,transcriber's ,notes3 ,this is ,paper #db from the ,smithsonian ,institution ,united ,states ,national ,museum ,bulletin #bdj1 comprising ,papers #cd-dd1 which will also be available as a complete e-book4 ,the front material1 introduction and relevant index entries from the ,bulletin are included in each single-paper e-book4 ,the ,sections entitled ,alba ,f4 ,smith and ,seth ,wilmarth appear in the original as boxed side bars4 ,they have been moved1 along with ,figure #ac1 from their original locations to the end of the paper to preserve the flow of the text4 ,typographical errors have been corrected as follows3 p#bei3 as late as #ahhj and has been under steam 7was stream74 p#bfg3 made with parabolic reflectors 7was parobolic74 ,,smithsonian ,,institution ,,united ,,states ,,national ,,museum ,,bulletin #bdj ,illustration ,,smithsonian ,,press ,,museum ,,of ,,history ,,and ,,technology ,,contributions ,,from ,,the ,,museum ,,of ,,history ,,and ,,technology ,papers #cd-dd ,on ,science and ,technology ,,smithsonian ,,institution 4 ,,washington1 ,d4,c4 #aiff ,publications of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum ,the scholarly and scientific publications of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum include two series1 ,proceedings of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum and ,united ,states ,national ,museum ,bulletin4 ,in these series1 the ,museum publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the collections and work of its constituent museums--,the ,museum of ,natural ,history and the ,museum of ,history and ,technology--setting forth newly acquired facts in the fields of anthropology1 biology1 history1 geology1 and technology4 ,copies of each publication are distributed to libraries1 to cultural and scientific organizations1 and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects4 ,the ,proceedings1 begun in #ahgh1 are intended for the publication1 in separate form1 of shorter papers from the ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,these are gathered in volumes1 octavo in size1 with the publication date of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume4 ,in the ,bulletin series1 the first of which was issued in #ahge1 appear longer1 separate publications consisting of monographs 7occasionally in several parts7 and volumes in which are collected works on related subjects4 ,bulletins are either octavo or quarto in size1 depending on the needs of the presentation4 ,since #aijb papers relating to the botanical collections of the ,museum of ,natural ,history have been published in the ,bulletin series under the heading ,contributions from the ,united ,states ,national ,herbarium1 and since #aiei1 in ,bulletins titled ,contributions from the ,museum of ,history and ,technology1 have been gathered shorter papers relating to the collections and research of that ,museum4 ,the present collection of ,contributions1 ,papers #cd-dd1 comprises ,bulletin #bdj4 ,each of these papers has been previously published in separate form4 ,the year of publication is shown on the last page of each paper4 ,,frank ,a4 ,,taylor ,director1 ,united ,states ,national ,museum ,,contributions ,,from ,,the ,,museum ,,of ,,history ,,and ,,technology3 ,,paper #db ,,the ,,pioneer3 ,,light ,,passenger ,,locomotive ,,of #ahea ,,in ,,the ,,museum ,,of ,,history ,,and ,,technology ,john ,h4 ,white ,,the ,,cumberland ,,valley ,,railroad #bdd ,,service ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,pioneer #bdi ,,mechanical ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,pioneer #bea ,,footnotes ,,index ,illustration3 ,figure #a4--,,the ,,pioneer1 ,,built ,,in #ahea1 shown here as renovated and exhibited in the ,museum of ,history and ,technology1 #aifd4 ,in #aifj the locomotive was given to the ,smithsonian ,institution by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad through ,john ,s4 ,fair1 ,jr4 7,smithsonian photo #fccdd;,b47 ,john ,h4 ,white ,the ,,pioneer3 ,,light ,,passenger ,,locomotive of #ahea ,in the ,museum of ,history and ,technology ,in the mid-nineteenth century there was a renewed interest in the light1 single-axle locomotives which were proving so very successful for passenger traffic4 ,these engines were built in limited number by nearly every well-known maker1 and among the few remaining is the #f-wheel ,pioneer1 on display in the ,museum of ,history and ,technology1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,this locomotive is a true representation of a light passenger locomotive of #ahea and a historic relic of the mid-nineteenth century4 ,,the ,,author3 ,john ,h4 ,white is associate curator of transportation in the ,smithsonian ,institution's ,museum of ,history and ,technology4 ,the ,,pioneer is an unusual locomotive and on first inspection would seem to be imperfect for service on an ,american railroad of the #ahej's4 ,this locomotive has only one pair of driving wheels and no truck1 an arrangement which marks it as very different from the highly successful standard #h-wheel engine of this period4 ,all six wheels of the ,pioneer are rigidly attached to the frame4 ,it is only half the size of an #h-wheel engine of #ahea and about the same size of the #d--b--j so common in this country some #bj years earlier4 ,its general arrangement is that of the rigid ,english locomotive which had1 years earlier1 proven unsuitable for use on ,u4,s4 railroads4 ,these objections are more apparent than real1 for the ,pioneer1 and other engines of the same design1 proved eminently successful when used in the service for which they were built1 that of light passenger traffic4 ,the ,pioneer's rigid wheelbase is no problem1 for when it is compared to that of an #h-wheel engine it is found to be about four feet less2 and its small size is no problem when we realize it was not intended for heavy service4 ,figure #b1 a diagram1 is a comparison of the ,pioneer and a standard #h-wheel locomotive4 ,since the service life of the ,pioneer was spent on the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad1 a brief account of that line is necessary to an understanding of the service history of this locomotive4 ,exhibits of the ,pioneer ,the ,pioneer has been a historic relic since #aija4 ,in the fall of that year minor repairs were made to the locomotive so that it might be used in the sesquicentennial celebration at ,carlisle1 ,pennsylvania4 ,on ,october #bb1 #aija1 the engine was ready for service1 but as it neared ,carlisle a copper flue burst4 ,the fire was extinguished and the ,pioneer was pushed into town by another engine4 ,in the twentieth century1 the ,pioneer was displayed at the ,louisiana ,purchase ,exposition1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri1 in #aijd1 and at the ,wheeling1 ,west ,virginia1 semicentennial in #aiac4 ,in #aibg it joined many other historic locomotives at the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad's ,fair of the ,iron ,horse which commemorated the first one hundred years of that company4 ,from about #aiac to #aibe the ,pioneer also appeared a number of times at the ,apple-blossom ,festival at ,winchester1 ,virginia4 ,in #aicc-aicd it was displayed at the ,world's ,fair in ,chicago1 and in #aidh at the ,railroad ,fair in the same city4 ,between #aicd and ,march #aidg it was exhibited at the ,franklin ,institute1 ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad ,the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad 7,c4,v4,r4,r47 was chartered on ,april #b1 #ahca1 to connect the ,susquehanna and ,potomac ,rivers by a railroad through the ,cumberland ,valley in south-central ,pennsylvania4 ,the ,cumberland ,valley1 with its rich farmland and iron-ore deposits1 was a natural north-south route long used as a portage between these two rivers4 ,construction began in #ahcf1 and because of the level