file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core
 ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture   
7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7           
,,tomato ,,culture     ,a ,,practical   
,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,tomato1 ,,its     
,,hi/ory1   ,,*>act]i/ics1 ,,plant+1    
,,f]tilization1   ,,cultivation ,,9     
,,field1 ,,g>d51 ,,& ,,gre5h\se1        
,,h>ve/+1 ,,pack+1 ,,/or+1 ,,m>ket+1    
,,insect   ,,enemies ,,& ,,diseases1 ,,)
 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,control ,,&   ,,rem$ies1
 ,,etc41 ,,etc4                         
,by                  ,,w ,w4 ,,tracy    
,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1      ,unit$  
,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture         
,,illu/rat$                     ,,new   
,,york               ,,orange ,,judd    
,,company                      #aijg    
,to                ,dr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,hexam] 
,,9 ,,honor ,,( ,,8 ,,lifelong ,,ef=ts  
,,= ,,!       ,,bett]m5t ,,( ,,am]ican  
,,horticultural                         
,,practice                ,copyright1   
#aijg1 by              ,,orange ,,judd  
,,company             ,all rights res]v$

  ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,new ,,v>ieties  
,,( ,,tomatoes ,,are ,,develop$ ,,&     
,,te/$ 7,by c\rtesy ,am]ican            
,agriculturi/4 ,photo by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4  
,johnson7     ,,preface   ,?is little   
book has be5 writt5 9 fulfilm5t ( a     
promise made _m ye>s ago4 ,aga9 & aga9  
,i h und]tak5 ! "w1 only to lay x aside 
because ,i felt ! ne$ ( great] exp]i5ce 
& wid] k4 ,i d n n[ feel t ?is defici5cy
 has be5 by any means fully suppli$1 b 9
 "s directions x has be5 remov$ ?r\gh ! 
k9dness ( ,dr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,*itt5d5 ( !     
,bureau ( ,entomology1 :o wrote ! *apt] 
on insect enemies1 & ( ,w4 ,a4 ,orton ( 
! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,unit$     
,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 :o     
wrote ! *apt] on diseases ( tomatoes4   
,i h made free use (1 )\t special cr$it1
 & am l>gely indebt$ to1 ! writ+s (     
,doctor ,/urtevant & ,pr(essor ,g(f1    
,pr(essor ,munson ( ,ma9e1 ,pr(essor    
,hal/$ ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,pr(essor ,corbett
 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,pr(essor ,rolfs (         
,florida1 ,pr(essor ,bailey ( ,new      

,york1 ,pr(essor ,gre5 ( ,ohio1 & _m    
o!rs4 ,i h also f\nd a va/ am\nt (      
valuable in=mation 9 ! agricultural     
press ( ?is c\ntry 9 g5]al4 ,i am also  
indebt$ to ,l4 ,b4 ,c\lt] & ,pr(4 ,w4   
,g4 ,johnson = _m photographs4 ,my ?anks
 are also due ,b4 ,f4 ,williamson1 :o   
made ! excell5t draw+s = ?is book "u    
,pr(essor ,johnson's direction4         
,tomatoes are among ! mo/ g5]ally us$ & 
popul> vegetables4 ,!y are gr[n n only 9
 g>d5s1 b 9 l>ge areas 9 e /ate f ,ma9e 
to ,cali=nia & ,wa%+ton to ,florida1 &  
"u v diff]5t conditions ( climate1 soil 
& cultural facilities1 z well z (       
requirem5ts z to "* ( fruit4 ,! me?ods  
:i* w give ! be/ results "u "o set (    
conditions are entirely unsuit$ to o!rs4
  ,i h tri$ to give ! nature &          
requirem5ts ( ! plant & ! effect (      
conditions z se5 9 my own exp]i5ce1 a k 
( :i* may enable ! read] to foll[ !     
me?ods mo/ suit$ to 8 own conditions &  
requirem5ts1 r ?an to recomm5d ! exact  
me?ods :i* h giv5 me ! be/ results4  ,,w

 ,w4 ,,tracy4  ,wa%+ton1 ,april1 #aijg4 
,,cont5ts                               
,,page    ,,preface                     
v    ,,*apt] ,i      ,,botany ,,( ,,!   
,,tomato                              #a
    ,,*apt] ,,ii      ,,hi/ory          
#ad    ,,*apt] ,,iii      ,,g5]al       
,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,plant           
#bj    ,,*apt] ,,iv      ,,ess5tials ,,=
 ,,developm5t                       #bh 
,,*apt] ,v      ,,selection ,,( ,,soil  
,,= ,,maximum ,,crop               #cc  
,,*apt] ,,vi      ,,exposure ,,&        
,,location                              
#ch    ,,*apt] ,,vii      ,,f]tiliz]s   
#dc    ,,*apt] ,,viii      ,,prep>ation 
,,( ,,! ,,soil                          
#df    ,,*apt] ,,ix      ,,hotb$s ,,&   
,,cold-,,frames                         
#ea    ,,*apt] ,x      ,,/>t+ ,,plants  
#ei    ,,*apt] ,,xi      ,,prop]        
,,di/ance ,,= ,,plant+                  
#fh    ,,*apt] ,,xii      ,,cultivation 
#gf    ,,*apt] ,,xiii      ,,/ak+1      
,,tra9+ ,,& ,,prun+                     

#gi    ,,*apt] ,,xiv      ,,rip5+1      
,,ga!r+1 ,,h&l+ ,,& ,,m>ket+      #ij   
,,! ,,fruit    ,,*apt] ,,xv             
,,adaptation ,,( ,,v>ieties             
#ig    ,,*apt] ,,xvi      ,,se$ ,,bre$+ 
,,& ,,gr[+                       #aab   
,,*apt] ,,xvii      ,,production ,,=    
,,cann+                          #aag   
,,*apt] ,,xviii      ,,co/ ,,(          
,,production                            
#aba    ,,*apt] ,,xix      ,,insects    
,,injuri\s ,,to ,,! ,,tomato            
#abc    ,,*apt] ,,xx      ,,tomato      
,,diseases                              
#aca    ,,index                         
#adh     ,,illu/rations    ,,figure     
,,page     #a4 ,:]e new v>ieties (      
tomatoes are develop$          & te/$   
,frontispiece     #b4 ,tomato fl[]s     
#b     #c4 ,two-cell$ tomato            
#c     #d4 ,?ree-cell$ tomato           
#c     #e4 ,currant tomato & *>act]i/ic 
clu/]s      #e     #f4 ,r$ *]ry tomato  
#f     #g4 ,pe>-%ap$ tomato             
#h     #h4 ,yell[ plum tomato           

#i     #i4 ,"o ( ! fir/ illu/rations ( !
 tomato   #aa    #aj4 ,an e>ly          
illu/ration ( ! tomato            #ab   
#aa4 ,typical bun* ( mod]n tomatoes     
#bg    #ab4 ,tomatoes tra9$ to /akes 9 !
 ,s\?        #ce    #ac4 ,?ree-sa% hotb$
                              #eb       
#ad4 ,cross-section ( hotb$             
#ec    #ae4 ,cold-frames on hill-side   
#ed    #af4 ,transplant+ tomatoes "u    
clo?-cov]$          frames              
#ef    #ag4 ,spott+-bo>d = use 9        
cold-frames          #fa    #ah4        
,spott+-bo>d = use on flat              
#fb    #ai4 ,tomatoes s[n & all[$ to gr[
 9 hotb$s   #fi    #bj4 ,plant+ tomatoes
 on a ,delaw>e f>m           #ge    #ba4
 ,tra9+ tomatoes 9 ,florida to s+le /ake
   #ha    #bb4 ,tomato plant tra9$ to   
s+le /ake           #hb    #bc4 ,me?od (
 tra9+ to ?ree /ems 9          =c+-h\se 
& out ( doors              #hc    #bd4  
,tra9+ on l9e 9 gre5h\se                
#hd    #be4 ,ready to transplant 9      
gre5h\se              #he    #bf4 ,tra9+

 "y tomatoes 9 gre5h\se at ,new         
,york exp]im5t /ation                   
#hf    #bg4 ,tomatoes 9 gre5h\se at !   
,ohio          exp]im5t /ation          
#hg    #bh4 ,=c+ tomatoes 9 gre5h\se at 
,new ,hamp%ire          exp]im5t /ation 
#hh    #bi4 ,florida tomatoes prop]ly   
wrapp$ = long          %ipm5t           
#ic    #cj4 ,gre5h\se tomatoes pack$ =  
m>ket          #ie    #ca4 ,buckeye     
,/ate1 %[+ long nodes & di/ance         
betwe5 fruit clu/]s                     
#ih    #cb4 ,/one1 & *>act]i/ic foliage 
#ii    #cc4 ,atlantic ,prize1 & its     
normal foliage        #aja    #cd4 ,dw>f
 ,*ampion                               
#ajc    #ce4 ,a cutworm & p>5t mo?      
#abd    #cf4 ,flea-beetle               
#abe    #cg4 ,m>g9$ bli/] beetle        
#abe    #ch4 ,tomato worm               
#abf    #ci4 ,tomato /alk-bor]          
#abg    #dj4 ,*>act]i/ic "w ( ! tomato  
fruit worm  #abh    #da4 ,adult mo?1 or 
p>5t ( tomato fruit worm    #abi    #db4
 ,prop] way to make ,bordeaux           

#acg    #dc4 ,po9t-rot disease ( !      
tomato               #adj     ,,tomato  
,,culture     ,,*apt] ,i  ,botany ( !   
,tomato   ,! common tomato ( our g>d5s  
belongs to ! natural ord] ,solanaceae & 
! g5us ,lycop]sicum4 ,! "n f lykos1 a   
wolf1 & p]sica1 a pea*1 is giv5 x       
because ( ! suppos$ aphrodisiacal       
qualities1 & ! beauty ( ! fruit4 ,! g5us
 comprises a few species ( ,s\? ,am]ican
 annual or %ort-liv$ p]5nial1 h]bace\s1 
rank-smell+ plants 9 :i* ! _m bran*es   
are spread+1 procumb5t1 or feebly       
asc5d5t & commonly #b to #f feet 9 l5g?1
 ?\gh "u "s conditions1 p>ticul>ly 9 !  
,s\? & 9 ,cali=nia1 !y gr[ mu* long]4   
,!y are cov]$ ) res9\s viscid secretions
 & are r\nd1 s(t1 brittle & hairy1 :5   
"y1 b become furr[$1 angul>1 h>d & almo/
 woody ) enl>g$ jo9ts1 :5 old4 ,! leaves
 are irregul>ly alt]nate1 #e to #ae     
in*es long1 petiol$1 odd p9nate1 ) sev5 
to n9e %ort-/emm$ leaflets1 (t5 ) mu*   
small] & /emless ones betwe5 !m4 ,! l>g]
 leaflets are sometimes entire1 b m     

g5]ally not*$1 cut1 or ev5 divid$1      
p>ticul>ly at ! base4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #b--,,tomato ,,fl[]s ,,enl>g$    
,,ab\t #b-a_/b ,,times4 ,,section ,,(   
,,fl[] ,,%[n ,,at ,,"r 7,drawn f a      
photograph by c\rtesy ( ,pr(4 ,l4 ,c4   
,corbett7  ,! fl[]s are p5dant & borne 9
 m or less bran*$ clu/]s1 locat$ on !   
/em on ! opposite side & usually a      
little bel[ ! leaves2 ! fir/ clu/] on ! 
six? to twelf? int]node f ! gr\nd1 ) "o 
on ea* second to six? succe$+ "o4 ,!    
fl[]s 7,fig4 #b7 are small1 consi/+ ( a 
yell[1 deeply five-cleft1 :eel-%ap$     
corolla1 ) a v %ort tube & broadly      
lanceolate1 recurv+ petals4 ,! calyx    
consi/s ( five long l9e> or lanceolate  
sepals1 :i* are %ort] ?an ! petals at   
fir/1 b are p]si/5t1 & increase 9 size z
 ! fruits mature4 ,! /am5s1 five 9      
numb]1 are borne on ! ?roat ( ! corolla1
 & consi/ ( long1 l>ge an!rs1 borne on  
%ort filam5ts1 loosely jo9$ into a tube 
& op5+ by a longitud9al slit on !       
inside1 & ?is is ! *ief botanical       

di/9ction betwe5 ?is g5us & ,solanum to 
:i* ! potato1 pepp]1 night %ade &       
tobacco belong4 ,! an!rs 9 ! latt] g5us 
op5 at ! tip only4 ,! two g5]a1 h[ev]1  
are closely relat$ & plants belong+ to  
!m are readily unit$ by graft+4 ,!      
,physalis1 ,husk tomato or ,gr\nd *]ry  
is q di/9ct1 botanically4 ,! pi/ils ( ! 
true tomato are %ort at fir/1 b ! /yle  
elongates s z to pu% ! capitate /igma   
?r\gh ! tube =m$ by ! an!rs1 ?is usually
 occurr+ be=e ! an!rs op5 = ! dis*>ge ( 
! poll54 ,! fruit is a two to _m-cell$  
b]ry ) c5tral fle%y plac5ta & _m small  
kidney-%ap$ se$s :i* are d5sely cov]$ ) 
%ort1 /iff hairs1 z se5 9 ,figs4 #c &   
#d4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4               
#c--,,two-,,cell$ ,,tomato              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d--,,?ree-,,cell$ 
,,tomato  ,x is comp>atively easy to    
def9e ! g5us ) :i* ! tomato %\ld be     
class$ botanically1 b x is by no means s
 easy to classify our cultivat$ v>ieties
 into botanical species4 ,we h 9        
cultivation v>ieties :i* are kn[n to h  

orig9at$ 9 g>d5s & f ! same p>5tage1 b  
:i* diff] f ea* o!r s mu* 9 habit (     
gr[?1 "* ( leaf & fruit & o!r respects1 
t if !y _h be5 f\nd gr[+ wild !y w\ld   
unhesitat+ly be pron\nc$ diff]5t        
species1 & botani/s are n agre$ z to h[ 
our _m & v diff]5t g>d5 v>ieties %\ld be
 classifi$ botanically4 ,"s cont5d t all
 ( our cultivat$ sorts are v>ieties ( b 
two di/9ct species1 :ile o!rs ?9k !y h  
orig9at$ f sev]al4  ,classification4--,!
 au?or sugge/s ! foll[+ classification1 
diff]+ some:at f t sometimes giv51 z he 
believes t ! l>ge1 deep-sutur$ fruit (  
our cultivat$ v>ieties & ! di/9ct       
pe>-%ap$ sorts come f orig9al species r 
?an f v>iations ( ,lycop]sicum c]asi=me3
  ,currant tomato1 ,grape tomato1 ,g]man
 or ,rais9 tomato 7,lycop]sicum         
pimp9ellifolium1 ,l4 racemi=me7 7,fig4  
#e74--,univ]sally reg>d$ z a di/9ct     
species4 ,plant /rong1 gr[+ ) _m long1  
sl5d]1 weak bran*es :i* are n s hairy1  
viscid1 or ill-smell+1 & nev] become s  
h>d or woody z ^? ( ! o!r species4 ,!   

num]\s leaves are v bright gre5 9 color1
 leaflets small1 ne>ly entire1 ) _m     
small /emless ones betwe5 ! o!rs4 ,fruit
 produc$ cont9u\sly & 9 great quantity  
on long racemes l ^? ( ! currant1 ?\gh  
!y are (t5 bran*$4 ,!y cont9ue to       
elongate & blossom until ! fruit at !   
upp] end is fully rip5$4 ,fruit small1  
less ?an #a_/b in* 9 diamet]1 sph]ical1 
smoo? & ( a p>ticul>ly bright1 beautiful
 r$ color :i* contra/s well ) ! bright  
gre5 leaves1 & ?is abundance (          
beautifully color$ & gracefully pois$   
fruit makes ! plant wor?y ( m g5]al     
cultivation z an ornam5t1 ?\gh ! fruit  
is ( little value = cul9>y use4 ,?is    
species1 :5 pure1 has n v>i$ "u         
cultivation1 b x readily crosses ) o!r  
species & ) our g>d5 v>ieties1 & _m ( ^!
 owe _! bright r$ color to ! influ5ce ( 
crosses ) ! above species4              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e--;,,currant     
,,tomato ,,& ,,*>act]i/ic ,,clu/]s      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f--,,r$ ,,*]ry    
,,tomato  ,*]ry tomato 7,l4 c]asi=me7   

7,fig4 #f74--,plant vigor\s1 ) /\t      
bran*es :i* are di/9ctly trail+ 9 habit4
 ,leaves flat or b slightly curl$4      
,fruit v abundant1 borne 9 %ort1 bran*$ 
clu/]s1 globul>1 p]fectly smoo?1 ) no   
app>5t sutures4 ,f #a_/b to #c_/d in* 9 
diamet] & ei!r r$ or yell[ 9 color1     
two-cell$ ) num]\s comp>atively small1  
kidney-%ap$ se$s4 ,_m ( our g>d5        
v>ieties %[ evid5ce ( crosses ) ?is     
species1 & by _m x is reg>d$ z ! orig9al
 wild =m ( all ( our cultivat$ sorts4   
,^!1 :5 !y escape f cultivation & become
 wild plants1 z !y (t5 d1 f ,new ,j]sey 
s\?w>d1 produce fruit :i*1 9 _m         
respects1 resembles t ( ?is species 9   
size & =m2 b !y are g5]ally m flatt5$1  
globe-%ap$1 ) m or less di/9ct sutures  
on ! upp] side1 & ,i h nev] se5 any     
fruit ( ^! wild plants :i* c\ld n be    
readily di/+ui%$ f t ( ! true ,*]ry     
tomato4  ,pr(4 ,p4 ,h4 ,rolfs1 ,director
 ( ! ,florida exp]im5t /ation1 reports t
 among ! millions ( volunte]1 or wild1  
tomatoes he has se5 gr[+ 9 ! ab&on$     

tomato fields 9 ,florida1 he has nev]   
se5 a plant ) fruit :i* c\ld n be easily
 di/+ui%$ f t ( ! true ,*]ry tomato4    
,aga91 "o c1 by selection & cultivation1
 easily develop f ^! wild =ms plants    
produc+ fruit z l>ge & (t5 practically  
id5tical ) t ( our cultivat$ v>ieties1  
:ile ,i h giv5 a true /ock ( ,*]ry      
tomato mo/ c>eful cultivation on ! be/ (
 soil = #bj consecutive g5]ations )\t   
any increase 9 size or *ange 9 "* ( !   
fruit4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#g--,,pe>-,,%ap$ ,,tomato  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #h--,,yell[ ,,plum ,,tomato1    
,,%[+ ,,mo/ ,,usual ,,=m ,,( ,,clu/]    
,pe> 7n ,plum7 tomato 7,l4 pyri=me7     
7,fig4 #g74--,plant exceptionally       
vigor\s1 ) comp>atively few long1 /\t   
/ems incl9$ to asc5d4 ,leaves num]\s1   
broad1 flat1 ) a di/9ct blui%-gre5 color
 noticeable1 ev5 9 ! cotyl$ons4 ,fruit  
abundant1 borne 9 %ort bran*$ or /raight
 clu/]s ( five to t5 fruits4 ,x is      
p]fectly smoo?1 )\t sutures1 & ( ! %ape 
( a long1 sl5d]-neck$ pe>1 n ov] an in* 

9 transv]se by #a-a_/b in*es 9          
longitud9al diamet]4 ,:5 ! /ock is pure 
! fruit reta9s ?is =m v p]si/5tly4 ,!   
production ( egg-%ap$ or o!r =ms is a   
sure indication ( impure /ock4 ,!y are  
bright r$1 d>k yell[1 or light yell[i%  
:ite 9 color1 two-cell$1 ) v di/9ct     
c5tral plac5ta & comp>atively few & l>ge
 se$s4 ,! fruit is incl9$ to rip5       
unev5ly1 ! neck rema9+ gre5 :5 ! re/ ( !
 fruit is q ripe4 ,x is less juicy ?an t
 ( mo/ ( our g>d5 sorts b ( a mild &    
pleasant flavor4 ,?is is consid]$1 by   
_m1 to be simply a g>d5 v>iety1 b ,i am 
incl9$ to ! belief t x is a di/9ct      
species & t ! contr>y view comes f !    
/udy ( ! impure & cross$ /ocks result+ f
 crosses betwe5 ! true ,pe> tomato &    
g>d5 sorts :i* are frequ5tly sold by    
se$sm5 z pe>-%ap$4 ,_m g>d5 sorts--l !  
,plum 7,fig4 #h71 ! ,egg1 ! ,gold5      
,nugget1 ,vick's ,crit]ion1 etc4--are   
kn[n to h orig9at$ f crosses ( ! ,pe> & 
,i ?9k t mo/1 if n all1 ! g>d5 sorts 9  
:i* ! longitud9al diamet] ( ! fruit is  

great] ?an its transv]se diamet] owe ?is
 =m to crosses ) ,l4 pyri=me4           
,cultivat$ v>ieties 7,l4                
escul5tum74--,?is is commonly us$ z !   
botanical "n ( our cultivat$ v>ieties1 r
 ?an z ! "n ( a di/9ct species4 ,9 we/]n
 ,s\? ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 !re is f\nd gr[+ a
 wild plant ( ,lycop]sicum :i* diff]s f 
! o!r recogniz$ species 9 be+ m compact 
9 gr[?1 ) few] bran*es & l>g] leaves1 & 
c>ry+ an imm5se burd5 ( fruit borne 9   
l>ge clu/]s4 ,! fruit is l>g] ?an t ( ! 
o!r species b mu* small] ?an t ( our    
cultivat$ sorts2 is v irregul> 9 %ape1  
always ) di/9ct sutures1 & (t5 deeply   
corrugat$ & bright r$ 9 color4 ,! walls 
are ?92 ! fle% is s(t1 ) a di/9ct %>p1  
acid flavor mu* less agreeable ?an t (  
our cultivat$ =ms ( g>d5 tomatoes4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i--,,"o ,,( ,,!   
,,fir/ ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,tomato  
,poma amoris1 7,pomum aureum71          
7,lycop]sicum71 #aeha  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #aj--;,,an ,,e>ly ,,illu/ration  
,,( ,,! ,,tomato 7,f ,morrison's        

,hi/oria ,univ]salis1 #afhj7  ,?is has  
commonly be5 reg>d$ by botani/s z a     
deg5]ate =m ( our g>d5 tomatoes1 r ?an z
 an orig9al species1 b ,i f9d t1 l ,l4  
c]asi=me & ,l4 pyri=me1 x is q fix$ "u  
cultivation1 except z cross$ ) o!r      
species or ) our g>d5 v>ieties1 & ,i    
believe x to be ! orig9al species f :i* 
our cultur$ sorts h be5 develop$1 by    
cross+ & selection4 ,su* crosses        
probably 7 made ei!r naturally or by    
natives be=e ! tomato 0 discov]$ by     
,europeans4 ,! e>lie/ pr9ts we h ( !    
tomato 7,figs4 #i & #aj7 are f> m l !   
fruit ( ?is plant ?an t ( ,l4 c]asi=me1 
& ! pr9ts ( _m ( ! e>lie/ g>d5 v>ieties 
& ( "s sorts :i* are /ill cultivat$ 9   
s\!rn ,europe1 = use 9 s\ps1 are l x n  
only 9 size & =m1 b 9 flavor4 ,^! facts 
make x seem f> m probable t our         
cultivat$ sorts h come1 by cross+1      
betwe5 ?is & o!r species r ?an by simple
 developm5t f ,l4 c]asi=me4  ,pr(4 ,e4  
,s4 ,g(f1 ( ,wiscons91 :o has made a mo/
 c>eful /udy ( ! tomato1 express$ ! same

 op9ion1 writ+ t x seem$ to him t our   
cultivat$ sorts mu/ h come f ! cross+ ( 
a small1 r\nd1 smoo?1 sutureless type1 )
 a l>g]1 deep-sutur$1 corrugat$ fruit1 l
 t ( ! ,mammo? ,*ihuahua1 b small]4     
,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i ?9k t x is wise to
 ?r[ all ( our cultivat$ g>d5 sorts1    
except ! ,pe>1 ! ,*]ry1 & ! ,grape--:i* 
,i reg>d z di/9ct species--toge!r "u !  
"n ( ,l4 escul5tum1 ev5 :5 we "k !y h   
orig9at$ by direct crosses ) ! o!r      
species2 & x is well to classify !      
upright gr[+ sorts "u ! v>ietal names1  
,l4 validum1 & ! l>g]1 heavi] sorts1 z  
,l4 gr&ifolium1 z has be5 done by       
,bailey4 7,cyclop$ia ( ,horticulture47  
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,hi/ory   ,! g>d5         
vegetable kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z tomato &  
g5]ally z tomate 9 cont95tal ,europe1 is
 also kn[n z ,wolf-pea* & ,love ,apple 9
 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 & ,liebesapfel 9     
,g]many1 ,pomme d',am\r 9 ,france1 ,pomo
 d'oro 9 ,italy1 ,pomidor 9 ,pol&4      
,orig9 ( "n4--,! "n tomato is ( ,s\?    
,am]ican orig91 & is d]iv$ f ! ,aztec ^w

 xitomate1 or zitotomate1 :i* is giv5 ! 
fruit ( bo? ! ,common tomato & t ( !    
,husk or ,/rawb]ry tomato or ,physalis4 
,bo? vegetables 7 highly priz$ &        
ext5sively cultivat$ by ! natives long  
be=e ! discov]y ( ! c\ntry by           
,europeans1 & !re is little d\bt t _m ( 
! plants fir/ se5 & describ$ by         
,europeans z wild species 7 really g>d5 
v>ieties orig9at$ ) ! native ,am]icans  
by ! v>iation or cross+ ( ! orig9al wild
 species4  ,diff]5t types n[ common1    
accord+ to ,/urtevant1 h become kn[n to1
 & be5 describ$ by ,europeans 9 ab\t !  
foll[+ ord]3       #a4 ,l>ge yell[1     
describ$ by ,mat?iolus 9 #aeed & call$  
,gold5 apple4       #b4 ,l>ge r$1       
describ$ by ,mat?iolus 9 #aeed & call$  
,love         apple4       #c4 ,purple  
r$1 describ$ by ,d'el ,obel 9 #aegj4    
#d4 ,:ite-fle%$1 describ$ by ,dodo5s 9  
#aehf4       #e4 ,r$ *]ry1 describ$ by  
,bauh9 9 #afbj4       #f4 ,yell[ *]ry1  
describ$ by ,bauh9 9 #afbj4       #g4   
,o*re yell[1 describ$ by ,bauh9 9 #afea4

       #h4 ,/rip$1 blot*$ or            
visi-color$1 describ$ by ,bauh9 9       
#afea4       #i4 ,pale r$1 describ$ by  
,t\rne=t 9 #agjj4      #aj4 ,l>ge smoo?1
 or ribless r$1 describ$ by ,t\rne=t 9  
#agjj4      #aa4 ,bronz$-leav$1 describ$
 by ,blacknell 9 #agej4      #ab4 ,deep 
orange1 describ$ by ,bryant 9 #aghc4    
#ac4 ,pe>-%ap$1 describ$ by ,dunal 9    
#ahje4      #ad4 ,tree tomato1 describ$ 
by ,vilmor9 9 #ahee4      #ae4          
,broad-leav$1 introduc$ ab\t #ahfj4  ,! 
special description ( ,no4 #aj by       
,t\rne=t 9 #agjj w\ld indicate t l>ge   
smoo? sorts1 l ,liv+/on's ,/one1 7 9    
exi/5ce fully #bjj ye>s ago1 in/ead (   
be+ mod]n improvem5ts1 z is sometimes   
claim$2 & a c>eful /udy ( old           
descriptions & cuts & comp>+ !m ) ! be/ 
examples ( mod]n v>ieties l$ ,doctor    
,/urtevant 9 #ahhi to express ! op9ion t
 !y _h fruit z l>ge & smoo? z ^? we n[  
gr[1 be=e ! tomato came into g5]al use 9
 ,am]ica1 & possibly be=e ! fruit 0     
g5]ally kn[n to ,europeans4 ,ev5 !      

production ( f9e fruit "u glass is n s  
mod]n z _m suppose4 ,9 transactions ( ! 
,london ,horticultural ,society = #ahbj1
 ,john ,wilmot is report$ to h cultivat$
 "u glass 9 #ahah "s #fjj plants & ga!r$
 f 8 entire plant+s "u glass & 9 bord]s 
"s #acj bu%els ( ripe fruit4 ,x is /at$ 
t ! gr[? t ye> exce$$ ! dem&1 & t !     
fruit obta9$ 0 ( extraord9>y size1 "s   
exce$+ #ab in*es 9 circumf]5ce & weigh+ 
#ab ounces ea*4 ,?omas ,meehan /ates 9  
,g>d5]s' ,mon?ly = ,febru>y1 #ahhj1 t on
 ,janu>y #h1 ( t ye>1 he saw gr[+ 9 !   
gre5h\ses on ,s5ator ,cannon's place ne>
 ,h>risburg1 ,pa41 at lea/ #a bu%el (   
ripe fruits1 none ( :i* 7 less ?an #aj  
in*es 9 circumf]5ce1--a %[+ :i* comp>es 
) ! be/ to be se5 to-day4  ,?r\gh\t     
s\!rn ,europe ! value ( ! fruit = use 9 
s\ps & z a salad seems to h be5 at once 
recogniz$1 & x came into q g5]al use1   
especially 9 ,spa9 & ,italy1 dur+ ! #ag?
 c5tury2 b 9 nor!rn ,europe & ,engl&1   
?\gh ! plant 0 gr[n 9 botanical g>d5s & 
9 a few private places z a curiosity & =

