file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #bhjig-;h4htm or #bhjig-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/h_ /j_/i_/bhjig_/bhjig-;h_/#bhjig-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/h_ /j_/i_/bhjig_/bhjig-;h4zip7 ,,engli%3 ,,composition ,,& ,,lit]ature by ,w4 ,f4 ,,web/] ,pr9cipal ( ! ,ea/ ,high ,s*ool ,m9neapolis1 ,m9nesota ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company ,bo/on3 #d ,p>k ,/reet2 ,new ,york3 #he ,fif? ,av5ue ,*icago3 #cgh-chh ,waba% ,av5ue ,! ,riv]side ,press ,cambridge ,copyright1 #aijj & #aijb1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,web/] ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,,preface ,9 ,july1 #ahih1 ,i pres5t$ at ! ,national ,educational ,association1 conv5$ 9 ,wa%+ton1 a ,c\rse ( ,/udy 9 ,engli%4 ,at ,los ,angeles1 9 #ahii1 ! ,association indors$ ! pr9ciples#a ( ?is c\rse1 & made x ! basis ( ! ,c\rse 9 ,engli% = ,high ,s*ools4 ,at ! reque/ ( fri5ds1 ,i h prep>$ ?is %ort text-book1 outl9+ ! me?od ( c>ry+ =w>d ! c\rse1 & emphasiz+ ! pr9ciples necess>y = ! intellig5t communication ( ideas4 ,x has n be5 ! purpose to write a rhetoric4 ,! _m f9e di/9ctions & divisions1 ! r>efi$ examples ( v beautiful =ms ( language :i* a "y pupil _c possibly reproduce1 or ev5 appreciate1 h be5 omitt$4 ,to tea* ! me?ods ( simple1 direct1 & accurate expression has be5 ! purpose2 & ?is is all t c be expect$ ( a high s*ool c\rse 9 ,engli%4 ,! tea*+ ( composition diff]s f ! tea*+ ( ,lat9 or ma!matics 9 ?is po9t3 :]eas pupils c be compell$ to solve a def9ite numb] ( problems or to read a giv5 numb] ( l9es1 x is n possible to compel expression ( ! full ?\ght4 ,! full ?\ght is made ( an intellectual & an emotional elem5t4 ,:atev] is intellectual may be compell$ by d9t ( %e] purpose2 :atev] is emotional mu/ spr+ undriv5 by outside au?ority1 & uncompell$ by inside det]m9ation4 ,a boy saws a cord ( wood because he has be5 comm&$ by 8 fa!r2 b he _c laugh or cry because direct$ to d s by ! same au?ority4 ,!re mu/ be ! conditions :i* call =? smiles or te>s4 ,s !re mu/ be ! conditions :i* call =? ! full expression ( ?\ght1 bo? :at is intellectual & :at is emotional4 ,?is means t ! subject %all be "o ( :i* ! writ] kn[s some?+1 & 9 :i* he is int]e/$2 t ! dem&s 9 ! composition %all n be made a disc\ragem5t2 & t ! tea*] %all be compet5t & en?usia/ic1 inspir+ 9 ea* pupil a desire to say truly & adequately ! be/ he ?9ks & feels4 ,^! conditions _c be realiz$ :ile work+ ) dead fragm5ts ( language2 b !y are realiz$ :ile con/ruct+ liv+ :oles ( composition4 ,x is n two decades ago :5 ! pupil 9 draw+ 0 compell$ to make /raight l9es until he made !m all crook$4 ,! pupil 9 manual tra9+ began by draw+ int]sect+ l9es on two sides ( a bo>d2 !n he drove nails into ! int]sections on "o side1 hop+ t !y w\ld hit ! correspond+ po9ts on ! o!r4 ,n[ no s+le l9e or ex]cise is an end 9 itself2 x contributes to "s :ole4 ,"u ! old me?od ! pupil did n c>e or try to draw a /raight l9e1 or to drive a nail /raight2 b n[1 9 ord] t he may realize ! idea t lies 9 8 m9d1 he does c>e & he does try3 s l9es are drawn bett] & nails are driv5 /raight] ?an be=e4 ,9 all tra9+ t comb9es intellect & h&1 ! pr9ciple has be5 recogniz$ t ! be/ "w is done :5 ! pupil's int]e/ has be5 enli/$ by mak+ ea* ex]cise contribute directly to ! con/ruction ( "s :ole4 ,only 9 ! range ( ! spiritual are we tw5ty ye>s beh9d "t1 try+ to get ! be/ con/ruction by compulsion4 ,x is q "t t we recogniz$ t ! be/ "w 9 composition c be done1 n :ile ! pupil is correct+ errors 9 ! use ( language :i* he nev] dream$ (1 nor :ile he is writ+ t5 similes or t5 p]iodic s5t5ces1 b :5 bo? intellect & feel+ comb9e & "w toge!r to produce "s :ole4 ,!n into ! con/ruction ( ?is :ole ! pupil w ?r[ all 8 /r5g?1 us+ ! mo/ apt comp>isons1 *oos+ ! be/ words1 fram+ adequate s5t5ces1 9 ord] t ! outw>d =m may wor?ily pres5t to o!rs :at to himself has appe>$ wor?y ( expression4 ,!re are "s p]sons :o say t o!r languages are taught by ! ^w & s5t5ce me?od2 !n :y n ,engli%8 ,^! p]sons ov]look ! fact t we are leav+ t me?od z rapidly z possible1 & adopt+ a m rational me?od :i* at once uses a language to communicate ?\ght4 ,& !y ov]look ano!r fact ( ev5 great] importance3 ! pupil ent]+ ! high s*ool is by no means a beg9n] 9 ,engli%4 ,he has be5 us+ ! language t5 or twelve ye>s1 & has a flu5cy ( expression 9 ,engli% :i* he _c atta9 9 ,g]man ?r\gh\t a high s*ool & college c\rse4 ,! conditions "u :i* a pupil beg9s ! /udy ( ,g]man 9 a high s*ool & ! /udy ( ,engli% composition are entirely dissimil>2 & a conclusion bas$ ^u a fanci$ analogy is wor?less4 ,x is pref]able1 !n1 to practice ! con/ruction ( :oles r ?an ! mak+ ( ex]cises2 & x is be/ at ! beg9n+ to /udy ! diff]5t k9ds ( :oles1 "o at a "t1 r ?an all toge!r4 ,no "o w\ld attempt to tea* elim9ation by addition & subtraction1 by comp>ison & by sub/itution1 all toge!r2 nor w\ld an in/ructor take up heat1 light1 & electricity toge!r4 ,9 algebra1 or physics1 c]ta9 great pr9ciples und]lie ! :ole subject2 & ^! appe> & reappe> z ! /udy progresses ?r\gh its alli$ p>ts4 ,/ill ! be/ results are obta9$ by tak+ up ^! sev]al divisions ( ! :ole "o aft] ano!r4 ,& 9 ,engli% ! mo/ c]ta9 & def9ite results are secur$ by /udy+ ! =ms ( disc\rse sep>ately1 le>n+ ! me?od ( apply+ to ea* ! great pr9ciples t und]lie all composition4 ,if ! =ms ( disc\rse are to be /udi$ "o aft] ano!r1 :i* %all be tak5 up fir/8 ,9 g5]al1 all composition may be sep>at$ into two divisions3 composition :i* deals ) ?+s1 includ+ n>ration & description2 & composition :i* deals ) ideas1 compris+ exposition & argum5t4 ,x ne$s no argum5t to ju/ify ! position t an essay :i* deals ) ?+s se5 & he>d is easi] = a beg9n] to con/ruct ?an an essay :i* deals ) ideas invisible & unhe>d4 ,:e!r n>ration or description %\ld prec$e appe>s yet to be undet]m9$2 = _m text-books treat "o fir/1 & p]haps z _m ! o!r4 ,i h ?\ght x wis] to beg9 ) ! %ort /ory1 because x is easi] to ga9 free1 spontane\s expression ) n>ration ?an ) description4 ,to write a :ole page ( description is a task = a ma/]1 & v few attempt x2 b = ! un9itiat$ amateur ab\t ?ree s5t5ces ( description m>k ! limit ( 8 ability to see & describe4 ,to get />t$1 to ga9 confid5ce 9 "o's ability to say some?+1 to acquire fre$om & spontaneity ( expression1--?is is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! practice ( composition4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 ! pupil has discov]$ t he really has some?+ to say1--en\gh inde$ to cov] ?ree or f\r pages ( 8 tablet pap]1--!n x may be "t to beg9 ! /udy ( description1 & to acquire m c>eful & accurate =ms ( expression4 ,spontaneity %\ld be acquir$ fir/1--crude & un=m$ x may be1 b spontaneity fir/2 & ?is spontaneity is be/ ga9$ :ile /udy+ n>ration4 ,!re c be b little "q ab\t ! ord] ( ! o!r =ms4 ,description1 /ill deal+ ) ! concrete1 (f]s an admirable opportunity = %ap+ & =m+ ! spontane\s expression ga9$ 9 n>ration4 ,foll[+ description1 9 ord] ( difficulty1 come exposition & argum5t4 ,i %\ld be q misund]/ood1 did any "o ga!r f ?is t dur+ ! "t 9 :i* :oles are be+ /udi$1 no att5tion is to be giv5 to p>ts2 t is1 to p>agraphs1 s5t5ces1 & words4 ,all ?+s _c be le>n$ at once & ?or\ghly2 !re mu/ be "s ord] ( succession4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! prim>y object to be aim$ at is ! con/ruction ( :oles2 yet dur+ _! con/ruction1 p>ts c also be incid5tally /udi$4 ,dur+ ?is "t _m errors :i* annoy & exasp]ate mu/ be pass$ ov] ) b a ^w1 9 ord] t ! weight ( ! criticism may be conc5trat$ on ! po9t !n "u consid]ation4 ,z a pupil advances1 he is m & m compet5t to appreciate & to =m good p>agraphs & well-turn$ s5t5ces1 & to s+le out f ! multitude ( v]bal signs ! ^w t exactly pres5ts 8 ?\ght4 ,! appreciation & ! use ( ! /rong] z well z ! f9] & m delicate =ms ( language come only ) mu* read+ & writ+2 & to dem& ev]y?+ at ! v beg9n+ is little less ?an %e] madness4 ,moreov] !re nev] comes a "t :5 ! con/ruction ( a p>agraph1 ! %ap+ ( a phrase1 or ! *oice ( a ^w becomes an end 9 itself4 ,p>agraphs1 s5t5ces1 & words are well *os5 :5 !y s]ve be/ ! :ole composition4 ,he :o becomes enamor$ ( "o =m ( p>agraph1 :o always uses p]iodic s5t5ces1 :o *ooses only common words1 has n yet recogniz$ t ! beauty ( a phrase or a ^w is det]m9$ by its fitness1 & t x is mo/ beautiful because x exactly suits ! place x fills4 ,! graceful sweep ( a l9e by ,praxiteles or ! glori\s radiancy ( a color by ,angelico is mo/ beautiful 9 ! place x took f ! ma/]'s h&4 ,s ,l[ell's weal? ( figurative language & ,/ev5son's un]r+ *oice ( delicate words are mo/ beautiful1 n :5 torn f _! orig9al sett+ to s]ve z examples 9 rhetorics1 b :5 fulfill+ _! "p 9 a well-plann$ :ole4 ,& x is only z ! beauties ( lit]ature are born ( ! ?\ght t !y ev] succe$4 ,no "o c say to himself1 ,i w n[ make a good simile1 & /raightway fulfill 8 promise4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ?\ght ( a writ] takes fire1 & in/ead ( ! cold1 unimpassion$ phraseology ( ! logician1 gl[+ images cr[d up1 & phrases tipp$ ) fire1 !n figurative language be/ suits ! ?\ght1--inde$1 x is ! ?\ght4 ,b imag]y ^u compulsion1--nev]4 ,s t at no "t %\ld "o attempt to m\ld f9e phrases = ! sake ( ! phrases !mselves1 b he %\ld sp>e no pa9s ) !m :5 !y spr+ f ! :ole1 :5 !y h>monize ) ! :ole1 & :5 !y give to ! :ole add$ beauty & /r5g?4 ,x is q unnecess>y at ?is day to urge ! /udy ( lit]ature4 ,x is 9 ! c\rse ( /udy = e second>y s*ool4 ,yet a ^w may be said ( ! value ( ?is /udy to ! practice ( composition4 ,!re are two classes ( arti/s3 g5iuses & m5 ( tal5t4 ,( g5iuses 9 lit]ature1 "o c c\nt ! names on 8 f+]s2 mo/ au?ors are simply m5 ( tal5t4 ,tal5t le>ns to d by do+1 & by obs]v+ h[ o!rs h done4 ,:5 ,brunelles*i left ,rome = ,flor5ce1 he _h closely obs]v$ & _h drawn e ar* ( ! /up5d\s ar*itecture 9 t anci5t city2 & s he 0 adjudg$ by 8 fell[ citiz5s to be ! only man compet5t to lift ! dome ( _! ,duomo4 ,8 obs]vation discov]$ ! secret ( ,rome's ar*itectural gr&eur2 & ! sl[ accumulation ( su* secrets m>ks ! developm5t ( e art & sci5ce4 ,milton _h 8 me?od ( writ+ prose1 ,macaulay 81 & ,arnold 81--all diff]5t & all excell5t4 ,& j z ! ar*itect /&s be=e ! ca!drals ( ,cologne1 ,milan1 & ,salisbury to le>n ! secret ( ea*2 z ! pa9t] se>*es out ! secret ( ,raphael1 ,murillo1 & ,rembr&t2 s ! au?or analyzes ! ma/]pieces ( lit]ature to discov] ! secret ( ,irv+1 ( ,eliot1 & ( ,burke4 ,n t an au?or is to be a s]vile imitator ( any man's mann]2 b t1 hav+ k ( all ! secrets ( composition1 he %all s be enabl$ to set =? = o!rs 8 own ?\ght 9 all ! beauty & p]fection 9 :i* he himself conceives x4 ,"o ?+ fur!r4 ,a l&scape pa9t] w\ld n make a prim>y /udy ( ,angelo's anatomical draw+s2 a compos] ( lyric =ms ( music w\ld n /udy ,s\sa's m>*es2 nor w\ld a p]son writ+ a /ory look = mu* assi/ance 9 ! argum5ts ( ,burke4 ,! mo/ direct b5efit is d]iv$ f /udy+ ! v ?+ "o wi%es to "k ab\t1 n f /udy+ some?+ else4 ,t ! lit]ature may give ! greate/ possible assi/ance to ! composition1 ! c\rse has be5 s arrang$ t n>ration %all be taught by ,haw?orne & ,irv+1 description by ,rusk9 & ,/ev5son1 exposition by ,macaulay & ,newman1 & argum5t by ,web/] & ,burke4 ,lit]ature1 arrang$ 9 ?is mann]1 is n only a /imulus to r5ew$ ef=t1 by %[+ :at o!rs h done2 x is also ! mo/ skillful in/ructor 9 ! art ( composition1 by %[+ h[ o!rs h done4 ,x w\ld be q impossible = any "o at ! pres5t "t to write a text-book 9 ,engli% t w\ld n repeat :at has already be5 said by _m o!rs4 ,nor h ,i tri$ to4 ,my purpose has be5 r to select f ! :ole lit]ature ( ! subject j ^? pr9ciples :i* e au?or ( a book on composition or rhetoric has ?\ght ess5tial1 & to omit m9or matt]s & all ^? ab\t :i* !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,?is limits ! cont5ts to topics already famili> to e tea*]4 ,x also makes x necess>y to repeat :at has be5 writt5 be=e _m times4 ,c]ta9 books1 h[ev]1 h treat$ special divisions ( ! :ole subject 9 a ?or\gh & exhau/ive mann]4 ,!re is no?+ new to say ( ,unity1 ,mass1 & ,coh]5ce2 ,mr4 ,w5dell said all conc]n+ ^! 9 8 book entitl$ ,engli% ,composition4 ,s 9 p>agraph developm5t1 ,scott & ,d5ney hold ! field4 ,o!r books :i* ,i h frequ5tly us$ 9 ! classroom are ,talks on ,writ+ ,engli%1 by ,arlo ,bates1 & ,g5ung's ,practical ,rhetoric4 ,^! books ,i h f\nd v helpful 9 tea*+1 & ,i h drawn ^u !m (t5 :ile writ+ ?is text-book4 ,if ! field has be5 cov]$1 !n :y write a book at all8 ,! answ] is t ! pr9ciples :i* are "h treat$ h n be5 put into "o book4 ,!y may be f\nd 9 sev]al4 ,^! ess5tials ,i h repeat$ _m times ) ! hope t !y w be fix$ by ?is frequ5t repetition4 ,! purpose has be5 to focus ! att5tion ^u ^!1 to apply !m 9 ! con/ruction ( ! diff]5t =ms ( disc\rse1 p>agraphs1 & s5t5ces1 & to repeat !m until x is impossible = a /ud5t to =get !m4 ,if ! book fulfils ?is purpose1 x 0 wor? writ+4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts are due to ,messrs4 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons = _! k9d p]mission to use ! selections f ! writ+s ( ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son conta9$ 9 ?is book2 also1 to ,messrs4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,! ,c5tury ,co41 & ,d\bl$ay ,mc,clure ,co4 = selections f ! writ+s ( ,rudy>d ,kipl+4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,web/]4 ,,m9neapolis1 #aijj4 ,,cont5ts ,*apt] ,i4--,=ms ( ,disc\rse ,composition #a ,engli% ,composition #a ,composition1 ,writt5 & ,oral #b ,conv5tions ( ,composition #b ,five ,=ms ( ,disc\rse #c ,def9itions #d ,difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ #d ,purpose ( ! ,au?or #f ,*apt] ,,ii4--,*oice ( ,subject ,=m & ,mat]ial #h ,au?or's ,individuality #h ,k ( ,subject #i ,common ,subjects #aj ,int]e/ #aa ,! ,famili> #aa ,human ,life #ab ,! ,/range #ab ,*apt] ,,iii4--,n>ration ,mat]ial ( ,n>ration #ac ,9 ,action #ad ,! ,commone/ ,=m ( ,disc\rse #ad ,language z a ,means ( ,expression #ae ,)\t ,plot #ae ,plot #af ,unity1 ,mass1 & ,coh]5ce #bj ,ma9 ,incid5t #bj ,its ,importance #ba ,unity #ba ,introductions & ,conclusions #bc ,t$i\s ,enum]ations #bc ,:at to include #bd ,consi/5cy #be ,an ,actor z ! ,/ory-tell] #bf ,! ,omnisci5ce ( an ,au?or #bg ,! ,climax #bh ,:o8 ,:]e8 ,:58 ,:y8 #bi ,9 :at ,ord]8 #bi ,an ,outl9e #cb ,movem5t #cb ,rapidity #cb ,sl[ness #cc ,description & ,n>ration #cd ,*>act]s few1 ,"t %ort #ce ,simple ,plot #cf ,sugge/ive ,que/ions & ,ex]cises #ch ,*apt] ,,iv4--,description ,difficulties ( ,language = mak+ ,pictures #di ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture #ej ,advantages ( ,language #ej ,enum]ation & ,sugge/ion #eb ,enum]ative ,description #ed ,sugge/ive ,description #ee ,value ( ,obs]vation #ee ,! ,po9t ( ,view #ef ,mov+ ,po9t ( ,view #eh ,! ,po9t ( ,view %\ld be /at$ #eh ,m5tal ,po9t ( ,view #ei ,l5g? ( ,descriptions #fc ,arrangem5t ( ,details 9 ,description #fd ,! ,end ( a ,description #gj ,proportion #gc ,arrangem5t mu/ be natural #gd ,use ,famili> ,images #ge ,simile1 ,metaphor1 ,p]sonification #gg ,*oice ( ,words4 ,adjectives & ,n\ns #gh ,use ( ,v]bs #gi ,sugge/ive ,que/ions & ,ex]cises #ha ,*apt] ,v4--,exposition ,g5]al ,t]ms difficult #hi ,def9ition #ia ,exposition & ,description di/+ui%$ #ia ,logical ,def9ition #ia ,g5us & ,diff]5tia #ib ,requisites ( a ,good ,def9ition #ic ,h[ d ,m5 expla98 ,fir/1 by ,repetition #id ,second1 by tell+ ! obv]se #ie ,?ird1 by ,details #if ,f\r?1 by ,illu/rations #ig ,fif?1 by ,comp>isons #ih ,! ,subject #ii ,! ,subject %\ld all[ ,concrete ,treatm5t #ajj ,! ,!me #ajj ,! ,title #ajb ,selection ( ,mat]ial #ajb ,scale ( ,treatm5t #ajd ,arrangem5t #ajh ,use ,c>ds = ,subdivisions #ajh ,an ,outl9e #aji ,mass ! ,end #aaj ,! ,beg9n+ #aab ,proportion 9 ,treatm5t #aad ,emphasis ( ,emotion #aae ,phrases indicat+ ,emphasis #aaf ,coh]5ce #aaf ,transition ,phrases #aah ,summ>y & ,transition #aai ,sugge/ive ,que/ions & ,ex]cises #aba ,*apt] ,,vi4--,argum5t ,induction & ,d$uction #abi ,syllogism ,premises #abi ,t]ms #abi ,en?ymeme #acj ,def9ition ( ,t]ms #acj ,undi/ribut$ ,middle #aca ,false ,premises #aca ,me?od ( ,induction #acb ,argum5ts f ,cause #acc ,argum5ts f ,sign #acd ,sequ5ce & ,cause #ace ,argum5ts f ,example #acg ,selection ( ,mat]ial #ach ,plan call$ ,! ,brief #ach ,climax #aci ,inductive prec$es ,d$uctive #adj ,cause prec$es ,sign #adj ,example foll[s ,sign #ada ,refutation #ada ,analysis ( ,burke's ,oration #adb ,sugge/ive ,que/ions #adh ,*apt] ,,vii4--,p>agraphs ,def9ition #aea ,long & ,%ort ,p>agraphs #aea ,topic ,s5t5ce #aeg ,no ,topic ,s5t5ce #afa ,! ,plan #afb ,k9ds ( ,p>agraphs #afc ,details #afc ,comp>isons #afe ,repetition #afg ,obv]se #afi ,examples #aga ,comb9es ,two or ,m ,=ms #agc ,unity #agc ,ne$ ( ,outl9e #agd ,mass #agd ,:at beg9s & :at ends a ,p>agraph8 #age ,l5g? ( op5+ & clos+ ,s5t5ces #agh ,proportion #agi ,coh]5ce & ,cle>ness #ahj ,two ,arrangem5ts ( ,s5t5ces 9 a ,p>agraph #aha ,def9ite ,ref]5ces #ahg ,use ( ,pron\ns #ahh ,( ,conjunctions #aij ,p>allel ,con/ructions #aib ,summ>y #aie ,sugge/ive ,que/ions #aif ,*apt] ,,viii4--,s5t5ces ,def9ition & ,classification4 ,simple ,s5t5ces #bjj ,comp\nd ,s5t5ces #bjj ,%ort ,s5t5ces #bjd ,long ,s5t5ces #bjd ,unity #bje ,mass #bjg ,end ( a ,s5t5ce #bjh ,effect ( ,anti-climax #baj ,use ( ,climax #baa ,loose & ,p]iodic #bab ,! ,p]iod #bab ,p]iodic & ,loose comb9$ #bad ,:i* %all be us$8 #bae ,emphasis by ,*ange ( ,ord] #bag ,subdue ,unimportant ,elem5ts #bai ,! ,dynamic ,po9t ( a ,s5t5ce #bba ,good ,use #bbc ,cle>ness ga9$ by ,coh]5ce #bbd ,p>allel ,con/ruction #bbf ,balanc$ ,s5t5ces #bbg ,use ( ,connectives #bbh ,sugge/ive ,que/ions #bca ,*apt] ,,ix4--,words ,ne$ ( a ,l>ge ,vocabul>y #bcf ,diction>y #bcg ,/udy ( ,lit]ature #bch ,vulg>isms are n reputable #bdj ,slang is n reputable #bdj ,words mu/ be ,national4 ,prov9cialisms #bdb ,te*nical & ,booki% ,words #bdb ,=eign ,words #bdc ,words 9 ,pres5t ,use #bdd ,words 9 _! ,pres5t ,mean+ #bde ,words ( ,lat9 & ,saxon ,orig9 #bde ,g5]al & ,specific #bdh ,use ,words t sugge/ mo/ #bdi ,synecdo*e1 ,metonymy #bej ,c>e 9 ,*oice ( ,specific ,words #bej ,avoid ,hackney$ ,phrases #bec ,f9e ,writ+ #bec ,9 ,prose avoid ,poetical ,words #bed ,*apt] ,x4--,figures ( ,spee* ,figurative ,language #beg ,figures bas$ ^u ,lik5ess #bei ,metaphor #bfj ,epi!t #bfj ,p]sonification #bfj ,apo/rophe #bfa ,allegory #bfa ,simile #bfa ,figures bas$ ^u ,s5t5ce ,/ructure #bfb ,inv]sion #bfb ,exclamation #bfb ,int]rogation #bfb ,climax #bfb ,irony #bfb ,metonymy #bfc ,synecdo*e #bfc ,allusion #bfc ,hyp]bole #bfc ,ex]cises 9 ,figures #bfd ,*apt] ,,xi4--,v]se ,=ms ,s++ ,v]se #bfi ,poetic ,feet #bgb ,k9ds ( ,metre #bgc ,/anzas #bge ,scansion #bgf ,v>iations 9 ,metres #bgf ,fir/ & ,la/ ,foot #bha ,k9ds ( ,poetry #bhd ,ex]cises 9 ,metres #bhf ,,app5dix ,a4 ,sugge/ions to ,tea*]s #bic ,b4 ,! ,=m ( a ,composition #bif ,c4 ,m>ks = ,correction ( ,compositions #cjj ,d4 ,punctuation #cja ,e4 ,supplem5t>y ,li/ ( ,lit]ature #cji ,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy ,,9 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,composition ,! ,c\rse ( ,/udy :i* foll[s is pres5t$1 n because x is bett] ?an _m o!rs :i* might be made4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is book x 0 necess>y t "s c\rse be adopt$ z ! basis ( ! text4 ,! pr9ciples :i* guid$ 9 arrang+ ?is c\rse ,i believe are s\nd2 b ! pref]5ces ( tea*]s & ! peculi>ities ( environm5t w (t5 make x wise to use o!r selections f lit]ature4 ,( ?is a l>ge supplem5t>y li/ is giv5 at ! back ( ! book4 ,x is n[ a g5]ally accept$ tru? t ! /udy ( ,engli% %\ld cont9ue ?r\gh ! f\r ye>s ( a high-s*ool c\rse4 ,! division ( "t t seems be/ is to take ,n>ration & ,description 9 ! fir/ ye>4 ,9 connection ) ,description1 ,figures ( ,spee* %\ld be /udi$4 ,! next ye>1 ,exposition & ,p>agraphs =m ! major "p ( ! "w4 ,?is may be pleasantly brok5 by a /udy ( ,poetry1 foll[+ ! outl9e 9 ! *apt] on ,v]se ,=ms4 ,9 ! ?ird ye>1 :ile ! "w 9 lit]ature is ma9ly ! ,novel & ! ,drama1 ,s5t5ces & ,words %\ld be /udi$ 9 composition1 ) a review ( ! *apt]s on ,n>ration & ,description4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ye>1 ,exposition %\ld be review$ & ! /udy ( ,argum5t tak5 up4 ,! f\r? ye> %\ld be devot$ to ! /udy ( su* ,college ,requirem5ts z h n be5 tak5 9 ! c\rse1 & to ! /udy ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature z giv5 9 "s good text book4 ,9 "s in/ances1 x w be f\nd impossible to give s mu* "t to ! /udy ( ,engli%4 ,9 su* cases1 ! am\nt ( lit]ature to be /udi$ %\ld be decreas$1 & ! "w 9 ! text book %\ld be m rapidly done4 ,! sequ5ce ( ! p>ts %\ld rema9 ! same1 b ! "t %\ld be modifi$ to suit ! ne$s ( any special environm5t4 ,,n>ration4 ,composition4 ,to give ,spontaneity4 ,i4 ,ext]nal ,=m ( ,composition 7p4 #bif74 ,,ii4 ,m>ks = ! ,correction ( ,compositions 7p4 #cjj74 ,,iii4 ,simple ,rules = ,punctuation 7pp4 #cja-cji74 ,,iv4 ,=ms ( ,disc\rse4 ,def9itions 7pp4 #a-g74 ,v4 ,*oice ( ,subject 7pp4 #h-ab74 ,,vi4 ,/udy ( ,n>ration 7pp4 #ac-dh74 a4 ,def9ition & ,g5]al ,discussion4 b4 ,n>ration )\t ,plot4 ,int]e/ ! ,ess5tial ,feature4 c4 ,n>ration ) ,plot4 #a4 ,selection ( ,ma9 ,incid5t ( fir/ ,importance4 ,x gives to ! /ory ,unity1 ridd+ x ( ,long ,introductions & ,conclusions1 ,t$i\s ,enum]ations1 & ,irrelevant ,details4 #b4 ,arrangem5t ( ,mat]ial4 ,close ( ,/ory conta9s ,ma9 ,incid5t4 ,op5+ ( ,/ory conta9s ,*>act]s1 ,place1 & ,"t4 ,incid5ts g5]ally foll[ 9 ,ord] ( ,"t4 #c4 ,movem5t4 #d4 ,use ( ,description 9 ,n>ration4 #e4 ,"s ,g5]al ,consid]ations4 ,lit]ature4 ,! ,great ,/one ,face1 ,! ,g5tle ,boy1 ,! ,gray ,*ampion1 ,rog] ,malv9's ,burial1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,haw?orne4 ,tales ( a ,wayside ,inn4 ,longfell[4 ,! ,gold ,bug4 ,poe4 ,m>mion1 or ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake4 ,scott4 ,a ,*ri/mas ,c>ol1 or ,! ,cricket on ! ,he>?4 ,dick5s4 ,! ,vision ( ,sir ,launfal1 & o!r ,n>rative ,poems4 ,l[ell4 ,an ,incid5t ( ! ,fr5* ,camp1 ,h]ve ,riel1 ,! ,pi$ ,pip]1 ,h[ !y br\ght ! ,good ,news f ,gh5t to ,aix4 ,br[n+4 ,mean+ ( ! ,au?or1 call+ = ,a ,/udy ( ,words4 ,outl9e ( ,/ory4 ,turn+ ,po9ts 9 ! ,/ory4 ,c5tral ,idea1 or ,purpose ( ! ,/ory4 ,me?od ( ! ,au?or4 ,is !re a ,ma9 ,incid5t8 ,d all o!r ,incid5ts conv]ge to x8 ,is ! ,ord] a ,sequ5ce ( ,"t alone8 ,is ! ,int]e/ c5tr$ 9 ,*>act]s or ,plot8 ,/yle ( ! ,au?or4 ,comp>e ! ,works ( ! ,au?or4 ,,description4 ,composition4 ,to secure ,accuracy ( ,expression 7pp4 #di-hh74 ,i4 ,def9ition & ,g5]al ,discussion4 ,difficulties 9 ,language z a ,means ( ,pictur+4 ,value ( ,obs]vation4 ,,ii4 ,/ructure ( ,:ole4 a4 ,to secure ,unity4 ,select a ,po9t ( ,view4 b4 ,to secure ,coh]5ce4 ,arrange ,details 9 ,natural ,ord]4 c4 ,to secure ,emphasis4 ,arrange & proportion ,treatm5t to effect y\r ,purpose4 ,,iii4 ,p>agraph ,/ructure4 ,def9ition4 ,l5g? ( ,p>agraphs4 ,developm5t ( ,p>agraphs4 ,,iv4 ,words4 ,specific r ?an ,g5]al4 ,adjectives1 ,n\ns1 & ,v]bs4 ,v4 ,figures ,( ,spee* 7pp4 #beg-bfh74 ,bas$ on ,lik5ess4 ,bas$ on ,s5t5ce ,/ructure4 ,miscellane\s ,figures4 ,lit]ature4 ,! ,old ,manse1 ,! ,old ,apple ,deal]4 ,haw?orne4 ,an ,indian-,summ] ,rev]ie1 ,! ,d&elion1 ,! ,bir*1 ,! ,oak1 & o!r ,descriptive ,poems4 ,l[ell4 ,! ,fall ( ! ,h\se ( ,u%]4 ,poe4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[1 ,selections f ! ,sket* ,book4 ,irv+4 ,selections f ,*ilde ,h>old4 ,byron4 ,! ,des]t$ ,village4 ,goldsmi?4 ,julius ,caes>4 ,%akespe>e4 ,poems select$ f ,palgrave's ,gold5 ,treasury4 ,mean+ ( ! ,au?or 7z "u ,n>ration74 ,me?od ( ! ,au?or4 ,does ! ,au?or keep 8 ,po9t ( ,view8 ,are ! ,details arrang$ 9 a ,natural ,ord]8 ,has any ,detail a ,supreme ,importance8 ,are ! ,details treat$ 9 ,prop] ,proportion8 ,has ! ,:ole a ,unity ( ,effect8 ,d y see ! ,picture di/9ctly8 ,= :at ,purpose has ! ,au?or us$ ,description8 ,does ! ,au?or employ ,figures8 ,/yle ( ! ,au?or4 ,,exposition1 ,,p>agraphs1 ,,v]se ,,=ms4 ,composition4 ,to enc\rage ,logical ,?9k+ & ,adequate ,expression 7pp4 #hi-abg74 ,exposition4 ,i4 ,def9ition & ,g5]al ,consid]ations4 ,,ii4 ,exposition ( ,t]ms4 ,def9ition4 ,,iii4 ,exposition ( ,propositions4 a4 ,cle> ,/atem5t ( ! ,proposition 9 a ,key ,s5t5ce4 ,?is w limit b4 ,! ,discussion4 #a4 ,:at %all be includ$8 #b4 ,:at %all be exclud$8 #c4 ,h[ %all ,important ,matt]s be emphasiz$8 ,mass & ,proportion4 ,expansion & ,cond5sation4 ,to effect ^! ends use an #d4 ,outl9e4 ,p>agraphs 7pp4 #aea-aii74 ,i4 ,def9ition4 ,,ii4 ,l5g? ( ,p>agraphs4 ,,iii4 ,developm5t ( ,p>agraphs4 ,,iv4 ,pr9ciples ( ,/ructure4 ,unity4 ,mass4 ,coh]5ce4 ,v]se ,=ms 7pp4 #bfi-bia74 ,poetry ,def9$4 ,k9ds ( ,feet4 ,numb] ( ,feet 9 a ,v]se4 ,sub/itutions & ,re/s4 ,k9ds ( ,poetry4 ,lit]ature4 ,essay on ,milton4 ,macaulay4 ,essay on ,addison4 ,macaulay4 ,commemoration ,ode4 ,l[ell4 ,! ,rime ( ! ,anci5t ,m>9]4 ,col]idge4 ,intimations ( ,immortality1 & o!r ,poems4 ,wordswor?4 ,selections f ,palgrave's ,gold5 ,treasury4 ,! ,bunk] ,hill ,oration1 or ,adams & ,jeff]son4 ,web/]4 ,sesame & ,lilies4 ,rusk94 ,mean+ ( ! ,au?or4 ,outl9e %[+ ! ,ma9 ,!sis ) ! ,dep5d5ce ( ,subord9ate ,propositions4 ,me?od ( ! ,au?or4 ,does he hold to 8 ,po9t & s ga9 ,unity ,does he arrange 8 ,mat]ial s z to secure ,emphasis8 ,does "o ,p>agraph gr[ out ( ano!r8 ,does ea* ,p>agraph treat a ,s+le ,topic8 ,are ! ,s5t5ces dovetail$ toge!r8 ,does ! ,au?or use ,figures8 ,are ! ,figures ,effective8 ,are 8 ,words ,g5]al or ,specific8 ,/yle ( ! ,au?or4 ,is x ,cle>8 ,has x ,=ce8 ,is ! ,diction ,elegant8 ,h[ has he ga9$ ^! ,ends8 ,,s5t5ces1 ,,words1 ,,argum5t4 ,composition4 ,s5t5ces 7pp4 #bjj-bcd74 ,i4 ,def9ition & ,classification4 ,,ii4 ,pr9ciples ( ,/ructure4 a4 ,unity4 b4 ,mass4 #a4 ,prom95t ,positions 9 a ,s5t5ce4 #b4 ,p]iodic ,s5t5ces4 #c4 ,loose ,s5t5ces4 c4 ,coh]5ce4 #a4 ,p>allel ,con/ructions4 #b4 ,connectives4 ,words 7pp4 #bce-bef74 ,reputable ,words4 ,lat9 or ,saxon ,words4 ,g5]al or ,specific4 ,figures ( ,spee*4 ,! ,"o ,rule = ! ,use ( ,words4 ,n>ration & ,description ,review$4 ,exposition ,review$4 ,lit]ature4 ,argum5t 7pp4 #abh-aej74 ,i4 ,k9ds ( ,argum5t4 ,,ii4 ,ord] ( ,argum5ts4 ,,iii4 ,refutation4 ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley ,pap]s4 ,addison4 ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield4 ,goldsmi?4 ,silas ,m>n]4 ,eliot4 ,ivanhoe4 ,scott4 ,macbe?1 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 ,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream4 ,%akespe>e4 ,conciliation ) ! ,colonies4 ,burke4 ,,composition4 ,9 ! la/ ye> ( ! c\rse1 ! compositions %\ld be su* z w te/ ! matur] p[]s ( ! pupil4 ,!y %\ld be writt5 "u ! c>eful sup]vision ( ! tea*]4 ,!y %\ld be ( all =ms ( disc\rse1 & ! subjects %\ld be drawn f ! subjects ( /udy 9 ! high s*ool1 especially f ! lit]ature4 ,,lit]ature4 ,difficult ,selections4 ,l',allegro1 ,il ,p5s]oso1 ,comus1 & ,lycidas4 ,milton4 ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,two ,books4 ,milton4 ,essay on ,burns4 ,c>lyle4 ,9 ,memoriam1 ,! ,pr9cess1 & o!r ,poems4 ,t5nyson4 ,selections4 ,br[n+4 ,selections4 ,em]son4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature 99 99 99 99 99 ,,engli%3 ,,composition ,,& ,,lit]ature ,,*apt] ,i ,,=ms ,,( ,,disc\rse ,composition4 ,composition1 f ! ,lat9 words con1 mean+ toge!r1 & pon]e1 mean+ to place1 signifies a plac+ toge!r1 a gr\p+ or arrangem5t ( objects or ( ideas4 ,?is arrangem5t is g5]ally made s t x w produce a desir$ result4 ,speak+ accurately1 ! putt+ toge!r is ! composition4 ,mu* ( ! desir$ result is ga9$ by c>e 9 ! selection ( mat]ials4 ,plac+ toge!r a well-worn book1 a lamp1 & a pair ( heavy b[$ spectacles makes a sugge/ive picture4 ,! selection & gr\p+ ( ^! objects is spok5 ( z ! composition ( ! picture4 ,s 9 music1 an au?or composes1 :5 he gr\ps c]ta9 musical tones & phrases s t !y produce a desir$ effect4 ,9 lit]ature1 too1 composition is1 /rictly speak+1 ! selection & arrangem5t ( mat]ials1 :e!r ! incid5ts ( a /ory or ! details ( a description1 to fulfill a def9ite purpose4 ,engli% ,composition4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ,engli% composition has come to include m ?an ! selection & arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials1--incid5ts1 objects1 or ideas1 z ! case may be2 ! t]m has be5 ext5d$ to include ! means by :i* ! speak] or writ] seeks to convey ?is impression to o!r p]sons4 ,z a pa9t] mu/ und]/& draw+1 ! value ( lights & %ades1 & ! mix+ ( colors be=e he c successfully reproduce = o!rs ! idea he has to express1 s ! arti/ 9 lit]ature ne$s a k ( elem5t>y gramm> & ( ! simpl] usages ( language 9 ord] cle>ly to repres5t to o!rs ! idea :i* lies 9 8 own m9d4 ,z commonly und]/ood1 !n1 ,engli% composition may be def9$ z ! art ( select+1 arrang+1 & communicat+ ideas by means ( ! ,engli% language4 ,composition1 ,writt5 & ,oral4 ,! t]m ,engli% composition is n[ g5]ally und]/ood to mean writt5 composition1 & n oral composition4 ,at fir/ ?\ght !y seem to be ! same ?+4 ,s f> z ! selection & arrangem5t ( matt] is conc]n$1 !y are ! same4 ,moreov]1 bo? use words1 & bo? employ s5t5ces2 b "h ! lik5ess ends4 ,if s5t5ces %\ld be put ^u pap] exactly z !y 7 spok51 9 mo/ in/ances !y w\ld n convey to a read] ! same ?\ght !y convey$ to a li/5]4 ,x is mu* m exact+ to express ! tru? "o wi%es to convey1 by sil5t1 featureless symbols ?an by t wond]ful organ ( communication1 ! human voice4 ,n[1 if to ! human voice be add$ eyes1 features1 ge/ures1 & pose1 we easily und]/& ! great advantage a speak] has ov] a writ]4 ,conv5tions ( ,composition4 ,moreov]1 !re are impos$ ^u a writ] c]ta9 e/abli%$ rules :i* he mu/ foll[4 ,he mu/ spell words correctly1 & he mu/ use correctly m>ks ( punctuation4 ,^! ?+s ne$ n annoy a speak]2 yet !y are conditions :i* mu/ be obey$ by a writ]4 ,a man :o eats ) a knife may succe$ 9 gett+ 8 food to 8 m\?1 yet c]ta9 conv5tions exclude su* a p]son f polite society4 ,s 9 composition1 x is possible = a p]son to make himself und]/ood1 ?\gh he write alright in/ead ( all "r1 & nev] use a semicolon2 /ill1 su* a p]son c\ld h>dly be consid]$ a highly cultur$ writ]4 ,to express "o's ?\ghts correctly & ) ref9em5t requires absolute ob$i5ce to ! common conv5tions ( good lit]ature4 ,! /udy ( composition includes1 fir/1 ! c>eful selection ( mat]ials & _! effective arrangem5t2 & second1 a k ( ! e/abli%$ conv5tions ( lit]ature3 ( spell+2 ( ! common uses ( ! m>ks ( punctuation1--p]iod1 "q m>k1 exclamation po9t1 colon1 semicolon1 comma2 ( ! common idioms ( our language2 & ( ! elem5ts ( its gramm>4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! high s*ool c\rse1 ! essay1 ! p>agraph1 ! s5t5ce1 ! ^w1 are to be /udi$ ) special att5tion to ! effective use ( ea* 9 adequately communicat+ ideas4 ,five ,=ms ( ,disc\rse4 ,all writt5 composition may be arrang$ 9 two classes1 or gr\ps4 ,! fir/ gr\p w include all composition t deals ) actual happ5+s & real ?+s2 ! second1 all t deals ) ab/ract ?\ghts & spiritual ideas4 ,! fir/ w include n>ration & description2 ! second1 exposition1 argum5t1 & p]suasion4 ,all lit]ature1 !n1 may be sep>at$ into five classes1--n>ration1 description1 exposition1 argum5t1 & p]suasion4 ,n>ration tells :at ?+s d2 description tells h[ ?+s look4 ,n>ration deals ) occurr5ces2 description deals ) appe>ances4 ,exposition def9es a t]m1 or expla9s a proposition2 argum5t proves ! tru? or falsity ( a proposition2 p]suasion urges to action ^u a proposition4 ,exposition expla9s2 argum5t conv9ces2 p]suasion ar\ses4 ,^! are ! broad l9es ( di/9ction :i* sep>ate ! five =ms ( disc\rse4 ,def9itions4 ,n>ration is t =m ( disc\rse :i* rec\nts ev5ts 9 a sequ5ce4 ,x includes /ories1 novels1 romances1 biographies1 "s books ( travel1 & "s hi/ories4 ,description is t =m ( disc\rse :i* aims to pres5t a picture4 ,x seldom occurs alone1 b x is usually f\nd 9 comb9ation ) ! o!r =ms ( disc\rse4 ,exposition is t =m ( disc\rse :i* seeks to expla9 a t]m or a proposition4 ,text-books1 books ( in=mation1 !ses1 mo/ hi/ories1 _m magaz9e articles1 & newspap] lead]s are ( ?is class ( lit]ature4 ,argum5t is t =m ( disc\rse :i* has = its object ! pro( ( ! tru? or falsity ( a proposition4 ,p]suasion is t =m ( disc\rse ! purpose ( :i* is to influ5ce ! w4 ,difficulty 9 di/+ui%+4 ,?\gh ^! def9itions seem to set ap>t ! great classes ( lit]ature1 & to insure aga9/ any dang] ( confusion1 x is n always easy to place individual pieces ( lit]ature 9 "o ( ^! divisions4 ,:itti]'s ,b>b>a ,friet*ie & ,/ev5son's ,treasure ,isl& are n>rative beyond any "q2 b :at ab\t ,sn[-,b\nd & ,travels ) a ,donkey by ! same au?ors8 ,are !y n>ration or description8 ,9 !m ! n>rative & descriptive portions are s ne>ly equal t "o hesitates to set !m d[n to ei!r class2 ! read] is con/antly call$ f beautiful pictures to delightful /ories4 ,! n>rative c easily be sep>at$ f ! descriptive portions2 b :5 ?is has be5 done1 has x be5 decid$ :e!r ! :ole piece is n>ration or description8 ,:5 a p]son takes up ! o!r =ms ( disc\rse1 ! difficulty becomes /ill great]4 ,description & n>ration are frequ5tly us$ 9 exposition4 ,if a boy %\ld be ask$ to expla9 ! work+ ( a /eam eng9e1 he w\ld1 9 all likelihood1 beg9 ) a description ( an eng9e4 ,if 8 purpose 0 to expla9 h[ an eng9e works1 & 0 n to tell h[ an eng9e looks1 ! :ole composition w\ld be exposition4 ,s1 too1 x is (t5 ! easie/ way to expla9 :at "o means by tell+ a /ory4 ,! expression ( su* ?\ghts w\ld be exposition1 al?\gh x might conta9 a numb] ( /ories & descriptions4 ,n>ration & description may be f\nd 9 a piece ( exposition2 & all ?ree may be employ$ 9 argum5t4 ,if a p]son %\ld wi% to prove ! dang]s ( intemp]ance1 he might en=ce 8 pro( by a /ory1 or by a description ( ! condition ( ! n]v\s sy/em aft] a drunk5 revel4 ,& "o does n ne$ to d m ?an expla9 ! results ( intemp]ance to a s5sible man to prove to him t he %\ld avoid all excesses4 ,! explanation alone is argum5t en\gh = su* a p]son4 ,/ill1 is su* an explanation exposition or argum5t8 ,if ! man c>$ no?+ ab\t conv9c+ ano!r t !re are dang]s 9 intemp]ance1 did n wi% to prove t ! end ( intemp]ance is dea? & di%onor1 ! composition is z mu* exposition z ! explanation ( a /eam eng9e4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he expla9$ ^! results 9 ord] to conv9ce ano!r t he %\ld avoid intemp]ance1 !n ! piece is argum5t4 ,p]suasion introduces a new elem5t into composition2 =1 :ile exposition & argum5t are direct$ to a man's reason1 p]suasion is address$ to ! emotions & ! w4 ,its purpose is to ar\se to action4 ,"o c readily imag9e t a simple explanation ( ! evils ( intemp]ance might be q en\gh to conv9ce a man t its dang]s are truly great1--s great t he w\ld det]m9e to fight ^! evils ) all 8 /r5g?4 ,9 su* a case explanation alone has conv9c$ him2 & x has ar\s$ him to d some?+4 ,is ! piece exposition1 or argum5t1 or p]suasion8 ,"h1 z be=e1 ! answ] is f\nd 9 ! purpose ( ! au?or4 ,if he int5d$ only to expla91 ! piece is exposition2 if to conv9ce1 x is argum5t2 if to ar\se to action1 x belongs to ! lit]ature ( p]suasion4 ,x mu/ n[ be pla9 t few pieces ( lit]ature are purely "o =m ( disc\rse4 ,! =ms are m+l$ 9 mo/ ( our lit]ature4 ,h>dly a /ory c be f\nd t does n conta9 "s descriptions2 & a description ( any consid]able l5g? is sure to conta9 "s n>rative portions4 ,s1 too1 n>ration & description are (t5 f\nd 9 exposition1 argum5t1 & p]suasion2 & ^! la/ ?ree =ms are frequ5tly comb9$4 ,purpose ( ! ,au?or4 ,x mu/ also be evid5t t ! :ole piece ( lit]ature w be/ be classifi$ by discov]+ ! purpose ( ! au?or4 ,if 8 purpose is simply to tell a good /ory1 8 "w is n>ration2 if ! purpose is m]ely to place a picture be=e ! read]'s m9d1 x is description2 if to expla9 conditions & no?+ m1 x is exposition2 if to prove to ! reason ! tru? or falsity ( a proposition1 x is argum5t2 :ile1 if ! writ] addresses himself to ! emotions & ! w1 no matt] :e!r he tells anecdotes or pa9ts lurid pictures1 expla9s conditions or conv9ces ( ! dang]s ( ! pres5t c\rse1--if he does all ^! to urge ! read] to d some?+1 ! composition belongs to ! lit]ature ( p]suasion4 ,! five =ms ( disc\rse are mo/ easily di/+ui%$ by discov]+ ! purpose ( ! au?or4 ,"o addition %\ld be made4 ,few novels are writt5 9 :i* !re is no?+ m ?an a /ory4 ,ne>ly all conta9 "s tea*+2 & x is a safe conclusion t ! au?ors h taught on purpose4 ,9 ,baa1 ,baa1 ,black ,%eep1 ,kipl+ has %[n ! imp]ative necessity ( a real1 live1 lovely mamma2 9 ,! ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[1 ,irv+ has plac$ be=e u a *>m+ picture ( rural life 9 a dreamy ,dut* village on ! ,hudson2 & 9 8 ,*ri/mas ,c>ol1 ,dick5s %[s pla9ly t happ9ess is n b\ght & sold ev5 9 ,london1 & t ! only happy man is he :o %>es ) ano!r's ne$4 ,yet all ( ^!1 & ! hundr$s ( _! k9d1 :atev] ! purpose ( ! au?ors :5 writ+ !m1 belong to ! /ory or novel class4 ,! purpose 9 tell+ ! /ory is second>y to ! purpose to tell a /ory4 ,!y are to be classifi$ z n>ration4 ,engli% composition1 !n1 is a /udy ( ! selection & arrangem5t ( ideas1 & ( ! me?ods ( us+ ! ,engli% language to communicate !m4 ,all composition is divid$ into five great classes4 ,^! classes h broad l9es ( di/9ction1 :i* are mo/ easily appli$ by det]m9+ ! purpose ( ! au?or4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,*oice ,,( ,,subject ,=m & ,mat]ial4 ,f ! consid]ations 9 ! prec$+ *apt] may be d]iv$ sev]al pr9ciples reg>d+ ! *oice ( subject4 ,if ! composition is to be n>rative1 x %\ld be ^u a subject t readily l5ds itself to n>rative =m4 ,"o c tell a /ory ab\t ,a ,day's ,hunt or ,:at ,we did ,hall[e'en2 b x w\ld try "o's p[]s ( imag9ation to write a /ory ( ,a ,tree or ,a ,*air4 ,! latt] subjects d n l5d !mselves to n>ration1 b !y may be describ$4 ,josiah ,p4 ,cooke has writt5 a brilliant exposition ( ,fire 9 ,! ,new ,*emi/ry2 yet a "y p]son w\ld be fooli% to take ,fire z a subject = exposition1 ?\gh he might easily write a good description ( ,h[ ! ,fire look$ f ,my ,w9d[1 or n>rate ,h[ a ,fireman rescu$ ,my ,si/]4 ,s 9 all "w 9 composition1 select a subject t readily l5ds itself to ! =m ( disc\rse dem&$2 or1 conv]sely1 select ! =m ( disc\rse suitable = pres5t+ mo/ effectively y\r mat]ial4 ,au?or's ,individuality4 ,if an au?or is writ+ = o!r purposes ?an = consci\s practice1 he %\ld *oose ! =m ( disc\rse 9 :i* he c be/ "w1 & to :i* he c be/ %ape 8 mat]ial4 ,"s m5 tell /ories well2 o!rs are debat]s2 :ile yet o!rs are wond]fully gift$ ) eloqu5ce4 ,em]son und]/ood life ?or\ghly4 ,he knew man's feel+s1 8 motives1 8 hopes1 8 /r5g?1 8 weakness2 yet "o _c imag9e ,em]son %ap+ ?is mat]ial into a novel4 ,b j a little way d[n ! road liv$ a wiz>d :o c\ld transmute ! commone/ ev5ts ( ?is workaday _w to ! mo/ beautiful %apes2 no "o wi%es t ,haw?orne _h writt5 essays4 ,! second pr9ciple guid+ 9 ! *oice ( a subject is ?is3 ,select a subject :i* is suit$ to y\r peculi> ability z an au?or4 ,k ( ,subject4 ,! =m1 !n1 %\ld suit ! matt]2 & x %\ld be ! =m 9 :i* ! au?or c "w4 ,!re is a ?ird pr9ciple t %\ld guide 9 ! *oice ( a subject4 ,x %\ld be a subject ( :i* ! au?or kn[s some?+4 ,pupils (t5 exclaim1 ,:at c ,i write ab\t6 z if !y 7 expect$ to f9d some?+ new to write4 ,an ex]cise 9 composition has n = its object ! proclaim+ ( any new & unhe>d-( ?+2 x is an ex]cise 9 ! expression ( ?+s already kn[n4 ,ev5 :5 ! subject is kn[n1 ! treatm5t (f]s difficulties en\gh4 ,x is n true t :at is ?or\ghly und]/ood is easily expla9$4 ,_m excell5t s*ol>s h writt5 v poor text-books because !y _h n le>n$ ! art ( expression4 ,a necess>y antec$5t ( all good composition is a full & accurate k ( ! subject2 & ev5 :5 "o kn[s all ab\t x1 ! cle> expression ( ! ?\ght w be difficult en\gh4 ,to dem& accurate k ( ! subject be=e an au?or beg9s "w ^u x n>r[s ! field f :i* !mes may be drawn4 ,burr\ghs is an au?ority on all ! t5ants ( our groves2 ,wake-,rob91 ,pepacton1 & 8 o!r books all %[ a ma/]'s c]ta9 h&4 ,s ,/$man is an au?ority 9 matt]s relat+ to lit]ature4 ,b ,burr\ghs & ,/$man alike w\ld f9d difficulty 9 writ+ an essay on ,electricity 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ,n]v\s ,diseases4 ,!y d n "k ab\t x4 ,a boy 9 s*ool probably kn[s some?+ ( fi%+2 ( ?is he c write4 ,a girl c tell ( ,! ,la/ ,p>lor ,conc]t4 ,bo? c\ld write v ent]ta9+ly ( _! ,fir/ ,algebra ,recitation2 nei!r c\ld write a conv9c+ essay on ,! ,advantages ( ,free ,trade4 ,common ,subjects4 ,?is w seem to limit ! li/ ( subjects to ! commonplace4 ,! fact is t 9 a composition ex]cise ! purpose is n to />tle ! _w ) "s new ?+2 x is to le>n ! art ( expression4 ,& "h 9 ! region ( common ?+s1 ?+s ?or\ghly und]/ood1 e bit ( ef=t c be giv5 to ! mann] ( expression4 ,! tru? is1 x does n require mu* art to make a book conta9+ new & int]e/+ mat]ial popul>2 ! matt] 9 ! book c>ries x 9 spite ( poor composition4 ,popul> x may be1 b popul>ity is n immortality4 ,columns ( poorly writt5 articles ^u ,dewey & ,! ,philipp9es h be5 eag]ly read by ?\s&s ( ,am]icans2 x w\ld require a lit]>y arti/ ( great p[] to write a "o-column article on ,pigs s t x w\ld be eag]ly read by ?\s&s4 ,real art 9 composition is mu* m manife/ :5 an au?or takes a common subject & treats x 9 su* a way t x gl[s ) new life4 ,ri*>d ,le ,galli5ne has writt5 ab\t a drove ( pigs s beautifully t "o =gets all ! traditions ab\t ^! common animals4#b ,*oose common subjects1 !n1--subjects t all[ e p>ticle ( y\r /r5g? to g into ! mann] ( say+ :at y already "k4 ,! requirem5t t ! subject %all be common does n mean t ! subject %all be trivial4 ,slid+ to ,fir/1 ,h[ ,billy won ! ,game1 ) all ( ?is class ( subjects1 at once put ! writ] into a trifl+1 c>eless attitude t[>d 8 "w4 ,! subjects !mselves seem to call =? a *eap1 slangy vocabul>y & ! vulg> phrases ( sport+ life4 ,an equally common subject c\ld be select$ :i* w\ld call =? s]i\s1 e>ne/ ef=t4 ,if a boy knew no?+ except ab\t ball games1 x w\ld be advisable = him to write ^u ?is subject4 ,su* a condition is h>dly possible 9 a high s*ool4 ,*oose common subjects1 b subjects t call = e>ne/ ?9k+ & dignifi$ expression4 ,int]e/4 ,int]e/ is ano!r consid]ation 9 ! *oice ( a subject4 ,x applies equally to writ] & read]4 ,*oose subjects t are int]e/+4 ,n only mu/ an au?or "k ab\t ! subject2 he mu/ be int]e/$ 9 x4 ,a pupil may h accurate k ( ! uses ( a semicolon2 b he w\ld n be likely to succe$ 9 a p>agraph ab\t semicolons1 l>gely because he is n mu* int]e/$ 9 semicolons4 ,?is matt] ( int]e/ is s important t x is well to "k :at ?+s all p]sons1 au?ors & read]s alike1 are int]e/$ 94 ,:at1 !n1 is g5]ally int]e/+8 ,! ,famili>4 ,fir/1 ! famili> is int]e/+4 ,:5 read+ a newspap] ea* "o in/9ctively turns to ! local column1 or glances d[n ! g5]al news columns to see if !re is any?+ f 8 home t[n4 ,to a =m] resid5t1 ,jim ,b5son's f5ce 9 ,ann&ale is m int]e/+ ?an ! bronze doors ( ! ,congressional ,libr>y 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,= ! same reason a physician lights ^u a new cure = consumption1 a lawy] dev\rs ,supreme ,c\rt decisions1 :ile ! deal] 9 silks is absorb$ 9 ! process ( mak+ silk )\t ! aid ( ! silkworm4 ,ea* is int]e/$ 9 t :i* to him is mo/ famili>4 ,human ,life4 ,second1 human life 9 all its phases is int]e/+4 ,! acc\nt ( a fire or ( a railroad accid5t takes on a new int]e/ :51 9 addition to ! loss ( prop]ty1 !re has be5 a loss ( life4 ,w> is horribly fasc9at+1 n s mu* because !re is a wanton de/ruction ( prop]ty1 z because x involves ! slaught] ( m54 ,/ories ab\t trees & animals are usually failures1 unless h&l$ by arti/s :o brea! into !m ! life ( man4 ,&]s5's ,tann5baum & ,kipl+'s ,jungle ,books are int5sely int]e/+ because 9 !m trees & animals feel & act j z m5 d4 ,! ,/range4 ,?ird1 ! romantic1 ! unique1 & ! impossible are int]e/+4 ,a new discov]y1 a new inv5tion1 a p ( :i* little is kn[n1--any?+ new is int]e/+4 ,! /ories ( ,rid] ,hagg>d & ,jules ,v]ne h be5 popul> because !y deal ) ?+s :i* eye ha? n se54 ,?is peculi> trait ( man all[s him to reli% a good fi% /ory1 or ! late/ news f ! sea-s]p5t4 ,j = ! same reason1 *ildr5 love to he> ( ,little ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood & ,c9d]ella4 ,*ildr5 & _! p>5ts are equally int]e/$ 9 ^? ?+s :i* are entirely outside ( _! own exp]i5ce4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! g5]al conditions :i* gov]n ! *oice ( a subject4 ,x %all easily l5d itself to ! =m ( disc\rse *os52 x %all be suit$ to ! peculi> ability ( ! au?or2 x %all be ?or\ghly und]/ood by ! au?or1--common1 b n trivial2 x %all be int]e/+ to bo? read] & au?or4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,n>ration ,mat]ial ( ,n>ration4 ,n>ration has be5 def9$ z ! =m ( disc\rse :i* rec\nts ev5ts 9 a sequ5ce4 ,x includes n only lett]s1 j\rnals1 memoirs1 biographies1 & _m hi/ories1 b1 9 addition1 t great body ( lit]ature :i* p g5]ally include 9 ! compreh5sive t]m ( /ories4 ,if ?is body ( lit]ature be exam9$1 x w be f\nd t x deals ) ?+s z oppos$ to ideas2 incid5ts z oppos$ to propositions4 ,sometimes1 x is true1 ! au?or ( a /ory is 9 reality deal+ ) ideas4 ,9 ! fable ab\t ,! ,h>e & ! ,tortoise1 ! tortoise /&s = ! idea ( sl[1 /eady plodd+2 :ile ! h>e is ! repres5tative ( quick wits :i* dep5d on _! ability to %[ a brilliant bur/ ( spe$ :5 call$ ^u4 ,! fable tea*es bett] ?an an essay c t ! dullness :i* p]sev]es w arrive at success soon] ?an brilliancy ( m9d :i* wa/es its "t 9 do+ no?+ to ! purpose4 ,&]s5's ,ugly ,duckl+1 ,rusk9's ,k+ ( ! ,gold5 ,riv]1 & ,l[ell's ,sir ,launfal /& = deep spiritual ideas1 :i* we und]/& bett] = ?is me?od ( pres5tation4 ,9 an allegory l ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ! passions & emotions1 ! s9s & weaknesses ( m5 are treat$ z if !y 7 real p]sons4 ,ideas are repres5t$ by liv+1 brea?+ p]sons2 & we may say t all su* n>ratives deal1 n ) ideas1 b1 = want ( a bett] ^w1 ) ?+s4 ,9 ,action4 ,n only does n>ration deal ) ?+s1 b ) ?+s do+ some?+4 ,?+s inactive might be writt5 (1 b ?is w\ld be description4 ,x is necess>y 9 n>ration t ! ?+s be 9 an active mood2 t some?+ be do+4 ,john /ruck ,james1 !n1 is a n>rative s5t5ce2 x tells t ,john has be5 do+ some?+4 ,/ill1 ?is "o s5t5ce w\ld n ord9>ily be accept$ z n>ration4 ,= n>ration !re mu/ be a s]ies1 a sequ5ce ( individual actions4 ,rec\nt+ ev5ts 9 a sequ5ce is n>ration4 ,! ,commone/ ,=m ( ,disc\rse4 ,n>ration is ! mo/ popul> =m ( disc\rse4 ,betwe5 "o f\r? & "o ?ird ( all books publi%$ are /ories2 & m ?an "o half ( ! books issu$ by public libr>ies belong to ! n>rative class4 ,su* a computation does n include ! l>ge numb] ( /ories read 9 our pap]s & magaz9es4 ,9 addition to be+ ! mo/ popul> =m ( disc\rse1 x is ! mo/ natural4 ,x is ! fir/ =m ( connect$ disc\rse ( ! *ild2 x is ! =m employ$ by ! uncultur$ 9 giv+ 8 impressions2 x is ! =m mo/ us$ 9 conv]sation4 ,moreov]1 n>ration is ! fir/ =m f\nd 9 great lit]atures3 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 ! songs ( ! tr\bad\rs 9 ,france1 & ! m9nes+]s 9 ,g]many1 ! *ronicles & ballads ( ,engl&1--all are n>rative4 ,language z a ,means ( ,expression4 ,n>ration is especially suit$ to ! conditions impos$ by language4 ,m5 d n ?9k 9 s+le words1 b 9 gr\ps ( words1--phrases1 clauses1 & s5t5ces4 ,9 he>+1 too1 m5 d n consid] ! individual words2 ! m9d waits until a gr\p ( words1 a phrase1 or a simple s5t5ce p]haps1--:i* expresses a unit ( ?\ght1 has be5 utt]$4 ,9 n>ration ^! gr\ps ( words foll[ 9 a sequ5ce exactly z ! actions :i* !y repres5t d4 ,take ?is r lurid bit f ,/ev5son3-- ,he dropp$ 8 cutlass z he jump$1 & :5 he felt ! pi/ol1 :ipp$ /raight r\nd & laid hold ( me1 ro>+ out an oa?2 & at ! same "t ei!r my c\rage came aga91 or ,i grew s mu* afraid z came to ! same ?+2 = ,i gave a %riek & %ot him 9 ! mid/ ( ! body4 7,kidnapp$47 ,ea* phrase or clause "h is a unit ( ?\ght1 & ea* foll[s ! o!rs 9 ! same ord] z ! ev5ts !y tell ( occurr$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 "o attempts description1 & exposition too 9 _m cases1 he realizes ! great difficulties impos$ by ! language itself2 = 9 ^! =ms ( disc\rse ! au?or n infrequ5tly wi%es to put ! :ole picture be=e ! read] at once1 or to set out sev]al propositions at ! same "t1 z belong+ to "o g5]al tru?4 ,9 ord] t ! read] may get ! complete picture or ! complete ?\ght1 he mu/ hold 9 m9d (t5 a :ole p>agraph be=e he unites x into ! "o conception ! au?or int5d$4 ,9 n>ration "o action is complet$2 x c be dropp$4 ,!n ano!r foll[s1 :i* c also be dropp$4 ,!y ne$ n be held 9 m9d until ! p>agraph is f9i%$4 ,n>ration is exactly suit$ to ! means ( its communication4 ,! ev5ts :i* are record$1 & ! s5t5ces :i* record !m1 bo? foll[ 9 a sequ5ce4 ,)\t ,plot4 ,! sequ5ce ( ev5ts 9 n>ration may be a simple sequ5ce ( "t1 9 :i* case ! n>rative is )\t plot4 ,?is is ! =m ( n>ration employ$ 9 newspap]s 9 giv+ ! ev5ts ( ! day4 ,x is us$ 9 j\rnals1 memoirs1 biographies1 & _m elem5t>y hi/ories4 ,x makes little dem& ^u an au?or fur!r ?an t he %all say cle>ly some?+ t is int]e/+4 ,int]e/+ x mu/ be1 if ! au?or wi%es x to be read2 read]s w n /ay ov] dull mat]ial4 ,newspap]s & magaz9es look out = int]e/+ mat]ial1 & x is = ! matt] 9 !m t !y are read4 ,s memoirs & biographies are read1 n to f9d out :at happ5s at la/1--t is kn[n1--b to pick up in=mation conc]n+ an int]e/+ subject4 ,plot4 ,or ! sequ5ce may be a m subtle & b9d+ relation ( cause & effect4 ,?is is ! sequ5ce employ$ 9 /ories4 ,"o ?+ happ5s because ano!r ?+ has happ5$4 ,g5]ally ! sequ5ce ( "t & ! sequ5ce ( cause & effect correspond2 = effects come aft] causes4 ,:51 h[ev]1 m ?an "o cause is introduc$1 or :5 "s cause is at "w :i* ! au?or hides until he c mo/ advantage\sly produce x1 or :5 an effect is held back = purposes ( creat+ int]e/1 ! ev5ts may n be relat$ exactly 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occurr$4 ,:5 any sequ5ce is introduc$ 9 addition to ! simple sequ5ce ( "t1 or :5 ! "t sequ5ce is di/urb$ = ! purpose ( height5+ int]e/1 !re is an arrangem5t ( ! p>ts :i* is g5]ally t]m$ plot4 ,plot is a t]m difficult to def9e4 ,we feel1 h[ev]1 t ,grant's ,memoirs h no plot1 & we feel j z sure t ,k+ ,le> has a plot4 ,s1 too1 we say t ,rob9son ,crusoe has little1 almo/ no plot2 t ! plot is simple 9 ,treasure ,isl&1 & t ,les ,mis]ables has an intricate plot4 ,a plot seems to dem& m ?an a m]e succession ( ev5ts4 ,any arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( a n>rative s t ! read]'s int]e/ is ar\s$ conc]n+ ! result ( ! s]ies ( ev5ts detail$ is a plot4 ,x (t5 occurs t a book :i*1 z a :ole1 is )\t a plot1 conta9s incid5ts :i* h a plot4 ,9 ,travels ) a ,donkey1 by ,/ev5son1 no "o c>es = ! plot ( ! :ole book1--9 fact !re is none2 yet ! read] is int]e/$ 9 ! pur*ase ( ! neat & high br$ ,mode/9e up to ! la/ int]view ) ,fa!r ,adam 9 a billi>d-room at ! wit*+ h\r ( dawn1 :5 ,i adm9i/]$ ! br&y4 ,?is incid5t has a plot4 ,! foll[+ is a p>agraph f ,an ,autumn ,effect by ,mr4 ,/ev5son4 ,! simple ev5ts are p]fectly ord]$1 & !re is a delightful surprise at ! end4 ,?is p>agraph has a plot4 ,yet ! ?irty pages ( ,an ,autumn ,effect c\ld n be said to h a plot4 ,bidd+ good-morn+ to my fell[-travel]1 ,i left ! road & /ruck across c\ntry4 ,x 0 r a revelation to pass f betwe5 ! h$g][s & f9d q a bu/le on ! o!r side1 a great com+ & go+ ( s*ool-*ildr5 ^u by-pa?s1 &1 9 e second field1 lu/y horses & /\t c\ntry-folk a-pl\gh+4 ,! way ,i foll[$ took me ?r\gh _m fields ?us occupi$1 & ?r\gh _m /rips ( plantation1 & !n ov] a little space ( smoo? turf1 v pleasant to ! feet1 set ) tall fir-trees & clamor\s ) rooks1 mak+ ready = ! w9t]1 & s back aga9 into ! quiet road4 ,i 0 n[ n f> f ! end ( my day's j\rney4 ,a few hundr$ y>ds f>!r1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh a gap 9 ! h$ge1 ,i began to g d[n hill ?r\gh a pretty ext5sive tract ( "y bee*es4 ,i 0 soon 9 %ad[ myself1 b ! aft]noon sun /ill color$ ! upmo/ b\ghs ( ! wood1 & made a fire ov] my head 9 ! autumnal foliage4 ,a little fa9t vapor lay among ! slim tree-/ems 9 ! bottom ( ! holl[2 & f f>!r up ,i he>d f "t to "t an outbur/ ( gross laught]1 z ?\gh cl[ns 7 mak+ m]ry 9 ! bu%4 ,!re 0 some?+ ab\t ! atmosph]e t br\ght all sights & s\nds home to "o ) a s+ul> purity1 s t ,i felt z if my s5ses _h be5 wa%$ ) wat]4 ,aft] ,i _h cross$ ! little zone ( mi/1 ! pa? began to rem\nt ! hill2 & j z ,i1 m\nt+ along ) x1 _h got back aga9 f ! head d[nw>ds1 into ! ?9 gold5 sun%9e1 ,i saw 9 front ( me a donkey ti$ to a tree4 ,n[1 ,i h a c]ta9 lik+ = donkeys1 pr9cipally1 ,i believe1 because ( ! delightful ?+s t ,/]ne has writt5 ( !m4 ,b ?is 0 n aft] ! patt]n ( ! ass at ,lyons4 ,he 0 ( a :ite color1 t seem$ to fit him r = r>e fe/al occasions ?an = con/ant drudg]y4 ,besides1 he 0 v small1 & ( ! da9tie/ proportions y c imag9e 9 a donkey4 ,& s1 sure en\gh1 y _h only to look at him to see he _h nev] work$4 ,!re 0 some?+ too rogui% & wanton 9 8 face1 a look too l t ( a s*oolboy or a /reet ,arab1 to h surviv$ mu* cudgel+4 ,x 0 pla9 t ^! feet _h kick$ (f sportive *ildr5 (t5] ?an !y _h plodd$ ) freight ?r\gh miry lanes4 ,he 0 altoge!r a f9e-wea!r1 holiday sort ( a donkey2 & ?\gh he 0 j !n some:at solemniz$ & rueful1 he /ill gave pro( ( ! levity ( 8 disposition by impud5tly wagg+ 8 e>s at me z ,i drew ne>4 ,i say he 0 some:at solemniz$ j !n2 = ) ! admirable in/9ct ( all m5 & animals "u re/ra9t1 he _h s w\nd & w\nd ! halt] ab\t ! tree t he c\ld g nei!r back nor =w>ds1 nor s mu* z put 8 head d[n to br[se4 ,!re he /ood1 poor rogue1 "p puzzl$1 "p angry1 "p1 ,i believe1 amus$4 ,he _h n giv5 up hope1 & dully revolv$ ! problem 9 8 head1 giv+ ev] & aga9 ano!r j]k at ! few in*es ( free rope t /ill rema9$ unw\nd4 ,a humor\s sort ( sympa?y = ! creature took hold ^u me4 ,i w5t up1 &1 n )\t "s tr\ble on my "p1 & mu* di/ru/ & resi/ance on ! "p ( ,n$dy1 got him =c$ backw>ds until ! :ole l5g? ( ! halt] 0 set loose1 & he 0 once m z free a donkey z ,i d>$ to make him4 ,i 0 pleas$ 7z p are7 ) ?is fri5dly action to a fell[-creature 9 tribulation1 & glanc$ back ov] my %\ld] to see h[ he 0 pr(it+ by 8 fre$om4 ,! brute 0 look+ aft] me2 & no soon] did he cat* my eye ?an he put up 8 long :ite face into ! air1 pull$ an impud5t m\? at me1 & began to bray d]isively4 ,if ev] any "o p]son made a grimace at ano!r1 t donkey made a grimace at me4 ,! h>d5$ +ratitude ( 8 behavior1 & ! imp]t95ce t inspir$ 8 :ole face z he curl$ up 8 lip1 & %[$ 8 tee? & began to bray1 s tickl$ me & 0 s mu* 9 keep+ ) :at ,i _h imag9$ to myself ( 8 "*1 t ,i c\ld n f9d x 9 my he>t to be angry1 & bur/ into a peal ( he>ty laught]4 ,?is seem$ to /rike ! ass z a rep>tee1 s he bray$ at me aga9 by way ( rejo9d]2 & we w5t on = a:ile1 bray+ & laugh+1 until ,i began to gr[ a-we>y ( x1 & %\t+ a d]isive f>ewell1 turn$ to pursue my way4 ,9 s do+--x 0 l go+ sudd5ly into cold wat]--,i f\nd myself face to face ) a prim1 little old maid4 ,%e 0 all 9 a flutt]1 ! poor old de>6 ,%e _h conclud$ beyond "q t ?is mu/ be a lunatic :o /ood laugh+ al\d at a :ite donkey 9 ! placid bee*-woods4 ,i 0 sure1 by h] face1 t %e _h already recomm5d$ h] _s mo/ religi\sly to ,heav51 & prep>$ h]self = ! wor/4 ,& s1 to reassure h]1 ,i uncov]$ & bes\ght h]1 aft] a v /aid fa%ion1 to put me on my way to ,great ,miss5d54 ,h] voice trembl$ a little1 to be sure1 b ,i ?9k h] m9d 0 set at re/2 & %e told me1 v explicitly1 to foll[ ! pa? until ,i came to ! end ( ! wood1 & !n ,i %\ld see ! village bel[ me 9 ! bottom ( ! valley4 ,&1 ) mutual c\rtesies1 ! little old maid & ,i w5t on our respective ways4 ,books ( travel1 memoirs1 & biographies1 z :ole books1 are g5]ally )\t any arrangem5t s]i\s en\gh to be t]m$ a plot2 yet a l>ge "p ( ! int]e/ 9 su* books w\ld be lo/ 7 ! incid5ts !re collect$ n well told1 ) a consci\s attempt to set !m out 9 ! v be/ fa%ion2 inde$1 if ea* incid5t did n h a plot4 ,9 ,vanity ,fair ) its six hundr$ pages1 9 ,silas ,m>n] ) its two hundr$ pages1 9 ! %ort /ories ( our be/ magaz9es1 9 ! spicy little anecdotes 9 ! ,y\?'s ,companion1--9 ! lea/ bit ( a good /ory z well z ! ?ree-volume novel1 ! au?ors h us$ ! means be/ suit$ to reta9 ! int]e/ to ! end4 ,!y h con/ruct$ plots4 ,unity1 ,mass1 & ,coh]5ce4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( any piece ( composition !re are ?ree pr9ciples ( prim>y importance3 !y are ,unity1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! mat]ial itself2 & ,mass & ,coh]5ce1 :i* are conc]n$ ) ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,a composition has unity :5 all ! mat]ial has be5 s sift$ & select$ t ea* "p contributes its %>e to ! c5tral ?\ght ( ! :ole4 ,:e!r ( a s5t5ce1 a p>agraph1 or a :ole composition1 all ^? p>ts mu/ be exclud$ :i* d n br+ some?+ ( value to ! :ole2 & ev]y?+ mu/ be includ$ :i* is necess>y to give a cle> und]/&+ ( ! :ole4 ,mass1 ! second pr9ciple ( /ructure1 dem&s t ^? p>ts ( a composition1 p>agraph1 or s5t5ce :i* are ( mo/ importance %all be s plac$ t !y w arre/ ! att5tion4 ,by coh]5ce is meant t pr9ciple ( /ructure :i*1 9 s5t5ces1 p>agraphs1 & :ole compositions1 places ^? p>ts relat$ 9 ?\ght ne> toge!r1 & keeps sep>ate ^? p>ts :i* are sep>at$ 9 ?\ght4 ,ma9 ,incid5t4 ,= ! con/ruction ( a /ory t w reta9 ! read]'s int]e/ to ! end1 = ! selection ( su* mat]ial z w contribute to a c5tral ?\ght1 = ! arrangem5t ( ?is mat]ial s t ! mo/ important matt] %all occupy ! mo/ important position 9 ! !me1 "o simple rule is ( value4 ,x is ?is3 ,fir/ *oose ! ma9 incid5t t[>ds :i* all ! o!r incid5ts conv]ge1 & = ! accompli%m5t ( :i* ! prec$+ incid5ts are necess>y4 ,a few pages w be giv5 to ! application ( ?is rule1 & to ! results ( its application4 ,its ,importance4 ,!re %\ld be 9 ea* /ory1 h[ev] slight ! plot1 "s incid5t t is m important ?an ! o!rs1 & t[>d :i* all ! o!rs conv]ge4 ,a read] is disappo9t$ if1 aft] read+ a /ory ?r\gh1 he f9ds t !re is no wor?y end+1 t all ! prep>ation 0 made = no purpose4 ,if1 9 ,wee ,willie ,w9kie1 ,kipl+ _h /opp$ j be=e ,miss ,all>dyce />t$ across ! riv]1 x w\ld h be5 a poor /ory4 ,x w\ld h _h no end+4 ,x is because a /ory gets some:]e t we l x4 ,yet n j some:]e2 x mu/ arrive at a place wor?y ( all ! prep>ation t has prec$$4 ,a v common fault ) ! compositions ( "y p]sons is t !y beg9 big & end little4 ,x is n infrequ5t t ! fir/ p>agraph promises well2 ! second is n q s good2 & ! re/ gradually fall (f until ! end is wor?less4 ,! ord] %\ld be *ang$4 ,h ! fir/ p>agraph promise well1 make ! second bett]1 & ! la/ be/ ( all4 ,! ma9 incid5t %\ld be m important ?an ea* incid5t t prec$es x4 ,get ! ma9 incid5t 9 m9d be=e beg9n+2 be sure x is ! ma9 incid5t2 !n b5d all y\r en]gies to make x ! mo/ important incid5t t[>d :i* all ! o!r incid5ts conv]ge4 ,unity4 ,! *oice ( a ma9 incid5t w det]m9e :at incid5ts to exclude4 ,! _w is full ( incid5ts--en\gh to make volumes m ?an we n[ h4 ,a phonograph & a cam]a c\ld ga!r en\gh any day at a busy corn] 9 a city to fill a volume2 yet ^! pictures & ^! bits ( conv]sation1 int]e/+ z ea* 9 itself might be1 w\ld n be a unit1--n "o /ory1 b _m4 ,few p]sons1 inde$1 w\ld write any?+ s disjo9t$ z ! report made by ?is phonograph2 yet good writ]s are (t5 l$ a/ray by ! brilliancy ( _! own ideas4 ,!y h s _m good /ories on h& :i* !y w\ld l to tell1 t !y =ce "s ( !m into _! pres5t /ory1 & s spoil two /ories4 ,9 ! v popul> ,david ,h>um1 x w\ld puzzle any "o to "k :y ! au?or has introduc$ ! ladies f ! city & ! musical p>ty at ! lake4 ,! episode is good en\gh 9 itself2 b 9 ?is /ory x has n a %ad[ ( excuse4 ,!re is a phrase ( ,kipl+'s t %\ld r+ 9 e /ory-tell]'s e>s4 ,n once only1 b a numb] ( times1 ?is pr9ce ( mod]n /ory-tell]s cat*es himself--almo/ too late sometimes--& writes1 ,b t is ano!r /ory4 ,"o incid5t calls up ano!r2 p>agraph foll[s p>agraph naturally4 ,x is easy en\gh to look back & trace ! road by :i* ! writ] arriv$ at 8 pres5t position2 yet x w\ld be v h>d to tell :y he came hi!r1 or to see h[ ! j\rney up to ?is po9t w at all put him t[>d 8 de/9ation4 ,he has digress$2 he has left ! road4 ,& he mu/ get back to ! road4 ,by ?is digression he has wa/$ j z mu* "t z x has tak5 to come f ! direct road to ?is po9t add$ to ! "t x w take to g back4 ,d n digress2 tell "o /ory at a "t2 let no incid5t into y\r /ory :i* _c answ] ! "q1 ,:y are y "h8 by ,i help2 keep y\r eye on ! ma9 incid5t2 ?+s :i* d n unque/ionably contribute some?+ to ! ma9 incid5t %\ld be exclud$4 ,introductions & ,conclusions4 ,! *oice ( ! ma9 incid5t t[>ds :i* all o!r incid5ts conv]ge w rid compositions ( wor?less introductions & trail+ conclusions4 ,a /ory %\ld get "u way at once2 & any explanations at ! beg9n+1 ! introduction ( long descriptions or t$i\s p>agraphs ( f9e writ+1 w be head$ (f if ! pupil keeps con/antly 9 m9d t x mu/ all lead directly t[>d ! ma9 incid5t4 ,aga91 if ev]y?+ conv]ges to ! ma9 incid5t1 :5 t has be5 told ! /ory is f9i%$4 ,aft] t !re mu/ be no explanations1 no moraliz+1 no?