valley some #eb miles of line was completed between ,harrisburg and ,chambersburg by ,november #af1 #ahcg4 ,in #ahfj1 by way of the ,franklin ,railroad1 the line extended to ,hagerstown1 ,maryland4 ,it was not until #ahga that the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad reached its projected southern terminus1 the ,potomac ,river1 by extending to ,powells ,bend1 ,maryland4 ,winchester1 ,virginia1 was entered in #ahij giving the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad about #afe miles of line4 ,the railroad which had become associated with the ,pennsylvania ,railroad in #ahei1 was merged with that company in #aiai4 ,by #ahdi the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad was in poor condition2 the strap-rail track was worn out and new locomotives were needed4 ,captain ,daniel ,tyler was hired to supervise rebuilding the line with ,t-rail1 and easy grades and curves4 ,tyler recommended that a young friend of his1 ,alba ,f4 ,smith1 be put in charge of modernizing and acquiring new equipment4 ,smith recommended to the railroad's ,board of ,managers on ,june #be1 #ahea1 that much lighter engines than those now in use may be substituted for the passenger transportation and thereby effect a great saving both in point of fuel and road repairs4444#a ,smith may well have gone on to explain that the road was operating #c- and #d-;car passenger trains with a locomotive weighing about #bj tons2 the total weight was about #ge tons1 equalling the uneconomical deadweight of #abjj pounds per passenger4 ,since speed was not an important consideration 7#cj mph being a good average71 the use of lighter engines would improve the deadweight-to-passenger ratio and would not result in a slower schedule4 ,the ,board of ,managers agreed with ,smith's recommendations and instructed him 444 to examine the two locomotives lately built by ,mr4 ,wilmarth and now in the protection8 of ,captain ,tyler at ,norwich and if in his judgment they are adequate to our wants 444 have them forwarded to the road4#b ,smith inspected the locomotives not long after this resolution was passed1 for they were on the road by the time he made the following report#c to the ,board on ,september #bd1 #ahea3 ,in accordance with a resolution passed at the last meeting of your body relative to the small engines built by ,mr4 ,wilmarth ,i proceeded to ,norwich to make trial of their capacity--fitness or suitability to the ,passenger transportation of our ,road--and after as thorough a trial as circumstances would admit 7being on another ,road than our own7 ,i became satisfied that with some necessary improvements which would not be expensive 7and are now being made at our shop7 the engines would do the business of our ,road not only in a manner satisfactory in point of speed and certainty but with greater ultimate economy in ,expenses than has before been practised in this ,country4 ,illustration3 ,figure #b4--;,,diagram ,,comparing the ,pioneer 7shaded drawing7 with the ,columbia1 a standard #h-wheel engine of #ahea4 7,drawing by ,j4 ,h4 ,white47 ,columbia ,hudson ,river ,railroad ,lowell ,machine ,shop1 #aheb ,wt4 #bg-a_/b tons 7engine only7 ,cyl4 #af-a_/b x #bb inches ,wheel diam4 #hd inches ,pioneer ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad ,seth ,wilmarth1 #ahea #ab-a_/b tons #h-a_/b x #ad inches #ed inches ,after making the above trial of the ,engines--,i stated to your ,hon4 ,president the result of the trial--with my opinion of their ,capacity to carry our passenger trains at the speed required which was decidedly in favor of the ability of the ,engines4 ,he accordingly agreed that the ,engines should at once be forwarded to the ,road in compliance with the ,resolution of your ,board4 ,i immediately ordered the ,engines shipped at the most favorable rates4 ,they came to our ,road safely in the ,condition in which they were shipped4 ,one of the ,engines has been placed on the ,road and ,i believe performed in such a manner as to convince all who are able to judge of this ability to perform--although the maximum duty of the ,engines was not performed on account of some original defects which are now being remedied as ,i before stated4 ,within ten days the ,engine will be able to run regularly with a train on the ,road where in shall be enabled to judge correctly of their merits4 ,an accident occurred during the trial of the ,small ,engine at ,norwich which caused a damage of about #cjj in which condition the ,engine came here and is now being repaired--the cost of which will be presented to your ,board hereafter4 ,as to the fault or blame of parties connected with the accident as also the question of responsibility for ,repairs are questions for your disposal4 ,i therefore leave the matter until further called upon4 ,the ,expenses necessarily incurred by the trial of the ,engines and also the ,expenses of transporting the same are not included in the ,statement herewith presented1 the whole amount of which will not probably exceed #djj4jj4 ,these two locomotives became the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad's ,pioneer 7number #ac7 and ,jenny ,lind 7number #ad74 ,while ,smith notes that one of the engines was damaged during the inspection trials1 ,joseph ,winters1 an employee of the ,cumberland ,valley who claimed he was accompanying the engine enroute to ,chambersburg at the time of their delivery1 later recalled that both engines were damaged in transit4#d ,according to ,winters a train ran into the rear of the ,jenny ,lind1 damaging both it and the ,pioneer1 the accident occurring near ,middletown1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the ,jenny ,lind was repaired at ,harrisburg but the ,pioneer1 less seriously damaged1 was taken for repairs to the main shops of the ,cumberland ,valley road at ,chambersburg4 ,illustration3 ,figure #c4--,,pioneer1 ,,about #aija1 showing the sandbox and large headlamp4 ,note the lamp on the cab roof1 now used as the headlight4 7,smithsonian photo #dibgb47 ,while there seems little question that these locomotives were not built as a direct order for the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad1 an article#e appearing in the ,railroad ,advocate in #ahee credits their design to ,smith4 ,the article speaks of a #b--b--d built for the ,macon and ,western ,railroad and says in part3 ,this engine is designed and built very generally upon the ideas1 embodied in some small tank engines designed by ,a4 ,f4 ,smith1 ,esq41 for the ,cumberland ,valley road4 ,mr4 ,smith is a strong advocate of light engines1 and his novel style and proportions of engines1 as built for him a few years since1 by ,seth ,wilmarth1 at ,boston1 are known to some of our readers4 ,without knowing all the circumstances under which these engines are worked on the ,cumberland ,valley road1 we should not venture to repeat all that we have heard of their performances1 it is enough to say that they are said to do more1 in proportion to their weight1 than any other engines now in use4 ,the author believes that the ,railroad ,advocate's claim of ,smith's design of the ,pioneer has been confused with his design of the ,utility 7figs4 #f1 #g74 ,smith designed this compensating-lever engine to haul trains over the ,c4,v4,r4,r4 bridge at ,harrisburg4 ,it was built by ,wilmarth in #ahed4 ,illustration3 ,figure #d4--,,map ,,of ,,the ,,cumberland ,,valley ,railroad as it appeared in #aiai4 ,according to statements of ,smith and the ,board of ,managers quoted on page #bdd1 the ,pioneer and the ,jenny ,lind were not new when purchased from their maker1 ,seth ,wilmarth4 ,although of recent manufacture1 previous to ,june #ahea1 they were apparently doing service on a road in ,norwich1 ,connecticut4 ,it should be mentioned that both ,smith and ,tyler were formerly associated with the ,norwich and ,worcester ,railroad