 ! beauty ( its fruit1 ?is 0 seldom     
eat51 be+ commonly reg>d$ z unheal?y &  
ev5 poison\s1 & on ?is acc\nt1 &        
probably because ( its suppos$          
aphrodisiacal qualities1 x did n come   
into g5]al use 9 ^? nor!rn c\ntries     
until e>ly 9 ! #ai? c5tury4  ,fir/      
m5tion 9 ,am]ica1 ,i f9d ( its be+ gr[n 
= cul9>y use1 0 9 ,virg9ia 9 #agha4 ,9  
#aghh a ,fr5*man 9 ,philadelphia made   
mo/ e>ne/ ef=ts to get p to use ! fruit1
 b ) little success1 & simil> ef=ts by  
an ,italian 9 ,salem1 ,mass41 9 #ahjb1 7
 no m successful4 ,! fir/ record ,i c   
f9d ( ! fruit be+ regul>ly quot$ 9 !    
m>ket 0 9 ,new ,orleans 9 #ahab1 & !    
e>lie/ records ,i h be5 able to f9d ( ! 
se$ be+ (f]$ by se$sm51 z t ( an edible 
vegetable1 0 by ,g>d5] & ,hipburn 9     
#ahah1 & by ,l&re? 9 #ahbj4 ,bui/'s     
,kit*5 ,g>d5] says3 ,9 #ahbh-i x 7!     
tomato7 0 almo/ dete/$ & commonly       
consid]$ poison\s4 ,t5 ye>s lat] e      
v>iety ( pill & panacea 0 'extract (    
tomatoes1' & n[ 7#ahdg7 almo/ z mu*     

gr\nd is devot$ to its culture z to !   
cabbage4 ,9 #ahcd ,pr(essor ,dunglison1 
( ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 said3 ,!     
tomato may be look$ ^u z "o ( ! mo/     
:olesome & valuable escul5ts ( ! g>d54  
,yet1 ?\gh ! fruit has always receiv$   
simil> comm5dation f m$ical m51 !re has 
be5 con/ant recurr+ sup]/ition t x is   
unheal?y4 ,only a few ye>s ago !re 0 9  
g5]al circulation a /atem5t t an em95t  
physician _h discov]$ t eat+ tomatoes   
t5d$ to develop canc]4 ,?is has be5     
def9itely trac$ to ! playful "q1 ask$ z 
a joke by ,dr4 ,dio ,lewis1 ,didn't y "k
 t eat+ bright r$ tomatoes caus$ canc]8 
,9 m rec5t ye>s an equally unf\nd$ claim
 has be5 made t tomato se$s 7           
responsible = _m cases ( app5dicitis & t
 x 0 consequ5tly dang]\s to eat ! fruit4
  ,i give "s quotations = tomatoes 9    
,qu9cy ,hall ,m>ket1 ,bo/on1 ) "s = o!r 
vegetables1 = comp>ison4 ,! records %[ t
 dur+ ! week end+ ,july #bb1 #ahce1     
tomatoes 7 quot$ at #ej c5ts p] doz51   
cabbage at #ej c5ts p] doz54 ,= ! week  

end+ ,septemb] #bb1 #ahce1 tomatoes 7   
quot$ at #be c5ts p] peck1 lima beans1  
#ab-a_/b c5ts p] qu>t %ell$1 ) comm5t t 
tomatoes are 9 mu* dem& & a f> great]   
quantity has be5 sold ?an 9 previ\s     
ye>s4 ,dur+ ! week end+ ,july #bb1      
#ahcg1 tomatoes 7 quot$ at #be & #ej    
c5ts p] peck1 & ! note t !y are ( good  
size & 7 well rip5$ & came f g>d5s 9 !  
vic9ity w\ld indicate t !y _h at t "t   
e>ly matur+ v>ieties & knew h[ to gr[   
!m4 ,f ab\t #ahce till ! pres5t "t !    
cultivation & use ( tomatoes h con/antly
 increas$ bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 
s t n[ !y are "o ( ! mo/ l>gely gr[n (  
our g>d5 vegetables4  ,a sugge/ion z to 
! ext5t !y are n[ gr[n 9 ,am]ica is !   
fact t a s+le se$ gr[] sav$ 9 #aijc ov] 
#bj1jjj p\nds ( tomato se$--an am\nt    
suffici5t to furni% plants = f #hj1jjj  
to #cbj1jjj acres1 accord+ to ! c>e us$ 
9 rais+ !m1 ! l>g] quantity n requir+ m 
c>e ?an ! be/ gr[]s commonly use4 ,a    
c>eful e/imate made by ! ,am]ican ,groc]
 %[s t 9 #aijc ! pack+ ( tomatoes by    

cann]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nt$ to      
#bdf1gge1dbf ?ree-p\nd cans4 ,9 addition
 to ! cann$ tomato1 betwe5 #bjj1jjj &   
#bej1jjj b>rels ( catsup /ock is put up 
annually1 requir+ ! product ( at lea/   
#bj1jjj acres4  ,x is probable t ! area 
requir$ to produce ! fruit t is us$ fre%
 at lea/ equals t devot$ to ! production
 = pres]v+1 :i* give u f #djj1jjj to    
#ejj1jjj acres devot$ to ?is crop ea*   
ye> 9 ,am]ica alone4 ,! fruit is p]haps 
9 m g5]al use 9 ,am]ica ?an else:]e1 b  
its cultivation & use h increas$ rapidly
 9 o!r c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly ) ! ,engli% 
speak+ races4 ,l>ge quantities are gr[n 
9 ,au/ralia1 & imm5se & con/antly       
increas+ quantities are gr[n "u glass 9 
,engl& & adjac5t isl&s1 :ile ,! ,g>d5]s'
 ,*ronicle /ates t 9 #aijc betwe5       
#fjj1jjj & #hjj1jjj p\nds ( fre% fruit 7
 import$ into ,engl& f o!r c\ntries4    
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics ( !  
,plant   ,9 ! native home ( ! tomato1 9 
,s\? ,am]ica1 ! conditions ( ! soil1 bo?
 z reg>ds composition & me*anical       

condition1 ( ! moi/ure bo? 9 soil & air1
 & ^? ( temp]ature & sunlight1 are      
?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season n only v favorable
 = rapid gr[?1 b are uni=mly & con/antly
 s4 ,"u su* conditions !re has be5      
develop$ a plant :i*1 :ile vigor\s1     
t5aci\s ( life1 capable ( rapid gr[? &  
enorm\sly productive1 is n at all h>dy 9
 ! s5se ( ability to endure unt[>d      
conditions ei!r 9 ! "* ( soil1 ( wat]   
supply1 or ( temp]ature4 ,a *eck 9 !    
developm5t because ( any unfavorable    
condition is nev] fully recov]$ f1 b w  
inevitably affect ! total quantity &    
quality ( ! fruit produc$1 ev5 if       
subsequ5t favorable conditions result 9 
! rapid & vigor\s gr[? ( ! plant4  ,i "k
 ( an in/ance :]e two adjo9+ fields     
belong+ to ,a & ,b 7 set ) tomatoes1 us+
 plants />t$ 9 ! same hotb$ f ! same lot
 ( se$4 ,! soil 0 ( equal natural       
f]tility & ea* field receiv$ ab\t ! same
 quantity ( manure1 ?\gh t giv5 ,a's 0  
all well decompos$ & work$ into ! soil1 
:ile t giv5 ,b's 0 fre% & raw & simply  

pl[$ 94 ,a's field 0 put into ! be/     
possible til? be=e sett+ ! plants1 & !  
managem5t ( ! plants & _! cultivation 7 
su* z to secure un*eck$ gr[? f ! "t !y 7
 prick$ out into cold-frames & set 9 !  
field until ! crop 0 matur$4 ,z long z !
 plants w\ld p]mit1 ! soil 0 cultivat$ e
 few days & kept 9 a /ate ( p]fect til?4
  ,b's field :5 ! plants 7 set out 0 a  
mass ( clods1 z x _h be5 pl[$1 :5 wet1  
"s "t be=e & nev] h>r[$ b once4 ,!      
plants _h be5 cr[d$ =w>d z rapidly z    
possible 9 ! cold-frame1 & :5 set 9 !   
field 7 mu* high] ?an ,a's1 b s s(t t !y
 7 badly *eck$ 9 transplant+ & a great  
_m ( !m di$ & _h to be reset4 ,! field  
receiv$ b "o or two cultivations dur+ ! 
entire season4 ,! gr[? ( ! plants 9 ,b's
 field 0 irregul> & unev5 in/ead ( /eady
 & uni=m z 9 ,a's1 & ?\gh "s ( ! fruits 
7 q z l>ge1 !y 7 n z uni=m z ,a's :ile !
 yield p] acre 0 n m ?an half z mu* nor 
! fruit ( z good g5]al quality4 ,b _h   
difficulty 9 dispos+ ( 8 crop & (t5 _h  
to sell bel[ ! m>ket1 :ile ,a _h no     

tr\ble 9 dispos+ ( 8 at ! highe/ prices 
= ! day4 ,b's crop 0 a f9ancial loss1   
:ile ,a's return$ a mo/ satisfactory    
pr(it4  ,! key to ! mo/ successful      
culture ( ! tomato is ! secur+1 f ! />t 
to f9i%1 ( an un*eck$ uni=m gr[?1 ?\gh x
 ne$ n necess>ily be a rapid "o4 ,!     
failure to d ?is is1 9 my op9ion1 !     
pr9cipal reason = ! comp>atively small  
yield usually obta9$1 :i* is v mu* less 
?an x w\ld be ) bett] cultural          
managem5t4 ,! tomato "u conditions :i*  
,i h repeat$ly f\nd x practicable to    
secure1 n only 9 small plant+s b 9 l>ge 
fields1 has prov$ capable ( produc+ f   
#a1jjj to #a1bjj or ev5 m bu%els to !   
acre1 & ! possible yield p] plant is    
enorm\s4  ,z e>ly z #ahah ! ,royal      
,horticultural ,society ( ,london       
reports ! obta9+ ( ov] #dj p\nds ( fruit
 ( m>ketable "* f a s+le v9e4 ,an acre (
 su* plants w\ld give a yield ( ov]     
#a1hjj bu%els ( fruit1 & _m simil>      
yields1 & ev5 great] ones1 h be5 record$
 = s+le plants4 ,! yield commonly       

obta9$1 ev5 9 favorable locations1 & by 
m5 :o h gr[n tomatoes all _! lives1 is m
 (t5 less ?an #bjj bu%els to ! acre ?an 
m4 ,! way to secure a bett] yield is to 
/udy c>efully ! nature & requirem5ts ( !
 plants & ! adaptation ( our cultural   
practice to !m4  ,life habit ( !        
plant4--,! tomato c\ld be describ$ z a  
%ort-liv$ p]5nial1 b its span ( life is 
some:at v>iable4 ,"u favorable          
conditions x w develop f />t+ se$ to    
fir/ ripe fruit 9 f #he to #abj days (  
full sun%9e ) a con/ant day temp]ature (
 f #ge to #ij ,f41 & ) "o f #ae to #bj  
,f4 l[] at night4 ,! plants w ord9>ily  
cont9ue 9 full fruit = ab\t #ej to #fj  
days1 aft] :i* !y g5]ally become s      
exhau/$ by excessive production ( fruit 
& ! effects ( diseases to :i* !y are    
usually subject t _! root action & sap  
circulation become weak] & weak] until  
!y die f />vation4 ,f ,philadelphia     
s\?w>d g>d5]s expect t spr+ set plants w
 ?us exhau/ !mselves & die by late      
summ]1 & !y s[ se$ 9 late spr+ or e>ly  

summ] = plants on :i* !y dep5d = late   
summ] & fall crops4  ,"u "s conditions1 
p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,gulf /ates & 9          
,cali=nia1 tomato plants w n only gr[ to
 a mu* great] size ?an normal1 b w      
cont9ue to ?rive & be> fruit = a long]  
"t4 ,su* a plant gr[n 9 ,pasad5a1 ,cal41
 0 said to h be5 9 con/ant be>+ = ov]   
#aj mon?s4 ,aga91 sometimes plants t h  
produc$ a full crop ( fruits w />t new  
sets ( roots & leaves & produce a second
 & ev5 a ?ird crop1 ea*1 h[ev]1 be+     
produc$ on new bran*es & z a result ( a 
fre% set ( roots1 ^? :i* produc$ !      
prec$+ crop hav+ di$ & disappe>$4 ,!    
p]iod ( developm5t1 #he to #abj days (  
full sun%9e at a temp]ature above #ge   
,f41 has be5 giv54 ,! full sun%9e & high
 temp]ature are ess5tial to su* rapid   
developm5t1 & 9 s f> z !re is a lack (  
sun%9e f cl\ds or %ade1 or ! day        
temp]ature falls bel[ #ge ,f4 ! p]iod w 
be l5g!n$1 s t 9 ! great] "p ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ! elaps$ "t betwe5 />t+ se$ to   
rip5$ fruit is usually z mu* z f #abj to

 #aej days & (t5 ev5 long]4             
,*>act]i/ics ( ! root4--,! roots ( !    
tomato plant1 :ile abundant 9 numb]1 are
 %ort & c only ga!r food & wat] f a     
limit$ area4 ,a plant ( g>d5 bean1 =    
in/ance1 is n m ?an half ! size ( "o ( !
 tomato1 b its roots ext5d ?r\gh ! soil 
to a great] di/ance1 ga!r plant food f a
 great] bulk ( soil1 seem bett] able to 
se>* out & ga!r ! p>ticul> food elem5t  
:i* ! plant ne$s ?an d ^? ( ! tomato4   
,?is *>act]i/ic ( ! latt] plant makes ! 
composition ( ! soil z to ! proportion (
 easily available food elem5ts ( great  
importance4 ,tomato roots are also      
exce$+ly t5d] & incapable ( p5etrat+ a  
h>d & compact soil1 s t ! condition ( ! 
soil z to til? is ( great] importance ) 
reg>d to tomatoes ?an ) mo/ g>d5        
vegetables4  ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( !      
tomato roots is t ! p]iod ( _! active   
life is %ort4 ,:5 "y !y are capable (   
transmitt+ wat] & nutritive mat]ial v   
rapidly1 b !y soon become clogg$ &      
ineffici5t to su* an ext5t z to result 9

 ! />vation & dea? ( ! plant4 ,if !     
bran*es ( su* an exhau/$ plant be b5t   
ov] & cov]$ ) e>? !y w frequ5tly />t new
 roots & produce a fre% crop ( fruit1 or
 if plants :i* h made a crop 9 !        
gre5h\se be transplant$ to ! g>d5 & cut 
back1 a new set ( roots w (t5 develop & 
! plant w produce a second crop ( fruit 
:i*1 9 am\nt1 (t5 equals or exce$s !    
fir/ "o4 ,b su* gr[?s come only f new   
roots spr++ f ! /em--nev] f an ext5sion 
( ! old root sy/em4  ,*>act]i/ics ( !   
/em & leaves4--,! gr[? ( ! /em1 & leaves
 ( ! "y tomato plant is v rapid &1 !    
cellul> /ructure co>se1 loose & op54 ,a 
"y bran* is easily brok5 & :5 ?is is    
done x %[s sc>cely any fibr\s           
/ructure--simply a mass ( co>se cellul> 
matt] :i* :ile capable1 :5 "y1 (        
transmitt+ nutritive matt] rapidly1 soon
 becomes dogg$ & in]t4 ,?is /ructure n  
only makes ! active life ( ! leaves     
%ort1 l t ( ! roots1 b necessitates a   
fre% gr[? 9 ord] to cont9ue !           
fruitfulness ( ! plant & r5d]s ! leaves 

v susceptible to injury f bact]ial &    
fung\s diseases4 ,! rapid gr[? also     
necessitates an abundance ( sunlight4   
,*>act]i/ics ( ! blossom4--,!           
infloresc5ce ( ! tomato is usually      
abundant & x is r>e t a plant does n    
produce suffici5t blooms = a full crop4 
,! fl[]s are p]fect z f> z p>ts are     
conc]n$ 7,fig4 #b7 & 9 bright1 sunny    
wea!r !re is an abundance ( poll51 b    
sunlight & w>m? are ess5tial to its     
matur+ into a condition 9 :i* x c easily
 rea* ! /igma4 ,! /ructure & developm5t 
( ! fl[] are su* t :ile occasionally1   
p>ticul>ly 9 heal?y plants out ( doors1 
! /igma becomes receptive & takes !     
poll5 z x is pu%$ out ?r\gh ! /am5 tube 
by ! elongat+ /yle1 x is m (t5 pu%$     
beyond !m be=e ! poll5 matures1 s t !   
poll5 has to rea* ! /igma ?r\gh "s o!r  
means4 ,usually ?is is accompli%$ by !  
w9d1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh ! motion ( !
 plants4  ,"u glass x is g5]ally        
necess>y to assi/ ! f]tilization ei!r   
directly by application or by motion ( !

 plant1 ?is latt] only be+ effective 9 !
 middle ( a bright sunny day4 ,9 ! op5  
gr\nd 9 cold1 damp wea!r ! fl[]s (t5    
fail ( f]tilization1 9 :i* case !y drop1
 & ?is is (t5 ! fir/ indication ( a     
fail+ ( ! crop on l>ge1 /rong v9es4 ,i h
 kn[n ( _m cases :]e ! yield ( fruit f  
l>ge & seem+ly v heal?y v9es 0 v light  
because cont9ual ra9s prev5t$ !         
poll5ization ( ! fl[]s4 ,su* failures1  
h[ev]1 d n always come f a want ( poll5 
b may result f an ov] or irregul> supply
 ( wat] ei!r at ! root or 9 ! air1      
imp]fectly balanc$ food supply1 a sapp+ 
( ! vitality ( ! plants :5 "y1 or f o!r 
causes4 ,insects r>ely visit tomato     
fl[]s & are seldom ! means ( _!         
f]tilization4  ,*>act]i/ics ( !         
fruit4--,! fruit ( ! orig9al species f  
:i* our cultivat$ tomatoes h develop$ 0 
d\btless a comp>atively small two to    
_m-cell$ b]ry1 ) comp>atively dry c5tral
 plac5ta & ?9 walls4 ,9 "s species !    
cells 7 indicat$ by di/9ct sutures1 =m+ 
a r\gh or corrugat$ fruit4 ,x has       

improv$ "u cultivation by increase 9    
size1 ! mat]ial ?ick5+ ( ! cell walls1 !
 developm5t ( great] juic9ess & ri*]    
flavor & a decrease 9 ! size & dryness (
 ! plac5ta1 z well z ! break+ up ( !    
cells by fle%y p>titions result+ 9 !    
disappe>ance ( ! deep sutures & an      
improvem5t 9 ! smoo?ness & beauty ( !   
fruit4 7,fig4 #aa47  ,! quality ( !     
fruit is l>gely dep5d5t ^u v>ietal      
diff]5ces1 to be spok5 ( lat]1 b x is   
also influ5c$ by conditions ( gr[?--su* 
z ! proportion ( ! nutritive elem5ts    
f\nd 9 ! soil1 ! prop] supply ( moi/ure1
 ! degree & uni=mity ( temp]ature &1 mo/
 ( all1 ! am\nt ( sunlight4 ,sudd5      
*anges ( temp]ature & moi/ure (t5 result
 9 cracks & fissures 9 ! sk9 & fle%1 :i*
 n only injure ! appe>ance b affect !   
flavor ( ! fruit4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 
#aa--,,typical ,,bun* ,,( ,,mod]n       
,,tomatoes ,contra/ ) ,figs4 #i & #aj   
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,ess5tials = ,developm5t  
,sunlight4--,abundant & unob/ruct$      
sunlight is ! mo/ ess5tial condition = !

 heal?y gr[? ( ! tomato4 ,x is a native 
( ! sunny ,s\? & w n ?rive except 9 full
 & abundant sunlight4 ,i h nev] be5 able
 to gr[ good tomatoes 9 ! %ade ev5 :]e x
 is only p>tial4 ,! entire plant ne$s ! 
sunlight4 ,! blossoms (t5 fail to set & 
! fruit is lack+ 9 flavor because (     
%ade1 f excessive leaf gr[?1 or o!r     
ob/ruction4  ,! great difficulty 9 w9t] 
=c+ tomatoes "u glass 9 ! ,nor? comes f 
! want ( sunlight dur+ ! %ort days ( !  
w9t] mon?s4 ,7 x n = ! %ort w9t] days ( 
! high] latitudes limit+ ! h\rs (       
sun%9e1 tomatoes c\ld be gr[n "u glass 9
 ! nor!rn /ates to compete 9 price1 :5 !
 bett] quality ( v9e-rip5$ fruits is    
consid]$1 ) ^? f ! ,gulf /ates4 ,gr[]s  
are le>n+ t tomatoes c be pr(itably gr[n
 "u glass dur+ ! long] spr+ days1 &     
consum]s are beg9n+ to appreciate !     
sup]ior quality ( fruit rip5$ on ! v9e  
ov] t pick$ gre5 & rip5$ 9 transit4 ,at 
no "t is ?is ne$ ( abundance ( light (  
great] importance ?an :5 ! plants are "y
 &1 if !y fail to receive x1 no         

subsequ5t favorable conditions w enable 
!m to recov] fully f its ill effects4 ,x
 is n s mu* ! want ( room = ! roots z ( 
light = ! leaves t makes ! plants :i* h 
be5 cr[d$ 9 ! se$-b$s s weak &          
unpr(itable4  ,i once divid$ #ajj "y    
tomato plants1 ab\t #b in*es high1 into 
f\r lots ( #be ea*1 numb]+ !m #a1 #b1 #c
 & #d4 ,! plants ( lots ,no4 #a & #b 7  
set equal di/ance ap>t 9 box ,a1 & ^? ( 
lots ,no4 #c & #d 9 ! same way 9 box ,b2
 bo? boxes be+ ab\t #af in*es wide1 #dj 
in*es long & #d in*es deep4 ,! two boxes
 7 set toge!r across ! side b5* ( a     
gre5h\se ) ! out] edge aga9/ a bo>d wall
 "s #b-a_/b feet high1 s t ! plants at !
 end ( ! box ne> ! wall receiv$ mu* less
 light ?an ^? at ! o!r end4 ,!y rema9$  
!re ab\t five weeks & !n 7 tak5 out & ! 
plants set 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,dur+ ! five  
weeks box ,a1 conta9+ lots ,no4 #a & #b1
 0 *ang$1 end = end1 e day s t ^? two   
lots ( plants receiv$ ne>ly an equal    
am\nt ( sunlight1 b box ,b 0 n *ang$ s t
 lot ,no4 #c1 at "o end ( ! box1 0      

con/antly ne> ! walk & 9 ! full light1  
:ile lot ,no4 #d1 at ! o!r end ( ! box1 
0 con/antly ne> ! wall & 9 p>tial %ade4 
,! effect on ! gr[? ( ! plants 0 v m>k$4
 ,! plants ( lot ,no4 #d 7 ne>ly twice z
 high1 b ) mu* s(t] /ems & leaves ?an ^?
 ( lot ,no4 #c4 ,! plants receiv$ equal 
c>e :5 set side by side 9 ! op5 gr\nd & 
at ! "t ! fir/ fruit 0 ga!r$ seem$ (    
equal size & vigor1 b ! total yield (   
fruit ( lots ,no4 #a1 #b & #c 0 v ne>ly 
! same & 9 ea* case at ! rate ( ov] #ajj
 bu%els an acre m ?an t f lot ,no4 #d4  
,?is is b "o ( ! scores ( exp]i5ces :i* 
h l$ me to appreciate1 9 "s degree1 !   
necessity ( pl5ty ( sunlight = ! be/    
developm5t ( ! tomato4  ,heat4--,! plant
 ?rives be/ out ( doors 9 a dry         
temp]ature ( #ge to #he ,f41 or ev5 up  
to #ie ,f41 if ! air is n too dry & is 9
 g5tle circulation4 ,! rate ( gr[?      
dim9i%es z ! temp]ature falls bel[ #ge  
until at #ej !re is practically no gr[?2
 ! plant is simply liv+ at a poor dy+   
rate & if ! gr[?1 p>ticul>ly 9 "y       

plants1 is *eck$ 9 ?is way = any        
consid]able "t !y w nev] produce a full 
crop ( fruit1 ev5 if ! plants rea* full 
size & are seem+ly vigor\s & heal?y4 ,! 
plant is g5]ally kill$ by exposure = ev5
 a %ort "t to freez+ temp]ature1 ?\gh "y
 volunte] plants 9 ! spr+ are frequ5tly 
s h>d5$ by exposure t !y w survive a    
fro/ t cru/s ! gr\nd !y /& 92 b su*     
exposure affects ! productiv5ess ( !    
plant1 ev5 if x subsequ5tly makes a     
seem+ly vigor\s & heal?y gr[?4 ,"u      
glass1 plants usually d be/ 9 a         
temp]ature some:at l[] ?an is mo/       
desirable out ( doors4 ,i ?9k ?is is due
 to ! inevitable ob/ruction ( ! sunlight
 & ! lack ( p]fect v5tilation4          
,moi/ure4--,al?\gh ! tomato is n a des]t
 plant & ne$s a pl5tiful supply ( wat]1 
x suff]s f> m frequ5tly1 p>ticul>ly :5 !
 plants are "y1 f an ov]-supply ?an f ! 
want ( wat]4 ,good dra9age at ! root &  
w>m1 dry1 sunny air1 9 g5tle motion1 are
 :at x delights 94 ,good dra9age is     
ess5tial n only to ! be/ gr[? ( ! plant 

b to ! production ( any fruit ( good    
quality4 ,s important is ?is feature t  
?\gh x c be readily prov$ t1 o!r ?+s be+
 equal1 ! tomato w give l>g] yield &    
bett] fruit on well dra9$ clay loam ?an 
on s&y soil1 yet x is m g5]ally & m     
successfully plant$ on s&y l&s simply   
because !y are usually bett] dra9$ & on 
?is acc\nt give bett] crops4 ,:ile      
excess ( wat] 9 ! soil is mo/ injuri\s  
to ! "y & gr[+ plant1 an abundance ( x  
at ! "t ! fruit swells & rip5s is v     
ess5tial1 & a want ( x at t "t results 9
 small & imp]fect fruit ( poor flavor4  
,excessive moi/ure 9 ! air is j z       
injuri\s z at ! root4 ,9 my p]sonal     
exp]i5ce ,i h kn[n ( m failures 9 tomato
 crops1 at lea/ 9 ! nor!rn /ates1 to    
come f a season ( p]si/5t ra9s & damp   
atmosph]e at ! "t :5 ! plants %\ld be 9 
bloom & sett+ fruit ?an f any o!r       
climatic cause4  ,food supply4--,!      
tomato is n a gross fe$] nor is ! crop  
an exhau/ive "o1 b ! plant is v p>ticul>
 z to its food supply4 ,x is an epicure 

among plants & dem&s t its food %all n  
only be to its ta/e 9 quality b t x be  
well s]v$4 ,9 ord] = ! plant to d its   
be/1 or ev5 well1 x is ess5tial t ! food
 elem5ts be 9 ! "r proportions & readily
 available4 ,if !re is a defici5cy ( any
 s+le elem5t !re w be b a meag] crop (  
fruit1 no matt] h[ abundant ! supply ( !
 o!rs4 ,an ov]-supply ( an elem5t1      
especially nitrog51 is h>dly less       
injuri\s & w actually less5 ! yield (   
fruit ?\gh x may increase ! size ( !    
v9e4 ,n only mu/ ! food be 9 "r         
proportions b 9 su* condition z to be   
readily available4 ,tomato roots h      
little p[] to wre/ plant food f ! soil4 
,! use ( co>se1 unf]m5t$ manure is ev5 m
 unsatisfactory ) ?is ?an ) o!r crops4  
,! enorm\s yields sometimes obta9$ by   
,engli% g>d5]s f plants gr[n "u glass   
result f a supply ( food ( ! "r         
proportions & 9 solution1 in/ead (      
incorporat+ x 9 a crude condition ) !   
soil4  ,cultivation4--,! tomato is gr[n 
9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & "u v     

diff]5t conditions1 n only z to climate 
& soil b z to ! facilities = gr[+ & h&l+
 ! crop & ! way 9 :i* x is done4 ,:at   
w\ld be ideal conditions ( soil & ! mo/ 
advantage\s me?ods "u "s conditions w\ld
 n be at all desirable 9 o!rs4 ,9 "s    
cases ! l>ge/ possible yield an acre1 9 
o!rs fruit at ! l[e/ co/ a bu%el1 or at 
! e>lie/ possible date1 or 9 a cont9u\s 
supply & ( ! be/ quality1 is ! greate/  
desid]atum4 ,x is impossible to give    
specific in/ructions :i* w\ld be        
applicable to all ^! v>y+ conditions &  
requirem5ts2 s ,i give g5]al cultural   
directions = maximum crops ) v>iations  
sugge/$ = special conditions &          
requirem5ts1 & !n ! read] may foll[ ^?  
:i* seem be/ suit$ to 8 individual      
conditions4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,selection (
 ,soil = ,maximum ,crop   ,l>ge yields (
 tomatoes h be51 & c be1 obta9$ f soils 
( v>y+ composition1 f a gumbo prairie1 a
 black m>% muck1 or a /iff1 t5aci\s     
clay1 to "o ( light drift+ s&1 provid$  
o!r conditions1 su* z dra9age1 til? &   

f]tility are favorable4 ,! ,connecticut 
exp]im5t /ation & o!rs h secur$ good    
results f plants gr[n "u glass 9 a soil 
( sift$ coal a%es & muck1 or ev5 f coal 
a%es alone1 ! requisite plant food be+  
suppli$ 9 solution4 ,b a maximum crop   
c\ld nev]1 & a full "o v seldom1 be     
produc$ on a soil1 no matt] :at its     
composition1 :i* c\ld n be1 or 0 n put  
into & kept 9 a good /ate ( til?1 or on 
"o :i* 0 poorly dra9$1 sodd5 or s\r1 or 
:i* 0 s lea*y t x 0 impossible to reta9 
a fair supply ( moi/ure & ( plant food4 
,( ! #aj l>ge/ yields ( :i* ,i h p]sonal
 k & :i* ran f #a1jjj to #a1bjj bu%els (
 fruit 7acceptable = cann+ & at lea/    
two-?irds ( x ( prime m>ket quality7 an 
acre1 f\r 7 gr[n on soils class$ z clay 
loam1 two on heavy clay--"o ( :i* 0 s   
heavy t clay = mak+ brick 0 subsequ5tly 
tak5 f ! v spot :i* yield$ ! mo/ & be/  
fruit--"o on :at _h be5 a black a%      
swamp1 "o on a s&y muck1 two on a s&y   
loam & "o on a light s& made v ri* by   
heavy1 annual manur+ = sev]al ye>s4 ,!y 

