,the ,christian ,foundation1 ,or1 ,scientific and ,religious ,journal ,vol4 #a4 ,no #d4 ,april1 #ahhj4 ,,contents ,is ,there ,a ,counterfeit ,without ,a ,genuine8 ,design ,in ,nature4 ,an ,atheist ,is ,a ,fool4 ,blunder ,on ,and ,blunder ,on--,it ,is ,human ,to ,blunder4 ,draper's ,conflict ,between ,religion ,and ,science4 ,facts ,speak ,louder ,than ,words1 ,or ,what ,christianity ,has ,done ,for ,cannibals4 ,are ,we ,simply ,animals8 ,our ,relations ,to ,the ,ancient ,law ,and ,prophets--,what ,are ,they8 ,the ,funeral ,services ,of ,the ,national ,liberal ,league4 ,huxley's ,paradox4 ,the ,triumphing ,reign ,of ,light4 ,,is ,,there ,a ,,counterfeit ,,without ,a ,,genuine8 ,my object in this lesson is to present the myths1 the ancient1 fictitious and fanciful narratives concerning the gods1 in such a manner as to enable you to see the utter absurdity of the idea that the religion of the ,bible is of mythical origin4 ,myths are fictitious narratives1 having an analogy more or less remote to something real4 ,from this definition you discover that a myth is always a counterfeit1 and as such always appears in evidence in favor of something more or less remote1 that is true4 ,now1 if the ,bible had a mythical origin1 it sustains some analogy to something found in the mythical or fictitious and fanciful narratives concerning the gods1 and is therefore the myth of a myth2 the counterfeit of a counterfeit4 ,if such be the truth in the case1 where do we find the origin of the myths from which 8,bible myths0 have descended8 ,is it found in the true ,god presiding over the elements of nature and the destinies of men1 as well as the events of creation and providence8 ,or1 can it be possible that we have many counterfeits without a genuine8 ,many myths sustaining no analogy1 either near or remote1 to anything real8 ,it is an absurdity1 destructive of the term employed1 because myths cease to be myths without some near or remote relation to realities4 ,they must sustain some analogy to something real4 ,and counterfeits also cease to be counterfeits when it is shown that they sustain no relation1 through analogy or likeness1 to anything that is genuine4 ,in the mythical systems of olden times we have1 in the midst of a vast deal of false and fanciful narrative concerning subordinate and secondary gods1 evidence of a supreme ,god presiding over all things2 and the secondary gods performing many things which belonged to the province of the 8,almighty ,one10 with many degrading1 vile and corrupting habits4 ,a letter written by ,maximus1 a ,numidian1 to ,augustin1 reads thus3 8,now1 that there is a sovereign ,god1 who is without beginning1 and who1 without having begotten anything like unto ,himself1 is1 nevertheless1 the ,father and the former of all things1 what man can be gross and stupid enough to doubt8 ,he it is of whom1 under different names1 we adore the eternal power extending through every part of the world1 thus honoring separately by different sorts of worship what may be called ,his several members1 we adore ,him entirely4 ,may those subordinate gods preserve you under whose names1 and by whom all we mortals upon earth adore the common ,father of gods and men40 ,in this letter we have a clear presentation of the mythical system concerning the ancient gods1 and also the 8analagous relation0 to the 8,master ,god40 ,each god having his particular dominion over place or passion1 appears before us as a representative of the supreme1 or 8,master ,god20 and by worshiping each member or ,god they claimed to adore entirely the 8common ,father of gods and men40 ,augustin answers1 ,in your public square there are two statues of ,mars1 one naked1 the other armed2 and close by the figure of a man who1 with three fingers advanced towards ,mars1 holds in check that divinity so dangerous to the whole town4 ,with regard to what you say of such gods being portions of the only 8true ,god10 ,i take the liberty you gave me to warn you not to fall into such a sacrilege2 for that only ,god1 of whom you speak1 is doubtless ,he who is acknowledged by the whole world1 and concerning whom1 as some of the ancients have said1 the ignorant agree with the learned4 ,now1 will you say that ,mars1 whose strength is represented by an inanimate man1 is a portion of that ,god8 ,that is to say1 the dead statue controls ,mars1 and ,mars is a subordinate god representing the infinite ,god1 and is1 therefore1 a part of that ,god4 ,augustin adds1 ,not the ,pantheon and all the temples consecrated to the inferior gods1 nor even the temples consecrated to the twelve greater gods prevented 8,deus ,optimus ,maximus10 ,god most good1 most great1 from being acknowledged throughout the empire4 ,voltaire says1 8,in spite of all the follies of the people who venerated secondary and ridiculous gods1 and in spite of the ,epicurians1 who in reality acknowledged none1 it is verified that in all times the magistrates and wise adored one sovereign ,god40 ,secondary gods were myths1 counterfeits1 sustaining the relation of counterfeits4 ,the ancients attributed their own passions to the 8,master ,god10 and had subordinate gods representing passions4 ,they also had a god for each part of ,his dominion2 and these gods they called members of the true ,god1 and claimed to worship ,him1 by worshiping all the members or gods4 ,mars was the god of war2 ,bacchus was the god of drunkenness4 ,they had a god for this and a god for that4 ,the ancient pagans seemed to think that infinite divisibility belonged to the 8true ,god10 for they distinguished between passions1 and divided up the universe among the gods until they had it crammed full of subordinate and ridiculous gods1 each one a member of ,jehovah1 and each member a part of the great mythical system4 ,now1 in order to establish the proposition that our religion is of mythical origin1 it is necessary to show1 first1 that the ,bible was written this side of or during the age of myths1 and1 having done this1 it is necessary to show that the ,hebrew people were a mythical people2 neither of which can be accomplished4 ,it will not be amiss to present in this connection a statement given by ,justin to the ,greeks4 ,he says3 8,of all your teachers1 whether sages1 poets1 historians1 philosophers1 or law-givers1 by far the oldest1 as the ,greek historians show us1 was ,moses4444 ,for in the times of ,ogyges and ,inachus1 whom some of your poets have supposed to have been earth-born--that is1 to have sprung from the soil1 and hence one of the oldest inhabitants--the aborigines1 ,moses is mentioned as the leader and ruler of the ,jewish nation40 ,he is mentioned as a very ancient and time-honored prince in the ,athenian1 ,attic and ,grecian histories4 ,polemon1 in his first book of ,hellenics1 mentions ,moses as the leader and ruler of the ,jewish nation4 ,ptolemus1 in his history of ,egypt1 bears the same testimony4 ,apion1 an ,egyptian writer1 in his book against the ,jews1 says 8,moses led them40 ,dr4 ,shaw1 a modern traveler1 says the inhabitants of ,corondel1 on the eastern side of the ,red ,sea1 to this day preserve the remembrance of the deliverance of the children of ,israel from their bondage in ,egypt4 ,diodorus1 the most renowned ,greek historian1 who employed thirty years epitomizing the libraries1 and traveled over ,asia and ,europe for the sake of great accuracy1 who wrote forty volumes of history1 says he learned from the ,egyptian priests that ,moses was an ancient law-giver4 ,it seems to us that1 no sane man1 who is acquainted with the ancient mythicals1 can regard the religion of the ,bible as a child of mythical descent4 ,it is as deadly in its influence upon those myths1 and all mythical worship1 as it could be made by an infinite mind4 ,voltaire says 8the character of the mythical gods is ridiculous20 we will add1 it is ridiculous in the extreme4 ,listen--,hesiod1 in his theogony1 says3 8,chronos1 the son of ,ouranos1 or ,saturn1 son of ,heaven1 in the beginning slew his father1 and possessed himself of his rule1 and1 being seized with a panic lest he should suffer in the same way1 he preferred devouring his children1 but ,curetes1 a subordinate god1 by craft1 conveyed ,jupiter away in secret and afterwards bound his brother with chains1 and divided the empire1 ,jupiter receiving the air1 and ,neptune the deep1 and ,pluto ,hades40 ,pros-er-pi-ne1 ,mella-nip-pe1 ,neptune1 ,pluto and ,jupiter are all set forth in the mythical writings as adulterers4 ,jupiter was regarded as more frequently involved in that crime1 being set down as guilty in many instances4 ,for the love of ,sem-e-le1 it is said that he assumed wings and proved his own unchastity and her jealousy4 ,these are some of the exploits of the sons of ,saturn4 ,hercules was celebrated by his three nights1 sung by the poets for his successful labors4 ,the son of ,jupiter slew the ,lion1 and destroyed the many-headed ,hydra2 was able to kill the fleet man-eating birds1 and brought up from hades the three-headed dog1 ,cerberus2 effectually cleansed the ,augean stable from its refuse2 killed the bulls and stag whose nostrils breathed fire2 slew the poisonous serpent and killed ,ach-e-l-us4 ,the guest-slaying ,bu-s-ris was delighted with being stunned by the cymbals of the ,sat-yrs1 and to be conquered with the love of women2 and at last1 being unable to take the cloak off of ,nessus1 he kindled his own funeral pile and died4 ,such are specimens of the ancient myths4 ,their character is such as to leave an impassible gulf between them and the character of the ,god revealed in our religion4 ,no development theory1 seeking the origin of our religion in the old mythical system1 can bridge across this chasm4 ,it is as deep and broad as the distance between the antipodes4 ,there is no analogy between these counterfeits or myths and the 8true ,god10 save that remote power of ,god which is divided up and parceled out among them4 ,their morals were the worst4 ,the whole mythical system is simply one grand demonstration of human apostacy from the 8true ,god40 ,homer introduces ,zeus in love1 and bitterly complaining and bewailing himself1 and plotted against by the other gods4 ,he represents the gods as suffering at the hands of men4 ,mars and ,venus were wounded by ,di-o-me-de4 ,he says1 8,great ,pluto's self the stinging arrow felt when that same son of ,jupiter assailed him in the very gates of hell1 and wrought him keenest anguish4 ,pierced with pain1 to the high ,olympus1 to the courts