,,the ,,private ,,library               
,,what ,,we ,,do ,,know                 
,,what ,,we ,,don',t ,,know             
,,what ,,we ,,ought ,,to ,,know         
,,about ,,our ,,books  ,,by  ,,arthur   
,l4 ,,humphreys  ,fourth ,edition4      
,,london3 ,,strangeways  ,,sons         
,,sold ,,by           ,,hatchards1 #ahg 
,,piccadilly1 ,w4           ,,mdcccc    
,,preface   ,,with all the literature   
published on behalf of ,free            
,libraries--institutions which1 after   
all1 are of doubtful good--no one so far
 has written a book to assist in making 
,,the ,,private ,,library combine       
practical useful qualities with         
decorative effect4  ,for many years ,i  
have had opportunities of inspecting and
 reporting upon ,collections of ,books  
in numerous ,country ,houses1 and ,i    
must say that the condition of books in 
the greater number of them is chaotic4  
,a man will talk about all his          
possessions--his pictures1 his objets   
d'art1 his horses1 his garden1 and his  

bicycle1 but rarely will he talk about  
his books2 and if he does so1 all his   
geese are swans1 or just as often1 all  
his swans are geese4 ,there are servants
 in every house qualified to do         
everything except handle a book4 ,there 
is no reason why the ,library should not
 be just as much a place of amusement as
 the billiard-room1 where the men are   
usually to be found4 ,books are much    
more amusing than billiards1 and you may
 learn to play in jest or work in       
earnest with books just as you take to  
any other amusement4 ,the whole truth is
 that at present books do not get a     
proper share of attention1 and it is    
with the desire to remedy such a        
condition of things that ,i have printed
 this little volume1 containing things  
that we do know1 that we don't know1 and
 that we ought to know about our books4 
,a4 ,l4 ,h4  #ahg ,,piccadilly1 ,w4     
,,contents                              
,,page            ,,what ,,is ,a ,,good 
,,edition8          #a            ,,what

 ,,is ,a ,,fine ,,copy8             #e  
,,book ,,values                      #i 
,,on ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,books          
#ae            ,,the ,,art ,,of         
,,reading              #be              
,,common-,,place ,,books                
#ch            ,,reference ,,books      
#db            ,,boudoir ,,libraries    
#df            ,,bookbinding            
#eb            ,,book ,,hobbies         
#fe            ,,old ,,country          
,,libraries           #fh               
,,weeding ,,out                     #hj 
,,the ,,catalogue                   #ha 
,,classification ,,of ,,books           
#hg            ,,bookcases              
#id            ,,miscellaneous          
,,appliances       #ajc            ,,the
 ,,library ,,annexe             #ajf    
,a ,,librarian                    #aae  
,,the ,,library ,,architecturally       
#aai            ,,munificent            
,,book-,,buying         #acc            
,,the ,,medici ,,and ,,their ,,friends  
#acg            ,,the ,,dukes ,,of      

,,urbino            #add                
,,pieresc                        #adi   
,,mr4 ,,ruskin',s ,,advice              
#aej            ,,index                 
#aec     ,,the ,,private ,,library4     
,what is a ,good ,edition8   ,a good    
edition should be a complete edition1   
ungarbled and unabridged4 ,if the author
 is a classic1 the format of the copy   
chosen should in some way represent the 
style of the author4 ,gibbon1 for       
instance1 should be in large octavo or  
quarto1 with print of a size to         
correspond4 ,this is not always         
possible1 for ,english editions of books
 often aim at mere cheapness1 and of    
many great authors there exist no good  
editions4 ,thus there is no suitable    
edition of the classics printed in      
,england1 as there is and for long has  
been in ,france4 ,a good edition is not 
necessarily an expensive edition1 nor is
 it necessarily noble and generous in   
print and margin4 ,the editions known as
 the ',globe' editions of ,pope and     

others are good editions because 7#a7   
,they are complete2 7#b7 ,each one has  
been taken in hand and superintended by 
the most competent scholar and has notes
 sufficient but not pedantic2 7#c7      
,because they are well printed on paper 
of fair quality by printers who give    
wages liberally to careful press        
readers2 7#d7 ,because each work being a
 work of the first or classic order1 it 
is bound in a simple and unaffected     
style1 without meretricious gold or     
tawdry ornament4 ,now the ',globe'      
editions are fitting in their place as  
types of right editions of the cheap    
kind4 ,i will now take right editions of
 the more liberal and expensive kind4   
,the ',cambridge' ,shakespeare1 the last
 issue1 each play in a separate volume1 
is right because 7#a7 ,the print1 paper1
 spacing1 and simplicity of binding1 are
 suited to the dignity of the work2 7#b7
 ,the edition has had brought to it     
fulness of knowledge and rightness of   
judgment2 7#c7 ,each volume is light to 

handle and easy to hold1 and flexible in
 opening4  ,but it would be misleading  
to say that these are the only examples 
of right editions4 ,in other books which
 ,i might name1 excellent work has been 
brought to play which in the two types  
already named there was not scope for4  
,i would like therefore to take another 
instance1 and name the editions of      
,pope's ,works1 edited by ,courthope and
 ,elwin1 of ,walpole's ,letters1 edited 
by ,peter ,cunningham1 and ,boswell's   
,johnson1 edited by ,birkbeck ,hill4    
,these editions contain excellent and   
workmanlike features1 such as good      
arrangement and good indexing1 with     
notes and elucidations sufficiently     
ample4 ,the size too of each volume is  
not extravagant as in certain ditions de
 luxe4 ,now in order that we may have   
good editions1 there are1 at least1 ten 
people who must work well together3 7#a7
 the ,author1 7#b7 the ,publisher1 7#c7 
the ,printer1 7#d7 the ,reader1 7#e7 the
 ,compositor1 7#f7 the ,pressman1 7#g7  

the ,paper ,maker1 7#h7 the ,ink ,maker1
 7#i7 the ,bookbinder1 7#aj7 the        
,consumer4#a ,when these ten people are 
not working in harmony1 a book is       
spoilt4 ,too often the author1 without  
technical knowledge of book production1 
insists on certain whims and fancies of 
his own being carried out4 ,too often   
the publisher aims at cheapness and     
nothing more4  ,the publications issued 
by ,pickering in the 'forties' and      
'fifties' were models of good           
workmanship4 ,pickering published and   
,whittingham printed1 and it was their  
custom to first sit in consultation upon
 every new book1 and painfully hammer   
out each in his own mind its ideal form 
and proportions4 ,then two ,sundays at  
least were required to compare notes in 
the little summer house in ,mr4         
,whittingham's garden at ,chiswick4     
,here they would discuss size and       
quality of paper1 the shape of the      
printed page1 the number of lines1 the  
size of the type1 the form and          

comeliness of the title-page4#b ,in all 
technical details the ,edinburgh edition
 of ,r4 ,l4 ,stevenson's works is       
satisfying4 ,here are more 'lines of    
beauty' than in almost any other modern 
printed book4 ,as we handle it we feel  
satisfied that it is right4 ,perhaps it 
was such a format that ,mr4 ,ruskin had 
in mind when he shaped out a scheme of a
 ,royal series of books1 which should be
 models of good work all round4 ,and    
though it is necessary that we have     
cheap editions1 and that books should   
circulate everywhere1 we want to save   
the book trade from shoddy work by      
keeping good models before us4 ,that we 
produce the best thought in the best    
form1 and not in any mean1 shabby dress1
 ought indeed to be a serious aim of    
everybody engaged in the matter4        
,,footnotes3  #a ,stevens' ,who spoils  
our ,english ,books8  #b ,stevens' ,who 
spoils our ,english ,books8     ,what is
 a ,fine ,copy8   ,to judge of a fine   
copy requires some years' handling of   

books4 ,to some1 the school prize1 in   
light brown calf1 represents an ideal of
 book beauty2 to others1 a padded       
binding and round corners4 ,but these   
are neither beautiful nor in any way    
fine copies4 ,the school prize book is  
not a fine copy 7#a7 ,because it is     
bound in a very perishable leather2 7#b7
 ,because its margins have been trimmed 
away and ploughed into2 7#c7 ,because it
 is received in a form which renders it 
impossible to stamp one's own           
individuality upon it2 7#d7 ,it has     
gaudy and meaningless ornaments stamped 
down the back4 ,the padded binding is   
impossible as a fine copy because it has
 had applied to it a wholly incongruous 
method of preservation4 ,books require  
to be clothed1 but not to be            
upholstered4 ,the round corners usually 
adopted by the upholster binder can     
claim no advantage1 and they rob the    
book of its natural neatness and        
squareness of edge4 ,school prize       
bindings and padded bindings are sins   

against the sanctity of common sense4   
,what then is a fine copy8 ,almost1     
though not entirely1 essential is it    
that it be in the original binding as   
put out by the publisher1 whether it be 
a paper covering1 or cloth1 or boards4  
,the reason for this is that in securing
 a book in such a condition one has the 
book in full measure1 and there is no   
necessity to undo anything which has    
already been done4 ,now1 if a book be   
bought in a leather binding1 the chances
 are that it is a leather binding which 
in no way suits its new owner1 and he   
therefore has not only to sacrifice the 
binding1 but in rebinding it he must    
sacrifice some of the margins too4 ,the 
novels of ,scott and ,marryat in their  
original boards are delightful to       
handle4 ,a fine copy should be a clean  
copy free from spots4 ,when a book is   
spotted it is called 'foxed1' and these 
'foxey' books are for the most part     
books printed in the early part of this 
century1 when paper-makers first        

discovered that they could bleach their 
rags1 and1 owing to the inefficient     
means used to neutralise the bleach1 the
 book carried the seeds of decay in     
itself1 and when exposed to any damp    
soon became discoloured with brown      
stains4#c ,a foxed book cannot have the 
fox marks removed1 and such a book      
should be avoided4 ,ink marks can be    
removed1 and a name written upon a      
title-page can generally be entirely    
obliterated without leaving any sign    
that it has been there4 ,here let me beg
 people who give presents of books never
 to write upon title-pages1 but upon the
 fly-leaf4 ,many thousands of beautiful 
and valuable volumes are annually ruined
 for ever by their owners cutting the   
name from the title4 ,a cut title-page  
is irreparable4 ,a fine copy may be a   
bound copy1 in which case the edges must
 not have been cut down1 though the top 
edge may have been gilded1 and the      
binding must be appropriate and not     
provincial in appearance4 ,a provincial 

binding lacks finish1 the board used is 
too thick or too thin1 or not of good   
quality1 and the leather not properly   
pared down and turned in4 ,all such     
things go to spoil good books4 ,in      
,north's ,lives of the ,norths there is 
a passage which well describes the man  
of judgment in books4 ,dr4 ,john ,north1
 whose life forms part of this work1 is 
most picturesquely described in his     
book-loving habits4 ',he courted1 as a  
fond lover1 all best editions1 fairest  
characters1 best bound and preserved4   
,if the subject were in his favour 7as  
the ,classics71 he cared not how many of
 them he had1 even of the same edition1 
if he thought it among the best1 rather 
better bound1 squarer cut1 neater       
covers1 or some such qualification      
caught him4' ,and then his biographer   
adds1 what is so true1 and especially of
 books1 ',continual use gives men a     
judgment of things comparatively1 and   
they come to fix on what is most proper 
and easy1 which no man upon cursory view

 would determine4'  ,large paper copies 
are not necessarily fine copies4 ,when a
 cheap trumpery piece of book-making is 
printed on hand-made paper or ,japanese 
vellum paper the result is vulgarity1   
just as when a common person attempts to
 swagger about in fine clothes4 ,no1 a  
book must show good binding and be      
appropriately apparelled1 or it cannot  
be referred to as a fine copy4 ,in the  
matter of large paper copies it is      
necessary to form a separate judgment in
 each case4 ,one thing is certain1 that 
the man who collects large paper books  
as large paper books is a vulgarian and 
a fool4 ,he who collects such large     
paper books as mature judgment          
determines are appropriate1 and because 
he sees them to have genuine points of  
merit over and above small paper copies1
 is a book lover4 ,in a charming little 
volume1 written by an ,american         
bibliophile1 ,i read the following      
passage1 confirming in part the         
foregoing3--  ',good editions of good   

books1 though they may often be         
expensive1 cannot be too highly         
commended4 ,one can turn to a page in   
inviting letterpress so much easier than
 to a page of an unattractive volume4'#d
  ,,footnotes3  #c ,blades' ,enemies of 
,books 7p4 #be74  #d ,ellwanger's ,story
 of my ,house1 p4 #bac4     ,book       
,values4   ,it would be impossible to   
tell all the causes which go towards    
determining the value of a book and     
which cause it to fluctuate in price4   
,there is but one way to arrive at a    
reliable knowledge of book values1 and  
that is to begin stall-hunting as soon  
as you leave school or college and      
continue until past middle age1         
absorbing information from stalls1 from 
catalogues1 and from sale-rooms4 ,the   
records of prices at which books have   
been sold in the auction rooms1 and     
which are regularly issued1 are useless 
in the hands of an inexperienced person4
 ,to make up your mind on ,monday that  
you are going to begin a career of      

successful bargain-hunting and          
book-collecting is only to be defrauded 
on all the other five remaining days4   
,experience must be bought1 and an eye  
for a good copy of a book1 or for a     
bargain of any kind1 only comes after   
years of practice4 ,i admit that if a   
man begins collecting some particular   
class of books1 say ,angling books1 he  
may sooner arrive at safe judgment      
alone2 but even here he has a pretty    
wide field to make blunders in4 ,when   
,gabriel ,naud wrote his pamphlet1 ,avis
 pour dresser une ,bibliothque1 he laid 
down his first rule thus3--',the first  
means is to take the counsel and advice 
of such as are able to give it viva     
voce4' ,this was written more than two  
hundred years ago1 and still no better  
advice could possibly be given to a book
 collector4 ,by all means find a man    
whom you can trust1 and whose knowledge 
is ample1 and stick to him4 ,do not     
yourself bid in the auction room1 or you
 will soon find out your mistake4 ,place

 your list of wants and your list of    
commissions in the hands of one good man
 whom you have reason to trust1 and you 
will then get your money's worth4  ,i   
have said that it is impossible to set  
down all the causes which affect the    
prices of books1 but in an old ,french  
bibliographical book1 by ,d4 ,clement1#e
 the subject is gone into more minutely 
than it has ever since been treated4    
,first1 there are causes which may be   
classed under the heading of ,rarity4   
,secondly1 there are causes which must  
be grouped under the head ,condition4   
,according to ,clement1 there are two   
sorts of rarity in books2 the one       
absolute1 the other conditional or      
contingent4 ,there are rare editions of 
very common books4 ,there are books of  
almost common occurrence in public      
libraries1 which are rarely seen in the 
market4 ,a book or an edition of which  
but very few copies exist is called     
'necessarily rare2' one which is only   
with difficulty to be met with--however 

many copies may be extant--he calls     
'contingently rare4'  ,under the first  
head he classes2 7#a7 ,books of which   
few copies were printed2 7#b7 ,books    
which have been suppressed2 7#c7 ,books 
which have been almost entirely         
destroyed by casual fire1 or other      
accident2 7#d7 ,books of which a large  
portion of the impression has been      
wasted--usually for want of success when
 published2 7#e7 ,volumes of which the  
printing was never completed2 7#f7      
,copies on large paper or on vellum4    
,under the second head1 he enumerates2  
7#a7 ,books on subjects which interest  
only a particular class of students2    
7#b7 ,books in languages which are      
little known2 7#c7 ,heretical1          
licentious1 and libellous books2 7#d7   
,first editions of a classic author from
 ,,ms42 7#e7 ,first productions of the  
printing press in a particular town2    
7#f7 ,the productions of the celebrated 
printers of the sixteenth century2 7#g7 
,books in the vernacular language of an 

author who printed them in a foreign    
country2 7#h7 ,books privately printed2 
7#i7 ,works1 the various parts of which 
have been published under different     
titles1 in different sizes1 or in       
various places4  ,clement then analyses 
the degrees of rarity thus3 7#a7 ,every 
book1 which is no longer current in the 
trade1 and requires some pains in the   
search for it1 is 'of infrequent        
occurrence2' 7#b7 ,if there are but few 
copies in the country in which we live1 
and those not easily met with1 it is    
'rare2' 7#c7 ,if the copies are so      
dispersed that there are but few of     
them1 even in the neighbouring          
countries1 so that there is increased   
difficulty to procure them1 it is 'very 
rare2' 7#d7 ,if the number of copies be 
but fifty or sixty1 and those scattered1
 it is 'extremely rare2' 7#e7 ,and      
finally1 every work of which there are  
not ten copies in the world is          
'excessively rare4' ,in all these cases1
 it must be supposed that the book is a 

book sought for1 and that the seekers   
are more numerous than the sought4#f    
,in the matter of ,condition and its    
effect upon price1 long training is     
required before all the qualities of a  
copy can be properly defined4 ,there are
 copies on 'vellum1' 'large paper1'     
'fine paper1' 'coloured paper4' ,there  
are 'crisp' copies1 'uncut' copies1     
'tall' copies1 'ruled' copies1 and      
'illustrated' copies1 cum multis        
aliis4#g  ,fashion determines much as to
 price4 ,as soon as it becomes a fad to 
collect books relating to some          
particular subject1 competition         
instantly steps in1 and prices go up4   
,it may be well to state1 for the       
benefit of a very numerous and          
uninitiated public1 that1 because a book
 is old1 it is not necessarily rare4    
,there are many thousands of people who 
have most imperfect and valueless books1
 mostly on theology1 or some            
controversial abominations1 and these   
people spend days wasting their own and 

booksellers' time in seeking to sell at 
prices which their own imagination alone
 has determined is right4 ,distrust the 
advertisements of large paper editions4 
,very few of them are worth purchasing1 
and very few1 indeed1 increase in value4
 ,fight against the first-edition craze1
 which is the maddest craze that ever   
affected book collecting4 ,again and    
again it must be repeated1 and cannot be
 gainsaid1 that a first edition may be  
the best1 but in most cases it is the   
worst4 ,in every case1 inquire and find 
out which is the best edition as to     
completeness1 good paper and print1 and 
safe editing1 if such has been          
necessary1 and then purchase a copy of  
that edition4 ,one remark finally4 ,the 
prices of all good books are going up1  
and any one who lays out money with care
 within the next ten years will have the
 enjoyment of his library and a good    
investment as well4  ,,footnotes3  #e   
,d4 ,clement1 ,bibliothque curieuse4  #f
 ,edwards1 ,memoirs of ,libraries1 ii4  

#fdg-fdi4  #g ,edwards1 ii4 #fei4       
,on the ,care of ,books4   ,the two     
things most neglected in houses are the 
trimming of lamps and the care of the   
books4 ,the condition of many libraries 
in large country houses is most         
lamentable4 ,in such neglect are they   
that it would take months1 and in some  
cases years1 working day and night1 to  
restore them to a healthy condition4    
,for1 poor things6 they are really so   
neglected1 that their covers become like
 the limbs of rheumatic people4 ,if you 
touch them they seem to shriek and cry  
with pain4 ,they are either parched for 
lack of a proper atmosphere1 or else    
they are sticking together with the damp
 or thickly covered with dust4#h ,there 
is nothing else in a house like this1   
and why are these things so8 ,it is     
because there are so few people who     
understand the care of books4 ,i once   
read the following in a daily paper1 and
 thought ,i recognised in it a familiar 
hand1 that of ,mr4 ,andrew ,lang3--     

',the foes of books are careless        
people--first of all4 ,they tear pages  
open with their thumbs1 or cut them with
 sharp knives which damage the margins4 
,it is so difficult to keep paper       
knives1 and ivory paper knives are the  
favourite pasture of some scholars1 who 
bite the edges till the weapon resembles
 a dissipated saw4 ,to avoid this       
temptation some employ medival daggers1 
or skene dhus1 but the edges spoil a    
book4 ,cigarette ashes are very bad for 
books1 so is butter1 also marmalade4    
,dr4 ,johnson and ,wordsworth are said  
to have been very careless with their   
books4 ,dr4 ,johnson used to clean his  
from dust by knocking them together1 as 
,mr4 ,leighton says housemaids do4      
,scott was very careful2 he had a number
 of wooden dummies made1 and1 when a    
volume was borrowed1 he put the dummy in
 its place on the shelf1 inscribing it  
with the name of the borrower4 ,he also 
defended his shelves with locked brazen 
wires4 ,tutus clausus ero 7,i shall be  

safe if shut up71 his anagram1 was his  
motto1 under a portcullis4 ,borrowers1  
of course1 are nearly the worst enemies 
of books1 always careless1 and very apt 
to lose one volume out of a set4        
,housemaids are seldom bibliophiles4    
,their favourite plan is to dust the    
books in the owner's absence1 and then  
rearrange them on fancy principles1     
mostly upside down4 ,one volume of      
,grote will be put among ,french novels1
 another in the centre of a collection  
on sports1 a third in the midst of      
modern histories1 while others are      
upstairs and downstairs1 and in my      
lady's chamber4 ,the diversity of sizes1
 from folio to duodecimo1 makes books   
very difficult to arrange where room is 
scanty4 ,modern shelves in most private 
houses allow no room for folios1 which  
have to lie1 like fallen warriors1 on   
their sides4'  ,all that is very true1  
particularly about housemaids4 ,indeed1 
,i have rarely found any woman who cared
 sufficiently for her books to really   

fondly tend them4  ,the principal enemy 
which books have is ,,damp4 ,this means 
ruination1 more perhaps to the paper    
than to the binding1 though both suffer4
 ,a fungus growth comes on the leather1 
and inside there come stains and 'fox'  
marks4 ,damp is caused 7#a7 through lack
 of fires or warmth2 7#b7 through too   
many sides of a room being exposed to   
the elements without having the walls   
battened2 7#c7 the thaw following a     
frost1 proper means for warmth not being
 adopted during the frost4 ,the only    
remedy for damp is the trying process of
 opening each volume and suspending it  
open1 after wiping with a dry cloth each
 page affected4 ,the next worst enemies 
are gas and heat4  ,gas alone1 provided 
the books are not placed high up1 will  
not be nearly so destructive as it is   
generally supposed2 but all atmospheres 
heated too highly are destructive4 ,mr4 
,poole1 a very experienced ,american    
librarian1 has reported as follows1 and1
 ,i think1 very rightly3--  ',the       

burning of many gas lights doubtless has
 a tendency to increase the evil by     
increasing the heat4 ,yet the           
deterioration of bindings goes on in the
 libraries where gas is never used4     
,this fact shows that the chief injury  
arises from heat1 and not merely from   
the sulphurous residuum of gas          
combustion4'  ,mr4 ,poole made an       
experiment in the upper gallery of a    
library1 and found that--  ',while the  
temperature of the floor was #fe ,fahr41
 that of the upper gallery was found to 
be #adb4 ,such a temperature dries up   
the oil of the leather1 and burns out   
its life4 ,books cannot live where men  
cannot live4' ,similarly1 ,mr4 ,blades  
wrote in his little manual3  ',the      
surest way to preserve your books is to 
treat them as you would your own        
children1 who are sure to sicken if     
confined in an atmosphere which is      
impure1 too hot1 too cold1 too damp1 or 
too dry4 ,it is just the same with the  
progeny of literature4'  ,in ,london    

particularly dust1 smoke1 and soot get  
at books and do great damage4 ,to have  
the top edges gilded is an excellent way
 to prevent dust getting into the       
leaves4 ,books which have roughly       
trimmed tops harbour dust much more     
readily1 and it is with great difficulty
 removed from such4 ,if a book is very  
dusty1 a small brush is perhaps the best
 means to adopt to remove the offending 
particles4 ,books should not be either  
swung together or beaten together4 ,the 
carpet in a library should not reach to 
the wall1 or right to the cases1 but    
should fall short so as to be removed   
when required to be cleaned4 ,a         
librarian at ,bath gives the following  
advice3--  ',our books are taken down   
once a year1 in the month of ,august1 to
 be dusted1 and1 for the last four or   
five years1 ,i have adopted a simple    
plan4 ,when the books are well dusted ,i
 take about half an ounce of the best   
horn glue1 and1 having dissolved it in  
the usual way1 ,i add to it about a pint

 of warm water and a teaspoonful of     
glycerine1 and stir it well4 ,then      
dipping a soft sponge into the solution1
 ,i wash over the backs of the books4   
,if the leather is much perished or     
decayed1 it will unduly absorb the size1
 and a second touch over may be         
necessary4 ,the glycerine will have the 
effect of preventing the glue from      
drying too hard or stiffening the       
leather4 ,when dry1 the books may be    
rubbed over with a chamois leather4 ,the
 above process1 ,i find1 helps to       
nourish the leather1 and to restore that
 property which the heated air has      
destroyed4 ,it also freshens up and     
greatly improves the appearance of the  
volumes upon the shelves4 ,the operation
 must be repeated once a year at least4'
  ,bottles of preparation are sold ready
 made up for this purpose4 ,mr4 ,blades 
warmly echoed the sentiment that        
housemaids and helps are seldom         
bibliophiles1 and1 if1 peradventure1 one
 ,eve in a family can be indoctrinated  

with book reverence1 there may be       
salvation for all the books4 ,mr4       
,blades himself had a fine library1 and 
goes fully into the subject of the      
period of dusting and its methods4#i    
',books must now and then be taken down 
out of their shelves1 but they should be
 tended lovingly and with judgment4 ,if 
the dusting can be done just outside the
 room1 so much the better4 ,the books   
removed1 the shelf should be lifted     
quite out of its bearings1 cleansed1 and
 wiped1 and then each volume should be  
taken separately and gently rubbed on   
back and edges with a soft cloth4 ,in   
returning the volumes to their places1  
notice should be taken of the binding1  
and especially when the books are in    
whole calf or morocco1 care should be   
taken not to let them rub together4 ,the
 best-bound books are soonest injured1  
and generally deteriorate in bad        
company4 ,certain volumes1 indeed1 have 
evil tempers1 and will scratch the faces
 of all their neighbours who are too    

familiar with them4 ,such are books with
 metal clasps and rivets on their edges2
 and such1 again1 are those abominable  
old rascals1 chiefly born in the        
fifteenth century1 who are proud of     
being dressed in real boards with brass 
corners1 and pass their lives with      
fearful knobs and metal bosses4 4 4 4 4 
,when your books are being dusted1 don't
 impute too much common sense to your   
assistants--take their ignorance for    
granted4'  ,mr4 ,blades then points out 
certain dangers which beset the         
inexperienced handler of books4 ,never  
lift a book by one of its corners4 ,do  
not pile books up too high4 ,be careful 
not to rub the dust into instead of off 
the edges4 ,if mildew or damp is        
discovered1 carefully wipe it away1 and 
let the book stand open for some days in
 a very dry spot--but not in front of a 
fire4 ,be careful that no grit is on the
 duster1 or it will surely mark your    
books4 ,do not wedge books in too       
tightly4 ,common-sense must dictate what