+4 ,:5 ! /ory has be5 told x is a good rule to /op4 ,an excell5t example ( a %ort /ory well told is ,an ,incid5t ( ! ,fr5* ,camp1 by ,rob]t ,br[n+4 ,only ! absolutely necess>y has be5 introduc$4 ,! incid5ts fla% be=e ! read]4 ,no?+ c be said aft] ! la/ l9e4 ,h]ve ,riel is a vivid piece ( n>rative too4 ,su* an exhibition ( manl9ess appeals to all4 ,0 x necess>y to atta* ! la/ /anza8 ,if ?is poem ne$$ x1 :y n ! o!r8 ,if ! /ory has no moral 9 x1 no man c tie x on2 if !re is "o1 ! read] %\ld be acc\nt$ intellig5t en\gh to f9d x )\t any help4 ,t$i\s ,enum]ations4 ,mak+ all ! incid5ts conv]ge to "o ma9 incid5t w avoid tiresome enum]ations ( inconsequ5tial ev5ts1 :i* frequ5tly fill ! compositions ( "y pupils4 ,su* essays g5]ally />t ) a bright1 cle> morn+1 & a p>ty ( f\r ( u4 ,aft] rec\nt+ a doz5 ev5ts ( no consequ5ce :atev]1 we came home to a late supp]1 well repaid = our day's out+4 ,^! compositions may be q correct 9 ! *oice ( words1 s5t5ces1 & p>agraphs1 & ) x all be flat4 ,!re is no?+ to !m2 !y get ! read] n[h]e4 ,pick out "o ( ! _m incid5ts4 ,"w x up4 ,turn back to ! p>agraph f ,/ev5son & notice h[ little !re is to x :5 r$uc$ to b>e outl9e4 ,he has work$ x up s t x is good4 ,always rememb] t a %ort anecdote well told is wor? pages ( aimless enum]ation4 ,:at to include4 ,! selection ( ! ma9 incid5t w guide 9 det]m9+ :at to include2 = e detail mu/ be includ$ t is necess>y to make ! ma9 incid5t possible4 ,a "y pupil wrote ( a p>ty 9 ! woods4 ,! girls _h f\nd pleasant seats 9 a c> & 7 *att+ ab\t _! fri5ds1 :5 !y felt a sudd5 lur*1 & soon "o ( ! p>ty 0 besme>$ by slipp]y1 /icky :ites ( eggs4 ,n[1 if eggs 7 9 ! habit ( cl++ to ! ro(s ( c>s & break+ at un=tunate mom5ts1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( any explanation2 b z ! cook =got to boil ! eggs & ! girl _h put !m up into ! rack h]self1 "s ( ?is %\ld h be5 told4 ,en\gh at lea/ %\ld be told to make ! ma9 incid5t a possibility4 ,/ories are full ( surprises1 b !y c be und]/ood easily f ! prec$+ incid5ts2 or else ! new elem5t is "o t happ5s frequ5tly1 & ( itself is no?+ new4 ,9 ! p>agraph f ,/ev5son1 ! entrance ( ! prim1 little old maid is a surprise1 b x is a v common ?+ = ladies to walk ^u a public highway4 ,any surprise mu/ be natural1--! result ( causes at "w 9 ! /ory1 or ( circum/ances :i* are always occurr+ & by !mselves no surprises4 ,if ! /ory be a tangl$ web ( incid5ts culm9at+ 9 "s horror1 z ! dea? ( ! beautiful "y wife 9 ,haw?orne's ,bir?m>k1 all ! ev5ts mu/ be told t are necess>y to c>ry ! read] f ! fir/ "t he beholds h] beauty until he sees h] aga91 h] life ebb+ away z ! fairy h& fades f h] *eek4 ,9 ,baa1 ,baa1 ,black ,%eep x w\ld be impossible to pass directly f ! sweet boy ( ! fir/ *apt] to ! little li> ( ! la/2 some?+ mu/ be told ( ^? mis]able days t int]v5e1 & _! tell+ effect on ! little fell[4 ,s a read] c\ld n h>monize 8 idea ( old ,scrooge ga9$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ) g5]\s ,mr4 ,scrooge ( ! la/ )\t ! int]m$iate *apt]s4 ,keep+ ! ma9 incid5t 9 m9d1 include all t is necess>y to make x possible4 ,consi/5cy4 ,?is same rule m ?an any o!r w make a /ory consi/5t4 ,if incid5ts are *os5 ) relation to ! "o ma9 incid5t1 !y w all h a common quality2 !y c sc>cely be inconsi/5t4 ,x is mu* m ess5tial t a /ory be consi/5t ?an t x be a fact4 ,inde$1 facts are n necess>y 9 /ories1 & !y are dang]\s4 ,ian ,macl>5 says t ! only "p ( 8 /ories t has be5 sev]ely criticis$ is a dr[n+ episode1 :i* 0 a fact1 & ! only "o he ev] us$4 ,yet to ^? :o h read ,! ,bonnie ,bri] ,bu%1 ! old doctor is z well kn[n z any p]son :o lives across ! /reet2 he is real to u1 ?\gh he nev] liv$4 ,old ,scrooge & ,brom ,bones are bett] kn[n ?an ,john ,adams is4 ,a good "* or a good /ory ne$ n be drawn f facts4 ,inde$1 9 lit]ature z 9 actual life1 facts are /ubborn ?+s1 & w n accommodate !mselves to new surr\nd+s4 ,make ! /ory consi/5t2 be n too c>eful ab\t ! facts4 ,a /ory may be good & be entirely contr>y to all kn[n facts4 ,! ,ugly ,duckl+ is z true z ,fiske's ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & e :it z consi/5t4 ,alice 9 ,wond]l& is an excell5t /ory2 yet x conta9s no facts4 ,! introduction ( a s+le fact w\ld ru9 ! /ory2 = betwe5 ! realm ( fact & ! region ( fancy is a great gulf fix$1 & no man has successfully cross$ x4 ,:atev] conditions ( life & action are assum$ 9 "o "p ( a /ory mu/ be cont9u$ ?r\gh\t4 ,if walruses talk & h5s are reasonable 9 "o "p ( ! /ory1 to r$uce !m to e-day animals w\ld be ru9\s4 ,consi/5cy1 t ! p>ts /& toge!r1 t ! /ory seem probable1--?is is m ess5tial ?an facts4 ,& to ga9 ?is consi/5cy ! sure/ rule is to te/ ! mat]ial by its relation to ! ma9 incid5t4 ,! *oice ( ! ma9 incid5t1 !n1 w det]m9e to a great degree :at to exclude & :at to include2 x w assi/ 9 ridd+ compositions ( c\ntless enum]ations1 aimless w&]+s1 & flat end+s2 x w help ! writ] to get />t$1 & insure a /op :5 ! /ory is told2 & x w give to ! /ory ! quality mo/ ess5tial = its success1 consi/5cy4 ,an ,actor z ! ,/orytell]4 ,!re is yet ano!r condition t ent]s into ! selection ( mat]ials3 x makes a diff]5ce :o tells ! /ory4 ,if ! /ory be told 9 ! fir/ p]son1 t is1 if "o ( ! actors tell ! /ory1 he _c be suppos$ to "k all t ! o!r p]sons d :5 out ( sight & he>+1 nor c he "k :at !y ?9k4 ,to take an illu/ration f a pupil's essay4 ,a girl took h] baby si/] out ^u ! lake 9 a r[boat4 ,a viol5t /orm arose1 la%+ ! lake into a fury4 ,! o>s 7 wr5*$ f h] h&s4 ,helpless on ! wat]1 h[ 0 %e to be sav$8 ,"h ! essayi/ recit$ an inf9ite am\nt ( detail ab\t ! di/ress at home1 giv+ ! conv]sation & ! actions4 ,^! ?+s %e c\ld n h kn[n 9 ! "* %e _h assum$ at ! beg9n+1 t ( ! *ief actor4 ,all ( t %\ld h be5 exclud$4 ,:5 ,/ev5son tells ( ! fight 9 ! r\nd h\se1 ?\gh he knew :at ^? old salts 7 do+ outside1 matt]s ( great int]e/ to ! read]1 he does n let ,david say any?+ except :at he c\ld see or he>1 & a v little ( :at he le>n$ aft]w>ds4 ,/ev5son knew well :o 0 tell+ ! /ory2 ,david is too good a /ory-tell] to tell :at he c\ld n "k4 ,9 ! pupil's essay & 9 ,kidnapp$1 all su* matt]s w\ld h a direct be>+ on ! ma9 incid5t2 !y c\ld be includ$ )\t de/roy+ ! unity ( ! /ory4 ,b !y _c be includ$ :5 ! /ory is told by "o ( ! actors4 ,! ,omnisci5ce ( an ,au?or4 ,_m /ories1 probably mo/ /ories1 are told 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,9 ?is case ! au?or assumes ! position ( an omnisci5t p[] :o kn[s ev]y?+ t is done1 said1 or ?\ght by ! *>act]s 9 8 /ory4 ,n only :at happ5s 9 ! next room1 b :at is ?\ght at ! o!r side ( ! _w1 is compreh5d$ 9 8 omnisci5ce4 ,?is is ! position assum$ by ,irv+ 9 ,! ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[1 by ,kipl+ 9 ! s]ies ( /ories includ$ ) ,wee ,willie ,w9kie1 by ,scott 9 ,m>mion1 & by mo/ great noveli/s4 ,omnisci5ce is1 h[ev]1 a dang]\s pr]ogative = a "y p]son4 ,! p[] is s great t ! p]son :o has b rec5tly come into possession ( x becomes dizzy ) x & unc]ta9 9 8 movem5ts4 ,a "y p]son kn[s :at he w\ld d "u c]ta9 conditions2 b to be able to "k :at "s o!r p]son w\ld d & ?9k "u a c]ta9 set ( circum/ances requires a sure k ( "*1 & ! capability ( assum+ entirely diff]5t & unaccu/om$ po9ts ( view4 ,x is mu* saf] = ! beg9n] to take ! po9t ( view ( "o ( ! actors1 & tell ! /ory 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,!n :5 ! grasp has become sure f ?is /&po9t1 he may assume ! m difficult role ( ! omnisci5t ?ird p]son4 ,to sum up :at has be5 said ab\t ! selection ( mat]ials3 only ^? mat]ials %\ld be admitt$ to a /ory :i* contribute to its ma9 incid5t1 :i* are consi/5t ) "o ano!r1 & :i* c\ld h be5 kn[n by ! n>rator4 ,! ,climax4 ,:5 ! mat]ials = a /ory h be5 select$1 ! next consid]ation is _! arrangem5t4 ,if ! mat]ials h be5 select$ to contribute to ! ma9 incid5t & conv]ge t[>d x1 x w foll[ t ! ma9 incid5t w come la/ 9 ! /ory2 x w be ! climax t[>ds :i* ! sev]al p>ts ( ! /ory are direct$4 ,moreov]1 x %\ld be la/1 9 ord] to reta9 ! int]e/ ( ! read] up to t "t4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! dem&s ( ! second great pr9ciple ( /ructure1 ,mass4 ,an essay is well mass$ if ! p>ts are s arrang$ t ?+s ( importance w arre/ ! att5tion4 ,9 lit]ature to be read1 to arre/ ! att5tion is almo/ equival5t to cat*+ ! eye4 ,! positions t cat* ! eye1 :e!r 9 s5t5ce1 p>agraph1 or essay1 are ! beg9n+ & ! end4 ,7 x n = ano!r elem5t :i* ent]s into ! calculation1 ^! positions w\ld be ( ne>ly equal importance4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! m9d reta9s ! mo/ vivid impression ( ! ?+ x receiv$ la/1 ! impression ( ! end ( ! s5t5ce1 p>agraph1 or essay is /rong] ?an ! impression made by its beg9n+4 ,! climax ( a /ory %\ld come at ! end1 bo? because x is ! result ( prec$+ incid5ts1 & because by ?is position x receives ! additional emphasis due to its position4 ,:o8 ,:]e8 ,:58 ,:y8 ,! beg9n+ is ! position ( second importance4 ,:at1 !n1 %all /& 9 ?is place8 ,a /ory resembles a puzzle4 ,! solution ( ! puzzle is giv5 at ! end2 ! ?+ ( next importance is ! conditions ( ! puzzle4 ,9 ,baa1 ,baa1 ,black ,%eep ! /ory culm9ates 9 ! surprise ( a devot$ "m :5 %e discov]s t h] boy is a secretive little li>1 :o n[ des]ves to be call$ ,black ,%eep4 ,?is is ! end2 :at 0 ! beg9n+1--! conditions necess>y to br+ ab\t ?is deplorable result8 ,fir/1 !y 7 ! p]sons2 second1 ! place2 ?ird1 ! "t4 ,9 _m /ories !re is introduc$ ! reason = tell+ ! /ory4 ,^! conditions1 answ]+ ! que/ions ,:o8 ,:]e8 ,:58 & ,:y8 are all1 or "s ( !m1 introduc$ at ! beg9n+ ( any n>rative1 & z soon z x c be done1 !y ought all to be giv54 ,9 a %ort essay1 !y are 9 ! fir/ p>agraph2 9 a novel1 9 ! fir/ *apt]s4 ,9 ,m>mion ! "t1 ! place1 & ! pr9cipal "* are introduc$ into ! fir/ canto4 ,s ,irv+ beg9s ,! ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[ ) ! place & "t1 !n foll[ ! *>act]s4 ,9 all /ories ! beg9n+ is occupi$ 9 giv+ ! conditions ( ! /ory2 t is1 ! pr9cipal *>act]s1 ! "t1 & ! place4 ,9 :at ,ord]8 ,hav+ ! end & ! beg9n+ cle>ly 9 m9d1 ! next "q is h[ be/ to get f "o to ! o!r4 ,%all ! incid5ts be arrang$ 9 ord] ( "t8 or %all o!r consid]ations gov]n8 ,if x be any n>rative ( ! j\rnal =m1 :e!r a di>y or a biography1 ! *ronological arrangem5t w direct ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,aga91 if x be a simple /ory ) a s+le s]ies ( ev5ts1 ! "t ord] w prevail4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be a n>rative :i* conta9s sev]al s]ies ( ev5ts1 z a hi/ory or a novel1 x may be wise1 ev5 necess>y1 to deviate f ! "t sequ5ce4 ,x w\ld h be5 unwise = ,scott to hold /rictly to ! ord] ( "t 9 ,m>mion2 aft] introduc+ ! pr9cipal "*1 giv+ ! "t & ! sett+1 x 0 necess>y = him to br+ 9 ano!r elem5t ( ! plot1 ,con/ance1 & to g backw>d 9 "t to pick up ?is ?read ( ! /ory4 ,! really ess5tial ord] 9 any n>rative is ! ord] ( cause & effect4 ,z causes prec$e effects1 ! causal ord] & ! "t ord] g5]ally co9cide4 ,9 a s+le s]ies ( ev5ts1 t is1 :]e "o cause alone produces an effect1 :i* 9 turn becomes ! cause ( ano!r effect1 ! "t ord] is ! causal ord]4 ,9 a novel1 or a %ort /ory frequ5tly1 :]e !re are m ?an "o s]ies ( incid5ts contribut+ to & conv]g+ t[>ds ! ma9 incid5t1 ^! causes mu/ all be introduc$ be=e ! effect1 & may break ! *ronological ord] ( ! /ory4 ,9 ,rog] ,malv9's ,burial1 x w\ld be impossible to tell :at ! /rick5 fa!r 0 do+ & :at ! joy\s "m 0 ?9k+ at ! same "t4 ,haw?orne mu/ leave "o & g to ! o!r until !y meet 9 _! awful desolation4 ,! only rule t c be giv5 is1 introduce causes be=e effects4 ,9 all /ories1 %ort or long1 ?is w result 9 an approximation to ! ord] ( "t2 9 a simple /ory x w inv>iably give a "t sequ5ce4 ,!re is "o exception to ?is rule :i* %\ld be not$4 ,x is necess>y at ! v beg9n+ to h "s incid5t t w arre/ ! att5tion4 ,?is does n mean t p]sons1 place1 & "t %all n come fir/4 ,!y %all come fir/1 b !y %all be s introduc$ z to make an int]e/+ op5+ to ! /ory4 ,! novels ( "s decades ago did n suffici5tly recognize ! pr9ciple4 ,"o c frequ5tly he> x said ( ,scott's /ories1 ,i c't get />t$ ) !m2 !y are too dry4 ,! introductory *apt]s are (t5 un9t]e/+4 ,s mu* hi/ory is introduc$1 s mu* sc5]y is describ$ be=e ! au?or sets out 8 *>act]s2 & all ?is is done be=e he beg9s ! /ory4 ,noveli/s ( to-day realize t !y mu/ int]e/ ! read] at ! beg9n+2 :5 !y h caught him1 !y are q c]ta9 t he w be> ) !m :ile !y br+ up ! o!r divisions ( ! /ory1 :i* n[ h become int]e/+ because !y ?r[ light on :at has already be5 told4 ,ev5 m ?an noveli/s1 dramati/s recognize ?is pr9ciple4 ,:5 ! curta9 rises on ! fir/ act1 some?+ int]e/+ is go+ on4 ,! action frequ5tly beg9s f> along 9 ! "t cov]$ by ! /ory2 !n by clev]ly arrang$ conv]sation all circum/ances be=e ! "t ( ! op5+ t are necess>y to ! developm5t ( ! plot are introduc$4 ,! audi5ce receives ^! m9or yet ess5tial details ) no impati5ce1 s9ce !y expla9 9 "p a situation already int]e/+4 ,! "t ord] may be brok5 9 ord] to introduce at ! beg9n+ ( ! /ory "s int]e/+ situation :i* w imm$iately engage ! read]'s att5tion4 ,9 arrang+ ! mat]ials ( a /ory1 ! ma9 consid]ations are ,mass & ,coh]5ce4 ,mass dem&s important matt]s at ! beg9n+ & at ! end ( a /ory4 ,coh]5ce dem&s t ev5ts closely relat$ %all /& close toge!r3 t an effect %all imm$iately foll[ its cause4 ,beg9n+ ) "s int]e/+ situation t w also introduce ! pr9cipal *>act]s1 ! "t1 & ! sett+1 ! /ory foll[s 9 ! ma9 ! ord] ( "t1 & concludes ) ! ma9 incid5t4 ,an ,outl9e4 ,"o practical sugge/ion w assi/ 9 arrang+ ! p>ts ( a /ory4 ,use an outl9e4 ,x w gu>d aga9/ ! omission ( any detail t may aft]w>d be f\nd necess>y1 & aga9/ ! necessity ( (f]+ ! apology1 inexcusable 9 prep>$ "w1 ( =gett+ to say2 x w help ! writ] to see ! be/ arrangem5t ( ! p>ts1 to "k t causes h prec$$ effects4 ,! outl9e 9 n>ration %\ld n be too mu* 9 detail1 nor %\ld x be foll[$ if1 z ! /ory progresses1 new light comes & ! writ] sees a bett] way to proce$4 ,! writ] %\ld be above ! outl9e1 n its slave2 b ! outl9e is a mo/ valuable s]vant ( ! writ]4 ,movem5t4 ,movem5t is an ess5tial quality ( n>rative2 a /ory mu/ advance4 ,?is does n mean t ! /ory %all always g at ! same rate1 ?\gh x does mean t x %all always g4 ,if a /ory always _h ! rapidity & int5sity ( a climax1 x w\ld be intol]able4 ,music t is all ru%+ climaxes is unbe>able2 a picture mu/ n be a gl>e ( high lights4 ,! quiet passages 9 music1 ! grays & l[ tones 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! picture1 ! sl[ *apt]s 9 a /ory1 are z necess>y z _! opposites2 inde$1 climaxes are dep5d5t on contra/s 9 ord] to be climaxes4 ,rapidity4 ,! "q ( movem5t resolves itself into ^! two3 h[ is rapidity ( movem5t obta9$1 & h[ c ! writ] delay ! movem5t4 ,rapidity is ga9$ by ! omission ( all unnecess>y details1 & ! use ( ! %orte/1 t]se/ s5t5ces to express ! absolutely ess5tial4 ,dep5d5t clauses disappe>2 ei!r ! s5t5ces are simple1 j "o %>p /atem5t1 or !y are made ( coord9ate clauses ) no connectives4 ,e weight t c\ld clog ! /ory is ?r[n away1 & x runs ) ! swiftness ( ! ?\ght4 ,at su* a "t x w\ld be a wa/e ( good mat]ial to introduce beautiful descriptions or pr(\nd philosophy4 ,su* ?+s w\ld be skipp$ by ! read]4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ cle> ! way = ! /ory4 ,sl[ness4 ,:at has be5 said ( rapidity w indicate ! answ] to ! second "q4 ,sl[ness ( movem5t is obta9$ by introduc+ long descriptions1 analyses ( *>act]s1 & in=mation reg>d+ ! hi/ory or cu/oms ( ! "t4 ,s5t5ces become long & involv$2 dep5d5t clauses ab\nd2 connective words & phrases are frequ5t4 ,ne$less details may be introduc$ until ! /ory becomes we>isome2 x has almo/ no movem5t4 ,v closely connect$ ) :at has be5 said above is ano!r fact conc]n+ movem5t4 ,/rip ! s5t5ces z y may1 !re are /ill ! v]bs rema9+4 ,v]bs & d]ivatives f v]bs are ! words :i* d5ote action4 ,if o!r classes ( words be tak5 out1 ! ratio ( v]bs to ! o!r words 9 ! s5t5ce is l>g]4 ,%ort] s5t5ces & an increas$ ratio ( v]bs m>k ! passages 9 :i* ! movem5t is m rapid4 ,9 ,baa1 ,baa1 ,black ,%eep ! s5t5ces av]age tw5ty-five words 9 ! sl[] p>ts2 9 ! int5s] p>agraphs ! s5t5ces h an av]age ( fifte5 words4 ,poe's ,gold-,bug *anges f ?irty-eight to tw5ty-"o4 ,aga91 ,/ev5son's essays h a v]b to eight words1 :ile ! fight at ! r\nd h\se has a v]b to ab\t five & a half words4 ,"o ( ,kipl+'s /ories />ts 9 ) a v]b to eight & a half words1 & ! climax has a v]b 9 e f\r words4 ,^! figures mean t z ! s5t5ces are %ort5$1 adjectives1 adv]bs1 phrases1 connectives1 disappe>4 ,ev]y?+ n absolutely necess>y is ?r[n away :5 ! passage is to express rapid movem5t4 ,no p]son %\ld ?9k t1 by elim9at+ all dep5d5t clauses1 cutt+ away all unnecess>y matt]s1 & putt+ 9 a v]b to e f\r words1 he c ga9 int5sity ( expression4 ,^! are only accompany+ circum/ances4 ,climaxes are 9 ! ?\ght4 ,:5 ! ?\ght moves rapidly1 :5 ?+s are be+ done ) a ru%1 :5 ! climax has be5 rea*$1 !n ! writ] w f9d t he c approa* ! movem5t ( ! ?\ght mo/ ne>ly by us+ ^! means4 ,description & ,n>ration4 ,a valuable accessory to n>ration is description2 9 tru?1 description = its own sake is n frequ5tly f\nd4 ,! /ory mu/ be some:]e2 & x is m real :5 we "k 9 :at k9d ( a place x occurs4 ,/ill x is n wise to d z ,scott s (t5 has done1--give *apt]s ( description at ! beg9n+ ( ! /ory4 ,r ! sett+ %\ld be scatt]$ ?r\gh ! /ory s t x is h>dly p]ceptible4 ,at no "t %\ld ! read] halt & realize t he is be+ treat$ to a description4 ,ev5 9 ! beautiful descriptions by ,/ev5son quot$ 9 ! next *apt]1 ! "w is s intimately bl5d$ ) ! /ory t ! read] un=tunately might pass ov] x4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! pleasure d]iv$ f ! be/ /ories is suppli$ by good descriptions1 giv+ a vivid picture ( ! sett+ ( ! /ory4 ,description has ano!r use 9 n>ration beside giv+ ! sett+ ( ! /ory2 x is (t5 us$ to acc5t ! mood ( ! action4 ,9 ,! ,fall ( ! ,h\se ( ,u%] by ,poe1 mu* ( ! gloomy =ebod+ is caus$ by ! weird descriptions4 ,haw?orne und]/ood well ! h>mony betwe5 man's feel+s & 8 surr\nd+s4 ,! ,sylvan ,dance 9 ,! ,m>ble ,faun is wond]fully h&l$4 ,irv+1 9 ,! ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[1 ?r[s ab\t ! /ory a wit*+ influ5ce1 & long be=e ! ,headless ,horseman appe>s1 ! read] is q sure t ! region ab\nds 9 gho/s & gobl9s1 dwell+ 9 its haunt$ fields1 & haunt$ brooks1 & haunt$ bridges1 & haunt$ h\ses4 ,! dang] 9 ! use ( description = ?is purpose is 9 ov]do+ x4 ,! fact is1 z ,arlo ,bates says1 ! villa9s no long] /eal ?r\gh smil+ g>d5s ^: sn[y lilies1 all abloom1 & s5d+ up p]fume l inc5se f c5s]s ( silv]1 seem to rebuke ! wick$4 ,yet :5 h&l$ z ,/ev5son & ,irv+ h&l$ x1 description assi/s 9 acc5t+ ! mood ( ! action4 ,*>act]s few1 ,"t %ort4 ,! numb] ( *>act]s %\ld be few & ! "t ( ! action %ort4 ,pupils are n able to h&le a l>ge numb] ( p]sons4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a /rong] reason = x ?an incapacity4 ,a "y p]son w\ld h great tr\ble 9 rememb]+ ! l>ge numb] ( p]sons introduc$ into ,little ,dorrit4 ,_m ( !m w\ld always rema9 entire /rang]s4 ,su* a scatt]+ ( att5tion is unfavorable to a /ory4 ,to focus ! int]e/ ^u a few1 to h ! action c5tr$ 9 ^! few1 increases ! movem5t & int5sity ( ! n>rative4 ,! writ]s ( %ort /ories 9 ,france 7p]haps ! be/ /ory-tell]s ( ! pres5t71 ,kipl+1 ,davis1 ,miss ,wilk9s1 & "s o!rs ( our be/ au?ors1 f9d few *>act]s all t are necess>y1 & !y ga9 9 int5sity by limit+ ! numb] ( *>act]s4 ,= ! same reason ! "t %\ld be %ort4 ,if all ! incid5ts *os5 are cr[d$ into a %ort p]iod ( "t1 ! action mu/ be m rapid4 ,! read] does n l to "k five ye>s h elaps$ betwe5 "o ev5t & ! next1 ev5 if ! /ory-tell] does n try to fill up ! int]im ) matt]s ( no consequ5ce to ! n>rative4 ,"o exception mu/ be made to ?is rule4 ,9 /ories ^: purpose is to portray a *ange ( "*1 a long "t is necess>y2 = ! trans=mation is n usually ! result ( a day's exp]i5ce1 b a gradual process ( ye>s4 ,silas ,m>n] & ,baa1 ,baa1 ,black ,%eep dem& "t to make naturally ! great *anges rec\nt$4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! "t %\ld be %ort4 ,simple ,plot4 ,moreov]1 ! plot %\ld be simple4 ,?is is n say+ t ! plot %\ld be evid5t4 ,no "o is q satisfi$ if he kn[s j h[ ! /ory w turn out4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 s _m conditions 9 a /ory t ! acc5tuation ( "o or ! subord9ation ( ano!r may br+ ab\t some?+ q unexpect$1 yet p]fectly natural4 ,complicat$ plots h _h _! day2 simple plots are n[ 9 vogue4 ,!y are z natural z life1 & q z unfa?omable4 ,9 ,davis's ,gallegh] !re is no?+ complicat$2 "o ?+ foll[s ano!r 9 a p]fectly natural way2 yet !re are _m que/ions 9 ! read]'s m9d z to h[ ! little rascal w turn out1 & :e!r he w accompli% 8 mission4 ,mu* m clev]ness is %[n by ! sleight-(-h& trick/]1 :o1 unassi/$ & 9 ! op51 ) no accessories1 dupes 8 />+ assembly1 ?an by him :o1 on ! /age1 ) ! aid ( mirrors1 lights1 ma*9es1 & a cr[d ( assi/ants1 manages to deceive y\r eyes4 ,a /ory t by its frank simplicity takes ! read] into its confid5ce1 & br+s him to a conclusion t is s natural t x %\ld h be5 =ese5 f ! beg9n+1 has a good plot4 ,! conclusion ( a /ory mu/ be natural1--! result ( ! causes at "w 9 ! /ory4 ,x mu/ be an expect$ surprise4 ,if x _c be acc\nt$ = by ! causes at "w 9 ! /ory1 ! con/ruction is faulty4 ,9 ! _w ( fiction !re is n ! lib]ty "o exp]i5ces 9 ! _w ( fact4 ,!re ?+s unexpect$ & unexpla9able occur4 ,b ! /ory-tell] has no su* privilege4 ,tru? is /rang] ?an fiction d>e be4 ,a simple1 natural /ory1 ) few *>act]s & cov]+ b a %ort p]iod ( "t1 has ?ree elem5ts ( success4 ,p>agraph /ructure1 s5t5ce /ructure1 & *oice ( words are tak5 up 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,( p>agraphs x may be wise to say t !re w be z _m z !re are divisions 9 ! outl9e2 & sometimes1 by reason ( ! l5g? ( topic1 a subdivision may be necess>y4 ,! p>agraph mo/ common 9 n>ration is ! p>agraph ( details1 ! fir/ =m pres5t$ 9 ! *apt] on p>agraphs4 ,:at ne$s to be said ( s5t5ces has already be5 said :5 treat+ ( movem5t4 ,( words "o ?+ may be sugge/$4 ,*oose live words1 specific words1 words t h g 9 !m4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ev]y?+ _c be le>n$ at once4 ,! /udy ( ! :ole is ! pr9cipal occupation j n[4 ,select ! ma9 incid5t2 *oose o!r incid5ts to be consi/5t ) x2 />t out at once giv+ ! conditions ( ! /ory2 proce$ n[ fa/1 n[ sl[1 z ! ?\ght dem&s1 arriv+ at a conclusion t is an expect$ surprise1 ! result ( =ces at "w 9 ! /ory4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions ,,& ,,ex]cises ,! que/ions are only sugge/ive4 ,!y indicate h[ lit]ature c be made to tea* composition4 ,"s que/ions may seem h>d1 & w provoke discussion4 ,to h ev5 a false op9ion1 back$ by only a few facts1 is bett] ?an an entire abs5ce ( ?\ght4 ,enc\rage discussion4 ,! answ]s to ! que/ions h n be5 sugge/$ 9 ! que/ions !mselves4 ,! object has be5 to ?r[ ! pupil ^u 8 own ?9k+4 ,^! que/ions ^u ! ,me?od ( ! ,au?or %\ld n be consid]$ until ! f> m important "w ( d]iv+ ! ,mean+ ( ! ,au?or has be5 f9i%$4 ,only aft] ! :ole piece has be5 c>efully /udi$ c ! relation ( ! p>ts to ! :ole be und]/ood4 ,res]ve ! que/ions = ! review4 ,,que/ions4 ,,! ,,great ,,/one ,,face4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #dj47 ,9 :at p>agraphs is ! ma9 incid5t8 ,c y f9d "o s5t5ce on ! second page ( ! /ory t =e%ad[s ! result8 ,h[ _m incid5ts or episodes contribute to ! /ory8 ,d ^! help 9 ! developm5t ( ,erne/'s "*8 ,if n1 :at is ! use ( !m8 ,:y are !y arrang$ 9 ?is ord]8 ,introduce into its prop] place an incid5t ( a sci5ti/4 ,write x up4 ,d y ?9k "o ( ! incid5ts c\ld be omitt$8 ,:i* "o8 ,are ! incid5ts relat$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occurr$8 ,is "o ! cause ( ano!r8 ,has ! /ory a plot8 ,:y d y ?9k s8 ,:at is a plot8 ,:]e are introduc$ ! "t1 place1 & ! pr9cipal "*8 ,:at is ! use ( ! description ( ! great /one face8 ,:y does ! au?or tell only :at 0 report$ ( ! int]ior ( ,mr4 ,ga!rgold's palace8 ,is x bett] s8 ,are ! descriptions to acc5t ! mood ( ! /ory8 or are !y prim>ily to make concrete & real ! p]sons & places8 ,is !re any place :]e ! movem5t ( ! /ory is rapid8 ,does ! au?or beg9 at once1 & close :5 ! /ory is told8 ,did y f9d any use ( comp>isons 9 ! piece8 7,see top ( p4 #f1 top ( p4 #ai1 middle ( p4 #bb47c ,( :at value are !y 9 composition8 ,,! ,,g5tle ,,boy4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ade47 ,:at is ! ma9 incid5t8 ,9 relation to ! :ole /ory1 9 :at place does x /&8 ,d ! o!r incid5ts s]ve to develop ! "* ( ! g5tle boy8 or are !y introduc$ to op5 up to ! read] t "*8 7,comp>e ) ,wee ,willie ,w9kie47 ,d y consid] all ! incid5ts necess>y8 ,:y has ! au?or introduc$ ! fact t ,ilbrahim g5tly c>$ = ! little boy :o fell f ! tree8 ,:at is ! use ( ! fir/ two pages ( ! /ory8 ,:]e does ! /ory really beg98 ,h[ c\ld y "k ! "t1 if ! fir/ page 7 n !re8 ,is x a delicate way ( tell+ :58 ,notice t "t1 place1 & pr9cipal *>act]s all are introduc$ into ! fir/ p>agraph ( ! real /ory4 ,:y does ! au?or note ! *ange 9 ,tobias's circum/ances8 ,does x add to ! int]e/ ( ! /ory8 ,w\ld y omit x8 ,d y ?9k ?is plot m complicat$ ?an t ( ,! ,great ,/one ,face8 ,:at is ! use ( ! description on p4 #ca8 ,:at d y note z ! diff]5ce betwe5 7a7 second l9e ( p4 #ai1 six? l9e ( p4 #bg1 sixte5? l9e ( p4 #bi1 & 7b7 f\r? l9e ( p4 #be1 ! figure 9 ! complete p>agraph on p4 #dj8 ,,! ,,gray ,,*ampion4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ade47 ,note ! successive /ages by :i* ! "t is approa*$4 7,comp>e ) ! beg9n+ ( ,silas ,m>n]47 ,c y feel any diff]5ce betwe5 ! movem5t ( ?is /ory & ! movem5t 9 ,! ,g5tle ,boy8 ,is !re any diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! s5t5ces8 7,rememb] t ! indep5d5t clauses ( a comp\nd s5t5ce are v ne>ly ! same z simple s5t5ces47 ,is !re any diff]5ce 9 ! proportion ( v]bs & v]bals8 ,:at p>ts ( spee* h almo/ disappe>$8 ,,rog] ,,malv9',s ,,burial4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ade47 ,:y is ! fir/ p>agraph ne$$8 ,:y c\ld ! incid5t 9 ! fir/ p>agraph on p4 #ej n be omitt$8 ,d y f9d x lat]8 ,h[ _m *apt]s c\ld y divide ! /ory into8 ,:at is ! basis ( division8 ,:y did n ,haw?orne tell ! result ( ! %ot at once8 ,a plot is usually made by introduc+ m ?an "o cause1 by hid+ "o ( ! causes1 or by hold+ back an effect4 ,:i* 9 ?is /ory8 ,is !re a *ange ( movem5t betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! /ory8 ,look at ! la/ two pages c>efully4 ,h[ has ! au?or express$ ! int5sity ( ! situation8 ,does ! /ory end :5 x is f9i%$8 ,,! ,,w$d+ ,,knell4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ade47 ,( ! ?ree common ways ( giv+ unc]ta9ty to a plot1 :i* has be5 us$8 ,d y call ?is plot m complicat$ ?an ^? ( ! o!r tales /udi$8 ,:y does ! au?or say1 at ! top ( p4 #gb1 necess>y preface8 ,c\ld x n be omitt$8 ,if n1 :at pr9ciple ( n>rative con/ruction w\ld be violat$ by its omission8 ,:y has he introduc$ ! la/ p>agraph on p4 #gd rea*+ ov] to p4 #ge8 ,,! ,,ambiti\s ,,gue/4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #dj47 ,9 :at ord] are ! elem5ts ( ! /ory introduc$8 ,pick out phrases :i* prep>e y = ! cata/rophe4 ,c y detect any diff]5ce 9 ! movem5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! /ory8 ,:at aids its expression8 ,,! ,,gold-,,bug4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #abj47 ,w\ld y h be5 satisfi$ if ! /ory _h /opp$ :5 ! treasure 0 discov]$8 ,:at m d y want to "k8 ,:at1 !n1 is ! ma9 incid5t8 ,0 ! ma9 incid5t ! la/ to occur 9 ord] ( "t8 ,:y did ,poe delay tell+ x until ! end8 ,d y see h[ relat+ ! /ory 9 ! fir/ p]son help$ him to ?r[ ! ma9 incid5t la/8 ,:y c\ld he n tell x be=e8 ,does ,poe tell any o!r /ories 9 ! fir/ p]son8 ,9 :at p]son are ,treasure ,isl& & ,kidnapp$ told8 ,are !y int]e/+8 ,if a fri5d is tell+ y a /ory1 d y c>e m = x if x is ab\t a ?ird p>ty or ab\t himself8 ,:y8 ,:at1 !n1 is ! advantage ( mak+ an actor ! n>rator8 ,:at are "s ( ! disadvantages8 ,d y ?9k ?is plot z good z ^? ( ,haw?orne's /ories8 ,:y 0 x necess>y to h a day ( rem>kable *ill9ess 7p4 #c71 & a ,newf\ndl& dog ru%+ into ! room 7p4 #f78 ,:at pr9ciple w\ld x violate to omit ^! little matt]s8 7,text-book1 p4 #bd47 ,:at ( ! rapidity ( movem5t :5 !y are digg+8 ,h[ has rapidity be5 ga9$8 ,:at =m ( wit does ,poe attempt8 ,does he succe$8 ,d y ?9k ! conv]sation is natural8 ,if n1 :at is ! matt] ) x8 ,are negroes usually pr(ane8 ,does ,jupit]'s g5]al "* lead y to expect pr(anity f him8 ,is any?+ ga9$ by 8 oa?s8 ,is any?+ sacrific$8 ,9 ?is /ory is pr(anity arti/ic8 7,to "k :at is meant by arti/ic1 read ! la/ l9e ( ,l',envoi on p4 #bec ( ! text-book47 ,,! ,,vision ,,( ,,sir ,,launfal4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #cj47 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! fir/ /anza8 ,:at connection 9 ?\ght is !re betwe5 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? /anzas8 ,:at h ^! /anzas to d ) ! /ory8 ,if !y h no?+ to d ) x1 :at pr9ciple ( /ructure d !y violate8 ,w\ld ,l[ell be likely to d ?is8 ,:at is ! use ( ! description beg9n+ ,& :at is s r>e z a day 9 ,june8 ,w\ld ! /ory be complete )\t ! preludes8 ,w\ld ! tea*+ be und]/ood )\t !m8 ,are "t & place def9itely /at$ 9 ! poem8 ,:y %\ld !y be1 or n be8 ,:y does s mu* "t elapse betwe5 ,"p ,i4 & ,"p ,,ii4 ( ! /ory8 ,9 :at l9es d y f9d ! ma9 incid5t8 ,9 ! fir/ prelude is ,l[ell describ+ a l&scape ( ,new ,engl& or ,old ,engl&8 ,:]e is ! /ory laid8 ,:at comm5t h y to make ^u ^! facts8 ,pick out ! figures4 ,are !y useful8 ,c y f9d passages ( exposition & description 9 ?is n>rative8 ,:y d y call x n>ration8 ,:at is ,l[ell's criticism ^u himself8 7,see ,fable = ,critics47 ,a ,,*ri/mas ,,c>ol4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #eg47 ,is ! op5+ su* z to cat* ! att5tion8 ,:at is ! ess5tial idea 9 ! description ( ,scrooge8 ,d all details en=ce ?is idea8 ,d y "k ,scrooge8 ,9 :at p>agraph does ,dick5s tell :]e ! /ory occurs8 ,f9d places on p4 #ai & p4 #if :]e ,dick5s has us$ 9 or into4 ,:at advantage to ! /ory is ! appe>ance 9 ,scrooge's (fice ( 8 nephew & ! two g5tlem58 ,d !y come into ! /ory aga98 ,are ! details 9 ! description ( ! app>ition on p4 #da 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y w\ld be not$8 ,:i* is ! mo/ important detail8 ,:]e is x 9 ! description8 ,is ! description ( ,mrs4 ,fezziwig on p4 #eb successful8 ,:at helps express rapidity ( movem5t 9 ! p>agraph at ! bottom ( p4 #ec8 7,see also p>agraph on p4 #he47 ,exam9+ ! words us$ by ,dick5s & ,haw?orne1 :i* are long]8 ,:i* are mo/ effectual8 ,are y sure8 ,rewrite "o ( ,haw?orne's p>agraphs ) a ,dick5s vocabul>y4 ,:at is ! result8 ,:at ^w is ! topic ( ! la/ p>agraph on p4 #gc8 ,reca/ ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! la/ p>agraph on p4 #gg4 ,does ,dick5s use slang8 7,d n consid] conv]sation 9 ! answ] to ?is "q47 ,:at is ! ma9 incid5t8 ,is !re "o ( ! m9or incid5ts t c\ld be omitt$8 ,:i* "o c\ld y mo/ easily sp>e8 ,:at is ! ne$ ( ! la/ *apt]8 ,,m>mion4 7,rolfe's ,/ud5t's ,s]ies1 ,vol4 #b47 ,h[ d y "k ! "t ( ,m>mion8 ,d y see any reason :y /anza vi4 ( ,canto ,i4 w\ld bett] prec$e /anza v48 ,:]e is ! fir/ m5tion ( ,de ,wilton8 ! fir/ intimation ( ,cl>a de ,cl>e8 ( ,con/ance8 ,:at =m ( disc\rse 9 /anza vii4 ( ,canto ,,ii48 ,:at "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! n>rative does ,fitz-,eu/ace's song make8 ,does ! tale relat$ by ! ho/ break ! unity ( ! :ole8 ,is x ano!r /ory8 ,:at value has x8 ,:y does ,scott n tell ( ,m>mion's enc\nt] ) ! ,elf9 ,knight 9 ,canto ,,iii48 ,:]e is x told8 ,:y !re8 ,:y is ,canto ,,ii4 put aft] ,canto ,i48 ,did ! ev5ts relat$ 9 ,,ii4 occur aft] ^? relat$ 9 ,i48 ,h[ _m ( ! descriptions ( p]sons 9 ,m>mion beg9 ) ! face8 ,h[ _m times are !y ( ! face only8 ,try to write ! incid5t relat$ 9 /anzas xix41 xx41 xxi41 & xxii4 ( ,canto ,,iii4 9 few] words ?an ,scott has done x )\t sacrific+ any detail4 ,are y satisfi$ ) ! description ( ,k+ ,james 9 /anza viii4 ,canto ,v48 ,d y see him8 ,write an outl9e ( ! plot ( ,m>mion 9 two hundr$ words4 ,:y is ! /ory ( ,lady ,cl>e res]v$ until ,canto ,v48 ,:at cantos conta9 ! ma9 incid5t8 ,7 all t prec$es omitt$1 w\ld ,! ,battle be z int]e/+8 ,d y ?9k ! plot good8 ,is x complicat$8 ,:at ( ! numb] ( figures us$ 9 ! la/ canto comp>$ ) ^? us$ 9 any o!r canto8 ,d y f9d m 9 n>rative or descriptive passages8 ,:y8 ,read /anza viii4 ,canto ,,iii4 ,c y describe a voice )\t us+ comp>ison8 ,d ! introductions to ! sev]al cantos =m any "p ( ! /ory8 ,w\ld !y be j z good any:]e else8 ,w\ld ! /ory be bett] ) !m1 or )\t !m8 ,:at pr9ciple ( /ructure d !y violate8 ,,ex]cises4 ,! subjects = composition giv5 bel[ are n int5d$ z a c\rse to be foll[$1 b only to sugge/ a plan = ! "w4 ,! individual topics = essays may n be ! be/ = all cases4 ,long li/s ( topics c be f\nd 9 rhetorics4 ,b>e subjects1 h[ev]1 are usually unsugge/ive4 ,!y %\ld be adapt$ to ! class4 ,put ! subjects 9 su* %ape t !re is some?+ to get hold (4 ,give ! pupils a fair />t4 #a-d4 ,9 ord] to place be=e ! pupils good models = con/ruct+ /ories1 read "o l ,a ,piece ( ,/r+ 9 ,an ,odd ,numb]1 by ,maupassant4 ,/ories = ?is purpose %\ld n be long4 ,talk ! /ory ov] ) ! pupils1 br++ out cle>ly ! ma9 incid5t & ! sev]al episodes :i* contribute to x4 ,h !m notice h[ *>act]s1 "t1 & place are introduc$2 & h[ ea* succe$+ ev5t is possible & natural4 ,!n h x rewritt54 ,?is w fix ! idea ( plan4 ,= ?is purpose "s ( ,miss ,wilk9s's /ories are excell5t2 ,k5ne? ,grahame's ,! ,gold5 ,age1 & ,miss ,jewett's %ort /ories are good mat]ial4 ,"s ( ! %ort /ories 9 curr5t magaz9es s]ve well4 #e1 #f4 ,read ! fir/ ( a /ory & its close1--en\gh to indicate ! ma9 incid5t & ! sett+ ( ! /ory4 ,h ! pupils write x complete4 #g4 ,read ! close ( a /ory4 ,! pupils w !n write ! :ole4 #h4 ,read ! op5+ ( a /ory4 ,h ! pupils complete x4 #i4 ,f9i% ,! ,circus-,man's ,/ory 7,text-book1 p4 #big47 #aj4 ,my ,fir/ ,algebra ,lesson4 ,rememb] t 9 composition a good /ory is wor? m ?an a true "o4 ,! basis may be a fact4 ,d n hesitate to fix x up4 #aa4 ,a deliv]y horse runs away4 ,no p]sons are 9 ! wagon4 ,tell ab\t x4 #ab4 ,write ab\t a runaway 9 :i* y & y\r little si/] are injur$4 7,i h f\nd x v helpful to use ! same subject1 b hav+ ! relation ( ! n>rator to ! incid5t v diff]5t4 ,x s]ves to br+ out a :ole new vocabul>y 9 ord] to express ! diff]5ce 9 ! feel+s ( ! n>rator47 #ac4 ,write ! /ory sugge/$ to y\r m9d by ^! words3 ,digg+ 9 ! s& ,i f\nd a bo>d mu* worn by ! waves1 on :i* 7 cut1 9 *>act]s sc>cely traceable1 ^! words3 ,dec4----#ah #i1 ,n4 ,j4 #ad4 ,a humor\s incid5t 9 a /reet c>1 9 :i* ! joke 0 on ! o!r fell[4 #ae4 ,ano!r 9 :i* ! joke 0 on me4 ,! same incid5t may be us$ ) good effect4 ,! *oice ( new words to express ! diff]5ce ( feel+s makes an excell5t ex]cise4 #af4 ,tell ! /ory t ,doreas relat$ to h] neighbors ab\t h] husb&'s escape & h] fa!r's dea?4 #ag4 ,to br+ out ! fact t ! language mu/ be v>i$ to suit ! "* ( ! read] or li/5]1 tell a fairy /ory to a sleepy five-ye> old s t he w n g to sleep4 ,d n hesitate at exagg]ations4 ,only rememb] x mu/ be consi/5t4 #ah4 ,h ,! ,g5tle ,boy tell "o ( ! incid5ts 9 :i* he 0 cruelly treat$4 ,?is may well be an incid5t ( y\r own life adapt$ to its purpose4 #ai1 #bj4 ,jim 0 a mean boy4 ,meanness seem$ to be 9 8 blood4 ,he 0 all mean4 ,8 hair 0 mean2 8 freckles 7 mean2 8 big1 *app$ h&s 7 mean4 ,& he 0 always mean4 ,he 0 mean to 8 pets2 he 0 mean] to small boys2 & he 0 z mean z he d>$ to be to 8 equals 9 size4 ,write "o incid5t to %[ ,jim's meanness4 ,write ano!r to %[ h[ ,jim met 8 mat*1 & le>n$ a lesson4 #ba4 ,"w up ! foll[+ into a /ory4 ,x all occurs 9 "o day at ! pres5t "t4 ,place1 y\r own city4 ,*>act]s1 a poor sew+ girl1 h] little sick bro!r1 & a weal?y society lady4 ,incid5ts3 a conv]sation betwe5 bro!r & si/] ab\t "s fruit2 a conv]sation betwe5 ! sew+ girl & ! lady ab\t money due = sew+2 /eal+ apples2 arre/2 appe>ance ( ! lady4 ,title3 ,:o 0 ! ,crim9al8 #bb4 ,a /ory ( a mod]n ,sir ,launfal4 #bc4 ,! mo/ ?rill+ mom5t ( my life4 #bd4 ,tell ! :ole /ory sugge/$ by ! /anza ( ,a ,night+ale 9 ! ,/udy1 by ,l[ell1 :i* beg9s1 ,cloak$ %apes1 a twang+ ( guit>s4 #be4 ,write a /ory :i* tea*es a lesson4 ,rememb] t ! lesson is 9 ! /ory1 n at its end4 ,9 ! "w at ?is "t b little att5tion c be giv5 to ! tea*+ ( p>agraphs & s5t5ces4 ,! pupil %\ld le>n :at a p>agraph is1 & %\ld h 8 composition prop]ly divid$ into p>agraphs4 ,b ! =m & mass+ ( p>agraphs _c be tak5 up at ?is "t4 ,! same may be said ( s5t5ces4 ,he %\ld h no s5t5ces brok5 9 two by p]iods2 nor %\ld he h two s5t5ces =c$ into "o4 ,grammatical errors %\ld be sev]ely criticis$4 ,h[ev]1 ! pres5t "w is to get ! pupils />t$2 & !y _c get />t$ if !re is a tea*] hold+ !m back by disc\rag+ criticisms4 ,m>k all mi/akes ( :atev] k9d2 b put ! /ress ^u ! :ole composition3 its unity1 its coh]5ce1 its mass1 & its movem5t4 ,ev]y?+ _c be done at once2 _m di/ress+ faults w h to be pass$ ov] until lat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,description ,difficulties ( ,language = mak+ ,pictures4 ,description has be5 def9$ z ! =m ( lit]ature :i* pres5ts a picture by means ( language4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 x has be5 po9t$ out t ! sequ5ce ( language is p]fectly adapt$ to detail ! sequ5ce ( action 9 a n>rative4 ,= ! purpose ( con/ruct+ a picture1 ! means has s]i\s drawbacks4 ,! picture has to be pres5t$ 9 pieces2 & ! difficulties are mu* z w\ld be exp]i5c$ if dissect$ maps & animals us$ = *ildr5's amusem5t 7 to be put toge!r 9 ! head4 ,x w\ld n be easy to arrange ! map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f blocks1 ea* conta9+ a small "p ( x1 tak5 "o at a "t f a box4 ,yet ?is closely resembles ! me?od language =ces u to adopt 9 con/ruct+ a picture4 ,ea* phrase is l "o ( ! blocks1 & introduces a new elem5t into ! picture2 f ^! phrases ! read] mu/ recon/ruct ! :ole4 ,?is means n alone t he %all rememb] !m all1 b !re is a m s]i\s tr\ble3 he mu/ (t5 re>range !m4 ,= example1 a description by ,rusk9 beg9s1 ,n9e ye>s old4 ,ei!r a boy or a girl1 ! read] ?9ks1 z x may be 9 8 own home4 ,9 ! case ( ?is read] x is a boy1 r tall ( 8 age1 ) br[n hair & d>k eyes4 ,b ! next phrase reads1 ,nei!r tall nor %ort = h] age4 ,n[ ! read] kn[s x is a girl ( common /ature4 ,lat] on he le>ns t h] eyes are deep blue2 h] lips p]fectly lovely 9 pr(ile2 & s on ?r\gh ! details ( ! :ole sket*4 ,_m times 9 ! c\rse ( ! description ! read] makes up a new picture2 he is cont9ually recon/ruct+4 ,any "o :o w obs]ve 8 own m9d :ile read+ a new description c prove t ! picture is arrang$ & re>rang$ _m times4 ,?is is due to ! means by :i* x is pres5t$4 ,language pres5ts only a phrase at a "t1--a fragm5t1 n a :ole1--& s fails 9 ! in/antane\s pres5tation ( a complete picture4 ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture4 ,! pa9t] or sculptor :o ^u canvas or 9 /one fla%es ! :ole composition be=e u at ! same in/ant ( "t1 has great advantages ov] ! work] 9 words4 ,9 ^! me?ods !re is ne$$ no recon/ruction ( previ\s images1 no piec+ toge!r ( a numb] ( fragm5ts4 ,)\t any dang] ( mi/akes :i* w h to be correct$ lat]1 ! spectator c take 9 ! :ole picture at once1--e relation1 e color1 e diff]5ce 9 values4 ,x is because pictures are ! sure/ & quicke/ means ( repres5t+ objects to ! m9d t books1 especially text-books1 & magaz9es are s pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,no magaz9e c claim popul>ity to-day t does n use illu/rations :]e possible2 no text-book 9 sci5ce or hi/ory sells unless x conta9s pictures4 ,& ?is is because all p]sons accurately & quickly get ! idea f a picture4 ,advantages ( ,language4 ,:atev] be ! disadvantages ( language1 !re are "s advantages4 ,:o c\ld pa9t ?is f ,haw?orne8 ,soon ! smoke asc5d$ among ! trees1 impregnat$ ) savory inc5se1 n heavy1 dull1 & surfeit+1 l ! /eam ( cook]y indoors1 b sprightly & piquant4 ,! smell ( our fea/ 0 ak9 to ! woodl& odors ) :i* x m+l$4 7,mosses f an ,old ,manse47 ,or ?is f ,l[ell8-- ,"u ! yall]-p9es ,i h\se1 ,:5 sun%9e makes 'em all sweet-sc5t$1 ,an' he> among _! furry b\ghs ,! bask9' we/ w9d purr cont5t$1 ,:ile 'way o'erhead1 ez sweet an' l[ ,ez di/ant bells !t r+ = meet9'1 ,! w$g$ wil' geese _! bugles bl[1 ,fur!r an' fur!r ,s\? retreat9'4#d ,or cut ?is f m>ble8-- ,o "m ,ida1 _m-f\nta9$ ,ida1 ,de> "m ,ida1 he>k5 ere ,i die4 ,= n[ ! noonday quiet holds ! hill2 ,! gras%opp] is sil5t 9 ! grass2 ,! liz>d1 ) 8 %ad[ on ! /one1 ,re/s l a %ad[1 & ! w9ds are dead4 ,! purple fl[] droops2 ! gold5 bee ,is lily-cradl$2 ,i alone awake4 ,my eyes are full ( te>s1 my he>t ( love1 ,my he>t is break+1 & my eyes are dim1 ,& ,i am all awe>y ( my life4#e ,! pa9t] _c put s\nds ^u a canvas1 nor c ! sculptor c>ve f m>ble an odor or a ta/e4 ,we use ! o!r s5ses 9 det]m9+ qualities ( objects2 & words :i* describe effects produc$ by o!r s5ses beside sight are valuable 9 description4 ,z ,l[ell says1 we may %ut our eyes1 b we _c help kn[+ a l>ge numb] ( beautiful ?+s4 ,moreov]1 language sugge/s hidd5 ideas t ! repres5tative arts _c s well d4 ,! foll[+ f a ,song by ,l[ell has 9 x sugge/ions :i* ! picture c\ld n pres5t4 ,violet6 sweet violet6 ,?9e eyes are full ( te>s2 ,are !y wet ,ev5 yet ,) ! ?\ght ( o!r ye>s8 ,or ) gladness are !y full1 ,= ! night s beautiful1 ,& long+ = ^? f>-(f sph]es8 ,?y little he>t1 t ha? ) love ,gr[n color$ l ! sky above1 ,on :i* ?\ looke/ ev]1-- ,c x "k ,all ! woe ,( hope = :at returne? nev]1 ,all ! sorr[ & ! long+ ,to ^! he>ts ( ours belong+8 ,enum]ation & ,sugge/ion ,description1 l n>ration1 has two l>ge divisions3 "o simply to give in=mation or in/ruction2 ! o!r to pres5t a vivid picture4 ,"o is repres5tative or enum]ative2 ! o!r1 sugge/ive4 ,"o may be illu/rat$ by guide-books2 ! o!r by ! descriptions ( ,/ev5son or ,rusk94 ,& 9 ! mo/ arti/ic fa%ion ! two h be5 made to supplem5t ea* o!r 9 ! foll[+ picture ( bright & beautiful ,a!ns by ,c>d9al ,newman4 ,f ! fir/1 to ! s5t5ce beg9n+ ,b :at he w\ld n ?9k (1 !re is simply an enum]ation ( features :i* a comm]cial ag5t might see2 ! re/ is :at ! arti/ic s\l ( ! lov] ( beauty saw !re4 ,"o is enum]ation2 ! o!r a glori\sly sugge/ive picture4 ,a conf9$ triangle1 p]haps fifty miles its greate/ l5g?1 & ?irty its greate/ bread?2 two elevat$ rocky b>ri]s1 meet+ at an angle2 ?ree prom95t m\nta9s1 comm&+ ! pla91--,p>nes1 ,p5telicus1 & ,hymettus2 an unsatisfactory soil2 "s /reams1 n always full2--su* is ab\t ! report :i* ! ag5t ( a ,london company w\ld h made ( ,attica4 ,he w\ld report t ! climate 0 mild2 ! hills 7 lime/one2 !re 0 pl5ty ( good m>ble2 m pa/ure l& ?an at fir/ survey might h be5 expect$1 suffici5t1 c]ta9ly1 = %eep & goats2 fi%]ies productive2 silv] m9es once1 b long s9ce work$ out2 figs fair2 oil fir/-rate2 olives 9 pr(usion4 ,b :at he w\ld n ?9k ( not+ d[n 0 t t olive-tree 0 s *oice 9 nature & s noble 9 %ape t x excit$ a religi\s v5]ation2 & t x took s k9dly to ! light soil z to exp& into woods ^u ! op5 pla91 & to climb up & fr+e ! hills4 ,he w\ld n ?9k ( writ+ ^w to 8 employ]s1 h[ t cle> air1 ( :i* ,i h spok51 br\ght out1 yet bl5d$ & subdu$1 ! colors on ! m>ble1 till !y _h a s(tness & h>mony1 = all _! ri*ness1 :i* 9 a picture looks exagg]at$1 yet is aft] all )9 ! tru?4 ,he w\ld n tell h[ t same delicate & brilliant atmosph]e fre%5$ up ! pale olive1 till ! olive =got its monotony1 & its *eek gl[$ l ! arbutus or bee* ( ! ,umbrian hills4 ,he w\ld say no?+ ( ! ?yme & ! ?\s& fragrant h]bs :i* c>pet$ ,hymettus2 he w\ld he> no?+ ( ! hum ( its bees2 nor take acc\nt ( ! r>e flavor ( its honey1 s9ce ,gaza & ,m9orca 7 suffici5t = ! ,engli% dem&4 ,he w\ld look ov] ! ,aegean f ! height he _h asc5d$2 he w\ld foll[ ) 8 eyes ! *a9 ( isl&s1 :i*1 />t+ f ! ,sunian headl&1 seem$ to (f] ! fabl$ div9ities ( ,attica1 :5 !y w\ld visit _! ,ionian c\s9s1 a sort ( viaduct !reto across ! sea2 b t fancy w\ld n occur to him1 nor any admiration ( ! d>k violet bill[s ) _! :ite edges d[n bel[2 nor ( ^? graceful1 fan-l jets ( silv] ^u ! rocks1 :i* sl[ly rise al(t l wat] spirits f ! deep1 !n %iv]1 & break1 & spread1 & %r\d !mselves1 & disappe> 9 a s(t mi/ ( foam2 nor ( ! g5tle1 incessant heav+ & pant+ ( ! :ole liquid pla92 nor ( ! long waves1 keep+ /eady "t1 l a l9e ( soldi]y z !y res\nd ^u ! holl[ %ore1--he w\ld n deign to notice ! re/less liv+ elem5t at all except to bless 8 />s t he 0 n ^u x4 ,nor ! di/9ct details1 nor ! ref9$ color+1 nor ! graceful outl9e & roseate gold5 hue ( ! jutt+ crags1 nor ! bold %ad[s ca/ f ,otus or ,laurium by ! decl9+ sun2--our ag5t ( a m]cantile firm w\ld n value ^! matt]s ev5 at a l[ figure4 ,r1 we mu/ turn = ! sympa?y we seek to yon pilgrim /ud5t1 come f a semi-b>b>\s l& to t small corn] ( ! e>?1 z to a %r9e1 :]e he might take 8 fill ( gaz+ on ^? emblems & coruscations ( invisible unorig9ate p]fection4 ,x 0 ! /rang] f a remote prov9ce1 f ,brita9 or f ,mauritania1 :o 9 a sc5e s diff]5t f t ( 8 *illy1 woody swamps1 or ( 8 fi]y1 *ok+ s&s1 le>n$ at once :at a real ,univ]sity mu/ be1 by com+ to und]/& ! sort ( c\ntry :i* 0 its suitable home4#f ,enum]ative ,description4 ,enum]ative description has "o po9t ( great diff]5ce f sugge/ive description4 ,9 ! =m] ev]y?+ is told2 9 ! latt] ! description is z =tunate 9 :at x omits z 9 :at x includes4 ,7 an ar*itect to give specifications = ! build+ ( a h\se1 e detail w\ld h to be includ$2 b aft] all ! pages ( c>eful enum]ation ! read] w\ld "k less ( h[ x look$ ?an aft] ^! few words f ,irv+4 ,a l>ge1 rickety wood5 build+ /ood 9 its place1 ) great gap+ w9d[s1 "s ( !m brok5 & m5d$ ) old hats & petticoats1 & ov] ! door 0 pa9t$ ',! ,union ,hotel1 by ,jona?an ,doolittle4' ,s ! manual tra9+ /ud5t uses five hundr$ words to describe 9 detail a box :i* w\ld be ?r[n (f ) b a few words 9 a piece ( lit]ature4 ,9 enum]ative description1 "o elem5t is ( z mu* importance z ano!r2 no special feature is made prim>y by ! omission or subdual ( o!r qualities4 ,x has value 9 giv+ exact details ( objects1 z if = _! con/ruction1 & 9 includ+ an object 9 a class4 ,sugge/ive ,description4 ,sugge/ive description1 description ! aim ( :i* is n in=mation1 b ! reproduction ( a picture1 is ! k9d mo/ employ$ 9 lit]ature4 ,to pres5t a picture1 n all ! details %\ld be giv54 ,! m9d _c c>ry !m all1 &1 mu* worse1 x _c arrange !m4 ,nor is !re any ne$ = a detail$ enum]ation4 ,a room has walls1 floor1 & ceil+2 a man naturally has e>s1 arms1 & feet4 ,^! ?+s may be tak5 = grant$4 ,x is n :at is common to a class t describes2 x is :at is individual1 :at takes "o object out ( a class4 ,value ( ,obs]vation4 ,?is leads to ! sugge/ion t good description dep5ds l>gely on accurate obs]vation4 ,a selection frequ5tly quot$1 b none ! less valuable because (t5 se51 is 9 po9t "h4 ,x is ! la/ ^w on ! value ( obs]vation4 ,tal5t is long pati5ce4 ,x is a "q ( reg>d+ :atev] "o desires to express long en\gh & ) att5tion close en\gh to discov] a side :i* no "o has se5 & :i* has be5 express$ by nobody4 ,9 ev]y?+ !re is some?+ ( ! unexplor$1 because we are accu/om$ to use our eyes only ) ! ?\ght ( :at has already be5 said conc]n+ ! ?+ we see4 ,! smalle/ ?+ has 9 x a gra9 ( ! unkn[n4 ,discov] x4 ,9 ord] to describe a fire t flames or a tree 9 ! pla91 we mu/ rema9 face to face ) t fire or t tree until = u !y no long] resemble any o!r tree or any o!r fire4 ,?is is ! way to become orig9al4 ,hav+1 moreov]1 impress$ ^u me ! fact t !re are n 9 ! :ole _w two gra9s ( s&1 two insects1 two h&s1 or two noses absolutely alike1 he =c$ me to describe a be+ or an object 9 su* a mann] z to individualize x cle>ly1 to di/+ui% x f all o!r objects ( ! same k9d4 ',:5 y pass1' he said to me1 'a groc] seat$ 9 8 doorway1 a conci]ge smok+ 8 pipe1 a r[ ( cabs1 %[ me ?is groc] & ?is conci]ge1 _! attitude1 all _! physical appe>ance2 sugge/ by ! skill ( y\r image all _! moral nature1 s t ,i %all n conf\nd !m ) any o!r groc] or any o!r conci]ge2 make me see1 by a s+le ^w1 :]e9 a cab-horse diff]s f ! fifty o!rs t foll[ or prec$e him4'444 ,:atev] may be ! ?+ :i* "o wi%es to say1 !re is b "o ^w = express+ x2 only "o v]b to animate x1 b "o adjective to qualify x4 ,x is ess5tial to se>* = ?is v]b1 = ?is adjective1 until !y are discov]$1 & nev] to be satisfi$ ) any?+ else4#g ,! ,po9t ( ,view4 ,) ! close/ obs]vation1 an au?or gets into 8 own m9d :at he wi%es to pres5t to ano!r2 b ) ?is ess5tial /ep tak51 he is only ready to beg9 ! "w ( communication4 ,= ! successful communication ( a picture !re are "s consid]ations ( value4 ,& fir/ is ! po9t ( view4 ,x has mu* ! same relation to description z ! ma9 incid5t has to n>ration4 ,9 l>ge measure x det]m9es :at to exclude & :at to include4 ,:5 a writ] has assum$ 8 po9t ( view1 he mu/ /ay !re1 & tell n a ?+ m ?an he c see f !re4 ,x w\ld h>dly be possible = a man1 tell+ only s mu* z he saw :ile gaz+ f ,eiffel ,t[] into ! /reets bel[1 to say t ! p look$ l ,lilliputians & t _! h&s 7 dirty4 ,to "o ly+ on ! bank ( a /ream1 x does n look l a silv] ?read runn+ ?r\gh ! l&scape4 ,?+s d n look ! same :5 !y are ne> z :5 at a di/ance4 ,?is fact has be5 act$ ^u m by ! mod]n s*ool ( pa9t+ ?an ev] be=e 9 art4 ,v]boeckhov5 pa9t$ %eep 9 a m>vel\s way4 ,! draw+ is p]fect1 giv+ ! animal to ! life4 ,/ill1 no matt] h[ f> away ! arti/ 0 /&+1 !re are ! same m>vel\sly pa9t$ tufts ( wool1 %[+ almo/ ! individual fibres4 ,tufts ( wool 7 on ! %eep1 & made ( fibres2 b no arti/ at tw5ty rods c\ld see !m4 ,! new s*ool gives only :at actually c be se54 ,its fir/ law is t ea* %all draw ! ?+ z he sees x = ! ,god ( ,?+s z ,!y ,are4 ,make no additions to :at y c actually see because1 z a result ( exp]i5ce1 y "k t !re are "s ?+s n yet m5tion$ 9 y\r description2 ! h&s may be dirty1 b ! man on ! t[] _c see ! dirt4 ,nei!r make an addition simply because x s\nds well2 ! silv] ?read ?r\gh ! l&scape is beautiful1 b1 un=tunately1 x is n always true4 ,n only does di/ance cut out details f a picture2 ! fact t man sees 9 a /raight l9e & n ar\nd a corn] elim9ates "s features4 ,9 describ+ a h\se1 rememb] t z y /& across ! /reet f x1 ! back por* _c be se51 nei!r c ! %rubb]y 9 ! back y>d4 ,a writ] w\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( a man's necktie1 if ! man he 0 describ+ 7 walk+ 9 front ( him4 ,9 enum]ative description ! inside ( a box may be told (2 a man may be turn$ ar\nd1 z x 72 b to pres5t a picture1 only "o side c be describ$1 j z x w\ld be %[n 9 a photograph4 ,any addition to :at c actually be kn[n f ! po9t ( view assum$ by ! au?or is a fault & a s\rce ( confusion4 ,*oose y\r po9t ( view2 /ay !re2 & tell only :at is se5 f t po9t4 ,mov+ ,po9t ( ,view4 ,x has be5 said t ! po9t ( view %\ld n be *ang$4 ,?is requires "o modification4 ,x may be *ang$1 if ! read] is kept in=m$ ( ! *anges4 ,if a p]son wi%$ to describe an int]ior1 he w\ld be unable to see ! :ole f any "o po9t ( view4 ,z he pass$ f room to room he %\ld in=m 8 read] ( 8 *ange ( position4 ,!n ! description1 ?\gh a unit1 is a comb9ation ( sev]al descriptions2 j z ! h\se is "o1 ?\gh made ( d9+-room1 sitt+-rooms1 b$rooms1 & attic4 ,?is k9d ( description is v common 9 books ( travel1 9 :i* ! au?or tells :at he sees 9 pass+4 ,! ?+ to be rememb]$ 9 writ+ ?is k9d ( description is to in=m ! read] :]e ! au?or is :5 he writes ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! description1--to give ! po9ts ( view4 ,! ,po9t ( ,view %\ld be /at$4 ,! po9t ( view1 :e!r fix$ or mov+1 %\ld be made cle>4 ,ei!r x %\ld be def9itely /at$1 or x %\ld be sugge/$ by "s phrase 9 ! description4 ,9 ! _m examples :i* are quot$ 9 ?is *apt]1 x w\ld be well to see :at x is t gives ! po9t ( view4 ,! picture ga9s 9 di/9ctness :5 ! po9t ( view is kn[n4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces are f ,! ,old ,manse2 !re is no mi/ake "h4 ,! read] kn[s e move ! au?or makes4 ,x op5s )3-- ,betwe5 two tall gatepo/s ( r\gh-hewn /one 7! gate itself hav+ fall5 f its h+es at "s unkn[n epo*7 we beheld ! gray front ( ! old p>sonage t]m9at+ ! vi/a ( an av5ue ( black a%-trees4 ,f ! /reet ! read] is tak5 to ! re> ( ! h\se1 :]e !re 0 ! mo/ delightful little nook ( a /udy t ev] (f]$ its snug seclusion to a s*ol>4 ,?r\gh its w9d[ ! cl]gyman saw ! op5+ ( ! deadly /ruggle betwe5 two nations4 ,he he>d ! rattle ( musketry1 & !re ne$$ b a g5tle w9d to sweep ! battle smoke ar\nd ?is quiet h\se4 ,p]haps ! read]1 :om ,i _c help consid]+ z my gue/ 9 ! ,old ,manse & entitl$ to all c\rtesy 9 ! way ( sight-%[+1--p]haps he w *oose to take a ne>] view ( ! memorable spot4 ,we /& n[ on ! riv]'s br9k4444 ,"h we are1 at ! po9t :]e ! riv] 0 cross$ by ! old bridge4444 ,! ,old ,manse6 ,we _h almo/ =gott5 x1 b w return ?i!r ?r\gh ! or*>d4444 ,:at ) ! riv]1 ! battle-field1 ! or*>d1 & ! g>d51 ! read] beg9s to despair ( f9d+ 8 way back into ! ,old ,manse4 ,b 9 agreeable wea!r x is ! true/ hospitality to keep him out-(-doors4 ,i nev] grew q acqua9t$ ) my habitation till a long spell ( sulky ra9 _h conf9$ me b5ea? its ro(4 ,!re c\ld n be a m sombre aspect ( ext]nal nature ?an z !n se5 f ! w9d[s ( my /udy4 ,& s ,haw?orne cont9ues ?r\gh ?is long & beautiful description ( ,! ,old ,manse2 e *ange 9 ! po9t ( view is not$4 ,m5tal ,po9t ( ,view4 ,closely connect$ ) ! physical po9t ( view is ! mood or purpose ( ! writ]2 ?is might be call$ ! m5tal po9t ( view4 ,n ev]y?+ %\ld be told :i* ! au?or c\ld "k f 8 position1 b only ^? ?+s :i* at ! "t s]ve 8 purpose4 ,9 ! description already quot$ f ,newman1 ! m]cantile g5tleman notes a l>ge numb] ( features :i* are ! comm]cial advantages ( ,attica2 ( ^! b ?ree are wor?y ( m5tion by yon pilgrim /ud5t 9 giv+ 8 impression ( ,a!ns z a %r9e :]e he might take 8 fill ( gaz+ on ^? emblems & coruscations ( invisible unorig9ate p]fection4 ,! o!rs--! soil1 ! /reams1 ! climate1 ! lime/one1 ! fi%]ies1 & ! silv] m9es--d n s]ve 8 purpose4 ,haw?orne 9 ! long description already m5tion$ has reta9$ ^? features :i* sugge/ quiet & peace4 ,su* a pr(usion ( quiet1 half asleep1 peaceful1 unruffl$1 unexcitable words & phrases nev] loit]$ ?r\gh =ty pages ( dreamy & :isp]+ description4 ,9 ! foll[+ bit f ,le>1 :]e ,edg> tells 8 bl9d$ fa!r h[ high ! cliff is1 only ^? details are includ$ :i* measure di/ance4 ,h[ fe>ful ,& dizzy 'tis to ca/ "o's eyes s l[6 ,! cr[s & *\ghs t w+ ! midway air ,%[ sc>ce s gross z beetles2 half way d[n ,hangs "o t ga!rs samphire1--dreadful trade6 ,me?9ks he seems no bigg] ?an 8 head3 ,! fi%]m51 t walk ^u ! bea*1 ,appe> l mice2 & yond tall an*or+ b>k1 ,dim9i%$ to h] cock2 h] cock1 a buoy ,almo/ too small = sight3 ! murmur+ surge1 ,t on ?' unnumb]$ idle pebbles *afes1 ,_c be he>d s high4--,i'll look no m1 ,le/ my bra9 turn1 & ! defici5t sight ,topple d[n headlong4 ,! foll[+ is f ,kipl+'s ,! ,light t ,fail$3-- ,:at d y ?9k ( a big1 r$1 dead city built ( r$ s&/one1 ) gre5 aloes gr[+ betwe5 ! /ones1 ly+ out neglect$ on honey-color$ s&s8 ,!re are =ty dead k+s !re1 ,maisie1 ea* 9 a gorge\s tomb f9] ?an all ! o!rs4 ,y look at ! palaces & /reets & %ops & tanks1 & ?9k t m5 mu/ live !re1 till y f9d a wee gray squirrel rubb+ its nose all alone 9 ! m>ketplace1 & a jewel$ peacock /ruts out ( a c>v$ doorway & spreads its tail aga9/ a m>ble scre5 z f9e pi]c$ z po9t-lace4 ,!n a monkey--a little black monkey--walks ?r\gh ! ma9 squ>e to get a dr9k f a tank =ty feet deep4 ,he slides d[n ! creep]s to ! wat]'s edge1 & a fri5d holds him by ! tail1 9 case he %\ld fall 94 ,is all t true8 ,i h be5 !re & se54 ,!n ev5+ comes & ! lights *ange till x's j z ?\gh y /ood 9 ! he>t ( a k+-opal4 ,a little be=e sund[n1 z punctually z clockwork1 a big bri/ly wild bo>1 ) all 8 family foll[+1 trots ?r\gh ! city gate1 *urn+ ! foam on 8 tusks4 ,y climb on ! %\ld] ( a big black /one god1 & wat* t pig *oose himself a palace = ! night & /ump 9 wagg+ 8 tail4 ,!n ! night-w9d gets up1 & ! s&s move1 & y he> ! des]t outside ! city s++1 ',n[ ,i lay me d[n to sleep1' & ev]y?+ is d>k till ! moon rises4 ,note h[ e detail introduc$ s]ves to make ! city dead4 ,dead k+s1 a wee gray squirrel1 a little black monkey1 a bri/ly wild bo>1 ! night w9d1 & ! des]t s++1--^! c\ld n be se5 or he>d 9 a live city ) /reet c>s2 b all s]ve to emphasize ! fact t "h is a big1 r$1 dead city4 ,at ! risk ( ov]-emphasiz+ ?is po9t t ! purpose ( ! au?or1 ! m5tal po9t ( view ( ! writ]1 ! feel+ :i* ! object gives him & :i* he wi%es to convey to ! read]1 ! c5tral ?\ght 9 ! description1 is prim>y1 & an elem5t t _c be ov]look$ 9 successful description1 ,i give ano!r example4 ,?is po9t really _c be ov]-emphasiz$3 a writ] _c be too c>eful 9 select+ mat]ials4 ,c>eless gr\p+ ( incongru\s matt]s _c make a picture4 ,nor does ! arti/ic au?or leave ! read] 9 d\bt z to ! purpose ( ! description2 its c5tral ?\ght is usually sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce4 ,9 ! quotations f ,%akespe>e & ,kipl+1 ! op5+ s5t5ces are ! g]m ( :at foll[s4 ,ea* detail seems to gr[ out ( ?is s5t5ce1 & s]ves to emphasize x4 ,9 ! foll[+ by ,/ev5son1 ! p>agraphs spr+ f ! op5+ s5t5ce2 !y expla9 x1 !y elaborate x1 & !y acc5t x4 ,night is a dead monoton\s p]iod "u a ro(2 b 9 ! op5 _w x passes lightly1 ) its />s & dews & p]fumes1 & ! h\rs are m>k$ by *anges 9 ! face ( ,nature4 ,:at seems a k9d ( temporal dea? to p *ok$ betwe5 walls & curta9s is only a light & liv+ slumb] to ! man :o sleeps afield4 ,all night long he c he> ,nature brea?+ deeply & freely2 ev5 z %e takes h] re/ %e turns & smiles2 & !re is "o /irr+ h\r unkn[n to ^? :o dwell 9 h\ses1 :5 a wakeful influ5ce goes abroad ov] ! sleep+ hemisph]e1 & all ! outdoor _w are on _! feet4 ,x is !n t ! fir/ cock cr[s1 n ?is "t to ann\nce ! dawn1 b l a *e]ful wat*man spe$+ ! c\rse ( ! night4 ,cattle awake on ! mead[s2 %eep break _! fa/ on ! dewy hillsides1 & *ange to a new lair among ! f]ns2 & h\seless m51 :o h la9 d[n ) ! f[ls1 op5 _! dim eyes & behold ! beauty ( ! night4 ,at :at inaudible summons1 at :at g5tle t\* ( ,nature1 are all ^! sleep]s ?us recall$ 9 ! same h\r to life8 ,d ! />s ra9 d[n an influ5ce1 or d we %>e "s ?rill ( "m e>? bel[ our re/+ bodies8 ,ev5 %eph]ds & old c\ntry-folk1 :o are ! deepe/ read 9 ^! arcana1 h n a guess z to ! means or purpose ( ?is nightly resurrection4 ,t[>ds two 9 ! morn+ !y decl>e ! ?+ takes place2 & nei!r "k nor inquire fur!r4 ,& at lea/ x is a pleasant incid5t4 ,we are di/urb$ 9 our slumb] only1 l ! luxuri\s ,montaigne1 't we may ! bett] & m s5sibly enjoy x4' ,we h a mom5t to look ^u ! />s4 ,& !re is a special pleasure = "s m9ds 9 ! reflection t we %>e ! impulse ) all outdoor creatures 9 our neighborhood1 t we h escap$ out ( ! ,ba/ille ( civilization1 & are become1 = ! "t be+1 a m k9dly animal & a %eep ( ,nature's flock4 7,travels ) a ,donkey47 ,l5g? ( ,descriptions4 ,!re is "o m /ep 9 ! exclusion ( details4 ,?is consid]s nei!r ! po9t ( view nor ! purpose ( ! writ]1 b x is :at is due ! read]4 ,/ev5son says 9 "o ( 8 essays t a description :i* la/s long] ?an two m9utes is nev] attempt$ 9 conv]sation4 ,! li/5] _c hold ! details enum]at$4 ,! cle>e/ /atem5t reg>d+ ?is comes f ,jules ,lemaitre 9 a criticism ^u "s descriptions by ,emile ,zola :i* ! critic says are prais$ by p]sons :o h nev] read !m4 ,he says3-- ,x has be5 "o ( ! greate/ lit]>y blund]s ( ! "t to suppose t an enum]ation ( p>ts is a picture1 to ?9k t =ev] plac+ details side by side1 h[ev] picturesque !y may be1 is able 9 ! end to make a picture1 to give u any conception ( ! va/ spectacles 9 ! physical univ]se4 ,9 reality1 a writt5 description arranges its p>ts 9 our m9d only :5 ! impression ( ! fir/ features ( :i* x is =m$ are rememb]$ suffici5tly1 s t we c easily jo9 ! fir/ to ^? :i* complete & end x4 ,9 %ort1 a piece ( description is ineffective if we _c hold 9 m9d all its details at "o "t4 ,x is necess>y t all ! details coexi/ 9 our memory j z ! p>ts ( a pa9t+ coexi/ "u our eye4 ,?is becomes next to impossible if ! description ( "o def9ite object la/ ov] fifte5 m9utes ( read+4 ,! long] x is1 ! m obscure x becomes4 ,! individual features fade away 9 proportion to ! numb] :i* are pres5t$2 & = ?is reason "o might say t we _c see ! =e/ = ! trees4 ,e description :i* is ov] fifty l9es ceases to be cle> to a m9d ( ord9>y vigor4 ,aft] t !re is only a succession ( fragm5t>y pictures :i* fatigues & ov]:elms ! read]4#h ,^!1 !n1 are ! pr9ciples t guide 9 ! *oice ( mat]ials = a description4 ,fir/1 ! po9t ( view1 :e!r fix$ or movable1 %\ld be made cle> to ! read]2 x %\ld be reta9$ ?r\gh\t ! description1 or ! *ange %\ld be ann\nc$4 ,by reg>d = x ! writ] w be guid$ to ! exclusion ( matt]s t c\ld n be obs]v$1 & to ! inclusion ( su* details z c be se5 & are ess5tial4 ,second1 ! writ] w keep out matt]s t d n contribute to 8 purpose1 & w select only ^? details :i* assi/ 9 produc+ ! desir$ impression4 ,?ird1 ! limitations ( ! read]'s p[]s advise a writ] to be brief3 five hundr$ words %\ld be ! outside2 two hundr$ are en\gh = mo/ writ]s4 ,^! pr9ciples w give to ! :ole t unity ( mat]ials & ( /ructure :i* is ! fir/ requisite ( an effective description4 ,! next matt] = consid]ation is ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials4 ,! arrangem5t dep5ds on ! pr9ciples t guid$ 9 n>ration1 ,mass & ,coh]5ce4 ,arrangem5t ( ,details 9 ,description4 ,aft] we h look$ at any object long en\gh to be able to write ab\t x1 "o feature comes to assume an importance t sets x f> above all o!rs4 ,to a writ] :o has look$ long at a man1 he may %r9k to a cr++ piece ( weakness1 or he may gr[ to a /rong1 self-c5tr$ p[] ^: pres5ce alone inspires s]5e/ tru/4 ,haw?orne1 /&+ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 saw only ! gorge\s color+2 proportions1 imm5sity1 & sacr$ness 7 z no?