,collections47 ,illustration3 ,,pecan ,,nuts--uniform in size1 color and shape4 ,variety1 ,curtis4 ,,the ,,pecan ,,and ,,its ,,culture ,,by ,h4 ,,harold ,,hume ,,petersburg1 ,,virginia ,,the ,,american ,,fruit ,,and ,,nut ,,journal #aijf ,copyright1 #aijf4 ,by ,h4 ,,harold ,,hume4 ,,contents4 ,,part ,i4 ,introduction4 ,botany4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,commercial and ,ornamental ,importance of the ,pecan4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,native and ,cultivated ,range4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,pecan ,botany4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,varieties4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,varieties4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,pecan ,judging4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,cultural4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,propagation of the ,pecan4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,top-working ,pecans4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,soils and their ,preparation4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,what ,varieties to ,plant4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,purchasing and ,planting ,pecans4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,cultivation and ,fertilization4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,pruning4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,harvesting4 ,marketing4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,gathering1 ,storing and ,marketing ,pecans4 ,,part ,v4 ,diseases4 ,insects4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,fungous and other ,diseases of the ,pecan4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,insects ,attacking the ,pecan4 ,,part ,,vi4 ,uses4 ,literature4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,pecan ,kernels4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,literature4 ,,illustrations4 ,,plates4 ,page ,frontispiece1 #b ,an avenue shaded by pecan trees1 #ac ,pecan flowers1 #ba ,a pecan nursery1 #ga ,budding tools1 #gc ,a two-year top-worked pecan tree1 #he ,an old pecan tree top-worked1 #hh ,the pecan bud moth1 #acf ,the case-worm1 #aci ,a pecan catocala1 #ada ,,figures4 ,approximate pecan areas1 #ag ,money-maker1 ,post1 ,san ,saba1 ,bacon1 #bi ,curtis pecan1 #cb ,mammoth1 ,dalzell1 ,kennedy1 #cc ,frotscher pecan1 #ce ,georgia pecan1 #cf ,schaifer1 ,ideal1 ,ladyfinger1 ,atlanta1 #da ,mantura pecan1 #dc ,pabst pecan1 #df ,russell1 ,franklin1 ,kincaid1 #di ,schley pecan1 #ea ,stuart pecan1 #eb ,success pecan1 #ec ,van ,deman pecan1 #ee ,nussbaumer1 #eh ,h4 minima and two hybrids1 #ei ,schneck hybrid1 #fj ,grafting iron1 ,budding knife1 #gb ,scions1 #gf ,annular budding1 #gh ,veneer shield-budding1 #gi ,chip-budding1 #hj ,cleft grafting1 ,whip grafting1 #ha ,one-year pecan in fruit1 #hb ,pecan tree grown on quicksand1 #ij ,view of bud union1 #ii ,view of whip graft1 #ajj ,annular bud1 #aja ,rectangular planting system1 #ajd ,hexagonal planting system1 #aje ,planting-board1 #ajg ,a nursery tree with good root system1 #aai ,taproot cut and uncut1 #abj ,spraying pecan trees1 #aca ,nut crackers of different types1 #adi ,woodson's power kernel extractor1 #aea ,,preface4 ,in the horticultural development of the country1 new fruits1 new groups of fruits1 new fruit industries are coming into prominence4 ,our native fruits in particular are now receiving1 in many parts of the country1 a larger share of the attention which they have always merited1 and none has proven itself more worthy of careful study and painstaking care than the pecan4 ,within the last ten or fifteen years it has rapidly emerged from a wild or semi-wild condition to the status of an orchard nut4 ,the foundations of its culture were laid a considerable time ago1 but only now is it coming to its own1 its well merited standing among the fruits of the country4 ,in any horticultural industry many questions must be asked of the plant1 the soil1 the climate1 in short1 of the plant in its environment4 ,they must be answered aright1 if the industry is to succeed4 ,the newer the plant in cultivation1 the more numerous the questions are1 the more difficult to answer4 ,in an endeavor to aid in solving some of the problems connected with the culture of the pecan this small volume has been prepared4 ,pecan culture has been the subject of careful study1 observation and experimentation on the part of the author for a number of years and the results of these studies are presented in the following pages4 ,to the many who have so kindly and willingly assisted in its preparation1 my thanks are herein expressed4 ,h4 ,,harold ,,hume4 ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c41 ,aug4 #a1 #aijf4 ,,part ,i4 ,introduction4 ,botany4 ,,the ,,pecan ,,and ,,its ,,culture4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,commercial ,,and ,,ornamental ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,pecan4 ,in all-around excellence1 the pecan is equalled by none of the native ,american nut-bearing trees and certainly it is surpassed by no exotic species4 ,it stands in the list of nut trees with but few equals and no superiors4 ,with this fact known and admitted by all1 it seems reasonable to suppose that the pecan will be grown and cultivated much more extensively than it now is4 ,its intrinsic worth deserves a large share of attention1 more than it has received4 ,at present it is gaining a position of so much importance as an orchard tree1 that1 ere long1 it will become an extremely important item in the horticultural wealth of the ,southern and ,southwestern ,states4 ,large quantities of pecans are sold in the ,american markets4 ,these are the product of uncultivated or forest trees4 ,many orchards of considerable size1 planted with meritorious budded and grafted varieties1 are now in bearing1 but the product of these plantings is entirely used by what may be termed a private trade1 either by seedsmen1 or by private individuals for dessert purposes4 ,some day1 varieties of pecans will become known in the markets just as varieties of grapes1 apples or pears are known4 ,people ask for ,niagara or ,concord grapes1 ,northern ,spy or ,greening apples1 ,bartlet or ,seckel pears--ask for what they want1 and know what they are getting4 ,the day is far distant when ,frotscher1 ,schley1 ,san ,saba1 ,curtis1 ,georgia or other varieties of pecans will be known by name by the purchasing public1 asked for in the markets and recognized when procured4 ,but that time must and will come1 and until then there is no danger of the industry being overdone1 and not even then1 because our population is constantly growing2 because the pecan nut is being put to a variety of new uses1 and as yet the export trade is comparatively undeveloped4 7,see table1 page #ae47 ,it would seem then that the pecan might reasonably be expected to replace to a certain extent the foreign nuts in our own markets4 ,according to the investigations of ,woods and ,merrill1,a the pecan has a higher food value than either the walnut1 filbert1 cocoanut1 almond or peanut4 ,the results of their analyses are as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,edible ,,portion4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,edible ,carbo- ,fuel ,portion4,water4,protein4,fat4 hydrates4 ,ash4 ,value per ,pound4,a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- per cent4pr ct4 pr ct4 pr ct4 pr ct4 pr ct4,calories ,pecans1 kernels #ajj4j #b4i #aj4c #gj4h #ad4c #a4g #cdde ,walnuts1 kernels #ajj4j #b4h #af4g #fa4d #ad4h #a4c #ccje ,filberts1 kernels #ajj4j #c4g #ae4f #fe4c #ac4j #b4d #cbij ,cocoanuts1 shred'd #c4e #f4c #eg4c #ca4f #a4c #cabe ,almonds1 kernels #ajj4j #d4h #ba4j #ed4i #ag4c #b4j #cjcj ,shelled ,peanuts #ajj4j #a4f #cj4e #di4b #af4b #b4e #biee ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,an ,avenue ,shaded by ,pecan ,trees4 ,it is a fact worthy of note that the average man requires #c1ejj calories of energy each day1 an amount which must be secured from food consumed4 ,one pound of pecan kernels1 according to the above analysis1 would supply #c1dde calories1 or only #ee calories less than the amount required per day4 ,we are not1 be it understood1 pointing out this fact because we believe that the pecan alone would be a satisfactory food1 though it is wholesome1 nourishing and palatable and should be used in larger quantities than is usually the case1 but simply to emphasize its high food value4 ,according to the foregoing analysis1 the pecan is richer in fat than any of the other nuts4 ,seventy per cent4 of the kernels is fat4 ,the pecan may at some time be in requisition as a source of oil--an oil which would doubtless be useful for salad purposes--but it is never likely to be converted into oil until the present prices of the nuts are greatly reduced4 ,if we turn from the dietary value of the nut to the ornamental value of the tree1 we cannot but be forcibly impressed with its value as a shade and ornamental tree4 ,for these purposes it may be planted far outside the area in which fruit may be reasonably expected4 ,if given good soil and sufficient food supply1 it grows quite rapidly1 making a stately1 vigorous1 long-lived tree4 ,in its native forests it is a giant tree1 sometimes reaching a height of upwards of two hundred feet with a trunk of six feet4 ,isolated specimens1 grown in the open1 come to maturity with wide-spreading branches and the whole tree has an exceedingly graceful appearance4 ,wherever it will succeed1 no other shade tree is so worthy of attention as the pecan1 and in the fruiting area1 beauty and healthful shade may be combined with utility4 ,as an orchard tree it is well worth planting4 ,the ground in which the trees are planted may be cultivated in other crops for a number of years1 thus reducing to a minimum the cost of maintaining the planting1 and when the trees have come into bearing1 the same area in trees will yield more in net returns than the same area in cotton or corn at the usual market prices4 ,on the whole1 considered from whatever standpoint we may choose1 the pecan is a valuable tree1 whether cultivated for its nuts or planted for shade or ornamental effect4 ,exports of ,nuts from ,united ,states for ,years #aijj-aijd inclusive4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #aijj #aija #aijb #aijc #aijd ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,value4 ,,value4 ,,value4 ,,value4 ,,value4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #aef1dij #bah1gdc #cjd1bda #bii1eeh #ccj1cff ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,importations of ,nuts into the ,united ,states for the ,years #ahii to #aijd inclusive1 according to the most authoritative statistics4,b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #ahii #aijj #aija ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,variety ,quant'y ,value4 ,quant'y ,value4 ,quant'y ,value4 ,,of ,,nuts4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,almonds #i1ieg1dbga1bbb1ehg #f1cag1fcc #idi1jhc #e1adj1bcb #idf1ach ,cocoanuts4 #fbe1ghi #gjb1idg #hjd1bcc ,walnuts 7a7 7a7 7a7 7a7 7a7 7a7 ,other #hgi1aff #a1cbf1hjd #a1eah1ahd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total ,nuts #b1gbg1edb #b1igh1hcd #c1bfh1bee ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #aijb #aijc #aijd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,variety ,quant'y ,value4 ,quant'y ,value4 ,quant'y ,value4 ,,of ,,nuts4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,almonds #i1hfh1ihba1bdj1hhf #h1adb1afda1ccg1gag #i1hch1heba1bdf1dgd ,cocoanuts4 #hcb1chc #ijh1bdb #iga1heb ,walnuts 7a7 7a7 #ab1cfb1efg #a1ajf1jccbc1fgj1gfa #a1gbi1cgh ,other #a1iga1jgb #a1ead1djf #a1ebc1dfb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total ,nuts #d1jdd1cda #d1hff1cih #e1dga1aff ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,footnotes3 ,a ,calculated from analysis4 ,b ,yearbook ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr41 #aijc1 page #fhf1 and #aijd1 page #gbh4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,native ,,and ,,cultivated ,,range4 ,the pecan is found as a forest tree in the moist bottom lands along the ,mississippi river and its tributaries1 from ,indiana southward to ,mississippi1 and from ,iowa to ,texas and ,mexico4 ,this region 7see ,fig4 #a7 in which the pecan is1 or has been found1 native1 reaches its northern limit at ,davenport1 ,iowa4 ,it skirts the ,wabash as far north as ,terre ,haute1 ,indiana1 and along the ,ohio river nearly to ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,from thence its range extends south to ,chattanooga1 ,tenn41 and on to ,vicksburg1 ,miss4 ,from ,vicksburg it skirts the ,gulf of ,mexico at a distance of seventy-five to one hundred miles to ,laredo1 ,texas2 thence along the ,salado river into ,mexico4 ,the western boundary embraces the headwaters of the ,colorado river and returns more or less directly to ,davenport1 ,iowa4 ,on the outskirts of this area1 it extends farthest in all directions along the streams and rivers1 while on the drier intervening ground the line does not extend so far from the center of the region4 ,particularly is this true in ,southwestern ,texas1 where the pecan is confined almost solely to river bottoms4 ,,cultural ,,area4 ,the area in which the pecan is cultivated as an orchard tree is not confined to the limits of its native range4 ,plantings have been made outside its native home in ,new ,mexico1 ,california and ,oregon in the ,west1 and in ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina1 ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,southern ,alabama and the ,gulf regions of ,louisiana1 ,mississippi and ,texas4 ,in many other ,states experimental plantings have been made4 ,leaving these out of consideration1 however1 it will be seen that in about twenty ,states the pecan is either found as a native tree in the forests or is cultivated in orchard form4 ,the area corresponds in some measure with that in which cotton is grown1 though it extends farther north and west than the cotton region4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,approximate ,pecan areas4 ,native areas within solid line4 ,cultural area within dotted line4 ,the attempts which have been made from time to time to cultivate the pecan in the more northerly ,states have not proved successful4 ,the tree has1 in many cases1 grown well1 but fruit has not been produced4 ,the pistils and stamens of the pecan are not found in the same flower but in different flowers borne some distance apart on new and one-year-old wood1 respectively4 ,consequently1 it frequently happens that the flowers are not matured at the same time1 as a result of which pollination cannot take place4 ,moreover1 late spring frosts often destroy one or both sets of flowers1 and the result1 as far as fruit is concerned1 is the same in either case4 ,as a result of these experiences1 the pecan cannot be recommended as a nut-bearing tree north of its natural range in the ,mississippi ,valley1 neither will it succeed at the high elevations in the ,alleghany mountains4 ,it reaches its most northerly cultural extension in the ,mississippi valley and in the coastal plain of the ,atlantic seaboard4 ,but it grows well and makes a good shade tree farther north1 and at elevations far above its native range4 ,even then1 however1 the nuts from which these seedling shade trees are grown should be brought from the northern sections of its natural distribution4 ,they are much more likely to withstand the rigorous cold of winter4 ,frequently the question is asked as to whether the pecan can be grown in a certain given locality4 ,such a question can be answered only in the most general way4 ,the presence of the larger species of hickories in the vicinity may be used in some parts of the country as an indication of the success which might attend the planting of pecan trees1 but such a guide should not be followed too implicitly1 and even if the pecan tree should grow well1 fruit might not be secured4 ,the presence of pecan trees1 single specimens perhaps1 or two or three1 in yards or about buildings here and there throughout a region1 may be taken as a guide in the matter of planting1 and no better can be had4 ,nothing will take the place of a practical demonstration in the way of a vigorous fruiting tree4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,pecan ,,botany4 ,the aborigines of the country used hickory nuts of different kinds as food1 and in the region in which the pecan grows as a native tree1 it was valued by them above all its relatives4 ,penicaut found in his travels that the ,indians stored large amounts of pecans for winter use4 ,the scientific name of the pecan is appropriately derived from two ,indian words1 powcohiccora and pacan4 ,in #aghe1 the pecan was described under the name ,juglans ,pecan1 by ,marshall in his ,arboretum ,americanum4 ,in #ahah1 ,thomas ,nuttall1 an ,english botanist1 separated the hickories from the walnuts and butternuts1 putting them under a new genus which he called ,carya1 naming the pecan ,carya olivaeformis4 ,nuttall's classification was followed for many years until it was found that in the year previous to the publication of his work1 #ahag1 ,c4 ,s4 ,rafinesque1 a ,french naturalist1 had separated the hickories along the same lines as ,nuttall and published them under the name ,hicoria4 ,in accordance with the laws of priority1 ,rafinesque's name1 ,hicoria1 takes precedence over ,carya4 ,the family ,juglandace1 embraces but two genera1 ,juglans and ,hicoria1 the former including the walnuts and butternuts1 and the latter the pecan and other hickories4 ,with the exception of the ,shellbark hickory1 ,hicoria ovata ,britton1 and the ,big shellbark1 ,hicoria laciniosa ,sargent1 the pecan is the only one of the genus worthy of cultivation4 ,family4 ,juglandace ,lindl4 ,nat4 ,syst4 ,ed4 #b1 #ahj4 #ahcf4 ,trees with alternate pinnate leaves and monoecious bracted flowers4 ,staminate flowers in long1 drooping catkins1 provided with three or more stamens and occasionally with an irregular-lobed perianth adnate to the bractlet and a rudimentary ovary4 ,anthers erect1 with short filaments1 two-celled2 dehiscent longitudinally4 ,pistillate flowers bracted with a three to five1 normally four-lobed calyx and sometimes with petals4 ,ovule solitary1 erect1 styles two1 stigmatic along the inner surface4 ,fruit a bony nut1 incompletely two to four-celled4 ,seed large1 two to four-lobed1 cotyledons corrugated1 oily1 without endosperm4 ,genus4 ,hicoria ,raf4 ,med4 ,rep4 7,,ii7 #e3ceb4 #ahjh4 ,trees1 with close or scaly bark1 odd-pinnate leaves and serrate leaflets4 ,staminate flowers in slender drooping catkins1 borne in groups of three1 occasionally on the new shoots1 but usually from buds just back of the terminal buds on last year's shoots1 calyx naked1 adherent to the bract1 unequally two-third lobed or cleft2 stamens with short filaments1 three to ten in number4 ,pistillate flowers1 two to eight1 produced on a terminal peduncle1 calyx four-parted1 petals none1 styles two to four1 short1 papillose4 ,fruit oblong1 or obovoid1 the husk separating into four parts2 nut smooth or angled1 bony1 incompletely two to four-celled4 ,seed oily1 sweet1 edible or bitter and astringent4 ,natives of eastern ,north ,america and ,mexico4 ,species4 ,h4 ,pecan 7,marsh47 ,britton4 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,club1 #ae3bhb4 #ahhh4 ,pecan1 ,illinois nut1 a large tree1 #ge to #agj feet in height and a diameter reaching #f feet1 with rough-broken bark4 ,young twigs and leaves pubescent1 later nearly or quite glabrous2 leaflets seven to fifteen1 falcate1 oblong--lanceolate1 sharp-pointed1 serrate1 green and bright above1 lighter below2 staminate catkins five to six inches long1 sessile or nearly so1 sometimes borne near the base on the young shoots but usually from the uppermost lateral buds on last year's shoots2 pistillate flowers terminal on shoots of the current season's growth1 produced singly or in clusters of two to nine2 fruit oblong cylindrical2 husk four-valved2 nut #c_/d to #b-a_/b inches in greatest diameter1 roundish1 or cylindrical and pointed1 two-celled at the base1 partition thin1 bitter1 seed deliciously sweet4 ,found native on the moist bottom lands along streams from ,indiana south to ,kentucky and from ,iowa south to ,texas1 principally along the ,mississippi and its tributaries1 the ,colorado river in ,texas1 and along some of its tributaries into ,mexico4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,pecan ,flowers4 ,pistillate enlarged below4 ,,pollination4 ,since two kinds of flowers are produced on the pecan1 one bearing the pistils1 the other stamens1 the pollen must be transferred from the latter to the former in order that pollination may take place4 ,in many plants the pollen is transferred from one plant or flower to another by means of insects2 but in the pecan there are no bright colors1 no nectar1 no scent to attract insects to carry pollen1 but1 instead1 the wind is the carrying agent and it needs no attractions4 ,pollen is produced in large quantities1 necessarily so1 since much of it is wasted4 ,unfavorable weather conditions at time of blooming may1 however1 interfere seriously with pollination4 ,heavy winds or wind-storms1 and rains of several days duration1 may prevent the necessary and desired distribution of the pollen1 as a result of which no fruit is formed4 ,sometimes the staminate blooms are destroyed by frost while the pistillate ones escape4 ,it makes little difference which is destroyed1 however1 as in either case the result is the same--no fruit sets4 ,the staminate flowers push out from the lateral buds at the same time the new shoot develops from the terminal one4 ,the pistillate blossom does not appear until the terminal shoot has grown six or eight inches1 and in the meantime it is protected by the unfolded leaves4 ,the staminate bloom1 on the contrary1 is exposed from the first1 having no leaves to protect it4 ,in consequence it is much more likely to be cut off by frost4 ,dr4 ,trelease refers to several observations on proterandry 7maturing of the pollen before the stigmas of the pistils7 in the pecan4 ,this1 together with the unprotected condition of the staminate blooms1 we believe1 accounts in a large measure for the non-setting of fruit on the northern boundaries of the pecan area4 ,the artificial or hand pollination of the pecan is an easy matter and offers an inviting field for those interested in plant breeding4 ,emasculation1 or the removal of the stamens from the flowers necessary in breeding so many plants1 is not necessary in the pecan4 ,all that is needed is to cover the pistillate blossoms with a sack until they are matured4 ,at this time the inner or stigmatic surfaces of the pistils will be exposed and ready for the pollen4 ,the pollen1 collected from adjoining trees in bloom or brought from a distance1 can then be placed upon the stigmas and the sack replaced4 ,when the fruit is set1 the paper sack should be replaced by one of mosquito netting4 ,some careful work has already been done along this line1 and it is hoped that many more will take up the work4 ,much yet remains to be desired1 and varieties may be better adapted to different sections4 ,the ideal1 large1 full-meated1 thin-shelled1 prolific and precocious variety of pecan has not yet been brought forward4 ,it may be accidentally discovered2 it may be produced and can be produced by systematic1 painstaking work in breeding4 ,it is hoped that the number of workers in this inviting field may be increased4 ,some may be deterred by the fact that it will take the seedlings so long to come into bearing4 ,but scions may be taken from the seedlings raised from cross-bred nuts1 top-worked on large trees1 and fruit could be obtained in many cases in a period not exceeding five or six years from the seed4 ,those which would not produce fruit in six years in this way might perhaps as well be discarded4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,varieties4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,varieties ,,of ,,pecans4 ,while the list of varieties of pecans is comparatively small1 yet a surprisingly large number of names has been used4 ,the attempt has been made to collect all the names which have appeared in different publications4 ,these have presumably all been applied to some pecan at some time or other1 but many of them have never been propagated by budding or grafting and a very large proportion of them have been lost track of entirely4 ,in short1 they are now represented by names only4 ,however1 they are all given1 for the reason that it would be well not to apply any of these names to other varieties4 ,it might be well to emphasize the fact that many meritorious varieties would be the better for re-naming4 ,in the original descriptions1 it will be noted that the thickness of the shell is given in millimeters4 ,a piece of the shell about the center of the side covering the back of the half kernels1 was accurately measured4 ,these measurements must not be regarded as absolute1 but they are comparative4 ,all nut illustrations are natural size4 ,for the origin and synonomy of many varieties credit must be given to the excellent work of ,mr4 ,william ,a4 ,taylor1 of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 who has probably done more than any one else to straighten out the tangled nomenclature of the pecan4 ,,classification ,,of ,,varieties4 ,heretofore1 no attempt has been made to group or classify the different varieties of pecans4 ,classification does not become necessary until the number of varieties has increased sufficiently4 ,the following classification of the varieties with which the author is acquainted1 is based entirely upon the shape of the nuts4 ,no classification of those varieties of which descriptions are copied has been attempted1 as the descriptions are frequently so meagre as to render it impossible3 #a4 ,varieties3 ,hound or roundish oblong4 ,types--,post1 ,hollis1 ,money-maker4 ,bacon1 ,bolton1 ,extra ,early1 ,georgia1 ,hollis1 ,money-maker1 ,post1 ,randall1 ,san ,saba1 ,thomas4 #b4 ,varieties3 ,oblong1 rounded at the base1 blunt and quadrangular at the apex4 ,types--,pabst1 ,success4 ,frotscher1 ,pabst1 ,pegram1 ,perfection1 ,success1 ,sweetmeat4 #c4 ,varieties3 ,oblong in general outline1 rounded1 blunt and abruptly tipped at the base1 and abruptly short-pointed at the apex4 ,types--,russell1 ,stuart4 ,alley1 ,carman1 ,capital1 ,franklin1 ,havens1 ,jacocks1 ,james ,no4 #a1 ,kincaid1 ,lewis1 ,moore1 ,morris1 ,russell1 ,stuart4 #d4 ,varieties3 ,oblong cylindrical to almost conical1 rounded at the base1 sloping from the middle or above to the sharp-pointed apex4 ,types--,jewett1 ,curtis1 ,schley4 ,clarke1 ,curtis1 ,daisy1 ,dalzell1 ,dewey1 ,hume1 ,james' ,giant1 ,jewett1 ,kennedy1 ,mammoth1 ,rome1 ,schley1 ,young4 #e4 ,varieties3 ,usually long in proportion to thickness1 more or