7 all p]fectly wat]$ & dra9$1 9 good    
he>t1 lib]ally f]tiliz$ ) manures (     
prov$ "r proportions = ea* field1 &     
above all1 ! fields 7 put into & kept 9 
p]fect til? by me?ods suit$ to ea* case2
 :ile ! plants us$ 7 ( good /ock & s    
gr[n1 set & cultivat$ t _! gr[? 0 nev]  
/opp$ or h>dly *eck$ = ev5 a day4 ,^!   
conditions z to soil & culture1 toge!r )
 seasons ( exceptionally favorable      
wea!r1 result$ 9 uni=mly l>ge crops on  
^! widely diff]5t soils4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #ab--,,tomatoes ,,tra9$ ,,to     
,,/akes ,,on ,a ,,georgia ,,f>m  ,!     
composition ( ! soil1 !n1 z to its      
proportions ( s& or clay is ( m9or      
importance z reg>ds a maximum yield or z
 to quality ( ! fruit1 except z x       
affects our ability to put & keep ! soil
 9 good physical condition4 ,! tomato   
crop1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! plants are 
trimm$ & tra9$ to /akes1 z is ! usual   
practice 9 ! ,s\?1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ab1 ) 
crops gr[n = e>ly %ipm5t1 necessitates 9
 ! trimm+ & tra9+ ( ! plants & ! ga!r+ (

 ! fruit :5 x is 9 ! "r degree (        
maturity = %ipm5t a great deal ( trampl+
 ( ! surface reg>dless ( :e!r x is wet  
or dry4 ,consequ5tly if ! surface soil  
has any consid]able proportion ( clay   
!re is dang] ( compact+ & ev5 puddl+ x  
by work+ :5 wet1 to ! great detrim5t ( !
 crop4 ,aga91 a m or less s&y surface   
soil c be mu* m easily work$ ?an "o ) a 
l>ge proportion ( clay4 ,= ^! reasons   
our *oice ( a soil = ! l[e/ co/ a bu%el 
& probably = a maximum yield %\ld be a  
ri* s&y or s&y loam surface soil ov]ly+ 
a well-dra9$ clay sub-soil4 ,i w\ld     
pref] "o :i* 0 orig9ally cov]$ ) a heavy
 gr[? ( bee* & maple timb]1 ?\gh ,i %\ld
 want x to be old l& at ! "t4 ,tomatoes 
d n succe$ z well on prairie soils1     
p>ticul>ly if !y are at all heavy1 z !y 
d on timb]$ l&s1 b "o ne$ n despair ( a 
pr(itable crop ( tomatoes on any soil   
:i* w\ld give a fair crop ( corn or (   
cotton4  ,= e>ly-rip5+                  
fruit4--,sometimes ! pr(it &            
satisfaction f a tomato crop dep5d m    

l>gely ^u ! e>l9ess ( rip5+ ?an ^u !    
am\nt ( yield or co/ ( gr[+4 ,9 su*     
cases a w>m1 s&y loam1 or ev5 a di/9ctly
 s&y soil1 is to be pref]r$1 z ?is is   
apt to be w>m] & ! fruit w be matur$ mu*
 e>li] on x ?an on a heavi] soil4 ,x is 
ess5tial1 h[ev]1 t x be well dra9$ &    
w>m4 ,(t5 l&s class$ z s&y are really   
cold] ?an "s ( ^? class$ z clay1 & su*  
soils %\ld be c>efully avoid$ if e>ly   
maturity is important4  ,= ! home       
g>d54--,"h we seldom h a *oice1 b no "o 
ne$ despair & ab&on ef=t1 no matt] :at !
 soil may be1 = x is q possible to raise
 an abundant home supply on any soil &  
t1 too1 )\t inord9ate co/ & labor4 ,"s (
 ! mo/ prolific plants & ! f9e/ fruits  
,i h ev] se5 7 gr[n 9 a village lot :i* 
five ye>s be=e _h be5 fill$ 9 to a dep? 
( #c to #aj feet ) clay1 coal a%es &    
refuse f a brick & coal y>d4 ,9 ano!r   
in/ance magnific5t fruit 0 gr[n 9 a g>d5
 :]e ! soil 0 orig9ally made up *iefly (
 sawdu/ mix$ ) s&1 drawn on a f\ndation 
( sawmill edg+s s z to raise x above !  

wat] ( a swamp4 ,:]e "o has to cont5d ) 
su* conditions he %\ld make an ef=t to  
create a friable soil ) a supply ( humus
 by add+ ! mat]ial ne$$4 ,a v few loads1
 sometimes ev5 a s+le load1 ( clay or s&
 w greatly *ange ! "* ( ! soil ( a      
suffici5t area to gr[ ! "o or two doz5  
plants necess>y = a family supply4 ,9 ! 
two cases m5tion$1 ! own] ( ! fir/ nam$ 
g>d5 us$ bo? s& & sawdu/ to light5 8    
soil1 :ile ! second drew a great _m     
loads ( clay on 84  ,gr[+ "u glass4--,i 
w\ld make up a soil compos$ ( ab\t ?ree 
p>ts rott$ sod1 two or ?ree p>ts (      
well-rott$ /able manure 7& x is v       
important t x be well decompos$7 & "o "p
 ei!r ( co>se1 %>p s&1 s&y loam or clay 
loam1 accord+ z ! sod soil is light or  
heavy1 ! aim be+ to =m a ri*1 light1 op5
 soil r ?an "o :i* is z heavy & compact 
z desirable = "s plants4 ,if sod soil is
 n available1 ( c\rse1 g>d5 loam c be   
sub/itut$1 b x is v important t ! soil  
be ?or\ghly mix$1 & desirable t x be    
prep>$ sometime be=e x is to be us$4 ,"s

 gr[]s use ! same soil = sev]al crops1  
simply add+ "s fre% manure2 b1 if s us$1
 x is important t x be /irr$ & ?or\ghly 
re-mix$ & /]iliz$4     ,,*apt] ,,vi     
,exposure & ,location   ,9 sections :]e 
!re is dang] ( ! plants be+ kill$ by    
e>ly fall fro/s be=e !y h rip5$ _!      
entire crop1 exposure ( ! field is      
sometimes ( importance 9 det]m9+ !      
m>ketable yield4  ,a g5tle incl9ation to
 ! s\?1 ) a protection ( high] l& or    
timb] on ! sides f :i* fro/ or high w9ds
 are mo/ likely to come1 is ! be/4 ,a   
/eep desc5t to ! s\?1 %ut 9 by high l&  
to ! ea/ & we/1 s z to =m a hot pocket1 
is n favorable = a maximum crop al?\gh x
 may give a small] yield ( e>ly rip5+   
fruit2 nor is a small field entirely    
surr\nd$ by =e/ desirable4  ,i once knew
 ( a field1 ( ab\t two acres1 slop+ to !
 s\? & entirely surr\nd$ by heavy timb]1
 on :i* two or ?ree tomato crops 7      
failures :5 o!r fields on ! same f>m    
gave l>ge yields1 b aft] ! timb] on !   
s\? & ea/ _h be5 cut away ?is field     

g5]ally gave ! l>ge/ yield 9 !          
neighborhood4  ,location4--,:ile        
exposure is 9 "s cases an important     
factor 9 det]m9+ ! total yield an acre1 
& s ! co/1 ! location ( ! field z reg>ds
 di/ance f m>ket+ po9t & ! "* ( ! roads 
betwe5 !m is ( f> great] importance 9   
det]m9+ ! co/ & pr(it ( crop1 b "o :i*  
is v (t5 disreg>d$4 ,! m>ketable product
 ( an acre ( tomatoes weighs f #c to #cj
 tons1 :i* is n only m ?an t ( mo/ f>m  
crops1 b ! product is ( su* "* t its    
value is easily de/roy$ by long hauls   
ov] ord9>y roads4 ,x has to be m>ket$ )9
 a day or two ( ! "t x is 9 prime       
condition1 reg>dless ( ! conditions ( ! 
roads or wea!r2 s t x is q deceptive to 
e/imate ! co/ ( deliv]y at ! same rate a
 ton1 z = potatoes or :eat1 = x always  
co/s m1 & sometimes sev]al times m1 to  
deliv] tomatoes ?an x w\ld to deliv] !  
same weight ( less p]i%able crops4 ,9   
mo/ cases ! co/ ( pick+ & deliv]y is "o 
( ! mo/ important factors 9 det]m9+     
pr(it & loss1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! crop is   

gr[n = cann+ factories1 :]e "o (t5 has  
to wait = h\rs = 8 team to unload4 ,^!  
conditions make x v important t ! field 
be locat$ )9 a %ort di/ance (1 &        
connect$ by good roads ) ! po9t (       
deliv]y4  ,e>ly matur+ fruit4--,:]e e>ly
 maturity is ! great desid]atum !       
exposure ( ! field is (t5 v important4  
,x %\ld1 fir/ ( all1 be su* z to secure 
comp>ative fre$om f spr+ fro/s s z to   
p]mit ( e>ly sett+ ( ! plants & ! full  
b5efit ( ! sun%9e z well z protection f 
cold w9ds4 ,!re is (t5 a great diff]5ce 
9 ^! respects betwe5 fields q ne> ea*   
o!r4 ,pr(essor ,rolfs1 ( ,florida1      
m5tions a case :]e ! tomatoes 9 a field 
slop+ to ! s\!a/ & protect$ on ! nor? & 
we/ by a /rip ( oak timb] 7 un9jur$ by a
 spr+ fro/ t kill$ n only all ! plants 9
 neighbor+ fields1 b ^? 9 ! same field  
f>!r away f ! protect+ timb]4 ,su* spots
 %\ld be s\ght out & utiliz$1 z (t5 !y c
 be us$ to great advantage4 ,imm$iate   
proximity to l>ge bodies ( wat] is      
sometimes advantage\s 9 ! ,s\?1 b 9 !   

,nor? x is (t5 disadvantage\s = e>ly    
fruit because ( ! *ill+ ( ! air & !     
increas$ dang] ( spr+ fro/s1 al?\gh     
af=d+ protection f ^? ( e>ly fall4 ,"h1 
too1 proximity ( field to %ipp+ po9t &  
di/ance & transportation rate to m>ket  
are v important factors affect+ pr(it on
 ! crop4  ,! home g>d54--,! s\? side (  
build+s or ( tight f5ces & walls (t5    
furni%es a mo/ desirable place = g>d5   
tomatoes1 b ! plants %\ld be set at lea/
 #f to #aj feet f ! protection & n s z  
to be tra9$ ^u or mu* %ad$ by !m1 z !   
disadvantage ( %utt+ (f ! light &       
circulation ( ! air1 ev5 f ! nor?1 w\ld 
m ?an ov]balance any?+ ga9$ by !        
protection4  ,gr[+ "u glass4--,9 ?is    
c\ntry tomatoes are seldom gr[n "u glass
 except dur+ ! d>k] w9t] mon?s & !      
exposure ( ! h\se2 ! =m ( ! ro( & !     
me?od ( glaz+ :i* w give ! greate/      
possible light1 are ( importance1 =     
tomatoes c n be pr(itably gr[n 9 a d>k  
h\se4 ,j h[ ! greate/ am\nt ( light may 
be made available 9 any p>ticul> case w 

dep5d ^u local conditions1 b e ef=t %\ld
 be made to secure ! mo/ unob/ruct$     
sunlight possible & = ! greate/ numb] ( 
h\rs ea* day4  ,previ\s crop &          
condition4--,9 field culture tomatoes   
%\ld n foll[ tomatoes or potatoes4 ,bo? 
( ^! crops make use ( l>ge quantities ( 
pota%1 & al?\gh a small "p ( t us$ by ! 
plants is tak5 f ! field 9 ! crop1 !y   
inevitably r$uce ! proportion ( ?is     
elem5t 9 ! soil--t is1 9 su* condition z
 to be readily available = ! succe$+    
crop4 ,x is true t ! defici5cy 9 pota%  
may be suppli$1 b x is n s easy to      
supply x 9 a condition 9 :i* x is       
possible = ! roots ( ! tomato to take x 
94 ,unlike potatoes1 tomatoes d n d well
 on new l&1 :e!r x be newly cle>$ timb] 
l&s or new break+ ( prairie4 ,clov]     
leaves ! l& 9 bett] condition = tomatoes
 ?an any o!r ( ! commonly gr[n f>m      
crops1 :ile = second *oice ,i pref] "o (
 peas1 beans1 corn1 or :eat 9 ! ord]    
nam$4  ,"o ( ! mo/ successful tomato    
gr[]s ,i "k (1 ^: soil is a ri*1 d>k    

clay loam1 prep>es = ! crop1 z foll[s3  
,v late 9 ! fall or e>ly 9 ! spr+ he    
gives a clov] sod a heavy dress+ (      
manure & pl[s x "u4 ,9 ! spr+ he prep>es
 ! gr\nd by frequ5t cultivation & plants
 x ) e>ly sweet corn or summ] squa%4 ,at
 ! "t ( ! la/ cultivation ( ^! crops he 
s[s clov] se$1 cov]+ x ) a cultivator   
hav+ _m small tee?1 & r>ely fails to get
 a good /& & a good gr[? ( "y clov] be=e
 ! gr\nd freezes4 ,9 ! spr+ he pl[s ?is 
"u1 runn+ ! pl[ z deep z possible &     
foll[+ 9 ! furr[ ) a sub-soil] :i* /irs1
 b does n br+ ! sub-soil to ! surface4  
,he !n gives ! field a heavy dress+ )   
wood a%es & puts x into ! be/ possible  
til? be=e plant+ 8 tomatoes4 ,?is gr[n  
usually h>ve/s at lea/ #ejj bu%els to ! 
acre & has made a crop ( ov] #a1jjj     
bu%els4  ,e>ly m>ket4--,9 "s sections ( 
! ,s\? :]e ! soil is light & ! gr[]s    
dep5d almo/ :olly on ! use ( l>ge       
quantities ( comm]cial f]tiliz]1 !y seem
 to meet ) ! be/ success by us+ ! same  
field = sev]al successive crops1 b 9 "s 

places !y succe$ be/ ) plant+s foll[+ a 
crop ( c[peas or o!r gre5 soil+ crops   
pl[$ "u1 ) a good dress+ ( lime4        
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,f]tiliz]s   ,! exp]i5ces
 & op9ions ( diff]5t g>d5]s & writ]s v>y
 greatly z to ! am\nt & k9d ( f]tiliz]  
necess>y = ! production ( ! maximum crop
 ( tomatoes4 ,if ! "q 7 z to ! gr[? (   
v9e all w\ld agree t ! m f]tiliz] us$ & 
! ri*] ! soil1 ! bett]4 ,"s gr[]s act z 
if ?is 7 equally true z to fruit1 :ile  
o!rs decl>e t "o c easily use too mu*   
f]tiliz] & get ! gr\nd too ri* n only = 
a maximum b = a pr(itable crop ( fruit4 
,i f9d t ! am\nt an acre recomm5d$ by   
successful gr[]s v>ies f #dj tons (     
well-rott$ /able manure1 supplem5t$ by  
#a1jjj p\nds ( complete f]tiliz] &      
#a1jjj p\nds ( unlea*$ a%es1 to "o (    
only #cjj p\nds ( potato f]tiliz]4  ,9  
my own exp]i5ce ! l>ge/ yield t ,i c    
recall 0 produc$ on :at w\ld be call$   
ri* l&1 & ! application ( f]tiliz] = !  
tomato crop 0 n 9 excess 7unless        
possibly ( pota%7 ( t ( ! usual annual  

dress+4 ,i ?9k t 9 prep>+ a soil =      
tomatoes1 z 9 select+ social            
acqua9tances1 ! new ri* are to be       
avoid$4 ,a soil :i* is ri* because (    
judici\s manur+ & c>eful cropp+ = _m    
ye>s c sc>cely be too ri*1 :ile "o t is 
made ri* by a s+le application (        
f]tiliz]1 no matt] h[ well proportion$1 
may give ev5 a small] yield ( fruit     
because ( its excessive use4 ,aga91 !   
proportions ( ! v>i\s food elem5ts v>y  
greatly 9 diff]5t locations4  ,pr(essor 
,hal/ead f9ds t 9 8 section ( ,new      
,j]sey ! lib]al use ( nitrate ( soda    
increases ! yield & improves ! quality1 
:ile 9 "s localities ( ,new ,york1      
,ohio1 & ! ,we/1 gr[]s f9d t ! yield (  
fir/-class fruit 0 actually less5$ by   
its use4 ,9 "s sections ( ! ,s\?        
lib]ality 9 ! use ( phosphates det]m9es 
! am\nt & ! quality ( ! crop1 :ile at   
o!r po9ts x seems to be ( little value4 
,9 my own exp]i5ce ! lib]al application 
( pota%1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! =m ( wood a%es1 
has m (t5 giv5 good results ?an !       

application ( any o!r special f]tiliz]4 
,if call$ ^u to "n ! exact quantity &   
k9d ( manure = tomatoes1 )\t any k ( !  
soil or its previ\s condition1 ,i w\ld  
say #h to #aj tons ( good /able manure  
work$ into ! soil z late z possible 9 ! 
fall or dur+ ! w9t] & e>ly spr+ & #cjj  
to #fjj p\nds ( comm]cial f]tiliz]1 (   
su* composition z to furni% #b p] c5t4  
nitrog51 #f p] c5t4 phosphoric acid & #h
 p] c5t4 pota% scatt]$ & work$ into ! r[
 ab\t ! "t t ! plants are set4 ,! use ( 
a l>ge proportion ( nitrog5 t5ds to rank
 gr[? ( v9e & s(t1 wat]y fruit4 ,! use (
 a l>ge proportion ( phosphoric acid    
t5ds to produce s(t fruit ) less        
di/9ctly acid flavor2 ( pota%1 to small]
 gr[? ( v9e & firm b m acid fruit4  ,i  
?9k t ev5 m ?an ) mo/ crops x w be well 
= ! f>m] to exp]im5t to det]m9e ! be/ & 
mo/ economical f]tiliz] = 8 soil1 sett+ 
aside five to t5 plots ( #a to #d squ>e 
rods ea* & apply nitrate ( soda1 muriate
 ( pota%1 wood1 a%es1 & phosphate alone 
& 9 diff]5t comb9ations4 ,! results w   

sugge/ ! comb9ation :i* he c use to be/ 
advantage4 ,9 ! majority ( cases1 h[ev]1
 :]e ! soil is reasonably ri*1          
exp5ditures = putt+ ! gr\nd 9 ! be/     
possible /ate ( til? w give l>g] returns
 ?an ^? = manures 9 excess ( t :i* ! l& 
has usually receiv$ 9 ! regul> rotation 
= ord9>y f>m crops4  ,= ! home          
g>d54--,usually a dress+ ( wood a%es up 
to a rate ( #a bu%el to ! squ>e rod1    
well work$ into ! soil be=e ! plants are
 set1 & occasionally wat]+ ) liquid     
manure1 w g5]ally give ! be/ returns (  
any special f]tilization1 x be+ assum$ t
 ! g>d5 has be5 well enri*$ ) /able     
manure4  ,tomatoes "u glass4--,"s gr[]s 
recomm5d frequ5t wat]+s ) liquid manure2
 o!rs a surface dress+ ( %eep manure2   
/ill o!rs a mul* ( mod]ately well decay$
 /able manure4 ,plants gr[+ "u glass1   
p>ticul>ly 9 pots or boxes1 seem to be  
b5efitt$ by s heavy a dress+ t if appli$
 to plants gr[+ outside x w\ld be likely
 to give excessive gr[? ( v9e ) b little
 fruit4     ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,prep>ation 

( ! ,soil   ,! prop] prep>ation ( ! soil
 be=e sett+ ! plants is "o ( ! mo/      
ess5tial po9ts 9 successful tomato      
culture4 ,! soil %\ld be put into ! be/ 
possible physical condition & to !      
greate/ practicable dep?4 ,h[ ?is c be  
be/ accompli%$ w v>y greatly ) diff]5t  
soils & ! facilities at ! comm& ( !     
plant]4 ,my practice on a heavy1 dry    
soil is to pl[ %all[ z e>ly 9 ! spr+ z !
 gr\nd is fit to "w1 & !n "w & re-"w !  
surface s z to make x z f9e z possible4 
,if ,i am to use any manure :i* is at   
all co>se1 x is well work$ 9 at ?is "t4 
,a week or #aj days be=e ,i expect to   
set ! plants ,i aga9 pl[1 & to z great a
 dep? z practicable1 )\t turn+ up mu* ( 
! sub-soil1 & if ?is has n be5 done )9  
two ye>s1 foll[ 9 ! furr[s ) a sub-soil 
pl[ :i* loos5s1 b does n br+ ! sub-soil 
to ! surface4 ,!n ,i "w & re-"w !       
surface1 at ! same "t work+ 9 any dress+
 ( well-rott$ manure1 a%es or comm]cial 
f]tiliz] t ,i want to use4 ,i nev]      
regret go+ ov] ! field aga91 if by s do+

 ,i c improve its condition 9 ! lea/4   
,on a light] soil x might be bett] to   
compact r ?an loos5 z mu* z w\ld give ! 
be/ results ) clay1 b always & ev]y:]e !
 soil %\ld be made f9e1 friable & uni=m 
9 condition1 to ! greate/ dep? possible4
  ,"o ( ! mo/ successful gr[]s has said 
t if he c\ld af=d to sp5d b two days' "t
 on a pat* ( tomatoes he w\ld use a day 
& a half ( ! two days 9 fitt+ ! gr\nd   
be=e he set ! plants4 ,x is my op9ion t 
any work+ ( ! gr\nd t s]ves to get x    
into bett] me*anical condition1 if done 
economically1 w n only increase ! yield1
 b to su* an ext5t z to l[] ! co/ a     
bu%el4 ,t4 ,b4 ,t]ry's tea*+ ( !        
necessity = work+ & re-work+ ! soil1 if 
"o w\ld h ! l>ge/ crops ( potatoes ( !  
be/ quality1 is ev5 m applicable to !   
culture ( tomatoes4  ,home g>d54--,"h   
!re is no excuse = sett+ plants 9 h>d1  
lumpy soil4 ,x %\ld be work$ & re-work$1
 n simply once or twice1 b once or twice
 aft] x has be5 ?or\ghly work$4 ,9 %ort1
 ! tomato b$ %\ld be made z friable z x 

is possible to make x & to z great a    
dep? z ! "* ( ! sub-soil w p]mit4  ,"u  
glass4--,i w\ld /rongly advise t soil = 
tomatoes1 :e!r x is to be us$ 9 solid   
b$s or 9 pots or boxes1 be ?or\ghly     
/]iliz$ by pil+ x n ov] #ae in*es deep  
or wide ov] iron pipes p]=at$ ) two l9es
 ( holes ab\t "o-sixte5? in* 9 diamet] &
 #b in*es ap>t & fill$ ) /eam = at lea/ 
a half h\r4 ,x c be /]iliz$1 b f> less  
effectively1 by ?or\gh wett+ ) boil+    
wat]4 ,x %\ld always be well /irr$ &    
air$ be=e ! plants are set 9 x4  ,/>t+  
plants4--,f ab\t ! latitude ( ,new ,york
 city s\?w>d1 x is possible to secure   
l>ge yields f plants gr[n f se$ s[n 9   
place 9 ! field1 & "o (t5 sees volunte] 
plants :i* h sprung up z we$s c>ry+ z   
mu* or m fruit ?an mo/ c>efully gr[n    
transplant$ ones beside !m4 ,9 _m       
sections tomatoes are gr[n 9 l>ge areas 
= cann+ factories1 & z a f>m r ?an a    
m>ket g>d5 crop1 individual f>m]s plant+
 f #aj to #ajj acres2 & to />t &        
transplant to ! field ! #be1jjj to      

#cj1jjj plants necess>y = a t5-acre     
field seems a great und]tak+4 ,tomato   
plants1 h[ev]1 :5 "y1 are ( r weak &    
t5d] gr[?1 & ne$ m c>eful culture ?an c 
be readily giv5 9 ! op5 field2 &1 aga91 
! dem& ( ! m>ket1 ev5 at ! cann+        
factories1 is = deliv]y ( ! crop e>li]  
?an x c be produc$ by s[+ ! se$ 9 !     
field4  ,= ^! reasons x is almo/ !      
univ]sal cu/om ( successful gr[]s to use
 plants />t$ "u glass or 9 se$-b$s :]e  
conditions ( heat & moi/ure c be some:at
 "u control4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t !     
failure to secure a maximum yield is m  
(t5 due to defective me?ods ( />t+1 h&l+
 & sett+ ! plants ?an to any o!r s+le   
cause4 ,9 sections :]e tomatoes are     
l>gely gr[n !re are usually m5 :o make a
 bus9ess ( />t+ plants & (f]+ !m = sale 
at prices runn+ f #a or ev5 z l[ z #dj  
c5ts1 up to #h & #aj a #a1jjj1 accord+  
to _! age & ! way !y are gr[n2 b        
g5]ally1 x w be f\nd m advantage\s = !  
plant] to />t 8 plants on or ne> ! field
 :]e !y are to be gr[n4  ,tomato plants 

f cutt+s may be easily gr[n1 b su*      
plants1 :5 plant$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 d n    
yield z mu* fruit z se$l+s nor is ?is   
apt to be ( s good quality2 s t1 9      
practice1 se$l+s only are us$ = outside 
crops4 ,"u glass1 plants f cutt+s d     
relatively bett] & "s gr[]s pref] !m1 z 
!y comm5ce to fruit e>li] & d n make s  
rank a gr[?4  ,se$l+s c be mo/ easily   
/>t$ & gr[n1 at lea/ up to ! "t ( prick+
 out1 9 light1 well-v5tilat$ gre5h\ses1 
& _m l>ge gr[]s h !m = ?is specific     
purpose4 ,h\ses = />t+ tomato plants    
%\ld be s situat$ z to be fully expos$  
to ! sun & n %ad$ 9 any way2 be provid$ 
) heat+ app>atus by :i* a night         
temp]ature ( #fj & up to "o ( #hj ,f4 9 
! day c be ma9ta9$ ev5 9 ! colde/ wea!r 
& d>ke/ days likely to occur = #fj to   
#ij days be=e ! plants c be safely set  
out 9 ! op5 field2 & ! h\ses %\ld be    
well glaz$ & v5tilat$4  ,h\ses well     
suit$ = ?is purpose are (t5 built (     
hotb$ sa% ) no frame b a simple         
ridge-bo>d & sides #a or #b feet high1  

head room be+ ga9$ by a c5tral sunk5 pa?
 & ! sa% s fa/5$ 9 place t !y may be    
easily lift$ to give v5tilation or      
entirely remov$ to give full exposure to
 sun%9e1 or = /or+ :5 ! h\se is n ne$$4 
,hotb$ sa% #cf feet ) side-b>s project+ 
at ! ends to facilitate fa/5+ !m 9 place
 are usually kept by deal]s1 :o (f] !m  
at f #a4ej to #c ea*1 accord+ to !      
quality ( ! mat]ial us$4  ,a hot wat]   
heat+ app>atus is ! be/1 b (t5 "o c use 
a brick furnace or an iron heat+ /ove1  
connect$ ) a flue ( sew] or dra9-pipe t 
w answ] v well & co/ mu* less4 ,x       
requires b #f to #aj squ>e feet ( b5* to
 />t plants en\gh = an acre1 & a h\se   
co/+ only f #be to #ej w enable "o to   
gr[ plants en\gh = #bj acres up to !    
/age :5 !y c be prick$ out into sa% or  
clo?-cov]$ cold-frames 9 :i* !y c be    
gr[n on to ! size be/ suit$ = sett+ 9 ! 
field4 ,:5 a gr[] plants less ?an #e    
acres x is (t5 bett] = him to s[ 8 se$ 9
 flats or %all[ boxes & arrange to h ^! 
c>$ = 9 "s neighbor+ gre5h\se = ! #aj to