 is right1 but every volume should fit  
easily in its place4  ,children and     
servants are not to be classed as       
friendly to books1 but little lapses on 
their part are much more easily         
tolerated than the ignorance of the     
person who ought to know better4 ,such  
people insist upon having their books   
bound in hideous bindings1 and mutilated
 almost beyond recognition by the       
bookbinder's plough4  ,i will talk about
 bookbinding later1 but this ,i will    
say1 that in no way can a book be easier
 ruined than by being placed            
unconditionally in the hands of a       
bookbinder4  ,it is frequently supposed 
that the insect1 known as the bookworm1 
is a great enemy to books4 ',tis true   
where the bookworm exists it does       
irreparable damage1 but fortunately it  
is not an insect which may be found     
every day4 ,in ,america1 they have1 ,i  
believe1 greater trouble from these     
boring insects4 ,they have 'fish bugs1' 
'silver fish1' and 'bustle tails1'      

scientifically known as ,lepisma        
,saccharina4 ,another is known as       
',buffalo ,bug1' or ',carpet ,bug1' or  
the ,anthrenus varius of scientists4 ,a 
third is ,blatta ,australasia1 a species
 of cockroach4  ,the following maxims   
may be learned by heart1 or if          
preferred1 they can be bought by        
experience3  ,do not bite your paper    
knife until it has the edge of a saw4   
,do not cut books except with a proper  
ivory paper knife4  ,it is ruination to 
a good book not to cut it right through 
into the corners4  ,do not turn the     
leaves of books down4 ,particularly1 do 
not turn down the leaves of books       
printed on plate paper4  ,if you are in 
the habit of lending books1 do not mark 
them4 ,these two habits together        
constitute an act of indiscretion4  ,it 
is better to give a book than to lend   
it4  ,never write upon a title-page or  
half-title4 ,the blank fly-leaf is the  
right place4  ,books are neither        
card-racks1 crumb-baskets1 or           

receptacles for dead leaves4  ,books    
were not meant as cushions1 nor were    
they meant to be toasted before a fire4 
,valets and maids appear to take kindly 
to the packing of everything except     
books4 ,i will therefore say that only  
small quantities 7twelve volumes to     
twenty7 should be packed in a parcel4   
,boxes1 either wine-cases1 or boxes     
specially made1 should be used4 ,books  
being very solid and heavy should be    
packed in strong cases1 and the method  
of packing them should be to place them 
upright alternately on back and edge in 
layers4 ,by this means they can be      
fitted tightly to the case they are     
meant to travel in4 ,leather bound      
volumes should be wrapped up singly     
before being packed1 and the box should 
be carefully lined with paper so that   
any roughness on the wood of the box may
 not damage the volumes4  ,book and     
parcel post volumes should have three or
 four thicknesses of paper1 and if bound
 volumes a strawboard on either side as 

well as paper4  ,,footnotes3  #h        
,leighton 7,john71 ,book-plate ,annual4 
#i ,enemies of ,books4     ,the ,art of 
,reading4   ,first1 how to read4 ,the   
reason why so many people who read much 
know so little1 is because they read    
isolated books instead of reading one   
book in connexion with another4 ,the    
memory is trained by association1 and if
 you read two books in succession on one
 subject you know more than twice as    
much as if you had read one book only4  
,a good memory is a memory which        
assimilates4 ,every one has a good      
memory for something4 ,a good memory    
rejects and sifts1 and does not accept  
everything offered to it like a         
pillar-box4 ,do not join reading        
societies1 because they kill            
individuality4 ,choose your subject1 and
 work all round it4 ,there is an        
extensive literature on the subject of  
',the ,art of ,reading1' ',the ,best    
,hundred ,books1' c4 ,most of it is     
useless and bewildering4 ,the best      

advice ,i have ever seen in print about 
reading was by ,sir ,herbert ,maxwell1  
and it appeared some years ago at the   
end of a ,nineteenth ,century article4  
,it is as follows3  ',if any young      
person of leisure were so much at a loss
 as to ask advice as to what he should  
read1 mine should be exceedingly        
simple--,read anything bearing on a     
definite object4 ,let him take up any   
imaginable subject to which he feels    
attracted1 be it the precession of the  
equinoxes or postage stamps1 the        
,athenian drama or ,london street cries2
 let him follow it from book to book1   
and unconsciously his knowledge1 not of 
that subject only1 but of many subjects1
 will be increased1 for the departments 
of the realm of knowledge are divided by
 no octroi4 ,he may abandon the first   
object of his pursuit for another2 it   
does not matter1 one subject leads to   
another2 he will have acquired the habit
 of acquisition2 he will have gained    
that conviction of the pricelessness of 

time which makes it intolerable for a   
man to lie abed of a morning4'  ,the art
 of reading is a thing to learn1 and    
with it comes the equally valuable art  
of skipping4  ,mr4 ,balfour's advice to 
readers is to learn the arts of skipping
 and skimming1 and the late ,philip     
,gilbert ,hamerton said3--',the art of  
reading is to skip judiciously4 ,the art
 is to skip all that does not concern   
us1 whilst missing nothing that we      
really need4 ,no external guidance can  
teach this2 for nobody but ourselves can
 guess what the needs of our intellect  
may be4'  ,no one knows how to skim and 
skip who has not first well threshed out
 some subject for himself4 ,no one can  
tear the heart out of a book who has not
 first been through the student period4 
,advice is poured forth in lengthy      
magazine articles1 and lectures1 but as 
far as ,i know there is nothing which   
embodies such good sense on this        
subject1 excepting ,sir ,herbert        
,maxwell's advice above1 as a tiny      

pamphlet1 about two inches square1      
written by ,miss ,lucy ,soulsby1 and    
sold for twopence4 ,it is rather        
absurdly called ,things in ,books       
,clothing6  ,below are printed only such
 passages1 gathered from many sources1  
as ,i think are necessary to be known   
about the art of reading4  ',it is true 
that the most absolute master of his own
 hours still needs thrift if he would   
turn them to account1 and that too many 
never learn this thrift1 whilst others  
learn it late4 4 4 4 4 ,few intellectual
 men have the art of economising the    
hours of study4 ,the very necessity     
which every one acknowledges of giving  
vast portions of life to attain         
proficiency in anything1 makes us       
prodigal where we ought to be           
parsimonious1 and careless where we have
 need of unceasing vigilance4 ,the best 
time-savers are a love of soundness in  
all we learn or do1 and a cheerful      
acceptance of inevitable                
limitations4'#aj  ',in exchange for the 

varied pleasures of the fashionable     
life1 the intellectual life can offer   
you but one satisfaction1 for all its   
promises are reducible simply to this1  
that you shall come at last1 after      
infinite labour1 into contact with some 
great reality2 that you shall know and  
do in such sort that you will feel      
yourself on firm ground1 and be         
recognised--probably not much applauded1
 but yet recognised--as a               
fellow-labourer by other knowers and    
doers4 ,before you come to this1 most of
 your present accomplishments will be   
abandoned by yourself as unsatisfactory 
and insufficient1 but one or two of them
 will be turned to better account1 and  
will give you1 after many years1 a      
tranquil self-respect1 and1 what is     
still rarer and better1 a very deep and 
earnest reverence for the greatness     
which is above you4 ,severed from the   
vanities of the illusory1 you will live 
with the realities of knowledge as one  
who has quitted the painted scenery of  

the theatre to listen by the eternal    
ocean or gaze at the granite hills4'#aa 
',reading1 with me1 incites to          
reflection instantly4 ,i cannot separate
 the origination of ideas from the      
reception of ideas4 ,the consequence is1
 as ,i read ,i always begin to think in 
various directions1 and that makes my   
reading slow4'#ab  ',when a particular  
object has to be attained1 reading      
cannot be too special4 ,there is an     
enormous waste of intelligence through a
 neglect of this fact1 but otherwise    
reading should come by nature4 ,when ,i 
look through the list of ,the ,best     
,hundred ,books1 ,i cannot help saying  
to myself1 ,here are the most admirable 
and varied materials for the formation  
of a prig4'#ac  ',let us not be afraid  
of using a dictionary4 ,a dictionary8 ,a
 dozen2 at all events1 until ,dr4       
,murray's huge undertaking is finished4 
,and even then1 for no one dictionary   
will help us through some authors--say1 
,chaucer1 or ,spenser1 or ,sir ,thomas  

,browne4 ,let us use our full lexicon1  
and ,latin dictionary1 and ,french      
dictionary1 and ,anglo-,saxon           
dictionary1 and etymological dictionary1
 and dictionaries of antiquity1 and     
biography1 and geography1 and           
concordances1 anything and everything   
that will throw light on the meanings   
and histories of words4'#ad  ',to master
 a book1 perhaps the best possible way  
is to write an essay in refutation of   
it4 ,you may be bound few things will   
escape you then4 ,the next best way may 
perhaps be to edit and annotate it for  
students1 though1 if some recent        
hebdomadal animadversions upon certain  
,oxford styles of annotation are well   
founded1 this is questionable4 ,the     
worst way1 ,i should think1 would be to 
review it for a newspaper4'#ae          
',reading1 and much reading1 is good4   
,but the power of diversifying the      
matter infinitely in your own mind1 and 
of applying it to every occasion that   
arises is far better4'#af  ',a person   

once told me that he never took up a    
book except with the view of making     
himself master of some subject which he 
was studying1 and that while he was so  
engaged he made all his reading converge
 to that point4 ,in this way he might   
read parts of many books1 but not a     
single one from end to end4 ,this ,i    
take to be an excellent method of study1
 but one which implies the command of   
many books4'#ag  ',never read a book    
without pencil in hand4 ,if you dislike 
disfiguring the margins and fly-leaves  
of your own books1 borrow a friend's2   
but by all means use a pencil1 if only  
to jot down the pages to be re-read4 ,to
 transcribe striking1 beautiful1 or     
important passages is a tremendous aid  
to the memory2 these will live for      
years1 clear and vivid as day1 when the 
book itself has become spectral and     
shadowy in the night of oblivion4 ,a    
manuscript volume of such passages1 well
 indexed1 will become in time one of the
 most valuable books in one's           

library4'#ah  ',no man1 it appears to   
me1 can tell another what he ought to   
read4 ,a man's reading1 to be of any    
value1 must depend upon his power of    
association1 and that again depends upon
 his tendencies1 his capacities1 his    
surroundings1 and his opportunities4'#ai
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,i am fully convinced that the above
 passages condense all that is best     
worth knowing upon the ',art of         
,reading4'  ,next in importance is what 
to read4 ,be very careful about reading 
books which are recommended1 because    
they are books of the hour4 ,fools step 
in and say read this and that without   
thinking to put themselves in your      
place4 ,because a book suits one person1
 it is only a rare chance that it will  
suit a friend equally4  ,before         
recommending a book to another with     
assurance1 you must know the book well1 
and the friend to whom it is recommended
 you must know much better4 ,read the   
book which suggests something responsive

 and sympathetic4 ,no one can tell you  
this as well as you can find it for     
yourself4 ,practice will teach you to   
choose a book1 as practice has taught   
you to choose a friend4 ,you will almost
 be able to choose it in the dark4      
,there are affinities for books as for  
people1 but this does not come at once4 
,the proper appreciation of the great   
books of the world is the reward of     
lifelong study4 ,you must work up to    
them1 and unconsciously you will become 
trained to find great qualities in what 
the world has decided is great4 ,novel  
reading is not a part of the            
intellectual life1 it is a part of the  
fashionable life4  ,lamb says that      
,bridget ,elia 'was tumbled early1 by   
accident or design1 into a spacious     
library of good old ,english reading1   
without much selection or prohibition1  
and browsed at will upon that fair and  
wholesome pasturage4' ,and he adds1     
',had ,i twenty girls they should be    
brought up exactly in this fashion4'    

,ruskin says1 'there need be no choosing
 at all4 ,keep the modern magazine and  
novel out of your girl's way2 turn her  
loose into the old library every wet    
day1 and let her alone4 ,she will find  
out what is good for her4'  ,mr4 ,ruskin
 notwithstanding1 there will ever be a  
large public who will read nothing      
unless it has a story in it4  ,nearly   
all readers of books may be divided into
 two classes1 those who read as students
 towards some definite end1 and those   
who read for amusement4 ,the latter     
class are greatly in the majority1 and  
,i have no hesitation in saying that a  
love of fiction will always predominate 
over a love of research1 even in its    
light form4 ,the student class1 among   
whom are many critics1 usually fail to  
understand the position of the fiction  
lovers1 with the result that the fiction
 readers and fiction itself get a great 
many jibes and taunts4 ,to open this    
question would involve a long argument1 
and would bring about no good4 ,all     

experience goes to prove that a very    
large section of the public1 not being  
students1 loves to read the books of the
 hour1 and great pleasure may be got    
therefrom4 ,the smaller section1 trained
 to different habits1 and regarding     
books in a more serious light1 put their
 collection of books to different       
purposes1 and1 ,i know1 get great       
pleasure therefrom4 ,the two classes can
 run parallel together1 and one class   
should not try to exterminate the       
other4#bj ,in country houses the books  
in billiard-rooms and in the bedrooms   
should appropriately be fiction4 ,not   
many guests at a house-party are in the 
frame of mind to take up serious books1 
nor are there the opportunities given   
for application which such would        
require4 ,i think where the general     
house library is 7as is very often the  
case7 not a living room1 there is then  
much more reason for separating fiction 
and light literature1 and placing them  
in a very accessible position4 ,it will 

often be found advisable1 as fiction    
accumulates1 to weed out and decide what
 volumes shall be bound and what        
rejected or placed in the servants'     
library4 ,shelves should therefore be   
reserved for books which are thus going 
through a period of probation4#ba  ,a   
fiction library may be made very        
interesting if it is so arranged as to  
represent the history of ,france or of  
,england1 or any country4 ,from the     
boundless stores of fiction writers--in 
fact1 from ,scott alone almost--a       
sequence of volumes may be arranged     
which1 if read in proper order1 would   
make a very excellent romance history4  
,almost every interesting episode of    
history has had its story woven into    
romance4 ,thus there are1 ,i believe1   
about eighteen historical romances      
relating to the ,monmouth rebellion     
alone4  ',much of love1' said ,lord     
,bowen1 'has only been learned under the
 instruction of some woman who has      
herself only learned it from a book4    

,authoresses1 indeed1 have not          
unfrequently betrayed the key to some of
 their sex's secrets4 ,were it not for  
,northanger ,abbey and ,miss ,austen1   
some of the old mysteries of girlish    
friendship would have remained untold1  
and we should never have known or       
understood the curiosity which may lurk 
in a refined bosom at seventeen4 ,man   
would scarcely have guessed but for     
,jane ,eyre the impression which can be 
made1 it seems1 upon a heart by a       
middle-aged gentleman with the manners  
of a bear and the composure of a prig4  
,furthermore1 it is through women's     
novels that we have had brought home to 
us most adequately what women who have  
tasted it1 or seen it1 can best relate1 
the despicable egotism of a weak man4   
,anzoleto in ,consuelo1 ,tito in        
,romola4'#bb  ,it is important for every
 one to fix upon a time for everyday    
study1 and remember to read when you    
have a disposition so to do4 ,do not    
think that spare moments not spent in   

reading are lost4 ,some spare time must 
be kept for thinking4 ,if you have      
'nerves1' it is no good to read then2   
read when the mind is quiet and         
receptive4 ,this will probably be when  
dressing in the morning1 or at night    
before going to bed4 ,keep a small      
bookcase in your dressing-room2 in so   
doing you will learn the art of going to
 bed well4 ,read at any time when       
curiosity is aroused as to any person1  
place1 or subject1 and keep reference   
books at hand to answer questions       
intelligently4 ,napoleon read all the   
new novels in a travelling carriage1 and
 pitched them out of the window as each 
was finished4 ,active minds1 to read    
advantageously1 should seek a quiet     
sanctum of their own4  ,a very admirable
 suggestion was made a short time since1
 ,i think by ,dr4 ,ernest ,hart1 that it
 should be more a custom to have        
bookcases in bedrooms4 ,many persons1   
and1 ,i believe1 notably ,mr4           
,gladstone1 read before going to bed4 ,i

 think all bedrooms should have a       
selection of favourite books1 and ,i do 
not think that novels are nearly so     
suitable as books of short essays and   
sketches4 ,few people would sit up      
sufficiently long to read a novel       
through1 and many would therefore not   
begin what they knew they would be      
unable to finish4  ,,footnotes3  #aj ,p4
 ,g4 ,hamerton4  #aa ,p4 ,g4 ,hamerton4 
#ab ,h4 ,w4 ,beecher4  #ac ,james ,payn4
  #ad ,blackwood's ,magazine1 ,february1
 #ahif4  #ae ,blackwood's ,magazine1    
,february1 #ahif4  #af ,burke4  #ag     
,thirlwall4  #ah ,blackwood's ,magazine1
 ,february1 #ahif4  #ai ,j4 ,s4         
,blackie4  #bj ,h4 ,d4 ,traill4  #ba    
,see ,mr4 ,gladstone's ideas on the     
subject1 in ,gladstone in the ,evening  
of his ,days1 p4 #ade4  #bb ,bowen's    
lecture on ,novel ,reading4             
,common-place ,books4   ,very numerous  
methods have been suggested whereby     
memory may be assisted and the          
assimilation of our reading proceed     

without indigestion4 ,a reader is often 
pictured with note-book in hand1        
supposed to be memorising what he is    
reading4 ,there is no doubt that        
note-books are very useful1 but no      
note-book or commonplace-book should    
take the place of the natural           
memory--and every one has a good memory 
for something4  ,thomas ,fuller has     
wittily said1 ',adventure not all thy   
learning in one bottom1 but divide it   
between thy memory and thy note-books4 4
 4 4 4 ,a commonplace-book contains many
 notions in garrison1 whence an owner   
may draw out an army into the field on  
competent warning4'  ,every one has his 
and her own way of keeping a            
commonplace-book4 ,mr4 ,sala1 ,i        
remember1 once gave a minute account of 
his jottings in this way3#bc ',todd's   
,index ,rerum was1 in its day1 very     
little else than an alphabeted book--a  
forerunner of what stationers now sell  
in various sizes called ,where is it8   
,the simplest form of commonplace-book  

is a plain quarto ,,ms4 book ruled in an
 ordinary way1 and in this entries may  
be made without being alphabeted4 ,do   
not write extracts or notes right across
 the line1 but make your entries thus1  
having the keyword clear and easy to be 
seen3--        ',,picus ,,de            
,,mirandola4--,his extraordinary gifts4 
,his           being sought after by    
women4 ,compare with ,h4 ,t4            
,buckle4 ,see also ,hallam's ,literary  
,history1 ,part           ,i4 chap4     
iii4'  ,in the matter of note-books1 ,i 
am sure that it is best for every one to
 make notes in the way best suited to   
his convenience4 ,many1 ,i think1 find  
that taking notes while reading a book  
is an undesirable interruption4 ,to     
such1 it may be suggested to have slips 
of paper about half an inch wide1 and   
four or five inches long1 and insert    
these at the pages which contain        
anything notable4 ,then1 when the book  
is finished1 go through and transcribe  
or memorise such passages as are thus   

marked4 ,i think it a great mistake to  
attempt too rigid a system in           
note-books1 or too much red tape of any 
kind1 because whenever this is done1 the
 time and thought1 which should be given
 to the matter of the extract helping to
 fix it upon the memory1 is given       
instead to the secondary matter of      
keeping your note-books very neat4      
,,footnote3  #bc ',periodically ,i am   
addressed by two constant and somewhat  
exigeant classes of correspondents3 the 
young gentlemen who wish me to give them
 a list of the works requisite to form a
 journalist's library2 and1 next1 the   
esteemed individuals of both sexes and  
all ages who want me to tell them how to
 keep a commonplace-book4 ,i have       
replied to both these questions over and
 over again2 and to give yet another    
list of the books which ,i think would  
be useful to professional writers for   
the press would be to outrage the       
patience of my non-professional patrons4
 ,the recipe for keeping a              

commonplace-book may1 however1 it is to 
be hoped1 be repeated without giving    
offence to any one4 ,here it is2 and    
pray observe that ,i have had it printed
 in small type1 in order that the       
susceptibilities of readers who want to 
be amused and do not require to be      
instructed may not be wounded3--,procure
 a blank book1 strongly bound1 big or   
little1 according to the largeness or   
smallness of your handwriting4 ,let the 
book have an index4 ,it will be better  
if the paper of the book were ruled4    
,when in the course of your reading you 
come on a passage which strikes you as  
worthy of being common-placed1 copy it  
legibly in your commonplace-book4 ,say  
that the passage is the following1 from 
,bacon's ,natural ,history3 ,so the     
beard is younger than the hair of the   
head1 and doth1 for the most part1 wax  
hoary later4 ,at the end of this passage
 inscribe a circle or an ellipse1 a     
square or a lozenge1 just as you choose 
to do2 and in the inscribed space write 

with red ink 7better still with carmine7
 the figure #a4 ,then index the passage 
under letter ,b4 ,beard younger than    
hair of head4 #a4 ,if you wish to be    
very careful in your common-placing1 you
 may double index the passage by turning
 to letter ,h1 and indicating the       
passage as ,head1 hair of1 older than   
beard4 ,and so you may continue to      
transcribe consecutively all the        
passages which strike you in the course 
of your reading3 never omitting to      
number the passage and to index it as   
soon as numbered4 ,that is the system   
adopted by the ,distressed ,compiler1   
and he has made constant use of it for  
nearly forty years4'--,g4 ,a4 ,,sala4   
,reference ,books4   ,i have been very  
often asked for a book which will 'tell 
one everything4' ,there is no such book1
 and there never could be such a book4  
,omniscience may be a foible of men1 but
 it is not so of books4 ,knowledge1 as  
,johnson said1 is of two kinds1 you may 
know a thing yourself1 and you may know 

where to find it4#bd ,now the amount    
which you may actually know yourself    
must1 at its best1 be limited1 but what 
you may know of the sources of          
information may1 with proper training1  
become almost boundless4 ,and here come 
the value and use of reference          
books--the working of one book in       
connexion with another--and applying    
your own intelligence to both4 ,by this 
means we get as near to that omniscient 
volume which tells everything as ever we
 shall get1 and although the single     
volume or work which tells everything   
does not exist1 there is a vast number  
of reference books in existence1 a      
knowledge and proper use of which is    
essential to every intelligent person4  
,necessary as ,i believe reference books
 to be1 they can easily be made to be   
contributory to idleness1 and too       
mechanical a use should not be made of  
them4 ,very admirable reference books   
come to us from ,america1 where great   
industry is shown1 and funds for        

publishing them never seem to be short4 
,the ,french1 too1 are excellent at     
reference books1 but the inferior way in
 which they are printed makes them      
tiresome to refer to4 ,larousse's ,grand
 ,dictionnaire is a miracle4  ,a good   
atlas is essential as a reference book1 
and maps of the locality where we live4 
,a good map of old ,london is very      
useful in studying ,pepys' ,diary for   
instance4 ,a good verbal dictionary is  
essential4 ,sometimes several should be 
in use3 thus1 ,halliwell's ,archaic     
,dictionary and ,nares' ,glossary are   
useful in studying ,shakespeare4        
,richardson's ,dictionary embodies all  
the good points of ,johnson's           
,dictionary1 and is very excellent for  
quotations4 ,poetical ,concordances and 
,dictionaries of ,quotations1 both prose
 and poetry1 are useful1 though very    
rarely does one find the quotation      
required in any professed book of       
quotations4 ,a good ,biographical       
,dictionary is a joy2 such is           