less pointed at both base and apex4 ,types--,atlanta1 ,ideal1 ,schaifer4 ,atlanta1 ,centennial1 ,delmas1 ,domestic1 ,ideal1 ,james' ,paper-shell1 ,ladyfinger1 ,longfellow1 ,louisiana1 ,monarch1 ,money1 ,schaifer1 ,van ,deman4 #f4 ,hybrid ,varieties3 ,nussbaumer1 ,mc,callister1 ,schneck1 ,pooshee1 ,westbrook4 ,,alba4 ,size below medium1 cylindrical1 with pointed apex2 cracking quality good2 shell of medium thickness2 corky shell lining thick1 adhering to the kernel2 kernel plump1 light colored2 quality good4 7,report ,sec4 ,agr41 #ahic3 #bie1 #ahid74 ,,alley4 ,size medium1 #a-e_/h x #g_/h2 form ovate2 color grayish-brown with a few purplish-black markings about the apex2 base rounded1 tipped2 apex abruptly short-pointed1 slightly four-angled2 shell brittle1 thin1 4#h mm42 partitions thin2 cracking quality excellent2 kernel full1 plump1 bright straw-colored1 sutures narrow1 moderately deep1 secondary sutures slightly marked2 texture firm1 compact fine grained2 flavor sweet1 delicate1 pleasant2 quality very good and a good keeper4 ,described from specimens received from ,mr4 ,theo4 ,bechtel1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss4 ,,atlanta4 ,size medium1 #a-g_/h x #g_/h x #aa_/af inches2 ovate1 compressed2 color dull gray liberally specked with small1 dark dots1 splashed with purplish markings from middle to apex2 base sloping1 blunt-pointed2 apex sloping1 short-pointed2 shell brittle1 moderately thin2 partitions rather thick1 corky2 cracking quality quite good2 kernel full1 plump1 sutures narrow of medium depth1 secondary sutures lacking2 color light yellowish-brown1 bright2 texture solid1 compact2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,originated by ,g4 ,m4 ,bacon1 ,de,witt1 ,ga41 and first catalogued about #aijj4 ,,bacon4 7,syn43 ,bacon's ,choice47 ,size small1 #a-a_/d x #g_/h inches2 rounded1 compressed toward the apex2 color dull brownish-gray1 thickly dotted with dark specks1 liberally splashed with purplish-brown markings toward the apex2 base rounded2 apex abruptly blunt-pointed2 shell thin1 4#he mm42 cracking quality excellent2 partitions thin1 papery2 kernel roundish1 bright1 light brownish-yellow1 plump1 full1 smooth1 sutures broad1 of medium depth2 flavor sweet1 nutty1 good2 quality very good4 ,a small pecan of good quality1 originated by ,g4 ,m4 ,bacon1 ,de,witt1 ,ga41 and introduced by him in #aijj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,money-maker1 ,post1 ,san ,saba1 ,half ,kernel of ,bacon ,,bartow4 ,medium size1 thin shell and fine flavor4 7,bacon's ,cat41 page #bi1 #aijd47 ,,beauty4 ,illustrated in ,the ,pecan and ,how to ,grow ,it4 7,stuart ,pecan ,co41 #ahic1 p4 #ei1 fig4 #e47 ,,belle4 ,medium1 ovate1 quality very good4 7,j4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,dec4 #c1 #aijd1 p4 #b47 ,,biediger4 ,listed in ,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,pomology1 #fd1 #ahif4 ,,biloxi4 7,w4 ,r4 ,stuart1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss47 ,medium size1 cylindrical1 pointed at each end2 surface quite regular1 light brown2 shell thin2 cracking quality medium2 kernel plump1 with yellowish-brown surface2 free from astringency1 of good quality1 and keeps well without becoming rancid4 ,introduced several years ago by ,w4 ,r4 ,stuart as ,mexican ,paper-shell1 but the name has since been changed to ,biloxi4 7,report ,sec4 ,agr41 #ahic4 #bie1 #ahid74 ,,black ,,jack4 ,listed in ,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,pomology1 #fd1 #ahif4 ,,bolton4 ,size medium1 #a-c_/h x #a inches2 ovate conical2 color dull gray marked with purplish-brown blotches about the apex2 base rounded2 apex angled1 blunt1 sloping gradually from the center2 shell thick1 #a4i mm42 partitions thick2 cracking quality medium2 kernel brownish-yellow1 somewhat wrinkled2 sutures broad1 deep1 inner surface wrinkled1 broadly oval in outline1 texture rather open2 flavor sweet1 nutty2 quality good4 ,originated in ,jefferson county1 ,florida4 ,described from specimens received from ,j4 ,h4 ,girardeau1 ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,,brackett4 ,named for our ,u4 ,s4 ,pomologist4 ,it is a very fine market pecan1 unexcelled in richness of flavor1 and has a thin shell4 ,trees are fine growers1 heavy bearers1 and with proper care and attention come into bearing at six years old4 7,bacon's ,cat41 #aijj74 ,,bradley4 ,large1 oblong1 ovoid1 shell thin1 kernel plump1 best4 7,j4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,dec4 #c1 #aijd1 p4 #b47 ,,bridex4 ,listed in ,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,pomology1 #fd1 #ahif4 ,,bullets4 ,a decided novelty in pecans4 ,as its name indicates1 it is of bullet shape1 being almost perfectly round4 ,it has a fine flavor1 shell is very thin4 7,bacon's ,cat41 #aijj74 ,,capital4 ,size medium to large1 #a-g_/h x #g_/h x #c_/d inches2 ovate oblong1 compressed with well-marked sutures2 color light-brown streaked and splashed with purplish-brown markings from center to apex2 base rounded1 blunt-tipped2 apex abruptly short-pointed1 nippled2 shell brittle1 of medium thickness1 #a4c mm42 partitions of medium thickness2 cracking quality very good2 kernel plump1 filling the shell1 brownish-yellow in color1 primary sutures broad and fairly deep1 secondary ones well defined1 running almost the length of the kernel2 texture rather open2 flavor good2 quality good4 ,described from specimens received from ,mr4 ,theo4 ,bechtel1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss4 ,,carman4 ,size medium1 #a-g_/h x #c_/d inches2 oblong1 compressed2 color light yellowish-brown marked with splashes and blotches of brownish-black about the apex2 base rounded1 blunt-tipped2 apex abruptly-pointed1 shouldered and four-angled2 shell brittle of medium thickness1 #a4b mm42 partitions thin2 cracking quality very good2 kernel long1 slender1 plump1 straw-colored1 sutures straight1 narrow1 shallow2 texture firm1 compact2 flavor sweet1 pleasant2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,prof4 ,f4 ,h4 ,burnette1 ,baton ,rouge1 ,la4 ,originated and introduced by ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,james1 ,mound1 ,la4 ,,centennial4 ,size large1 #b x #g_/h x #c_/d inches2 oblong1 compressed1 constricted in the middle1 with well marked sutures2 color grayish-brown1 bright1 marked with a few purplish markings in the grooves at the apex2 base tapering to a blunt point2 apex tapering1 pointed1 wedge-shaped1 sometimes curved2 shell medium thick1 #a4e mm42 partitions thin2 cracking quality medium2 kernel plump1 full1 brownish-yellow1 bright1 sutures rather small1 straight1 secondary ones marked by a line1 surface rather wrinkled2 flavor sweet1 delicate2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,the original tree stood on the ,anita plantation of ,mr4 ,amant ,bourgeois1 on the east bank of the ,mississippi river in ,st4 ,james ,parish1 ,la4,c ,it was destroyed ,march #ad1 #ahij1 by the ,anita ,crevasse4 ,sixteen trees were grafted in #ahdf and #ahdg by the slave gardener1 ,antoine1 of ,mr4 ,telesphore ,j4 ,roman1 owner of ,oak ,alley plantation4 ,two of these earlier trees are still standing4 ,nuts were exhibited at the ,centennial ,exposition1 ,philadelphia1 in #ahgf1 by ,hubert ,bonzano4 ,under the name ,centennial1 it was probably first catalogued by the late ,richard ,frotscher1 of ,new ,orleans1 in #ahhe4 ,,chiquita4 ,small1 ovate1 shell medium1 best1 long keeper4 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,december #c1 #aijd1 p4 #b47 ,,clark4 ,size medium to large1 #a-c_/d x #g_/h inches2 ovate oblong2 color dull gray1 with a few purplish spots about the apex2 base rounded2 apex blunt2 shell brittle of medium thickness1 #a4c mm42 cracking quality medium2 partitions thick1 corky2 kernel full and plump with narrow sutures of medium depth1 light yellow in color and marked here and there with black dots2 texture rather open2 flavor good2 quality good4 ,obtained of ,j4 ,h4 ,girardeau1 ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,,colorado4 ,mentioned by ,andrew ,fuller in ,the ,nut-,culturist1 #ahif1 p4 #afi4 ,,curtis4 7,syn43 ,curtis ,no4 #b74 ,medium1 #a-e_/h x #g_/h inches2 ovate1 conical1 compressed2 color brownish-gray1 marked throughout with dark specks and a few purplish specks about the apex2 base rounded2 apex sloping1 pointed2 shell thin1 4#g mm42 cracking quality excellent2 partitions thin1 smooth2 kernel bright straw-colored1 plump1 full1 with narrow sutures of medium depth2 texture compact1 firm2 flavor sweet1 rich1 nutty2 quality excellent4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,curtis ,pecan4 ,the original tree of this variety is to be found in the grove of ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,curtis1 ,orange ,heights1 ,fla4 ,it was raised from seed secured from ,arthur ,brown1 ,bagdad1 ,fla41 and planted in #ahhf4 ,it is a meritorious variety1 being prolific1 of good appearance and excellent quality4 ,,daisy4 ,medium to large1 #a-g_/h x #ac_/af x #c_/d inches2 oblong cylindrical2 color reddish-brown marked with a few purplish-brown spots about the apex2 base rounded2 apex abruptly tapering1 rather short2 shell brittle1 thin 4#ic mm42 cracking quality fairly good2 partitions thick2 kernel light brownish-yellow1 full1 plump1 with broad and very shallow sutures2 texture firm and compact2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality good4 ,obtained of ,s4 ,w4 ,peek1 ,hartwell1 ,ga4 ,,dalzell4 ,large1 #b x #g_/h x #c_/d inches2 cylindrical flattened2 dull grayish-brown1 pebbled1 marked with narrow splashes of purplish-brown from center to apex2 base rounded2 apex abruptly sharp-pointed1 four-angled and shouldered2 shell rather thick1 brittle1 #a4d mm42 cracking quality medium2 partitions thin2 kernel long1 narrow with deep sutures1 yellowish-brown in color1 texture firm and compact2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality good4 ,obtained of ,s4 ,h4 ,graves1 ,gainesville1 ,fla4 ,the original tree,d stands in a #ad-;acre grove1 four miles south of ,gainesville4 ,the grove was planted in #ahhh1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,zetrour1 now of ,rochelle1 ,fla4 ,,delmas4 ,size large1 #a-g_/h x #a inches2 ovate1 marked with four distinct ridges2 color dull dark gray marked with dark specks and blotches with purplish-black from center to apex2 base sloping1 rounded1 blunt2 apex abruptly short-pointed1 four-angled2 shell thick1 brittle1 #a4d mm42 partitions thick1 corky2 cracking quality good2 kernel bright light yellow1 sutures broad1 open1 shallow1 secondary ones almost lacking1 sometimes slack at bottom end2 texture rather open2 flavor sweet2 quality good4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,mammoth4 ,dalzell4 ,kennedy4 ,described from specimens received from ,mr4 ,theo4 ,bechtel1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss4 ,a large nut of fairly good quality1 said in some cases to have been substituted for ,schley1 from which it is very distinct4 ,,dewey4 ,medium to large1 #a-g_/h x #c_/d inches2 ovate pointed2 color dull gray1 marked with splashes of purplish-brown2 base rounded2 apex sharp2 shell brittle and thin1 4#hh mm42 cracking quality very good2 partitions thin2 kernel full1 plump1 smooth1 bright light straw-colored1 with narrow sutures of medium depth2 texture firm and solid2 flavor sweet1 rich1 good2 quality very good4 ,specimens for description obtained of ,h4 ,k4 ,miller1 ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,originated in ,jefferson county1 ,fla4 ,,dewitt4 ,an oddity1 having the shape of a spinning top4 ,shell is thin1 and its rich meat is easily extracted on account of its peculiar shape4 7,bacon's ,cat4 #aijj47 ,,domestic4 ,large1 #b x #c_/d inches2 oblong ovate1 compressed toward the base2 color light reddish-brown1 with splotches of purplish-brown throughout2 base sloping1 pointed2 apex four-angled1 abruptly blunt-pointed2 shell brittle1 thin1 4#ie mm42 cracking quality good2 partitions thick1 red1 corky2 kernel brownish-yellow1 plump1 full1 wrinkled on the sides with straight1 narrow1 deep sutures and secondary ones fairly well developed2 texture compact and fine grained2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,specimens for description obtained from ,frank ,h4 ,lewis1 ,scranton1 ,miss4 ,,early ,,texan4 7,louis ,biediger1 ,idlewild1 ,tex47 ,size above medium1 short1 cylindrical1 with rounded base and blunt conical crown2 shell quite thick1 shell lining thick1 astringent2 cracking quality medium2 kernel not very plump1 of mild nutty flavor2 quality good4 7,report ,sec'y ,agr41 #ahic3 #bie1 #ahid47 ,,egg4 7,syn43 ,eggshell47 ,medium2 ovate2 shell thin2 partitions thin2 kernel plump2 quality good4 ,d4 ,l4 ,pierson1 ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,grown from seed procured from ,louisiana in #ahhi4 7,hume1 ,bul4 #ed1 ,florida ,exp4 ,station1 #bjc1 #aijj47 ,,excelsior4 ,a variety reported by ,ladd ,bros41 ,stonewall1 ,miss4 7,listed in ,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,pomology1 #fd1 #ahif47 ,,extra ,,early4 ,size medium to large1 #a-c_/h x #a inch2 oblong ovoid abruptly-pointed2 color grayish-yellow with small purplish blotches more or less over the whole surface2 base rounded2 apex abruptly-pointed1 blunt2 shell of medium thickness1 #a4ae mm42 partitions of medium thickness2 cracking quality good2 kernel filling the shell1 plump1 smooth1 sutures broad1 open1 deep1 not clasping the shell1 color brownish-yellow1 texture open2 flavor very good1 quality fair4 ,described from specimens received from ,e4 ,e4 ,risien1 ,san ,saba1 ,texas2 not catalogued1 so far as we are aware4 ,,faust4 7,o4 ,d4 ,faust1 ,bamberg1 ,s4 ,c47 ,a pecan of large size2 very long in shape2 quite thin shell2 kernel separating readily from shell2 quality best4 7,report ,sec'y ,agr41 #ahia1 p4 #cie3 #ahib47 ,,favorita4 ,a variety named and grown at one time by ,arthur ,brown1 ,bagdad1 ,fla4 7,listed in ,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept1 ,agr41 ,div4 ,pomology1 #fd1 #ahif47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,frotscher ,pecan4 ,,franklin4 ,size medium large1 #a-e_/h x #g_/h inches2 ovate2 color dull grayish-brown splashed about the apex with purplish-black2 base rounded1 blunt-tipped2 apex blunt-pointed1 four-angled2 shell brittle1 of medium thickness1 #a4cb mm42 partitions thick2 cracking quality good2 kernel full1 plump1 bright brownish-yellow1 primary sutures of medium width1 deep1 secondary ones almost lacking2 texture rather coarse1 fairly firm and compact2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,s4 ,w4 ,peek1 ,hartwell1 ,ga4 ,,frotscher4 7,syn43 ,frotscher's ,eggshell1 ,eggshell1 ,olivier1 ,majestic47 ,large1 #a-e_/h x #a-g_/h inches2 cylindrical1 ovate2 color bright yellowish-brown1 with a few black splashes about the apex2 base broad1 rounded2 4#i mm42 partitions thin2 cracking quality excellent2 kernel brownish-yellow1 dark veined1 frequently slack at one end2 sutures of medium depth1 rather narrow1 secondary sutures well marked2 texture dry1 rather coarse2 flavor good2 quality fair to medium4 ,the above description was made from specimens received from the ,j4 ,steckler ,seed ,co41 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,the original tree stands in the garden of ,h4 ,j4 ,pharr1 ,olivier1 ,la42 the place was formerly owned by ,oscar ,olivier4 ,the variety was first propagated by ,william ,nelson1 and catalogued as ,frotscher's ,eggshell1 by ,richard ,frotscher1 in #ahhe4 ,the variety is precocious1 productive1 and succeeds over a wide range of country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,georgia ,pecan4 ,,georgia4 7,syn43 ,georgia ,giant47 ,size large1 #a-a_/b x #a_/h x #a inches2 rounded ovate2 color brownish-gray marked with splashes and dots of dark brown covering a good part of the surface2 base rounded2 apex tapering1 blunt2 shell brittle1 medium in thickness1 #a4c mm42 cracking quality medium2 partitions thick1 corky1 red2 kernel bright reddish-brown1 plump1 full1 rather deeply sutured1 two secondary sutures fairly well developed2 texture compact1 fine grained2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,originated and introduced by ,g4 ,m4 ,bacon1 ,de,witt1 ,ga4 ,said to be a precocious and prolific bearer4 ,,georgia ,,melon4 ,size above medium1 short1 rather blunt at apex2 cracking quality medium1 shell thick2 kernel plump1 brown2 meat yellow1 moderately tender1 pleasant1 good4 7,report ,sec4 ,agr41 #ahic1 #bie3 #ahid47 ,,giant4 ,named1 and at cue time propagated1 by ,louis ,biediger1 ,idlewild1 ,tex4 7,listed in ,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states1 #fd1 #ahif47 ,,gonzales4 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,denison1 ,tex47 ,above medium size1 with firm1 clean shell2 quality excellent4 ,originated in ,gonzales county1 ,tex4 7,report ,sec4 ,agr4 #ahic1 #bie3 #ahid47 ,,graff4 ,named1 and at one time propagated1 by ,louis ,biediger1 ,idlewild1 ,tex4 7,listed in ,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states1 #fd1 #ahif47 ,,halbert4 ,very large1 oval1 shell thick1 fair quality4 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,farm and ,ranch1 p4 #b1 ,dec4 #crd1 #aijd47 ,,hamilton4 7,syn43 ,r4 ,hamilton47 ,illustrated in ,farm and ,ranch1 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #di1 p4 #a1 ,dec4 #crd1 #aijd4 ,,harcourt4 7,syn43 ,helen ,harcourt87 ,size medium1 short1 slightly acorn-shaped2 cracking qualities medium2 ,shell rather thick1 but very smooth inside2 kernel short1 very plump2 meat yellow2 very tender2 rich2 very good4 7,report ,sec4 ,agr41 #ahic1 #bie3 #ahid47 ,,havens4 ,large4 #a-g_/h x #a x #g_/h inches2 ovate1 compressed2 color dull gray specked and splashed with purplish-brown2 base rounded1 blunt-tipped2 apex abruptly short-pointed1 four-angled2 shell brittle1 thin1 4#he mm42 partitions of medium thickness2 cracking quality excellent2 kernel very plump1 full1 brownish-yellow marked with dark specks1 primary sutures narrow1 deep1 secondary ones very slightly marked1 bottom ends of halves of kernel divided2 texture solid1 compact1 fine grained2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,frank ,h4 ,lewis1 ,scranton1 ,miss4 ,,hollis4 7,syn43 ,post's ,select in part47 ,size medium1 #a-c_/h x #a inches2 form roundish ovate1 marked with four more or less prominent longitudinal ridges2 color dull brownish-yellow1 slightly splashed with purplish-brown about the apex2 base rounded2 apex roundish1 blunt2 shell thick1 #a4f mm42 partitions thick2 cracking quality medium2 kernel plump1 filling the shell1 quite smooth1 broadly and deeply grooved1 oval in outline1 light brownish-yellow in color2 texture fine grained2 flavor delicate1 good2 quality good4 ,described from specimens received from ,herbert ,post1 ,fort ,worth1 ,tex4 ,the seed nuts of this variety have been sold under the name1 ,post's ,select4 ,it originated at ,bend1 ,san ,saba county1 ,texas4 ,,hume4 7,syn43 ,curtis ,no4 #e47 ,size medium1 #a-a_/b x #g_/h inches2 short1 oblong cylindrical1 marked with two longitudinal ridges2 color grayish-brown marked with a number of short1 narrow purplish-brown splashes2 base rounded1 very blunt-tipped2 apex abruptly-pointed1 flattened on two sides2 shell thin1 4#h mm42 partitions medium1 corky2 cracking quality very good2 kernel full1 plump1 light yellowish-brown1 marked and dotted with dark spots1 sutures straight1 narrow1 of medium depth2 texture firm1 compact2 flavor sweet1 pleasant1 quality very good4 ,the original tree of this variety stands in the grove of ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,curtis1 ,orange ,heights1 ,fla4 ,it was grown from seed secured from ,arthur ,brown1 ,bagdad1 ,fla41 in #ahhf4 ,it is a shy bearer4 ,,ideal4 ,medium1 #a-g_/h x #c_/d x #e_/h inches2 oblong1 somewhat compressed1 slightly constricted in the middle2 color bright grayish-brown marked with narrow strips of purplish-brown at the apex2 base sloping1 pointed2 apex sloping1 pointed2 shell thin1 brittle1 4#i mm42 partitions medium thick2 cracking quality good2 kernel full1 plump1 smooth1 bright straw-colored1 sutures very narrow1 shallow2 texture compact1 firm2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,s4 ,w4 ,peek1 ,hartwell1 ,ga4 ,,idlewild4 ,medium size1 thick shell1 kernel good4 ,louis ,biediger1 ,idlewild1 ,tex4 7,thomas' ,american ,fruit ,culturist1 #bast ed4 #deb1 #aijc47 ,,jacocks4 7,syn43 ,jacocks' ,mammoth47 ,size large or very large1 #a-g_/h x #a inches2 ovate1 long2 color bright yellowish-brown2 base rounded1 abruptly blunt-pointed2 apex blunt1 four-angled1 slightly wedged2 shell brittle1 of medium thickness1 #a4c mm42 partitions very thick1 corky1 red2 cracking quality medium2 kernel light yellowish-brown1 full or sometimes shrunken1 sutures broad1 of medium depth1 secondary sutures well developed and fairly deep2 texture open1 rather coarse2 flavor sweet1 rather dry2 quality fairly good4 ,introduced by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,w4 ,jacocks1 ,formosa1 ,fla41 from whom specimens were received4 ,,james ,,giant4 ,medium to large1 #b x #g_/h inches2 ovate cylindrical2 color brownish-gray1 marked with a few purplish splashes about the apex2 base rounded2 apex abruptly sharp-pointed with four rather prominent ridges2 shell thin1 #a4 mm42 cracking quality good2 partitions medium thickness2 kernel bright light yellow1 with narrow deep sutures and well defined secondary sutures2 texture firm1 compact2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,obtained of ,prof4 ,f4 ,h4 ,burnette1 ,baton ,rouge1 ,la4 ,,james ,,no4 #a4 ,size large1 #b x #ac_/af x #c_/d inches2 oblong1 ovate1 compressed2 brownish-yellow in color with a few brownish streaks about the apex2 base rounded1 blunt-tipped2 apex abruptly blunt-pointed1 four-angled1 nippled2 shell thin1 4#h mm42 partitions thin2 cracking quality very good2 kernel straw-colored1 usually full and plump1 though sometimes shrunken at one end1 primary sutures broad1 shallow1 secondary ones well defined2 texture solid1 fine grained2 flavor very good1 sweet2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,prof4 ,f4 ,h4 ,burnette1 ,baton ,rouge1 ,la4 ,originated and introduced by ,s4 ,h4 ,james1 ,mound1 ,la4 ,,james ,,paper-,,shell4 ,medium to large1 #a-g_/h x #c_/d inches2 cylindrical or slightly quadrangular1 slender2 color yellowish-brown marked with purplish splashes from center to apex2 base rounded2 apex abruptly-pointed1 four-angled2 shell thin1 4#if mm42 partitions thin2 cracking quality very good2 kernel sometimes slack at one end1 usually plump1 smooth1 bright brownish-yellow2 sutures narrow1 shallow2 texture firm1 compact2 flavor very good1 sweet2 quality very good4 ,originated by ,s4 ,h4 ,james1 ,mound1 ,la41 and described from specimens received from ,prof4 ,f4 ,h4 ,burnette1 ,baton ,rouge1 ,la4 ,,jewett4 ,large1 #a-g_/h x #g_/h inches2 obovate1 flattened1 angular1 frequently constricted at the middle2 color dull reddish-brown1 marked with large purplish splashes2 base rounded2 apex blunt four-angled1 frequently curved2 shell brittle1 thick2 cracking quality very good2 partitions of medium thickness2 kernel bright straw-colored1 plump1 smooth1 somewhat triangular1 with broad1 open1 shallow sutures2 texture firm1 compact2 flavor fair2 quality medium4 ,obtained of ,chas4 ,e4 ,pabst1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss4 ,,jumbo4 ,size large1 #a-e_/h x #g_/h inches2 ovate1 slightly tapering2 color grayish-brown marked with a few narrow streaks about the apex2 base rounded2 apex four-angled1 wedged1 blunt-pointed2 shell brittle1 of medium thickness1 #a4c mm42 partitions thick1 corky2 cracking quality medium2 kernel full1 plump1 straw-yellow in color1 primary sutures broad1 deep1 secondary sutures almost lacking2 texture fairly solid1 fine grained2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,summit ,nurseries1 ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,,kennedy4 ,large1 #a-c_/d x #g_/h inches2 ovate-conical1 flattened2 color dull brownish-gray1 marked with a few narrow streaks of purplish-black about the apex2 base rounded2 apex sharp-pointed1 flattened on two sides2 shell of medium thickness1 4#ih mm42 cracking quality very good2 partitions thin2 kernel bright1 plump1 full1 smooth with narrow sutures of medium depth and secondary ones marked by a line2 texture firm and compact1 flavor rich1 sweet2 quality excellent4 ,described from specimens received from ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,curtis1 ,orange ,heights1 ,fla4 ,origin similar to ,curtis4 ,,kentucky ,,gem4 ,listed4 7,burnette1 ,f4 ,h41 ,bul4 ,la4 ,exp4 ,station1 sec4 ser4 ,no4 #fi1 #aijb1 p4 #hge47 ,,kidd4 ,illustrated in ,farm and ,ranch1 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #di1 ,dec4 #c1 #aijd1 p4 #a4 ,,kincaid4 ,size medium to large1 #a-e_/h x #a inches2 ovate compressed with well defined sutures2 color light brownish-yellow1 bright1 marked with narrow splashes of purplish-black at the apex2 base almost flattened1 blunt-tipped2 apex blunt-pointed1 slightly wedged1 four-angled2 shell brittle1 compact1 thin1 4#ih mm42 partitions thick1 corky2 cracking quality very good2 kernel very full and plump1 smooth1 bright1 light straw-colored1 primary sutures broad and deep1 secondary sutures creased and very shallow2 texture fine grained1 solid1 compact2 flavor sweet1 rich1 good2 quality excellent2 a good keeper4 ,described from specimens received from ,e4 ,e4 ,rislen1 ,san ,saba1 ,texas4 ,this apparently is a very good variety of pecan4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,shaifer4 ,ideal4 ,ladyfinger4 ,kernel of ,atlanta4 ,,krack-,,ezy4 ,medium1 ovoid1 very thin shell1 full of meat1 best 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,dec4 #c1 #aijd1 p4 #b47 ,,ladyfinger4 ,size small1 #a-a_/b x #e_/h inches2 ovate pointed at both ends2 color grayish-brown marked with a very few small narrow streaks about the apex2 base pointed2 apex pointed2 shell thin1 #a4 mm42 partitions of medium thickness2 cracking quality excellent2 kernel small and narrow1 plump full1 smooth1 sutures narrow and shallow2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from the ,summit ,nurseries1 ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,originated on the grounds of this nursery company in ,jackson county1 ,fla4 ,a small nut of very fine quality1 but too small to be recommended for extensive planting4 ,,lamar4 ,large1 oblong1 pointed1 medium shell1 full1 best4 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,dec4 #h1 #aijd1 p4 #b74 ,,lewis4 ,large1 #a-e_/h x #g_/h inches2 ovate1 compressed2 color bright yellowish-brown marked with purplish-brown blotches three-quarters of the distance back from apex2 base rounded1 blunt-tipped2 apex blunt-pointed1 slightly wedged2 shell thin1 4#ih mm42 cracking quality good2 partitions thick2 kernel plump or sometimes shrunken at lower end1 wrinkled on the sides1 bright1 light yellow in color1 primary sutures broad1 of medium