+ to ! h>moni\s brilliancy ( ?is exp&$ jewel casket4#i ,/ev5son1 ?9k+ ( ! bea/ ( burd5 be/ suit$ to c>ry 8 great sleep+ sack1 disc>d$ ! horse1 =1 z he says1 %e is a f9e lady among animals4#aj ,! description ( a horse :i* foll[s ?is /atem5t emphasizes ! fact t a horse is n int5d$ = c>ry+ burd5s4 ,f ! g]m9al impression ( a description1 all ! details gr[2 to ?is prim>y impression !y all contribute4 ,9 ! case ( build+s1 or o!r ?+s mat]ial1 ?is impression is g5]ally "o ( =m1 sometimes ( ! height ( ! object2 if /rik+1 x may be color4 ,! /ronge/ impression ( p]sons is a quality ( "* :i* %[s itself ei!r 9 ! face or 9 ! pose ( a man4 ,an example ( ea* may be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs f ,david ,copp]field3-- ,at l5g? we /opp$ be=e a v old h\se bulg+ out ov] ! road2 a h\se ) long1 l[ lattice-w9d[s bulg+ out /ill f>!r1 & beams ) c>v$ heads on ! ends bulg+ out too1 s t ,i fanci$ ! :ole h\se 0 lean+ =w>d1 try+ to see :o 0 pass+ on ! n>r[ pavem5t bel[4 ,x 0 q spotless 9 its cleanl9ess4 ,! old-fa%ion$ brass knock] on ! l[-ar*$ door1 ornam5t$ ) c>v$ g>l&s ( fruits & fl[]s1 tw9kl$ l a />2 ! two /one /eps desc5d+ to ! door 7 z :ite z if !y _h be5 cov]$ ) fair l952 & all ! angles & corn]s1 & c>v+s & m\ld+s1 & qua9t little panes ( glass1 & qua9t] little w9d[s1 ?\gh z old z ! hills1 7 z pure z any sn[ t ev] fell ^u ! hills4 ,:5 ! pony-*aise /opp$ at ! door1 & my eyes 7 int5t ^u ! h\se1 ,i saw a cadav]\s face appe> at a small w9d[ on ! gr\nd floor 79 a little r\nd t[] t =m$ "o side ( ! h\se71 & quickly disappe>4 ,! l[ ar*$ door !n op5$1 & ! face came out4 ,x 0 q z cadav]\s z x _h look$ 9 ! w9d[1 ?\gh 9 ! gra9 ( x !re 0 t t+e ( r$ :i* is sometimes to be obs]v$ 9 ! sk9s ( r$-hair$ p4 ,x belong$ to a r$-hair$ p]son--a y\? ( fifte51 z ,i take x n[1 b look+ mu* old] ^: hair 0 cropp$ z close z ! close/ /ubble2 :o _h h>dly any eyebr[s1 & no eyela%es1 & eyes ( a r$-br[n2 s un%elt]$ & un%ad$ t ,i rememb] wond]+ h[ he w5t to sleep4 ,he 0 high-%\ld]$ & bony2 dress$ 9 dec5t black1 ) a :ite wisp ( a neck clo?2 button$ up to ! ?roat2 & _h a long1 lank1 skeleton h&1 :i* p>ticul>ly attract$ my att5tion1 z he /ood at ! pony's head1 rubb+ 8 *9 ) x1 & look+ up at u 9 ! *aise4 ,haw?orne ?us beg9s 8 description ( ,! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables3-- ,maule's ,lane1 or ,pyn*eon ,/reet1 z x 7 n[ m decor\s to call x1 0 ?rong$1 at ! appo9t$ h\r1 z ) a congregation on its way to *ur*4 ,all1 z !y approa*$1 look$ upw>d at ! impos+ edifice1 :i* 0 h5ce=? to assume its rank among ! habitations ( mank9d4 ,& 9 ! same volume 8 description ( ,! ,pyn*eon ( ,to-day beg9s3-- ,z ! *ild w5t d[n ! /eps1 a g5tleman asc5d$ !m1 & made 8 entrance into ! %op4 ,x 0 ! portly1 &1 _h x possess$ ! advantage ( a little m height1 w\ld h be5 ! /ately figure ( a man1 consid]ably 9 ! decl9e ( life1 dress$ 9 a black suit ( "s ?9 /uff1 resembl+ broadclo? z closely z possible4 ,if ! description be long1 & ! object w l5d itself to su* a treatm5t1 a def9ite1 tangible1 easily und]/ood %ape or =m %\ld be sugge/$ at once4 ,notice ,newman's fir/ s5t5ce describ+ ,attica3 ,a conf9$ triangle1 p]haps fifty miles its greate/ l5g?1 & ?irty its greate/ bread?4 ,l ?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! description ( ! battle ( ,wat]loo by ,victor ,hugo4 ,^? :o w\ld get a cle> idea ( ! battle ( ,wat]loo h only to lay d[n ^u ! gr\nd 9 _! m9d a capital lett] ,a4 ,! left /roke ( ! ,a is ! road to ,nivelles1 ! "r /roke is ! road f ,g5appe1 ! cross ( ! ,a is ! sunk5 road f ,oha9 to ,bra9e l',alleud4 ,! top ( ! ,a is ,mont ,sa9t ,jean1 ,well+ton is !re2 ! left-h& l[] po9t is ,h\gomont1 ,reille is !re ) ,j]ome ,bonap>te2 ! "r-h& l[] po9t is ,la ,belle ,alliance1 ,napoleon is !re4 ,a little bel[ ! po9t :]e ! cross ( ! ,a meets & cuts ! "r /roke1 is ,la ,haie ,sa9te4 ,at ! middle ( ?is cross is ! precise po9t :]e ! f9al battle ^w 0 spok54 ,!re ! lion is plac$1 ! involunt>y symbol ( ! supreme h]oism ( ! ,imp]ial ,gu>d4 ,! triangle conta9$ at ! top ( ! ,a1 betwe5 ! two /rokes & ! cross1 is ! plateau ( ,mont ,sa9t ,jean4 ,! /ruggle = ?is plateau 0 ! :ole ( ! battle4#aa ,9 ,! ,vision ( ,sir ,launfal ,l[ell op5s 8 beautiful description ) ! words1 ,& :at is s r>e z a day 9 ,june8 ,f ?is g5]al & compreh5sive s5t5ce foll[ all ! details :i* make a ,june day p]fect4 ,haw?orne1 aft] tell+ h[ he happ5$ to write ( him1 beg9s 8 long description ( ,! ,old ,apple ,deal] ) ! foll[+ p>agraph3-- ,he is a small man1 ) gray hair & gray /ubble be>d1 & is inv>iably clad 9 a %abby surt\t ( snuff color1 closely button$1 & half conceal+ a pair ( gray pantaloons2 ! :ole dress1 ?\gh clean & entire1 be+ evid5tly flimsy ) mu* we>4 ,8 face1 ?91 )]$1 furr[$1 & ) features :i* ev5 age has fail$ to r5d] impressive1 has a fro/-bitt5 aspect4 ,x is a moral fro/ :i* no physical w>m? or com=tabl5ess c\ld c\nt]act4 ,! summ] sun%9e may fl+ its :ite heat ^u him1 or ! good fire ( ! depot room may make him ! focus ( its blaze on a w9t]'s day2 b all 9 va92 = /ill ! old man looks z if he 7 9 a fro/y atmosph]e1 ) sc>cely w>m? en\gh to keep life 9 ! region ab\t 8 he>t4 ,x is a pati5t1 long-suff]+1 quiet1 hopeless1 %iv]+ aspect4 ,he is n desp]ate1--t1 ?\gh its etymology implies no m1 w\ld be too positive an expression1--b m]ely devoid ( hope4 ,z all 8 pa/ life1 probably1 (f]s no spots ( brightness to 8 memory1 s he takes 8 pres5t pov]ty & discom=t z entirely a matt] ( c\rse2 he ?9ks x ! def9ition ( exi/5ce1 s f> z himself is conc]n$1 to be poor1 cold1 & uncom=table4 ,x may be add$1 t "t has n ?r[n dignity z a mantle ov] ! old man's figure3 !re is no?+ v5]able ab\t him3 y pity him )\t a scruple4 ,s ?is old apple deal] %iv]s all ?r\gh ?is description ( n9e pages to ! la/ s5t5ces3-- ,god be prais$1 7 x only = y\r sake1 t ! pres5t %apes ( human exi/5ce are n ca/ 9 iron nor hewn 9 ev]la/+ adamant1 b m\ld$ ( ! vapors t vani% away :ile ! ess5ce flits upw>d to ! ,inf9ite4 ,!re is a spiritual ess5ce 9 ?is gray & lean old %ape t %all flit upw>d too4 ,yes2 d\btless !re is a region :]e ! lifelong %iv] w pass away f 8 be+1 & t quiet sigh1 :i* x has tak5 him s _m ye>s to brea!1 w be br\ght to a close = good & all4 ,! prom95t *>act]i/ic may be ! feel+ ar\s$ by ! object4 ,x may be horror1 z 9 a description ( a haunt$ h\se or a murd]]2 x may be love1 z 9 ! picture ( an old home or a sa9t$ "m4 ,! emotion occasion$ is (t5 m5tion$ or sugge/$ at once1 & ! details are aft]w>d giv5 :i* h call$ =? ! feel+4 ,poe uses ?is 9 ! fir/ p>agraph ( ,! ,h\se ( ,u%]4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( a dull1 d>k1 & s\ndless day 9 ! autumn ( ! ye>1 :5 ! cl\ds hung oppressively l[ 9 ! heav5s1 ,i _h be5 pass+ alone1 on horseback1 ?r\gh a s+ul>ly dre>y tract ( c\ntry1 & at l5g? f\nd myself1 z ! %ades ( ev5+ drew on1 )9 view ( ! melan*oly ,h\se ( ,u%]4 ,i "k n h[ x 0--b1 ) ! fir/ glimpse ( ! build+1 a s5se ( insuff]able gloom p]vad$ my _s4 ,i say insuff]able2 = ! feel+ 0 unreliev$ by any ( t half-pleasurable1 because poetic1 s5tim5t ) :i* ! m9d usually receives ev5 ! /]ne/ natural images ( ! desolate or t]rible4 ,i look$ ^u ! sc5e be=e me--^u ! m]e h\se1 & ! simple l&scape features ( ! doma9--^u ! bleak walls--^u ! vacant1 eye-l w9d[s--^u a few rank s$ges--& ^u a few :ite trunks ( decay$ trees--) an utt] depression ( s\l :i* ,i c comp>e to no e>?ly s5sation m prop]ly ?an to ! aft]-dream ( a revel] ^u opium--! bitt] lapse into e-day life--! hide\s dropp+ (f ( ! veil4 ,!re 0 an ic9ess1 a s9k+1 a sick5+ ( ! he>t--an unr$eem$ dre>9ess ( ?\ght :i* no goad+ ( ! imag9ation c\ld torture into aught ( ! sublime4444 ,x 01 possible1 ,i reflect$1 t a m]e diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! p>ticul>s ( ! sc5e1 ( ! details ( ! picture1 w\ld be suffici5t to modify1 or p]haps to annihilate1 its capacity = sorr[ful impression2 &1 act+ ^u ?is idea1 ,i re9$ my horse to ! precipit\s br9k ( a black & lurid t>n t lay 9 unruffl$ lu/re by ! dwell+1 & gaz$ d[n--b ) a %udd] ev5 m ?rill+ ?an be=e--^u ! remodel$ & inv]t$ images ( ! gray s$ge1 & ! gha/ly tree-/ems1 & ! vacant & eye-l w9d[s4 ,& "o may see f look+ back at ! illu/rations giv5 t ! dom9ant impression :i* gives ! "* to ! :ole description1 ?is lead+ quality :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! :ole1 usually /&s at ! v beg9n+1 & to x all ! succe$+ details cl+4 ,! ,end ( a ,description4 ,! end ( a description is equally z important z ! op5+4 ,9 mo/ descriptions1 :e!r %ort or long1 ! mo/ important detail1 ! detail t emphasizes mo/ ! g5]al feel+ ( ! :ole1 /&s at ! end4 ,if ! description be %ort1 ! necessity ( a compreh5sive op5+ /atem5t is n imp]ative1--inde$1 x may be made s =mal & o/5tati\s :5 comp>$ ) ! re/ ( ! description z to be ridicul\s2 yet ev5 9 ! %ort description "s important detail %\ld close x4 ,9 a long description ! repetition ( ! op5+ /atem5t 9 a new =m sometimes /&s at ! end4 ,if ! description be ( movem5t or *ange1 ! end w be ! climax ( ! movem5t1 ! result ( ! *ange4 ,9 ! examples already giv5 !re are illu/rations ( ! me?ods ( clos+4 ,9 ea* case1 !re is an important detail or an arti/ic repetition ( ! g5]al impression4 ,_m examples ( %ort *>act]ization c be f\nd 9 all n>ratives4 ,9 ,irv+'s description ( ,i*abod ,crane1 ! next to ! la/ s5t5ce gives ! significant detail1 & ! la/ gives ano!r g5]al impression4 ,x reads3-- ,! cognom5 ( ,crane 0 n inapplicable to 8 p]son4 ,he 0 tall1 b exce$+ly lank1 ) n>r[ %\ld]s1 long arms & legs1 h&s t dangl$ a mile out ( 8 sleeves1 feet t might h s]v$ = %ovels1 & 8 :ole frame mo/ loosely hung toge!r4 ,8 head 0 small1 & flat at top1 ) huge e>s1 l>ge gre5 glassy eyes1 & a long snipe nose1 s t x look$ l a wea!r-cock p]*$ ^u 8 sp9dle neck to tell :i* way ! w9d blew4 7,! ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[47 ,s f> ?is is b an amplification ( 8 lik5ess to a crane2 c]ta9ly a long snipe nose ^u 8 sp9dle neck is ! mo/ important detail4 ,next ! au?or gives ano!r g5]al impression3-- ,to see him /rid+ along ! pr(ile ( a hill on a w9dy day1 ) 8 clo!s bagg+ & flutt]+ ab\t him1 "o might h mi/ak5 him = ! g5ius ( fam9e desc5d+ ^u ! e>?1 or "s sc>ecr[ elop$ f a cornfield4 ,! foll[+ is f ,! ,h\se ( ,u%]3-- ,%ak+ (f f my _s :at mu/ h be5 a dream1 ,i scann$ m n>r[ly ! real aspect ( ! build+4 ,its pr9cipal feature seem$ to be t ( an excessive antiquity4 ,! discoloration ( ages _h be5 great4 ,m9ute fungi ov]spread ! :ole ext]ior1 hang+ 9 a f9e tangl$ web-"w f ! eaves4 ,yet all ?is 0 ap>t f any extraord9>y dilapidation4 ,no portion ( ! masonry _h fall51 & !re appe>$ to be a wild inconsi/5cy betwe5 its /ill p]fect adaptation ( p>ts & ! crumbl+ condition ( ! individual /ones4 ,9 ?is !re 0 mu* t rem9d$ me ( ! speci\s totality ( old woodwork :i* has rott$ = long ye>s 9 "s neglect$ vault ) no di/urbance f ! brea? ( ! ext]nal air4 ,beyond ?is indication ( ext5sive decay1 h[ev]1 ! fabric gave little tok5 ( in/ability4 ,p]haps ! eye ( a scrut9iz+ obs]v] might h discov]$ a b>ely p]ceptible fissure1 :i*1 ext5d+ f ! ro( ( ! build+ 9 front1 made its way d[n ! wall 9 a zigzag direction1 until x became lo/ 9 ! sull5 wat]s ( ! t>n4 ,9 ?is e detail emphasizes ! excessive antiquity ( ! h\se2 & on read+ ! /ory !re is no "q ( ! importance ( ! b>ely p]ceptible fissure4 ,!reby hangs ! tale4 ,! two foll[+ are descriptions ( dawn1 ( *ange2 !y h m>k$ climaxes4 ,! fir/ is by ,edw>d ,ev]ett1 ! second by ,/ev5son4 ,! simil>ity 9 *oice ( words & 9 ! feel+s ( ! m5 is rem>kable4 ,su* 0 ! glori\s spectacle z ,i ent]$ ! tra94 ,z we proce$$1 ! timid approa* ( twilight became m p]ceptible2 ! int5se blue ( ! sky began to s(t52 ! small] />s1 l little *ildr51 w5t fir/ to re/2 ! si/]-beams ( ! ,pleiades soon melt$ toge!r2 b ! bright con/ellations ( ! we/ & nor? rema9$ un*ang$4 ,/eadily ! wondr\s transfiguration w5t on4 ,h&s ( angels1 hidd5 f mortal eyes1 %ift$ ! sc5]y ( ! heav5s2 ! glories ( night dissolv$ into ! glories ( dawn4 ,! blue sky n[ turn$ m s(tly gray2 ! great wat*-/>s %ut up _! holy eyes2 ! ea/ began to k9dle4 ,fa9t /reaks ( purple soon blu%$ along ! sky2 ! :ole cele/ial concave 0 fill$ ) ! infl[+ tides ( ! morn+ light1 :i* came p\r+ d[n f above 9 "o great ocean ( radiance1 till at l5g?1 z we rea*$ ! ,blue ,hills1 a fla% ( purple blaz$ out f above ! horizon1 & turn$ ! dewy te>drops ( fl[] & leaf into rubies & diamonds4 ,9 a few seconds1 ! ev]la/+ gates ( morn+ 7 ?r[n wide op51 & ! "l ( day1 array$ 9 glories too sev]e = ! gaze ( man1 began 8 /ate4 7,! ,uses ( ,a/ronomy47 ,at la/ %e began to be aw>e ( a wond]ful revolution1 comp>$ to :i* ! fire ( ,mittwald5 ,palace 0 b a crack & fla% ( a p]cussion cap4 ,! c\nt5ance ) :i* ! p9es reg>d$ h] began ins5sibly to *ange2 ! grass1 too1 %ort z x 01 & ! :ole w9d+ /aircase ( ! brook's c\rse1 began to we> a solemn fre%ness ( appe>ance4 ,& ?is sl[ transfiguration rea*$ h] he>t1 & play$ ^u x1 & transpi]c$ x ) a s]i\s ?rill4 ,%e look$ all ab\t2 ! :ole face ( nature look$ back1 brimful ( mean+1 f+] on lip1 leak+ its glad secret4 ,%e look$ up4 ,heav5 0 almo/ empti$ ( />s4 ,su* z /ill l+]$ %one ) a *ang$ & wan+ brightness1 & began to fa9t 9 _! /ations4 ,& ! color ( ! sky itself 0 mo/ wond]ful2 = ! ri* blue ( ! night _h n[ melt$ & s(t5$ & bright5$2 & !re _h succe$$ a hue t has no "n1 & t is nev] se5 b z ! h]ald ( ! morn+4 ',oh6' %e cri$1 joy cat*+ at h] voice1 ',oh6 x is ! dawn6' ,9 a brea? %e pass$ ov] ! brook1 & loop$ up h] skirts & fairly ran 9 ! dim alleys4 ,z %e ran1 h] e>s 7 aw>e ( _m pip+s1 m beautiful ?an music2 9 ! small1 di%-%ap$ h\ses 9 ! =k ( giant arms1 :]e !y _h la9 all night1 lov] by lov]1 w>mly press$1 ! bright-ey$1 big-he>t$ s+]s began to awak5 = ! day4 ,h] he>t melt$ & fl[$ =? to !m 9 k9dness4 ,& !y1 f _! small & high p]*es 9 ! cl]e/ories ( ! wood ca!dral1 pe]$ d[n sidelong at ! ragg$ ,pr9cess z %e flitt$ bel[ !m on ! c>pet ( ! moss & tassel4 ,soon %e _h /ruggl$ to a c]ta9 hilltop1 & saw f> be=e h] ! sil5t inflood+ ( ! day4 ,out ( ! ,ea/ x well$ & :it5$2 ! d>kness trembl$ into light2 & ! />s 7 ext+ui%$ l ! /reet-lamps ( a human city4 ,! :it5ess bright5$ into silv]2 ! silv] w>m$ into gold1 & ! gold k9dl$ into pure & liv+ fire2 & ! face ( ! ,ea/ 0 b>r$ ) elem5tal sc>let4 ,! day drew its fir/ long brea?1 /eady & *ill2 & = leagues ar\nd ! woods sigh$ & %iv]$4 ,& !n1 at "o b\nd ! sun _h float$ up2 & h] />tl$ eyes receiv$ day's fir/ arr[1 & quail$ "u ! buffet4 ,on e side1 ! %ad[s leap$ f _! ambu% & fell prone4 ,! day 0 come1 pla9 & g>i%2 & up ! /eep & solit>y ea/]n heav51 ! sun1 victori\s ov] 8 competitors1 cont9u$ sl[ly & royally to m\nt4 7,pr9ce ,otto47 ,proportion4 ,"o ?+ fur!r %\ld be said reg>d+ ,mass4 ,n ev]y?+ c /& fir/ or la/2 "s important details mu/ be plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( a description4 ,^! p>ticul>s w n be ( equal importance4 ,! m important details may be giv5 _! proportionate emphasis by relatively increas+ ! l5g? ( _! treatm5t4 ,if "o detail is m important ?an ano!r1 x requires m to be said ab\t x2 unimportant matt]s %\ld be pass$ ov] ) a ^w4 ,proportion 9 ! l5g? ( treatm5t is a guide to ! relative importance ( ! matt]s introduc$ into a description4 ,9 ! description ( ,! ,h\se ( ,u%]1 position emphasizes ! b>ely p]ceptible fissure4 ,proportion s+les out ! crumbl+ condition ( ! individual /ones & makes ?is detail m emphatic ?an ei!r ! discoloration or ! fungi4 ,& 9 ,newman's description1 ! olive-tree1 ! brilliant atmosph]e1 ! ?yme1 ! bees1 all add to ! *>ms ( bright & beautiful ,a!ns2 b mo/ ( all ! ,aegean1 ) its *a9 ( isl&s1 its d>k violet bill[s1 its jets ( silv]1 ! heav+ & pant+ ( its long waves1--! re/less liv+ elem5t fasc9ates & enraptures yon pilgrim /ud5t4 ,position & proportion are ! means ( emphasis 9 a p>agraph ( description4 ,arrangem5t mu/ be natural4 ,hav+ settl$ ! mass+ ( ! description1 ! next matt] = consid]ation is ! arrangem5t4 ,9 ord] t ! p>ts ( a description may be coh]5t1 hold toge!r1 !y %\ld be arrang$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y w\ld naturally be p]ceiv$4 ,:at /rikes ! eye ( ! behold] z mo/ important1 (t5 ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole1 %\ld be m5tion$ fir/2 & ! details %\ld foll[ z !y are se54 ,9 a build+1 ! usual way ( obs]v+ & describ+ is f f\ndation to turret /one4 ,a l&scape may be describ$ by beg9n+ ) :at is ne> & ext5d+ ! view2 ?is is common4 ,sometimes ! v opposite plan is pursu$2 or "o may beg9 on ei!r h& & advance t[>d ! o!r4 ,( a p]son ne> by1 ! face is ! fir/ ?+ obs]v$2 = x is !re t 8 "* c be be/ discov]$4 ,aft]w>d details ( clo?+ foll[ z !y w\ld naturally be notic$4 ,if a p]son be at a di/ance 8 pose & c>riage w\ld be ab\t all t c\ld be se52 z he approa*es1 ! o!r details w\ld be m5tion$ z !y came into view4 ,to arrange details 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are naturally obs]v$ w result 9 an association 9 ! description ( ! details t are contigu\s 9 ! objects4 ,jump+ ab\t 9 a description is a s\rce ( confusion4 ,h[ entirely x may ru9 a p>agraph c be e/imat$ by ! effect ^u ?is s+le s5t5ce1 ,he 0 tall1 ) feet t might h s]v$ = %ovels1 n>r[ %\ld]s1 h&s t dangl$ a mile out ( 8 sleeves1 long arms & legs1 & 8 :ole frame mo/ loosely hung toge!r4 ,?is re>rangem5t makes b a disjo9t$ & feeble impression2 & ! reason is entirely t an ord] 9 :i* no p]son ev] obs]v$ a man has be5 sub/itut$ = ! commone/ ord]1--f head to foot4 ,arrange details s t ! p>ts :i* are contigu\s %all be associat$ 9 ! description1 & proce$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! details are naturally obs]v$4 ,! foll[+ is by ,irv+2 he is describ+ ! /age-coa*man3-- ,he has commonly a broad1 full face1 curi\sly mottl$ ) r$1 z if ! blood _h be5 =c$ by h>d fe$+ into e vessel ( ! sk92 he is swell$ into jolly dim5sions by frequ5t potations ( malt liquors1 & 8 bulk is /ill fur!r increas$ by a multiplicity ( coats1 9 :i* he is buri$ l a caulifl[]1 ! upp] "o rea*+ to 8 heels4 ,he we>s a broad-brimm$1 l[-cr[n$ hat2 a huge roll ( color$ h&k]*ief ab\t 8 neck1 kn[+ly knott$ & tuck$ 9 at ! bosom2 & has 9 summ] "t a l>ge b\quet ( fl[]s 9 8 buttonhole1 ! pres5t1 mo/ probably1 ( "s enamor$ c\ntry lass4 ,8 wai/coat is commonly ( "s bright color1 /rip$1 & 8 small-clo!s ext5d f> bel[ ! knees1 to meet a pair ( jockey boots :i* rea* ab\t half way up 8 legs4#ab ,use ,famili> ,images4 ,:5 ! mat]ials h be5 select$ & arrang$1 ! h>de/ "p ( ! "w has be5 done4 ,x n[ rema9s to express 9 language ! picture4 ,a few sugge/ions reg>d+ ! k9d ( language w be helpful4 ,! writ] mu/ always be> 9 m9d ! fact t 9 con/ruct+ a m5tal picture ea* read] does x f ! images he already possesses4 ,qua9t arabesques is )\t mean+ to _m p]sons2 & until ! ^w has be5 look$ up 9 ! diction>y1 & ! picture se5 !re1 ! beautiful l9e ( ,sir ,launfal sugge/s no image :atev]4 ,s :5 ,/ev5son speaks ( ! birds 9 ! cl]e/ories ( ! wood ca!dral1 ! image is n di/9ct 9 ! m9d ( a "y ,am]ican4 ,suppos+ a pupil 9 ,cali=nia 7 ask$ to describe an orange to an ,esquimau4 ,he might say t x is a sph]oid ab\t ! size ( an apple1 & ! color ( "o ( ,lorra9e's sunsets4 ,?is w\ld be absolutely wor?less to a *ild ( ! frigid zone4 ,_h he be5 told t an orange 0 ab\t ! size ( a sn[ball1 mu* ! color ( ! flame ( a c&le1 t ! peel+ came (f l ! sk9 f a seal1 & t ! inside 0 good to eat1 he w\ld h kn[n m ( ?is fruit4 ,! images :i* lie 9 our m9ds & f :i* we con/ruct new pictures are mu* l ! blocks t a *ild-build] re>ranges 9 _m diff]5t =ms2 b ! blocks d n *ange4 ,f !m he may build a ca/le or a mill2 yet ! only diff]5ce is a diff]5ce 9 arrangem5t4 ,s x is ) ! pictures we build up 9 imag9ation3 our ca/le 9 ,spa9 we h nev] se51 b ! individual elem5ts :i* we associate to lift up ?is happy dwell+-place are ! ?+s we "k & h se54 ,a read] creates no?+ new2 all he does is to re>range 9 8 own m9d ! images already famili>4 ,only s may he pass f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,! fact t we con/ruct pictures ( :at we read f ^? images already 9 our m9ds w>ns ! writ] aga9/ us+ mat]ials :i* ^? = :om he writes c\ld n und]/&4 ,x compels him to select def9ite images1 & x urges him to use ! common & ! concrete4 ,x frequ5tly drives him to use comp>isons4 ,use ( ,comp>isons4 ,to repres5t ! extremely b>e & unornam5t$ appe>ance ( a build+1 "o might write1 ,x look$ l a great b>n1 or ,x 0 a great b>n4 ,9 ei!r case ! image w\ld be def9ite1 common1 & concrete4 ,9 bo? cases !re is a comp>ison4 ,9 ! fir/1 :]e ! comp>ison is express$1 !re is a simile2 9 ! second1 :]e ! comp>ison is only impli$1 !re is a metaphor4 ,^! two figures ( spee* are v common 9 description1 & x is because !y are ( great value4 ,"o o!r is sometimes us$1--p]sonification1 :i* ascribes to inanimate ?+s ! attributes ( life :i* are ! prop]ty ( animate nature4 ,:at c\ld be happi] ?an ?is by ,/ev5son3 ,all night long he c he> ,nature brea?+ deeply & freely2 ev5 z %e takes h] re/ %e turns & smiles8 or ?is1 ,a fa9t s\nd1 m l a mov+ coolness ?an a /ream ( air8 ,& at ! end ( ! *apt] :i* describes 8 night "u ! p9es1 he speaks ( ! tape/ries & ! inimitable ceil+ & ! view :i* ,i comm& f ! w9d[s4 ,9 ?is "o *apt] are p]sonification1 simile1 metaphor1--all comp>isons1 & do+ :at c\ld h>dly be done )\t !m4 ,common1 di/9ct1 concrete images are sure/4 ,*oice ( ,words4 ,adjectives & ,n\ns4 ,to body =? ^! common1 di/9ct1 concrete images calls = a discrim9at+ *oice ( words2 = 9 ! *oice ( words lies a l>ge "p ( ! vividness ( description4 ,if ! ?+ describ$ be unkn[n to ! read]1 x requires ! "r ^w to place x be=e him2 if x be common1 /ill mu/ ! "r ^w be f\nd to set x ap>t f ! ?\s& o!r objects ( ! same class4 ,! words t may ju/ly be call$ describ+ words are adjectives & n\ns2 & ( ^! ! adjective is ! fir/ descriptive ^w4 ,! rule t a writ] %\ld nev] use two adjectives :]e "o w d1 & t he %\ld n use "o if a n\n c be f\nd t completely expresses ! ?\ght1 is a good "o to foll[4 ,"o c]ta9 /roke ( ! crayon is wor? a hundr$ l9es1 ea* approa*+ ! "r "o4 ,"o ^w1 ! only "o1 w tell ! tru? m vividly ?an t5 t approa* its expression4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ t a description mu/ be done quickly2 e ^w t is us$ & does no?+ is n only a wa/e ( "t1 b is actually 9 ! way4 ,9 a description e ^w mu/ c\nt4 ,x may be a comp>ison1 an epi!t1 p]sonification1 or :at n1 b :atev] me?od is adopt$1 ! "r ^w mu/ d x quickly4 ,h[ mu* dep5ds on ! nice *oice ( words may be se5 by a /udy ( ! selections already quot$2 & especially by a c>eful read+ ( ^? by ,/ev5son & ,ev]ett4 ,to %[ ! use ( adjectives & n\ns 9 description1 ! foll[+ f ,kipl+ is a good illu/ration4 ,toomai _h j rea*$ ! elephants' ball-room :5 he saw-- :ite-tusk$ wild males1 ) fall5 leaves & nuts & twigs ly+ 9 ! wr9kles ( _! necks & ! folds ( _! e>s2 fat1 sl[-foot$ %e-elephants1 ) re/less p9ky-black calves only ?ree or f\r feet high1 runn+ "u _! /oma*s2 "y elephants ) _! tusks j beg9n+ to %[1 & v pr\d ( !m2 lanky1 scraggy1 old-maid elephants1 ) _! holl[1 anxi\s faces1 & trunks l r\gh b>k2 savage old bull-elephants1 sc>r$ f %\ld] to flank ) great weals & cuts ( by-gone fights1 & ! cak$ dirt ( _! solit>y mud ba? dropp+ f _! %\ld]s2 & !re 0 "o ) a brok5 tusk & ! m>ks ( ! full-/roke1 ! t]rible draw+ scrape ( a tig]'s claw on 8 side4#ac ,"o ?ird ( ! words 9 ?is p>agraph are descriptive n\ns & adjectives1 none ( :i* ! read] wi%es to *ange4 ,use ( ,v]bs4 ,v]bs also h a great value 9 description4 ,9 ! p>agraph pictur+ ! dawn1 ,/ev5son has n neglect$ ! v]bs4 ,well$1 :it5$1 trembl$1 bright5$1 w>m$1 k9dl$1 & s on ?r\gh ! p>agraph4 ,try to *ange !m1 & x is app>5t t some?+ is lo/ by any sub/itution4 ,kaa1 ! py?on1 p\rs himself along ! gr\nd4 ,if he is angry1 ,baloo & ,baghe]a c\ld see ! big swall[+-muscles on ei!r side ( ,kaa's ?roat ripple & bulge4 ,yet 9 ! *oice ( words1 "o may se>* = ! biz>re & unusual r ?an = ! truly picturesque4 ,/ev5son at times seems to h laps$4 ,:5 he says t ,mode/9e w\ld feel a swit* m t5d]ly ?an my cane2 t he mu/ in/antly maltreat ?is uncompla9+ animal1 mean+ con/antly2 & at ano!r place t he _h to labor s consi/5tly ) 8 /ick t ! sweat ran into 8 eyes1 !re is a suspicion ( a desire = ! s5sational r ?an ! direct tru?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! beg9n] f9ds himself us+ words t h lo/1 _! mean+ ?r\gh indiscrim9ate usage4 ,awful good1 awful pretty1 & awful sweet mean some?+ less ?an good1 pretty1 & sweet4 ,lovely1 de>1 spl5did1 unique1 & a l>ge numb] ( good words h be5 mu* dull$ by ! ignorant use ( babbl]s4 ,sup]latives & all words d5ot+ comp>ison %\ld be us$ ) /+9ess4 ,"o _c af=d to "p ) ?is k9d ( co9 frequ5tly2 ! *eap] co9s %\ld be us$1 else he w f9d an empty purse :5 ne$ arises4 ,?ack]ay has ?is3 ,h] voice 0 ! sweete/1 l[ song4 ,h[ mu* bett] ?is1 ,h] voice 0 a sweet1 l[ song4 ,all ! _w is %ut out f ?is1 :ile 9 ! =m] he *all5ges ! _w by ! comp>ison4 ,%akespe>e 0 wis] :5 he made ,le> say1-- ,h] voice 0 ev] s(t1 ,g5tle1 & l[1--an excell5t ?+ 9 woman4 ,avoid words :i* h lo/ _! mean+ by indiscrim9ate use2 %un ! s5sational & ! biz>re2 use sup]latives ) economy2 b 9 all y d1 :e!r 9 unadorn$ or figurative language1 *oose ! ^w t is quick & sure & vivid--! "o ^w t exactly sugge/s ! picture4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions ,,& ,,ex]cises ,,que/ions4 ,,! ,,old ,,manse4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #fi47 ,are !re n>rative portions 9 ,! ,old ,manse8 p>agraphs ( exposition8 ,d y t]m ! :ole n>ration1 description1 or exposition8 ,:y8 ,frame a s5t5ce :i* y ?9k w\ld be an adequate topic s5t5ce = ! :ole piece4 ,:at phrase 9 ! fir/ p>agraph all[s ! au?or to beg9 ! second ) ! words1 ,nor1 9 tru?1 _h ! ,old ,manse1 etc48 ,:]e 9 ! second p>agraph is f\nd ! words :i* are ! s\rce ( my design1 m5tion$ 9 ! ?ird8 ,h[ does ! au?or pass f ! f\r? p>agraph to ! fif?8 ,9 ! same way note ! connections betwe5 ! succe$+ p>agraphs4 ,!y are mo/ skillfully dovetail$ toge!r4 ,n[ make a li/ ( ! phrases 9 ! fir/ fifte5 pages :i* introduce p>agraphs1 tell+ f :at 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph ea* new p>agraph spr+s4 ,d y ?9k t su* a felicit\s result j happ5$8 or did ,haw?orne plan x8 ,does ,haw?orne g5]ally introduce 8 descriptions by giv+ ! feel+ ar\s$ by ! object describ$1 a me?od v common ) ,poe8 ,9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ at ! bottom ( p4 #ah1 :at d y ?9k ( ! selection ( mat]ial8 ,:at h guid$ 9 ! inclusion & exclusion ( details8 ,write a p>agraph ^u ?is topic3 ,!re c\ld n be a m joy\s aspect ( ext]nal nature ?an z se5 f ! w9d[s ( my /udy j aft] ! pass+ ( a cool+ %[]4 ,be c>eful to select ?+s t h be5 made happy1 & to use adjectives & n\ns t are full ( joy4 ,make a li/ ( ! words us$ to describe ,! ,old ,apple ,deal]4 ,has ?is description ,unity8 ,:at relation to ! :ole has ! fir/ s5t5ce ( p>agraph ?ree8 ! la/8 ,d y ?9k !re is a grammatical error 9 ! ?ird s5t5ce ( ?is p>agraph8 ,by contra/s to :at has ,haw?orne br\ght out bett] ! "* ( ! ,apple ,deal]8 ,:5 c contra/s help8 ,,an ,,indian-,,summ] ,,rev]ie1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,poems4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #cj47 ,9 ?is poem :at purpose is s]v$ by ! fir/ two /anzas8 ,:]e 9 ! l&scape does ! au?or beg98 ,:i* way does he progress8 ,quote /anzas 9 :i* o!r s5ses ?an sight are call$ ^u4 ,make a li/ ( ! figures ( spee*4 ,h[ _m similes8 metaphors8 examples ( p]sonification8 ,:i* seems mo/ effective8 ,:i* in/ance ( its use d y pref]8 ,has ,l[ell us$ too _m figures8 ,read ,! ,oak1 ,! ,d&elion1 & ,al ,fresco4 ,are !y description or exposition8 ,d !y be> out ,l[ell's e/imate ( himself8 ,,! ,,sket*-,,book4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,nos4 #ea1 #eb47 ,:y has ,irv+ giv5 f\r pages to ! description ( ,sleepy ,holl[ be=e he introduces ,i*abod ,crane8 ,:y1 !n1 sev5 pages to ,i*abod be=e ! /ory beg9s8 ,:at gives ! peculi> int]e/ to ?is tale8 ,9 ! ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[ h[ _m p>agraphs ( description close ) an important detail8 ,9 h[ _m ) a g5]al *>act]ization8 ,9 all ! descriptions ( build+s by ,irv+ t y h read1 :at are ! fir/ ?+s m5tion$1--size1 %ape1 color1 or :at8 ,make a li/1 s z to be sure4 ,does ,irv+ use _m comp>isons8 ,are ! lik5esses to common ?+s8 ,select ! t5 y ?9k be/4 ,are !re m 9 n>rative or descriptive passages8 ,:at d y ga!r f ?is fact8 ,9 ,*ri/mas ,day1 on p4 #ea 7,r4 ,l4 ,s41 ,no4 #eb71 does ,irv+ proce$ f f> to ne> 9 ! l&scape8 ,is ?is common8 ,f9d ano!r example4 ,h[ has ,irv+ emphasiz$ ! littl5ess ( ! m9i/] describ$ on p4 #ef 7,r4 ,l4 ,s41 ,no4 #eb78 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,u%]4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #aai47 ,is ! arrangem5t ( ! details 9 ! la/ two l9es ( ! fir/ p>agraph /rong] ?an ! arrangem5t ( ! same details on p4 #fc8 ,:y1 or :y n8 ,9 ! description ( ! hall1 pp4 #fg & #fh1 d ! details produce ! effect ^u y :i* !y did ^u ,poe8 ,f9d a description 9 ?is piece :i* closes ) an important detail4 ,is ,u%] describ$ at all :5 ,poe says1 ,i gaz$ ^u him ) a feel+ half ( pity1 half ( awe8 ,d ! details enum]at$ ar\se su* feel+s 9 y8 ,w\ld ! feel+ h be5 call$ =? if x _h n be5 sugge/$ by ,poe8 ,is !re1 !n1 any advantage 9 ?is me?od ( op5+ a description8 ,:at good 0 done by describ+ ,u%] z ,poe knew him 9 y\?8 ,:y is ! p>5!tical clause on p4 #gb necess>y8 ,on p4 #hj1 %\ld ,poe write previ\sly to its f9al int]m5t8 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! l5g? ( ! s5t5ce quot$ on p4 #he8 ,does ,poe use description to acc5t ! mood ( ! n>rative1 or to make concrete ! places & p]sons8 ,:y is ,! ,haunt$ ,palace introduc$ into ! /ory8 ,is ?is /ory z good z ,! ,gold-,bug8 ,,silas ,,m>n]4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #hc47 ,:y is n ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,silas ,m>n] relat$ fir/ 9 ! /ory8 ,by :at /eps has ! au?or approa*$ ! def9ite "t8 ,f ! fragm5ts ab\t 8 appe>ance1 d y get a cle> idea ( h[ ,m>n] looks8 ,d y approve ?is me?od ( scatt]+ ! description along ?r\gh ! /ory8 ,write a description ( ,m>n] on ! night he 0 go+ to ! tav]n4 ,c\ld n ! qu>rel betwe5 ,godfrey & ,dunsey be5 omitt$8 ,describe ! int]ior ( ,m>n]'s cottage4 ,:y %\ld ,sally ,oates & h] dropsy be admitt$ to ! /ory8 ,d y "k z well h[ ,george ,eliot's *>act]s look z h[ !y ?9k & feel8 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! la/ s5t5ce ( ,*apt] ,,iv48 ,:y does n ,*apt] ,v4 g on ) ,dunsey's /ory8 ,:y is ,*apt] ,,vi4 introduc$ at all8 ,:at ( its close8 ,:at figure 9 ! la/ s5t5ce ( ,*apt] ,x48 ,w\ld y pref] to "k h[ tall ,eppie 01 :at k9d ( clo!s %e wore1 etc41 to ! k y ga9 ( h] on p4 #agh8 ,suppose t ,dunsey came home ! night he /ak$ ,wildfire1 recite ! conv]sation betwe5 him & ,godfrey4 ,h ,dolly ,w9?rop1 ,priscilla ,lammet]1 & ,mr4 ,macey talk ov] ,! ,new ,m9i/]4 ,write on ,:at ,i see 9 ,george ,eliot's ,face4 ,,! ,,des]t$ ,,village4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #fh47 ,is ?is piece description or exposition8 ,9 ! fir/ /anza :]e is ! topic s5t5ce8 ,! au?or has made two gr\ps ( *>ms4 ,w\ld x be z well to *ange !m ab\t8 ,give y\r reasons4 ,:]e has he us$ ! e> in/ead ( ! eye to sugge/ 8 picture8 ,is x cle>8 ,:at me?od is adopt$ 9 l9es #abe-abh8 ,see also l9es #bcg-bej4 ,c y unite ! p>agraphs on p4 #be8 ,:y d y ?9k s8 ,c\ld y sugge/ a new arrangem5t ( details 9 l9es #cda-cfb t w\ld be z good z ! pres5t8 ,:at are ! la/ f\r l9es =8 ,,ex]cises4 ,enum]ative ,description may well employ a few lessons4 ,9 x accuracy ( detail mu/ be /udi$1 & e detail mu/ be introduc$4 #a4 ,! ,tea*]'s ,desk4 #b4 ,write a lett] to a c>p5t] giv+ details = ! con/ruction ( a small bookcase4 #c4 ,by tell+ h[ y made x1 describe a camp1 a kite1 a dress1 or a cake4 ,n>ration may be employ$ = ! purpose ( description4 ,a good example may be f\nd 9 ,rob9son ,crusoe 9 ! *apt] describ+ 8 home aft] ! %ipwreck4 #d4 ,describe an unfurni%$ room4 ,%ape1 size1 position1 & numb] ( w9d[s1 ! fireplace1 etc41 %\ld be def9ite4 ,be sure to give ! po9t ( view4 ,to say ,on my "r h&1 ,9 front ( me1 or any simil> phrases means no?+ unless ! read] kn[s :]e y are4 ,9 ^! ex]cises ! pupil w d\btless employ ! p>agraph ( p>ticul>s4 ,?is is ! mo/ common 9 description4 ,o!r =ms are valuable4 #e4 ,us+ a p>agraph tell+ :at x 0 n1 f9i% ?is3 ,i foll[$ ! great s+] to h] home4 ,imag9e my surprise 9 f9d+ t ! h\se 9 :i* ?is lady liv$ 0 n a home ( luxury & spl5dor1--n ev5 a home ( com=t4 ,g on ) ! details ( a home ( luxury :i* 7 n !re4 ,f9i% ) :at y did see4 ,?is is really a description ( two h\ses set 9 arti/ic contra/ to height5 ! effect4 ,rememb] y are outside4 #f4 ,by ! use ( comp>ison f9i% ?is3 ,! home ( my poor little fri5d 0 b little bett] ?an a b>n4 ,*oose only su* details z emphasize ! b>n-l appe>ance ( ! home4 ,!re is b "o room4 ,rememb] :]e y are /&+2 & keep 9 m9d ! effect y wi% to produce4 #g4 ,us+ a mov+ po9t ( view1 describe an int]ior4 ,d n h too _m rooms4 #h4 ,furni% ! room describ$ 9 numb] f\r to suit y\r ta/e4 ,tell h[ x looks4 ,rememb] t a few ?+s give "* to a room4 #i4 ,describe y\r *ildhood's home z x w\ld look to y aft] ye>s ( abs5ce4 #aj4 ,us+ a p>agraph ( ! obv]se1 describe ! appe>ance ( ! h\se f :i* y 7 driv5 by ! cruelty ( a drunk5 fa!r4 #aa4 ,describe a s+le tree /&+ alone 9 a field4 ,x w be well = ! tea*] to read to ! class "s descriptions ( trees1--,l[ell's ,bir* & ,oak1 ,"u ! ,will[s1 & "s /anzas f ,an ,indian ,summ] ,rev]ie4 ,holmes has "s good p>agraphs on trees 9 ,! ,autocrat4 ,any good tree descriptions w help pupils to d x bett] ?an !y c )\t sugge/ion4 ,!y %\ld describe _! own tree1 h[ev]4 #ab4 ,describe "s s+le fl[] gr[+ wild4 ,read ,l[ell's ,d&elion1 ,violet1 ,sweet ,violet1 ,wordswor?'s ,daisy1 ,! ,daffodils1 ,! ,small ,cel&9e1 & ,burns's ,daisy4 ,^! d n s mu* describe z !y ar\se a feel+ ( love = ! fl[]s :i* w %[ itself 9 ! composition4 #ac4 ,describe a view ( a lake4 ,if possible1 h y\r po9t ( view above ! lake & use ! p>agraph ( comp>ison4 #ad4 ,describe a l&scape f a s+le po9t ( view4 ,read ,curtis's ,my ,ca/les 9 ,spa9 f ,prue & ,i1 _m descriptions 9 ,an ,inl& ,voyage by ,/ev5son1 & ,bay ,/reet by ,bliss ,c>man 9 ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly4 #ae4 ,describe y\r fir/ view ( a small clu/] ( h\ses or a small t[n4 #af4 ,approa* ! t[n1 describ+ its pr9cipal features4 ,keep ! read] in=m$ z to :]e y are4 #ag4 ,describe a dog ( y\r own4 #ah4 ,describe a dog ( y\r neighbor's4 ,be=e ! description is und]tak5 read ,our ,dogs & ,rab by ,dr4 ,br[n2 ,a ,dog ( ,fl&]s by ,ouida4 ,scott has "s noble fell[s 9 8 novels4 #ai4 ,describe a flock ( *ick5s4 ,!re are good descriptions ( *ick5s 9 ,! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables & 9 ,sket*es by ,dick5s4 #bj4 ,describe ! burn+ ( y\r own home4 ,be c>eful n to n>rate4 #ba4 ,describe a /rang] y met on ! /reet to-day4 ,x is easi] to describe a p]son if y & ! p]son y describe move t[>d ea* o!r4 ,rememb] t y beg9 ! description at a di/ance4 ,details %\ld be m5tion$ z !y actually come into view4 #bb4 ,describe y\r fa!r 9 8 favorite corn] at home4 #bc4 ,describe a p]son y d n l1 by tell+ :at he is n4 #bd4 ,describe a p]son y admire1 b are n acqua9t$ )1 us+ ! p>agraph ( comp>isons4 #be4 ,describe a picture4 ,x w\ld be well to h at ! end ( ?is ye> f\r or five /ories writt51 9 :i* description plays a "p4 ,its pr9cipal use is to give ! sett+ to ! /ory1 to give concret5ess to ! *>act]s1 & to acc5t ! mood ( ! /ory4 ,mo/ passages ( description are %ort4 ,r>ely w any pupil write ov] ?ree hundr$ words4 ,"o hundr$ are (t5 bett]4 ,! %ort composition gives an opportunity = ! /udy ( accuracy ( expression4 ,:at details to include2 9 :at ord] to arrange !m t !y produce ! be/ effect1 bo? ( vividness & naturalness2 & ! influ5ce ( ! po9t ( view & ! purpose ( ! au?or on ! unity ( description %\ld be kept con/antly pres5t 9 ! ex]cises4 ,c>eful att5tion %\ld be paid to *oice ( words1 = on "r words dep5ds 9 a l>ge degree ! vividness ( a description4 ,"r words 9 well-mass$ p>agraphs ( vivid description %\ld be ! object ?is t]m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,v ,,exposition ,s f> we h /udi$ disc\rse :i* deals ) ?+s1--?+s active1 do+ some?+1 consid]$ "u ! head ( n>ration2 & ?+s at re/1 & pictur$1 consid]$ 9 description4 ,n[ we come to exposition1 :i* deals ) ideas ei!r sep>ately or 9 comb9ations4 ,in/ead ( ,mr4 ,smi?'s horse1 exposition treats ( ! g5]al t]m1 horse4 ,! ,great ,/one ,face may h taught a lesson by its /ory1 b ! discussion ( ! value ( l(ty ideals is a subject = exposition4 ,g5]al ,t]ms ,difficult4 ,t g5]al t]ms & propositions are h>d] to get hold ( ?an concrete facts is readily app>5t 9 ! fir/ read+ ( an au?or l ,em]son4 ,to a "y p]son x means little4 ,yet :5 he puts 9 ! place ( ! g5]al t]ms "s specific examples1 & s v]ifies ! /atem5ts1 ! g5]al propositions h a m9e ( mean+1 & ! s5se ( ! au?or is z broad z ! _w4 ,?is /anza f ,l[ell is b little sugge/ive to "y read]s3-- ,su* e>ne/ natures are ! fi]y pi?1 ,! compact nucleus1 r\nd :i* sy/ems gr[6 ,mass aft] mass becomes inspir$ !re)1 ,& :irls impregnate ) ! c5tral gl[4#ad ,yet :5 ,columbus & ,lu!r & ,g>rison are m5tion$ z illu/rations ( ! mean+1 x becomes _w-wide 9 its application4 ,/ill 9 ord] to get at ! ?\ght1 !re is fir/ ! ne$ ( ! specific & ! concrete2 aft]w>d we pass to ! g5]al & ! ab/ract4 ,z ab/ract ideas are h>d] to get hold ( ?an concrete facts1 s exposition has difficulties great] ?an ^? f\nd 9 n>ration & description4 ,x is n s h>d to tell :at belongs 9 a /ory2 ! ev5ts are all di/9ct4 ,nor is x s difficult to "k :at to include 9 a description2 "o c look & see4 ,9 exposition ?is is n s4 ,9 mo/ m9ds ideas d n h di/9ct limits2 ! edges r are indi/9ct4 ,x is h>d to tell :]e ! idea /ops4 ,9 writ+ ( ,! ,uses ( ,coal1 x is easy to w&] ov] an indi/9ct b\nd>y & to take a survey ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,coal4 ,n only may "o include :at unque/ionably %\ld be exclud$1 b !re is no def9ite guide to ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials1 su* z 0 f\nd 9 n>ration4 ,!re a sequ5ce ( "t 0 an almo/ infallible rule2 "h ! writ] mu/ se>* c>efully h[ to arrange hazy ideas 9 "s effective =m4 ,z disc\rse comes to deal m ) g5]al ideas1 ! difficulties ( writ+ increase2 & ! difficulties are n due to any new pr9ciples ( /ructure :i* mu/ be introduc$4 ,:5 "o says t ! mat]ial %\ld be select$ accord+ to ! famili> law ( ,unity1 he has giv5 ! guid+ pr9ciple4 ,yet ! real difficulty is /ill be=e an au?or3 x is to decide :at /amp to put ^u su* elusive matt] z ideas4 ,!y _c be kept long en\gh 9 ! twilight ( consci\sness to analyze !m2 & (t5 ideas t h be5 m>k$ accept$ h1 ^u reexam9ation1 to be reject$4 ,to exam9e ideas--! mat]ial us$ 9 ?is =m ( disc\rse--s ?or\ghly t !y may be accurately1 def9itely kn[n 9 _! backw>d relation & _! be>+ ^u :at foll[s1 ?is is ! seat ( ! difficulty 9 exposition4 ,exposition may conv5i5tly be classifi$ into exposition ( a t]m1 or def9ition2 & exposition ( a proposition1 :i* is g5]ally sugge/$ by ! t]m exposition4 ,def9ition4 ,def9ition ( a ^w means giv+ its limits or b\nd>ies4 ,( man x might be said t x is a liv+ animal1 hav+ a /rong bony skeleton2 t ?is skeleton consi/s ( a trunk f :i* ext5d f\r limbs1 call$ arms & legs1 & is surm\nt$ by a bony cavity1 call$ a skull2 t ! skeleton protects ! vital organs1 & is itself cov]$ by a muscul> tissue :i* moves ! bones & gives a r\nd$ beauty to _! ugl9ess2 t man has a highly develop$ n]v\s sy/em1 ! c5tre ( :i* is ! bra9 plac$ 9 ! skull4 ,s a p]son might g on = pages1 enum]at+ ! attributes :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 make up ! g5]al idea ( man4 ,exposition & ,description di/+ui%$4 ,?is sort ( exposition is v ne> description2 inde$1 7 ! purpose diff]5t1 x w\ld be description4 ,! purpose1 h[ev]1 is n to tell h[ an individual looks1 b to place ! object 9 a class4 ,x is !re=e n description1 b exposition4 ,moreov]1 ! me?od is diff]5t4 ,9 description ^? *>act]i/ics are giv5 t di/+ui% ! object f ! re/ ( ! class2 :ile 9 exposition ^? qualities are select$ :i* are common to all objects ( its class4 ,logical ,def9ition4 ,on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( ! def9ition by an enum]ation ( all ! attributes1 x is n frequ5tly us$ except 9 long treatises4 ,= x !re has be5 sub/itut$ :at is call$ a logical def9ition4 ,in/ead ( nam+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( an object1 a logical def9ition gr\ps _m attributes "u "o g5]al t]m1 & !n adds a quality :i* di/+ui%es ! object f ! o!rs ( ! g5]al class4 ,man has be5 def9$ z ! reason+ animal4 ,9 ?is def9ition a l>ge numb] ( attributes h be5 ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! g5]al t]m animal2 !n man is sep>at$ f ! :ole class animal by ! ^w reason+4 ,a logical def9ition consi/s1 !n1 ( two p>ts3 ! g5]al t]m nam+ ! g5us1 & ! limit+ t]m nam+ ! di/+ui%+ attribute call$ ! diff]5tia4 ,g5us & ,diff]5tia4 ,g5us & diff]5tia are f\nd 9 e good def9ition4 ,! g5us %\ld be a t]m m g5]al ?an ! t]m def9$4 ,man is a p]son :o reasons is a poor def9ition2 because p]son is no m g5]al ?an man4 ,a can9e is a dog t is wild is v bad1 because dog1 ! g5]al t]m 9 ! def9ition1 is less g5]al ?an ! ^w def9$4 ,h[ev]1 to say t a dog is a can9e t has be5 dome/icat$1 is a def9ition 9 :i* ! g5us is m g5]al ?an ! t]m def9$4 ,next1 ! g5us %\ld be a t]m well und]/ood4 ,man is a mammal :o reasons is all "r1 9 hav+ a g5us m g5]al ?an ! t]m def9$1 b ! def9ition fails ) _m because mammal is n well und]/ood4 ,botany is t bran* ( biology :i* treats ( plant life has 9 x ! same error4 ,biology is n s well und]/ood z botany1 ?\gh x is a m g5]al t]m4 ,9 cases ( ?is sort1 ! writ] %\ld g f>!r t[>d ! m g5]al until he f9ds a t]m p]fectly cle> to all4 ,man is an animal t reasons1 botany is ! bran* ( sci5ce t treats ( plant life1 w\ld bo? be easily und]/ood4 ,! g5us %\ld be a t]m bett] und]/ood ?an ! t]m def9$2 & x %\ld be a t]m m g5]al ?an ! t]m def9$4 ,a def9ition may be faulty 9 its diff]5tia also4 ,! diff]5tia is t "p ( a def9ition :i* names ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! t]m def9$ & ! g5]al class to :i* x belongs4 ,man is a reason+ animal4 ,animal names ! g5]al class1 & reason+ is ! diff]5tia :i* sep>ates man f o!r animals4 ,on ! selection ( ?is limit+ ^w dep5ds ! accuracy ( ! def9ition4 ,man is an animal t walks1 or t has h&s1 or t talks1 are all faulty2 because be>s walk1 monkeys h h&s1 & p>rots talk4 ,suppos+ ! foll[+ def9itions 7 giv53 ,a cat is an animal t cat*es rats & mice2 ,a rose is a fl[] t be>s ?orns2 ,gold is a metal t is heavy2 all w\ld be faulty because ! diff]5tia 9 ea* is faulty4 ,notice1 too1 ! def9itions ( dog & can9e already giv54 ,ev5 man is a reason+ animal may fail2 s9ce _m m5 decl>e t o!r animals reason4 ,! diff]5tia %\ld include all ! memb]s t ! t]m d5otes1 & x %\ld exclude all t x does n d5ote4 ,requisites ( a good ,def9ition4 ,! requisites ( a good def9ition are3 fir/1 t x %all include or d5ote all ! memb]s ( ! class2 second1 t x %all exclude ev]y?+ :i* does n belong to its class2 ?ird1 t ! words us$ 9 ! def9ition %all be bett] und]/ood ?an ! ^w def9$2 f\r?1 t x %all be brief4 ,a def9ition may p]fectly exp\nd a t]m2 & because ( ! v qualities t make x a good def9ition1 accuracy & brevity1 x may be almo/ valueless to ! ord9>y read]4 ,= in/ance1 ?is def9ition1 ,an acid is a sub/ance1 usually s\r & %>p to ! ta/e1 t *anges vegetable blue colors to r$1 &1 comb9+ ) an e>?1 an alkali1 or a metallic oxide1 =ms a salt1 w\ld n g5]ally be und]/ood4 ,s x frequ5tly becomes necess>y to d m ?an give a def9ition 9 ord] to expla9 ! mean+ ( a t]m4 ,?is br+s u to ! /udy ( exposition1 z x is g5]ally und]/ood1 9 :i* all ! res\rces ( language are call$ into s]vice to expla9 a t]m or a proposition4 ,h[ d ,m5 expla98 ,fir/1 by ,repetition4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! me?ods ( expla9+ a proposition8 ,fir/1 a proposition may be expla9$ by ! repetition ( ! ?\ght 9 "s o!r =m4 ,to be effective1 repetition mu/ add some?+ to :at has be5 said2 ! words us$ may be m specific or !y may be m g5]al4 ,= example1 ,a /rong p>tisan may n be a good citiz54 ,! /an*e/ ,republican may by reason ( a bl9d adh]5ce to p>ty be work+ an injury to ! c\ntry he loves4 ,inde$1 "o c easily conceive a body ( m5 s devot$ to a !ory1 beautiful ?\gh x may be 9 _m respects1 t !y /& 9 ! way ( ! _w's progress4 ,! second s5t5ce repeats ! ?\ght ( ! fir/ 9 m specific t]ms2 ! ?ird repeats x 9 m g5]al t]ms4 ,! specific may be expla9$ by ! g5]al2 m (t5 ! g5]al is cle>$ up by ! specific4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! proposition mu/ be br\ght "o /ep ne>] to ! read] by ! re/atem5t1 or ! repetition is n good4 ,speak+ ( writt5 or pr9t$ words1 ,b>rett ,w5dell writes3-- ,9 !mselves1 ^! black m>ks are no?+ b black m>ks m or less regul> 9 appe>ance4 ,mod]n ,engli% type & script are r simple to ! eye4 ,old ,engli% & ,g]man are less s2 less s /ill1 ,hebrew & ,*9ese4 ,b all alphabets pres5t to ! eye pretty obvi\s traces ( regul>ity2 9 a writt5 or pr9t$ page ! same m>k w occur ov] & ov] aga94 ,?is is positively all we see1--a numb] ( m>ks gr\p$ toge!r & occasionally repeat$4 ,a glance at a mummy-case1 an old-fa%ion$ tea-*e/1 a ,hebrew ,bible1 w %[ u all t any eye c ev] see 9 a writt5 or pr9t$ docum5t4 ,! outw>d & visible body ( /yle consi/s ( a limit$ numb] ( m>ks :i*1 = all any read] is apt to "k1 are purely arbitr>y4 7,engli% ,composition47 ,9 ?is p>agraph e s5t5ce is a repetition ( "s "p ( ! op5+ or topic s5t5ce1 & s]ves to expla9 x4 ,second1 by tell+ ! obv]se4 ,second1 a proposition may be expla9$ by tell+ :at x is n4 ,at times ?is is z valuable z tell+ :at x is4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! ?+ exclud$ or d5i$ h "s lik5ess to ! proposition or t]m be+ expla9$2 t ! two be really 9 "s dang] ( be+ confus$4 ,unless to a hopelessly ignorant p]son1 x w\ld n expla9 any?+ to say a horse is n a man2 b to ass]t t a :ale is n a fi%1 ?\gh !y h _m po9ts 9 common1 w\ld prep>e ! way = an explanation ( :at a :ale is4 ,! obv]se /atem5t is ne>ly always foll[$ by a repetition ( :at ! ?+ is4 ,! foll[+ f ,newman illu/rates ! me?od3 ,n[ :at is ,!ology8 ,fir/1 ,i w tell y :at x is n4 ,& "h1 9 ! fir/ place 7?\gh ( c\rse ,i speak on ! subject z a ,ca?olic71 obs]ve t1 /rictly speak+1 ,i am n assum+ t ,ca?olicism is true1 :ile ,i make myself ! *ampion ( ,!ology4 ,ca?olicism has n =mally ent]$ into my argum5t hi!rto1 nor %all ,i j n[ assume any pr9ciple peculi> to x1 = reasons :i* w appe> 9 ! sequel1 ?\gh ( c\rse ,i %all use ,ca?olic language4 ,nei!r1 secondly1 w ,i fall into ! fa%ion ( ! day1 ( id5tify+ ,natural ,!ology ) ,physical ,!ology2 :i* said ,physical ,!ology is a mo/ jejune /udy1 consid]$ z a sci5ce1 & really no sci5ce at all1 = x is ord9>ily no m ?an a s]ies ( pi\s or polemical rem>ks ^u ! physical _w view$ religi\sly1 :]eas ! ^w ',natural' compreh5ds man & society1 & all t is involv$ !re91 z ! great ,prote/ant writ]1 ,dr4 ,butl]1 %[s u4 ,nor1 9 ! ?ird place1 d ,i mean by ,!ology polemics ( any k9d2 = in/ance1 :at are call$ ',evid5ces ( ,religion1' or '! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ces4'444 ,nor1 f\r?ly1 d ,i mean by ,!ology t vague ?+ call$ ',*ri/ianity1' or 'our common ,*ri/ianity1' or ',*ri/ianity ! law ( ! l&1' if !re is any man alive :o c tell :at x is4444 ,la/ly1 ,i d n und]/& by ,!ology1 acqua9tance ) ! ,scriptures2 =1 ?\gh no p]son ( religi\s feel+ c read ,scripture b he w f9d ^? feel+s r\s$1 & ga9 mu* k ( hi/ory into ! b>ga91 yet hi/orical read+ & religi\s feel+ are n a sci5ce4 ,i mean none ( ^! ?+s by ,!ology4 ,i simply mean ! ,sci5ce ( ,god1 or ! tru?s we "k ab\t ,god put into a sy/em2 j z we h a sci5ce ( ! />s1 & call x a/ronomy1 or ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 & call x geology4#ae ,?ird1 by ,details4 ,?ird1 a common way ( expla9+ a proposition is to g into p>ticul>s ab\t x4 ,en\gh p>ticul>s %\ld be giv5 to furni% a reasonable explanation ( ! proposition4 ,macaulay1 writ+ ( ! mu/]-rolls ( names :i* ,milton uses1 goes into details4 ,he says3-- ,!y are *>m$ names4 ,e "o ( !m is ! fir/ l9k 9 a long *a9 ( associat$ ideas4 ,l ! dwell+ place ( our infancy revisit$ 9 manhood1 l ! song ( our c\ntry he>d 9 a /range l&1 !y produce ^u u an effect :olly indep5d5t ( _! intr9sic value4 ,"o transports u back to a remote p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,ano!r places u among ! novel sc5es & mann]s ( a di/ant region4 ,a ?ird evokes all ! de> classical recollections ( *ildhood1--! s*oolroom1 ! dog-e>$ ,virgil1 ! holiday1 & ! prize4 ,a f\r? br+s be=e u ! spl5did phantoms ( *ivalr\s romance1 ! trophi$ li/s1 ! embroid]$ h\s+s1 ! qua9t devices1 ! haunt$ =e/s1 ! en*ant$ g>d5s1 ! a*ievem5ts ( enam\r$ knights1 & ! smiles ( rescu$ pr9cesses4#af ,f\r?1 by ,illu/rations4 ,f\r?1 a proposition may be expla9$ by ! use ( a s+le example or illu/ration4 ,! value ( ?is me?od dep5ds on ! *oice ( ! example4 ,x mu/ 9 no ess5tial way diff] f ! g5]al case x is int5d$ to illu/rate4 ,suppos+ ?is proposition 7 advanc$ by "s woman-hat]3 ,all wom5 are1 by nature1 li>s1 & x %\ld be foll[$ by ?is s5t5ce1 ,= example1 take ?is lady ( fa%ion4 ,su* an illu/ration is wor?less4 ,! individual *os5 does n fairly repres5t ! class4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a tea*] 9 physics %\ld ann\nce t all bodies fall at ! same rate 9 a vacuum1 & %\ld illu/rate by say+1 ,if ,i place a bullet & a fea!r 9 a tube f :i* ! air has be5 exhau/$1 !y w be f\nd to fall equally fa/1 8 example w\ld be a fair "o1 z ! two objects diff] 9 no mann] ess5tial to ! exp]im5t f all bodies4 ,"h %\ld be includ$ anecdotes us$ z illu/rations4 ,!y are ( value if !y are ( ! same type z ! g5]al class !y are int5d$ to expla94 ,!y may be ( little value1 h[ev]4 ,x c\ld safely be said t half ! /ories told 9 campaign spee*es are n in/ances 9 po9t at all1 b are told only to amuse & deceive4 ,specific in/ances mu/ be *os5 ) c>e if !y are to s]ve a useful purpose 9 exposition4 ,?is example is f ,newman3-- ,to "k is "o ?+1 to d is ano!r2 ! two ?+s are altoge!r di/9ct4 ,a man kn[s t he %\ld get up 9 ! morn+1--he lies ab$2 he kn[s t he %\ld n lose 8 temp]1 yet he _c keep x4 ,a labor+ man kn[s t he %\ld n g to ! ale-h\se1 & 8 wife kn[s t %e %\ld n fil* :5 %e goes out *>+1 b1 nev]!less1 9 ^! cases1 ! consci\sness ( a duty is n all "o ) ! p]=mance ( x4 ,!re are1 !n1 l>ge families ( in/ances1 to say ! lea/1 9 :i* m5 may become wis]1 )\t becom+ bett]4#ag ,fif?1 by ,comp>isons4 ,la/1 a ?+ may be expla9$ by tell+ :at x is l1 or :at x is n l4 ,?is me?od ( comp>ison is v frequ5tly employ$4 ,to lik5 a ?+ to some?+ already kn[n is a vivid way ( expla9+4 ,moreov] 9 _m cases x is easi] ?an ! me?od ( repetition or t ( details4 ,by ?is me?od ,macaulay expla9s 8 proposition t x is ! "* ( su* revolutions t we always see ! wor/ ( !m fir/4 ,he says3-- ,a newly lib]at$ p may be comp>$ to a nor!rn army encamp$ on ! ,rh9e or ! ,x]es4 ,x is said t :5 soldi]s 9 su* a situation fir/ f9d !mselves able to indulge )\t re/ra9t 9 su* a r>e & exp5sive luxury1 no?+ is to be se5 b intoxication4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 pl5ty tea*es discretion1 &1 aft] w9e has be5 = a few mon?s _! daily f>e1 !y become m temp]ate ?an !y _h ev] be5 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! f9al & p]man5t fruits ( lib]ty are wisdom1 mod]ation1 & m]cy4 ,its imm$iate effects are (t5 atroci\s crimes1 conflict+ errors1 skepticism on po9ts ! mo/ cle>1 dogmatism on po9ts ! mo/ my/]i\s4#ah ,! comp>ison may be a simile or a metaphor1 z :5 ,huxley writes1 expla9+ ! physical basis ( life3-- ,protoplasm1 simple or nucleat$1 is ! =mal basis ( all life4 ,x is ! clay ( ! pott]3 :i*1 bake x & pa9t x z he w1 rema9s clay1 sep>at$ by artifice1 & n by nature1 f ! commone/ brick or sun-dri$ clod4#ai ,^!1 !n1 are ! me?ods commonly adopt$ = expla9+ t]ms & propositions4 ,fir/1 by ! use ( def9itions2 second1 by repeat+ ! proposition ei!r directly or obv]sely1 add+ some?+ to ! ?\ght by ea* repetition2 ?ird1 by enum]at+ p>ticul>s :i* =m ! gr\nd = ! /atem5t2 f\r?1 by select+ an in/ance :i* fairly illu/rates ! proposition2 fif?1 by ! use ( comp>isons & analogies4 ,! ,subject4 ,"s g5]al consid]ations reg>d+ ! *oice ( a subject h be5 giv54 ,a subject %\ld l5d itself to ! =m ( disc\rse employ$2 next1 x %\ld be a subject int]e/+ to ! read]s2 & ?ird1 x %\ld be int]e/+ to ! writ] & suit$ to 8 ability4 ,! la/ condition makes x advisable to limit ! subject to a n>r[ field4 ,few p]sons h ! ability to view a g5]al subject 9 all its relations4 ,books ev]ybody kn[s some?+ (2 yet v few are able to treat ?is g5]al subject 9 all its ramifications4 ,a p]son writ+ ( ! g5]al topic books w\ld n only be compell$ to "k :at a book is1 :at may truly be call$ a book1 & :at is ! value ( books to read]s1 & !re=e ! influ5ce ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( lit]ature2 he w\ld also be driv5 to /udy ! ma*9]y = mak+ books1 ! hi/ory ( pr9t+1 illu/rat+1 & b9d+ books1 & all ! me*anical processes connect$ ) ! manufacture ( books4 ,! subject might take q ano!r turn1 & be ! developm5t ( fiction or drama2 x might be a discussion ( ! influ5ces1 political or social1 t h m\ld$ lit]ature2 x might be a /udy ( "* z manife/$ 9 an au?or's works4 ,no "o is well fitt$ to write on ! g5]al topic books4 ,a subject %\ld be limit$4 ,! ,subject %\ld all[ ,concrete ,treatm5t4 ,= "y p]sons ! subject %\ld be s select$ & /at$ t ! treatm5t may be concrete4 ,z p]sons advance !y make m g5]alizations2 few1 h[ev]1 g s f> z to ?9k 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,macaulay says1 ,logicians may reason ab\t ab/ractions1 b ! great mass ( m5 mu/ h images4 ,t au?or dep5d$ l>gely = 8 glitt]+ effects ^u ! use ( common1 concrete ?+s :i* ! masses und]/&4 ,! subject %\ld be su* t x c be treat$ concretely4 ,love1 z a g5]al proposition1 is beautiful2 b :at m c a "y writ] say ab\t x8 ,let him leave ! :ole horde ( ab/ract subjects f\nd 9 old rhetorics alone4 ,!y are subjects = exp]i5ce2 !y _c be h&l$ by y\?4 ,! ,!me4 ,aft] ! subject has be5 *os51 ! writ] next consid]s h[ he %all treat x4 ,he selects ! attitude he w assume t[>d ! proposition1 8 po9t ( view2 & ?is position he embodies 9 a %ort s5t5ce1 call$ 8 !me4 ,= in/ance1 patriotism is ! subject2 z x /&s x is ab/ract & v g5]al4 ,h[ev]1 ?is1 ,c a p>tisan be a patriot8 w\ld be suffici5tly concrete to be treat$4 ,ev5 yet !re is no indication ( ! au?or's po9t ( view4 ,%\ld he write1 ,a real p>tisan is no patriot1 8 !me is ann\nc$1 & 8 po9t ( view kn[n4 ,a !me1 ei!r explicit or implicit1 is ess5tial 9 exposition4 ,x is n necess>y t x %all be /at$ to ! read]1 b x mu/ be cle>ly /at$ by ! writ] = 8 own guidance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 usually ann\nc$ at ! op5+ ( ! essay4 ,:e!r ann\nc$ or n1 x is mo/ ess5tial to ! success ( ! essay4 ,x is ! t\*/one by :i* ! au?or tries all ! mat]ial :i* he has collect$4 ,n ev]y?+ on ! subject ( patriotism %\ld be admitt$ to an essay t has = its !me1 ,a real p>tisan _c be a true patriot4 ,x w\ld save _m a digression if ! !me 7 always writt5 9 bold1 black lett]s1 & plac$ be=e ! au?or z he writes4 ,e ^w 9 a !me %\ld be !re = a purpose1 express+ "s important modification ( ! ?\ght4 ,= in/ance1 ! /atem5t above reg>d+ a p>tisan may be too sweep+2 p]haps ! essayi/ w\ld pref] to discuss ! modifi$ /atem5t t a bl9d p>tisan _c always be a true patriot4 ,! !me %\ld /ate exactly :at w be treat$ 9 ! essay4 ,! /atem5t ( x %\ld employ ! h>de/ k9d ( ?9k+2 & :5 ! !me is det]m9$ def9itely & = all1 ! essay is safe f ! intrusion ( =eign ideas :i* di/urb ! h>mony ( ! :ole4 ,ano!r advantage 9 ! !me is t1 :5 once *os51 x w g f> t[>d writ+ ! essay4 ,"o great tr\ble ) ! "y writ] is t he is n will+ to rely on 8 !me to sugge/ 8 composition4 ,mr4 ,palm] well says3-- ,he exam9es 8 p5 po9t1 ! curta9s1 8 ink/&1 to see if p]haps ideas may n be _h f ^!4 ,he wond]s :at ! tea*] w wi% him to say1 & he tries to recall h[ ! passage s\nd$ 9 ! ,?ird ,read]4 ,9 e direction b "o he turns1 & t is ! direction :]e lies ! prime mov] ( 8 toil1 8 subject4 ,( t he is afraid4 ,n[1 :at ,i want to make evid5t is t 8 subject is n 9 reality ! foe1 b ! fri5d4 ,x is 8 only help]4 ,8 composition is n to be1 z he seems to suppose1 a mass ( labori\s inv5tions1 b x is made up exclusively ( :at ! subject dictates4 ,he has only to att5d4 ,at pres5t he /&s 9 8 own way1 mak+ su* a d9 ) 8 private anxieties t he _c he> ! ri* sugge/ions ( 8 subject4 ,he is bo!r$ ) consid]+ h[ he feels1 or :at he or somebody else w l to see on 8 pap]4 ,?is is debilitat+ bus9ess4 ,he mu/ lean on 8 subject1 if he w\ld h 8 writ+ /rong1 & busy himself ) :at x says1 r ?an ) :at he w\ld say4#bj ,! ,title4 ,hav+ select$ a subject1 & ) c>e /at$ ! !me1 x yet rema9s to give ! essay a "n4 ,!re is some?+ 9 a "n1 & ^? au?ors :o make a liv+ by ! p5 are ! %rewde/ 9 display+ _! w>es "u ! mo/ attractive titles4 ,! title %\ld be attractive1 b x %\ld n promise :at ! essay does n give4 ,newspap] headl9es are usually attractive en\gh1 b %amefully untru?ful4 ,next1 ! title %\ld indicate ! scope ( ! essay4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,palm] calls 8 little book ,self-,cultivation 9 ,engli%1 x is evid5t t x is n a text-book1 & t x w n treat ,engli% z lit]ature or z a sci5ce4 ,!n1 ! title %\ld be %ort4 ,! !me c r>ely be us$ z a title2 x is too long4 ,b ! p>am\nt idea develop$ 9 ! essay %\ld be embodi$ 9 ! title4 ,p>tisan%ip & ,patriotism w\ld be a good subject to give ! essay we h spok5 (4 ,! title1 !n1 %\ld be attractive2 x %\ld be %ort2 & x %\ld tru?fully indicate ! cont5ts ( ! essay4 ,selection ( ,mat]ial4 ,"o ( ! important factors 9 ! con/ruction ( an essay is ! selection ( mat]ial4 ,?\gh !me & title h already be5 discuss$1 x 0 n because !y are ! ?+s = a writ] to consid] next aft] he has *os5 8 subject1 b because !y are s intimately b\nd up 9 ! subject t _! consid]ation at t "t 0 natural4 ,be=e a writ] c decide ^u ! position he w assume t[>d a proposition1 he %\ld h look$ ov] ! field 9 a g5]al way2 = only ) ! facts be=e him is he compet5t to *oose 8 po9t ( view & to /ate 8 !me4 ,! title is n 9 ! lea/ ess5tial to ! writ+ ( ! essay2 x may be def]r$ until ! essay is f9i%$4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ! writ] h mu* k ( 8 subject1 & t f ?is k he be able to frame an op9ion reg>d+ ! subject4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done he is ready to beg9 ! "w ( con/ruct+ 8 essay2 & ! fir/ "q 9 exposition1 z 9 n>ration & description1 is ! selection ( mat]ial to develop ! !me he has *os54 ,! selection ( mat]ial is a m difficult matt] 9 exposition ?an 9 n>ration & description4 ,x requires ! %rewde/ scrut9y to keep out matt] t does n help ! ?\ght =w>d4 ,9 n>ration we decid$ by ! ma9 incid5t2 9 description by ! purpose & ! po9t ( view2 9 exposition we te/ all mat]ial by its relation to ! !me4 ,does x help to expla9 ! !me8 ,if n1 h[ev] good mat]ial x may be1 x has no bus9ess 9 ! essay4 ,association ( ideas is a law by :i*1 :5 "o ( two relat$ ideas is m5tion$1 ! o!r is sugge/$4 ,to illu/rate1 :5 ,manila is m5tion$1 ,admiral ,dewey appe>s2 :5 treason is spok5 (1 ,arnold is 9 ! m9d4 ,?is law is ( fundam5tal importance 9 arrang+ an essay2 "o ?+ %\ld sugge/ ! next4 ,b valuable z x is1 ev5 indisp5sable1 x may become ! s\rce ( mu* mis*ief4 ,= in/ance1 a pupil has ?is = a topic1 ,read+ gives pleasure to _m4 ,he writes z 8 second s5t5ce1 ,by pleasure ,i mean ! opposite ( pa91 & goes on4 ,all ?