 #bj days be=e !y c be prick$ out4      
,,*apt] ,,ix  ,hotb$s & ,cold-frames    
,plants c be advantage\sly />t$ & ev5   
gr[n on to ! size = sett+ 9 op5 gr\nd 9 
hotb$s4 ,9 build+ ^! ( manure x is      
important to select a spot :]e !re is no
 dang] ( /&+ wat]1 ev5 aft] ! heavie/   
ra9s1 & x is well to remove ! soil to a 
dep? ( #f in*es or #a foot f a space    
ab\t #b feet l>g] ea* way ?an ! b$ & to 
build ! manure up squ>ely to a hight (  
#b to #c feet4 ,x is also v important t 
! b$ ( manure be ( uni=m composition z  
reg>ds mixture ( /raw & also z to age1  
d5sity & moi/ure1 s z to secure uni=mity
 9 heat+4 ,?is c be accompli%$ by %ak+  
out & ev5ly spread+ ea* =kful &         
repeat$ly & ev5ly tramp+ d[n z ! b$ is  
built up4 ,unless ?is "w is well &      
c>efully done ! b$ w heat & settle      
unev5ly1 mak+ x impossible to secure    
uni=mity ( gr[? 9 diff]5t p>ts4  ,hotb$ 
frames %\ld be ( a size to c>ry f\r to  
six #cf-;foot sa%1 & made ( lumb] s     
fa/5$ toge!r t !y c be easily knock$    

ap>t & /or$ :5 n 9 use4 ,!y %\ld be ab\t
 #aj in*es high 9 front & #af or #ah    
in*es at ! back1 c>e be+ tak5 t if !    
back is made ( two bo>ds "o ( !m be n>r[
 & at ! bottom s t ! crack betwe5 !m c  
be cov]$ by bank+ up ) manure or e>?4 ,9
 plac+ !m on ! manure %ort pieces ( bo>d
 %\ld be laid "u ! corn]s to prev5t _!  
settl+ 9 ! manure unev5ly4 ,i pref] to  
s[ ! se$ 9 flats or %all[ boxes fill$ ) 
ri* b s&y & v friable soil1 & set ^! on 
a lay] ( sift$ coal a%es cov]+ ! manure 
& made p]fectly level1 b _m gr[]s s[ on 
soil re/+ directly on ! manure2 if ?is  
is done ! soil %\ld be light & friable &
 made p]fectly level4 ,a p]spective view
 ( a ?ree-sa% hotb$ is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ac1
 & ( a cross-section 9 ,fig4 #ad4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac--,,?ree-,,sa%  
,,hotb$  ,9 "s sections1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! 
,s\?1 x is n always easy to procure     
suitable manure = mak+ hotb$s1 s ^! are 
built to be w>m$ by flues "u gr\nd1 b ,i
 ?9k x mu* bett] :]e a fire is to be us$
 t ! sa% be built into ! =m ( a h\se4 ,a

 hotb$ ( manure is pref]r$ to a h\se by 
"s because ( its supply+ uni=m & moi/   
bottom heat--& "o c easily give abundant
 air2 b ! sa% c be built into ! =m ( a  
h\se at b little m exp5se1 & x has !    
great advantage ( enabl+ "o to "w among 
! plants 9 any wea!r1 :ile1 if prop]ly  
built1 any desir$ degree ( heat &       
v5tilation c be easily secur$4 ,except  
:5 v e>ly rip5+ fruit is ! desid]atum1  
plants />t$ ) heat b prick$ out & gr[n 9
 cold-frames )\t x1 b :]e !y c be       
protect$ dur+ cold nights & /orms1 w    
give bett] results ?an ^? gr[n to full  
size = ! field 9 artificial heat4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                    
#ad--;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,hotb$     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                    
#ae--;,,cold-,,frames ,,on ,,hill-,,side
  ,cold-frames4--,9 locations :]e       
tomatoes are mu* gr[n l>ge areas are    
devot$ to cold-frames cov]$ ei!r by sa% 
or clo? curta9s4 ,sa% give mu* bett]    
protection f cold & on ?is acc\nt are m 
desirable1 p>ticul>ly :]e v e>ly fruit+ 

is want$1 b _! fir/ co/ is mu* great] & 
! labor ( att5d+ to b$s cov]$ by !m is  
mu* m ?an :]e clo? is us$4 ,sa%-cov]$   
b$s %\ld be ( s+le wid? & run ea/ & we/1
 b if ! b$s are cov]$ ) clo? x is bett] 
t !y be d\ble wid? 7#ab feet7 & run nor?
 & s\?4 ,! front ( ! s+le & ! sides ( ! 
d\ble wid? b$s %\ld be #h to #aj in*es  
high1 held firmly erect by /akes &      
p]fectly p>allel1 bo? horizontally &    
v]tically1 ) ! back or ) ! c5tral       
support4 ,?is %\ld be #f in*es high] ?an
 ! front4 ,! cross /rips1 :5 sa% are    
us$1 %\ld be made ( a #c-;in* horizontal
 & a #a-a_/b-;in* v]tical /rip ( #a-;in*
 lumb] nail$ toge!r v firmly 9 ! =m ( an
 inv]t$ ,t1 ! v]tical pieces project+ #a
 in* at ea* end & re/+ on ! front & back
 ( ! b$ & =m+ supports & guides = ! sa%4
 ,"s gr[]s use v]tical /rips z heavy z  
#bc or #d in*es = /epp+ across ! b$s4   
,:5 ! plants are to be tak5 to ! field1 
! sa% & guides c be easily remov$4      
7,fig4 #ae47  ,gr\nd to be cov]$ )      
cold-frames %\ld be made v friable & ri*

 by repeat$ pl[+ & work+ 9 ( a lib]al   
dress+ ( well-rott$ /able manure & wood 
a%es4 ,9 s\?we/]n ,new ,j]sey1 :]e      
imm5se areas ( e>ly tomatoes are gr[n1 !
 soil ( ! b$s = a dep? ( ab\t #f in*es  
is remov$ & a lay] #c to #e in*es deep (
 well-rott$ /able manure is plac$ 94 ,t 
made ( a mixture ( manure f horses1     
cattle & hogs is pref]r$4 ,x is         
important t ! manure be s well rott$ t x
 w n heat1 & s dry t x w n become pa/y  
:5 tramp$ into a firm1 level lay]4 ,on  
?is !y place a lay] ( ne>ly #c in*es    
deep ( ri*1 friable1 mod]ately compact  
soil & prick out ! plants into ?is4 ,!  
roots soon b9d ! manure & soil toge!r & 
by cutt+ ?r\gh ! manure s z to =m blocks
 "o c c>ry ! plants to ! fields ) b v   
little di/urbance ( ! root4  ,clo? cov]s
 = b$s %\ld be made ( heavy1 unblea*$   
%eet+ or light duck1 & x is bett] t !   
selvage run up & d[n ! b$ r ?an         
l5g?wise4 ,! clo? is torn into l5g?s (  
ab\t #ac feet & !n sewn toge!r ) a n>r[ 
d\ble-/it*$ flat seam s z to =m a %eet  

#ac feet wide & ab\t #h in*es long] ?an 
! b$4 ,! edges are tack$ e foot to !    
/rips ab\t #b in*es wide by #g_/h in*   
?ick ) bevel$ outside edges & laid      
p]fectly 9 l9e4 ,a second l9e ( /rips is
 !n nail$ to ! fir/ s z to break jo9ts )
 x & s t ! two w =m a cont9u\s roll]    
ab\t a foot long] ?an ! b$ ) ! edge ( ! 
curta9 firmly fa/5$ 9 its c5t]4 ,! c5t] 
( ! curta9 is secur$ to ! c5tral ridge (
 ! b$ by /rips ( la?4 ,:5 roll$ up1 !   
roll]s are held 9 place by loops ( rope 
ar\nd _! ends & :5 !y are d[n !y are    
held by simil> loops to ! not*$ t5t-p9s 
driv5 into ! gr\nd or to wood5 buttons  
fa/5$ to ! sides & ends ( ! frame z %[n 
9 ,fig4 #af4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#af--,,transplant+ ,,tomatoes ,,"u      
,,clo?-,,cov]$ ,,frames 7,photo by ,pr(4
 ,w4 ,g4 ,johnson7  ,clo? cov]s are     
sometimes dress$ ) oil1 b ?is is n to be
 recomm5d$1 ?\gh x is an advantage to h 
!m wet occasionally ) a weak solution ( 
copp] sulphate or ) sea wat] z a        
pres]vative & to prev5t mildew4 ,su*    

cov]s1 well c>$ =1 may la/ five ye>s or 
be ( little use aft] ! fir/1 dep5d+ ^u !
 c>e giv5 !m4 ,!y c be made f #ej to    
#bjj feet long & two m5 c roll !m up or 
d[n v quickly4  ,:5 clo? cov]s are us$ !
 support+ cross-/rips %\ld n be ov] #c  
in*es wide nor m ?an #c feet ap>t2      
sometimes ! /rips are made to b9d !     
sidebo>d & ridge toge!r by means ( %ort 
pieces ( hoop iron or ( b>rel hoop4 ,^! 
are s plac$ & nail$ z to hold ! upp]    
edge ( sidebo>ds & ( ! c5tral ridge flu%
 ) ! cross-/rips1 ?us =m+ a smoo?       
surface = clo? to re/ on & enabl+ "o    
easily to knock d[n & remove ! frames to
 facilitate ! tak+ ( ! plants f ! b$ to 
! field & ! /or+ ( ! frames = ano!r     
season4  ,flats = />t+ se$s4--,any %all[
 box may be us$ or ! plants s[n directly
 9 ! b$s )\t !m1 b flats ( a uni=m size 
are to be pref]r$--^! w pack well on !  
gre5h\se %elves2 or 9 ! hotb$ we make !m
 ) #g_/h in* ?ick ends & #a_/b in* ?ick 
sides & bottom1 ! latt] if ( a s+le bo>d
 hav+ f\r half-in* holes = dra9age & 9  

any case hav+ two n>r[ /rips ab\t #a_/d 
in* ?ick nail$ across _! bottoms s z to 
all[ dra9age wat] to escape freely :5 ! 
boxes are set on h>d1 cool floors4 ,two 
or ?ree su* boxes1 #ce-a_/b in*es long1 
#ab in*es wide & #c in*es deep1 w be    
suffici5t to />t plants en\gh = an acre4
 ,i l to use simil> boxes only #d in*es 
deep = gr[+ ! plants aft] !y are prick$ 
out1 p>ticul>ly if ?is is to be done 9 a
 gre5h\se1 z by turn+ !m we c equalize  
exposure to light & ?us di/ribute !     
plants 9 ! field :]e !y are to be set ) 
! lea/ possible di/urbance4 ,"o w\ld ne$
 ne>ly #fj su* boxes = plants en\gh = an
 acre4 ,on acc\nt ( ! less5$ necessity =
 wat]+ :5 plants are set 9 b$s r ?an 9  
boxes1 _m gr[]s pref] to gr[ _! plants 9
 t way4     ,,*apt] ,x  ,/>t+ ,plants   
,?is has be5 ! subject ( a va/ am\nt (  
horticultural writ+1 & ! practice (     
diff]5t gr[]s1 & 9 diff]5t sections1    
v>ies greatly4 ,i give ! me?ods ,i h us$
 successfully1 toge!r ) reasons = foll[+
 !m1 b x may be well = ! read] to modify

 !m to suit 8 own conditions &          
requirem5ts4  ,l>ge/ yield4--,"s #de to 
#ej days be=e plants c be safely set 9 !
 op5 field ! flats 9 :i* ! se$ is to be 
s[n %\ld be fill$ ) light1 ri*1 friable 
soil1 x be+ important t its surface be  
made p]fectly level1 & t x be compact & 
q moi/1 b n s wet z to pack "u pressure4
 ,s[ ! se$ 9 drills #c_/h in* deep & #b 
to #c in*es ap>t at ! rate ( #aj to #bj 
to ! in*2 press ! soil ev5ly ov] !m1    
wat] & place 9 ! %ade 9 an ev5          
temp]ature ( #hj to #ij ,f4 ,z soon z ! 
se$s beg9 to break soil1 :i* !y %\ld d 9
 ?ree to f\r days1 place 9 full light & 
temp]ature ( #ge to #hj1 keep+ ! air r  
close s z to avoid necessity ( wat]+4   
,aft] a few days r$uce ! temp]ature to  
ab\t #fe & give z mu* air z possible4   
,"s gr[]s press a %ort piece ( #b-;in*  
joi/ into ! soil ( ! b5*es1 s z to =m   
tr5*es #b in*es wide & ab\t #c_/h in*   
deep1 & s spac$ z to be "u ! c5t] ( ea* 
r[ ( glass1 _! sa% be+ mo/ly made (     
five-in* glass4 ,9 ?is1 by us+ a little 

t9 box ) holes 9 ! top1 l ^? ( a        
pepp]-box1 !y scatt] se$s s t !y w be   
ne>ly #a_/h to #a_/d in* ap>t1 ov] !    
bottom ( ! #b-;in* wide tr5*1 & !n cov]4
 ,?is has ! advantage ( ev5ly spac+ !   
plants & s locat+ ! r[s t ! plants w be 
little liable to injury f drip4  ,"y    
tomato plants are v s5sitive to         
ov]-supply ( wat] & "s ( ! mo/          
successful gr[]s d n wat] at all until !
 plants are q l>ge & !n only :5 necess>y
 to prev5t wilt+4 ,9 #aj to #ae days1 or
 z soon z ! c5tral bud is well />t$1 !  
plants %\ld be prick$ out1 sett+ !m #c  
to #f in*es ap>t1 accord+ to ! size we  
expect !m to rea* be=e !y g into !      
field2 #e in*es is ! mo/ common di/ance 
us$4 ,i ?9k x bett] to set ! full       
di/ance ap>t at fir/1 n to transplant a 
second "t4 ,x is v important t ?is      
prick+ out %\ld be done :5 ! plants are 
"y & small1 ?\gh _m successful gr[]s    
wait until !y are l>g]4 ,! soil 9 :i* !y
 are set1 :e!r x be 9 boxes or b$s1 %\ld
 be compos$ ( ab\t ?ree p>ts g>d5 loam1 

two p>ts well-rott$ /able manure & "o "p
 ( an equal mixture ( s& & leaf mold1   
?\gh ! proportion ( s& us$ %\ld be      
increas$ if ! g>d5 loam is clayey4 ,!   
soil 9 ! se$-boxes or 9 ! b$s1 :5 !     
se$l+s are tak5 up1 %\ld be 9 su*       
condition1 & ! plants be h&l$ 9 su* a   
way t ne>ly all ! roots1 c>ry+ ) !m _m  
p>ticles ( soil1 are sav$4 ,! plants    
%\ld be set a little1 & b a little1     
deep] ?an !y /ood 9 ! se$-box & ! soil s
 press$ ab\t ! roots1 p>ticul>ly at _!  
l[] end1 t ! plants c n be easily pull$ 
out4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4              
#ag--,,spott+-,,bo>d ,,= ,,use ,,9      
,,cold-,,frames  ,:]e plants are set 9  
b$s ! "w c be facilitat$ by ! use ( a   
spott+-bo>d 7,fig4 #ag74 ,?is %\ld be   
ab\t #a foot 9 wid?1 & h pegs ab\t #c   
in*es long1 #c_/d in* 9 diamet] at !    
base & tap]+ to a po9t1 fa/5$ into !    
bo>d ! di/ance ap>t ! plants are to be  
set4 ,x %\ld also h n>r[ projections    
c>ry+ a s+le peg nail$ to ! top ( bo>d  
at ea* end1 s t :5 ^! pegs are plac$ 9 !

 end holes ( ! la/ r[ ! fir/ r[ ( pegs 9
 ! spott+ bo>d w be ! "r di/ance f ! la/
 r[ ( holes or plants4 ,by /&+ on ?is1  
:ile sett+ plants 9 "o set ( holes1     
holes = ano!r set are =m$4 ,if !        
conditions ( soil1 air & plants are "r &
 ! "w is well done1 ! plants w %[ little
 t5d5cy to wilt1 & x is bett] to prev5t 
_! do+ s by %ad+1 r ?an by wat]+1 ?\gh !
 latt] %\ld be resort$ to if necess>y4  
,:5 plants are set 9 b$s1 "s gr[]s      
remove ! soil to a dep? ( ab\t #f in*es 
& put 9 a lay] ( ab\t #b in*es ( sift$  
coal a%es1 made p]fectly level1 & !n    
replace ! soil4 ,?is conf9es ! roots to 
! surface & enables "o to secure ne>ly  
all ( !m :5 transplant+4 ,! plants %\ld 
be well e/abli%$ 9 #bd h\rs & aft] ?is !
 m light & air t c be giv51 )\t !       
temp]ature fall+ bel[ #dj ,f4 or        
subject+ ! plants to cold1 dry w9d1 !   
bett]4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#ah--,,spott+-,,bo>d ,,= ,,use ,,on     
,,flat 7,f ,w4 ,g4 ,johnson7  ,"o c     
h>dly ov]/ate ! importance to ! heal?y  

gr[? ( ! "y tomato plant ( abundant     
sun%9e1 a uni=m day temp]ature ( f #fj  
to #hj ,f41 or ( ! ill effects ( a      
v>iable temp]ature1 p>ticul>ly if x be !
 result ( cold1 dry w9ds1 or ( a wet1   
soggy soil1 ! effect ( ov]-wat]+4 ,^!   
po9ts %\ld be kept 9 m9d 9 c>+ = !      
plants1 & e ef=t made to secure1 z f> z 
possible1 ! fir/ nam$ conditions & to   
avoid ! latt]4 ,! frames1 :e!r !y be    
cov]$ ) sa% or clo?1 b m p>ticul>ly if )
 sa% 9 sun%9e & ) curta9s 9 dull days1  
%\ld be op5$ s z to prev5t _! becom+ too
 hot1 & s z to admit air4 ,& 9 a        
gre5h\se full v5tilation %\ld be giv5   
:5ev] x is possible to d s )\t exposure 
to too l[ a temp]ature4 ,if ! plants are
 9 boxes & on gre5h\se %elves1 x is     
important t ^! be turn$ end = end e few 
days to equalize exposure to light &    
give full exposure to ! sun4 ,! plants  
%\ld be wat]$ only :5 necess>y to prev5t
 wilt+1 & ! b$s %\ld be cov]$ dur+ heavy
 ra9s4 ,a spott+-bo>d = use on flats is 
se5 9 ,fig4 #ah4  ,! mo/ unfavorable    

wea!r conditions are bright sun comb9$ )
 a cold w9d1 & cold /orms ( drizzl+ ra9 
& fro/y nights4 ,loss f ! latt] cause   
may (t5 be prev5t$ by cov]+ ! b$s )     
co>se /raw1 :i* %\ld always be provid$ =
 use 9 an em]g5cy4 ,_m gr[]s provide a  
second curta9--an old "o answ]s v       
well--to ?r[ ov] ! /raw-cov]$ b$s4 ,b$s 
s cov]$ w protect ! plants f fro/ 9 q   
sev]e wea!r4 ,wat]+ %\ld especially be  
avoid$ = ne>ly ?ree days be=e sett+ 9   
fields2 b six to twelve h\rs be=e x is  
well to wat] ?or\ghly1 ?\gh n s z to    
make ! soil at all muddy4 ,ab\t five    
days aft] prick+ out & aga9 ab\t five   
days be=e ! plants are to g into ! field
 & five days aft] !y are set1 !y %\ld be
 spray$ ) ,bordeaux mixture4  ,e>ly     
rip5+ fruit4--,"h ! aim is to secure1 by
 ! "t !y c be set 9 ! field1 plants :i* 
h come by an un*eck$ b comp>atively sl[ 
rate ( gr[? to ! greate/ size & maturity
 consi/5t ) ! transplant+ to ! field )\t
 too s]i\s a *eck4 ,! me?ods by :i* ?is 
is accompli%$ v>y greatly & g5]ally     

diff] mat]ially f ^? giv5 above4 ,! se$ 
is plant$ mu* e>li] & #fj to #ij days   
be=e x is at all safe to set plants 9 ! 
op5 field2 :ile a /eady rate ( gr[? is  
desirable1 x %\ld be sl[ & ! plants kept
 small by a second & ev5 ?ird & f\r?    
transplant+1 & especial c>e tak5 to     
avoid ! s(t & irregul> gr[? result+ f   
ov]-wat]+ or ov]-heat+4 ,any side %oots 
:i* may appe> %\ld be p9*$ out & a full 
poll9ation ( ! fir/ clu/] ( ! blossoms  
secur$1 ei!r by direct application (    
poll5 or by /ak+ or j>r+ ! plants on    
bright days2 & f9ally1 special ef=ts    
made to set ! plants 9 ! field z e>ly & 
) z little *eck z possible4 ,gr[]s are  
(t5 will+ to run consid]able risk ( fro/
 = ! sake ( e>ly sett+4  ,:5 "o has s&y 
l& a v pr(itable crop c sometimes be    
secur$ by s[+ ! se$ v e>ly1 & gr[+ !    
plants on 9 b$s until ! fir/ clu/] (    
fruit is set1 !n heel+ !m 91 mu* z      
nurs]y trees are1 b s close t !y c be   
quickly cov]$ 9 case ( fro/4 ,z soon z x
 is at all safe to d s1 !y are set 9 !  

op5 gr\nd1 v closely1 on ! s\? side (   
ridges1 s t only ! upp] "o-?ird ( !     
plant is expos$1 ! rema9d] be+ laid     
ne>ly level & cov]$ ) e>?4  ,s treat$ ! 
plants w rip5 ! upp] "o or two clu/]s v 
e>ly b w yield little m until late 9 !  
season1 & x is g5]ally m pr(itable to   
pl[ !m up & put 9 "s o!r crop z soon z !
 fir/ clu/]s ( fruit h rip5$4 ,o!rs p9* 
out ! c5tral bud z soon z x is well =m$1
 usually )9 #aj days f ! s[+ ( ! se$4   
,:5 ?is is done a great proportion ( !  
plants w />t bran*es f ! axils ( !      
cotyl$ons2 ^! usually develop blossoms 9
 ! ?ird to ! fif? node & produce fruit  
mu* l[] ?an 9 a normal plant4 ,x is     
que/ionable if !re is any ga9 9 "t f se$
 to fruit by ?is me?od1 b x enables "o  
to get old] plants ( a size :i* x is    
practicable to transplant to ! field4   
,9 mo/ cases x w be f\nd m pr(itable &  
satisfactory s to gr[ ! plants t by ! "t
 !y c be safely set out ( doors !y w be 
9 vigor\s condition1 ab\t #f to #aj     
in*es tall1 /\t1 heal?y & well h>d5$ (f4

 ,su* plants w rip5 fruit ne>ly1 & (t5 q
 z e>ly z old] ones & w produce a       
con/ant succession ( fruit1 in/ead (    
rip5+ a s+le clu/] or two & !n no m     
until !y h made a new gr[?4  ,= late    
summ] & e>ly fall4--,x is g5]ally true 9
 ! ,s\? & (t5 equally s 9 ! ,nor?1 t !re
 is a m eag] local dem& = tomatoes 9 !  
late summ] & fall mon?s1 aft] mo/ ( !   
spr+ set plants h ceas$ be>+1 ?an 9 e>ly
 summ]4 ,9 ,mi*igan ,i h (t5 be5 able to
 get m = *oice fruit 9 late ,octob] & 9 
,novemb] ?an ! be/ ,floridas 7 sold = 9 
,may or e>ly ,june1 & c]ta9ly 9 ! ,s\? !
 home use ( fre% tomatoes %\ld n be     
conf9$ to spr+ set plants4 ,= ! fall    
crop 9 ! ,s\? se$ may be s[n 9 late spr+
 or up to ! middle ( ,july1 9 b$s %ad$ )
 frames1 cov]$ ) la? nail$ #c to #d     
in*es ap>t & ! plants set 9 ! field ab\t
 #dj days f s[+1 ! same c>e be+ tak5 to 
put ! gr\nd into good condition z is    
recomm5d$ = ! spr+ plant$ crop4  ,a     
second plan1 :i* has sometimes giv5 mo/ 
excell5t results1 is to cut back spr+   

set plants :i* h rip5$ "s fruit b :i*   
are n completely exhau/$1 to m]e /ubs1 &
 spade up ! gr\nd ab\t !m s z to cut mo/
 ( ! roots1 wat] ?or\ghly & cov] ! gr\nd
 ) a mul* ( /raw4 ,mo/ ( ! plants s     
treat$ w />t a new & vigor\s gr[? & give
 mo/ satisfactory returns4  ,fruit at   
lea/ exp5diture ( labor4--,:5 ?is is !  
great desid]atum1 _m gr[]s omit ! hotb$ 
& ev5 ! prick+ out1 s[+ ! se$ z e>ly z  
!y judge ! plants w be safe f fro/1 &   
broadca/1 ei!r 9 cold-frames or 9       
uncov]$ b$s1 at ! rate ( #ej to #aej to 
! squ>e foot & transplant+ directly to !
 field4 ,or !y may be advantage\sly s[n 
9 broad drills ei!r by ! use ( !        
pepp]-box arrangem5t sugge/$ on page    
#fj1 or a g>d5 drill adju/$ to s[ a     
broad r[4 ,9 ,m>yl& & ! adjo9+ /ates1 z 
well z 9 "s places 9 ! ,we/1 mo/ ( !    
plants = crops = ! cann]s are gr[n 9 ?is
 way & at a co/ ( #dj c5ts or ev5 less a
 #a1jjj4 ,! se$ %\ld be s[n s t x w be f
 #a_/d to #a_/b in* ap>t & ! plants ?9n$
 z soon z !y are up s t !y w be at lea/ 

#a_/b in* ap>t4 ,:]e se$ is s[n e>ly )  
no provision = protection f ! fro/ x is 
always well to make o!r s[+s z soon z ! 
la/ beg9s to break gr\nd 9 ord] to      
furni% res]ve plants1 if ! e>li] s[n    
lots be de/roy$ by fro/4 ,o!rs ev5 s[ ! 
se$ 9 place 9 ! field1 ?9n+ out to a    
s+le "o 9 a hill :5 ! plants are ab\t #b
 in*es high4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ yields ,i h  
ev] kn[n h be5 rais$ 9 ?is way1 b !     
fruit is late 9 matur+ & g5]ally ! me?od
 is n s satisfactory z />t+ ! plants :]e
 !y c be giv5 "s protection1 &          
transplant+ !m to ! field4  ,plants = ! 
home g>d54--,^! may be gr[n 9 pots or   
boxes set 9 ! sunnie/ spot available &  
treat$ z has be5 describ$4 ,9 ?is way   
plants1 equal to any1 may be gr[n )\t ! 
aid ( ei!r hotb$ or gre5h\se4 ,x w      
g5]ally be m satisfactory1 h[ev]1 to    
secure ! doz5 or two plants ne$$ f "s "o
 :o has gr[n !m 9 quantity ?an to gr[ s 
small a lot by !mselves4 ,9 select+     
plants1 take ^? :i* are %ort1 /iff1 h>d1
 & d>k gre5 9 color ) "s purple color on

 ! l[] "p ( ! /em r ?an ^? :i* are s(t] 
& ( a bright] gre51 or ^? 9 :i* !       
foliage is ( a yell[i% gre52 b 9        
selection x mu/ be rememb]$ t v>ieties  
diff] z to ! color ( foliage1 s t !re   
may be a diff]5ce 9 %ade :i* is n due to
 conditions4  ,plants "u glass4--,if to 
be gr[n 9 pots or boxes1 prick out1 :5  
small1 into ?ree-in* pots & z !y gr[    
re-pot sev]al times s t :5 set 9 ! pots 
or b$s 9 :i* !y are to fruit1 !y are /\t
 plants #ab to #af in*es high4 ,plants  
propagat$ f cutt+s give mu* bett]       
returns relatively "u glass ?an out (   
doors4     ,,*apt] ,,xi  ,prop] ,di/ance
 = ,plant+   ,! be/ di/ance ap>t = !    
plants to be set 9 ! field v>ies greatly
 ) ! soil1 ! v>iety1 ! me?ods (         
cultivation & o!r conditions4 ,plants   
set z close 9 ri* clay soil z w\ld give 
! be/ results 9 a w>m1 s&y "o1 or ^? ( a
 /rong gr[+ sort1 l ,buckeye ,/ate1 set 
z close z w\ld be desirable = sorts1 l  
,atlantic ,prize or ,dw>f ,*ampion1 w\ld
 give little b leaves & inf]ior fruit4  

,9 field culture ,i l to space ! plants 
s z to facilitate ga!r+ ! fruit1 &      
recomm5d ! foll[+ arrangem5t3 ,set !    
plants accord+ to soil & ! v>iety       
#b-a_/b to #d feet ap>t 9 ! r[1 omitt+  
two or ?ree 9 e #ge or #ajj plants s z  
to =m driveways across ! r[s4 ,set !    
fir/ & second & ! ?ird & f\r? r[s1 etc41
 #b-a_/b to #c-a_/b & ! second & ?ird & 
! f\r? & fif? r[s #e-a_/b to #f feet    
ap>t4 ,z ! plants gr[1 ^? ( ! fir/ &    
second & ^? ( ! ?ird & f\r? r[s1 etc41  
are ?r[n toge!r & 9 _m cases x w pay to 
h a pair ( n>r[ horizontal /rips or     
wires ne>ly #ah in*es f ! gr\nd ^u :i*  
!y c be ?r[n4  ,?is arrangem5t ( !      
plants all[s u to cont9ue to cultivate !
 wid] spaces betwe5 ! second & ?ird &   
f\r? & fif?1 etc41 r[s1 mu* long]1 &    
t5ds to conf9e ! necess>y tramp+ & pack+
 ( ! soil :5 ga!r+ ! fruit *iefly to ^! 
r[s--an important po9t 9 case ! soil is 
wet4 ,! r[s c be m>k$ out ! day be=e1 b 
x is bett] to set ! plants 9 ! cross-r[s
 & t ^! be m>k$ out j ahead ( ! sett]s4 