depth1 secondary ones very shallow1 wrinkled2 texture fine grained1 solid2 flavor sweet1 pleasant2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,frank ,h4 ,lewis1 ,scranton1 ,miss4 ,,longfellow4 ,large1 #a-g_/h x #g_/h inches2 obovate1 angular1 sutured2 color light yellowish-brown strongly marked with purplish-black splashes throughout2 base sloping1 rounded2 apex shouldered1 abruptly-pointed1 flattened and quadrangular2 shell of medium thickness1 #a4ae mm42 partitions very thin2 cracking quality good2 kernel full1 plump1 somewhat wrinkled2 light straw-colored1 sutures narrow of medium depth2 texture fine grained1 compact2 flavor sweet1 rich1 nutty2 quality excellent4 ,described from specimens received from ,e4 ,e4 ,risien1 ,san ,saba1 ,texas4 ,a pecan of good quality and an excellent keeper4 ,,louisiana4 ,size medium1 #a-g_/h x #g_/h x #c_/d inches2 oblong cylindrical2 color grayish-brown1 marked with splashes of purplish-black towards the apex2 base rounded1 sloping2 apex sloping1 pointed2 shell rather thick1 #a4d mm42 partitions of medium thickness2 cracking quality very good2 kernel full1 plump1 dark yellow1 sutures broad1 shallow2 texture firm1 compact2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,summit ,nurseries1 ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,,magnum ,,bonum4 ,medium1 ovate2 shell thin2 partitions thin2 kernel plump1 sweet2 quality very good4 7,hume1 ,bul4 #ed1 ,fla4 ,exp4 ,station1 #aijj1 #bjg74 ,,mammoth4 7,syn43 ,steckler's ,mammoth47 ,large to very large1 #b x #a inches2 form ovate2 color dull gray1 pebbled1 with a very few dark lines at the apex2 base rounded2 apex flattened1 four-angled1 blunt2 shell thick1 #a4d mm42 cracking quality very poor2 partitions corky1 very thick2 kernel bright yellowish-brown with broad1 deep sutures and fuzzy lining adhering to kernel2 texture coarse2 flavor sweet and good2 quality quite good4 ,obtained of ,j4 ,steckler ,seed ,company4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g;a4 ,the ,mantura ,pecan4 ,,mantura4 ,size large1 #b x #ac_/af1 #a-g_/h x #g_/h inches2 oblong1 oval2 color dull reddish-brown liberally marked with large1 irregular black splashes2 base taper-pointed1 blunt2 apex sharp-pointed1 nippled2 shell very thin1 4#gh mm42 brittle1 dense2 cracking quality very good2 partitions thin2 kernel dark straw-colored1 plump1 smooth1 oval1 with open sutures of medium depth2 texture firm1 solid2 flavor sweet1 nutty2 quality very good indeed4 ,described from specimens received from ,wm4 ,n4 ,roper1 ,petersburg1 ,va41 by whom it was named and introduced in #aijf4 ,the original tree of this variety stands on the ,mantura homestead1 in ,surry county1 ,va41 two miles south of the ,james river1 now owned by ,w4 ,p4 ,wilson4 ,mr4 ,wilson's mother planted four trees from nuts secured from a tree at ,surry ,courthouse1 ,va41 the ,mantura being one of the four1 ,the parent tree measures about fourteen feet around the body1 and bears crops of good sized nuts4 ,it stands about ten miles from the site of the ,mantura tree4 ,the ,mantura tree is a large1 symmetrical specimen with wide-spreading branches4 ,it is about eighty feet high and measures about eleven feet around the trunk4 ,it has been bearing for the past fifteen years1 and in #aije yielded #bge pounds of nuts4 ,this variety will doubtless prove a valuable acquisition for planters on the northern limits of the pecan area1 as the particular strain from which it comes has been growing in ,virginia for more than sixty years4 ,,mexican ,,paper-,,shell4 ,reported by ,ladd ,bros41 ,stonewall1 ,miss4 ,listed in ,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states1 #aijf1 p4 #fd4 7,see ,biloxi47 ,,meyers4 ,the fruit of a variety of this name was distributed by ,judge ,samuel ,miller1 ,bluffton1 ,mo4 7,andrew ,fuller1 in ,the ,nut ,culturist1 p4 #agj1 #ahif47 ,,monarch4 7,syn43 ,de ,witt ,mammoth47 ,large1 #b x #g_/h inches2 ovate1 sloping to base and apex2 color dull gray strongly marked with purplish-black splashes2 base pointed2 apex pointed1 wedged2 shell medium thick1 #a4a mm42 partitions thick1 corky2 cracking quality poor2 kernel frequently badly filled at base1 sutures of medium width and depth1 color yellowish-brown2 texture firm2 flavor good1 rather dry2 quality good4 ,originated by ,g4 ,m4 ,bacon1 ,de,witt1 ,ga4 7of the ,g4 ,m4 ,bacon ,pecan ,co471 and introduced about the year #aijj4 ,owing to the preemption of the name ,mammoth1 by another variety introduced by the late ,richard ,frotscher1 of ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 the name ,de,witt ,mammoth was changed to ,monarch4,e ,,money4 7,syn43 ,senator ,money47 ,size large1 #a x #g_/h x #g_/h inches2 ovate1 somewhat four-angled1 color light brown marked with blotches of purplish-brown sometimes throughout2 base abruptly blunt-pointed2 apex wedged1 pointed2 shell brittle1 medium to thick1 #a4c mm42 partitions medium2 kernel plump1 full1 bright light yellow1 sutures broad1 shallow1 secondary ones indistinct2 texture rather open1 of medium grain2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,a large1 plump-meated pecan of very good quality1 described from specimens received from ,frank ,h4 ,lewis1 ,scranton1 ,miss4 ,,money-,,maker4 ,size medium1 #a-e_/af x #a inches2 ovate1 oblong2 color light yellowish-brown with a few purplish-brown marks about the apex2 base rounded2 apex abruptly rounded1 slightly wedged2 small nipples2 shell of medium thickness1 #a4a mm42 partitions medium thick1 corky2 cracking quality very good2 kernel full1 plump1 broadly oval1 sutures straight1 broad1 shallow1 secondary ones small2 texture firm1 solid2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,prof4 ,f4 ,h4 ,burnette1 ,baton ,rouge1 ,la4 ,this pecan was originated and introduced by ,s4 ,h4 ,james1 ,mound1 ,la42 the quality is very good and the variety is precocious1 prolific and hardy4 ,,moore4 ,size small1 #a-c_/h x #c_/d inches2 ovate2 color light yellowish-brown marked with a few small purplish spots about the apex2 base rounded2 apex abruptly nippled1 short2 shell brittle1 thin1 #a4a mm42 partitions rather thin2 cracking quality very good2 kernel dark yellow1 plump1 full1 sutures narrow1 shallow2 texture firm1 compact1 solid2 flavor sweet and good2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,j4 ,h4 ,girardeau1 ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,the variety is so small that we deem it scarcely worthy of propagation4 ,,morris4 ,size medium1 #a-e_/h x #c_/d inches2 ovate2 color light brown1 bright1 clean1 base sloping1 rounded2 apex tapering abruptly to a blunt point2 shell brittle1 of medium thickness1 #a4de mm42 partitions thick2 cracking quality very good2 kernel plump1 filling the shell1 straw-colored1 primary sutures broad and deep1 secondary ones shallow2 texture firm1 compact2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,summit ,nurseries1 ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,,nelson4 ,nut the largest of all known2 some specimens weighing nearly one ounce2 elliptical-oblong in shape2 medium thin shell1 clean1 bright in color2 kernel plump1 sweet and rich2 quality very best1 a quick grower2 early bearer1 very prolific2 habit of growth like the ,frotscher1 forming a round-headed tree4 7,catalogue ,j4 ,steckler ,seed ,co41 #aije1 p4 #agb47 ,,nigger4 ,medium1 short oval1 thin shell1 full1 excellent4 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,dec4 #c1 #aijd1 p4 #b47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,pabst ,pecan4 ,,pabst4 ,size large1 #a-e_/h x #g_/h inches2 oblong cylindrical2 color dull gray marked with broad splashes of purplish-black2 base rounded2 apex blunt1 four-angled1 grooved2 shell of medium thickness1 #a4bb mm42 partitions rather thick2 cracking quality fair2 kernel plump1 large1 thick with broad1 shallow sutures1 secondary sutures short1 shallow1 bright yellow in color2 texture fine2 flavor good2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,wm4 ,a4 ,taylor1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the original tree1 according to ,mr4 ,taylor1 is one of a number of seedlings on the grounds of the late ,william ,e4 ,schmidt at ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss4 ,the original tree is now about thirty years old4 ,quite productive and recommended for planting by those who know it4 ,,pan-,,american4 ,large1 oblong1 thick shell1 full1 best4 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,dec4 #c1 #aijd1 p4 #b47 ,,pearl4 7,e4 ,e4 ,risien1 ,san ,saba1 ,tex47 ,medium size1 thin shell1 sweet kernel2 no corky growth inside4 ,a choice nut for family use1 but said to be too small for market4 7,thomas' ,am4 ,fruit ,culturist1 #bast ,ed41 #aijc47 ,,pearl4 ,this is a very productive pecan1 originated by ,mr4 ,james4 ,it is distinct from the ,pearl which originated in ,texas4 7,burnette1 ,bul4 ,sec4 ,series1 #fi1 ,la4 ,exp4 ,station1 #hgd1 #aijb47 ,,pegram4 ,size medium1 #a-a_/b x #g_/h inches2 oblong2 color light grayish-brown marked with a few purplish-brown markings at the apex2 base rounded2 apex blunt1 quadrangular2 shell creased1 roughened1 brittle1 of medium thickness1 #a4ae mm42 partitions medium thick1 corky2 cracking quality medium2 kernel plump1 full1 quite smooth1 sutures narrow and of medium depth2 texture firm1 compact1 solid2 flavor sweet and good2 quality good4 ,described from specimens received from ,prof4 ,f4 ,h4 ,burnette1 ,baton ,rouge1 ,la4 ,originated by ,s4 ,h4 ,james1 ,mound1 ,la4 ,,perfection4 7,syn43 ,james' ,perfection47 ,size medium1 #a-c_/h x #g_/h inches2 oblong2 color grayish-brown marked well down the sides from the apex with purplish-black splashes2 base flattened1 rounded2 apex abrupt1 blunt2 shell slightly ridged1 of medium thickness1 #a4c mm42 partitions rather thick1 corky2 cracking quality medium2 kernel full1 plump1 brownish-yellow1 narrow and moderately deep1 sutures narrow1 of moderate depth1 secondary ones well defined2 texture fairly solid2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,originated by ,s4 ,h4 ,james1 ,mound1 ,la4 ,,petite4 ,small and plump2 white hull2 very desirable4 7,helen ,harcourt1 ,florida47 ,,president4 ,large1 oblong1 pointed1 thin shell1 full1 best4 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,dec4 #c1 #aijd1 p4 #b74 ,,primate4 7,w4 ,r4 ,stuart1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss47 ,of medium size1 slender1 rather long2 shell thin2 quality good2 ripens in ,september1 thirty days before the other nuts4 7,report ,sec4 ,agr41 #ahic1 #bie3 #ahid47 ,,post4 7,syn43 ,port's ,select in part47 ,size medium1 #a-c_/d x #a inches2 short1 obovate1 compressed on the upper half color light brownish-yellow1 marked with a few purplish splashes about the apex2 base rounded2 apex blunt1 abruptly shouldered2 shell of medium thickness1 #a4ce mm42 partitions thick2 cracking quality medium2 kernel plump1 bright straw-colored1 deeply grooved and wrinkled1 texture firm1 solid2 flavor sweet1 delicate2 quality good4 ,described from specimens from the original tree1 received from ,wm4 ,a4 ,taylor1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the original seedling tree stands on ,h4 ,b4 ,freeman's farm on the ,colorado river bottom1 ,san ,saba county1 ,texas4 ,it took its name from ,mr4 ,post1 a former owner of the place4,f ,,randall4 7,syn43 ,curtis ,no4 #c47 ,small1 #a-c_/h x #a inches2 ovate-oblong2 color grayish-brown splashed with broad marks of purplish-brown1 and covered with small dots throughout2 base rounded2 apex abruptly blunt-pointed2 shell rough1 of medium thickness2 cracking quality very good2 partitions corky1 of medium thickness1 #a4be mm42 kernel medium size1 smooth1 roundish sutures1 reddish-yellow in color2 texture firm and compact2 flavor sweet and good2 quality very good4 ,specimens for description obtained of ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,curtis1 ,orange ,heights1 ,fla4 ,origin similar to ,curtis4 ,,repton4 ,large1 shell rather whitish one end round1 the other decidedly pointed2 black points2 meat sweet and tender2 tree remarkably beautiful4 ,from one ,repton tree1 said to be forty years old1 over five hundred pounds of nuts were gathered the season of #aijd4 7,helen ,harcourt1 ,florida ,fruits and ,how to ,grow ,them1 #ahhf1 p4 #bab47 ,,ribera4 ,size above medium2 oblong-ovate2 cracking quality good2 shell thin2 kernel plump1 light brown1 free from the bitter1 red1 corky growth which adheres to the shell2 meat yellow2 tender1 with rich1 delicate1 pleasant flavor1 7,report ,sec4 ,agr41 #ahic1 #bie3 #ahid47 ,,risien4 ,large ovate2 quality excellent4 ,e4 ,k4 ,risien1 ,san ,saba1 ,texas4 7,thomas' ,american ,fruit ,culturist1 #bast ,ed41 #dec1 #aijc47 ,,robson4 ,a medium-sized1 very thin-shelled nut1 oblong ovoid in shape4 ,a comparatively new variety1 but of considerable merit4 7,bacon's ,cat41 #aijd1 p4 #bh47 ,,rome4 7,syn43 ,century1 ,columbia1 ,columbian1 ,mammoth1 ,pride of the ,coast1 ,southern ,giant1 ,twentieth ,century47 ,size large to very large1 #a-g_/h x #a to #b x #a inches2 oblong cylindrical or cylindrical ovate2 color grayish1 dirty1 much splashed and spotted with dirty1 black marks sometimes throughout2 base rounded2 apex abruptly-pointed1 flattened on two sides2 shell hard1 brittle1 thick1 #a4f mm42 cracking quality poor2 partitions thick1 corky2 kernel frequently shrunken1 bright yellowish in color1 sutures of medium depth1 secondary ones well marked1 fuzzy material often adhering to lower end2 texture coarse1 rather dry2 flavor dry1 lacking in character2 quality fair4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i ,russell4 ,franklin4 ,kincaid4 ,described from specimens received from ,j4 ,steckler ,seed ,co41 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,this much-named variety1 according to ,taylor1 was originated by the late ,sebastian ,rome1 at ,convent1 ,st4 ,james ,parish1 ,la41 about #ahdj4 ,catalogued by the late ,richard ,frotscher1 under the name ,rome1 in #ahhe4 ,it cannot be recommended for planting4 ,,russell4 ,size medium to large1 #a-e_/h x #g_/h inches2 form ovate1 slightly compressed2 color grayish-brown with small specks and splashes of purplish-black2 base rounded1 blunt-pointed2 apex abruptly sloping2 shell very thin1 brittle1 4#gd mm42 partitions very thin3 cracking quality excellent2 kernel usually plump though sometimes shrunken at the base1 sutures broad and shallow2 texture fairly compact2 flavor dry1 sweet2 quality good4 ,described from specimens received from ,chas4 ,e4 ,pabst1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss4 ,the original tree stands in the yard of ,mrs4 ,h4 ,f4 ,russell1 at ,ocean ,springs1 and is one of a lot of seedlings raised by the late ,col4 ,w4 ,r4 ,stuart1 about #ahge4 ,the tree was planted where it now stands by ,peter ,madsen4 ,it was named by ,mr4 ,pabst1 and propagated by him in #ahid4 ,,russell ,,no4 #a4 ,large1 long-ovoid1 shell thin1 plump1 good4 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,dec4 #c1 #aijd1 p4 #b47 ,,russell ,,no4 #b4 ,very large1 ovoid1 shell rather thick1 very good4 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,dec4 #crd1 #aijd1 p4 #b47 ,,san ,,saba4 ,size small1 #a-c_/h x #g_/h inches2 ovate1 slightly compressed toward the apex2 color bright reddish-yellow1 marked with purplish-brown splashes extending from about the middle of the apex2 shell very thin and brittle2 partitions thin2 cracking quality excellent2 kernel very plump1 smooth1 deeply and broadly grooved1 bright straw-colored1 oval in outline2 texture solid1 fine grained2 flavor rich1 sweet1 delicate2 quality excellent4 ,the ,san ,saba may be regarded as a standard of quality among pecans1 as the ,seckel is among pears4 ,described from specimens received from ,e4 ,e4 ,risien1 ,san ,saba1 ,texas4 ,the variety was introduced by ,mr4 ,risien about #ahic4 ,the original tree stands on the ,san ,saba river near its intersection with the ,colorado river in ,texas4 ,,schaifer4 7,syn43 ,kate ,schaifer47 ,size medium1 #a-c_/d x #c_/d inches2 cylindrical1 slender2 color light yellowish-brown1 marked with a few narrow1 purplish splashes at the apex2 base sloping1 pointed2 apex sloping1 sharp-pointed2 shell rather thick1 #a4ce mm42 partitions thick1 corky2 cracking quality quite good2 kernel bright yellowish1 plump1 filling the shell1 smooth1 sutures shallow of medium width2 texture fine grained2 flavor sweet1 good2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from ,prof4 ,f4 ,h4 ,burnette1 ,baton ,rouge1 ,la4 ,originated by ,s4 ,h4 ,james1 ,mound1 ,la4 ,said to be prolific4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,the ,schley ,pecan4 ,,schley4 ,size large1 #a-g_/h x #g_/h x #c_/h inches2 oblong1 oval1 flattened2 color light reddish-brown1 marked with small specks about the base and small splashes of purplish-brown about the apex2 base rounded1 abruptly short nippled2 apex abrupt1 flattened on two sides and rather sharp pointed2 shell brittle1 dense1 thin1 4#ge mm42 cracking quality excellent1 shell breaking easily and readily separating from the kernel2 kernel very full and plump1 smooth1 with shallow sutures and almost entirely free from wrinkles1 bright light yellowish-brown in color2 texture very firm2 flavor rich1 sweet1 nutty2 quality best2 season early4 ,obtained from ,summit ,nurseries1 ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,not as prolific as some varieties1 but1 in point of quality1 unsurpassed4 ,,senator4 ,medium2 ovate2 shell and partitions thin2 kernel full and plump2 quality excellent4 ,g4 ,m4 ,bacon1 ,de,witt1 ,ga4 7,hume1 ,bul4 #ed1 ,fla4 ,exp4 ,station1 #bjd1 #aijj47 ,,sovereign4 ,origin1 ,san ,saba1 ,texas4 ,a seedling of ,san ,saba1 grown and introduced by ,e4 ,e4 ,risien1 of ,san ,saba1 ,tex4 ,cylindrical1 medium to large1 with very thin shell and full kernel of fine quality4 ,a new variety of very much promise4 7,taylor1 ,wm4 ,a41 ,cyclopedia ,am4 ,hort41 #abef1 #aija47 ,,stevens4 ,named for ,hon4 ,o4 ,b4 ,stevens4 ,commissioner of ,agriculture4 ,not very ,large1 but bright1 pretty and neatly shaped4 ,very thin shell and always full of nice1 rich meat1 whether the seasons are wet or dry4 ,trees medium bloomers1 and full bearers of nuts uniform in shape and size4 7,bacon's ,cat41 #aijj47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,the ,stuart ,pecan4 ,,stuart4 7,syn43 ,castanera47 ,size large to very large1 #a-g_/h x #a inches2 ovate cylindrical2 color grayish-brown splashed and dotted with purplish-black2 base rounded1 tipped2 apex blunt1 abrupt1 somewhat four-angled2 shell medium in thickness1 #a4a mm42 partitions thin2 cracking quality very good2 kernel plump1 full1 bright straw-colored1 sutures moderately broad and deep1 secondary sutures not well defined2 texture solid1 fine grained2 flavor rich1 sweet2 quality very good4 ,described from specimens received from the ,stuart ,pecan ,co41 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss4 ,this variety has been tested and found to succeed over a wide range of country4 ,the original tree1,g grown from a nut planted by ,john ,r4 ,lassabe1 about #ahgd1 stood in the garden now owned by ,capt4 ,e4 ,castanera1 ,pascagoula1 ,miss4 ,it was blown down in ,october1 #ahic1 but a new shoot1 now in bearing1 has sprung up from the roots4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,success ,pecan4 ,,success4 ,size large1 #a-i_/af x #a inches2 oblong-ovate tapering from near base to apex2 color light yellowish-brown strongly marked with purplish-brown splashes about the apex2 base flattened1 roundish2 apex blunt1 four-angled2 shell thin1 4#ic mm42 cracking quality very good2 partitions thin2 kernel large1 full1 plump1 filling the shell1 light yellow in color1 sutures broad of medium depth1 inner surface wrinkled1 oval in outline2 texture firm1 solid1 compact2 flavor sweet1 rich2 quality very good4 ,the original tree was found growing in a crowded row of seedlings planted at ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss41 by the late ,w4 ,b4 ,schmidt1 about ten years previously4 ,the original ,success tree first attracted attention in the fall of #aija4 ,described from specimens received from ,theo4 ,bechtel1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss4 ,,sweetmeat4 ,size medium1 #a-a_/d x #g_/h inches2 color bright grayish-brown marked with small streaks of purplish-brown about the apex2 abruptly blunt2 shell thin1 4#h mm42 partitions of medium thickness1 corky2 cracking quality good2 kernel plump1 full1 light yellow1 sutures broad1 shallow2 texture fine grained1 compact2 flavor sweet2 quality good4 ,described from specimens received from ,summit ,nurseries1 ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,,texas4 ,quite large1 some very long2 white hull2 black points4 7,helen ,harcourt1 ,florida ,fruits and ,how to ,grow ,them1 #ahhf1 p4 #bab47 ,,texas ,,prolific4 ,large1 oblong1 shell thin1 cream1 clean1 plump1 best4 7,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,dec4 #crd1 #aijd1 p4 #b47 ,,thomas4 ,size small1 #a-a_/h x #a inches2 short1 roundish oblong2 color brownish-gray dotted with small specks throughout1 marked with dark purplish splashes from middle to apex2 base rounded2 apex abruptly short1 pointed1 nippled2 shell of medium thickness1 #a4b mm42 partitions thick1 corky1 reddish2 cracking quality quite good2 kernel plump1 filling the shell1 sutures of medium depth1 narrow1 texture compact1 fine grained1 solid2 flavor good2 quality good4 ,described from specimens received from ,walter ,thomas1 ,palatka1 ,fla4 ,,turkey ,,egg1 ,,jr4 ,smaller and shorter than the above2 cracking quality medium2 shell of medium thickness2 kernel plump1 light colored2 tender1 oily1 rich2 good4 7,report ,sec4 ,agr41 #ahic1 #bif3 #ahid47 ,,turkey ,,egg1 ,,sr4 ,large1 long1 pointed2 cracking quality very good2 shell of medium thickness2 kernel long1 plump2 brownish-yellow2 separates readily from the shell2 meat yellow1 a little tough2 not of highest quality4 7,report ,sec4 ,agr41 #ahic1 #bif3 #ahid47 ,,turner4 ,medium2 elliptical oblong2 shell thin2 partitions slightly corky2 kernel plump1 sweet2 quality excellent4 ,g4 ,l4 ,taber1 ,glen ,st4 ,mary1 ,fla4 7,hume1 ,bul4 #ed1 ,fla4 ,exp4 ,station1 #bjc1 #aijj47 ,,van ,,deman4 7,syn43 ,bourgeois1 ,duminie ,mire1 ,southern ,beauty1 ,paragon in part47 ,large to very large1 #b-a_/h x #a x #g_/h inches2 oblong cylindrical2 color reddish-brown with splashes and streaks of purplish-brown2 base sloping1 blunt-pointed2 apex tapering1 sharp-pointed2 shell of medium thickness2 cracking quality fine2 partitions thick2 kernel light brownish-yellow1 sutures rather deeply and narrowly grooved with secondary sutures forming a mere line2 kernel fine grained and compact1 sometimes slack at the end2 flavor sweet and delicate2 quality very good4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,van ,deman ,pecan4 ,specimens for description obtained of ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,curtis1 ,orange ,heights1 ,fla4 ,the original tree of this variety was grown from a nut planted by the late ,duminie ,mire1 of ,union1 ,st4 ,james ,parish1 ,la41 in #ahcf4 ,the tree still stands1 thrifty and vigorous1 bearing #bjj to #cjj pounds of nuts yearly4 ,it was first widely distributed by the late ,col4 ,w4 ,r4 ,stuart1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss41 who gave it the name ,van ,deman4 ,previously1 it had been propagated and distributed locally by the late ,emil ,bourgeois4,h ,,valsies4 ,reported by ,ladd ,bros41 ,stonewall1 ,miss41 and listed in ,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,pomology1 #ahif1 #fd4 ,,willingham4 ,illustrated in ,farm and ,ranch1 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #di1 ,dec4 #crd1 #aijd1 p4 #a4 ,,young4 ,medium to large1 #a-e_/h x #a inches2 ovate cylindrical1 rounded at the base2 color grayish-brown1 splashed with purplish-brown markings from center to apex2 base rounded2 apex sloping rather abruptly1 nippled2 shell brittle1 thin1 4#gf mm42 cracking quality very good2 partitions thin2 kernel full1 plump1 slightly wrinkled with broad and shallow sutures2 texture fairly solid2 flavor sweet1 rich1 nutty2 quality very good4 ,obtained from ,chas4 ,e4 ,pabst1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss4 ,originated by and named for ,b4 ,m4 ,young1 ,morgan ,city1 ,louisiana4 ,,hybrid ,,pecans4 ,the pecan appears to inter-pollinate freely with some of the other species of hickory1 particularly ,h4 minima1 ,h4 laciniosa and ,h4 alba4 ,a number of what are believed to be well-marked hybrids of the pecan with these different species have been found1 the most noteworthy of which1 perhaps1 are given below3 ,,mccallister4 7,syn43 ,floyd47 ,received from ,o4 ,l4 ,mc,callister1 ,mount ,vernon1 ,ind4 ,this is probably a hybrid4 ,it is the largest nut among all the hickories received at this office4 ,the hull is about one-fourth of an inch thick when dry1 and opens readily to the base with four valves4 ,nut #b-a_/h inches long1 #a-e_/af inches wide1 and #a-a_/af inches thick2 base broad1 rounded2 apex broad1 blunt1 angular4 ,in compressed form1 in color of nut1 also in the angularity and thickness of shell1 it is quite similar to shellbark hickory4 ,the kernel of a well-filled specimen is in color1 consistency and flavor more like a shellbark of high quality than a pecan4 ,the tree is reported to be so similar to pecan in bark and leaf that it would be impossible to detect the difference1 yet the buds and young wood more closely resemble shellbark4 ,the tree was found many years ago on a farm now owned by ,mr4 ,mc,callister4 ,the nuts have little pomological value1 as grown on the original tree some years1 the kernel being shriveled and not filling more than one-third of the space within the shell2 yet nuts from the crop of #ahic have been received at the ,division of ,pomology which were well filled with a kernel of very pleasant flavor4 ,possibly it may become more uniform in maturing fruit in ,mississippi or ,texas1 where the season is longer than in ,indiana4 ,it is well worth a trial by experimenters in those ,states4 ,sargent gives a short description of this nut under the name ,floyd1 and accredits the points of his description to ,a4 ,s4 ,fuller in ,new ,york ,tribune1 weekly edition1 ,july #ith1 #ahib1 and says it is perhaps a hybrid4 7,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states1 #ahif1 p4 #fc-d47 ,illustration3 7,photo by ,dr4 ,wm4 ,trelease47 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,the ,nussbaumer ,hybrid4 ,,nussbaumer4 ,in the ,american ,agriculturist for #ahhd1 p4 #edf1 fol41 ,a4 ,s4 ,fuller published an account of a supposed hybrid between this species and the pecan1 which has been called the ,nussbaumer hybrid1 after ,j4 ,j4 ,nussbaumer1 of ,okawville1 ,ill41 who first brought it to the attention of ,judge ,samuel ,miller1 of ,bluffton1 ,mo4 ,mr4 ,nussbaumer writes me that the original tree1 which stands in the bottom between ,mascoutah and ,fayetteville1 ,ill41 in general appearance