of ,jupiter groaning he came4 ,the bitter shaft remained deep in his shoulder fixed1 and grieved his soul40 ,in the mythical system the gods are not presented as creators or first causes4 ,homer says1 ,they were in the beginning generated from the waters of the ocean1 and thousands were added by deifying departed heroes and philosophers4 ,the thought of one supreme ,intelligence1 the 8,god of ,gods101 runs through all the system of myths4 ,it is found anterior to the myths1 and1 therefore1 could not have had its origin with them4 ,the character ascribed to our ,god1 in our scriptures1 has no place among the ancient myths4 ,they hold the 8,master ,god0 before us only in connection with power1 being altogether ignorant of ,his true character4 ,they even went so far as to attribute much to ,him that was ridiculous4 ,one of the ancients said1 8,the utmost that a man can do is to attribute to the being he worships his imperfections and impurities1 magnified to infinity1 it may be1 and then become worse by their reflex action upon his own nature40 ,this was verified in the ancient mythical religion1 without exception1 and without doubt4 8,the character of all the gods was simply human character extended in all its powers1 appetites1 lusts and passions4 ,scholars say there is no language containing words that express the ,scriptural ideas of holiness and abhorrence of sin1 except those in which the ,scriptures were given1 or into which they have been translated4 ,these attributes must be known in order to salvation from sin1 so ,god revealed ,himself and gave the world a pure religion1 as a standard of right and wrong1 and guide in duty1 and rule of life40 ,the history of the ancient nations of the earth gives a united testimony that their original progenitors possessed a knowledge of the one true and living ,god1 who was worshiped by them1 and believed to be an infinite1 self-existent and invisible spirit4 ,this notion was never entirely extinguished even among the idolatrous worshipers4 ,greek and ,latin poets were great corrupters of theology1 yet in the midst of all their ,gods there is still to be found1 in their writings1 the notion of one supreme in power and rule1 whom they confound with ,jupiter4 ,the age of myths began with the tenth generation after the flood4 ,the evidence of this is given by ,plato from one of the ancient poets in these words3 8,it was the generation then the tenth1 of men endowed with speech1 since forth the flood had burst upon the men of former times1 and ,kronos1 ,japetus and ,titan reigned1 whom men of ,ouranos proclaimed the noblest sons1 and named them so1 because of men endowed with gift of speech1 they were the first10 that is to say1 they were orators1 8and others for their strength1 as ,heracles and ,perseus1 and others for their art4 ,those to whom either the subjects gave honor1 or the rulers themselves assuming it1 obtained the name1 some from fear1 others from reverence4 ,thus ,antinous1 through the benevolence of your ancestors toward their subjects1 came to be regarded as a god4 ,but those who came after adopted the worship without examination40 ,so testifies one who was schooled in philosophy4 ,do you say there are points of similitude between the ,bible religion and the mythical8 ,it would be strange if there were none1 seeing that the mythical is truly what the term signifies1 a counterfeit upon the genuine1 or ,biblical4 ,the points of disagreement1 however1 are such as to demonstrate the fact that the ancient mythical people knew not the character of the ,being1 whom they conceived to be the 8,god of ,gods and the ,father of ,gods and men40 ,those who confound the ,bible with the ancient myths upon the score of the analogy that exists between it and the myths1 remind me of a very learned gentleman with whom ,i was once walking around an oat field1 when he remarked1 8there is a very fine piece of wheat40 ,the man had been brought up in an eastern city1 and was unable to distinguish between oats and wheat4 ,i knew a gentleman who asked a man1 standing by the side of an old-fashioned flax-break1 what he thought it was used for8 ,the man took hold of the handle1 lifted it up and let it down a few times1 and said3 8,it looks like it might be used to chop up sausage meat40 ,it is very natural for us to draw comparisons1 and when we do not make ourselves familiar with things and their uses1 we are very liable to be led into error by a few points of similitude4 ,all the infidels with whom ,i have become acquainted look upon the ,bible like the man looked upon the flax-break1 and like the man looked upon the oat field4 ,if one had looked upon the flax-break who was familiar with it1 he never could have dreamed of chopping sausage meat2 and if the other had been familiar with wheat and oats1 as they present themselves to the eye in the field in the month of ,june1 he never would have called the oats wheat4 ,and if any sane man will make himself familiar with both the ,bible and the old system of myths and mythical worship1 he will never confound the two4 ,there are a thousand things1 very different in character and origin1 which have points of similitude4 ,but similitude never proves identity short of completeness4 ,while the analogy between the ancient mythical system of gods and their worship and the true ,god and ,his worship is restricted to power and intelligence1 there exists a contrast between them deep as heaven is high and broad as the earth in point of moral character1 virtue1 and every ennobling and lovable attribute4 ,there is an old myth in the ,vedas--a god called 8,chrishna40 ,the ,vedas claim that he is in the form of a man2 that he is black2 that he is dressed in flowers and ribbons2 that he is the father of a great many gods4 ,it is surprising to see the eagerness with which some men bring up 8,chrishna0 in comparison with the ,greek term 8,christos0--,christ1 and confound the two4 ,the words are entirely different1 save in a jingle of sound4 ,they are no more alike than the terms catechist--one who instructs by questions and answers1 and the term catechu--a dry1 brown astringent extract4 ,we could give many such examples in the history of unbelievers and their war upon the ,bible1 but this must suffice for the present4 ,the truth is this3 such men1 as a general rule1 neither understand the ,bible in its teachings and character1 nor the ancient mythical system4 ,in it ,jupiter1 among the ,romans1 and throughout every language1 appears before us as the 8,father of ,gods and men0--8the ,god of gods10 the 8,master of the gods40 ,voltaire says3 ,it is false that ,cicero1 or any other ,roman1 ever said that it did not become the majesty of the empire to acknowledge a ,supreme ,god4 ,their ,jupiter1 the ,zeus of the ,greeks and the ,jehovah of the ,phonecians1 was always considered as the master of the secondary gods4 ,he adds3 ,but is not ,jupiter1 the master of all the gods1 a word belonging to every nation1 from the ,euphrates to the ,tiber8 ,among the first ,romans it was ,jov1 ,jovis2 among the ,greeks1 ,zeus2 among the ,phonecians and ,syrians and ,egyptians1 ,jehovah4 ,the last term is the ,hebrew scriptural name of ,god--denoting permanent being--in perfect keeping with the ,bible title or descriptive appellation1 8,i ,,am ,,that ,i ,,am40 ,the ancient worshipers of the gods had lost all but the name1 power and relation1 which they ever knew of ,jehovah4 ,and they could do no more than clothe ,jupiter with their own imperfections and impurities--and then place him above all the gods2 it was necessary for them to view him as excelling in all the characteristics of the secondary gods4 ,and having attributed to the gods all they knew of human passions and corruptions1 they clothed ,jupiter himself with more villainy and corruption than belonged to any other god4 ,in this was the great blasphemous sacrilege of ancient idolatry4 ,they thus demonstrated their own apostacy2 and the fact that their system of gods was a counterfeit1 a mythical system4 ,they were destitute of any standard of right and wrong1 having no conceptions of the divine character which were not drawn from their own imperfect and corrupt lives4 ,the divine character1 as revealed in the revelation of ,christ1 and presented to us as ,god manifest in the flesh1 is at once the very opposite of the characters given in the myths4 ,the distance between the two is the distance between the lowest degradation of ,god-like power exercised in the lowest passions1 and the sublimity of ,heaven's own spotless life4 ,i love the religion of the ,scriptures1 because it restores to the race the lost knowledge of ,god and the additional life of ,jesus--the only perfect model known in the history of the race4 ,it is the life of ,god manifested in the flesh2 make it your own1 and it will save you4 ,mr4 ,english1 an ,american infidel1 said3 8,far be it from me to reproach the meek and compassionate1 the amiable ,jesus1 or to attribute to him the mischiefs occasioned by his followers40 ,it is now conceded that ,jesus ,christ was no myth by all the great minds in unbelief4 ,he lived4 ,we love his life1 because all who would rob ,him of ,his authority are compelled to speak well of it4 ,rousseau1 another infidel1 says3 8,it is impossible that he whose history the gospel records can be but a man10 adding1 8,does he speak in the tone of an enthusiast1 or of an ambitious sectary8 ,what mildness6 ,what purity in his manners6 ,what touching favor in his instructions6 ,what elevation in his maxims6 ,what presence of mind6 ,what ingenuity1 and what justice in his answers6 ,what government of his passions6 ,what prejudice1 blindness or ill faith must that be which dares to compare ,socrates with the ,son of ,mary6 8,what a difference between the two6 ,socrates1 dying without a pain1 without disgrace1 easily sustains his part to the last4 ,the death of ,socrates1 philosophizing with his friends1 is the mildest that could be desired4 ,that of ,jesus1 expiring in torments1 injured1 mocked1 cursed by all the people1 is the most horrible that can be feared4 ,socrates1 taking the impoisoned cup1 blesses him who presents it to him with tears4 ,jesus1 in the midst of a frightful punishment1 prays for his enraged executioners4 ,yes1 if the life and death of ,socrates are those of a wise man1 the life and death of ,jesus are those of a ,god40 ,if such be the model1 the pattern1 the example which ,i am to follow1 let me live and die a ,christian4 ,i