,9 ?is arrangem5t ! di/ances are        
equival5t to f #b-a_/bd feet1 requir+   
#d1cjj plants to ! acre1 to #de feet1   
requir+ b ab\t #b1ajj plants4 ,! latt]  
di/ance is t mo/ commonly us$ by ,new   
,j]sey gr[]s4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#ai--,,tomatoes ,,s[n ,,& ,,all[$ ,,to  
,,gr[ ,,9 ,,hotb$s  ,9 ! home g>d54--,x 
w usually be m satisfactory to give ea* 
plant pl5ty ( space1 sett+ !m #e or #f  
feet ap>t ea* way1 except 9 ! case ( !  
dw>f sorts1 :i* %\ld be f #c-a_/b to #c 
feet ap>t4 ,a few plants at ^! di/ances 
w usually be mu* m satisfactory ?an m   
set ne>] toge!r1 b ! l>g] gr[+ sorts    
%\ld h at lea/ #c feet & ! dw>f sorts #b
 feet4 ,:5 "o has a hotb$ or cold-frame 
x is (t5 an advantage to set a r[ (     
tomato plants ne>ly #ah in*es ap>t at ! 
back end mu* e>li] ?an !y c\ld be safely
 set 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 & if ^! are all[$ to
 gr[ on 9 place1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 be+ 
prun$ & ti$ to /akes1 !y w give "s v    
e>ly fruit4  ,9 ! gre5h\se4--,exp]i5ce &
 practice diff] z to ! mo/ desirable    

di/ance ap>t = plants "u glass4 ,b #b   
feet ap>t1 :]e quality is ! ma9         
consid]ation1 & #ah in*es :5 quantity1  
if fair1 is ( m importance ?an extra    
quality4  ,sett+ plants 9 ! field4--,!  
economical & successful sett+ ( plants 9
 ! field is an important elem5t (       
successful tomato culture & is v dep5d5t
 ^u soil & wea!r conditions4 ,x is      
assum$ t ! soil ( ! field has be5 put   
into ! be/ possible condition ( til?1 b 
its condition z to moi/ure is also v    
important4 ,! wor/ condition is :5 x is 
wet & muddy1 especially if x is at all  
clayey--n only is ! co/ ( sett+ greatly 
increas$1 b plants set 9 su* soil c     
seldom1 by any am\nt ( c>e1 be made to d
 well1 especially if a heavy beat+ ra9  
or dry w9dy wea!r foll[s imm$iately2 !  
condition is less unfavorable if a w>m  
g5tle ra9 or /ill moi/ wea!r foll[s4 ,a 
dry cold w9d1 ev5 if ! day is cl\dy & ! 
soil 9 good condition1 is also          
unfavorable1 p>ticul>ly if ! roots ( !  
plants are expos$4  ,wet soil1 cold1 dry

 air & w9d are ! conditions to be       
avoid$4 ,moi/1 n wet1 soil & /ill1 w>m  
air are to be desir$2 :e!r ! day is     
sunny or n is less important4 ,!re is a 
c]ta9 def9ite "t1 :i* does n usually    
ext5d beyond a few days1 :5 any lot (   
plants is 9 ! be/ condition = sett+ 9 ! 
field4 ,x is h>dly possible to describe 
?is condition m ?an to say x is :5 !    
plants are z l>ge z !y c be )\t cr[d+ & 
are 9 a /ate :]e !y c be/ /& ! %ock (   
removal4  ,x w always be a matt] (      
judgm5t z to h[ long x is be/ to hold   
plants1 :i* are 9 condition = sett+1 =  
favorable wea!r conditions4 ,!y c       
sometimes be held a few days1 by scant  
wat]+ & full exposure1 or 9 "s cases by 
tak+ f ! b$ & heel+ 91 z nurs]ym5 d     
trees2 b x is bett] to set :5 ! wea!r is
 unfavorable or to run "s risk f fro/ r 
?an to hold !m 9 ?is way too long4 ,!   
wise selection ( "t = sett+ is an       
important factor 9 secur+ a good &      
pr(itable crop4  ,! ,s\? ,j]sey gr[]s1  
to :om e>ly rip5+ fruit is ! great      

desid]atum & :o h a v w>m soil1 & gr[   
plants s !y are q h>dy & c be           
transplant$ ) little *eck1 set !m 9 !   
field v e>ly1 "s seasons by ! la/ (     
,april2 & if ! plants c be got out s z  
to h two or ?ree days ( favorable wea!r 
to get e/abli%$ be=e x comes1 !y seem to
 be little hurt ev5 by a q sev]e fro/4  
,! fir/ ess5tial to successful          
transplant+ is to h well-gr[n1 heal?y1  
h>dy plants2 ! second is t !y be 9 good 
condition = sett+1 :i* c be secur$ by   
giv+ !m1 = a few days be=e plant+1 a    
scant supply ( wat] & fulle/ possible   
exposure to air & sun1 & !n a ?or\gh    
wett+ a few h\rs be=e !y are to be set4 
,! ,s\? ,j]sey plan ( gr[+ & sett+      
plants gets !m into ! field 9 ! be/     
condition ( any me?od ,i "k4 ,two to    
five days be=e !y expect to plant1 !    
gr[]s g ov] ! b$s &1 by means ( a hoe t 
has be5 /raight5$ & %>p5$ to =m a sort (
 spade1 !y cut ?r\gh ! soil & manure s z
 to divide ! plants into blocks ( six4  
,a few h\rs be=e !y are to plant1 !y    

saturate ! b$ ) wat]4 ,by means ( a     
flatt5$ %ovel !y c take up ! blocks (   
plants & place !m 9 a c>t or l[ wagon s 
! soil is sc>cely di/urb$ at all1 !     
roots 9 ! manure s]v+ to b9d ! :ole     
toge!r4 ,9 ! meantime furr[s are op5$   
along ! r[s & ! c>t driv5 to ! field2 ! 
plants 9 ! blocks are cut ap>t ) a but*]
 knife plac$ 9 ! furr[ & ! e>? drawn    
ab\t !m4  ,plants set 9 ?is way (t5 d n 
wilt at all1 ev5 9 hot sun%9e4 ,:5      
plants are gr[n 9 boxes ^! c be tak5 to 
! field & plants tak5 f !m 9 mu* ! same 
way & s t !y w be di/urb$ b little4 ,9  
sett+ ! plants x %\ld always be borne 9 
m9d t :ile sun%9e on ! leaves ( a plant 
r>ely does any injury1 x is v injuri\s  
to ! roots1 & ! exposure ( ! roots to ! 
sun or to cold1 dry w9d1 %\ld be avoid$ 
9 e practicable way1 su* z by c>ry+ !   
plants to ! field laid on ! sides ( a   
box1 :i* is !n c>ri$ ) its bottom t[>d !
 sun s z to h ! plants 9 ! %ade1 always 
h&l+ ! plant 9 ! %ade ( "o's body1 etc4 
,x is well wor? :ile to walk to ! end ( 

! r[ to comm5ce "w 9 ord] to secure ?is4
 ,x is att5tion to su* details t        
di/+ui%es "o ^: plants ne>ly always d   
well f "o :o loses a l>ge proportion (  
^? he h&les4  ,fruit at ! lea/          
exp5diture ( labor4--,! plants are      
prep>$ = sett+ by scant wat]+1 & are    
tak5 up s z to secure z mu* root z      
possible ) little soil adh]+ to !m4     
,great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 tak+ ! plants 
f ! b$1 & 9 h&l+ !m1 to avoid twi/+ !   
/ems1 z to d s v s]i\sly injures !      
plants1 (t5 to su* an ext5t t !y w fail 
to gr[1 no matt] h[ c>efully set out4   
,"s gr[]s dip ! roots 9 a v ?9 clay mud1
 h>dly ?ick] ?an ?9 cream1 b ,i h n f\nd
 ?is ( advantage except1 sometimes1 :5 !
 roots are to be expos$ = a long] p]iod 
?an usual & ,i d n recomm5d x = g5]al   
use4 ,9 sett+1 holes are made ei!r ) a  
long dibble1 9 ! h&s ( ! "o :o          
di/ributes ! plants1 or by a %ort "o1 9 
! h&s ( ! sett]2 ! plants are dropp$    
into !m a little deep] ?an !y _h /ood 9 
! b$1 ! e>? clos$ ab\t ! roots1 by      

pressure f ! side4 ,especial c>e %\ld be
 tak5 t ?is is well done1 p>ticul>ly at 
! bottom2 ! e>? %\ld be s firmly press$ 
to ! root t ! plant _c be easily pull$ f
 ! soil4 ,9 "s sections transplant+     
ma*9es 7,fig4 #bj7 are us$ & lik$1 b mo/
 plant]s pref] to set by h& & !         
additional co/ is n great4 ,an exp]t )  
"o or two boys to assi/ 9 h&l+ ! plants 
c put out z _m z #e1jjj plants 9 a day4 
,a ma*9e requir+ m help to run x c set f
 #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj4  ,9 ! home g>d51 :5
 b a few plants are to be set1 x w be   
bett] to put !m 9 aft] #d ,p4 ,m4 & use 
wat] 9 sett+1 b ! wet soil %\ld be cov]$
 ) "s dry e>? to prev5t its cak+4  ,9 ! 
gre5h\se4--,plants are bett] set 9 !    
places :]e !y are to fruit j be=e _!    
fir/ blossoms op5 & %\ld be set 9       
accordance ) ! sugge/ions giv5 =        
transplant+ to ! field4  ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #bj--,,plant+ ,,tomatoes ,,on ,a 
,,delaw>e ,,f>m 7,photo by c\rtesy (    
,am]ican ,agriculturi/7     ,,*apt]     
,,xii  ,cultivation   ,= maximum        

crop4--,z soon z plants are set ! gr\nd 
%\ld be well cultivat$ to ! greate/ dep?
 practicable4 ,we %\ld rememb] t !      
tomato ne$s = its be/ developm5t a v    
friable soil1 :ile ! tramp+ necess>y 9  
sett+ out ! plants & ga!r+ ! fruit t5ds 
to compact & h>d5 ! soil4 ,(t5          
transplant+ has to be done :5 ! soil is 
wet1 & we ne$ to c\nt]act ! injury f    
tramp+ by imm$iate cultivation2 b1 at ! 
same "t1 we mu/ avoid ! di/urb+ ( !     
plants any m ?an is necess>y1 & all (   
our cultivation %\ld be done ) ^! po9ts 
9 m9d4 ,j h[ x c be done be/ w v>y n    
only ) ! location & ! facilities        
available1 b ) ! wea!r conditions1 s t x
 is n well to attempt to give explicit  
directions any fur!r ?an t "o c h>dly   
cultivate too deeply = ! fir/ sev5 days 
nor too (t5 = ! fir/ #cj days aft] !    
plants are set1 provid$ he avoids turn+ 
! soil :5 x is too wet4 ,ev5 walk+ ?r\gh
 ! field :5 ! soil is wet is injuri\s & 
%\ld be avoid$1 9 proportion z ! soil is
 a clayey "o4  ,at lea/ exp5diture (    

labor4--,i h>dly ne$ add to or *ange !  
sugge/ions giv5 above = tomatoes at lea/
 co/1 = any cultivation wisely giv5 w   
probably d z mu* to r$uce co/ p] bu%el  
by increas+ ! yield p] acre z any o!r   
exp5diture4 ,9 ! g>d5 x is advisable t f
 ! "t ! plants are set until ! fruit    
rip5s1 ! surface soil ab\t !m be /irr$ e
 ev5+ :5 x is n actually wet4  ,9 !     
gre5h\se4--,! surface ( ! soil %\ld be  
kept op5 by frequ5t /irr+ or1 z is !    
practice ( "s successful gr[]s1 x may be
 cov]$ ) a mul* ( p>tially rott$ manure4
 ,! plants %\ld be wat]$ only z ne$$ to 
prev5t wilt1 & special pa9s tak5 to gu>d
 aga9/ too mu* moi/ure ei!r 9 ! soil or 
9 ! air1 p>ticul>ly on d>k days4 ,!     
night temp]ature %\ld be uni=mly ab\t   
#fj ,f4 :ile 9 ! day x %\ld be #ge1 & if
 x be bright & sunny x may g to #ij or  
ev5 high]4 ,air %\ld be giv5 freely     
:5ev] feasible to d s )\t too greatly   
r$uc+ temp]ature4 ,a mod]ate degree (   
moi/ure %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 ! air1 c>e be+
 tak5 t x does n become too moi/1       

especially dur+ d>k days4 ,!re is m     
dang] f ! air becom+ too moi/ ?an f its 
becom+ too dry1 ?\gh ei!r extreme is    
injuri\s4  ,poll9at+4--,! /ructure &    
relations ( ! p>ts ( ! tomato fl[] are  
su* t :ile p]fect poll9ation is         
possible1 & 9 plants gr[n 9 ! op5 air   
usually takes place )\t artificial      
assi/ance1 x is n s likely to occur :5  
plants are gr[n "u glass1 p>ticul>ly 9 !
 w9t] mon?s1 & x is usually necess>y to 
secure x by artificial means4 ,)        
vigor\s1 heal?y plants & on light1 sunny
 days1 x c be accompli%$ by j>r+ !      
plants ne> midday4 ,?is g5]ally ?r[s    
en\gh poll5 into ! air s t an abundance 
( x rea*es ea* receptive /igma4 ,) less 
vigor\s plants & on d>k days x is       
necess>y to h& poll9ate ! fl[]s4 ,?is is
 done by ga!r+ ! poll5 by means ( j>r+ !
 plants1 s t x falls into a wat* cry/al 
or o!r receptacle secur$ at ! end ( a   
w&1 & !n press+ ! project+ pi/ils ( o!r 
fl[]s into x s t !y may become cov]$ ) !
 poll54  ,"s gr[]s transf] ! poll5 ) a  

camel's-hair-bru%2 o!rs by pull+ (f !   
corolla & adh]+ an!rs & rubb+ !m ov] !  
/igma ( o!r fl[]s4 ,fruit r>ely foll[s  
fl[]s t are n poll9at$1 & if x is       
incomplete ! fruit w be unsymmetrical & 
imp]fectly develop$4 ,z tomato fl[]s    
secrete b v little1 if any1 honey & are 
n attractive to insects1 x is ( no      
advantage to conf9e a hive ( bees 9 !   
tomato h\se 9 ! way :i* is s useful 9 "o
 :]e cucumb]s or melons are gr[+4       
,,*apt] ,,xiii  ,/ak+1 ,tra9+ & ,prun+  
,"u favorable conditions ( soil &       
climate1 plants ( mo/ v>ieties (        
tomatoes w1 9 field culture1 yield z mu*
 fruit if all[$ to gr[ naturally &      
unprun$ z if tra9$ & prun$4 ,?is is     
especially true ( ! sorts ( ! ,e>liana  
type & on w>m1 s&y soils1 :ile x may n  
be true ( ! /rong] gr[+ sorts1 or on ri*
 clay l&s or :]e ! f]tiliz] us$ conta9s 
an excess ( nitrog54 ,9 any case m fruit
 c be gr[n to ! acre on prun$ & /ak$    
plants because m ( !m c be gott5 on an  
acre2 & x is an advantage to gr[ !m 9 t 

way because x enables u1 by lat]        
cultivation1 to keep ! gr\nd 9 good til?
 long]2 also x facilitates ! ga!r+ ( !  
fruit2 & la/1 b n lea/1 x g5]ally       
enables u to produce bett] rip5$ &      
flavor$ fruit4  ,/ak+ & prun+ us$ to be 
! almo/ univ]sal practice 9 ! ,s\?1 b 9 
_m sections gr[]s h ab&on$ x1 claim+ t  
!y get z good or bett] results )\t x4 ,9
 ! ,nor? x is r>ely us$ 9 field culture1
 ?\gh (t5 us$ 9 private g>d5s & by "s   
m>ket g>d5]s1 & bo? /ak+ or ty+ up &    
prun+ are ess5tial to ! pr(itable gr[+ (
 tomatoes "u glass4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 /\t /akes
 f #a to #b in*es 9 diamet] & #d to #e  
feet long are driv5 into ! gr\nd s t !y 
c be dep5d$ ^u to hold ! plants erect   
?r\gh ! heavie/ /orms1 z se5 9 ,fig4    
#ba4 ,?is is g5]ally & wisely done z    
soon z ! plant is set1 ?\gh "s gr[]s    
delay do+ s until ! fruit is well set1  
claim+ t ! di/urbance ( /ak+1 ty+ &     
prun+ t5ds to ha/5 ! rip5+ ( ! fruit4 ,!
 plant is !n ti$ up1 ! ty+ mat]ial be+  
wrapp$ once ab\t ! /ake & !n loop$ ab\t 

! plant s z to prev5t slipp+ on ! /ake  
or *ok+ ! /em ( ! plant z x enl>ges4    
,raffia is l>gely us$ & is "o ( ! be/   
ty+ mat]ials1 b %ort pieces ( any s(t1  
*eap /r+ c be us$4 ,! ty+ up w ne$ to be
 repeat$ z ! /em elongates1 :i* x w d v 
rapidly4  ,9 prun+ ! tomato we %\ld all[
 ! c5tral %oot ( ! "y plant to gr[1 &   
remove all ( ! side %oots :i* spr+ f !  
axils ( ! leaves & sometimes ev5 f !    
fruit clu/]s1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,x is v
 desirable t ?is be done :5 ! bran*es   
are small1 z !re is !n less dang] (     
s]i\sly di/urb+ ! balance ( ! gr[+ =ces 
( ! plant1 & also because !re is less   
dang] ( c>eless workm5 cutt+ (f ! ma9   
%oot 9 place ( a lat]al1 :i* w\ld       
s]i\sly *eck ! rip5+ ( ! fruit4 ,x is   
especially important t any %oots spr++ f
 ! fruit clu/] be remov$ z e>ly z       
possible4 ,= ^! reasons x is important  
t1 if ! plants are to be prun$ at all1 !
 field be gone ov] e few days4 ,if !    
prun+ is n well done x is a disadvantage
 r ?an a help4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    

#ba--,,tra9+ ,,tomatoes ,,9 ,,florida   
,,to ,,s+le ,,/ake 7,photo by c\rtesy ( 
,pr(4 ,p4 ,h4 ,rolfs1 ,director ,florida
 ,exp]im5t ,/ation7  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #bb--,,tomato ,,plant ,,tra9$    
,,to ,,s+le ,,/ake  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #bc--,,me?od ,,( ,,tra9+ ,,to ,,?ree   
,,/ems ,,9 ,,=c+-,,h\se ,,& ,,out ,,(   
,,doors  ,"s gr[]s all[ two or ?ree     
7,fig4 #bc7 in/ead ( "o %oot to gr[1    
select+ = ! second ! mo/ vigor\s ( !    
%oots />t+ f bel[ ! fir/ clu/] ( fruit4 
,9 "s locations !y /op or p9* out ! ma9 
%oot j above ! fir/ leaf above ! ?ird or
 f\r? clu/]2 9 "s soils x is an         
advantage & 9 o!rs r a disadvantage to d
 ?is4 ,i h seldom practic$ x4 ,:5 fruit 
at ! l[e/ co/ a bu%el is ! desid]atum1  
nei!r prun+ nor /ak+ is desirable4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd--,,me?od ,,(   
,,tra9+ ,,on ,,l9e ,,9 ,,gre5h\se       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be--,,ready ,,to  
,,transplant ,,9 ,,gre5h\se 7,r$rawn f  
photo by ,new ,york ,exp]im5t ,/ation7  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf--,,tra9+ ,,"y  

,,tomatoes ,,9 ,,gre5h\se ,,at ,,new    
,,york ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation 7,photo by   
c\rtesy ,pr(4 ,u4 ,p4 ,h$rick7  ,= home 
g>d5s4--,9 ! home g>d5 trellis+ & prun+ 
are (t5 v desirable1 z !y enable u n    
only to produce m fruit 9 a giv5 area b 
( bett] quality4 ,_m =ms ( trellis1 h   
be5 recomm5d$4 ,:]e ! plants are to be  
prun$ z well z support$1 z !y %\ld      
always be 9 g>d5s1 !re is no?+ bett] ?an
 ! s+le /ake1 z describ$ above4 ,= a    
trellis )\t prun+1 "o to ?ree /\t hoops 
support$ by ?ree /akes s z to surr\nd ! 
plant :i* is all[$ to gr[ ?r\gh & fall  
ov] !m1 or two or m p>allel /rips       
support$ ab\t a foot f ! gr\nd on ea*   
side ( a r[ ( plants answ] ! purpose1   
:i* is simply to keep ! plant up f !    
gr\nd & facilitate ! free circulation ( 
! air among leaves & fruit4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg--,,tomatoes ,,9
 ,,gre5h\se ,,at ,,ohio ,,exp]im5t      
,,/ation 7,photo by c\rtesy ( ,c4 ,w4   
,waid7  ,i h se5 tomatoes gr[n v        
successfully by ! side ( an op5 f5ce4   

,two /akes 7 driv5 into ! gr\nd ab\t #f 
in*es f ! f5ce & ! plant1 b slant+      
outw>d & away f ea* o!r4 ,! tops ( !    
/akes 7 fa/5$ to ! f5ce by wood5 braces1
 & !n heavy /r+s fa/5$ to ! f5ce ar\nd !
 /akes & back to ! f5ce1 ! :ole ) ! f5ce
 =m+ a sort ( inv]t$ pyramidal vase ab\t
 #c feet across at ! top4 ,9 ?is ! plant
 0 all[$ to gr[1 b x w\ld be ess5tial to
 success t ! f5ce be an op5 "o4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh--;,,=c+        
,,tomatoes ,,9 ,,gre5h\se ,,at ,,new    
,,hamp%ire ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation4 ,,note  
,,"* ,,( ,,b$ ,,on ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,floor4 
7,photo by c\rtesy ( ,pr(4 ,h4 ,f4      
,hall7  ,9 ! gre5h\se4--,"h prun+ &     
tra9+ are ess5tial4 ,! plants may be    
support$ by wires or /r+s 7a co>se wool 
tw9e w answ]71 twi/+ ! /r+ ab\t ! plant 
z x gr[s4 ,! gr[? is usually conf9$ to a
 s+le %oot1 ?\gh "s gr[]s all[ two      
7,fig4 #bd72 ! me?od ( prun+ does n     
diff] f t giv5 = field culture1 b x is m
 important t ! plants be gone ov] (t5 & 
! bran*es remov$ :5 small4 ,if all[$ to 

d s1 bran*es w\ld spr+ f ! axil ( ea*   
leaf & ! plant w\ld become a p]fect     
?icket ( sl5d] bran*es & leaves &       
produce b little fruit4 ,! ma9 /em is   
sometimes p9*$ out aft] ?ree or f\r     
clu/]s ( fruit are set & ! bran* f !    
axil ( ! fir/ leaf above is all[$ to    
take its place4 ,?is t5ds to ha/5 !     
matur+ ( ! fruit clu/]s already set4    
,aft] sev]al clu/]s h matur$1 or ! ma9  
/em rea*es ! top ( ! h\se1 "s gr[]s all[
 a %oot f ! bottom to gr[ & z soon z    
fruit sets on x ! fir/ /em is cut away &
 ?is takes its place4 ,o!rs pref] to    
remove ! old plant entirely & set 9 "y  
ones4 ,a plant ready = transplant+ is   
%[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,9 figures #bf1 #bg &  
#bh are %[n int]ior views ( gre5h\ses at
 ! ,new ,york /ation at ,g5eva1 ! ,ohio 
/ation at ,woo/]1 & ! ,new ,hamp%ire    
/ation at ,durham4 ,note ! /rong1       
vigor\s plants 9 ,fig4 #bf2 ! me?od (   
utiliz+ tile = wat]+ 9 ,fig4 #bg2 & !   
gr\nd-floor b$d+ 9 ,fig4 #bh4           
,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,rip5+1 ,ga!r+1 ,h&l+ &  

,m>ket+ ! ,fruit   ,tomatoes rip5 &     
color f )9 outw>d & !y w acquire full & 
(t5 sup]ior color1 p>ticul>ly ab\t !    
/ems1 if1 z soon z !y h acquir$ full    
size & ! rip5+ process has fairly       
comm5c$1 !y are pick$ & spread out 9 !  
sun%9e4 ,! po9t ( rip5ess :5 !y c be    
safely pick$ is indicat$ by ! surface   
color *ang+ f a d>k gre5 to "o (        
di/9ctly light] %ade ) a v light t+e (  
p9k4 ,fruit pick$ 9 ?is /age ( maturity 
may be wrapp$ 9 pap] & %ipp$ #a1jjj or  
#b1jjj miles & :5 unwrapp$ aft] two or  
t5 days' j\rney w be f\nd to h acquir$ a
 beautiful color1 (t5 ev5 m brilliant   
?an t ( a companion fruit left on ! v9e4
 ,enclos+ ! fruit :ile on ! v9e & ab\t  
half gr[n 9 pap] bags has be5 recomm5d$1
 & x (t5 results 9 deep] & m ev5 color+ 
& prev5ts injury f crack+1 b ! fruit s  
rip5$1 :ile m beautiful1 is n s well    
flavor$ z t rip5$ 9 ! sun4 ,b ,am]icans 
are said to ta/e ) _! eyes1 s t 9 ?is   
c\ntry1 fruit ( ?is beautiful color w   
(t5 out-sell t :i* is ( bett] flavor    

