire knitt+ x toge!r2 ) #ce1jjj1jjj (   
gallons ( wat]1 ! be/ on ! cont95t1 to  
:i* #bj1jjj1jjj m are soon to be add$1  
daily di/ribut$ 9 its h\ses1 ?r\gh #cfj 
miles ( pipe2 ) an aggregate value (    
real prop]ty exce$+ c]ta9ly             
#djj1jjj1jjj2 ) an annual tax levy (    
#f1ejj1jjj2 ) manufactures 9 x ^:       
report$ product 9 #ahhj 0 #ajc1jjj1jjj2 
) a wat]-front1 ( pi]1 dock1 bas91      
canal1 already exce$+ #be miles1 & n z  
yet half develop$1 at :i* lies %ipp+ f  
all ! _w1 m l>gely ?an at ! pi]s ( ,new 
,york2 &1 f9ally1 ) :at to mo/ mod]n    
communities appe>s to fla% z a co/ly b  
brilliant diamond necklace1 a public    
debt1 beg9n+ n[ to dim9i%1 x is true1 b 
/ill approa*+1 9 net am\nt1 #cg1ejj1jjj6
  ,! *ild wat*es1 9 happy wond]1 !      

swell+ film ( soapy wat] into ^:        
iridesc5t globe he has bl[n ! speck f ! 
b[l ( ! pipe4 ,b ?is amaz+ developm5t   
ar\nd u is n ( airy & vani%+ films4 ,x  
is solidly con/ruct$1 9 m>ble & brick1 9
 /one & iron1 :ile ! proportions to :i* 
x has swell$ surpass prec$5t1 & rebuke !
 timidity ( ! bolde/ pr$iction4 ,b t :i*
 has built x has be5 simply ! indu/ry1  
manifold1 con/ant1 go+ on 9 ^! cities1  
to :i* peace (f]s inc5tive & room4  ,_! 
future advancem5t is to come 9 l mann]3 
n ?r\gh a pre/ige d]iv$ f _! hi/ory2 n  
by ! gradual increm5ts ( _! weal?1      
already collect$2 n by ! ri*es :i* !y   
invite to !mselves f o!r cities & di/ant
 coa/s2 n ev5 f _! beautiful =tune (    
location2 b by prosp]\s manufactures    
prosecut$ 9 !m2 by ! traffic :i*        
radiates ov] ! c\ntry2 by ! =eign       
comm]ce :i*1 9 values increas+ e ye>1   
seeks ?is h>bor4 ,ea* railway ^: rapid  
:eels roll hi!r1 f ,ea/ or ,we/1 f ,nor?
 or ,s\?1 f ! rocks ( ,newf\ndl& or !   
copp]-deposits ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 f !    

orange groves ( ,florida1 ! ,l\isiana   
bay\s1 ! silv] ridges ( ! ,we/1 ! ,gold5
 ,gate1 gives its gu>anty ( gr[? to !   
/ill "y metropolis4 ,on ! cotton fields 
( ! ,s\?1 & its sug> plantations2 on    
coal m9es1 & iron m9es2 on ! lakes :i*  
w9t] ro(s ) ice1 & f :i* drips refre%+  
coolness ?r\gh our summ]2 on fi%]ies1   
factories1 :eat fields1 p9e =e/s2 on    
mead[s weal?y ) gra9s or grass1 & or*>ds
 b5d+ b5ea? _! burd5s1 ?is enl>g+       
prosp]ity mu/ be ma9ta9$2 & on !        
/eam%ips1 & ! telegraph l9es1 :i*       
int]weave u ) all ! _w4 ,! sw>t m9] mu/ 
d 8 "p = x2 ! +5i\s workman1 9 :atev]   
dep>tm5t2 ! pl\ghman 9 ! field1 & !     
fi%]man on ! banks2 ! man ( sci5ce1     
putt+ ,nature to ! "q2 ! labor]1 ) no   
o!r capital ?an 8 muscle2 ! sailor on ! 
sea1 :]ev] comm]ce op5s its w+s4  ,our  
,ar* ( ,triumph is1 !re=e1 fitly ?is    
,bridge ( ,peace4 ,our ,br&5burg ,gate1 
be>+ on its summit no c> ( milit>y      
victory1 is ?is great "w ( indu/rial    
skill4 ,x /&s1 n1 l ! ,ar* fam\s at     