resembles laciniosa1 though the bark is intermediate between that of the ,pecan and ,mockernut4 ,prof4 ,sargent states 7,silva1 vii1 #aeh7 that a small tree grown from this in ,new ,jersey1 by ,mr4 ,fuller1 cannot be distinguished from laciniosa of the same age2 and ,i should hardly be able to distinguish an imperfect twig from a small tree1 cultivated by ,judge ,miller1 from laciniosa4 ,the nut1 however1 is very peculiar1 being more elongated than is usual in that species1 and widened upwardly1 less acutely angled as if the ridges had been sandpapered down1 and so thin-shelled that it can be crushed easily by pressing two together in the palm of the hand4 ,a somewhat similar nut1 originally from ,indiana1 was described by ,mr4 ,fuller ,in the ,new ,york ,weekly ,tribune1 ,july #i1 #ahib 7,sargent's ,silva1 l4c471 as cultivated by ,r4 ,m4 ,floyd1 of ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa4 ,and in the autumn of #ahie1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,schneck sent me ample fruit1 twig and leaf specimens of a similar hickory from ,posey county1 ,indiana4 ,the nut of this last is almost identical with a specimen of the ,nussbaumer nut in the ,englemann herbarium1 while its twigs closely resemble those of laciniosa1 and the leaves are decidedly of the pecan type4 ,i am led to the conclusion1 therefore1 that these several forms really represent hybrids between ,h4 pecan and ,h4 laciniosa4 ,in size1 quality1 and thinness of shell they appear to be the most valuable of ,american nuts4 7,trelease1 ,wm41 #gth ,report ,mo4 ,bot4 ,garden1 #ahif1 pp4 #dj-da47 ,,pooshee4 ,size small1 #a-a_/d x #g_/h x #c_/d inches2 ovate1 flattened wedged1 sutures prominent2 color dull brown with a very few dark lines at the apex2 base rounded2 apex flattened abruptly1 short pointed2 shell medium in thickness1 #a4e mm42 partitions thin1 #d-;celled at base2 kernel rounded in outline1 light yellow in color1 sutures broad1 shallow1 halves indented at base2 surface much wrinkled and corrugated2 flavor sweetish4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,h4 ,minima and two of its hybrids1 ,westbrook and ,pooshee4 ,specimens of this nut were secured from ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilson1 ,poulan1 ,ga41 who received them from ,prof4 ,burgess1 ,clemson ,college1 ,s4 ,c4 ,the nut presents exactly the same characteristics as the ,westbrook1 except in flavor and color of kernel4 ,it1 too1 is doubtless a hybrid1 ,h4 minima x ,h4 pecan4 ,the original tree of this variety stands by or in the old ,ravenel cemetery1 near ,pinopolis1 ,berkely county1 ,s4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,dr4 ,wm4 ,trelease4 ,,fig4 #af4 ,the ,schneck ,hybrid4 ,,schneck4 ,in the autumn of #ahid1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,schneck1 of ,mt4 ,carmel1 ,ill41 and ,f4 ,reppert1 of ,muscatine1 ,iowa1 sent to the herbarium twigs and fruit of bottom-land trees that appear to be hybrids of this species with the pecan4 ,the bark of the ,iowa tree is described as being much like that of the ,mockernut1 while the tree of ,dr4 ,schneck is smooth-barked1 resembling the pecan4 ,so far as ,i have seen them1 the twigs of both might pass for those of alba1 except that the outer scales of the terminal buds are persistent1 while the foliage1 though intermediate1 is strongly suggestive of that of the pecan4 ,the fruit is oblong1 almost #b inches long1 the husk #f mm4 thick1 parted nearly to the base1 with strongly elevated margins to the segments1 and rather persistent on the tree4 ,the nuts are nearly as pale as in the ,shagbark1 conspicuously brown striped1 slightly #d-;celled at the very base1 and with a wall only #a mm4 thick4 ,as is usual in ,,alba1 they are upwardly attenuate1 and frequently the kernel is abortive4 7,trelease1 ,wm41 #gth ,report ,mo4 ,bot4 ,garden1 #ahif1 pp4 #dd-de47 ,,westbrook4 ,size small1 #a-c_/h x #g_/h inches2 ovate1 flattened1 prominently sutured2 color brown with a few indistinct brownish streaks close to the apex2 base rounded2 apex wedge-shaped1 ridge1 abruptly-pointed2 shell rough and irregular1 thin1 #h4e mm42 partitions rather thin1 #d-;celled at base2 kernel reddish-brown1 much wrinkled1 sutures of moderate width and depth1 halves divided at the base1 much corrugated in cross section2 flavor decidedly bitter and puckery4 ,the parent tree is one standing in the yard of ,j4 ,h4 ,westbrook1 ,mt4 ,olive1 ,n4 ,c41 and grew from what1 to all appearances1 was a pecan nut4 ,the foliage and general aspect of the tree closely resembles the pecan1 though the serrations on the leaves are coarser and larger4 ,the fruit resembles1 in many respects1 that of ,hicoria minima1 and1 in short1 it appears to be a well-marked hybrid between that species and ,hicoria pecan4 ,,footnotes3 ,c ,taylor1 ,wm4 ,a41 ,yearbook1 #aijd4 ,d ,letter from ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graves1 dated ,june #aith1 #aijc4 ,e ,the ,nut ,grower1 p4 #aai1 ,march1 #aijd4 ,f ,taylor1 ,wm4 ,a41 ,yearbook1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijd4 ,g ,taylor1 ,wm4 ,a41 ,yearbook1 #aijd4 ,h ,wm4 ,a4 ,taylor1 ,yearbook1 #aijd4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,pecan ,,judging4 ,every grower of the pecan should be a judge of pecan nuts1 and the ideas of growers1 while they may differ on certain minor points1 should agree on the more important characters of the nut4 ,to enable growers1 nurserymen and judges to work on a common standard of merit1 a scale of points1 in which each individual characteristic of the nut may receive a certain fixed number of credits1 is indispensable4 ,at the second annual meeting of the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association1 held in ,new ,orleans1 the following scale of points for judging pecans was adopted3 ,,pecan ,,nuts4 ,external characters4 ,points4 ,size1 #bj ,form1 #e ,color1 #e ,shell characters4 ,thinness1 #aj ,cracking quality1 #bj ,kernel characters4 ,plumpness1 #bj ,color1 #e ,quality1 #ae ----- ,total1 #ajj ,tree4 ,points4 ,vigor1 #aj ,habit1 #aj ,toughness1 #aj ,resistance to disease1 insects1 #aj ,precocity1 #aj ,uniformity of ripening1 #aj ,productiveness1 #dj ----- ,total1 #ajj ,the rating of a variety to be determined by averaging the rating of nut and tree4 ,,explanatory ,,notes1 ,,character ,,and ,,condition ,,of ,,samples4 ,all samples submitted for judging shall be fair average samples of the crop and not selected specimens4 ,they should he tree-ripened1 and should be thoroughly cured before judging4 ,polishing1 coloring or other manipulation to disqualify3 ,size--,the nuts should be large and reasonably uniform in size2 nuts running smaller than #ajj per pound1 to be disqualified4 ,form--,the nuts should be symmetrical in form and reasonably smooth of surface4 ,color--,the shell should be bright and clear in color without excess of surface markings4 ,thinness--the shell should be sufficiently thin in proportion to size of nut to crush readily4 ,cracking ,quality--,the shell should be brittle and should separate readily from the kernel leaving it clean and in perfect halves4 ,plumpness--,the kernel should fill the shell and must be smooth1 externally1 with solid meat of fine and uniform texture1 free from internal cavities and with high relative weight of kernel to shell4 ,color--,the kernel should be uniformly bright and attractive in color4 ,quality--,the flavor should be sweet and rich1 free from bitterness or astringence of either meat or skin4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,cultural4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,propagation ,,of ,,the ,,pecan4 ,the pecan tree is difficult of propagation by budding or grafting4 ,skillful propagators are satisfied with seventy-five per cent4 of living buds or grafts1 while very many have to be content with less4 ,the difficulty is due1 in part1 to lack of skill2 in part to lack of judgment in selecting good material with which to work2 but in some regions it is due to the attacks of the bud-worm1 ,proteopteryx deludana1 more than to anything else4 ,the buds are eaten out and destroyed by this insect at the time they start into growth4 ,in certain sections spring working of pecans has been abandoned entirely owing to the destruction wrought by this pest4 ,but notwithstanding all the drawbacks1 pecan trees can be1 should be and are propagated in large numbers by budding and grafting1 and the seedling is becoming more and more a thing of the past4 ,,seedling ,,vs4 ,,grafted ,,trees4 ,it is a fact worthy of note that the beginning of every tree-fruit industry is marked by the use of seedling trees4 ,in the later stages of the development of the industry the seedling1 owing to a more intimate knowledge of its failings and shortcomings1 gives way to the grafted,i tree4 ,this stage has already been reached in pecan orcharding4 ,it has been stated that a certain percentage of pecans would produce nuts identical with those of the parent tree4 ,the author has yet to find the first instance in which this was the case4 ,this truth is borne out by the observations of others4 ,in view of the fact just stated1 if a planter desires to secure a certain definite fixed variety of pecan1 it can only be done by planting grafted trees4 ,even though all the seedlings were of good size1 yet the variation in time of ripening1 quality1 prolificness1 form and size would be against them4 ,take a certain quantity of each of a number of our largest pecans--,stuart1 ,van ,deman1 ,centennial and ,frotscher for instance--mix them together1 and under average circumstances the mixed lot will sell for less money in the open market than the same varieties and the same nuts would if marketed separately4 ,mixed nuts1 no matter how good the quality1 cannot compete successfully in the market with a single uniform sample of the same or nearly the same quality4 ,grafted trees will come into bearing at an earlier age than seedlings4 ,in the case of seedlings it is very difficult to say when they will begin to bear1 while grafted trees of the more precocious varieties may be expected to bear quite a little fruit in six or eight years from the time of planting4 ,the great objection to grafted trees is the first cost1 and yet1 in the face of that objection1 it is best to plant grafted trees even if fewer of them are planted4 ,if grafted trees are out of the question1 then plant seedlings and top-work them4 ,grow the seedlings from nuts if necessary2 but to those who live in sections where pecans can be grown1 let me say1 plant pecan trees2 plant budded or grafted trees if you can--but plant pecan trees4 ,,pecan ,,stocks4 ,nursery trees are propagated entirely on pecan stocks1 and in the present state of our knowledge1 it is the best stock to use4 ,it may be that the pecan will grow and thrive as well on a number of different species of hickory1 but definite information bearing on this point is lacking4 ,hicoria tomentosa1 ,h4 alba1 and ,h4 aquatica have been used for stocks in ,north ,carolina1 ,florida1 and other ,states1 the pecan being top-worked upon them4 ,but for the present1 at least1 until our experimental knowledge is farther advanced1 the safest advice is to use pecan stock only4 ,too little attention on the part of propagators has been given to the kind1 source and quality of the seed used to raise stocks for propagation work4 ,the main object held in view in making a selection for seed purposes is to get just as many nuts as possible in the pound4 ,the result of this policy is1 that1 without question1 inferior seedlings are often used for stock2 they lack stamina and vigor4 ,frequently in a nursery of budded or grafted stocks1 or in a young pecan orchard1 a wide variation in the size and vigor of the trees can be noticed4 ,no satisfactory explanation has ever been offered1 but there seems little reason to doubt that it is due to the use of heterogenous lots of seed for stock purposes4 ,the point must be emphasized1 that greater care should be exercised in the selection of the seed used in nursery work4 ,nuts from rapid-growing1 vigorous1 healthy trees only should be used4 ,it is best to plant in spring only nuts which matured the previous autumn4 ,preferably these nuts should be of fair or medium size for the variety to give the young seedling a fair start in life4 ,as already pointed out in regard to pecan shade trees for more northerly regions1 so in the case of pecan nuts for use in raising stocks in northern sections4 ,it is best to secure nuts from trees near the northern limits of nut production4 ,,storing ,,and ,,planting ,,seed ,,nuts4 ,if pecan nuts1 intended for seed purposes1 are stored and kept as nuts ordinarily are kept1 they become dried out4 ,before they will germinate the following spring they must absorb all the moisture lost and considerably more2 in consequence of which they are slow in starting4 ,if too thoroughly dried out1 many may fail to germinate4 ,to obviate this1 and to insure better and more prompt germination1 it is best to keep the seed nuts in moist sand or clay during the winter months4 ,procure a sufficient number of shallow boxes or trays2 three feet by one and a half feet by six or eight inches will answer nicely4 ,these are to be used in stratifying the nuts4 ,the earth to be used should preferably be good clean sand1 free from organic matter1 or1 if this cannot be secured1 clay will answer4 ,place a layer of the earth about one inch deep in the bottom of the boxes1 then a single layer of nuts1 then a two-inch layer of earth1 and so on in alternating layers until the boxes are filled4 ,these should then be slightly moistened and set aside in a sheltered place and covered with pine straw1 leaves or straw4 ,in spring1 when germination has just begun in the nuts and the tiny sprouts are beginning to appear1 they should be planted in rows4 ,the ground should be deeply plowed1 well broken up1 pulverized1 and made moderately rich4 ,ground which produced a heavy crop of cowpeas1 velvet beans or beggarweed the previous season is excellent for the purpose4 ,farm-yard manure1 well decomposed and plowed in the autumn previous1 is one of the best manures to use4 ,the ground should be lined off in perfectly straight rows four feet apart1 running east and west1 that1 the buds may be inserted on the north side4 ,the nuts should be planted four or five inches deep1 depending upon their size and the character of the soil4 ,large nuts should be planted deeper than small ones1 and in heavy soils nuts may be planted somewhat nearer the surface than in light sandy ones4 ,the rows may be opened with a small turning plow1 or1 for lesser areas1 with a shovel4 ,place the nuts1 a foot apart1 carefully in the bottom of the furrow1 cover with a hoe1 roll the ground if the weather is dry1 and then scarify the surface with a weeder or a light harrow to prevent evaporation of the soil moisture4 ,or the ground may be mulched with pine-straw1 grass1 leaves or other suitable material4 ,if no mulch is applied1 then the surface of the ground ,should be cultivated shallow from time to time4 ,some propagators have adopted the plan1 with good results1 of planting the nuts in the nursery rows1 in late fall4 ,,cultivation ,,of ,,nursery ,,seedlings4 ,from the time the young shoots begin to appear above the surface frequent shallow cultivation should be given4 ,once every ten days or two weeks is not too often1 and the ground should be broken to a depth of one inch or so after every shower of rain4 ,during dry weather more frequent cultivation1 once every week1 will be well repaid in the additional growth and vigor of the seedlings4 ,a good commercial fertilizer1 analyzing #e per cent4 phosphoric acid1 #f per cent4 potash and #d per cent4 nitrogen1 may be applied to advantage at the rate of fifteen hundred or two thousand pounds per acre4 ,by the following autumn1 the better seedlings will have ten or twelve inches of top1 and two and a half or three feet of taproot4 ,the following spring some may he whip-grafted at the crown1 and by ,june1 ,july and ,august of the same year many of them should have attained sufficient size for budding4 ,those which are not of sufficient size at this time can be worked the following spring and summer4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,a ,pecan ,nursery4 ,photo by ,j4 ,f4 ,jones4 ,,the ,,necessary ,,materials ,,and ,,tools4 ,the materials and tools used in grafting and budding are3 a grafting iron1 a mallet1 budding knives1 grafting wax1 strips of waxed cloth and twine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,grafting ,iron4 ,of grafting irons there are a number of different kinds1 but one after the general type shown in ,fig4 #ag1 works very well4 ,it will be noticed that the blade is curved at the corners1 and the edge instead of being straight is curved downward in the center4 ,this type of blade in some measure prevents the bruising of the bark when splitting the branch in cleft-grafting4 ,such a grafting iron may be made by almost any blacksmith4 ,however1 a good stout knife may be used instead4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,common ,budding ,knife4 ,for use in grafting1 an ordinary budding knife1 one of which is illustrated in ,fig4 #ah1 is well nigh indispensable4 ,no other knife is so well adapted to making the smooth1 sloping cuts on the scions4 ,illustration3 ,white's ,budding ,tool4 ,galbreath's ,budding ,tool4 ,nelson's ,budding ,tool4 ,,plate ,v4 ,some persons can insert annular and veneer shield buds rapidly and well with nothing but an ordinary budding knife4 ,in general1 however1 a budding knife having two blades1 placed parallel with a space of three-quarters of an inch or an inch apart1 is best4 ,a very satisfactory knife may be made by fastening the blades of two ordinary budding knives on the sides of a piece of wood seven-eighths of an inch square and four inches in length4 ,the blades can be firmly held in place by means of rivets and a piece of wire wound about the whole4 ,three special budding knives1 for use in pecan budding1 have been introduced1 one by ,mr4 ,herbert ,c4 ,white1 of ,de,witt1 ,ga41 one by ,mr4 ,d4 ,galbreath1 of ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 and the other by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,nelson1 of ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,in these knives the blades are fixed seven-eighths of an inch1 one and one-eighth inch1 and three-fourths of an inch apart1 respectively4 ,these make it possible to cut the buds and the place where they are to be inserted on the stock exactly the same size1 an essential point in pecan budding4 ,they have not yet come into general use1 although well recommended by some who have used them4 ,the ,white budding tool is particularly well adapted for use in top-working trees4 ,a good grafting wax may be made according to a number of different formulas4 ,either of the following will be found satisfactory3 ,resin #f pounds4 ,i4 ,beeswax #b pounds4 ,linseed ,oil #a pound4 ,resin #d pounds4 ,,ii4,beeswax #a pound4 ,linseed ,oil #a pint4 ,break the resin and cut the beeswax into small pieces4 ,place in an iron vessel1 pour the oil over them and melt over a slow fire4 ,stir slightly to insure their being well mixed together1 pour out into a bucket of cold water1 grease the hands1 and as soon as the mass is cool enough to handle1 pull until it becomes light yellow in color4 ,the wax may be made up in quantity and stored in greased tin or wooden boxes for future use4 ,to prepare waxed cloth1 cut the cotton cloth into pieces of convenient size1 say eighteen inches square1 dip them down into the melted wax1 remove them with a couple of sticks and stretch them out until cooled4 ,for use1 the cloth may be torn into strips of desired width and wound about a stick eighteen inches or so in length4 ,use a little grease to prevent the grafting wax and grafting cloth from sticking to the hands4 ,for waxed twine1 procure ,no4 #ah knitting cotton and drop the balls into the melted wax for a minute or two or until the wax penetrates them4 ,,selection ,,of ,,scions4 ,great care should be exercised in the selection of scions for use in budding and grafting4 ,much of the immediate success of the work depends upon the character of the scions1 while the health and longevity of the future tree may be materially influenced by the kind of wood used in propagating work4 ,the practice of taking scions and buds from young trees which have never borne1 or from nursery stuck1 must be strongly condemned4 ,they should be cut only from thrifty1 vigorous1 prolific trees4 ,even trees of the same variety differ in these things1 and a thorough knowledge of what a tree will do and has done is the only true guide in the selection of scions4 ,it is a well-known fact that desirable qualities can be reproduced and perpetuated by grafting4 ,illustration3 ,from ,bul4 #eg1 ,florida ,exp4 ,sta4 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,scions3 #a-c1 ,curtis2 #d-f1 ,van ,deman2 #g-h1 ,stuart4 #a4 ,poor ,scions--long1 slender1 pithy4 #b1d1e1g1h4 ,scions from one year's growth4 #c4 ,scion1 partly one1 partly two years old4 #f4 ,scion with cut1 back of tip4 #h4 ,scion which bore fruit at a4 ,grafts should be selected from well-matured branches of one year's growth4 ,fig4 #ai1 ,no4 #a1 shows an undesirable scion4 ,the wood is angular1 small1 the internodes long1 and the pith large in proportion to the diameter4 ,either terminal portions of twigs may be used or portions back of the tip1 but the buds should always be well developed1 full and plump--,fig4 #ai1 ,nos4 #b to #f4 ,for this reason grafts should not be cut from wood far back from the tip of the branch4 ,as stated1 twigs of the previous season's growth are generally used1 but scions composed partly of two-year-old wood may be used1 provided the growth is not too large4 ,fig4 #ai1 ,no4 #c1 shows one of these4 ,grafts are generally cut about five or six inches long1 and should be from one-quarter to three-eighths of an inch in thickness4 ,it is best that the grafts be cut while still in a dormant state1 and inserted in the stock just before the growth starts4 ,the scions may be kept for a considerable length of time by placing them1 loosely packed1 in damp moss or sawdust1 in a box4 ,the box should be covered over with earth and the scions kept sufficiently moist to prevent drying out4 ,for bud sticks1 well developed one-year-old branches1 one-half to seven-eighths of an inch in diameter1 and on which the buds are well formed1 may be used4 ,such sticks frequently show three buds at a node1 and if some misfortune should overtake one or two of these1 there is still a chance of success1 though the upper one being the strongest is generally the one which starts1 provided it is uninjured and the bud takes4 ,the degree of maturity of the bud is important1 and care should be exercised that only those which are plump1 full and well developed1 are used4 ,as soon as removed from the tree all bud sticks and grafts should be wrapped in damp newspapers to prevent drying out4 ,,time4 ,grafts should be inserted in spring just before or at the time growth starts4 ,buds may be inserted any time during the period when the bark will slip readily4 ,last year's dormant buds may be inserted early in the season1 or buds of the current season's growth may be used during the latter part of ,july and the month of ,august1 at which time they have become fully matured in the southernmost parts of the ,gulf ,states4 ,the time may even be extended into ,september4 ,very many of these late-inserted buds remain dormant during winter and begin growth in spring4 ,,budding4 ,annular ,budding4--,a ring of bark about one inch in length is removed from the stock4 ,a bud stick of the same size is selected1 and from it a similar ring with a good bud on it is removed by cutting around the bud stick and slitting down the back or side opposite the bud4 ,this bud is then placed in position on the stock4 ,after the buds are in place1 a piece of stiff wrapping paper should be tied around the stock just above the bud and allowed to flare out over the bud to protect it from the sun and wind4 ,preferably all buds should be inserted on the north side4 ,illustration3 ,from ,bul4 #eg1 ,florida ,exp4 ,sta4 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,annular ,budding4 #a4 ,stock prepared for bud4 #b4 ,bud4 #c4 ,bud in place and tied4 ,stocks from three-eighths to three-quarters of an inch may be worked by this method4 ,veneer ,shield-,budding4 7,patch ,budding74 ,this method differs from the last only in that the piece of bark removed from the stock and the piece with the bud attached are not complete rings1 but only parts4 ,a rectangular or even a triangular piece of bark is taken out of the stock1 a similar piece with a bud in its center taken from the bud stick is fitted in its place and wrapped in the usual way4 ,illustration3 ,from ,bul4 #eg1 ,florida ,exp4 ,sta4 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,veneer ,shield-,budding4 ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,oliver1 of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 has described,j a modified method of veneer shield-budding1 which has given good satisfaction in his hands4 ,instead of removing the patch from the stock1 it is slit down the center from top to bottom and the edges are lifted back1 the buds inserted beneath and the side flaps are then tied down over it4 ,he has also found that dormant buds of last year's growth give better results than buds of the current season4 ,the use of these buds has not1 however1 come into general use2 first1 because of the large amount of wood which must be destroyed to secure them2 and second1 because in those sections where bud-worms are prevalent1 their larv are to be found clustered about the buds until quite late in the season and make their attack as soon as the bud starts to grow4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,kirkpatrick1,k ,mc,kinney1 ,texas1 described a method successfully used by him1 as follows3 ,we prepare the stock to receive the bud by cutting out a section of bark and wood as shown in ,fig4 #bb4 ,the bud is cut from the scion in the same way the cut on the stock is made4 ,it should be about the same length1 width1 thickness and shape of the bark removed from the stock 7see ,fig4 #bb71 so that the bud will fit the stock4 99 99 99 99 ,the bud should be firmly tied until growth begins1 usually about twenty-five days1 when the string should be cut and the stock also cut just above the bud4 99 99 99 ,all shoots must be kept rubbed off so as to give the buds the right of way4 ,the small buds about the base of the scions or those on the two-year-old wood are preferred4 ,where the buds are small and in a cluster1 several may be included in one set and the thinning done after the growth starts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,chip ,budding4 ,bud cut2 ,incision made2 ,bud in place4 ,,grafting4 ,cleft ,grafting4 ,having selected the branch for cleft grafting and the point at which the scions are to be inserted1 the branch should be carefully and smoothly cut off4 ,the limb is then split by using the grafting iron4 ,if rapid work is to be done1 grafts should be prepared beforehand and carried to the field1 wrapped in damp paper4 ,in preparing the scion1 a sloping cut should be made about one and one-half inches long1 cutting into the pith from a point one-half way up the cut down to the lower end4 ,on the opposite side1 the cut should not be made to touch the pith1 but should be confined to woody tissue throughout its whole length4 ,the knife should have a keen1 sharp edge4 ,the cut should be clean1 smooth and straight1 and the scion should be left wider on the outer side4 ,start the cuts on each side of1 and just at a bud1 as shown in ,fig4 #bc4 ,having made the cleft1 it is opened with the wedge on the end of the grafting iron and the scion is placed in position4 ,the cambium layers should be in contact4 ,slip the scion well down until the whole of the cut surface is within the cleft4 ,if the stock is large enough insert two scions4 ,after inserting the scion it should be firmly held in place by binding the stocks with strips of waxed cloth1 after which a covering of wax may be placed over the cloth4 ,the cut end of the stock should be covered1 and if the scion be other than a terminal shoot1 its distal end should be waxed also4 ,illustration3 ,bul4 #eg1 ,fla4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,cleft ,grafting4 #a4 ,scion4 #b4 ,scion inserted ready for tying4 #c4 ,stock showing cleft4 ,illustration3 ,bul4 #eg1 ,fla4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,whip ,grafting4 #a4 ,stock showing cut4 #b4 ,scion4 #c4 ,stock and ,scion ready for bandage4 ,whip ,grafting4 ,branches1 which are to be worked by whip grafting1 should be less than one inch in diameter4 ,the method is illustrated in ,fig4 #bd4 ,a sloping cut1 an inch and a half long1 is made diagonally across the stock4 ,a corresponding cut is made on the scion1 a tongue is raised about the center of each cut by making another cut with the budding knife held almost parallel to the sides of the wood4 ,the tongue is raised a little on both stock and scion and the two are shoved together4 ,they should be securely bound with a strip of waxed cloth1 and a layer of wax should be spread over the whole1 covering up all the cut surfaces to the exclusion of water1 air and the germs of decay4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,f4 ,jones4 ,,fig4 #be4 ,one year ,pecan in fruit4 ,unusual2 due to bearing wood being used as a scion4 ,the scion and stock are preferably chosen of nearly the same size1 but a scion somewhat smaller than the stock may be used1 in which case the cambium layers along one side of the surfaces in contact should be placed opposite each other1 and the projecting portion of the stock trimmed off4 ,,after-,,care4 ,in from ten days to three weeks1 the buds should unite4 ,they should be examined1 and if union--indicated by the full1 plump condition of the buds or the commencement of growth--has taken place1 the wrappings should be removed4 ,if growth has started1 the stock should be cut off or lopped just above the insertion of the bud1 in the case of budded trees4 ,from time to time the trees should be examined1 and all sprouts which might rob the bud of sap1 thereby preventing its growth1 should be rubbed off4 ,,footnotes3 ,i ,the term grafted1 as here used1 embraces budded trees as well4 ,j ,bulletin #cj1 ,bureau ,plant ,industry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 #aijb4 ,k ,farm and ,ranch1 ,dec4 #c1 #aijd4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,top-,,working ,,pecans4 ,many of the pecan trees planted in groves have not fulfilled the hopes of their planters4 ,these trees1 raised from large selected nuts1 for which the planters paid a dollar or more per pound1 have not come true to seed4 ,some are irregular1 shy bearers2 others1 when they do condescend to produce a few nuts1 bear small-sized1 inferior nuts1 not larger than ordinary playing marbles1 while some produce a large crop of good marketable nuts4 ,some are unhealthy1 subject to the attacks of scab and rosette4 ,it goes without saying that such pecan plantings are unprofitable4 ,what is to be done with them8 ,briefly1 this3 ,cut out and destroy1 root and branch1 those affected by rosette1 those which are unhealthy1 and top-work the remainder of those which do not produce a sufficient quantity of marketable nuts of good quality4 ,top-working may be profitably applied to another class of trees--pecan trees in their native woods and thickets1 and in some cases hickories1 viz43 ,hicoria tomentosa1 ,h4 alba1 and ,h4 aquatica1 may be top-worked4 ,our knowledge is not sufficiently advanced in regard to top-working on hickory to warrant us in making any very strong recommendations1 but the author has seen a large number of pecans worked on hickory1 a few of which were in bearing1 and all appeared healthy and vigorous4 ,there is no good reason why hickories cannot be top-worked to advantage1 and the delights of amateur efforts along this line will amply repay the attempt4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,a two year top-worked ,pecan tree4 ,variety1 ,van ,deman4 ,again1 seedling trees may be grown or purchased and set out in orchard form4 ,when these have grown to an inch or so in diameter and have developed several branches1 they may be top-worked4 ,this method of securing a pecan orchard is somewhat slow1 and is open to the objection that the buds or grafts frequently fail to take1 and in consequence the task of top-working extends over a number of years1 resulting in trees of irregular size and shape4 ,but by this plan a planting of desirable varieties can be secured at little expense1 and provided time is not a consideration1 the plan will prove quite satisfactory indeed4 ,,methods ,,of ,,operation4 ,it is best to insert both buds and grafts in parts having smooth bark1 though grafts can be placed in rough barked parts as well4 ,frequently trees are in a very undesirable condition for top-working1 and it should be borne in mind that those branches nearest the center of the tree will give the most satisfactory result in the rapid growth of buds inserted in them4 ,if the tree is not in good shape for working--i4 e41 if no branches of desirable size and age are found in convenient places--the tree should be partially trimmed to a pollard1 cutting some of the main branches back to stubs1 and when shoots have started from these they may be grafted or budded4 ,in from six to twelve months from the time buds have started from the branches thus cut back1 under average conditions the new shoots will have grown to sufficient size to permit of their being budded or grafted4 ,the best time to prune back trees to start new shoots for top-working is early in the month of ,march4 ,in removing large branches there is always danger of splitting1 because of the weight of the heavy branches4 ,this may be entirely obviated by sawing upward from the under side of the branch as far as possible1 then cutting from the upper side downward4 ,a branch will split off and drop without injury to the remaining parts4 ,all cut surfaces should be well covered with white lead paint to prevent decay4 ,the method of procedure depends upon the size and age of the tree and whether the tree is to be budded or grafted4 ,in top-working old trees1 only a portion of the branches should be worked at one time4 ,if the whole top be removed at once1 the tree suffers a severe shock4 ,two or three years are necessary to top-work a large tree1 a half or a third of the top being worked each year4 ,if the trees are of small size1 the whole top may be removed at one time4 ,,care ,,of ,,top-,,worked ,,trees4 ,for several months after the new top has commenced to grow1 the scions have but a slight hold upon the stock4 ,the leaf surface is often so large that a slight wind may twist them off4 ,to prevent this1 a number of branches may be tied together1 or they may be fastened to stubs of branches left temporarily4 ,posts may be driven into the ground close to the growing scions1 to which they may be tied4 ,use soft bandages and burlaps4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,an old ,pecan tree ,top-worked in the branches4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,soils ,,and ,,their ,,preparation4 ,the pecan succeeds on such a wide range of soils1 that it is really easier to list those on which it should not be set than it is to enumerate those on which it may be planted4 ,of the soils not adapted to it1 deep sandy lands1 soils underlaid with quicksand close to the surface1 soils with hardpan subsoil1 wet1 sour1 poorly-drained lands1 and stiff1 pasty clays1 may be mentioned particularly4 ,if pecans are planted on land with a quicksand subsoil1 the roots are unable to make their way downward through the quicksand4 ,so far as being able to take a downward direction is concerned1 they might as well be planted on top of a plate of metal4 ,the writer once planted a few nuts on such a soil1 to see what they would do4 ,at the end of three years the tops were about two feet in height2 the taproot1 while thick and stocky1 was not more than six inches long4 ,it stopped abruptly after numerous efforts to penetrate the quicksand4 ,in normally developed trees of the same age1 the taproot would have been three or four feet long4 ,the same objections hold against soils underlaid with a hard1 impervious layer4 ,while the pecan is at home on rich1 alluvial river bottoms subject to overflow1 yet it will not grow successfully on damp1 soggy lands4 ,it should not be planted on such soils unless they can be well drained1 and not then until they have been limed and cultivated for some time to counteract the acidity of the land4 ,we can definitely say that the pecan will do well on alluvial river bottoms1 on sandy1 loamy soils with a clay or sandy-clay foundation1 on sandy-clay lands with clay predominating1 on the flat woods sandy lands so common in the southeastern ,gulf ,states1 and on the higher uplands where hickory1 dogwood1 holly and oak abound4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,pecan ,tree grown on quicksand4 ,note the taproot4 ,it is a fact worthy of note1 however1 that on extremely rich soils1 the pecan will make wood growth at the expense of fruit1 while on lands containing less fertility1 less growth is developed with a proportionately large amount of fruit4 ,choose not the poorest soil by any means1 but a good1 sandy loam in which there is a considerable amount of humus4 ,a subsoil containing a very considerable amount of clay is to be preferred1 by all means1 for such a soil1 with intelligent management1 will gain rapidly in fertility4 ,,preparation4 ,the preparation of the soil should be complete and thorough4 ,it may be stated1 as an axiomatic truth1 that the soil cannot be prepared for trees as well after they are planted as it can before1 and nothing is to be gained by planting the trees in poorly prepared land4 ,better by all means to spend a year or more in getting the land in shape4 ,if the land is covered with a growth of timber1 this should be cleared away and the ground cultivated for a year at least before the trees are set4 ,corn is probably the best crop to grow on new land1 and at the last working cowpeas should be sowed4 ,on fairly good land this will be sufficient1 but on poorer ground the land should be continued in cultivation another year1 sowing it down in beggarweed1 cowpeas1 soja beans1 or velvet beans4 ,these crops should be plowed into the soil in autumn or early winter1 after they are dead and dry4 ,on lands which have been cultivated for some time1 these same crops should be sowed for one season previous to planting1 at least4 ,every effort should be made to insure a good stand and a good growth4 ,inoculation of the seed with nitrogen-gathering germs will help1 and a good fertilizer1 such as the one recommended for these crops elsewhere1 should be applied4 ,nothing will insure a good growth in the young trees so well as the nitrogen and humus added to the soil by leguminous crops4 ,stable manure may also be used to advantage4 ,the ground should be deeply and thoroughly broken with a two-horse plow4 ,in many cases the soil conditions will be greatly improved by the use of a subsoil plow1 running it after the ordinary plow so as to break and loosen the soil to a depth of twelve or fifteen inches1 or even more4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,what ,,varieties ,,to ,,plant4 ,what varieties shall ,i plant8 ,an easy question to ask--a difficult one to answer2 for1 though the one attempting a reply may know something of varieties1 their size1 quality and prolificness1 there is always an unknown personal equation entering into the problem4 ,every variety of importance has its advocates4 ,if a man has a preference for a certain variety1 and is interested in it1 let him plant that variety largely4 ,he will be likely to give it better care and attention than he will a variety for which he has no particular liking or for one which he may regard even with disfavor4 ,the question of adaptation of varieties to certain localities is an extremely important one4 ,a variety which may do well in a certain state or region1 may not succeed in another2 and on the other hand1 some varieties may be grown almost anywhere4 ,to answer questions of this sort1 one must have an intimate knowledge of varieties in their local adaptations4 ,two of the worst faults which a variety may have are partial barrenness or shy bearing and poor filling quality4 ,in this last respect the worst sinners are the larger varieties1 and in point of filling quality1 medium and small-sized varieties will1 in nearly all cases1 be found to have the greatest range of adaptability4 ,the larger varieties are more likely to succeed on rich lands where the rainfall1 particularly during the summer months1 is great4 ,again1 all varieties are not equally hardy1 and some may not ripen their wood and fruit early enough in autumn to avoid late killing frosts4 ,such varieties should not be selected for planting in sections where there is danger of such injury1 viz3 principally along the more northerly outskirts of the pecan area4 ,in such regions1 early varieties should be planted1 for early ripening of fruit and wood usually go together in the pecan4 ,many varieties are late in coming into bearing2 others begin to bear while quite young4 ,this difference in precocity is worthy of consideration4 ,other things being equal1 those varieties which begin to bear early and are prolific1 should by all means be given the preference4 ,in addition to setting out an orchard of what he believes to be the best varieties for his section1 or which experience has taught to be the best1 the grower should1 if he is thoroughly interested in his work1 plant a tree or two of a number of other different kinds to test their merits and to learn something of their characteristics4 ,,varieties ,,recommended ,,for ,,different ,,sections4 ,the following recommendations have been made by growers and others in different parts of the ,south4 ,these may be changed with the knowledge which time alone will bring2 but they represent the best1 most accurate and up-to-date knowledge which can be given at this time3 ,,virginia1 ,,north ,,carolina1 ,,south ,,carolina4--,in these ,states the different named varieties have not been grown and fruited long enough to warrant any very strong recommendations1 ,pabst1 ,stuart and ,jewett have been planted in southeastern ,north ,carolina and have succeeded1 but on the whole1 for the entire region of these three ,states1 the most satisfactory and staple progress in pecan culture will probably come from the introduction of local varieties of merit4 ,,georgia4--,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilson1 ,secretary ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association1 ,poulan1 ,ga41 has selected his varieties for that section as follows3 ,stuart1 ,schley1 ,van ,deman1 ,georgia and ,frotscher4 ,herbert ,c4 ,white1 horticulturist1 ,g4 ,m4 ,bacon ,pecan ,co41 ,de,witt1 ,ga41 says that ,georgia and ,stuart are the best of the varieties thus far tested4 ,j4 ,b4 ,wight1 ,cairo1 ,ga41 believes in planting ,frotscher principally in his section4 ,,florida4--,prof4 ,h4 ,k4 ,miller1 ,monticello1 ,fla41 believes in planting ,schley1 ,dewey1 ,louisiana1 ,frotscher1 ,stuart1 ,russell1 ,pabst1 ,van ,deman and ,sweetmeat4 ,james ,a4 ,bear1 ,palatka1 ,fla41 reports that ,frotscher1 ,stuart1 ,van ,deman1 ,curtis and ,money-maker are doing well for young trees1 while ,rome and ,centennial have not proved satisfactory4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,curtis1 ,orange ,heights1 ,fla41 recommends ,curtis1 ,frotscher and ,van ,deman1 these having proved most fruitful in his orchard4 ,j4 ,h4 ,girardeau1 ,monticello1 ,fla41 regards ,van ,deman1 ,frotscher1 ,pabst1 ,clarke and ,schley as good varieties4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graves1 ,gainesville1 ,fla41 says3 ,curtis1 ,stuart1 ,van ,deman1 ,dalzell1 ,louisiana1 ,bolton and ,frotscher are adapted here1 and have proven good fruiters4 ,from study and observation ,i would supplement this list with ,james1 ,money-maker1 ,success1 ,russell1 ,robson and ,schley4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,monticello1 ,fla41 recommends ,stuart1 ,van ,deman1 ,frotscher and ,schley1 emphasizing the first as a commercial variety1 and the last-named as an excellent variety for the ,fancy trade4 ,,alabama4--,prof4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mc,intosh1 ,auburn1 ,ala41 believes ,stuart1 ,van ,deman1 ,pabst1 ,centennial and ,schley to be good varieties for ,alabama4 ,,mississippi4--,theo4 ,bechtel1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss41 says3 ,my selection at present for this section would be in the order named--,success1 ,stuart1 ,pabst1 ,frotscher1 ,russell and ,van ,deman4 ,chas4 ,e4 ,pabst1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss41 recommends ,stuart1 ,pabst1 ,russell1 ,success1 ,van ,deman and ,rome4 ,stuart ,pecan ,co41 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss41 recommends ,stuart1 ,van ,deman and ,russell4 ,prof4 ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,deman recommends ,stuart1 ,van ,deman1 ,money-maker and ,pabst for the ,lower ,mississippi ,valley4 ,,louisiana4--,s4 ,h4 ,james1 ,mound1 ,la41 has found ,money-maker1 ,stuart1 ,van ,deman and ,pabst1 in the order named1 best for his section4 ,he says that ,money-maker is extremely hardy1 having withstood #bj below zero in ,illinois1 without injury4 ,wm4 ,nelson1 ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 strongly recommends ,frotscher and ,centennial for his section4 ,b4 ,m4 ,young1 ,morgan ,city1 ,la41 is planting ,stuart1 ,russell and ,young for commercial orchard4 ,,texas4--,e4 ,e4 ,risien1 ,san ,saba1 ,tex41 says that ,san ,saba is more in demand than any other variety he has4 ,it succeeds well in his section4 ,he recommends as well1 ,texas ,prolific1 ,colorado1 ,kincaid1 ,atwater1 ,concho and others4 ,e4 ,w4 ,kirkpatrick1 ,mc,kinney1 ,tex41 ,president ,national ,nurserymen's ,association1 regards ,stuart1 ,russell1 ,pabst and ,money-maker as valuable for his section4 ,good results have been secured with ,hollis and ,wolford4 ,,general ,,recommendations4 ,from careful observations1 we believe that a list of varieties comprising ,stuart1 ,georgia1 ,money-maker1 ,pabst1 ,success1 ,frotscher1 ,van ,deman and ,russell of the larger sorts will be found to contain varieties which will prove satisfactory in most locations4 ,to these we must add ,schley1 ,san ,saba1 ,curtis and a number of other medium-sized or small varieties of unsurpassed quality4 ,when about to plant in a given region1 study the local conditions1 visit the local trees or orchards1 and upon these a conclusion may be based which is not likely to lead the prospective planter into very great error4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,purchasing ,,and ,,planting ,,pecans4 ,since1 in most cases1 the trees are to be set in late autumn and early winter1 the trees should be purchased in late summer and early autumn4 ,do not leave the purchasing of the trees until the last week1 or the last minute1 before planting1 but buy in good season1 i4 e41 several months before planting time4 ,too many forget about the trees until the time for setting them out has come1 and not infrequently the matter is forgotten until after the season for planting is long since past4 ,the number of varieties in the commercial orchard should not be large4 ,no greater mistake can be made than that of planting a few trees each of a large number of different varieties4 ,four or five1 at most1 are sufficient2 got fewer varieties1 rather than more4 ,trees can be purchased in two ways3 ,they can be secured direct from the nurserymen 7usually by catalogue71 or they can be purchased from agents4 ,by far most of the pecan trees are bought from the nursery1 and by many this method is preferred4 ,if trees are secured from agents1 be certain that they are responsible persons1 representing responsible firms2 be certain that they are properly accredited1 i4 e41 have certificates to show whom they represent1 and if they have not these1 then send them off down the road1 and the dog with them for company1 if necessary4 ,this may seem to be harsh advice1 but had it been followed by many purchasing pecan trees in recent years1 it would have been much to their advantage4 ,plenty of seedling trees have been bought and planted in the belief that they were good grafted or budded stock4 ,but agents1 with all sorts of credits1 have represented firms which were not honest4 ,budded and grafted trees of certain well-known varieties of pecans have been sold1 which were not those varieties4 ,there is every reason to believe that scions have been taken from ordinary seedling trees of any kind1 inserted in stocks and sold for the best varieties1 and that a large number of trees have been substituted and sold for what they were not4 ,the prospective planter must depend upon the honesty and integrity of the nurseryman1 and should inform himself on this point4 ,the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association has done no greater service to the pecan industry than that which they have rendered in protecting the public from fraudulent agents and nurserymen4 ,happy is the nurseryman whose reputation for square dealing merits the trust and confidence of tree-planters throughout the country4 ,,cost ,,of ,,nursery ,,stock4 ,at present1 the prices quoted for one and two year old stock of standard varieties varies from #ge cents to #b4ej per tree1 in small numbers1 with considerable reduction for trees in lots of one hundred or one thousand4 ,it is not improbable that these prices may be somewhat reduced within the next decade1 as greater efficiency is gained in propagating4 ,,detecting ,,bogus ,,trees4 ,how may budded or grafted trees be distinguished from ordinary seedlings or from doctored seedling trees8 ,many people have purchased seedling trees at a dollar or so per tree1 under the supposition that they were budded or grafted stock4 ,it is well to know something of the distinctions between them4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,external and ,longitudinal ,interior ,view of ,bud ,union4 ,if the trunks are straight and smooth1 with bark uniform in appearance throughout1 the trees have not been budded or grafted1 unless the point of union is at the ground1 and the trees having been grafted1 and a terminal bud on graft has grown4 ,if the young trees have been budded1 the trunks will not be straight2 a bend will be seen at the point where the bud was inserted 7see ,fig4 #bg71 and the scars of the union of the veneer-shield or annular bud and the point at which the stock was cut off will be distinctly noticeable4 ,the bark above the point of union on the grafted or budded stocks will be different from that below4 ,there is something characteristic about the color and appearance and the number1 size and shape of the lenticles of each variety of pecan1 and while it is impossible to describe this difference in appearance 7it can only be learned after a large amount of experience and observation71 yet the very striking difference between the seedling stock and the wood of the variety worked upon1 will serve as a useful index to the genuineness of the trees in question4 ,if the trees have been grafted instead of budded1 the same statement will be true of the appearance of the bark4 ,but the tree will be more nearly or quite straight1 and the marks and scars at the point of union will be different4 ,if the trees have been propagated by whip-grafting1 the scar will be shaped like the letter ,n1 the scar on young trees coming nearly or quite the whole distance across the stock4 ,if the trunk of a whip-grafted tree is split through the point of union1 the ,n-shaped mark in the form of a dark line may be distinctly made out1 as shown in the illustration4 ,in trees propagated by cleft-grafting1 the union scar will be long1 slim and ,v-shaped4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,external and ,longitudinal ,interior ,view of ,whip-graft ,union4 ,but to make the similarity between the bogus and genuine trees more striking1 the practice has been resorted to of scarring the stocks so as to make them resemble the genuine article4 ,this we have known to be done1 more particularly in the case of budded trees4 ,incisions were made in the trunks of seedling trees to resemble those made in inserting a veneer-shield or an annular bud4 ,the incisions were made so as to include a bud1 and the top of the seedling tree was then cut off just above the bud4 ,a tree doctored in this way makes a very close imitation of the real article1 and the buyer needs to be on his guard4 ,but the appearance of the bark1 as already noted1 will serve as a guide4 ,if in doubt1 it may be well to sacrifice a few trees and cut them carefully open down to the pith just through the point of union4 ,if the trees have been doctored1 the tissues of the wood and the pith will be continuous2 but1 if the trees are genuinely budded or grafted1 the tissues and pith will not be continuous4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,annular bud growing 7left74 ,split through same union 7center74 ,a normal branch union 7right74 ,pith non-continuous 7center72 continuous 7right74 ,finally1 if still in doubt1 send two or three trees to the botanist or horticulturist of the ,experiment ,station of your ,state1 and ask his opinion4 ,,planting ,,pecan ,,trees4 ,too often but slight attention is given to this important piece of work4 ,there is too frequently a