,lippincott's1 an ,american work4 ,a    
good ,classical ,dictionary is also     
necessary1 and may be supplemented by   
,smith's ,dictionary of ,greek and      
,roman ,biography4 ,it would be         
interesting to see how far it would be  
possible to collect an ideal reference  
library1 and this1 ,i think1 has never  
been carefully done4 ,it must be borne  
in mind that reference books are not all
 books arranged alphabetically 7though  
the man who first wrote an alphabeted   
book should be ,canonised74 ,reference  
books consist of such works as          
,rawlinson's ,historical ,works1        
,wilkinson's ,history of the ,ancient   
,egyptians1 and ,fergusson's ,history of
 ,architecture4 ,all such books are     
reference books1 and many thousands     
more4 ,i think it will be found a good  
plan in the library to keep reference   
books 7viz41 those which are likely to  
be in frequent use7 in a separate       
case--perhaps a revolving case--and in  
no library should this section be       

neglected4 ,mr4 ,walter ,wren1 the      
well-known coach1 once lectured on      
',what is ,education8' and in his       
lecture he made the following remarks3--
  ',i think the first thing that made me
 a teacher was my noticing1 when a boy1 
how men and women read books and papers1
 and knew no more about them when they  
had read them than they did before4 4 4 
4 4 ,lots of people seem to know        
nothing1 and to want to know nothing2 at
 any rate1 they never show any wish to  
learn anything4 ,i was once in a room   
where not one person could say where    
,droitwich was2 once1 at a dinner of    
fourteen1 where only one besides myself 
knew in what county ,salisbury was4 ,i  
have asked1 ,i believe1 over a hundred  
times where ,stilton is1 and have been  
told twice--this when ,stilton cheese   
was handed4 ,i mention this to show the 
peculiar conservative mental apathy of  
,englishmen4'  ',a reader should be     
familiar with the best method by which  
the original investigation of any topic 

may be carried on4 ,when he has found   
it1 he appreciates1 perhaps for the     
first time1 for what purpose books are  
for1 and how to use them4 4 4 4 4 ,no   
person has any claim to be a scholar    
until he can conduct such an original   
investigation with ease and pleasure4'  
,the foregoing was the advice of a      
well-known ,american librarian4         
,,footnote3  #bd ,those who read        
everything acquire something1 and       
especially they acquire1 as the ,bishop 
of ,oxford 7,dr4 ,wilberforce71 once    
said1 the invaluable power of knowing   
where1 when they wanted first-hand      
information1 they could most easily     
obtain it4 ,that is the knowledge of the
 lawyer2 and the knowledge of the       
lawyer1 if he is competent1 gradually   
becomes of the kind which qualifies him 
to be a judge4--,spectator1 ,january    
#bnd1 #ahig4     ,boudoir ,libraries4   
,women have their own way of loving     
books4 ,they are very rarely students1  
and more rarely still do they amass     

really great libraries1 though many of  
the famous women of history have done   
so4 ,yet a woman likes to have her own  
books1 and she likes1 too1 to have them 
separate from her husband's or her      
brothers'1 or the general family        
collection4 ,most women like tiny       
editions fitted into tiny cases4#be     
,colour is much more to a woman than to 
a man1 and in the binding of her books  
she will very often be very happily     
inspired4 ,i think that it is in ,de    
,maistre's ,journey ,round my ,room that
 he says1 ',it is certain that colours  
exercise an influence over us to the    
extent of rendering us gay or sad1      
according to their shades4' ,charming   
tiny bookcases are now sold in various  
woods and in all sizes1 and these have  
the advantage of being easily moved from
 place to place4 ,a very pretty effect  
can be produced by a book-screen1 but   
this1 to be of service for taking books1
 must be placed in a room larger than   
most boudoirs4 ,in choosing bindings for

 small books do not be surprised if1    
when bound1 your books are not as       
flexible as they should be4 ,the easy   
opening of a book1 and this particularly
 applies to small books1 depends very   
much upon the thickness of the paper    
used1 and small books printed on thick  
paper will never open well4 ,much blame 
is often heaped upon binders in this    
direction which is by no means their    
fault4 ,roan1 parchment1 vellum1        
morocco1 and buckram are all suitable   
for boudoir bindings4 ,very pretty      
effects are produced by binding a series
 of small books in vellum with green    
lettering-pieces1 and green edges       
instead of gilded edges4 ,white backs1  
with pink or blue lettering-pieces1 are 
also very dainty2 and a pretty effect of
 another kind is produced by dark brown 
polished calf1 with round backs1 raised 
bands1 and yellow edges4  ,reference    
books1 such as verbal dictionaries1     
dictionaries of quotations1 a classical 
dictionary1 an atlas1 or a biographical 

dictionary1 should always be to hand2   
and even when these are in the large    
library1 duplicates should be kept in   
the boudoir4  ,in a very charming book1 
already referred to1 called ,the ,story 
of my ,house1 there is certain practical
 advice which seems to be the result of 
much experience and excellent taste on  
the part of the writer4  ',with regard  
to the bookcases themselves1 their      
height should depend upon that of the   
ceilings1 and the number of one's       
volumes4 ,for classification and        
reference it is more convenient to have 
numerous small cases of similar or      
nearly similar size1 and the same       
general style of construction1 than a   
few large cases in which everything is  
engulphed4 ,with small or medium-sized  
receptacles1 each one may contain       
volumes relating to certain departments 
or different languages1 as the case may 
be2 by this means a volume and its      
kindred may be readily found4'  ',the   
style and colour of the bindings1 also1 

may subserve a similar purpose2 as1 for 
instance1 the poets in yellow or orange1
 books on nature in olive1 the          
philosophers in blue1 the ,french       
classics in red1 c4 ,unless methodically
 arranged1 even with a very small       
library1 a volume is often difficult to 
turn to when desired for immediate      
consultation1 requiring tedious search1 
especially if the volumes are arranged  
upon the shelves with respect to size   
and outward symmetry4 ,this may be      
avoided by the use of small bookcases   
and a definite style of binding4'  ,i   
think here that the boudoir library     
should have its own catalogue1 and every
 bookshelf marked or numbered4 ,every   
boudoir library should have a catalogue4
  ',in a room ten and a half to eleven  
feet high1 five feet is a desirable     
height for the bookcases4 ,besides the  
drawers at the base1 this will afford   
space for four rows of books1 to include
 octavos1 duodecimos1 and smaller       
volumes4 ,the shelves should1 of course1

 be shifting4 4 4 4 4 ,by leaving the   
top of the bookcase twelve to thirteen  
inches wide1 ample space will be allowed
 for additional small books1 porcelain1 
and bric--brac4 ,it must be borne in    
mind that tall bookcases1 in addition to
 the inaccessibility of the volumes in  
the upper shelves1 have little1 if any1 
space for pictures on the walls above   
them4'  ,it may be appropriate here to  
remind readers of an essay in ,addison's
 ,spectator upon my ,lady's ,library4   
',some months ago1 my ,friend1 ,sir     
,roger1 being in the ,country1 enclosed 
a ,letter to me1 directed to a certain  
,lady1 whom ,i shall here call by the   
name of ,leonora1 and as it contained   
,matters of ,consequence1 desired me to 
deliver it to her with my own ,hand4    
,accordingly1 ,i waited upon her        
,ladyship early in the ,morning1 and was
 desired by her ,woman to walk into her 
,lady's ,library till such time as she  
was in ,readiness to receive me4 ,the   
very ,sound of a ,lady's ,library gave  

me a great ,curiosity to see it2 and as 
it was some time before the ,lady came  
to me1 ,i had an ,opportunity of turning
 over a great many of her ,books1 which 
were ranged together in very beautiful  
,order4 ,at the end of the ,folios      
7which were finely bound and gilt7 were 
great ,jars of ,china1 placed one above 
another in a very noble piece of        
,architecture4 ,the ,quartos were       
separated from the ,octavos by a ,pile  
of smaller ,vessels1 which rose in a    
delightful ,pyramid4 ,the ,octavos were 
bounded by ,tea ,dishes of all ,shapes1 
,colours1 and ,sizes1 which were so     
disposed on a wooden ,frame that they   
looked like one continued ,pillar       
indented with the finest ,strokes of    
,sculpture1 and stained with the        
greatest ,variety of ,dyes4 ,that ,part 
of the ,library which was designed for  
the ,reception of ,plays and ,pamphlets 
and other loose ,papers1 was enclosed in
 a kind of ,square1 consisting of one of
 the prettiest ,grotesque ,works that   

ever ,i saw1 and made up of             
,scaramouches1 ,lions1 ,monkies1        
,mandarines1 ,trees1 ,shells1 and a     
thousand other odd ,figures in ,china   
,ware4 ,in the midst of the ,room was a 
little ,japan ,table1 with a ,quire of  
gilt ,paper upon it1 and on the ,paper a
 ,silver ,snuff-box1 made in the ,shape 
of a little ,book4 ,i found there were  
several other ,counterfeit ,books upon  
the upper ,shelves1 which were carved in
 ,wood1 and served only to fill up the  
,number1 like ,fagots in the muster of a
 ,regiment4 ,i was wonderfully pleased  
with such a mixt kind of ,furniture1 as 
seemed very suitable both to the ,lady  
and the ,scholar1 and did not know at   
first whether ,i should fancy myself in 
a ,grotto1 or in a ,library4'           
,,footnote3  #be ,napoleon was a great  
lover of small books4 ',an insatiate    
reader while on his travels1 ,napoleon  
complained1 when at ,warsaw1 in #ahjg1  
and when at ,bayonne1 in #ahjh1 that his
 librarian at ,paris did not keep him   

well supplied with books4 ,the ,emperor1
 wrote the secretary to ,barbier1 wants 
a portable library of a thousand volumes
 in #abmo41 printed in good type without
 margin1 and composed as nearly as      
possible of forty volumes on religion1  
forty of epics1 forty of plays1 sixty of
 poetry1 a hundred of novels1 sixty of  
history1 the remainder1 to make up the  
thousand1 of historical memoirs4 ,the   
religious works are to be the ,old and  
,new ,testament1 the ,koran1 a selection
 of the works of the ,fathers of the    
,church1 works respecting the ,aryans1  
,calvinists1 of ,mythology1 c4 ,the     
epics are to be ,homer1 ,lucan1 ,tasso1 
,telemachus1 ,the ,henriade1 c4         
,machiavelli1 ,fielding1 ,richardson1   
,montesquieu1 ,voltaire1 ,corneille1    
,racine1 and ,rousseau were also among  
the authors mentioned4'                 
,bookbinding4   ,as far as ,i am aware  
there are only four bookbinders in      
,london who may be trusted not to       
mutilate a book1 and there are only two 

who have any sense of design and harmony
 of colour4 ,in sending a book to be    
bound1 if you value the book1 you cannot
 be too careful or minute in giving     
instructions as to your wishes4  ,i     
think the best way to assist by advice  
is to picture a number of everyday      
instances of people requiring books to  
be bound1 and to take such familiar     
cases instancing well-known books and   
show how each case can best be dealt    
with4  ,first of all1 the right leather 
to use for binding is morocco4 ,this is 
best2 more durable1 and a better choice 
of colour is given you4 ,half-morocco is
 good1 but see that you get a good wide 
strip of morocco1 and that it is not all
 cloth sides with a very narrow spine of
 leather4 ,valuable books should never  
be cut down4 ,in many cases the top     
edges may be gilded which is a          
preservative from dust1 but there are   
many other cases where instructions     
should be given to 'gild on the rough1' 
the three other sides should be left    

alone4  ,i will first take the case of  
the ',cambridge' ,shakespeare1 the      
hand-made paper edition1 already spoken 
of1 where each play has been issued in a
 separate volume1 and in all forty thin 
volumes4 ,now the first question to     
settle is3 ,shall ,i have each of the   
forty volumes bound separately1 or shall
 ,i bind the forty in twenty double     
volumes8 or another question may arise  
in your mind1 ,shall ,i keep the book in
 its neat linen cover as published1 and 
get another small paper copy1 and bind  
that instead8 ,such questions must be   
settled--each one for himself4 ,all ,i  
will say now is that the large paper    
forty volume edition when bound in      
twenty double volumes makes a very ideal
 copy of a great ,english classic2 so1  
presuming that it is to be bound1 you   
must choose the style of binding4 ,it   
should rest between half-morocco and    
whole morocco1 the latter costing about 
double the former4 ,i think half-morocco
 is right for the book in most cases1   

whole morocco being unnecessarily       
expensive4 ,then comes colour1 which    
must largely be referred to your own    
taste--olive-green1 brown1 dark red1 and
 light apple green1 would all be        
appropriate colours to choose from4 ,the
 binder should have a book of colours   
and shades ready for you to select one  
from4 ,be sure and see that you have a  
coarse-grained levant morocco1 which is 
much handsomer than the less good hard  
fine-grained morocco2 of course it      
should be a polished or crushed levant  
binding1 though when you see the pattern
 piece of leather it will be rough and  
unpolished4 ,at any rate select a colour
 which1 when polished1 will work        
'clean4' ,do not select anything very   
light in morocco1 it will probably not  
work 'clean1' but come out spotted even 
when new4  ,you will now select 'end    
papers4' ,these1 ,i am sorry to say1 are
 mostly very ugly1 though there have    
recently been made some beautiful cloudy
 coloured papers1 which now and then1   

and apparently by accident1 are very    
beautiful1 and they are also rather     
expensive4 ,some of the ,japanese papers
 have pretty and very unobtrusive       
marblings worked upon them1 and         
occasionally1 too1 a brocade paper looks
 well2 but for a classic1 the plainer   
the better1 and very often a monotint   
end paper1 or even a plain white1 looks 
exceedingly well4 ,in the matter of end 
and side papers1 it is as well to know  
that these can very easily be altered   
even after the book is finished4 ,the   
revival of flat backs has been the cause
 of some disputing4 ,i think myself that
 the pleasure with which the trained eye
 regards the flat back is sufficient    
excuse for it4 ,as far as technique     
goes1 the flat back is1 ,i believe1 just
 as lasting and as flexible as the      
round4 ,much must however be determined 
by the size and shape of the book as to 
whether a flat back is adopted or not4  
,the ,shakespeare which is now under    
consideration1 when bound in double     

volumes1 would1 ,i think1 look well with
 a flat back1 and with flat raised bands
 between the panels2 whereas1 when bound
 in forty single volumes1 it would be   
better to have a round back4  ,as to    
decoration and finish1 the most         
lamentable errors of taste are often    
committed4 ,over-adornment is a curse4  
,a person sees an attractive pattern    
lying in a shop1 and wants all his or   
her books bound like it1 without for a  
moment considering the anachronisms and 
impossible combinations that will       
thereby be perpetrated4 ,it is the same 
with clothes4 ,a man sees another man   
with a fine coat1 and he straightway    
thinks he1 too1 will have a coat of that
 same make and pattern4 ,never does it  
occur to him to gauge the stature or    
character of the man who was first      
wearing the coat4 ,there is yet a good  
deal of the monkey and the ape left in  
us4 ,we seem to do our best to stifle   
our individuality1 and reduce our souls 
to one sad dead level of accursed and   

wicked imitation4 ,some day we shall    
have our eyes opened1 and then see that 
a man may break the whole of the ,ten   
,commandments at once1 and yet he shall 
be saved if he be not vulgar1 and it is 
both senseless and vulgar to copy old   
bindings on to modern books4 ,the only  
decoration which the copy of            
,shakespeare could require is a gilt    
line1 or double gilt lines1 round the   
panels of the back4 ,the full gilt back 
is fortunately becoming extinct4 ,it may
 well die4  ,decoration of books should 
only be carried out when we are sure we 
have an appropriate design1 and when we 
are sure that the book is worth it4     
,there are now some other details to be 
looked after4 ,i refuse to class them as
 minor details1 because towards the     
making of the perfect book everything   
right is essential4  7#a7 ,the          
,shakespeare1 being a book printed on   
paper of good quality1 should have the  
top edge gilt1 but the other sides      
should be left untouched or very        

slightly trimmed4 7#b7 ,there should be 
one or two markers in each volume1 and  
the colour of these markers should      
harmonise with the colour of the        
binding4 7#c7 ,the lettering should be  
chosen yourself4 ,there should be a     
principal title stamped boldly and      
deeply1 and subordinate lettering       
stamped lower down and in smaller type4 
,thus ,,shakespeare',s ,,works or       
,,shakespeare merely in the top panel1  
with the editor's name underneath1 and  
then below should be lettered the plays 
contained in each volume1 and below     
that1 at the foot1 the date of          
publication4 7#d7 ,three weeks to a     
month at least should be allowed for the
 binding of such a work4 7#e7 ,a folded 
copy in quires of a book is always      
preferable to a cloth-bound copy4 7#f7  
,if a binder should ever suggest either 
a padded binding1 a russia leather      
binding1 or a tree calf binding1 you may
 instantly leave his premises1 for he   
cannot understand his business4  ,it    

will be understood that the rules which 
apply to the binding of this            
,shakespeare equally apply to most other
 books4 ,i propose1 however1 to take    
such instances as ,i think present      
difficulties not already met1 and see   
how they can be overcome4  ,a second    
instance shall be the new edition of    
,pepys' ,diary4 ,the fact that this1 and
 many other books1 are published volume 
by volume makes it somewhat difficult to
 know whether to bind them at once or   
not to do so4 ,in the case of the new   
edition of ,pepys' ,diary1 as neither   
the binding of the large or small paper 
is unsightly1 it should be left until   
complete1 one good reason for this being
 that1 if it be bound volume by volume  
as published1 the binder will require a 
pattern volume each time1 and your      
pattern volume will be lying about his  
workshop each time a volume is          
published4 ,to register a pattern is by 
no means advisable in the case of a     
really well-bound series of books4 ,it  

may do well enough for scientific and   
other journals1 when great nicety of    
detail is not so much required4 ,in the 
case of well-bound volumes1 a pattern   
should accompany the order4 ,a book like
 ,murray's ,dictionary1 volumes of which
 are slow in completing themselves1 the 
parts of the volumes1 current and       
incomplete1 should either be tied up in 
paper1 and kept together1 or they should
 be placed between two pieces of        
millboard on the shelf where they will  
finally be placed4  ,a third instance   
shall be an old book which requires     
repairing or restoring4 ,we will suppose
 that it is an old copy of ,clarissa    
,harlowe1 which you have picked up on a 
country book-stall4 ,now the binding is 
probably very much broken1 and1 being   
very dry1 is getting rapidly worse4 ,it 
is time1 therefore1 that it went into   
hospital1 and at the bookbinder's       
hospital very clever operations are     
performed4 ,to restore a binding1 paste 
is rubbed over the leather1 and1 after  

it is dry1 it is washed over with a thin
 solution of glue size4 ,again1 when    
dry1 the volume is varnished and        
afterwards rubbed over with a cloth upon
 which a few drops of sweet oil have    
been dropped4 ,here is one operation    
just in outline4 ,there are very many   
others1 which ,i can only refer to4 ,if 
there are ink marks on any of the       
volumes of your ,clarissa1 which you    
wish removed1 this can probably be done 
so that no trace is left4 ,similarly    
many grease-spots can be effectually    
removed4 ,if a page is torn1 it can be  
repaired1 or if a piece of it is        
missing1 it can be facsimiled1 and the  
whole of the inside of the volume can be
 washed throughout4 ,never destroy an   
old binding if you can help it1 and     
never obliterate marks of ownership1 for
 it is interesting to trace the owners  
of a book4 ,if a bookplate is in your   
,clarissa1 and you wish your own to     
appear1 transplant the former one to the
 end cover1 and put your own in the     

front if you wish4 ,never have such a   
book as we are now discussing cut down4 
,a book has recently been written and   
published by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,leland on    
,mending and ,repairing1 in which the   
author recommends the amateur to repair 
his own books4 ,i believe ,mr4 ,leland  
is an expert hand at many arts and      
crafts1 but ,i do not think that every  
amateur should attempt experiments in   
repairing his own books unless he means 
to give a great deal of time to it1     
which very few would1 ,i think1 care to 
do4  ,the following remarks1 taken from 
a review1 ,i think by ,mr4 ,a4 ,lang1   
are valuable3--',the binder is often    
very mischievous4 ,he not only cuts down
 books1 impairing their shapeliness and 
ruining them for sale1 nay1 even cutting
 off lines1 but he is apt to lose       
fly-leaves1 with imprints1 and rare     
autographs4 ,what he rejects may have a 
merely fanciful or sentimental interest1
 still that interest can be expressed in
 terms of currency4 ,an eighth of an    

inch in margin may represent a large sum
 of money1 and it is just as easy not to
 cut down the volume4 ,old bookplates   
ought to be kept1 on new bindings of old
 books4 ,they are the pedigree of a     
volume4 ,the ancient covers1 if         
discarded1 should be examined4 ,they are
 often packed with fragments of old     
manuscripts1 deeds1 woodcuts1 or        
engravings4 ,the ages have handed books 
on to us2 it is our duty to hand them on
 to coming generations1 clean1 sound1   
uninjured4'  ,the fourth case shall be  
paper-bound novels1 ,english and ,french
 editions1 and ,tauchnitz copies4 ,i    
have no hesitation in saying that the   
best material is ,buckram4 ,it has the  
merit of being good--that is to say1    
durable1 cheap1 artistic1 and not harsh 
to handle1 as many linens are4 ,there   
are some half-a-dozen good colours in   
,buckram1 and these1 when relieved by   
lettering-pieces of some contrasting    
colour1 can be made most decorative and 
economical4 ,i believe buckram is in    

every way a most excellent material for 
binding1 and for students who buy and   
use ,german and ,french text-books      
published in paper1 this material is    
excellent for their libraries as well4  
,here may be added a few words as to    
,pamphlets and ,magazines4 ,it has been 
recommended that ,pamphlets be kept in  
boxes1 which may be placed upon the     
shelves as books1 but this will not be  
found either convenient or secure4 ,the 
best way is to bind ,pamphlets in       
volumes according to size1 or if very   
numerous1 according to date or subject1 
and let them each be entered separately 
in the catalogue4 ,in the cataloguing of
 private libraries it is sometimes      
thought that certain sections1 such as  
pamphlets and magazines1 are not worth  
entering1 but the only safe rule is     
that1 if it is worth keeping1 it is     
worth cataloguing4 ,single pamphlets    
should be bound in limp roan1 and       
volumes of pamphlets in buckram or      
half-calf1 with full lettering on the   

back4  ,magazines1 when they are kept   
complete1 should1 of course1 be bound up
 in their volumes1 either yearly or     
half-yearly2 but it often happens that a
 magazine is bought for a single        
article1 and many of these accumulating1
 it is quite easy for such articles as  
are of special interest to be taken from
 the remainder1 and treated as          
pamphlets4 ,in the case of magazines and
 scientific periodicals of importance1  
it is well to keep the covers and bind  
them at the end of each volume4 ,music  
should be bound in limp roan in         
preference to limp calf1 because the    
latter would sooner show scratches and  
marks1 particularly as a large surface  
is exposed4  ,if you want your pamphlets
 and novels to look nice1 beware of your
 binder using what he calls his odd     
pieces1 generally monsters of ugliness4 
,family papers1 autograph letters1 and  
,,ms4 matter of all kinds should be     
placed in the hands of an expert1 with  
instructions to calendar them1 viz41    

catalogue them1 giving a prcis of the   
contents of each one4 ,they should then 
be mounted and bound up in volumes1 with
 abstract of contents in front of the   
volume4 ,it will be well to consider the
 advisability of having typed copies    
made of the whole wherever unpublished  
records exist4  ,much1 very much1 more  
might be written about practical details
 in bookbinding1 but nothing is so      
valuable as experience1 and a few       
mistakes will be the best teacher4      
,remember that morocco is the best      
material1 whether it be half or whole   
morocco1 pigskin is second1 calf is     
third1 vellum is fourth1 roan is fifth1 
buckram is sixth1 though it may         
frequently take the place of calf4      
,book ,hobbies4   ,it has been remarked 
that only an auctioneer admires all     
schools of literature4 ,i think it is   
certain that the way to get most        
enjoyment from books is to specialise a 
little4 ,mr4 ,pepys1 it will be         
remembered1 collected ,black ,letter    

,ballads1 ,penny ,merriments1 ,penny    
,witticisms1 ,penny ,compliments1 and   
,penny ,godlinesses1 and what ,pepys    
paid a penny for are now worth much     
gold4 ,lord ,crawford is1 ,i believe1   
one of the most enthusiastic among      
present day collectors1 and ,i am told  
that he spends many hours in arranging  
and cataloguing his extensive and       
curious collection4 ,as far as ,i can   
gather from the printed catalogues which
 have been issued of ,lord ,crawford's  
library1 he is rivalling ,pepys in his  
collection of ballads4 ,other subjects  
which he has taken up are proclamations 
and ,papal bulls4 ,i cannot omit saying 
that if ,lord ,crawford's example were  
followed by a few more rich men1 they   
would find therein very amusing hobbies4
 ,the catalogues of the ,ballads and the
 ,proclamations in the ,library at      
,haigh ,hall have been compiled by ,lord
 ,crawford's own hand1 and there are no 
better catalogues of a private          
collection in existence4 ,the late ,lord

 ,braybrooke collected ,county          
histories1 and got together a most      
valuable and interesting collection4    
,but1 judging from his own account of   
his collection1#bf it was too general to
 be very interesting4 ,there is hardly a
 more useful or profitable book hobby   
than the collecting of ,topographical   
books1 but each one should confine      
himself to one ,county1 or at most two1 
and even with discrimination in buying1 
a single ,county collection soon becomes
 extensive4 ,what should be aimed at in 
such a collection is the putting        
together whatever will illustrate the   
archology1 general history1 folk lore1  
dialect1 and natural history1 of a      
district or ,county1 and wherever there 
is a ,church and a ,manor1 there is a   
history4 ,each parish history is the    
unit of the history of the nation1 and  
any one investigating the parochial     
history of a single parish will find    
much national history written in between
 the lines4 ,with regard to             

topographical and genealogical books1 ,i
 may say that the prices of these are   
rapidly rising1 and will continue to    
rise1 owing largely to the increasing   
competition in ,america for these books4
  ,sir ,walter ,gilbey has1 it is well  
known1 a fine collection of sporting    
books4 ,there is no sport but what has  
its literature1 and if there is one     
subject more than another1 upon which   
the ,english mind is unchanging1 it is  
sport1 and this being so1 sporting books
 will always offer a fine field for     
collectors4 ,as the coaching age recedes
 farther back1 so it will be found that 
an increasing number of men will want to
 read about what they no longer can hear
 viva voce4 ,all out-door subjects are  
good hobbies4 ,flower culture and the   
laying out of grounds1 birds and natural
 history generally are good subjects1   
but it must be understood that no one   
can find another a subject1 one can only
 suggest1 and that is all ,i propose to 
do here4 ,books offer a very endless    

variety of hobbies4 ,so ,i have merely  
named one or two highways1 and there is 
an endless maze of bypaths which offer  
delightful hunting grounds4 ,dr4        
,johnson1 it may be remembered1         
expressed a very sound commonsense view 
of this matter to ,boswell3  ',when ,i  
mentioned that ,i had seen in the       
,king's ,library fifty-three editions of
 my favourite ,thomas  ,kempis 4 4 4 4  
in eight languages 4 4 4 4 ,johnson said
 he thought it unnecessary to collect   
many editions of a book which were all  
the same except as to paper and print4  
,he would have the original1 and all the
 translations1 and all editions having  
variations in the text4 ,he approved of 
the famous collection of the editions of
 ,horace by ,douglas1 and1 he added1    
,every man should try to collect one    
book in that manner4 4 4 4 4'           
,,footnote3  #bf ,murray's ,magazine1   
,september1 #ahhi4     ,old ,country    
,libraries4   ,the library of ,chaucer's
 ,clerk of ,oxenford1 which represented 

about the maximum that an ordinary      
student would possess1 consisted of     
',a twenty bokes1 clothed in black and  
red1            ,of ,aristotle and his  
philosophie1'  and these he kept 'at his
 beddes hed4'  ,dr4 ,jessopp1 in one of 
his learned papers1#bg has pointed out  
that in the thirteenth century the      
number of books in the world was1 to say
 the least1 small4 ,a library of five   
hundred volumes would1 in those days1   
have been considered an important       
collection1 and after making all due    
allowances for ridiculous exaggerations1
 which have been made by ill-informed   
writers on the subject1 it may safely be
 said that nobody in the thirteenth     
century--at any rate in ,england--would 
have erected a large and lofty building 
as a receptacle for books1 simply       
because nobody could have contemplated  
the possibility of filling it4 ,here and
 there amongst the larger and more      
important monasteries there were        
undoubtedly collections of books1 the   

custody of which was entrusted to an    
accredited officer1 but the time had not
 yet come for making libraries well     
stored with such priceless treasures as 
,leland1 the antiquary1 saw at          
,glastonbury1 just before that          
magnificent foundation was given as a   
prey to the spoilers4 ,a library1 in any
 such sense as we now understand the    
term1 was not only no essential part of 
a monastery in those days1 but it may   
almost be said to have been a rarity4   
,in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
 we rarely meet with any indications of 
a literary taste among the laity2 the   
books they purchased were more for      
ornament than use4 ,but in the fifteenth
 century we find books mentioned in a   
manner which would seem to indicate that
 the laity were enabled to use them with
 pleasure4 ,in #acie1 ,alice1 ,lady     
,west1 left to ,joan1 her son's wife1   
'all her books of ,latin1 ,english1 and 
,french2' and from the memoranda of ,sir
 ,john ,howard1 we learn that that      