+s are und]/ood by _! opposites4 ,if we did n "k sickness1 we c\ld n enjoy our heal?4 ,joy is und]/ood ?r\gh sorr[4 ,i rememb] my fir/ sorr[4 ,my fa!r _h j giv5 me a new knife1--my fir/ knife1 & s on f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,& n s unnaturally ei!r2 ea* s5t5ce has sugge/$ ! next1 b n "o is on ! topic4 ,! mo/ anxi\s wat* mu/ be kept 9 ! selection ( mat]ial4 ,"s w be admitt$ )\t any "q2 "s w be exclud$ ) a brusqu5ess almo/ brutal4 ,!re is a ?ird class1 h[ev]1 t is alli$ ) ! subject1 yet x is n s easy to det]m9e :e!r x %\ld be admitt$ or reject$4 ,?is class requires ! close/ que/ion+4 ,x mu/ contribute to ! /r5g? ( ! essay1 n to its pages1 or x has no place !re4 ,scale ( ,treatm5t4 ,!re is ano!r condition :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! selection ( mat]ial1 ! scale ( treatm5t4 ,if ,macaulay _h be5 ask$ by a daily pap] to contribute a p>agraph ( five hundr$ words on ,milton1 he c\ld n h introduc$ all ! num]\s topics :i* h _! place 9 8 essay ( "o hundr$ pages4 ,he might h m5tion$ ,milton's poetry & 8 "*1 ! two ma9 divisions ( ! pres5t essay2 b ,dante & ,aes*ylus1 ,puritan & ,royali/1 w\ld sc>cely h receiv$ notice4 ,! second consid]ation 9 select+ mat]ial is ! purpose & l5g? ( ! essay1 & ! consequ5t ?or\ghness ) :i* ! subject is to be treat$4 ,! exhau/iv5ess ) :i* an au?or treats any subject dep5ds1 fir/1 on 8 k4 ,any p]son c\ld write a p>agraph on ,milton2 ,macaulay & ,l[ell wrote delightful essays on ! topic2 ,david ,masson has writt5 volumes ab\t him4 ,^! w\ld h be5 impossible except to a p]son :o _h be5 a special /ud5t ( ! subject4 ,second1 ! ?or\ghness ( ! treatm5t dep5ds on ! k ( ! read]s4 ,= p]sons acqua9t$ ) ! record ( ! mom5t\s ev5ts ( ,milton's "t1 x w\ld h be5 q unnecess>y1 x might be consid]$ ev5 an insult to intellig5ce1 to g into su* details ( hi/ory4 ,! %orte/ /atem5t suffices :5 ! read] is already famili> ) ! subject & ne$s only to "k ! application 9 ?is case4 ,?ird1 ! scale ( treatm5t dep5ds on ! purpose = :i* ! essay is writt54 ,if a newspap] p>agraph1 x is "o ?+2 if = a magaz9e1 x is q ano!r2 if x is to be ! f9al ^w on ! subject1 x may rea* to volumes4 ,an apt illu/ration ( proportion 9 ! scale ( treatm5t has be5 giv5 by ,scott & ,d5ny 9 _! ,composition-,rhetoric4 ,!y sugge/ t ?ree maps ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o v l>ge1 ano!r half ! size ( ! fir/1 & a ?ird v small1 be hung side by side4 ,if a comp>ison be made1 x w be f\nd t1 :]eas a great numb] ( cities are repres5t$ on ! l>ge/ map1 only half z _m appe> on ! middle-siz$ map4 ,if ! smalle/ map be exam9$1 only ! l>ge/ cities1 ! longe/ riv]s1 ! greate/ lakes1 & ! highe/ m\nta9s c be f\nd2 all o!rs mu/ be omitt$4 ,on all ?ree maps ! same relation ( p>ts is ma9ta9$4 ,9 proportion to ! :ole1 ,new ,york ,/ate w hold ! same position 9 all ( !m4 ,! ,mississippi ,riv] w fl[ f ,m9nesota to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & ! ,gulf w sweep 9 a curve f ,texas to ,florida4 ,! scale is diff]5t1 b ! proportion does n *ange4 ,?is pr9ciple applies 9 ! con/ruction ( !mes4 ,9 a p>agraph only v important topics w receive any m5tion4 ,9 an essay ^! important topics reta9 _! prop] place & relation1 :ile _m o!r po9ts ( subord9ate rank w be introduc$4 ,if ! treatm5t be l5g!n$ to a book1 a ho/ ( m9or sub-topics w be consid]$1 ea* add+ some?+ to ! developm5t ( ! !me1 & ea* giv+ to its pr9cipal topic ! relative importance :i* belongs to ! ma9 divisions ( ! essay4 ,! scale ( treatm5t w h mu* to d ) ! selection ( mat]ial4 ,us+ ,macaulay's ,milton z an illu/ration1 ! analyses bel[ w %[ h[ by increas+ ! size ( ! essay new subjects come into ! field = notice4 ,! fir/ is b a p>agraph & has ! two ma9 divisions ( ! essay4 ,! second is an outl9e = an essay ( two ?\s& words4 ,9 ! ?ird only "o ( ! sub-topics is analyz$1 z ,macaulay has discuss$ x4 ,x w\ld take too mu* space to analyze m9utely ! :ole essay4 ,,milton4 ,a4 ,milton's poetry has giv5 him 8 position among great m54 ,b4 ,8 conduct 0 su* z 0 to be expect$ f a man ( a _s s high & ( an intellect s p[]ful4 ,9 ! foll[+ outl9e ! same ma9 head+s are reta9$1 & ! sub-topics :i* expla9 !m are introduc$4 ,! numb]s indicate ! p>agraphs 9 ,macaulay's essay giv5 to ea* topic4 ,,introduction 7#a-h74 ,a4 ,milton's poetry has giv5 him 8 position among m54 7#i-df47 ,i4 ,no poet has ev] triumph$ ov] great] difficulties ?an ,milton4 7#aj-ai47 ,,ii4 ,9 8 less] works he %[s 8 great p[]4 7#bj-ca47 ,,iii4 ,!re is b "o mod]n poem t c be comp>$ ) ,p>adise ,lo/2 ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y has great p[]1 is ^u a k9dr$ subject1 b 9 /yle ( treatm5t widely diff]5t4 7#cb-df47 ,transition4 7#dg-di47 ,b4 ,8 conduct 0 su* z 0 to be expect$ f a man ( a _s s high & ( an intellect s p[]ful4 7#ej-ij47 ,i4 ,he liv$ at "o ( ! mo/ memorable eras 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 & 8 conduct mu/ be judg$ z t ( ! p is judg$4 7#ej-gh47 ,,ii4 ,!re 7 "s peculi>ities :i* di/+ui%$ him f 8 contempor>ies4 7#gi-ij47 ,conclusion4 7#ia-id47 ,aga91 tak+ up b "o section1 ,b1 ,,ii41 ! analysis is z foll[s3-- ,,ii4 ,!re 7 "s peculi>ities :i* di/+ui%$ him f 8 contempor>ies4 7#gi-ij47 ,a4 ,milton adopt$ ! noble/ qualities ( e p>ty-- #a4 ,puritans4 7#hj-hd47 a4 ,!y excit$ contempt4 ,h[ev] b4 ,!y 7 no vulg> fanatics2 b c4 ,!y d]iv$ _! peculi>ities f _! daily contemplation ( sup]ior be+s & et]nal int]e/s4 d4 ,?us ! ,puritan 0 made up ( two m51--! "o all self-abasem5t1 ! o!r all pride4 e4 ,resume ( "* ( ,puritans4 #b4 ,hea!ns 7 passionate lov]s ( fre$om4 7#he47 #c4 ,royali/s _h individual indep5d5ce1 le>n+1 & polite mann]s ( ! ,c\rt4 ,b4 ,b he alone f\ght ! battle = ! fre$om ( ! m9d4 7#hh47 #a4 ,?is l$ him to disc>d p>ties2 & 7#hi7 #b4 ,to d>e ! bolde/ lit]>y s]vices4 7#ij47 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple guid+ 9 ! selection ( mat]ial is unity4 ,x decides :at may ) propriety be admitt$ to ! essay1 & x det]m9es 9 "p :at mu/ be left out4 ,ano!r pr9ciple1 second>y to ?is1 is scale ( treatm5t4 ,if ! essay is to be %ort1 only ess5tials may be us$2 if long1 _m relat$ sub-topics mu/ take _! subord9ate positions 9 ! essay4 ,arrangem5t4 ,foll[+ ! selection ( mat]ial comes its arrangem5t4 ,"h also !re is great] difficulty ?an 0 exp]i5c$ 9 n>ration or description4 ,?\gh ! same pr9ciples ( ,coh]5ce & ,mass guide1 !y are m difficult to apply4 ,! seat ( ! difficulty is 9 ! elusiv5ess ( ! mat]ial4 ,x is h>d to picture di/9ctly ! value & relation ( ! diff]5t topics ( an essay4 ,suppose ! subject is ,! ,evils ( ,w>4 ,! fir/ p>agraph might conta9 a g5]al /atem5t ann\nc+ ! !me4 ,!n ^! topics are to be discuss$3-- #a4 ,! effect on ! morale ( a nation4 #b4 ,! suff]+ ( fri5ds & relatives4 #c4 ,! de/ruction ( life4 #d4 ,! backw>d /ep 9 civilization4 #e4 ,! de/ruction ( prop]ty4 ,! ord] c\ld n be mu* worse4 ,h[ %all a bett] be obta9$8 ,use ,c>ds = ,subdivisions4 ,! mo/ helpful sugge/ion reg>d+ a me?od ( mak+ ! mat]ial 9 "s degree visible1 capable ( be+ grasp$1 is t ea* subdivision be plac$ on a sep>ate c>d1 & t1 z ! mat]ial is ga!r$1 x be put ^u ! c>d conta9+ ! gr\p to :i* x belongs4 ,by diff]5t arrangem5ts ( ^! c>ds ! writ] c f9d mo/ easily ! ord] t is natural & effective4 ,x is mu* l anagrams1 ?is ord]+ ( matt] 9 an essay4 ,take ^! lett]s1 s-l-y-w-a-r-e1 & 9 y\r head try to put !m toge!r to make a ^w2 y w h "s tr\ble1 probably4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! same lett]s be put ^u sep>ate slips ( pap]1 y may ) "s arrangem5t get out ! r common ^w1 lawy]s4 ,x is mu* ! same ) topic c>ds 9 exposition2 !y c be mov$ & re>rang$ 9 all possible ways1 & at la/ an ord] di/9ctly bett] ?an any o!r w be f\nd4 ,speak+ ( c>ds1 x might be well to say t ! habit ( putt+ d[n a fact or an idea be>+ on a topic j z soon z x occurs to "o is invaluable = a writ]4 ,all m5 h good memories2 "s p]sons h bett] ones ?an o!rs4 ,b !re is no "o :o does n =get2 & ea* cat*es himself v (t5 say+1 ,i knew t1 b ,i =got x4 ,x is a fact1 n p]haps complim5t>y1 t pap] tablets are sur] ?an ! tablets ( memory4 ,an ,outl9e4 ,9 exposition1 :]e ! :ole att5tion ( ! read] %\ld be giv5 to ! ?\ght1 :]e m ?an ev] ! m9d %\ld be fre$ f e h9drance1 & its :ole en]gy direct$ to gett+ ! mean+1 ! greate/ c>e %\ld be giv5 to mak+ a plan4 ,no p]son :o has atta9$ di/9ction 9 prose has work$ )\t a plan4 ,any piece ( lit]ature1 ev5 ! mo/ discursive1 has 9 x some?+ ( plan2 b 9 lit]ature ( ! fir/ rank ! plan is easily discov]$4 ,h[ cle> x is 9 ,macaulay's essay has be5 se54 ,9 ,burke x is yet m logical & exact4 ,h[ev] beautiful a piece may be1 h[ev] naturally "o ?\ght gr[s out ( ano!r1 z ?\gh x 7 always s & c\ld be no o!r way1 be sure x is s because ( "s man's ?\ght1 on acc\nt ( c>eful plann+4 ,& x may be said )\t a *ance ( contradiction t :5 an essay has be5 well plann$ x is half done1 & t half by f> ! h>d]4 ,we c h>dly at ! pres5t day und]/& :at ,m5&] meant1 :5 he told a man :o inquir$ z to ! progress ( 8 com$y t he _h f9i%$ x1 n hav+ yet writt5 a s+le l9e1 because he _h con/ruct$ ! action ( x 9 8 m9d4 ,a mod]n critic w\ld h assur$ him t ! m]it ( 8 piece dep5d$ on ! brilliant ?+s :i* arose "u 8 p5 z he w5t along4 ,! brilliant ?+s are b ! g>goyles & ! scrolls1 ! ornam5ts ( ! /ructure2 & :5 s brilliant z to attract especial att5tion1 !y div]t ! m9d f ! total effect mu* z a s]ies ( beautiful m>bles set betwe5 ^? p]fect columns w\ld h ru9$ ! ,p>!non4 ,x 0 n 9 any s+le feature--n 9 p$im5t1 column1 or capital1 n 9 frieze1 ar*itrave1 or tympanum--t its glori\s beauty lay1 b 9 ! simple /r5g? & ! h>moni\s symmetry ( ! :ole1 9 ! g5]al plan4 ,web/] plann$ 8 orations1 ,newman plann$ 8 essays1 ,c>lyle plann$ 8 ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,_! works are n a mom5t>y inspiration2 !y are ! result ( =e?\ght1 long & pa9/ak+4 ,! absolute ess5tial 9 ! /ructure ( an essay1 t )\t :i* x w fail to arrive any:]e1 t comp>$ to :i* all ornam5t1 all f9e writ+1 is b s\nd+ brass & a t9kl+ cymbal1 t absolute ess5tial is ! total effect secur$ by mak+ a plan4 ,mass ! ,end4 ,! pr9ciples gov]n+ ! arrangem5t ( mat]ial are ,mass & ,coh]5ce4 ,bo? are equally ess5tial1 b 9 practice "s que/ions reg>d+ ,mass are settl$ fir/4 ,! important positions 9 an essay are ! beg9n+ & ! end2 ( ^! ! m important is ! end4 ,9 ?is place1 !n1 !re %all be ^? s5t5ces or ^? p>agraphs :i* des]ve t di/9ction4 ,"h frequ5tly /&s ! !me1 ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]1 t = :i* ! composition 0 con/ruct$4 ,s t if "o wi%$ to "k ! !me ( an essay1 he w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 look+ at its conclusion to f9d x4 ,9 ! essay on ,milton1 x is evid5t f ! la/ p>agraph t ,macaulay nev] int5d$ x to be only a criticism ( 8 poetry1 ?\gh he has devot$ _m pages to ?is discussion4 ,"h is j ! la/ s5t5ce3 ,nor d we envy ! man :o c /udy ei!r ! life or ! writ+s ( ! great poet & patriot )\t aspir+ to emulate1 n inde$ ! sublime works ) :i* 8 g5ius has enri*$ our lit]ature1 b ! zeal ) :i* he labor$ = ! public good1 ! =titude ) :i* he endur$ e private calamity1 ! l(ty disda9 ) :i* he look$ d[n on temptations & dang]s1 ! deadly hatr$ :i* he bore to bigots & tyrants1 & ! fai? :i* he s /]nly kept ) 8 c\ntry & 8 fame4 ,notice ! la/ s5t5ce ( a delightful essay by ,george ,william ,curtis2 "o c\ld easily guess ! cont5ts & ! title4 ,fe> ( y\rself1 fe> ( y\r own rebuke1 fe> ( betray+ y\r consci\sness ( y\r duty & n do+ x--t is ! fe> t ,lovelace lov$ bett] ?an ,luca/a2 t is ! fe> :i* ,francis1 hav+ done 8 duty1 sav$1 & ju/ly call$ x honor4 ,examples ( ! end+ 9 :i* ! !me ( ! essay /&s 9 ! place ( greate/ di/9ction are s pl5tiful t !re ne$s no collector to e/abli% ! ass]tion4 ,9 a s+le p>agraph ( exposition n exce$+ two or ?ree hundr$ words1 x is a v safe rule = a beg9n] always to h ! !me 9 ! la/ s5t5ce2 or if he has /at$ ! !me 9 ! op5+1 to h a re/atem5t ( x 9 diff]5t =m1 full] & m explicit usually1 sometimes a %ort] & m epigrammatic =m1 9 ! conclusion4 ,if ! pupil %\ld obey ?is little rule to h at ! end some?+ wor?y ( ! position1 a va/ am\nt ( "t w\ld be sav$ bo? to tea*] & to pupil4 ,x c be safely said t n m ?an "o half ! essays end :5 ! ?\ght ends4 ,in/ead ( quitt+ :5 he has f9i%$1 ! writ] dribbles on1 repeat+ 9 dilut$ fa%ion :at he has said ) "s =ce be=e1 & (t5 introduc+ matt]s t are n )9 hail+ di/ance ( 8 !me4 ,:5 "o has said :at he />t$ out to say1 x is "t to /op4 ,if he /ops !n1 he w h some?+ important 9 ! place ( di/9ction4 ,! ,beg9n+4 ,! position ( second importance is ! beg9n+4 ,if b a p>agraph be writt51 ! topic is usually ann\nc$ at ! op5+4 ,9 %ort essays ?is is ! mo/ frequ5t beg9n+1 & x may safely be us$ at all times4 ,exposition is explanation2 ! natural ?+ is to let ! read] "k at once :at ! writ] is attempt+ to expla94 ,!n ! read] kn[s :at ! au?or is talk+ ab\t & c relate e /atem5t to ! g5]al proposition4 ,to delay ! topic compels ! read] to hold 9 m9d all t has be5 said up to ! "t ! real !me is uncov]$2 ?is frequ5tly results 9 inatt5tion4 ,9 ! little book by ,mr4 ,palm]1 ! fir/ p>agraph op5s ) ^! two s5t5ces3 ,engli% z a /udy has f\r aims3 ! ma/]y ( our language z a sci5ce1 z a hi/ory1 z a joy1 & z a tool4 ,i am conc]n$ ) b "o1 ! ma/]y ( x z a tool4 ,s1 too1 ! essay ( :i* ! la/ s5t5ce has be5 quot$ beg9s3 ,^! are v preci\s words ( ,lovelace3-- ',i c\ld n love !e1 de>1 s mu*1 ,lov$ ,i n honor m4' ,& ,francis ,fir/'s message to 8 "m aft] ,pavia1 ',all is lo/ b honor1' is 9 ! same key4 ,in/ead ( ann\nc+ ! !me at ! v beg9n+1 9 essays ( "s l5g? !re is sometimes an acc\nt ( ! occasion :i* l$ to ! composition4 ,macaulay has us$ ?is op5+ 9 ! essay on ,milton4 ,second1 ! op5+ may be ! cle>+ away ( matt]s unrelat$ 9 reality1 b :i* p h commonly associat$ ) ! topic4 ,& ?ird1 ! essay may op5 ) def9itions ( ! t]ms t w be us$ 9 ! discussion4 ,( ^! ?ree1 only ! fir/ w be mu* us$ by "y p]sons4 ,x makes an easy approa* to ! subject1 & avoids ! unpleasant j> ( an abrupt />t4 ,x is common ) ,macaulay1 ,l[ell1 & _m essayi/s t write 9 an easy1 almo/ conv]sational /yle4 ,!re is "o case 9 :i* ! !me %\ld n be ann\nc$ at ! op5+4 ,if ! proposition 7 di/a/eful1 if x 7 g5]ally believ$ to be false1 x w\ld n be policy to ann\nce x at ! beg9n+4 ,h[ev] reasonable m5 may be1 x is /ill true t reason is subject to emotions & beliefs to a great] degree ?an is praisewor?y4 ,if a man %\ld op5 an address ^u ,abraham ,l9coln by say+ t he 0 a cr++ c[>d1 he w\ld h difficulty to get an audi5ce to he> any?+ he said aft] t1 no matt] h[ mu* tru? he spoke4 ,! au?or ( su* a /atem5t w\ld be s dislik$ t no?+ w\ld w9 = him favor4 ,:5 an unwelcome !me is to be discuss$1 x mu/ be approa*$ c>efully by successive /eps :i* prep>e ! read] = ! reception ( a tru? t be=e seem$ false to him4 ,9 ?is case ! !me w be /at$ at ! end1 b n at ! beg9n+ ( ! essay4 ,get />t$ z soon z y c1 & /op :5 y h f9i%$2 by s do+ y w h important matt]s 9 ^? places :i* w emphasize !m4 ,%un ! allurem5ts ( high-s\nd+ introductions & conclusions4 ,pr(essor ,m>/on us$ to tell 8 pupils to write ! be/ introduction !y c\ld1 to fa%ion _! mo/ gorge\s p]oration1 & to be sure to h ! discussion cle>1 logical1 & well express$4 ,!n he said t :5 he _h cut (f bo? ends1 he g5]ally _h left a good essay4 ,an essay %\ld be done mu* z a bus9ess man does bus9ess4 ,he does n want ! g5tleman :o calls on him dur+ bus9ess h\rs to b[ & scatt] complim5ts be=e he takes up ! matt] :i* br\ght him !re2 nor does he c>e to see him sway+ on ! doorknob aft] ! bus9ess is f9i%$4 ,to ! bus9ess at once1 & leave (f :5 y h done4 ,introductions1 exordiums1 p]orations1 & conclusions are wor?less unless !y be 9 reality a "p ( ! discussion & necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( ! :ole4 ,proportion 9 ,treatm5t4 ,ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 _c occupy ! fir/ & la/ places4 ,h[ c o!r matt]s be emphasiz$8 ,to ref] to ! p>allel ( ! map1 9 ord] to make p see t ! ,mississippi ,riv] is long] ?an ! ,hudson1 ! design] made x long] on ! map4 ,t is exactly :at is done 9 an essay4 ,if "o matt] is ( great] importance ?an ano!r1 x %\ld take up a l>g] "p ( ! essay4 ,:5 ,macaulay passes ov] ,milton's sonnets ) a p>agraph1 :ile he devotes sixte5 p>agraphs to ,p>adise ,lo/1 he indicates by ! great] mass ! great] value he ascribes to ! epic4 ,s aga91 a v good pro( t he did n int5d ?is essay to be a lit]>y criticism prim>ily1 ano!r evid5ce beside ! clos+ p>agraph1 is f\nd 9 8 division ( ! :ole essay4 ,to ,milton's poetry he has giv5 =ty-"o p>agraphs1 & to 8 "* fifty-two p>agraphs4 ,! mo/ common way ( emphasiz+ important divisions ( an essay is by increas+ ! l5g? ( treatm5t4 ,emphasis ( ,emotion4 ,h[ev]1 !re are times :5 ?is _c be done3 a po9t may be s well kn[n t x ne$s no amplification4 ,9 su* a case !re may be an emphasis ( emotion2 t is1 ! /atem5t may be made ) an int5sity t c\nt]balances ! weight ( ! l>g] treatm5t4 ,x might be said t ! "o has great velocity & little mass1 :ile ! o!r has great mass & little velocity4 ,by hurl+ =? ! small] mass at a high] velocity1 ! mom5tum may be z great z :5 ! l>g] mass moves ) little velocity4 ,! dynamic =ce ( burn+ words may give an emphasis to a p>agraph out ( all proportion to ! l5g? ( treatm5t4 ,9 "o p>agraph ,macaulay da%es aside all ! def5ses ( ,*>les4 ,he writes3-- ,! advocates ( ,*>les1 l ! advocates ( o!r malefactors aga9/ :om ov]:elm+ evid5ce is produc$1 g5]ally decl9e all controv]sy ab\t ! facts1 & cont5t !mselves ) call+ te/imony to "*4 ,he _h s _m private virtues6 ,& _h ,james ,,ii4 no private virtues8 ,0 ,oliv] ,cromwell1 8 bitt]e/ enemies !mselves be+ ! judges1 de/itute ( private virtues8 ,& :at1 aft] all1 are ! virtues ascrib$ to ,*>les8 ,a religi\s zeal1 n m s9c]e ?an t ( 8 son1 & fully z weak & n>r[-m9d$1 & a few ( ! ord9>y h\sehold dec5cies :i* half ! tomb/ones 9 ,engl& claim = ^? :o lie b5ea? !m4 ,a good fa!r6 ,a good husb&6 ,ample apologies inde$ = fifte5 ye>s ( p]secution1 tyranny1 & falsehood4 7,essay on ,milton47 ,phrases indicat+ ,emphasis4 ,moreov]1 phrases & s5t5ces may be introduc$ to %[ t a writ] consid]s "s topics ( equal importance to o!rs1 or ev5 ( great] importance1 ?\gh !y d n dem& ! same l5g? ( treatm5t4 ,( equal importance1 n less weighty1 beyond "q ! mo/ p]t95t1 illu/rate :at is meant by phrases :i* indicate values4 ,^! & _m ( _! class :i* ! occasion w call =? are necess>y to give c]ta9 topics ! rank !y hold 9 ! writ]'s conception ( ! :ole subject4 ,9 discuss+ ! temp] & "* ( ! ,am]ican p1 ,burke ascribes x to six p[]ful causes4 ,! relative value ( ^! is indicat$ 9 ! la/ ?ree by phrases4 ,i quote only ! op5+ s5t5ces4 ,fir/1 ! p ( ! colonies are desc5dants ( ,engli%m54444 ,!y 7 fur!r confirm$ 9 ?is pleas+ error by ! =m ( _! prov9cial legislative assemblies4444 ,if any?+ 7 want+ to ?is necess>y op]ation ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 religion w\ld h giv5 x a complete effect4444 ,!re is a circum/ance att5d+ ^! s\!rn colonies :i* makes ! _s ( lib]ty /ill m high & haughty ?an 9 ^? to ! nor?w>d4444 ,p]mit me1 ,sir1 to add ano!r circum/ance :i* contributes no mean "p t[>ds ! gr[? & effect ( ?is untractable _s4444 ,! la/ cause ( ?is disob$i5t _s 9 ! colonies is h>dly less p[]ful ?an ! re/4#ba ,emphasis is indicat$1 !n1 by position2 by ! l5g? ( treatm5t2 by dynamic /atem5t2 & by phrases d5ot+ values4 ,coh]5ce4 ,coh]5ce is ! second pr9ciple :i* modifies ! int]nal /ructure ( a composition4 ,t arrangem5t %\ld be s\ght = t places 9 proximity "o to ano!r ^? ideas :i* are mo/ closely relat$4 ,m ?an 9 composition deal+ ) ?+s1 9 ^? =ms ( disc\rse deal+ ) intangible1 invisible ideas1--) ?\ghts1 ) speculations1--! greate/ c>e is necess>y to make "o topic spr+ ( necessity f a prec$+ topic4 ,& ?is is n impossible :5 ! mat]ial has be5 c>efully select$4 ,! pr9cipal divisions ( ! subject be> a necess>y & logical relation to ! :ole !me1 & ! subord9ate divisions h a simil> relation to _! ma9 topic4 ,9 ! essay on ,milton1 ,macaulay is seek+ to comm5d 8 h]o to ! read] = two reasons3 fir/1 because 8 writ+s are p[]ful1 n only to delight1 b to elevate & purify2 second1 because ! zeal ) :i* he labor$ = ! public good1 ! =titude ) :i* he endur$ e private calamity1 ! l(ty disda9 ) :i* he look$ d[n on temptations & dang]s1 ! deadly hatr$ :i* he bore to bigots & tyrants1 & ! fai? :i* he s /]nly kept ) 8 c\ntry & ) 8 fame made him a patriot wor?y ( emulation4 ,we feel in/9ctively t ?is arrangem5t1 poetry fir/ & "* next1 & n ! rev]se1 is ! "r ord]4 ,to discuss "* fir/ & poetry la/ w\ld h be5 ru9\s to ,macaulay's purpose4 ,notice next ! developm5t ( a sub-topic 9 ! same essay4 ,only "o s5t5ce f a p>agraph is giv54 ,! def5d]s ( ,*>les d n *oose to discuss ! great po9ts ( ! "q1 b cont5t !mselves ) expos+ "s ( ! crimes & follies to :i* public commotions necess>ily give bir?4 ,be x s4 ,_m evils 7 produc$ by ! ,civil ,w>4 ,x is ! "* ( su* revolutions t we always see ! wor/ ( !m fir/4 ,yet !re is only "o cure = ! evils :i* newly acquir$ fre$om produces1 & t cure is fre$om4 ,!re=e x is t we decid$ly approve ( ! conduct ( ,milton & ! o!r wise & good m5 :o1 9 spite ( mu* t 0 ridicul\s & hateful 9 ! conduct ( _! associates1 /ood firmly by ! cause ( public lib]ty4 ,no o!r arrangem5t ( ^! p>agraphs seems possible4 ,to %ift ! sequ5ce w\ld break ! *a94 ,ea* p>agraph gr[s naturally f ! p>agraph prec$+4 ,closely relat$ topics /& toge!r4 ,!re is ,coh]5ce4 ,transition ,phrases4 ,! logical connection betwe5 topics :i* h be5 well arrang$ may be made m evid5t by ! skillful use ( words & phrases t indicate ! relation ( :at has be5 said to :at is to be said4 ,^! phrases are guidepo/s po9t+ ! direction ! next topic w take4 ,!y advise ! read] :]e he is & :i!r he is go+4 ,c>d9al ,newman1 :o _h ! ability to write n only s t he c\ld be und]/ood1 b s t he c\ld n be misund]/ood1 made frequ5t use ( ^! guides4 ,! "q 9 "o ( 8 essays is :e!r k1 t is1 acquirem5t1 is ! real pr9ciple ( enl>gem5t1 or :e!r t is n r some?+ beyond x4 ,^! fragm5ts ( s5t5ces op5 a s]ies ( p>agraphs4 #a4 ,= in/ance1 let a p]son 444 g = ! fir/ "t :]e physical nature puts on h] wild] & m awful =ms1 etc4 #b4 ,aga91 ! view ( ! heav5s :i* ! telescope op5s1 etc4 #c4 ,& s aga91 ! sight ( bea/s ( prey & o!r =eign animals1 etc4 #d4 ,h5ce ,physical ,sci5ce g5]ally1 etc4 #e4 ,aga91 ! /udy ( hi/ory1 etc4 #f4 ,& 9 l mann]1 :at is call$ see+ ! _w1 etc4 #g4 ,& !n aga91 ! fir/ "t ! m9d comes across ! argum5ts & speculations ( unbeliev]s1 etc4 #h4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,religion has its own enl>gem5t1 etc4 #i4 ,n[ f ^! in/ances1 444 x is pla91 fir/1 t ! communication ( k c]ta9ly is ei!r a condition or a means ( t s5se ( enl>gem5t1 or enlight5m5t ( :i* at ?is day we he> s mu* 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s3 ?is _c be d5i$2 b next1 x is equally pla91 t su* communication is n ! :ole ( ! process4 ,h[ extremely valuable su* phrases are may be realiz$ f ! fact t1 ?\gh ! matt] is entirely unkn[n1 any "o c "k ! relation ( ! p>ts ( ?is essay1 :i!r x t5ds1 & c almo/ supply ,newman's ?\ghts4 ,summ>y & ,transition4 ,to secure coh]5ce betwe5 ! ma9 divisions ( an essay1 in/ead ( words & phrases1 !re are employ$ s5t5ces & p>agraphs ( summ>y & transition4 ,summ>ies ga!r up :at has be5 said on ! topic1 mu* l a conclusion to a !me2 transitions %[ ! relation betwe5 ! topic already discuss$ & ! "o next to be treat$4 ,summ>ies at ! conclusion ( any division ( ! :ole subject are l ! seats on a m\nta9 pa? :i* are conv5i5tly arrang$ to give ! climb] a ne$$ re/1 & to spread out at 8 feet ! features ( ! l&scape ?r\gh :i* he has made 8 way4 ,summ>ies put ! read] 9 possession ( ! situation up to t po9t1 & make him ready = ! next /age ( ! advance4 ,at ! end ( ! summ>y !re is frequ5tly a transition1 ei!r a few s5t5ces or sometimes a %ort p>agraph4 ,! s5t5ce or p>agraph ( transition is mu* m frequ5t ?an ! p>agraph :i* summ>izes4 ,! examples ( ^! summ>ies & transitions are s frequ5t 9 ,macaulay & ,burke t "o transition is suffici5t to indicate _! use4 ,macaulay writes3-- ,!re are sev]al m9or poems ( ,milton on :i* we w\ld will+ly make a few rem>ks4444 ,our limits1 h[ev]1 prev5t u f discuss+ ! po9t at l5g?4 ,we ha/5 on to t extraord9>y production :i* ! g5]al suffrage ( critics has plac$ 9 ! highe/ class ( human compositions4 7,essay on ,milton47 ,to conclude1 exposition embraces def9ition & explanation4 ,def9ition is usually too concise to be cle>1 & ne$s an add$ explanation4 ,9 any piece ( exposition !re mu/ be unity1 & ?is pr9ciple w disp5se ) ev]y?+ t is n ess5tial to ! !me2 !re mu/ be judici\s mass+1 t ^? p>ts ( ! essay des]v+ emphasis may receive x2 & !re mu/ be a coh]5ce betwe5 ! p>ts1 l>ge & small1 s close & intimate t ! progress f "o topic to ano!r %all be /eady & )\t h9drance4 ,unity1 ,mass1 & ,coh]5ce %\ld be ! ma9 consid]ations 9 composition ! aim ( :i* is to expla9 a t]m or a proposition4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions ,,& ,,ex]cises4 ,,que/ions4 ,,macaulay',s ,,essay ,,on ,,milton4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ajc47 ,:at makes up ! introduction ( ?is essay8 ,does he use ! same me?od 9 ! ,essay on ,addison8 ,take a volume ( 8 essays & see h[ _m beg9 9 simil> fa%ion4 ,at :at p>agraph ( ?is ,essay on ,milton does ! introduction end8 ,w\ld x be z well to omit x8 ,give reasons = y\r op9ion4 ,make an analysis ( 8 argum5t ( ! proposition1 ,no poet has ev] triumph$ ov] great] difficulties ?an ,milton4 ,does ,macaulay give a def9ition ( poetry on page #ac1 or is x an exposition ( ! t]m8 ,:at figure ( spee* d y f9d 9 ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! p>agraph on page #dc8 ,:5 ,macaulay beg9s to discuss ! public conduct ( ,milton1 :at me?od ( introduction does he adopt8 ,:at value is !re 9 x8 ,d ! trifles m5tion$ at ! end ( ! p>agraph on page #ee make an anticlimax8 ,:at arrangem5t ( s5t5ces 9 ! p>agraph does he use mo/1 individual or s]ial8 ,does he close 8 p>agraphs ) a repetition ( ! topic m frequ5tly ?an ) a s+le detail emphasiz+ ! topic8 ,is 8 la/ s5t5ce1 9 case x is a repetition ( ! topic1 long] or %ort] ?an ! topic s5t5ce8 ,does ,macaulay frequ5tly use epigrams8 anti!ses8 ,f9d all transition p>agraphs4 ,f9d t5 full s5t5ce transitions outside ( ! transition p>agraphs4 ,:]e1 9 su* p>agraphs1 is ! topic s5t5ce8 ,9 ?is essay f9d examples ( ! five me?ods ( exp\nd+ a proposition4 ,:i* me?od does ,macaulay use (t5e/8 ,is 8 treatm5t ( ! subject concrete8 ,:at advantage is !re 9 su* treatm5t8 ,,( ,,k+s' ,,treasuries4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #adb47 ,d y ?9k ! title good8 ,is ,rusk9 wise 9 disclos+ 8 subject at once8 ,9 section #c :at purpose does ! fir/ p>agraph fulfill8 ,:at me?od ( exposition is adopt$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph8 ,:at me?od 9 section #d8 ,= :at purpose is ! fir/ p>agraph ( section #e introduc$8 ,is ! la/ p>agraph ( ?is section a digression8 ,d y ?9k ! la/ s5t5ce ( section #i ^u ! topic ann\nc$ 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce8 ,:]e does ,rusk9 beg9 to treat ! second topic8 ,%\ld !re be two p>agraphs8 ,f9d ! g5us & diff]5tia 9 ! def9ition ( a good book ( ! h\r4 ,:at is ! use ( ! analogy 9 section #ac8 ,:at figure d y f9d 9 section #ad8 ,d y ?9k a l>ge "p ( section #cj a digression8 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! /ructure ( s5t5ces #d & #h 9 section #cb8 ,c\ld y improve x by a *ange ( punctuation8 ,:at is ! effect ( ! suppos$ case at ! end ( section #cc8 ,is x a fair d$uction8 ,is x at ! "r place 9 ! p>agraph1 & :y8 ,:]e w\ld y divide ! p>agraph 9 section #cg8 ,is ! example 9 section #cf a fair "o1 & does x prove ! case8 ,:at is a v common me?od ) ,rusk9 ( connect+ p>agraphs8 ,c\ld y break up ! six? s5t5ce ( section #ca s t x w\ld be bett]8 ,if 8 audi5ce _h be5 ho/ile to him w\ld he h be5 =tunate 9 "s ( 8 ass]tions8 ,make an analysis ( ! :ole essay4 ,does he seem to y to h digress$ f 8 topic8 ,at :at po9t8 ,%\ld x be two essays8 ,:at l$ ,rusk9 into ?is long criticism ( ,engli% "*8 ,c\ld y include all ! ma9 topics t ,rusk9 has includ$1 & by a *ange 9 proportion keep ! essay on ! subject8 ,,web/]',s ,,bunk] ,,hill ,,oration4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ef47 ,numb] ! p>agraphs 9 ?is oration4 ,:y is p>agraph #c introduc$8 ,:at me?od ( developm5t is us$ 9 p>agraph #g8 ,9 p>agraph #h8 ,9 h[ _m p>agraphs is ! la/ s5t5ce %ort8 ,9 h[ _m is ! la/ s5t5ce a repetition ( ! topic8 ,:at purpose is s]v$ 9 p>agraphs #h1 #i1 & #aj8 ,9 p>agraph #ab note ! use ( contra/4 ,:at k9d ( developm5t 9 p>agraph #bg8 ,analyze ! oration f p>agraph #bh4 ,does he place ! topic s5t5ce ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! p>agraphs8 ,does he frequ5tly use transition s5t5ces8 ,d y ?9k ! outl9e ( ?is z di/9ct z t ( ,macaulay's ,essay on ,milton8 ,%\ld x be8 ,:at figure ( spee* 9 ! ^w axe 9 p>agraph #cb1 & bayonet 9 p>agraph #cf8 ,:at figure at ! end ( p>agraph #dj8 ,does he use figures z frequ5tly z ,macaulay8 ,,ex]cises4 ,?is ye>1 tak+ up ! /udy ( exposition1 (f]s especially good opportunities = ex]cises 9 p>agraph & s5t5ce con/ruction4 ,dur+ ! fir/ eight or t5 weeks ! pupils w write isolat$ p>agraphs4 ,! unity & arrangem5t ( ^! %\ld be c>efully criticis$4 ,also ! ex]cises %\ld be arrang$ s t ! pupils w employ all =ms ( p>agraphs4 ,be=e he beg9s to write a p>agraph1 ! pupil %\ld "k :at he is to include 9 x1 & 9 :at ord]2 o!rwise ! p>agraph w fail 9 unity & effective mass+4 ,p>agraphs are made by =e?\ght1 n by inspiration4 ,foll[+ ! writ+ ( isolat$ p>agraphs is ! composition ( ! long essay4 ,! fir/ ?+ is a /udy ( outl9es4 ,?is w take up six or eight weeks4 ,to secure ! view ( ! :ole 9 diff]5t arrangem5ts1 use ! c>ds4 ,:5 ! class has ga9$ "s grasp ( outl9es1 ! writ+ ( essays %\ld be begun4 ,at ! option ( ! pupils1 !y may write "s ( ! essays already outl9$1 or /udy new !mes4 ,two or ?ree p>agraphs are all t c be well done = a lesson4 ,good1 n mu*1 %\ld be ! ideal4 ,9 ?is way a s+le essay may occupy a class f ?ree to six weeks4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ^! ex]cises are writt5 consci\sly = practice4 ,!y are ex]cises--no m4 ,_! purpose is to give skill & judgm5t 9 composition4 ,x is because !y are ex]cises t !y may be some:at /]eotyp$ & artificial 9 =m1 j z ex]cises 9 music may be artificially con/ruct$ to meet ! difficulties ! "y musician w h to confront4 ,dur+ ! writ+ ( ^! essays special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to s5t5ce con/ruction4 ,! inclusion ( j ! ideas ne$$ 9 ! s5t5ce & no m2 ! mass+ t makes prom95t ! ?\ght t des]ves prom95ce2 & ! nice adju/m5t ( "o s5t5ce to ! next3 ^! objects %\ld be /riv5 = dur+ ?is seme/]4 #a1 #b4 ,write def9itions ( su* common t]ms z j+oism1 civil s]vice1 gold /&>d1 ! subm]g$ t5?1 sweat %op1 int]nal rev5ue1 cyclonic area1 =eign policy1 imp]ialism1 free silv]1 mugwump1 political pull1 ,monroe doctr9e1 etc4 ,five or six t]ms :i* are n f\nd 9 a diction>y w make a h>d ex]cise2 & two or ?ree lessons 9 def9itions w set ! pupils 9 ! direction ( accurate & adequate /atem5ts4 ,= isolat$ p>agraphs write ^u ! foll[+ subjects3-- #c4 ,novel read+ gives "o a k ( ! _w n to be ga9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,p>ticul>s4 #d4 ,novel read+ unfits p = ! actualities ( life4 ,specific in/ances4 #e4 ,among ! num]\s uses ( biography ?ree /& =? preem95t1--x furni%es ! mat]ial ( hi/ory1 x lets u into ! secrets ( ! good & great1 & x sets be=e u atta9able ideals ( noble humanity4 ,repetition4 #f4 ,x is beyond any possibility ( successful contradiction t ! exam9ation sy/em enc\rages *eat+4 ,pro(s4 #g4 ,electric c>s & automobiles are driv+ horses out ( ! cities4 ,in/ances4 #h4 ,e great developm5t 9 ! culture ( a nation has foll[$ a great w>4 ,pro(s4 #i4 ,f ! foll[+ g5]al subjects h ! pupils /ate def9ite !mes4 ,write isolat$ p>agraphs on a few ( !m4 ,political ,p>ties4 ,w>4 ,books4 ,ma*9es4 ,inv5tions4 ,great ,m54 ,planets4 ,civil ,s]vice4 ,co$ucation4 ,roads4 ,tramps4 ,boycotts4 #aj4 ,place ano!r simil> li/ on ! bo>d & h ! pupils vote on :at ?ree !y pref]4 ,use ^! 9 mak+ outl9es4 ,!n select m4 ,suppos+ !y _h settl$ ^u ?is !me3 ,! tramp is ! logical result ( our economic sy/em2 h x outl9$4 ,! result might be z foll[s3-- ,a4 ,:at is a tramp8 #a4 ,:o become tramps8 #b4 ,_! numb]4 #c4 ,:]e are !y8 ,b4 ,:y is he a tramp8 #a4 ,inv5tions h increas$ ! p[] ( production m rapidly ?an ! dem& = products has gr[n4 a4 ,on ! f>m4 b4 ,transportation4 c4 ,factories4 d4 ,piecework4 #b4 ,wom5 n[ d mu* "w =m]ly done by m54 a4 ,z cl]ks4 b4 ,z typewrit]s1 /5ograph]s1 & bookkeep]s4 c4 ,9 ! pr(essions4 #c4 ,! result ( ^! causes is t _m m5 will+ to "w are out ( employm5t4 ,c4 ,:at mu/ be done8 #aa4 ,fill out ! foll[+ outl9e4 ,subject3 ,! ,!rmomet]4 ,a4 ,its ,inv5tion4 ,b4 ,its ,con/ruction4 ,c4 ,its ,value & ,uses4 #ab4 ,outl9e six m !mes4 #ac4 ,beg9n+ ! writ+ ( long essays1 write essays 9 sections4 ,us+ ,tramps = an illu/ration1 z x is outl9$ x conta9s ab\t twelve p>agraphs4 ,all ( section ,a may be includ$ 9 "o p>agraph4 ,b1 #a may be a p>agraph ( repetition2 a1 b1 c1 d1 may ea* make a p>agraph ( p>ticul>s4 ,by /at+ ,b1 #b 9 ! foll[+ way1 x may be a p>agraph ( :at n3 ,x 0 once consid]$ unladylike = wom5 to engage 9 any occupation outside ( ! home4 ,m5 said t !y c\ld n reta91 etc4--,g on ) ! ?+s woman c\ld n d1 clos+ ) a /atem5t ( :at %e does d4 ,b1 #b1 a4 ,on acc\nt ( _! fidelity1 hone/y1 & c\rtesy1 wom5 succe$ z cl]ks4 ,repetition4 b4 ,! quickness ( _! intellig5ce & ! accuracy ( _! "w h made wom5 m desirable = r\t9e "w 9 an (fice ?an m54 ,comp>ison & ,contra/4 c4 ,!re are c]ta9 fem99e qualities :i* especially fit wom5 = ! practice ( tea*+ & m$ic9e4 ,details4 ,b1 #c4 ,by ,comb9ation ( ,=ms4 ,c4 ,by ,details4 ,x w\ld be a pleasure to g on ) ?is li/ ( ex]cises1 b x is unnecess>y & x is unwise4 ,^! indicate ! objects to be s\ght = 9 ! ex]cises4 ,!y are n a specific c\rse1 ?\gh !y might suit a c]ta9 environm5t4 ,ea* tea*] kn[s h] own pupils1--_! atta9m5ts & _! int]e/s4 ,! subjects %\ld be *os5 to suit _! special cases4 ,only make !m int]e/+2 put !m into su* =m t !re is some?+ to get hold (2 & adapt !m s t all ! topics to be /udi$ w be illu/rat$ 9 ! "w4 ,! pupils %\ld be able to write any =m ( p>agraph1 to arrange x s t any idea is made prom95t1 & to make easy transitions4 ,arrange ! ex]cises to accompli% def9ite results4 ,dur+ ! ?ird ye>1 att5tion %\ld be giv5 to words & to ! ref9em5ts ( elegant composition4 ,^! ! pupils w be/ le>n by c>eful wat* ( ! lit]ature4 ,! tea*] %\ld be quick to feel ! /r5g? & beauty ( any passage & able to po9t out ! means adopt$ to obta9 ! delightful effect4 ,cle>ness fir/ is ! ?+ to be desir$2 if to ?is c be add$ =ce & a degree ( elegance dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 ! "w ( ! in/ructor has be5 well done4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,argum5t ,argum5t has be5 def9$ z t =m ( disc\rse ! purpose ( :i* is to conv9ce ! read] ( ! tru? or falsity ( a proposition4 ,x is closely alli$ ) exposition4 ,to conv9ce a p]son1 x is fir/ necess>y t ! proposition be expla9$ to him4 ,?is is all t is necess>y 9 _m cases4 ,did m5 decide all matt]s )\t prejudice1 & 7 !y will+ to accept ! tru? at any co/1 ev5 to disc>d ! beliefs t h be5 to !m ! s\rce ( greate/ happ9ess1 ! simple explanation w\ld be suffici5t4 ,h[ev]1 z m5 are n all-wise1 & z !y are n always reasonable1 !y are f\nd to hold diff]5t op9ions reg>d+ ! same subject2 & "o p]son (t5 wi%es to conv9ce ano!r ( ! error ( 8 beliefs4 ,m5 cont9ually use ! words because & !re=e2 inde$1 a great deal ( writ+ has 9 x an elem5t ( argum5t4 ,f ! fact t argum5t & exposition are s ne>ly alike1 x foll[s t !y w be gov]n$ by mu* ! same pr9ciples4 ,z argum5t1 9 addition to expla9+1 seeks to conv9ce1 x is necess>y1 9 addition to kn[+ h[ to expla91 to "k :at is consid]$ conv9c+1--:at are pro(s2 & secondly1 :at is ! be/ ord] 9 :i* to arrange pro(s4 ,induction & ,d$uction4 ,argum5ts h be5 classifi$ z inductive & d$uctive4#bb ,induction includes argum5ts t proce$ f individual cases to e/abli% a g5]al tru?4 ,d$uction comprises argum5ts t proce$ f a g5]al tru? to e/abli% ! proposition 9 specific in/ances1 or gr\ps ( in/ances4 ,syllogism4 ,premises4 ,if "o %\ld say ,socrates is mortal because he is a man1 or ,socrates w die because all m5 are mortal1 or ,socrates is a man1 !re=e he w die1 by any ( ^! he has express$ a tru? :i* all m5 accept4 ,9 any ( ^! expressions are b\nd up two propositions1 call$ premises1 f :i* a ?ird proposition1 call$ a conclusion1 is d]iv$4 ,if exp&$1 ! ?ree propositions assume ?is =m3 ,all m5 are mortal4 ,socrates is a man4 ,!re=e ,socrates is mortal4 ,?is is t]m$ a syllogism4 ,a syllogism consi/s ( a major premise1 a pr$ication ab\t all ! memb]s ( a g5]al class ( objects2 a m9or premise1 a pr$ication t includes an individual or a gr\p ( individuals 9 ! g5]al class nam$ by ! major premise2 & a conclusion1 ! proposition :i* is d]iv$ f ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! o!r two propositions4 ,! propositions above w\ld be classifi$ z foll[s3-- ,major premise3 ,all m5 are mortal1 a pr$ication ab\t all m54 ,m9or premise3 ,socrates is a man1 includ+ an individual 9 ! g5]al class4 ,conclusion3 ,socrates is mortal4 ,t]ms4 ,9 e syllogism !re are ?ree t]ms1--major1 m9or1 & middle4 ,! middle t]m is f\nd 9 bo? ! premises1 b n 9 ! conclusion4 ,x is ! l9k connect+ ! major & m9or t]ms4 ,! major t]m is usually ! pr$icate ( ! major premise & ! pr$icate ( ! conclusion4 ,! m9or t]m is ! subject ( ! m9or premise & ! subject ( ! conclusion4 ,m5 is ! middle t]m1 are mortal ! major t]m1 & ,socrates1 ! m9or t]m4 ,en?ymeme4 ,x is r>ely ! case 9 lit]ature t ! syllogism is fully /at$3 g5]ally "o ( ! premises is omitt$4 ,su* a =m ( /atem5t is t]m$ an en?ymeme4 ,socrates w die because all m5 are mortal is an en?ymeme4 ,! m9or premise has be5 omitt$4 ,socrates is mortal because he is a man is also an en?ymeme1 because ! major premise :i* /ates t all m5 are mortal has be5 omitt$4 ,! conclusions arriv$ at by means ( syllogisms are irresi/ible1 provid$ ! =m be correct & ! premises be true4 ,x is impossible "h to discuss ! =ms ( syllogisms2 !y are too _m4 ,x w be ( value1 h[ev]1 to call att5tion to a few ( ! commone/ errors 9 syllogisms4 ,def9ition ( ,t]ms4 ,! fir/ error arises f a misund]/&+ ( t]ms4 ,x is (t5 said t ,george ,eliot is a poet2 !re are "s :o disagree4 ,c]ta9 x is t %e wrote 9 v]se =m2 & x is true t %e has embodi$ noble ?\ghts 9 v]se2 b x is q z true t %e lacks ! bird-note4 ,if ?is 7 r$uc$ to a syllogism1 x w\ld n be a discussion ( :e!r ,george ,eliot be a poet1 b r a discussion ( :at is a poet4 ,/at$1 x reads3 ,all p]sons :o embody noble ?\ghts 9 v]se =m are poets4 ,george ,eliot is a p]son :o has embodi$ noble ?\ghts 9 v]se =m4 ,!re=e ,george ,eliot is a poet4 ,if ! major premise ( ?is syllogism be grant$1 ! conclusion is unque/ionable4 ,! t]ms %\ld be def9$ at ! beg9n+2 !n ?is error1 spr++ f a misund]/&+ ( t]ms1 p]haps ! mo/ common1 w\ld be avoid$4 ,undi/ribut$ ,middle4 ,! second error arises f ! fact t ! middle t]m is n di/ribut$2 t is1 ! major premise makes no /atem5t ab\t all ! memb]s ( a class4 ,! premises 9 ! foll[+ are true1 b ! conclusion is nons5se4 ,a horse is an animal4 ,man is an animal4 ,!re=e1 man is a horse4 ,! middle t]m1 9 ?is case animal1 mu/ be di/ribut$2 "s /atem5t mu/ be made ( all animals4 ,! foll[+ w\ld be true3 ,all animals h life2 !re=e man has life4 ,! major premise pr$icates life ( all animals4 ,false ,premises4 ,a ?ird error 9 a syllogism is 9 ! premises !mselves4 ,if ei!r premise be false1 ! conclusion is n necess>ily true4 ,a p>5t might say to 8 son1 ,y are do+ wrong1 & y w pay ! p5alty = x soon4 ,g5]ally he w\ld be "r4 ,h[ev]1 if ?is 7 put into a syllogism1 x w\ld read z foll[s3 ,all p]sons :o d wrong pay ! p5alty soon4 ,y are su* a p]son4 ,!re=e1 etc4 ,admitt+ ! son is break+ ! law1 ! fact is t ! major premise is n always true1 & ! conclusion holds ! weakness ( ! weak premise4 ,aga91 suppos+ ev]ybody accept$ ! g5]al tru?1 ,all unrep5tant s9n]s w be puni%$4 ,! m9i/] might !n say to a "y man1 ,y w c]ta9ly be puni%$1 because all unrep5tant s9n]s w be puni%$4 ,! "y man might d5y ! suppress$ m9or premise1 :i* is1 ,y are an unrep5tant s9n]4 ,bo? premises mu/ be true if !y prove any?+4 ,! conclusion conta9s ! weakness ( ei!r premise4 ,9 bo? ( ^! examples note t ! mi/ake is 9 ! premise :i* does n appe>4 ,9 an en?ymeme1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 ) ! suppress$ premise4 ,be sure x is true :5 y use ?is =m ( argum5t1 & be sure to look = x & /ate x 9 full :5 exam9+ ano!r's argum5t4 ,x is a common way ( hid+ a weak po9t to cov] x 9 ! suppress$ premise ( an en?ymeme4 ,me?od ( ,induction4 ,induction1 :i* proce$s directly opposite to ! me?od ( d$uction1 is ! me?od by :i* all our ultimate k has be5 obta9$4 ,by obs]v+ individual in/ances man has ga!r$ a great /ore ( g5]al tru?s4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! fir/ man w\ld n h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 ,! sun w rise 9 ! ea/ to-morr[4 ,! g5]al law _h n be5 e/abli%$4 ,to-day x is practically c]ta9 t ! sun w rise 9 ! ea/ to-morr[ morn+1 because x has done s = ?\s&s ( ye>s2 ! l>ge numb] ( in/ances e/abli%es ! g5]al tru?4 ,yet !re may come a day :5 x w rise 9 ! s\?1 or n rise at all4 ,until e case has be5 tri$ & f\nd to con=m to ! law1 !oretically man _c be absolutely c]ta9 ( any g5]al tru?4 ,!re may come an exception to ! g5]al rule t all m5 mu/ die4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 !re is no exp]i5ce to ju/ify any man 9 hop+ to escape dea?4 ,z sure z dea? means 9 practice absolutely sure1 ?\gh ?is is n :at is call$ a p]fect induction2 t is1 an induction 9 :i* e possible case has be5 includ$4 ,all ! o!r ,/ates are small] ?an ,texas is a p]fect induction1 b x =ms no basis = argum5t4 ,all ! cases mu/ be kn[n = a p]fect induction2 !re is no unkn[n to argue to4 ,?is1 !n1 is only a %ort /atem5t ( _m individual tru?s1 & has b little ( value4 ,induction t is imp]fect is m valuable2 = ) _m cases ! probability becomes s /rong t x is a practical c]ta9ty4 ,x is ! me?od ( sci5ce4 ,m valuable = lit]ature is ano!r division ( argum5ts into argum5ts f cause1 argum5ts f sign1 & argum5ts f example4 ,argum5ts f ,cause4 ,argum5ts f cause include ^? propositions :i*1 if !y 7 grant$1 w\ld acc\nt = ! fact or proposition ma9ta9$4 ,! decisive te/ is to suppose ! proposition to be true2 !n1 if x w acc\nt = ! condition1 x is an argum5t f cause4 ,a *ild holds its f+] 9 a flame2 !re=e its f+] is burn$4 ,if ! fir/ proposition be suppos$ to be true1 x w acc\nt = a burn$ f+]4 ,x is an argum5t f cause1 & x is conclusive4 ,aga91 if a man sev]s 8 c>otid art]y1 he w die4 ,if ! fir/ proposition be suppos$ to be true1 x w acc\nt = ! man's subsequ5t dea?4 ,n[1 suppos+ a man takes /ry*n9e1 he w die4 ,?is is n q s sure4 ,if a /oma*-pump 7 us$ or an antidote giv51 he might n die4 ,! cause has be5 h9d]$ 9 its action1 or ano!r cause has int]v5$ to c\nt]balance ! fir/4 ,if1 !n1 a cause be adequate to produce ! effect1 & if x act unh9d]$ or unmodifi$1 ! effect w c]ta9ly foll[ ! active cause4 ,an argum5t t uses z a premise su* a cause may pr$icate its effect z a conclusion ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,su* an argum5t is conclusive4 ,! argum5t f cause is us$ m frequ5tly to e/abli% a probability ?an to prove a fact or proposition4 ,h[ev] /rong ! pro(s ( a /atem5t may be1 m5 hesitate to accept ei!r ! /atem5t or ! pro(s if ! proposition is n plausible1 or1 z p say1 if !y d n und]/& x1 or if x is n reasonable4 ,if a murd] be done & circum/ances all po9t to y\r fri5d1 y d n believe y\r fri5d to be ! crim9al until "s fact is produc$ suffici5t to cause y\r fri5d to commit ! crime1--until "s motive is e/abli%$4 ,if x be %[n t ! fri5d hat$ ! murd]$ man & w\ld be b5efit$ by 8 dea?1 a motive is e/abli%$1--! proposition is made plausible4 ,a man c\ld und]/& h[ he came to d x4 ,! hatr$ & ! b5efit be+ grant$1 !y w\ld acc\nt = 8 de$4 ,x is an argum5t f cause1 us$ n z a pro(1 b to e/abli% a probability4 ,x makes ! proposition ready = pro(4 ,argum5ts f ,sign4 ,! second class ( argum5ts1 argum5ts f sign1 is mo/ (t5 us$ = pro(4 ,if two facts or conditions always occur toge!r1 ! pres5ce ( "o is a sign ( ! pres5ce ( ! o!r4 ,cause & effect are s relat$ t if ei!r be obs]v$1 x is an indication ( ! o!r4 ,no cause acts )\t a consequ5t effect2 an effect is a sure sign ( a prec$+ cause4 ,suppos+ "o %\ld say1 ,because ! fl[]s are dead1 !re 0 a fro/1 or ,if ice has =m$ on ! riv]1 x mu/ h be5 cold1 9 bo? in/ances ! argum5t w\ld be an argum5t f sign4 ,bo? also proce$ f ! effect to ! cause4 ,only a l[ temp]ature =ms ice on ! riv]2 ! argum5t f effect to cause is conclusive4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! argum5t is n conclusive1 because fl[]s may die f o!r causes4 ,9 a case l ?is1 x is necess>y to f9d all possible causes1 & !n by te/+ ea* 9 succession to det]m9e :i* c\ld n h act$ & leave ! "o t is ! only actual cause4 ,a man is f\nd dead2 dea? has result$ f natural causes1 f murd]1 or f suicide4 ,ea* possible cause w\ld be te/$2 & by elim9ation ( ! o!r possible causes ! "o "r cause w\ld be left4 ,?is me?od ( elim9ation is frequ5tly employ$ 9 argum5ts f effect to cause4 ,:5 ?is me?od is us$ ! alt]natives %\ld be few1 else x gives rise to confusion & to lack ( att5tion caus$ by ! t$i\sness ( ! discussion4 ,& an enum]ation ( all possible causes mu/ be made2 = if "o be omitt$ x may be ! "o t is 9 fact ! "r "o4 ,! relation betwe5 cause & effect is s intimate t ! occurr5ce ( "o may be reg>d$ z a sure sign ( ! pres5ce ( ! o!r4 ,if an effect is produc$ by only "o cause1 ! pres5ce ( ! effect is a c]ta9 indication ( ! cause4 ,if sev]al causes produce ! same effect1 "s o!r me?ods mu/ be us$ to det]m9e ! cause op]at+ 9 ?is special case4 ,sequ5ce & ,cause4 ,9 reason+ f effect to cause1 "o mu/ be sure t he is deal+ ) a cause4 ,z effect foll[s cause1 !re is dang] t any?+ t foll[s ano!r may be consid]$ z caus$ by x4 ,because a man di$ j aft] eat+1 x w\ld n be q reasonable to connect eat+ & dea? z cause & effect4 ,! fact is t dea? is sur] to foll[ />vation4 ,! gl[ at ev5+ is g5]ally foll[$ by fair wea!r ! next day2 b ! fair wea!r is n an effect ( a cle> sunset4 ,common s5se mu/ be us$ to det]m9e :e!r ! relation is "o ( cause & effect2 some?+ m ?an a simple sequ5ce is necess>y4 ,ano!r argum5t f sign associates conditions t frequ5tly occur toge!r1 ?\gh "o is n ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,james is ne>1 because !re is 8 bl9d fa!r1 means t ,james always accompanies 8 fa!r2 :]e ! fa!r is1 ! son is too4 ,if "o _h notic$ t potatoes plant$ at ! full ( ! moon grew well1 & potatoes plant$ at o!r times did n ?rive1 he might say z a result ( ye>s ( obs]vation t a c]ta9 crop w\ld be a failure because x 0 n plant$ at ! "r "t4 ,?is argum5t might h weight ) ignorant p1 b intellig5t p]sons d n consid] x a sure sign4 ,all signs belong to ?is class ( argum5ts2 !y are ( value or wor?less z !y come true m or less frequ5tly4 ,e "t !re is an exception ! argum5t is weak5$2 ano!r case ( its work+ /r5g!ns x4 ,:]e !re is no sure relation l cause & effect1 ! /r5g? ( ! argum5t dep5ds on ! frequ5cy ( ! recurr5ce ( ! associat$ conditions4 ,a ?ird argum5t f sign associates two effects ( ! same cause4 ,a lad on wak+ exclaims1 ,! w9d[ is cov]$ ) fro/2 ,i c g skat+ to-day4 ,! fro/ on ! w9d[ is n ! cause ( ! ice on ! riv]4 ,r1 bo? ph5om5a are results ( ! same cause4 ,?is k9d ( argum5t is n necess>ily conclusive2 yet ) o!rs x always /r5g!ns a case4 ,te/imony is usually call$ an argum5t f sign4 ,! ass]tion by "s "o t a ?+ occurr$ is n sure pro(2 x is only a sign t x occurr$4 ,p h said t !y h se5 wit*es1 gho/s1 & sea s]p5ts1 & unque/ionably believ$ x2 m5 g5]ally d n accept _! te/imony4 ,9 a crim9al case1 x w\ld be difficult to accept ! te/imony ( bo? sides4 ,?\gh te/imony seems a /rong argum5t1 x is or x is n1 accord+ to ! conditions "u :i* x is giv54 ,"o w\ld c>e little = ! te/imony ( an ignorant man 9 a matt] t call$ = wisdom2 he w\ld hesitate to accept ! te/imony ( a man :o claim$ he saw1 b ^u cross-exam9ation c\ld n report :at he saw2 & he w\ld n ?9k x fair to be condemn$ ^u ! te/imony ( 8 enemies4 ,books h be5 writt5 ^u evid5ce1 b ?ree pr9ciples are all t are ne$$ 9 ord9>y argum5ts4 ,fir/1 ! p]son giv+ te/imony mu/ be capable ( obs]vation2 second1 he mu/ be able to report accurately :at he has obs]v$2 ?ird1 he mu/ h a desire to tell ! exact tru?4 ,argum5ts f ,example4 ,! ?ird l>ge division comprises argum5ts f example4 ,t is1 if a tru? be ass]t$ ( an individual1 x c !re=e be pr$icat$ ( ! class to :i* ! individual belongs4 ,= in/ance1 if ! fir/ "t a p]son saw a giraffe1 he obs]v$ t x 0 eat+ grass1 he w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t giraffes are h]bivor\s4 ,all gold is yell[1 heavy1 & n corrod$ by acid1 ?\gh no "o has te/$ x all4 ,h[ev]1 e giraffe does n h "o e> br[n & ! o!r gray because ! fir/ "o se5 happ5$ to be s m>k$2 nei!r is all gold 9 ! %ape ( t5-doll> gold pieces4 ,only common s5se w s]ve to pick out ess5tial qualities2 b if ess5tial & inv>iable qualities be select$1 ! argum5t f ! example ( an individual to all memb]s ( its class is v p[]ful4 ,analogies resemble examples4 ,9 exposition !y are us$ = illu/ration2 9 argum5t !y are employ$ z pro(s4 ,?\gh two ?+s belong to diff]5t classes ( objects1 !y may h "s qualities t are simil>1 & s an argum5t may be made f "o to ano!r4 ,natural ,law 9 ! ,spiritual ,_w is a book writt5 to %[ h[ ! physical laws hold true 9 ! region ( _s4 ,x is n because an enemy s[$ t>es 9 a neighbor's field t !re are wick$ m5 9 ! _w2 nor is x because a lov] ( jewels w sell ev]y?+ t he has to buy ! pe>l ( greate/ price t m5 devote ev]y?+ !y h to ! k+dom ( heav54 ,analogies prove no?+4 ,!y cle> up relations & (t5 help ! read] to appreciate o!r argum5ts4 ,!y are valuable :5 ! lik5ess is broad & easily trac$4 ,!y %\ld nev] be us$ alone4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! pr9cipal =ms ( argum5t3 d$uction & induction2 argum5ts f cause1 f sign1 & f example4 ,^u ^! m5 dep5d :5 !y wi% to conv9ce ( tru? or error4 ,selection ( ,mat]ial4 ,9 argum5t ! mat]ial is select$ ) ref]5ce to its value z pro(4 ,e p>ticle ( matt] mu/ be c>efully te/$4 ,:ile a piece ( mat]ial t c\ld be omitt$ )\t loss to ! explanation may sometimes f9d a place 9 exposition1 su* a ?+ mu/ n occur 9 argum5t4 ,z soon z a read] discov]s t ! writ] is (f ! track1 ei!r he loses respect = ! au?or's words1 or he suspects him ( try+ to hide ! weakness ( 8 position 9 a cl\d ( wor?less & irrelevant matt]s4 ,e bit ( mat]ial %\ld advance ! argum5t "o /ep2 x %\ld fill its ni*e 9 ! well-plann$ /ructure2 x %\ld contribute its "p to ! /r5g? ( ! :ole4 ,plan call$ ,! ,brief4 ,:5 ! mat]ial has be5 select$1 x mu/ be arrang$4 ,an argum5t is a demon/ration4 ,ea* ( its p>ts is ! natural result ( :at has prec$$1 &1 up to ! la/ /ep1 ea* "p is ! basis = ! next /ep4 ,z 9 geometry a demon/ration t omits "o /ep 9 its developm5t1 or1 :i* comes to ! same ?+1 puts ! po9t out ( its logical ord]1 is wor?less z a demon/ration1 s 9 argum5t n "o ess5tial /ep c be omitt$1 nor c x be misplac$4 ,! plan 9 an argum5t may be m evid5t ?an 9 exposition4 ,we are a little (f5d$ if ! framework %[s too pla9ly 9 exposition2 b !re is no (f5se 9 a well-articulat$ skeleton 9 an argum5t4 ,x is q ! rule t ! g5]al plan & ! ma9 divisions ( ! argum5t are ann\nc$ at ! v beg9n+4 ,any device t w make ! relation ( ! p>ts cle>] %\ld be us$4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 ! writ] %\ld arrange ! c>ds ) ! topics until he is c]ta9 t no o!r ord] is s good4 ,! writ+ is a m]e trifle comp>$ ) ! outl9e1 call$ 9 argum5t ! brief4 ,?\gh ! brief is s ess5tial1 x is un=tunately a ?+ ab\t :i* b few sugge/ions c be giv54 ,! circum/ances "u :i* argum5ts are writt5--especially :e!r writt5 to def5d a position or to attack x--are s v>i\s t rules _c be giv54 ,/ill a few g5]al pr9ciples may be ( value4 ,climax4 ,pro(s %\ld be arrang$ 9 a climax4 ,?is does n mean t ! weake/ argum5t %\ld come fir/1 & ! next /rong] %\ld foll[1 & s on until ! la/ & /ronge/ is rea*$4 ,x is necess>y to beg9 ) some?+ t w cat* ! att5tion2 & 9 argum5t x is frequ5tly a pro( /rong en\gh to conv9ce ! read] t ! writ] kn[s :at he is cont5d+ =1 & t he c /rike a h>d bl[4 ,!n aga91 x is evid5t t 9 all argum5ts !re are ma9 po9ts 9 ! discussion t mu/ be e/abli%$ by po9ts ( m9or importance4 ,! ma9 po9ts %\ld be arrang$ 9 a logical climax1 & ! sub-topics :i* g to support "o ( ! ma9 divisions %\ld h _! climax4 ,at ! end ( ! :ole %\ld be ! /ronge/ & ! mo/ compreh5sive argum5t4 ,x %\ld be a g5]al advance ( ! :ole l9e ( argum5t1 includ+ all ! propositions t h previ\sly be5 call$ into action1 sweep+ ev]y?+ be=e x4 ,inductive prec$es ,d$uctive4 ,to ga9 ?is climax :at k9d ( argum5ts %\ld prec$e8 ,( inductive & d$uctive1 ! inductive pro(s g5]ally g fir/4 ,! advance f p>ticul> in/ances to g5]al tru?s is ! be/ suit$ to cat* ! att5tion1 = m5 ?9k ) individual examples1 & g5]al tru?s make little appeal to !m4 ,moreov]1 if "o is address+ p ( oppos+ views1--& 9 mo/ cases he is1 else :y is he argu+8--x is unwise to beg9 ) bald /atem5ts ( unwelcome tru?s4 ,!y w be reject$ )\t consid]ation4 ,!y c ) advantage be delay$ until !y are rea*$ 9 ! regul> developm5t1 & ! read] has be5 prep>$ = _! reception4 ,g5]al tru?s & _! application by d$uctive argum5ts usually /& late 9 ! brief4 ,cause prec$es ,sign4 ,( argum5ts f cause1 sign1 or example1 x is ord9>ily wise to place argum5ts f cause fir/4 ,a p]son does n li/5 to any explanation ( an unkn[n tru? until he kn[s t ! explanation is plausible2 t ! cause assign$ is adequate to produce ! result4 ,aft] "o kn[s t ! cause is suffici5t & may h br\ght ab\t ! result1 he is 9 a position to le>n t x is ! v cause t produc$ ! effect4 ,argum5ts f cause are v r>ely conclusive pro(s ( fact4 ,!y only e/abli% a probability4 ,& x w\ld be unwise to prove t a ?+ might be a possibility aft] "o _h attempt$ to prove t x is a fact4 ,x w\ld be a long /ep backw>d1 a retreat4 ,!re=e argum5ts f cause1 unless absolutely conclusive pro( ( fact1 %\ld n come la/2 b by o!r argum5ts1--by te/imony1 by example1 by analogy1--! possibility1 :i* has be5 rea*$ by ! argum5t f cause1 may be e/abli%$ z a fact4 ,example foll[s ,sign4 ,( ! two1 sign & example1 example g5]ally foll[s sign4 ,9 argum5ts ab\t human affairs1 examples seldom prove any?+2 = "u simil> conditions "o p]son may n act l ano!r4 ,?\gh ?is be true1 ! argum5t f example is "o ( ! mo/ effective--x is n at all conclusive--9 t class ( cases :]e oratory is comb9$ ) argum5t to conv9ce & p]suade4 ,?is is because m5 le>n mo/ readily f examples4 ,to reason ab\t matt]s ( conduct on ab/ract pr9ciples ( morality conv9ces b few2 to po9t to a ,l9coln or a ,frankl9 has p]suad$ ?\s&s4 ,examples are ( mo/ use 9 en=c+ & illu/rat+ & /r5g!n+ a po9t already e/abli%$1 & !y g5]ally foll[ argum5ts f sign4 ,refutation4 ,"o o!r class ( argum5ts f9ds a place 9 debate3 namely1 indirect argum5ts4 ,x is (t5 z mu* an advantage to a debat] to dispose ( objections z x is to e/abli% 8 own case4 ,?is is because a "q usually has two alt]natives4 ,if "o c refute ! argum5ts 9 favor ( ! oppon5t's position1 he has by t v process e/abli%$ 8 own4 ,if ! po9ts ( ! refutation are ( m9or importance & are relat$ to any division ( 8 own direct argum5t1 ! refutation ( su* po9ts %\ld be tak5 up 9 connection ) ! relat$ p>ts ( ! direct argum5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is an argum5t ( "s weight & %\ld be consid]$ sep>ate & ap>t f ! direct argum5t1 x is g5]ally wise/ to proce$ to its demolition at ! end ( ! direct argum5t & be=e ! conclusion ( ! :ole4 ,= !n ! :ole weight ( ! direct argum5t w be ?r[n into ! refutation & w r5d] e ^w s mu* ! m de/ructive4 ,aga91 if ! oppos+ argum5t be v /rong & h tak5 complete possession ( ! audi5ce1 x mu/ be attack$ & dispos$ ( at ! v beg9n+4 ,o!rwise x is impossible = ! direct argum5t to make any advance4 ,f ^! sugge/ions "o d]ives ! g5]al pr9ciple t ea* case mu/ be consid]$ by itself4 ,!re w be cases ( conflict among ! rules1 & !re mu/ be a c>eful weigh+ ( me?ods4 ,common s5se & pati5t labor are ! mo/ valuable assi/ants 9 arrang+ a p[]ful argum5t4 ,x h>dly ne$s to be said t ! sugge/ions made 9 ! *apt] on ,exposition reg>d+ ,mass & ,coh]5ce %\ld be obs]v$ "h4 ,9 argum5t z 9 exposition1 topics are emphasiz$ by position1 & by proportion 9 ! scale ( treatm5t4 ,"h z !re1 matt]s t are closely relat$ 9 ?\ght %\ld be connect$ 9 ! disc\rse1 & matt]s t are n relat$ 9 ?\ght %\ld n be associat$ 9 ! essay4 ,x w be an advantage n[ to look ?r\gh ,conciliation ) ! ,colonies & note its g5]al plan ( /ructure4 ,only ! ma9 divisions ( ?is p[]ful oration c be giv51 z to make a full brief w\ld deprive ?is piece ( lit]ature ( half its value = /udy4 ,analysis ( ,burke's ,oration4 ,mr4 ,burke beg9s by say+ t x is an awful subject or !re is none ?is side ( ! grave4 ,he /ates t he has /udi$ ! "q = ye>s1 & :ile ,p>liam5t has pursu$ a vacillat+ policy & "o aggravat+ to ! colonies1 he has a fix$ policy & "o sure to re/ore ! =m] unsuspect+ confid5ce 9 ! ,"m ,c\ntry4 ,8 policy is simple peace4 ,?is by way ( introduction4 ,he !n divides ! argum5t into two l>ge divisions & proce$s4 ,i4 ,,ought ,,y ,,to ,,conc$e8 ,a4 ,:at are ! true nature & ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! object :i* we h be=e u8 ,i4 ,am]ica has a rapidly gr[+ population4 ,,ii4 ,x has a rapidly increas+ comm]cial value1 %[n by #a4 ,its dem& = our goods4 #b4 ,! value ( its agricultural products4 #c4 ,! value ( ! products ( its fi%]ies4 ,,iii4 ,!re is 9 ! p a fi]ce _s ( lib]ty4 ,?is is ! result ( #a4 ,_! desc5t f ,engli%m54 #b4 ,_! popul> =m ( gov]nm5t4 #c4 ,religion 9 ! ,nor?4 #d4 ,! haughty _s ( ! ,s\?4 #e4 ,_! education4 #f4 ,_! remot5ess f ! gov]n+ body4 ,b4 ,y h be=e y ! object4 ,:at 444 %all we d ) x8 ,!re are b ?ree ways ( proce$+ relative to ?is /ubborn _s 9 ! colonies4 ,i4 ,to *ange x by remov+ ! causes4 ,?is is impracticable4 ,,ii4 ,to prosecute x z crim9al4 ,?is is inexp$i5t4 ,,iii4 ,to comply ) x z necess>y4 ,?is is ! answ] to ! fir/ "q4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,:at ,,nature ,,ought ,,! ,,concession ,,to ,,be8 ,a4 ,a concession t grants to any colony ! satisfaction ( ! grievances x compla9s ( br+s ab\t conciliation & peace4 ,?is g5]al proposition is e/abli%$ by ! foll[+ examples4 ,x has done s 9 #a4 ,irel&1 #b4 ,wales1 #c4 ,durham1 & #d4 ,*e/]4 ,b4 ,! grievances compla9$ ( 9 ,am]ica are unju/ taxation & no repres5tation4 ,c4 ,!re=e ^! resolutions rehe>s+ facts & calculat$ to satisfy _! grievances w br+ ab\t conciliation & peace4 ,i4 ,!y are unrepres5t$4 ,,ii4 ,!y are tax$4 ,,iii4 ,no me?od has be5 devis$ = procur+ a repres5tation 9 ,p>liam5t = ! said ,colonies4 ,,iv4 ,ea* colony has )9 itself a body ) p[]s to raise1 levy1 & assess taxes4 ,v4 ,^! assemblies h at sundry times grant$ l>ge subsidies & aids to 8 ,maje/y's s]vice4 ,,vi4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t x is exp$i5t to foll[ _! me?od r ?an =ce paym5t4 ,d4 ,z a result ( ! adoption ( ^! resolutions1 ev]y?+ :i* has be5 made to en=ce a contr>y sy/em mu/1 ,i take x = grant$1 fall along ) x4 ,on t gr\nd1 ,i h drawn ! foll[+ resolutions4 ,i4 ,x is prop] to repeal c]ta9 legislation reg>d+ taxes1 imports1 & adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,,ii4 ,to secure a fair & unbias$ judici>y4 ,,iii4 ,to provide bett] = ! ,c\rts ( ,admiralty4 ,e4 ,he next consid]s objections4 ,conclusion4 ,notice fir/ ! introduction4 ,x goes /raight to ! "q4 ,to tell a l>ge opposition t x has vacillat$ on a great "q is n calculat$ to w9 a k9d he>+2 yet ?is po9t1 necess>y to ,burke's argum5t1 is s delicately h&l$ t no "o c\ld be s]i\sly (f5d$1 nor c\ld any "o *>ge him ) weakness4 ,! introduction s]ves its purpose2 x ga9s ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce & x exactly /ates ! proposition4 ,he !n divides ! :ole argum5t into two p>ts4 ,! framework is visible1 & ) int5t4 ,^! great divisions he takes up sep>ately4 ,fir/1 t !re may be a p]fect und]/&+ ( ! "q1 he expla9s ! true nature & ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! object :i* we h be=e u4 ,?is illu/rates ! use ( exposition 9 argum5t4 ,! desc5t & education did n prove t ! ,am]icans _h a fi]y _s2 t 0 ackn[l$g$ & ne$$ no pro(4 ,x simply sets =? ! facts1--facts :i* he aft]w>d uses z p[]ful in/rum5ts ( conviction4 ,z long z a man c use exposition1 he c c>ry 8 read]s ) him2 x is :5 he beg9s to argue1 to =ce matt]s1 t he raises opposition4 ,s ?is use ( exposition 0 =tunate4 ,am]ica 0 an ,engli% colony4 ,h] /r5g? & ri*es 7 ,engl&'s /r5g? & weal?4 ,x w\ld be pleas+ to all ,engli%m5 to he> ! recital ( ,am]ica's prosp]ity4 ,up to ! "t he asks1 ,:at1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 %all we d ) x1 ! oration is n ess5tially argum5t2 x does no?