love the religion of ,christ1 because its character compels its enemies to speak thus of it4 ,i love it because of its practical influence in elevating all into the moral image of ,christ4 ,i love it because it saves men through its influence from abominable sins and consequent sorrows that would tear up the hearts of thousands4 ,i love it because it is the power of ,god to save the soul4 ,i love it because it leads men into communion and fellowship with all the good4 ,i love it because it leads to heaven and to ,god4 ,civilization1 it is true1 is an arbitrary term4 ,anthropologists have not yet settled the boundary line between a savage and a civilized people4--,prof4 ,owen1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,design ,,in ,,nature4 ,it is scarcely necessary to designate instances in the works of nature1 in which there is an appearance of purpose1 for everything has this appearance4 ,i will1 however1 mention several cases as samples4 #a4 ,the adaptation of the covering of animals to the climates in which they live4 ,northern animals have thicker and warmer coats of fur or hair than ,southern ones4 ,and here it should be remarked that man1 the only creature capable of clothing himself1 is the only one that is not clothed by nature4 ,singular discrimination and care indeed for non-intelligence6 #b4 ,the adaptation of animals to the elements in which they live1 the fish to the water1 other animals to the air4 ,would not an unintelligent energy or power be as likely to form the organs of a fish for air as for water8 #c4 ,the necessity which man has for sustenance1 and the supply of that necessity by nature4 ,here let it be noted how many things must act in unison to produce the necessary result4 ,the earth must nourish the seed1 the sun must warm it1 the rain must moisten it1 and man must have the strength to cultivate it1 and the organs to eat it1 and the stomach to digest it1 and the blood-vessels to circulate it1 and so on4 ,is it credible that all these things should happen without design8 #d4 ,the pre-adaptation of the infant to the state of things into which it enters at birth4 ,the eye is exactly suited to the light1 the ear to sound1 the nose to smell1 the palate to taste1 the lungs to the air4 ,how is it possible to see no design in this pre-adaptation1 so curious1 so complicated in so many particulars8 #e4 ,the milk of animals suitable for the nourishment of their young1 provided just in season1 provided without contrivance on the part of the parent1 and sought for without instruction or experience on the part of its offspring6 and all by chance66 #f4 ,the different sexes4 ,in this case1 as in the rest1 there is perfect adaptation1 which displays evident design4 ,and there is more4 ,what1 ,i ask1 is there in nature to cause a difference in sexes8 ,why are not all either males or females8 or1 rather1 a compound8 ,this case1 then1 ,i consider not only an evidence of design1 but likewise an evidence of the special and continued volition of the ,creator4 #g4 ,the destitution of horns on the calf and of teeth in the suckling4 ,all other parts are perfect at the very first2 but were calves and sucklings to have teeth and horns1 what sore annoyances would these appendages prove to their dams and dames4 ,how is it that all the necessary parts of the young are thus perfect at the first1 and their annoying parts unformed till circumstances render them no annoyance--unformed at the time they are not needed1 and produced when they are1 for defense and mastication8 ,who can fail to see intelligence here8 #h4 ,the teats of animals4 ,these bear a general proportion to the number of young which they are wont to have at a time4 ,those that are wont to have few young have few teats2 those that have many young have many teats4 ,were these animals to make preparations themselves in this respect1 how could things be more appropriate8 #i4 ,the pea and the bean4 ,the pea-vine1 unable to stand erect of itself1 has tendrils with which to cling to a supporter2 but the bean-stalk1 self-sustained1 has nothing of the kind4 #aj4 ,the pumpkin4 ,this does not grow on the oak2 to fall on the tender head of the wiseacre reposing in its shade1 reasoning that it should grow there rather than where it does1 because1 forsooth1 the oak would be able to sustain it4 ,and were he to undertake to set the other works of ,providence to rights which he now considers wrong1 'tis a chance if he would not get many a thump upon his pate ere he should get the universe arranged to his mind4 ,and if1 before completing his undertaking1 he should not find it the easier of the two to arrange his mind to the universe1 it would be because what little brains he has would get thumped out of his cranium altogether6 #aa4 ,the great energies of nature4 ,to suppose the existence of powers as the cause of the operations of nature--powers destitute of life1 and1 at the same time1 self-moving1 and acting upon matter without the intervention of extrinsic agency1 is just as irrational as to suppose such a power in a machine1 and is a gross absurdity and a self-contradiction4 ,but to suppose that these lifeless energies1 even if possessed of such qualities1 could1 void of intelligence1 produce such effects as are produced in the universe1 requires credulity capable of believing anything4 #ab4 ,the whole universe1 whether considered in its elementary or its organized state4 ,from the simple grass to the tender plant1 and onward to the sturdy oak2 from the least insect up to man1 there is skill the most consummate1 design the most clear4 ,what substance1 useless as it may be when uncompounded with other substances1 does not manifest design in its affinity to those substances1 by a union with which it is rendered useful8 ,what plant1 what shrub1 what tree has not organization and arrangement the most perfect imaginable8 ,what insect so minute that contains not1 within its almost invisible exterior1 adjustment of part to part in the most exact order throughout all its complicated system1 infinitely transcending the most ingenious productions of art1 and the most appropriate adaptation of all those parts to its peculiar mode of existence8 ,rising in the scale of sensitive being1 let us consider the beast of the forest1 in whose case1 without microscopic aid1 we have the subject more accessible4 ,is he a beast of prey8 ,has the ,god of nature given him an instinctive thirst for blood8 ,behold1 then1 his sharp-sighted organs of vision for descrying his victim afar1 his agile limbs for pursuit1 his curved and pointed claws for seizing and tearing his prey1 his sharp-edged teeth for cutting through its flesh1 his firm jaws for gripping1 crushing1 and devouring it1 and his intestines for digesting raw flesh4 ,but is he a graminivorous animal8 ,does he subsist on grass and herb8 ,behold1 then1 his clumsy limbs and his clawless hoofs1 his blunt teeth and his herb-digesting stomach4 ,so perfect is the correspondence between one part and another2 so exactly adapted are all the parts to the same general objects2 so wonderful is the harmony and so definite and invariable the purpose obtaining throughout the whole1 that it is necessary to see but a footstep1 or even a bone1 to be able to decide the nature and construction of the animal that imprinted that footstep or that possessed that bone4 ,ascending still higher in the scale1 we come at last to man--man1 the highest1 noblest workmanship of ,god on earth--the lord of this sphere terrene--for whose behoof all earthly things exist4 ,in common with all animals1 he has that perfect adaptation of part to part1 and of all the parts to general objects1 which demonstrate consummate wisdom in the ,cause which thus adapted them4 ,his eyes are so placed as to look the same way in which his feet are placed to walk1 and his hands to toil4 ,his feet correspond with each other1 being both placed to walk in the direction1 and with their corresponding sides towards one another1 without which he would hobble1 even if he could walk at all4 ,his mouth is placed in the forepart of the head1 by which it can receive food and drink from the hands4 ,but the hands themselves--who can but admire their wonderful utility8 ,to what purpose are they not adapted8 ,man1 who has many ends to accomplish1 in common with the beast of the field2 who has hunger to alleviate1 thirst to slake1 and has likewise other and higher ends1 for the attainment of which he is peculiarly qualified by means of hands4 ,adapted by his constitution to inhabit all climes1 he has hands to adapt his clothing to the same1 whether torrid1 temperate or frigid4 ,possessed of the knowledge of the utility of the soil1 he has hands to cultivate it4 ,located far distant oftentimes from the running stream1 these hands enable him to disembowel the earth and there find an abundant supply of the all-necessary fluid4 ,endowed with rational ideas1 pen in hand he can transmit them to his fellows far away1 or to generations unborn4 ,heir and lord of earth and ocean1 his hands enable him to possess and control the same1 without which1 notwithstanding all his reason1 he could do neither1 but would have to crouch beneath the superior strength of the brute1 and fly for shelter to crags inaccessible to his beastly sovereign4 ,the only creature that has the reason to manage the world1 has the physical organization to do it4 ,no beast with man's reason could do this1 and no man with the mere instinct of a brute could do it4 ,how marvellous1 then this adaptation6 ,how wondrous the adaptation of everything1 and how astonishing that any man1 with all these things in view1 can for one moment forbear to admit a ,god4 ,let him try a chance experiment4 ,let him take the letters of the alphabet and throw them about promiscuously and then see how long ere they would move of their own accord and arrange themselves into words and sentences4 ,he may avail himself of the whole benefit of his scheme2 he may have the advantage of an energy or power as a momentum to set them in motion2 he may put these letters into a box sufficiently large for the purpose1 and then shake them as long as may seem him good1 and when1 in this way1 they shall have become intelligible language1 ,i will admit that he will have some reasons for doubting a ,god4 ,if this should seem too much like artificial mind1 he may take some little animal1 all constructed at his hands1 and dismember its limbs and dissect its body1 and then within some vessel let him