worthy knight could read at his leisure 
'an ,englyshe boke1 callyd ,dives et    
,pauper1' for which1 and 'a ,frenshe    
boke1' in #adfd1 he paid thirteen       
shillings and fourpence4 ,the library of
 this member of the ,howard family was  
sufficiently extensive to enable him to 
select therefrom1 on the occasion of his
 going to ,scotland1 thirteen volumes   
for his solace and amusement on the     
voyage4#bh ,in the ,paston ,letters will
 be found a catalogue of the library of 
one of the members of this fifteenth    
century family4 ,in the monasteries     
books were1 of course1 used and         
treasured long before they became part  
of the household goods of rich laymen4  
,the catalogue of the ,house of the     
,white ,canons1 at ,titchfield1 in      
,hampshire1 dated #adjj1 shows that the 
books were kept in a small room on      
shelves1 and set against the walls4 ,a  
closet of this kind was evidently not a 
working place1 but simply a place of    
storage4 ,by the beginning of the       

fifteenth century1 the larger           
monasteries had accumulated many hundred
 volumes1 and it began to be customary  
to provide for the collections separate 
quarters1 rooms constructed for the     
purpose4 ,the presses in the cloisters  
were still utilised for books in daily  
reference4#bi ,duke ,humphrey was a     
great book collector and patron of      
letters1 and presented to the           
,university of ,oxford many of the      
illuminated treasures which he had      
collected4 ,the magnificent collection  
of ,charles ,v4 of ,france1 also a great
 bibliomaniac1 was brought by the ,duke 
of ,bedford into ,england4 ,this library
 contained #hec volumes of great        
splendour1 and the introduction of these
 books into ,england stimulated a spirit
 of inquiry among the more wealthy      
laymen4 ,guy ,beauchamp1 ,earl of       
,warwick1 collected a very fine library 
of early romances1 which about #acei1 he
 left to the monks of ,bordesley ,abbey1
 in ,worcestershire4 ,a list of this    

library will be found in ,todd's        
,illustrations of ,gower and ,chaucer4  
,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,clark has1 with quite     
wonderful learning1 drawn a picture of  
student-life of the past with such      
graphic vigour that we can almost       
reinstate ,colet1 ,casaubon1 and        
,erasmus1 and picture them exactly as   
they worked among their books4 ,in      
,macaulay's chapter upon ,the ,state of 
,england in #afhe1 are given numerous   
facts about the difficulty the clergy   
had in getting books1 and the little    
desire there was among the squires to   
possess libraries4 ,few knights of the  
shire had libraries so good as may now  
perpetually be found in a servants'     
hall1 or in the back parlour of a small 
shopkeeper4 ,an esquire passed among his
 neighbours for a great scholar if      
,hudibras and ,baker's ,chronicle1      
,tarleton's ,jests1 and the ,seven      
,champions of ,christendom1 lay in his  
hall window among the fishing rods and  
fowling pieces4 ,no circulating library1

 no book society1 then existed1 even in 
the capital2 but in the capital those   
students who could not afford to        
purchase largely had a resource4 ,the   
shops of the great booksellers1 near    
,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 were crowded  
every day and all day long with readers4
 ,in the country there was no such      
accommodation1 and every man was under  
the necessity of buying whatever he     
wished to read4 ,macaulay further points
 out that ,cotton seems1 from his       
,angler1 to have found room for his     
whole library in his hall window2 and   
,cotton was a man of letters4 ,in the   
,life of ,dr4 ,john ,north there is an  
account of that delightful person's     
dealings with ,mr4 ,robert ,scott1 of   
,little ,britain1 a very famous         
bookseller in the seventeenth century4  
,dr4 ,john ,north is really a           
fascinating personality4#cj ,his soul   
was 'never so staked down as in an old  
bookseller's shop1 for1 having taken    
orders1 he was restless till he had     

compassed some of that sort of furniture
 as he thought necessary for his        
profession4  ',i have borne him         
company1' says his biographer1 'at shops
 for hours together1 and1 minding him of
 the time1 he hath made a dozen proffers
 before he would quit4 ,by this care and
 industry he made himself master of a   
very considerable library1 wherein the  
choicest collection was ,greek4'  ,pepys
 wished that his name should go down to 
posterity as a man fond of books4 ,the  
arrangements for the settlement of his  
library after death prove this4 ,the    
numerous references throughout the      
,diary show that he had a passion for   
collecting1 and showed good judgment in 
what he got together4 ,pepys1 like ,dr4 
,john ,north1 dealt of ,robert ,scott1  
who1 when sending his distinguished     
customer four scarce books1 the total   
cost of which was only #al4 #ads41      
writes1 ',without flattery ,i love to   
find a rare book for you4'#ca           
,r4 ,,scott1 the bookseller1 to ,mr4    

,,pepys4                                
',june #cjth1 #afhh4  ',,sir1--,having  
at length procured ,campion1 ,hanmer1   
,spencer's ,hist4 of ,ireland1 fol4     
7which ,i think1 you formerly desired7  
,i here send itt you1 with #b very      
scarce bookes besides1 viz4 ,pricaei    
,defensio ,hist4 ,britt4 #dto1 and old  
,harding's ,chronicle1 as alsoe the ,old
 ,ship of ,fooles1 in old verse1 by     
,alex4 ,berkley1 priest2 which last1    
though nott scarce1 yett soe very fayre 
and perfect1 that seldome comes such    
another2 the ,priceus you will find     
deare1 yett ,i never sold it under      
#ajs41 and att this tyme you can have it
 of a person of quality2 butt ,i love to
 find a rare book for you1 and hope     
shortly to procure for you a perfect    
,hall's ,chronicle4                     
',i am1 ,sir1                           
',your ,servant to command1             
',,robert ,,scott4'                     
,campion1 ,hanmer1  ,spencer fol4       
#j3ab3j           ,hardings ,chronicle1 

#dto4             #j3 #f3j              
,pricaei ,defens4 ,hist4 ,britt4        
#j3 #h3j           ,shipp of ,fooles1   
fol4                #j3 #h3j            
------                                  
#a3ad3j                                 
,the contents of ,pepys' famous         
collections of ,manuscripts1 ,books and 
rare single-sheet literature are known  
more or less to students1 and are found 
by them to be of the utmost value4 ,it  
is amusing to notice how careful ,pepys 
was not to admit into his library any   
'risky' books4 ,little did he think that
 the key to the diary would be one day  
discovered4 ,when he bought in the      
,strand 'an idle1 rogueish1 ,french     
book1 ,l',escholle des ,filles1' he     
resolved1 as already stated1 as soon as 
he had read it1 to burn it1 'that it    
might not stand in the list of books1   
nor among them1 to disgrace them1 if it 
should be found4' ,he was equally       
solicitous about ,rochester's ,poems4   
,pepys' books were numbered             

consecutively throughout the library1   
and therefore1 when rearranged1 they    
needed to be all renumbered4 ,this was  
done by ,pepys himself1 his wife1 and   
,deb ,willett1 who were busy until near 
midnight 'titleing' the books4  ,with so
 many references to ,pepys and his      
book-collecting as we find in the       
,diary1 it is puzzling to read1 under   
date1 ,october #e1 #affe1 after         
references to ',sister ,poll1' ',i      
abroad to the office1 and thence to the 
,duke of ,albemarle1 all my way reading 
a book of ,mr4 ,evelyn's translating and
 sending me as a present1 about         
directions for gathering a library1 but 
the book is above my reach4' ,pepys1 one
 would think1 had by this time gone far 
enough in himself gathering a library to
 understand the little pamphlet by      
,naudeus1 librarian to ,cardinal        
,mazarin1 which ,evelyn translated1 and 
which was issued in #affa1 and which is 
now very rare4 ,there is a charming     
letter from ,evelyn to ,pepys1 dated    

#abth ,august1 #afhi1 giving very many  
interesting details of the private      
libraries of the seventeenth century1   
and which goes a very long way to modify
 ,macaulay's rather overdrawn picture of
 the scarcity of books and private      
libraries in #afhe4 ,this letter of     
,evelyn's might be compared with        
,addison's picture of ',tom ,folio' in  
the ,tatler4#cf ,tom ,folio stood for a 
great book collector1 ,thomas           
,rawlinson4  ,the eighteenth century    
produced a host of great book           
collectors4 ,william ,oldys1 ,humphrey  
,wanley1 and ,thomas ,rawlinson just    
mentioned4 ,these men were great        
experts1 who infected with enthusiasm   
many great patrons of letters1 such as  
,charles1 ,earl of ,sunderland1 the     
,earl of ,pembroke1 ,lord ,somers1 ,lord
 ,oxford1 ,topham ,beauclerk1 ,colonel  
,stanley1 and ,george ,earl ,spencer1   
whose famous ,library now at ,manchester
 has been called the finest private     
library in ,europe4 ,in his ,life of    

,sir ,walter ,scott1 ,lockhart has      
inserted a visitor's impression of the  
library at ,abbotsford4 ',the visitor   
might ransack a library1 unique1 ,i     
suppose1 in some of its collections1 and
 in all departments interesting and     
characteristic of the founder4 ,so many 
of the volumes were enriched with       
anecdotes or comments in his own hand1  
that to look over his books was1 in some
 degree1 conversing with him4' ,the     
catalogue of the ,abbotsford library was
 printed by the ,maitland ,club in      
#ahch1 and is one of the best catalogues
 of a private collection ever printed4  
,,footnote3  #bg ,nineteenth ,century1  
,january1 #ahhd4  #bh ,parker1 ,domestic
 ,architecture4  #bi ,putnam1 ,books and
 their ,makers1 vol4 i4  #cj ,see ante1 
p4 #h4  #ca ,many interesting references
 to ,pepys' ,collections are found in   
,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,wheatley's ,pepys1 and the
 ,world he ,lived in4 ,the following    
extracts are taken from the same        
writer's new and final edition of the   

,diary3--            ,may #ae1          
#affj4--';,after that to a bookseller's 
and           bought for the love of the
 binding three books3           the     
,french ,psalms in four parts1 ,bacon's 
,organon1 and ,farnab4 ,rhetor4'#cb     
,dec4 #bf1 #affb4--';,hither come ,mr4  
,battersby2 and           we falling    
into a discourse of a new book of       
drollery in verse called ,hudebras1#cc  
,i would           needs go find it out1
 and met with it at the                 
,temple3 cost me #bs4 #f;d4'            
,july #h1 #affd4--',so to ,paul's       
,churchyarde about           my books1  
and to the binder's1 and directed the   
doing of my ,chaucer1#cd though they    
were not           full neate enough for
 me1 but pretty well it is2             
and thence to the clasp-maker's to have 
it clasped           and bossed4'       
,jan4 #ah1 #affd-fe4--',up and by and by
 to my           bookseller's1 and there
 did give thorough           direction  
for the new binding of a great many of  

my old books1 to make my whole study of 
the same           binding1 within very 
few4'            ,aug4 #bd1             
#afff4--',up1 and despatched several    
businesses at home in the morning1 and  
then comes           ,sympson to set up 
my other new presses#ce for my          
books1 and so he and ,i fell into the   
furnishing of           my new closett1 
and taking out the things out of        
my old1 and ,i kept him with me all day1
 and he           dined with me1 and so 
all the afternoon till it           was 
quite dark hanging things1 that is my   
maps and           pictures and         
draughts1 and setting up my books1      
and as much as we could do1 to my most  
extraordinary satisfaction4'            
,dec4 #ag1 #afff4--',spent the evening  
in fitting my           books1 to have  
the number set upon each1 in order      
to my having an alphabet of my whole1   
which will           be of great ease to
 me4 ,this day ,captain ,batters        
come from sea in his fireship and come  

to see me1           poor man1 as his   
patron1 and a poor painful wretch       
he is as can be4 ,after supper to bed4' 
,dec4 #ai1 #afff4--';,home full of      
trouble on these                        
considerations1 and1 among other things1
 ,i to my           chamber1 and there  
to ticket a good part of my             
books1 in order to the numbering of them
 for my           easy finding them to  
read as ,i have occasion4'              
,jan4 #h1 #afff-fg4--',so home and to   
supper1 and           then saw the      
catalogue of my books1 which my         
brother had wrote out1 now perfectly    
alphabeticall1 and so to bed4'          
,feb4 #d1 #afff-fg4--',mightily pleased 
with the           play1 we home by     
coach1 and there a little to the        
office1 and then to my chamber1 and     
there finished           my catalogue of
 my books with my own hand1 and so      
to supper and to bed1 and had a good    
night's rest1           the last night's
 being troublesome1 but now my          

heart light and full of resolution of   
standing           close to my          
business4'            ,feb4 #h1         
#affg-fh4--',thence away to the ,strand1
 to           my bookseller's1 and there
 staid an hour1 and           bought the
 idle1 rogueish book1 ,l'escholle des   
filles1 which ,i have bought in plain   
binding1           avoiding the buying  
of it better bound1 because ,i          
resolve1 as soon as ,i have read it1 to 
burn it1           that it may not stand
 in the list of books1 nor              
among them1 to disgrace them if it      
should be           found4 ,thence home1
 and busy late at the office1           
and then home to supper and to bed4'    
#cb ,index ,rhetoricus1 of ,thomas      
,farnaby1 was a book which went through 
several editions4 ,the first was        
published at ,london1 by ,r4 ,allot1 in 
#afcc4  #cc ,the first edition of       
,butler's ,hudibras is dated #affc1 and 
it probably had only been published a   
few days when ,pepys bought it and sold 

it at a loss4 ,he subsequently          
endeavoured to appreciate the work1 but 
was not successful4 ,the edition in the 
,pepysian ,library is dated #afhi4  #cd 
,this was ,speght's edition of #afjb1   
which is still in the ,pepysian         
,library4 ,the book is bound in calf1   
with brass clasps and bosses4 ,it is not
 lettered4  #ce ,these presses still    
exist1 and1 according to ,pepys' wish1  
they are placed in the second court of  
,magdalene ,college1 in a room which    
they exactly fit1 and the books are     
arranged in the presses just as they    
were when presented to the college4  #cf
 ,tatler1 ,no4 #aeh4     ,weeding ,out4 
,it is necessary that a large           
country-house library should            
occasionally be weeded out and          
overhauled4 ,the libraries which were   
formed in past generations cannot be    
expected to suit present-day            
requirements4 ,in a great many          
country-house libraries there is little 
else than a great mass of turgid        

theology1 but very often buried among   
these are really valuable books4 ,upon  
the death of the head of a family1 the  
library should be carefully gone over in
 order that the new owner may get an    
idea of the books--a collection which he
 may be excused from knowing much of as 
he did not collect it4 ,the books should
 then be re-arranged to suit the views  
of those who are most likely to use     
them1 and certain rejected volumes      
should be disposed of and others put in 
their places4  ,how much this is        
necessary might be illustrated by many  
anecdotes4     ,the ,catalogue4   ,i    
have said1 under the heading            
',classification1' that it is not       
advisable or necessary to attempt any   
rigid classification upon the shelves4  
,one good reason for this is that by so 
doing you are trying to do what can so  
much better be done by a catalogue4 ,no 
one who uses books very much but sooner 
or later becomes grateful for the       
existence of an alphabet and an         

arrangement by ,a ,b ,c4 ,carlyle once  
said1 ',a library is not worth anything 
without a catalogue2 it is a ,polyphemus
 without any eye in his head1 and you   
must confront the difficulties1 whatever
 they may be1 of making proper          
catalogues4'  ',the classification of   
,pepys' library was to be found in the  
catalogues1 and as ,pepys increased in  
substance he employed experts to do this
 work for him4'#cg  ,no catalogue is of 
any use unless you can tell from it 7#a7
 ,all that the library possesses of the 
known books of a known author at one    
view1 as well as 7#b7 ,all that it      
possesses1 by whomsoever written1 on a  
known and definite subject4  ,the old   
catalogues were mostly very bad4 ,old   
methods have now given way to newer and 
better bibliographical systems1 and1 to 
take the case of a large country house1 
where books are scattered about in many 
rooms1 a catalogue is most essential4   
,the catalogue should1 in most cases1 be
 in ,,ms41 and not typewritten4 ,such an

 arrangement admits of additions being  
made more easily4 ,the printed catalogue
 is adopted where the library is of     
special value1 or if it has any         
particular class of books predominating 
to make it of use as a bibliography of a
 special subject4 ,lord ,crawford's     
sectional catalogues of his library1    
already referred to1 are the most       
valuable lists ,i know of for student   
purposes1 but ,i believe very few people
 have ever seen them4  ,the catalogue of
 ,lord ,crawford's ,proclamations1 at   
,haigh ,hall1 is a marvel of industry   
and accuracy4 ,mr4 ,locker ,lampson's   
,rowfant ,library was catalogued1 and   
the catalogue printed and sold1 because 
it had special value as a collection of 
,elizabethan poetry4 ,mr4 ,edmund       
,gosse's ,library catalogue was printed 
because it contained special collections
 of seventeenth-century literature4     
,whether the library be a student's     
library or a general library1 a         
catalogue is essential4 ,gibbon had a   

catalogue of his books4 ,i have seen so 
many amateur attempts at cataloguing    
private libraries that ,i am bound to   
say ,i do not think the plan of         
cataloguing one's own books in any way  
answers4 ,any catalogue may be better   
than no catalogue1 but1 if a catalogue  
is to be done1 it is better by far to   
call in the assistance of some one whose
 work it is4 ,it frequently happens that
 a family inherits a large library1 and 
the inheritors1 not having formed the   
collection1 naturally can know but      
little1 if anything1 of its contents4   
,now1 in such a case1 and in many other 
cases1 the best plan is to have your    
books overhauled1 sifted1 certain       
volumes weeded out1 if necessary1 others
 rebound1 and the whole remainder       
carefully catalogued and described1 the 
cases being numbered and the shelves    
lettered4  ,very often the owner of a   
library sets out to catalogue his or her
 own books1 and makes the initial       
mistake of entering them one by one in a

 ,,ms4 volume already bound up4 ,such a 
plan must end in failure and disorder1  
because it is impossible by this means  
to get the titles strictly alphabetical4
 ,others ,i have seen commence writing  
the titles from the backs of the books4 
,other difficulties which are           
encountered are with anonymous books1   
and with such authors as used           
pseudonyms1 and1 in some cases1 many    
pseudonyms4 ,such was ,henri ,beyle1    
whose books bear various disguises1 such
 as ,de ,stendhal1 ,cotonet1 ,salviati1 
,viscontini1 ,birkbeck1 ,strombeck1     
,csar ,alexandre ,bombet4 ,the ,british 
,museum ,library has ninety-one rules of
 cataloguing1 forming1 perhaps1 the best
 cataloguing code in the world2 but for 
private libraries such elaboration and  
detail is not necessary4 ,the following 
are the main rules to be adopted in     
private libraries3--#ch   #a4 ,the      
catalogue should be arranged in one     
general alphabet1 this being the most   
useful and the readiest form for        

reference4 ,to render it1 as nearly as  
possible1 a correct representation of   
the contents of the library1 each work  
has but one principal descriptive entry4
 ,the shelfmark is confined to this     
entry--duplicate shelfmark references1  
when the position of books is likely to 
be often altered1 from the accession of 
additions to the library1 c41 leading to
 frequent and unavoidable errors4   #b4 
,this entry is under the author's name  
when given on the title-page1 or        
otherwise known1 as being the only      
arrangement which allows one general    
rule to be followed throughout the      
catalogue4   #c4 ,anonymous works1 whose
 authors' names are unknown1 are placed 
under the subjects to which they relate4
   #d4 ,cross references are made3      
from the subjects of biographies to the 
authors2      from the principal        
anonymous and pseudonymous works to the 
writer's         real names where known2
      from works included in1 or noticed
 in the title-pages of other            

publications1 to those publications4    
#e4 ,to obviate the imperfections       
necessarily attendant on an alphabetical
 arrangement1 and for the greater       
facility of reference1 short            
classifications are introduced of the   
chief subjects on which the books in the
 library treat1 referring to the names  
of the authors in the same general      
alphabet2 thereby uniting the advantages
 of the alphabetical and classified     
systems1 and acting in some measure as a
 key to the prevailing character of the 
library4   #f4 ,all authors' names are  
followed by full stops3 any articles    
placed under a writer's name1 of which  
he is not the author1 but which are     
anonymous answers to1 or criticisms on1 
his works2 anonymous memoirs placed     
under the subjects2 or any entries      
whatever1 in which the heading name     
prefixed is not that of the author1 are 
distinguished by a line following the   
name4   #g4 ,the headings of the short  
classifications are distinguished by    

being doubly underlined with red ink4   
,the name to be referred to is singly   
underlined1 but when the reference is to
 another heading1 and not to an author1 
it is doubly underlined4  ,in preparing 
titles for the catalogue 7whether it be 
intended to transcribe or print them71  
it should be an imperative instruction  
that they be written on slips of paper  
7or on cards7 of uniform size4 ,it is   
also useful to include in them a word or
 two which may serve to identify the    
origin of the books--whether by         
purchase1 by copyright1 or by gift--and 
to indicate the date of their respective
 acquisition4  ,,footnotes3  #cg        
,wheatley1 ,pepys and the ,world he     
,lived in1 p4 #hd4  #ch ,i believe these
 rules were originally drawn up by ,mr4 
,b4 ,r4 ,wheatley4     ,classification  
of ,books4   ,the classification of     
books1 according to any set system1 or  
according to subjects upon the shelves  
of a library1 is not easy1 and for many 
reasons it is not worth attempting4     

,unless the library is a very large one1
 say1 ten to twenty thousand volumes1   
with ample and adaptable shelving1 it is
 not to be desired4 ,the main difficulty
 in shelf classification lies in the    
fact that books on similar and kindred  
subjects are issued in all sizes4 ,there
 are books on ,furniture1 for instance1 
in folio1 in quarto1 and in octavo4     
,when shelf classification is           
imperative1 the folios are all put      
together1 the quartos together1 and the 
octavos together4 ,this is the nearest  
realisation of a shelf classification1  
and by this method the folios may be far
 separated from the quartos1 and the    
quartos from the octavos4 ,moreover1 if 
appearance count for anything1 as indeed
 it should in the most modest library1  
it will be impossible to carry out any  
plan of shelf classification and        
preserve at the same time an appearance 
of method and fitness4 ,in planning out 
how your books are to be placed1 a great
 consideration is the placing of them1  

so that books likely to be frequently   
referred to shall be easy of access1 and
 books less likely to be in request     
shall be housed higher up4#ci ,reference
 books should1 as far as possible1 be   
placed together1 and all easy of access4
 ,the main divisions into which a       
private library classes itself are      
,history and ,biography1 ,fiction1      
,poetry and ,drama1 ,theology1 ,travel1 
,art1 ,belles lettres2 but there are so 
many considerations besides those of    
subject in any general classification   
which should determine the position of a
 volume that ,i must emphasise what has 
already been said about actual personal 
convenience being first studied1 and the
 library as arranged on the shelves     
should be the result of personal        
convenience and graceful effect4 ,this  
is more particularly necessary when a   
library is in course of expansion4 ,the 
subjects which will expand quickest1 and
 the space they will require1 can never 
be accurately gauged1 and frequent      

upheavals and readjustments will be     
necessary if any rigid plan is aimed at4
 ,i would suggest that a separate       
shelf--or1 if necessary1 a separate     
case--be reserved for unbound           
periodicals and for accessions1 which   
are1 as it were1 sub judice4 ,often1    
too1 a separate case is necessary for   
rare and handsome books1 and a locked   
case for faceti4 ,it is worth while to  
observe that ,pepys found that the best 
way to find his numerous books was to   
number them consecutively throughout the
 library4#dj  ,numerous elaborate plans 
of book classification have been put    
forward1 principally by ,americans1 but 
in no way are they adaptable to the     
requirements of private libraries1 and  
,i doubt very much the possibility of   
comprehending them in such a way as to  
apply them in an intelligible manner    
even to public libraries4  ,mr4 ,b4 ,r4 
,wheatley1 in an admirable paper upon   
,library arrangement1#da gives the      
following excellent practical advice3-- 

',if ,i had the planning of rooms for a 
private library1 ,i should select as the
 best possible arrangement a suite of   
three rooms1 or one long room or gallery
 divided by columns into three          
compartments1 of which the centre should
 be the largest1 with several small     
contiguous ante-rooms1 the entrances to 
which1 if so desired1 might be          
concealed1 for uniformity or            
completeness of appearance1 by filling  
them with sham or dummy book-backs1 the 
titles of which may be made an occasion 
for witticism or joking allusion to     
local and family history4  ',a good     
library arrangement is not achieved at  
once1 but is a slow growth through      
difficulties met and conquered4 ,some of
 the best portions of it will be those  
which have flashed across your mind when
 there seemed no pathway out of the     
thicket of difficulty in which you were 
struggling4 ,the arrangement of books1  
where the shelves are not made to order 
to suit your plans1 must naturally be of

 a progressive character in its         
development in your mind4  ',in some old
 libraries1 collected mostly in the     
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1   
there is such a preponderance of those  
portly tomes in folio in which our      
sturdy ancestors delighted1 that they   
materially affect and disconcert our    
ordinary plans4 ,i have known an        
instance in which the library shelves   
projected slightly in their upper part1 
and1 there thus being an appropriate    
depth1 ,i arranged on these shelves two 
long parallel rows1 completely round the
 room1 of these noble volumes of our old
 divines1 ,state papers1 ,statutes1     
,treaties1 ,trials1 and our ,county     
histories2 and the effect in strength   
and power 7as ,ruskin might have said7  
of these long lines of large stout books
 of nearly equal height and size was    
really magnificent4 ,sometimes you meet 
with such a valuable and massive body of
 topography as will not allow of its    
cavalierly being made a subsidiary      

section of the class of history1 and the
 form and weighty character of the      
folios suggest that some deep and       
separate bookcases should be chosen in  
which it may assume the important       
individuality that it deserves4         
',folios of a modern date1 being of very
 unequal sizes1 would have a raggedness 
of outline which would be less observed 
nearer to the ground than in the        
elevated position just referred to4 ,as 
a general rule1 a row of folios on the  
lowest shelf will be succeeded by one of
 quartos1 and then above the ledge the  
octavos and duodecimos will be placed1  
but they should not ascend in too rigid 
a law of gradual decrease4 ,rows of     
small books at the top of a bookcase    
look as petty to the mind as to the     
eyes1 and1 indeed1 are in general more  
appropriately placed in dwarf bookcases 
specially fitted for their reception4   
',for small libraries1 not exceeding    
#cjjj to #djjj volumes1 the letters of  
the alphabet may be used for the cases1 

and small figures for the shelves1 on   
the principle of the greater including  
the less1 the letters having a more     
important appearance4 ,but in larger    
libraries1 where there is a chance of   
the alphabet being doubled or trebled1  
one regular series of large numbers for 
the cases1 with small letters for the   
shelves1 is to be preferred4'  ,books   
should be marked in pencil1 with a shelf
 letter and a case number4  ,long sets  
of books need be numbered in the first  
volume only4  ,in the case of           
collections of pamphlets each item ought
 to be separately catalogued4  ,the     
catalogue should complement the         
arrangement on the shelves1 and not be  
tautological4  ,tables of contents of   
collected editions given in catalogue4  
,a synoptical table of contents should  
be prefixed to the catalogue4  ,for     
those who desire a rough outline of     
headings into which a library usually   
classifies itself1 ,i will name one4    
,the briefest is as follows3--7#a7      