?\gh ( dull] color4  ,! tomato nev]     
acquires its full & mo/ p]fect flavor   
except :5 rip5$ on ! v9e & 9 full       
sunlight4 ,v9e & sun-rip5$ tomatoes1 l  
tree-rip5$ pea*es1 are va/ly bett]      
flavor$ ?an ^? artificially rip5$4 ,?is 
is ! *ief reason :y tomatoes gr[n 9     
ho?\ses 9 ! vic9ity are s mu* sup]ior to
 ^? %ipp$ 9 f f>!r s\?4 ,aft] x has come
 to its mo/ p]fect condition on ! plant 
! fruit det]iorates /eadily1 :e!r ga!r$ 
or all[$ to rema9 on ! v9e1 & ! m       
rapidly 9 proportion z ! air is hot &   
moi/4 ,t x be fre% is h>dly less        
ess5tial to ! fir/ quality 9 a tomato   
?an x is to su* ?+s z lettuce &         
cucumb]s4  ,ga!r+4--,z is ! case ) mo/  
horticultural products1 ! be/ me?ods (  
ga!r+1 h&l+ & m>ket+ ! fruit v>y greatly
 ) ! conditions "u :i* ! fruit 0 gr[n & 
h[ x is to be us$1 & x requires ! be/ ( 
judgm5t to ga!r x 9 ! /age ( maturity 9 
:i* x w give ! be/ satisfaction1 "u !   
conditions & = ! purposes = :i* x is to 
be us$4 ,x is impossible to give exact  

rules = det]m9+ :5 ! fruit is 9 ! be/   
condition4 ,?is c only be le>n$ by      
exp]i5ce1 guid$ by a k ( ! rip5+ habit (
 ! fruit1 :i* n only v>ies some:at 9    
diff]5t localities1 b ) diff]5t         
v>ieties4 ,9 ! extreme ,s\?1 fruit is   
pick$ = %ipm5t be=e x %[s m ?an !       
slighte/ t9t ( color at ! blossom end2 !
 dep? ( color :i* is consid]$ z indicat+
 %ipp+ condition deep5s z we g nor? &   
ne>] m>ket4  ,g5]ally ! fruit %\ld be   
left on ! v9e no long] ?an w p]mit ( its
 becom+ fully ripe by ! "t x rea*es its 
de/9ation & is expos$ = sale4 ,:5 !     
fruit is to be %ipp$ any di/ance ! field
 %\ld be gone ov] frequ5tly1 z (t5 z e  
second or ?ird day or ev5 e day 9 !     
hight ( ! season1 & c>e tak5 to pick e  
fruit z soon z x is 9 prop] condition4  
,:5 x is to be sold 9 ne>by m>kets or to
 a cann]y ! exact /age ( maturity1 :5   
pick$1 is n s important1 al?\gh x is    
always an advantage n to ga!r until !   
fruit is well color$ & be=e x beg9s to  
s(t54 ,"s gr[]s = cann]ies make b ?ree  

or f\r pick+s1 b 9 ?is case x is well to
 ga!r ! ripe/ fruit sep>ately4  ,9 pick+
 & h&l+ great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to m>  
or bruise ! fruit1 & ! /ems %\ld be     
remov$ z ! fruit is pick$ to prev5t     
bruis+ 9 h&l+4 ,a bruise or m> may n be 
z conspicu\s 9 a tomato z 9 a pea*1 b x 
is q z injuri\s4 ,x is a great deal     
bett] = pick]s to use light pails r ?an 
baskets1 ! flexibility ( ! latt] (t5    
result+ 9 bruises4 ,x is an advantage to
 h en\gh ( ^! s t ! sort+ c be f ! pail1
 b if ?is is n practical ! fruit %\ld be
 c>efully empti$ on a sort+ table =     
grad+4 ,x %\ld fir/ ( all be sep>at$ )  
reg>d to its maturity4 ,a s+le fruit :i*
 is a little rip] or gre5] ?an ! rema9d]
 may make ! entire package unsalable4 ,x
 %\ld also be grad$ z to fre$om f       
blemi%es or cracks1 & z to size1 =m &   
color4 ,x is assum$ t ! fruit = ea*     
package is to be ( ! same v>iety1 b (t5 
!re is q a v>iation 9 diff]5t fruits f  
ev5 ! same v9e2 ! m uni=m 9 all respects
 ! fruit 9 a package is ! m attractive &

 salable x becomes4 ,!re is no fruit :]e
 c>eful grad+ & pack+ h m influ5ce on ! 
price x w comm&4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#bi--;,,florida ,,tomatoes ,,prop]ly    
,,wrapp$ ,,= ,,long ,,%ipm5t 7,photo by 
c\rtesy ( ,am]ican ,agriculturi/7  ,i "k
 ( a c]ta9 not$ pea*-gr[] 9 nor!rn      
,mi*igan :o grew1 ea* ye>1 "s #b to #e  
acres ( tomatoes = ! ,*icago m>ket4 ,x 0
 8 cu/om to pick out ab\t "o-t5? ( ! be/
 ( ! fruit1 putt+ x into small &        
attractively label$ packages2 ! rema9d] 
( ! crop 0 sort$ ov] & f "o-t5? to      
"o-fif? ( x reject$ & f$ to /ock or sold
 to a local cann]y4 ,! rema9d] 0 s5t to 
,*icago ) 8 selects1 b z common /ock1 & 
usually br\ght m ?an 8 neighbors receiv$
 = unsort$ fruit2 b ! *eck he receiv$ = 
8 selects 0 usually z l>ge z t = 8      
commons1 ?us giv+ him ab\t #cc-a_/c p]  
c5t4 m = 8 crop ?an 8 neighbors receiv$ 
= _! equally good1 b unsort$1 fruit--to 
say no?+ ( :at he receiv$ = ! reject$   
fruit & ! sav+ ( freight :i*1 he said1 0
 usually en\gh to pay ! actual co/ (    

sort+4  ,tomatoes are usually class$ z  
vegetables b1 :5 ripe1 !y require z     
c>eful h&l+ z ! mo/ delicate fruits &   
are z easily & s]i\sly injur$ by bruis+ 
& j>r+4 ,j h[ ?is c be avoid$ & ! fruit 
gott5 f ! v9e to ! possibly di/ant      
consum] 9 ! be/ condition w v>y 9       
diff]5t cases4 ,tomatoes f ! ,s\? 7,fig4
 #bi7 are g5]ally m>ket$ 9 c>ri]s :i*1  
?\gh v>y+ some:at1 are ess5tially alike 
& consi/ ( an op5 basket or boxes ( v5e]
 hold+ ab\t #aj p\nds ( fruit4 ,:5      
%ipp$1 two1 f\r or six ( ^! are pack$ 9 
crates made ( ?9 bo>ds1 s z to protect !
 fruits b give !m pl5ty ( air4          
,pack+4--,mo/ ( ! fruit s5t to ,new     
,york & ,philadelphia m>kets f ,new     
,j]sey & o!r nor!rn /ates is 9 boxes or 
crates hold+ ab\t #e_/h ( a bu%el & s   
made z to facilitate v5tilation :5 pil$ 
9 c>s or w>eh\ses4 ,fruit = ! cann]ies  
is usually pick$ & h&l$ 9 bu%el crates (
 la?4 ,^! v>i\s packages are usually    
sold 9 ! flat & ! gr[] puts !m toge!r z 
is conv5i5t be=e ! crop comes on2 b 9 _m

 sections :]e !re are l>ge %ipm5ts !y   
are (t5 put toge!r by ! package deal]s4 
,fig4 #cj %[s tomatoes z pack$ by !     
,ohio exp]im5t /ation4  ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #cj--;,,gre5h\se ,,tomatoes      
,,pack$ ,,= ,,m>ket 7,by c\rtesy ,ohio  
,exp]im5t ,/ation7  ,fruits aft]        
fro/4--,sometimes :5 !re is a great     
quantity ( p>tially ripe & full gr[n    
gre5 fruit on ! v9es :i* is liable to be
 spoil$ by an e>ly fall fro/1 x c be    
sav$ by pull+ ! v9es & plac+ !m 9 w9dr[s
 & cov]+ !m ) /raw4 ,( c\rse ! v9es %\ld
 be h&l$ c>efully to %ake (f z little   
fruit z possible4 ,if ! freeze is foll[$
 by a spell ( w>m1 dry wea!r ! fruit w  
rip5 up s z to be q equal to t %ipp$ 9 f
 a di/ance4 ,a second plan is to pull ! 
v9es & hang !m up 9 a dry cell> or      
out-h\se1 or lay !m on ! gr\nd 9 an op5 
grove ( trees1 or b5ea? ! trees ( an    
adjo9+ or*>d4  ,/ill ano!r plan is to   
ga!r ! gre5 fruit & spread x n m ?an two
 to f\r fruits deep 9 hotb$ frames1 :i* 
are !n cov]$ ) sa%4 ,local groc]s are   

usually glad to pay good prices = ?is   
late fruit1 & 9 seasons ( sc>city ,i h  
kn[n cann]s to buy ?\s&s ( bu%els s     
rip5$ at bett] prices ?an !y paid = !   
ma9 crop4     ,,*apt] ,,xv  ,adaptation 
( ,v>ieties   ,:atev] may be _!         
botanical orig91 ! mod]n v>ieties (     
cultivat$ tomatoes v>y greatly 9 _m     
respects1 & :ile ^! diff]5ces are always
 ( importance _! relative importance    
diff]s ) conditions4 ,:5 ! great        
desid]atum is ! l>ge/ possible yield (  
salable fruit at ! lea/ exp5diture (    
labor1 ! qualities ( ! v9e may be ! mo/ 
important ones to be consid]$1 :ile 9   
private g>d5s & = a critical home m>ket 
& :]e clos] att5tion & bett] cultivation
 c be giv51 !y may be ( f> less         
importance ?an qualities ( fruit4       
,habits ( gr[?4--,:e!r x be /&>d or     
dw>f1 compact or spread+1 is sometimes (
 great importance z fitt+ ! sorts =     
c]ta9 soils & me?ods ( culture4 ,on     
heavy1 moi/1 ri* l&1 :]e /ak+ & prun+   
are ess5tial to ! production ( fruit ( !

 be/ quality1 x is ( importance t we use
 sorts ^: habits ( gr[? fit !m = x2 :ile
 on w>m1 s&y1 well-dra9$ l&1 /ak+ &     
prun+ may be ( little value1 & a diff]5t
 habit ( gr[? m desirable4 ,we h sorts 9
 :i* ! v9e is relatively /rong gr[+ )   
few bran*es1 upright1 ) long nodes &    
small fruit clu/]s well scatt]$ ov] !   
v9e4 ,!y are usually v productive ?r\gh 
a long season b g5]ally late 9 matur+4  
,/ocks ( ?is type are sometimes sold1 ,i
 ?9k improp]ly1 z giant climb+1 or ,tree
 tomato4 ,! ,buckeye ,/ate is a good    
type ( ^! sorts4 7,fig4 #ca47           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca--;,,buckeye    
,,/ate1 ,,%[+ ,,long ,,nodes ,,&        
,,di/ance ,,betwe5 ,,fruit ,,clu/]s     
,o!r v>ieties make a /\t & vigor\s b    
%ort] gr[?1 ) m & heavi] bran*es1 %ort] 
nodes & _m small m$ium-siz$ clu/]s (    
fruit well di/ribut$ ov] ! plant & :i*  
mature ?r\gh a fairly long season4 ,^!  
sorts are usually v productive & our mo/
 popul> v>ieties g5]ally belong to ?is  
type1 ( :i* ! ,/one 7,fig4 #cb7 is a    

good repres5tative ( ! m compact & !    
,beauty ( ! m op5 gr[+4  ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #cb--,,/one1 ,,& ,,*>act]i/ic    
,,foliage  ,o!r v>ieties =m _m %ort1    
weak1 sprawl+ bran*es1 ) usually l>ge & 
sometimes v l>ge clu/]s ( fruit produc$ 
*iefly ne> ! c5t] ( ! plant & :i* mature
 e>ly & all toge!r4 ,plants ( ?is type w
 (t5 mature _! entire crop & die by ! "t
 ^? ( ! fir/ type h come into full crop4
 ,! ,atlantic ,prize 7,fig4 #cc7 &      
,sp>ks ,e>liana are examples ( ?is type4
  ,9 %>p contra/ ) ! above is ! tomato  
,de ,laye1 (t5 call$ ,tree tomato4 ,?is 
orig9at$ ab\t #ahfb 9 a g>d5 at ,*ateau 
de ,laye1 ,france4 ,9 ?is ! plant r>ely 
exce$s #ah in*es 9 hight1 is s+le-/emm$ 
or ) few v %ort bran*es1 ! nodes v %ort1
 ! fruit clu/]s few & small4 ,f ?is1 by 
cross+ ) o!r types1 !re has be5 develop$
 a di/9ct class ( dw>f tomatoes :i* are 
( int]m$iate =m & "* & are well         
repres5t$ by ! ,dw>f ,*ampion 7,fig4    
#cd74 ,e>ly maturity is sometimes ! mo/ 
important consid]ation ( all1 ?\gh1     

because ( increas+ facilities = %ipp+ f 
! ,s\?1 x is less commonly s ?an =m]ly4 
,= %ipp+ & cann+ x is g5]ally1 ?\gh n   
always1 desirable t ! crop mature z     
ne>ly toge!r z possible1 t x may be     
ga!r$ ) ! fewe/ numb] ( pick+s &        
advantage tak5 ( a favorable m>ket2 :ile
 = ! home g>d5 & m>ket a long] season is
 desirable4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#cc--;,,atlantic ,,prize1 ,,& ,,its     
,,normal ,,foliage                      
,foliage4--,abundant1 broad & close1 or 
scanty cut & op5 foliage is sometimes ( 
importance1 accord+ to :e!r ! location1 
season & o!r conditions make x desirable
 t ! foliage protect ! fruit f ! sun or 
admit ! sunlight1 ) z little ob/ruction 
z possible1 to ! c5t] ( ! plant4 ,9     
diff]5t sorts1 we h gradations f ^? 9   
:i* ! leaves are s deeply cut z to h a  
f]n-l appe>ance1 to ^? l ! ,magnus1 or  
potato-leav$1 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ea* leaflet
 is entire1 & f ^? 9 :i* ! leaflets are 
s few & small z to sc>cely %ut out !    
light at all to ^? 9 :i* !y are s num]\s

 t ! light c h>dly p5etrate to ! c5t] ( 
! plant4 ,! ,atlantic ,prize is an      
illu/ration ( ! scanty foliag$ sorts1 & 
! ,royal ,r$ or ,buckeye ,/ate ( ^? 9   
:i* x is m abundant4 ,z to color1 !     
foliage v>ies f ! d>k blue-gre5 ( !     
,buckeye ,/ate to ! light1 di/9ctly     
yell[i%-gre5 ( ! ,honor ,bright4        
,v>ietal diff]5ces z to fruit4--,^! are 
(t5 m important ?an ^? ( v9e4 ,= cann+1 
= =c+1 & "s o!r uses & = c]ta9 m>kets1 a
 m$ium & uni=m size is a v important    
quality1 :ile 9 o!r cases uni=mity is n 
important & ! l>g] ! individual fruits1 
provid$ !y be well =m$1 ! bett]4 ,we h  
diff]5t sorts 9 :i* ! size ( ! fruit    
v>ies f t ( ! ,currant1 :i* is sc>cely  
#a in* 9 circumf]5ce1 to t ( ,pond]osa1 
( :i* well-=m$ specim5s ov] #bj in*es 9 
circumf]5ce h be5 gr[n4  ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #cd--;,,dw>f ,,*ampion4 ,,note   
,,"* ,,( ,,foliage  ,%ape4--,x is always
 desirable t ! outl9e ( ! v]tical       
section %all be a fl[+ l9e ) a broad &  
%all[1 or no depression at ! /em end & z

 little z possible at ! opposite po9t2 b
 ! relative importance ( ?is1 or :e!r ! 
g5]al outl9e %all be r\nd or oval1 ei!r 
v]tically or horizontally1 =m+ a r\nd1  
long or flat fruit1 is l>gely det]m9$ by
 h[ ! fruit is to be us$1 & by          
individual ta/e4 ,a r\nd fruit is be/ = 
cann+2 a long "o is ! mo/ economical =  
slic+1 ?\gh "s pref] a flat "o = ?is    
purpose4 ,x is always desirable t !     
outl9e ( ! horizontal section %all be   
smoo?1 fl[+ & symmetrical1 & if !re be  
any di/9ct sutures t !y %all be %all[ & 
broad2 b ! relative importance ( ?is1 & 
:e!r ! outl9e be r\nd or oval1 is :olly 
a matt] ( individual ta/e4 ,"s p &      
m>kets pref] "o %ape & o!rs a v diff]5t 
"o4 ,size & smoo?ness ( fruit are !     
factors :i* control price 9 "s m>kets1  
:ile 9 o!rs ^! po9ts are q second>y to  
color & "* ( fle%4  ,we h sorts :i* v>y 
f ! p]fectly sph]ical ones ( ! grape &  
*]ry1 to ^? 9 :i* ! v]tical diamet] is  
less ?an a ?ird ( t ( ! horizontal      
section2 & ! pe>-%ap$ 9 :i* ! v]tical   

diamet] is twice or ?rice t ( ! longe/  
horizontal section1 & f ^? 9 :i* !      
outl9e ( bo? ! v]tical & horizontal     
sections is smoo? & fl[+ to ^? 9 :i* !  
v]tical section has a deep ind5tation at
 bo? ! /em & opposite ends1 & ^? 9 :i* !
 horizontal section is brok5 by deep    
ind5tures & sutures (t5 dispos$ ) great 
irregul>ity4  ,= %ipp+ long di/ances1 = 
! r\gh h&l+1 & = ! easy prep>ation = !  
fruit = cann+1 a ?ick1 t\gh sk9 is      
desirable1 :ile = home use x is         
objectionable4 ,fre$om f blemi% or sk9  
crack is also (t5 an important quality1 
& we h sorts :i* v>y greatly 9 ^!       
respects4 ,! color ( ! sk91 :e!r purple1
 r$1 yell[ or :ite1 is a matt] ( ta/e4  
,9 "s m>kets ! *oice is giv5 to purple  
fruit1 l ! ,beauty1 :ile 9 o!rs x c only
 be sold at a r$uc$ price4 ,!re are few 
:o w\ld c>e to use ei!r yell[ or :ite   
fruit = cann+ or cook+ 9 any way1 b _m  
pref] !m = slic+1 or l to use !m ) ! r$ 
= ?is purpose2 we h sorts %[+ e         
gradation f :ite or light yell[ 9 color 

?r\gh %ades ( r$ to d>k purple-r$1 &    
/ill o!rs :i* %[ di/9ct colors 9 spla%+s
 & %ad+s4  ,"* ( fle%4--,_m consid] t ! 
great] ! numb] ( cells & ! l>g] !       
proportion ( fle% to t ( pulp & se$ !   
bett]4 ,?is may be true ( itself1 b !   
fruit-l acid tomato flavor :i* mo/ p    
value is f\nd *iefly 9 ! pulp1 & ! fruit
 :i* has n a due proportion ( pulp &    
fle% seems to be insipid & ta/eless4    
,aga91 ! division into _m small cells is
 (t5 connect$ ) a l>ge & pi?y plac5ta & 
unev5ness 9 maturity & color+1 :i*      
faults (t5 m ?an ov]balance any         
advantage f small cells & ?ick fle%4 ,! 
size & "* ( ! plac5ta are important     
qualities4  ,9 "s sorts x is l>ge1 dry1 
pi?y & h>d1 ext5d+ f> into ! fruit ev5  
to bel[ ! c5t]2 & sometimes seems to    
divide into second>y or bran* plac5tas  
or masses ( h>d cellul> matt]1 :ile 9   
o!r v>ieties x is small & s s(t & juicy 
z sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ f ! fle%4      
,usually1 b n inv>iably1 ! l>ge & pi?y  
plac5ta is correlat$ ) l>ge-siz$ fruit  

hav+ _m cells2 :]e ?is is ! case x      
practically necessitates ! cutt+ away & 
wa/+ ( a l>ge proportion ( ! fruit 9    
prep>+ x = cann+1 s t ! cann]s usually  
pref] r\nd1 m$ium-siz$ fruits4  ,! "* ( 
! int]ior ( ! fruit v>ies greatly 9     
diff]5t v>ieties4 ,bo? ! ext]ior &      
divisional walls v>y 9 ?ickness & 9     
consi/5cy4 ,9 "s v>ieties !y are        
comp>atively ?91 h>d & dry2 9 o!rs1     
?ick]1 s(t] & m juicy4 ,9 "s cases !re  
is b little int]ior wall1 ! fruit be+   
divid$ into b few--ev5 b two--cells (   
ev5 size & %ape1 :ile 9 o!rs !re are _m 
cells ( v>y+ size & %ape4 ,v>ieties also
 diff] greatly z to ! am\nt1 consi/5cy &
 flavor ( ! pulp & ! numb] ( se$s4 ,x   
requires f #cjj to #ejj p\nds ( ripe    
fruit to furni% a p\nd ( se$ (          
,pond]osa1 :ile ) "s ( ! small]1 e>li]  
sorts "o c get a p\nd ( se$ f #ajj to   
#bjj p\nds ( fruit4  ,color+ &          
rip5+4--,uni=mity & ev5ness 9 color+ &  
rip5+ are an important quality4         
,tomatoes g5]ally color & rip5 f )9     

outw>d1 & f ! po9t opposite ! /em upw>d1
 b v>ieties diff] 9 ! ev5ness & rapidity
 ) :i* ?is takes place4 ,x is always    
desirable t ! rip5+ be z ev5 z possible 
& t !re be no gre5 & h>d spots ei!r at !
 surface or 9 ! fle%1 b (t5 p]fection 9 
?is respect is correlat$ ) su* lack (   
size & solidity z to c\nt]balance x4    
,rapidity 9 rip5+1 9 a g5]al way1 is    
desirable = fruit to be us$ at home1 &  
undesirable 9 t :i* is to be %ipp$4  ,! 
"t a tomato fruit w rema9 9 usable      
condition & ! am\nt ( r\gh h&l+ x w     
endure )\t becom+ unsalable are mo/     
important comm]cial qualities dep5d+    
l>gely ^u ! comb9$ effects ( ! =m &     
/ructure ( ! fruit1 solidity & firmness 
( ! fle% & rip5+ habit4 ,9 all ^!       
respects we h v>ieties :i* diff]        
greatly1 f ! ,honor ,bright1 :i*        
requires z mu* "t to rip51 & :5 ripe is 
firm-fle%$ & w rema9 usable z long z a  
pea*1 to ^? :i* #bd h\rs aft] rea*+ _!  
full size are fully color$ & ripe1 & 9  
#bd h\rs m are s ov]-ripe & s(t t !y w  

break op5 ( _! own weight4  ,^! are only
 "s ( ! v>ietal diff]5ces ( ! tomato4   
,are su* diff]5ces ( practical          
importance8 ,i ?9k !y are1 & t a wise   
selection ( ! type be/ suit$ to "o's own
 p>ticul> conditions & requirem5ts is "o
 ( ! mo/ ess5tial requisites (          
satisfactory tomato culture4 ,h[        
important x seems to practical tomato   
gr[]s may be illu/rat$ by an actual     
case4  ,9 a c]ta9 section ( ,new ,j]sey 
! money-mak+ crop is e>ly tomatoes1 & !y
 are gr[n to su* an ext5t t f an area ) 
a radius ( n exce$+ #e miles !y h %ipp$ 
z mu* z #ae1jjj bu%els 9 "o day1 & !    
%ipm5ts w (t5 av]age #h1jjj bu%els =    
days toge!r4 ,!y h tri$ a great numb] ( 
sorts1 b h settl$ ^u a c]ta9 type ( a   
well-kn[n v>iety z t be/ suit$ to _!    
conditions & ne$s4 ,se$s ( ?is v>iety   
:i* are suppos$ to produce plants ( !   
exact type want$ c be b\ght f se$sm5 =  
#aj c5ts an ounce & at mu* l[] rates =  
l>g] quantities1 b :5 "o ( ! mo/        
successful gr[]s ( t locality1 because (

 *ange ( occupation1 (f]$ se$ select$ by
 him = 8 own use = sale at auction1 x   
br\ght #c an ounce4 ,?is price 0 paid   
because ( ! confid5ce ( ! bidd]s t ! se$
 c\ld be dep5d$ ^u to produce plants ( !
 exact type want$ = _! conditions2 & ,i 
0 assur$ t ! use ( ?is high-pric$ se$   
actually add$ v l>gely to ! pr(its f e  
field 9 t vic9ity 9 :i* x 0 us$1 b ! use
 ( "s ( ! same lot ( se$ by plant]s 9   
,florida result$ 9 f9ancial loss because
 ! type ( plant produc$ 0 n suit$ to _! 
conditions & requirem5ts4  ,a wise answ]
 c only be giv5 aft] a /udy ( ea* case1 
& no "o c d ?is s well z ! plant]       
himself4 ,he %\ld "k1 z no "o else c "k1
 8 own conditions & requirem5ts1 & %\ld 
be able to =m v exact ideas ( j :at he  
wants1 & ! do+ s is1 9 my op9ion1 "o ( !
 mo/ important requisites = satisfactory
 tomato gr[+4 ,i also believe t x is z  
impossible = a man to answ] (fh& ! "q1  
,:at is ! be/ v>iety ( tomato8 z = a    
wise physician to answ] ! "q1 ,:at is ! 
be/ m$ic9e8  ,v>ietal names &           

descriptions mean some?+ q diff]5t 9 !  
case ( plants l ! tomato1 :i* are       
propagat$ by se$1 f :at !y d ) plants l 
! apple & /rawb]ry1 :i* are propagat$ by
 division4 ,9 ! latt] case all ! plants 
( ! v>iety are b p>ts ( ! primal        
orig9ation1 & s are alike4 ,a           
description is simply a m or less       
complete & accurate def9ition ( :at a   
c]ta9 immutable ?+ really is1 b 9 ! case
 ( plants propagat$ by se$ ! v>iety is  
made up ( all ! plants :i* accord ) a   
c]ta9 ideal4 ,bailey says1 ,( all ^? :i*
 h m po9ts ( resemblance ?an ( diff]5ce1
 & a description ( ! v>iety is ( t ideal
 :i* 9 common practice is n fix$1 b may 
& g5]ally does v>y n only ) diff]5t p b 
f "t to "t4 ,! only f\ndation = v>ietal 
names 9 plants ( ?is class is an        
agreem5t z to ! ideal ! "n %all /& =4   
,"u mod]n horticultural practice :5     
anyone has be5 able to secure se$ mo/ ( 
:i* he is reasonably sure w develop into
 plants ( a di/9ct type diff]5t f t (   
any sort kn[n to him1 he has a di/9ct   

v>iety1 s t x is n surpris+ t we %\ld   
f9d t ,am]ican se$sm5 (f] tomato se$ "u 
m ?an #cjj diff]5t names1 & ^? ( ,europe
 "u m ?an #bjj additional1 s t we h m   
?an #ejj v>ietal names1 ea* claim+ to /&
 = a di/9ct sort4 ,n[ x is q            
possible--inde$1 x is c]ta9--t we might 
h #ejj tomato plants ea* diff]5t 9 "s   
respect1 ei!r ( v9e1 leaf1 habit ( gr[?1
 or "* ( fruit1 f any ( ! o!rs & t ^!   
diff]5ces might make plants ( "o type   
bett] suit$ to c]ta9 conditions & uses  
?an any o!r2 b x is v c]ta9 t ^! #ejj   
names d n /& = su* diff]5ces4 ,x is     
d\btless true t a portion--?\gh ,i ?9k b
 a small portion--( ^! diff]5t sorts    
exi/ simply z a matt] ( comm]cial       
exp$i5cy2 b by f> a great] "p ( !m exi/ 
because "o has f\nd t plants ( a c]ta9  
"* 7 bett] suit$ to "s set ( conditions 
& requirem5ts ?an any sort ) :i* he 0   
acqua9t$1 & hav+ secur$ se$ :i* he ?\ght
 w\ld produce plants ( t "*1 has (f]$ x 
z ( a di/9ct sort4  ,x is probable t a  
bett] acqua9tance ) sorts already 9     

cultivation w\ld h prev5t$ ! nam+ ( _m (
 ^! /ocks z di/9ct v>ieties4 ,:at is (  
f> m practical importance1 ! same "n    
does n always /& = precisely ! same type
 ) diff]5t se$sm51 or ev5 ) ! same      
se$sm5 9 diff]5t ye>s2 nor are !        
se$sm5's publi%$ descriptions su* z w\ld
 enable any "o to le>n f !m j :at type  
he w receive "u any p>ticul> "n1 or :i* 
sort he %\ld buy 9 ord] to get plants ( 
any desir$ type4 ,se$sm5's catalogs are 
publi%$ & di/ribut$ gratuit\sly at great
 exp5se1 & are issu$1 prim>ily1 = ! sake
 ( sell+ ! se$s !y (f]4 ,!y answ] !     
purpose = :i* !y are design$1 9         
proportion z !y secure ord]s = se$s4 ,w 
?is be measur$ by ! accuracy &          
complet5ess ( _! descriptions8 ,i ?9k t 
x ne$s b slight acqua9tance ) ! actual  
results ( adv]tis+ to answ] 9 !         
negative1 & :atev] y\r answ] may be1 !  
answ] giv5 by ! catalogs !mselves is an 
emphatic no4  ,9 a rec5t case ,i look$ v
 c>efully ?r\gh ! catalogs ( #abe       
,am]ican se$sm5 :o li/$ a c]ta9 v>iety  