disposition on the part of the person setting trees of any kind to do the work as rapidly as possible without consideration for the future welfare of the trees4 ,few realize that time spent in careful1 intelligent preparation of the soil and in setting the trees is time well spent1 and well paid for in the after development of trunk and branch4 ,better a month spent in preparing the future home of the young tree1 than years of its life spent in an unequal struggle for existence4 ,more than that1 the tree may die outright1 and a year must elapse before it can be replaced4 ,it is generally stated that the pecan is a slow grower1 and yet ,i have seen trees from twelve to fourteen years old which measured from thirty-five to fifty-seven inches in circumference at the base1 while under less favorable circumstances others stood still for a period of six or seven years1 or until they had accumulated sufficient energy to overcome the untoward conditions of their environments4 ,time4 ,the best time to plant pecan trees is during the months of ,december1 ,january and ,february4 ,planting should not be delayed until late in spring1 as the percentage of loss will be very materially increased4 ,preference must be given to the earlier portion of the planting season1 as the wounds on the roots will have had time to callous over1 and the ground will be firmly packed about the roots by the winter rains4 ,then1 with the opening of the growing season in spring1 the trees will be ready to make a good1 vigorous start4 ,distance ,apart4 ,the distance apart at which the pecan trees should be set must depend upon the character of the soil and the amount of fertility and moisture it contains4 ,if planted too close1 the trees may become their own worst enemies4 ,too close planting will not prove satisfactory4 ,it is doubtful whether the trees should ever be planted closer than forty feet apart even on light lands1 while on heavier soils this distance should be increased to sixty1 seventy-five or eighty feet4 ,,table ,,of ,,distances ,,distance4 ,,no4 ,,of ,,trees ,,no4 ,,of ,,trees ,rectangular ,system4 ,hexagonal ,system4 #dj x #dj feet4 #bg #ca #dj x #ej #ba #dj x #fj #ah #ej x #ej #ag #ai #ej x #fj #ad #fj x #fj #ab #ac #fj x #gj #aj #gj x #gj #h #i #hj x #hj #f #ajj x #ajj #d ,to find the number of trees that can be set on an acre for any distance1 not given in the above table1 multiply the distance apart in feet together and divide the product into #dc1efj1 the number of square feet in an acre4 ,the result will be the number of trees which can be put on an acre of ground4 ,,planting ,,systems4 ,for setting orchards a number of different systems may be used1 but the two best adapted to the pecan orchard1 are the square or rectangular and the hexagonal or septuple4 ,if mixed plantings1 such as pecans and peaches1 are to be made1 then the quincunx system should be used and a peach tree set in the center of the square or rectangle formed by every four pecan trees4 ,square or ,rectangular ,system4 ,in this system is included only the methods of setting trees in rectangles1 either square or oblong4 ,it is by far the most commonly used of all the systems1 and the ease with which a field can be laid off in rectangles1 is greatly in its favor4 ,the rows of trees intersect each other at right angles1 and cultivation may be carried on conveniently either crosswise or lengthwise of the orchard4 ,the planter has the choice of placing the trees the same distance apart both ways1 or of planting them closer together in the rows than the distance between the rows4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,rectangular ,planting ,system4 ,it has been argued that space is not equally divided among the trees1 and while this is apparently true1 yet1 on the other hand1 the roots of pecan trees1 in most cases1 penetrate and permeate all the space allowed in ordinary distances4 ,the roots will certainly secure all the food and moisture in the top two or three feet of soil4 ,when trees are to be planted by this system1 the stakes must be set so as to be exactly in line1 whether viewed from the end or from the side of the field4 ,hexagonal1 ,septuple or ,equilateral ,triangle ,system4 ,by this system1 six trees are set equidistant from a seventh placed in the center4 ,the basis of the system is not the square1 but the circle1 since the radius of the circle is approximately equal to one-sixth of the circumference of the circle4 ,the name septuple1 sometimes applied to this system1 refers to the fact that the number of trees in each group-unit is seven4 ,equilateral triangle system refers to the planting of the trees in equilateral triangles1 but is identical with the hexagonal or septuple4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,hexagonal ,planting ,system4 ,it is the only system whereby each tree is placed equally distant from each of its adjoining neighbors1 and the only system which equally divides the space among the trees4 ,by this method about fifteen per cent4 more trees can be set per acre than by the rectangular4 ,for permanent plantings1 at regular distances1 this system and the rectangular should be recommended before other systems4 ,,laying ,,out ,,before ,,planting4 ,level and smooth the ground1 harrow and pulverize thoroughly1 then proceed to stake the ground off1 placing a stake for every tree4 ,laying ,out ,squares or ,rectangles with the ,plow4 ,if a good plowman can be secured1 very satisfactory work can be done with the plow4 ,in some cases a man can be found who needs nothing in the way of a guide1 except two or three stakes4 ,but with a sufficient number of stakes and a marker attached to the plow1 good results can be secured by almost any plowman4 ,furrows should be run both lengthwise and crosswise of the field1 their intersections marking the place where the trees are to stand4 ,at each one set a stake4 ,it is essential that a true1 square corner should be secured4 ,this may be done by sighting with an ordinary carpenter's square set upon three posts4 ,laying ,out in ,rectangles with a ,wire4 ,a wire1 long enough to reach down one side of the field1 should be provided4 ,stretch this straight out between two posts and mark off the distance which the trees are to stand apart1 upon it4 ,at each point marked1 firmly twist a piece of small wire about the larger one4 ,these should then be soldered in place4 ,it will not do to have them shift4 ,this wire may be rolled upon a roller when not in use4 ,measure off along both ends of the field and set small stakes on the tree rows1 at the marked places on the wire4 ,tightly stretch the wire down the first tree row1 attaching it firmly at the ground level to a pair of good1 stout posts4 ,then plant a lath stake at each mark on the wire4 ,set all of them on the outside of the wire1 so as not to interfere with moving it4 ,when this row in completed1 lift the end stake with the wire attached1 stretch on the second row1 set the stakes as before and repeat the operations until the work is completed4 ,laying ,out in ,hexagons4 ,stretch the wire down one side of the field and firmly set the tree stakes1 or stake out the base line by any method1 firmly setting a stake for each tree4 ,then procure two pieces of wire with rings at each end1 the length of each wire and ring to be exactly the distance between the stakes as set on the base line4 ,stretch these wires out toward the side where the next tree row is to stand4 ,at the point where the rings overlap set a stake for a tree4 ,remove wire number one and set it on the third stake in the base line1 stretch the two tight and set a tree stake4 ,repeat as often as necessary4 ,in setting the third row of stakes1 use the second as a base line1 and so on4 ,planting the ,trees4 ,after setting a stake for each tree1 the ground is ready for digging the holes and setting the trees4 ,a planting board1 such as is shown in the accompanying illustration1 should be provided4 ,it is made of a piece of inch board1 four or five inches wide and five feet long4 ,the ends may be notched or holes may be bored in them4 ,in the center of one side1 a notch1 one and a half inches deep1 should be cut4 ,provide a large number of small wooden pins or sticks1 about one foot long and well sharpened4 ,when ready to dig a hole1 place the planting-board so that the notch in the side fits against the tree stake4 ,then place one of the small pins in each of the holes or notches at the ends of the board4 ,allow these to remain in the ground4 ,remove the board and the tree stake and dig the hole4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,planting-,board4 ,the hole should preferably be dug just before setting the tree4 ,in some cases1 however1 it may be necessary to have all the holes dug in advance4 ,make them wide and deep1 six or eight inches wider than the extended lateral roots and eight inches deeper than the length of the taproot4 ,in setting the tree1 place the planting-board back on the pegs and place the tree at the right depth1 against the notch in the side4 ,it will then stand exactly where a stake stood1 and if the stakes were in line1 the trees will be also1 if they are kept perpendicular while the earth is being filled in4 ,the earth should be packed about the roots by hand1 the tree being set no deeper than it stood in the nursery4 ,to start the trees off well1 one pound to one pound and a half of a good fertilizer1 analyzing about six per cent4 potash1 five per cent4 phosphoric acid and four per cent4 nitrogen1 should be thoroughly mixed with the earth that is used in filling in the hole4 ,preferably1 only surface soil should be used to place about the roots4 ,when the hole is filled in about three-fourths1 water may be applied to advantage1 particularly if the weather is dry4 ,a good application should be given after the work is completed1 so as to establish the capillary movement of the water in the soil4 ,the greatest care should be taken to prevent the roots from becoming dry1 if they do1 the chances of their living1 after planting1 are very greatly reduced4 ,from the time the trees are lifted from the nursery row until they are set in the orchard1 the sun should never be allowed to shine on them4 ,neither should they be exposed to hot or drying winds4 ,should it happen that the trees are received before everything is ready for planting them1 they should be unpacked and healed in1 in a shady place4 ,the roots of the trees must be pruned before planting1 but this should be done under a shed4 ,all broken parts of roots should be carefully cut off1 leaving good1 smooth surfaces1 and the taproot cut or pruned back1 as described in the chapter on pruning4 ,when the pruning is finished1 the trees should be wrapped in a damp blanket or in damp sacks and taken to the field4 ,when needed for planting1 they should be removed one by one and set out4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,cultivation ,,and ,,fertilization4 ,too many of our ideas of fruit culture are borrowed from the woods1 from the trees in the pasture lands and uncultivated places generally4 ,as the pecan is a forest tree in many sections of the country1 the inference is1 that it needs no cultivation1 no fertilizer1 in short1 is amply able to take care of itself4 ,so it is1 but not able to yield1 at the same time1 the large crops of nuts that are the object of its being planted4 ,from the woods1 there is one lesson which it would be well for everyone to learn2 a lesson1 not of the trees1 but of the soil1 of the dense mass of mold1 of partially decayed leaves1 of vegetable matter1 of humus that covers the forest floor4 ,the soil in the pecan orchard needs humus1 vegetable matter2 so does the soil in any other kind of orchard1 and to obtain results it must be provided4 ,now1 it is a well-known fact that a number of years 7ten or twelve7 must elapse before a pecan orchard will begin to give any adequate returns for the time and care bestowed upon it and the money invested in it4 ,during this period1 if rightly handled1 the ground may be made to produce something else than pecan trees1 and that1 too1 without injury to them4 ,but in growing a crop in the orchard1 bear in mind that the trees need1 and are benefited by1 cultivation1 and that fertilizer will make them grow4 ,but1 as already noted1 humus is needed1 and since this is the case1 corn or cotton or clean-culture crops1 which leave little behind them to make humus after they are removed1 should not be grown every year4 ,some of the legumes should be brought in4 ,cowpeas1 soja beans1 beggarweed1 velvet beans1 alfalfa and melilotus can all be grown in the pecan area4 ,not all of them in every locality1 but some one or more of them in every section4 ,to keep up the supply of vegetable matter1 grow one of these leguminous crops every two or three years1 or oftener1 and after they have died and dried on the surface1 plow them into the soil4 ,and when corn is grown1 sow cowpeas at the last working of the crop1 to enrich the soil4 ,these legumes will add nitrogen to the soil and help to reduce the fertilizer bills1 for nitrogen is the costliest of all the fertilizer materials which we buy4 ,sometimes1 it will not do to crop the orchard4 ,a condition may have to be met1 in which there is not enough water to supply both the trees and the growing crops and one or the other will suffer--the trees1 usually4 ,in such a case the advisability of cropping is questionable unless1 of course1 water in sufficient quantity can be supplied by irrigation4 ,small grains1 oats1 wheat1 etc41 should be rigidly excluded4 ,when corn or cotton is planted1 leave out a row or two of the crops where the tree row is4 ,let the trees have feeding space1 but cultivate all the ground4 ,if the season is dry1 then give cultivation just as often as can be done4 ,every week or ten days1 between the first of ,april and the first or middle of ,july1 the ground should be stirred in young orchards4 ,shallow cultivation is all that is necessary after the first plowing4 ,a weeder or light harrow will do the work4 ,this shallow cultivation will preserve a dust mulch1 a couple of inches or so in depth1 and the loss of soil moisture by capillary action and evaporation will thereby be prevented2 more moisture will be retained in the soil and the trees will be benefited accordingly4 ,whether the orchard is planted in a crop or not1 cultivation should begin about the time growth starts in spring4 ,the ground should be plowed and leveled with a cultivator4 ,after that1 frequent shallow cultivation should be given with a light harrow or weeder4 ,once every week or ten days1 if the weather is dry1 will result in much good to the trees4 ,if a shower should fall during one of these dry periods1 the ground should be cultivated just as soon as it can be worked4 ,a light harrow1 which will break up the surface crust formed by the rain and leave instead a shallow mulch of pulverized soil1 will go a long way toward conserving and holding the water which has been added by the recent rainfall4 ,the cultivation of old orchards may vary somewhat from that given younger ones4 ,some recommend that the old orchard be seeded to grass 7,bermuda or ,johnson grass7 and used as a pasture4 ,this may answer in some cases1 particularly on very rich1 alluvial soils1 but1 in general1 it will not do as a definite policy year in and year out4 ,those orchards planted in grass which the author has had an opportunity to examine1 have usually shown a large percentage of trees with branches dead at the tips1 stagheaded1 with yellow leaves and a general appearance of unthriftiness4 ,it may have been that these orchards were planted in grass while the trees were too young4 ,the better treatment1 and the safer one to follow in old orchards1 is to cultivate the ground in spring and sow down in cowpeas or some other legume4 ,beggarweed1 velvet beans or soja beans will answer well in many localities4 ,allow these to make what growth they will1 and1 when dead and dry1 plow them back into the soil4 ,it may seem strange to cultivate a forest tree1 but it is the plan to follow to get results4 ,good results could doubtless be secured by seeding the pecan orchard in alfalfa and using it for a hog pasture up to the ripening season4 ,cultivation should not be prolonged too late4 ,if it be1 the trees will continue to grow later than they should4 ,enough time will not be left in many sections before the coming of the first frosts4 ,if the immature1 sappy wood is caught by an early frost1 severe injury may result4 ,in the more southern extension of the pecan area cultivation can be carried on later than toward the northern limits of the region4 ,ordinarily1 it is safest to cease cultivation not later than ,july the first to ,july the fifteenth4 ,,fertilization4 ,on deep rich1 alluvial soils the trees may not need to be fertilized1 but many of the soils on which pecans have been set in orchard form1 require to be fertilized to secure the best results4 ,the three important plant foods required by plants and most frequently deficient in soils are nitrogen1 phosphorus and potash4 ,one or two or all three of these substances may have to be supplied4 ,nitrogen1 which is used by the trees largely in making growth of leaf and wood1 may be supplied from a number of different sources1 viz3 stable manure1 cotton seed1 cotton-seed meal1 dried blood1 fish scrap1 sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda4 ,these substances are the principal commercial sources of nitrogen4 ,large amounts of nitrogen are gathered by leguminous crops2 cowpeas1 vetch1 beggarweed1 velvet beans1 alfalfa and others may be planted to advantage1 resulting in a great saving in fertilizer bills1 and besides1 adding the necessary vegetable matter and humus4 ,the most common source of phosphorus1 usually referred to as phosphoric acid1 is acid phosphate4 ,some is obtained from bone1 and bone meal is a good fertilizer to use among pecan trees4 ,the results obtained from its use are not immediate1 but since the bone does not decay rapidly1 they extend over a considerable period4 ,on the whole1 acid phosphate is as satisfactory as any material as a source of phosphoric acid1 and the goods with the highest percentage are usually the most economical in the end4 ,a good grade is that analyzing fourteen per cent4 ,potash may be purchased1 as kainit1 the raw salt1 or as muriate of potash1 low grade sulphate of potash and high grade sulphate of potash4 ,of these the sulphates are usually given the preference in fruit growing4 ,of the domestic sources of potash1 woodashes are important4 ,the amount of fertilizer which it is best to apply is difficult to decide upon2 much depends on the character of the soil1 what crops are cultivated and whether a crop of legumes is grown or not4 ,if legumes are grown for the benefit of the orchard1 they should be fertilized1 and if the crop is turned back into the soil1 this may be sufficient for the trees1 particularly while they are young4 ,for the legumes1 a good fertilizer to use per acre is3 ,kainit1 #ajj lbs42 ,acid ,phosphate1 #bjj lbs4 or1 ,high-,grade ,sulphate of ,potash1 #ej lbs4 ,acid ,phosphate1 #bjj lbs4 ,in any case some allowance should be made for the amount of nitrogen collected by the legumes4 ,when corn1 cotton or some other crops are grown in the orchard1 fertilizing may simply consist in distributing an additional amount of the crop fertilizer for the benefit of the trees4 ,for the growth of the young trees1 a larger amount of nitrogen and a relatively smaller amount of phosphoric acid and potash are required1 while for older trees1 the reverse is true4 ,phosphoric acid and potash are required by bearing trees for the formation of fruit4 ,consequently1 when the pecan orchard comes into bearing1 these materials should be increased in the fertilizer applied4 ,if the soil is not very rich at the time of planting1 good results will follow the use of a pound of good commercial fertilizer at the time of planting4 ,a good fertilizer for young trees should analyze five per cent4 phosphoric acid1 six per cent4 potash and four per cent4 nitrogen4 ,for bearing trees1 one analyzing eight per cent4 phosphoric acid1 ten per cent4 potash and four per cent4 nitrogen will give good results4 ,if so desired1 well-known brands of commercial fertilizers1 having approximately the above analysis1 can be purchased in the markets1 but if preferred1 the several materials may be purchased separately1 then mixed and applied4 ,,applying ,,the ,,fertilizer4 ,the roots of young trees do not extend to any great distance away from the trunk4 ,in distributing the fertilizer this fact should be remembered4 ,a safe rule for all small-sized trees is to commence just outside an imaginary circle of two feet radius and apply the fertilizer in a circular band extending out some distance beyond the spread of the branches4 ,old trees1 or those having a considerable spread of top1 when planted in orchard form1 should be fertilized by broadcasting the fertilizer over the ground4 ,in the northerly pecan sections1 all the fertilizer should be given in one application1 about the time growth starts in spring1 and plowed in1 while farther south1 two applications may be made1 one at the time mentioned above1 the other from the first to the middle of ,june4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,pruning4 ,the pruning of the pecan is neither difficult nor complicated4 ,in short1 after the top of the tree is well started1 little need be done except to cut back a branch here and there that the trees may develop well-rounded1 symmetrical tops4 ,a splendid type of tree is shown in ,plate ,,vi4 ,,high ,,vs4 ,,low-,,headed ,,trees4 ,frequently trees are so pruned that their first branches are eight or ten feet from the ground4 ,even young trees are pruned to slim stems1 surmounted by a small umbrella-like top4 ,such trees frequently have to be tied to a post to keep them upright until such time as they attain sufficient size to support themselves4 ,such pruning should not be countenanced4 ,the trees will make a much more rapid and satisfactory growth1 and their trunks will be less affected by the hot sun1 if the branches are allowed to develop lower down4 ,sometimes the system of pruning pecans with tall1 bare trunks is adopted to allow of crops being grown under the trees1 or because it is desired to use the ground as a cattle pasture4 ,these considerations should not weigh against the welfare of the trees4 ,as much ground can be cropped around low-headed trees as is good for them1 and1 in brief1 the cows should be pastured elsewhere4 ,ordinarily the top of the tree should be so shaped that the lower branches will be about four feet from the ground4 ,the trunk will be shaded and protected1 the crop will be nearer the ground1 and the low tops will be less subject to the destructive force of heavy winds1 so injurious to both fruit and branches4 ,to start the trees at four feet1 the tops must be cut back to that height at the time the trees are set1 or1 if smaller1 when they have grown to that height4 ,three or four buds nearest the top should then be allowed to develop and form the main framework of the tree4 ,after this the trees will need little or no pruning1 except the cutting back of straggling branches1 and the removal of dead or broken ones4 ,some writers have advised the persistent and severe cutting back of the tops1 from time to time1 so as to keep them small1 compact and low1 but such a system of pruning must be put into practice on a considerable scale for a number of years before it can be recommended4 ,such a plan might prove valuable where the trees are subject to the force of strong winds1 but otherwise it is of doubtful value4 ,,time ,,to ,,prune4 ,pruning may be done at any convenient time1 but the best period is probably either just before the flow of sap in spring1 or just after the trees have fully developed their leaves in spring4 ,following the removal of branches of any considerable size--three-quarters of an inch and upward--the wounds should be carefully painted over with white lead paint to prevent decay4 ,,care ,,of ,,broken ,,trees4 ,when trees are broken or injured by wind-storms1 the broken branches should be cut off and the resulting wounds carefully trimmed and painted4 ,if the branches are only partly split off1 the injury may be repaired1 in many cases1 by pressing the branch back into place and bolting it there1 so as to hold it firmly in place4 ,trees with forked trunks should be protected by passing a bolt through the two branches some distance above where they divide to prevent splitting4 ,,nursery ,,root-,,pruning4 ,too frequently the root system of pecan trees1 intended for planting1 is but poorly developed4 ,the root consists almost entirely of one large taproot destitute of laterals4 ,such trees are slow in starting and are hard to transplant4 ,figure #cc shows an excellent root system on a nursery tree4 ,such a tree should be almost as easily transplanted as an apple tree4 ,a little more care on the part of nurserymen would insure good root systems4 ,in a former publication it was suggested that the young seedlings intended for stocks be root-pruned in the fall1 after the trees are one year old4 ,it could easily be accomplished by running the tree-digger down the row at a depth of nine or ten inches4 ,the taproots could thus be severed1 and the following spring1 or summer1 the trees could be worked 7budded or grafted74 ,this course of treatment would insure greater success in transplanting1 as it would have a tendency to develop the lateral roots2 and in addition to that1 it would1 in all probability1 induce earlier fruiting4 ,,root ,,trimming ,,before ,,planting4 ,two year old taproots should be cut to eighteen or twenty-four inches2 larger ones1 in proportion4 ,the old idea that transplanted pecan trees1 the taproots of which have been cut back1 will not live and bear1 is not borne out by experience4 ,they are in no-wise injured by its partial removal1 and it might all be removed were it not that so many would die in transplanting4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,a nursery tree with a good root system4 ,figure #cd shows two pecan trees at two years4 ,the one on the right was carefully lifted so as to preserve as much as possible of the taproot1 while the one on the left had the taproot cut when it was transplanted at one year4 ,in the latter1 six small roots from four and one-half to eight inches in length had grown out to replace the taproot1 these doubtless having supplied the tree with as much nourishment as would have been given by its single taproot4 ,furthermore1 without doubt1 one of these roots would have grown so as to replace the taproot4 ,the advice has been given to cut the taproots back to five or six inches1 but under general average climatic conditions throughout the pecan region anyone who follows this advice will have reason to regret it4 ,our experience in transplanting