throw its various parts at random1 and seizing that vessel shake it most lustily till bone shall come to bone1 joint to joint1 and the little creature be restored to its original form4 ,but if this could not be accomplished by mere power1 without wisdom to direct1 how could the original adjustment occur by chance8 ,how could those very parts themselves be formed for adjustment one to another8 ,mathematicians tell us wondrous things in relation to these hap-hazard concerns4 ,and they demonstrate their statements by what will not lie--figures4 ,their rule is this3 that1 as one thing admits of but one position1 as1 for example1 a1 so two things1 a and b1 are capable of two positions1 as ab1 ba4 ,but if a third be added1 instead of their being susceptible of only one additional position1 or three in all1 they are capable of six4 ,for example1 abc1 acb1 bac1 bca1 cab1 cba4 ,add another letter1 d1 and the four are capable of twenty-four positions or variations4 ,thus we might go on4 ,merely adding another letter1 e1 and so making five instead of four1 would increase the the number of variations five-fold4 ,they would then amount to one hundred and twenty4 ,a single additional letter1 f1 making six in all1 would increase this last sum of one hundred and twenty six-fold1 making seven hundred and twenty4 ,add a seventh letter1 g1 and the last-named sum would be increased seven-fold1 making the sum of five thousand and forty4 ,if we go on thus to the end of the alphabet1 we have the astonishing sum of six hundred and twenty thousand four hundred and forty-eight trillions1 four hundred and one thousand seven hundred and thirty-three billions1 two hundred and thirty-nine thousand four hundred and thirty-nine millions and three hundred and sixty thousand666 ,hence it follows that1 were the letters of the alphabet to be thrown promiscuously into a vessel1 to be afterwards shaken into order by mere hap1 their chance of being arranged1 not to say into words and sentences1 but into their alphabetical order1 would be only as one to the above number4 ,all this1 too1 in the case of only twenty-six letters6 ,take now the human frame1 with its bones1 tendons1 nerves1 muscles1 veins1 arteries1 ducts1 glands1 cartilages1 etc42 and having dissected the same1 throw those parts into one promiscuous mass2 and how long1 ,i ask1 would it be ere ,chance would put them all into their appropriate places and form a perfect man8 ,in this calculation we are likewise to take into the account the chances of their being placed bottom upwards1 or side-ways1 or wrong side out1 notwithstanding they might merely find their appropriate places4 ,this would increase the chances against a well-formed system to an amount beyond all calculation or conception4 ,in the case of the alphabet1 the chances for the letters to fall bottom up or aslant are not included4 ,and when we reflect that the blind goddess1 or 8unintelligent forces10 would have to contend against such fearful odds in the case of a single individual1 how long are we to suppose it would be1 ere from old ,chaos she could shake this mighty universe1 with all its myriads upon myriads of existences1 into the glorious order and beauty in which it now exists4 ,,an ,,atheist ,,is ,a ,,fool4 ,he can't believe that two letters can be adjusted to each other without design1 and yet he can believe all the foregoing incredibilities4 ,i might swell the list to a vast extent4 ,i might bring into view the verdure of the earth as being the most agreeable of all colors to the eye2 the general diffusion of the indispensibles and necessaries of life1 such as air1 light1 water1 food1 clothing1 fuel1 while less necessary things1 such as spices1 gold1 silver1 tin1 lead1 zinc1 are less diffused2 also1 the infinite variety in things--in men1 for instance--by which we can distinguish one from another4 ,but ,i forbear4 ,is it reasonable to conclude that1 where there are possible appearances of design1 still no design is there8 or even that it is probable there is none8 ,i have said that there is as much evidence of purpose in the works of nature as in those of art4 ,i now say that there is more1 infinitely more4 ,should the wheels of nature stop their revolutions1 and her energies be palsied1 and life and motion cease1 even then would she exhibit incomparably greater evidence of design1 in her mere construction and adaptation1 than do the works of art4 ,shall we then be told that when she is in full operation1 and daily producing millions upon millions of useful1 of intelligent1 of marvelous effects1 she still manifests no marks of intelligence6 ,in nature we not only see all the works of art infinitely exceeded1 but we see1 as it were1 those works self-moved and performing their operations without external agency4 ,to use a faint comparison1 we see a factory in motion without water1 wind or steam1 its cotton placing itself within the reach of the picker1 the cards1 the spinning-frame and the loom1 and turning out in rolls or cloth4 ,such virtually1 nay1 far more wonderful1 is the universe4 ,not a thousandth part so unreasonable would it be to believe a real factory of this description1 were one to exist1 to be a chance existence1 as to believe this universe so4 ,sooner could ,i suppose nature herself possessed of intelligence than admit the idea that there is no intelligence concerned in her organization and operations4 ,there must be a mind within or without her1 or else we have no data by which to distinguish mind4 ,there must be a mind1 or all the results of mind are produced without any4 ,there must be a mind1 or chaos produces order1 blind power perfects effects1 and non-intelligence the most admirable correspondence and harmony imaginable4 ,skeptics pride themselves much on their reason4 ,they can't believe1 they say1 because it is unreasonable4 ,what is unreasonable8 ,to believe in a mind where there is every appearance thereof that can be8 ,is it more reasonable to believe1 then1 that every appearance of mind is produced without any mind at all8 ,skeptics are the last men in all this wide world to pretend reason4 ,they doubt against infinite odds2 they believe without evidence against evidence1 against demonstration1 and then talk of reason6--,origin ,bachelor's ,correspondence with ,r4 ,d4 ,owen4 ,,blunder ,,on ,,and ,,blunder ,,on--,,it ,,is ,,human ,,to ,,blunder4 ,are all the mammoths one or two hundred thousand years old1 as ,sir ,charles ,lyell conjectured8 ,it was stated1 in the bygone1 that the 8diluvium0 was very old1 on account of the absence of human remains1 but since man's remains have been found there1 it is inferred that man is very ancient2 whereas1 the truth is1 the mammoth is very recent4 ,in many instances their bones are so fresh that they contain twenty-seven per cent4 of animal substance2 in some instances the flesh is still upon their bones1 with their last meal in their stomachs4 ,mr4 ,boyd ,dawkins has furnished us with a thrilling narrative of the discovery of a mammoth in #ahdf1 by ,mr4 ,benkendorf1 close to the mouth of the ,indigirka4 ,this mammoth was disentombed during the great thaw of the summer4 ,the description is given in the following language3 8,in #ahdf there was unusually warm weather in the north of ,siberia4 ,already in ,may unusual rains poured over the moors and bogs2 storms shook the earth1 and the streams carried not only ice to the sea1 but also large tracts of land4 ,we steamed on the first day up the ,indigirka1 but there were no thoughts of land2 we saw around us only a sea of dirty brown water1 and knew the river only by the rushing and roaring of the stream4 ,the river rolled against us trees1 moss1 and large masses of peat1 so that it was only with great trouble and danger that we could proceed4 ,at the end of the second day we were only a short distance up the stream2 some one had to stand with the sounding-rod in hand continually1 and the boat received so many shocks that it shuddered to the keel4 ,a wooden vessel would have been smashed4 ,around us we saw nothing but the flooded land4444 ,the ,indigirka1 here1 had torn up the land and worn itself a fresh channel1 and when the waters sank we saw1 to our astonishment1 that the old river-bed had become merely that of an insignificant stream4444 ,the stream rolled over and tore up the soft1 wet ground like chaff1 so that it was dangerous to go near the brink4 ,while we were all quiet1 we heard under our feet a sudden gurgling and stirring1 which betrayed the working of the disturbed water4 ,suddenly our jagger1 ever on the look-out1 called loudly1 and pointed to a singular and unshapely object1 which rose and sank4444 ,now we all hastened to the spot on shore1 had the boat drawn near1 and waited until the mysterious thing should again show itself4 ,our patience was tried1 but at last a black1 horrible giant-like mass was thrust out of the water1 and we beheld a colossal elephant's head1 armed with mighty tusks1 with its long trunk moving in the water in an unearthly manner1 as though seeking for something lost therein4444 ,i beheld the monster hardly twelve feet from me1 with his half-open eyes yet showing the whites4 ,it was still in good preservation4444 8,picture to yourself an elephant with a body covered with thick fur1 about thirteen feet in height and fifteen in length1 with tusks eight feet long1 thick1 and curving outward at their ends1 a stout trunk of six feet in length1 colossal limbs of one and a half feet in thickness1 and a tail naked up to the end1 which was covered with thick tufty hair4 ,the animal was fat and well grown2 death had overtaken him in the fulness of his powers4 ,his parchment-like1 large1 naked ears lay turned up over the head2 about the shoulders and on the back he had stiff hair1 about a foot in length1 like a mane4 ,the long outer hair was deep brown and coarsely rooted4 ,the top of the head looked so wild and so penetrated with pitch that it resembled the rind of an old oak tree4 ,on the sides it was cleaner1 and under the outer hair there appeared everywhere a wool1 very soft1 warm and thick1 and of a fallow-brown color4 ,the giant was well protected against the cold4 ,the whole appearance of the animal was fearfully strange and wild4 ,it had not the shape of our present elephants4 ,as compared with our ,indian elephants1 its head was rough1 the brain-case low and narrow1 but the trunk and mouth were much larger4 ,the teeth were very powerful4 ,our elephant is an awkward animal1 but compared