and they probably learned of these two engines through this former association4 ,it is possible that the engines were purchased from ,wilmarth by the ,cumberland ,valley road1 which had bought several other locomotives from ,wilmarth in previous years4 ,it was the practice of at least one other ,new ,england engine builder1 the ,taunton ,locomotive ,works1 to manufacture engines on the speculation that a buyer would be found2 if no immediate buyers appeared the engine was leased to a local road until a sale was made4#f ,illustration3 ,figure #e4--;,,an ,,early ,,broadside of the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad4 ,regarding the ,jenny ,lind and ,pioneer1 ,smith reported#g to the ,board of ,managers at their meeting of ,march #ag1 #aheb3 ,the small tank engines which were purchased last year 444 and which ,i spoke in a former report as undergoing at that time some necessary improvements have since that time been fairly tested as to their capacity to run our passenger trains and proved to be equal to the duty4 ,the improvements proposed to be made have been completed only on one engine ,jenny ,lind which is now running regularly with passenger trains--the cost of repairs and improvements on this engine 7this being the one accidentally broken on the trial7 amounted to #dgf4ea4 ,the other engine is now in the shop1 not yet ready for service but will be at an early day4 ,illustration3 ,figure #f4--,,the ,,utility ,,as ,,rebuilt ,,to ,,an #h-,,wheel ,,engine1 about #ahfc or #ahfd4 ,it was purchased by the ,carlisle ,manufacturing ,co4 in #ahhb and was last used in #ahif4 7,smithsonian photo #cfgaf;,f47 ,illustration3 ,figure #g4--,,the ,,utility1 ,,designed ,,by ,,smith ,a4 ,f4 and constructed by ,seth ,wilmarth in #ahed1 was built to haul trains across the bridge at ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,illustration3 ,figure #h4--,,the ,,earliest ,,known ,,illustration of the ,pioneer1 drawn by ,a4 ,s4 ,hull1 master mechanic of the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad in #ahgf4 ,it depicts the engine as it appeared in #ahga4 7,courtesy of ,paul ,westhaeffer47 ,the ,pioneer and ,jenny ,lind achieved such success in action that the president of the road1 ,frederick ,watts1 commented on their performance in the annual report of the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad for #ahea4 ,watts stated that since their passenger trains were rarely more than a baggage car and two coaches1 the light locomotives 444 have been found to be admirably adapted to our business4 ,the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad1 therefore1 added two more locomotives of similar design in the next few years4 ,these engines were the ,boston and the ,enterprise1 also built by ,wilmarth in #ahed-ahee4 ,watts reported the ,pioneer and ,jenny ,lind cost #g1fdb4 ,a standard #h-wheel engine cost about #f1ejj to #h1jjj each during this period4 ,in recent years1 the ,pennsylvania ,railroad has stated the ,pioneer cost #f1bjj in gold1 but is unable to give the source for this information4 ,the author can discount this statement for it does not seem reasonable that a light1 cheap engine of the pattern of the ,pioneer could cost as much as a machine nearly twice its size4 ,illustration3 ,figure #i4--;,,annual ,,pass of the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad issued in #ahfc4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aj4--,,timetable ,,of ,,the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad for #ahgh4 ,service ,history of the ,pioneer ,after being put in service1 the ,pioneer continued to perform well and was credited as able to move a #d-;car passenger train along smartly at #dj mph4#h ,this tranquility was shattered in ,october #ahfb by a raiding party led by ,confederate ,general ,j4 ,e4 ,b4 ,stuart which burned the ,chambersburg shops of the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad4 ,the ,pioneer1 ,jenny ,lind1 and ,utility were partially destroyed4 ,the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad in its report for #ahfb stated3 ,the ,wood-shop1 ,machine-shop1 ,black-smith-shop1 ,engine-house1 ,wood-sheds1 and ,passenger ,depot were totally consumed1 and with the ,engine-house three second-class ,engines were much injured by the fire1 but not so destroyed but that they may be restored to usefulness4 ,however1 no record can be found of the extent or exact nature of the damage4 ,the shops and a number of cars were burned so it is reasonable to assume that the cab and other wooden parts of the locomotive were damaged4 ,one unverified report in the files of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad states that part of the roof and brick wall fell on the ,pioneer during the fire causing considerable damage4 ,in ,june #ahfd the ,chambersburg shops were again burned by the ,confederates1 but on this occasion the railroad managed to remove all its locomotives before the raid4 ,during the ,civil ,war1 the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad was obliged to operate longer passenger trains to satisfy the enlarged traffic4 ,the ,pioneer and its sister single-axle engines were found too light for these trains and were used only on work and special trains4 ,reference to table #a will show that the mileage of the ,pioneer fell off sharply for the years #ahfj-ahfe4 ,,table #a4--,,yearly ,,mileage ,,of ,,the ,,pioneer 7,from ,annual ,reports of the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad7 ,year3 ,miles #aheb #c1ahb;a #ahec #bj1gbb;b #ahed #ah1jhg #ahee #ad1aea #ahef #bj1iih #aheg #bb1ggi #aheh #bi1jid #ahei #bi1ega #ahfj #d1hbd #ahfa #d1cdf #ahfb 7c7 #ahfc #e1cci #ahfd #bbd #ahfe #b1bae #ahff #bj1edf #ahfg #e1gji #ahfh #ac1fbf #ahfi #a1cgb #ahgj 444 #ahga #b1ajb #ahgb #d1jjb #ahgc #c1gba #ahgd #c1dff #ahge #fcf #ahgf #hgj #ahgg #djf #ahgh #d1dcc #ahgi 444 #ahhj #h1cjf #ahha 7d7 --------- ,total #bdd1gbg;e ,,footnotes ,,to ,,table #a3 a ,mileage #aheb for ,january to ,september 7no record of mileage recorded in ,annual ,reports previous to #aheb74 b #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj miles per year was considered very high mileage for a locomotive of the #ahej's4 c ,no mileage reported for any engines due to fire4 d ,not listed on roster4 e ,the ,pennsylvania ,railroad claims a total mileage of #bee1fge4 ,this may be accounted for by records of mileages for #ahfb1 #ahgj1 and #ahgi4 ,in #ahga the ,pioneer was remodeled by ,a4 ,s4 ,hull1 master mechanic of the railroad4 ,the exact nature of the alterations cannot be determined1 as no drawings or photographs of the engine previous to this time are known to exist4 ,in fact1 the drawing 7fig4 #h7 prepared by ,hull in #ahgf to show the engine as remodeled in #ahga is the oldest known illustration of the ,pioneer4 ,paul ,westhaeffer1 a lifelong student of ,cumberland ,valley ,r4 ,r4 history1 states that according to an interview with one of ,hull's descendants the only alteration made to the ,pioneer during the #ahga remodeling was the addition of a handbrake4 ,the road's annual report of #ahec describes the ,pioneer as a six-wheel tank engine4 ,the report of #ahed mentions that the ,pioneer used link motion4 ,these statements are enough to give substance to the idea that the basic arrangement has survived unaltered and that it has not been extensively rebuilt1 as was the ,jenny ,lind in #ahgh4 ,by the #ahgj's1 the ,pioneer was too light for the heavier cars then in use and by #ahhj it had reached the end of its usefulness for regular service4 ,after nearly thirty years on the road it had run #bee1fge miles4 ,two new passenger locomotives were purchased in #ahhj to handle the heavier trains4 ,in #ahha the ,pioneer was dropped from the roster1 but was used until about #ahij for work trains4 ,after this time it was stored in a shed at ,falling ,spring1 ,pennsylvania1 near the ,chambersburg yards of the ,c4,v4,r4,r4 ,mechanical ,description of the ,pioneer ,illustration3 ,figure #aa4--,,pioneer1 ,,about #aija1 scene unknown4 7,photo courtesy of ,thomas ,norrell47 ,after the early #ahdj's the single-axle locomotive1 having one pair of driving wheels1 was largely superseded by the #h-wheel engine4 ,the desire to operate longer trains and the need for engines of greater traction to overcome the steep grades of ,american roads called for coupled driving wheels and machines of greater weight than the #d--b--j4 ,after the introduction of the #d--d--j1 the single-axle engine received little attention in this country except for light service or such special tasks as inspection or dummy engines4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ab4--,,the ,,pioneer ,,in ,,carlisle1 ,,pa41 #aija4 7,photo courtesy of ,thomas ,norrell47 ,there was1 however1 a renewed interest in singles in the early #ahej's because of ,w4 ,b4 ,adams' experiments with light passenger locomotives in ,england4 ,in #ahej ,adams built a light single-axle tank locomotive for the ,eastern ,counties ,railway which proved very economical for light passenger traffic4 ,it was such a success that considerable interest in light locomotives was generated in this country as well as in ,england4 ,nearly #ajj single-axle locomotives were built in the ,united ,states between about #ahde-ahgj4 ,these engines were built by nearly every well-known maker1 from ,hinkley in ,boston to the ,vulcan ,foundry in ,san ,francisco4 ,danforth ,cooke ,co4 of ,paterson built a standard pattern #d--b--d used by many roads4 ,one of these1 the ,c4 ,p4 ,huntington1 survives to the present time4 ,the following paragraphs describe the mechanical details of the ,pioneer as it appears on exhibition in the ,smithsonian ,institution's new ,museum of ,history and ,technology4 ,,boiler ,the boiler is the most important and costly part of a steam locomotive1 representing one-fourth to one-third of the total cost4 ,a poorly built or designed boiler will produce a poor locomotive no matter how well made the remainder of mechanism4 ,the boiler of the ,pioneer is of the wagon-top1 crownbar1 fire-tube style and is made of a #e_/af-;inch thick1 wrought-iron plate4 ,the barrel is very small1 in keeping with the size of the engine1 being only #bg inches in diameter4 ,while some readers may believe this to be an extremely early example of a wagon-top boiler1 we should remember that most ,new ,england builders produced few locomotives with the ,bury 7dome7 boiler and that the chief advocates of this later style were the ,philadelphia builders4 ,by the early #ahej's the ,bury boiler passed out of favor entirely and the wagon top became the standard type of boiler with all builders in this country4 ,sixty-three iron tubes1 #a-g_/h inches by #he inches long are used4 ,the original tubes may have been copper or brass since these were easier to keep tight than the less malleable iron tubes4 ,the present tube sheet is of iron but was originally copper4 ,its thickness cannot be conveniently measured1 but it is greater than that of the boiler shell1 probably about #a_/b to #e_/h inch4 ,while copper tubes and tube sheets were not much used in this country after about #ahgj1 copper was employed as recently as #aiej by ,robert ,stephenson ,hawthorns1 ,ltd41 on some small industrial locomotives4 ,the boiler shell is lagged with wooden tongue-and-groove strips about #b-a_/b inches wide 7felt also was used for insulation during this period74 ,the wooden lagging is covered with ,russia sheet iron which is held in place and the joints covered by polished brass bands4 ,russia sheet iron is a planish iron having a lustrous1 metallic gray finish4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ad4--,,the ,,fury1 ,,built ,,for ,,the ,boston and ,worcester ,railroad in #ahdi by ,wilmarth4 ,it was known as a ,shanghai because of its great height4 7,smithsonian ,chaney photo #fddc47 ,illustration3 ,figure #ae4--,,the ,,neptune1 ,,built ,,for ,,the ,boston and ,worcester in #ahdg by ,hinkley and ,drury4 ,note the similarity of this engine and the ,fury4 ,illustration3 ,figure #af4--,,the ,,pioneer ,,as ,,first ,,exhibited in the ,arts and ,industries building of the ,smithsonian ,institution prior to restoration of the sandbox4 7,smithsonian photo #dhjfi;,d47 ,the steam dome 7fig4 #ah7 is located directly over the firebox1 inside the cab4 ,it is lagged and jacketed in an identical manner to the boiler4 ,the shell of the dome is of #e_/af-;inch wrought iron1 the top cap is a cast-iron plate which also serves as a manhole cover offering access to the boiler's interior for inspection and repair4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ag4--,,pioneer locomotive4 7,drawing by ,j4 ,h4 ,white47 ,illustration3 ,figure #ah4--,,pioneer ,,locomotive1 7#a7 ,safety valve1 7#b7 spring balance1 7#c7 steam jet1 7#d7 dry pipe1 7#e7 throttle lever1 7#f7 throttle1 7#g7 crown bar1 7#h7 front tube sheet1 7#i7 check valve1 7#aj7 top rail1 7#aa7 rear-boiler bracket1 7#ab7 pedestal1 7#ac7 rocker bearing1 7#ad7 damper1 7#ae7 grate1 7#af7 bottom rail1 7#ag7 pump heater valve1 7#ah7 cylinder lubricator1 7#ai7 reversing lever1 7#bj7 brake shoe1 7#ba7 mud ring1 7#bb7 blowoff cock1 7#bc7 ashpan4 7,drawing by ,j4 ,h4 ,white47 ,a round plate1 #bj inches in diameter1 riveted on the forward end of the boiler1 just behind the bell stand1 was found when the old jacket was removed in ,may #aifc4 ,the size and shape of the hole1 which the plate covers1 indicate that a steam dome or manhole was located at this point4 ,it is possible that this was the original location of the steam dome since many builders in the early #ahej's preferred to mount the dome forward of the firebox4 ,this was done in the belief that there was less danger of priming because the water was less agitated forward of the firebox4 ,the firebox is as narrow as the boiler shell and fits easily between the frame4 ,it is a deep and narrow box1 measuring #bg inches by #bh inches by about #dj inches deep1 and is well suited to burning wood4 ,a deep firebox was necessary because a wide1 shallow box suitable for coal burning1 allowed the fuel to burn so quickly it was difficult to fire the engine effectively4 ,with the deep1 narrow firebox1 wood was filled up to the level of the fire door4 ,in this way1 the fire did not burn so furiously and did not keep ahead of the fireman2 at the same time1 since it burned so freely1 a good fire was always on hand4 ,the ,pioneer burned oak and hickory4#ad ,for the firebox #e_/af-;inch thick sheet was used1 for heavier sheet would have blistered and flaked off because of the intense heat of the fire and the fibrous quality of wrought-iron sheet of the period4 ,sheet iron was fabricated from many small strips of iron rolled together while hot4 ,these strips were ideally welded into a homogeneous sheet1 but in practice it was found the thicker the sheet the less sure the weld4 ,the fire grates are cast iron and set just a few inches above the bottom of the water space so that the water below the grates remains less turbulent and mud or other impurities in the water settle here4 ,four bronze mud plugs and a blowoff cock are fitted to the base of the firebox so that the sediment thus collected can be removed 7figs4 #ag1 #ah74 ,the front of the boiler is attached to the frame by the smokebox1 which is a cylinder1 bolted on a light1 cast-iron saddle 7not part of the cylinder castings nor attached to them1 but bolted directly to the top rail of the frame2 it may be a hastily made repair put on at the shops of the ,c4,v4,r4,r474 ,the rear of the boiler is attached to the frame by two large cast-iron brackets1 one on each side of the firebox 7fig4 #ah74 ,these are bolted to the top rail of the frame but the holes in