,theology1 7#b7 ,philosophy and         
,science1 7#c7 ,art1 7#d7 ,political    
,economy1 7#e7 ,law1 7#f7 ,history and  
,literature4  ,,footnotes3  #ci ,no     
bookshelves ought to be beyond the reach
 of a moderately tall person4  #dj ',the
 books were numbered consecutively      
throughout the library1 and1 therefore1 
when rearranged1 they needed all to be  
renumbered4 ,all hands were pressed into
 this service1 and we read that on the  
#aeth of ,february1 #affg-fh1 ,pepys    
himself1 his wife1 and ,deb4 ,willett   
were busy until near midnight titleing  
the books for the year1 and setting them
 in order4 ,they all tired their backs1 
but the work was satisfactory4 4 4 4 4  
7,see ante1 p4 #gh47  ',the books are   
arranged in eleven curious old mahogany 
bookcases1 which are mentioned in the   
,diary under date ,august #bd1 #afff4   
,up and dispatched several businesses at
 home in the morning1 and then comes    
,sympson to set up my other new presses 
for my books1 and so he and ,i fell into

 the furnishing of my new closett1 and  
taking out the things out of my old1 and
 ,i kept him with me all day1 and he    
dined with me1 and so all the afternoon 
till it was quite darke hanging things1 
that is1 my maps and pictures and       
draughts1 and setting up my books1 4 4 4
 4 to my most extraordinary             
satisfaction4'--,wheatley1 ,pepys and   
the ,world he lived in1 pp4 #hc-d4  #da 
,library ,journal1 ,august1 #ahgh4      
,bookcases4   ,the chief faults of      
bookcases arise from their being        
designed and made by men who have never 
used a book4 ,a first requisite in      
bookcases is simplicity1 bearing in mind
 that the books are the ornament and not
 the bookcases4 ,the cabinet-maker1     
among other things1 is too fond of      
embellishments1 and sacrifices space to 
what seem odd angularities and          
irregularities4  ,no bookcase should be 
above eight and a half feet in height4  
,no ladder should be necessary to get at
 books4 ,if books are 'skied' up to the 

ceiling they must suffer from the heated
 air4 ,it is heat1 not gas merely1 which
 damages books4  ,a room may be made to 
look very beautiful by being surrounded 
with fumed oak bookcases1 eight feet    
high4 ,the shelves should be made       
movable with ,tonks' patent4#db ,mr4    
,gladstone#dc speaks of the looseness   
and the tightness of movable shelves1   
the weary arms1 the aching fingers1 and 
the broken finger-nails4 ,this can be   
avoided by the use of the patent here   
named4 ,the bottom cases should be      
deeper and wider1 to take quartos and   
folios1 but there should always be an   
extra shelf for turning a folio section 
into an octavo section4                 
,nineteen-twentieths of the books in    
circulation are octavos and smaller     
volumes4 ,on each side of the fireplace 
there should be an arm projecting about 
four feet and a half4 ,the inner side of
 this should have a comfortable         
reading-seat1 and on the outer side1    
farthest from the fire1 there may be    

shelves for books4 ,if the structural   
arrangements of the room admit of these 
projecting arms being placed1 without   
sacrifice of comfort1 at a greater      
distance from the fireplace1 the books  
may be placed on the upper part of the  
inner side as well1 the lower part being
 used as a lounge4  ,it must be         
remembered that heat and excessive      
dryness are fatal to good bindings and1 
indeed1 to all parts of a book1 and     
therefore no bookcase should approach   
too near a fireplace1 nor should        
bookcases be placed backing upon        
hot-water pipes4 ,the shelves should be 
edged with leather and such leather must
 not be stiffened by cardboard or brown 
paper--simply leather1 and there should 
be a roller shutter of silk to draw down
 in front of the books during absence   
from home4 ,the cases#dd should         
everywhere be perfectly flush1 without  
any sort of protruding ornament4 ,it    
will be found a great advantage to make 
the framework of the various cases of   

equal dimensions1 so that the shelves   
can be made transferable4 ,in estimating
 the extent of shelving which it may be 
necessary to provide1 we may calculate  
that in an ordinary library a space two 
feet high and two feet wide will1 on an 
average1 contain about thirty-five      
volumes1 and it may be estimated roughly
 that every thousand volumes in a       
library will require about a hundred    
square feet of shelving4  ,if fixed     
shelves are made1 the usual height will 
be--#de            ,for folios   #ah to 
#ba inches4              quartos  #ab   
#ae                  octavos        #aj 
smaller sizes   #g      ,these spaces   
will allow ample room for the average   
sizes4 ,the ',atlas' folios and         
',elephant' folios are best accommodated
 in single shelves1 in which they may be
 flat1 or on trays or table cases4#df   
,bear in mind always to allow sufficient
 space for expansion4 ,nothing causes   
more disorder than insufficient shelf   
accommodation4 ,all cases should be     

numbered and lettered1 that is1 each    
section should have a number1 and each  
shelf a letter4 ,for the accommodation  
of expensive bindings or rare books and 
,,mss41 a special case may sometimes be 
required4 ,very beautiful specimens of  
such may be seen sketched in the books  
of ,chippendale1 ,sheraton1 and         
,heppelwhite1 but it is in all cases    
better to avoid glass fronts and adopt  
ornamental brass wire work if any       
special protection be needed4  ,the late
 ,mr4 ,blades1 a great expert in this   
matter1 said1 ',it is a mistake to      
imagine that keeping the best-bound     
volumes in a glass-doored bookcase is a 
preservative4 ,the damp air will        
certainly penetrate1 and as the absence 
of ventilation will assist formation of 
mould1 the books will be worse off than 
if they had been placed in open shelves4
 ,if securing be desirable1 by all means
 abolish the glass and place ornamental 
brass wire work in its stead4'#dg  ',it 
is more important to see that the       

shelves intended for choice and richly  
bound books should be covered with      
leather1 and expressly such as are      
intended for books of large sizes4 ,in  
the case of books of special value1 the 
leather should be well padded1 should be
 of the best quality1 and should have a 
polished surface4'#dh  ,in the          
,nineteenth ,century for ,march1 #ahij1 
already quoted from1 ,mr4 ,gladstone    
wrote upon ',books1 and the ,housing of 
them4' ,this paper showed a sound grasp 
of the subject and showed ,mr4          
,gladstone in a new and very interesting
 light4 ,appended are some extracts from
 this paper1 all of which ,i think      
experts would agree to1 except the fixed
 shelves1 and here1 ,i think1 any one   
who has handled books very much will be 
at issue with ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,he      
himself says3--',i have recommended     
that1 as a rule1 the shelves be fixed1  
and have given reasons for the adoption 
of such a rule4 ,i do not know whether  
it will receive the sanction of         

authorities1 and ,i make two admissions4
 ,first1 it requires that each person   
owning and arranging a library should   
have a pretty accurate general knowledge
 of the size of his books4 ,secondly1 it
 may be expedient to introduce here and 
there1 by way of exception1 a single    
movable shelf4'  ,now1 a man must be    
able not only to gauge very accurately  
the limits of his library and the       
various sizes of books1 but he must be  
able to look into the future if he would
 safely embark on fixed shelves4 ,and   
this is wholly impossible4 ,fixed       
shelves should only be adopted where    
cost has to be reduced to a minimum1 but
 in the majority of instances movable   
shelves will be found preferable4 ,the  
paragraphs which deal with bookcases in 
,mr4 ,gladstone's article may here be   
given3--  ',the question of economy1 for
 those who from necessity or choice     
consider it at all1 is a very serious   
one4 ,it has been a fashion to make     
bookcases ornamental4 ,now1 books want  

for and in themselves no ornament at    
all4 4 4 ,the man who looks for society 
in his books will readily perceive that1
 in proportion as the face of his       
bookcase is occupied by ornament1 he    
loses that society2 and conversely1 the 
more that face approximates to a sheet  
of book-backs1 the more of that society 
he will enjoy4 ,and so it is that three 
great advantages come hand in hand1 and1
 as will be seen1 reach their maximum   
together3 the sociability of books1     
minimum cost in providing for them1 and 
ease of access to them4  ',in order to  
attain these advantages1 two conditions 
are fundamental4 ,first1 the shelves    
must1 as a rule1 be fixed2 secondly1 the
 cases1 or a large part of them1 should 
have their side against a wall1 and     
thus1 projecting into the room for a    
convenient distance1 they should be of  
twice the depth needed for a single line
 of books1 and should hold two lines1   
one facing each way4 ,twelve inches is a
 fair and liberal depth for two rows of 

octavos4 ,the books are thus thrown into
 stalls1 but stalls after the manner of 
a stable4 4 4 4 ,this method of dividing
 the longitudinal space by projections  
at right angles to it1 if not very      
frequently used1 has long been known4 ,a
 great example of it is to be found at  
,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 and is   
the work of ,sir ,christopher ,wren4 ,he
 has kept these cases down to a very    
moderate height2 for he doubtless took  
into account that great heights require 
long ladders1 and that the fetching and 
use of these greatly add to the time    
consumed in getting or replacing a      
book4'  ,it must here be added that ,mr4
 ,gladstone's plan is much more fitted  
for a large public library than for the 
library of a private person1 for whom he
 is prescribing4 ,though the library in 
the form of an annexe#di is in many ways
 an ideal form for housing a large      
library1 yet these are hardly likely to 
be in the majority1 and most people find
 that they have to house their books in 

a circumscribed space1 with no room for 
such bays and projections as he suggests
 except perhaps one by the fireplace4   
,,footnotes3  #db ,tonks' fittings are  
specially adapted for the shelves of    
book-cases or other shelves1 the        
adjustment of which has1 from time to   
time1 to be varied to suit the varying  
requirements of a library1 c4 ,the      
method hitherto generally adopted for   
such shelves is to support them at each 
end by two studs1 the heads of which are
 mortised into the shelf1 and the pins  
driven or otherwise fitted into holes   
two or more inches apart1 bored in two  
rows into the upright frames2 these     
holes are very seldom accurately fitted 
to the pins1 and even where so done in  
the first instance1 from the shrinking  
or expansion of the wood1 they soon     
become too large or too small for the   
pins1 and the alteration of the         
adjustment of a shelf is thereby        
rendered an extremely troublesome       
operation4 ,the patent fittings remedy  

this1 and save both time and trouble2 in
 place of the rows of holes so far      
apart1 metal strips perforated at       
intervals of three-quarters of an inch  
for the reception of the very simple but
 strong metal plates1 which take the    
place of the old studs1 are mortised in 
and screwed to the frames4 ,the         
insertion1 at the required intervals1 of
 the plates into the perforations in    
these strips is made instantaneously1   
consequently the position of a shelf can
 be easily altered without an irritating
 expense of trouble1 and waste of time4 
,the thinness of the plates renders any 
mortising in the shelf unnecessary1 and 
the small intervals between the         
perforations in the strips enables the  
whole space occupied by the shelves to  
be used most economically4 ,these       
fittings1 when used with a shelf        
sufficiently strong itself to bear the  
weight1 will support without strain more
 than half a ton4  #dc ,nineteenth      
,century1 ,march1 #ahij4  #dd ,edwards1 

,memoirs of ,libraries1 ii41 #gcf4  #de 
,,the ,,sizes ,,of ,,books4--,the       
,associated ,librarians of ,great       
,britain decided upon a uniform and     
arbitrary scale for the measurement and 
description of the sizes of books4 ,in  
consequence of the many and varied sizes
 of papers now manufactured1 the terms  
folio1 quarto or #dto41 octavo or #hvo41
 twelvemo or #abmo41 and so on1 as      
indicating the number of folds in the   
printed sheets1 can no longer be relied 
upon as a definite guide to the sizes of
 books1 hence the change1 as follows3-- 
,large folio    la4 fol4     over #ah   
inches4           ,folio          fol4  
below #ah              ,small folio     
sm4 fol4         #ac              ,large
 octavo   la4 #hvo4         #aa         
,octavo         #hvo4              #i   
,small octavo   sm4 #hvo4          #h   
,duodecimo      #abmo4             #h   
,decimo octavo  #ahmo4          is  #f  
,minimo         mo4          below #f   
,large quarto   la4 #dto4         #ae   

,quarto         #dto4             #aa   
,small quarto   sm4 #dto4          #h   
#df ,edwards1 ,memoirs of ,libraries1   
ii41 #gci4  #dg ,blades1 ,enemies of    
,books4  #dh ,edwards1 ii41 #gcg4  #di  
,see p4 #ajf4     ,miscellaneous        
,appliances4   ,whether the library be  
considered as a workshop or a           
morning-room1 there are certain         
necessary appliances1 which will        
contribute a great deal to comfort1 and 
the proper preservation of books4 ,thus1
 proper tables will be required4 ,mr4   
,gladstone1 ,i believe1 has1 or had1    
three tables in his ,temple of          
,peace--one for correspondence1 one for 
politics1 and one for literary work4    
,this1 no doubt1 is a very excellent    
plan to be followed by those whose time 
is precious1 and who have to divide each
 day up for fixed duties4 ,the          
',shannon' and other ,american tables   
are very excellent for correspondence   
work1 being fitted with pigeon-holes and
 drawers1 and ,i have no doubt but that 

equally well-made tables are made       
specially fitted for literary work4     
,such a table should measure not less   
than six feet by three2 its top should  
be a clear1 flat surface1 and it should 
stand firmly on its legs1 and these legs
 should be four1 and should not be      
placed to be in the way of the person   
sitting at the table4 ,an ink-well      
should be sunk flush with the top of the
 case1 and it should have a brass cover4
 ,a knee-hole table is not the best for 
literary work1 but it may be the best   
for letter-writing4 ,of chairs1 one     
good1 firm1 hard-seated chair is        
necessary4 ,mr4 ,ellwanger#ej says1 ',i 
have two chairs for my reading--a stiff 
one for books ,i have to read2 a        
luxurious one for books ,i like to read4
 ,my luxurious chair is of dark green   
leather1 a treat to sink into1 modelled 
after the easy armchair of the ,eversley
 ,rectory1 known from its seductive     
properties as ,sleepy ,hollow4' ,a very 
prettily designed and useful hard-seated

 chair is that known as the ,goldsmith  
chair1 being modelled upon the chair    
which belonged to ,oliver ,goldsmith4 ,a
 revolving bookcase is a very           
appropriate article of furniture in a   
library4 ,it may be made especially     
useful for reference-books1 or any such 
books as are being used together at one 
time for purposes of study and          
comparison4 ,these revolving bookcases  
are made in all sizes1 and can1 of      
course1 be made to suit any particular  
requirement2 thus ,i have seen them made
 with a top which can be raised to a    
slope with a ledge like a standing desk1
 upon which a large atlas can be rested 
and consulted4 ,apart from this1 ,i     
strongly recommend the use of a standing
 desk for health's sake when a great    
deal of writing has to be done4  ,it    
frequently happens that books being     
taken from the shelf1 the volumes left  
behind fall down in an untidy heap4 ,to 
obviate this1 there is a very simple    
form of metal book support sold1 which  

keeps a half-filled shelf neat and tidy4
 ,an alternative to this is the old plan
 of inserting dummies1 whereby no blanks
 are seen4 ,as ,i have so strongly      
advocated shelves the tops of which are 
within reach of the hand1 ,i need not   
say much about steps1 but where steps   
are really needed1 they should be very  
light1 and capable of being easily      
lifted with one hand4 ,they should have 
an upright rod support rising about four
 feet above the top step2 this for the  
purpose of safety when using the steps4 
,cabinets of drawers for prints and very
 large books should also be secured if  
required1 and cushioned desks for books 
with metal bosses or metal mountings of 
any description4 ,last1 but by no means 
least1 let there be good ink1 and plenty
 of it2 good pens1 and a variety of     
them2 and good blotting-paper1          
frequently renewed2 and paper-knives of 
various sizes4  ,,footnote3  #ej ,the   
,story of my ,house4     ,the ,library  
,annexe4   ,what in many ways is an     

ideal library is a library housed in a  
building specially constructed as an    
annexe to a residence4 ,i feel sure     
that1 within the next ten years1 there  
will be many moderately wealthy men who 
will be anxious to form libraries and   
special collections of books1 housing   
them in this way4 ,the idea is only new 
as applied to large country mansions4   
,hitherto students of moderate means    
have managed to construct buildings     
specially adapted for study and free    
from interruption4 ,the only instance of
 a library annexe attached to a country 
mansion with which ,i am acquainted is  
the recent and very notable instance at 
,hawarden1 of which more later4 ,the    
late ,vicar of ,middleton ,cheney1 in   
,oxfordshire1 and1 ,i think1 ,dr4       
,jessopp1 of ,scarning1 have both found 
that their work has been assisted by    
library annexes4 ,horace ,walpole said  
of ,topham ,beauclerk that he had built 
a library in ,great ,russell ,street1   
that reached 'half-way to ,highgate4'   

,lord ,bacon spent ten thousand pounds  
in building himself a retreat in his    
grounds at ,gorhambury4  ,mr4           
,gladstone's scheme at ,hawarden is     
likely to be followed by many others4   
,of course the ,hawarden library has    
been endowed1 and made practically open 
and free4 ,it is the idea of a private  
library as a temple of peace for the    
owner and his visitors which we would   
like to see extended4 ,one fancies that 
books might be on a better footing in   
country houses if they had the honour of
 a separate building4 ,then they would1 
at any rate1 be on as good a footing as 
the stables or as the greenhouse1 which 
at present they are not4 ,books are not 
so much wall covering1 or so much       
furniture4 ,they are much more2 they    
should be treated more like living      
creatures1 and if only their owners     
would get upon speaking terms with them1
 how readily would they get a response4 
,roughly1 then1 one would like to see   
attached to every large country         

establishment a book building1 a centre 
of intelligence and light1 where we     
might be sure of finding a good atlas1 a
 good biographical dictionary1 and good 
verbal dictionary4 ,i do not understand 
why so little importance has hitherto   
been attached to this4 ,such a building 
should have a large central room and    
several separate small rooms for private
 study4 ,the illustrations in a charming
 little book called ,mr4 ,gladstone in  
the ,evening of his ,days convey what is
 meant very well4 ,from this little     
volume ,i give extracts which seem very 
clear to any one interested in this     
matter3--  ',everywhere about in the    
large room are books--books--books4 ,the
 ,iron ,library 7the building is of     
iron7 is arranged in the same ingenious 
way as ,mr4 ,gladstone's private library
 at ,hawarden ,castle4 ,there are       
windows on either side of the long room1
 and between these windows high         
bookcases1 running towards the centre of
 the room1 are put up4 ,there are books 

on either side of these cases1 and the  
part facing the centre of the room is   
again arranged to hold books4 ,it is    
truly marvellous how many books can thus
 be stored without a single one being   
out of sight4'  ',there is the same     
simplicity1 the same quiet comfort1 the 
same air of repose1 and the same absence
 of library conventionality about4 4 4 4
 4'  ',through a door 4 4 4 4 you reach 
the second room in the library1 to which
 ,mr4 ,gladstone has given the name of  
the ,humanity room4 ,it is arranged on  
exactly the same plan as the first1 and 
contains secular works chiefly4 ,you    
note ,madame de ,svign's ,letters on one
 shelf1 in neat and dainty little       
volumes2 and yellow-backed ,zola lower  
down4'#ea  ,any one who proposed having 
a library as a separate building should 
certainly study ,mr4 ,gladstone's       
experiments at ,st4 ,deiniol's ,library1
 or procure ,mr4 ,gladstone in the      
,evening of his ,days1 wherein are given
 illustrations of the interior plan and 

general economy of the structure4       
,certainly ,mr4 ,gladstone's ideas as to
 the arrangement of books as put forth  
in the ,nineteenth ,century for ,march1 
#ahij1 are much more applicable to an   
annexe library than to the housing of   
books in an ordinary private dwelling4  
,thus the arrangement of the bays made  
by the projections could not be carried 
out without extensive structural        
alterations in one house out of twenty  
in the country1 and not one house out of
 a thousand in ,london4 ,his ideas1     
however1 are wholly practicable and     
admirably thorough when applied to the  
annexe library4 ,it is interesting to   
see ,mr4 ,gladstone's calculations as to
 shelf accommodation4 ,they were        
disputed at the time by some cavilling  
critics1 but have since been shown to be
 accurate4 ,mr4 ,gladstone is           
speaking#eb of the bookcases round the  
walls and the projecting arms1 and he   
says3--',i will now exhibit to my       
readers the practical effect of such    

arrangement in bringing great numbers of
 books within easy reach4 ,let each     
projection be three feet long1 twelve   
inches deep 7ample for two faces of     
octavos71 and nine feet high1 so that   
the upper shelf can be reached by the   
aid of a wooden stool of two steps1 not 
more than twenty inches high1 and       
portable without the least effort of a  
single hand4 ,i will suppose the        
wall-space available to be eight feet1  
and the projections1 three in number1   
with end pieces1 need only put out three
 feet five1 while narrow strips of      
bookcase will run up the wall between   
the projections4 ,under these           
conditions1 the bookcases thus described
 will carry about #bjjj volumes4  ',and 
a library forty feet long and twenty    
feet broad1 amply lighted1 having some  
portion of the centre fitted with very  
low bookcases1 suited to serve for some 
of the uses of tables1 will receive on  
the floor from #ah1jjj to #bj1jjj       
volumes of all sizes without losing the 

appearance of a room 4 4 4 4 while      
leaving portions of space available near
 the windows for purposes of study4 ,if 
a gallery be added1 there will be       
accommodation for a further number of   
#ejjj1 and the room need be no more than
 sixteen feet high4'  ,this estimate of 
shelf accommodation may be compared with
 one which was made by ,mr4 ,justin     
,winsor1 the well-known librarian of the
 ,harvard library4 ,he says3--',the book
 room of the ,roxbury branch of the     
public library of ,boston is fifty-three
 feet long by twenty-seven feet wide1   
and having three storeys of eight feet  
each in height will hold #ajj1jjj       
volumes4 4 4 4 4 ,i doubt if any other  
construction can produce this result4'  
,the building at ,hawarden cost1 ,i     
believe1 #ajjjl41 but whether this is   
with fittings or not ,i do not know4 ,it
 is certain that for men whose books are
 more numerous than costly the annexe   
plan is admirable1 and the difficulty of
 excluding damp where four walls are    

exposed to the elements could surely be 
overcome4 ,i do not think that ,mr4     
,gladstone makes any mention of iron    
bookcases1 but these are often adopted1 
and have been made in a very convenient 
form1 particularly that called the      
,radcliffe iron bookcase1 arranged by   
,sir ,henry ,acland and ,mr4 ,w4        
,froude4 ,of this ,i append a           
description written by ,sir ,henry      
,acland himself4  ',the advantages of   
the bookcase consist in its great       
stability1 in its movability and        
neatness4 ,it carries #ejj average      
octavo volumes1 #bej on either side2 it 
is seven feet high1 and stands on any   
floor space on forty-eight inches by    
eighteen inches4 ,the cases may stand in
 any number end to end1 or down the     
centre of a passage1 or be placed so as 
to form squares of any dimensions       
multiple of the length of the cases1 and
 therefore may enclose studies lined    
with books1 books being also on the     
outside of the square4 ,when the cases  

stand end to end they need not be put   
close to each other1 but may have a     
space in which are shelves of any       
desired length4 ,therefore ten iron     
cases placed in a line1 so as to include
 a space of forty inches between each   
two cases1 will carry the contents of   
nineteen cases1 or #ejjj plus #dejj     
volumes1 at the cost of ten cases1 plus 
the wooden shelves of nine4 ,the iron   
framework costs about #el4 #es41 and the
 wooden shelves about #bes4 ,the iron   
portion will carry only octavos1 but the
 spaces as described above will carry   
folios1 because1 to insure stability in 
the iron frames1 diagonal ties run down 
the centre and divide the shelves into  
two portions1 viz41 the two frontages   
described above4 ,but the stability     
being ensured in each iron case         
independently1 the intermediate shelves 
in the spaces may be of the full width  
of the frames1 namely1 twenty           
inches4'#ec  ,,footnotes3  #ea ,these   
notices of the ,hawarden ,library may be

 compared with the accounts given in    
,dennistoun's ,dukes of ,urbino of a    
great ,florentine library3--            
',adjoining 7the main library7 was a    
study1 fitted up with inlaid and gilded 
panelling1 beneath which 4 4 4 4 were   
depicted ,minerva with her gis1 ,apollo 
with his lyre1 and the nine muses1 with 
their appropriate symbols4 ,a similar   
small study was fitted up immediately   
over this one1 set round with armchairs 
encircling a table1 all mosaicked with  
tarsia1 4 4 4 while in each compartment 
of the panelling was the portrait of    
some famous author1 and an appropriate  
distich4 4 4 4 ,to the right and left of
 the carriage entrance into the great   
courtyard are two handsome saloons1 each
 about forty-five feet by twenty-two1   
and twenty-three in height4 ,that on the
 left contained the famous library of   
,,ms4 collected by ,count ,federigo2 the
 corresponding one received the printed 
books which1 gradually purchased by     
successive dukes1 became1 under the last

 sovereign a copious collection4 ,baldi1
 in his description of the palace1      
printed in ,bianchini's works1 dwells on
 the judicious adaptation of the former1
 its windows set high against the       
northern sky1 admitting a subdued and   
steady light which invited to study2 its
 air cool in summer1 temperate in       
winter2 its walls conveniently          
sheltered4 4 4 4 4'  #eb ,nineteenth    
,century1 ,march1 #ahij4     ,a         
,librarian4   ,until we have more       
properly trained librarians1 it is      
useless to recommend owners of private  
libraries to find a librarian1 because  
at present there are very few such men  
in existence who are properly qualified4
 ,a love of books is not enough in a    
librarian4 ,an orderly mind and great   
receptive power are most essential4     
,practical knowledge of bookbinding and 
a sense of colour are equally essential4
 ,he must have no fads of his own to be 
ever thrusting forward4 ,if he is mad on
 ,geology or ,astronomy1 he won't do4   