with this mammoth1 it is an ,arabian steed to a coarse1 ugly dray horse4 ,i had the stomach separated and brought on one side4 ,it was well filled1 and the contents instructive and well preserved4 ,the principal were young shoots of the fir and pine2 a quantity of young fir cones1 also in a chewed state1 were mixed with the moss40 ,mammoth bones are found in great abundance in the islands off the northern coast of ,siberia4 ,the remains of the rhinoceros are also found4 ,pallas1 in #aggb1 obtained from ,wiljuiskoi1 in latitude #fd1 a rhinoceros taken from the sand in which it had been frozen4 ,this carcass emitted an odor like putrid flesh1 part of the skin being covered with short1 crisp wool and with black and gray hairs4 ,professor ,brandt1 in #ahdf1 extracted from the cavities in the molar teeth of this skeleton a small quantity of half-chewed pine leaves and coniferous wood4 ,and the blood-vessels in the interior of the head appeared filled1 even to the capillary vessels1 with coagulated blood1 which in many places still retained its original red color4 ,we find that ,mr4 ,boyd ,dawkins and ,mr4 ,sanford assert that the cave-lion is only a large variety of the existing lion--identical in species4 ,herodotus says3 8,the camels in the army of ,xerxes1 near the mountains of ,thessaly1 were attacked by lions40 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 in his ,prehistoric ,times1 page #bic1 says the cave-hyena 8is now regarded as scarcely distinguishable specifically from the ,hyna crocuta1 or spotted hyena of ,southern ,africa10 while ,mr4 ,busk and ,m4 ,gervais identify the cave-bear with the ,ursus ferox1 or grizzly bear of ,north ,america4 ,what is the bearing of these facts on the question of the antiquity of the remains found in the bone caverns8 ,do these facts justify men in carrying human remains1 found along with the remains of these animals in the caves1 back to the remote period of one or two hundred thousand years8--a long time1 this1 for flesh upon the bones and food in the stomach to remain in a state of preservation4 8,so fresh is the ivory throughout ,northern ,russia10 says ,lyell1 ,principles1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ahc1 8that1 according to ,tilesius1 thousands of fossil tusks have been collected and used in turning40 ,mr4 ,dawkins says3 8,we are compelled to hold that the cave-lion which preyed upon the mammoth1 the woolly rhinoceros and musk-sheep in ,great ,britain1 is a mere geographical variety of the great carnivore that is found alike in the tropical parts of ,asia and throughout the whole of ,africa40 ,popular ,science ,review for #ahfi1 p4 #aec4 ,it has been customary to speak of all these animals as 8the great extinct mammalia10 and to regard them all as much larger than existing animals of the same kind1 but three of the most important still exist1 and the cave-lions1 at least some of the specimens1 were smaller than the lion of the present4 ,according to ,sir ,john ,lubbock the 8,irish elk1 the elephants and the three species of rhinoceros are1 perhaps1 the only ones which are absolutely extinct40 ,prehistoric ,times1 p4 #bij4 8,out of seventeen principal #8palolithic' mammalia1 ten1 until recently1 were regarded #8extinct2' but it is now believed that the above-mentioned elk1 elephants and rhinoceros are the only extinct mammalia4 ,dr4 ,wilson affirms that skeletons of the ,irish elk have been found at ,curragh1 ,ireland1 in marshes1 some of the bones of which were in such fresh condition that the marrow is described as having the appearance of fresh suet1 and burning with a clear flame40 ,professor ,agassiz admits the continuance of the ,irish elk to the fourteenth century to be 8probable40 ,it is certain that this elk continued in ,ireland down to what is claimed as the age of iron1 and possibly in ,germany down to the twelfth century4 ,it is also certain that it was a companion of the mammoth and of the woolly rhinoceros4 ,the aurochs1 or ,european bison1 whose remains are found in the river gravel and the older bone caves1 is mentioned by ,pliny and ,seneca4 ,they speak of it as existing in their time2 it is also named in the ,niebelungen ,lied4 ,it existed in ,prussia as late as #agge1 and is still found wild in the ,caucasus4 ,the present ,emperor of ,russia has twelve herds1 which are protected in the forests of ,lithuania4 ,during the session of the ,international ,archological ,congress at ,stockholm1 in #ahgd1 the members of the body made an excursion to the isle of ,bjorko1 in ,lake ,malar1 near ,stockholm1 where there is an ancient cemetery of two thousand tumuli4 ,within a few hundred yards from this is the site of the ancient town4 ,several trenches were run through this locality1 and many relics obtained by the members of the congress4 ,on the occasion ,dr4 ,stolpe1 who was familiar with the previous discoveries at this point1 delivered a lecture on the island and its remains4 ,they all1 he stated1 belong to the second age of iron in ,sweden1 and consisted of implements of iron1 ornaments of bronze1 and animal bones2 ,kufic coins have been found1 along with cowrie-shells1 and silver bracelets4 ,the number of animal bones met with is immense1 more than fifty species being represented1 and what is especially noteworthy1 the marrow bones were all crushed or split1 just as in the paleolithic times4 ,the principal wild beasts were the lynx1 the wolf1 the fox1 the beaver1 the elk1 the reindeer1 etc4 ,dr4 ,stolpe refers the formation of this 8pre-historic0 city to 8about the middle of the eighth century after ,christ10 and says it was probably destroyed 8about the middle of the eleventh century40 8,during this period the reindeer existed in this part of ,sweden40 ,recent scientific discovery demands that we should almost modernize the animals we used to regard as belonging to a period of a hundred thousand years ago4 8,scientists have been addicted to unwise and inconsiderate haste in the announcement of new theories touching alleged facts2 they have blundered repeatedly in their efforts to confound the ,christian and set aside ,moses4 ,no less than eighty theories touching that many facts and discoveries have been developed during the period of fifty years1 that were brought before the ,institute of ,france in #ahjf1 and not one of them survives to-day40 ,truly the history of scientific investigation reveals the same fallibility of human nature that is known in the many errors found in the line of theological investigation4 ,truth1 in science and religion1 stands true to her ,god--man alone deviates4 ,,draper',s ,,conflict ,,between ,,religion ,,and ,,science4 ,no one idea has produced a greater sensation among skeptics and unbelievers than the idea of a conflict between science and ,christianity4 ,the history of the affair reminds us of the ghost stories that frighten people in their boyish days4 ,there was1 in truth1 no foundation for the sensation4 ,mr4 ,draper never intended that his work entitled 8,conflict between ,religion and ,science10 should be construed to mean ,conflict between the ,bible and ,science1 or between ,christianity1 as set forth by the primitive ,christians and science1 but conflict between apostate religion and science2 or1 rather1 between corruptors of the ancient religion and science4 ,he says1 8,i have had little to say respecting the two great ,christian confessions1 the protestant and the ,greek churches4 ,as to the latter1 it has never1 since the restoration of science1 arrayed itself in opposition to the advancement of knowledge4 ,on the contrary1 it has always met it with welcome4 ,it has observed a reverential attitude to truth1 from whatever quarter it might come4 ,recognizing the apparent discrepancies between its interpretations of revealed truth and the discoveries of science1 it has always expected that satisfactory explanations and reconciliations would ensue1 and in this it has not been disappointed40 ,will all who read these lines take notice that ,mr4 ,draper takes the ,christian's side in the above statement4 8,in this it has not been disappointed40 ,in what8 ,answer--,its expectation that satisfactory explanations and reconciliations would follow the discoveries of science1 by means of which apparent discrepancies between the church's interpretations of revealed truth and the discoveries of science would disappear4 ,mr4 ,draper adds1 8,it would have been well for modern civilization if the ,roman church had done the same40 ,he guards his readers by the following3 8,in speaking of ,christianity1 reference is generally made to the ,roman church1 partly because its adherents compose the majority of ,christendom1 partly because its demands are the most pretentious1 and partly because it has commonly sought to enforce those demands by the civil power4 ,none of the protestant churches have ever occupied a position so imperious1 none have ever had such widespread political influence4 ,for the most part they have been averse to constraint1 and except in very few instances their opposition has not passed beyond the exciting of theological odium40 ,preface1 pp4 #aj1 #aa4 ,on pages #bae and #baf1 speaking upon the great question of the proper relations of ,christianity and science1 ,mr4 ,draper says3 8,in the annals of ,christianity the most ill-omened day is that in which she separated herself from science4 ,she compelled ,origen1 at that time 7,a4 ,d4 #bca7 its chief representative and supporter in the church1 to abandon his charge in ,alexandria and retire to ,csarea4 ,in vain through many subsequent centuries did her leading men spend themselves in1 as the phrase then went1 #8drawing forth the internal juice and marrow of the scriptures for the explaining of things4' ,universal history from the third to the sixteenth century shows with what result4 ,the dark ages owe their darkness to this fatal policy40 ,the pure ,christianity1 as well as ,christians of #bca years1 are exonerated by ,mr4 ,draper4 ,unbeliever1 will you remember this8 ,many unbelievers1 like drowning men catching at straws1 have endeavored to make it appear that ,mr4 ,draper's book1 entitled 8,conflict ,between ,religion and ,science10 makes a square fight between the ,bible and science4 ,so far is this from the truth that1 on the contrary1 it does not even set up a square issue between ,protestantism and science2 its issue lies between ,roman ,catholic religion and science4 ,hear him3 8,then has it1 in truth1 come to this1 that ,roman ,christianity