the brackets are undoubtedly slotted1 so that they may slide since the boiler will expand about #a_/d inch when heated4 ,in addition to the crown bars1 which strengthen the crown sheet1 the boiler is further strengthened by stay bolts and braces located in the wagon top over the firebox1 where the boiler had been weakened by the large hole necessary for the steam dome4 ,this boiler is a remarkably light1 strong1 and compact structure4 ,,boiler ,,fittings ,few boiler fittings are found on the ,pioneer and it appears that little was done to update the engine with more modern devices during its many years of service4 ,with the exception of the steam gauge1 it has no more boiler fitting than when it left the builder's shop in #ahea4 ,the throttle valve is a simple slide valve and must have been primitive for the time1 for the balance-poppet throttle valve was in use in this country previous to #ahea4 ,it is located directly below the steam dome even though it was common practice to place the throttle valve at the front of the boiler in the smokebox4 ,considering the cramped condition inside the smokebox1 there would seem to be little space for the addition of the throttle valve2 hence its present location4 ,the dry pipe projects up into the steam dome to gather the hottest1 driest steam for the cylinders4 ,the inverted1 funnel-like cap on the top of the dry pipe is to prevent priming1 as drops of water may travel up the sides of the pipe and then to the cylinders1 with the possibility of great damage4 ,after the steam enters the throttle valve it passes through the front end of the valve1 through the top of the boiler via the dry pipe 7fig4 #ah71 through the front tube sheet1 and then to the cylinders via the petticoat pipes4 ,the throttle lever is a simple arrangement readily understood from the drawings4 ,it has no latch and the throttle lever is held in any desired setting by the wingnut and quadrant shown in figure #ah4 ,the water level in the boiler is indicated by the three brass cocks located on the backhead4 ,no gauge glass is used2 they were not employed in this country until the #ahgj's1 although they were commonly used in ,england at the time the ,pioneer was built4 ,while two safety valves were commonly required1 only one was used on the ,pioneer4 ,the safety valve is located on top of the steam dome4 ,pressure is exerted on the lever by a spring balance1 fixed at the forward end by a knife-blade bearing4 ,the pressure can be adjusted by the thumbscrew on the balance4 ,the graduated scale on the balance gave a general but uncertain indication of the boiler pressure4 ,the valve itself is a poppet held against the face of the valve seat by a second knife blade attached to the lever4 ,the ornamental column forming the stand of the safety valve is cast iron and does much to decorate the interior of the cab4 ,the pipe carrying the escaping steam projects through the cab roof4 ,it is made of copper with a decorative brass band4 ,this entire mechanism was replaced by a modern safety valve for use at the ,chicago ,railroad ,fair 7#aidi74 ,fortunately1 the old valve was preserved and has since been replaced on the engine4 ,the steam gauge is a later addition1 but could have been put on as early as the #ahfj's1 since the most recent patent date that it bears is #ahei4 ,it is an ,ashcroft gauge having a handsome #d--d--j locomotive engraved on its silver face4 ,the steam jet 7item #c1 fig4 #ah7 is one of the simplest yet most notable boiler fitting of the ,pioneer1 being nothing more than a valve tapped into the base of the steam dome with a line running under the boiler jacket to the smokestack4 ,when the valve is opened a jet of steam goes up the stack1 creating a draft useful for starting the fire or enlivening it as necessary4 ,this device was the invention of ,alba ,f4 ,smith in #aheb1 according to the eminent #aith-century technical writer and engineer ,zerah ,colburn4#ae ,the two feedwater pumps 7fig4 #bj7 are located beneath the cab deck 7#a1 fig4 #ag74 ,they are cast-iron construction and are driven by an eccentric on the driving-wheel axle 7fig4 #bg74 ,the airchamber or dome 7#a1 fig4 #bg7 imparts a more steady flow of the water to the boiler by equalizing the surges of water from the reciprocating pump plunger4 ,a steam line 7#c1 fig4 #ah71 which heats the pump and prevents freezing in cold weather1 is regulated by a valve in the cab 7figs4 #ah1 #bg74 ,note that the line on the right side of the cab has been disconnected and plugged4 ,the eccentric drive for the pumps is unusual1 and the author knows of no other ,american locomotive so equipped4 ,eastwick and ,harrison1 it is true1 favored an eccentric drive for feed pumps1 but they mounted the eccentric on the crankpin of the rear driving wheel and thus produced in effect a half-stroke pump4 ,this was not an unusual arrangement1 though a small crank was usually employed in place of the eccentric4 ,the full-stroke crosshead pump with which the ,jenny ,lind 7fig4 #bb7 is equipped1 was of course the most common style of feed pump used in this country in the #aith century4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ai4--;,,backhead of the ,pioneer4 7,smithsonian photo #dhjfi;,f47 ,of all the mechanisms on a #aith-century locomotive1 the feed pump was the most troublesome4 ,if an engineer could think of nothing else to complain about1 he could usually call attention to a defective pump and not be found a liar4 ,because of this1 injectors were adopted after their introduction in #ahfj4 ,it is surprising that the ,pioneer1 which was in regular service as late as #ahhj and has been under steam many times since for numerous exhibitions1 was never fitted with one of these devices4 ,because its stroke is short and the plunger is in less rapid motion1 the present eccentric arrangement is more complex but less prone to disorder than the simpler but faster crosshead pump4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bj4--;,,feedwater ,,pump of the ,pioneer4 7,smithsonian photo #fccdd47 ,the check valves are placed slightly below the centerline of the boiler 7fig4 #ah74 ,these valves are an unfinished bronze casting and appear to be of a recent pattern1 probably dating from the #aija renovation4 ,at the time the engine was built1 it was usual to house these valves in an ornamental spun-brass casing4 ,the smokestack is of the bonnet type commonly used on wood-burning locomotives in this country between about #ahde and #ahgj4 ,the exhaust steam from the cylinders is directed up the straight stack 7shown in phantom in fig4 #bg7 by the blast pipe4 ,this creates a partial vacuum in the smokebox that draws the fire1 gases1 ash1 and smoke through the boiler tubes from the firebox4 ,the force of the exhausting steam blows them out the stack4 ,at the top of the straight stack is a deflecting cone which slows the velocity of the exhaust and changes its direction causing it to go down into the funnel-shaped outer casing of the stack4 ,here1 the heavy embers and cinders are collected and prevented from directly discharging into the countryside as dangerous firebrands4 ,wire netting is stretched overtop of the deflecting cone to catch the lighter1 more volatile embers which may defy the action of the cone4 ,the term bonnet stack results from the fact that this netting is similar in shape to a lady's bonnet4 ,the cinders thus accumulated in the stack's hopper could be emptied by opening a plug at the base of the stack4 ,while the deflecting cone was regarded highly as a spark arrester and used practically to the exclusion of any other arrangement1 it had the basic defect of keeping the smoke low and close to the train4 ,this was a great nuisance to passengers1 as the low trailing smoke blew into the cars4 ,if the exhaust had been allowed to blast straight out the stack high into the air1 most