:i* is v m>k$ly defici5t 9 a c]ta9      
desirable quality1 & f\nd t b #cg ( !   
#abe m5tion$ ! quality 9 connection ) ! 
v>iety at all & ( ^! b #g admitt$ !     
defici5cy1 :ile #cj told ! opposite ( ! 
tru?4 ,ev5 if a complete1 exact &       
reliable description ( a v>iety 0       
publi%$ by dis9t]e/$ p]sons1 "o c\ld n  
be sure ( gett+ se$ f se$sm5 :i* w\ld   
produce plants ( t exact type1 s9ce !re 
is no agreem5t or uni=mity among !m z to
 ! exact type any v>ietal "n %all /& =4 
,"o way ( gett+ se$ ( ! exact type want$
 is to d z ! ,s\? ,j]sey gr[]s did3 g to
 "w & bre$ up a /ock :i* is uni=mly ( ! 
type want$2 b ?is involves m pa9/ak+ c>e
 ?an _m are will+ to give1 ?\gh ,i ?9k n
 m ?an x w\ld be mo/ pr(itable = !m to  
exp5d = ! sake ( gett+ se$ j suit$ to _!
 ne$s4  ,a second & easi] way is to     
secure samples ( ! mo/ promis+ sorts & f
 ! mo/ reliable s\rces & gr[ !m on "o's 
own f>m2 select ! /ock :i* seems be/ =  
him & buy en\gh ( t exact /ock = sev]al 
ye>s' plant+1 & 9 ! meantime be look+ = 

a /ill bett] "o4 ,tomato se$ /or$ 9 a   
cool1 dry place w reta9 its vitality = f
 ?ree to sev5 ye>s4     ,,*apt] ,,xvi   
,se$ ,bre$+ & ,gr[+   ,! pot5tialities (
 e plant & its limitations are inh]5t1  
fix$ & immutable 9 ! se$ f :i* x is     
develop$ & are made up ( ! balanc$ sum (
 ! diff]5t t5d5cies x receives 9 v>y+   
degree f ea* ( its ance/ors back = an   
indef9ite numb] ( g5]ations4 ,a v slight
 diff]5ce 9 ! "* or ! degree ( any "o ( 
! t5d5cies :i* g to make up ?is sum may 
make a mo/ mat]ial diff]5ce 9 ! balance 
& s 9 ! result+ "* ( ! plant produc$4   
,diff]5t plants1 ev5 ( ! same ance/ry1  
v>y greatly 9 prepot5cy or 9 ! relative 
dom9ance ( ! influ5ce !y h ov]          
desc5dants rais$ f se$ produc$ by !m4   
,9 "s cases all ! plants rais$ f se$    
produc$ by a c]ta9 plant w be ess5tially
 alike & closely resemble ! se$-be>+    
plant1 :ile se$ f ano!r plant ( ! same  
p>5tage w develop into plants diff]+ f  
ea* o!r & seem+ly m influ5c$ by "s      
di/ant ance/or or by v>y+ comb9ations ( 

su* influ5ces ?an ( ^? ( ! plant :i*    
actually produc$ ! se$ f :i* !y 7       
develop$4 ,successful se$ bre$+ c only  
be accompli%$ by tak+ advantage ( ^!    
pr9ciples ( h]$ity & v>iation1 & by a   
wise use ( !m x is possible to produce  
se$ :i* c be dep5d$ ^u to produce plants
 ( any type possible to ! species4  ,!  
fir/ ess5tial = bre$+ is to h a cle> &  
exact conception ( precisely :at1 9 all 
respects1 ! type %all be & !n ! secur+ (
 se$ :i* has come f plants ( t exact "* 
= ! greate/ possible numb] ( g5]ations1 
c>efully avoid+ ! introduction by       
cross-poll9ation ( t5d5cies f plants    
diff]+ 9 any degree f ! desir$ type4    
,secondly1 se$ %\ld be us$ f plants :i* 
h be5 prov5 to produce se$1 :i* w       
develop into plants l !mselves or are   
/rongly prepot5t4 ,a practical way to   
accompli% ?is 9 ! tomato is z foll[s3   
,by exp]im5t & obs]vation =m a v cle>   
conception ( precisely ! type ( plant & 
fruits :i* is be/ suit$ to y\r ne$s4    
,?is may be done by ! /udy ( available  

descriptions ( sorts1 by conf]5ce ) ^?  
:o h _h exp]i5ce 9 y\r own or simil>    
climatic & soil conditions & 9 rais+    
fruit = ! same purposes &1 be/ ( all1 by
 trials ( samples ( diff]5t sorts &     
/ocks on y\r own gr\nds4 ,hav+ =m$ su* a
 conception1 write out ! cle>e/ possible
 description ( exactly :at y want & !   
ideal plant y are aim+ at1 /at+ z fully 
& m9utely z possible e desirable quality
 & also ^? to be avoid$4 ,i consid] n   
only ! =mation ( an exact ideal1 b !    
writ+ out ( a mo/ m9ute & exact         
description ( precisely :at 9 e p>ticul>
 ! ideal plant %\ld be & ! rigid adh]5ce
 to t exact ideal 9 selection1 z ! mo/  
important elem5ts ( successful se$      
bre$+4 ,)\t x "o is c]ta9 to v>y f ye>  
to ye> 9 ! type select$ & 9 j s f> z he 
does ?is1 ev5 if x be t[>d :at might be 
call$ improvem5ts or 9 reg>d to an      
unimportant quality1 he und]m9es all 8  
"w & makes x impossible to e/abli% a    
/ra9 :i* c be reli$ ^u to produce an    
exact type4  ,) ?is description 9 h&1   

se>* out "o or m plants :i* seem ! ne>e/
 to ! ideal4 ,9 do+ ?is x %\ld be kept 9
 m9d t ! "* ( ! se$ is det]m9$ by !     
plant r ?an by ! individual fruit4      
,!re=e1 a plant ^: fruit is mo/ uni=mly 
( ! desir$ type %\ld be *os5 ov] "o hav+
 a small proportion ( its fruits ( v    
p]fect type1 ! o!rs be+ diff]5t &       
v>iable4 ,save se$ f "o or m fruits f   
ea* ( ! select$ plants1 keep+ t f ea*   
fruit1 or at lea/ ea* plant1 sep>ate4   
,give x a numb] & make a record ( h[    
ne>ly1 9 ea* p>ticul>1 ! plant & fruit (
 ea* numb] come to ! desir$ ideal4 ,i   
reg>d ! sav+ ( ea* lot sep>ately &      
record+ its *>act]s z v important1 ev5  
:5 all h be5 select$ to & come equally  
close to precisely ! same ideal4 ,q (t5 
! se$ ( "o plant w produce plants       
precisely l x1 :ile t ( ano!r1 equal or 
sup]ior1 w produce plants ( :i* no two  
are alike & none l t :i* produc$ ! se$1 
s t (t5 ! mix+ ( se$ f diff]5t plants ( 
! same g5]al type1 & seem+ly ( equal    
quality1 prev5ts ! e/abli%m5t ( a uni=m 

type4  ,! next ye> f #aj to #ajj plants 
rais$ f ea* lot are set 9 blocks &      
label$4 ,z !y develop ! blocks are /udi$
 & comp>$ ) ! orig9al description ( !   
desir$ type & t ( ea* plant f :i* se$ 0 
sav$1 & ! block select$ 9 :i* all !     
plants come ! ne>e/ to ! desir$ type1 & 
:i* %[ ! lea/ v>iation4 ,f x plants are 
select$ 9 ! same way & to ! same type z 
! previ\s ye>4 ,x is bett] to make      
selections f su* a block ?an to take !  
mo/ sup]ior plants f all ( ! blocks1 or 
f "o :i* produc$ b "o or b a few        
sup]lative ones1 ! re/ be+ v>iable4  ,x 
is also well to consid] ! relative      
importance ( diff]5t qualities 9        
connection ) ! degree to :i* ! diff]5t  
lots approa* ! ideal 9 ^! respects4 ,su*
 a c\rse ( selection intellig5tly &     
c>efully c>ri$ out w give1 9 f ?ree to  
five ye>s1 /ra9s ( se$ greatly sup]ior &
 bett] adapt$ to "o's own conditions ?an
 any :i* x is possible to pur*ase4 ,a   
s+le or b a v few selections may be made
 ea* ye>1 & ! sup]ior value ( ! se$ ( ! 

rema9d] ( ! se$ blocks = use 9 ! field w
 be f> m ?an ! co/ ( ! :ole "w4  ,gr[+ &
 sav+ comm]cial se$4--,! ideal way is = 
! se$sman to gr[ & select se$ z describ$
 above & give ?is /ock se$ to f>m]s :o  
plant 9 fields & cultivate x1 mu* z is  
recomm5d$ = cann+1 & save se$ f ! entire
 crop1 ! pulp be+ ?r[n away4 ,only a few
 pick+s are necess>y & ! se$ is sep>at$ 
by ma*9es work$ by horse p[] at small   
co/1 (t5 n exce$+ #aj c5ts a p\nd4 ,!y  
secure f #ge to #bej p\nds p] acre1     
accord+ to ! v>iety & crop1 & ! se$sm5  
pay !m #dj c5ts to #a a p\nd = x4 ,"s ( 
our m c>eful se$sm5 produce all ! se$ !y
 use 9 ?is way2 o!rs buy ( pr(essional  
se$ gr[]s1 :o use m or less c>efully    
gr[n /ock se$4 ,9 o!r cases :5 ! fruit  
is fully ripe x is ga!r$1 & ! se$s1 pulp
 & sk9s1 are sep>at$ by ma*9]y2 ! se$ is
 sold to se$sm51 ! pulp made into       
catsup1 & only ! sk9s are ?r[n away4    
,/ill o!rs get _! supply by wa%+ out &  
sav+ ! se$ f ! wa/e ( cann]ies4 ,su* se$
 is j z good z se$ sav$ f ! same grade (

 tomatoes 9 any o!r way1 b ! fruit us$  
by ! cann]ies is1 usually1 a mixture (  
diff]5t crops & grades1 & ev5 ( diff]5t 
v>ieties1 & consequ5tly ! se$ is mix$ & 
entirely lack+ 9 uni=mity & di/9ctness (
 type4  ,g5]ally f #e to #bj p] c5t4 ( !
 plants produc$ by se$ z commonly gr[n  
ei!r by ! f>m] himself or ! se$sm51 ?\gh
 !y may be alike 9 m conspicu\s         
*>act]i/ics1 w %[ v>ietal diff]5ces (   
su* importance z to affect m or less    
mat]ially ! value ( ! plant = !         
conditions & ! purposes = :i* x is gr[n4
 ,9 a book l ?is x is useless to attempt
 to give long v>ietal descriptions ev5 (
 ! sorts commonly li/$ by se$sm51 s9ce  
su* descriptions w\ld be m a /atem5t (  
:at ! writ] ?\ght se$ ( t v>iety %\ld be
 r ?an ( :at "o w\ld be likely to       
receive "u t "n4     ,,*apt] ,,xvii     
,production = ,cann+   ,gr[+ = cann+ has
 _m advantages ov] gr[+ = m>ket4 ,"s (  
^! are t x is n necess>y to />t ! plants
 s e>ly1 t !y c be gr[n at less co/1 &  
set 9 ! field :5 small] & ) less *eck1 &

 on ?is latt] acc\nt are apt to give a  
l>ge yield4 ,x is n necess>y to ga!r !  
fruit s (t51 nor to h&le x s c>efully1  
:ile practically all ( x is saleable4 ,=
 ^! reasons ! co/ ( production is l[] & 
x is less v>iable ?an ) crops gr[n =    
m>ket4 ,/ill f>m]s & writ]s d n agree at
 all z to ! actual co/4 ,x is claim$ by 
"s t :]e ! factory is )9 easy rea* ( !  
field ! co/ ( gr[+1 ga!r+ & deliv]+ a   
full yield ( tomatoes ne$ n exce$ #ab to
 #ah an acre1 :ile o!rs decl>e !y _c be 
gr[n = less ?an #dj4 ,ne>ly "o-?ird (   
?is co/ is = pick+ & deliv]+1 & v>ies m 
) ! facilities = do+ ?is easily &       
promptly & ) ! yield ?an ) crops gr[n = 
m>ket4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! crops gr[n
 = cann+ are poorly cultivat$ & unwisely
 h&l$1 s t ! av]age yield ?r\gh\t !     
entire c\ntry is v l[1 h>dly exce$+ #ajj
 bu%els an acre4 ,b :]e wea!r & o!r     
conditions are favorable1 & ) judici\s  
cultivation1 a yield ( #cjj to #hjj     
bu%els an acre c be expect$4 ,i h kn[n (
 _m l>g] ones4  ,a l>ge proportion ( !  

tomatoes gr[n = cann+ are plant$ "u     
contract1 by :i* ! f>m] agrees to deliv]
 ! entire yield ( fruit fit = cann+1 :i*
 may be produc$ on a giv5 area1 at !    
contract price p] bu%el or ton4 ,! cann]
 is to judge :at fruit is fit = cann+ & 
?is (t5 results 9 great dissatisfaction4
 ,to ! gr[] x seems 9 _m cases z ?\gh ! 
quantity ( acceptable fruit paid = 0    
det]m9$ q z mu* by ! abundance or       
sc>city ( ! g5]al crop z by ! weight    
haul$ to ! factory4 ,! prices paid by ! 
factories = ! pa/ #aj ye>s run f #aj to 
#be c5ts a bu%el1 :ile cann+ tomatoes 9 
! op5 m>ket = ! same p]iod h br\ght f #h
 to #ej c5ts a bu%el1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are   
exceptional prices4 ,9 all b two ( ! pa/
 #aj ye>s uncontract$ tomatoes c\ld     
g5]ally be sold1 9 mo/ sections1 = m ?an
 0 paid on contract4 ,i h giv5 ! price a
 bu%el1 ?\gh cann+ tomatoes are usually 
sold by ! ton4 ,! co/ ( ! product ( a   
well-equipp$ cann]y is divid$ ab\t z    
foll[s3 fruit1 #cj p] c5t42 h&l+1 prep>+
 & process+ ! fruit1 #ah p] c5t42 co/ ( 

cans1 labels1 cases1 etc41 #dc p] c5t42 
label+1 pack+ & sell+1 #j4jce p] c5t42  
incid5tals1 #j4jee p] c5t4  ,cann+ on ! 
f>m4--,:ile z a g5]al proposition su* "w
 z cann+ tomatoes c usually be done at  
less co/ 9 a c5tral plant1 yet 9 _m     
cases ! gr[] c pr(itably d ?is on ! f>m1
 ?us sav+ n only ! exp5se ( deliv]y at !
 factory1 b ! dissatisfaction ) weights 
cr$it$ & delays 9 receiv+ ! fruit4 ,b v 
little special app>atus or ma*9]y 7m ?an
 "s =m ( boil] = supply+ /eam7 is ne$$1 
& ?is & ! cans c be readily obta9$ (    
deal]s 9 cann]s' supplies4 ,9 ,m>yl& &  
neighbor+ /ates _m deal]s furni% all    
necess>y ma*9]y1 cans & o!r requisites &
 contract = ! crop deliv]$ 9 cans4      
,cann+ on ! f>m :]e ! fruit is gr[n w\ld
 be m g5]ally practic$ except = ! popul>
 dem& t ! cann$ product %all be bright] 
color$ ?an x is possible to produce f   
fruit alone1 & ! necess>y dye+ & o!r    
doctor+ c be m easily & skilfully done  
at a c5tral factory1 ?\gh x is always at
 ! sacrifice ( flavor & heal?fulness = !

 sake ( appe>ance4 ,ano!r advantage (   
cann+ on ! f>m is t x c be done ) less  
wa/e ( fruit4 ,! haul+ to ! factory &   
delay 9 work+ ! fruit result 9 a great  
deal ( wa/e4 ,! av]age cann]y does n    
obta9 m ?an #a1bjj p\nds ( product f a  
ton ( fruit1 !re be+ #hjj p\nds ( wa/e1 
:ile ) s\nd1 ripe1 p]fectly fre% fruit1 
x is entirely practical to secure f     
#a1fjj to #a1hjj p\nds ( cann$ goods f a
 ton1 & ?is sav+ 9 wa/e w\ld m ?an      
c\nt]balance ! ga9 f ! use ( ! bett]    
ma*9]y possible 9 ! factory4  ,! process
 ( cann+ is simple & consi/s fir/ ( r9s+
 (f ! fruit1 !n 9 wire baskets or pails 
dipp+ x into boil+ hot wat] to />t !    
sk9s1 :i* w require b two to f\r m9utes4
 ,:ile !y are /ill hot !y %\ld be peel$ 
& imp]fections cut out1 !n promptly     
plac$ 9 ! cans1 :i* %\ld be fully fill$2
 x is well to d ?is by add+ ! juice :i* 
has escap$ :ile peel+1 in/ead ( wat]1 z 
is done 9 ! l>g] factories4 ,?is w give 
! cann$ fruit bett] color & less5 ! ne$ 
( dye4 ,place 9 a hot box = ?ree to five

 m9utes until heat$ ?r\gh1 wipe top ( c 
clean & drop p]=at$ cap 9 place1 add    
flux & sold]1 seal cap 9 place ) r\nd   
capp]1 close p]=ation 9 cap ) drop (    
sold]4 ,place 9 box or kettle & /eam or 
boil = #bj to #dj m9utes4 ,if ! tomatoes
 7 all ripe & none ov]-ripe1 & h be5    
kept hot f ! "t !y w5t into ! scald+    
kettle until ! seal$ cans are 9 !       
kettle1 #bj m9utes' cook+ w make !m sur]
 to keep ?an #dj m9utes w\ld ) fruit su*
 z is commonly receiv$ at factories1 or 
t :i* has be5 all[$ to cool once or     
twice :ile 9 process4     ,,*apt]       
,,xviii  ,co/ ( ,production   ,!re are a
 few vegetables or fruits :]e ! co/ (   
production & ! price receiv$ are m      
v>iable ?an ) ! tomato4 ,! co/ p] acre =
 rais+ ! fruit v>ies ) ! conditions (   
soil1 facilities = do+ ! "w economically
 & ) ! season1 :ile t ( m>ket+ ! product
 v>ies /ill m4 ,"u usual conditions1 !  
gr[+ ( an acre ( tomatoes & ! ga!r+ &   
m>ket+ ( ! fruit w co/ f #ah to #ij1 (  
:i* f #ae to #dj p] c5t4 is sp5t 9      

f]tiliz+ & prep>+ ! gr\nd1 #e to #aj p] 
c5t4 = plants1 #bj to #cj p] c5t4 =     
cultivation1 & #be to #dj p] c5t4 =     
ga!r+ & h&l+ ! fruit4 ,! la/ item1 (    
c\rse1 v>ies some:at )1 b n 9 proportion
 to1 ! am\nt ( ! crop1 z x co/s         
proportionately less to ga!r a l>ge ?an 
a small crop1 & = cann]s' use ?an =     
m>ket4  ,! exp5se ( %ipp+ & m>ket+ !    
crop v>ies s greatly accord+ to !       
conditions & me?ods t ,i d n attempt to 
/ate ! am\nt4 ,! total yield ( fruit    
runs f #bjj to #fjj or #gjj bu%els to ! 
acre1 a #bjj-;bu%el crop ( tomatoes     
comp>+ z to am\nt ) "o ( #be bu%els (   
:eat & a #gjj-;bu%el crop ( tomatoes )  
"o ( #fj bu%els ( :eat2 ) ! be/ & wise/ 
cultivation & "u ! mo/ favorable        
conditions "o c z reasonably hope = "o z
 = ! o!r4 ,( ?is total yield1 f #aj to  
#be p] c5t4 ( ! fruit %\ld be su* z1    
because ( e>l9ess & quality1 c be sold z
 extras1 & !re is usually f #e to #aj p]
 c5t41 & sometimes a mu* l>g] p] c5t41  
:i* %\ld be reject$ z unsalable4 ,!     

select$ fruit %\ld net f #a to #e a     
bu%el1 ! common f #cj to #ge c5ts--mak+ 
! returns = a #bjj-;bu%el yield well    
sold 9 a ne>by m>ket #gj to #cej1 &     
proportionately l>g]1 = a bett] yield4  
,9 practice ,i h kn[n ( crops :i* gave a
 pr(it above exp5ses ( ov] #a1jjj an    
acre4 ,?is came1 h[ev]1 f exceptionally 
favorable conditions & skill$ m>ket+1 & 
,i h kn[n ( _m m crops :]e1 ?\gh ! fruit
 0 equally l>ge & well gr[n1 ! pr(it 0  
less ?an #ajj4  ,9 ?is c\ntry a gre5h\se
 is seldom us$ solely = ! gr[+ (        
tomatoes1 b o!r crops--su* z            
lettuce--are gr[n 9 connection ) !      
tomatoes1 s t x is impracticable to give
 ! co/ ( production4 ,z gr[n at ! ,ohio 
/ate exp]im5t /ation--& ! crop rip5$ 9  
late spr+ or e>ly summ] & sold on !     
m>ket ( small] cities--gre5h\se tomatoes
 h yield$ ab\t two p\nds a squ>e foot ( 
glass & br\ght an av]age price ( #ab    
c5ts p] p\nd4 ,9 o!r cases yields z high
 z #aj p\nds a foot ( glass & an av]age 
price ( #dj c5ts a p\nd h be5 report$4  

,,*apt] ,,xix  ,insects ,injuri\s to !  
,tomato      ,by ,,dr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,*itt5d5
     ,bureau ( ,entomology1 ,u4 ,s4     
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture   ,f ! "t      
tomato plants are set 9 ! field until ! 
fruit has rip5$ !y are subject to !     
attacks ( insects :i* frequ5tly cause   
s]i\s injury4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 !      
tomato is n s susceptible to damage z   
are "s relat$ crops--su* z ! potato4    
,cutworms4--,( insects mo/ to be fe>$ & 
( ^? :i* attack ! plants :5 !y are fir/ 
set out are cutworms ( v>i\s species4 ,!
 gr[] is z a rule q too famili> ) ^!    
insects1 & no description ( _! me?ods is
 necess>y1 beyond ! /atem5t t !y cut (f 
& de/roy m ?an !y eat & re-sett+ is     
frequ5tly necess>y4 ,! be/ rem$y is a   
poison$ bait1 prep>$ by dipp+ bun*es (  
clov]1 we$s1 or o!r vegetation 9 a      
solution ( ,p>is gre5 or o!r ars5ical1  
#a p\nd to #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,^!     
baits are di/ribut$ 9 small lots ov] !  
gr\nd be=e ! plants are set1 !          
precaution be+ obs]v$ t ! l& is free =  

two or ?ree weeks f any =m ( vegetation4
 ,?is w =ce ! hungry worms to fe$ on !  
baits1 to _! prompt de/ruction4 ,a      
bran-ma% is also us$ in/ead ( we$s or   
clov]1 & is prep>$ by comb9+ "o "p by   
weight ( ars5ic1 "o ( sug>1 & six (     
sweet5$ bran1 ) en\gh wat] add$ to make 
a ma%4 ,! baits are r5ew$ if !y become  
too dry1 or !y c be kept moi/ by plac+  
!m "u %+les or pieces ( bo>d4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce--;,,cutworm ,,&
 ,,p>5t ,,mo? 7,feltia subgo?ica7 7,f   
,*itt5d51 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t (           
,agriculture7  ,flea-beetles attack !   
plants soon aft] !y are set1 & _!       
injuries c be prev5t$ by dipp+ ! "y     
plants be=e sett+ 9 a solution ( ars5ate
 ( lead1 ab\t #a p\nd to #ej gallons (  
wat]1 or ,p>is gre51 #a p\nd to #ajj    
gallons4 ,if ?is precaution has n be5   
obs]v$ a spray ( ei!r ( ^! ars5icals us$
 9 ! proportion specifi$ w suffice1     
repeat+ if ! insects cont9ue on !       
plants4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! spray a p\nd
 ( fre% lime to ea* p\nd ( ! ars5ical   

%\ld be add$2 or1 bett] yet1 ,bordeaux  
mixture %\ld be employ$ z a dilu5t      
in/ead ( wat]4 ,?is mixture has "s      
insecticidal value1 is a mo/ valuable   
fungicide1 & is also a p[]ful det]r5t ( 
flea-beetle attack1 act+ to a less      
degree aga9/ o!r insects :i* are apt to 
be f\nd on ! tomato4 ,9 apply+ any spray
 a spray] co/+ n less ?an #g is a       
positive necessity4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #cf--;,,flea-,,beetle ,does great
 injury to "y plants4 ,mu* enl>g$4      
,actual size %[n by l9e at "r4 7,f      
,*itt5d57  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#cg--,,m>g9$ ,,bli/] ,,beetle 7,f       
,*itt5d57  ,! ,colorado potato beetle1  
or potato bug1 sometimes injures        
tomatoes1 b n z a rule :5 potatoes are  
available4 ,?is sugge/s ! use ( potatoes
 z a trap crop1 plant$ 9 ab\t ?ree r[s  
completely ar\nd ! field ( tomatoes4 ,! 
ars5icals us$ 9 ! same proportion z =   
flea-beetles w de/roy ! potato beetle4  
,x is necess>y to keep ! trap potatoes  
well spray$ to prev5t !m f bre$+ on ^!  

plants & migrat+ to ! tomatoes4 ,potato 
beetles c also be controll$ by j>r+ !m f
 ! affect$ plants into l>ge pans conta9+
 a little wat] on :i* a ?9 scum ( k]os5e
 is float+4  ,bli/] beetles may be      
controll$1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 by ! 
same me?od employ$ aga9/ ! ,colorado    
beetle4 ,:5 !y are pres5t 9 great numb]s
 a good rem$y consi/s 9 driv+ !m ) ! w9d
 f ! cultivat$ fields into w9dr[s ( /raw
 or simil> dry mat]ial previ\sly prep>$ 
along ! leew>d side ( ! field1 :]e !y w 
congregate & c be burn$4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #ch--,,tomato ,,worm 7,protop>ce 
sexta7 7a7 ,adult mo?2 7b7 full-gr[n    
l>va2 7c7 pupa--all r$uc$4 7,aft] ,h[>d1
 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr47  ,! tomato worms1
 ( :i* !re are two common species       
closely resembl+ ea* o!r1 are (t5       
abundant & de/ructive on tomato foliage1
 p>ticul>ly s\?w>d4 ,! ars5icals w kill 
!m1 or !y c be held 9 *eck by h&-pick+1 
a little exp]i5ce enabl+ "o to detect _!
 pres5ce readily4 ,turkeys are utiliz$ 9
 de/roy+ ^! worms 9 ! ,s\?4             

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci--,,tomato      
,,/alk-,,bor] 7,papaipema nitela7 7a7   
,female mo?2 7b7 half-gr[n l>va2 7c7    
mature l>va 9 injur$ /alk2 7d7 lat]al   
view ( abdom9al segm5t2 7e7 pupa--all   
some:at enl>g$4 7,f ,*itt5d51 ,u4 ,s4   
,dept4 ,agr47  ,! /alk-bor]1 z its "n   
implies1 attacks ! /alk1 & is an        
int]mitt5t pe/1 ?\gh q annoy+ at times4 
,x is difficult to combat1 b its        
injuries may be prev5t$ by c>e 9 keep+  
d[n1 & by promptly de/roy+1 ! we$s aft] 
!y are pull$ or ho$ out dur+ ! gr[+     
season4 ,if we$s are left to dry ! /rip$
 cat]pill> ( ?is species w des]t !m &   
ent] cultivat$ plants4 ,ragwe$ & burdock
 are ! pr9cipal foods ( ?is insect1 &   
special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to        
eradicate !m :]e tomatoes are plant$4   
,crop rotation is advisable :]e ?is c be
 conv5i5tly practic$1 & su* plants z    
cabbage1 radi% & ! l1 onions1 beets1    
asp>agus & cel]y are sugge/$ z          
alt]nates4 ,:5 ! plants are spray$ )    
ars5icals = o!r insects ?is w op]ate to 

a c]ta9 ext5t aga9/ ! /alk-bor]4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj--;,,*>act]i/ic 
,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,tomato ,,fruit ,,worm    
7,helio?is obsoleta7 7,r$rawn by        
,johnson f ,c4 ,v4 ,riley7              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da--;,,adult      
,,mo?1 ,,or ,,p>5t ,,( ,,tomato ,,fruit 
,,worm 7,f ,*itt5d51 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t (
 ,agriculture7  ,! tomato fruit worm    
7,fig4 #dj7 kn[n z ! bollworm ( cotton &
 ! e> worm ( corn1 is frequ5tly ! cause 
( s]i\s tr\ble to tomato gr[]s1         
especially 9 ! s\!rn /ates1 due to its  
p]nici\s habit ( eat+ into & de/roy+ !  
gre5 & rip5+ fruit4 ,= its control x is 
advisable n to plant tomatoes 9         
proximity to old corn or cotton fields1 
nor %\ld l& be us$ 9 regions :]e ?is    
species is abundant until x has be5 fall
 or w9t] pl[$4 ,sweet corn plant$ ab\t !
 field be=e ! tomatoes are set w s]ve z 
a lure = ! p>5t mo?s to deposit _! eggs1
 corn & cotton be+ favorite foods ( ?is 
species & pref]r$ to tomatoes4 ,! fruit 
worm fe$s to a c]ta9 ext5t on ! foliage 

be=e p5etrat+ ! fruit1 & x is possible  
to keep x 9 subjection by spray+ )      
ars5icals z advis$ = ! flea-beetles4 ,x 
is sugge/$ t ars5ate ( lead1 be+ m      
adhesive ?an o!r ars5icals1 %\ld be us$ 
= ! fir/ spray+s1 beg9n+ :5 ! fruit     
comm5ces to =m1 repeat+ once or twice z 
f\nd necess>y1 & mak+ a la/ spray+ )    
,p>is gre5 )9 a few days ( rip5+4 ,?is  
la/ poison w readily wa% (f & !re is no 
dang] :atev] ( poison+ to human be+s1 z 
has be5 conclusively prov$ 9 num]\s     
simil> cases4 ,= ! p]fect success ( ?is 
rem$y ! la/ spray+ is ess5tial1 z ^? :o 
h spray$ ) an ars5ical & h report$ only 
p>tial good results h discont9u$ )9 ab\t
 two weeks ( ! "t ( ! rip5+ ( ! fir/    
fruit4  ,:ite fly or aleyrodes4--,^!    
m9ute insects are famili> to mo/ gr[]s  
:o raise tomatoes "u glass4 ,!y c be    
held 9 control by vaporization or       
fumigation ) tobacco or nicot9e         
extracts1 or by spray+ ) k]os5e emulsion
 or ! s-call$ :ale-oil 7fi%-oil7 soap4  
,c>e is necess>y 9 us+ ! extracts t !   