pecan trees has been such as to indicate the necessity of having a well-branched1 well-developed root system1 and a taproot1 when present1 should be left at least as long as indicated above4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 a4 ,taproot cut at #a yr4 b4 ,taproot not cut4 ,a long taproot is objectionable on account of the additional cost and labor entailed in digging holes of sufficient depth for planting4 ,to shorten the length of the taproot1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,risien1 of ,san ,saba1 ,tex41 has patented a method which has given satisfactory results4 ,the nuts from which the stocks are grown are planted over strips of mosquito netting1 the netting being some distance below the level of the nuts4 ,when the taproots have penetrated to the netting1 their growth is stopped1 and the lateral roots develop better in consequence4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,harvesting4 ,marketing4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,gathering1 ,,storing ,,and ,,marketing ,,pecans4 ,while1 in preparing a crop of pecan nuts for market1 such extreme care need not be exercised as in handling a crop of peaches1 plums or oranges1 still there are a number of details which require careful attention to secure the best results4 ,careful attention to these few points is quite as necessary as in handling any other fruit crop1 though it might appear otherwise4 ,time to ,gather4 ,as a rule the bulk of the nut crop must be disposed of before ,thanksgiving1 and there is in consequence a strong disposition to gather the crop anyway1 whether ready or not4 ,much might be said on both sides of the question1 but in general it must be granted that gathering the crop while still somewhat immature1 and beating the trees to cause the nuts to drop1 cannot be commended4 ,when the great majority of nut husks are open1 the crop of the tree is ready to be harvested4 ,it will not do to wait until every burr is open 7some varieties never open1 but such are extremely undesirable71 for it will usually be found that by far the most of those which do not open1 on trees which open their burrs uniformly1 are faulty1 and it will not pay to wait for them4 ,neither should such be left on the tree1 but the whole tree should be stripped at the time already indicated4 ,it will be necessary to use light bamboo poles to remove the nuts with closed burrs4 ,picking4 ,the nuts must either be picked by hand or knocked off the trees onto the ground with sticks4 ,from whatever standpoint we may regard the gathering of the crops1 in orchards of good varieties1 the best plan for the removal of the nuts is to take them off1 in so far as possible1 by hand4 ,men should climb the trees and collect the nuts in sacks4 ,men provided with sacks can1 with the help of a good extension ladder1 reach the most of the nuts on ordinary trees1 up to forty or fifty feet in height4 ,a good man will pick one hundred pounds of the shelled nuts in a day1 at a cost of one dollar--or one cent per pound4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,after the ,harvest4 ,in gathering the crop1 the product of each individual tree1 in the case of heavy-bearing seedlings1 or of each group of trees of a single variety of grafted trees1 should be kept in a single pile or lot4 ,it will not do to mix nuts of different sizes1 shapes and colors1 if the best price is to be hoped for4 ,curing4 ,as soon as removed from the trees the nuts should be carried to the curing house4 ,this house should be absolutely rat-proof4 ,here they are to be picked from the hulls1 the unopened burrs being placed apart by themselves4 ,if they open later1 well and good2 some good nuts may be found among them1 but usually they are inferior and should be kept strictly apart from the other portion of the crop4 ,the cost of removing a hundred pounds of nuts from the hulls is about fifty cents4 ,as soon as the nuts have been separated from the hulls1 they should be spread out in shallow trays for curing4 ,these trays should be two and one-half or three feet wide and four or five inches deep4 ,the bottoms are best covered with wire netting with meshes about one-half inch square4 ,they may be arranged around the walls of the curing room1 one tier above another4 ,the room should be provided with good ventilation so as to give a free circulation of air4 ,in the trays the nuts may be placed two or three layers deep2 if placed too deep there is danger of their moulding4 ,they should be turned over from time to time1 and1 under average conditions1 two weeks will be sufficient to cure them thoroughly4 ,grading4 ,before packing for market1 the nuts should be carefully graded4 ,too much attention cannot be given to this detail4 ,rigid grading pays--it pays handsomely1 and the more abundant the supply1 the better it pays4 ,it will not do to mix together nuts of all sizes1 shapes1 and colors--some small1 some large1 some pointed1 some blunt1 some dark1 some light1 some streaked1 and then expect to get the full value of the crop4 ,it cannot be done with a good grade of pecans4 ,perhaps in no kind of fruit which is placed on the market can a more nearly absolutely uniform grade be made 7see ,frontispiece74 ,the variety should be the basis of the grade4 ,in gathering the crop1 each variety should be put by itself as it is gathered4 ,in most varieties the size is quite uniform1 and little else need be done2 but if there is any considerable variation in size1 the small ones should be removed from the first grade of nuts4 ,polishing and staining should not be done4 ,it is always best to let each variety retain its own individual marks and characteristics4 ,these are a part of the market quality of the variety and should1 by all means1 be retained4 ,mixed lots of seedling nuts may be polished to render them more uniform1 but the staining is an abomination1 though some people would rather have it1 not knowing1 perhaps1 what a pecan looks like without it4 ,shipping ,packages4 ,the package should be strong and light1 and should afford ample protection to the product4 ,we have known pecans to be shipped by mail1 freight or express1 in bags1 and losses have occurred4 ,barrels for larger shipments1 and wooden boxes for smaller ones are best1 and afford the necessary protection4 ,gift packages1 holding ten or twenty pounds or even more1 should be made of half inch stuff at least1 with ends three-quarters or one inch thick4 ,grocery boxes may be cut up1 planed off1 and made over4 ,in all cases the packages should be neat and clean1 and in perfect keeping with the contents4 ,the name and address of the grower1 the name of the variety1 and the number of pounds should be neatly stamped on the outside4 ,marketing4 ,as it is at present1 so will it be for many years to come1 strictly first-class pecans will be handled almost entirely by or through a private trade4 ,we know of several growers who dispose of their crops of several thousand pounds annually to private customers who have learned the value of good nuts4 ,so greatly has the demand increased that in no single instance is anyone of these men able to supply the demand of the natural outgrowth of his own work1 and orders are usually booked a year or more in advance4 ,this is the ideal method of handling the crop1 and the one method which enables the grower to secure the best price for his product4 ,in building up such a private trade1 advertising must be resorted to1 either through the newspapers1 magazines and other channels1 or by distributing samples of nuts4 ,once a customer1 always a customer should be the motto for the grower to hold in mind1 and every effort should be made and every precaution taken to see that the nuts1 from year to year1 are absolutely uniform in size1 shape1 and quality4 ,do not send a customer one size1 shape1 or quality one year1 at a certain price1 and the next year vary it4 ,such treatment will tend to make customers dissatisfied1 and the grower may lose them entirely4 ,this point cannot be too strongly emphasized4 ,strictly first-class nuts may be disposed of to advantage to the first-class grocery or fruit trade in the larger cities4 ,in cities of any considerable size1 there will always be found a grocer or fruiter who is willing to take a first-class article at a price considerably above the usual market price of ordinary nuts4 ,the writer once submitted samples of nuts of medium1 but uniform size and good quality1 to a grocery firm in ,new ,york4 ,they replied that they would take nuts like the samples at twelve and a half to fifteen cents a pound in carload lots1 when the common run of pecans could be purchased at four or five cents per pound4 ,as the output of high-grade pecans is increased1 they may be disposed of through the usual nut trade channels--the commission men4 ,the bulk of the product in the country to-day is handled by commission men1 either being purchased direct or sold on consignment4 ,if sold for cash in the home market1 well and good1 but if sold on consignment1 choose one reliable commission house in each city in which the product is to be marketed--never two in the same city--and ship to it right along4 ,storing4 ,during the cold weather following the gathering of the crop1 little or no change takes place in the flavor of the kernels4 ,during the heat of summer1 however1 they deteriorate4 ,the natural amount of moisture in them is reduced1 the air enters1 oxidation takes place and the flavor becomes rancid4 ,these changes can be prevented if the nuts are kept in cold storage1 say at a temperature of from thirty-five to forty degrees4 ,when nuts are kept in the house1 they should be stored in the coolest possible place1 in sealed jars or tight boxes4 ,,part ,v4 ,diseases4 ,insects4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,fungous ,,and ,,other ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,pecan4 ,the fungous diseases attacking the pecan have not been thoroughly investigated4 ,they have not1 however1 become so numerous or common as to cause serious damage except in a few instances4 ,the true fungous diseases are usually propagated and disseminated by means of spores1 and the most effectual method of control usually consists in spraying with ,bordeaux mixture or some other fungicide4 ,for all fungous diseases of the pecan which may be controlled by spraying no substance will give better results than ,bordeaux mixture1 and directions for preparing it are given at the end of this chapter4 ,paris green1 at the rate of four ounces to each fifty gallons of liquid1 may be added to the mixture for the destruction of biting insects4 ,for effectual work in spraying large trees1 a platform should be erected on the wagon-bed to make it possible to reach the tops with the spray4 ,,pecan ,,leaf ,,blight 7,cercospora ,halstedii73 ,this disease of pecan leaves causes them to turn brown1 wither up and drop prematurely4 ,at first1 small brown spots are noted4 ,these become larger1 and at length the whole leaf is destroyed4 ,when attacked by this disease the tree makes no progress4 ,an examination of the discolored areas1 under a microscope1 shows the presence of tuft-like growths of spores upon short conidiophores4 ,as they become matured the spores are scattered by the rain or wind and so the disease is spread4 ,it probably lives over from one season to another on the diseased leaves4 ,the most effective remedy is to spray thoroughly three times with ,bordeaux mixture4 ,the first application should be given just when the young leaves are expanding1 followed by two others at intervals of two or three weeks4 ,the fallen leaves should1 if feasible1 be gathered and burned4 ,pecan ,scab 7,fusicladium effusum73 ,this disease attacks the fruit1 leaves and twigs4 ,the husks of the diseased nuts become covered with dark spots or specks4 ,they become hardened and crack open in places4 ,as a result of the attack1 growth is stopped1 the fruit does not fill out and mature1 but drops prematurely or1 in some cases1 remains attached to the trees long after the leaves have fallen4 ,round1 black spots form on the leaves when attacked by the fungous4 ,these become dead and brown and in most cases the whole leaf is destroyed4 ,when attacked1 the trees are usually so badly injured that they make little progress4 ,not all varieties are subject to the disease in the same degree and some appear to be entirely exempt4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,h4 ,a4 ,gossard4 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,spraying ,pecan ,trees4 ,those varieties which are not attacked should be given preference in propagating work4 ,the disease may be further controlled by spraying with ,bordeaux mixture1 as directed under leaf-blight4 ,,pecan ,,rosette3 ,l,the earliest symptoms are a peculiar crimping of the leaves at the ends of the branches4 ,these leaves are smaller with crimped margin1 and when held to the light show light green or yellow streaks between the veins4 ,the leaf tissue in these light-colored areas is thin and undeveloped and often breaks away leaving angular holes in the leaves4 ,a tree usually shows the disease over the whole top at once1 though sometimes only a single branch is affected at first4 ,as the disease progresses1 the foliage assumes a bunched appearance1 due to the formation of tufts of leaves at the ends of the branches4 ,this characteristic has led us to use the term ,rosette as a name for the malady4 ,the next stage of the disease which is observed the second year or later1 is a dying-back of the branches from the tips4 ,this is followed by the development of numerous small1 lateral branches from adventitious buds4 ,these are short1 producing thick clusters of small1 unhealthy leaves1 sometimes reduced to mere skeletons1 so that the rosetted appearance of the tree is intensified4 ,this goes on from year to year4 ,the growth of the tree is checked and these abnormal branches are formed only to die back each year4 ,trees in the earliest stages of rosette have been observed to have light crops of nuts1 but1 when badly diseased1 are barren and unsightly or worse4 ,rosette has been found in all ages1 from nursery stock to trees forty feet high4 ,the cause of the disease remains a mystery4 ,no fungous or other parasite can be detected in the earliest stages4 ,the appearance of the trees leads us to infer that the trouble is internal1 due to some derangement of the nutritive or assimilative functions of the plant1 but we are unable to correlate this with any corresponding external conditions4 ,that is to say1 that so many cases have been observed on fertile soil1 when cultivation1 drainage and plant food had all been provided1 that it is impossible to conclude that the disease could be due to starvation or to the lack of any single element in the soil1 nor can it be due to over-feeding1 since it occurs in light soils and in neglected orchards4 ,it seems probable that it will be classed by the plant pathologist with peach rosette1 peach yellows1 and related diseases1 the causes of which still remain unknown after years of investigation4 ,the indications are that it is contagious1 though a complete demonstration of this point remains to be made2 at any rate1 it must be regarded with concern until more knowledge is available4 ,the best recommendation that can be made in regard to pecans affected by this disease is to dig them up and burn them4 ,,bordeaux ,,mixture4 ,copper sulphate1 #e pounds4 ,lime 7unslacked71 #e pounds4 ,water1 #ej gallons4 ,dissolve the copper sulphate in two gallons of water1 place it in barrel ,no4 #a and add water to make twenty-five gallons4 ,slack the lime1 reduce it to a very thin paste1 place it in barrel ,no4 #b and add water to make twenty-five gallons4 ,to mix the solutions of lime and copper sulphate1 dip a bucketful from each barrel1 and pour together into the barrel of the spray pump4 ,the two mixtures should flow together as they are poured into the barrel4 ,this is one of the secrets of making a first-class mixture4 ,the best arrangement is to have the barrels1 ,nos4 #a and #b1 elevated1 and use a piece of rubber hose to run the liquids into the pump barrel4 ,if a large amount of spraying is to be done1 a somewhat different policy should be pursued4 ,too much time would be taken up in preparing the ingredients in small quantities4 ,instead1 large amounts of copper sulphate should be dissolved and large quantities of lime slacked beforehand4 ,this may be done as follows3 ,in a fifty-gallon barrel place about forty gallons of water4 ,put one hundred pounds of copper sulphate in a sack and suspend it in the water4 ,as soon as dissolved1 fill up to the fifty-gallon mark4 ,when well stirred1 each gallon will contain two pounds of copper sulphate4 ,each time some of the solution is dipped out1 the height of the remaining portion should be marked on the inside of the barrel4 ,before taking more of the solution out of the barrel1 any amount of water lost by evaporation should be made good by filling up to the mark last made4 ,as soon as procured the lime should be slacked1 placed in a barrel and kept covered with an inch or two of water4 ,in this way it can be kept indefinitely4 ,to prepare ,bordeaux mixture from these stock solutions1 dip out two and a half gallons of the copper sulphate solution1 place it in barrel ,no4 #a and dilute to twenty-five gallons4 ,from the slacked lime take fifteen pounds1 or thereabouts1 to allow for the water it contains1 reduce to a thin paste1 place it in barrel ,no4 #b and add water to make twenty-five gallons4 ,pour the contents of barrels ,nos4 #a and #b together1 as already directed4 ,tests3 ,if free copper be present1 severe injury may be done to the foliage or other tender parts of the plants4 ,sufficient lime should be added to neutralize it4 ,dip out a small quantity in a porcelain saucer or shallow bowl1 and holding it on a level with the mouth1 blow the breath gently into it4 ,if a thin pellicle forms on the surface1 more lime must be added4 ,add and test until it does not form4 ,an excess of lime will not hurt4 ,another test is to dip the blade of a clean knife into the mixture4 ,if a thin film of copper forms on it after holding it there a minute or so1 more lime must be added4 ,use good materials and prepare the mixtures thoroughly4 ,in making up the various mixtures1 never use iron vessels1 but use glass1 wood or crockery receptacles instead4 ,strain all mixtures thoroughly into the spray pump to prevent clogging of the pump or nozzles4 ,spray thoroughly and in good season4 ,be in time4 ,do not use mixtures which have been leftover and allowed to stand for some time4 ,,footnotes3 ,l ,orton1 ,w4 ,a41 proceedings second annual convention ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association1 #aijc1 p4 #hb4 #aijd4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,insects ,,attacking ,,the ,,pecan4 ,some time ago the statement was occasionally made that the pecan had no known enemies4 ,this1 to thinking and observing persons1 was too good to be true1 and fortunately the words1 no known1 were inserted1 for later investigations1 particularly on the part of ,profs4 ,gossard and ,herrick1 have revealed the fact that the pecan1 in common with all other fruit trees1 is subject to the attacks of insect and other enemies4 ,but the outlook is hopeful1 for we know of the abandonment of no fruit industry because of the attacks of insect pests1 and the pecan industry is in no wise in danger of being abandoned because of their inroads4 ,,feeding ,,habits ,,of ,,insects4 ,if an insect is to be successfully controlled1 the grower must know something of its life-history1 and particularly of its feeding-habits4 ,careful observation of the insect1 while at its work of destruction1 will frequently give a clue to the method of control4 ,many insects1 like the caterpillars of the pecan1 bud-moth and case-worm1 obtain their food by biting off pieces of the leaves or other parts of the tree and swallowing the solid particles4 ,on the other hand1 a number of insects1 such as the scales and plant-lice1 obtain their food by thrusting their small1 bristle-like sucking tubes into the tissues of the leaves and sucking out the juices contained in the cells4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,the ,pecan ,bud ,moth 7,proteopteryx deludana74 #a4 ,winter stage on bud1 enlarged4 #b4 ,tube made in leaf4 #c4 ,work of bud destruction4 #d4 ,caterpillar1 enlarged about twice4 #e4 ,cocoon1 enlarged4 #f4 ,chrysalis1 reduced4 #g4 ,moth1 enlarged4 #h4 ,moth1 about natural size4 ,it is quite obvious that these two classes of insects cannot be controlled or destroyed in the same way4 ,those which eat solid particles of food may1 in most cases1 be destroyed by applying some poisonous substance1 such as arsenate of lead or ,paris green1 to the food which they eat4 ,but those which obtain their food by sucking cannot be killed in this way4 ,they can be destroyed1 however1 by spraying over their bodies some substance1 such as kerosene emulsion1 which will penetrate their bodies and so kill them4 ,or1 they may be killed by suffocating them with a gas or by stopping up their breathing pores with some powdered substance1 such as pyrethrum4 ,some insecticides1 such as resin wash1 act both as a caustic application and a suffocating covering4 ,for convenience in referring to insects which attack the pecan1 we have grouped them as follows3 7#a7 ,insects attacking buds and leaves2 7#b7 ,insects attacking the trunk and branches2 7#c7 ,insects attacking the fruit4 ,,insects ,,attacking ,,buds ,,and ,,leaves4 ,,the ,,bud ,,worms3 ,at least two species of caterpillars are known by this name4 ,the moth of one has been called the bud-moth4 ,the caterpillar of the other has been called the case-worm4 ,prof4 ,gossard writes1 that he unexpectedly found adult moths of ,proteopteryx deludana1 ,november #bhth1 #aije1 and therefore believes1 from this observation and other circumstantial evidence1 that he was mixed regarding the autumn life-history of these insects1 as set forth in ,bulletin #gi of the ,florida ,experiment ,station4 ,he furnishes the following paragraph as a summary of what he can say of the bud worms3 ,the ,bud ,moth1 ,proteopteryx deludana1 is a serious pest1 especially in young orchards4 ,sometimes1 in such orchards1 even when large1 scarcely a tree can be found during the month of ,may that does not contain one or several nests4 ,the caterpillars are usually found singly1 each with one side of a leaf folded over it and fastened to form a tube1 or sometimes two leaves are fastened together with silken bonds and the caterpillar feeds between them4 ,as fast as the leaves it has attached become brown and die1 it draws fresh leaves to the dead ones and fastens them there1 thus gradually making a very conspicuous nest4 ,the caterpillar is full grown during the last of ,may and the first of ,june when they transform into moths4 ,their pup cases are formed of silk and excrement1 smoothly lined with silk and snugly hidden away in a nest of leaves4 ,in about two weeks from the time of pupation1 the moths appear4 ,early specimens have sometimes been hatched from buds1 only partially expanded4 ,they are small1 about five-sixteenths of an inch in length and five-eighths of an inch across the expanded wings4 ,in general color they are grayish1 streaked and dotted with blackish-brown4 ,a characteristic habit is to alight and rest on the tree trunk1 head downward4 ,the moths have again been observed in ,november1 suggesting that there are two broods a year4 ,thorough1 persistent spraying with arsenate of lead or ,paris green1 in ,april and ,may1 ought to control this species4 ,,the ,,case ,,worm 7,acrobasis nebulella73 ,this insect1 often found associated with the bud moth1 probably does more damage than any other pecan insect4 ,the caterpillars are about five-eighths of an inch in length1 a dirty brownish-green in color1 and live in silk-lined cases or tubes attached to the petioles of the leaves4 ,from these they protrude themselves to feed4 ,frequently a pair of leaflets are tied together 7,plate ,,ix1 ,fig4 #f71 and between these the caterpillars live and feed upon the tips of the protecting leaflets4 ,opening buds1 partially developed and full-grown leaves alike are destroyed4 ,earlier in the season1 characteristic nests of partially eaten leaves1 petioles and excrement are formed by several caterpillars tying the mass together with silk4 ,in this nest they live and develop4 ,the caterpillars pupate within their silken tubes1 and the small gray moths 7five-eighths to three-fourths of an inch in length7 emerge about two weeks after pupation1 chiefly in ,june4 ,the small1 hibernating cocoons found on and around the buds in winter and the tortuous tubes observed on the leaves in summer and fall1 which have been referred to 7,proteopteryx deludana71 probably belong to this species4 ,at least1 caterpillars one-fourth grown and contained in cocoons apparently not essentially different from the smaller ones1 contain worms having the characteristic appearance of the grown acrobasis4 ,spraying with arsenicals in ,april1 ,may and ,june should destroy this pest4 ,spraying in late ,july and ,august would also promise results of value4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,the ,case ,worm4 #a4 ,supposed winter stage4 #b4 ,caterpillar1 enlarged4 #c-d4 ,moth1 nearly natural size4 #e4 ,cases4 #f4 ,work on leaves4 ,,the ,,catotocalas 7,catocala piatrix and ,c4 viduata73 ,the caterpillars of these insects are frequently found during ,april1 ,may and ,june feeding upon the leaves of the pecan4 ,they are ravenous feeders1 and if present in sufficient numbers1 considerable damage is done4 ,the caterpillars are from two to two and a half or three inches in length when fully extended1 gray and striped1 leathery in appearance1 very closely resembling the back of the tree upon which they rest when not feeding4 ,having attained its full growth as a caterpillar1 it ties together two or three leaves with strands of silk1 thus making a loose cocoon within which it pupates4 ,the pupa is dark brown1 covered with a whitish or bluish-white bloom4 ,in about one month the moths emerge4 ,they are large in size1 the body being one to one and one-fourth inches long and the expanded wings two and one-half to three inches across4 ,when at rest they are dull gray in color1 more or less marked with irregular waving lines4 ,the hind or under-wings are strikingly different from the fore-wings4 ,in ,c4 piatrix they are deep orange-yellow marked from side to side with two black bands4 ,the hind-wings of ,c4 viduata are dark brown and edged with a narrow white band4 ,the caterpillars may be destroyed by spraying with some one of the arsenical poisons1 or they may be removed by hand and destroyed4 ,prof4 ,gossard recommends the tying of a piece of burlap around the trees4 ,beneath this the caterpillars hide during the night and they may then be