of the sparks would have burned out before touching the ground4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ba4--,,pioneer ,,on ,,exhibit in old ,arts and ,industries building of the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,in this view can be seen the bonnet screen of the stack and arrangement of the boiler-frame braces and other details not visible from the floor4 7,smithsonian photo #dhjfi;,a47 ,illustration3 ,figure #bb4--;,,jenny ,,lind1 ,,sister ,,engine of the ,pioneer1 shown here as rebuilt in #ahgh for use as an inspection engine4 ,it was scrapped in ,march #aije4 7,photo courtesy of ,e4 ,p4 ,alexander47 ,illustration3 ,figure #bc4--;,,cylinder head with valve box removed4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bd4--;,,bottom of valve box with slide valve removed4 ,illustration3 ,figures #be and #bf4--;,,cylinder with valve box removed1 showing valve face4 ,,frame ,the frame of the ,pioneer defies an exact classification but it more closely resembles the riveted- or sandwich-type frame than any other 7figs4 #ah1 #bg74 ,while the simple bar frame enjoyed the greatest popularity in the last century1 riveted frames were widely used in this country1 particularly by the ,new ,england builders between about #ahdj and #ahfj4 ,the riveted frame was fabricated from two plates of iron1 about #e_/h-;inch thick1 cut to the shape of the top rail and the pedestal4 ,a bar about #b inches square was riveted between the two plates4 ,a careful study of photographs of ,hinkley and other ,new ,england-built engines of the period will reveal this style of construction4 ,the frame of the ,pioneer differs from the usual riveted frame in that the top rail is #a-c_/d inches thick by #d-a_/h inches deep and runs the length of the locomotive4 ,the pedestals are made of two #c_/h-;inch plates flush-riveted to each side of the top rail4 ,the cast-iron shoes which serve as guides for the journal boxes also act as spacers between the pedestal plates4 ,the bottom rail of the frame is a #a-a_/h-;inch diameter rod which is forged square at the pedestals and forms the pedestal cap4 ,the frame is further stiffened by two diagonal rods running from the top of each truck-wheel pedestal to the base of the driving-wheel pedestal1 forming a truss4 ,six rods1 riveted to the boiler shell and bolted to the frame's top rail1 strengthen the frame laterally4 ,four of these rods can be seen easily as they run from the frame to the middle of the boiler2 the other two are riveted to the underside of the boiler4 ,the attachment of these rods to the boiler was an undesirable practice1 for the boiler shell was thus subjected to the additional strain of the locomotive's vibrations as it passed over the road4 ,in later years1 as locomotives grew in size1 this practice was avoided and frames were made sufficiently strong to hold the engine's machinery in line without using the boiler shell4 ,the front and rear frame beams are of flat iron plate bolted to the frame4 ,the rear beam had been pushed in during an accident1 and instead of its being replaced1 another plate was riveted on and bent out in the opposite direction to form a pocket for the rear coupling pin4 ,note that there is no drawbar and that the coupler is merely bolted to the beams4 ,since the engine only pulled light trains1 the arrangement was sufficiently strong4 ,,running ,,gear ,the running gear is simply sprung with individual leaf springs for each axle2 it is not connected by equalizing levers4 ,to find an ,american locomotive not equipped with equalizers is surprising since they were almost a necessity to produce a reasonably smooth ride on the rough tracks of ,american railroads4 ,equalizers steadied the motion of the engine by distributing the shock received by any one wheel or axle to all the other wheels and axles so connected1 thus minimizing the effects of an uneven roadbed4 ,the author believes that the ,pioneer is a hard-riding engine4 ,the springs of the main drives are mounted in the usual fashion4 ,the rear boiler bracket 7fig4 #ah7 is slotted so that the spring hanger may pass through for its connection with the frame4 ,the spring of the leading wheels is set at right angles to the frame 7fig4 #bg7 and bears on a beam1 fabricated of iron plate1 which in turn bears on the journal boxes4 ,the springs of the trailing wheels are set parallel with the frame and are mounted between the pedestal plates 7fig4 #ah74 ,the center of the driving wheel is cast iron and has spokes of the old rib pattern1 which is a ,t in cross section1 and was used previous to the adoption of the hollow spoke wheel4 ,in the mid-#ahcj's ,baldwin and others used this rib-pattern style of wheel1 except that the rib faced inside4 ,the present driving-wheel centers are unquestionably original4 ,the sister engine ,jenny ,lind 7fig4 #bb7 was equipped with identical driving wheels4 ,the present tires are very thin and beyond their last turning4 ,they are wrought iron and shrunk to fit the wheel centers4 ,flush rivets are used for further security4 ,the left wheel1 shown in figure #ag1 is cracked at the hub and is fitted with an iron ring to prevent its breaking4 ,the truck wheels1 of the hollow spoke pattern1 are cast iron with chilled treads4 ,they were made by ,asa ,whitney1 one of the leading car-wheel manufacturers in this country1 whose extensive plant was located in ,philadelphia4 ,made under ,whitney's patent of #ahff1 these wheels may well have been added to the ,pioneer during the #ahga rebuilding4 ,railroad wheels were not cast from ordinary cast iron1 which was too weak and brittle to stand the severe service for which they were intended1 but from a high-quality cast iron similar to that used for cannons4 ,its tensile strength1 which ranged from #ca1jjj to #cf1jjj psi1 was remarkably high and very nearly approached that of the best wrought-iron plate4 ,the cylinders are cast iron with an #h-a_/b-;inch bore about half the size of the cylinders of a standard #h-wheel engine4 ,the cylinders are bolted to the frame but not to the saddle1 and are set at a #i deg4 angle to clear the leading wheels and at the same time to line up with the center of the driving-wheel axle4 ,the wood lagging is covered with a decorative brass jacket4 ,ornamental brass jacketing was extensively used on mid-#aith-century ,american locomotives to cover not only the cylinders but steam and sand boxes1 check valves1 and valve boxes4 ,the greater expense for brass 7,russia iron or painted sheet iron were a cheaper substitute7 was justified by the argument that brass lasted the life of the engine1 and could be reclaimed for scrap at a price approaching the original cost2 and also that when brightly polished it reflected the heat1 preventing loss by radiation1 and its bright surface could be seen a great distance1 thus helping to prevent accidents at grade crossings4 ,the reader should be careful not to misconstrue the above arguments simply as rationalization on the part of master mechanics more intent on highly decorative machines than on the practical considerations involved4 ,the valve box1 a separate casting1 is fastened to the cylinder casting by six bolts4 ,the side cover plates when removed show only a small opening suitable for inspection and adjustment of the valve4 ,the valve box must be removed to permit repair or removal of the valve4 ,a better understanding of this mechanism and the layout of the parts can be gained from a study of figures #bc-bf1 #bh 7#h1 #h;,a1 and #h;,b74 ,illustration3 ,figure #bg4--,,pioneer ,,locomotive4 7#a7 ,air chamber1 7#b7 reversing lever1 7#c7 counterweight1 7#d7 reversing shaft1 7#e7 link hanger1 7#f7 rocker1 7#g7 feedwater line to boiler1 7#h7 link block1 7#i7 link1 7#aj7 eccentric1 7#aa7 pump plunger1 7#ab7 pump steamheater line1 7#ac7 feedwater pump1 7#ad7 wire netting bonnet1 7#ae7 