and science are recognized by their respective adherents as being absolutely incompatible2 they can not exist together2 one must yield to the other2 mankind must make its choice--it can not have both4 ,while such is1 perhaps1 the issue as regards ,catholicism1 a reconciliation of the reformation with science is not only possible1 but would easily take place if the protestant churches would only live up to their maxim taught by ,luther and established by so many years of war4 ,that maxim is the right of private interpretation of the scriptures4 ,it was the foundation of intellectual liberty40 7,did ,luther say the foundation of intellectual liberty87 ,but if a personal interpretation of the book of ,revelation is permissible1 how can it be denied in the case of the book of nature8 ,in the misunderstandings that have taken place1 we must ever bear in mind the infirmities of men4 ,the generations that immediately followed the reformation may perhaps be excused for not comprehending the full significance of cardinal principle1 and for not on all occasions carrying it into effect4 ,when ,calvin caused ,servetus to be burnt he was animated1 not by the principles of the reformation1 but by those of ,catholicism1 from which he had not been able to emancipate himself completely4 ,and when the clergy of influential protestant confessions have stigmatized the investigators of nature as infidels and atheists1 the same may be said4 7,no man should be called by a name that does not truthfully represent him47 ,now listen to ,mr4 ,draper3 8,for ,catholicism to reconcile itself to science1 there are formidable1 perhaps insuperable obstacles in the way4 ,for protestantism to achieve that great result there are not40--,conflict ,between ,religion and ,science1 pp4 #cfc1 #cfd4 ,thus ,draper speaks for himself4 ,,facts ,,speak ,,louder ,,than ,,words1 ,,or ,,what ,,christianity ,,has ,,done ,,for ,,cannibals4 ,the ,fijians1 a quarter of a century ago1 were noted for cannibalism4 ,the following scrap of history may be of importance as a shadow to contrast with the sunshine4 ,it is taken from ,wood's ,history of the ,uncivilized ,races3 ,the ,fijians are more devoted to cannibalism than the ,new ,zealanders1 and their records are still more appalling4 ,a ,new ,zealander has sometimes the grace to feel ashamed of mentioning the subject in the hearing of an ,european1 whereas it is impossible to make a ,fijian really feel that in eating human flesh he has committed an unworthy act4 ,he sees1 indeed1 that the white man exhibits great disgust at cannibalism1 but in his heart he despises him for wasting such luxurious food as human flesh4444 ,the natives are clever enough at concealing the existence of cannibalism when they find that it shocks the white men4 ,an ,european cotton grower1 who had tried unsuccessfully to introduce the culture of cotton into ,fiji1 found1 after a tolerable long residence1 that four or five human beings were killed and eaten weekly4 ,there was plenty of food in the place1 pigs were numerous1 and fish1 fruit and vegetables abundant4 ,but the people ate human bodies as often as they could get them1 not from any superstitious motive1 but simply because they preferred human flesh to pork4444 ,many of the people actually take a pride in the number of human bodies which they have eaten4 ,one chief was looked upon with great respect on account of his feats of cannibalism1 and the people gave him a title of honor4 ,they called him the ,turtle-pond1 comparing his insatiable stomach to the pond in which turtles are kept2 and so proud were they of his deeds1 that they even gave a name of honor to the bodies brought for his consumption1 calling them the 8,contents of the ,turtle-pond40 444 ,one man gained a great name among his people by an act of peculiar atrocity4 ,he told his wife to build an oven1 to fetch firewood for heating it1 and to prepare a bamboo knife4 ,as soon as she had concluded her labors her husband killed her1 and baked her in the oven which her own hands had prepared1 and afterward ate her4 ,sometimes a man has been known to take a victim1 bind him hand and foot1 cut slices from his arms and legs1 and eat them before his eyes4 ,indeed1 the ,fijians are so inordinately vain that they will do anything1 no matter how horrible1 in order to gain a name among their people2 and ,dr4 ,pritchard1 who knows them thoroughly1 expresses his wonder that some chief did not eat slices from his own limbs4 8,cannibalism is ingrained in the very nature of the ,fijian1 and extends through all classes of society4 ,it is true that there are some persons who have never eaten human flesh1 but there is always a reason for it4 ,women1 for example1 are seldom known to eat #8bakolo1' as human flesh is termed1 and there are a few men who have refrained from cannibalism through superstition4 ,every ,fijian has his special god1 who is supposed to have his residence in some animal4 ,one god1 for example1 lives in a rat1 another in a shark1 and so on4 ,the worshiper of that god never eats the animal in which his divinity resides1 and as some gods are supposed to reside in human beings1 their worshipers never eat the flesh of man40 ,recent ,history ,of ,the ,same ,people ,in ,brief4 8,in the ,fiji islands1 where half a century ago the favorite dish of food was human flesh1 there are at present eight hundred and forty-one chapels1 and two hundred and ninety-one other places where preaching is held1 with fifty-eight missionaries busily engaged in preparing the way for others4 ,the membership numbers twenty-three thousand two hundred and seventy-four persons40 ,the ,evangelist of ,january #bi1 #ahhj4 ,it is possible that some infidel might have been literally eaten up had it not been for the influence of the ,bible4 8,according to the accounts of some of the older chiefs1 whom we may believe or not as we like1 there was once a time when cannibalism did not exist4 ,many years ago some strangers from a distant land were blown upon the shores of ,fiji1 and received hospitably by the islanders1 who incorporated them into their own tribes1 and made much of them4 ,but1 in process of time1 these people became too powerful1 killed the ,fijian chiefs1 took their wives and property1 and usurped their office40 ,in the emergency the people consulted the priests1 who said that the ,fijians had brought their misfortunes upon themselves4 ,they had allowed strangers to live1 whereas 8,fiji for the ,fijians0 was the golden rule1 and from that time every male stranger was to be killed and eaten1 and every woman taken as a wife4 ,the only people free from this law were the ,tongans4 ,the state of the ,fijians is wonderfully changed--even an ,american infidel may now visit those people without being flayed and roasted and devoured4 8,the ,samoan islands have been entirely christianized4 ,out of a population of forty thousand1 thirty-five thousand are connected with ,christian churches4 8,in #ahcj the native ,christians in ,india1 ,burmah1 and ,north and ,south ,ceylon numbered #eg1jjj4 ,last ,october there were #dfj1jjj4 ,facts similar in character might be given of ,madagascar1 ,south ,africa and ,japan40 ,evangelist4 ,what a curse 787 the ,bible is to the poor heathen4 ,it robs them of their 8long-pig10 human flesh1 as well as their cruel1 murderous habits1 and curses them 787 with virtue and the hope of 8,,heaven40 ,,are ,,we ,,simply ,,animals8 ,what is man8 ,the materialist says1 8,he is the highest order of the animal kingdom1 or an animal gifted with intelligence40 ,if such be true1 it may be said with equal propriety1 that animals are men without reason4 ,are they8 ,does manhood consist in mere physical form8 ,can you find it in simple physical nature8 ,man holds many things in his physical nature in common with the animal2 but is he1 on this account1 to be considered as a mere animal8 ,there are plants that seem to form a bridge over the chasm lying between the vegetable and animal kingdoms4 ,are those plants animals without sensation8 ,why not8 ,what is the logical and scientific difference between saying plants1 which make the nearest approach to the animal are animals without sensation1 and saying animals are men without intelligence8 ,let it be understood at all times1 that if man is simply an animal endowed with the gift of reason1 an animal may be simply a vegetable endowed with the gift of sensation4 8,the bodies of mere animals are clothed with scales1 feathers1 fur1 wool or bristles1 which interpose between the skin and the elements that surround and affect the living animal40 ,all these insensible protectors 8ally animals more closely to the nature of vegetables40 8,the body of a human being has a beautiful1 thin1 highly sensitive skin1 which is not covered with an insensitive1 lifeless veil40 ,man's body is in noble contrast with all mere animals4 ,it is so formed that its natural position is erect4 8,the eyes are in front2 the ligaments of the neck are not capable of supporting1 for any considerable length of time1 the head when hanging down2 the horizontal position would force the blood to the head so violently that stupor would be the result4 ,the mouth serves the mind as well as the body itself4 ,according to the most critical calculation1 the muscles of the mouth are so movable that it may pronounce fifteen hundred letters40 ,what a wonderful musical instrument4 ,the mouth of the mere animal serves only physical purposes4 ,man turns his head from right to left1 from earth to sky1 from the slimy trail of the crustacean in the ocean's bottom to the contemplation of the innumerable stars in the heavens4 ,the human body was created for the mind2 its structure is correlated with mind4 ,the animal has a sentient life2 man an intelligent1 reasoning nature4 ,when animals are infuriated and trample beneath their feet everything that lies in their way1 we do not say they are insane1 but mad4 8,man is an intelligent spirit10 or mind1 8served by an organism40 ,we know that mind exists by our consciousness of that which passes within us4 ,the propriety of the sayings of ,descartes1 8,i think1 therefore ,i am10 rests upon the consciousness that we are thinking beings4 ,this intelligence is not obtained by the exercise of any of the senses4 ,it does not depend upon external surroundings4 ,its existence is a fact of consciousness1 of certain knowledge1 and hence a fact in mental science4 ,we are continually conscious of the existence of the mind1 which makes