+ m ?an place be=e y ! object4 ,9 ! section m>k$ ,i4 ,b1 ,burke beg9s ! real argum5t by ! me?od ( elim9ation4 ,he ass]ts t !re are only ?ree ways ( deal+ ) ?is fi]ce _s ( lib]ty4 ,!n he conclusively proves ! fir/ impracticable & ! second inexp$i5t4 ,!re is left b ! "o c\rse1 concession4 ,?is me?od ( pro( is absolutely conclusive if e possible cont+5cy is /at$ & provid$ =4 ,notice t 9 ?is section ,b ev]y?+ t 0 m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ section ,a is us$1 & ! :ole is "o solid mass mov+ =w>d irresi/ibly to ! conclusion ( ! fir/ & ! mo/ important "p ( ?is argum5t4 ,! second ma9 division is devot$ to ! conclusion ( ! fir/4 ,if y mu/ conc$e1--! conclusion ( ! fir/ half1--:at w be ! nature ( y\r concession8 ,a concession1 to be a concession1 mu/ grant :at ! coloni/s wi%1 n :at ! m9i/ry ?9ks w\ld be good = !m4 ,!n by ! hi/ory ( ,engl&'s deal+s ) ,irel&1 ,wales1 ,*e/]1 & ,durham1 he proves t su* a concession has be5 foll[$ by peace4 ,?is makes ! major premise ( 8 syllogism1 /at$ 9 ,,ii4 ,a4 ,! m9or premise is a /atem5t ( ! grievances ( ! colonies4 ,! conclusion is 9 ! resolutions = ! r$ress ( ! grievances ( ! colonies4 ,! second "p is !n "o great syllogism1 ! premises ( :i* are e/abli%$ by ample pro(1 ! conclusion ( :i* _c well be disput$4 ,& "h ,i %\ld close1 says ! orator2 ! direct argum5t is f9i%$4 ,!re are "s objections :i* dem& dignifi$ consid]ation4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 x is easy to refute any objections1 = beh9d ea* ^w !re is n[ ! cru%+ weight ( ! :ole argum5t4 ,! conclusion recites ! advantages ( ,burke's plan ov] all o!rs1 & reass]ts its value1 n[ prov5 at e po9t4 ,x is a p[]ful summ>y1 & a skillful plea = ! adoption ( a policy ( conciliation ) ! colonies ( ,am]ica4 ,e k9d ( argum5t is us$ 9 ?is oration4 ,"o w\ld look long = a treasury bett] suppli$ ) illu/rations4 ,! great conclusions are rea*$ by ! c]ta9 me?ods ( elim9ation & d$uction4 ,9 e/abli%+ ! m9or po9ts ,burke has us$ argum5ts f sign1 cause1 example1 & induction4 ,he calls 9 te/imony2 he quotes au?ority2 he illu/rates4 ,n any device ( s\nd argum5t t a man hone/ 9 8 se>* = tru? may use has be5 omitt$4 ,x is wor?y ( pati5t /udy4 ,9 conclusion1 ! /ud5t ( argum5t %\ld le>n well ! value ( diff]5t k9ds ( argum5t2 he %\ld ex]cise ! mo/ c>eful scrut9y 9 select+ 8 mat]ial1 )\t any hesitation reject+ irrelevant matt]2 he %\ld /ate ! proposition s t x _c be misund]/ood2 he mu/ consid] 8 read]s1 guid+ 8 c\rse wisely ) reg>d = all ! conditions "u :i* he produces 8 argum5t2 he %\ld rememb] t ! law 9 argum5t is climax1 & t coh]5ce %\ld be s\ght ) inf9ite pa9s4 ,above all1 ! man :o takes up a debate mu/ be fair & hone/2 only s w he w9 favor f 8 read]s1 & ga9 :at is wor? m ?an victory1--! di/9ction ( be+ a s]vant ( tru?4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions ,,que/ions4 ,,macaulay',s ,,essay ,,on ,,milton4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ajc47 ,put into a syllogism1 ,macaulay's oppon5ts said1 ,an educat$ man liv+ 9 an enlight5$ age has bett] facilities = writ+ poetry ?an an un$ucat$ man at ! dawn ( civilization4 ,milton 0 an educat$ man1 liv+ 9 an enlight5$ age2 !re=e ,macaulay _h bett] facilities1 etc4 ,:i* premise does ,macaulay attack8 ,does he demoli% x8 ,:at value is !re 9 an analogy betwe5 exp]im5tal sci5ces & imitative arts8 ,betwe5 poetry & a magic-lant]n8 ,is ei!r an argum5t t is conv9c+8 ,are bo? effective 9 ! essay8 ,:at d y ?9k ( ,macaulay's e/imate ( ,wordswor?8 ,grant+ t ?is e/imate is true1 :at k9d ( a pro( is x ( ! proposition t 8 v tal5ts w be a h9drance to him8 ,is x a uni=m ph5om5on t z civilization advances1 poetry decl9es8 ,"n "s in/ances t prove x4 ,"n "s in/ances t disprove x4 ,:at me?od ( pro( h y us$ 9 bo?8 ,is an unciviliz$ /ate ( society ! cause ( good poetry1 or only an att5dant circum/ance8 ,:at me?od ( pro( is adopt$ on pages #cd & #ce8 ,grant+ t y _c conceive a good man & an unnatural fa!r1 does t prove any?+ ab\t ! fir/ s5t5ce at ! bottom ( page #ee8 ,does ! example ( ! prison] on page #fj prove any?+8 ,,burke',s ,,spee* ,,on ,,conciliation ,,) ,,! ,,colonies4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ajj47 ,:at argum5t does ,burke use to prove t h$g+ 9 ! population is n practicable8 ,:5 he says t !y w occupy t]ritory because !y h done s1 is t an inductive or d$uctive argum5t1 or is x an argum5t f sign8 ,if x is d$uctive1 :at is ! suppress$ premise8 ,are ! argum5ts f #dh to #fd m 9 ! nature ( direct or indirect pro(s8 ,:at value is !re 9 an indirect argum5t8 ,am]icans speak ! ,engli% language1 !re=e !y are ,engli%4 ,is ! argum5t good8 ,:]e is ! fault8 ,look = ! suppress$ premise4 ,is p>agraph #ee direct or indirect argum5t8 ,does he prove t crim9al proc$ure aga9/ ! colonies w\ld fail1 by sign or by d$uction8 ,d ! f\r prec$5ts :i* he cites ( ,irel&1 ,wales1 ,durham1 & ,*e/] prove t 8 plan w "w 9 ,am]ica8 ,^u :at g5]al pr9ciple d all argum5ts f example dep5d8 ,is p>agraph #gi 9 itself exposition or argum5t8 ,:at me?od is adopt$ 9 p>agraph #hh to prove t ! pr9ciple ( concession is applicable to ,am]ica8 ,h[ does he prove t ,am]icans 7 griev$ by taxes8 ,h[ does he e/abli% ! compet5ce ( ! colony assemblies8 ,h[ c\ld ! argum5ts h made ! conclusion irresi/ible8 7,p>agraph #aab47 ,:at pr9ciple ( argum5t is /at$ 9 p>agraph #aad8 ,9 p>agraph #abg is ! "o example cit$ en\gh to prove ! rule8 ,f9d an example ( argum5t f sign4 ,is x a relation ( cause & effect8 ,is x conclusive8 ,9 p>agraph #abi :at does ,burke m5tion z argum5ts ( value8 ,:at k9d ( argum5ts 9 p>agraphs #abh to #acf8 ,:at is ! conclusion8 ,:5ev] ,burke /ates a g5]al tru? x =ms a "p ( :at8 ,supply ! o!r premise 9 five cases1 & d]ive a conclusion4 ,does he ev] use an argum5t f cause to e/abli% a probability8 ,to e/abli% a fact8 ,does he use d$uction m frequ5tly ?an sign8 ,does he seek = a climax 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( 8 brief8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,p>agraphs ,def9ition4 ,s f> we h be5 deal+ ) :ole compositions2 we n[ take up ! /udy ( p>agraphs1 s5t5ces1 & words4 ,a p>agraph 9 _m respects resembles a :ole composition4 ,x may be n>rative1 descriptive1 expositive1 or argum5tative4 ,x mu/ h a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end4 ,x is con/ruct$ ) reg>d to ,unity1 ,mass1 & ,coh]5ce4 ,& z a :ole composition treats a s+le !me1 s a p>agraph treats "o division ( a !me4 ,x has be5 def9$ z a composition 9 m9iature4 ,a p>agraph is a s5t5ce or a gr\p ( s5t5ces s]v+ a s+le purpose 9 ! developm5t ( a !me4 ,! purpose may be simply to ann\nce ! !me-subject1 to make a conclusion1 to indicate a transition2 b 9 ! great majority ( cases its purpose is to treat a s+le topic4 ,s true is ?is t _m au?ors1 ) good reason1 def9e a p>agraph z a gr\p ( s5t5ces treat+ a s+le topic4 ,long & ,%ort ,p>agraphs4 ,nobody w\ld h tr\ble 9 tell+ :]e on a page a p>agraph began & :]e x end$4 ,! ind5tion at ! beg9n+1 & usually ! incomplete l9e at ! end1 m>k its visible limits4 ,un=tunately !re is no specifi$ l5g? aft] :i* ! writ] is to make a break 9 ! l9es & beg9 a new p>agraph4 ,! l5g? ( a p>agraph dep5ds on some?+ deep] ?an appe>ances2 z ! topic requires a l5g?y or b a %ort treatm5t1 z ! p>agraph may be a long summ>y or a %ort transition1 ! l5g? ( a p>agraph v>ies4 ,yet !re is "o circum/ance :i* %\ld c\nsel an au?or to keep 8 p>agraphs )9 c]ta9 b\nds3 he %\ld always h reg>d = 8 read]s4 ,read]s %irk heavy labor4 ,if a book or an article looks h>d1 x is pass$ by2 if x looks easy1 x is read4 ,if ! p>agraphs be long & ! page solid1 ! composition looks difficult2 if ! p>agraphs be %ort & ! page brok51 ! piece looks easy4 ,?is fact %\ld advise a writ] to make ! page attractive by us+ %ort p>agraphs2 provid$1 & ! provision is important1 he c s make real p>agraphs1 divisions ( composition t fully treat "o topic4 ,^! divisions may 9 reality be b "o s5t5ce1 & !y may j z unque/ionably be two pages ( h>d read+4 ,successive p>agraphs1 ea* m ?an a page ( ord9>y pr9t 9 l5g?1 repel z too h>d2 & a s]ies ( p>agraphs ( less ?an a qu>t] ( a page impresses a read] z scrappy1 & ! "w seems to lack ! au?ority ( complete treatm5t4 ,an au?or w s]ve 8 read]s & himself be/ by s subdivid+ 8 subject t ! p>agraphs are )9 ^! limits4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph is mu* too long & c ) no difficulty be subdivid$4 ,! p>agraphs 9 ! next gr\p are too %ort1 & !y are incomplete4 ,keat+ rode up n[1 & ! transaction became m complicat$4 ,x end$ 9 ! pur*ase ( ! horse by ,bryce = a hundr$ & tw5ty1 to be paid on ! deliv]y ( ,wildfire1 safe & s\nd1 at ! ,ba!rley /ables4 ,x did occur to ,dunsey t x might be wise = him to give up ! day's hunt+1 proce$ at once to ,ba!rley1 &1 hav+ wait$ = ,bryce's return1 hire a horse to c>ry him home ) ! money 9 8 pocket4 ,b ! incl9ation = a run1 enc\rag$ by confid5ce 9 8 luck1 & by a draught ( br&y f 8 pocket-pi/ol at ! conclusion ( ! b>ga91 0 n easy to ov]come1 especially ) a horse "u him t w\ld take ! f5ces to ! admiration ( ! field4 ,dun/an1 h[ev]1 took "o f5ce too _m1 & got 8 horse pi]c$ ) a h$ge-/ake4 ,8 own ill-favor$ p]son1 :i* 0 q unm>ketable1 escap$ )\t injury2 b poor ,wildfire1 unconsci\s ( 8 price1 turn$ on 8 flank1 & pa9fully pant$ 8 la/4 ,x happ5$ t ,dun/an1 a %ort "t be=e1 hav+ _h to get d[n to arrange 8 /irrup1 _h mutt]$ a good _m curses at ?is int]ruption1 :i* _h ?r[n him 9 ! re> ( ! hunt ne> ! mom5t ( glory1 & "u ?is exasp]ation _h tak5 ! f5ces m bl9dly4 ,he w\ld soon h be5 up ) ! h\nds aga91 :5 ! fatal accid5t happ5$2 & h5ce he 0 betwe5 eag] rid]s 9 advance1 n tr\bl+ !mselves ab\t :at happ5$ beh9d !m1 & f>-(f /raggl]s1 :o 7 z likely z n to pass q alo( f ! l9e ( road 9 :i* ,wildfire _h fall54 ,dun/an1 ^: nature x 0 to c>e m = imm$iate annoyances ?an = remote consequ5ces1 no soon] recov]$ 8 legs1 & saw t x 0 all ov] ) ,wildfire1 ?an he felt a satisfaction at ! abs5ce ( witnesses to a position :i* no swagg]+ c\ld make enviable4 ,re9=c+ himself1 aft] 8 %ake1 ) a little br&y & mu* swe>+1 he walk$ z fa/ z he c\ld to a coppice on 8 "r h&1 ?r\gh :i* x occurr$ to him t he c\ld make 8 way to ,ba!rley )\t dang] ( enc\nt]+ any memb] ( ! hunt4 ,8 fir/ int5tion 0 to hire a horse !re & ride home =?)1 = to walk _m miles )\t a gun 9 8 h&1 & along an ord9>y road1 0 z mu* out ( ! "q to him z to o!r spirit$ "y m5 ( 8 k9d4 ,he did n mu* m9d ab\t tak+ ! bad news to ,godfrey1 = he _h to (f] him at ! same "t ! res\rce ( ,m>n]'s money2 & if ,godfrey kick$1 z he always did1 at ! notion ( mak+ a fre% debt1 f :i* he himself got ! smalle/ %>e ( advantage1 :y1 he w\ldn't kick long3 ,dun/an felt sure he c\ld worry ,godfrey into any?+4 ,! idea ( ,m>n]'s money kept gr[+ 9 vividness1 n[ ! want ( x _h become imm$iate2 ! prospect ( hav+ to make 8 appe>ance ) ! muddy boots ( a p$e/rian at ,ba!rley1 & to enc\nt] ! gr9n+ qu]ies ( /ablem51 /ood unpleasantly 9 ! way ( 8 impati5ce to be back at ,raveloe & c>ry out 8 felicit\s plan2 & a casual visitation ( 8 wai/coat-pocket1 z he 0 rum9at+1 awak5$ 8 memory to ! fact t ! two or ?ree small co9s 8 =e-f+] enc\nt]$ !re 7 ( too pale a color to cov] t small debt1 )\t paym5t ( :i* ! /able-keep] _h decl>$ he w\ld nev] d any m bus9ess ) ,dunsey ,cass4 ,aft] all1 accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* ! run _h br\ght him1 he 0 n s v mu* f>!r f home ?an he 0 f ,ba!rley2 b ,dunsey1 n be+ rem>kable = cle>ness ( head1 0 only l$ to ?is conclusion by ! gradual p]ception t !re 7 o!r reasons = *oos+ ! unprec$5t$ c\rse ( walk+ home4 ,x 0 n[ ne>ly f\r o'clock1 & a mi/ 0 ga!r+3 ! soon] he got into ! road ! bett]4 ,he rememb]$ hav+ cross$ ! road & se5 ! f+]-po/ only a little :ile be=e ,wildfire broke d[n2 s1 button+ 8 coat1 twi/+ ! la% ( 8 hunt+-:ip compactly r\nd ! h&le1 & rapp+ ! tops ( 8 boots ) a self-possess$ air1 z if to assure himself t he 0 n at all tak5 by surprise1 he set (f ) ! s5se t he 0 und]tak+ a rem>kable feat ( bodily ex]tion1 :i* someh[1 & at "s "t1 he %\ld be able to dress up & magnify to ! admiration ( a select circle at ! ,ra9b[4 ,:5 a "y g5tleman l ,dunsey is r$uc$ to s exceptional a mode ( locomotion z walk+1 a :ip 9 8 h& is a desirable corrective to a too bewild]+ dreamy s5se ( unwont$ness 9 8 position2 & ,dun/an1 z he w5t along ?r\gh ! ga!r+ mi/1 0 always rapp+ 8 :ip some:]e4 ,x 0 ,godfrey's :ip1 :i* he _h *os5 to take )\t leave because x _h a gold h&le2 ( c\rse no "o c\ld see1 :5 ,dun/an held x1 t ! "n ,godfrey ,cass 0 cut 9 deep lett]s on t gold h&le--!y c\ld only see t x 0 a v h&some :ip4 ,dunsey 0 n )\t fe> t he might meet "s acqua9tance 9 ^: eyes he w\ld cut a pitiable figure1 = mi/ is no scre5 :5 p get close to ea* o!r2 b :5 he at la/ f\nd himself 9 ! well-kn[n ,raveloe lanes )\t hav+ met a s\l1 he sil5tly rem>k$ t t 0 "p ( 8 usual good luck4 ,b n[ ! mi/1 help$ by ! ev5+ d>kness1 0 m ( a scre5 ?an he desir$1 = x hid ! ruts into :i* 8 feet 7 liable to slip--hid ev]y?+1 s t he _h to guide 8 /eps by dragg+ 8 :ip along ! l[ bu%es 9 advance ( ! h$g][4 ,he mu/ soon1 he ?\ght1 be gett+ ne> ! op5+ at ! ,/one-pits3 he %\ld f9d x out by ! break 9 ! h$g][4 ,he f\nd x out1 h[ev]1 by ano!r circum/ance :i* he _h n expect$--namely1 by c]ta9 gleams ( light1 :i* he pres5tly guess$ to proce$ f ,silas ,m>n]'s cottage4 ,t cottage & ! money hidd5 )9 x _h be5 9 8 m9d cont9ually dur+ 8 walk1 & he _h be5 imag9+ ways ( cajol+ & tempt+ ! weav] to "p ) ! imm$iate possession ( 8 money = ! sake ( receiv+ int]e/4 ,dun/an felt z if !re mu/ be a little fright5+ add$ to ! cajol]y1 = 8 own ari?metical convictions 7 n cle> en\gh to af=d him any =cible demon/ration z to ! advantages ( int]e/2 & z = security1 he reg>d$ x vaguely z a means ( *eat+ a man by mak+ him believe t he w\ld be paid4 ,altoge!r1 ! op]ation on ! mis]'s m9d 0 a task t ,godfrey w\ld be sure to h& ov] to 8 m d>+ & cunn+ bro!r3 ,dun/an _h made up 8 m9d to t2 & by ! "t he saw ! light gleam+ ?r\gh ! *9ks ( ,m>n]'s %utt]s1 ! idea ( a dialogue ) ! weav] _h become s famili> to him1 t x occurr$ to him z q a natural ?+ to make ! acqua9tance =?)4 ,!re might be sev]al conv5i5ces att5d+ ?is c\rse3 ! weav] _h possibly got a lant]n1 & ,dun/an 0 tir$ ( feel+ 8 way4 ,he 0 /ill ne>ly ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile f home1 & ! lane 0 becom+ unpleasantly slipp]y1 = ! mi/ 0 pass+ into ra94 ,he turn$ up ! bank1 n )\t "s fe> le/ he might miss ! "r way1 s9ce he 0 n c]ta9 :e!r ! light 7 9 front or on ! side ( ! cottage4 ,b he felt ! gr\nd be=e him cauti\sly ) 8 :ip-h&le1 & at la/ arriv$ safely at ! door4 ,he knock$ l\dly1 r enjoy+ ! idea t ! old fell[ w\ld be fright5$ at ! sudd5 noise4 ,he he>d no movem5t 9 reply3 all 0 sil5ce 9 ! cottage4 ,0 ! weav] gone to b$1 !n8 ,if s1 :y _h he left a light8 ,t 0 a /range =getfulness 9 a mis]4 ,dun/an knock$ /ill m l\dly1 &1 )\t paus+ = a reply1 pu%$ 8 f+]s ?r\gh ! lat*-hole1 int5d+ to %ake ! door & pull ! lat*-/r+ up & d[n1 n d\bt+ t ! door 0 fa/5$4 ,b1 to 8 surprise1 at ?is d\ble motion ! door op5$1 & he f\nd himself 9 front ( a bright fire1 :i* lit up e corn] ( ! cottage--! b$1 ! loom1 ! ?ree *airs1 & ! table--& %[$ him t ,m>n] 0 n !re4#bc ,! c\ntry1 all :ite1 lit up by ! fire1 %one l a clo? ( silv] t9t$ ) r$4 ,a bell1 f> (f1 began to toll4 ,! old ',sauvage' rema9$ /&+ be=e h] ru9$ dwell+1 arm$ ) h] gun1 h] son's gun1 = fe> le/ "o ( ^? m5 might escape4 ,:5 %e saw t x 0 end$1 %e ?rew h] weapon into ! brasi]4 ,a l\d report rang back4 ,p 7 com+1 ! peasants1 ! ,prussians4 ,!y f\nd ! woman seat$ on ! trunk ( a tree1 calm & satisfi$4 ,a ,g]man (fic]1 :o spoke ,fr5* l a son ( ,france1 dem&$ ( h]3-- ',:]e are y\r soldi]s8' ,%e ext5d$ h] ?9 arm t[>ds ! r$ heap ( fire :i* 0 gradually go+ out1 & %e answ]$ ) a /rong voice3-- ',!re6' ,!y cr[d$ r\nd h]4 ,! ,prussian ask$3-- ',h[ did x take fire8' ,%e said3-- ',x 0 ,i :o set x on fire4'#bd ,topic ,s5t5ce4 ,p>agraphs are developm5ts ( a def9ite topic2 & ?is topic is g5]ally ann\nc$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! p>agraph4 ,9 isolat$ p>agraphs1 p>agraphs t are inde$ compositions 9 m9iature1 ! topic-s5t5ce is ! fir/ s5t5ce4 ,! read] is !n advis$ ( ! subject ( ! discussion2 & z s5t5ce aft] s5t5ce passes him1 he c relate x to ! topic1 & ! ?\ght is a cumulative :ole4 ,if ! subject be n ann\nc$1 ! individual s5t5ces mu/ be held 9 m9d until ! read] cat*es ! drift ( ! discussion1 or ! au?or at la/ pres5ts ! topic4 ,bel[ are f\r p>agraphs1 f diff]5t =ms ( disc\rse1 all hav+ ! topic-s5t5ce at ! beg9n+4 ,b success or defeat 0 a m9or matt] to !m1 :o _h only ?\ght = ! safety ( ^? !y lov$4 ,amelia1 at ! news ( ! victory1 became /ill m agitat$ ev5 ?an be=e4 ,%e 0 = go+ t mom5t to ! army4 ,%e bes\ght h] bro!r ) te>s to conduct h] ?i!r4 ,h] d\bts & t]rors rea*$ _! p>oxysm2 & ! poor girl1 :o = _m h\rs _h be5 plung$ into /upor1 rav$ & ran hi!r & ?i!r 9 hy/]ic insanity1--a pite\s sight4 ,no man wri?+ 9 pa9 9 ! h>d-f\ght field fifte5 miles (f1 :]e lay1 aft] _! /ruggles1 s _m ( ! brave--no man suff]$ m ke5ly ?an ?is poor h>mless victim ( ! w>4 ,jos c\ld n be> ! sight ( h] pa94 ,he left 8 si/] 9 ! *>ge ( h] /\t] female companion & desc5d$ once m to ! ?re%old ( ! hotel1 :]e ev]ybody /ill l+]$1 & talk$1 & wait$ = m news4#be ,yet ! fact rema9s t ! honey-bee is ess5tially a wild creature1 & nev] has be5 & _c be ?or\ghly dome/icat$4 ,its prop] home is ! woods1 & ?i!r e new sw>m c\nts on go+2 & ?i!r _m d g 9 spite ( ! c>e & wat*fulness ( ! bee-keep]4 ,if ! woods 9 any giv5 locality are defici5t 9 trees ) suitable cavities1 ! bees resort to all k9ds ( make%ifts2 !y g into *imneys1 into b>ns & ou?\ses1 "u /ones1 into rocks1 & s =?4 ,sev]al *imneys 9 my locality ) disus$ flues are tak5 possession ( by colonies ( bees ne>ly e season4 ,"o day1 :ile bee-hunt+1 ,i develop$ a l9e t w5t t[>d a f>mh\se :]e ,i _h reason to believe no bees 7 kept4 ,i foll[$ x up & que/ion$ ! f>m] ab\t 8 bees4 ,he said he kept no bees1 b t a sw>m _h tak5 possession ( 8 *imney1 & ano!r _h gone "u ! clapbo>ds 9 ! gable end ( 8 h\se4 ,he _h tak5 a l>ge lot ( honey out ( bo? places ! ye> be=e4 ,ano!r f>m] told me t "o day 8 family _h se5 a numb] ( bees exam9+ a knot-hole 9 ! side ( 8 h\se2 ! next day z !y 7 sitt+ d[n to d9n] _! att5tion 0 attract$ by a l\d humm+ noise1 :5 !y discov]$ a sw>m ( bees settl+ ^u ! side ( ! h\se & p\r+ into ! knot-hole4 ,9 subsequ5t ye>s o!r sw>ms came to ! same place4#bf ,x is important1 !re=e1 to hold fa/ to ?is3 t poetry is at bottom a criticism ( life2 t ! greatness ( a poet lies 9 8 p[]ful & beautiful application ( ideas to life1--to ! "q3 ,h[ to live4 ,morals are (t5 treat$ 9 a n>r[ & false fa%ion2 !y are b\nd up ) sy/ems ( ?\ght & belief :i* h _h _! day2 !y h fall5 into ! h&s ( p$ants & pr(essional deal]s2 !y gr[ tiresome to "s ( u4 ,we f9d attraction1 at times1 ev5 9 a poetry ( revolt aga9/ !m2 9 a poetry :i* might take = its motto ,om> ,khayyam's words3 ',let u make up 9 ! tav]n = ! "t :i* we h wa/$ 9 ! mosque4' ,or we f9d attractions 9 a poetry indiff]5t to !m2 9 a poetry :]e ! cont5ts may be :at !y w1 b :]e ! =m is /udi$ & exquisite4 ,we delude ourselves 9 ei!r case2 & ! be/ cure = our delusion is to let our m9ds re/ ^u t great & inexhau/ible ^w life1 until we le>n to ent] into its mean+4 ,a poetry ( revolt aga9/ moral ideas is a poetry ( revolt aga9/ life2 a poetry ( indiff]5ce t[>d moral ideas is a poetry ( indiff]5ce t[>d life4#bg ,! advantages aris+ f a sy/em ( copyright are obvi\s4 ,x is desirable t we %\ld h a supply ( good books3 we _c h su* a supply unless m5 ( lett]s are lib]ally remun]at$2 & ! lea/ objectionable way ( remun]at+ !m is by means ( copyright4 ,y _c dep5d = lit]>y in/ruction & amusem5t on ! leisure ( m5 occupi$ 9 ! pursuits ( active life4 ,su* m5 may occasionally produce compositions ( great m]it4 ,b y mu/ n look to su* m5 = works :i* require deep m$itation & long rese>*4 ,works ( t k9d y c expect only f p]sons :o make lit]ature ! bus9ess ( _! lives4 ,( ^! p]sons few w be f\nd among ! ri* & ! noble4 ,! ri* & ! noble are n impell$ to intellectual ex]tion by necessity4 ,!y may be impell$ to intellectual ex]tion by ! desire ( di/+ui%+ !mselves1 or by ! desire ( b5efit+ ! community4 ,b x is g5]ally )9 ^! walls t !y seek to signalize !mselves & to s]ve _! fell[-creatures4 ,bo? _! ambition & _! public _s1 9 a c\ntry l ?is1 naturally take a political turn4 ,x is !n on m5 ^: pr(ession is lit]ature1 & ^: private means are n ample1 t y mu/ rely = a supply ( valuable books4 ,su* m5 mu/ be remun]at$ = _! lit]>y labor4 ,& !re are only two ways 9 :i* !y c be remun]at$4 ,"o ( ^? ways is patronage2 ! o!r is copyright4#bh ,frequ5tly ! topic-s5t5ce is delay$ until aft] ! connection betwe5 :at 0 said 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph & :at w be said has be5 made4 ,to e/abli% ?is relation requires sometimes b a ^w or a %ort phrase1 & sometimes s5t5ces4 ,9 ^! cases ! topic-s5t5ce foll[s ! transition1 & x may come z late z ! middle ( ! p>agraph4 ,! cr[s we h always ) u1 b x is n e day or e season t "o sees an eagle4 ,h5ce ,i mu/ pres]ve ! memory ( "o ,i saw ! la/ day ,i w5t bee-hunt+4 ,z ,i 0 labor+ up ! side ( a m\nta9 at ! head ( a valley1 ! noble bird sprang f ! top ( a dry tree above me & came sail+ directly ov] my head4 ,i saw him b5d 8 eye d[n ^u me1 & ,i c\ld he> ! l[ hum ( 8 plumage1 z if ! web ( e quill 9 8 great w+s vibrat$ 9 8 /rong1 level flight4 ,i wat*$ him z long z my eye c\ld hold him4 ,:5 he 0 fairly cle> ( ! m\nta9 he began t sweep+ spiral movem5t 9 :i* he climbs ! sky4 ,up & up he w5t )\t once break+ 8 maje/ic poise till he appe>$ to sight "s f>-(f ali5 geography1 :5 he b5t 8 c\rse ?i!rw>d1 & gradually vani%$ 9 ! blue dep?s4 ,! eagle is a bird ( l>ge ideas1 he embraces long di/ances2 ! cont95t is 8 home4 ,i nev] look ^u "o )\t emotion2 ,i foll[ him ) my eye z long z ,i c4 ,i ?9k ( ,canada1 ( ! ,great ,lakes1 ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ( ! wild & s\nd+ sea-coa/4 ,! wat]s are 81 & ! woods & ! inaccessible cliffs4 ,he pi]ces beh9d ! veil ( ! /orm1 & 8 joy is height & dep? & va/ spaces4#bi ,n[ ^! ins9uations & que/ions %all be answ]$ 9 _! prop] places2 "h ,i w b say t ,i scorn & dete/ ly+1 & quibbl+1 & d\ble-tongu$ practice1 & slyness1 & cunn+1 & smoo?ness1 & cant1 & pret5ce1 q z mu* z any ,prote/ants hate !m2 & ,i pray to be kept f ! sn>e ( !m4 ,b all ?is is j n[ by ! bye2 my pres5t subject is my ,accus]2 :at ,i insi/ ^u "h is ?is unmanly attempt ( 81 9 8 conclud+ pages1 to cut ! gr\nd f "u my feet2--to poison by anticipation ! public m9d aga9/ me1 ,john ,h5ry ,newman1 & to infuse into ! imag9ations ( my read]s suspicion & mi/ru/ ( ev]y?+ t ,i may say 9 reply to him4 ,?is ,i call poison+ ! wells4 7,apologia47 ,9 exposition & argum5t1 & sometimes 9 ! o!r =ms ( disc\rse1 ! topic-s5t5ce may be at ! end ( ! p>agraph4 ,?is is = emphasis 9 n>ration & description4 ,9 exposition & argum5t x is bett] to lead up to an unwelcome tru? ?an to ann\nce x at once4 ,?us ! matt] ( life1 s f> z we "k x 7& we h no "r to speculate on any o!r71 breaks up1 9 consequ5ce ( t cont9ual dea? :i* is ! condition ( its manife/+ vitality1 into c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & nitrog5\s comp\nds :i* c]ta9ly possess no prop]ties b ^? ( ord9>y matt]4 ,& out ( ^! same =ms ( ord9>y matt]1 & f none :i* are simpl]1 ! vegetable _w builds up all ! protoplasm :i* keeps ! animal _w a-go+4 ,plants are ! accumulators ( ! p[] :i* animals di/ribute & disp]se4#cj ,no ,topic-,s5t5ce4 ,sometimes no topic-s5t5ce appe>s 9 ! p>agraph4 ,9 su* a case x is easily discov]$2 or at times x is too fragile to be compress$ into any def9ite %ape--a feel+1 or a s5tim5t too delicate1 too volatile = expression4 ,a p>agraph ) no topic-s5t5ce is mo/ common 9 n>ration & description4 ,! tide ( color has ebb$ f ! upp] sky4 ,9 ! we/ ! sea ( sunk5 fire draws back2 & ! />s leap =?1 & tremble1 & retire be=e ! advanc+ moon1 :o slips ! silv] tra9 ( cl\d f h] %\ld]s1 &1 ) h] foot ^u ! p9e-tops1 surveys heav54 7,ri*>d ,fev]el1 by ,george ,m]$i?47 ,! ,plan4 ,:e!r ! topic =m a "p ( ! p>agraph or n1 x %\ld be di/9ctly be=e ! writ]1 & he %\ld write ^u ! topic4 ,no?+ contributes s mu* to ! success ( p>agraphs z a def9ite treatm5t ( "o s+le topic4 ,! p>agraph is ! developm5t1 ! gr[? ( ?is topic1 z ! plant is ! developm5t ( its se$4 ,moreov]1 ! developm5t is accord+ to a def9ite plan4 ,! diff]5t /eps are n usually laid out1 z 0 done 9 ! outl9e ( a !me4 ,g5ung1 9 ! ,practical ,elem5ts ( ,rhetoric1 pres5ts :at he calls a typical =m = a p>agraph4 ,x %[s t a p>agraph :i* is fully develop$ is 9 reality a m9iature !me4 ,x is z foll[s3-- ,! ,subject propos$4 ,i4 ,:atev] is ne$$ to expla9 ! subject4 ,repetition4 ,obv]se4 ,def9ition4 ,,ii4 ,:atev] is ne$$ to e/abli% ! subject4 ,exemplification or detail4 ,illu/ration4 ,pro(4 ,,iii4 ,:atev] is ne$$ to apply ! subject4 ,result or consequ5ce4 ,en=cem5t4 ,summ>y or recapitulation4 ,k9ds ( ,p>agraphs4 ,?is typical =m ( a p>agraph embodies all t p>agraphs may d1 & x is ! logical arrangem5t4 ,h[ev]1 x is r>e1 p]haps x nev] occurs1 t a p>agraph is f\nd hav+ all ^! elem5ts develop$4 ,! purpose det]m9es :i* "p ( a p>agraph %\ld receive ! amplification4 ,if x be n>rative or descriptive1 !re is no def9ition or pro(2 b ! developm5t by details w pr$om9ate4 ,9 an argum5t1 def9ition & pro( w =m ! l>ge "p ( ! p>agraphs4 ,aga91 ! position 9 ! !me det]m9es :at k9d ( a p>agraph %\ld be us$4 ,9 exposition ! fir/ p>agraphs w\ld be devot$ to /at+ ! proposition1 & w\ld !re=e be l>gely giv5 up to def9ition & repetition2 ! body w\ld be especially p>agraphs ( detail & illu/ration2 :ile ! clos+ p>agraph w\ld be tak5 up ) results & a summ>y4 ,z "o ( ! elem5ts ( a p>agraph has be5 especially develop$1 p>agraphs h be5 nam$ p>agraphs ( repetition1#ca ( ! obv]se1 ( details1 ( in/ances or examples1 & ( comp>isons4 ,su* a division is some:at me*anical2 b = purposes ( /udy & = consci\s practice 9 con/ruction x has value4 ,details4 ,! p>agraph ( details is by f> ! mo/ common4 ,x is f\nd 9 all k9ds ( disc\rse4 ,x orig9ates f ! fact t p]sons g5]ally give ! g5]al tru? fir/ & foll[ ?is /atem5t ) ! details or p>ticul>s4 ,:e!r ! /orytell] beg9s by say+1 ,n[ ,i'll tell y j h[ !y happ5$ to be !re2 or ! travel] writes1 ,f ! ,place de la ,concorde "o has ab\t him magnific5t views1 or ,!re 7 _m un=tunate circum/ances ab\t ! ,dreyfus affair2 9 ea* case he w foll[ ! g5]al /atem5t ( ! op5+ s5t5ce ) s5t5ces go+ into p>ticul>s or details4 ,all 0 n[ bu/le & hubbub 9 ! late quiet s*oolroom4 ,! s*ol>s 7 hurri$ ?r\gh _! lessons )\t /opp+ at trifles2 ^? :o 7 nimble skipp$ ov] half ) impunity1 & ^? :o 7 t>dy _h a sm>t application n[ & !n 9 ! re>1 to quick5 _! spe$ or help !m ov] a tall ^w4 ,books 7 flung aside )\t be+ put away on ! %elves1 ink/&s 7 ov]turn$1 b5*es ?r[n d[n1 & ! :ole s*ool 0 turn$ loose an h\r be=e ! usual "t1 bur/+ =? l a legion ( "y imps1 yelp+ & racket+ ab\t ! gre5 9 joy at _! e>ly emancipation4#cb ,x 0 t[>d ev5+ t ,i*abod arriv$ at ! ca/le ( ! ,he] ,van ,tassel1 :i* he f\nd ?rong$ ) ! pride & fl[] ( ! adjac5t c\ntry4 ,old f>m]s1 a sp>e lea!rn-fac$ race1 9 homespun coats & bree*es1 blue /ock+1 huge %oes1 & magnific5t pewt] buckles4 ,_! brisk1 )]$ little dames1 9 close crimp$ caps1 long-wai/$ %ort-g[ns1 homespun petticoats1 ) scissors & p9cu%ions1 & gay calico pockets hang+ on ! outside4 ,buxom lasses1 almo/ z antiquat$ z _! mo!rs1 except+ :]e a /raw hat1 a f9e ribbon1 or p]haps a :ite frock gave symptoms ( city innovation4 ,! sons1 9 %ort squ>e-skirt$ coats1 ) r[s ( /up5d\s brass buttons1 & _! hair g5]ally queu$ 9 ! fa%ion ( ! times1 especially if !y c\ld procure an eelsk9 = ! purpose1 x be+ e/eem$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry z a pot5t n\ri%] & /r5g!n] ( ! hair4#cb ,! enemies ( ! ,p>liam5t1 inde$1 r>ely *oose to take issue 9 ! great po9ts ( ! "q4 ,!y cont5t !mselves ) expos+ "s ( ! crimes & follies to :i* public commotions necess>ily give bir?4 ,!y bewail ! unm]it$ fate ( ,/raf=d4 ,!y execrate ! lawless viol5ce ( ! army4 ,!y laugh at ! scriptural names ( ! prea*]s4 ,major-g5]als fleec+ _! di/ricts2 soldi]s revel+ on ! spoils ( a ru9$ peasantry2 up/>ts1 enri*$ by ! public plund]1 tak+ possession ( ! hospitable firesides & h]$it>y trees ( ! old g5try2 boys sma%+ ! beautiful w9d[s ( ca!drals2 ,quak]s rid+ nak$ ?r\gh ! m>ket-place2 ,fif?-mon>*y m5 %\t+ = ,k+ ,jesus2 agitators lectur+ f ! tops ( tubs on ! fate ( ,agag1--all ^!1 !y tell u1 7 ! (fspr+ ( ! great ,rebellion4#cc ,9 n>ration & 9 a %ort p>agraph ( description ?is p>agraph ( details is frequ5tly )\t a topic-s5t5ce4 ,! circum/ances t make up a transaction are gr\p$1 b !re is no ne$ ( writ+1 ,i w n[ detail ?is4 ,9 ! foll[+1 s9ce ! p>agraph is pla9ly ab\t ! prep>ation = ! fight1 x is unnecess>y to say s4 ,su* a pat5t /atem5t w\ld h9d] ! movem5t ( ! /ory4 ,alan drew a dirk1 :i* he held 9 8 left h& 9 case !y %\ld run 9 "u 8 sword4 ,i1 on my "p1 clamb]$ up into ! b]? ) an armful ( pi/ols & some?+ ( a heavy he>t1 & set op5 ! w9d[ :]e ,i 0 to wat*4 ,x 0 a small "p ( ! deck t ,i c\ld ov]look1 b en\gh = our purpose4 ,! sea _h gone d[n1 & ! w9d 0 /eady & kept ! sails quiet2 s t !re 0 a great /illness on ! %ip1 9 :i* ,i made sure ,i he>d ! s\nd ( mutt]+ voices4 ,a little aft]1 & !re came a cla% ( /eel ^u ! deck1 by :i* ,i knew !y 7 deal+ out ! cutlasses1 & "o _h be5 let fall2 & aft] t sil5ce aga94#cd ,comp>isons4 ,! p>agraph ( comp>isons tells :at a ?+ is l & :at a ?+ is n l4 ,x is mu* us$ 9 description & exposition4 ,x is (t5 ! cle>e/ way to describe an object or to expla9 a proposition4 ,"o ?+ may be lik5$ to a numb] ( ?+s1 draw+ f ea* a quality t m def9itely pictures x2 or x may be comp>$ ) b "o1 & ! lik5ess may be foll[$ out to ! limit ( its value4 ,9 ! same mann] x is (t5 ( value to tell :at a ?+ or a proposition does n resemble1 to contra/ x ) "o or m ideas1 & by ?is means exclude :at might o!rwise be confus+4 ,note t aft] ! negative comp>ison ! p>agraph closes ) :at x is l1 or :at x is4 ,f ,macaulay's long comp>ison ( ! writ+s ( ,milton & ,dante1 "o p>agraph is en\gh to illu/rate ! use ( contra/4 ,n[ let u comp>e ) ! exact details ( ,dante ! dim intimations ( ,milton4 ,we w cite a few examples4 ,! ,engli% poet has nev] ?\ght ( tak+ ! measure ( ,satan4 ,he gives u m]ely a vague idea ( va/ bulk4 ,9 "o passage ! fi5d lies /ret*$ out1 huge 9 l5g?1 float+ _m a rood1 equal 9 size to ! e>?-born enemies ( ,jove1 or to ! sea mon/] :i* ! m>9] mi/akes = an isl&4 ,:5 he addresses himself to battle aga9/ ! gu>dian angels1 he /&s l ,t5]iffe or ,atlas2 8 /ature rea*es ! sky4 ,contra/ ) ^! descriptions ! l9es 9 :i* ,dante has describ$ ! gigantic spectre ( ,nimrod3 ',8 face seem$ to me z long & z broad z ! ball ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 & 8 o!r limbs 7 9 proportion2 s t ! bank1 :i* conceal$ him f ! wai/ d[nw>ds1 nev]!less %[$ s mu* ( him t ?ree tall ,g]mans w\ld 9 va9 h attempt$ to rea* to 8 hair4' 7,essay on ,milton47 ,! foll[+ indicates ! use ( simil>ity4 ,x is ! "* ( su* revolutions t we always see ! wor/ ( !m at fir/4 ,till m5 h be5 "s "t free1 !y "k n h[ to use _! fre$om4 ,! natives ( w9e c\ntries are g5]ally sob]4 ,9 climates :]e w9e is a r>ity intemp]ance ab\nds4 ,a newly lib]at$ p may be comp>$ to a nor!rn army encamp$ on ! ,rh9e or ! ,x]es4 ,x is said t1 :5 soldi]s 9 su* a situation fir/ f9d !mselves able to indulge )\t re/ra9t 9 su* a r>e & exp5sive luxury1 no?+ is to be se5 b intoxication4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 pl5ty tea*es discretion1 &1 aft] w9e has be5 = a few mon?s _! daily f>e1 !y become m temp]ate ?an !y _h ev] be5 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! f9al & p]man5t fruits ( lib]ty are wisdom1 mod]ation1 & m]cy4 ,its imm$iate effects are (t5 atroci\s crimes1 conflict+ errors1 skepticism on po9ts ! mo/ cle>1 dogmatism on po9ts ! mo/ my/]i\s4 ,x is j at ?is crisis t its enemies love to exhibit x4 ,!y pull d[n ! scaffold+ f ! half-f9i%$ edifice2 !y po9t to ! fly+ du/1 ! fall+ bricks1 ! com=tless rooms1 ! frightful irregul>ity ( ! :ole appe>ance1 & !n ask 9 scorn :]e ! promis$ spl5dor & com=t is to be f\nd4 ,if su* mis]able sophisms 7 to prevail1 !re w\ld nev] be a good h\se or a good gov]nm5t 9 ! _w4 7,essay on ,milton1 by ,"l ,macaulay47 ,repetition4 ,a ?ird me?od ( develop+ a p>agraph f a topic-s5t5ce is by repetition4 ,simply to repeat 9 o!r words w\ld be useless r$undancy2 b s to repeat t ) ea* repetition ! ?\ght broad5s or deep5s is valuable 9 propos+ a subject or expla9+ x4 ,no p]son has atta9$ great] skill 9 repetition ?an ,mat!w ,arnold1 & mu* ( 8 cle>ness comes f 8 repetition1 (t5 ( ! v same phrases4 ,wordswor? has be5 9 8 grave = "s ?irty ye>s1 & c]ta9ly 8 lov]s & admir]s _c flatt] !mselves t ?is great & /eady light ( glory z yet %9es ov] him4 ,he is n fully recogniz$ at home2 he is n recogniz$ at all abroad4 ,yet ,i firmly believe t ! poetical p]=mance ( ,wordswor? is1 aft] t ( ,%akespe>e & ,milton1 ( :i* all ! _w n[ recognizes ! wor?1 und\bt$ly ! mo/ consid]able 9 our language f ! ,elizabe?an age to ! pres5t "t4 ,*auc] is ant]ior2 & on o!r gr\nds1 too1 he _c well be br\ght into ! comp>ison4 ,b tak+ ! roll ( our *ief poetical names1 besides ,%akespe>e & ,milton1 f ! age ( ,elizabe? d[nw>ds1 & go+ ?r\gh x1--,sp5s]1 ,dryd51 ,pope1 ,gray1 ,goldsmi?1 ,c[p]1 ,burns1 ,col]idge1 ,scott1 ,campbell1 ,moore1 ,byron1 ,%elley1 ,keats 7,i m5tion ^? only :o are dead71--,i ?9k x c]ta9 t ,wordswor?'s "n des]ves to /&1 & w f9ally /&1 above !m all4 ,sev]al ( ! poets nam$ h gifts & excell5cies :i* ,wordswor? has n4 ,b tak+ ! p]=mance ( ea* z a :ole1 ,i say t ,wordswor? seems to me to h left a body ( poetical "w sup]ior 9 p[]1 9 int]e/1 9 ! qualities :i* give endur+ fre%ness1 to t :i* any "o ( ! o!rs has left4 7,essay on ,wordswor?1 by ,mat!w ,arnold47 ,p]haps no p]son c be a poet1 or c ev5 enjoy poetry1 )\t a c]ta9 uns\ndness ( m9d1 if any?+ :i* gives s mu* pleasure ought to be call$ uns\ndness4 ,by poetry we mean n all writ+ 9 v]se1 nor ev5 all good writ+ 9 v]se4 ,our def9ition excludes _m metrical compositions :i*1 on o!r gr\nds1 des]ve ! highe/ praise4 ,by poetry1 we mean ! art ( employ+ words 9 su* a mann] z to produce an illusion on ! imag9ation1 ! art ( do+ by means ( words :at ! pa9t] does by means ( colors4 ,?us ! greate/ ( ! poets has describ$ x1 9 l9es univ]sally admir$ = ! vigor & felicity ( _! diction1 & /ill m valuable on acc\nt ( ! j notion :i* !y convey ( ! art 9 :i* he excell$3-- ',z imag9ation bodies =? ,! =ms ( ?+s unkn[n1 ! poet's p5 ,turns !m to %apes1 & gives to airy no?+ ,a local habitation & a "n4' ,^! are ! fruits ( ! 'f9e fr5zy' :i* he ascribes to ! poet1--a f9e fr5zy1 d\btless1 b /ill a fr5zy4 ,tru?1 inde$1 is ess5tial to poetry1 b x is ! tru? ( madness4 ,! reason+s are j1 b ! premises are false4 ,aft] ! fir/ suppositions h be5 made1 ev]y?+ ought to be consi/5t2 b ^? fir/ suppositions require a degree ( cr$ulity :i* almo/ am\nts to a p>tial & tempor>y d]angem5t ( ! intellect4 ,h5ce1 ( all p1 *ildr5 are ! mo/ imag9ative4 ,!y ab&on !mselves )\t res]ve to e illusion4 ,e image :i* is /rongly pres5t$ to _! m5tal eye produces 9 !m ! effect ( reality4 ,no man1 :atev] 8 s5sibility may be1 is ev] affect$ by ,hamlet or ,le> z a little girl is affect$ by ! /ory ( poor ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood4 ,%e kn[s x is all false1 t wolves _c speak1 t !re are no wolves 9 ,engl&4 ,yet 9 spite ( h] k %e believes2 %e weeps2 %e trembles2 %e d>es n g into a d>k room le/ %e %\ld feel ! tee? ( ! mon/] at h] ?roat4 ,su* is ! despotism ( ! imag9ation ov] uncultivat$ m9ds4 7,essay on ,milton1 by ,macaulay47 ,obv]se4 ,a f\r? me?od ( build+ up a p>agraph f a topic-s5t5ce consi/s 9 tell+ :at x is n2 t is1 giv+ ! obv]se4 ,?is is v effective 9 argum5t1 & is employ$ 9 exposition & description4 ,! obv]se usually foll[s a positive /atem5t1 & aga9 is foll[$ by ! affirmative2 t is1 fir/ :at x is1 !n :at x is n1 & la/1 :at x is aga94 ,9 ! foll[+ description by ,rusk91 ! me?od appe>s & reappe>s4 ,notice ! nots & buts1 indicat+ ! *ange f ! negative to ! positive /atem5t4 ,x w\ld be a sacrilege to omit ! la/ p>agraph1 ?\gh x does n illu/rate ?is mann] ( developm5t4 ,= all o!r riv]s !re is a surface1 & an und]nea?1 & a vaguely displeas+ idea ( ! bottom4 ,b ! ,rhone fl[s l "o lamb5t jewel2 its surface is n[h]e1 its e!real self is ev]y:]e1 ! iridesc5t ru% & transluc5t /r5g? ( x blue to ! %ore1 & radiant to ! dep?4 ,fifte5 feet ?ick1 n ( fl[+1 b fly+ wat]2 n wat]1 nei!r--melt$ glaci]1 r1 "o %\ld call x2 ! =ce ( ! ice is ) x1 & ! wrea?+ ( ! cl\ds1 ! gladness ( ! sky1 & ! cont9uance ( ,"t4 ,waves ( cle> sea are1 inde$1 lovely to wat*1 b !y are always com+ or gone1 nev] 9 any tak5 %ape to be se5 = a second4 ,b "h 0 "o mighty wave t 0 always itself1 & e flut$ swirl ( x1 con/ant z ! wrea?+ ( a %ell4 ,no wa/+ away ( ! fall5 foam1 no pause = ga!r+ ( p[]1 no helpless ebb ( disc\rag$ recoil2 b alike ?r\gh bright day & lull+ night1 ! nev]-paus+ plunge1 & nev]-fad+ fla%1 & nev]-hu%+ :isp]1 &1 :ile ! sun 0 up1 ! ev]-answ]+ gl[ ( une>?ly aquam>9e1 ultram>9e1 violet-blue1 g5tian-blue1 peacock-blue1 riv]-(-p>adise blue1 glass ( a pa9t$ w9d[ melt$ 9 ! sun1 & ! wit* ( ! ,alps fl++ ! spun tresses ( x =ev] f h] sn[4 ,! innoc5t way1 too1 9 :i* ! riv] us$ to /op to look into e little corn]4 ,great torr5ts always seem angry1 & great riv]s are (t5 too sull52 b !re is no ang]1 no disda9 9 ! ,rhone4 ,x seem$ z if ! m\nta9 /ream 0 9 m]e bliss at recov]+ itself aga9 out ( ! lake-sleep1 & rac$ because x rejoic$ 9 rac+1 fa9 yet to return & /ay4 ,!re 7 pieces ( wave t danc$ all day1 z if ,p]dita 7 look+ on to le>n2 !re 7 little /reams t skipp$ l lambs & leap$ l *amois2 !re 7 pools t %ook ! sun%9e all ?r\gh !m1 & 7 rippl$ 9 lay]s ( ov]laid ripples1 l cry/al s&2 !re 7 curr5ts t twi/$ ! light into gold5 braids1 & inlaid ! ?reads ) turquoise enamel2 !re 7 /rips ( /ream t _h c]ta9ly above ! lake be5 mill-/ream1 & 7 look+ busily = mills to turn aga92 & !re 7 %oots ( /ream t _h once %ot fe>fully into ! air1 & n[ sprang up aga91 laugh+1 t !y _h only fall5 a foot or two2--& 9 ! mid/ ( all ! gay glitt]+ & eddi$ l+]+1 ! noble be>+ by ( ! midmo/ dep?1 s mighty1 yet s t]rorless & h>mless1 ) its swall[s skimm+ 9 spite ( petrels1 & ! de> old decrepit t[n z safe 9 ! embrac+ sweep ( x z if x 7 set 9 a broo* ( sapphires4#ce ,?is extract f ,burke's spee* is a good example ( ! same me?od4 ,i put ?is consid]ation ( ! pres5t & ! gr[+ numb]s 9 ! front ( our delib]ation1 because1 ,sir1 ?is consid]ation w make x evid5t to a blunt] disc]nm5t ?an y\rs1 t no p>tial1 n>r[1 contract$1 p9*$1 occasional sy/em w be at all suitable to su* an object4 ,x w %[ y t x is n to be consid]$ z "o ( ^? m9ima :i* are out ( ! eye & consid]ation ( ! law2 n a paltry excresc5ce ( ! /ate2 n a mean dep5d5t1 :o may be neglect$ ) little damage & provok$ ) little dang]4 ,x w prove t "s degree ( c>e & caution is requir$ 9 ! h&l+ su* an object2 x w %[ t y ought n1 9 reason1 to trifle ) s l>ge a mass ( ! int]e/s & feel+s ( ! human race4 ,y c\ld at no "t d s )\t guilt2 & be assur$ y w n be able to d x long ) impunity4#cf ,examples4 ,a fif? me?od ( exp&+ a topic is by means ( illu/rations & examples4 ,x is us$ l>gely 9 e/abli%+ or en=c+ a proposition4 ,! au?or selects "o example1 or p]haps m ?an "o1 to illu/rate 8 proposition4 ,note ! words t may introduce specific in/ances3 = example1 = in/ance1 to illu/rate1 a case 9 po9t1 & s =?4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! foll[+ quotations1 ,c>d9al ,newman is %[+ t simply to acquire is n true m5tal enl>gem5t4 ,! p>agraph is made up ( a s]ies ( in/ances4 ,! second p>agraph is by ,macaulay4 ,! case is ! same /ill m /rik+ly :5 ! p]sons 9 "q are beyond dispute m5 ( inf]ior p[]s & defici5t education4 ,p]haps !y h be5 mu* 9 =eign c\ntries1 & !y receive1 9 a passive1 otiose1 unfruitful way1 ! v>i\s facts :i* are =c$ ^u !m !re4 ,seaf>+ m51 = example1 range f "o end ( ! e>? to ! o!r2 b ! multiplicity ( ext]nal objects :i* !y h enc\nt]$ =ms no symmetrical & consi/5t picture ^u _! imag9ation2 !y see ! tape/ry ( human life1 z x 71 on ! wrong side1 & x tells no /ory4 ,!y sleep1 & !y rise up1 & !y f9d !mselves1 n[ 9 ,europe1 n[ 9 ,asia2 !y see visions ( great cities & wild regions2 !y are 9 ! m>ts ( comm]ce1 or amid ! isl&s ( ! ,s\?2 !y gaze on ,pompey's ,pill>1 or on ! ,&es2 & no?+ :i* meets !m c>ries !m =w>d or backw>d1 to any idea beyond itself4 ,no?+ has a drift or relation2 no?+ has a hi/ory or a promise4 ,ev]y?+ /&s by itself & comes & goes 9 its turn1 l ! %ift+ sc5es ( a %[1 :i* leave ! spectator :]e he 04 ,p]haps y are ne> su* a man on a p>ticul> occasion1 & expect him to be %ock$ or p]plex$ at some?+ :i* occurs2 b "o ?+ is mu* ! same to him z ano!r2 or1 if he is p]plex$1 x is z n kn[+ :at to say1 :e!r x is "r to admire1 or to ridicule1 or to disapprove1 :ile consci\s t "s expression ( op9ion is expect$ f him2 = 9 fact he has no /&>d ( judgm5t at all1 & no l&m>ks to guide him to a conclusion4 ,su* is m]e acquisition1 &1 ,i repeat1 no "o w\ld dream ( call+ x philosophy4 7,idea ( a ,univ]sity1 by ,c>d9al ,newman47 ,i w give ano!r in/ance4 ,"o ( ! mo/ in/ructive1 int]e/+1 & delightful books 9 our language is ,boswell's ',life ( ,johnson4' ,n[ x is well kn[n t ,boswell's elde/ son consid]$ ?is book1 consid]$ ! :ole relation ( ,boswell to ,johnson1 z a blot 9 ! escut*eon ( ! family4 ,he ?\ght1 n p]haps altoge!r )\t reason1 t 8 fa!r _h exhibit$ himself 9 a ludicr\s & degrad+ light4 ,& ?us he became s sore & irritable t at la/ he c\ld n be> to he> ! ',life ( ,johnson' m5tion$4 ,suppose t ! law _h be5 :at my honorable & le>n$ fri5d wi%es to make x4 ,suppose t ! copyright ( ,boswell's ',life ( ,johnson' _h belong$1 z x well might1 dur+ sixty ye>s1 to ,boswell's elde/ son4 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! consequ5ce8 ,an unadult]at$ copy ( ! f9e/ biographical "w 9 ! _w w\ld h be5 z sc>ce z ! fir/ edition ( ,camd5's ',britannia4' 7,spee*1 ,copyright1 by ,macaulay47 ,comb9es ,two or ,m ,=ms4 ,z 0 said at ! beg9n+1 a p>agraph is seldom made exclusively ( "o =m4 ,"o "p ( ! typical p>agraph is usually develop$ m ?an any o!r & gives to ! p>agraph its "* & its "n4 ,by f> ! mo/ common v>iety ( p>agraph is t :i* comb9es two or m ( ! o!r =ms4 ,x is n necess>y to cite examples2 !y are ev]y:]e4 ,?\gh comb9ation is ! commone/ me?od ( developm5t1 x %\ld be gu>d$4 ,x is a poor p>agraph t comb9es ! =ms indiscrim9ately4 ,x %\ld foll[ "s plan2 & ! be/ plan is ! "o already giv5 9 ! typical p>agraph4 ,all p>agraphs1 :atev] be ! special me?od ( developm5t1 are gov]n$ by ! ?ree pr9ciples :i* h guid$ 9 ! /ructure ( :ole compositions4 ,:e!r ! purpose be to prove or to n>rate1 to en=ce a conclusion or to illu/rate1 if a p>agraph is to produce its greate/ effect1 x %\ld h unity1 x %\ld be well mass$1 & x %\ld be coh]5t4 ,x is n necess>y n[ to def9e unity 9 a p>agraph2 ! ne$ is r to notice ! (f5ses aga9/ x t frequ5tly occur4 ,!y are manife/ly two3 too mu* may be includ$1 & n all may be includ$4 ,! accompany+ circum/ance ( ! "o1 n necess>ily ! cause1 h[ev]1 is (t5 a v long p>agraph1 & ( ! o!r a %ort p>agraph4 ,unity4 ,violations ( ! unity ( a p>agraph mo/ frequ5tly result f includ+ m ?an belongs !re4 ,! !me has be5 select$2 x is n>r[ & concise4 ,:5 "o beg9s to write1 _m ?+s cr[d 9 pell-mell4 ,impressions1 :i* come & g1 we h>dly "k h[ or :y1 are ! only products ( mo/ m9ds4 ,impressions1 n %ap$ & logical ?\ghts1 make up ! mix$ confusion frequ5tly call$ a !me4 ,! writ] puts d[n en\gh ( ^! impressions to make a p>agraph1 & !n goes on to d x aga91 fancy+ t s he is really p>agraph+4 ,ev5 %\ld he keep )9 ! limits ( 8 !me1 he _c 9 ?is way p>agraph4 ,z ev]y?+ ^u a subject does n belong 9 a !me1 s ev]y?+ 9 a !me may n be introduc$ indiscrim9ately into any p>agraph4 ,! o!r dang] lies 9 ! %ort p>agraph4 ,x does n all[ a writ] room to say all he has to say ^u ! topic1 s x runs ov] into ! next p>agraph4 ,all ( ! ?\ght-p>agraph %\ld appe> 9 "o division on ! page4 ,?is error is n s common z ! =m]4 ,examples ( ea* are to be f\nd on pages #aeb-aeg4 ,ne$ ( ,outl9e4 ,! rem$y = ?is confusion cle>ly is h>d ?9k+2 & a great assi/ance is ! outl9e4 ,be=e a ^w is writt51 ?9k ?r\gh ! !me2 get cle>ly ! purpose ( ea* p>agraph 9 ! developm5t ( ! :ole4 ,!n write j :at ! p>agraph 0 int5d$ to include1 & no m4 ,m w be sugge/$ because ! p>ts ( a :ole !me are all closely relat$1 b t m belongs some:]e else4 ,make a %>p outl9e1 & foll[ x4 ,mass4 ,a p>agraph %\ld be s arrang$ t ! p>ts :i* arre/ ! eye w be important4#cg ,:5 a p]son glances d[n a page1 8 eye re/s ^u ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ea* p>agraph4 ,a read] go+ rapidly ?r\gh an article to get :at he wants ( x does n read religi\sly e ^w2 he kn[s t he w be direct$ to ! cont5ts ( ea* p>agraph by ! fir/ & la/ s5t5ces4 ,if a writ] consid]s 8 read]s1 if he desires to arrange 8 p>agraph s t x w be mo/ effective1 he w h at ^! po9ts su* s5t5ces z w accurately indicate its cont5ts & ! tr5d ( ! discussion2 & he w =m ^! s5t5ces s well t !y w des]ve ! att5tion :i* is giv5 !m by reason ( _! position 9 ! p>agraph4 ,:at beg9s & :at ends a ,p>agraph8 ,:at are ! words t des]ve ! di/9ction ( op5+ & clos+ a p>agraph8 ,z 9 ! !me1 s 9 a p>agraph1 ! fir/ ?+ is to ann\nce ! subject ( discussion4 ,:5 ! subject is simply ann\nc$ )\t giv+ any indication z to ! drift ( ! discussion1 ! conclusion ( ! discussion is g5]ally /at$ 9 ! la/ s5t5ce4 ,burke says1 ,! fir/ ?+ we h to consid] ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! object is ! numb] ( p 9 ! colonies4 ,he concludes ! p>agraph )1 ,:il/ we are discuss+ any giv5 magnitude1 !y are gr[n to x4 ,:il/ we sp5d our "t 9 delib]at+ on ! mode ( gov]n+ two millions1 we %all f9d we h millions m to manage4 ,y\r *ildr5 d n gr[ fa/] f infancy to manhood ?an !y spread f families to communities1 & f villages to nations4 ,9 o!r cases ! op5+ s5t5ce /ates ! conclusion at :i* ! p>agraph w arrive4 ,!n ! clos+ s5t5ce may be a repetition ( ! op5+ or topic s5t5ce2 or x may be "o ( ! po9ts us$ to exemplify or e/abli% ! proposition :i* op5s ! p>agraph4 ,aga91 9 a %ort p>agraph ! topic ne$ n be ann\nc$ at ! beg9n+2 9 ?is case x %\ld be giv5 9 ! conclud+ s5t5ce4 ,or1 %\ld ! topic be giv5 9 ! op5+ s5t5ce ( a %ort p>agraph1 x is unnecess>y to repeat x at ! end4 ,9 any case1 :e!r ! p>agraph op5s ) a simple ann\ncem5t ( ! topic to be discuss$1 or ) ! conclusion :i* ! p>agraph aims to expla91 e/abli%1 or illu/rate1 or :e!r x closes ) ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]1 or ) "o ( ! ma9 po9ts 9 ! developm5t1 ! s5t5ces at ! beg9n+ & ! end ( a p>agraph %\ld be /rong s5t5ces wor?y ( _! di/+ui%$ position4 ,9 ! fir/ p>agraph bel[1 !re is a proposition 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce & its repetition 9 ! la/4 ,9 ! two foll[+1 ?\gh !y close ) no g5]al /atem5t1 ! specific ass]tions us$ to sub/antiate & illu/rate ! fir/ s5t5ces are /rong & c>ry 9 !mselves ! tru? ( ! topic-s5t5ce4 ,! eloqu5ce ( ,mr4 ,adams resembl$ 8 g5]al "*1 & =m$1 inde$1 a "p ( x4 ,x 0 bold1 manly1 & en]getic2 & su* ! crisis requir$4 ,:5 public bodies are to be address$ on mom5t\s occasions1 :5 great int]e/s are at /ake1 & /rong passions excit$1 no?+ is valuable 9 spee* f>!r ?an z x is connect$ ) high intellectual & moral end[m5ts4 ,cle>ness1 =ce1 & e>ne/ness are ! qualities :i* produce conviction4 ,true eloqu5ce1 inde$1 does n consi/ 9 spee*4 ,x _c be br\ght f f>4 ,labor & le>n+ may toil = x1 b !y w toil 9 va94 ,words & phrases may be m>%al$ 9 e way1 b !y _c compass x4 ,x mu/ exi/ 9 ! man1 9 ! subject1 & 9 ! occasion4 ,affect$ passion1 int5se expression1 ! pomp ( declamation1 all may aspire to x2 !y _c rea* x4 ,x comes1 if x come at all1 l ! outbreak+ ( a f\nta9 f ! e>?1 or ! bur/+ =? ( volcanic fires1 ) spontane\s1 orig9al1 native =ce4 ,! graces taught 9 ! s*ools1 ! co/ly ornam5ts & /udi$ contrivances ( spee*1 %ock & disgu/ m5 :5 _! own lives & ! fate ( _! wives1 _! *ildr51 & _! c\ntry hang on ! decision ( ! h\r4 ,!n words h lo/ _! p[]1 rhetoric is va91 & all elaborate oratory contemptible4 ,ev5 g5ius itself !n feels rebuk$ & subdu$1 z 9 ! pres5ce ( high] qualities4 ,!n patriotism is eloqu5t2 !n self-devotion is eloqu5t4 ,! cle> conception1 outrunn+ ! d$uctions ( logic1 ! high purpose1 ! firm resolve1 ! dauntless _s1 speak+ on ! tongue1 beam+ f ! eye1 in=m+ e feature1 & urg+ ! :ole man onw>d1 "r onw>d to 8 object--?is1 ?is is eloqu5ce3 or r x is some?+ great] & high] ?an all eloqu5ce2 x is action1 noble1 sublime1 godlike action4#ch ,! prejudic$ man travels1 & !n ev]y?+ he sees 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries only s]ves to make him m ?ankful t 8 notions are s true2 & ! m he sees ( ,pop]y1 ! m abom9able he feels x to be4 ,if !re is any s91 any evil 9 a =eign population1 ?\gh x be f\nd among ,prote/ants also1 /ill ,pop]y is cle>ly ! cause ( x4 ,if great cities are ! s*ools ( vice1 x is ow+ to ,pop]y4 ,if ,sunday is pr(an$1 if !re is a c>nival1 x is ! fault ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,!n1 !re are no private h\ses1 z 9 ,engl&2 families live 9 /aircases2 see :at x is to belong to a ,popi% c\ntry4 ,:y d ! ,roman labor]s :eel _! b>r[s s sl[ 9 ! ,=um8 :y d ! ,lazz>oni ( ,naples lie s li/lessly on ! bea*8 :y1 b because !y are "u ! mal>ia ( a false religion4 ,rage1 z is well kn[n1 is 9 ! ,roman l a fall+ sickness1 almo/ z if 8 w _h no "p 9 x & he _h no responsibility2 see :at x is to be a ,papi/4 ,bloodlett+ is z frequ5t & z mu* a matt] ( c\rse 9 ! ,s\? z hair-cutt+ 9 ,engl&2 x is a trick borr[$ f ! conv5ts1 :5 !y wi% to tame d[n refractory spirits4#ci ,excuse me1 ,sir1 if turn+ f su* ?\ghts ,i resume ?is comp>ative view once m4 ,y h se5 x on a l>ge scale2 look at x on a small "o4 ,i w po9t out to y\r att5tion a p>ticul> in/ance ( x 9 ! s+le prov9ce ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 ! ye> #agjd t prov9ce call$ = ,l#aa1dei 9 value ( y\r commodities1 native & =eign4 ,?is 0 ! :ole4 ,:at did x dem& 9 #aggb8 ,:y1 ne>ly fifty times z mu*2 = 9 t ye> ! export to ,p5nsylvania 0 ,l#ejg1iji1 ne>ly equal to ! export to all ! colonies toge!r 9 ! fir/ p]iod4#dj ,! foll[+ illu/rates ! weakness ( clos+ ) a specific in/ance :5 x does n rise to ! level ( ! rema9d] ( a p>agraph4 ,! la/ s5t5ce w\ld bett] be omitt$4 ,we (t5 he> ( ! magical influ5ce ( poetry4 ,! expression 9 g5]al means no?+2 b1 appli$ to ! writ+s ( ,milton1 x is mo/ appropriate4 ,8 poetry acts l an incantation4 ,its m]it lies less 9 its obvi\s mean+ ?an 9 its occult p[]4 ,!re w\ld seem1 at fir/ sight1 to be no m 9 8 words ?an 9 o!r words4 ,b !y are words ( en*antm5t4 ,no soon] are !y pron\nc$ ?an ! pa/ is pres5t & ! di/ant ne>4 ,new =ms ( beauty />t at once into exi/5ce1 & all ! burial-places ( memory give up _! dead4 ,*ange ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ce1 sub/itute "o synonym = ano!r1 & ! :ole effect is de/roy$4 ,! spell loses its p[]2 & he :o %\ld !n hope to conjure ) x w\ld f9d himself z mu* mi/ak5 z ,cassim 9 ! ,arabian tale1 :5 he /ood cry+1 ',op5 ,:eat1' ',op5 ,b>ley1' to ! door :i* obey$ no s\nd b ',op5 ,sesame4' ,9 ! mis]able failure ( ,dryd5 9 8 attempt to translate into 8 own diction "s p>ts ( ! ',p>adise ,lo/' is a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is4 7,essay on ,milton1 by ,macaulay47 ,l5g? ( op5+ & clos+ ,s5t5ces4 ,by exam9ation1 "o f9ds t ! fir/ s5t5ce ( a p>agraph ( exposition & ( argum5t is usually a t]se /atem5t ( ! proposition2 & t aft] ! proposition has be5 e/abli%$ !re foll[s a long] s5t5ce ga!r+ up all ! po9ts ( ! discussion into a full1 r\nd$ p]iod :i* =ms a suitable climax & conclusion ( ! p>agraph4 ,( ,macaulay's ,milton "o is q inside ! tru? :5 he says t ( ^? p>agraphs conta9+ an op5+ topic-s5t5ce & its re/atem5t z a conclusion1 ! clos+ s5t5ce is ! long] 9 ! ratio ( two to "o4 ,9 ,burke's ,conciliation1 ! ratio rises z high z f\r to "o4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions to ! rule4 ,p>agraphs sometimes close ) a %ort] /atem5t ( ! proposition1 a sort ( aphorism or epigram4 ,z ?is k9d ( s5t5ce is fasc9at+1 "s books h said t p>agraphs %\ld close s2 t x is l crack+ a :ip1 & gives a snap to ! p>agraph n ga9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,ev5 if read]s enjoy$ hav+ p>agraphs close 9 ?is crack+ mann]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t n all conclusions are capable ( su* a /atem5t1 &1 :at is worse1 t ! t5d5cy to seek = epigrams leads to untru? & a deg5]at$ =m ( witticism4 ,su* =c$ s5t5ces are only half tru?s1 or !y are a bit ( *eap rep>tee4 ,su* a close is effective1 if ! :ole tru? c be s express$2 b to seek = su* s5t5ces is dang]\s4 ,! be/ rule is ! "o already /at$2 x applies to ! long s5t5ce & ! %ort s5t5ce alike4 ,x is t a p>agraph %\ld close ) words t des]ve di/9ction4 ,proportion4 ,! body ( a p>agraph %\ld h ! matt] s proportion$ t ! m important po9ts %all receive ! long] treatm5t4 ,9 a p>agraph ( pro(1 details1 or comp>ison1 t po9t 9 ! pro(1 t p>ticul>1 t "p ( ! comp>ison1 :i* = ! specific purpose has mo/ significance1 %\ld h proportionately full] treatm5t4 ,x is ! same pr9ciple already notic$ 9 exposition4 ,indicate ! relative importance ( topics 9 a p>agraph by ! relative numb] ( words us$ 9 _! treatm5t4 ,= mass 9 a p>agraph1 !n1 keep 9 m9d t ! la/ s5t5ce %\ld conta9 matt] & =m wor?y ( ! position x occupies2 t ! position ( next importance is at ! beg9n+2 & t ! relative importance ( ! matt]s 9 ! body ( a p>agraph is pretty correctly indicat$ by ! relative l5g? ( treatm5t4 ,coh]5ce & ,cle>ness4 ,coh]5ce1 ! ?ird pr9ciple ( /ructure1 is ! mo/ important2 & x is ! mo/ difficult to apply4 ,= "o c make a beg9n+ & an end1 he c select 8 mat]ials s t !re is unity1 b to make all ! p>ts /ick toge!r1 to arrange ! s5t5ces s t "o gr[s naturally f ! prec$+ & leads into ! next1 requires nice adju/m5t ( p>ts1 & rewrit+ _m times4 ,h[ ess5tial coh]5ce 9 a p>agraph is1 simply to make ! ?\ght easy to grasp1 may be se5 by tak+ a p>agraph to pieces & mix+ up its s5t5ces1 & at ! same "t remov+ all words t b9d its p>ts toge!r4 ,! foll[+ c h>dly be und]/ood at all1 b 9 its orig9al condition x is s cle> t x _c be misund]/ood4 ,if ! s5t5ces be arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 ! orig9al p>agraph w appe>3 #a1 #e1 #c1 #i1 #h1 #f1 #b1 #d1 #g1 #aj4 #a4 ,! fir/ "q :i* obvi\sly sugge/s itself is h[ ^! wond]ful moral effects are to be wr\ght "u ! in/rum5tality ( ! physical sci5ces4 #b4 ,to "k is "o ?+1 to d is ano!r2 ! two ?+s are altoge!r di/9ct4 #c4 ,does ,sir ,rob]t ,peel mean to say1 t :atev] be ! occult reasons = ! result1 s x is2 y h b to dr5* ! popul> m9d ) physics1 & moral & religi\s advancem5t foll[s on ! :ole1 9 spite ( individual failures8 #d4 ,a man kn[s he %\ld get up 9 ! morn+1--he lies ab$2 he kn[s he %\ld n lose 8 temp]1 yet he _c keep x4 #e4 ,c ! process be analyz$ & drawn out1 or does x act l a dose or a *>m :i* comes into g5]al use empirically8 #f4 ,x is natural & becom+ to seek = "s cle> idea ( ! mean+ ( s d>k an oracle4 #g4 ,a labor+ man kn[s he %\ld n g to ! ale-h\se1 & 8 wife kn[s %e %\ld n fil* :5 %e goes out *>+1 b1 nev]!less1 9 ^! cases1 ! consci\sness ( a duty is n all "o ) ! p]=mance ( x4 #h4 ,or r1 does he mean1 t1 f ! nature ( ! case1 he :o is imbu$ ) sci5ce & lit]ature1 unless adv]se influ5ces int]f]e1 _c b be a bett] man8 #i4 ,yet :5 has ! exp]im5t be5 tri$ on s l>ge a scale z to ju/ify su* anticipations8 #aj4 ,!re are1 !n1 l>ge families ( in/ances1 to say ! lea/1 9 :i* m5 may become wis]1 )\t becom+ bett]2 :at1 !n1 is ! mean+ ( ?is great maxim 9 ! m\? ( its promulgators8 ,coh]5ce1 s necess>y to ! easy und]/&+ ( a p>agraph1 is ga9$ 9 ?ree ways3 by ! ord] 9 :i* ! s5t5ces are arrang$2 by ! use ( p>allel con/ructions = p>allel ideas2 & by ! use ( connectives4 ,two ,arrangem5ts ( ,s5t5ces 9 a ,p>agraph4 ,mat]ial :i* has be5 select$ ) reg>d to ! pr9ciple ( unity is all in=m$ ) "o idea4 ,yet ?\gh "o ?\ght runs ?r\gh x all & unites x1 ! p>ts d n /& 9 an equally close relation to ! conclusion1 nor is ea* "p equally relat$ to e o!r "p4 ,_h !y be51 ! la/ p>agraph quot$ w\ld h be5 z well 9 "o ord] z ano!r4 ,r ! s5t5ces seem to fall into gr\ps ( m closely relat$ matt]s2 or at times "o s5t5ce seems to foll[ z ! direct consequ5ce ( ! prec$+ s5t5ce4 ,) respect to ! way 9 :i* ! s5t5ces contribute to ! topic ( ! p>agraph1 :e!r ! topic be ann\nc$ fir/ or la/1 s5t5ces may be said to contribute directly to ! proposition or indirectly4 ,if directly1 ! p>agraph is a collection ( s5t5ces1 ea* hav+ a common purpose1 ea* hav+ a simil> relation to ! topic1 arrang$1 z x 71 side by side1 & advanc+ z "o body to ! conclusion4 ,?is may be t]m$ an individual arrangem5t ( s5t5ces1 s9ce z individuals !y ea* contribute to ! topic4 ,! conclusion d]ives its =ce f ! comb9$ mass ( all4 ,if indirectly1 ! p>agraph is a s]ies ( s5t5ces1 ea* gr[+ out ( ! "o prec$+ x1 ea* receiv+ a pu% f ! s5t5ce be=e1 & ! la/ hav+ ! comb9$ =ce ( all4 ,?is may be /yl$ a s]ial arrangem5t ( s5t5ces1 s9ce 9 su* a case ea* contributes to ! topic only z "o 9 a *a94 ,! =m] ov]comes by its mass2 ! latt] /rikes by reason ( its velocity4 ,! "o advances 9 rank2 ! o!r advances 9 s+le file4 ,an illu/ration ( ea* w help to an und]/&+ ( ?is4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraph f ,macaulay's essay on ,milton1 ea* ( ! details m5tion$ po9ts directly to ^? days :5 ! race became a byword & a %ak+ ( ! head to ! nations4 ,_! aggregate mass en=ces ! topic ( ! p>agraph4 ,!y are all "o body equally in=m$ ) ! common pr9ciple :i* is ! topic4 ,notice t "o s5t5ce is n ! s\rce ( ! next1 b t all ! s5t5ces /& 9 a simil> relation to ! conclusion4 ,?is arrangem5t is common 9 description4 ,9 ! second p>agraph1 f ,irv+'s ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[1 ea* detail contributes to ! appe>ance ( ,i*abod1 n ?r\gh "s o!r s5t5ce1 b directly4 ,!n came ^? days1 nev] to be recall$ )\t a blu%1 ! days ( s]vitude )\t loyalty & s5suality )\t love2 ( dw>fi% tal5ts & gigantic vices2 ! p>adise ( cold he>ts & n>r[ m9ds2 ! gold5 age ( ! c[>d1 ! bigot1 & ! slave4 ,! k+ cr+$ to 8 rival t he might trample on 8 p2 sank into a vic]oy ( ,france1 & pocket$ ) complac5t infamy h] degrad+ insults & h] m degrad+ gold4 ,! c>esses ( h>lots & ! je/s ( buffoons regulat$ ! policy ( ! /ate4 ,! gov]nm5t _h j ability en\gh to deceive1 & j religion en\gh to p]secute4 ,! pr9ciples ( lib]ty 7 ! sc(f ( e gr9n+ c\rti]1 & ! ,ana!ma ,m>ana?a ( e fawn+ dean4 ,9 e high place1 wor%ip 0 paid to ,*>les & ,james1 ,belial & ,molo*2 & ,engl& propitiat$ ^? obsc5e & cruel idols ) ! blood ( h] be/ & brave/ *ildr54 ,crime succe$$ to crime1 & disgrace to disgrace1 till ! race1 accurs$ ( ,god & man1 0 a second "t driv5 =? to w&] on ! face ( ! e>?1 & to be a byword & a %ak+ ( ! head to ! nations4 ,i*abod 0 a suitable figure = su* a /e$4 ,he rode ) %ort /irrups1 :i* br\ght 8 knees ne>ly up to ! pommel ( ! saddle2 8 %>p elb[s /uck out l gras%opp]s'2 he c>ri$ 8 :ip p]p5dicul>ly 9 8 h&1 l a sceptre1 & z 8 horse jogg$ on1 ! motion ( 8 arms 0 n unlike ! flapp+ ( a pair ( w+s4 ,a small wool hat re/$ on ! top ( 8 nose1 = s 8 scanty /rip ( =ehead might be call$1 & ! skirts ( 8 black coat flutt]$ out almo/ to ! horse's tail4 ,su* 0 ! appe>ance ( ,i*abod & 8 /e$ z !y %ambl$ out ( ! gate ( ,hans ,van ,ripp]1 & x 0 altoge!r su* an app>ition z is seldom to be met ) 9 broad daylight4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph 9 ! essay on ,milton conta9s an example ( ! second me?od ( arrangem5t4 ,ea* s5t5ce is ! result ( ! "o be=e x4 ,! s5t5ces advance 9 s+le file4 ,notice t ea* s5t5ce does n contribute directly to ! conclusion1 b t x acts ?r\gh ! succe$+ s5t5ce4 ,! phrases f :i* a succe$+ s5t5ce spr+s are 9 small capitals2 & ! phrases :i* ref] back are 9 italics4 ,mo/ ( ! rem>ks :i* we h hi!rto made on ! public "* ( ,milton apply to him only z "o ( ,a ,,l>ge ,,body4 ,,we ,,%all ,,proce$ to notice "s ( ! peculi>ities :i* di/+ui%$ him f 8 contempor>ies4 ,& = t purpose x is necess>y to take a %ort survey ( ,,! ,,p>ties into :i* ! political _w 0 at t "t divid$4 ,we mu/ premise t our obs]vations are int5d$ to apply only to ,,^? ,,:o ,,adh]$1 f a s9c]e pref]5ce1 to "o or to ! o!r side4 ,9 days ( public commotion1 e faction1 l an ,ori5tal army1 is att5d$ by a cr[d ( camp-foll[]s1 a useless & he>tless ,,rabble1 :o pr[l r\nd its l9e ( m>* 9 ! hope ( pick+ up some?