deflecting cone1 7#af7 stack1 7#ag7 stack hopper4 7,drawing by ,j4 ,h4 ,white47 ,illustration3 ,figure #bh4--,,rear ,,elevation of ,pioneer and detail of valve shifter2 valve face and valve4 7,drawing by ,j4 ,h4 ,white47 ,both crossheads were originally of cast iron but one of these has been replaced and is of steel4 ,they run into steel guides1 bolted at the forward end to the rear cylinder head and supported in the rear by a yoke4 ,the yoke is one of the more finished and better made pieces on the entire engine 7fig4 #bg74 ,the main rod is of the old pattern1 round in cross section1 and only #a-a_/b inches in diameter at the largest point4 ,,valve ,,gear ,the valve gear is of the ,stephenson shifting-link pattern 7see fig4 #bg71 a simple and dependable motion used extensively in this country between about #ahej and #aijj4 ,the author believes that this is the original valve gear of the ,pioneer1 since the first mention 7#ahed7 in the ,annual ,report of the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad of the style of valve gear used by each engine1 states that the ,pioneer was equipped with a shifting-link motion4 ,assuming this to be the original valve gear of the ,pioneer1 it must be regarded as an early application1 because the ,stephenson motion was just being introduced into ,american locomotive practice in the early #ahej's4 ,four eccentrics drive the motion2 two are for forward motion and two for reverse4 ,the link is split and made of two curved pieces4 ,the rocker is fabricated of several forged pieces keyed and bolted together4 ,on better made engines the rocker would be a one-piece forging4 ,the lower arm of each rocker is curiously shaped1 made with a slot so that the link block may be adjusted4 ,generally1 the only adjustment possible was effected by varying the length of the valve stem by the adjusting nuts provided4 ,a simple weight and lever attached to the reversing shaft serve as a counterbalance for the links and thus assist the engineer in shifting the valve motion4 ,there are eight positions on the quadrant of the reversing lever4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bi4--,,pioneer on exhibit in old ,arts and ,industries building1 showing the tank and backhead4 7,smithsonian photo #dhjfi;,e47 ,,miscellaneous ,,notes ,the cab is solid walnut with a natural finish4 ,it is very possible that the second cab was added to the locomotive after the #ahfb fire4 ,a brass gong used by the conductor to signal the engineer is fastened to the underside of the cab roof4 ,this style of gong was in use in the #ahej's and may well be original equipment4 ,the water tank is in two sections1 one part extending below the deck1 between the frame4 ,the tank holds #fjj gallons of water4 ,the tender holds one cord of wood4 ,the small pedestal-mounted sandbox was used on several ,cumberland ,valley engines including the ,pioneer4 ,this box was removed from the engine sometime between #aija and #aijd4 ,it was on the engine at the time of the ,carlisle sesquicentennial but disappeared by the time of the ,st4 ,louis exposition4 ,two small sandboxes1 mounted on the driving-wheel splash guards1 replaced the original box4 ,the large headlamp 7fig4 #c7 apparently disappeared at the same time and was replaced by a crudely made lamp formerly mounted on the cab roof as a backup light4 ,headlamps of commercial manufacture were carefully finished and made with parabolic reflectors1 elaborate burners1 and handsomely fitted cases4 ,such a lamp could throw a beam of light for #ajjj feet4 ,the present lamp has a flat cone-shaped piece of tin for a reflector4 ,the brushes attached to the pilot were used in the winter to brush snow and loose ice off the rail and thus improve traction4 ,in good weather the brushes were set up to clear the tracks4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cj4--,,reconstructed ,,sandbox replaced on the locomotive1 ,august #aifb4 7,drawing by ,j4 ,h4 ,white47 ,after the ,pioneer had come to the ,national ,museum1 it was decided that some refinishing was required to return it as nearly as possible to the state of the original engine4 ,replacing the sandbox was an obvious change4#bj ,the brass cylinder jackets were also replaced4 ,the cab was stripped and carefully refinished as natural wood4 ,the old safety valve was replaced1 as already mentioned4 ,rejacketing the boiler with simulated ,russia iron produced a most pleasing effect1 adding not only to the authenticity of the display but making the engine appear lighter and relieving the somber blackness which was not characteristic of a locomotive of the #ahej's4 ,several minor replacements are yet to be done2 chiefly among these are the cylinder-cock linkage and a proper headlamp4 ,the question arises1 has the engine survived as a true and accurate representation of the original machine built in #ahea8 ,in answer1 it can be said that although the ,pioneer was damaged en route to the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad1 modified on receipt1 burned in #ahfb1 and operated for altogether nearly #dj years1 surprisingly few new appliances have been added1 nor has the general arrangement been changed4 ,undoubtedly1 the main reason the engine is so little changed is that its small size and odd framing did not invite any large investment for extensive alteration for other uses4 ,but there can be no positive answer as to its present variance from the original appearance as represented in the oldest known illustration of it--the ,hull drawing of #ahga 7fig4 #h74 ,there are few1 if any1 surviving #aith-century locomotives that have not suffered numerous rebuildings and are not greatly altered from the original4 ,the ,john ,bull1 also in the ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum collection1 is a good example of a machine many times rebuilt in its #cj years of service4#ba ,unless other information is uncovered to the contrary1 it can be stated that the ,pioneer is a true representation of a light passenger locomotive of #ahea4 ,alba ,f4 ,smith ,alba ,f4 ,smith1 the man responsible for the purchase of the ,pioneer1 was born in ,lebanon1 ,connecticut1 ,june #bh1 #ahag4i ,smith showed promise as a mechanic at an early age and by the time he was #bb had established leadpipe works in ,norwich4 ,his attention was drawn particularly to locomotives since the tracks of the ,norwich and ,worcester ,railroad passed his shop4 ,his attempts to develop a spark arrester for locomotives brought ,smith to the favorable attention of ,captain ,daniel ,tyler 7#agii-ahhb71 president of the ,norwich and ,worcester ,railroad4 ,when ,tyler was hired by the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad in #ahej to supervise the line's rebuilding1 he persuaded the managers of that road to hire ,smith as superintendent of machinery4#aj ,smith was appointed as superintendent of the machine shop of the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad on ,july #bb1 #ahej4aa ,on ,january #a1 #ahea1 he became superintendent of the road4 ,in ,march of #ahef ,smith resigned his position with the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad and became superintendent of the ,hudson ,river ,railroad1 where he remained for only a year4 ,during that time he designed the coal-burning locomotive ,irvington1 rebuilt the ,waterman condensing dummy locomotive for use in hauling trains through city streets1 and developed a superheater4#ab ,after retiring from the ,hudson ,river ,railroad he returned to ,norwich and became active in enterprises in that area1 including the presidency of the ,norwich and ,worcester ,railroad4 ,while the last years of ,smith's life were devoted to administrative work1 he found time for mechanical invention as well4 ,in #ahfb he patented a safety truck for locomotives1 and became president of a concern which controlled