its own operations the object of its own thought2 that it should have no existence is a contradiction in language4 ,experience teaches us that the materialistic theory of the existence of the mind is utterly false4 ,in an act of perception ,i distinguish the pen in my hand1 and the hand itself1 from my mind which perceives them4 ,this distinction is a fact of the faculty of perception--a particular fact of a particular faculty4 ,but the general fact of a general distinction of which this is only a special case1 is the distinction of the ,i and not ,i1 which belongs to the consciousness as the general faculty4 ,he who denies the contrast between mind-knowing and matter-known is dishonest1 for it is a fact of consciousness1 and such can not be honestly denied4 ,the facts given in consciousness itself can not be honestly doubted1 much less denied4 ,materialists have claimed that mind is simply the result of the molecular action of the brain4 ,this theory is as unreal as ,banquo's ghost--it will not bear a moment's investigation4 ,it is simply confounding the action of the mind upon the brain with the mind itself4 ,every effect must have a cause4 ,when ,i make a special mental effort what is the cause lying behind the effort8 ,is it the molecular action of the brain8 ,i will to make the effort1 and do it4 ,then will power lies behind brain action4 ,but power is a manifest energy2 there is something lying behind it to which it belongs as an attribute2 what is it8 ,answer1 will4 ,but1 where there is a will there must of a necessity be that which wills4 ,what is it that wills to make a special mental effort--that lies away back 8behind the throne0 and controls the helm8 ,it is evidently the ,i1 myself1 the 8inner man10 the spirit4 ,on one occasion1 when some of the disciples of the ,nazarene were sleepy1 ,jesus said to them1 8,the spirit indeed is willing1 but the flesh is weak40 ,it is the spirit that wills to make a special mental effort4 ,here is the 8font0 of all our ideas4 8,what man knoweth the things of a man1 save the spirit of man which is in him80 #a ,cor41 ii1 #aa4 ,will1 as an effect1 belongs to the spirit of man1 as the cause lying behind4 ,beyond this no man can trace this subject1 short of crossing over from the spirit of man to the invisible ,father of spirits4 ,the spirit of man is a wonderful intelligence6 8,the body without the spirit is dead1 being alone40 ,when we analyze the physical structure back to the germ and sperm-cells we are brought face to face with the invisible builder4 ,call it what you may1 it still remains the same invisible architect1 which1 being matter's master1 built the organism4 ,we live1 and breathe2 we die1 and cease breathing4 ,dead bodies do not breathe4 ,therefore1 life lies behind breath1 and spirit behind life4 ,so life and breath are both effects1 which find their ultimate or cause in spirit4 ,this at once sets aside all that materialists have said in order to show that spirit and breath are one and the same4 ,the original term1 translated by the term spirit has1 in its history1 away back in the past1 a physical currency4 ,the old-fashioned materialist or 8soul-sleeper0 finds his fort in this fact4 ,his entire aim is to get the people back to an old and obsolete currency of the term 8pneuma40 ,if we lay aside words which were used in a physical sense1 in times gone by1 we will not have many words to express the ideas embraced in mental science4 ,in ancient times 8pneuma0 signified both mind and wind1 or air4 ,in later times it lost its physical currency1 and no longer signifies1 in its general currency1 breath or air4 ,the adjective1 8pneumatikos10 is never used in a physical sense4 ,it came into use too late4 ,we have many examples of old meanings passing away from words4 8,sapientia10 in ,latin originally meant only the power of tasting4 ,at present it means wisdom1 prudence1 discretion1 discernment1 good sense1 knowledge1 practical wisdom1 philosophy1 calmness1 patience4 ,the word 8sagacitas10 originally meant only the faculty of scenting1 now it means the power of seeing or perceiving anything easily4 ,in old literature we may read of the sagacity of dogs2 keenness of scent4 ,but it is now sharpness of wit2 keenness of perception1 subtilty1 shrewdness1 acuteness1 penetration1 ingenuity4 ,the terms1 8attentio10 8intentio10 8comprehensio10 8apprehensio10 8penetratio10 and understanding are all just so many bodily actions transferred to the expression of mental energies4 ,there is just the same reason for giving to all these terms their old1 obsolete1 physical currency that there is for giving to pneuma1 or spirit1 the old obsolete currency of wind or air4 ,you must ever remember that it is the business of lexicographers in giving the history of words1 to set before you the first as well as the latest use of terms4 ,in strict harmony with all this ,greenfield gives 8pneuma0 thus3 #a4 ,wind1 air in motion1 breathing1 breath1 expiration1 respiration1 spirit1 i4 e4 the human soul1 that is1 the vital principle in man1 life4 ,matthew xxvii1 #ej2 ,rev4 xiii1 #ae4 #b4 ,of the rational soul1 mind1 that principle in man which thinks1 feels1 desires1 and wills4 ,matthew v1 #c1 #bf1 #da4 #c4 ,of the human soul after its departure from the body1 a spirit1 soul4 ,acts xxiii1 #h1 #i2 ,hebrews xii1 #bc4 #d4 ,spc4 ,spirit1 that is1 temper1 disposition1 affections1 feelings1 inclination1 qualities of mind4 #e4 ,construed with 8mou0 and 8sou0 7,i and thou71 it forms a periphrasis for the corresponding personal pronoun4 ,mark ii1 #h2 ,luke i1 #dg4 ,a spirit1 that is1 ,a ,,simple1 ,,spiritual1 ,,incorporeal1 ,,intelligent ,,being4 ,spoken of ,god4 ,john iv1 #bd4 ,of angels4 ,hebrews i1 #ad4 ,of evil spirits1 ,matthew viii1 #af2 ,mark ix1 #bj4 ,a divine spirit1 spoken of the spiritual nature of ,christ4 #a ,corinthians xv1 #de2 #a ,peter iii1 #ah4 ,of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,matthew iii1 #af-bh2 ,john xv1 #bf2 ,acts i1 #h2 ,romans ix1 #a4 ,robinson1 in his ,lexicon1 sums up the history of its use thus3 #a4 ,pneuma1 from pneo1 to breathe4 ,a breathing1 breath4 #a4 ,of the mouth or nostrils1 a breathing1 blast4 ,the destroying power of ,god4 ,isaiah xi1 #d2 ,psalm xxxiii1 #f4 ,the breath4 ,revelations xi1 #aa4 8,breath of life40 ,genesis vi1 #ag2 vii1 #ae-bb4 #b4 ,breath of air4 ,air in motion1 a breeze1 blast1 the wind4 #c4 ,the spirit of man1 that is1 the vital spirit1 life1 soul4 #d4 ,the rational spirit1 mind1 soul 7,latin animus71 generally opposed to the body or animal 7disposition7 spirit4 #a ,thessalonians v1 #bc2 #a ,corinthians xiv1 #ad4 #e4 ,it implies will1 council1 purpose4 ,matthew xxvi1 #da2 ,mark xiv1 #ch2 ,acts xviii1 #e2 xix1 #ba2 #a ,chronicles v1 #bf2 ,ezra i1 #a4 #f4 ,it includes the understanding1 intellect4 ,mark ii1 #h2 ,luke i1 #hj1 and ii1 #dj2 #a ,corinthians ii1 #aa1 #ab2 ,exodus xxviii1 #c2 ,job xx1 #c2 ,isaiah xxix1 #bd4 #g4 ,a spirit1 that is1 a simple1 incorporeal1 immaterial being1 possessing higher capacities than man in his present state4 ,of created spirits1 the human spirit1 soul1 after its departure from the body and as existing in a separate state4 ,hebrews xii1 #bc2 that is1 to the spirits of just men made perfect4 ,robinson renders it thus3 8,to the spirits of the just advanced to perfect happiness and glory40 ,it is spoken of ,god in reference to his immateriality4 ,john1 iv1 #bd4 ,of ,christ in his exalted spiritual nature in distinction from his human nature4 ,in ,hebrews1 ix1 #ad1 in contrast with perishable nature4 8,the eternal spirit10 ,holy spirit1 spirit of ,god4--,robinson's ,lexicon4 ,from all this it will be seen that it is impossible to limit the term spirit to its ancient physical currency4 ,our term mind is1 for two reasons1 a better word for its place in modern literature4 ,first1 it never had a physical application4 ,second1 the terms are used indifferently in the ,new ,testament when they relate to man4 ,see ,romans1 i1 #i and vii1 #be4 ,all spirits are one in kind2 in character the difference lies2 that is1 spirits are all imperishable4 ,it is not in the nature of a spirit to cease to be4 ,if it is1 then there is no imperishable nature that is revealed to man4 ,i submit for consideration the thought that there is no difference in the final results between the man who denies the existence of spirits altogether and the man who allows that spirits may cease to exist4 8,we are cognizant of the existence of spirit by our direct consciousness of feelings1 desires and ideas1 which are to us the most certain of all realities40--,carpenter4 8,the body continually requires new materials and a continued action of external agencies4 ,but the mind1 when it has been once called into activity and has become stored with ideas1 may remain active and may develop new relations and combinations among these1 after the complete closure of the sensorial inlets by which new ideas can be excited #8ab externo4' ,such1 in fact1 is what is continually going on in the state of dreaming4444 ,the mind thus feeds upon the store of ideas which it has laid up during the activity of the sensory organs1 and those impressions which it retains in its consciousness are working up into a never ending variety of combinations and successions of ideas1 thus affording new sources of mental activity even to the very end of life40--,carpenter4 ,in death the spirit returns to ,god1 who gave it1 retaining1 doubtless1 all its store of ideas and all its own inherent activities1 which will continue while eternity endures4 ,,our ,,relations ,,to ,,the ,,ancient ,,law ,,and ,,prophets--,,what ,,are ,,they8 ,the above questions can not be answered intelligently without a knowledge of the character of the law1 and of its relations to humanity1 as well as a knowledge of the relations of the ancient prophets4 ,the law given at ,sinai as a 8covenant10 with all the laws contained in the 8,book of the ,law10 was political in character2 that is to say1 it pertained to a community or nation4 ,such law is always political in its character4 ,the ancient law pertained to the nation of the ,jews4 ,it was given to them as a community1 and to no other people4 ,moses said1 8,and the ,lord spake unto you out of the midst of fire3 ,ye heard the voice of the words1 but saw no similitude2 only ye heard a voice4 ,and he declared unto you his covenant1 which he commanded you to perform1 even ten commandments2 and he wrote them upon two tables of stone40 ,deut4 iv1 #ab1 #ac4 8,and the ,lord