,what1 above all1 he must know are the  
sources of information4  ,a study in the
 ',lives' of some of the great          
librarians would best show what is here 
meant4 ,mr4 ,elton#ed names ,antonio    
,maggliabecchi1 the jeweller's shop-boy1
 who became renowned throughout the     
world for his abnormal knowledge of     
books4 ,he never at any time left       
,florence2 but he read every catalogue  
that was issued1 and was in             
correspondence with all the collectors  
and librarians of ,europe4 ,he was      
blessed with a prodigious memory1 and   
knew all the contents of a book by      
'hunting it with his finger1' or once   
turning over the pages4 ,he was         
believed1 moreover1 to know the habitat 
of all the rare books in the world2 and 
according to the well-known anecdote he 
replied to the ,grand ,duke1 who asked  
for a particular volume3 ',the only copy
 of this work is at ,constantinople1 in 
the ,sultan's library1 the seventh      
volume in the second bookcase1 on the   

right as you go in4' ,a similar story   
was told by ,wendell ,phillips1 the     
,american statesman1 about a countryman 
of his own1 ,george ,sumner4 ,an        
,englishman came to ,rome and was       
anxious to know whether there was in the
 library of the ,pope1 the great library
 of the ,vatican1 a certain book4 4 4 4 
4 ,the gentleman went to the ,italians  
that used the library4 ,they referred   
him to the private secretary of one of  
the cardinals1 and after a moment's     
thought the secretary answered1 ',no1   
sir1 ,i don't know2 but there is a young
 man in the city from ,boston1 and if   
the book is there he will know4 ,they   
went to ,george ,sumner1 and asked him  
if there was such a volume in the       
library4 ',yes1 it is in the tenth      
alcove1 the third shelf1 the seventh    
book to your right as you enter4'       
,similar stories1 doubtless1 could be   
told of ,bradshaw1 the ,cambridge       
,university librarian1 or of ,thomas    
,ruddiman and ,george ,buchanan4  ,mr4  

,lloyd ,p4 ,smith#ee gives the following
 definition1 among others1 of the       
qualifications of a librarian3          
',librarians1 like editors and          
proofreaders1 are expected to know      
everything2 and in one sense they should
 know everything--that is1 they should  
have that maxima pars eruditionis1 which
 consists in knowing where everything is
 to be found4 ,a librarian should be    
able1 of his own knowledge1 to answer   
many questions1 and especially the two  
questions which meet him at every turn1 
,where can ,i find such-and-such        
information8 and ,what is the best work 
on such-and-such a subject8 ,these are  
legitimate questions1 which it should be
 the pride of every librarian to answer 
offhand 4 4 4 4 ,all the book-learning  
in the world1 however1 will be          
insufficient for the practical duties of
 his place1 unless the librarian has    
also the organ of order4 ,his motto     
should be1 ,a place for everything and  
everything in its place4'  ',the book of

 regulations for the court and household
 of ,guidobaldo ,i4 contains these rules
 for the administration of the          
library3--,the librarian should be      
learned1 of good presence1 temper1 and  
manners1 correct1 and ready of speech4  
,he must get from the gardrobe an       
inventory of the books1 and keep them   
arranged and easily accessible1 whether 
,latin1 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 or others1     
maintaining also the rooms in good      
condition4 ,he must preserve the books  
from damp and vermin1 as well as from   
the hands of trifling1 ignorant1 dirty1 
and tasteless persons4 ,to those of     
authority and learning1 he ought himself
 to exhibit them with all facility1     
courteously explaining their beauty and 
remarkable characteristics1 the         
handwriting and miniatures1 but         
observant that such abstract no leaves4 
,when ignorant or merely curious persons
 wish to see them1 a glance is          
sufficient1 if it be not some one of    
considerable influence4 ,when any lock  

or other requisite is needed1 he must   
take care that it be promptly provided4 
,he must let no book be taken away but  
by the ,duke's orders1 and if lent1 must
 get a written receipt1 and see to its  
being returned4 ,when a number of       
visitors come in1 he must be specially  
watchful that none be stolen4 ,all which
 is duly seen to by the present         
courteous and attentive librarian1      
,messer ,agabito4'#ef  ,,footnotes3  #ec
 ,library ,assoc4 ,report1 #ahgh1 p4    
#ge4  #ed ,great ,book ,collectors1 p4  
#gd4  #ee ,american ,library ,journal1  
vol4 i41 p4 #fi4  #ef ,memoirs of the   
,dukes of ,urbino1 p4 #aei4     ,the    
,library ,architecturally4   ,vitruvius1
 in his ,architecture1 lays down the    
rule that libraries ought to face the   
east1 because their use requires the    
morning light1 which will preserve their
 contents from decay2 whereas1 if the   
room should face the south or west1 they
 are liable to be damaged by damp4 ,mr4 
,j4 ,w4 ,clark1 the very learned        

historian of the ,university of         
,cambridge1 commenting on this1 says    
that the first of these considerations  
did influence early builders1 but after 
the ,reformation1 when considerations of
 personal comfort began to be generally 
accepted1 the library could be placed in
 the position which commanded the       
greatest amount of warmth4 ,ancient     
libraries were never placed on the      
ground1 but usually on the first floor1 
or even higher1 for the sake of         
preserving their contents from the damp 
to which ground floors are necessarily  
subject4#eg  ,the architect is very     
frequently a great enemy to the library4
 ,underestimating the amount of wall    
space likely to be required for the     
housing of the books1 or placing shelves
 and galleries in such a position that  
the books are not readily got at4       
,frequently1 too1 a country house has no
 room whatever designed either for study
 or the reception of books4 ,the entire 
collection of books should be accessible

 without steps or ladders4 ,hot-water   
pipes should not approach nearer than   
three feet to the books4 ,electric light
 is the best luminant1 but gas may      
safely be used provided there is        
sufficient ventilation4  ,the walls1    
which are towards the outer air1 and    
even the others also1 if of brick or    
stone1 ought to be battened4  ,i have   
taken from a very excellent book1       
,kerr's ,gentleman's ,house1 such ideas 
and notes as ,i think are likely to be  
useful in arranging a library in a      
country house4 ,mr4 ,kerr suggests two  
plans for a large country house with a  
library4  ',the idea which might first  
occur to the mind is that of a single   
spacious apartment2 but for convenience 
and in order to preserve the domestic   
character1 it is generally preferable to
 make use of several smaller apartments 
as a ,suite of ,libraries4 ,on this plan
 the arrangement which is perhaps most  
favourable to considerations of utility1
 and on the whole most characteristic1  

is to set out a given width of clear    
passage way along the central line of   
the rooms1 and then to divide the space 
on each side into a succession of       
compartments or bays1 by means of       
transverse bookcases in pairs back to   
back2 such bays being only large enough 
to accommodate a reading table with     
sufficient space around for reaching the
 books1 opening the doors of the cases  
if any1 and so on4 ,if the rooms be     
lighted from the roof1 the lights ought 
to correspond with the division into    
compartments1 so that none of the fronts
 of the bookcases shall be placed in    
shadow4 ,if there be windows in the     
walls1 there ought to be one in each bay
 along one side of the room or both as  
may be desired4 ,bookcases against the  
walls are obviously most serviceable    
with the ceiling light2 with side       
windows1 even when these are on a high  
level1 there is always a difficulty in  
reading the back lettering under the    
light2 and when the windows are on a low

 level1 dwarf bookcases under them are  
practically of little use4  ',as for    
artistic treatment1 nothing can be more 
appropriate for the character of a      
library than those effects which are at 
the command of the architect in a suite 
of apartments of this kind1 laid out    
probably with some variety in the       
general forms as well as in the         
fittings1 and involving perhaps the     
introduction of sculptures and paintings
 of a suitable kind4 ,elaborate effects1
 however1 of whatever sort1 and the     
accommodation of any other works of art 
than those whose merits are kindred to  
the character of the more proper        
contents1 ought not to be encouraged4'  
,a second or alternative plan is a large
 room with a gallery4  ',as regards     
curiosities and other artistic or       
scientific collections1 these may very  
properly be accommodated1 whether in    
upright cases to correspond with the    
bookcases1 or in cabinets to take the   
place of the reading tables4  ',the     

arrangements proper for the alternative 
plan of a large single library are      
obviously simple4 ,a gallery is probably
 carried round the apartment2 the       
bookcases extend along the wall below   
and are reproduced above2 the light     
comes either from the roof or the upper 
part of the walls2 the floor area is    
generally occupied solely by reading    
tables and cabinets4 ,objects of art and
 curiosity1 when of large size1 are more
 prominently displayed by this          
arrangement1 and the whole effect may be
 made very imposing2 but it is doubtful 
whether convenience and comfort can by  
any means be so properly provided for as
 in the other model4  ',there are       
questions of detail which might be      
further entered upon1 but a reference to
 what has already been advanced under   
the head of the ordinary library will   
probably suffice4'  ,in other parts of  
his excellent manual1 ,mr4 ,kerr goes   
more into detail1 and refers to the     
various general purposes to which a     

library1 as distinct from a study1 is   
put in a country house1 as follows3--   
',there is a certain standard room which
 constitutes the library of an average  
gentleman's house1 and the various      
gradations by which this may be either  
diminished in importance or augmented   
are easily understood4 ,it is not a     
library in the sole sense of a          
depository for books4 ,there is1 of     
course1 the family collection1 and the  
bookcases in which this is accommodated 
form the chief furniture of the         
apartment4 ,but it would be an error1   
except in very special circumstances1 to
 design the library for mere study4 ,it 
is primarily a sort of morning-room for 
gentlemen rather than anything else4    
,their correspondence is done here1     
their reading1 and1 in some measure1    
their lounging2 and the billiard-room1  
for instance1 is not unfrequently       
attached to it4 ,at the same time the   
ladies are not exactly excluded4  ',the 
position of the room internally ought   

therefore to be in immediate connexion  
with the principal dwelling rooms1 so as
 to be equally accessible2 whilst1 on   
the other hand1 as regards external     
influences1 it ought to be kept         
sufficiently quiet 7although this is    
very seldom a practical problem71 to    
prevent the interruption of reading or  
writing4 ,in accordance with these      
general ideas1 and bearing out1         
moreover1 the somewhat sober effect     
which bookcases always produce1 the     
style of design and decoration ought to 
be1 although not devoid of cheerfulness1
 certainly subdued in character4'  ,as  
regards aspect1 ,mr4 ,kerr is at one    
with the old ,vitruvius already referred
 to4  ',it is not often easy to obtain a
 choice aspect for the library1 but     
whenever this primary pleasantness can  
be had for it so much the better1 and it
 certainly ought never to be entirely   
neglected in this respect4 ,the reasons 
for preferring the south-east in the    
case of day rooms generally have already

 been argued2 for a library1 perhaps1 a 
rather more eastward aspect is better1  
so that the sun may be off the windows  
at least before noon2 even due east     
might be preferred by some persons1 the 
sunshine being thus lost about half-past
 ten4 ,in any case1 however1 the morning
 sun is to be preferred to that of      
midday or afternoon4 ,if the room be    
large enough end windows may be used to 
advantage here as elsewhere4 ,a bay     
window also is often adopted4  ',a      
difficult question which often arises is
 how sufficiently to provide for persons
 engaged in writing a front light from  
the left4 ,it is not that a snug seat by
 the fireside1 with a table conveniently
 at hand1 and a left front light1 can by
 any possibility be provided for many   
persons at once2 but it is very         
unfortunate when no position whatever   
will combine these advantages4 ,in a    
library especially this problem must be 
well worked out1 and not for one writer 
only1 but for several4 ,ingenuity and   

perseverance will accomplish wonders1   
and therefore1 with the help of end     
light1 a good library may be expected in
 this respect to be brought very near   
perfection4  ',the fireplace ought to be
 placed so as to make a good winter     
fireside1 because this is in a measure a
 sitting-room4  ',intercommunication is 
frequently made with the drawing-room1  
and sometimes intimately1 and this      
carries with it1 no doubt1 a certain    
sort of convenience1 because the two    
rooms can be thrown together            
occasionally2 but it is a question      
whether1 in a good house1 and looking at
 such a question broadly1 it is not1 on 
the whole1 a serious loss to both rooms 
as regards their more proper purposes4  
,a door to the dining-room is not       
formally advisable1 nor even one to the 
gentleman's room1 although both these   
arrangements are to be met with1 and are
 occasionally convenient4 ,a            
communication with the billiard-room1   
sometimes made1 may give the library too

 completely the character of a lounge1  
so as to render it somewhat unfit for   
its better purposes4 ,when the library  
of a small house is used as a study1 by 
a clergyman1 for instance1 or as the    
business room1 a door to the dining-room
 may be so useful as to be specially    
admissible1 the dining-room being thus  
brought to serve as a waiting-room for  
the occasion4 ,the interposition1 if    
possible1 of a lobby or small ante-room 
will1 however1 be an aid to propriety in
 almost all these cases4  ',it is to be 
observed that we have been hitherto     
dealing with the ordinary library of an 
average house and no more2 but when the 
owner is a man of learning we must      
either add a study or constitute the    
library itself one4 ,in the latter case1
 in order to prevent disturbance1 the   
door will be more conveniently placed1  
not in the main corridor1 but indirectly
 connected therewith4 ,no door of       
intercommunication ought to connect it  
with any other room 7except possibly the

 gentleman's room71 and the position    
externally ought to be more than        
ordinarily secluded4 ,double doors also 
may be required4 ,in short1 the library1
 which has hitherto been a public room  
and somewhat of a lounge1 becomes now   
essentially a private retreat4  ',when  
the books form a large collection1 and  
strangers1 perhaps1 are occasionally    
admitted for reading or reference1 the  
library necessarily assumes more        
extensive proportions1 and its          
arrangements become more complicated4   
,for example1 heating apparatus becomes 
very possibly indispensable2 the        
question comes up of ceiling lights2 the
 apartments are probably carried up to  
the height of two storeys1 and galleries
 formed around4 ,seclusion becomes again
 still more a point to be considered4   
',the library of the house should also  
be as comfortable as possible1 with     
broad easy chairs1 low centre table for 
books and periodicals1 a large pedestal 
desk with circular revolving top1 to    

shut up all papers and keep them free   
from dust4 ,this kind of desk ,i        
consider invaluable to any man who      
really uses his library as a work-room1 
whether it be for real literary work and
 study1 or for the ordinary examination 
and arrangement of household accounts2  
for it is quite impossible1 on an       
ordinary writing table1 to keep papers  
clean or tidy1 and this circular-headed 
desk shuts down at once papers as they  
lie1 which then cannot be tidied by the 
housemaid1 who would seem to take a     
pleasure in putting away papers and     
notes in all kinds of out-of-the-way    
corners2 the desk should have plenty of 
drawers and pigeon-holes2 these latter1 
not as many of them are1 an inch too    
narrow or two inches too wide for       
ordinary letters1 but all made for the  
objects for which they are intended4 ,it
 may seem absurd to say--think carefully
 of the use to which the drawers are to 
be put--but how often are they          
practically useless or wasteful of      

precious room1 by being made shallower  
or deeper than is required4 ,the room   
should be surrounded with bookcases1 the
 lower portion made to take large books1
 and with some part of it covered in    
with cupboard fronts1 with shelving     
inside to file away periodicals and     
papers2 the shelf which this lower      
projection forms will do admirably for  
the arrangement of ornaments1 small     
busts1 or other personal things1 with   
which a man crowds the room he really   
lives in2 of course1 ,i am speaking to  
those who make a den or working-room of 
their library1 and not to those who fit 
a back room up with various tiers of    
shelving1 on which are arranged a       
library of books which are seldom looked
 at1 and where the room is only         
occasionally used1 and that only for the
 purpose of a cloak-room on grand       
occasions4 ,above this lower nest of    
cupboards and shelving should be        
shelving arranged for various sizes of  
books1 part carried up all round the    

room1 so as to be within easy reach2 the
 top of these will be found useful for  
china or busts1 or other objects of art1
 while the centre portions may be       
carried up to the ceiling to give       
greater accommodation2 all these breaks 
will take away from the stiffness of the
 room1 and1 if properly arranged1 will  
all assist in making the library a room 
pleasant to work or play in4 ,all this  
kind of work can be made of plain deal1 
stained and polished1 and is infinitely 
cheaper than the elaborate movable cases
 of wainscot or walnut1 in which the aim
 of the designer seems often to make the
 frame-work as expensive as possible1   
whereas1 in truth1 the books within are 
really what should be thought of and    
cared for4  ',the floor should be       
painted or stained and varnished all    
over1 so as to be easily cleaned and    
dusted1 and everything that is likely to
 permanently hold dust should be        
avoided4 ,on the floor1 thus painted1 a 
few cheap ,indian or other rugs may be  

laid about in places where most         
necessary and useful4  ',too much       
trouble cannot be taken to make the     
library a pleasant room to live in2 it  
should have everything arranged and     
adapted for use and comfort1 and not be 
stiff and dreary with any set           
arrangement4 ,the panels of the cupboard
 doors may be filled in with ,japanese  
lacquer-work or painted decoration1 and 
here and there1 in the recesses1 nests  
of shelves may be fitted with projecting
 brackets1 designed as part of them1 for
 pieces of china1 vases of flowers1 or  
busts1 and not looking like bats stuck  
on to a barn door4  ',i must not omit to
 say that in the lower portion of the   
bookcase should be arranged drawers--not
 carried down to the floor1 for these   
are inconvenient--for use for prints and
 valuable photographs and sketches4     
',the library should be essentially     
home-like1 with the wall-space fitted up
 as conveniently as possible2 on the top
 of the bookcases or nests of shelves1  

spring roller-blinds might be easily    
arranged in the cornices to draw down at
 night or other times1 and fasten with  
clips to protect and preserve the books1
 c41 within them4  ',i might offer many 
other suggestions for the decoration and
 furniture of the rooms ,i have         
specially referred to4 ,i trust those ,i
 have made will be of some practical    
use1 and that1 above all1 you will      
believe that my aim throughout has been 
to avoid all dogmatic and set rules of  
fashion or design1 and to insist only   
that truth and beauty of form and       
colour1 combined with fitness and common
 sense1 are the main elements of all    
true artistic treatment in decoration   
and furniture of modern houses4'#eh     
,,footnotes3  #eg ,willis and ,clark1   
,history of ,cambridge ,university1 vol4
 iii41 p4 #daf4  #eh ,edis1 ,decoration 
and ,furniture of ,town ,houses1 pp4    
#ahh-aia4     ,munificent ,book-buying4 
,nordau has estimated that1 in ,england 
alone1 there are from eight hundred to a

 thousand millionaires1 and in ,europe  
altogether1 there are at least a hundred
 thousand persons with fortunes of a    
million and even more4 ,one could hope  
that it might be considered a kindness  
now and then to remind some of these    
millionaires of certain openings for    
their money which do not1 so far1 seem  
to have occurred to them4 ,mr4 ,bernard 
,shaw not long since pointed out in the 
,contemporary ,review an opening whereby
 an ,economic ,library might be         
established1 and do great lasting honour
 to a possible founder4 ,rich men can   
always be found to vie with one another 
in lavish expenditure over a ball or a  
wedding4 ,thousands of pounds go for a  
racehorse and for stable management     
generally1 and the amount we spend upon 
sports annually is #ch1jjj1jjjl41 or    
about a pound per head of the           
population4 ,one hardly likes to say    
that any sum spent upon sport and       
outdoor life is too much1 but yet this  
sum is out of proportion4 ,one is       

jealous of horses and sport1 not so much
 perhaps for the amount spent upon them 
as much as because one sees that the man
 who hunts and has racehorses1 cares and
 knows about these things to the        
extermination of all other interests4   
,life becomes ill balanced1 whereas it  
is necessary to touch life at many      
points4 ',the strenuous scholar pure and
 simple1' is becoming more rare1 though 
the type of which the late ,mark        
,pattison was one will never quite die  
out4 ,but it is not the strenuous       
scholar that one is so anxious to       
perpetuate1 as it is the strenuous and  
scholarly man of affairs and men of     
trained ability who have mental muscle  
for parliamentary work and social       
problems4 ,such a class ought to have   
many recruits from among the wealthier  
families4  ,it would assist very much   
towards this end if men of aptitude were
 properly trained to act as custodians  
of books in private houses4 ,the art of 
knowing how to use books is one which   

must be learnt1 and when properly learnt
 there is very little indeed that may   
not be readily found to hand in a       
library of but small dimensions4  ,there
 are1 ,i believe1 in ,england twenty-two
 packs of staghounds1 and #ahb packs of 
foxhounds4 ,as every one of the masters 
of these packs must be a rich man1 ,i   
should like to know that he at any rate 
had a sound copy of the ,history of the 
county where he hunts2 that he had in   
his smoking room a good ,encyclopdia1   
with fifty other good reference books1  
and a hundred good novels4  ,the rich   
men of old combined patronage of        
learning with the pomp and splendour of 
their lives4 ,lucullus distinguished    
himself by his vast collection of books1
 and the liberal access he allowed to   
lovers of books4 ',it was a library1'   
says ,plutarch1 'whose walls1 galleries 
and cabinets were open to all visitors2 
and the ingenious youths1 when at       
leisure1 resorted to this abode of the  
,muses1 to hold literary conversations1 

in which ,lucullus himself loved to     
join4' ,the ,emperor ,augustus was      
himself an author and a book lover1 and 
called one of his libraries by the name 
of his sister1 ,octavia1 and the other  
the temple of ,apollo4 ,tiberius had a  
library1 and ,trajan also1 and these    
spent constantly upon their books and   
the housing of them4  ,i have taken from
 ,renaissance history pictures of       
several men who might be taken as types 
which should exist in every highly      
civilised country4 ,they have been      
vividly and admirably pictured by       
biographers1 and one can only hope that 
the rich men of to-day may in five      
hundred years' time have as lasting     
reputations as that of ,cosimo1 the     
princely patron of learning1 and        
,niccolo1 the man of scholarship and    
refinement of life4     ,,passages      
,,illustrative ,,of ,,the ,,foregoing4  
,the ,medici and their ,friends4   ',the
 chief benefit conferred by ,cosimo de' 
,medici on learning was the accumulation

 and the housing of large libraries4    
,during his exile he built the library  
of ,s4 ,giorgio ,maggiore at ,venice1   
and after his return to ,florence he    
formed three separate collections of    
,,mss4 ,while the hall of the ,library  
of ,s4 ,marco was in process of         
construction1 ,niccolo de' ,niccoli     
died1 in #adcg1 bequeathing his #hjj    
,,mss41 valued at #fjjj golden florins1 
to sixteen trustees4 ,among these were  
,cosimo and ,lorenzo de' ,medici1       
,ambrogio ,traversari1 ,lionardo ,bruni1
 ,carlo ,marsuppini1 ,poggio            
,bracciolini1 ,giannozzo ,manetti1 and  
,franco ,sachetti4 ,at the same time the
 estate of ,niccolo was compromised by  
heavy debts4 ,these debts ,cosimo       
cancelled1 obtaining in exchange the    
right to dispose of the library4 ,in    
#adda the hall of the convent was       
finished4 ,four hundred of ,niccolo's   
,,mss4 were placed there1 with this     
inscription upon each3 ,ex hereditate   
doctissimi viri ,nicola de ,nicolis de  

,florenti4 ,tommasso ,parentucelli made 
a catalogue at ,cosimo's request1 in    
which he not only noted the titles of   
,niccoli's books1 but also marked the   
names of others wanting to complete the 
collection4 ,this catalogue afterwards  
served as a guide to the founders of the
 libraries of ,fiesole1 ,urbino1 and    
,pesaro1 and was1 says ,vespasiano1     
indispensable to book-collectors4 ,of   
the remaining #djj volumes ,cosimo kept 
some for his own 7the ,medicean7        
library1 and some he gave to his        
friends4 ,at the same time he spared no 
pains to buy codices1 while ,vespasiano 
and ,fra ,giuliano ,lapaccini were      
employed in copying rare ,,mss4 ,as soon
 as ,cosimo had finished building the   
,abbey of ,fiesole1 he set about        
providing this also with a library      
suited to the wants of learned          
ecclesiastics4 ,of the method he        
pursued1 ,vespasiano1 who acted as his  
agent1 has transmitted the following    
account3--,one day when ,i was in his   

room1 he said to me1 ',what plan can you
 recommend for the formation of this    
library8' ,i answered that to buy the   
books would be impossible1 since they   
could not be purchased4 ',what1 then1 do
 you propose8' he added4 ,i told him    
that they must be copied4 ,he then asked
 if ,i would undertake the business4 ,i 
replied that ,i was willing4 ,he bade me
 begin at my leisure1 saying that he    
left all to me2 and for the monies      
wanted day by day1 he ordered that ,don 
,arcangelo1 at that time prior of the   
monastery1 should draw cheques upon his 
bank1 which should be honoured4 ,after  
beginning the collection1 since it was  
his will that it should be finished with
 all speed possible1 and money was not  
lacking1 ,i soon engaged forty-five     
copyists1 and in twenty-two months      
provided two hundred volumes1 following 
the admirable list furnished by ,pope   
,nicholas ,v4'#ei         99       99   
99       99       99  ',cosimo's zeal   
for learning was not confined to the    

building of libraries or to book        
collecting4 ,his palace formed the      
centre of a literary and philosophical  
,society1 which united all the wits of  
,florence and the visitors who crowded  
to the capital of culture4 ,vespasiano  
states that he was always the father and
 benefactor of those who showed any     
excellence4 ,distinguished by           
versatility of tastes and comprehensive 
intellect1 he formed his own opinion of 
the men of eminence with whom he came in
 contact1 and conversed with each upon  
his special subject4 ,when giving       
audience to the scholars1 he discoursed 
concerning letters2 in the company of   
theologians he showed his acquaintance  
with theology1 a branch of learning     
always studied by him with delight4 ,so 
also with regard to philosophy4         
,astrologers found him well versed in   
their science1 for he somewhat lent     
faith to astrology1 and employed it on  
certain private occasions4 ,musicians in
 like manner perceived his mastery of   

music1 wherein he much delighted4 ,the  
same was true about sculpture and       
painting3 both of these arts he         
understood completely1 and showed great 
favour to all worthy craftsmen4 ,in     
architecture he was a consummate judge1 
for without his opinion and advice no   
building was begun or carried to        
completion4'#fj         99       99     
99       99       99  ',never was there 
a time in the world's history when money
 was spent more freely upon the         
collection and preservation of ,,mss4   
and when a more complete machinery was  
put in motion for the sake of securing  
literary treasures4 ,prince vied with   
prince1 and eminent burgher with        
burgher1 in buying books4 ,the          
commercial correspondents of the ,medici
 and other great ,florentine houses1    
whose banks and discount offices        
extended over ,europe and the ,levant1  
were instructed to purchase relics of   
antiquity without regard for cost1 and  
to forward them to ,florence4 ,the most 

acceptable present that could be sent to
 a king was a copy of a ,roman          
,historian4'#fa         99       99     
99       99       99  ',among the       
friends of ,cosimo1 to whose personal   
influences at ,florence the ,revival of 
,learning owed a vigorous impulse1      
,niccolo de' ,niccoli claims our        
attention4 4 4 4 4 ,his judgment in     
matters of style was so highly valued   
that it was usual for scholars to submit
 their essays to his eyes before they   
ventured upon publication4 4 4 4 4      
,notwithstanding his fine sense of      
language1 ,niccolo never appeared before
 the world of letters as an author4 4 4 
4 ,certainly his reserve in an age      
noteworthy for display has tended to    
confer on him distinction4 ,the position
 he occupied at ,florence was that of a 
literary dictator4 ,all who needed his  
assistance and advice were received with
 urbanity4 ,he threw his house open to  
young men of parts1 engaged in          
disputations with the curious1 and      

provided the ill-educated with teachers4
 ,foreigners from all parts of ,europe  
paid him visits4 ,the strangers who came
 to ,florence at that time1 if they     
missed the opportunity of seeing him at 
home1 thought they had not been in      
,florence4 ,the house where he lived was
 worthy of his refined taste and        
cultivated judgment1 for he had formed a
 museum of antiquities--inscriptions1   
marbles1 coins1 vases1 and engraved     
gems4 ,there he not only received       
students and strangers1 but conversed   
with sculptors and painters1 discussing 
their inventions as freely as he        
criticised the essays of the scholars4 4
 4 4 4 ,vespasiano's account of his     
personal habits presents so vivid a     
picture that ,i cannot refrain from     
translating it at length3--,first of    
all1 he was of a most fair presence2    
lively1 for a smile was ever on his     
lips1 and very pleasant in his talk4 ,he
 wore clothes of the fairest crimson    
cloth1 down to the ground4 ,he never    

married1 in order that he might not be  
impeded in his studies4 ,a housekeeper  
provided for his daily needs4 ,he was1  
above all men1 the most cleanly in      
eating1 as also in all other things4    
,when he sat at table1 he ate from fair 
antique vases1 and1 in like manner1 all 
his table was covered with porcelain and
 other vessels of great beauty4 ,the cup
 from which he drank was of crystal1 or 
of some other precious stone4 ,to see   
him at table--a perfect model of the men
 of old--was of a truth a charming      
sight4 ,he always willed that the       
napkins set before him should be of the 
whitest1 as well as all the linen4 4 4 4
 4 ,what distinguished ,niccolo was the 
combination of refinement and humane    
breeding with open-handed generosity and
 devotion to the cause of culture4 ,he  
knew how to bring forward men of promise
 and place them in positions of         
eminence4'#fb         99       99       
99       99       99  ',lorenzo         
attracted to his villa the greatest     

scholars and most brilliant men of the  
time1 a circle which included           
,poliziano1 ,landino1 ,ficino1 ,pico    
della ,mirandola1 ,alberti1 ,pulci1 and 
,michael ,angelo4 ,the interests of this
 circle1 as of all similar ,italian     
circles of the time1 were largely       
absorbed in the philosophy and          
literature of ,greece1 and special      
attention was devoted to the teachings  
of ,plato4 ,plato's writings were       
translated into ,latin by ,ficino1 and  
the translation was printed in #adhb1 at
 the cost of ,filippo ,valvio4 ,ficino  
was too poor himself to undertake the   
publication of his works1 and this was  
the case with not a few of the          
distinguished authors of the age4 ,the  
presentation of books to the public     
required at this time what might be     
called the endowment of literature1 and 
endowment which was supplied by the     
liberality of wealthy patrons possessed 
of literary appreciation or             
public-spirited ambition1 or of both4   