,milan1 outside ! city1 b 9 ! mid/ ( ^! 
unit$ & busy populations4 ,& if !       
tranquil public ord] :i* x celebrates & 
prefigures %all cont9ue z ye>s proce$1 n
 ,london itself1 a c5tury h5ce1 w       
surpass ! compass ( ?is unit$ city by ! 
sea1 9 :i* all civiliz$ nations ( mank9d
 h already _! _m repres5tatives1 & to   
:i* ! _w %all pay an increas+ annual    
tribute4  ,& s ! la/ sugge/ion comes1   
:i* ! h\r pres5ts1 & ( :i* ! "t all[s ! 
expression4  ,x 0 n to an ,am]ican m9d  
alone t we ow$ ! ,monitor1 ( :i* ,i h   
spok51 b also to "o tra9$ 9 ,sw$i%      
s*ools1 ! ,sw$i% army1 & repres5t+ t    
brave nationality4 ,x is n to a native  
,am]ican m9d t ! s*eme ( con/ruction    
c>ri$ out 9 ?is ,bridge is to be        
ascrib$1 b to "o repres5t+ ! ,g]man     
peoples1 :o1 9 su* enri*+ & fruitful    
multitudes1 h f\nd "h _! home4 ,am]ican 
ent]prise1 ,am]ican money1 built !m bo?4
 ,b ! skill :i* devis$1 & mu*1 no d\bt1 
( ! labor :i* wr\ght !m1 came f af>4    
,local & p>ticul> z is ! "w1 !re=e1 x   

repres5ts t fell[%ip ( ! ,nations :i* is
 m & m prom95tly a fact ( our times1 &  
:i* gives to ^! cities incessant        
augm5tation4 ,:51 by & by1 on yond] isl&
 ! maje/ic ,fr5* /atue ( ,lib]ty %all   
/&1 hold+ 9 its h& ! radiant cr[n (     
electric flames1 & answ]+ by !m to ^? z 
brilliant along ?is causeway1 our       
beautiful bay w h tak5 :at specially    
illum9ates & adorns x f ,c5tral & f     
,we/]n ,europe4 ,! di/ant l&s f :i*     
oceans divide u1 ?\gh we t\* !m ea*     
mom5t ) ! f+]s ( ! telegraph1 w h set   
?is conspicu\s d\ble cr[n on ! head (   
our h>bor4 ,! alliances ( nations1 !    
peace ( ! _w1 w seem to f9d illu/ri\s   
pr$iction 9 su* sup]b & novel regalia4  
,fri5ds1 & ,fell[-,citiz5s3 ,let u n    
=get t1 9 ! gr[? ( ^! cities1 h5ce=?    
unit$1 & de/9$ ere long to be =mally "o1
 lies ei!r a ?reat1 or "o ( ! conspicu\s
 promises ( ! "t4  ,cities h always be5 
p[]s 9 hi/ory4 ,a!ns educat$ ,greece1 z 
well z adorn$ x1 :ile ,cor9? fill$ !    
?robb+ & ?ir/y ,hell5ic ve9s ) poison$  

blood4 ,! weight ( ,con/ant9ople broke !
 ,roman ,empire asund]4 ,! capture ( !  
same magnific5t city gave to ! ,turks _!
 e/abli%m5t 9 ,europe = ! foll[+        
c5turies4 ,ev5 :]e !y h n _h su* a      
comm&+ pre-em95ce ( location1 ! social1 
political1 moral =ce proce$+ f cities   
has be5 vigor\s 9 impression1 imm5se 9  
ext5t4 ,! passion ( ,p>is1 = a hundr$   
ye>s1 has creat$ or direct$ ! s5tim5t ( 
,france4 ,b]l9 is m ?an ! legislative or
 adm9i/rative c5tre ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 
,ev5 a gov]nm5t z autocratic z t ( !    
,cz>1 9 a c\ntry z undevelop$ z ,russia1
 has to consult ! popul> feel+ ( ,/4    
,pet]sburg or ( ,mosc[4  ,9 our nation1 
political p[] is widely di/ribut$1 & !  
l>ge/ or weal?ie/ comm]cial c5tre c h b 
its %>e4 ,great z is ! weight ( !       
aggregate vote 9 ^! h5ce=? compact$     
cities1 ! vote ( ! ,/ate w always ov]be>
 x4 ,amid ! suffrages ( ! nation at     
l>ge1 x c only be reckon$ z "o ( _m     
cons5t+ or conflict+ factors4 ,b !      
influ5ce :i* con/antly proce$s f ^!     