the most important patents for such devices4#ac ,alba ,f4 ,smith died on ,july #ba1 #ahgi1 in ,norwich1 ,connecticut4 ,illustration3 ,,union ,,works1 ,,south ,,boston1 ,,seth ,,wilmarth1 ,proprietor1 ,illustration ,,manufacturer ,,of ,,locomotives1 ,,stationary ,,steam ,,engines ,,and ,,steam ,,boilers1 ,,of ,,the ,,various ,,sizes ,,required1 ,parts connected with ,railroads1 including ,frogs1 ,switches1 ,chairs and ,hand ,cars4 ,,machinists' ,,tools1 of all descriptions1 including ,,turning ,,lathes1 of sizes varying from #f feet to #ej feet in length1 and weighing from #ejj pounds to #dj tons each2 the latter capable of turning a wheel or pulley1 thirty feet in diameter4 ,,planing ,,machines1 ,varying from #b feet to #fj feet in length1 and weighing from #bjj lbs4 to #gj tons each1 and will plane up to #ee feet long and #g feet square4 ,boring ,mills1 ,vertical and ,horizontal ,drills1 ,slotting ,machines1 ,punching ,presses1 ,gear and ,screw ,cutting ,machines1 c4 c4 ,also1 ,mill ,gearing and ,shafting4 ,,jobbing ,,and ,,repairs1 and any kind of work usually done in ,machine ,shops1 executed at short notice4 ,figure #ac4--;,,advertisement ,,of ,,seth ,,wilmarth appearing in ,boston city directory for #ahdh-ahdi4 ,seth ,wilmarth ,little is known of the builder of the ,pioneer1 ,seth ,wilmarth1 and nothing in the way of a satisfactory history of his business is available4 ,for the reader's general interest the following information is noted4#af ,seth ,wilmarth was born in ,brattleboro1 ,vermont1 on ,september #h1 #ahaj4 ,he is thought to have learned the machinist trade in ,pawtucket1 ,rhode ,island1 before coming to ,boston and working for the ,boston ,locomotive ,works1 ,hinkley and ,drury proprietors4 ,in about #ahcf he opened a machine shop and1 encouraged by an expanding business1 in #ahda he built a new shop in ,south ,boston which became known as the ,union ,works4#ag ,wilmarth was in the general machine business but his reputation was made in the manufacture of machine tools1 notably lathes4 ,he is believed to have built his first locomotive in #ahdb1 but locomotive building never became his main line of work4 ,wilmarth patterned his engines after those of ,hinkley and undoubtedly1 in common with the other ,new ,england builders of this period1 favored the steady-riding1 inside-connection engines4 ,the ,shanghais1 so-called because of their great height1 built for the ,boston and ,worcester ,railroad by ,wilmarth in #ahdi1 were among the best known inside-connection engines operated in this country 7fig4 #ad74 ,while the greater part of ,wilmarth's engines was built for ,new ,england roads1 many were constructed for lines outside that area1 including the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 ,ohio and ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 and the ,erie4 ,a comparison of the surviving illustrations of ,hinkley and ,wilmarth engines of the #ahej's reveals a remarkable similarity in their details 7figs4 #ad and #ae74 ,notice particularly the straight boiler1 riveted frame1 closely set truck wheels1 feedwater pump driven by a pin on the crank of the driving wheel1 and details of the dome cover4 ,all of the features are duplicated exactly by both builders4 ,this is not surprising considering the proximity of the plants and the fact that ,wilmarth had been previously employed by ,hinkley4 ,in #ahed ,wilmarth was engaged by the ,new ,york and ,erie ,railroad to build fifty #f-;foot gauge engines4#ah ,after work had been started on these engines1 and a large store of material had been purchased for their construction1 ,wilmarth was informed that the railroad could not pay cash but that he would have to take notes in payment4#ai ,there was at this time a mild economic panic and notes could be sold only at a heavy discount4 ,this crisis closed the ,union ,works4 ,the next year1 #ahee1 ,seth ,wilmarth was appointed master mechanic of the ,charlestown ,navy ,yard1 ,boston1 where he worked for twenty years4 ,he died in ,malden1 ,massachusetts1 on ,november #e1 #ahhf4 ,footnotes #a ,minutes of the ,board of ,managers of the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad4 ,this book may be found in the office of the ,secretary1 ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,june #be1 #ahea4 ,hereafter cited as ,minutes ,c4,v4,r4,r4 #b ,ibid4 #c ,minutes ,c4,v4,r4,r4 #d ,franklin ,repository 7,chambersburg1 ,pa471 ,august #bf1 #aiji4 #e ,railroad ,advocate 7,december #bi1 #ahee71 vol4 #b1 p4 #c4 #f ,c4 ,e4 ,,fisher1 ,locomotives of the ,new ,haven ,railroad1 ,railway and ,locomotive ,historical ,society ,bulletin 7,april #aich71 no4 #df1 p4 #dh4 #g ,minutes ,c4,v4,r4,r4 #h ,evening ,sentinel 7,carlisle1 ,pa471 ,october #bc1 #aija4 #i ,norwich ,bulletin 7,norwich1 ,conn471 ,july #bd1 #ahgi4 ,all data regarding ,a4 ,f4 ,smith is from this source unless otherwise noted4 #aj ,railway ,age 7,september #ac1 #ahhi71 vol4 #ad1 no4 #cg4 ,page #fjj notes that ,tyler worked on ,c4,v4,r4,r4 #ahea-aheb2 ,smith's obituary 7footnote #i7 mentions #ahdi as the year2 and minutes of ,c4,v4,r4,r4 mention ,tyler as early as #ahej4 #aa ,minutes ,c4,v4,r4,r4 #ab ,a4 ,f4 ,,holley1 ,american and ,european ,railway ,practice 7,new ,york3 #ahfa74 ,an illustration of ,smith's superheater is shown on plate #eh1 figure #ac4 #ac ,,john ,h4 ,,white1 ,introduction of the ,locomotive ,safety ,truck1 7,paper #bd1 #aifa1 in ,contributions from the ,museum of ,history and ,technology3 ,papers #ai-cj1 ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum ,bulletin #bbh2 ,washington3 ,smithsonian ,institution1 #aifc71 p4 #aag4 #ad ,annual ,report1 ,c4,v4,r4,r41 #ahec4 #ae ,,zerah ,,colburn1 ,recent ,practice in ,locomotive ,engines 7#ahfj71 p4 #ga4 #af ,railroad ,gazette 7,september #bg1 #aijg71 vol4 #dc1 no4 #ac1 pp4 #ceg-cfj4 ,these notes on ,wilmarth locomotives by ,c4 ,h4 ,caruthers were printed with several errors concerning the locomotives of the ,cumberland ,valley ,railroad and prompted the preparation of these present remarks on the history of ,wilmarth's activities4 ,note that on page #cei it is reported that only one compensating-lever engine was built for the ,c4,v4,r4,r4 in #ahed1 and not two such engines in #aheb4 ,the ,pioneer is incorrectly identified as a ,shanghai1 and as being one of three such engines built in #ahga by ,wilmarth4 #ag ,the author is indebted to ,thomas ,norrell for these and many of the other facts relating to ,wilmarth's ,union ,works4 #ah ,railroad ,gazette 7,october #aijg71 vol4 #dc1 p4 #chb4 #ai ,boston ,daily ,evening ,telegraph 7,boston1 ,mass471 ,august #aa1 #ahed4 ,the article stated that one engine a week was built and that #aj engines were already completed for the ,erie4 ,construction had started on #cj others4 #bj ,the restoration work has been ably handled by ,john ,stine of the ,museum staff4 ,restoration started in ,october #aifa4 #ba ,s4 ,h4 ,,oliver1 ,the ,first ,quarter ,century of the ,steam ,locomotive in ,america 7,u4,s4 ,national ,museum ,bulletin #baj2 ,washington3 ,smithsonian ,institution1 #aief71 pp4 #ch-df4 ,u4,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office3 #aifd ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4,s4 ,government ,printing ,office ,washington1 ,d4,c41 #bjdjb--,price #cj cents4 ,index ,adams1 ,w4 ,b41 #beb ,baldwin1 ,matthias ,william1 #bfd ,boston ,locomotive ,works1 #bfj ,colburn1 ,zerah1 #bei ,danforth ,cooke ,co41 #beb ,drury1 ,gardner ,p41 #bfj ,eastwick1 ,andrew ,m41 #bei ,harrison1 ,joseph1 ,jr41 #bei ,hinkley1 ,holmes1 #beb1 #bfj1 #bfc ,hull1 ,a4 ,s41 #bea1 #bfh ,smith1 ,alba ,f41 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bei ,stephenson1 ,robert1 ,hawthorns1 ,ltd41 #bec ,stuart1 ,j4 ,e4 ,b41 #bdi ,taunton ,locomotive ,works1 #bdg ,tyler1 ,daniel1 #bdd1 #bec ,union ,works1 #bfj ,vulcan ,foundry1 #beb ,watts1 ,frederick1 #bdi