+ "u its protection1 b des]t x 9 ! day ( battle1 & (t5 jo9 to ext]m9ate x aft] defeat4 ,engl&1 at ! "t ( :i* we are treat+1 ab\nd$ ) fickle & selfi% politicians1 :o transf]r$ _! support to e gov]nm5t z x rose2 :o kiss$ ! h& ( ! k+ 9 #afdj1 & spat 9 8 face 9 #afdi2 :o %\t$ ) equal glee :5 ,cromwell 0 inaugurat$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall1 & :5 he 0 dug up to be hang$ at ,tyburn2 :o d9$ on calves' heads or broil$ rumps1 & cut d[n oak bran*es or /uck !m up1 z circum/ances alt]$1 )\t ! slighte/ %ame or repugnance4 ,^! we leave out ( acc\nt4 ,we take our e/imate ( p>ties f ^? :o really des]ve to be call$ p>tisans4 7,= o!r examples ( ! same arrangem5t see ! next quotation1 & also a p>agraph quot$ on page #bbb47 ,p>agraphs are mo/ frequ5tly f\nd to comb9e ! two me?ods4 ,9 ! foll[+1 notice t ! second s5t5ce gr[s out ( ! fir/1 ! ?ird f ! second1 & s ! s]ial arrangem5t is ma9ta9$ until ! eigh? is rea*$4 ,s5t5ces n9e1 t51 elev51 & twelve give body to s5t5ce eight4 ,!n beg9s aga9 ! regul> succession4 ,s5t5ces sixte5 to tw5ty are ! outgr[? ( ! phrase on 8 acc\nt4 #a4 ,! ,puritans 7 m5 ^: m9ds _h d]iv$ a peculi> "* f ! daily contemplation ( sup]ior be+s & et]nal int]e/s4 #b4 ,n cont5t ) ackn[l$g+ 9 g5]al t]ms an ov]rul+ ,provid5ce1 !y habitually ascrib$ e ev5t to ! w ( ! ,great ,be+1 = ^: p[] no?+ 0 too va/1 = ^: inspection no?+ 0 too m9ute4 #c4 ,to "k ,him1 to s]ve ,him1 to enjoy ,him1 0 ) !m ! great end ( exi/5ce4 #d4 ,!y reject$ ) contempt ! c]emoni\s homage :i* o!r sects sub/itut$ = ! pure wor%ip ( ! s\l4 #e4 ,in/ead ( cat*+ occasional glimpses ( ! ,deity ?r\gh an obscur+ veil1 !y aspir$ to gaze full on ! intol]able brightness1 & to commune ) ,him face to face4 #f4 ,h5ce orig9at$ _! contempt = t]re/rial di/9ctions4 #g4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! greate/ & ! meane/ ( mank9d seem$ to vani% :5 comp>$ ) ! b\ndless int]val :i* sep>at$ ! :ole race f ,him on :om _! own eyes 7 con/antly fix$4 #h4 ,!y recogniz$ no title to sup]iority b ,8 favor2 &1 confid5t ( t favor1 !y despis$ all ! accompli%m5ts & all ! dignities ( ! _w4 #i4 ,if !y 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! works ( philosoph]s & poets1 !y 7 deeply read 9 ! oracles ( ,god4 #aj4 ,if _! names 7 n f\nd 9 ! regi/]s ( h]alds1 !y 7 record$ 9 ! ,book ( ,life4 #aa4 ,if _! /eps 7 n accompani$ by a spl5did tra9 ( m5ials1 legions ( m9i/]+ angels _h *>ge ov] !m4 #ab4 ,_! palaces 7 h\ses n made ) h&s2 _! diadems1 cr[ns ( glory :i* %\ld nev] fade away4 #ac4 ,on ! ri* & ! eloqu5t1 on nobles & prie/s1 !y look$ d[n ) contempt2 = !y e/eem$ !mselves ri* 9 a m preci\s treasure1 & eloqu5t 9 a m sublime language1 nobles by ! "r ( an e>li] creation1 & prie/s by ! imposition ( a mighti] h&4 #ad4 ,! v meane/ ( !m 0 a be+ to ^: fate a my/]i\s & t]rible importance belong$1 on ^: slighte/ action ! spirits ( light & d>kness look$ ) anxi\s int]e/2 :o _h be5 de/9$1 be=e heav5 & e>? 7 creat$1 to enjoy a felicity :i* %\ld cont9ue :5 heav5 & e>? %\ld h pass$ away4 #ae4 ,ev5ts :i* %ort-sight$ politicians ascrib$ to e>?ly causes _h be5 orda9$ on 8 acc\nt4 #af4 ,= 8 sake empires _h ris51 & fl\ri%$1 & decay$4 #ag4 ,= 8 sake ! ,almighty _h proclaim$ ,8 w by ! p5 ( ! ,evangeli/ & ! h>p ( ! prophet4 #ah4 ,he _h be5 wre/$ by no common deliv]] f ! grasp ( no common foe4 #ai4 ,he _h be5 ransom$ by ! sweat ( no vulg> agony1 by ! blood ( no e>?ly sacrifice4 #bj4 ,x 0 = him t ! sun _h be5 d>k5$1 t ! rocks _h be5 r5t1 t ! dead _h ris51 t all nature _h %udd]$ at ! suff]+s ( h] expir+ ,god4 ,?is division has be5 made because by its aid an approa* c be made t[>d rules = arrangem5t4 ,9 ! p>agraph quot$ on page #ahc1 ! diff]5t s5t5ces are equally relat$ to ! topic4 ,is !re1 !n1 no reason :y "o %\ld be fir/ r ?an ano!r8 ,notice ! topics ( ! s5t5ces & ! ord] becomes a necessity4 ,k+1 /ate policy1 gov]nm5t1 lib]ty1 religion1--x is an asc5d+ scale4 ,on page #if is a p>agraph on ! *>m$ names us$ by ,milton4 ,"o1 ano!r1 a ?ird1 a f\r?1--= all "o c see z to ! relation ( ea* to ! topic1 a f\r? might z well h be5 "o z f\r?4 ,b ^u read+ ! p>agraph x is evid5t t ,macaulay ?\ght ! la/ m important ?an ! fir/4 ,s 9 ! p>agraph j quot$ ab\t ! ,puritans1 :5 ! arrangem5t ( ! fir/ eight s5t5ces *anges 9 s5t5ces n9e ?r\gh elev51 & aga9 9 s5t5ces sixte5 to tw5ty1 ! ord] is a climax4 ,moreov]1 ^? topics are associat$ :i* are m closely relat$ 9 ?\ght4 ,k+ is m closely relat$ to gov]nm5t ?an to religion1 & religion is m intimately associat$ ) ! idea ( lib]ty ?an ) k+4 ,! ord]1 !n1 is ! natural ord] ( association4 ,f ^! examples we d]ive ! fir/ pr9ciple ( arrangem5t4 ,9 a p>agraph :]e sev]al s5t5ces contribute individually to ! topic1 !y mu/ be arrang$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! ?\ghts are associat$ & foll[ ea* o!r2 &1 :5 possible1 !y %\ld take ! ord] ( a climax4 ,def9ite ,ref]5ces4 ,9 ! p>agraph made up ( s5t5ces 9 a s]ies1 ea* l9k$ to ! s5t5ce be=e & aft]1 ! difficulty is 9 transmitt+ ! =ce ( "o s5t5ce to ! next "o undim9i%$4 ,?is is done by b9d+ ! s5t5ces s closely toge!r t "o _c slip on ! o!r4 ,9 ! p>agraph ab\t ! ,puritans1 ( ! second s5t5ce ! ,great ,be+ goes back to sup]ior be+s ( ! fir/2 & ,him 9 ! next spr+s f ,great ,be+4 ,to "k ,him1 to s]ve ,him1 to enjoy ,him1--:at is x b ! pure wor%ip ( ! f\r?8 :ile c]emoni\s homage ( ! f\r? is ! occasional glimpses ( ! ,deity ?r\gh an obscur+ veil ( ! fif?4 ,"o s5t5ce gr[s out ( "s phrase ( ! prec$+ s5t5ce2 ! s5t5ces are firmly lock$ toge!r by ! repetition1 a little modifi$1 ( ! ?\ght ( a prec$+ phrase4 ,!re is no slipp+4 ,to get ?is result !re mu/ be no "q ( ! ?\ght-sequ5ce 9 ! s5t5ces4 ,ea* s5t5ce mu/ be a consequ5ce ( a prec$+ s5t5ce4 ,& !re mu/ be att5tion to ! *oice & position ( ! words f :i* ! foll[+ s5t5ce is to spr+4 ,su* words _c be indef9ite1 mu%y words2 !y mu/ be def9ite1 firm words4 ,moreov]1 !y mu/ n be buri$ out ( sight by a mass ( unimportant matt]s2 !y mu/ be s plac$ t !y are unh9d]$1 free to pu% =w>d ! ?\ght t[>d its ultimate conclusion4 ,?is (t5 requires inv]sion 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,t phrase :i* is ! s\rce ( ! next s5t5ce mu/ be ?r[n up into a prom95t position2 & x is usually press$ t[>d ! end ( ! s5t5ce1 ne>] to ! s5t5ce :i* is its consequ5ce4 ,9 a p>agraph quot$ on page #bbb1 :]e ?is same subject is tak5 up 9 connection ) s5t5ces1 !re is an excell5t illu/ration ( ?is4 ,sl[ & obscure1 inadequate ideas1 small circle1 & ! num]\s phrases :i* repeat ! ?\ght1 ?\gh n ! words1 are firm words b9d+ ! s5t5ces toge!r indissolubly4 ,use ( ,pron\ns4 ,n all s5t5ces p]mit su* cle> ref]5ce z ?is4 ,/ill x mu/ be said t :]e ! ?\ght is logical & cle>1 ! ref]5ce is nev] miss$3 ! b9d+ words are important words & !y occupy prom95t positions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a :ole gr\p ( words ^: function is to make ! ref]5ces sure4 ,!y are pron\ns4 ,pron\ns ref] back1 & !y po9t =w>d4 ,_! c>eful use is ! commone/ me?od ( mak+ sure ( ref]5ces1 & s ( b9d+ s5t5ces toge!r4 ,! ones 9 common use are ?is1 t1 ! =m]1 ! latt]2 ! relatives :o1 :i*1 & t2 & ! p]sonal pron\ns he1 %e1 x4 ,to ^! may be add$ "s adv]bs3 "h1 !re1 h5ce1 :5ce1 n[1 !n1 :51 & :ile4 ,! b9d+ =ce ( ^! words is manife/ 9 e p>agraph ( composition4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph1 f ,burke's spee* on ,conciliation ) ! ,colonies1 illu/rates ! use ( pron\ns z words ref]r+ back1 & b9d+ ! :ole into "o insep>able unit4 ,z to ! weal? :i* ! colonies h drawn f ! sea by _! fi%]ies1 y _h all t matt] fully op5$ at y\r b>4 ,y surely ?\ght ^? acquisitions ( value1 = !y seem$ ev5 to excite y\r envy2 & yet ! _s by :i* t ent]pris+ employm5t has be5 ex]cis$ ought r1 9 my op9ion1 to h rais$ y\r e/eem & admiration4 ,& pray1 ,sir1 :at 9 ! _w is equal to x8 ,pass by ! o!r p>ts1 & look at ! mann] 9 :i* ! p ( ,new ,engl& h ( late c>ri$ on ! :ale fi%]y4 ,:il/ we foll[ !m among ! tumbl+ m\nta9s ( ice1 & behold !m p5etrat+ into ! deepe/ froz5 recesses ( ,hudson's ,bay & ,davis's ,/raits1 :il/ we are look+ = !m b5ea? ! arctic circle1 we he> t !y h pi]c$ into ! opposite region ( pol> cold1 t !y are at ! antipodes1 & engag$ "u ! froz5 ,s]p5t ( ! s\?4 ,falkl& ,isl&1 :i* seem$ too remote & romantic an object = ! grasp ( national ambition1 is b a /age & re/+-place 9 ! progress ( _! victori\s indu/ry4 ,nor is ! equ9octial heat m disc\rag+ to !m ?an ! accumulat$ w9t] ( bo? ! poles4 ,we "k t :il/ "s ( !m draw ! l9e & /rike ! h>poon on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 o!rs run ! longitude & pursue _! gigantic game along ! coa/ ( ,brazil4 ,no sea b :at is vex$ by _! fi%]ies2 no climate t is n witness to _! toils4 ,nei!r ! p]sev]ance ( ,holl&1 nor ! activity ( ,france1 nor ! dext]\s & firm sagacity ( ,engli% ent]prise ev] c>ri$ ?is mo/ p]il\s mode ( h>dy indu/ry to ! ext5t to :i* x has be5 pu%$ by ?is rec5t p2 a p :o are /ill1 z x 71 b 9 ! gri/le1 & n yet h>d5$ into ! bone ( manhood4 ,:5 ,i contemplate ^! ?+s2 :5 ,i "k t ! colonies 9 g5]al owe little or no?+ to any c>e ( ours1 & t !y are n squeez$ into ?is happy =m by ! con/ra9ts ( wat*ful & suspici\s gov]nm5t1 b t1 ?r\gh a wise & salut>y neglect1 a g5]\s nature has be5 suff]$ to take h] own way to p]fection2 :5 ,i reflect ^u ^! effects1 :5 ,i see h[ pr(itable !y h be5 to u1 ,i feel all ! pride ( p[] s9k1 & all presumption 9 ! wisdom ( human contrivances melt & die away )9 me4 ,my rigor rel5ts4 ,i p>don some?+ to ! _s ( lib]ty4 ,( ,conjunctions4 ,ano!r gr\p ( words :i* give coh]5ce to a p>agraph is conjunctions4 ,!y indicate ! relations betwe5 s5t5ces1 & !y po9t ! direction ( ! new s5t5ce4 ,! common relations betwe5 s5t5ces indicat$ by conjunctions are coord9ative1 subord9ative1 adv]sative1 concessive1 & illative4 ,ea* "y writ] has usually b "o ^w1 at ! mo/ two words1 9 8 vocabul>y to express ea* ( ^! relations4 ,he kn[s &1 b1 if1 al?\gh1 & !re=e4 ,ea* p]son %\ld le>n f a gramm> ! :ole li/1 = no class ( words indicates cle> ?9k+ s unmi/akably z conjunctions4 ,two words ( advice %\ld be giv5 reg>d+ ! use ( conjunctions4 ,if ! ?\ght all b5ds "o way1 if ?is direction is p]fectly cle>1 !re is no ne$ ( conjunctions4 ,x is :5 ! c\rse ( ! discussion is tortu\s1 :5 ! road is n direct1 :5 ! read] may lose ! way )\t ^! guides1 t conjunctions %\ld be us$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 conjunctions are an annoyance :5 n ne$$4 ,j z guidepo/s along a road :]e !re is no *ance to leave ! direct pa? are useless1 & _! recurr5ce is a cause ( aggravation1 s x is ) unnecess>y conjunctions4 ,!y attract att5tion to !mselves1 & s draw x f ! ?\ght4 ,! fir/ caution is1 ,d n use conjunctions unless ne$$4 ,9 ! foll[+1 ! repetition ( & is unnecess>y & annoy+4 ,six %ill+s a week does n keep body & s\l toge!r v unit$ly4 ,!y want to get away f ea* o!r :5 !re is only su* a v slight bond z t betwe5 !m2 & "o day1 ,i suppose1 ! pa9 & ! dull monotony ( x all _h /ood be=e h] eyes pla9] ?an usual1 & ! mock+ spectre _h fright5$ h]4 ,%e _h made "o la/ appeal to fri5ds1 b1 aga9/ ! *ill wall ( _! respectability1 ! voice ( ! err+ outca/ fell unhe$$2 & !n %e _h gone to see h] *ild--_h held x 9 h] arms & kiss$ x1 9 a we>y1 dull sort ( way1 & )\t betray+ any p>ticul> emotion ( any k9d1 & _h left x1 aft] putt+ into its h& a p5ny box ( *ocolate %e _h b\ght x1 & aft]w>ds1 ) h] la/ few %ill+s1 _h tak5 a ticket & come d[n to ,gor+4 ,x seem$ t ! bitt]e/ ?\ghts ( h] life mu/ h c5tr$ ab\t ! wood$ rea*es & ! bright gre5 mead[s ar\nd ,gor+2 b wom5 /rangely hug ! knife t /abs !m1 &1 p]haps1 amid/ ! gall1 !re may h m+l$ also sunny memories ( sweete/ h\rs1 sp5t ^u ^? %ad[$ deeps ov] :i* ! great trees b5d _! bran*es d[n s l[4 ,%e _h w&]$ ab\t ! woods by ! riv]'s br9k all day1 & !n1 :5 ev5+ fell & ! gray twilight spread its dusky robe ^u ! wat]s1 %e /ret*$ out h] arms to ! sil5t riv] t _h kn[n h] sorr[ & h] joy4 ,& ! old riv] _h tak5 h] into its g5tle arms1 & _h laid h] we>y head ^u its bosom1 & _h hu%$ away ! pa94 ,! o!r ^w is3 ,:5 possible put ! conjunction t connects two s5t5ces into ! body ( ! s5t5ce1 r ?an at its beg9n+4 ,9 ?is way its b9d+ p[] is increas$4 ,?is pr9ciple %\ld limit ! use ( & & b at ! beg9n+ ( a s5t5ce4 ,r>ely is & ne$$ 9 su* a place4 ,if ! ?\ght goes /raight =w>d--& x mu/ d s if & correctly expresses ! relation--!re is usually no ga9 9 its use4 ,at times :5 ! read] might be l$ to expect "s *ange ( direction f "s phrase 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ce1 !n x w\ld be wise to set him "r by ! use ( &4 ,moreov]1 !re are times :5 coord9ate ?\ghts are s important1 & ! expression ( ! coord9ation is s important1 t a s5t5ce beg9n+ ) & is ! only adequate means ( express+ x4 ,h[ev]1 be v sure t !re is ne$ = e & t y use4 ,! same caution may be giv5 ab\t b4 ,b indicates an abrupt turn 9 ! ?\ght4 ,is su* a contra/ 9 ! ?\ght8 ,if s1 is !re no o!r ^w to express ! ?\ght8 ,"s p]sons g s f> z to say t ^! words %\ld nev] beg9 a s5t5ce4 ,?is is too p$antic & n true4 ,:5 coord9ative & adv]sative relations are to be express$1 h[ev]1 x is c]ta9ly m elegant if "s v>iety c be obta9$1 & ! union is clos] if ! conjunction be plac$ 9 ! body ( ! s5t5ce4 ,?is requires ! use ( o!r words besides & & b4 ,also1 9 l mann]1 besides1 too1 nev]!less1 h[ev]1 aft] all1 = all t1 %\ld be z famili> z ! two ov]work$ words & & b4 ,look = ways to b9d s5t5ces 9 ! middle r ?an at ! end4 ,x is m elegant & x is mu* saf]4 ,p>allel ,con/ructions4 ,a ?ird pr9ciple ( arrangem5t is ! use ( p>allel con/ructions = p>allel ?\ghts4 ,by p>allel /ructure is meant t ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ! s5t5ces %all be arrang$ 9 ! same ord]4 ,if subord9ate clauses prec$e pr9cipal clauses 9 "o s5t5ce1 !y %all 9 ! o!r2 if !y foll[ 9 "o1 !y %all foll[ 9 ! o!r4 ,if an active voice be us$ 9 "o1 x %all be us$ 9 ! o!r2 if ! pr$icate g be=e ! subject 9 "o1 x %all 9 ! o!r4 ,! use ( p>allel /ructure frequ5tly dem&s repetition ( =ms & ev5 ( id5tical words & phrases4 ,x is v effective 9 giv+ cle>ness to a p>agraph & 9 secur+ coh]5ce ( its p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! two illu/rations bel[1 read "o s5t5ce ?is way & obs]ve ! ru9 t is wr\ght4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican colonies made su* a /ruggle aga9/ ! "m c\ntry4 ,9 ! second p>agraph1 *ange two ( ! s5t5ces to ! passive voice4 ,! effect is evid5t loss 9 cle>ness & /r5g?4 ,all hi/ory is full ( revolutions1 produc$ by causes simil> to ^? :i* are n[ op]at+ 9 ,engl&4 ,a portion ( ! community :i* _h be5 ( no acc\nt1 exp&s & becomes /rong4 ,x dem&s a place 9 ! sy/em1 suit$1 n to its =m] weakness1 b to its pres5t p[]4 ,if ?is is grant$1 all is well4 ,if ?is is refus$1 !n comes ! /ruggle betwe5 ! "y en]gy ( "o class & ! anci5t privileges ( ano!r4 ,su* 0 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,plebeians & ,patricians ( ,rome4 ,su* 0 ! /ruggle ( ! ,italian allies = admission to ! full rights ( ,roman citiz5s4 ,su* 0 ! /ruggle ( our ,nor? ,am]ican colonies aga9/ ! "m c\ntry4 ,su* 0 ! /ruggle :i* ! ,?ird ,e/ate ( ,france ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! ari/ocracy ( bir?4 ,su* 0 ! /ruggle :i* ! ,roman ,ca?olics ( ,irel& ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! ari/ocracy ( cre$4 ,su* is ! /ruggle :i* ! free p ( color 9 ,jamaica are n[ ma9ta9+ aga9/ ! ari/ocracy ( sk94 ,su*1 f9ally1 is ! /ruggle :i* ! middle classes 9 ,engl& are ma9ta9+ aga9/ an ari/ocracy ( m]e locality1 aga9/ an ari/ocracy1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is to inve/ a hundr$ drunk5 pot-wallop]s 9 "o place1 or ! own] ( a ru9$ hovel 9 ano!r1 ) p[]s :i* are )held f cities r5[n$ to ! fur!/ ends ( ! e>? = ! m>vels ( _! weal? & ( _! indu/ry4#da ,man is a be+ ( g5ius1 passion1 intellect1 consci5ce1 p[]4 ,he ex]cises ^! v>i\s gifts 9 v>i\s ways1 9 great de$s1 9 great ?\ghts1 9 h]oic acts1 9 hateful crimes4 ,he f\nds /ates1 he fights battles1 he builds cities1 he pl\ghs ! =e/1 he subdues ! elem5ts1 he rules 8 k9d4 ,he creates va/ ideas1 & influ5ces _m g5]ations4 ,he takes a ?\s& %apes1 & und]goes a ?\s& =tunes4 ,lit]ature records !m all to ! life4444 ,he p\rs out 8 f]vid s\l 9 poetry2 he sways to & fro1 he so>s1 he dives1 9 8 re/less speculations2 8 lips drop eloqu5ce2 he t\*es ! canvas1 & x gl[s ) beauty2 he sweeps ! /r+s1 & !y ?rill ) an ec/atic mean+4 ,he looks back into himself1 & he reads 8 own ?\ghts1 & notes !m d[n2 he looks out into ! univ]se1 & tells ov] & celebrates ! elem5ts & pr9ciples ( :i* x is ! product4#db 7,! pr9ciples ( ,mass & ,coh]5ce 9 p>agraphs are closely alli$ ) ^! same pr9ciples reg>d+ s5t5ces4 ,"s fur!r discussion ( ^! important matt]s1 z well z m illu/rations1 w be f\nd 9 ! next *apt]47 ,good s5se mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! use ( p>allel con/ructions4 ,al?\gh a %ort s]ies ( s5t5ces conta9+ p>allel ?\ghts is common & dem&s ?is treatm5t1 x is n at all frequ5t t "o has su* a long s]ies z ^! p>agraphs conta94 ,9 ^! p>agraphs ! p>allel is 9 ! ?\ght2 x has n be5 se>*$ out4 ,because "o is pleas$ ) ^! effects ( p>allel con/ruction1 he %\ld n be l$ to seek = opportunities :]e he c =ce s5t5ces into simil> %apes4 ,! ?\ghts mu/ be p>allel4 ,if ! ?\ght is actually p>allel1 a p>allel treatm5t may be adopt$ ) great advantage to cle>ness & =ce2 if x is n p>allel1 any attempt to treat x z su* is detect$ z a %all[ trick4 ,to se>* = ?\ghts to trail along 9 a s]ies results 9 ?9ne/ bomba/4 ,z ev]y:]e else 9 composition1 s "h a writ] mu/ rely on 8 good ta/e & good s5se4 ,summ>y4 ,:atev] may be ! special mode ( developm5t1 ( :atev] =m ( disc\rse x is to be a "p1 ! ?ree fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* guide 9 mak+ a p>agraph are ,unity1 ,mass1 & ,coh]5ce4 ,! unity ( ! p>agraph is secur$ by ref]r+ all ( ! mat]ial to ! topic1 includ+ :at contributes to ! ma9 ?\ght & exclud+ :at has no value4 ,p>agraphs excessively long or v %ort may lead to (f5ses aga9/ unity4 ,mass 9 a p>agraph is ga9$ by plac+ wor?y words 9 ! positions ( di/9ction2 by treat+ ! m important matt]s at great] l5g?2 &1 :5 possible )\t di/urb+ coh]5ce1 by arrang+ ! mat]ial 9 a climax4 ,coh]5ce is secur$ by keep+ toge!r matt]s relat$ 9 ?\ght2 by a wise *oice & plac+ ( all words :i* b9d s5t5ces toge!r2 & by ! use ( p>allel con/ructions = p>allel ideas4 ,c>efully *os5 mat]ial1 arrang$ s t wor?y words occupy ! positions ( di/9ction1 & all s skillfully knit toge!r t e s5t5ce1 e phrase1 e ^w1 takes ! read] "o /ep t[>d ! conclusion1--?is con/itutes a good p>agraph4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions ,,! ,,old ,,manse4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #fi47 ,9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ at ! bottom ( page #ai1 :at d y ?9k ( ! selection ( mat]ial8 ,does ! la/ detail give ! f9i%+ t\* to ! p>agraph8 ,is x a real climax8 ,on page #be a p>agraph beg9s1 ,lightly z1 etc4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce b\nd volume goes back to :at words 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce8 he1 ( ! ?ird1 to :at ( ! second8 ?us x 0 to :at be=e8 ,n[ take ! p>agraph on pages #cd & #ce & trace ! connection ( ! s5t5ces1 draw+ two l9es "u ! phrase f :i* a succe$+ s5t5ce spr+s1 & "o l9e "u words t ref] back to a prec$+ phrase2 also trace out ! dovetail+ 9 ! s5t5ces on pages #f & #g4 ,9 ! p>agraph on pages #ah & #ai ! developm5t is n s4 ,ea* s5t5ce emphasizes ! sombre aspect ( ext]nal nature4 ,:at is ! law ( _! arrangem5t8 7,see text-book1 pages #aha-ahg47 ,f9d o!r p>agraphs arrang$ 9 ?is way4 7,see pages #ce1 #cf47 ,:at is ! topic ( ! second p>agraph8 ,c y divide ! p>agraph fill+ ! middle ( page #h8 ,:]e8 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! fir/ s5t5ce & ! la/ 9 ! p>agraph at ! bottom ( page #aa8 ,give ! words t jo9 ! s5t5ces ( ! p>agraph toge!r4 ,9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ on page #ac1 :at is ! purpose ( ! fir/ two s5t5ces8 ,on page #ad1 does x seem to y t ,haw?orne _h =gott5 ! ,old ,manse en\gh s t x c\ld be call$ a digression8 or d y ?9k t ! delightful1 rambl+ "* ( ! essay p]mits x8 ,c y divide ?is p>agraph on pages #ad & #ae8 ,:]e8 ,:at figure at ! bottom ( page #ae8 ,is x ! cu/om to use a capital lett] 9 su* a case8 ,has ! p>agraph 9 :i* ! figure occurs unity8 ,:]e c\ld y divide x8 ,give ! topic ( bo? new p>agraphs4 ,( ! p>agraph on pages #af & #ag1 :at is ! relation ( ! la/ ?ree s5t5ces to ! topic8 ,:at comm5t w\ld y make ^u ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! p>agraph end+ at ! top ( page #be8 ,at ! op5+ ( ! p>agraph beg9n+ on page #bi1 d y l ! figure8 ,trace ! relation betwe5 ! fir/ & second s5t5ces2 betwe5 ! second & ! ?ird4 ,c\ld ?is p>agraph be divid$8 ,,rip ,,van ,,w9kle ,,& ,,! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,sleepy ,,holl[4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ea47 ,9 ! p>agraph on page #aa1 :at is ! relation betwe5 ! fir/ & la/ s5t5ces8 ,:y is ! middle ( ! p>agraph introduc$8 ,is x effective8 ,:at me?od ( developm5t is adopt$ 9 ! next p>agraph8 ,trace out ! connection ( ! p>agraphs 9 ! fir/ five pages ( ?is essay4 ,:at words at ! beg9n+ ( ea* p>agraph are especially helpful 9 jo9+ ! p>ts8 ,on page #ac ,irv+ writes1 ,times grew worse & worse = ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 etc4 ,h[ _m p>agraphs are giv5 to ?is topic8 ,c\ld all ( !m be put into "o8 ,%\ld !y8 ,:at is ! la/ "p ( ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ?is p>agraph8 ,:y are !re s few topic s5t5ces 9 ?is essay8 ,h[ did ,irv+ "k :]e to p>agraph8 ,give topics ( ! p>agraphs on pages #af1 #ag1 #ah4 ,9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ at ! bottom ( p4 #ag1 :y are ! clo!s ( ! man m5tion$ fir/8 ,:at me?od ( p>agraph developm5t is adopt$ 9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ 9 ! middle ( page #bc8 ,is ! la/ detail important8 ,f ! use on pages #bd & #be1 :at d y ga!r z to ! rule = p>agraph+ :]e dialogue is report$8 ,9 ! p>agraph on page #dj1 :at reason has ,irv+ = say+ !re=e8 ,f :at s5t5ce does ! la/ ( ?is p>agraph arise8 ,d y ?9k ! specific clos+ ( ! p>agraph wor?y ( ! position8 ,:5 ,irv+ says on page #da t he 0 an odd mixture ( small %rewdness & simple cr$ulity1 did he mean t he 0 %rewd1 or t he 0 n %rewd8 ,c y f9d any?+ 9 ! p>agraphs to develop ! ?\ght t he 0 %rewd8 ,h[ _m p>agraphs are giv5 to 8 simple cr$ulity8 ,:y s _m8 ,9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ at ! bottom ( page #db1 :at advantage is !re 9 ! exclamatory s5t5ces8 ,w\ld x be z well to divide ! next p>agraph into ?ree s5t5ces8 ,give y\r reasons4 ,z ! p>agraph /&s1 is ! s5t5ce loose or p]iodic8 ,9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ at ! bottom ( page #de1 :at is ! me?od ( developm5t8 ,:y is ! *anticle] m5tion$ la/8 ,are ,irv+'s s5t5ces long8 ,d !y seem long8 ,:y1 or :y n8 ,:at is ! relation ( ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! fir/ p>agraph on page #ee to ! la/8 ,:at is ! topic ( ! next p>agraph8 ,d y ?9k x w\ld be j z well to put ! second s5t5ce ( ?is p>agraph la/8 ,9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ at ! bottom ( page #ee1 :at me?od ( developm5t has be5 us$8 ,:y is ! blue jay m5tion$ la/8 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,u%]4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #aai47 ,d y ?9k ! fir/ p>agraph too long8 ,:]e c y divide x8 ,:at is ! te/ ( ! l5g? ( a p>agraph8 ,at ! bottom ( page #fg1 d y ?9k ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! p>agraph ! topic8 or is x ! la/ s5t5ce8 ,give reasons4 ,is ! detail at ! end ( ! p>agraph beg9n+ on ! middle ( page #ga ^u ! topic ( ! p>agraph8 ,is x good !re8 ,h[ d y "k t ,u%] did n say him8 ,( ! p>agraph on page #gc1 :at s5t5ce is ! topic8 ,:at proportion ( ! p>agraphs h topic s5t5ces8 ,h ! o!rs topics8 ,give !m = ! p>agraphs on ! fir/ five pages4 ,:at me?od ( p>agraph developm5t has ,poe adopt$ 9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ 9 ! middle ( page #ha8 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! op5+ & ! close ( ! p>agraph8 ,:y is ! middle ne$$8 ,d y l ! second s5t5ce ( ! next p>agraph8 ,:at is !re disagreeable 9 x8 ,z y read along d ! p>agraphs run into "o ano!r8 ,is su* a condition good8 ,,silas ,,m>n]4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #hc47 ,divide p>agraphs on pages #aj & #aa4 ,:at is ! topic ( ea* ( ! new p>agraphs8 ,9 ! fir/ p>agraph ( *apt] two ea* s5t5ce gr[s out ( ! "o prec$+4 ,put two l9es "u ! words 9 ea* s5t5ce :i* are ! s\rce ( ! next s5t5ce4 ,draw "o l9e "u ! words 9 ea* s5t5ce :i* ref] back to ! prec$+ s5t5ce4 ,9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ at ! bottom ( page #id1 :at is ! topic s5t5ce8 ,:at relation has ! la/ s5t5ce to ! fir/8 ,:at me?od ( developm5t 9 ! p>agraph8 ,c ! p>agraphs ( exposition usually be divid$8 ,d !y violate unity8 ,if n1 ^u :at pr9ciple c y divide !m8 ,:at is ! t5d5cy 9 reg>d to ! l5g? ( p>agraphs 9 rec5t lit]ature8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,s5t5ces ,def9ition & ,classification4 ,simple ,s5t5ces4 ,a s5t5ce is a gr\p ( words express+ a complete ?\ght4 ,s5t5ces h be5 classifi$ z simple1 complex1 & comp\nd4 ,9 reality !re are b two classes ( s5t5ces1--simple & comp\nd4 ,x is n mat]ial to ! con/ruction ( a s5t5ce :e!r a modifi] be a ^w1 a phrase1 or a clause2 x /ill rema9s an adjective1 adv]b1 or n\n modifi]1 & ! me?od 9 :i* ! subject & pr$icate are develop$ is ! same4 ,by means ( modifi]s1 a subject & pr$icate ( b two words may gr[ to ! size ( a p>agraph1 & yet be a gr\p ( words express+ "o complete ?\ght4 ,9 ! s5t5ce bel[1 ! subject & pr$icate are we are free4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 express ,burke's complete ?\ght4 ,x is n :at he meant4 ,free to d :at8 ,h[ free8 ,:5 may x be done8 ,:y n[8 ,:at bill8 ,all ^! introduce modifications to ! simple ass]tion1 we are free1 modifications :i* are ess5tial to ! complet5ess ( ! ?\ght4 ,by ! return ( ?is bill1 :i* seem$ to h tak5 its flight =ev]1 we are at ?is v in/ant ne>ly z free to *oose a plan = our ,am]ican gov]nm5t z we 7 on ! fir/ day ( ! session4 ,comp\nd ,s5t5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! comp\nd s5t5ce is usually said to consi/ ( at lea/ two indep5d5t clauses2 & ! v fact ( _! indep5d5ce1 :i* is only a grammatical indep5d5ce1 to be sure1 makes ! clauses v ne>ly indep5d5t s5t5ces4 ,s ne> to s5t5ces may ! clauses be 9 _! indep5d5ce t "s writ]s w\ld make !m s4 ,! foll[+ gr\p ( s5t5ces ,kipl+ c]ta9ly c\ld h h&l$ 9 ano!r way4 ,! reason = h] w&]+ 0 simple en\gh4 ,coppy1 9 a tone ( too ha/ily assum$ au?ority1 _h told h] ov] night t %e mu/ n ride out by ! riv]4 ,& %e _h gone to prove h] own _s & tea* ,coppy a lesson4 ,c]ta9ly ! la/ two s5t5ces c\ld be unit$ into a comp\nd s5t5ce1 nor w\ld x be /ra9+ ! /ructure to put all ?ree s5t5ces into "o4 ,?is example is n exceptional4 ,_m simil> cases may be f\nd 9 all prose writ]s2 & 9 ,macaulay's writ+s !re are c]ta9ly occasions :5 x w\ld be bett] to unite indep5d5t s5t5ces4 ,if ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! two clauses be> c]ta9 def9ite & evid5t relations to ea* o!r1 !y %\ld /& 9 "o comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,^! evid5t relations are3 fir/1 an ass]tion & its repetition 9 "s o!r =m2 second1 an ass]tion & its contra/2 ?ird1 an ass]tion & its consequ5ce2 & f\r?1 an ass]tion & an example4 ,if ! clauses d n be> "o ( ^! evid5t relations to ea* o!r1 !y %\ld receive special att5tion2 = !y may be two sep>ate1 indep5d5t ?\ghts requir+ = _! expression two s5t5ces4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces illu/rate ! common relations t may exi/ betwe5 ! clauses ( a comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,repetition4 ,no?+ has a drift or relation2 no?+ has a promise or hi/ory4 ,b ! religion mo/ preval5t 9 our nor!rn colonies is a ref9em5t on ! pr9ciple ( resi/ance2 x is ! dissid5ce ( diss5t1 & ! prote/antism ( ! ,prote/ant religion4 ,contra/4 ,if ! p approve ! way 9 :i* ^! au?orities are int]pret+ & us+ ! ,con/itution1 !y g on2 if ! p disapprove1 !y pause1 or at lea/ slack5 _! pace4 ,e c\rt is equally b\nd to pron\nce1 & compet5t to pron\nce1 on su* que/ions1 a ,/ate c\rt no less ?an a ,f$]al c\rt2 b z all ! m important que/ions are c>ri$ by appeal to ! supreme ,f$]al c\rt1 x is practically t c\rt ^: op9ion det]m9es !m4 ,consequ5ce4 ,! ,briti% & ,am]ican l9e _h run ne> x dur+ ! w>2 x _h1 !re=e1 be5 ! sc5e ( m>aud+1 & infe/$ ) refugees1 c[-boys1 & all k9ds ( bord] *ivalry4 ,example4 ,he f\nd favor 9 ! eyes ( ! mo!rs by pett+ ! *ildr51 p>ticul>ly ! y\nge/2 & l ! lion bold1 :i* :ilom s magnanim\sly ! lamb did hold1 he w\ld sit ) a *ild on "o knee1 & rock a cradle ) 8 foot = :ole h\rs toge!r4 ,!re is ano!r condition :i* masses _m details into "o comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,if 9 n>ration a writ] wi%es to give ! impression t _m ?+s are done 9 a mom5t ( "t1 & toge!r =m "o incid5t1 he may gr\p _m circum/ances1 ne>ly indep5d5t except = ! matt] ( "t1 into "o comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,9 description he may pres5t gr\ps ( details ha/ily 9 "o s5t5ce1 & s give ! impression ( unity4 ,! same ?+ may be done 9 exposition4 ,_m indep5d5t ideas may be> a common relation to ano!r idea1 ei!r express$ or und]/ood2 & 9 ord] to get !m be=e ! read] z "o :ole1 ! au?or may gr\p !m 9 a s+le s5t5ce4 ,! examples bel[ illu/rate ?is me?od ( s5t5ce developm5t4 ,n>ration4 ,= a mom5t ! t]ror ( ,hans ,van ,ripp]'s wra? pass$ across 8 m9d1 = x 0 8 ,sunday saddle2 b ?is 0 no "t = petty fe>s2 ! gobl9 0 h>d on 8 haun*es2 & 7unskillful rid] t he 067 he _h mu* ado to ma9ta9 8 seat2 sometimes slipp+ on "o side1 sometimes on ano!r1 & sometimes jolt$ on ! high ridge ( 8 horse's backbone1 ) a viol5ce t he v]ily fe>$ w\ld cleave him asund]4#dc ,description4 ,9 "o corn] /ood a huge bag ( wool1 ready to be spun2 9 ano!r1 a quantity ( l9sey-woolsey j f ! loom2 e>s ( ,indian corn1 & /r+s ( dri$ apples & pea*es1 hung 9 gay fe/oons along ! walls1 m+l$ ) ! gaud ( r$ pepp]s2 & a door left aj> gave him a peep into ! be/ p>lor1 :]e ! claw-foot$ *airs & d>k mahogany tables %one l mirrors2 &irons1 ) _! accompany+ %ovel & tongs1 gli/5$ f _! cov]t ( asp>agus tops2 mock oranges & con* %ells decorat$ ! mantelpiece2 /r+s ( v>i\s-color$ birds' eggs 7 susp5d$ above x2 a great o/ri* egg 0 hung f ! c5tre ( ! room1 & a corn] cupbo>d1 kn[+ly left op51 display$ imm5se treasures ( old silv] & well-m5d$ *9a4#dc ,exposition4 ,t p]fection ( ! ,intellect1 :i* is ! result ( ,education1 & its beau ideal1 to be imp>t$ to individuals 9 _! respective measures1 is ! cle>1 calm1 accurate vision & compreh5sion ( all ?+s1 z f> z ! f9ite m9d c embrace !m1 ea* 9 its place1 & ) its own *>act]i/ics ^u x4 ,x is almo/ prophetic f its k ( hi/ory2 x is almo/ he>t-se>*+ f its k ( human nature2 x has almo/ sup]natural *>ity f its fre$om f littl5ess & prejudice2 x has almo/ ! repose ( fai?1 because no?+ c />tle x2 x has almo/ ! beauty & h>mony ( heav5ly contemplation1 s intimate is x ) ! et]nal ord] ( ?+s & ! music ( ! sph]es4#dd 7,notice ! use ( ! semicolon 9 ! la/ two gr\ps ( s5t5ces4 ,! p>ts ( comp\nd s5t5ces su* z ^! %\ld be sep>at$ by semicolons47 ,%ort ,s5t5ces4 ,hav+ det]m9$ approximately :at relations may be gr\p$ 9 a s+le s5t5ce1 ! fir/ "q = consid]ation is :e!r s5t5ces %\ld be long or %ort4 ,?is _c be def9itely answ]$4 ,s9ce !y %\ld be concise1 ! %ort s5t5ce is well suit$ = def9itions4 ,s9ce a proposition %\ld be ann\nc$ 9 z few words z c be us$1 )\t sacrific+ brevity to cle>ness1 %ort s5t5ces s]ve be/ = ?is purpose4 ,z *anges 9 ! direction ( ! developm5t ( a ?\ght %\ld be quickly indicat$1 a %ort s5t5ce is g5]ally us$ = transition4 ,& z at times :5 ! m9d is "u a /ress ( /rong feel+1 or ! action ( a /ory is rapid1 all explanatory matt]s are cut away1 ! b>e/ /atem5ts 9 %orte/ s5t5ces s]ve be/ to express /rong emotion & rapid action4 ,long ,s5t5ces4 ,long s5t5ces h ! v opposite uses4 ,to amplify a topic1 to develop a proposition by repetition1 by details1 by pro(s1 or by example1 long s5t5ces are s]viceable2 by !m ! f9] modifications ( a ?\ght c be express$4 ,s1 too1 a summ>y ( a p>agraph or a *apt] frequ5tly employs long s5t5ces to express ! :ole ?\ght ) precision & ) prop] subord9ation ( p>ts4 ,aga91 z %ort s5t5ces be/ express ha/e & int5sity1 s long s5t5ces give ! feel+ ( quiet delib]ation & dignifi$ calm4 ,illu/rations ( def9itions1 propositions1 transitions1 & exemplifications are to be f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,sl[ movem5t express$ by long s5t5ces is well illu/rat$ 9 ,irv+ & ,haw?orne4 ,"o selection f ,george ,m]$i?1 to %[ ! peculi> adaptation ( ! %ort s5t5ce to express int5sity ( feel+1 is giv54 ,ri*>d ,fev]el has j le>n$ t ! wife :om he _h des]t$ has borne him a son4 ,description & n>ration are m+l$4 ,! %ort1 n]v\s s5t5ces express bo? ! vividness ( 8 impressions & ! int5sity ( 8 emotions4 ,a pale gray light on ! skirts ( ! fly+ tempe/ display$ ! dawn4 ,ri*>d 0 walk+ hurri$ly4 ,! gre5 dr5*$ woods lay all ab\t 8 pa?1 b5t ?ick1 & ! =e/ droop$ glimm]+ly4 ,impell$ z a man :o feels a revelation m\nt+ obscurely to 8 bra91 ,ri*>d 0 pass+ "o ( ^? little =e/-*apels1 hung ) votive wrea?s1 :]e ! peasants halt to kneel & pray4 ,cold1 /ill1 9 ! twilight x /ood1 ra9-drops patt]+ r\nd x4 ,he look$ )91 & saw ! ,virg9 hold+ h] ,*ild4 ,he mov$ n by4 ,b n _m /eps _h he gone be=e ! /r5g? w5t out ( him1 & he %udd]$4 ,:at 0 x8 ,he ask$ n4 ,he 0 9 o!r h&s4 ,vivid z lightn+ ! ,_s ( ,life illum9$ him4 ,he felt 9 8 he>t ! cry ( 8 *ild1 8 d>l+'s t\*4 ,) %ut eyes he saw !m bo?4 ,!y drew him f ! dep?s2 !y l$ him a bl9d & tott]+ man4 ,& z !y l$ him he _h a s5se ( purification s sweet he %udd]$ aga9 & aga94 ,unity4 ,9 a s5t5ce1 z 9 a !me or a p>agraph1 ! fir/ "q reg>d+ its /ructure is :at to put into x4 ,! g]m ( a p>agraph is usually a s5t5ce2 ( ! s5t5ce x is "o ^w or b v few words4 ,?is k]nel ( a s5t5ce may be develop$ ?r\gh ! _m modifications ( ! ?\ght2 b always ! additions mu/ be di/9ctly relat$ to ! g]m words4 ,if ?is relation ( p>ts to ! k]nel ( ! s5t5ce be unmi/akable1 ! s5t5ce has unity2 if !re are p>ts ^: connection ) ! g]m ( ! s5t5ce _c be easily trac$1 !y %\ld be reject$ z belong+ to ano!r s5t5ce4 ,! pi? ( ! :ole s5t5ce c be /at$ 9 a few words1 if ! s5t5ce has unity4 ,long s5t5ces %\ld be wat*$4 ,"o ?+ easily sugge/s ano!r1 int]e/+ too1 x may be2 & :5 an essay is to be writt51 any?+1--especially if x h s wor?y a quality z int]e/ to recomm5d x1--any?+ is all[$ to g 94 ,su* a s5t5ce z ! foll[+ c be expla9$ on no o!r pr9ciple3 ,j !n ,james came ru%+ d[n/airs l mad to f9d ! fell[ :o _h pun*$ a hole 9 ! tire ( 8 bicycle1 :i* 0 a ,columbia :i* he got two ye>s be=e at a second-h& /ore1 pay+ = x 9 "w at fifte5 c5ts an h\r4 ,pla9ly ev]y?+ aft] bicycle is no?+ to ! pres5t purpose & %\ld be exclud$4 ,! foll[+ f a description ( ,cologne ,ca!dral is z bad1 9 "s respects1 worse2 = !re is "o po9t :]e ! break is s abrupt t a *ild w\ld detect x4 ,! sup]9t5d5ce 0 intru/$ to ,mr4 ,ahl]t1 ^: ideas 7 n well adapt$ to inspire him = 8 gr& task1 "u 8 direction mu* ( ! =m] beauty & arti/ical skill 0 lo/ sight (1 b at all ev5ts x 0 a great satisfaction to see ! "w g on & to h ! exp5ses defray$ by ! ,/ate4 ,9 ?is case ! writ]1 beyond d\bt1 ?9ks long s5t5ces ! correct ?+4 ,long s5t5ces are necess>y at times2 b ! desire simply to write long s5t5ces or to fill up space %\ld nev] lead "o to =get t a s5t5ce is ! expression ( "o--n m--( "o complete ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s5t5ces %\ld conta9 ! :ole ( "o ?\ght2 none ( x %\ld run ov] into ano!r s5t5ce4 ,/range z x may seem1 s5t5ces are sometimes f\nd l ! foll[+3 ,james 0 on ! :ole a bad boy4 ,b he _h "s r$eem+ qualities4 ,! fir/ day at s*ool 0 all new to me4 ,:ile x 0 int]e/+ z well4 ,he said t he 0 go+4 ,& t ,i might g ) him4 ,!re is no gr\nd = an explanation ( su* errors z ^! except laz9ess & grosse/ illit]acy4 ,x is by no device s simple z ! ins]tion ( a p]iod t man c sep>ate :at has be5 jo9$ 9 ?\ght4 ,& & b r>ely beg9 s5t5ces2 9 ne>ly all cases x w be f\nd t ! s5t5ces !y purport to connect are b ! indep5d5t clauses ( "o comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,:ile or any o!r subord9at+ conjunction introduces a dep5d5t clause2 a dep5d5t clause is n a s5t5ce2 x c nev] /& alone4 ,! (f5ses aga9/ ! unity ( a s5t5ce are includ+ too mu* & includ+ too little4 ,bo? are ! result ( c>elessness or inability to ?9k4 ,! purpose1 ! k]nel1 ! g]m ( ! s5t5ce1 %\ld be s cle>ly 9 m9d t e necess>y modification ( ! ?\ght %all be includ$ & e unnecess>y phrase be exclud$4 ,"s fur!r sugge/ions conc]n+ unity are f\nd 9 ! p>agraphs treat+ prim>ily ( mass & coh]5ce4 ,mass4 ,z advance is made 9 ! ability to grasp quickly ! ?\ght ( a book1 x becomes m & m evid5t t ! eye mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt :5 arrang+ ! p>ts ( a composition4 ,! eye sees ! head+s ( ! *apt]s2 x cat*es ! la/ words ( "o p>agraph & ! fir/ words ( ! next2 x lights ^u ! words ne> ! p]iods2 s ! p>ts ( a composition %\ld be arrang$ s t ^! po9ts %all conta9 wor?y words4 ,moreov]1 )9 ! s5t5ce ! colon m>ks ! greate/ indep5d5ce ( ! p>ts2 ! semicolon comes next2 & ! comma m>ks ! smalle/ division ( ?\ght4 ,foll[+ ! guidance ( ! eye1 !n1 ! words be=e a p]iod %\ld be ! mo/ important2 ^? ne> a colon1 a semicolon1 & a comma w h a desc5d+ scale ( value4 ,a speak] has no difficulty ) punctuation2 unconsci\sly he pauses ) ! ?\ght4 ,s true is ?is1 t "o is incl9$ to say t if ! writ] w read al\d 8 own composition1 & punctuate :]e he pauses 9 ! read+1 always rememb]+ ! rank ( ! m>ks ( punctuation1 he w n be f> f "r4 ,x w be notic$ t he has paus$ 9 ! read+ aft] important words1 z if ! ?\ght /ay$ a mom5t !re = ! help ( ! read]4 ,naturally we pause aft] important words2 & conv]sely1 ! places ( importance 9 a s5t5ce are ne> ! m>ks ( punctuation1 increas+ f ! comma to ! p]iod4 ,end ( a ,s5t5ce4 ,! end ( a s5t5ce is m important ?an ! beg9n+2 & ! diff]5ce 9 value is great] ?an 9 a p>agraph4 ,9 a p>agraph ! op5+ is v important1 g5]ally conta9+ ! topic4 ,9 a s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 ! beg9n+ m (t5 has "s phrase ( transition1 or "s modifi]2 :ile x is ! end t conta9s ! gi/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,?is fact makes x imp]ative t no unwor?y matt] /& at ! end4 ,h[ important a position x is1 & h[ mu* is expect$ ( ! f9al words ( a s5t5ce1 is evid5t f ! effect ( failure produc$ by a s5t5ce t closes ) weak words4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 phrases h be5 mov$ f _! places2 ! weakness is app>5t4 ,ab/ract lib]ty is n to be f\nd2 & ?is is true ( o!r m]e ab/ractions4 ,?is is a p]suasion built ^u lib]ty1 & n only favorable to x4 ,i pass1 !re=e1 to _! agriculture1 ano!r po9t ( view4 ,( c\rse ,burke nev] wrote su* s5t5ces z ^!4 ,h[ev]1 s5t5ces l !m c be f\nd 9 s*ool compositions4 ,l9coln's "* is wor?y to be any "y man's ideal2 hav+ 9 x mu* to admire4 ,euclid ,av5ue1 ) its broad lawns1 & ) ,wade ,p>k z ! fitt+ climax ( its spaci\s beauty1 is ! mo/ attractive driveway 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* is say+ a good deal4 ,m9nesota has _m beautiful lakes2 ,mille ,lacs1 fr+$ ) d>k p9es2 ,osakis1 ) its bea* ( gli/5+ s&2 ,m9netonka1 skirt$ by a lovely b\lev>d bord]$ by cool lawns & cosy cottages2 & _m o!rs n s big4 ,su* s5t5ces z ^! are n uncommon4 ,_! ru9 is wr\ght by ! clos+ words4 ,wat* = trail+ relatives1 dangl+ p>ticiples1 & /raggl+ g5]alities at ! end ( s5t5ces4 ,! end ( a s5t5ce is a position ( di/9ction2 x %\ld be held by words ( di/9ction4 ,s influ5tial is position 9 a s5t5ce t by virtue ( x a ^w or a clause ( equal rank ) o!rs c be made to take on a c]ta9 add$ au?ority4 ,by obs]v+ ! end ( a s5t5ce1 a read] c det]m9e :at 0 upp]mo/ 9 ! m9d ( an au?or c>eful ( ^! ?+s4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce z x 0 writt5 by ,burke ! emphasis is on ! duration ( ! "t2 b by a *ange ( position x is put ^u ! fact4 ,ref9$ policy ev] has be5 ! p>5t ( confusion2 & ev] w be s1 z long z ! _w endures4 ,*ang+ ! la/ clause x reads1 &1 z long z ! _w endures1 ev] w be s4 ,?is is n weak2 b ! /ress is n :]e ,burke plac$ x4 ,! position ( ! words gives !m an importance t does n inh]e 9 ! words !mselves4 ,effect ( ,anti-climax4 ,/ill1 z ! t5ure ( a place ( di/9ction _c save a fool f ! reputation ( folly1 position 9 a s5t5ce _c r$eem empty words f _! truly insipid "*4 ,inde$1 z ! imbecility ( a %all[ pate is made all ! m app>5t by a position ( di/9ction1 s is ! utt] unfitness ( c]ta9 words = _! position pa9fully manife/4 ,?is is ! secret ( anti-climax4 ,by reason ( its v position 9 a s5t5ce1 ! la/ phrase %\ld be di/+ui%$2 in/ead ! position is held by a silly no?+4 ,disappo9t+ anti-climaxes1 l ^? already cit$1 are frequ5tly made by "y writ]s2 & !y are sometimes met ) 9 ! works ( ! be/ au?ors4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce is f ,newman3 f ! po9t ( view ( an ard5t *ur*man1 x may be a climax2 b f ! po9t ( view ( ! g5]al read] :o consid]s ! :ole great] ?an any ( its p>ts1 9 spite ( all ! s5se prec$+ ! f9al phrase1 t is absurd & disappo9t+ nons5se4 ,i prote/ to y1 g5tlem51 t if ,i _h to *oose betwe5 a s-call$ univ]sity1 :i* disp5s$ ) resid5ce & tutorial sup]9t5d5ce1 & gave its degrees to any p]son :o pass$ an exam9ation 9 a wide range ( subjects1 & a univ]sity :i* _h no pr(essors & exam9ations at all1 b m]ely br\ght a numb] ( "y m5 toge!r = ?ree or f\r ye>s1 & !n s5t !m away z ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d is said to h done "s sixty ye>s s9ce1 if ,i 7 ask$ :i* ( ^! me?ods 0 ! bett] discipl9e ( ! intellect1--m9d1 ,i d n say :i* is morally ! bett]1 = x is pla9 t compulsory /udy mu/ be a good & idl5ess an intol]able mis*ief1--b if ,i mu/ det]m9e :i* ( ! two c\rses 0 ! m successful 9 tra9+1 m\ld+1 & enl>g+ ! m9d1 :i* s5t out m5 ! m fitt$ = _! secul> duties1 :i* produc$ bett] public m51 m5 ( ! _w1 m5 ^: names w\ld desc5d to po/]ity1 ,i h no hesitation 9 giv+ ! pref]5ce to t univ]sity :i* did no?+1 ov] t :i* exact$ an acqua9tance ) e sci5ce "u ! sun4 ,&1 p>adox z ?is may seem1 /ill if results be ! te/ ( sy/ems1 ! influ5ce ( ! public s*ools & colleges ( ,engl&1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ c5tury1 at lea/ w be> out "o side ( ! contra/ z ,i h drawn x4 ,:at c\ld come1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! ideal sy/ems ( education :i* h fasc9at$ ! imag9ation ( ?is age1 c\ld !y ev] take effect1 & :e!r !y w\ld n produce a g5]ation frivol\s1 n>r[-m9d$1 & res\rceless1 intellectually consid]$1 is a fair subject = debate2 b s f> is c]ta91 t ! univ]sities & s*ola/ic e/abli%m5ts1 to :i* ,i ref]1 & :i* did little m ?an br+ toge!r fir/ boys & !n y\?s 9 l>ge numb]s1 ^! in/itutions1 ) mis]able de=mities on ! side ( morals1 ) a holl[ pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 & a hea!n code ( e?ics1--,i say1 at lea/1 !y c boa/ ( a succession ( h]oes & /atesm51 ( lit]>y m5 & philosoph]s1 ( m5 conspicu\s = great natural virtues1 = habits ( bus9ess1 = k ( life1 = practical judgm5t1 = cultivat$ ta/es1 = accompli%m5ts1 :o h made ,engl& :at x is1--able to subdue ! e>?1 able to dom9e] ov] ,ca?olics4#de ,use ( ,climax4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is evid5t t ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce1 z f> z may be1 %\ld be arrang$ 9 a climax4 ,! climax %\ld be 9 ! ?\ght1 ) a correspond+ increase 9 ! weight ( ! phrases4 ,if ! ?\ghts increase 9 importance1 ! words t express !m %\ld increase 9 numb]4 ,! numb] ( words 9 ! treatm5t be>s a pretty con/ant ratio to ! importance ( ! subject treat$4 ,! p>agraph quot$ f ,newman is an excell5t illu/ration ( ! use ( climax1--until x comes to t la/ phrase4 ,note 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! repetition ( ! condition1 ?ree times repeat$4 ,*ange ! second to ! ?ird & see h[ diff]5t x is4 ,!n he has public m51 m5 ( ! _w1 m5 ^: names w\ld desc5d to po/]ity1--a /eady increase 9 ! ?\ght1 & a correspond+ increase 9 ! l5g? ( phrases4 ,! la/ s5t5ce conta9s a f9e example ( climax4 ,( h]oes & /atesm51 ( lit]>y m5 & philosoph]s1 ( m5 conspicu\s = great natural virtues1 = habits ( bus9ess1 = k ( life1 = practical judgm5t1 = cultivat$ ta/es1 = accompli%m5ts1 :o h made ,engl& :at x is1--able to subdue ! e>?4 ,climax is ! arrangem5t t produces ! effect ( vigor\s /r5g?4 ,9 arrang+ a succession ( modifi]s1 s f> z possible )\t break+ "s o!r m important pr9ciple1 a writ] w ga9 9 =ce if he seeks = climax4 ,loose & ,p]iodic4 ,s5t5ces are divid$ into two classes3 loose & p]iodic4 ,a loose s5t5ce may be brok5 at "s po9t be=e ! end1 & up to t po9t be grammatically a complete s5t5ce4 ,an arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce t susp5ds ! mean+ until ! close is call$ p]iodic4 ,! p]iodic s5t5ce is g5]ally s mass$ t ! end conta9s words ( di/9ction1 & ! s5t5ce =ms a climax4 ,n all climaxes are p]iods2 b ne>ly all p]iods are climaxes4 ,! ,p]iod4 ,! philosophy ( ! p]iodic s5t5ce has be5 be/ /at$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,he />ts ) ! axiom t ! :ole am\nt ( att5tion a read] c give at any mom5t is limit$ & fix$4 ,a read] mu/ give a "p ( x to m]ely acquir+ ! mean+2 ! rema9d] ( 8 att5tion he c give to ! ?\ght itself4 ,9 read+ ,cic]o ! pupil has to put a l>ge "p ( 8 att5tion ^u ! vocabul>y1 ^u ! ord] & con/ruction ( ! words2 ! b>e/ fragm5t ( att5tion he c be/[ ^u ! ?\ght ( ! great orator4 ,s :5 ! read] attacks "o ( ,br[n+'s mo/ involv$ & obscure passages1 he is kept f ! ?\ght by ! difficulties 9 ! language4 ,z x is ! purpose ( language to convey ?\ght1 & z x is usually ! wi% ( an au?or to be und]/ood1 he %\ld use up z little z possible ( ! read]'s limit$ att5tion = ! m]e acquisition ( ! ?\ght1 & leave ! read] z mu* z he c to put ^u ! mean+4 ,9 apply+ ?is to s5t5ces1 ! "q is1 :i* =m ( s5t5ce dem&s lea/ ef=t to get at its mean+3 ! p]iodic s5t5ce1 :i* susp5ds ! mean+ to ! end2 or ! loose s5t5ce1 :i* may be brok5 at sev]al po9ts & gives its mean+ 9 in/allm5ts8 ,! old example is z good z any3 %all we say z ! ,fr5* d1 a horse black2 or %all we say z ! ,engli% d1 a black horse8 = 9 ! arrangem5t ( ^! ?ree words !re lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 a loose & a p]iodic s5t5ce4 ,consid] ! ,fr5* ord] fir/4 ,:5 a p]son he>s ! words a horse1 he at once ?9ks ( ! horse he kn[s be/2 t is1 g5]ally1 a bay horse4 ,:5 ! ^w black foll[s1 ! :ole image has to be *ang$ f ! bay horse he kn[s to ! black horse he has occasionally se54 ,!re has be5 a wa/e ( att5tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! words a black are he>d1 ! m9d con/ructs no image2 x waits until ! n\n modifi$ is spok54 ,!n ! :ole image spr+s up at once2 x is correct & x ne$s no remodel+4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce illu/rates ! po9t4 ,i am wa/+ "t is ! beg9n+4 ,x w\ld be difficult to enum]ate ! _m ?\ghts sugge/$ by ^! words2 ea* p]son has 8 own idea ( wa/+ "t4 ,:5 ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce is add$1 try+ to le>n my geometry lesson1 ! :ole has to be recon/ruct$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! p]iodic /atem5t susp5ds ! mean+ to ! end4 ,!re is no place :]e1 )\t additions to ! words us$1 ! m9d c re/4 ,try+ to le>n a geometry lesson is = me a wa/e ( "t4 ,!oretically ! p]iodic s5t5ce is bett] ?an ! loose s5t5ce2 = x economizes att5tion4 ,!re is ano!r side to ! "q1 h[ev]4 ,if ! details be _m1 & if ea* be long1 !y w\ld be m ?an ! m9d c\ld c>ry )\t great ef=t2 & in/ead ( economy ( att5tion1 !re is improvid5t wa/e4 ,! m9d w c>ry a long1 c>efully arrang$ p]iod at int]vals2 b a succession ( p]iods is sure to result 9 its absolute refusal to d s any long]4 ,!re is a limit to ! l5g? ( a p]iod t economizes att5tion2 & !re is a limit to ! numb] ( successive p]iods :i* a read] c endure4 ,p]iodic & ,loose comb9$4 ,!re is ano!r =m ( s5t5ce1 :i* comb9es ! loose & ! p]iodic4 ,x g5]ally beg9s ) ! p]iodic =m & su/a9s ?is until x is bett] to relieve ! m9d ( ! /ress1 :5 ! p]iod ends or ! loose /ructure beg9s2 & ! s5t5ce may z a :ole be p]iodic :ile conta9+ p>ts t are loose4 ,?is k9d ( s5t5ce is a common =m = long s5t5ces4 ,x gives to prose mu* ( ! dignity ( ! p]iod1 toge!r ) ! famili>ity ( ! loose s5t5ce4 ,! s5t5ce bel[ may be *ang$1 by putt+ ! la/ clause fir/1 to a loose s5t5ce2 & by plac+ x aft] ! ^w subject x becomes mix$4 ,by all p]sons :o h writt5 ( ! subject1 = ! gr&eur ( its m\nta9s & ! deep quiet ( its gre5 valleys = ! leap+ torr5ts ( its foam+ riv]s & blue calm ( its crag-wall$ lakes1 ,switz]l& has be5 nam$ '! ,p>adise ( ,europe4' ,! foll[+ p>agraph f ,burke conta9s examples ( loose1 p]iodic1 & mix$ s5t5ces3-- ,to re/ore ord] & repose to an empire s great & s di/ract$ z1 ours1 is1 m]ely 9 ! attempt1 an und]tak+ t w\ld ennoble ! flights ( ! highe/ g5ius1 & obta9 p>don = ! ef=ts ( ! meane/ und]/&+4 ,/ruggl+ a good :ile ) ^! ?\ghts1 by degrees ,i felt myself m firm4 ,i d]iv$1 at l5g?1 "s confid5ce f :at 9 o!r circum/ances usually produces timidity4 ,i grew less anxi\s1 ev5 f ! idea ( my own insignificance4 ,=1 judg+ ( :at y are by :at y ought to be1 ,i p]suad$ myself t y w\ld n reject a reasonable proposition because x _h no?+ b its reason to recomm5d x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 be+ totally de/itute ( all %ad[ ( influ5ce1 natural or adv5titi\s1 ,i 0 v sure t1 if my proposition 7 futile or dang]\s--if x 7 weakly conceiv$1 or improp]ly tim$1--!re 0 no?+ ext]ior to x ( p[] to awe1 dazzle1 or delude y4 ,y w see x j z x is2 & y w treat x j z x des]ves4#df ,:i* %all be us$8 ,:i* %all be us$1 loose s5t5ces or p]iodic8 ,9 lit]ature ! loose m frequ5tly occur4 ,!y are in=mal & conv]sational1 & are especially suit$ to lett]-writ+1 /ory-tell+1 & ! light essay4 ,! p]iod is =mal2 x has ! air ( prep>ation4 ,! oration1 ! =mal essay1 well-wr\ght argum5t1--=ms ( lit]ature :]e prep>ation is expect$1--may use ! p]iod ) good effect4 ,x has a f9i%1 a s*ol>ly ref9em5t1 n f\nd 9 ! loose s5t5ce2 & yet a s]ies ( p]iods w\ld be z mu* out ( place 9 a lett] z a c\rt regalia at a d[nt[n re/aurant4 ,! loose s5t5ce is easy1 in=mal1 & famili>2 ! p]iodic is /iff1 artificial1 & ari/ocratic4 ,to use none b loose s5t5ces gives a composition an air ( famili>ity ev5 to ! v]ge ( vulg>ity2 to employ only p]iodic s5t5ces induces a feel+ ( /iff artificiality bord]+ on bomba/4 ,! fitness ( ea* = its purpose is ! guide = its use4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a reason :y "y p]sons %\ld be enc\rag$ to use p]iodic s5t5ces4 ,usually !y compose %ort s5t5ces1 s !re is little dang] ( ov]burd5+ ! read]'s att5tion4 ,) ?is dang] remov$1 ! result ( ! g5]\s use ( p]iodic s5t5ces w be no?+ worse ?an a too obvi\s prep>ation4 ,! s5t5ces w all be f9i%$ to a degree1 & unque/ionably w give a feel+ ( artificiality4 ,h[ev]1 ! att5tion to s5t5ce-/ructure necess>y 9 ord] to make x p]iodic is a ?+ dev\tly to be wi%$ at ?is /age ( gr[?4 ,no o!r fault is s common 9 s5t5ce-con/ruction z c>elessness4 ,a !me w be logically outl9$1 a p>agraph c>efully plann$1 b a s5t5ce1--anybody /&+ on "o foot c make a s5t5ce4 ,a well-turn$ s5t5ce is a "w ( art1 & x is nev] made 9 mom5ts :5 ! writ] didn't ?9k4 ,! end mu/ be se5 at ! beg9n+3 else x does n end2 x plays out4 ,!re is no o!r rem$y = c>eless1 slip%od s5t5ce-mak+ s effective z ! con/ruction ( _m p]iodic s5t5ces4 ,n only w !re be c>e 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial1 b :5 all details mu/ be introduc$ be=e ! pr9cipal ?\ght1 !re w be little *ance ( any phrase slipp+ into ! s5t5ce t does n 9 tru? belong !re4 ,dangl+ p>ticiples1 trail+ relatives1 & /raggl+ g5]alities c f9d no *ance to hang on to a p]iodic s5t5ce4 ,e detail mu/ be a real & necess>y modification ( ! g]m ?\ght ( ! s5t5ce1 else x c h>dly be =c$ 94 ,p]iodic s5t5ces1 !n1 besides insur+ a c>eful f9i% to ! "w1 are also a safegu>d aga9/ ! introduction ( irrelevant mat]ial1--! commone/ (f5se aga9/ s5t5ce-unity4 ,emphasis by ,*ange ( ,ord]4 ,closely connect$ ) ! emphasis ga9$ by ! p]iodic arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce is ! emphasis ga9$ by =c+ words out ( _! natural ord]4 ,9 a s5t5ce ! po9ts :i* arre/ ! eye & ! att5tion are ! beg9n+ & ! end4 ,h[ev]1 if ! subject /&s fir/ & ! words ( ! pr$icate 9 _! natural ord]1 !re is no m emphasis ^u !m ?an ^! important elem5ts ( a s5t5ce ord9>ily des]ve4 ,to emphasize ei!r x is necess>y to =ce x out ( its natural position4 ,george next w5t to ,bo/on1 is ! natural ord] ( ?is s5t5ce4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t a writ] wi%$ to emphasize ! fact t x 0 ,george :o w5t next1 n ,james or ,fr$1 he c\ld d x by =c+ ! ^w ,george f its pres5t natural position to a position unnatural4 ,he c\ld write1 ,x 0 ,george :o next w5t to ,bo/on1 or1 ,! next to g to ,bo/on 0 ,george4 ,=c+ ! subject t[>d ! position usually occupi$ by ! pr$icate emphasizes ! subject4 ,?is is simil> to ! emphasis giv5 by ! p]iod4 ,x 0 ,george is s f> p]iodic1 foll[$ by ! loose /ructure2 & ! la/ arrangem5t is q p]iodic4 ,e device = ?r[+ ! subject back into ! s5t5ce makes ! s5t5ce up to ! po9t :]e ! subject is introduc$ p]iodic2 ?is arrangem5t ?r[s ! emphasis =w>d to ! ^w t closes ! p]iod4 ,o!r p>ts ( a s5t5ce may be emphasiz$ by be+ plac$ out ( _! natural ord]4 ,9 ! natural ord]1 adjectives & adv]bs prec$e ! words !y modify2 conditional & concessive clauses prec$e ! clauses !y modify2 an object foll[s a v]b2 & prepositional phrases & adjective clauses foll[ ! words !y modify4 ,^! rules are g5]al4 ,mov+ a "p ( a s5t5ce f ?is g5]al ord] usually emphasizes x4 ,george w5t to ,bo/on next emphasizes a little ! "t2 b ,next ,george w5t to ,bo/on places great emphasis on ! "t4 ,s ,x 0 to ,bo/on t ,george w5t next emphasizes ! place4 ,w5t _c be s dealt )4 ,x seems irrevocably fix$ t 9 a prose decl>ative s5t5ce ! v]b %all nev] /& fir/4 ,x is n all[$ by good use4 ,! re>rangem5t ( ! foll[+ s5t5ce illu/rates ! emphasis giv5 by putt+ words out ( _! natural ord]3-- ,! /rong & sw>?y sailors ( ! ,patria sl[ly r[$ ! p>ty to ! %ore4 ,! sailors ( ! ,patria1 /rong & sw>?y1 sl[ly r[$ ! p>ty to ! %ore4 ,sl[ly ! /rong & sw>?y sailors ( ! ,patria r[$ ! p>ty to ! %ore4 ,( ! /eam] ,patria1 ! sailors1 /rong & sw>?y1 r[$ ! p>ty to ! %ore4 ,to %[ ! arrangem5t ( clauses ! foll[+ w be suffici5t3-- ,he _c make advancem5t1 ev5 if he /udies h>d4 ,ev5 if he /udies h>d1 he _c make advancem5t4 ,y\r ,iri% p5sion]s w\ld />ve1 if !y _h no o!r fund to live on ?an ! taxes grant$ by ,engli% au?ority4 ,if !y _h no o!r fund to live on ?an ! taxes grant$ by ,engli% au?ority1 y\r ,iri% p5sion]s w\ld />ve4 ,! latt] arrangem5t emphasizes ! conclusion mu* m ?an ! =m]2 at ! same "t x subord9ates ! condition4 ,burke wi%$ ! emphasis to be ^u ! condition2 he plac$ x aft] ! conclusion4 ,subdue ,unimportant ,elem5ts4 ,emphasis is ga9$ by plac+ words 9 important positions 9 a s5t5ce by arrang+ ! p>ts to =m a climax2 by ! use ( ! p]iod2 by =c+ words out ( _! natural ord]4 ,x is also ga9$ by ! subdual ( p>ts n important4 ,?is emphasis is a matt] ( relative int5sity4 ,! beauty & /r5g? ( any arti/ic product dep5d z mu* ^u ! subdual ( ! accessories z ^u ! int5sify+ ( ! necess>ies4 ,9 ord] to get ! emphasis ^u c]ta9 phrases1 x is necess>y to subord9ate o!r phrases4 ,9 ! talk ( a *ild e ?\ght phrases itself z a simple s5t5ce4 ,n until x gr[s to y\? does ! *ild recognize t !re is a diff]5ce 9 values1 & adopt means = express+ x4 ,to grasp firmly ! pr9cipal idea & !n subdue all o!r ideas is an elegant way ( emphasiz+4 ,! subdual ( p>ts is accompli%$ by r$uc+ to subord9ate clauses1 to phrases1 to words1 "s ( ! ideas :i* 9 a *ild's talk w\ld be express$ 9 s5t5ces4 ,a ?\ght ( b>ely en\gh importance to be m5tion$ %\ld be squeez$ into a ^w4 ,if x des]ves m notice1 p]haps a prepositional phrase w express x4 ,a p>ticipial phrase w (t5 s]ve = a clause or a s5t5ce4 ,a subord9ate clause may be ne$$ if ! ?\ght is ( great importance4 ,& la/1 if x des]ves su* a di/9ction1 ! ?\ght may dem& an indep5d5t clause or a s5t5ce = itself4 ,if ! foll[+ s5t5ce be brok5 into bits z a *ild w\ld tell x1 ! nice effects ( emphasis :i* ,irv+ has giv5 x are ru9$3-- ,:5 ! dance 0 at an end1 ,i*abod 0 attract$ to a knot ( ! sag] folks1 :o1 ) old ,van ,tassel1 sat smok+ at "o end ( ! piazza1 gossip+ ov] =m] times1 & draw+ out long /ories ab\t ! w>4#dg ,put into simple s5t5ces1 x w\ld be l ?is3 ,! dance 0 at an end4 ,i*abod 0 attract$ to a knot ( folks4 ,! folks 7 old]4 ,!y sat at ! end ( ! piazza4 ,old ,van ,tassel 0 ) !m4 ,!y 7 smok+1 etc4 ,9 su* s5t5ces1 no?+ is emphatic2 x is all alike4 ,9 ,irv+'s s5t5ces1 :]e ideas are r$uc$ to clause1 phrase1 ev5 a ^w1 !re is no "q ab\t :at is important & :at is unimportant4 ,he has secur$ an exquisite emphasis by a discrim9at+ subdual ( subord9ate ideas4 ,?is br+s up ! s5t5ces by ,kipl+ already quot$ on page #bja4 ,! au?or has us$ ?ree indep5d5t s5t5ces4 ,!y c be writt5 z "o1 ?us3 ,! reason ( h] w&]+ 0 simple en\gh2 = ,coppy1 9 a tone ( too-ha/ily-assum$ au?ority1 _h told h] ov] night t %e mu/ n ride out by ! riv]1 & %e _h gone to prove h] own _s & tea* ,coppy a lesson4 ,!re is a reason1 h[ev]1 :y ,kipl+ wi%$ t la/ s5t5ce to /& alone4 ,subord9at$ z x is "h rewritt51 x does n half express ! spiteful indep5d5ce %e assum$ to tea* ,coppy a lesson4 ,x ne$s ! indep5d5t con/ruction4 ,j z surely z ,kipl+ is "r 9 putt+ ! reasons into two %>p1 indep5d5t s5t5ces1 is ,irv+ "r :5 he puts ! reason 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce into a subord9ate clause4 ,x is n important en\gh to des]ve a s5t5ce all by itself4 ,he 01 moreov]1 e/eem$ by ! wom5 z a man ( great erudition1 = he _h read sev]al books q ?r\gh1 & 0 a p]fect ma/] ( ,cotton ,ma!r's ',hi/ory ( ,new ,engl& ,wit*craft1' 9 :i*1 by ! way1 he mo/ firmly & pot5tly believ$4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce ! effect ( subord9ation is unmi/akable3-- ,he _h a "n 9 ! village = brutally misus+ ! ass2 yet x is c]ta9 t he %$ a te> :i* made a clean m>k d[n "o *eek4 ,n[ read x aga93-- ,he _h a "n 9 ! village = brutally misus+ ! ass2 yet x is c]ta9 t he %$ a te>1 & ! te> made a clean m>k d[n "o *eek4 ,! la/ clause has bur/ away f its =m] submission1 & 9 its indep5d5ce has made ! mo/ important ann\ncem5t ( ! s5t5ce1--! witty climax4 ,emphasis is1 to a l>ge degree1 a matt] ( position1 b position _c emancipate any clause f ! ?ralldom ( subord9ation4 ,to emphasize "o idea1 subord9ate ancill>y ideas2 make !m take _! prop] rank 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,r$uce !m to a clause or to a phrase2 & if a ^w ju/ly expresses ! relative importance ( ! ?\ght1 r$uce its expression to a s+le ^w4 ,! ,dynamic ,po9t ( a ,s5t5ce4 ,9 ! *apt] on p>agraphs x 0 said t "o s5t5ce is (t5 ! s\rce ( ! succe$+ s5t5ce2 t su* a s5t5ce seem$ to be *>g$ l a ,leyd5 j>1 & to dis*>ge its :ole p[] ?r\gh a s+le ^w or phrase2 & fur!r1 t ?is ^w or phrase %\ld be left free to act1--x %\ld be uncov]$4 ,h[ a s5t5ce c be arrang$ s t ?is ^w or phrase %all h ! prom95ce x des]ves1 & c unh9d]$ transmit ! undim9i%$ =ce ( "o s5t5ce to ! next1 has n[ be5 expla9$4 ,fir/1 su* words c be made dynamic by plac+ !m at ! beg9n+ or ! end ( a s5t5ce2 second1 by plac+ !m ne> ! major m>ks ( punctuation2 ?ird1 by =c+ !m f _! natural ord]2 & f\r?1 by ! subdual ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! greate/ c>e 9 mass+ s5t5ces s t none ( _! p[] be lo/ 9 transmission is "o ( ! secrets ( ! lit]ature t c>ries ! read] irresi/ibly =w>d4 ,sometimes he may be annoy$ by ! repetition ( phrases2 b he _c get away2 he mu/ g =w>d4 ,9 ! p>agraph bel[1 quot$ f ,mat!w ,arnold1 e phrase t is ! po9t f :i* ! next s5t5ce spr+s is 9 a position :]e x c act untrammel$4 ,?r\gh x ! :ole =ce ( ! s5t5ce passes3-- ,x w be said t x is a v subtle & indirect action :i* ,i am ?us prescrib+ = criticism1 & t1 by embrac+ 9 ?is mann] ! ,indian virtue ( deta*m5t & ab&on+ ! sph]e ( practical life1 x condemns itself z a sl[ & obscure "w4 ,sl[ & obscure x may be1 b x is ! only prop] "w ( criticism4 ,! mass ( mank9d w nev] h any ard5t zeal = see+ ?+s z !y are2 v inadequate ideas w satisfy !m4 ,on ^! inadequate ideas reposes1 & mu/ repose1 ! g5]al practice ( ! _w4 ,t is z mu* z say+ t :oev] sets himself to see ?