cities--on _! j\rnalism1 n only1 or on !
 issues ( _! book-presses1 or on !      
multitudes go+ =? f !m1 b on ! example  
pres5t$ by !m ( intellectual1 social1   
religi\s life--?is1 = %ad[ & *eck1 or = 
f9e inspiration1 is already ( unlimit$  
ext5t1 ( incalculable =ce4 ,x mu/       
increase z !y exp&1 & are lift$ be=e !  
c\ntry to a new elevation4  ,a l>g] & a 
small] sun are sometimes associat$1     
a/ronom]s tell u1 to =m a b9>y c5tre 9 !
 heav5s1 = :at is1 d\btless1 an unse5   
sy/em receiv+ f !m impulse & light4 ,on 
a scale n utt]ly insignificant1 a       
p>allel may be h]eaft] sugge/$ 9 !      
relation ( ^! comb9$ cities to a "p1 at 
lea/1 ( our national sy/em4 ,_! attitude
 & action dur+ ! w>--successfully clos$ 
"u ! gallant milit>y lead]%ip ( m5 :om  
we gladly welcome & honor--7 ( va/      
advantage to ! national cause4 ,! moral1
 political1 intellectual temp]1 :i*     
dom9ates 9 !m1 z ye>s g on1 w t\* )     
beauty1 or sc> ) scor*+ & baleful heats1
 ext5d$ regions4 ,_! religi\s life1 z x 

gl[s 9 int5sity1 or ) a fa9t & fail+    
lu/re1 w be repeat$ 9 answ]+ image f !  
wid5+ fronti]4 ,! b5efic5ce :i* gives !m
 grace & consecration1 & :i*1 z lately1 
!y foll[ to ! grave ) univ]sal          
b5$iction1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! selfi%    
ambitions :i* cr[d & cru% along _!      
/reets1 int5t only on accumulat$ weal? &
 its sumptu\s display1 or ! glitt]+     
vices :i* !y accept & set on high--^! w 
make _! impression on ^? :o nev] cross !
 cont95t to our homes1 to :om our       
j\rnals are b names4  ,surely1 we %\ld n
 g f ?is h\r1 :i* m>ks a new era 9 !    
hi/ory ( ^! cities1 & :i* po9ts to _!   
future indef9ite expansion1 )\t !       
purpose 9 ea* ( u1 t1 s f> =? z 9 u     
lies1 ) _! increase 9 numb]s1 weal?1    
equipm5t1 %all also proce$1 ) equal /ep1
 _! progress 9 :atev] is noble/ & be/ 9 
private & 9 public life2 t all :i* sets 
humanity =w>d %all come 9 !m to ampl]   
end[m5t1 m r5[n$ exhibition3 s t1 l9k$  
toge!r1 z h]eaft] !y mu/ be1 & see+ !   
purple deep5+ 9 _! robes ( p[]1 !y may  

be always increas+ly consci\s ( fulfill$
 obligation to ! ,nation & to ,god2 may 
make ! l&1 at ^: magnific5t gateway !y  
/&1 _! con/ant debtor2 & may contribute 
_! mighty "p t[>d t ultimate p]fect     
,human ,society = :i* ! se] c\ld f9d no 
image s meet or s maje/ic z t ( a ,city1
 com+ d[n f above1 its /ones laid ) fair
 colors1 its f\ndations ) sapphires1 its
 w9d[s ( agates1 its gates ( c>buncles1 
& all its bord]s ( pleasant /ones1 ) !  
sov]eign promise respl5d5t above x1--   
,& great %all be ! ,peace ( ?y *ildr56