said unto ,moses1 ,write thou these words2 for after the tenor of these words ,i have made a covenant with thee and with ,israel4444 ,and he wrote upon the tables the words of the covenant1 the ten commandments40 ,exodus xxxiv1 #bg1 #bh4 8,the ,lord our ,god made a covenant with us in ,horeb4 ,the ,lord made not this covenant with our fathers1 but with us1 who are all of us here alive this day40 ,deut4 v1 #b1 #c4 8,behold1 ,i have taught you statutes and judgments1 even as the ,lord my ,god commanded me1 that ye should do so in the land whither ye go to possess it4 ,keep1 therefore1 and do them2 for this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations1 which shall hear all these statutes1 and say1 ,surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people4 ,for what nation is there so great who hath ,god so nigh unto them1 as the ,lord our ,god is in all things that we call upon him for8 ,and what nation is there so great that hath statutes and judgments so righteous as all this law which ,i set before you this day40 ,deut4 iv1 #e1 #h4 ,the law or covenant1 as written upon the two tables of stone1 is given in full in one place1 and only one1 in all the book of the law1 and ,i will now transcribe it from the fifth chapter of ,deut4 ,here it is3 8,i am the ,lord1 thy ,god1 which brought thee out of the land of ,egypt1 from the house of bondage2 thou shalt have none other gods before me2 thou shalt not make thee any graven image1 or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above1 or that is in the earth beneath1 or that is in the waters beneath the earth2 thou shalt not bow down thyself unto them or serve them1 for ,i1 the ,lord1 thy ,god1 am a jealous ,god1 visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me1 and showing mercy unto thousands of them that love me and keep my commandments4 8,thou shalt not take the name of the ,lord1 thy ,god1 in vain2 for the ,lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain4 8,keep the ,sabbath day to sanctify it1 as the ,lord1 thy ,god1 hath commanded thee4 ,six days shalt thou labor and do all thy work1 but the seventh is the ,sabbath of the ,lord1 thy ,god2 in it thou shalt not do any work2 thou1 nor thy son1 nor thy daughter1 nor thy maid-servant1 nor thine ox1 nor thine ass1 nor any of thy cattle1 nor thy stranger that is within thy gates1 that thy man-servant and maid-servant may rest as well as thou2 and remember that thou wast a servant in the land of ,egypt1 and that the ,lord1 thy ,god1 brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and by a stretched out arm2 ,,therefore1 ,,the ,,lord1 ,,thy ,,god1 ,,commanded ,,thee ,,to ,,keep ,,the ,,sabbath ,,day4 8,honor thy father and thy mother1 as the ,lord thy ,god hath commanded thee2 that thy days may be prolonged1 and that it may go well with thee in the land which the ,lord thy ,god giveth thee4 8,thou shalt not kill4 8,neither shalt thou commit adultery4 8,neither shalt thou steal4 8,neither shalt thou bear false witness against thy neighbor4 8,neither shalt thou desire thy neighbor's wife1 neither shalt thou covet thy neighbor's house1 his field1 or his man-servant1 or his maid-servant1 his ox1 or his ass1 or any thing that is thy neighbor's4 8,these words the ,lord spake unto all your assembly in the mount1 out of the midst of the fire1 of the cloud and of the thick darkness1 with a great voice2 and he added no more4 ,and he wrote them in two tables of stone1 and delivered them unto me40 ,this is the covenant as it was written upon the tables of stone4 ,it is1 by its facts1 limited to the ,jews1 for they are the only people who were ever delivered from bondage in ,egypt4 ,the abrogation of this covenant is clearly presented in the following language1 found in ,zechariah1 the eleventh chapter and tenth verse3 8,and ,i took my staff1 even ,beauty1 and cut it asunder1 that ,i might break my covenant which ,i had made with all the people4 ,and it was broken in that day2 and so the poor of the flock that waited upon me knew that it was the word of the ,lord4 ,and ,i said unto them1 ,if ye think good1 give me my price2 and if not1 forbear4 ,so they weighed for my price thirty pieces of silver40 ,this language had its fulfillment in the sale which ,judas ,iscariot made of his ,lord and the abrogation of the ancient covenant or law4 ,the prophets were not confined to the kingdom of ,israel1 or to any one kingdom1 nor yet to any one dispensation4 ,they bore the word of the ,lord to all the nations1 as we learn from such language as this3 8,the burden of the word of the ,lord to ,ninevah1 to ,sidon1 to ,tyre1 to ,idumea1 to ,babylon1 to ,samaria1 to ,egypt10 and to many others4 ,it is very remarkable that no such latitude or longitude of relationships belongs to the ancient law4 ,it was confined to the ,israelites4 ,the ,heavenly ,father spake not to the ancients by his ,son1 but by the prophets4 ,and much of that which they spake pertained to our own dispensation and to our own religion4 ,much1 very much1 of that which they gave lies in the very foundation of our religion4 ,we should always distinguish1 carefully1 between the ,law and the prophets1 and between these two and the psalms1 remembering1 however1 that prophesy belongs also to many of the psalms4 ,the abrogated covenant1 or law1 that was done away1 was written upon stones4 ,it1 with all the laws which were after its tenor1 was supplanted by the law of ,christ4 ,it was added because of transgression till ,christ1 8the seed10 should come4 ,when he came it expired by limitation1 and through his authority the neighborly restrictions or limitations were taken off from moral precepts1 which were re-enacted by him4 ,,the ,,funeral ,,services ,,of ,,the ,,national ,,liberal ,,league4 ,the decent members of the ,liberal ,league1 who formed it to express their convictions1 and who withdrew and formed a rival ,league when they found that the old organization had gone over to the defense of indecency1 who gave to the ,league all the character it had1 and who had great hopes at one time of destroying the influence of the preachers of the ,gospel of ,christ1 and thereby ridding our country of that terrible pest called the ,bible1 have given up their name4 ,their 8priests0 have adopted the following arraignment of their old organization1 a legitimate child of their own3 8,voted that1 in the judgment of this ,board1 the name #8,national ,liberal ,league' has become so widely and injuriously associated in the public mind with attempts to repeal the postal laws prohibiting the circulation of obscene literature by mail1 with the active propagandism of demoralizing and licentious social theories1 and with the support of officials and other public representatives who are on good grounds believed to have been guilty of gross immoralities1 that it has been thereby unfitted for use by any organization which desires the support of the friends of #8natural morality4' 0 ,thus the child went into a far country and fed among swine1 and1 failing to come to itself and return to its father's house1 the old gentleman disinherited it1 once and forever4 ,a younger son1 however1 is christened 8,liberal ,union10 and whether it will remain at home to take care of the old man in his dotage remains to be seen4 ,,huxley',s ,,paradox4 8,the whole analogy of natural operations furnish so complete and crushing an argument against the intervention of any but what are called secondary causes1 in the production of all the phenomena of the universe1 that1 in view of the intimate relations of man and the rest of the living world1 and between the forces exerted by the latter and all other forces1 ,i can see no reason for doubting that all are co-ordinate terms of nature's great progression1 from formless to formed1 from the inorganic to the organic1 from blind force to conscious intellect and will40 ,huxley's ,evidence of ,man's ,place in ,nature1 ,london1 #ahfd1 p4 #ajg4 ,a writer in the ,spectator charged ,professor ,huxley with ,atheism4 ,the professor replies1 in the number of that paper for ,february #aj1 #ahff1 thus3 8,i do not know that ,i care very much about popular odium1 so there is no great merit in saying that if ,i really saw fit to deny the existence of a ,god ,i should certainly do so for the sake of my own intellectual freedom1 and be the honest ,atheist you are pleased to say ,i am4 ,as it happens1 however1 ,i can not take this position with honesty1 inasmuch as it is1 and always has been1 a favorite tenet that ,atheism is as absurd1 logically speaking1 as ,polytheism40 ,in the same sheet1 he says3 8,the denying the possibility of miracles seems to me quite as unjustifiable as ,atheism40 ,is ,huxley in conflict with ,huxley8 ,,the ,,triumphing ,,reign ,,of ,,light4 ,the next psychic cycle1 it seems to me1 will witness a synthesis of thought and faith1 a recognition of the fact that it is impossible for reason to find solid ground that is not consecrated ground2 that all philosophy and all science belong to religion2 that all truth is a revelation of ,god2 that the truths of written revelation1 if not intelligible to reason1 are nevertheless consonant with reason2 and that divine agency1 instead of standing removed from man by infinite intervals of time and space1 is1 indeed1 the true name of those energies which work their myriad phenomena in the natural world around us4 ,this consummation--at once the inspiration of a fervent religion and the prophecy of the loftiest science--is to be the noontide reign of wedded intellect and faith1 whose morning rays already stream far above our horizon4--,winchell4 ,re4 and ,sci4 p4 #hd4 ------------------------------------- 8,experience proves to us that the matter which we regard as inert and dead1 assumes action1 intelligence1 and life1 when it is combined in a certain way40--,atheist4 8,but how does a germ come to live80--,deist4 8,life is organization with feeling40--,atheist4 8,but that you have these two properties from the motion of0 dead atoms1 or matter alone1 it is impossible to give any proof2 and if it can not be proved1 why affirm it8 ,why say aloud1 8,i know10 while you say to yourself1 8,i know not80--,voltaire4 ------------------------------------- ,when you venture to affirm that matter acts of itself by an eternal necessity1 it must be demonstrated like a proposition in ,euclid1 otherwise you rest your system only on a perhaps4 ,what a foundation for that which is most interesting to the human race6--,voltaire4