+s z !y are w f9d himself "o ( a v small circle2 b x is only by ?is small circle resolutely do+ its own "w t adequate ideas w ev] get curr5t at all4 ,! ru% & upro> ( practical life w always h a dizzy+ & attract+ effect ^u ! mo/ collect$ spectator1 & t5d to draw him into its vortex2 mo/ ( all w ?is be ! case :]e t life is s p[]ful z x is 9 ,engl&4 ,b x is only by rema9+ collect$1 & refus+ to l5d himself to ! po9t ( view ( ! practical man1 t ! critic c d ! practical man any s]vice2 & x is only by ! greate/ s9c]ity 9 pursu+ 8 own c\rse1 & by at la/ conv9c+ ev5 ! practical man ( 8 s9c]ity1 t he c escape misund]/&+s :i* p]petually ?reat5 him4#dh ,good ,use4 ,good use has be5 m5tion$4 ,9 mass+ ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce = ! purpose ( emphasiz+ "s idea1 a writ] has n entire fre$om4 ,good use1 :i* is ! use ( ackn[l$g$ ma/]s1 decides :at may be done4 ,!re are c]ta9 arrangem5ts ( words to :i* we are accu/om$2 & ! disreg>d ( !m leads to obscurity or d[nright contr>iety 9 ! ?\ght4 ,brutus /abb$ ,caes> is ! common ord]2 ,brutus ,caes> /abb$1 or ,/abb$ ,brutus ,caes>1 is obscure2 :ile ,caes> /abb$ ,brutus is ! v opposite ( ! tru?4 ,^? :o h /udi$ ,lat9 "k t z f> z und]/&+ ! s5t5ce is conc]n$1 x w\ld make no diff]5ce 9 :i* ord] ! ?ree ,lat9 words %\ld be arrang$2 ?\gh x w\ld make a mighty diff]5ce 9 ! emphasis4 ,9 ,lat9 ! case end+s det]m9e ! con/ruction ( ! words4 ,9 an inflect$ language ! words may be mass$ almo/ to suit ! writ]2 9 an un9flect$ language1 )9 c]ta9 limits ! ord] det]m9es ! relation betwe5 gr\ps ( words4 ,?\gh = emphasis x might be advisable to h ! object fir/1 = ! sake ( cle>ness 9 a %ort s5t5ce ! object _c /& fir/4 ,! prim>y consid]ation 9 mak+ any piece ( lit]ature is t x may be und]/ood4 ,to be und]/ood1 ! s5t5ce mu/ be arrang$ 9 ! ord] to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,! ord] to :i* we are accu/om$ has be5 det]m9$ by good use4 ,! v>iety 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce t has be5 sanction$ by good usage is great1 yet !re are limits4 ,gramm> is bas$ ^u ! usage ( ! be/ writ]s4 ,any (f5se aga9/ ! gramm> ( our language is a s9 aga9/ good use4 ,br[n+ may use con/ructions s erratic t ! ord9>y read] does n "k :at he is read+ ab\t2 ,c>lyle may =ge a new ^w r ?an take ! tr\ble to f9d "o t o!r p h us$4 ,b ! "y writ]1 at lea/1 is f> saf] :ile keep+ )9 ! limits ( good use4 ,cle>ness ga9$ by ,coh]5ce4 ,coh]5ce 9 a s5t5ce is t pr9ciple ( /ructure by :i* its p>ts are be/ arrang$ to /ick toge!r4 ,! p>ts ( a s5t5ce conta9+ relat$ ideas %\ld be s associat$ t !re c be no mi/ake reg>d+ ! ref]5ce or ! modification4 ,su* a s5t5ce z ! foll[+ _c be und]/ood2 ! ref]5ce is obscure4 ,james told him t he did n see :at he 0 to d 9 ! matt]4 ,if ! read] 7 sure ( ! fir/ he1 he c\ld n come ne>] ?an a guess at ! ref]5ce ( ! second he4 ,! ?ird p]sonal pron\n--he1 %e1 x--9 all its cases is especially unc]ta9 9 its ref]5ces4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce bel[ is f an ,engli% gramm>4 ,! second is f a rec5tly publi%$ biography4 ,bo? are obscure 9 ! ref]5ce ( ! pron\ns4 ,:5 'self' is add$ to a pron\n ( ! ,fir/ & ,second p]son1 x is prec$$ by ! ,possessive case4 ,b :5 x is add$ to a pron\n ( ! ,?ird p]son1 x is prec$$ by a pron\n 9 ! ,objective case4 ,i am rem9d$ ( ,sw9burne's view ( ,provid5ce :5 he said t he nev] saw an old g5tleman give a sixp5ce to a begg>1 b he 0 /raightway run ov] by a 'bus4 ,! relative pron\n is also unc]ta9 9 its ref]5ces4 ,"s ,s\!rn]s 7 among ! %ip's pass5g]s1 ( :om a few _h s]v$ 9 ! ,rebellion4 7,obscure ref]5ce47 ,r$ lights 7 display$ 9 a peculi> succession1 :i* w>n$ ( imp5d+ /orm4 7,no antec$5t47 ,to make ! ref]5ce ( pron\ns1 p]sonal & relative1 di/9ct1 ! antec$5t mu/ be made prom95t2 sometimes ! only way out ( ! difficulty is a repetition ( ! antec$5t4 ,& ! pron\n %\ld /& ne> ! ^w to :i* x ref]s4 ,keep associat$ ideas toge!r4 ,l pron\ns 9 ! unc]ta9ty ( _! ref]5ce are p>ticiples4 ,ei!r ! subject is n express$1 or x is unc]ta94 ,ha/5+ up ! /eps1 ! door op5$4 7,none47 ,com+ f ! spr+1 ) a pail ( wat] 9 ei!r h&1 he saw h] = ! fir/ "t4 7,unc]ta947 ,adv]bs are sometimes plac$ s t !y make a s5t5ce ridicul\s2 & frequ5tly _! mean+ is lo/ by be+ sep>at$ f ! words !y modify4 ,only is a ^w to be wat*$4 ,l adv]bs are correlative conjunctions4 ,!y are frequ5tly s plac$ t !y d n jo9 ! elem5ts !y 7 int5d$ to unite4 ,he seiz$ ! "y girl z %e rose f ! wat] almo/ r\ghly4 ,i ?9k ,i h>dly %all4 ,i only w5t z f> z ! gate4 ,:o %all say1 ( u :o "k only ( re/ & peace by toil & /rife8 ,he n only le>n$ algebra readily b also ,lat94 ,phrases & clauses may lose _! ref]5ce by be+ remov$ f ! words !y modify4 ,toil+ up ! hill1 he arriv$ at ,hotel ,bellevue ?r\gh a drizzl+ ra94 ,addison rose to a po/ :i* dukes1 ! heads ( ! great h\ses ( ,talbot1 ,russell1 & ,b5t9ck1 h ?\ght x an honor to fill )\t high bir?1 & ) little prop]ty4 ,fr$ 0 lik$ well2 b he _h ! habit ( t class t _c get ! ,engli% ,language 9 ! "r ord] :5 a little excit$4 ,all ! classes ( errors :i* h be5 exemplifi$ "h are due to ! infr+em5t ( "o rule3 ?+s t belong toge!r 9 ?\ght %\ld /& toge!r 9 composition4 ,no?+ %\ld be all[$ to come betwe5 a pron\n1 an adjective1 an adv]b1 a correlative1 a phrase1 or a clause1 & ! ^w x modifies4 ,sometimes o!r modifi]s h to be tak5 into acc\nt3 :]e m ?an "o ^w or phrase modifies ! same ^w1 a trial w h to be made to arrange !m s t !re %all be no obscurity or absurdity4 ,keep relat$ ideas toge!r2 keep unrelat$ ideas ap>t4 ,p>allel ,con/ruction4 ,! second pr9ciple :i* helps to make ! relation ( p>ts cle> is p>allel con/ruction4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ 9 p>agraphs4 ,9 s5t5ces ! commone/ errors are 9 l9k+ an inf9itive ) a g]und1 a p>ticiple ) a v]b1 an active ) a passive voice1 a phrase ) a clause4 ,! result is s5t5ces l ! foll[+3-- ,y _c p]suade him to g & into buy+ :at he does n want4 ,?us he spoke1 & turn+ to ! door4 ,! k+ began to =ce ! collection ( duties1 & an army 0 s5t by him to execute 8 wi%es4 ,he 0 resolv$ to use pati5ce & t he w\ld (t5 ex]cise *>ity4 ,su* s5t5ces are (f5sive to ! e>2 & 7 !y z long z ! ones bel[1 !y w\ld n be cle>4 ,y _c p]suade !m to burn _! books ( curi\s sci5ce2 to bani% _! lawy]s f _! c\rts ( laws2 or to qu5* ! lights ( _! assemblies by refus+ to *oose ^? p]sons :o are be/ read 9 _! privileges4 ,= ?\gh rebellion is decl>$1 x is n proce$$ aga9/ z su*1 nor h any /eps be5 tak5 t[>ds ! appreh5sion or conviction ( any individual (f5d]1 ei!r on our late or our =m] ,address2 b modes ( public co]cion h be5 adopt$1 & su* z h mu* m resemblance to a sort ( qualifi$ ho/ility t[>ds an indep5d5t p[] ?an ! puni%m5t ( rebelli\s subjects4 ,my ,resolutions !re=e mean ,,to ,,e/abli% ! equity & ju/ice ( a taxation ( ,am]ica by grant & n by imposition2 ,,to ,,m>k ! legal compet5cy ( ! colony ,assemblies = ! support ( _! gov]nm5t 9 peace1 & = public aids 9 "t ( w>2 ,,to ,,ackn[l$ge t ?is legal compet5cy has _h a dutiful & b5eficial ex]cise2 & t exp]i5ce has %[n ! b5efit ( _! grants1 & ! futility ( ,p>liam5t>y taxation z a me?od ( supply4#di ,9 ! second s5t5ce ,burke has us$ a passive voice :5 x w\ld c]ta9ly be m elegant to *ange to ! active4 ,is proce$$ aga9/ is surely awkw>d1 b = uni=mity & result+ cle>ness he has reta9$ ! passive4 ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce ! inf9itives to e/abli%1 to m>k1 & to ackn[l$ge are 9 ! same con/ruction2 !y are objects ( mean4 ,!n comes a *ange ( =m to %[ t ! clauses t ?is legal compet5cy has _h1 etc41 & t exp]i5ce has %[n1 etc41 are 9 a l relation to ! inf9itive to ackn[l$ge4 ,?\gh ! la/ clause by reason ( ! punctuation looks correlative ) ! o!rs1 x is n relat$ z object to ! v]b mean1 z ! o!rs are1 b x is ! object ( to ackn[l$ge4 ,!re c\ld h>dly be a bett] example ( ! value ( p>allel con/ructions = ! purpose ( avoid+ confusion1 & l9k+ toge!r p>ts t are relat$4 ,balanc$ ,s5t5ces4 ,p>allel con/ructions are us$ 9 balanc$ s5t5ces4 ,9 balanc$ s5t5ces "o "p is balanc$ aga9/ ano!r1--a n\n & a n\n1 an adjective & an adjective1 phrase & phrase4 ,balanc$ s5t5ces are especially suit$ to express anti!sis1 ! figure ( spee* :]e two ideas are %>ply oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,9 ! foll[+ f ,newman1 ! balanc+ is admirable3 ,inebriat$ ) ! cup ( insanity1 & flung ^u ! /ream ( recklessness1 %e da%es d[n ! cat>act ( nons5se & :irls amid ! pools ( confusion4 ,?is is n anti!sis1 h[ev]2 b ! foll[+ f ,macaulay is3 ,%e seems to h writt5 ab\t ! ,elizabe?an age1 because %e _h read mu* ab\t x2 %e seems1 on ! o!r h&1 to h read a little ab\t ! age ( ,addison1 because %e _h det]m9$ to write ab\t x4 ,! dang] 9 ! use ( balanc$ s5t5ces is excess4 ,macaulay is v fond ( brilliant contra/s4 ,b is a v common ^w ) him4 ,9 "s cases ! read] feels t = ! sake ( ! figure he has =c$ ! tru?4 ,balanc$ s5t5ces are palpably artificial1 & %\ld be us$ b sp>+ly4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 b little dang] ( ov]do+ ! p>allel con/ruction :]e !re is no anti!sis4 ,! p>ts ( succe$+ s5t5ces d n resemble ea* o!r s mu* 9 ?\ght t !re is great dang] ( result+ monotony 9 its expression4 ,h[ev]1 %\ld ! difficulty arise1 ! monotony may be brok5 up by a trifl+ v>iation4 ,macaulay has done ?is well 9 ! s5t5ces quot$ on page #ahf1 beg9n+ ) ! words1 ,= 8 sake empires _h ris51 & fl\ri%$1 & decay$1 & cont9u+ to ! end ( ! p>agraph4 ,use ( ,connectives4 ,! ?ird me?od ( secur+ coh]5ce 9 a s5t5ce is by ! use ( connectives4 ,! skillful use ( prepositions & conjunctions indicates a ma/] ( words4 ,! use ( connectives has be5 discuss$ :5 treat+ ( emphasis secur$ by subdual ( unimportant details4 ,su* p>ts are connect$1 & 9 a v def9ite way4 ,! relations are evid5t4 ,two examples w illu/rate4 ,! fir/ gr\p ( s5t5ces are ! fragm5ts ( b "o ( ,irv+'s4 ,he did n look to ! "r or left4 ,he did n notice ! sc5e4 ,! sc5e 0 ( rural weal?4 ,he _h (t5 gloat$ on ?is sc5e4 ,he w5t /raight to ! /able4 ,he kick$ & cuff$ 8 /e$ sev]al times1 & s =?4 ,n[ note ! value ( prepositions 9 giv+ ^! sep>ate s5t5ces coh]5ce4 ,)\t look+ to ! "r or left to notice ! sc5e ( rural weal?1 on :i* he _h s (t5 gloat$1 he w5t /raight to ! /able1 & ) sev]al he>ty cuffs & kicks r\s$ 8 /e$ mo/ unc]emoni\sly f ! com=table qu>t]s 9 :i* he 0 s\ndly sleep+1 dream+ ( m\nta9s ( corn & oats1 & :ole valleys ( timo?y & clov]4 ,! next also is f ,irv+1 & %[s ! skillful use ( conjunctions to po9t out un]r+ly ! relation ( ! clauses 9 a s5t5ce4 ,:at seem$ p>ticul>ly odd to ,rip 0 t1 ?\gh ^! folks 7 evid5tly amus+ !mselves1 yet !y ma9ta9$ ! grave/ faces1 ! mo/ my/]i\s sil5ce1 & 71 )al1 ! mo/ melan*oly p>ty ( pleasure he _h ev] witness$4 ,coh]5ce1 ! pr9ciple ( /ructure t surely holds ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce toge!r1 is ( great] importance ?an ,mass4 ,^u ,coh]5ce dep5ds ! mean+ ( a s5t5ce2 ^u ,mass ! =ce ) :i* ! mean+ is express$4 ,t ! mean+ may be cle>1 x is necess>y t ! relation ( ! p>ts %all be p]fectly evid5t4 ,?is lucidity is ga9$ by plac+ relat$ p>ts ne> toge!r1 & conv]sely1 by sep>at+ unrelat$ ideas2 by us+ p>allel con/ructions = p>allel ?\ghts2 & by indicat+ relations by ! correct use ( prepositions & conjunctions4 ,to summ>ize1 s5t5ces are ! elem5ts ( disc\rse4 ,! ability ( a s5t5ce to effect ) c]ta9ty its purpose dep5ds ^u ,unity1 ,mass1 & ,coh]5ce4 ,a s5t5ce mu/ conta9 all t is ne$$ to express ! :ole ?\ght1 b x mu/ conta9 no m4 ,a s5t5ce mu/ be arrang$ s t its important p>ts %all be prom95t4 ,position & proportion are ! means ( emphasis 9 a s5t5ce4 ,by plac+ ! important words ne> ! major m>ks ( punctuation1 by arrang+ ! p>ts 9 a climax or a p]iod1 by =c+ words out ( ! natural ord]1 & by subdu+ unimportant details1 a s5t5ce is mass$ to give ! important elem5ts _! relative emphasis4 ,la/1 ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce %\ld be arrang$ s t _! relations %all be cle> & unmi/akable4 ,proximity ( relat$ p>ts1 p>allel con/ruction = p>allel ideas1 & connectives are ! sure/ means ( secur+ ,coh]5ce 9 a s5t5ce4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions ,,silas ,,m>n]4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #hc47 ,on page #ah put toge!r ! s5t5ce beg9n+ ,e man's "w1 etc41 ) ! next4 ,:at connective & :at punctuation w y use8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 effect8 ,:at "o ( ! relations ( a comp\nd s5t5ce does ! second "p be> to ! fir/8 ,on page #bf c\ld y make two s5t5ces ( ! s5t5ce beg9n+1 ,raveloe lay l[ among ! bu%y trees8 ,w\ld x be z well8 ,w\ld x be bett]8 ,on page #ce d ! ?ree p>ts ( ! comp\nd s5t5ce beg9n+1 ,he w\ld h lik$1 etc41 belong to "o s5t5ce8 ,:i* "o8 ,is x "r to say1 ,he w\ld h lik$ to spr+1 or w\ld x be bett] to say1 ,he w\ld h lik$ to h sprung8 ,d y ?9k colons are us$ too frequ5tly 9 ,silas ,m>n]8 ,comp>e _! use ) _! use 9 ,haw?orne's ,/ories & ,irv+'s ,sket*es4 ,9 ! s5t5ce beg9n+1 ,let him live1 etc41 at ! bottom ( page #id1 is a possible /ate ( m9d 9 "s possible p]son n yet =?com+1 a climax or an anti-climax8 ,:y8 ,at ! bottom ( page #ahc :y 0 x necess>y to cr[d s mu* into "o s5t5ce8 ,,macaulay',s ,,essay ,,on ,,milton4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ajc47 ,re-write ! s5t5ce on page #cc beg9n+1 ,( all poets1 etc41 mak+ x loose4 ,is x bett] or worse8 ,:y does "h /& fir/ 9 ! next s5t5ce8 ,:at poets ) :om y are famili> h philosophiz$ too mu*8 ,is ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! p>agraph beg9n+ 9 ! middle ( page #cf p]iodic or loose8 ,h[ _m p]iodic s5t5ces 9 ?is p>agraph8 ,9 ! p>agraph on pages #cg & #ch trace ! relation ( ! succe$+ s5t5ces4 ,at ! bottom ( page #de :at is ! reason = putt+ fir/ 9 ! s5t5ce1 ( ^? pr9ciples8 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! mass+ ( ! :ole s5t5ce8 ,:at has be5 made emphatic8 ,note ! la/ two s5t5ces at ! end ( ! p>agraph on page #eh4 ,is _! arrangem5t effective8 ,*ange "o4 ,:at is ! effect8 7,see also ! middle ( page #fd47 ,on page #fj :y did he n say1 ,%e grovels l a bea/1 %e hisses l a s]p5t1 %e /+s l a scorpion8 ,:at arrangem5t ( clauses 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce 9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ at ! bottom ( page #ff8 ,does x add cle>ness8 ,9 ! same p>agraph f9d a balanc$ s5t5ce4 ,:at advantage is !re 9 ! %ort s5t5ces on page #fh8 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! p>agraph1 beg9n+ on page #ga1 read "o ( ! clauses1 by :om k+1 *ur*1 & ari/ocracy 7 trampl$ d[n4 ,:at is ! effect ( ! *ange8 ,is ! p>allel con/ruction 9 ! la/ s5t5ce beg9n+ on page #gg good8 ,is x good 9 ! la/ s5t5ce ( ?is p>agraph8 ,9 ! next p>agraph1 :y is ,macaulay's way bett] ?an ?is3 ,he 0 nei!r ,puritan1 free ?9k]1 nor royali/8 ,:5 a s5t5ce is introduc$ by a p>ticipial phrase or a dep5d5t clause x is 9 "p or :olly p]iodic4 ,does ,macaulay frequ5tly use ?is introduction8 ,:at is ! effect ^u 8 /yle8 ,c y f9d examples ( s5t5ces beg9n+ ) a loose /ructure1 & hav+ )9 !m examples ( ! p]iodic /ructure8 ,9 ! p>agraph fill+ pages #gi & #hj !re are _m examples ( p]iodic & p>allel /ructure4 ,contra/ ?is p>agraph ) "s ( ,lamb's p>agraphs4 ,:at is ! effect ( position ^u ! phrase1 ,ev5 9 8 h&s1 on page #fg8 ,:5 ,macaulay inv]ts ! ord] ( a s5t5ce does he usually d x = emphasis or to secure coh]5ce8 ,does he use _m pron\ns & conjunctions8 ,does he repeat words8 ,,burke',s ,,spee* ,,on ,,conciliation ,,) ,,! ,,colonies4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ajj47 ,h[ _m s5t5ces 9 ! fir/ p>agraph are p]iodic8 ,:at k9d ( s5t5ces 9 p>agraph #aj8 ,:at is ! effect ( ?is p>agraph8 ,notice ! arrangem5t ( loose & p]iodic clauses 9 ! la/ s5t5ce 9 p>agraph #ab4 ,make ?is s5t5ce entirely loose4 ,9 ! long s5t5ce 9 p>agraph #be d ! he's & him's all ref] to ! same p]son8 ,:at w\ld y say ( ,burke's use ( pron\ns8 ,f9d examples ( balanc$ s5t5ces 9 ?is oration4 ,are y ev] a/ray reg>d+ ,burke's mean+8 ,:at has he done to ga9 cle>ness8 ,= :at purpose does he frequ5tly use que/ions8 ,,web/]',s ,,bunk] ,,hill ,,oration4 7,riv]side ,lit]ature ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ef47 ,:at relation has ! second s5t5ce ( p>agraph #a to ! fir/8 ,is ! la/ s5t5ce 9 p>agraph #c cle>8 ,h[ has he made x s8 ,comp>e ?is s5t5ce ) ! "o beg9n+ at ! bottom ( page #ab4 ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce ( p>agraph #f :]e does loose /ructure *ange to ! p]iodic8 ,9 p>agraph #g :y w\ld x be a blemi% to write1 ,t we may keep alive simil> s5tim5ts8 ,:y does he repeat ,we wi% s _m times8 ,:y did he n sub/itute synonyms8 ,9 p>agraph #ah :y has he us$ ! ^w int]e/ m ?an once8 ,if ! ?\ght is to be repeat$1 :y n "s o!r ^w8 ,9 ! eigh? s5t5ce ( p>agraph #ba is ! /ructure p]iodic or loose8 ,rev]se ! ord] ( clauses 9 ! la/ s5t5ce ( p>agraph #bh4 ,:at is ! effect8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,words ,a ^w is ! sign ( an idea4 ,:e!r ! idea be an object1 a quality1 an action1 simple exi/5ce1 or a relation1 if x be communicat$ to ano!r1 x mu/ h "s sign2 9 language ^! signs are words4 ,inf9itely v>i$ are ! ideas man has to express4 ,ea* day1 ea* mom5t1 has its new comb9ation ( circum/ances2 yet by ! common p]son ! effect ( ! novel situation is describ$ z horrid or awful or p]fectly lovely4 ,?ree adjectives to describe all creation6 ,no wond] t p are con/antly misund]/ood2 t o!rs d n get _! ideas4 ,h[ c !y8 ,d ! be/ ! ma/] c1 ! ?\ght w n pass f him to 8 read] )\t consid]able deflection4 ,he _c say exactly :at he w\ld4 ,8 words d n hold ! same mean+ = him z = o!rs4 ,"m to him is a de> woman ) a g5tle voice1 always dress$ 9 black1 sitt+ by ! w9d[ ( home2 to ano!r %e is a %riek+ t]magant1 ^: phrases are punctuat$ by bl[s4 ,!re is n a ^w t means exactly ! same to two p]sons2 yet ) words m5 mu/ express _! ?\ghts1 _! feel+s1 _! hopes1 _! purposes1--always *ang+1 ev] new1--& = all ?is %all !y use b a few score ( words8 ,words are ! la/1 lea/ elem5ts ( language2 )\t ^! lea/ elem5ts1 ^! atoms ( language1 no s5t5ce1 h[ev] simple1 c be made2 by means ( !m1 ! ma/] drives mobs to fr5zy or soo!s ! pa9 ( et]nal loss4 ,! calm & peace :i* ,em]son knew1 we "k2 ! p]petual b5$iction ( pa/ ye>s :i* ,wordswor? felt1 all may feel4 ,^! ?\ghts ma/]s h express$ 9 words1 b n 9 ?ree words4 ,?\s&s are n en\gh accurately to transf] _! visions ( ?is *ang+ univ]se f !m to u4 ,ideas inf9ite 9 _! v>iety dem& = _! expression all ! means :i* our language has plac$ at ! disposal ( ! ma/]4 ,= ?is true expression ! :ole diction>y ) its ?\s&s ( words is all too small4 ,ne$ ( a ,l>ge ,vocabul>y4 ,:oev] hopes to be und]/ood mu/ acquire a full1 ri* vocabul>y4 ,h[ev] cle>ly he may ?9k1 h[ev] mu* he may feel1 until he has words1 ! ?\ght1 ! emotion1 mu/ rema9 8 alone4 ,to get a vocabul>y1 !n1 is a p]son's bus9ess4 ,he :o has x c comm& him :o has x n4 ,n 9 lit]ature alone1 b 9 bus9ess1--9 m$ic9e1 9 law1 beh9d ! acc\ntant's desk or ! salesman's c\nt]1--he is ma/] :o c say :at he means s t ! p]son to :om he speaks mu/ "k j :at he means4 ,n[ x is a s+ul> tru? t :5 we read any great au?or1 ! words :i* we d n und]/& are rem>kably few4 ,ev5 9 ,%akespe>e !re are n _m2 & ! few are unkn[n by reason ( a con/antly *ang+ vocabul>y4 ,x 0 probably true !n1 z x w\ld c]ta9ly be to-day1 t ! l>ge majority ( audi5ces lo/ n a ^w ( 8 fifte5 ?\s&1 :ile !y !mselves us$ less ?an eight hundr$4 ,we "k :at o!rs say2 yet we say no?+ ourselves4 ,:at a vocabul>y "o c\ld accumulate1 if f six to eighte5 he add$ only two words a day6 ,twelve ye>s1 & ea* ye> m ?an sev5 hundr$ words6 ,x does n look a difficult task4 ,*ildr5 d m1 & nev] realize ! sup]iority ( _! a*ievem5t4 ,n9e ?\s& words at eighte56 ,%akespe>e alone us$ m4 ,macaulay ne$$ sc>cely six ?\s&4 ,diction>y4 ,h[ %all a vocabul>y be accumulat$8 ,"o me?od is by ! use ( a diction>y2 & _m p]sons f9d x a s\rce ( great pleasure4 ,! g5ealogy & biography ( words are z fasc9at+ to a devot$ philologi/ z /amps to a philateli/ or ca!drals to an ar*itect4 ,cante5 is q an unassum+ little ^w4 ,yet imp]i\s ,caes> knew x 9 its *ildhood4 ,! ,roman camp 0 laid out l a small city1 ) regul> /reets & av5ues4 ,on "o ( ^! /reets call$ ! ,via ,qu9tana all ! supplies 7 kept4 ,:5 ! ^w pass$ into ! ,italian1 x became cant9a2 & cant9as may be f\nd among all nations :o h drawn _! language f ! ,lat94 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]3 t :]eas eatables 7 to be _h 9 ! ,roman qu9tana1 only dr9kables c be f\nd 9 ! ,italian cant9a4 ,:5 ! ,engli% adopt$ ! ^w1 ! middle mean+1 a place :]e w9es are /or$1 a w9e-cell>1 came to be a small flask especially fitt$ = ! r\gh usage ( a soldi]'s life1 9 :i* a necess>y supply ( "s sort ( liquid may be c>ri$4 ,s ! "n ( a /reet has become ! mu*-b]at$ cante5 ( ! sutl] & ! mu* ne$$ cante5 ( ! soldi]4 ,! diction>y is full ( su* fasc9at+ biographies4 ,/ill its fasc9ation is n ! reason :y mo/ p /udy ! diction>y3 x is because su* a /udy is necess>y = ! p]son :o hopes = an accurate k ( ! words he reads4 ,x is n impossible to "k pretty ne>ly :at x means f ! context2 b no ma/] uses words )\t kn[+ exactly :at !y mean4 ,c]ta9ty ( mean+ prec$es frequ5cy ( use2 & ?is necess>y confid5ce is ga9$ f a /udy ( ! diction>y4 ,9 a g5]al way we "k all ! words ( ,macaulay's vocabul>y2 b ! av]age man uses only eight hundr$ ( !m4 ,8 k ( words is no m ?an an indi/9ct1 mumbl+ k4 ,to lift ea* ^w out ( its context1 to make x a di/9ct1 liv+ entity1 capable ( s]v+1 ! def9ition mu/ be /udi$4 ,!n ! /ud5t kn[s j :at s]vice ! ^w is fitt$ =1 & f9ds a pleasure 9 be+ compet5t to comm& t s]vice4 ,! diction>y is a necessity to ! p]son :o hopes to use words4 ,/udy ( ,lit]ature4 ,yet ! k ( words t ! /ud5t d]ives f ! diction>y is n suffici5t4 ,:5 "o he>s an educat$ =eign] speak1 he detects little errors 9 8 use ( words1--errors :i* are n ! fault ( def9ition1 b errors 9 ! idiomatic use ( words4 ,?is use _c be le>n$ f a diction>y1 :]e words are /udi$ individually1 b only by /udy+ !m 9 comb9ation ) o!r words :]e ! influ5ce ( "o ^w ^u ano!r may be not$4 ,!re is little diff]5ce 9 ! size ( a pile ( /ones1 :e!r we say a great pile ( /ones or a l>ge pile ( /ones2 b a great man is ( mu* m consequ5ce ?an a l>ge man4 ,a diction>y c\ld h>dly h told a =eign] ?is4 ,a man may pursue or *ase a robb]1 z ! au?or wi%es2 b he may n *ase a c\rse4 ,prepositions are especially liable to be misus$1 & _! correct use comes f a /udy ( lit]ature1 n ( ! diction>y4 ,! nice & discrim9at+ ref9em5ts 9 ! use ( words are le>n$ by c>eful read+4 ,:5 a phrase is met1 su* z ! /eep & solit>y ea/]n heav51 :]e ea* ^w has be5 born to a new beauty2 or ?is1 ,& ! sweet city ) h] dream+ spires1 :]e ! adjectives sweet & dream+ h a ri*] cont5t1 !y %\ld be reg>d$ ) great c>e & greet$ ) ev5 m delight ?an words entirely new4 ,h[ to read t we may ga9 ?is complete ma/]y ( words1 ,mr4 ,rusk9 has be/ told u 9 ,sesame & ,lilies4 ,e p]son %\ld "k ,( ,k+s' ,treasuries by read+ & re-read+4 ,lit]ature1 ! way ma/]s h us$ words1 w furni% a k ( ! nic] discrim9ations 9 _! use4 ,! diction>y & lit]ature are ! s\rces ( a full & ref9$ vocabul>y4 ,b ! vocabul>y :i* may be p]fectly und]/ood is n entirely 9 "o's possession until x is us$4 ,seek ! fir/ opportunity to use ! newly acquir$ ^w4 ,x w be h>d to utt] x2 y w feel an ef=t 9 gett+ x out4 ,only once1 h[ev]2 aft] t x rises z easily z any old famili> ^w4 ,because ! companion ) :om y speak is always j z mad z %e c be1 is no reason :y y may n at times be vex$1 annoy$1 aggravat$1 exasp]at$1 or angry4 ,m5 are n always ei!r p]fectly lovely or awful2 nei!r are all ladies jewels4 ,!re are degrees ( villa9y & nobility2 & all jewels h n ! same lu/re4 ,"k :at y want to say1 & f9d ! "o ^w t w exactly say x4 ,?is co/s "w1 x is true2 b :at is !re wor? hav+ :i* has n co/ "s "o "w8 ,d ! "w2 se>* = ! ^w2 !n use x4 ,9 ?is way a vocabul>y becomes a real possession4 ,! words :i* a p]son may use are g5]ally describ$ z reputable1 national1 & pres5t4 ,words mu/ be reputable2 t is1 sanction$ by ! au?ority ( ! creators ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,!y mu/ be national2 words t are ! prop]ty ( ! mass ( ! p1 n ( a clique or a di/rict4 ,& !y mu/ be ( ! pres5t2 ,*auc]'s vocabul>y1 ?\gh x be ! s\rce ( ,engli%1 w n satisfy ! conditions ( to-day4 ,vulg>isms are n reputable4 ,fir/1 words mu/ be ( reputable use4 ,no p]son w\ld consid] vulg>isms reputable4 ,:5 a p]son says ,i ha9't got none1 he has rea*$ ab\t ! acme ( vulg>isms1 ! language ( ! illit]ate4 ,gramm> has be5 disreg>d$2 a ^w has be5 us$ :i* is n a ^w2 & ano!r ^w has no reason = its appe>ance 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,yet sometimes ?is expression is he>d2 seldom se5 writt54 ,x is always set d[n to ! acc\nt ( an illit]ate home2 = no "o c rea* a high s*ool )\t kn[+ its grammatical errors4 ,! un]r+ use ( don't1 me1 ,i1 lie1 lay1 set1 & sit1 is n s assur$ t ! li/ c be omitt$4 ,adjectives are us$ = adv]bs2 real good is n yet =gott54 ,n\ns are call$ ^u to d ! "w ( v]bs4 ,?is is ! language ( ! illit]ate1 & x %\ld be avoid$2 = vulg>isms are n reputable4 ,slang is n reputable4 ,nei!r is slang reputable4 ,he w\ld be a prude :o w\ld n recognize t slang is sometimes "r to ! po9t2 & t _m ( our /ronge/ idioms 7 orig9ally slang4 ,/ill1 al?\gh _m phrases :i* to-day are call$ slang 7 at "o "t reputable1 ! fact ( _! respectable bir? _c save !m f ! slight imputation t n[ !y are slang4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t we owe "s ( our /ronge/ idioms to slang1 ! free use ( slang always vulg>izes4 ,x g5]ally is call$ ^u to supply a defici5cy ei!r 9 ?\ght or 9 ! p[] ( expression4 ,p too lazy to ?9k1 too indol5t to read1 ) little to say1 & b a few slang phrases to say x )1 may be all[$ to practice ?is vulg>ity2 b cultur$ p]sons 9 cultur$ conv]sation w es*ew all acqua9tance ) x4 ,to f9d x 9 ! s]i\s composition ( educat$ p]sons always raises a "q ( _! ref9em5t4 ,x is ! /ock 9 trade ( ! lazy & ! uncultur$4 ,x is us$ to div]t att5tion f pov]ty ( ?\ght & a ?readb>e vocabul>y4 ,x is unnecess>y = ! complete expression ( ?\ght by ! s*ol> & man ( ref9em5t4 ,x is a real mis=tune t _m good words h be5 t>ni%$ by ! h&l+ ( ! illit]ate4 ,awful1 horrid1 & lovely are good words2 b !y h be5 sulli$ by common use4 ,s common h !y become t !y approa* slang4 ,!y may be rescu$ f t *>ge 9 ea* p]son's writ+1 if he %[s by accurate use ( !m t he is ma/] ( _! secret /r5g?4 ,milton wrote 9 ,p>adise ,lo/3-- ,no6 let u r *oose1 ,arm$ ) ,hell-flames & fury1 all at once ,o'er ,heav'n's high t[]s to =ce resi/less way1 ,turn+ our tortures into horrid arms ,aga9/ ! ,tortur]4 ,"l ,lytton makes ,ri*elieu exclaim3-- ,look :]e %e /&s6 ,ar\nd h] =m ,i draw ,! awful circle ( our solemn *ur*4 ,& 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we read3-- ,f9ally1 bre?r51 :atsoev] ?+s are true1 :atsoev] ?+s are hone/1 :atsoev] ?+s are j1 :atsoev] ?+s are pure1 :atsoev] ?+s are lovely1 :atsoev] ?+s are ( good report2 if !re be any virtue1 & if !re be any praise1 ?9k on ^! ?+s4 ,!re is no "q "h ( ! words2 !y h all ! fre%ness & vigor ( _! y\?4 ,d n hesitate to use su* words exactly4 ,:5 ! ?\ght calls = !m1 !y say ) c]ta9ty :at c be express$ only d\btfully by o!r words4 ,words mu/ be national4 ,prov9cialisms4 ,second1 words mu/ be ( national use4 ,!y _c be words conf9$ to a locality4 ,:5 ,morris talks ( a h\se t has be5 gammon$1 he deprives a l>ge numb] ( read]s ( 8 mean+4 ,gums & brasses may be good 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,engl&1 b 9 lit]ature !y %\ld n be us$1 = !y w\ld n g5]ally be und]/ood4 ,= ! same reason mu* ( ! common conv]sation ( ! ,s\? is =eign to a native ( ,new ,york4 ,:oev] employs ! language ( a locality limits 8 circle ( read]s to t locality4 ,to write = all he mu/ use ! language ( all2 he mu/ avoid prov9cialisms4 ,te*nical & ,booki% ,words4 ,l words t are us$ by a small region are words :i* are und]/ood by a clique ( p]sons4 ,s*ol>s are incl9$ to use a s*ol>ly vocabul>y4 ,! biologi/ has "o2 ! *emi/ ano!r2 ! philosoph] a ?ird4 ,?is te*nical vocabul>y may be a necessity at times2 b :5 a speciali/ addresses ! public1 8 words mu/ be ! words :i* an av]age cultur$ man c und]/&4 ,su* words c be f\nd if ! writ] w look = !m2 if he does n1 8 "w c sc>cely be call$ lit]ature4 ,te*nical words & booki% t]ms are n words ( national use4 ,! foll[+ by ,josiah ,royce illu/rates h[ cle>ly a mo/ ab/ruse topic c be h&l$ by a man will+ to take ! tr\ble3#ej-- ,if y ask :at sort ( ?+ ?is sub/ance is1 ! fir/ answ] is1 t x is some?+ et]nal2 & t means1 n t x la/s a good :ile1 b t no possible temporal view ( x c\ld exhau/ its nature4 ,all ?+s t happ5 result f ! "o sub/ance4 ,?is surely means t :at happ5s n[ & :at happ5$ millions ( ye>s ago are1 = ! sub/ance1 equally pres5t & necess>y results4 ,to illu/rate once m 9 my own way3 ,a spid] creep+ back & =? across a circle c\ld1 if %e 7 geometrically dispos$1 measure out 9 temporal succession fir/ ?is diamet]1 & !n t4 ,crawl+ fir/ ov] "o diamet]1 %e w\ld say1 ',i n[ f9d ?is s long4' ,aft]w>ds exam9+ ano!r diamet]1 %e w\ld say1 ',x has n[ happ5$ t :at ,i h j measur$ proves to be precisely z long z :at ,i measur$ "s "t s9ce1 & no long]4' ,! toil ( su* a spid] might la/ _m h\rs1 & be full ( su* successive measurem5ts1 ea* m>k$ by a spun ?read ( web4 ,b ! true circle itself )9 :i* ! web 0 spun1 ! circle 9 actual space z ! geomet] kn[s x1 w\ld its nature be ?us a s]ies ( ev5ts1 a m]e succession ( spun ?reads8 ,no1 ! true circle w\ld be timeless1 a tru? f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( space1 outla/+1 prec$+1 det]m9+ all ! we>y web-sp9n+ ( ?is "t-worn spid]4 ,ev5 s we1 sp9n+ our web ( exp]i5ce 9 all its dre>y complications 9 ! mid/ ( ! et]nal nature ( ! _w-embrac+ sub/ance1 imag9e t our lives someh[ conta9 true novelty1 discov] = ! sub/ance :at x nev] knew be=e1 inv5t new =ms ( be+4 ,we fancy our pa/ :olly pa/1 & our future :olly unmade4 ,we ?9k t :]e we h yet spun no web1 !re is no?+1 & t :at we long ago spun has vani%$1 brok5 by ! w9ds ( "t into no?+ness4 ,x is n s4 ,= ! et]nal sub/ance !re is no be=e & aft]2 all tru? is tru?4 ',f> & =got to me is ne>1' x says4 ,9 ! unv>y+ precision ( its ma!matical univ]se1 all is et]nally writt54 ',n all y\r piety nor wit ,c lure x back to cancel half a l9e1 ,nor all y\r te>s wa% out "o ^w ( x4' ,=eign ,words4 ,words & phrases f a =eign language %\ld be us$ only z a la/ resort4 ,bon mot1 s9e qua non1 & dolce f> ni5te are all v apt1 & to a p]son l ,mr4 ,l[ell1 :o 0 intimately acqua9t$ ) _m languages1 !y may come z soon z _! ,engli% equival5ts4 ,9 ! case ( su* a p]son1 ! reason :y !y %\ld n be us$ is t ! read] _c und]/& !m4 ,b :5 a "y smatt]] uses !m to adv]tise 8 call+ acqua9tance ) a language1 he is b proclaim+ 8 own lack ( good ta/e4 ,9 8 composition !y are z ineffective to make x respectable z a l>ge diamond on a game/]'s f+] to make him an honor$ g5tleman4 ,use ! ,engli% language :5 writ+ = ,engli%-speak+ p4 ,x has ! fulle/1 ri*e/ vocabul>y 9 ! _w4 ,x w n be f\nd unequal to ! task ( express+ y\r ?\ghts4 ,words 9 ,pres5t ,use4 ,?ird1 words %\ld be 9 pres5t use4 ,words may be s new t p d n "k !m2 !y may h pass$ out ( use aft] ye>s ( good s]vice4 ,( new words1 b little c be said4 ,! language con/antly *anges4 ,new discov]ies & inv5tions dem& new words4 ,:at ones w be m ?an tempor>y _c be prophesi$4 ,blizz>d & mugwump 7 new b a %ort "t ago3 ! latt] is dy+ f disuse1 ! =m] has come to /ay4 ,9 ?is unc]ta9ty "o ?+ c be said1 h[ev]4 ,no ^w :i* has n secur$ recognition %\ld be us$ by a "y p]son1 if by reputable words already 9 ! language he c express 8 mean+4 ,& j z he %\ld n be ! fir/ to take up an untri$ ^w1 s ! "y writ] %\ld n be ! la/ to drop a dead "o4 ,!re is at pres5t a sort ( fad = old ,engli%4 ,a l>ge numb] ( words t h be5 re/+ quietly 9 _! graves = c5turies h be5 call$ =?4 ,"s may enjoy a second life2 mo/ ( !m w feel only ! weakness ( a second obsolesc5ce4 ,=eword & inwit 7 good once2 b preface & consci5ce mean z mu* & h ! advantage ( be+ alive4 ,to be und]/ood use ! words ( ! pres5t4 ,words 9 _! ,pres5t ,mean+4 ,use words 9 _! pres5t signification4 ,n only has language ca/ out _m words2 x has *ang$ _m o!rs s t !y are h>dly recogniz$4 ,:5 ,*auc] wrote1 ,!r may no man ,m]cury mortify ,b hit be ) 8 bro!r kn[le*+1 mortify meant to make dead1 to kill4 ,to-day a lady may say %e 0 mortifi$ to dea?2 b t is hyp]bole4 ,9 ,p>adise ,lo/ ,satan may ,?r\gh ! palpable obscure f9d out ,8 unc\? way4 ,b a p]son to-day is n ju/ifi$ 9 us+ unc\? = unkn[n4 ,! works ( ,%akespe>e & ,milton ab\nd 9 words ^: life has be5 prolong$ to ! pres5t1 b ^: signification has be5 *ang$4 ,! writ] :o seeks to use words ) ^! old mean+s is /&+ 9 8 own light4 ,su* use always attracts att5tion to ! words !mselves1 & by s mu* subtracts att5tion f ! ?\ght4 ,words ( ,lat9 & ,saxon ,orig94 ,words t are 9 good use h be5 divid$ into two classes1 z !y h be5 drawn f two s\rces4 ,"s diff]5ces betwe5 ,anglo-,saxon & ,lat9 words are m>k$4 ,saxon words are g5]ally %ort2 ,lat9 words long4 ,! fir/ are ! words ( home & are conc]n$ ) ! necessities ( life2 ! second are ! words ( ! c\rt & ! adornm5ts ( polite society4 ,! =m] made ! f\ndation ( our language & gave to x its idiomatic /r5g?2 ! latt] came lat]1 & add$ to ! /r5g? ( ! language its grace & ref9em5t4 ,9 our spee* !re c be no d\bt t %ort words are us$ :5 ! purpose is to be und]/ood quickly1 ev5 h>%ly1 :ile ! long] words are frequ5tly employ$ = say+ unpleasant ?+s pleasantly4 ,euphemism1 ! *oice ( words n h>% = h>% ideas1 has its uses4 ,x is n always wrong to say1 ,he 0 tak5 away = ,he 0 kill$4 ,b :5 ! pla9 tru? is to be spok51 :51 z 9 mo/ composition1 ! object is to be und]/ood1 ! words %\ld be *os5 :i* exactly express ! ?\ght1 be ^? words ,lat9 or ,saxon4 ,= any "o to say1 ,0 laun*$ into et]nity = ,0 hang$1 or ,:5 ! fatal noose 0 adju/$ ab\t ! neck ( ! un=tunate victim ( 8 own unbridl$ passions = ,:5 ! halt] 0 put ar\nd 8 neck1 is a useless p>ade ( vocabul>y4#ea ,"o kn[s t su* phrases are made by a writ] :o is ignorant ( ! value ( words1 or by a p5ny-a-l9]1 will+ to sacrifice e effect ( language to ! imm$iate ne$s ( 8 purse4 ,su* writ+ has no p[]4 ,! words are dictat$ by too l[ a motive to h any =ce 9 !m4 ,let a writ] g /raight to ! po9t z directly z ! h9drances ( language w all[4 ,ev5 !n 8 expression w lag beh9d 8 ?\ght4 ,?is does n mean t "o is to use ,saxon words always4 ,x means t "o %all use ! words t say exactly :at is to be said1 s t ! read] c get ! exact ?\ght ) ! lea/ outlay ( att5tion to ! words4 ,lat9 words are z common z ,saxon words4 ,to se>* out a ,saxon ^w because x is ,saxon & %ort is z repreh5sible z to use ! indirection ( ,lat9 words :]e directness is want$4 ,lat9 words h a place2 !y express ! f9] di/9ctions & gradations ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! discussion ( any "q requir+ nice precision ( /atem5t ,lat9 words are necess>y4 ,9 ! foll[+ f ,newman1 x w\ld be difficult1 p]haps impossible1 to sub/itute words ( ,anglo-,saxon orig9 = ! words ( ,lat9 orig91 & c\ld x be done1 ! passage w\ld n !n h ! cle>ness x n[ has f 8 use ( common words1 ?\gh !y be ,lat93-- ,i mean !n by ! ,supreme ,be+1 "o :o is simply self-dep5d5t1 & ! only ,be+ :o is su*2 moreov]1 t ,he is )\t beg9n+ or ,et]nal1 & ! only ,et]nal2 t 9 consequ5ce ,he has liv$ a :ole et]nity by ,himself2 & h5ce t ,he is all-suffici5t1 suffici5t = 8 own bless$ness1 & all-bless$1 & ev]-bless$4 ,fur!r1 ,i mean a ,be+ :o1 hav+ ^! pr]ogatives1 has ! ,supreme ,good1 or r is ! ,supreme ,good1 or has all ! attributes ( good 9 inf9ite int5s5ess2 all wisdom1 all tru?1 all ju/ice1 all love1 all hol9ess1 all beautifulness2 :o is omnipot5t1 omnisci5t1 omnipres5t2 ineffably "o1 absolutely p]fect2 & su* t :at we d n "k ( ,him is f> m wond]ful ?an :at we d & c4#eb ,lat9 words1 moreov]1 h a fullness ( s\nd :i* gives !m an add$ weight & dignity4 ,"o w\ld hesitate long be=e *ang+ "o ( ,milton's big-s\nd+ phrases1 ev5 if he 7 n compell$ to sacrifice ! metre4 ,9 ,web/]'s orations !re is a dignity1 a sublimity1 ga9$ by ! use ( full-m\!d polysyllables4 ,suppos+ he _h said at ! beg9n+ ( 8 eulogy ( ,adams & ,jeff]son1 ,?is is a new sight in/ead ( ,?is is an unaccu/om$ spectacle1 ! :ole effect ( dignifi$ utt]ance comm5surate ) ! occasion w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,! oration ab\nds 9 examples ( rev]b]at+ cad5ces4 ,milton's s5t5ces are a /ately procession ( gorge\s words3 ! dignifi$ pomp ( ! advance is occasion$ by ! weal? ( ess5tial beauty & hi/orical association 9 ! individual words3-- ,t pr\d honor claim$ ,azazel z 8 "r1 a ,*]ube tall3 ,:o =?) f ! glitt]+ /aff unfurl'd ,?' imp]ial ensign1 :i*1 full high advanc't ,%on l a meteor /ream+ to ! w9d1 ,) gemms & gold5 lu/re ri* emblaz'd ,s]aphic arms & trophies2 all ! :ile ,sonor\s metall bl[+ m>tial s\nds3 ,at :i* ! univ]sal ho/ up-s5t ,a %\t t tore ,hell's concave1 & beyond ,fright$ ! reign ( ,*aos & old ,night4 ,all 9 a mom5t ?r\gh ! gloom 7 se5 ,t5 ?\s& bann]s rise into ! air1 ,) ori5t col\rs wav+2 ) !m rose ,a =re/ huge ( spe>s2 & ?rong+ helms ,appe>'d1 & s]ri$ %ields 9 ?ick array ,( dep? immeasurable4 7,p>adise ,lo/47 ,! *oice ( words does n dep5d on :e!r !y are ( ,lat9 or ( ,saxon orig94 ,9 use x w be f\nd t %ort words1 l %ort s5t5ces1 give m directness & =ce to ! composition2 :ile long words h a dignifi$ elegance & ref9em5t ( discrim9ation n ! prop]ty ( monosyllables4 ,no "o %\ld ?9k1 h[ev]1 t %ort words cause ! =ce or long words cause ! dignity4 ,^! qualities belong to ! ?\ght2 ! complet5ess ( its expression is approa*$ by a *oice 9 words4 ,*oose words = _! fitness to say :at y ?9k1 or feel1 or purpose1 hav+ no reg>d = _! orig94 ,g5]al & specific4 ,words are also classifi$ z g5]al & specific4 ,by a g5]al ^w is meant a ^w common to or d5ot+ a l>ge numb] ( ideas4 ,by specific is meant a ^w t d5otes or specifies a s+le idea4 ,man1 move1 bad1 are g5]al & d5ote a l>ge numb] ( ideas2 :ile ,:itti]1 glide1 ?iev+1 are specific1 d5ot+ b "o man1 "o movem5t1 "o k9d ( badness4 ,man d5otes ! :ole human race1 :ile x implies a feel+1 ?9k+1 speak+1 will+ animal4 ,:itti] d5otes b a s+le p]son1 b beside all ! common qualities impli$ by !1 ^w man1 ,:itti] sugge/s1 among o!r ?+s1 a homely face1 s]i\s & k9d1 a poet1 & an anti-slav]y work]4 ,use ,words t sugge/ mo/4 ,z a pr9ciple 9 composition1 x may be said t ! m a ^w or phrase c be made to imply or sugge/1 :ile at ! same "t express+ all t ! writ] wi%es to say1 ! m valuable does t ^w or phrase become4 ,yet x %\ld be rememb]$ t words may be s specific t !y d n include all t ! au?or wi%es to include4 ,= in/ance1 if in/ead ( ,bless$ are ! peacemak]s1 ! beatitude %\ld be made to read ,bless$ are ! ,quak]s1 ?\gh ?is organiz$ body ( p]sons labor = ! bless+s ( peace1 yet ! mean+ w\ld be re/rict$ by ! limit$ d5otation ( ! t]m4 ,x does n include en\gh4 ,s 9 almo/ all ( ,em]son's writ+1 x w\ld n be possible to express 8 entire ?\ght ) m specific words4 ,!re=e reg>d mu/ always be _h = ! ?\ght1--t x may be express$ 9 its p]fect fullness & entirety4 ,keep+ ?is full expression 9 view1 ^? words are /ronge/1 true/1 ri*e/1 :i* sugge/ mo/4 ,to say ( a p]son t he is a bad man is "o ?+2 t he is a traitor is q ano!r2 b :5 "o writes t he is a v]itable ,judas1 words fail to keep pace ) sugge/ions1 & reason yields to emotion4 ,specific words1 if !y d5ote ! :ole idea1 are z mu* bett] ?an g5]al t]ms z _! sugge/ion exce$s ! sugge/ion ( g5]al t]ms4 ,synecdo*e1 ,metonymy4 ,mu* ( ! =ce ( figures ( spee* is d]iv$ f ! sugge/ive quality ( ! specific words employ$4 ,:5 a man calls ano!r a dog1 he has us$ a metaphor4 ,he has avail$ himself ( a t]m t ga!rs up all ! sn>l+ qualities ( ! wor/ ( ! dog species4 ,! figure has high sugge/ive p[]4 ,synecdo*e1 too1 t figure ( spee* 9 :i* a "p is us$ = ! :ole or ! :ole = a "p1 employs a t]m ( high] sugge/ive p[] = "o ( l[] connot+ =ce4 ,all h&s took hold is bett] ?an ,all p]sons w5t to "w4 ,metonymy is ! sub/itution ( ! "n ( "o ?+ = t ( ano!r to :i* ! =m] be>s a kn[n & close relation4 ,! mo/ common ( ^! kn[n & close relations are ^? ( cause & its effects1 ( conta9] & ! ?+ conta9$1 & ( sign & ! ?+ signifi$4 ,he has read ,%akespe>e1 ,he 0 addict$ to ! use ( ! bottle1 ,all patriots fight = ! flag1 are examples ( metonymy4 ,all ^! figures dep5d 9 l>ge degree = _! p[] ^u ! great] sugge/iv5ess ( specific words2 & _! use gives to composition an effici5cy & directness comm5surate ) ! great] connot+ value ( ! specific words4 ,c>e 9 ,*oice ( ,specific ,words4 ,a writ] %\ld keep 9 m9d ! fact t ! same ^w may mean widely diff]5t ?+s to two p]sons4 ,= ?is reason ! specific ^w t appeals to him mo/ may be ( no value 9 address+ o!rs4 ,free silv] means to "o set ( m5 ! )drawal ( money f inve/m5t1 consequ5t /agnation 9 bus9ess1 foll[$ by ! clos+ ( factories & p5ury among labor]s4 ,to o!rs x means ?ree doll>s a day = unskill$ labor1 fire1 clo!s1 & some?+ to eat4 ,aga91 if "o wi%$ to pres5t ! horrors ( deva/at+ disease1 9 ! ,s\? he w\ld m5tion yell[ fev]1 9 ! ,nor? smallpox2 b to a lady :o saw six little bro!rs & si/]s dead f x 9 "o week1 ?ree c>ri$ to ! gravey>d on ! hillside "o *ill ,novemb] morn+1 all ! t]rors ( contagi\s disease are sugge/$ by ! ^w diph!ria4 ,words are weight$ ) our exp]i5ces4 ,!y are lad5 ) :at we h liv$ into !m4 ,z p]sons h diff]5t exp]i5ces1 ea* ^w c>ries to ea* p]son a diff]5t mean+4 ,! wise writ] *ooses ^? specific words :i* sugge/ mo/ to ! m5 he addresses1--9 g5]al1 to ! av]age man4 ,!re are _m words t c>ry "s ( ! same sugge/ions to all4 ,^! words are connect$ ) ! common ?+s ( life3 su* words z home1 dea?1 "m1 & ! _m m t h be5 ) all p f *ildhood4 ,!y are simple little words cr[d$ ) exp]i5ces4 ,su* words c>ry a weight ( sugge/ion n f\nd 9 /range new words4 ,x is = ?is reason t simple language goes /raight to ! he>t2 x is s load$ ) life4 ,( two expressions t convey ! ?\ght ) equal accuracy1 always *oose ! simpl]4 ,! foll[+ poems--"o by ,t5nyson1#ec /eep$ 9 pa91 p]fect 9 its phras+2 ! o!r by ,kipl+1 ris+ to a conception ( a true arti/'s "w1 nev] be=e s simply express$--are bo? writt5 9 home words1 little words1 b words all "k1 words t c>ry to all a common mean+3-- ,te>s1 idle te>s1 ,i "k n :at !y mean3 ,te>s f ! dep? ( "s div9e despair ,rise 9 ! he>t & ga!r to ! eyes1 ,9 look+ on ! happy autumn fields1 ,& ?9k+ ( ! days t are no m4 ,fre% z ! fir/ beam glitt]+ on a sail ,t br+s our fri5ds up f ! und]world2 ,sad z ! la/ :i* r$d5s ov] "o ,t s9ks ) all we love bel[ ! v]ge2 ,s sad1 s fre%1 ! days t are no m4 ,ah6 sad & /range z 9 d>k summ] dawns ,! e>lie/ pipe ( half-awak5$ birds ,to dy+ e>s1 :5 unto dy+ eyes ,! casem5t sl[ly gr[s a glimm]+ squ>e2 ,s sad1 s /range1 ! days t are no m4 ,de> z rememb]$ kisses aft] dea?1 ,& sweet z ^? by hopeless fancy feign$ ,on lips t are = o!rs2 deep z love1 ,deep z fir/ love1 & wild ) all regret2 ,o ,dea? 9 ,life1 ! days t are no m6 ,l',,envoi4#ed ,:5 ,e>?'s la/ picture is pa9t$ & ! tubes are twi/$ & dri$1 ,:5 ! olde/ colors h fad$1 & ! y\nge/ critic has di$1 ,we %all re/1 &1 fai?1 we %all ne$ x-- lie d[n = an aeon or two1 ,till ! ,ma/] ( ,all ,good ,workm5 %all put u to "w anew6 ,& ^? t 7 good %all be happy3 !y %all sit 9 a gold5 *air2 ,!y %all spla% at a t5-league canvas ) bru%es ( comets' hair2 ,!y %all f9d real sa9ts to draw f-- ,magdal5e1 ,pet]1 & ,paul2 ,!y %all "w = an age at a sitt+ & nev] be tir$ at all6 ,& only ! ,ma/] %all praise u1 & only ! ,ma/] %all blame2 ,& no "o %all "w = money1 & no "o %all "w = fame2 ,b ea* = ! joy ( ! work+1 & ea*1 9 8 sep>ate />1 ,%all draw ! ,?+ z he sees ,x = ! ,god ( ,?+s z ,!y ,are6 ,avoid ,hackney$ ,phrases4 ,mu* l g5]al t]ms1 :i* mean some?+ or no?+1 are expressions t h become trite & hackney$4 ,at "s "t !y 7 accurate phrases1 say+ j :at 0 ne$$4 ,by be+ us$ = all sorts ( purposes1 !y h lo/ ! orig9al ?\ght ( :i* !y 7 ! accurate expression4 ,!y h no fre%ness4 ,! s\nd+ phrases repeat$ 9 ! pulpit1 or ! equally empty phrases ( ! sci5ti/1 h[ev] good !y 7 at _! inception1 are1 9 ! writ+ ( _m p]sons1 b !ological & sci5tific cant reli$ ^u by ignorant p to cov] up ! vacuity ( _! ?\ght4 ,"o's own expression1 ev5 ?\gh x be n s elegant & graceful1 is bett] ?an any worn-out1 hackney$ phrase4 ,?9k = y\rself2 !n say :at y h ?\ght 9 ! be/ language y c f9d y\rself4 ,f9e ,writ+4 ,f9e writ+1 ! subjection ( noble words to ignoble s]vice1 is to be avoid$4 ,mr4 ,micawb] 0 addict$ to ?is pomposity ( language2 & ,dick5s1 by ! creation ( ?is "*1 has done lit]ature a real s]vice1 by %[+ h[ absurd x is1 h[ valueless = any?+ m ?an humor4 ',"u ! impression1' said ,mr4 ,micawb]1 't y\r p]egr9ations 9 ?is metropolis h n z yet be5 ext5sive1 & t y might h "s difficulty 9 p5etrat+ ! arcana ( ! ,mod]n ,babylon 9 ! direction ( ! ,city ,road--9 %ort1' said ,mr4 ,micawb]1 9 ano!r bur/ ( confid5ce1 't y might lose y\rself--,i %all be happy to call ?is ev5+1 & in/all y 9 ! k ( ! ne>e/ way4' ,"h are great words 9 pr(usion to dress out a little ?\ght4 ,f9e writ+ is z mu* out ( ta/e z ov]-dress+4 ,:5 ! ?\ght calls = noble expression1 !n all "o's en]gies %\ld be b5t to f9d+ noble phrases2 b = common ?+s common expressions are ! only ones 9 good ta/e4 ,9 ,prose avoid ,poetical ,words4 ,mu* l f9e writ+ is ! use ( poetical words 9 prose4 ,en[1 er/:ile1 bespr5t1 me?9ks1 agone1 & ?9e are examples ( a l>ge class ( words :i*1 ?\gh 9 p]fectly good ta/e 9 poetry1 are 9 extremely poor ta/e 9 prose4 ,!y are out ( place2 & s attract att5tion to !mselves1 n to ! ?\ght !y express4 ,:5 writ+ prose1 avoid poetical words4 ,all ( ?is comes at la/ to "o rule3 be exact1 be accurate 9 ! *oice ( words4 ,n a ^w t half expresses ! ?\ght1 n ev5 "o t is pretty ne>1 b ! only ^w t exactly expresses ! mean+1 t ^w mu/ be us$4 ,x is n a "q ( long or %ort1 ( ,lat9 or ,saxon1 ( g5]al or specific2 x is a "q ( accuracy or inaccuracy1 ! :ole or a "p1 ! :ole or too mu*1 ( j "r or ab\t "r4 ,no "o w\ld entirely misund]/& ! foll[+ s5t5ce2 & j z c]ta9ly no "o w\ld d]ive f ^! words ! impression ! au?or _h :5 he wrote x4 ,he has phras$ x z foll[s3 ,ano!r direction 9 :i* free education is mo/ valuable to society1 is ! way 9 :i* x removes ! gulf affix$ betwe5 ! ri* & poor4 ,! boy want$ ! op5+ s5t5ce to s\nd big1 & =got t ! fir/ use ( words is accurately to express ! ?\ght4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce are ! commone/ errors 9 ! *oice ( words4 ,mo/ valuable says m ?an tru?2 direction says less ?an tru?2 & affix$ does n say any?+4 ,_h ! boy /udi$ ! diction>y1 _h he be5 famili> ) ! ,bible1 _h he c>efully consid]$ ! figure he introduc$ ) ! ^w gulf1 he w\ld n h writt5 ?is incongru\s s5t5ce2 he w\ld n h be5 inaccurate4 ,sp>e no pa9s 9 y\r ef=t to be exact4 ,se>* ?r\gh ! words ( y\r own vocabul>y2 if ^! fall %ort1 f9d o!rs 9 ! diction>y4 ,get ! ^w t exactly expresses ! ?\ght4 ,let no f9e-s\nd+ or high-born ^w trick y into say+ :at y d n mean4 ,be ma/] ( y\r words2 nev] let f9e expressions enslave y4 ,9 a ^w1 be accurate4 ,su* pa9/ak+ labor has its rew>d n alone 9 ! increas$ p[] ( expression2 !re is also a correspond+ gr[? 9 ! ability to obs]ve accurately & to ?9k cle>ly4 ,no man c write su* descriptions z ,rusk9 & ,/ev5son h writt5 )\t see+ accurately2 nor c a man speak ) ! def9ite c]ta9ty ( ,burke )\t ?9k+ cle>ly4 ,! desire to be accurate 9 expression drives a writ] to be accurate 9 ?9k+4 ,to ?9k is ! highe/ t man c hope f education4 ,any?+ t contributes to ?is highe/ atta9m5t %\ld be und]tak5 ) joy4 ,:e!r plann+ a /ory or con/ruct+ an argum5t2 :e!r exclud+ irrelevant matt] or includ+ :at contributes to ! p]fection ( ! :ole2 :e!r mass+ ! mat]ial s t all ! p>ts %all receive _! due emphasis2 :e!r relat+ ! p>ts s t ! ?\ght advances /eadily & !re c be no misund]/&+1--9 all ?is ! /ud5t w f9d ardu\s labor4 ,yet aft] all ?is is done1--:5 ! !me1 ! p>agraphs1 & ! s5t5ces conta9 exactly :at is ne$$1 are prop]ly mass$1 & are set 9 p]fect ord]1--!n comes ! long labor ( revision1 :i* does n /op until ! exact ^w is hunt$ out4 ,= ^u words1 at la/1 we are dep5d5t = ! expression ( our obs]vation & ?\ght4 ,he is mo/ entirely ma/] ( 8 ?\ghts :o c accurately express !m3 cle>ly1 t he _c be misund]/ood2 =cefully1 t he w n be unread2 & elegantly1 t he give ! read] joy4 ,& ?is ma/]y he ev9ces 9 a f9ely discrim9at+ *oice ( words4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,x ,,figures ,,( ,,spee* ,figurative ,language4 ,!re is a g5]ally accept$ division ( language into lit]al & figurative4 ,language t is lit]al uses words 9 _! accept$ & accurate mean+4 ,figurative language employs words ) mean+s n /rictly lit]al1 b v>y+ f _! ord9>y def9itions4 ,mu* ( our language is figurative4 ,:5 a p]son says1 ,he is a bright boy1 he has us$ ! ^w bright 9 a s5se t is n lit]al2 ! use is figurative4 ,9 ! foll[+ !re is h>dly a s5t5ce t has n "s v>iation f lit]al language4 ,d[n by ! riv] !re is1 z yet1 little sign ( spr+4 ,its b$ is all *ok$ ) la/ ye>'s re$s1 trampl$ ab\t l a mang]4 ,yet its runn+ seems to h caught a happi] note1 & "h & !re along its banks fla% silv]y w&s ( palm4 ,"r d[n among ! %abby burnt-out und]wood moves ! sordid figure ( a man4 ,8 hat is batt]$1 & he we>s no coll>4 ,i don't l />+ at 8 face1 = he has be5 un=tunate4 ,yet a glimpse tells me t he is f> d[n ! hill ( life1 old & dr9k-corrod$ at fifty4 7,le ,galli5ne47 ,9 ! second s5t5ce !re are at lea/ ?ree figurative expressions4 ,b$1 *ok$1 & trampl$ l a mang] are n lit]al4 ,s1 too1 9 ! next s5t5ce !re are two beautiful v>iations f lit]al expression4 ,go+ on ?r\gh ! selection ! read] w f9d frequ5tly "s happy *ange f lit]alness1--sometimes j a ^w1 sometimes a phrase4 ,figurative language is ( great value4 ,x adds cle>ness to our spee*2 x gives x m =ce2 or x imp>ts to lit]ature beauty4 ,! la/ use is ! mo/ common2 inde$1 x is s common t sometimes ! o!r uses are ov]look$4 ,h[ev]1 :5 su* a s5t5ce z ! foll[+ is read1 ! comp>ison is ( value 9 giv+ cle>ness to ! ?\ght1 al?\gh x does n /ate ! lit]al tru?4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( our planet1 ! moon 0 flung (f into space1 z mud is ?r[n f a turn+ wagon :eel4 ,=ce is (t5 ga9$ by ! use ( figurative language4 ,! foll[+ is a good illu/ration3-- ,nei!r ! p]sev]ance ( ,holl&1 nor ! activity ( ,france1 nor ! dextr\s & firm sagacity ( ,engli% ent]prise1 ev] c>ri$ ?is mo/ p]il\s mode ( h>dy indu/ry to ! ext5t to :i* x has be5 pu%$ by ^! p ,am]icans2 a p :o are /ill1 z x 71 b 9 ! gri/le1 & n yet h>d5$ into ! bone ( manhood4 ,! next is an illu/ration ( a figure us$ = beauty3-- ,two ( ! faire/ />s 9 all ! heav51 ,hav+ "s bus9ess1 d entreat h] eyes ,to tw9kle 9 _! sph]es till !y return4 ,a figure ( spee* is any use ( words ) a s5se v>y+ f _! lit]al def9ition1 to secure cle>ness1 =ce1 or beauty ( expression4 ,figures add s mu* to ! attractiv5ess ( lit]ature1 t e "o w\ld l to use !m4 ,yet figures %\ld nev] be s\ght =4 ,:5 !y come ( !mselves1 :5 !y insi/ on be+ us$1 & are a "p ( ! ?\ght itself1 & seem to be its only adequate expression1 !n !y %\ld be us$4 ,9 mo/ cases figures are ornam5ts ( lit]ature2 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ornam5t is always second>y1 & t no ornam5t is good unless x is 9 entire h>mony ) ! ?+ x is to beautify4 7,see ,preface1 p4 viii47 ,:5 a figure sugge/s itself1 x mu/ be s cle>ly se5 t !re c be no mix+ ( images4 ,"s p are det]m9$ to use figures1 & !y =ce !m into e possible place4 ,! result is t !re is (t5 a confusion ( comp>isons4 ,! foll[+ is bad3 ,8 "n w5t res\nd+ 9 gold5 lett]s ?r\gh ! corridors ( "t4 ,j h[ a "n c\ld res\nd 9 gold5 lett]s is a difficult "q4 ,longfell[ us$ ! la/ phrase beautifully3-- ,n f ! gr& old ma/]s1 ,n f ! b>ds sublime1 ,^: di/ant foot/eps e*o ,?r\gh ! corridors ( "t4 ,( ! two hundr$ or m figures ( spee* :i* h be5 nam$ & def9$1 only a few ne$ be m5tion$ "h4 ,& ! purpose is n t y %all use !m m1 b t y may recognize !m :5 y meet !m 9 lit]ature4 ,figures bas$ ^u ,lik5ess4 ,!re is a l>ge gr\p ( figures ( spee* bas$ ^u lik5ess4 ,"o ?+ is s mu* l ano!r t x is spok5 ( z l x1 or1 m frequ5tly1 "o is said to be ! o!r4 ,yet if ! ?+s comp>$ are v mu* alike1 !re is no figure4 ,to say t a cat is l a pan!r is n consid]$ figurative4 ,x is :5 9 objects ess5tially diff]5t we detect & "n "s lik5ess t we say !re is a figure ( spee*4 ,!re is at fir/ ?\ght no lik5ess betwe5 hope & a nurse2 yet 7 x n = hope mo/ p]sons w\ld die4 ,?ack]ay 0 "r :5 he said t ,hope is ! nurse ( life4 ,! pr9cipal figures bas$ ^u lik5ess are metaphor1 epi!t1 p]sonification1 apo/rophe1 allegory1 & simile4 ,a metaphor is an impli$ comp>ison betwe5 ?+s ess5tially diff]5t1 b hav+ "s common quality4 ,metaphor is by f> ! mo/ common figure ( spee*2 inde$1 s common is x t figurative language is (t5 call$ metaphorical4 ,tombs are ! clo!s ( ! dead2 a grave is b a pla9 suit1 & a ri* monum5t is "o embroid]$4 ,let me *oose2 ,= z ,i am1 ,i live ^u ! rack4 ,! cat>acts bl[ _! trumpets f ! /eep4 ,only a little remov$ f metaphor is epi!t4 ,an epi!t is a ^w1 g5]ally a descriptive adjective or a n\n1 us$1 n to give in=mation1 b to imp>t /r5g? or ornam5t to diction4 ,x is l a %ort5$ metaphor4 ,x is v (t5 f\nd 9 impassion$ prose or v]se4 ,notice t 9 ea* epi!t !re is a comp>ison2 t ! figure is bas$ on lik5ess4 ,"h are sev]'d lips ,p>t$ ) sug> brea?4 ,base dog6 :y %\ld/ ?\ /& "h8 ,p]sonification is a figure t ascribes to inanimate ?+s1 ab/ract ideas1 & ! l[] animals ! attributes ( human be+s4 ,x is pla9 t !re mu/ be "s resemblance ( ! l[] to ! high]1 else ?is figure c\ld n be us$4 ,p]sonification1 l ! epi!t1 is a modification ( ! metaphor4 ,inde$1 9 e p]sonification !re is also a metaphor4 ,:5 ! sweet w9d did g5tly kiss ! trees ,& !y did make no noise4 ,b ev] heaves & moans ! re/less ,deep4 ,apo/rophe is an address to ! dead z if liv+2 to ab/ract ideas or inanimate objects z if !y 7 p]sons4 ,x is a v>iety ( p]sonification4 ,o ,cal$onia6 /]n & wild1 ,meet nurse = a poetic *ild6 ,wee1 mode/1 crimson-tipp$ fl[]1 ,?\'s met me 9 an evil h\r2 ,= ,i maun cru% amang ! /\re ,?y sl5d] /em4 ,milton6 ?\ %\ld/ be liv+ at ?is h\r4 ,allegory is a n>rative 9 :i* mat]ial ?+s & circum/ances are us$ to illu/rate & en=ce high spiritual tru?s4 ,x is a cont9u$ p]sonification4 ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress & ,sp5s]'s ,fa]ie ,que5e are good examples ( allegory4 ,all ^! figures are v>ieties ( metaphor4 ,9 !m !re is always an impli$1 n an express$1 comp>ison4 ,a simile is an express$ comp>ison betwe5 unlike ?+s t h "s common quality4 ,?is comp>ison is usually indicat$ by l or z4 ,ilbrahim 0 l a dome/icat$ sunbeam1 bright5+ moody c\nt5ances1 & *as+ away ! gloom f ! d>k corn]s ( ! cottage4 7,does ?is figure *ange to ano!r 9 its c\rse87 ,h[ f> t little c&le ?r[s its beams6 ,s %9es a good de$ 9 a naughty _w4 ,( retir$ ,dut* valleys1 ,irv+ wrote3-- ,!y are l ^? little nooks ( /ill wat] :i* bord] a rapid /ream2 :]e we may see ! /raw & bubble rid+ quietly at an*or1 or sl[ly revolv+ 9 _! mimic h>bor1 undi/urb$ by ! ru% ( ! pass+ curr5t4 ,figures bas$ ^u ,s5t5ce ,/ructure4 ,!re are a numb] ( figures t express emotion by simply *ang+ ! normal ord] ( ! s5t5ce4 ,among ^! are inv]sion1 exclamation1 int]rogation1 climax1 & irony4 ,inv]sion is a figure int5d$ to give emphasis to ! ?\ght by a *ange f ! natural ord] ( ! words 9 a s5t5ce4 ,?9e be ! glory6 ,few 7 ! words !y said4 ,he sav$ o!rs2 himself he _c save4 ,exclamation is an expression ( /rong emotion 9 abrupt1 inv]t$1 or elliptical phrases4 ,x is among s5t5ces :at ! int]jection is among words4 ,h[ f> t little c&le ?r[s its beams6 ,oh1 :at a rogue & peasant slave am ,i6 ,int]rogation is a figure 9 :i* a "q is ask$1 n to get an answ]1 b = ! sake ( emphasis4 ,d m5 ga!r grapes f ?orns1 or figs f ?i/les8 ,fe> ye foes :o kill = hire8 ,w ye to y\r homes retire8 ,am ,i a c[>d8 ,climax is a figure 9 :i* ! int5sity ( ! ?\ght & emotion gradually increases ) ! successive gr\ps ( words or phrases4 7,see p4 #baa47 ,y\r *ildr5 d n gr[ fa/] f infancy to manhood ?an !y ! ,am]ican coloni/s spread f families to communities1 f villages to nations4 ,irony is a figure 9 :i* "o ?+ is said & ! opposite is meant4 ,& ,job answ]$ & said1 ,no d\bt b ye are ! p1 & wisdom %all die ) y4 ,o ,jew1 an upright judge1 a le>n$ judge6 ,f\r o!r figures %\ld be m5tion$3 metonymy1 synecdo*e1 allusion1 & hyp]bole4 ,metonymy calls "o ?+ by ! "n ( ano!r :i* is closely relat$ to ! fir/4 ,! mo/ common relations are cause & effect1 conta9] & ?+ conta9$1 & sign & ! ?+ signifi$4 ,f ! cradle to ! grave is b a day4 ,i did dream ( money-bags to-night4 ,synecdo*e is t figure ( spee* 9 :i* a "p is put = ! :ole1 or ! :ole = a "p4 ,fifty sail came into h>bor4 ,! r$coats are m>*+4 ,allusion is a ref]5ce to some?+ 9 hi/ory or lit]ature ) :i* e "o is suppos$ to be acqua9t$4 ,a ,daniel come to judgm5t6 yea1 a ,daniel6 ,m5 /ill sigh = ! fle% pots ( ,egypt2 /ill wor%ip ! gold5 calf4 ,!re is no ,op5 ,sesame to ! treasures ( le>n+2 !y mu/ be acquir$ by h>d /udy4 ,milton & ,%akespe>e are full ( allusions to ! classic lit]ature ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,hyp]bole is an exagg]at$ /atem5t made = effect4 ,he 0 tall1 b exce$+ly lank1 ) n>r[ %\ld]s1 long arms & legs1 h&s t dangl$ a mile out ( 8 sleeves1 feet t might h s]v$ = %ovels1 & 8 :ole frame mo/ loosely hung toge!r4 ,&1 if ?\ prate ( m\nta9s1 let !m ?r[ ,millions ( acres on u1 till our gr\nd1 ,s+e+ 8 pate aga9/ ! burn+ zone1 ,make ,ossa l a w>t6 ,ex]cises 9 ,figures4 ,"n ! foll[+ figures4 ,( ^? t are bas$ ^u lik5ess1 tell 9 :at ! simil>ity consi/s4 ,9 _m ( ! selections m ?an "o figure w be f\nd4#ee #a4 ,! long1 h>d w9t] ( 8 y\? _h end$2 ! spr+-"t ( 8 manhood 0 turn+ gre5 l ! woods4 #b4 ,a pig came up to a horse & said1 ,y\r feet are crook$1 & y\r hair is wor? no?+4 #c4 ,! words ( 8 m\? 7 smoo!r ?an butt]1 b w> 0 9 8 he>t2 8 words 7 s(t] ?an oil1 b !y 7 drawn swords4 #d4 ,! lily maid ( ,a/olat4 #e4 ,o ,tru?6 ,o ,fre$om6 h[ are ye /ill born ,9 ! rude /able1 9 ! mang] nurs$6 #f4 ,! bir*1 mo/ %y & ladylike ( trees1 ,h] pov]ty1 z be/ %e may1 retrieves1 ,& h9ts at h] =egone g5tilities ,) "s sav$ relics ( h] weal? ( leaves4 #g4 ,o fri5d1 nev] /rike sail to a fe>6 ,come into port gr&ly1 or sail ) ,god ! seas6 #h4 ,primroses smile & daisies _c fr[n4 #i4 ,h[ deeply & w>mly & spotlessly ,e>?'s nak$ness is clo!d6--! 'wool' ( ! ,psalmi/ ne>ly two feet deep4 ,& z f> z w>m? & protection are conc]n$1 !re is a good deal ( ! virtue ( wool 9 su* a sn[-fall4 ,x is a v]itable fleece1 b5ea? :i* ! %iv]+ e>? 7'! froz5 hills a*$ ) pa91' says "o ( our "y poets7 is re/or$ to w>m?4 #aj4 ,we c w9 no laurels 9 a w> = indep5d5ce4 ,e>li] & wor?i] h&s h ga!r$ !m all4 ,nor are !re places = u by ! side ( ,solon & ,alfr$ & o!r f\nd]s ( ,/ates4 ,our fa!rs h fill$ !m4 #aa4 ,i put on righte\sness1 & x clo!d me2 my judgm5t 0 z a robe & diadem4 ,i 0 eyes to ! bl9d1 & feet 0 ,i to ! lame4 ,i 0 fa!r to ! poor2 & ! cause :i* ,i knew n ,i se>*$ out4 ,& ,i brake ! jaws ( ! wick$1 & pluck$ ! spoil out ( 8 tee?4 #ab4 ,8 head & 8 he>t 7 s well comb9$ t he c\ld n avoid becom+ a p[] 9 8 community4 ,sp5s]1 writ+ ( honor1 says3-- #ac4 ,9 woods1 9 waves1 9 w>s1 %e wonts to dwell1 ,& w be f\nd ) p]il & ) pa92 ,nor c ! man t m\lds an idle cell ,unto h] happy mansion atta93 ,be=e h] gate high ,god did ,sweat orda91 ,& wakeful wat*es ev] to abide2 ,b easy is ! way & passage pla9 ,to pleasure's palace3 x may soon be spi$1 ,& day & night h] doors to all /& op5 wide4 #ad4 ,ov] ! va/ gre5 sea ( ! wild]ness1 ! moon swung h] silv]y lamp4 #ae4 ,! peace ( ! gold5 sun%9e 0 supreme4 ,ev5 a t9y cl\dlet an*or$ 9 ! limitless sky w\ld n sail to-day4 #af4 ,a %ort way fur!r along1 ,i come across a boy ga!r+ palm4 ,he is a t[n boy1 & has come all ! way f ,:ite*apel ?us e>ly4 ,he has already ga!r$ a great bundle--wor? five %ill+s to him1 he says4 ,?is same palm w to-morr[ be di/ribut$ ov] ,london1 & ^? :o buy sprigs ( x by ! ,bank w "k no?+ ( ! blue-ey$ boy :o ga!r$ x1 & ! murmur+ riv] by :i* x grew4 ,& ! lad1 once m lo/ 9 "s squalid c\rt1 w be a sort ( ,sir ,john ,m&eville to 8 companions--a ,sir ,john ,m&eville ( ! fields1 ) _! wat]-rats1 _! birds' eggs1 & _m o!r wond]s4 ,& "o c imag9e him say+1 ',& ! sp>r[s !re fly "r up into ! sun1 & s+ l angels4' ,b he won't get 8 comrades to believe t4 #ag4 ,we w&]$ to ! ,p9e ,=e/ ,t skirts ! ,ocean's foam2 ,! lighte/ w9d 0 9 its ne/1 ,! tempe/ 9 its home4 ,! :isp]+ waves 7 half asleep1 ,! cl\ds 7 gone to play1 ,& on ! bosom ( ! deep ,! smile ( heav5 lay2 ,x seem$ z if ! h\r 7 "o ,s5t f beyond ! skies ,:i* scatt]$ f above ! sun ,! light ( ,p>adise4 ,we paus$ amid ! p9es t /ood ,! giants ( ! wa/e1 ,tortur$ by /orms to %apes z rude ,z s]p5ts int]lac$1-- ,& soo!d by e azure brea? ,t "u heav5 is bl[n1 ,to h>monies & hues b5ea?1 ,z t5d] z its own3 ,n[ all ! tree-tops lay asleep ,l gre5 waves on ! sea1 ,z /ill z 9 ! sil5t deep ,! ocean woods may be4 #ah4 ,:5 a bee br+s poll5 into ! hive1 he advances to ! cell 9 :i* x is to be deposit$ & kicks x (f z "o might 8 ov]alls or rubb] boots1 mak+ "o foot help ! o!r2 !n he walks (f )\t ev] look+ beh9d him2 ano!r bee1 "o ( ! indoor h&s1 comes along & rams x d[n ) 8 head & packs x 9 ! cell z ! dairy-maid packs butt] into a firk94 #ai4 ,= ?y desires ,are wolfi%1 bloody1 />v$1 & rav5\s4 #bj4 ,:at a piece ( "w is man6 h[ noble 9 reason6 h[ inf9ite 9 faculty6 9 =m & mov+ h[ express & admirable6 9 action h[ l an angel6 9 appreh5sion h[ l a god6 ! beauty ( ! _w6 ! p>agon ( animals6 #ba4 ,& 9 h] *eeks ! v]meil r$ did %ew ,l roses 9 a b$ ( lilies %$4 #bb4 ,he betray$ 8 fri5d ) a ,judas kiss4 #bc4 ,a true poet is n "o :om !y c hire by money & flatt]y to be a m9i/] ( _! pleasures1 _! writ] ( occasional v]ses1 _! purveyor ( table wit2 he _c be _! m5ial1 he _c ev5 be _! p>tisan4 ,at ! p]il ( bo? p>ties let no su* union be attempt$4 ,w a ,c\rs] ( ! ,sun "w s(tly 9 ! h>ness ( a ,dray-horse8 ,8 ho(s are ( fire1 & 8 pa? is ?r\gh ! heav5s1 br++ light to all l&s2 w he lumb] on mud highways1 dragg+ ale = e>?ly appetites f door to door8 #bd4 ,ha? a dog money8 is x possible ,a cur c l5d ?ree ?