destroyed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,a ,pecan ,catocala4 7,c4 ,piatrix47 ,caterpillar1 ,cocoon1 ,chrysalis1 and ,moths about one-half natural size4 ,,the ,,fall ,,web-,,worm 7,hyphantria cunea73 ,the caterpillars of this insect begin work early in spring1 shortly after the leaves are full grown4 ,they work in colonies1 and the leaves on which they feed are enclosed in a web1 which is extended as the caterpillars grow or as they require additional leaves to feed upon4 ,when full grown the caterpillars measure about one inch in length and are covered with hairs both long and short4 ,the matured caterpillars leave the webs and crawl down the trees to hunt for places beneath the bark1 under sticks1 weeds and trash in which to pupate4 ,a light1 flimsy cocoon1 composed of silk and the hairs of the larva1 is made4 ,from this1 in due time1 a beautiful moth1 an inch or an inch and a quarter across the wings1 emerges4 ,the wings are pure white or white spotted with black or brownish-black4 ,the eggs are laid in masses of four or five hundred on the leaves4 ,these hatch in about ten days1 and the colonies of young caterpillars begin their work of destruction4 ,there are two broods in the ,south each summer2 the first appearing in ,may and ,june1 the second in ,august and ,september4 ,the fall brood hybernates in the pupa state4 ,the caterpillars may be destroyed on small trees by removing the webs and killing the larv4 ,on large trees a torch of some sort may be used to burn the web and the caterpillars within it4 ,they may be also held in check by applying a spray of ,paris green or arsenate of lead at the time the broods are feeding4 ,,the ,,pecan ,,caterpillar 7,datana interrigma73 ,a buff-colored moth1 having a body about one-half inch long and a wing expanse of one and three-fourths inches1 with four transverse brown stripes on the front wings1 lays its greenish or white eggs in clusters of five to twelve hundred on the underside of the lower leaves of the pecan trees4 ,these eggs hatch in less than a week1 and the colonies of young caterpillars at first feed upon the undersides of the leaves4 ,they cast their skins four times1 each time increasing in size and changing their color somewhat4 ,the last moult1 and sometimes the last two1 take place on the trunk of the tree1 and the clusters of discarded skins frequently remain for several months afterwards4 ,after the last moult they ascend the trees1 remain feeding for a short while1 then go down to the ground to pupate4 ,when disturbed1 the larv raise both ends of their bodies from the twigs or leaves1 on which they rest4 ,they are easily recognized by this habit4 ,when full grown they are one and one-half to one and three-quarters of an inch in length1 covered with dirty white hair1 and marked with two conspicuous longitudinal white lines1 one on each side of the body4 ,there are two broods1 the last one hibernating in the ground in the pupa state4 ,the leaves on which the eggs are laid may be gathered and destroyed1 or the colonies of young caterpillars may be gathered and burned4 ,later1 they may be burned off with a torch1 killed when clustered on the trunk during the last moult1 or poisoned with an arsenical spray4 ,,insects ,,attacking ,,the ,,trunk ,,and ,,branches4 ,,the ,,twig ,,girdler 7,oneideres cingulatus and ,o4 texana73 ,these two insects frequently do considerable damage to pecan trees in late summer by cutting off the smaller branches4 ,branches from one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch are usually the ones attacked4 ,the insect is a beetle1 and the two species closely resemble each other4 ,they are dark gray in color1 one half to five-eighths inch in length1 with antenn longer than the body and provided with stout1 powerful mandibles4 ,the female insect cuts the branch by working round and round it until it is almost entirely severed4 ,she then lays a number of eggs in it1 usually one or two being placed near each bud4 ,a small cut is made and the egg is inserted between the bark and the wood1 and the opening is then sealed up with a gummy substance4 ,as the insect moves along the twig a series of transverse cuts are made in the bark4 ,the twigs usually drop to the ground4 ,the eggs hatch as soon as the weather becomes sufficiently warm in spring1 and the larv feed in the twigs1 making tunnels through them as they grow4 ,later1 they pupate within the tunnels and emerge during ,august and ,september as fully developed insects1 having spent one year in their growth from egg to mature insect4 ,it is believed that in some cases the life cycle lasts two years4 ,the best and most effective treatment is to gather and burn all the twigs which have been cut from the trees4 ,this should be done1 preferably late in autumn after the leaves have fallen1 as there is greater certainty of getting all the severed twigs than if left until a later date4 ,,the ,,oak ,,pruner 7,elaphidion villosum73 ,sometimes,m pecan twigs1 when smartly bent1 will snap off with a clean1 square cut across the branches1 as if they were hollow-glass tubes1 breaking at cracked or weakened places4 ,an examination of such a broken stem shows that its woody part1 with the exception of a few fibers and the bark1 has been cut across as if with a saw by a soft1 yellowish-white grub1 which can often be found in a burrow in the severed part4 ,since the uncut bark is the chief support left for the branch1 any stiff wind or even its own weight will break it off as soon as it has become deadened4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,the adult is a longicorn beetle1 of slender1 cylindrical form1 over one-half inch in length and about one-eighth of an inch in width4 ,it is of a dull1 black color1 tinged with brown on the wing covers1 especially toward their tips4 ,the underside of the body and legs are chestnut colored4 ,over all parts of the body can be found short1 grayish hairs4 ,some small1 gray spots on the wing-covers and a whitish dot on each side of the thorax are formed by dense collections of gray hairs at these points4 ,coarse1 round punctures are thickly sprinkled over the upper surface of the thorax and wing-covers4 ,the larva1 when grown1 is about three-fifths of an inch long1 tapering backwards from the neck4 ,the body is divided by deep grooves into twelve rings or segments4 ,there are three pairs of feet4 ,the color is yellowish-white1 the front of the head being blackish4 ,probably1 about midsummer1 with a possible variation of two mouths in each direction from this date1 the parent beetle deposits her eggs1 preferably on a small twig of the preceding year's growth4 ,upon hatching1 the young larva commences to eat the tender wood just beneath the bark1 and later enters the center of the twig and works toward its base4 ,in this manner it works its way into the main limb1 which may be of considerable size1 and feeds within it for a period of about three years4 ,the burrow thus becomes several inches in length1 in many cases4 ,just before transforming to pup some1 but not all1 of the larv1 cut the wood for the purpose of dropping the branches1 as before described4 ,limbs in which the immature larv are working often break off with ragged end when bent with the hand4 99 99 99 ,pick up and burn all fallen branches4 ,similar attention should be given nearby oak and hickory limbs1 which have fallen4 ,,the ,,pecan ,,tree ,,borer 7,sesia scitula73 ,the moth of this insect is clear-winged and closely resembles the moth of the peach tree borer4 ,little is known of its life-history4 ,it,n is probable that the eggs are deposited by the female moth on the bark of a tree near a fresh wound4 ,for example1 near newly set buds4 ,the eggs hatch and the larv bore into the bark1 and there live for a time1 eating out the soft inner-bark and tender wood4 ,it is certain that the borers live in these situations the over winter and change to pup in the spring1 from which the moths emerge in ,april4 ,the moths ,i reared appeared ,april #crd1 #dth and #fth4 ,the pup are in cocoons1 just under the bark4 ,the cocoons are made from excrement and bits of bark that have been fastened together with silk similar to the cocoons of the peach tree borer4 ,whether these moths1 that emerge in the spring1 lay eggs and produce a brood in the summer1 that in turn develops a fall brood of larv1 ,i am unable to say4 ,the,o young borer is apt to gain entrance to the sapwood through some wound in the bark1 such as a graft-union1 and here it feeds1 sometimes completely girdling the sapwood above and below the wound4 ,it is said to prefer to attack buds that have been budded on old1 large trees4 ,as a general rule the burrows ascend the tree in a spiral about the trunk1 so complete girdling is unusual1 but growth sometime ceases above the groove1 new limbs being shot out from below4 ,the only satisfactory means of controlling this pest is to go carefully over the tree and dig out the borers4 ,the trees should be examined from time to time in order to keep them free from borers4 ,,insects ,,attacking ,,the ,,fruit4 ,,the ,,pecan ,,weevil 7,balantinus caryae73 ,in some localities considerable damage has been caused by the pecan weevil4 ,the insect is a small1 brownish-black snout beetle1 somewhat less than one-half inch in length4 ,the proboscis or snout is slender and as long as the body4 ,with this proboscis the beetle bores a very small hole through the husk and shell of the immature pecan to the kernel1 and at the bottom deposits an egg4 ,this egg hatches into a larva1 which feeds upon the kernel of the nut4 ,in autumn the larv1 when full grown1 bore holes through the shells of the pecan and enter the ground in which they pass the winter4 ,the next season they emerge from the earth as fully-matured insects1 and about the month of ,august deposit their eggs in the nuts4 ,after the harvesting of the crop the hogs should be allowed to feed under trees in which the weevil is present1 so as to devour any infested nuts which may have been left on the ground4 ,poultry may also be of assistance in destroying the insects after they have entered the ground to pupate4 ,it is probable that the larv in the nuts may be destroyed by fumigating with carbon bi-sulphide4 ,the nuts should be placed in a tight box1 and one-half pound for each five hundred cubic feet of space used1 allowing them to remain for forty-eight hours4 ,,the ,,hickory ,,shuck ,,worm 7,grapholitha caryana73 ,sometimes pecan nuts are attacked1 as they approach maturity1 by a small1 white caterpillar1 which mines its way through the shucks of the nuts4 ,this caterpillar is the hickory shuck worm1 the larva of a small moth4 ,but little is known of its life-history1 and until more is known of its habits1 the best advice that can be given is to gather and destroy the infested nuts by burning them4 ,,footnotes3 ,m ,gossard4 ,n ,hedrick4 7,see index of literature74 ,o ,gossard4 7,see index of literature74 ,,part ,,vi4 ,uses4 ,literature4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,pecan ,,kernels4 ,pecan nuts are used in a variety of ways4 ,not so very long since they were used almost entirely for dessert purposes1 now they are largely used in making pastries and confections of different kinds4 ,based on these uses1 new industries for supplying the kernels have been developed4 ,the kernels are now put on the market in glass jars of different kinds and sizes1 usually retailing at from #ej cents to #ge cents per pound4 ,this is perhaps the most convenient form in which to buy them1 but unfortunately1 they are too frequently old and rancid4 ,when stock is carried through the heat of summer in the ordinary jar1 this is invariably the case1 and some new method of packing them must be introduced if this way of disposing of the product is to increase in favor1 as it should4 ,certain experiments now under way give promise that the kernels can be kept fresh and free from rancidity indefinitely4 ,for the present1 at least1 the only certain way of procuring good1 fresh pecan kernels is to procure fresh nuts--those which have been kept over in cold-storage are good--and crack them at the time when they are needed4 ,for the household1 an ordinary pair of nut-crackers will answer1 but they should be of a particular type4 ,the jaws should be formed with sharp-cutting edges4 ,,nut-,,crackers4 ,in the accompanying illustration1 four kinds of nut-crackers are shown4 ,the two at the right are reversible4 ,the best pair is represented at the extreme left of the engraving4 ,the bars are square1 the grooves in them are curved inward leaving the teeth sharp and pointed out flush with the edge4 ,illustration3 ,from ,american ,nut ,journal1 ,petersburg1 ,va4 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,nut ,crackers of different types4 ,to remove the kernels without breaking1 grasp the nut with the crackers as close to the end as possible1 and gently but firmly apply sufficient pressure to force the sharp teeth of the crackers into the shell4 ,revolve the nut and repeat the operation until the end is marked with a ring of indentations4 ,then apply a little greater pressure to start a slight crack1 and follow the crack around until the end of the shell drops off4 ,treat the opposite end in the same way4 ,next1 place the nut lengthwise between the crackers1 so they will grasp the side1 having the backs of the two halves of the kernel1 not the space between the halves1 towards the bars4 ,this must be emphasized1 because1 if pressure is applied at right angles to the edges of the halves instead of against their backs1 the chances are that they will be broken when the shell is broken4 ,having the crackers in position1 apply sufficient pressure to crack the shell4 ,shift the crackers a little to one side of the crack1 apply pressure again and a piece of the shell breaks out4 ,a few gentle squeezes will remove the remainder of the shell and the kernel drops out intact4 ,a hand-power cracker1 capable of quite efficient work1 is manufactured by ,thomas ,mills ,bro41 ,philadelphia1 ,penn4 ,it has a capacity of one hundred pounds per day1 and is capable of giving ninety per cent4 of perfect halves4 ,for factory use1 two machines1 for extracting kernels at a rapid rate1 have been invented1 one by ,mr4 ,robert ,e4 ,woodson1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo41 and the other by ,mr4 ,grim1 ,new ,york city4 ,these make it possible to extract pecans in large quantities for commercial purposes4 ,the nuts are fed into a hopper and the machine then takes care of them4 ,in regard to the ,woodson machine shown in the adjoining illustration1 the inventor says that in cracking one hundred pounds of nuts there were obtained #ci-a_/b pounds of perfect halves and #c-a_/b pounds of broken pieces4 ,this test shows #ib per cent4 of perfect halves4 ,i do not claim that this result may be obtained at all times and under all conditions1 for the hardness of the shell and the dryness of the nuts make a difference in the results4 ,pecans which have become somewhat dry should be soaked in water over night4 ,this renders them much more easily cracked4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,woodson's ,power ,kernel ,extractor4 ,,pecan ,,oil4 ,oil extracted from almonds1 peanuts1 cocoanuts and other nuts is now used for various purposes1 and at no distant time it is probable that pecan oil may also be placed on the market4 ,only the cheaper1 inferior grades of nuts can be used in oil-making1 as the larger and better quality of nuts are worth too much for dessert purposes4 ,ordinary nuts will run about fifty per cent4 kernels1 and these kernels analyze about seventy per cent4 oil or fat4 ,on this basis one hundred pounds would give approximately thirty-five pounds of oil4 ,of course the better grades of nuts will give sixty per cent4 kernels1 and would consequently yield more oil4 ,pecan oil might be used as a salad oil4 ,it might be put to other culinary uses1 as well as finding a possible place among medicinal oils4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,pecan ,,literature4 ,but little has been written on the culture of the pecan4 ,the following brief list of bulletins1 articles or chapters in general works1 comprises practically all that has appeared from the pens of ,american writers3 ,budd1 ,j4 ,l4 and ,hansen1 ,n4 ,e4 ,the ,hickory ,nut2 ,pecan ,propagation1 in ,american ,horticultural ,manual1 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons4 ,copyright #aijb1 #aijd4 ,part ,i1 pp4 #cja-cjc4 ---- ,the ,pecan1 in ,american ,horticultural ,manual4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons4 ,copyright #aijc2 ,part ,,ii1 pp4 #deb-ded4 ,burnette1 ,f4 ,h41 ,stubbs1 ,wm4 ,c1 ,morgan1 ,h4 ,a4 ,pecans4 ,baton ,rouge3 ,truth ,book and ,job ,printing ,office1 #aijb2 ,illustrated2 pp4 #hdg-hhd4 ,bulletin ,no4 #fi1 ,second ,series1 ,louisiana ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,corsa1 ,w4 ,p4 ,pecan1 in ,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states4 ,washington3 ,government ,printing ,office1 #ahif4 ,illustrated2 pp4 #di-fd4 ,bulletin ,division ,pomology1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,fuller1 ,andrew ,s4 ,hickory ,nuts1 ,in the ,nut ,culturist4 ,new ,york3 ,orange ,judd ,company4 ,copyright #ahif4 ,illustrated2 pp4 #adg-bjb4 ,goff1 ,e4 ,s4 ,the ,pecan1 in ,lessons in ,commercial ,fruit ,growing4 ,madison3 ,university ,co-,operative ,association4 ,copyright #aijb2 pp4 #aaj-aad4 ,gossard1 ,h4 ,a4 ,insects of ,the ,pecan4 ,st4 ,augustine3 ,the ,record ,company1 #aije1 ,illustrated2 pp4 #bgi-cbj4 ,bulletin ,no4 #gi1 ,florida ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,hansen1 ,n4 ,e4 ,see ,budd1 ,j4 ,l4 ,harcourt1 ,helen4 ,the ,pecan1 in ,florida ,fruits and ,how to ,raise ,them4 ,revised and ,enlarged ,edition4 ,louisville3 ,j4 ,p4 ,morton ,co4 ,copyright #ahhf2 pp4 #bjg-bad4 ,heighes1 ,s4 ,b4 ,see ,corsa1 ,w4 ,p4 ,herrick1 ,glenn ,w4 ,insects injurious to ,pecans4 ,agricultural ,college1 ,miss43 ,tucker ,printing ,house1 #aijd4 ,illustrated2 p4 #db4 ,bulletin ,no4 #hf1 ,mississippi ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,hume1 ,h4 ,harold4 ,pecan ,culture3 a ,preliminary ,report4 ,jacksonville3 ,h4 ,w4 ,b4 ,drew ,co41 #aijj4 ,illustrated2 pp4 #aha-bab4 ,bulletin ,no4 #ed1 ,florida ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ---- ,top-working ,pecans4 ,gainesville3 ,hill ,printing ,co41 #aija4 ,illustrated2 pp4 #ceg-chj4 ,bulletin ,no4 #eg1 ,florida ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ---- ,pecans1 in ,florida ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,report1 #aijj-aija4 ,de ,land3 ,e4 ,o4 ,painter ,co41 #aija4 ,illustrated2 pp4 #gg-hd ,merrill1 ,l4 ,h4 ,see ,woods1 ,charles ,d4 ,morgan1 ,h4 ,a4 ,see ,burnette1 ,f4 ,h4 ,oliver1 ,george ,w4 ,budding the ,pecan4 ,washington3 ,government ,printing ,office1 #aijb4 ,illustrated2 p4 #ah4 ,bulletin ,no4 #cj1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,parry1 ,john ,r4 ,pecan 7,hicoria ,pecan1 etc471 in ,nuts for ,profit4 ,parry1 ,n4 ,j43 ,john ,r4 ,parry4 ,copyright #ahig4 ,illustrated2 pp4 #ic-aah4 ,risien1 ,e4 ,e4 ,pecan ,culture for ,western ,texas4 ,san ,saba3 ,e4 ,e4 ,risien4 ,copyright #aijc-aijd4 ,illustrated2 pp4 #f-ee4 ,stuart ,pecan ,company4 ,the ,pecan and ,how to ,grow ,it4 ,chicago3 ,woman's ,temperance ,publishing ,co4 ,copyright #ahic4 ,illustrated2 pp4 #i-hj4 ,stubbs1 ,william ,c4 ,see ,burnette1 ,f4 ,h4 ,taylor1 ,william ,a4 ,pecan1 in ,report of the ,secretary of ,agriculture1 #ahic4 ,washington3 ,government ,printing ,office1 #ahid1 pp4 #bie-bif4 ---- ,pecan1 in ,bailey's ,cyclopedia of ,american ,horticulture4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,macmillan ,company4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,copyright #aija4 ,illustrated2 pp4 #abeb-abef4 ---- ,pecans1 in ,yearbook1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 #aijd4 ,washington3 ,government ,printing ,office1 #aije4 ,pls4 #b2 pp4 #dje-daf4 ,van ,deman1 ,h4 ,e4 ,nuts1 in ,report of the ,secretary of ,agriculture1 #ahia4 ,washington3 ,government ,printing ,office1 #ahib2 p4 #cie4 ---- ,the ,pecan1 in ,report of the ,secretary of ,agriculture1 #ahij4 ,washington3 ,government ,printing ,office1 #ahij4 ,pls4 #b2 pp4 #dae-daf4 ,wood1 ,wm4 ,h4 ,s4 ,pecans1 in ,the ,american ,fruit ,culturist1 by ,john ,j4 ,thomas4 ,twenty-first ,edition4 ,new ,york3 ,william ,wood ,co41 #aijc4 ,illustrated2 pp4 #ddi-dec4 ,woods1 ,chas4 ,d4 and ,merrill1 ,l4 ,h4 ,pecan 7,hicoria pecan7 ,food ,analysis ,in ,nuts as ,food4 ,orono1 #ahii2 pp4 #gd-ge4 ,bulletin ,no4 #ed1 ,maine ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,,index4 ,acrobasis nebulella1 #ach ,analysis1 #ab ,annular budding1 #gh ,balantinus caryae1 #adf ,bogus trees1 #ii ,bordeaux ,mixture1 #acc ,botany1 #ai ,broken trees1 #aah ,budd1 ,j4 ,l4 publication by1 #aec ,budding1 #gh ,budding knives1 #gb-gd ,bud-sticks1 #gg ,bud worms1 #acg ,burnette1 ,f4 ,h4 publication by1 #aec ,care of top-worked trees1 #hg ,caseworms1 #ach ,catocalas1 #adj ,classification1 #bg ,chip-budding1 #gi-hj ,cleft grafting1 #hj ,corsa1 ,w4 ,p4 publication by1 #aec ,cross pollination1 #bc ,cultivation1 #aji ,cultivated range1 #af ,curing1 #abd ,datana interrigma1 #adb ,diseases1 #acj ,elaphidion villosum1 #add ,exports1 #ae ,fall webworm1 #adb ,family--,juglandace1 #bj ,fertilization1 #aab ,fertilizers-- applying1 #aae bearing trees1 #aad nursery trees1 #aab young trees1 #aad ,flowers1 #bb ,food value1 #ab ,fuller ,andrew ,s4 publication by1 #aec ,genus--,hicoria1 #bj ,goff1 ,e4 ,s4 publication by1 #aec ,gossard1 ,h4 ,a4 publication by1 #aec ,grading1 #abd ,grafting1 #hj ,grafting iron1 #gb time1 #gg wax1 #gd ,grapholitha caryae1 #adf ,hansen1 ,n4 ,e4 publication by1 #aec ,harcourt1 ,helen publication by1 #aec ,heighes1 ,s4 ,b4 publication by1 #aed ,herrick1 ,g4 ,w4 publication by1 #aed ,hexagonal-- planting1 #ajd ,hicoria1 #bj ,hicoria minima1 #fa ,high-headed trees1 #aaf ,hume1 ,h4 ,harold publication by1 #aed ,humus1 #aji-aaj ,hybrid pecans1 #eg ,hyphantria cunea1 #adb ,imports1 #ae ,insects1 #ace ,judging pecans1 #fb ,kernels1 #adh ,laying out1 #aje ,leaf blight1 #acj ,literature1 #aec ,low-headed trees1 #aaf ,marketing1 #abf ,merrill1 ,l4 ,h4 publication by1 #aed ,morgan1 ,h4 ,a4 publication by1 #aed ,native range1 #af-ba ,number per acre1 #ajc ,nursery cultivation1 #gj ,nut-crackers1 #ad ,oak pruner1 #add ,oil1 #aea ,oliver1 ,g4 ,w4 publication by1 #aed ,oneideres1 #adc ,orchard crops1 #aaj ,packages1 #abe ,parry1 ,john ,h4 cultivation by1 #aed ,patch budding1 #gh ,pecan botany1 #ai caterpillar1 #adb diseases1 #acj ,insects1 #ace tree borer1 #ade kernels1 #adh oil1 #aea outlook1 #aa stocks1 #fh varieties1 #bf weevil1 #adf ,phosphoric acid1 #aac ,picking1 #abc ,planting-board1 #ajg ,planting distances1 #ajb ,planting nuts1 #fi ,planting systems1 #ajc ,planting time1 #ajb ,planting trees1 #ajf ,planting ,systems-- square1 #ajd ,hexagonal1 #ajd ,pollination1 #bb ,potash1 #aac ,proteopteryx deludana1 #acg ,pruning1 #aaf time1 #aag ,propagation1 #ff ,purchasing trees1 #ig ,planting trees1 #ajb ,quicksand1 #hi ,rectangular planting1 #ajd ,risien1 ,e4 ,e4 publication by1 #aed ,root pruning1 #aai ,rosette1 #acb ,scab1 #aca ,scions1 selection of1 #ge ,seedling trees1 #ff ,selection of varieties1 #ic ,sesia scitula1 #ade ,shuck worm1 #adf ,soils1 #hi preparation1 #ia ,stocks1 #fh ,storing1 #abg ,storing seed nuts1 #fi ,stuart ,pecan ,company1 publication by1 #aed ,stubbs1 ,william ,co4 publication by1 #aed ,taproot1 #abj ,taylor1 ,william ,a4 publications by1 #aed ,top-working1 #hd ,twig girdler1 #adc ,van ,deman1 ,h4 ,e4 publication by1 #aee ,varieties-- ,alba1 #bh ,alley1 #bh ,atlanta1 #bh ,bacon1 #bh ,bacon's ,choice1 #bh ,bartow1 #bi ,beauty1 #bi ,belle1 #bi ,biediger1 #bi ,biloxi1 #bi ,black ,jack1 #bi ,bolton1 #bi ,bourgeois1 #ee ,brackett1 #cj ,bradley1 #cj ,briden1 #cj ,bullets1 #cj ,capital1 #cj ,carman1 #cj ,castanera1 #eb ,centennial1 #ca ,century1 #di ,chiquita1 #ca ,clark1 #ca ,colorado1 #ca ,columbia1 #di ,columbian1 #di ,curtis1 #ca ,curtis ,no4 #b1 #ca ,curtis ,no4 #c1 #dh ,curtis ,no4 #e1 #ch ,daisy1 #cb ,dalzell1 #cb ,deimas1 #cc ,dewey1 #cc ,de ,witt1 #cd ,de ,witt ,mammoth1 #dd ,domestic1 #cd ,duminie ,mire1 #ee ,early ,texan1 #cd ,egg1 #cd ,eggshell1 #cd ,eggshell1 #ce ,excelsior1 #cd ,extra ,early1 #cd ,faust1 #ce ,favorita1 #ce ,floyd1 #eg ,franklin1 #ce ,frotscher1 #ce ,frotscher's ,eggshell1 #ce ,georgia1 #cf ,georgia ,giant1 #cf ,georgia ,melon1 #cf ,giant1 #cg ,gonzales1 #cg ,graff1 #cg ,halbert1 #cg ,hamilton1 #cg ,harcourt1 #cg ,havens1 #cg ,hollis1 #cg ,hume1 #ch ,hybrids1 #eg ,ideal1 #ch ,idlewild1 #ch ,jacocks1 #ch ,jacocks' ,mammoth1 #ch ,james' ,giant1 #ci ,james ,no4 #a1 #ci ,james' ,paper-shell1 #ci ,james' ,perfection1 #dg ,jewett1 #dj ,jumbo1 #dj ,kate ,schaifer1 #ej ,kennedy1 #dj ,kentucky ,gem1 #dj ,kidd1 #dj ,kincaid1 #da ,krack-,ezy1 #da ,ladyfinger1 #da ,lamar1 #db ,lewis1 #db ,longfellow1 #db ,louisiana1 #db ,majestic1 #ce ,mammoth1 #di ,mc,callister1 #eg ,magnum ,bonum1 #dc ,mammoth1 #dc ,mantura1 #dc ,mexican ,paper-shell1 #dd ,meyers1 #dd ,monarch1 #dd ,money1 #dd ,money-maker1 #de ,moore1 #de ,morris1 #de ,nelson1 #df ,nigger1 #df ,nussbaumer1 #eh ,olivier1 #ce ,pabst1 #df ,pan-,american1 #df ,paragon1 #ee ,pearl1 #dg ,pegram1 #dg ,perfection1 #dg ,petite1 #dg ,pooshee1 #eg ,post1 #dg ,post's ,select1 #cg-dg ,president1 #dg ,primate1 #dg ,pride of the ,coast1 #dj ,randall1 #dh ,repton1 #dh ,ribera1 #dh ,risien1 #dh ,robson1 #dh ,rome1 #di ,russell1 #di ,russell ,no4 #a1 #ej ,russell ,no4 #b1 #ej ,san ,saba1 #ej ,schaifer1 #ej ,schley1 #ea ,schneck1 #ei ,senator1 #eb ,senator ,money1 #dd ,southern ,beauty1 #ee ,southern ,giant1 #di ,sovereign1 #eb ,steckler's ,mammoth1 #dc ,stevens1 #eb ,stuart1 #eb ,success1 #ec ,sweetmeat1 #ed ,texas1 #ed ,texas ,prolific1 #ed ,thomas1 #ed ,turkey ,egg1 ,jr41 #ed ,turkey ,egg1 ,sr41 #ed ,turner1 #ed ,twentieth ,century1 #di ,valsies1 #ee ,van ,deman1 #ee ,westbrook1 #fa ,willingham1 #ef ,young1 #ef ,varieties recommended1 #ic ,alabama1 #ie ,florida1 #ie ,louisiana1 #if ,mississippi1 #ie ,north ,carolina1 #id ,south ,carolina1 #id ,texas1 #if ,virginia1 #ia ,veneer ,shield-budding1 #gh ,waxed cloth1 #ge ,weevil1 #adf ,whip-grafting1 #ha ,woods4 ,charles ,d4 publication by1 #aee ,woods1 ,w4 ,h4 ,s4 publication by1 #aee ,,nut ,,culture ,,is ,,the ,most ,profitable ,industry on the ,farm4444 ,,the ,,american ,,fruit ,,and ,,nut ,,journal ,,is ,,authority ,,on ,,the ,,culture ,,of ,,all ,,varieties ,,of ,,nuts4444 ,write for a sample copy4 ,american ,fruit and ,nut ,journal1 ,,petersburg1 ,,virginia4 ,,two ,,valuable ,,publications ,,for #a4jj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,pecan ,,and ,,its ,,culture1 ,,and ,,the ,,american ,,fruit ,,and ,,nut ,,journal ,,for ,,one ,,year1 ,,will ,,be ,,sent ,,to ,,any ,,address ,,for #a4jj4 ,sample copy of ,journal upon request4 ,american ,fruit and ,nut ,journal1 ,,petersburg1 ,,virginia4