,as ,symonds expresses it1 ,great       
literary undertakings involved in that  
century the substantial assistance of   
wealthy men1 whose liberality was       
rewarded by a notice in the colophon or 
in the title-page4 ,the formal          
dedication was an invention of a        
somewhat later date4'#fc         99     
99       99       99       99  ',of     
,palla degli ,strozzi's services in the 
cause of ,greek learning ,i have already
 spoken4 ,beside the invitation which he
 caused to be sent to ,manuel           
,chrysoloras1 he employed his wealth and
 influence in providing books necessary 
for the prosecution of ,hellenic        
studies4 ,messer ,palla1 says           
,vespasiano1 sent to ,greece for        
countless volumes1 all at his own cost4 
,the ,cosmography of ,ptolemy1 together 
with the picture made to illustrate it1 
the ,lives of ,plutarch1 the works of   
,plato1 and very many other writings of 
philosophers1 he got from               
,constantinople4 ,the ,politics of      

,aristotle were not in ,italy until     
,messer ,palla sent for them2 and when  
,messer ,lionardo of ,arezzo translated 
them1 he had the copy from his hands4   
,in the same spirit of practical        
generosity ,palla degli ,strozzi devoted
 his leisure and his energies to the    
improvement of the studio pubblico at   
,florence1 giving it that character of  
humane culture which it retained        
throughout the age of the ,renaissance4 
,to him1 again1 belongs the glory of    
having first collected books for the    
express purpose of founding a public    
library4 ,this project had occupied the 
mind of ,petrarch1 and its utility had  
been recognised by ,coluccio de'        
,salutati1 but no one had as yet arisen 
to accomplish it4 ,being passionately   
fond of literature1 ,messer ,palla      
always kept copyists in his own house   
and outside it1 of the best who were in 
,florence1 both for ,greek and ,latin   
books2 and all the books he could find  
he purchased1 on all subjects1 being    

minded to found a most noble library in 
,santa ,trinit1 and to erect there a    
most beautiful building for the purpose4
 ,he wished that it should be open to   
the public1 and he chose ,santa ,trinit 
because it was in the centre of         
,florence1 a site of great convenience  
to everybody4 ,his disasters supervened 
and what he had designed he could not   
execute4'#fd         99       99        
99       99       99  ',cosimo used to  
regret that he had not begun to spend   
money upon public works ten years       
earlier than he did4 ,every costly      
building that bore his name1 each       
library he opened to the public1 and all
 the donations lavished upon scholars1  
served the double purpose of cementing  
the despotism of his house and of       
gratifying his personal enthusiasm for  
culture4 4 4 4 4 ,of his generosity to  
men of letters1 the most striking       
details are recorded4 ,when ,niccolo de'
 ,niccoli ruined himself1 ,cosimo opened
 for him an unlimited credit with the   

,medicean bank4'#fe  ,,footnotes3  #ei  
,symonds1 ,the ,revival of ,learning1   
pp4 #agd1 #age4  #fj ,ibid41 pp4 #agb-g4
  #fa ,symonds1 ,revival of ,learning1  
pp4 #aci1 #adj4  #fb ,symonds1 ,revival 
of ,learning1 pp4 #ahj-b4  #fc ,putnam1 
,books and their ,makers1 vol4 i41 p4   
#cch4  #fd ,symonds1 ,revival of        
,learning1 p4 #afg4  #fe ,ibid41 pp4    
#agb-c4     ,the ,dukes of ,urbino4     
',mr4 ,roscoe has observed that by no   
circumstance in the character of an     
individual is the love of literature so 
strongly evinced as by the propensity   
for collecting together the writings of 
illustrious scholars1 and compressing   
the 'soul of ages past' within the      
narrow limits of a library4 ,but it is  
not easy now to appreciate the obstacles
 attending such a pursuit in the age of 
,federigo4 ,the science of bibliography 
can scarcely be said to have existed    
before the invention of printing1 in    
consequence of the extreme difficulty of
 becoming acquainted with works of which

 there were but few copies1 and these   
widely scattered1 perhaps scarcely      
known4 ,great outlay was required1      
either to search out or transcribe      
manuscripts1 and even the laborious     
habits which then accompanied learning  
shrank from a task so beset by          
obstructions4 ,yet there was a bright   
exception in ,thomas of ,saranza1 whose 
learning supplied the knowledge1 and    
whose elevation to the triple tiara as  
,nicholas ,v4 procured him the          
opportunities necessary for amassing a  
library4 ,not only did he found that of 
the ,vatican1 but he prepared for       
,cosimo1 ,pater patrie1 a list of       
authors for the infant collection of ,s4
 ,marco1 at ,florence1 which1 being     
recognised as a standard catalogue1 was 
adopted by ,count ,federigo4 ,the longer
 life allowed to the latter enabled him 
to outstrip these bibliomaniacs1 and all
 contemporary accumulators1 until the   
fame of his library stood unrivalled4   
,accordingly ,ruscelli1 in his ,imprese 

,illustri1 avers it to be notorious that
 the earliest and most famous collection
 formed out of the ruins of antiquity   
was that of ,urbino1 from whence many   
excellent authors were edited1 and      
copies supplied4'#ff         99       99
       99       99       99  ',in no    
respect did he look to expense2 and     
whenever he learned the existence of any
 desirable book in ,italy1 or abroad1 he
 sent for it without heeding the cost4  
,his librarian1 ,vespasiano1 wrote1 ,it 
is now above fourteen years since he    
began to make this collection1 and he   
has ever since at ,urbino1 ,florence1   
and elsewhere1 thirty-four transcribers1
 and has resorted to every means        
requisite for amassing a famous and     
excellent library4'#fg         99       
99       99       99       99  ',to the 
right and left of the carriage entrance 
into the great courtyard1 are two       
handsome saloons1 each about forty-five 
feet by twenty-two1 and twenty-three in 
height4 ,that on the left contained the 

famous library of manuscripts collected 
by ,count ,federigo2 the corresponding  
one received the printed books1 which1  
gradually purchased by successive dukes1
 became under the last sovereign1 a     
copious collection4 ,baldi1 in his      
description of the palace1 printed in   
,bianchini's work1 dwells on the        
judicious adaptation of the former1 its 
windows set high against the northern   
sky1 admitting a subdued and steady     
light which invited to study2 its air   
cool in summer1 temperate in winter2 its
 walls conveniently shelved2 the        
character and objects of the place      
fittingly set forth in a series of rude 
hexameters inscribed on the cornices4   
,adjoining was a closet fitted up with  
inlaid and gilded panelling1 beneath    
which ,timoteo della ,vite1 a painter   
whose excellence we shall attest in our 
thirtieth chapter1 depicted ,minerva    
with her gis1 ,apollo with his lyre1 and
 the nine muses with their appropriate  
symbols4 ,a similar small study was     

fitted up immediately over this one1 set
 round with arm-chairs encircling a     
table1 all mosaicked with tarsia1 and   
carved by ,maestro ,giacomo of          
,florence1 while on each compartment of 
the panelling was the portrait of some  
famous author1 and an appropriate       
distich4 ,one other article of furniture
 deserves special notice--a magnificent 
eagle of gilt bronze1 serving as a      
lectern in the centre of the manuscript 
room4 ,it was carried to ,rome at the   
devolution of the duchy to the ,holy    
,see1 but was rescued by ,pope ,clement 
,,xi4 from the ,vatican library1 and    
restored to his native town1 where it   
has long been used in the choir of the  
cathedral4'#fh         99       99      
99       99       99  ',of ,francesco   
,maria's literary pursuits we have      
various pleasing memorials4 ,not        
satisfied with the valuable library of  
,,mss4 that had descended to him from   
the ,feltrian dukes1 he formed another  
of standard printed works4 ,indeed1 he  

became an assiduous book-collector2 and 
the letters of his librarian1 ,benedetto
 ,benedetti1 in the ,oliveriana         
,library1 are full of lists which his   
agents in ,venice1 ,florence1 and even  
,frankfort are urged to supply4 ,in his 
own voluminous correspondence1 we find  
constant offers from authors of         
dedications or copies of their          
productions1 the tone of which is highly
 complimentary to his taste for letters4
 ,in #afjc1 the ,archbishop of          
,monreale1 in ,spain1 transmits him the 
regulations he proposed to prescribe in 
bequeathing his library to a seminary he
 had founded in his diocese1 expressing 
a hope that they might prove useful to  
the ,duke's collection1 at this moment  
without parallel in the world4 ,instead 
of quoting the vague testimony of       
courtly compliment1 as to the use which 
this philosophic ,prince made of these  
acquisitions1 let us cite the brief     
records of his studies1 preserved in his
 own ,diary4 ,in #aehe1 terminated an   

inspection of the whole works of        
,aristotle1 on which ,i have laboured no
 less than fifteen years1 having had    
them generally read to me by ,maestro   
,cesare ,benedetti1 of ,pesaro4'#fi     
99       99       99       99       99  
',francesco di ,giorgio1 in his         
,treatise on ,architecture1 mentions    
,duke ,federigo as holding out          
inducements for the learned men at his  
court to illustrate the works of classic
 authors on architecture and sculpture4 
,but no testimony to his literary habits
 can be more satisfactory than that of  
his librarian1 ,vespasiano1 to the      
following purpose4 ,the ,duke was a     
ready ,latin scholar1 and extremely fond
 of ancient history4 ,as a logician he  
had attained considerable aptitude1     
having studied ,aristotle's ,ethics     
along with ,maestro ,lazzaro1 a famous  
theologian1 who became ,bishop of       
,urbino1 discussing with him the most   
intricate passages4 ,by the like process
 he mastered the ,stagirite's politics1 

physics1 and other treatises2 and having
 acquired more philosophy than any      
contemporary prince1 his thirst for new 
sources of knowledge induced him to     
devote himself to theology with equal   
zeal4 ,the principal works of ,st4      
,thomas ,aquinas and ,duns ,scotus were 
habitually read to him2 he preferred the
 former as more clear1 but admitted that
 the latter displayed more subtlety in  
argument4 ,he was well acquainted with  
the ,bible1 as well as the commentaries 
of ,saints ,ambrose1 ,jerome1           
,augustine1 and ,gregory2 also with the 
writings of the ,greek fathers1 such as 
,saints ,basil1 ,chrysostom1 ,gregory   
,naziazen1 ,nicetas1 ,athanasius1 and   
,cyril4 ,among the classic authors whom 
he was in the habit of reading or       
listening to were ,livy1 ,sallust1      
,quintus ,curtius1 ,justin1 ,csar1      
,plutarch1 lius ,spartianus1 mylius     
,protus1 ,tacitus1 ,suetonius1          
,eusebius4 ,all men of letters visiting 
,urbino were hospitably entertained1 and

 several were always attached to his    
court4 ,his largesses to such were at   
all times liberal4 ,he spent above #aejj
 ducats in this way when at ,florence1  
and remitted similar bounties to ,rome  
and ,naples4 ,he gave #ajjj ducats to   
the learned ,campano1 professor of      
belles-lettres at ,perugia in #adee1 who
 aided him in collecting ancient ,,mss41
 and became ,bishop of ,teramo4'#gj     
,,footnotes3  #ff ,dennistoun1 ,memoirs 
of the ,dukes of ,urbino1 vol4 i41 p4   
#aee4  #fg ,ibid41 vol4 i41 pp4 #aef-g4 
#fh ,memoirs of the ,dukes of ,urbino1  
vol4 i41 pp4 #aec-e4  #fi ,ibid41 vol4  
i41 p4 #aed4     ,pieresc4   ',when any 
library was to be sold by public outcry1
 he took care to buy the best books1    
especially if they were of some neat    
edition that he did not already possess4
 ,he bound his books in red morocco1    
with his cypher or initials in gold4    
,one binder always lived in the house1  
and sometimes several were employed at  
once when the books came rolling in on  

every side4' ',your house and library'  
7says the dedication of a book to       
,pieresc7 'are a firmament wherein the  
stars of learning shine2 the desks are  
lit with starlight1 and the books are in
 constellations1 and you sit like the   
sun in the midst1 embracing and giving  
light to them all4' ',the library is to 
be open to all the world without the    
exception of any living soul2 readers   
were to be supplied with chairs and     
writing materials1 and the attendants   
will fetch all books required in any    
language or department of learning1 and 
will change them as often as is         
necessary4'#ga         99       99      
99       99       99  ',bouchard states1
 in his funeral oration on ,pieresc1 ,to
 this his shop and storehouse of wisdom 
and virtue1 ,peireskius did not only    
courteously admit all travellers1       
studious of art and learning1 opening to
 them all the treasures of his library1 
but he would keep them there a long     
time1 with free and liberal             

entertainment2 and at their departure1  
would give them books1 coins1 and other 
things1 which seemed most suitable to   
their studies2 also he freely gave them 
at his own expense1 whatever things they
 wanted1 most liberally1 even as to all 
other learned men1 who were absent1 and 
whose names he had only heard of2       
whatever he had among his books or      
relics of antiquity1 which he thought   
might assist them in their writings1 he 
would send it them of his own accord1   
not only without their desiring the     
same1 but many times when they were     
ignorant of such things4'#gb            
,,footnotes3  #gj ,memoirs of the ,dukes
 of ,urbino1 pp4 #bai1 #bbj4  #ga       
,elton1 ,great ,book ,collectors1 pp4   
#ahj-d4  #gb ,the ,library1 ,july1      
#ahie4     ,mr4 ,ruskin's ,advice4   ',i
 say first we have despised literature4 
,what do we1 as a nation1 care about    
books8 ,how much do you think we spend  
altogether on our libraries1 public or  
private1 as compared with what we spend 

on our horses8 ,if a man spends lavishly
 on his library1 you call him mad--a    
biblio-maniac4 ,but you never call any  
one a horse maniac1 though men ruin     
themselves every day by their horses1   
and you do not hear of people ruining   
themselves by their books4 ,or1 to go   
lower still1 how much do you think the  
bookshelves of the ,united ,kingdom1    
public and private1 would fetch1 as     
compared with the contents of its       
wine-cellars8 ,what position would its  
expenditure on literature take as       
compared with its expenditure on        
luxurious eating8 ,we talk of food for  
the mind1 as of food for the body3 now a
 good book contains such food           
inexhaustibly2 it is a provision for    
life1 and for the best part of us2 yet  
how long most people would look at the  
best book before they would give the    
price of a large turbot for it6'#gc     
',it will be long yet before that comes 
to pass4 ,nevertheless1 ,i hope it will 
not be long before royal or national    

libraries will be founded in every      
considerable city1 with a royal series  
of books in them2 the same series in    
every one of them1 chosen books1 the    
best in every kind1 prepared for that   
national series in the most perfect way 
possible2 their text printed all on     
leaves of equal size1 broad of margin1  
and divided into pleasant volumes1 light
 in the hand1 beautiful and strong1 and 
thorough as examples of binder's        
work4'#gc  ',i could shape for you other
 plans1 for art galleries and for       
natural history galleries1 and for many 
precious1 many1 it seems to me1 needful 
things2 but this book plan is the       
easiest and needfullest1 and would prove
 a considerable tonic to what we call   
our ,british constitution1 which has    
fallen dropsical of late1 and has an    
evil thirst1 and evil hunger1 and wants 
healthier feeding4 ,you have got its    
,corn ,laws repealed for it2 try if you 
cannot get ,corn ,laws established for  
it dealing in a better bread--bread made

 of that old enchanted ,arabian grain1  
the ,sesame1 which opens doors1 doors1  
not of robbers'1 but of kings'          
treasuries4'#gd         99       99     
99       99       99  ',whatever the    
hold which the aristocracy of ,england  
has on the heart of ,england1 in that   
they are still always in front of her   
battles1 this hold will not be enough1  
unless they are also in front of her    
thoughts4'#ge         99       99       
99       99       99  ',but it is not   
gold that you want to gather6 ,what is  
it8 ,greenbacks8 ,no2 not those neither4
 ,what is it then--is it ciphers after a
 capital ,i8 ,cannot you practise       
writing ciphers1 and write as many as   
you want8 ,write ciphers for an hour    
every morning1 in a big book1 and say   
every evening1 ,i am worth all those    
noughts more than ,i was yesterday4     
,won't that do8 ,well1 what in the name 
of ,plutus is it you want8 ,not gold1   
not greenbacks1 not ciphers after a     
capital ,i8 ,you will have to answer    

after all1 ,no2 we want1 somehow or     
other1 money's worth4 ,well1 what is    
that8 ,let your ,goddess of ,getting-on 
discover it1 and let her learn to stay  
therein4'#gf         99       99        
99       99       99  ',and the entire  
object of true education is to make     
people not merely do the right things1  
but enjoy the right things--not merely  
industrious1 but to love industry--not  
merely learned1 but to love             
knowledge--not merely pure1 but to love 
purity--not merely just1 but to hunger  
and thirst after justice4'#gg           
,,footnotes3  #gc ,sesame and ,lilies4  
#gd ,sesame and ,lilies4  #ge ,crown of 
,wild ,olive1 p4 #hg4  #gf ,ibid41 p4   
#fj4  #gg ,ibid41 p4 #df4     ,,index   
,abbotsford ,library ,catalogue1 printed
 by ,maitland ,club1 #hj    ,abbotsford 
,library1 impressions of1 #hj           
,accessions1 on placing1 #hi    ,acland1
 ,sir ,h41 the ',radcliffe' bookcase1   
#aac    ,addison1 ,essay on ',my ,lady's
 ,library1' #ej    ,addison's picture of

 ',tom ,folio1' #gi    ,advertisements1 
which to distrust1 #ad    lius1 #adh    
mylius ,protus1 #adh    ,agabito1       
librarian to the ,duke of ,urbino1 #aai 
,albemarle1 ,duke of1 #gh    ,alberti1  
#adb    ,ambrose1 ,st41 #adh            
,american tables1 #ajd    ,angelo1      
,michael1 #adb    ,angling books1 #aj   
,anonymous ,literature1 how to          
catalogue1 #hd1 #he    ,anthrenus       
varius1 bookboring insect1 #bc          
,apollo ,library1 #ace    ,appliances   
for the library1 #ajc    ,aquinas1 ,st4 
,thomas1 #adh    ,arcangelo1 ,don1 #ach 
,archaic ,dictionary1 #dd               
,architecture1 by ,vitruvius1 #aai      
,aristotle1 ,inspection of the works of1
 #adg    ,aristotle's ,politics1 #adc   
,athanasius1 ,st41 #adh    ,augustine1  
,st41 #adh    ,augustus1 ,emperor1      
author and booklover1 #ace    ,austen1  
,j41 ,northanger ,abbey1 #cf    ,author1
 the1 #c    ---- whims and fancies of1  
#c    ,autograph letters1 how to        
catalogue1 #fd     ,bacon1 ,lord1 #cf   

---- his retreat at ,gorhambury1 #ajg   
,bacon's ,natural ,history1 #dj    ---- 
,organon1 #gd    ,baker's ,chronicle1   
#gb    ,baldi's description of a        
,florentine palace1 #aaj1 #adf          
,balfour1 ,mr41 advice on reading1 #bg  
,barclay1 ,a41 ,ship of ,fools1 #gf     
,basil1 ,st41 #adh    ,beauchamp1 ,guy1 
earl of ,warwick1 ,library of early     
romances1 #ga    ,beauclerk1 ,t41 #gi   
---- ,library of1 in ,great ,russell    
,street1 #ajg    ,bedford1 ,duke of1 and
 ,charles ,v4's ,library1 #ga           
,beecher1 ,h4 ,w41 on reading1 #cj      
,benedetti1 ,b41 ,book lists of1 #adg   
---- librarian to ,francesco ,maria1    
#adg    ---- ,c41 of ,pesaro1 #adg      
,beyle1 ,henri1 ,pseudonyms used by1 #hd
    ,bianchini's works1 #aaj1 #adf      
,bible1 #adh    ,bibliography1 ,science 
of1 when commenced1 #add                
,bibliomaniacs1 ,great1 #ga    ,blackie1
 ,j4 ,s41 on reading1 #cb               
,blackwood's ,magazine1 ,extracts from1 
#cj1 #ca1 #cb    ,blades1 ,w41 ,enemies 

of ,books1 #g1 #ba1 #ajj    ---- on the 
handling of books1 #bb    ---- on the   
preservation of books1 #ai1 #ii         
,blatta ,australasia1 a bookboring      
cockroach1 #bc    ,bookbinding1 #eb     
---- and the bookbinder1 #bc    ----    
colour1 #di1 #ed    ---- ,covers1 what  
to choose1 #fd    ---- errors of taste1 
#ef    ---- gilding1 #eg    ---- ,good1 
what is fatal to1 #ig    ---- leather1  
kind to choose1 #ed    ---- lettering1  
#eh    ---- marbling1 #ee    ----       
provincial1 #g    ---- style and colour 
of1 #di    ---- style1 #di1 #ed    ---- 
the1 remarks on1 #fa    ---- what is    
good and bad1 #e1 #f    ,books1         
accidentally destroyed1 #ab    ----     
arranging1 difficulty of1 #ag    ----   
care of1 #ae1 #af    ---- ---- maxims   
for1 #bd    ---- classification of1 #hg 
---- commonplace1 #ch    ---- contents  
of1 how to master the1 #ca1 #cb    ---- 
counterfeit1 #eb    ---- dusting1 #bj1  
#ba    ---- enemies of1 #g1 #af1 #ag1   
#ah1 #ba1 #bc    ---- binding1          

fifteenth-century1 #gj    ---- handling1
 #bb    ---- housing of1 #ajj    ----   
metal bosses on1 desks for1 #ajf    ----
 packing1 #bd1 #be    ---- ------ ,rare 
and handsome1 #hi    ---- ------        
,reference1 #hi    ---- ,rare1 what     
constitutes1 #aa    ---- ------ ,why so 
called1 #ab    ---- ,how to read1 #cb   
---- ,recommending1 #cc    ----         
,reference1 #db    ---- ------ ,list of 
good1 #dd    ---- ------ ,on placing1   
#hi    ---- ------ ,uses of1 #dc    ----
 ,repairing1 #fj1 #fa    ----           
,restoring1 #fj1 #fa    ---- ,ruined1   
how often1 #g    ---- ,shelfmarking1 #ic
    ---- ,sizes of1 as decided upon by  
the ,associated ,librarians of ,great   
,britain1 #ih    ---- ,suppressed1 #ab  
---- ,treatment of1 #ajh    ----        
,valueless1 #ad    ,bookcase1 the       
',radcliffe' iron1 #aac    ----         
revolving1 #aje    ,bookcases1 #di1 #id 
---- at ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1  
#ajb    ---- beautiful specimens of1 #ii
    ---- for rare and beautiful books1  

c41 #ii    ---- glass doors undesirable1
 #ajj    ---- height of1 #ej1 #ie       
---- in bedrooms1 #ch    ---- lettering 
and numbering1 #ic1 #ii    ---- shelves 
covered with padded leather1 #ajj       
---- ,tonks' patent fittings advisable1 
#ie    ,book-collecting1 ,revival in1 at
 ,florence1 #adj    ,book collectors1   
early1 #ga    ---- collectors of the    
eighteenth century1 #gi    ---- hobbies1
 #fe    ---- readers1 two classes1 #cd  
---- screen1 #dg    ,bookshelves1 #acj  
,book support1 metal1 #ajf    ----      
values1 #i    ---- ---- how to          
determine1 #i    ,booksellers1 ,old     
,london1 #gb    ,bookworm1 ,the1 #bc    
,bordesley ,abbey1 and the ,earl of     
,warwick's ,library1 #ga    ,boston     
,public ,library1 ,roxbury ,branch1     
dimensions of book-room1 #aac           
,boswell1 ,life of ,johnson1 #c         
,boudoir bindings1 pretty effects of1   
#dh    ---- libraries1 #df    ----      
library catalogue1 #ej    ,bowen1 on    
,novel ,reading1 #cg    ,bracciolini1   