\s& ducats8 #be4 ,k9d he>ts are m ?an coronets1 ,& simple fai? ?an ,norman blood4 #bf4 ,!y sleep toge!r1--! gray & ! blue4 #bg4 ,h n ! ,indians be5 k9dly & ju/ly treat$8 ,h n ! temporal ?+s--! va9 baubles & fil?y lucre ( ?is _w--:i* 7 apt to engage _! worldly & selfi% ?\ghts1 be5 b5evol5tly tak5 f !m8 ,& h !y n1 in/ead !re(1 be5 taught to set _! affections on ?+s above8 7,quot$ f ,meiklejohn's ,! ,art ( ,writ+ ,engli%47 #bh4 ,poetry is tru? 9 its ,sunday clo!s4 #bi4 ,8 words 7 %$ s(t] ?an leaves f ! p9e1 ,& !y fell on ,sir ,launfal z sn[s on ! br9e1 ,t m+le _! s(tness & quiet 9 "o ,) ! %aggy unre/ !y float d[n ^u4 #cj4 ,too mu* r$ tape caus$ a great am\nt ( suff]+ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! w>4 #ca4 ,roll on1 ?\ deep & d>k blue ocean1 roll6 ,t5 ?\s& fleets sweep ov] !e 9 va94 #cb4 ,! old ,m\nta9 has ?r[n a /one at u = fe> we %\ld =get him4 ,he sometimes nods 8 head1 & ?reat5s to come d[n4 #cc4 ,b pleasures are l poppies spread3 ,y seize ! fl['r1 its bloom is %$2 ,or l ! sn[ falls 9 ! riv]1 ,a mom5t :ite--!n melts = ev]2 ,or l ! borealis race1 ,t flit ere y c po9t _! place2 ,or l ! ra9b['s lovely =m ,evani%+ amid ! /orm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,v]se ,,=ms#ef ,prep>]'s note3 ,9 ?is *apt]1 ! rhy?ms ( ! sample poetry l9es 7 indicat$ ) musical notes & re/s4 ,9 ?is text v]sion1 an eigh? note is indicat$ by e1 a qu>t] note by q1 & an eigh? re/ by r4 ,no pupil has pass$ ?r\gh ! grad$ s*ools )\t be+ told t he %\ld n s+ v]ses1 ?\gh no "o is incl9$ to s+ prose4 ,"o c sc>cely help s++ v]se1 & "o _c well s+ prose4 ,:at is !re ab\t ! =m t leads a p]son to s+ v]ses ( poetry8 ,= example1 :5 a p]son reads ! fir/ l9es ( ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake1 he falls naturally into a s+-song :i* c be repres5t$ by musical notation z foll[s3-- e q e q e q e q ,! /ag at eve _h drunk 8 fill1 e q e q e q e q ,:]e danc$ ! moon on ,mon an's rill1 e q e q e q e q ,& deep 8 mid night lair _h made e q e q e q e q ,9 lone ,gl5>t ney's ha zel %ade4 ,! second1 f\r?1 six?1 & eigh? syllables 9 ea* ( ^! l9es are naturally acc5t$ 9 read+1 :ile ! o!r syllables are read )\t /ress4 ,! eight syllables ( ea* l9e fall naturally into gr\ps ( two1 an unacc5t$ syllable foll[$ by an acc5t$ syllable1 j z 9 ! musical notation giv51 an unacc5t$ eigh? note is foll[$ by an acc5t$ qu>t]4 ,9 ,hiawa?a ! acc5t$ syllable comes fir/1 & ! unacc5t$ foll[s x4 q e q e q e q e ,by ! %ores ( ,git*ee ,gumee1 q e q e q e q e ,by ! %9+ ,big-,sea-,wat]1 q e q e q e q e ,/ood ! wigwam ( ,no komis1 q e q e q e q e ,daught] ( ! ,moon1 ,no komis4 ,s1 too1 !re are gr\ps 9 :i* !re are ?ree syllables4 ,! acc5t may fall on any "o ( ! ?ree4 ,9 ! foll[+ /anza f ,! ,bridge ( ,sighs1 ! acc5t falls on ! fir/ syllable ( ea* gr\p4 e e e e e e ,t\* h] n scornfully2 e e e e e e ,?9k ( h] m\rnfully1 e e e e e e ,g5tly & humanly1 e e e e e e ,n ( ! /a9s ( h]2 e e e e e e ,all t re ma9s ( h] e e e e e e ,n[ is pure womanly4 ,! acc5t may be ^u ! second syllable ( ! gr\p4 ,?is is n common4 ,! foll[+ is f ,! ,?ree ,fi%]s4 e e e e e e e e e e q ,?ree fi%]s w5t sail+ out into ! ,we/1 e e e e e e e q e q ,out into ! ,we/ z ! sun w5t d[n2 e e e e e e e e e e q ,ea* ?\ght on ! woman t lov$ him ! be/2 e e e e e e e e e e e q ,& ! *ildr5 /ood wat*+ !m out ( ! t[n4 ,or ! acc5t may be ^u ! la/ syllable ( ! gr\p4 ,?is =m is v common4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! poem entitl$ ,annabel ,lee4 e e e e e e e e e e q ,x 0 man y & man y a ye> ago1 e e e e q e q ,9 a k+ dom by ! sea1 e e e e e e e q e q ,t a maid en !re liv$ :om y may "k e e e e q e e e ,by ! "n ( ,an nabel ,lee2 e e e e e e e q e e e ,& ?is maid en %e liv$ ) no o!r ?\ght e e e e e e e q ,?an to love & be lov$ by me4 ,poetic ,feet4 ,if all ^! v]ses be obs]v$ c>efully1 x w be se5 t 9 ea* gr\p ( syllables !re is "o acc5t$ syllable comb9$ ) "o or two unacc5t$4 ,su* a gr\p ( syllables is call$ a foot4 ,! foot is ! basis ( ! v]se2 & f ! prevail+ k9d ( foot t is f\nd 9 any v]se1 ! v]se d]ives its "n4 ,a foot is a gr\p ( syllables compos$ ( "o acc5t$ syllable comb9$ ) "o or m unacc5t$4 ,x w be notic$ fur!r t if musical notation be us$1 all ( ^! =ms are b v>iations ( ! "o =m1 repres5t$ by ! /&>d measure #c_/h4 ,!y are3-- e q 2 q e 2 e e e 2 e e e 2 & e e e 4 ,accord+ly !re are five =ms ( poetic feet made ( ?is musical rhy?m4 ,( ^!1 f\r are 9 common use4 ,an ,iambus is a two-syllable foot acc5t$ on ! la/ syllable4 ,v]se made ( ?is k9d ( feet is call$ iambic4 ,x is ! mo/ common =m f\nd 9 ,engli% poetry4 ,example3-- ,! /ag at eve _h drunk 8 fill4 ,a ,tro*ee is a two-syllable foot acc5t$ on ! fir/ syllable4 ,v]se made ( ?is k9d ( feet is call$ tro*aic4 ,example3-- ,/ood ! wigwam ( ,nokomis4 ,a ,dactyl is a ?ree-syllable foot acc5t$ on ! fir/ syllable4 ,su* v]se is call$ dactylic4 ,example3-- ,t\* h] n scornfully4 ,an ,amphibra* is a ?ree-syllable foot acc5t$ on ! middle syllable4 ,x is uncommon4 ,example3-- ,?ree fi%]s w5t sail+ out into ! ,we/4 ,an ,anape/ is a ?ree-syllable foot acc5t$ on ! la/ syllable4 ,example3-- ,x 0 _m & _m a ye> ago4 ,a ,spondee is a v uncommon foot 9 ,engli%4 ,x consi/s ( two long syllables acc5t$ ab\t equally4 ,x occurs z an occasional foot 9 a f\r-syllable rhy?m4 ,no ,engli% poem is entirely spondaic4 ,! f\r-syllable foot & ! spondee are s uncommon t !re is little use 9 ! pupil's kn[+ m ?an t !re are su* ?+s4 ,! example bel[ is quot$ f ,lani]'s ,! ,sci5ce ( ,engli% ,v]se4 e e e e q e e q q ,ah1 ! autumn days fade out1 & ! nights gr[ *ill e e e e e e e e q q ,& we walk no m to ge!r z we us$ ( yore ,:5 ! rose 0 new 9 blossom & ! sun 0 on ! hill1 ,& ! eves 7 sweetly vocal ) ! happy :ippoorwill1 ,& ! l&-breeze pip$ its sweete/ by ! ocean %ore4 ,k9ds ( ,metre4 ,a v]se is a s+le l9e ( poetry4 ,x may conta9 f "o foot to eight feet4 ,a l9e made ( "o foot is call$ monomet]4 ,x is nev] us$ ?r\gh\t a poem1 except z a joke1 b x sometimes occurs z an occasional v]se 9 a poem t is made ( long] l9es4 ,! two l9es :i* foll[ are f ! song ( ,w9t] 9 ,%akespe>e's ,love's ,lab\r's ,lo/4 ,! la/ is monomet]4 ,!n nightly s+s ! />+ owl ,tu-:it4 ,a l9e conta9+ two feet is call$ dimet]4 ,x also is uncommon2 b x does sometimes make up a :ole poem2 z1 ,! ,bridge ( ,sighs1 already m5tion$4 ,ano!r example is3-- ,i'm we>+ awa'1 ,jean1 ,l snaw :5 x's ?aw1 ,jean1 ,i'm we>+ awa' ,to ! l& o' ! leal4 ,x is frequ5tly met z an occasional l9e 9 a poem4 ,wordswor?'s ,daisy %[s x4 ,bright ,fl[]6 = by t "n at la/1 ,:5 all my rev]ies are pa/1 ,i call !e1 & to t cleave fa/1 ,sweet1 sil5t creature6 ,t brea?'/ ) me 9 sun & air1 ,d ?\1 z ?\ art wont1 repair ,my he>t ) gladness1 & a %>e ,( ?y meek nature6 ,a l9e conta9+ ?ree feet is call$ trimet]4 ,example3-- ,! sn[ _h begun 9 ! gloam+1 ,& busily all ! night ,_h be5 heap+ field & highway ,) a sil5ce deep & :ite4 ,a l9e conta9+ f\r feet is call$ tetramet]4 ,m>mion is writt5 9 tetramet]s4 ,see ! extract on p4 #bgf4 ,a l9e conta9+ five feet is call$ p5tamet]4 ,?is l9e is v common 9 ,engli% poetry4 ,x gives room en\gh = ! poet to say some?+1 & is n s long t x breaks d[n ) its own weight4 ,%akespe>e's ,plays1 ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,t5nyson's ,idylls ( ! ,k+1--inde$1 mo/ ( ! great1 s]i\s "w ( ! ma/]-poets has be5 done 9 ?is v]se4 ,a l9e conta9+ six feet is call$ hexamet]4 ,?is is ! =m adopt$ 9 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey ( ! ,greeks1 & ! ,a5eid ( ! ,romans2 x has be5 us$ sometimes by ,engli% writ]s 9 treat+ dignifi$ subjects4 ,! ,c\rt%ip ( ,miles ,/&i% & ,evangel9e are writt5 9 hexamet]4 ,v]ses ( sev5 & eight feet are r>e2 !y are call$ heptamet] & octamet]1 respectively4 ,! heptamet] is usually divid$ into a tetramet] & a trimet]2 ! octamet]1 into two tetramet]s4 ,poe's ,rav5 & ,t5nyson's ,locksley ,hall are 9 octamet]s1 & ,bryant's ,! ,dea? ( ! ,fl[]s is 9 heptamet]s4 ,a v]se is nam$ f its prevail+ k9d ( foot & ! numb] ( feet4 ,= example1 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice is 9 iambic p5tamet]1 & ,! ,c\rt%ip ( ,miles ,/&i% is 9 dactylic hexamet]4 ,/anzas4 ,a /anza is a gr\p ( v]ses1 b ^! v]ses are n necess>ily ( ! same l5g?4 ,monomet]1 dimet]1 & trimet] are n (t5 us$ = a :ole /anza2 b !y are frequ5tly f\nd 9 a /anza1 introduc+ v>iety into x4 ,a /anza made up ( tetramet] alt]nat+ ) trimet] is v common4 ,! /anzas f ,annabel ,lee & ,! ,village ,blacksmi?1 f\nd on pages #bgh & #bgi1 are excell5t examples4 ,scansion4 ,scansion is ! sep>ation ( a v]se ( poetry into its compon5t feet4 ,poetry 0 orig9ally sung or *ant$ by b>ds & tr\bad\rs4 ,! accompanim5t 0 a simple /rumm+ on a h>p ( v few /r+s1 & 0 h>dly m ?an ! beat+ ( "t4 ,! *ant+ mu/ h be5 mu* l ! s+-song t "s p fall into :5 read+ v]ses n[4 ,! fir/ ?+ 9 scann+ a l9e ( poetry is to drop into its rhy?m1--to let x s+ itself4 ,:5 ! regul> acc5t is felt1 ! l9es c easily be sep>at$ into _! metrical feet4 ,read ^! l9es f ,m>mion1 & m>k only ! acc5t$ syllables4 ,& !re %e /ood s calm & pale1 ,t b h] brea?+ did n fail1 ,& motion slight ( eyes & head1 ,& ( h] bosom1 w>rant$ ,t nei!r s5se nor pulse %e lacks1 ,y might h ?\ght a =m ( wax ,wr\ght to ! v life 0 !re2 ,s /ill %e 01 s pale1 s fair4 ,! m>k$ v]ses h an acc5t$ syllable prec$$ by an unacc5t$ syllable4 ,su* a foot is iambic4 ,!re are f\r feet 9 ea* v]se2 s ! poem is writt5 9 iambic tetramet]4 ,9 ! same way1 "o decides t ,! ,song ( ,hiawa?a is writt5 9 tro*aic tetramet]4 ,v>iations 9 ,metres4 ,9 music ! b> or measure is n always fill$ ) exactly ! same k9d ( notes arrang$ 9 ! same ord]4 ,if ! signature reads #c_/h1 ! measure may be fill$ by any notes t add$ toge!r equal ?ree eigh? notes4 ,x may be a qu>t] & an eigh?1 an eigh? & a qu>t]1 a dott$ qu>t]1 or ?ree eigh? notes4 ,s1 9 poetry ! v]ses are n always z regul> z 9 ,m>mion & ,hiawa?a1 al?\gh poetry is m regul> ?an music & !re are usually few v>iations ( metre 9 any "o poem4 ,a k ( ! mo/ common =ms ( v>iation is necess>y to correct scansion4 ,! commone/ v>iation 9 v]se is ! sub/itution ( ?ree eigh?s = ! qu>t] & ! eigh?1 or ! eigh? & ! qu>t]4 ,& ! v opposite ( ?is (t5 occurs2 t is1 ! sub/itution ( ! two-syllable foot = ! ?ree-syllable foot4 ,! foll[+1 f ,! ,burial ( ,sir ,john ,moore1 illu/rates :at is done4 ,notice1 h[ev]1 t ! beat is q regul>1 & ! l9es lilt along z if !re 7 no *ange4 e e e e q e e e e e e ,n a drum 0 he>d1 n a fun eral note1 e e e e e e e e e e ,z 8 corse to ! ram "p we hurri$2 e e e e e e e q e q ,n a sol di] dis*>g$ 8 f>e well %ot e e e e e e e e e e ,o'er ! grave :]e our he ro we buri$4 ,9 read+ ?is ! fir/ "t1 a p]son is n likely to notice t !re are ?ree feet 9 x conta9+ b two syllables4 ,! rhy?m is p]fectly smoo?1 & _c be call$ irregul>4 ,! acc5t rema9s on ! la/ syllable ( ! foot4 ,9 ! foll[+ selection f ,evangel9e1 tro*ees are sub/itut$ = dactyls1 yet !re is no break 9 ! rhy?m4 ,x does n seem 9 ! lea/ irregul>4 q e e e e q e ,be h9d !m foll[$ ! wat*-dog1 q e e e e e e e e e e e e e q e ,pati5t1 full ( im portance1 & gr& 9 ! pride ( 8 in/9ct1 ,walk+ f side to side ) a lordly air1 & sup]bly ,wav+ 8 bu%y tail1 & urg+ =w>d ! /raggl]s4 ,^! examples are en\gh to illu/rate ! fact t "o k9d ( foot may be sub/itut$ = ano!r & n make ! rhy?m feel irregul>4 ,s long z ! acc5t is n *ang$ f ! fir/ syllable to ! la/1 or f ! la/ to ! fir/1 !re is no j> 9 ! fl[ ( ! l9es4 ,! tro*ee & ! dactyl are int]*angeable2 & ! iambus & ! anape/ are int]*angeable4 ,we may take a /ep fur!r4 ,!re are _m times :5 "s sudd5 *ange ( ?\ght1 "s /rong emotion =ces a poet to break ! smoo? rhy?m1 t ! v]ses may h>monize ) 8 feel+4 ,su* a v>iation is l an exclamation or a da% ?r[n into prose4 ,! foll[+ is tak5 f ,annabel ,lee4 ,! regul> foot has ! acc5t on ! la/ syllable4 ,x is anape/ic1 9 tetramet]s & trimet]s4 ,b note ! %udd] 9 ! ?ird l9e :5 ! acc5t is *ang$ on ! ^w *ill+4 ,! music & ! ?\ght are 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,& ?is 0 ! reason t1 long ago1 ,9 ?is k+dom by ! sea1 e q e q e e e q e ,a w9d blew out ( a cl\d1 *ill+ ,my beautiful ,annabel ,lee2 ,s t h] highborn k9sman came ,& bore h] away f me ,to %ut h] up 9 a sepul*re ,9 ?is k+dom by ! sea4 ,ano!r beautiful example is f\nd 9 ! la/ /anza ( ! same poem4 ,x is 9 ! fir/ two feet ( ! fif? l9e4 ,"h ! regul> acc5t has yield$ to an acc5t on ! middle syllable & !re are two amphibra*s4 ,notice1 too1 h[ x is almo/ impossible to tell 9 ! next foot :e!r ! acc5t goes ^u ! second or ^u ! ?ird syllable4 ,x is hov]+ betwe5 ! =m ( ! fir/ two feet & ! anape/ ( ! la/ foot4 ,= ! moon nev] beams1 )\t br++ me dreams ,( ! beautiful ,annabel ,lee2 ,& ! />s nev] rise1 b ,i feel ! bright eyes ,( ! beautiful ,annabel ,lee2 e e e e e e e e e e e e ,& s1 all ! night-tide1 ,i lie d[n by ! side ,( my d>l+--my d>l+--my life & my bride1 ,9 h] sepul*re !re by ! sea ,9 h] tomb by ! s\nd+ sea4 ,z has already be5 said1 ! iambus is ! common foot ( ,engli% v]se4 ,x is made ( a %ort & a long syllable4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( a poem an unacc5t$ syllable seems weak2 & s v frequ5tly ! fir/ foot ( a poem is tro*aic2 (t5 ! fir/ two or ?ree feet are ( ?is k9d4 ,at su* a place ! irregul>ity does n /rike "o4 ,! foll[+ is an illu/ration3-- q e e q e q e q ,"u a spread + *e/ nut tree e q e q e q ,! vil lage smi? y /&s2 ,! smi?1 a mighty man is he1 ,) l>ge & s9ewy h&s2 ,& ! muscles ( 8 brawny arms ,are /rong z iron b&s4 ,9 ?is /anza ! prevail+ foot is iambic1 b ! fir/ foot is tro*aic4 ,9 ! foll[+ beautiful l9es by ,b5 ,jonson1 !re is ! same ?+3-- q e e qe q e q ,dr9k to me on ly ) ?9e eyes ,& ,i w pl$ge ) m9e2 ,or leave a kiss b 9 ! cup ,& ,i'll n look = w9e4 ,! ?ir/ t f ! s\l do? rise ,do? ask a dr9k div9e2 ,b might ,i ( ,jove's nect> sup1 ,i w\ld n *ange = ?9e4 ,a simil> sub/itution may occur 9 any o!r v]se ( ! /anza2 b we feel ! *ange m ?an :5 x is f\nd 9 ! fir/ v]se4 ,! second /anza ( ,jonson's song furni%es an example ( ! sub/itution ( a tro*ee = an iambus3-- ,i s5t !e late a rosy wrea?1 q e e q e e e ,n s mu* hon or+ !e ,z giv+ x a hope t !re ,x c\ld n )]$ be1 ,b ?\ !reon did/ only brea! ,& s5t'/ x back to me2 ,s9ce :5 x gr[s & smells1 ,i swe>1 ,n ( itself1 b !e4 ,( all ! great poets1 b few h be5 su* ma/]s ( ! art ( mak+ musical v]se z ,sp5s]4 ,! foll[+ /anza is f ,! ,fa]ie ,que5e2 & ! delicate *anges f "o foot to ano!r are s skillfully made t "o has to look twice be=e he f9ds !m4 ,a little l[ly h]mitage x 01 ,d[n 9 a dale1 h>d by a =e/'s side1 ,f> f resort ( p t did pass ,9 travel to & fro2 a little wide ,!re 0 a holy *apel edifi$1 ,:]e9 a h]mit duly wont to say ,8 holy ?+s ea* morn & ev5tide2 ,!reby a cry/al /ream did g5tly play1 ,:i* f a sacr$ f\nta9 well$ =? alway4 ,fir/ & ,la/ ,foot4 ,f ! l9es on ,! ,burial ( ,sir ,john ,moore1 ano!r fact ab\t metres may be d]iv$4 ,! second & f\r? l9es app>5tly h "o too _m syllables4 ,?is may occur :5 ! acc5t is ^u ! la/ syllable ( ! foot2 t is1 :5 ! foot is an iambus or an anape/4 ,aga91 ! la/ foot ( ea* l9e may be "o syllable %ort4 ,?is may occur :5 ! acc5t is on ! fir/ syllable ( a foot2 t is1 :5 ! foot is tro*aic or dactylic4 ,! s*eme is l ?is3 q e q e q e q e ,tell me n 9 m\rnful numb]s q e q e q e q r ,life is b an empty dream4 ,! la/ foot ( a v]se ( poetry1 !n1 may h m or few] syllables ?an ! regul> numb]2 /ill ! foot takes up ! regul> "t & _c be deem$ unrhy?mical4 ,! fir/ foot ( a l9e1 too1 may conta9 an extra syllable2 a good example has be5 giv5 9 ! l9es on page #bgc1 beg9n+1-- ,ah1 ! autumn days fade out1 & ! nights gr[ *ill4 ,& ! fir/ foot ( a l9e may lack a syllable1 z 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ,break1 ,break1 ,break1 by ,t5nyson4 ,9 a l9e l ! foll[+1 x is sometimes difficult to tell :e!r ! syllable is omitt$ f ! fir/ or ! la/ foot4 ,if f ! fir/1 ! v]se is iambic1 & is scann$ l ?is3-- r q e q e q e e e ,pr\d & l[ ly1 beg g> & "l4 ,if ! la/ foot is n full1 ! l9e is tro*aic4 q e q e e e e q r ,pr\d & l[ ly1 beg g> & "l4 ,n[ if ! :ole ( ,london ,bridge1 f :i* ?is l9e is quot$1 be read1 !re w be f\nd sev]al l9es t are tro*aic beyond "q2 & ! la/ l9e ( ! *orus is iambic4 ,! majority ( tro*aic l9es leads u to decide t ! v]se is tro*aic4 ,f ?is example "o le>ns to appreciate h[ ne>ly alike are tro*aic & iambic v]ses4 ,bo? are compos$ ( alt]nat+ acc5t$ & unacc5t$ syllables2 & ! k9d ( metre dep5ds ^u :i* comes fir/ 9 ! foot4 ,9 ,blake's ,tig]1 ,tig]1 !re is n a l9e t cle>ly %[s :at k9d ( v]se ! poet us$4 ,if ! unacc5t$ syllable is suppli$ at ! beg9n+ ! poem is iambic2 if at ! end1 x is tro*aic4 ,tig]1 ,tig]1 burn+ bright ,9 ! =e/s ( ! night1 ,:at immortal h& or eye ,fram$ ?y fe>ful symmetry8 ,sil5ces may occur 9 ! middle ( a v]se ( poetry z well z at ! beg9n+ or ! end4 ,9 ! foll[+ nurs]y rhyme x is cle> t ! prevail+ foot is anape/ic1 ?\gh sev]al feet are iambic1 & 9 ! fir/ two l9es & ! la/ l9e a s+le syllable makes a foot4 ,sil5ces are introduc$ "h z re/s are 9 music4 r q r q r q ,?ree bl9d mice6 r q r q e q ,see h[ !y run6 ,hurrah1 hurrah = ! f>m er's wife6 ,%e cut (f _! tails ) a c>v + knife6 ,did y ev er see su* a sight 9 y\r life e q r q r q ,z ?ree bl9d mice6 ,l ?is is ! scansion ( ,t5nyson's ,break1 ,break1 ,break4 r q r q r q ,break1 break1 break6 ,on ?y cold gray /ones1 ,o sea6 ,& ,i w\ld t my tongue c\ld utt] ,! ?\ghts t arise 9 me4 ,9 scann+1 !n1 x is necess>y-- ,fir/4 ,to det]m9e by read+ a numb] ( v]ses ! k9d ( foot t pr$om9ates1 & to make ?is ! basis ( ! metrical s*eme4 ,second4 ,to rememb] t "o k9d ( foot may be sub/itut$ = ano!r1 at ! w ( ! poet1 introduc+ into ! poem a delicate v>iety ( rhy?m4 ,?ird4 ,to keep 9 m9d t ! fir/ foot ( a v]se & ! la/ foot may h m or few] syllables ?an ! regul> foot ( ! poem4 ,f\r?4 ,t sil5ces1 l re/s 9 music1 may be introduc$ into a v]se & give to x a p]fect smoo?ness ( rhy?m4 ,k9ds ( ,poetry4 ,x is a difficult ?+ to give a def9ition ( poetry4 ,_m h done s1 yet no "o has be5 =tunate en\gh to h 8 def9ition g )\t criticism4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t poetry deals ) s]i\s subjects1 t x appeals to ! feel+s r ?an to ! reason1 t x employs beautiful language1 & t x is writt5 9 "s metrical =m4 ,poetry has be5 divid$ into ?ree great classes3 n>rative1 lyric1 & dramatic4 ,n>rative poetry deals ) ev5ts1 real or imag9>y4 ,x includes1 among o!r v>ieties1 ! epic1 ! metrical romance1 ! tale1 & ! ballad4 ,! epic is a n>rative poem ( elevat$ "* tell+ g5]ally ( ! exploits ( h]oes4 ,! ,iliad ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,a5eid ( ! ,romans1 ! ,nibelung5 ,li$ ( ! ,g]mans1 ,be[ulf ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 & ,p>adise ,lo/ are good examples ( ! epic4 ,! metrical romance is any fictiti\s n>rative ( h]oic1 m>vel\s1 or sup]natural incid5ts d]iv$ f hi/ory or leg5d1 & told at consid]able l5g?4 ,! ,idylls ( ! ,k+ are romances4 ,! tale is b little diff]5t f ! romance4 ,x leaves ! field ( leg5d & occupies ! place 9 poetry t a /ory or a novel does 9 prose4 ,m>mion & ,eno* ,ard5 are tales4 ,a ballad is a %ort n>rative poem1 g5]ally rehe>s+ b "o incid5t4 ,x is usually vigor\s 9 /yle1 & gives b little ?\ght to elegance4 ,sir ,patrick ,sp5s1 ,! ,battle ( ,ott]burne1 & ,*evy ,*ase are examples4 ,lyric poetry f9ds its s\rce 9 ! au?or's feel+s & emotions4 ,9 ?is x diff]s f n>rative poems1 :i* f9d _! mat]ial 9 ext]nal ev5ts & circum/ances4 ,epic poetry is writt5 9 a gr& /yle1 g5]ally 9 p5tamet]1 or hexamet]2 :ile ! lyric adopts any v]se t suits ! emotion4 ,! pr9cipal classes ( lyric poetry are ! song1 ! ode1 ! elegy1 & ! sonnet4 ,! song is a %ort poem int5d$ to be sung4 ,x has great v>iety ( metres & is g5]ally divid$ into /anzas4 ,sweet & ,l[1 ,ye ,banks & ,braes o' ,bonnie ,doon1 ,john ,&]son1 ,my ,jo1 ,john1 are songs4 ,an ode is a lyric express+ exalt$ emotion2 x usually has a complex & irregul> metrical =m4 ,coll9s's ,! ,passions1 ,wordswor?'s ,intimations ( ,immortality1 & ,l[ell's ,commemoration ,ode1 are well kn[n4 ,an elegy is a s]i\s poem p]vad$ by a feel+ ( melan*oly4 ,x is g5]ally writt5 to commemorate ! dea? ( "s fri5d4 ,milton's ,lycidas & ,gray's ,elegy 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d are examples ( ?is =m ( lyric4 ,a sonnet is a lyric t deals ) a s+le ?\ght1 idea1 or s5tim5t 9 a fix$ metrical =m4 ,! sonnet always conta9s f\rte5 l9es4 ,x has1 too1 a v def9ite rhyme s*eme4 ,"s ( ! be/ ,engli% sonnets h be5 writt5 by ,%akespe>e1 ,wordswor?1 & ,mrs4 ,br[n+4 ,dramatic poetry pres5ts a c\rse ( human ev5ts1 & is g5]ally design$ to be spok5 on ! /age4 ,because su* poetry pres5ts human "* 9 action1 ! t]m dramatic has come to be appli$ to any poetry hav+ ?is quality4 ,_m ( ,br[n+'s poems are dramatic 9 ?is s5se4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se ( ! ^w1 dramatic poetry includes trag$y & com$y4 ,trag$y is a drama 9 :i* ! diction is dignifi$1 ! movem5t impressive1 & ! end+ unhappy4 ,com$y is a drama ( a light & amus+ "*1 ) a happy conclusion to its plot4 ,ex]cises 9 ,metres4 ,en\gh ( ea* poem is giv5 bel[ s t ! k9d ( metre c be det]m9$4 ,always "n ! v]se =m & write ! v]se s*eme4 ,"s h>d "w w be necess>y to "w out ! irregul> l9es1 b x is only by "w on ^! t any ability 9 scann+ c be ga9$4 ,always read a /anza two or ?ree times to get ! sw+ ( ! rhy?m4 ,rememb] ! sil5ces1 & ! sub/itutions t may be made4 #a4 ,i /ood on ! bridge at midnight ,z ! clocks 7 /rik+ ! h\r1 ,& ! moon rose ov] ! city1 ,beh9d ! d>k *ur* t[]4 ,among ! long black raft]s ,! wav]+ %ad[s lay1 ,& ! curr5t t came f ! ocean ,seem$ to lift & be> !m away4 #b4 ,all ?+s are new2--! buds1 ! leaves1 ,t gild ! elm-tree's nodd+ cre/1 ,& ev5 ! ne/ b5ea? ! eaves2-- ,!re are no birds 9 la/ ye>'s ne/6 #c4 ,mean:ile we did our nightly *ores1-- ,br\ght 9 ! wood f out ( doors1 ,litt]$ ! /alls1 & f ! m[s ,rak$ d[n ! h]d's-grass = ! c[s2 ,he>d ! horse :9ny+ = 8 corn2 ,&1 %>ply cla%+ horn on horn1 ,impati5t d[n ! /an*ion r[s ,! cattle %ake _! walnut b[s2 ,:ile1 pe]+ f 8 e>ly p]* ,^u ! scaffold's pole ( bir*1 ,! cock 8 cre/$ helmet b5t ,& d[n 8 qu]ul\s *all5ge s5t4 #d4 ,y "k1 we ,fr5* /orm$ ,ratisbon3 ,a mile or s away1 ,on a little m\nd1 ,napoleon ,/ood on our /orm+ day2 ,) neck out-?ru/1 y fancy h[1 ,legs wide1 arms lock$ beh9d1 ,z if to balance ! prone br[ ,oppressive ) its m9d4 #e4 ,come1 read to me "s poem1 ,"s simple & he>tfelt lay1 ,t %all soo! ?is re/less feel+1 ,& bani% ! ?\ghts ( day4 ,n f ! gr& old ma/]s1 ,n f ! b>ds sublime1 ,^: di/ant foot/eps e*o ,?r\gh ! corridors ( ,"t4 ,=1 l /ra9s ( m>tial music1 ,_! mighty ?\ghts sugge/ ,life's endless toil & endeavor2 ,& to-night ,i long = re/4 ,read f "s humbl] poet ,^: songs gu%$ f 8 he>t1 ,z %[]s f ! cl\ds ( summ]1 ,or te>s f ! eyelids />t2 ,:o ?r\gh long days ( labor1 ,& nights devoid ( ease1 ,/ill he>d 9 8 s\l ! music ,( ! wond]ful melodies4 #f4 ,hickory1 dick]y1 dock1 ,! m\se ran up ! clock2 ,! clock /ruck "o1 ,& ! m\se ran d[n2 ,hickory1 dick]y1 dock4 #g4 ,two bro!rs _h ! maid51 & %e ?\ght1 ,)9 h]self3 ',i w\ld ,i 7 l !m2 ,= !n ,i might g =? alone1 to trace ,! mighty riv]s d[nw>d to ! sea1 ,& upw>d to ! brooks t1 ?r\gh ! ye>1 ,prattle to ! cool valleys4 ,i w\ld "k ,:at races dr9k _! wat]s2 h[ _! *iefs ,be> rule1 & h[ m5 wor%ip !re1 & h[ ,!y build1 & to :at qua9t device !y frame1 ,:]e sea & riv] meet1 _! /ately %ips2 ,:at fl[]s are 9 _! g>d5s1 & :at trees ,be> fruit )9 _! or*>ds2 9 :at g>b ,_! b[m5 meet on holidays1 & h[ ,_! maid5s b9d ! wai/ & braid ! hair4' 7,9 ?is quotation we h blank v]se2 t is1 v]se t does n rhyme4 ,x is iambic p5tamet]1--! mo/ common v]se 9 great ,engli% poetry4 ,:at poems are y famili> ) t use ?is v]se-=m87 #h4 ,a wet %eet & a fl[+ sea1 ,a w9d t foll[s fa/ ,& fills ! ru/l+ sails ,& b5ds ! gallant ma/2 ,& b5ds ! gallant ma/1 my boys1 ,:ile l ! eagle free ,away ! good %ip flies1 & leaves ,old ,engl& on ! lee4 ,o = a s(t & g5tle w9d2 ,i he>d a fair "o cry2 ,b give to me ! snor+ breeze ,& :ite waves heav+ high2 ,& :ite waves heav+ high1 my lads1 ,! good %ip tight & free-- ,! _w ( wat]s is our home1 ,& m]ry m5 are we4 ,!re's tempe/ 9 yon horn$ moon1 ,& lightn+ 9 yon cl\d2 ,b h>k ! music1 m>9]s6 ,! w9d is pip+ l\d2 ,! w9d is pip+ l\d1 my boys1 ,! lightn+ fla%es free-- ,:ile ! holl[ oak our palace is1 ,our h]itage ! sea4 #i4 ,once ^u a midnight dre>y1 :ile ,i pond]$1 weak & we>y1 ,ov] _m a qua9t & curi\s volume ( =gott5 lore1 ,:ile ,i nodd$1 ne>ly napp+1 sudd5ly !re came a tapp+1 ,z ( "s "o g5tly rapp+1 rapp+ at my *amb] door-- '',t is "s visitor1' ,i mutt]$1 'tapp+ at my *amb] door-- ,only ?is1 & no?+ m4' #aj4 ,some:at back f ! village /reet ,/&s ! old-fa%ion$ c\ntry-seat1 ,across its antique portico ,tall popl> trees _! %ad[s ?r[2 ,& f its /ation 9 ! hall ,an anci5t timepiece says to all1-- ',=ev]--nev]6 ,nev]--=ev]6' #aa4 ,li/51 my *ildr51 & y %all he> ,( ! midnight ride ( ,paul ,rev]e1 ,on ! eighte5? ( ,april1 9 sev5ty-five2 ,h>dly a man is n[ alive ,:o rememb]s t fam\s day & ye>4 #ab4 ,sweet & l[1 sweet & l[1 ,w9d ( ! we/]n sea1 ,l[1 l[1 brea! & bl[1 ,w9d ( ! we/]n sea6 ,ov] ! roll+ wat]s g1 ,come f ! dy+ moon1 & bl[1 ,bl[ him aga9 to me2 ,:ile my little "o1 :ile my pretty "o1 sleeps4 ,sleep & re/1 sleep & re/1 ,fa!r w come to !e soon2 ,re/1 re/1 on "m's brea/1 ,fa!r w come to !e soon2 ,fa!r w come to 8 babe 9 ! ne/-- ,silv] sails all out ( ! we/ ,"u ! silv] moon3 ,sleep1 my little "o1 sleep1 my pretty "o1 sleep4 #ac4 ,see :at a lovely %ell1 ,small & pure z a pe>l1 ,ly+ close to my foot1 ,frail1 b a "w div9e1 ,made s fairily well ,) delicate spire & :orl1 ,h[ exquisitely m9ute1 ,a miracle ( design6 7,if ! pupils h ,palgrave's ,gold5 ,treasury ( ,songs & ,lyrics1 !y h a great fund ( excell5t mat]ial illu/rat+ all v>ieties ( metrical v>iation4 ,!re are v few pieces ( lit]ature t illu/rate s _m v>ieties ( metre z ,wordswor?'s ,ode on ! ,intimations ( ,immortality47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,tea*]s4 ,! ,c\rse ( ,/udy on pages xx-xxvi contemplates five days a week = ! /udy ( ,engli%4 ,! text :i* is to be ! subject ( ! t]m's "w %\ld fir/ be /udi$ = a few weeks4 ,aft] x has be5 ma/]$1 ?ree days ( ea* week %\ld be giv5 to lit]ature & two to composition4 ,9 practice ,i h f\nd x be/ to h ! /udy ( lit]ature occupy ?ree consecutive days1--= example1 ,tuesday1 ,w$nesday1 & ,?ursday4 ,?is arrangem5t leaves ,monday & ,friday = composition4 ,friday is us$ = ! /udy ( ! text-book & = g5]al criticism & sugge/ion4 ,on ,monday ! compositions %\ld be writt5 9 ! classroom4 ,to h !m s writt5 is1 at lea/ dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 di/9ctly bett]4 ,! fir/ draft ( ! composition %\ld be br\ght to class ready = am5dm5t & copy+4 ,dur+ ! writ+ ! tea*] %\ld be among ! pupils (f]+ assi/ance1 & insi/+ ^u good p5man%ip4 ,c>e at ! beg9n+ w =m a habit ( neatness1 & keep ! p5man%ip up to a high /&>d4 ,! arrangem5t sugge/$ is only "o plan4 ,?is works well4 ,_m o!rs may be adopt$4 ,b no plan %\ld be accept$ :i* makes ! numb] ( essays few] ?an "o a week2 nor %\ld ! numb] ( days giv5 to lit]ature be small] ?an ?ree a week4 ,dur+ ! second ye>1 if ! in/ructor ?9ks x c be done )\t loss1 ! compositions may be writt5 outside ( s*ool h\rs & br\ght to class on a def9ite day4 ,a pupil %\ld n be all[$ to put (f ! writ+ ( a composition any m ?an a lesson 9 geometry4 ,on ,monday ( ea* week a composition %\ld be h&$ 92 irregul>ity only makes ! "w displeas+ & leads to %irk+4 ,writ+ out ( s*ool gives m "t = criticism & /udy ( composition1 & dur+ ! second ye> ?is extra "t is mu* ne$$4 ,by ! ?ird ye> ! pupils c]ta9ly c d ! "w out ( s*ool4 ,z ! compositions increase 9 l5g?1 m "t w be necess>y = _! prep>ation4 ,! tea*] %\ld1 h[ev]1 "k exactly :at progress has be5 made ea* week2 & by individual criticisms & by wise sugge/ions %e %\ld help ! pupil to meet ! difficulties ( 8 special case4 ,9 ord] t ! in/ructor may h "t = individual criticism1 %e %\ld h two p]iods ea* day vacant 9 :i* to meet pupils = consultation4 ,to make ?is cle>1 suppose t a tea*] ( ,engli% has "o hundr$ pupils 9 h] classes4 ,%e %\ld h no m1 = "o hundr$ essays a week are en\gh = any p]son to correct4 ,if !re be six recitation p]iods daily1 place tw5ty-five pupils 9 ea* ( f\r sections = ! /udy ( lit]ature1 composition1 & g5]al criticism4 ,?is leaves two p]iods ea* day to meet individuals1 giv+ t5 pupils = ea* p]iod4 ,^! %\ld come on s*$ul$ days1 ) ! same regul>ity z = class recitation4 ,! pupil's "w %\ld h be5 h&$ 9 on ! second day be=e he comes up = consultation1 9 ord] t ! tea*] may be compet5t to give criticisms ( any value4 ,! inspiration ( ! fir/ read+ _c be dep5d$ ^u to sugge/ any help1 nor is !re "t = su* a read+ dur+ ! recitation4 ,!re w be ne$ ( class recitation 9 argum5t4 ,t5 days or two weeks are all t is necess>y = text-book "w4 ,?is %\ld be done be=e pupils read ! ,conciliation4 ,9 ! read+ con/antly keep be=e ! pupils ! me?ods ( ! au?or4 ,e tea*] %\ld be able to d :at %e asks ( ! pupils4 ,no p]son w\ld d>e to (f] h]self z a tea*] ( ,lat9 or algebra until %e c\ld write all ! translations ( ! "o & solve all ! problems ( ! o!r4 ,yet !re are p]sons :o h ! audacity to (f] _! s]vices z tea*]s ( ,engli%1 :5 !y _c write a lett] correctly1 to say no?+ ( a m =mal piece ( composition4 ,if an in/ructor 9 physics1 :o _h ask$ 8 pupils to solve a problem 9 electricity1 %\ld say to ea* un=tunate p]son z he h&$ 9 8 solution1 ,no1 t isn't "r2 y'll h to try aga91 )\t (f]+ any help or sugge/ion1 & %\ld cont9ue ?is disc\rag+ process until "s bright pupil work$ x out1 or p]haps "s "o guess$ x1 we %\ld say t su* a p]son 0 no in/ructor at all4 ,we might g s f> z to "q 8 intellectual compet5cy4 ,we c]ta9ly %\ld ?9k him q des]v+ ( dismissal4 ,/ill _m tea*]s ( ,engli% d no?+ m ?an say1 ,x isn't "r4 ,make x s4 ,if ! tea*] does n "k h[ to d ! ?+ %e asks ! pupils to d1 %e %\ld n be tea*+4 ,& ev5 :5 %e c d x1 %e w (t5 b5efit h]self & ! pupils by actually writ+ ! composition4 ,9 ?is way n only does %e ga9 comm& ( h] own p[]s ( expression1 b %e f9ds out ! difficulties ) :i* ! pupils h to cont5d4 ,e tea*] ( ,engli% composition %\ld be able to d "s cr$itable "w 9 ,engli%2 & e tea*] ( ,engli% %\ld put ?is tal5t into actual use4 ,num]\s examples ( correct p>agraphs1 well-made s5t5ces1 & apt words h n be5 includ$ 9 ! text4 ,!y h be5 omitt$ because !y c be f\nd 9 ! lit]ature /udy4 ,x is bett] = pupils to f9d ^! = !mselves4 ,x w put !m 9 ! way ( read+ ) ! s5ses always al]t = some?+ good2 & all good p>agraphs & s5t5ces lose some?+ ( _! beautiful adaptation :5 torn f ! place ( _! bir? & gr[?4 ,s1 too1 !re are no long li/s ( errors4 ,"o hundr$ pupils 9 a t]m make en\gh to fill a volume4 ,:5 a tea*] kn[s t ,s5t5ces is to be h] next subject %e %\ld beg9 ?ree mon?s 9 advance to get a good collection ( specim5s4 ,^! %\ld be classifi$ s t !y may be mo/ usable4 ,by ! "t ! class comes to ! /udy ( ,s5t5ces "s new1 live mat]ial w be on h& = illu/ration4 ,9 ! pupils' ex]cises ea* week ^? errors %\ld be s+l$ out & dwelt ^u :i* are ! special subject ( text-book "w4 ,if ! pupils are /udy+ ,coh]5ce 9 s5t5ce /ructure1 select all violations ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! week's ex]cises1 & by means ( !m nail t "o pr9ciple d[n in/ead ( try+ to lay d[n ! :ole set ( pr9ciples giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,s5t5ces4 ,alongside ( ?is collection ( mi/akes 9 ,coh]5ce ( s5t5ces %[ ! pupils ! be/ examples ( tight-jo9t$ s5t5ces to be f\nd 9 ! lit]ature !y are /udy+4 ,po9t out h[ ^! s5t5ces h be5 made to hold toge!r1 & h[ _! own %ambl+ creations c be correct$4 ,"s tea*]s w fe> ! am\nt ( lit]ature requir$4 ,x may seem l>ge1 especially 9 ! fir/ two ye>s4 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld be q impossible to read al\d 9 class all ( ?is4 ,h[ev]1 t is n int5d$4 ,!re w\ld be b sorry progress ei!r 9 ! c\rse ( /udy or 9 ! p[] to analyze lit]ature if ! class "t 7 tak5 up ) oral read+ ( n>ration & description4 ,! :ole ( a %ort /ory or "o or two *apt]s ( a novel are n too mu* = a lesson4 ,! discussion ( ! mean+ & ! me?od ( ! au?or %\ld take up ! l>ge/ "p ( ! "t4 ,!n su* portions %\ld be read al\d z are especially suit$ to an ex]cise 9 oral read+4 ,9 ?is way ! app>5tly l>ge li/ w be easily cov]$ )9 ! "t4 ,moreov]1 !re is di/9ct ga9 9 read+ mu*4 ,if only ?ree or f\r pages be giv5 = a lesson1 ! /udy ( lit]ature deg5]ates into a /udy ( words4 ,a /udy ( words is necess>y1 b x is only a "p ( ! /udy ( lit]ature4 ,su* a me?od ( /udy gives ! pupil no s5se ( values4 ,he does n get out into ! wide spaces ( ! au?or's ?\ght1 b is et]nally h$g$ ab\t by ! dw>f+ b>ri]s ( etymology & gramm>4 ,b4 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,a ,,composition4 ,,! ,,m>g94 ,x is ! cu/om to leave a m>g9 ( ab\t an in* at ! left side ( ! page4 ,9 ?is m>g9 ! corrections %\ld be writt51 n 9 ! composition4 ,!re %\ld be no m>g9 at ! "r4 ,! device ( writ+ incomplete l9es1 or ( mak+ ea* s5t5ce a p>agraph1 is sometimes adopt$ by "y p]sons 9 ! hope ( deceiv+ ! tea*] z to ! l5g? ( ! composition4 ,rememb] t pages d n c\nt = lit]ature any m ?an y>ds ( hide\s adv]tis+ bo>ds c\nt z art4 ,write a full page ) a /raight-l9$ m>g9 at ! left4 ,,ind5tion4 ,to designate ! beg9n+ ( a new p>agraph1 x is cu/om>y to h ! fir/ l9e beg9 an in* f>!r 9 ?an ! o!r l9es4 ,?is ind5tion ( ! m>g9 & ! incomplete l9e at ! end m>k ! visible limits ( ! p>agraph4 ,,! ,,head+4 ,! head+ or title ( ! composition %\ld be writt5 ab\t an in* & a half f ! top ( ! page1 & well plac$ 9 ! middle f left to "r4 ,!re %\ld be a blank l9e betwe5 ! title & ! beg9n+ ( ! composition4 ,"s p]sons pref]1 9 addition to ! title1 ! "n ( ! writ] & ! date ( writ+1--an unnecess>y addition1 x seems to me4 ,if !y are to appe>1 ! "n %\ld be at ! left & ! date at ! "r1 bo? on "o l9e4 ,! title w be on ! next l9e bel[4 ,jay ,phillips4 ,jan4 #bg1 #aijj4 ,! ,circus-,man's ,/ory4 ,!re 0 once an old man :om !y call$ a wiz>d1 & :o liv$ 9 a great cave by ! sea & rais$ dragons4 ,n[ :5 ,i 0 a v little boy1 ,i _h read a great deal ab\t ?is old man & felt z if he 7 q a fri5d ( m9e4 ,i _h plann$ = a long "t to pay him a visit1 al?\gh ,i _h n decid$ j :5 ,i %\ld />t4 ,b ! day ,jim ,:ite's fa!r br\ght him t camel1 ,i 0 crazy to be aft] my dragon at once4 ,:5 b$time came1 ,i _h made all my plans2 & sc>cely _h ,nurse turn$ h] back :5 ,i 0 on my way4 ,x 0 really v f>1 b ,i travel$ s swiftly t ,i arriv$ 9 a rem>kably %ort "t at ! wiz>d's h\se4 ,:5 ,i rapp$1 he op5$ ! door & ask$ me 94 ',i came to see if y _h any dragons left1' ,i told him4 ',i %\ld l a v good1 g5tle dragon1' ,i add$1 't w\ld n sc>e ,nurse2 & if x is isn't too mu* tr\ble1 ,i %\ld want "o t ,i c\ld ride4' ,,! ,,indorsem5t4 ,:5 ! composition is f9i%$1 x %\ld be fold$ b once up & d[n ! middle ( ! page4 ,! indorsem5t ^u ! back is g5]ally writt5 t[>d ! edges ( ! leaves1 n t[>d ! fold$ edge4 ,i pref] ! o!r way1 h[ev]2 & = ?is reason4 ,if 9 a bun* ( essays a tea*] is se>*+ = a p>ticul> "o1 %e g5]ally holds !m 9 ! left h& & ) ! f+]s ( ! "r lifts "o essay aft] ano!r4 ,indors+ t[>d ! fold$ edge insures lift+ a :ole essay e "t2 :ile if ! edges ( ! leaves be t[>d ! "r h&1 too _m or too few may be lift$4 ,! indorsem5t %\ld conta93 fir/1 ! "n ( ! writ]2 second1 ! t]m & p]iod ( 8 recitation2 ?ird1 ! title ( ! essay2 & f\r?1 ! date4 ,9 describ+ ! class & p]iod1 x is well to use a ,roman num]al = ! t]m1 c\nt+ two t]ms 9 ea* ye>1 & an ,arabic num]al to d5ote ! p]iod ( 8 recitation4 ,jay ,phillips4 ,,ii1 #c4 ,! ,circus-,man's ,/ory4 ,jan4 #bg1 #aijj4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,,p5man%ip4 ,! p5man%ip %\ld be neat & legible4 ,n all p]sons c write elegantly2 b all c write s t _! "w c be easily read1 & all c make a clean page4 ,scribbl+ is due to c>elessness4 ,a scribbl$ page po9ts to a scribbl+ m9d2 clean-cut h&writ+1 p]haps n ,sp5c]ian1 b a cle>1 legible h&writ+ is n only an indication ( cle>-cut ?9k+ b a means & promot] ( accurate ?\ght4 ,moreov]1 z a bus9ess proposition1 "o _c af=d to become a slov5ly p5man4 ,e composition %\ld be a lesson 9 p5man%ip1 & by s mu* improve "o's *ances 9 ! bus9ess _w4 ,& la/1 ! tea*] :o has to read & correct ! compositions ( f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ p]sons ea* week dem&s "s consid]ation4 ,no "o b a tea*] kn[s ! drudg]y ( ?is "w2 x c be mu* light5$ if ea* pupil writes s t ! composition c be read )\t difficulty4 ,by do+ ?is1 ! pupil is sure ( bett] criticism2 = ! tea*] c give all h] att5tion to ! composition1 none be+ dem&$ = ! p5man%ip4 ,c4 ,,m>ks ,,= ,,correction ,,( ,,compositions4 ,9 correct+ compositions c]ta9 abbreviations w save a tea*] mu* "t4 ,"s ( ! common ones are giv5 bel[4 ,und]score ! elem5t t ne$s correct+1 & put ! abbreviation 9 ! m>g94 ,9 case ! :ole p>agraph ne$s remodel+1 draw a l9e at its side & note ! correction 9 ! m>g94 ,cap4 ,use a capital lett]4 l4 c4 ,use a small lett]4 ,d4 ,see ! diction>y = ! correct use ( ! ^w4 ,sp4 ,spell+4 ,gr4 ,a mi/ake 9 grammatical use ( language4 ,cn/4 ,! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce is awkw>d or unidiomatic4 ,cl4 ,n cle>4 ,! rem$y may be sugge/$ by ref]5ce to c]ta9 pages ( ! text4 ,w4 ,weak4 ,z above1 po9t out ! tr\ble by a page ref]5ce4 ,rep4 ,repetition is monoton\s2 or x may be necess>y = cle>ness4 p4 ,punctuation4 ,cond4 ,cond5se4 ,exp4 ,exp&4 ,tr4 ,transpose4 8 ,"s fault n designat$4 ,x is well to use page ref]5ce4 ,p ,make a new p>agraph4 ,no ,p ,unite into "o p>agraph4 ,greek l[]-case delta ,cut out4 ,!re is some?+ omitt$4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! p>agraph symbol _c be display$ ) ascii *>act]s4 ,x is be/ describ$ z a rev]s$ ,p ) two v]tical l9es4 ,we h sub/itut$ an upp] case ,p4 ,9 addition to ! above v common corrections1 _m o!rs %\ld be made4 ,in/ead ( abbreviations1 x w be bett] to ref] ! pupil to ! page ( ! book :i* treats ( ! special fault4 ,= in/ance1 if !re be an unexpect$ *ange ( con/ruction1 und]score x1 & write 9 ! m>g9 #bbf2 on ?is page is f\nd p>allel con/ruction ( s5t5ces4 ,x may be well to use ! lett]s ,u41 ,c41 & ,m41 9 connection ) ! page numb]s to indicate t ! fault is 9 ! unity1 coh]5ce1 or mass ( ! elem5t to be correct$4 ,! con/ant ref]5ce to ! full] /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples violat$ w s]ve to fix !m 9 ! m9d4 ,d4 ,,punctuation4 ,punctuation seeks to d = writt5 composition :at inflections & pauses accompli% 9 vocal expression4 ,x makes cle> :at k9d ( an expression ! :ole s5t5ce is3 :e!r decl>ative1 exclamatory1 or int]rogative4 ,& x assi/s 9 indicat+ ! relations ( ! diff]5t p>ts )9 a s5t5ce4 ,:ile !re is practically uni=mity 9 ! me?od ( punctuation at ! end ( a s5t5ce1 )9 a s5t5ce punctuation %[s mu* v>iety ( me?od4 ,:]e "o p]son uses a comma1 ano!r ins]ts a semicolon2 & :]e "o f9ds a semicolon suffici5t1 ano!r requires a colon4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce h n equal rank2 & t ! diff]5ce 9 rank %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be indicat$ by ! m>ks ( punctuation4 ,keep+ 9 m9d1 also1 ! fact t ! int]nal m>ks ( punctuation1--! colon1 ! semicolon1 & ! comma1--h a rank 9 ! ord] m5tion$1 f ! greate/ to ! lea/1 a writ] w use ! /rong] m>ks :5 ! rank ( ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce dem&s !m1 & ! weak] m>ks to sep>ate ! less] elem5ts ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! s5t5ces bel[ illu/rate ! v>iety :i* may be practic$1 & ! use ( punctuation to %[ ! relation & rank ( ! elem5ts ( a s5t5ce4 #a4 ,int]nal punctuation is l>gely a matt] ( ta/e b !re are def9ite rules = f9al punctuation4 #b4 ,int]nal punctuation is l>gely a matt] ( ta/e2 !re are1 h[ev]1 def9ite rules = f9al punctuation4 #c4 ,int]nal punctuation1 ! purpose ( :i* is to gr\p phrases & clauses :i* belong toge!r & to sep>ate ^? :i* d n belong toge!r1 & to indicate ! relative rank ( ! p>ts sep>at$1 is1 to a great ext5t1 a matt] ( ta/e3 on ! o!r h&1 !re are def9ite rules = f9al punctuation1 ! object ( :i* is to sep>ate s5t5ces1 & also to assi/ 9 tell+ :at k9d ( a s5t5ce prec$es x2 t is1 :e!r x be decl>ative1 int]rogative1 or exclamatory4 ,look+ at ! fir/ s5t5ce1 we f9d two elem5ts ( equal rank sep>at$ by a comma4 ,"s au?ors w\ld pref] no punctuation at all 9 a s5t5ce z %ort z ?is4 ,aga91 if "o wi%$ to make ! two elem5ts v indep5d5t1 he w\ld use a semicolon4 ,!re w\ld be b little diff]5ce 9 mean+ betwe5 no punctuation & a comma2 b !re is a wide diff]5ce 9 mean+ betwe5 no punctuation & a semicolon4 ,! indep5d5ce caus$ by ! use ( ! semicolon is felt 9 ! second s5t5ce1 :]e ! words are ! same except "o4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce a colon might be us$2 & "o might g s f> z to make two s5t5ces ( x4 ,notice t 9 ^! two s5t5ces ! "q is h[ indep5d5t y wi% ! elem5ts to be1 & x is also a "q ( ta/e4 ,9 ! ?ird s5t5ce1 !re are elem5ts ( diff]5t rank4 ,to indicate ! rank1 punctuation ( diff]5t value mu/ be introduc$4 ,! two indep5d5t elem5ts are sep>at$ by a colon4 ,a semicolon might be us$1 if a semicolon 7 n us$ )9 ! second indep5d5t elem5t4 ,?is r5d]s ! great] m>k necess>y4 ,look at ! commas 9 ! fir/ indep5d5t elem5t4 ,! ass]tion is t int]nal punctuation is a matt] ( ta/e4 ,?is is too sweep+4 ,x is modifi$ by an explanatory phrase1 to a l>ge ext5t2 & ?is phrase is inclos$ by commas4 ,moreov]1 ! long clause indicat+ ! purpose ( int]nal punctuation is inclos$ by commas4 ,! use ( a semicolon 9 ! second "p falls "u ! ?ird rule = ! semicolon4 ,if "o %\ld sub/itute = ?is semicolon a comma & a da%1 he c\ld use a semicolon in/ead ( a colon = sep>at+ ! two ma9 divisions ( ! s5t5ce4 ,h[ev]1 ! me?od 9 :i* !y are fir/ punctuat$ is 9 accord ) ! rules g5]ally accept$4 ,! simple/ ( ^! rules are giv5 bel[ b "o mu/ nev] be surpris$ to f9d a piece ( lit]ature 9 :i* ! int]nal punctuation is at v>iance ) ^! rules4 ,,capital ,,lett]s4 #a4 ,a capital lett] beg9s e new s5t5ce4 #b4 ,a capital lett] beg9s e l9e ( poetry4 #c4 ,all names ( ,deity beg9 ) a capital lett]4 #d4 ,all prop] names beg9 ) capital lett]s4 #e4 ,all adjectives d]iv$ f prop] n\ns beg9 ) capital lett]s4 #f4 ,! fir/ ^w ( e direct quotation beg9s ) a capital lett]4 #g4 ,mo/ abbreviations use capital lett]s4 ,,commas4 #h4 ,a s]ies ( words or a s]ies ( phrases1 p]=m+ simil> functions 9 a s5t5ce1 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by commas1 unless all ! connectives are express$4 ,h] voice 0 ev] s(t1 ,g5tle1 & l[1--an excell5t ?+ 9 woman4 ,good my "l1 ,y h begot me1 br$ me1 lov$ me3 ,i ,return ^? duties back z are "r fit1 ,obey y1 love y1 & mo/ honor y4 ,b1 %9+ & tall & fair & /raight1 because all ! connectives are express$4 #i4 ,words out ( _! natural ord] are sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce by commas4 ,to ! unle>n$1 punctuation is a matt] ( *ance4 #aj4 ,words & phrases1 ei!r explanatory or slightly p>5!tical1 are sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce by commas4 ,!n poor ,cordelia6 ,& yet n s2 s9ce1 ,i am sure1 my love 's ,m ri*] ?an my tongue4 ,h[ev] :5 phrases & clauses are q p>5!tic1 !y are sep>at$ f ! rema9d] ( ! s5t5ce by p>5!ses1 or by commas & da%es4 ,! comma & da% is m common1 & g5]ally indicates a less] indep5d5ce ( ! inclos$ elem5t4 ,!n ,miss ,gunns smil$ /iffly1 & ?\ght :at a pity x 0 t ^! ri* c\ntry p1 :o c\ld af=d to buy su* good clo!s 7really ,miss ,nancy's lace & silk 7 v co/ly71 %\ld be br\ght up 9 utt] ignorance & vulg>ity4 #aa4 ,! nom9ative ( direct address1 & phrases 9 ! nom9ative absolute con/ruction are cut (f by commas4 ,gon]il1 ,our elde/ born1 speak fir/4 ,! ridges be+ tak51 ! troops advanc$ a ?\s& y>ds4 #ab4 ,appositive words & phrases are sep>at$ f ! rema9d] ( ! s5t5ce by commas4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is c5tury1 su* a l95 weav]1 nam$ ,silas ,m>n]1 work$ at 8 vocation1 9 a /one cottage t /ood among ! nutty h$g][s ne> ! village ( ,raveloe1 & n f> f ! edge ( a des]t$ /one-pit4 #ac4 ,:5 words are omitt$1 ! omission is indicat$ by ! use ( a comma4 ,faire/ ,cordelia1 t art mo/ ri*1 be+ poor2 ,mo/ *oice1 =sak52 & mo/ lov$1 despis'd6 #ad4 ,a comma is us$ be=e a %ort & in=mal quotation4 ,9 ! bitt]ness ( 8 w\nd$ _s1 he said to himself1 ',%e w ca/ me (f too4' #ae4 ,a comma is us$ to sep>ate ! indep5d5t clauses ( a comp\nd s5t5ce suffici5tly involv$ to necessitate "s m>k ( punctuation1 & yet n involv$ en\gh to require m>ks ( diff]5t ranks4 ,b ab\t ! ,*ri/mas ( ! fifte5? ye> a second great *ange came ov] ,m>n]'s life1 & 8 hi/ory became bl5t 9 a s+ul> mann] ) ! life ( 8 neighbors4 #f4 ,small gr\ps ( m closely relat$ words are inclos$ by commas to indicate _! ne> relation & to sep>ate !m f words !y might o!rwise be ?\ght to modify4 ,9 ?is /range _w1 made a hopeless riddle to him1 he might1 if he _h _h a less int5se nature1 h sat weav+1 weav+--look+ t[>ds ! end ( 8 patt]n1 or t[>ds ! end ( 8 web1 till he =got ! riddle1 & ev]y?+ else b 8 imm$iate s5sations2 b ! money _h come to m>k (f 8 weav+ into p]iods1 & ! money n only grew1 b x rema9$ ) him4 ,,semicolons4 #ag4 ,a semicolon is us$ to sep>ate ! p>ts ( a comp\nd s5t5ce if !y are involv$1 or conta9 commas4 ,x is also us$ to give indep5d5ce to ! memb]s ( a comp\nd s5t5ce :5 n v complex4 ,! mead[ 0 se>*$ 9 va92 & he got ov] ! /ile into ! next field1 look+ ) dy+ hope t[>ds a small pond :i* 0 n[ r$uc$ to its summ] %all[ness1 s z to leave a wide m>g9 ( good adhesive mud4 ,z = ! *ild1 he w\ld see t x 0 c>$ =2 he w\ld nev] =sake x2 he w\ld d ev]y?+ b own x4 #ah4 ,semicolons are us$ to sep>ate a s]ies ( clauses 9 mu* ! same way z commas are us$ to sep>ate a s]ies ( words4 ,i love y m ?an words c wield ! matt]2 ,de>] ?an eyesight1 space1 & lib]ty2 ,beyond :at c be valu$1 ri* or r>e2 ,no less ?an life1 ) grace1 heal?1 beauty1 honor2 ,z mu* z *ild e'er lov$1 or fa!r f\nd2 ,a love t makes brea? poor1 & spee* unable2 ,beyond all mann] ( s mu* ,i love !e4 #ai4 ,a semicolon is g5]ally us$ to introduce a clause ( repetition1 a clause /at+ ! obv]se1 & a clause /at+ an inf]5ce4 7,_m examples ( ! la/ two rules w be f\nd 9 ! discussion ( comp\nd s5t5ces on pages #bjb1 #bjc47 ,,colons4 #bj4 ,a colon is us$ to introduce a =mal quotation4 ,x is frequ5tly foll[$ by a da%4 ,"u date ( ,novemb] #bh1 #ahfj1 %e wrote to a fri5d3-- ',i am engag$ n[ 9 writ+ a /ory--! idea ( :i* came to me aft] our arrival 9 ?is h\se1 & :i* has ?ru/ itself betwe5 me & ! o!r book ,i 0 m$itat+4 ,x is ,silas ,mann]1 ! ,weav] ( ,raveloe4' ,on ! la/ day ( ! same ye> %e wrote3 ',i am writ+ a /ory :i* came across my o!r plans by a sudd5 inspiration1 etc4' #ba4 ,a colon is us$ to introduce a s]ies ( p>ticul>s1 ei!r appositional or explanatory1 :i* ! read] has be5 l$ to expect by ! fir/ clause ( ! s5t5ce4 ,^! p>ticul>s are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by semicolons4 ,! /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( composition %\ld include ! foll[+ subjects3 a /udy ( words z to _! orig9 & mean+2 a /udy ( ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ce & ( ! l>g] elem5ts ( disc\rse--9 o!r words1 ( concrete logic2 a /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( effective lit]>y composition1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! v>i\s divisions ( lit]ature2 & also a /udy ( ! ae/hetics ( lit]ature4 ,:at ,john ,morley once said ( lit]ature z a :ole is ev5 m accurate :5 appli$ to fiction alone3 its purpose is 'to br+ sun%9e into our he>ts & to drive moon%9e out ( our heads4' #bb4 ,a colon is us$ to sep>ate ! major p>ts ( a v complex & involv$ s5t5ce1 if ! major p>ts1 or ei!r ( !m1 conta9 )9 !mselves semicolons4 ,= f\r ye>s he _h ?\ght ( ,nancy ,lammet]1 & woo$ h] ) a tacit pati5t wor%ip1 z ! woman :o made him ?9k ( ! future ) joy3 %e w\ld be 8 wife1 & w\ld make home lovely to him1 z 8 fa!r's home _h nev] be52 & x w\ld be easy1 :5 %e 0 always ne>1 to %ake (f ^? fooli% habits t 7 no pleasures1 b only a fev]i% way ( annull+ vacancy4 #bc4 ,a colon is sometimes us$ to m>k a /rong indep5d5ce 9 ! p>ts ( a comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,he didn't want to give ,godfrey t pleasure3 he pref]r$ t ,ma/] ,godfrey %\ld be vex$4 ,,! ,,da%4 #bd4 ,a da% is frequ5tly us$ ) a colon to introduce a =mal quotation4 ,! quotation !n beg9s a new p>agraph4 7,example "u colon47 #be4 ,a da% is us$ alone or ) a comma to inclose a phrase or clause :i* is p>5!tic or explanatory4 ',b z = be+ ugly1 look at me1 *ild1 9 ?is silv]-color$ silk--,i told y h[ x 'ud be--,i look z yall[ z a daffadil4' 7,example "u comma47 #bf4 ,a da% is us$ to d5ote a sudd5 turn ( ! ?\ght4 ,i've no op9ion ( ! m51 ,miss ,gunn--,i don't "k :at y h4 ',x does make h] look funny1 ?\gh--p>tly l a %ort-neck$ bottle wi' a long quill 9 x4 #bg4 ,a da% is frequ5tly us$ :5 ! composition %\ld be int]rupt$ to indicate ! int5sity ( ! emotion4 ,no--no--,i c't "p ) x1 ,i c't let x g1' said ,silas abruptly4 ',x's come to me--,i've a "r to keep x4' ,& my poor fool is hang'd6 ,no1 no1 no life6 ,:y %\ld a dog1 a horse1 a rat1 h life1 ,& ?\ no brea? at all8 ,?\'lt come no m1 ,nev]1 nev]1 nev]1 nev]1 nev]6-- ,pray y1 undo ?is button3--?ank y1 sir4-- ,d y see ?is8 ,look on h]1--look1--h] lips1-- ,look !re1 look !re6-- #bh4 ,a da% is sometimes us$ alone be=e an appositive phrase or clause4 ,= ! fir/ "t he det]m9$ to try ! coal-hole--a small closet ne> ! he>?4 ,,p]iod1 ,,exclamation ,,po9t1 ,,int]rogation ,,m>k4 #bi4 ,a p]iod closes e decl>ative s5t5ce4 #cj4 ,a p]iod is us$ aft] abbreviations4 #ca4 ,an exclamation po9t foll[s an expression ( /rong emotion4 #cb4 ,an int]rogation m>k foll[s a direct "q4 #cc4 ,an int]rogation m>k is sometimes us$ 9 ! body ( a s5t5ce1 :5 ! writ] wi%es to make ! ass]tion =ceful & uses a rhetorical "q = ! purpose4 ,! %eph]d's dog b>k$ fi]cely :5 "o ( ^! ali5-look+ m5 appe>$ on ! upl&1 d>k aga9/ ! e>ly w9t] sunset2 = :at dog likes a figure b5t "u a heavy bag8--& ^! pale m5 r>ely /irr$ abroad )\t t my/]i\s burd54 #cd4 ,quotation m>ks inclose e quotation ( ! exact words ( ano!r4 ,:5 "o quotation is made )9 ano!r1 ! inn] or second>y quotation is inclos$ ) s+le m>ks1 ! ma9 or out] quotation is includ$ )9 ! d\ble m>ks4 7,examples ( bo? may be f\nd above47 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,tea*+ ,,punctuation4 ,at ! "t ! pupils are /udy+ ! rules = punctuation !y are read+ ,haw?orne or "s o!r au?or equally c>eful ( 8 punctuation4 ,9 8 writ+ !y w f9d num]\s examples ( ! rules = punctuation4 ,let !m take five rules = ! comma1 f9d+ all ! examples 9 five pages ( text4 ,9 ! same way furni% semicolons1 colons1 & da%es4 ,:5 ! rules h all be5 le>n$1 !y %\ld be able to give ! reason = e m>k !y f9d 9 lit]ature4 ,next place ^u ! bo>d p>agraphs n punctuat$1 & h ! pupils punctuate !m4 ,rememb] t !re is n absolute uni=mity 9 ! use ( ! comma1 semicolon1 & colon2 ?\gh 9 ea* au?or !re is a g5]al adh]5ce to ! pr9ciples he adopts4 ,punctuation %\ld be consi/5t4 ,insi/ t ! pupil punctuate 8 writt5 "w consi/5tly4 ,e4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,li/ ,,( ,,lit]ature4#eg ,,haw?orne 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a ,wond]-,book = ,girls & ,boys4 ,,t5nyson4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,eno* ,ard54 ,,longfell[4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,tales ( a ,wayside ,inn4 ,,:itti]4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,t5t on ! ,bea*4 ,,macaulay4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,lays ( ,anci5t ,rome4 ,,dick5s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a ,*ri/mas ,c>ol4 ,,kipl+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,wee ,willie ,w9kie1 & ,o!r ,/ories4 ,,kipl+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,jungle ,books4 ,,haw?orne 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,twice-,told ,tales4 ,,haw?orne 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,mosses f an ,old ,manse4 ,,dick5s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,cricket on ! ,he>?4 ,,br[n 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,rab & 8 ,fri5ds4 ,,ouida 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a ,dog ( ,fl&]s4 ,,hale4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,man )\t a ,c\ntry4 ,,defoe 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,,poe 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,gold-,bug4 ,,scott 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,m>mion4 ,,scott 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake4 ,,br[n+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,h]ve ,riel1 an ,incid5t ( ! ,fr5* ,camp1 & o!r ,n>rative ,poems4 ,,frankl94 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,autobiography4 ,,coop]4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans4 ,,longfell[4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,evangel9e4 ,,longfell[4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,miles ,/&i%4 ,,davis 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,gallegh]1 & ,o!r ,/ories4 ,,maupassant4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,numb] ,?irte54 ,,miss ,,wilk9s4 4 4 4 4 4 ,%ort ,/ories4 ,,miss ,,jewett 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,%ort ,/ories4 ,,pope4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,iliad4 ,,aldri* 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,m>jorie ,daw4 ,,l[ell4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,vision ( ,sir ,launfal1 & ,o!r ,poems4 ,,irv+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,tales ( a ,travell]4 ,,irv+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,sket* ,book4 ,,poe 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,fall ( ! ,h\se ( ,u%]4 ,,:itti]4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,sn[-,b\nd4 ,,burr\ghs 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,%>p ,eyes2 ,birds & ,bees2 ,pepacton4 ,,goldsmi? 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,des]t$ ,village4 ,,scott 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,ivanhoe4 ,,dick5s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,david ,copp]field4 ,,%akespe>e 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,julius ,caes>4 ,,%akespe>e 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 ,,irv+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,rip ,van ,w9kle4 ,,irv+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[4 ,,bryant4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,select$ ,poems4 ,,gray4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,an ,elegy 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d4 ,,t5nyson4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,pr9cess2 ,idylls ( ! ,k+4 ,,dick5s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,pickwick ,pap]s4 ,,burns 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,select$ ,poems4 ,,dryd54 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,alex&]'s ,fea/4 ,,byron 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,*ilde ,h>old4 ,,george ,,eliot4 4 4 4 4 4 ,silas ,m>n]4 ,,col]idge 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,rime ( ! ,anci5t ,m>9]4 ,,macaulay4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,essay on ,milton4 ,,rusk94 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,sesame & ,lilies4 ,,em]son 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,fri5d%ip2 ,self-,reliance2 ,=tune ( ! ,republic2 ,! ,am]ican ,s*ol>4 ,,arnold4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,on ! ,/udy ( ,poetry2 ,wordswor? & ,keats4 ,,l[ell4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,em]son1 ! ,lectur]2 ,milton2 ,books & ,libr>ies4 ,,holmes4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,autocrat ( ! ,breakfa/-,table4 ,,addison 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley ,pap]s4 ,,wordswor?4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,intimations ( ,immortality1 & ,o!r ,poems4 ,,keats 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,select$ ,poems4 ,,%elley 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,select$ ,poems4 ,,%akespe>e 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,macbe?4 ,,%akespe>e 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream4 ,,%akespe>e 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,z ,y ,l ,x4 ,,web/] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,bunk] ,hill ,monum5t ,oration2 ,adams & ,jeff]son4 ,,goldsmi? 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield4 ,,milton4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,l',allegro2 ,il ,p5s]oso2 ,comus2 ,lycidas4 ,,de ,,qu9cey4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,confessions ( an ,engli% ,opium ,eat]1 & ,o!r ,pap]s4 ,,john ,,h5ry ,,newman 4 4 4 ,select$ ,essays4 ,,?ack]ay 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,h5ry ,esmond4 ,,/ev5son 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,virg9ibus ,pu]isque4 ,,/ev5son 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,memories & ,portraits4 ,,s*urz4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,abraham ,l9coln4 ,,george ,,william ,,curtis 4 ,select$ ,addresses4 ,,*>les ,,lamb4 4 4 4 4 4 ,essays ( ,elia4 ,,/ev5son 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,travels ) a ,donkey4 ,,/ev5son 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,an ,inl& ,voyage4 ,,burke 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,conciliation ) ! ,colonies4 ,,l9coln 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,coop] ,union ,address2 ,gettysburg ,spee*4 ,,*auc] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,prologue1 & ,two ,cant]bury ,tales4 ,,milton4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,p>adise ,lo/1 & ,sonnets4 ,,c>lyle 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,essay on ,burns4 ,,t5nyson4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,9 ,memoriam1 & ,lyrics4 ,,br[n+4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,rabbi ,b5 ,ezra2 ,saul2 ,a ,gramm>ian's ,fun]al4 ,,?oreau 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,wald54 ,,au/54 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,pride & ,prejudice4 ,,george ,,eliot4 4 4 4 4 4 ,romola4 ,,%akespe>e 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,k+ ,le>4 ,,%akespe>e 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,hamlet4 ,,macaulay4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,essay on ,johnson4 ,,?ack]ay 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,vanity ,fair4 ,,l[ell4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,democracy2 ,l9coln4 ,,/ev5son 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,lant]n ,be>]s2 ,a ,humble ,remon/rance2 ,gossip ab\t ,romance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,ab/ract vs4 concrete1 #hi1 #ij4 ,adams & ,jeff]son1 ,web/]'s1 quotation f1 #agf4 ,adjectives1 #gh4 ,alice 9 ,wond]l&1 a /ory )\t facts1 #be4 ,allegory1 #bfa4 ,allusion1 #bfc4 ,amphibra*1 #bgc4 ,analogy1 use (1 #acg4 ,anape/1 def9$1 #bgc2 int]*angeable ) iambus1 #bgh4 ,&1 use (1 #aib4 ,&]s51 ,hans ,*ri/ian1 8 ,tann5baum1 #ab4 ,anecdotes 9 exposition1 #ig4 ,annabel ,lee1 quotations f1 #bga1 #bgh1 #bgi4 ,anti-climax1 #baj4 ,anti!sis1 #bbg4 ,apologia1 ,newman's1 quotation f1 #afj4 ,apo/rophe1 #bfa4 ,argum5t1 #d1 #abh-acg2 f cause1 #acc2 sign1 #acc-acg2 example1 #acg4 ,arnold1 ,mat!w1 quotation f1 #aei2 quotation to illu/rate repetition1 #afg2 to illu/rate s5t5ce /ructure1 #bbb4 ,arrangem5t1 9 n>ration1 #bi-cb2 description1 #gd1 #ge2 exposition1 #ajh-aad2 argum5t1 #ach-ada2 s5t5ce1 #bbb1 #bbc4 ,association ( ideas1 #ajc4 ,autumn ,effect1 ,an1 quotation f1 #ag4 ,baa1 ,baa1 ,black ,%eep1 its purpose1 #g2 beg9n+1 #bi2 l5g? 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