,poggio1 #acg    ,bradshaw1 ,h41 the    
,cambridge ,university ,librarian1 #aag 
,braybrooke1 ,lord1 his collection of   
county histories1 #ff    ,british       
,museum ,library ,catalogue1 #he        
,bront1 ,c41 ,jane ,eyre1 #cg    ,bruni1
 ,lionardo1 #acg    ,buchanan1 ,g41 #aag
    ,buckram binding1 #fb    ,buffalo   
,bug1 or ,carpet ,bug1 #bc    ,burke1 on
 reading1 #ca    ,bustle tails1         
bookboring insects1 #bc    ,butler's    
,hudibras1 #gb1 #gd     ,csar1 #adh     
,cambridge ,university1 ,history of1 by 
,willis and ,clark1 #abj    ,campano1   
,bishop of ,teramo1 #adi    ,campion1   
,hanmer and ,spencer's ,history of      
,ireland1 #ge    ,care of books1 ,on    
the1 #ae    ---- ,maxims to be learned1 
#bd    ,carlyle1 on a library catalogue1
 #ha    ,carpet ,bug1 or ,buffalo ,bug1 
#bc    ,casaubon1 among his books1 #gb  
,catalogue1 a fifteenth-century1 #gj    
---- ,alphabetical system1 advantages   
of1 #hf    ---- ,classification of the1 
#hb    ---- ,sectional1 ,lord           

,crawford's1 #hc    ---- ,the1 #ha      
---- ,the1 alphabetical arrangement of1 
#ha    ---- ,the1 classified system1    
advantages of1 #hf    ---- ,the1        
cross-references1 #he    ---- ,the1 how 
not to make1 #hb1 #hd    ---- ,the1     
expert advice on1 #hd    ---- ,the1     
rules to be observed1 #he    ---- ,the1 
subjects1 classification of1 #hf    ----
 ,the1 preparing titles1 #hg    ,chairs1
 ,library1 #ajd    ,charles ,v4 of      
,france1 library of1 #ga    ,chaucer1   
,speght's edition 7#afjb71 #ge          
,chippendale1 bookcase designs by1 #ii  
,chrysoloras1 ,m41 #adc    ,chrysostom1 
,st41 #adh    ,clarissa ,harlowe1 #fj   
,clark1 ,j4 ,w41 on the position of the 
library1 #aai    ---- ,student-life of  
the past1 #gb    ,classic authors1 list 
of1 #adh    ,classics1 no suitable      
edition in ,england as in ,france1 #a   
,classification1 #ha    ---- of books1  
#hg    ,clement ,,xi41 ,pope1 and the   
eagle lectern1 #adg    ,clement1 ,d41   
,bibliothque curieuse1 #aa    ,clement1 

,d41 on degrees of rarity1 #aa1 #ac     
,colet1 among his books1 #gb            
,collected editions1 how to catalogue1  
#id    ,commonplace books1 #ch    ----  
books1 simplest form of1 #dj            
,compositor1 the1 #c    ,condition1 as  
affecting the price of books1 #ac1 #aa  
,consuelo1 #cg    ,consumer1 the1 #c    
,cosimo's generosity to men of letters1 
#add    ---- ,medicean library1 #ach    
---- plan of the formation of a library1
 #ach    ---- versatility and           
comprehensive intellect1 #aci    ----   
zeal for learning1 #aci    ,cotton's    
library1 dimensions of1 #gc             
,counterfeit books1 #eb    ,county      
collections1 what should be aimed at1   
#ff    ---- ,histories1 on collecting1  
#ff    ,courthope's edition of ,pope1 #c
    ,crawford1 ,lord1 ,ballad catalogue1
 #hc    ---- ,collection of books1      
pamphlets1 ballads1 c41 #fe    ----     
,sectional catalogue1 #hc               
,cross-references1 when to make1 #he    
,cunningham1 ,p41 edition of ,walpole's 

letters1 #c    ,curiosities1 arrangement
 of1 in library1 #abb    ,cyril1 ,st41  
#adh     ,damp1 an enemy to books1 #ag  
,de ,maistre's ,journey ,round my ,room1
 #dg    ,dennistoun's ,memoirs of the   
,dukes of ,urbino1 #aaj1 #ade1 #adg1    
#adi    ,desk1 standing1 #aje           
,dictionaries1 use of1 #cj    ,dives et 
,pauper1 #gj    ,drawings1 safe keeping 
of1 #ajf    ,duns ,scotus1 #adh         
,dusting of books1 #bj1 #ba     ,edis'  
,decoration and ,furniture of ,town     
,houses1 #acb    ditions de luxe1 #c    
,education1 ,what is8 #de    ,edwards1  
,memoirs of ,libraries1 #ac1 #ig1 #ii1  
#ajj    ---- on bookcases1 #ig1 #ii     
,elizabethan ,poetry1 catalogue of1 #hc 
,ellwanger's ,story of my ,house1 #i1   
#ajd    ,elton1 ,great ,book            
,collectors1 #aae1 #adi    ,elwin's     
edition of ,pope1 #c    ,enemies of     
books1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba    ,erasmus1  
among his books1 #gb    ,eusebius1 #adh 
,evelyn's directions for gathering a    
library1 #gh    ---- ,letter to ,pepys  

on the ,seventeenth ,century libraries1 
#gi    ,eversley ,rectory armchair1 #aje
     ,faceti1 on placing1 #hi    ,family
 papers1 how to catalogue1 #fd          
,farnaby1 ,t41 ,index ,rhetoricus1 #gd  
,federigo1 ,count1 famous library of    
,,mss41 #aaj1 #adf    ---- ,duke1       
,literary habits of1 #adh    ,feltrian  
dukes1 ,,mss41 #adg    ,fergusson's     
,architecture1 #dd    ,ficino1          
,translator of ,plato1 #adb    ,fiction 
,library1 how to arrange1 #cf           
,fiesole1 ,abbey of1 on building a      
library at1 #ach    ,fiesole ,abbey1    
,library of1 #ach    ,fifteenth ,century
 ,library ,catalogue1 #gj    ,fine      
,copy8 ,what is a1 #e1 #f    ,first     
,edition ,craze1 fight against1 #ad     
,fish ,bugs1 bookboring insects1 #bc    
,florence1 ,revival in learning at1 #adj
    ---- ,studio ,pubblico1 ,improvement
 of the1 #adc    ,florentine ,library1  
,description of a great1 #aaj           
,floriculture1 on collecting books on1  
#fg    ',foxed' ,book1 ,a1 #f           

,foxhounds in ,england1 #ace            
,francesco ,maria's literary pursuits1  
#adg    ,froude1 ,w41 ,the ',radcliffe' 
bookcase1 #aac    ,fuller1 ,t41 on      
memory and note-books1 #ci     ,gas1 an 
enemy to books1 #ah    ,genealogical    
books1 rise in price of1 #ff            
,getting-on1 ,goddess of1 #aeb          
,gibbon1 ,edward1 #a    ---- library    
catalogue1 #hc    ,gilbey1 ,sir ,w41    
sporting books1 #fg    ,gilding1 ,advice
 on1 #eg    ,giorgio1 ,f4 di1 ,treatise 
on ,architecture1 #adh    ,gladstone1   
,w4 ,e41 ,books1 and the ,housing of    
them1 #ajj    ---- ,gladstone in the    
,evening of his ,days1 #cf1 #ajh1 #aaj  
---- on library shelves1 #if            
,gladstone's ,temple of ,peace1 ,tables 
in1 #ajd    ,glastonbury1 ,treasures at1
 #fi    ',globe' edition of ,english    
classics1 #b    ,goldsmith ,chair1 ,the1
 #aje    ,good ,edition1 how to make1 #c
    ---- ,what is a1 #a    ,gosse1 ,e41 
,library ,catalogue1 #hc    ,gregory1   
,st41 #adh    ,greek ,fathers1 writings 

of1 #adh    ,greenbacks1 #aeb           
,guidobaldo ,i41 ,library ,rules1 #aah  
,haigh ,hall1 ,ballad ,catalogue at1 #hc
    ---- ,library ,catalogue1 who       
compiled by1 #fe    ,hallam's ,literary 
,history1 #da    ,hamerton1 ,philip ,g41
 ,advice on reading1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi      
,harding's ,chronicle1 #gf    ,hart1    
,dr4 ,e41 on books in bedrooms1 #ch     
,hawarden ,library annexe1 #ajg    ---- 
---- ,cost of1 #aac    ,heat1 an enemy  
to books1 #ah    ,heppelwhite1 ,bookcase
 design by1 #ii    ,hill1 ,b41 ,edition 
of ,boswell's ,johnson1 #c    ,howard1  
,sir ,j41 ,library of1 #gj    ',humanity
 ,room' at ,hawarden1 #aji    ,humphrey1
 ,duke1 #ga     ,ireland1 ,history of1  
#ge    ,ink ,maker1 ,the1 #c            
,jerome1 ,st41 #adh    ,jessopp1 ,dr41  
,library annexe of1 #ajg    ---- on old 
libraries1 #fh    ,johnson1 ,dr41       
careless with his books1 #af    ----    
,life of1 #c    ---- on knowledge1 #db  
---- on the editions of ,thomas         
,kempis1 #fg    ,johnson's ,dictionary1 

#dd    ,justin1 #adh     ,kerr's        
,gentleman's ,house1 #abj    ,knowledge1
 ,on4 ,extract from the ,spectator1 #db 
---- ,two kinds of1 #db     ,lady's     
,library1 how arranged1 #ea    ,lamb1   
choice of books1 #cd    ,lampson1 ,l41  
,rowfant ,library ,catalogue1 #hc       
,landino1 #adb    ,lang1 ,a41 remarks on
 the 'binder1' #fa    ---- on the care  
of books1 #af    ,lapaccini1 ,fra ,g41 a
 ,,ms4 copyist1 #ach    ,large-paper    
copies1 #h1 #ac    ,larousse's ,grand   
,dictionnaire1 #dc    ,leather for      
binding1 #ec    ,lectern1 an historic   
eagle1 #adf    ,leighton1 ,j41          
,book-plate ,annual1 #ae    ----        
,careless handling of books1 #af        
,leland1 ,c4 ,g41 on ,mending and       
,repairing1 #fa    ---- ,glastonbury    
treasures1 #fi    ,leonora's library1   
how arranged1 #ea    ,lepisma           
,saccharina1 bookboring insects1 #bc    
,l',escholle des ,filles1 #gg           
,librarian1 ,a1 #aae    ----            
,qualifications of a good1 #aae1 #aag   

---- ,the motto of a good1 #aah         
,libraries1 ,classification of headings 
of1 #id    ---- in country houses1      
lamentable condition of1 #ae    ----    
,old country1 #fh    ---- ,x,i,ith      
century1 #fi    ---- ,x,i,i,ith century1
 #fi    ---- ,x,v,i,ith century1 #gb    
---- ,suite of1 #aba    ---- ,public1   
,originator of1 #adc    ,library1 ,the  
,extract from1 #aej    ,library1        
,appliances for the1 #ajc    ---- ,the1 
architecturally1 #aai    ----           
arrangement1 ,on1 #ia    ----           
,arrangement of1 two plans1 #aba    ----
 ,artistic treatment of the1 #abb       
---- ,aspect for the1 #abe    ---- ,an  
economic1 #acc    ---- ,curiosities in1 
#bb    ---- ,decorations of the1 #aca   
---- ,enemy of the1 #abj    ----        
fireplace1 #abf    ----                 
intercommunication1 #abf    ---- ,on    
heating1 #abj1 #abh    ---- ,on         
lighting1 #abj    ---- ,portable1       
,composition of a1 #df    ---- ,position
 of the1 #aai1 #abd    ---- rules1 #aah 

---- ,study attached to the1 #abg       
---- ,windows in the1 #abe    ----      
annexe1 ,the1 #ajf    ,library          
,association ,report1 #ahgh1 #aae       
---- ,journal1 ,reference to1 #ia       
---- ---- ,american1 #aag    ,lionardo1 
,m41 translator of ,aristotle's         
,politics1 #adc    ,lippincott's        
,biographical ,dictionary1 #dd    ,livy1
 #adh    ,lockhart1 ,life of ,sir ,w4   
,scott1 #hj    ,lorenzo and his literary
 circle1 #adb    ,lucullus' vast        
collection of books1 #ace     ,macaulay1
 private libraries in #afhe1 #gi    ----
 ,state of ,england in #afhe1 #gb       
,magazines1 ,how to bind1 #fc           
,maggliabecchi1 ,anecdote of1 #aaf      
---- his abnormal knowledge of books1   
#aae    ,manetti1 ,giannozzo1 #acg      
,manuscripts1 ,how to catalogue1 #fd    
---- collecting and preserving at       
,florence1 #adj    ---- ,collection of  
ancient1 #adi    ---- ,famous library   
of1 #aaj    ---- of the ,feltrian dukes1
 #adg    ---- ,urbino's library of1 #adf

    ,marbling1 what to choose1 #ee      
,marryat1 original binding of his       
novels1 #f    ,marsuppini1 ,carlo1 #acg 
,maxwell1 ,sir ,h41 advice on reading1  
#bf    ,medicean ,library1 #ach         
,medici1 ,cosimo de'1 on housing of     
large libraries1 #acg    ---- ,the1 and 
their friends1 #acg    ---- ,lorenzo    
de'1 #acg    ,memory and note-books1 #ci
    ,mending and repairing1 #fa         
,middleton ,cheney1 ,library annexe at1 
#ajg    ,mirandola1 ,p4 della1 #da1 #adb
    ,monastic libraries1 ,old1 #fi      
,monmouth rebellion1 romances on1 #cf   
,monreale1 ,archbishop of1 #adg         
,morocco leather1 kind to choose1 #ed   
,munificent book-buying1 #acc           
,murray's ,dictionary1 #ei    ----      
,magazine1 on county histories1 #ff     
,music1 ,how to bind1 #fd     ,napoleon1
 on the composition of a portable       
library1 #df    ---- a lover of small   
books1 #df    ---- and novel-reading1   
#ch    ,nares' ,glossary1 #dd           
,natural history1 on collecting books   

on1 #fg    ,naud1 ,g41 ,avis pour       
dresser une ,bibliothque1 #aj1 #gi      
,naziazen1 ,st4 ,gregory1 #adh          
,niccoli1 ,n4 de'1 ,home life and habits
 of1 #ada    ---- literary dictator at  
,florence1 #adj    ---- to whom he      
bequeathed his library1 #acg            
,nicetas1 #adh    ,nicholas ,v4 ,pope1  
,book list of1 #aci    ,nineteenth      
,century1 ,extracts from the1 #bf1 #fh1 
#aaa    ,nordau1 millionaires in        
,england1 #acc    ,north1 ,dr4 ,john1   
his book-loving habits1 #h    ---- ,dr4 
,j41 ,library of1 #gc    ---- ,life of1 
#gc    ,north's ,lives of the ,norths1  
#g    ,notes1 ,suggestions on taking1   
#da    ,novel-reading1 #cc    ----      
lecture on1 #cf1 #cg    ,novels1 how to 
bind1 #fb     ,octavia ,library1 #ace   
,oldys1 ,w41 #gi    ,oliveriana         
,library1 #adg    ,oxford1 ,lord1 #gi   
---- ,university of4 ,duke ,humphrey's  
collection of illuminated     treasures1
 #ga     ,pamphlets1 how to bind1 #fc   
---- how to catalogue1 #fc1 #id         

,paper1 coloured1 #ac    ---- fine1 #ac 
---- hand-made1 #h    ---- ,japanese    
vellum1 #h    ---- vellum1 #ac    ----  
knives1 #af    ---- maker1 the1 #c      
,parentucelli1 ,t41 ,catalogue of ,s4   
,marco ,library1 #acg    ,parker's      
,domestic ,architecture1 ,reference to1 
#gj    ,paston ,letters1 #gj            
,pattison1 ,mark1 a type of a scholar1  
#acd    ,payn1 ,j41 on the best hundred 
books1 #cj    ,pembroke1 ,earl of1 #gi  
,pepys' books1 how numbered and titled1 
#gh    ---- book presses1 #ge    ----   
book presses at ,magdalene ,college1 #ge
    ---- ,collection of ,ballads1 c41   
#fe    ---- ,diary1 #dc1 #ei1 #gd1 c4   
---- library catalogue1 #gf    ----     
library catalogue1 classification of1   
#hb1 #hi    ---- a lover of books1 #gd  
---- manuscripts1 #gg    ---- single    
sheets1 #gg    ,periodicals1 ,unbound1  
on placing1 #hi    ,pesaro1 ,library of1
 #ach    ,petrarch1 project of a public 
library1 #adc    ,phillips1 ,w41        
anecdote of ,george ,sumner1 #aaf       

,pickering1 ,publications issued by1 #d 
,pieresc1 and his books1 #adi    ----   
,funeral oration on1 #aej    ,plato1    
,teachings of1 #adb    ,plato's ,works1 
#adc    ,plutarch1 #adh    ---- on      
,lucullus' ,library1 #ace    ,plutarch's
 ,lives1 #adc    ,poetical              
,concordances1 #dd    ,poliziano1 #adb  
,poole1 ,mr41 on enemies to books1 #ah  
,pope1 ',globe' edition of1 #b          
,pope's ,works1 the edition of          
,courthope and ,elwin1 #c               
,preservation of book covers1 ,a recipe 
for1 #bj    ,pressman1 ,the1 #c         
,priceus1 ,defensio ,hist4 ,brit41 #gf  
,printer1 ,the1 #c    ,prints1 safe     
keeping of1 #ajf    ,private ,library1  
divisions or classification of a1 #hi   
,psalms1 ,french1 #gd    ,pseudonyms1   
how to catalogue1 #hd    ,publisher1    
,the1 #c    ,pulci1 #adb    ,putnam's   
,books and their ,makers1 #ga1 #adb     
,ptolemy's ,cosmography1 #adc           
,quintus ,curtius1 #adh    ,quotations1 
,dictionary of1 #dd     ,radcliffe      

bookcases1 cost of1 #aad    ,rare books1
 what constitutes1 #ab    ---- why so   
called1 #aa    ,rarity as affecting the 
price of books1 #aa    ,rawlinson1 ,t41 
#gi    ,reader1 ,the1 #c    ,reading1   
,the art of1 #be    ---- ---- literature
 on1 #bf    ---- seat1 #if    ,record1  
unpublished1 advisability of typing1 #fd
    ,reference books1 #db    ----       
,american1 #dc    ---- ,french1 #dc     
---- uses of1 #dc    ,regulations1 ,book
 of1 of ,guidobaldo ,i1 #aah            
,renaissance history1 #acf              
,richardson's ,dictionary1 #dd          
,rochester's ,poems1 #gh    ,romances1  
,guy ,beauchamp's library of1 #ga       
,romola1 #cg    ,roscoe1 ,mr41 on       
book-collecting1 #add    ,rowfant       
,library ,catalogue1 #hc    ,ruddiman1  
,t41 #aag    ,ruskin1 ,j41 advice on    
book collecting1 #aej1 #aea    ----     
choice of books1 #cd    ---- his scheme 
of a ,royal series of books1 #d         
,ruskin's ,crown of ,wild ,olive1 #aeb  
---- ,sesame and ,lilies1 #aea1 #aeb    

,sachetti1 ,franco1 #acg    ,sala1 ,g4  
,a41 ,on common-place books1 #ci1 #dj   
,sallust1 #adh    ,salutati1 ,c4 de1 ,on
 utility of public libraries1 #adc      
,s4 ,giorgio ,maggiore1 ,library of1    
#acg    ---- ,,mss4 of1 at ,florence1   
#acg    ,s4 ,marco1 ,catalogue of       
,library of1 #ach    ,santa ,trinit1    
,proposed public library at1 #adc       
,scott1 ,r41 bill of books supplied to  
,pepys1 #gg    ---- ,bookseller of the  
,x,v,i,ith ,century1 #gc    ,scott1 ,sir
 ,w41 ,life of1 #hj    ---- his care of 
books1 #af    ---- ,novels of1 original 
bindings of1 #f    ,seven ,champions of 
,christendom1 #gb    ,seventeenth       
,century ,literature1 ,catalogue of1 #hc
    ,svign1 ,mme4 de1 ,letters of1 #aji 
,shakespeare1 ',cambridge' ,edition of1 
#b1 #ec    ',shannon' ,tables1 #ajd     
,shaw1 ,g4 ,b41 on an economic library1 
#acc    ,shelf ,classification1         
,difficulty of1 #hh    ,sheraton1       
,bookcase designs by1 #ii    ,silver    
,fish1 bookboring insects1 #bc          

',sleepy ,hollow1' an armchair at       
,eversley1 #aje    ,smith1 ,l4 ,p41     
,qualifications of a ,librarian1 #aag   
,smith1 ,w41 ,greek and ,roman          
,biography1 #dd    ,somers1 ,lord1 #gi  
,soulsby1 ,miss ,lucy1 ,things in ,book 
,clothing1 #bh    ,spartianus1 #adh     
,spectator1 ,extract from1 on           
,knowledge1 #db    ,spencer1 ,george1   
,earl1 #gi    ---- ,earl1 ,library at   
,manchester1 #gi    ,sport1 ,reference  
to1 #acc    ,sporting books1 on         
collecting1 #fg    ,staghounds in       
,england1 #ace    ,stanley1 ,col41 #gi  
,steps1 ,library1 #ajf    ,stevens1 ,who
 spoils our ,english ,books8 #c1 #d     
,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l41 ,works4            
',edinburgh' ,edition1 #d    ,strozzi1  
,palla degli1 ,greek learning1 #adb     
---- originator of public libraries1    
#adc    ,subjects1 ,short1              
classification of1 #he    ,suetonius1   
#adh    ,sumner1 ,g41 ,anecdote of1 #aaf
    ---- his knowledge of books1 #aaf   
,sunderland1 ,charles1 ,earl of1 #gi    

,suppressed books1 #ab    ,symonds1 ,on 
great literary undertakings1 #adb       
---- ,revival of ,learning1 #aci1 #adj1 
#adb1 #add     ,tables1 ,library1 #ajd  
,tacitus1 #adh    ,tarleton's ,jests1   
#gb    ,tatler--,addison's ,picture of  
,tom ,folio1 #gi    ,tiberius1 ,library 
of1 #ace    ,title-pages1 ruined1 #g    
,titles1 how to prepare1 #hg            
,thirlwall1 on reading1 #ca    ,thomas  
,kempis1 ,editions of1 #fh    ,thomas of
 ,saranza1 founder of the ,vatican      
,library1 #ade    ,todd's ,gower and    
,chaucer1 #gb    ---- ,index ,rerum1 #ci
    ,tonk's ,patent ,fittings for       
,bookcases1 #ie    ,topographical       
,books1 on collecting1 #ff    ---- ,rise
 in price of1 #ff    ,traill1 ,h4 ,d41  
on book readers1 #ce    ,trajan1        
,library of1 #ace    ,traversari1       
,ambrogio1 #acg     ,urbino1 ,dukes of1 
#aaj1 #add    ---- ,memoirs of the1 #aai
    ---- book-collecting by1 #ade       
---- hospitality to men of letters1 #adh
    ---- ,library of1 #ach    ---- his  

collection of ancient ,,mss41 #adi      
,valvio1 ,g41 ,publisher of ,plato      
7#adhb71 #adb    ,vespasiano1 a ,,mss4  
copyist1 #ach    ---- on ,casimo's plan 
of forming a library1 #ach    ---- on   
,federigo's literary habits1 #adh       
---- on the ,s4 ,marco ,library         
,catalogue1 #ach    ,vitruvius'         
,architecture1 #aai1 #abe     ,walpole1 
,h41 on ,beauclerk's library1 #ajg      
,walpole's ,letters1 edited by          
,cunningham1 #c    ,wanley1 ,h41 #gi    
,warwick1 ,earl of1 ,library of early   
romances1 ,list of1 #ga1 #gb    ,weeding
 out1 #hj    ,wheatley1 ,b4 ,r41 on     
library arrangement1 #ij    ,wheatley1  
,h4 ,b41 ,pepys and the ,world he lived 
in1 #gd1 #hb1 #ij    ,where is it8 #dj  
,white ,canons1 ,catalogue of the ,house
 of the1 #gj    ,whittingham1 ,books    
printed by1 #d    ,whittingham's garden 
at ,chiswick1 #d    ,wilberforce1 ,dr41 
on knowledge1 #db    ,wilkinson's       
,ancient ,egyptians1 #dd    ,willett1   
,deb41 #gh    ,willis and ,clark1       

,history of ,cambridge ,university1 #abj
    ,wordsworth1 careless with his      
books1 #af    ,wren1 ,sir ,c41 bookcases
 at ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 #ajb 
,wren1 ,w41 on ,education1 #de          
,zola1 #aaj             ,london3        
,,strangeways1 ,printers4         99    
99       99       99       99           
,transcriber's ,notes3  ,obvious        
punctuation errors repaired4  ,page #ec1
  ssued changed to issued 7issued in a  
separate7  ,page #fa1 cuttting changed  
to cutting 7even cutting off lines7     
,page #fd1 callendar changed to calendar
 7instructions to calendar7  ,page #aec1
 ,aelus changed to lius 7lius1 #adh7    
,page #aec1 ,aemylius changed to mylius 
7mylius ,protus1 #adh7  ,page #aee1     
,lionardi changed to ,lionardo 7,bruni1 
,lionardo1 #acg7  ,page #aef1 ,bront    
changed to ,bront 7,bront1 ,c417  ,page 
#aeh1 ,gentlemen's changed to           
,gentleman's 7,kerr's ,gentlemen's      
,house1 #abj7  ,page #aeh1 ,lapaccim    
changed to ,lapaccini 7,lapaccini1 ,fra 

,g41 a ,,ms4 copyist1 #ach7  ,page #aeh1
 bookbinding changed to bookboring      
7,lepisma ,saccharina1 bookboring       
insects7  ,page #aeh1 ,th changed to    
,the 7,library1 ,the17  ,page #aei1     
,nazianzen changed to ,naziazen         
7,naziazen1 ,st4 ,gregory1 #adh7  ,page 
#afb1 ,,mms4 changed to ,,mss4          
7,vespasiano1 a ,,mss47  ,buckram is    
sometimes capitalized and sometimes not4
 ,this was retained4  ,this book        
hyphenates or not on a whim4 ,for       
example3 ,common-place and ,commonplace4
 ,these were retained4