smudge does n become too d5se & injure !
 plants4 ,be=e apply+ ?is rem$y on a    
l>ge scale a prelim9>y trial %\ld be    
made foll[+ ! directions on ! packages1 
& r$uc+ ! am\nt if any ill results      
foll[4 ,hydrocyanic acid gas1 prop]ly   
us$1 is also an excell5t rem$y =        
aleyrodes1 aphides1 mealy-bug1 & o!r    
s(t-bodi$ insects :i* are sometimes     
tr\blesome on gre5h\se tomatoes4      ,=
 a complete acc\nt ( ! me?ods ( mak+ &  
h&l+     hydrocyanic acid gas1 see      
,pr(essor ,johnson's book entitl$       
,fumigation ,me?ods1 publi%$ by ,orange 
,judd ,company1 ( ,new     ,york4 ,s5t  
po/paid = #a4--;,,au?or4     ,,*apt]    
,,xx  ,tomato ,diseases      ,by ,w4 ,a4
 ,,orton     ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t (        
,agriculture  ,,diseases ,,n ,,caus$    
,,by ,,fungi ,,or ,,insects   ,! heal? (
 tomato plants is to a l>ge ext5t       
dep5d5t on ! conditions "u :i* !y are   
be+ gr[n4 ,! "* & physical condition ( !
 soil1 ! supply ( wat] & plant food1 !  
temp]ature & am\nt ( sunlight1 are all  

factors ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! gr[? 
& developm5t ( ! crop4 ,:5 !re are      
v>iations f ! normal 9 ! case ( any ( ^!
 ! plant adapts itself to ! *ange z f> z
 possible1 b its functions may be s     
di/urb$ z to result 9 ill heal? or      
disease4 ,x is 9 _m cases difficult to  
draw a l9e betwe5 a natural re-action ( 
! plant to its environm5t & a /ate (    
disease4 ,= example1 ! tr\ble describ$ 9
 ! next p>agraph seems to fall into !   
fir/ class4  ,%$d+ ( blossoms4--,!      
tomato is v liable to drop its buds &   
blossoms & 9 "s in/ances p>tial or total
 crop failures h result$4 ,! pr9cipal   
causes are an ov]-rapid gr[?1 due 9 _m  
cases to an excess ( nitrog5\s          
f]tiliz]s1 unfavorable wea!r conditions1
 especially cold w9ds1 cont9u$ ra9y or  
moi/ wea!r1 :i* h9d]s poll9ation1 lack (
 sunlight1 or extremely hot wea!r4 ,su* 
%$d+ c be p>tially controll$ by prun+   
away ! lat]al bran*es z soon z =m$ &    
topp+ ! plants aft] ! ?ird clu/] ( fruit
 has set1 & by a r$uction 9 ! use (     

nitrog5\s f]tiliz]s4 ,a failure to set  
fruit 9 ! gre5h\se is (t5 due to lack ( 
poll9ation1 :i* mu/ be rem$i$ by h&     
poll9ation4  ,crack+ ( ! fruit4--,!     
=mation ( cracks or fissures 9 ! ne>ly  
mature fruit is due to v>iations 9 !    
wat] supply & o!r conditions affect+    
gr[? at ?is /age4 ,if aft] ! developm5t 
( ! out] portion ( ! fruit has be5 *eck$
 by dr\ght !re foll[s a p]iod ( abundant
 wat] supply & rapid gr[?1 ! fruit exp&s
 m rapidly ?an its epid]mis & ! latt] is
 ruptur$4 ,"s v>ieties ( tomatoes are   
mu* less subject to ?is tr\ble ?an o!rs 
& %\ld be giv5 pref]5ce on ?is acc\nt4  
,! gr[]1 s f> z lies 9 8 p[]1 %\ld seek 
to ma9ta9 an un9t]rupt$ gr[? by ?or\gh  
prep>ation ( ! l&1 by cultivation or by 
mul*+4 ,if ! half-gr[n fruits are       
enclos$ 9 pap] bags1 crack+ may be      
prev5t$1 b at ! risk ( loss ( flavor 9 !
 rip5$ fruit4  ,leaf curl4--,! effect ( 
prun+ is to /imulate gr[? & to increase 
! size ( ! leaves1 ! ef=t ( ! plant be+ 
to ma9ta9 a balance betwe5 roots &      

foliage4 ,) rapidly gr[+ plants1        
especially 9 ! gre5h\se & g>d5 :]e bo?  
high manur+ & prun+ h be5 practic$1 m or
 less curl+ & di/ortion ( ! leaves may  
result )\t develop+ into s]i\s tr\ble if
 ! gr[] takes ! h9t & modifies 8 me?ods 
s z to p]mit a m balanc$ gr[?4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 ! ill effects ( ov]-fe$+ & prun+   
may rea* a po9t :]e ! plant is s]i\sly  
crippl$4  ,edema4--,"u c]ta9 conditions 
plants 9 gre5h\ses or ev5 9 ! op5 field1
 may absorb wat] ?r\gh ! roots fa/] ?an 
x c be transpir$ ?r\gh ! leaves1 ) !    
result t dropsical swell+s or bli/]s    
occur on ! leaves & m succul5t /ems4    
,!re is also a de=mation ( ! foliage1   
mu* l ! leaf-curl produc$ by ov]-fe$+4  
,?is tr\ble1 kn[n z edema1 occurs :5 !  
soil is w>m] ?an ! air1 or dur+ p]iods (
 moi/1 w>m1 cl\dy wea!r1 :i* *ecks      
transpiration4 ,! gr[] %\ld cease prun+1
 & )hold wat]1 & 9 ! field cultivate    
deeply4 ,9 ! gre5h\se1 adequate         
v5tilation %\ld be giv51 keep+ ! h\se   
dry r ?an moi/4  ,mosaic disease4--,!   

tomato is occasionally subject to a     
tr\ble alli$ to ! mosaic disease (      
tobacco4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by a v>iegation
 ( ! leaves into light & d>k gre5 areas1
 usually accompani$ by di/ortion &      
r$uction 9 size4 ,9 sev]e cases a :ole  
field may become wor?less4 ,:ile !      
nature ( ?is malady is n fully und]/ood1
 x is kn[n to be due to a disord]$      
nutrition ( ! "y leaf-cells4 ,x c be    
produc$ by sev]e prun+ or by mutilation 
( ! roots 9 transplant+1 bo? ( :i* %\ld 
be c>efully avoid$4 ,x is m likely to   
occur 9 se$l+s t h made a s(t1 rapid    
gr[? on acc\nt ( an excess ( nitrog5\s  
f]tiliz] or too high temp]ature4 ,close1
 clayey soils1 on acc\nt ( _! poor      
physical condition1 also favor !        
developm5t ( ! disease aft] transplant+4
  ,we/]n blight 7,yell[s74--,9 ! ,nor?  
,pacific & ,rocky ,m\nta9 /ates1 s]i\s  
losses are annually caus$ by a disease  
app>5tly unlike any ea/]n tr\ble4 ,x is 
m>k$ by a gradual yell[+ ( ! foliage &  
fruit4 ,developm5t is *eck$1 ! leaves   

curl upw>d & ! plant dies )\t wilt+4 ,! 
nature & cause ( ?is disease is z yet   
unkn[n4 ,x appe>s to be wor/ on new l&4 
,exp]im5ts t h be5 made indicate t 9    
old] cultivat$ fields ?or\gh prep>ation 
( ! soil1 manur+ & cultivation1 comb9$ )
 c>e 9 transplant+ to avoid injur+ !    
roots & *eck+ gr[?1 w greatly re/rict ! 
spread ( ?is blight4   ,,diseases       
,,caus$ ,,by ,,p>asites  ,!re are sev]al
 fung\s p>asites ( tomatoes1 :i*1 = !   
read]s conv5i5ce1 may be briefly m5tion$
 & ! treatm5t ( all discuss$ toge!r4 ,! 
fir/ ?ree are inde$ some:at difficult to
 tell ap>t )\t a microscope1 z !y       
produce a simil> effect on ! leaves &   
all yield to ! same treatm5t--?or\gh    
spray+ ) ,bordeaux mixture4  ,leaf spot 
7,septoria lycop]sici ,speg47 has be5   
widely preval5t & injuri\s dur+ rec5t   
ye>s4 ,x produces small1 r\ndi% d>k-br[n
 spots on leaves & /ems4 ,! l[] leaves  
are attack$ fir/ & gradually curl up1   
die & fall (f4 ,! vitality ( ! plant is 
r$uc$ & x is only kept alive by ! "y    

leaves =m$ at ! top4  ,! fungus t causes
 e>ly blight ( potatoes 7,alt]n>ia      
solani 7,e4  ,m47 ,j4  ,g47 occurs on   
tomatoes also1 sometimes do+ mu* injury4
 ,! spots =m$ are at fir/ small & black1
 lat] enl>g+ & exhibit+ f9e conc5tric   
r+s4  ,a some:at simil> leaf-blight     
results f a species ( ,cyl9drosporium1 &
 o!r fungi may occur on diseas$ leaves4 
,leaf mold 7,cladosporium fulvum ,cke47 
is q di/9ct f ! =ego+ 9 appe>ance4 ,x   
does n cause su* di/9ct spots b occurs 9
 gre5i% br[n1 velvety pat*es ( irregul> 
outl9e on ! "u side ( ! leaves4 ,! l[]  
leaves are fir/ attack$1 & z ! disease  
progresses !y turn yell[ & drop (f4 ,?is
 is ! pr9cipal fung\s enemy ( gre5h\se  
tomatoes1 b also does injury 9 g>d5s1   
p>ticul>ly 9 ,florida & ! ,gulf region4 
,x is readily controll$ by spray+4 ,9 ! 
gre5h\se c>e %\ld be tak5 to v5tilate   
well1 )\t1 h[ev]1 all[+ cold drafts to  
/rike ! plants4  ,d[ny mildew           
7,phytop?ora infe/ans ,de,by471 ! cause 
( ! late blight ( potatoes1 w attack    

tomatoes dur+ cool & v moi/ wea!r1 :i*  
greatly favors its developm5t4 ,su*     
outbreaks sometimes occur to a limit$   
ext5t 9 ,new ,engl& & s]i\s losses are  
report$ on ! w9t] crop 9 s\!rn          
,cali=nia1 b ! disease has nev] be5     
tr\blesome 9 o!r sections ( ! c\ntry1 z 
x _c develop 9 dry or hot wea!r4 ,x     
affects ! tomato z x does ! potato1 =m+ 
on ! leaves d>k1 discolor$ spots1 :i*   
spread rapidly "u favorable conditions1 
kill+ ! foliage 9 a few days4 ,! fruit  
is also attack$ & becomes cov]$ ) !     
mildew-l spore-be>+ ?reads ( ! fungus4  
,bordeaux mixture prop]ly appli$ is an  
effici5t prev5tive4  ,spray+            
tomatoes4--,x %\ld be ! inv>iable       
practice ( ! tomato gr[] to spray )     
,bordeaux mixture to prev5t injury f any
 ( ^! leaf-blights4 ,?is %\ld be done   
:ile ! plants are /ill heal?y1 z if put 
(f until ! disease appe>s ! battle is   
half lo/4 ,make ! fir/ application to ! 
"y plants 9 ! se$-b$ a few days be=e    
transplant+4 ,spray aga9 )9 a week aft] 

! plants are set 9 ! field1 & repeat at 
int]vals ( t5 days or two weeks until ! 
fruit is full gr[n4 ,success 9 spray+   
dep5ds ma9ly on ! ?or\ghness ( ! "w4 ,! 
aim %\ld be to cov] e leaf ) a f9e mi/4 
,d n dr5* ! foliage b pass to ! next    
plant be=e ! drops run toge!r & (f !    
leaf4 ,use a nozzle t gives a f9e spray 
& ma9ta9 a high pressure at ! pump4     
,prep>ation ( ,bordeaux                 
mixture4--,=mula3 ,copp] sulphate       
7blue/one71 #e p\nds2 lime1 #e p\nds2 & 
wat]1 #ej gallons4 ,! copp] sulphate may
 be ei!r 9 cry/als or pulv]iz$4         
,dissolve by susp5d+ ! requir$ am\nt 9 a
 co>se sack ne> ! top ( ! wat] a few    
h\rs be=e x w be ne$$4 ,! lime mu/ be   
fre% /one lime ( good quality4 ,slake   
?or\ghly by ! addition ( small          
quantities ( wat] at a "t z ne$$1 /irr+ 
until all small lumps are slak$4 ,/ra9  
bo? ! lime milk & ! copp] sulphate or   
blue/one solution ?r\gh a brass /ra9] ( 
#ah me%es p] in* & dilute ea* ) half !  
wat] be=e mix+ toge!r4 ,d n use         

,bordeaux left ov] f ! previ\s day4 ,an 
old mixture or "o made f ! conc5trat$   
solutions has a poor physical condition4
 ,x settles m quickly1 t5ds to clog !   
nozzle & does n adh]e s well to !       
foliage4 ,failure to use ! /ra9] results
 9 endless tr\ble 9 ! field f clogg$    
nozzles4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#db--,,prop] ,,way ,,to ,,make          
,,bordeaux 7,f ,w4 ,g4 ,johnson7  ,:5   
mu* spray+ is to be done x is m conv5i5t
 to keep ! blue/one & lime 9 sep>ate    
p]man5t /ock solutions1 z %[n 9 ,fig4   
#db1 conta9+ #b p\nds to ! gallon ( _!  
respective +r$i5ts4 ,^! w keep          
indef9itely1 if ! wat] evaporat$ is     
replac$1 & may be us$ f z ne$$4  ,spray+
 app>atus4--,tomato gr[]s hav+ only a   
small area to spray may use "o ( !      
num]\s =ms ( h&-pumps or bucket spray]s 
n[ on ! m>ket4 ,= l>g] fields x w be    
necess>y to employ a b>rel spray]4 ,?is 
consi/s ( a h&-pump m\nt$ 9 a b>rel or  
tank & equipp$ ) two leads ( #c_/h in*  
hose #be feet long1 ea* ) a f\r-foot1   

ext5sion made f #a_/d in* gas pipe1 & a 
d\ble ,v]morel nozzle4 ,! b>rel %\ld be 
c>ri$ 9 an ord9>y f>m wagon4 ,?ree m5 d 
! "w4 ,"o is expect$ to drive & pump1   
:ile ! o!r two manipulate ! nozzles4 ,! 
outfit is /opp$ :ile ! plants )9 rea*   
are spray$1 !n driv5 =w>d ab\t #cj feet 
& /opp$ aga94 ,on an av]age 9 actual    
field practice #c to #d acres a day c be
 spray$ 9 ?is way1 apply+ #ajj to #bjj  
gallons ( ,bordeaux p] acre4 ,to keep ! 
long hose (f ! plants two poles ab\t #aj
 feet long may be pivot$ to ! b$ ( !    
wagon s z to sw+ at an angle ov] ! :eel 
& c>ry ! hose4 ,! pump = ?is outfit %\ld
 be ( good capacity1 ) brass valves4 ,a 
,y %ut-(f dis*>ge connection on ! pump  
is a conv5i5ce = /opp+ ! spray at any   
"t4 ,! mo/ satisfactory nozzles are ^? (
 ! ,v]morel type4 ,x is *eape/ 9 ! long 
run to buy ! be/ grades ( pumps on !    
m>ket4 ,?is outfit is excell5tly adapt$ 
= spray+ small fields ( potatoes & =    
g5]al or*>d "w1 & is invaluable on !    
av]age f>m4  ,phytoptosis4--,?is disease

 is kn[n to occur only 9 ,florida1 :]e x
 is sometimes common en\gh to require   
rem$ial treatm5t4 ,! affect$ portions ( 
! foliage are m or less di/ort$ & cov]$ 
) an a%y :ite fuzz4 ,! g5]al vigor &    
fruitfulness ( ! plants are greatly     
r$uc$4 ,! "n appli$ to ?is tr\ble d5otes
 its cause1 an extremely small mite     
7,phytoptus calacladophora ,nal471 :i*  
by its pres5ce on ! leaves or /ems s    
irritates !m z to result 9 ! abundant   
developm5t ( modifi$ plant hairs1 :i*   
%elt] ! mites & =m ! fuzzy cov]+        
*>act]i/ic ( ! disease4 ,a rem$y =      
phytoptosis is available 9 ! sulphur    
comp\nds4 ,! foll[+ "o is p>ticul>ly    
recomm5d$ by ,pr(4 ,p4 ,h4 ,rolfs1 to   
:om our k ( ! disease is due3           
,prep>ation ( sulphur spray4--,place #cj
 p\nds ( fl[]s ( sulphur 9 a wood5 tub  
l>ge en\gh to hold #be gallons4 ,wet !  
sulphur ) #c gallons ( wat]1 /ir x to =m
 a pa/e4 ,!n add #bj p\nds ( #ih p] c5t4
 cau/ic soda 7#bh p\nds %\ld be us$ if !
 cau/ic soda is #gj p] c5t47 & mix x ) !

 sulphur pa/e4 ,9 a few m9utes x becomes
 v hot1 turns br[n1 & becomes a liquid4 
,/ir ?or\ghly & add en\gh wat] to make  
#bj gallons4 ,p\r (f f ! s$im5t & keep !
 liquid z a /ock solution 9 a tight     
b>rel or keg4 ,( ?is solution use #d    
qu>ts to #ej gallons ( wat]4 ,apply ) a 
spray pump :5ev] ! disease appe>s1 &    
repeat if requir$ by its lat]           
reappe>ance4 ,! use ( dry sulphur is    
also recomm5d$4   ,,diseases ,,( ,,!    
,,fruit  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4           
#dc--,,po9t-,,rot ,,disease ,,( ,,!     
,,tomato 7,r$rawn f ,n4 ,y4 ,expr4 ,/a4 
,no4 #abe7  ,po9t-rot4--,?is tr\ble1    
call$ also blossom-end rot1 & black-rot1
 occurs on ! gre5 fruit at v>i\s /ages (
 developm5t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,x beg9s
 at ! blossom end z a sunk5 br[n spot1  
:i* gradually enl>ges until ! fruit is  
r5d]$ wor?less4 ,! decay$ spot is (t5   
cov]$ 9 its lat] /ages by a d5se black  
fung\s gr[? 7,alt]n>ia fasciculata 7,c4 
,e47 ,j4  ,g4 syn4 ,macrosporium tomato 
,cke471 =m]ly ?\ght to be ! cause ( !   

rot1 b n[ kn[n to be m]ely a saprophyte4
 ,po9t-rot sometimes occurs 9 gre5h\ses1
 b is m common 9 field culture4 ,x is "o
 ( ! mo/ de/ructive diseases ( ! tomato1
 b its nature is n fully work$ out1 & a 
uni=mly successful treatm5t is unkn[n4  
,x has be5 ?\ght to be due to bact]ial  
invasion1 b complete demon/rations ( t  
fact h n yet be5 publi%$4 ,!            
physiological conditions ( ! plant appe>
 to be important4 ,! disease is wor/ 9  
dry wea!r & light soils1 :]e ! moi/ure  
supply is insuffici5t1 & irrigation is  
b5eficial 9 su* cases4 ,spray+ does n   
control po9t-rot s f> z pres5t evid5ce  
goes4                                   
,an?racnose--ripe-rot--7,colletotri*um  
phomoides 7,sacc47 ,*e/471 is di/+ui%$ f
 ! po9t-rot by ! fact t x occurs ma9ly  
on ripe or ne>ly ripe fruits1 produc+ a 
s(t & rapid decay4 ,widespread losses f 
?is cause are n common1 b :5 a field    
becomes infect$ a consid]able proportion
 ( ! crop )9 a limit$ area may be       
de/roy$ if humid or ra9y wea!r prevails4

 ,prev5tive measures only c be employ$4 
,^! %\ld consi/ 9 collect+ & de/roy+    
diseas$ fruit & 9 /ak+ & trimm+ ! v9es  
to admit light & air to dry out !       
foliage4 ,bordeaux mixture appli$ aft] !
 developm5t ( ! disease w\ld be (       
d\btful effici5cy & w\ld be             
objectionable on acc\nt ( ! s$im5t left 
on ! ripe fruit4   ,,diseases ,,( ,,!   
,,root ,,or ,,/em  ,damp+ (f4--,"y      
plants 9 se$-b$s (t5 p]i% sudd5ly f a   
rot ( ! /em at ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is
 occurs z a rule 9 dull1 cl\dy wea!r    
among plants kept at too high a         
temp]ature1 cr[d$ too closely 9 ! b$s or
 n suffici5tly v5tilat$4 ,sev]al k9ds ( 
fungi are capable ( caus+ damp+ (f1 "u  
su* conditions4  ,prev5tive measures are
 ( ! fir/ importance4 ,s9ce old soil is 
(t5 full ( fung\s spores left by previ\s
 crops1 x is ! wise/ plan to use /]iliz$
 soil = ! se$-b$4 ,:5 ! "y plants are   
gr[+1 con/ant wat*fulness is requir$ to 
avoid conditions t w weak5 ! se$l+s &   
favor ! damp+ (f fungi4  ,wat]+ &       

v5tilation are ! two po9ts t require    
especial skill4 ,wat]+ %\ld be done at  
midday1 to all[ ! b$s to dra9 be=e      
night1 & only en\gh wat] = ! ?or\gh     
moi/5+ ( ! soil %\ld be appli$4         
,v5tilation %\ld be giv5 e w>m day z !  
temp]ature & sun%9e w p]mit1 b ! plants 
mu/ be protect$ f ra9 & cold w9ds4 ,"w !
 surface ( ! soil to p]mit a]ation & d n
 cr[d ! plants too closely 9 ! b$s4 ,if 
damp+ (f develops some?+ c be done to   
*eck x by scatt]+ a lay] ( dry1 w>m s&  
ov] ! surface1 & by spray+ ! b$ ?or\ghly
 ) weak ,bordeaux or by apply+ dry      
sulphur & air-slak$ lime4  ,bact]ial    
wilt 7,bact]ium solanace>um ,erw4       
,sm474--,?is disease1 :i* also attacks  
potatoes & eggplants & "s relat$ we$s1  
is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s enemies ( ! tomato4 
,x is kn[n to occur f ,connecticut      
s\?w>d to ,florida & we/w>d to          
,colorado1 b is mo/ preval5t 9 ! ,gulf  
,/ates1 :]e x has greatly disc\rag$ _m  
gr[]s4  ,its mo/ prom95t symptoms are ! 
wilt+ ( ! foliage & a br[n+ ( ! wood    

inside ! rec5tly wilt$ /ems4 ,an affect$
 plant wilts fir/ at ! top1 or a s+le   
bran* wilts1 b lat] ! entire plant      
yell[s1 wilts & dies4 ,"y plants wilt m 
sudd5ly & dry up4 ,! disease progresses 
m rapidly 9 plants t h made a succul5t1 
luxuri\s gr[?1 :ile ^? ) h>d1 woody /ems
 resi/ x some:at4  ,! disease is due to 
! invasion ( bact]ia1 :i* ent] ! leaves 
?r\gh ! aid ( leaf-eat+ insects1 or     
?r\gh ! roots4 ,!y plug ! wat]-c>ry+    
vessels ( ! /em1 %utt+ (f ! wat] & food 
supply ( ! plant4 ,if ! /em ( a plant   
fre%ly wilt$ f ?is disease be sev]$1 !  
bact]ia w ooze out 9 dirty :ite drops on
 ! cut surface4  ,rem$ial measures      
entirely satisfactory = ! control (     
bact]ial wilt h n yet be5 work$ out4 ,! 
be/ me?ods to adopt at pres5t are !     
foll[+3  7#a7 ,rotation ( crops4--,!    
field evid5ce is t ?is disease is 9 _m  
cases localiz$ 9 old g>d5s or 9 def9ite 
spots 9 ! field4 ,x appe>s also t !     
infection left by a diseas$ crop c rema9
 9 ! soil = "s "t4 ,x is !re=e advis$ t 

tomato gr[]s %\ld always practice a     
rotation ( crops1 :e!r any disease has  
appe>$ or n1 & t 9 case bact]ial wilt   
develops !y %\ld n plant t l& 9         
tomatoes1 potatoes1 or eggplants = ?ree 
or f\r ye>s4 ,! l5g? ( rotation necess>y
 to free ! soil is n kn[n1 b w h to be  
work$ out by ! individual gr[]4  7#b7   
,de/ruction ( diseas$ plants4--,!       
bact]ia caus+ wilt n only spread ?r\gh !
 soil b are c>ri$ by insects f fre%ly   
wilt$ to heal?y plants4 ,diseas$ plants 
?us become dang]\s s\rces ( infection1 &
 x is evid5t t all su* %\ld be pull$ out
 & burn$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly important  
at ! beg9n+ ( ! tr\ble :5 ! eradication 
( a few wilt+ plants may save ! rema9d]4
  7#c7 ,control ( insects4--,to less5 ! 
dang] f spread ( wilt by insects1 !     
measures advis$ 9 ! next *apt] = !      
control ( leaf-eat+ insects %\ld be     
adopt$4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be     
m5tion$ t ! use ( ,bordeaux mixture =   
leaf blights1 z previ\sly recomm5d$1 has
 an additional value 9 t ! coat+ on !   

leaves is di/a/eful to insects & helps  
to keep !m away4  7#d7 ,se$             
selection4--,"w done at ! ,florida      
exp]im5t /ation indicates t resi/ant    
v>ieties may be secur$1 b !re are z yet 
none 9 comm]cial use4 ,?is is an        
important l9e = exp]im5t]s to foll[ up4 
,!re is no pro( t ! disease is spread   
?r\gh se$ f diseas$ plants4  ,fus>ium   
wilt4--,?is disease & ! "o foll[+       
resemble ! bact]ial wilt s closely1 z f>
 z ext]nal *>act]s g1 t !y are difficult
 to tell ap>t4 ,! p>asites1 h[ev]1 diff]
 s mat]ially 9 _! nature & life hi/ory t
 ! field treatm5t is q diff]5t4 ,!re are
 also diff]5ces 9 geographical          
di/ribution t are important1 = :ile !   
,fus>ium wilt occurs occasionally       
?r\gh\t ! s\!rn /ates1 x is kn[n to be (
 g5]al comm]cial importance only 9 s\!rn
 ,florida & s\!rn ,cali=nia4  ,!        
symptoms ( ! disease are a gradual wilt+
 & dy+ ( ! plants1 usually 9 ! lat]     
/ages ( _! developm5t4 ,"y plants die1  
h[ev]1 :5 ! soil infection is sev]e4    

,!re is a br[n+ ( ! woody portions ( !  
/em1 & :5 a section ( ?is is exam9$ "u a
 comp\nd microscope ! vessels are f\nd  
to be fill$ ) fung\s ?reads1 :i* %ut (f 
! wat] supply4  ,! infection 9 !        
,fus>ium wilt appe>s to come entirely f 
! soil4 ,little is kn[n ( its mann] (   
spread1 except t ! cultivation ( a      
tomato crop 9 c]ta9 di/ricts appe>s to  
leave ! soil infect$ s t a crop plant$ !
 next ye> w be injur$ or de/roy$4 ,!    
fungus does n rema9 9 ! soil = a v long 
"t 9 suffici5t abundance to cause s]i\s 
h>m4 ,a rotation ( crops t w br+        
tomatoes on ! l& once 9 ?ree ye>s has   
be5 f\nd 9 ,florida to prev5t loss f    
,fus>ium wilt4  ,?is fungus does n      
attack any o!r crop ?an tomatoes1 s f> z
 kn[n1 ?\gh x is v closely relat$ to    
species ( ,fus>ium produc+ simil>       
diseases 9 cotton1 melon1 c[pea1 flax1  
etc4 ,fus>ium wilt has n be5 f\nd 9     
fields & g>d5s 9 ! nor!rn /ates1 b      
tomatoes 9 gre5h\ses !re are sometimes  
attack$ by x or a relat$ ,fus>ium1 :i*  

also occurs 9 ,engl&4 ,:5 gre5h\se b$s  
are infect$ ! soil = ! next crop %\ld be
 ?or\ghly /]iliz$ by /eam "u pressure4  
,scl]otium wilt4--,?is disease resembles
 ! two prec$+ 9 its effect on ! plant1  
:i* wilts at ! tip fir/1 & gradually    
dies4 ,its geographical range is m      
re/rict$4 ,x seems to be conf9$ to      
nor!rn ,florida & ! s\!rn "p ( ,georgia 
& ,alabama1 :]e x occurs 9 g>d5s & old  
cultivat$ fields4 ,! fungus caus+ ?is   
wilt attacks ! root & ! /em ne> ! gr\nd1
 work+ 9 f ! outside4 ,!re is n ! br[n+ 
( ! wood vessels *>act]i/ic ( ! two     
prec$+ diseases4 ,if an affect$ /em is  
put 9 a moi/ *amb] made f a cov]$ or    
inv]t$ di%1 !re w develop an exce$+ly   
vigor\s gr[? ( sn[-:ite fung\s mycelium 
:i*1 aft] a few days1 be>s num]\s r\nd  
%ot-l bodies1 at fir/ light-color$1 !n  
becom+ small] & d>k-br[n4 ,^! are !     
scl]otia or re/+ bodies ( ! fungus4 ,?is
 fungus1 call$ ,scl]otium sp41 or       
,rolf's ,scl]otium1 is notewor?y because
 x attacks potatoes1 squa%1 c[pea1 & a  

long li/ ( o!r g>d5 vegetables &        
ornam5tal plants4 ,! only satisfactory  
means ( control is rotation ( crops1 us+
 corn1 small gra91 & ! ,iron c[pea1 a   
v>iety immune to ?is & o!r diseases4    
,susceptible crops %\ld be kept f       
infect$ fields = two or ?ree ye>s4      
,root-knot 7,het]od]a radicicola        
7,greef7 ,ml47 attacks tomatoes 9       
gre5h\ses & is 9 "s cases an important  
factor 9 s\!rn field culture4 ,x is     
caus$ by a p>asitic eelworm or nematode1
 ( m9ute size1 :i* p5etrates ! roots &  
induces ! =mation ( num]\s irregul>     
swell+s or galls1 9 :i* are br$ great   
numb]s ( "y worms4 ,! effect on ! plant 
is to *eck gr[? & dim9i% fruitfulness1 9
 advanc$ cases ev5 result+ 9 dea?4  ,!  
rem$y 9 gre5h\se culture is ?or\gh soil 
/]ilization4 ,9 ! op5 field ?is is      
impracticable & rec\rse mu/ be _h to a  
rotation ) immune crops1 :i* w />ve out 
! root-knot4 ,x mu/ n[ be borne 9 m9d t 
! root-knot worm c attack cotton1 c[pea1
 okra1 melons & a v l>ge numb] ( o!r    

plants4 ,! only common crops safe to use
 9 su* a rotation 9 ! ,s\? are corn1    
oats1 velvet beans1 begg> we$1 peanuts1 
& ! ,iron c[pea4 ,! use ( o!r v>ieties (
 c[pea ?an ! ,iron is p>ticul>ly to be  
avoid$1 on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( /ock+ ! l&
 ) root-knot4 ,=tunately1 ! disease is  
s]i\s only 9 s&y or light soils4        
,rosette 7,corticium vagum 7,b4  ,c47   
v>4 solani ,burt47 is a disease ( m9or  
importance1 :i* occurs 9 ,ohio1         
,mi*igan1 & scatt]+ly 9 o!r /ates4 ,!   
fungus caus+ x 7,rhizoctonia7 attacks ! 
roots & base ( ! /em1 =m+ d>k cank]s4 ,!
 effect on ! plant is to dw>f & curl !  
leaves & to re/rict productiv5ess4 ,!   
potato suff]s m sev]ely f ! same tr\ble4
 ,rotation ( crops & lib]al application 
( lime to ! soil are advis$ = ! control 
( rosette 9 tomatoes4     ,,index       
,,page    ,adaptations ( v>ieties1      
#ig     z to habit1      #ig     z to   
foliage1      #ajj     z to fruit1      
#ajb     ,botany1      #a     ,cann+1   
co/ (1      #aah     on ! f>m1      #aah

     ,ess5tials = successful1      #aai 
,catalog descriptions incomplete1       
#aaj    ,*>act]i/ics ( blossom1      #be
    ,*>act]i/ics ( fruit1      #bf      
,developm5t f orig9al =m1      #bf      
,effect ( conditions on1      #bf       
,quality1      #bf    ,*>act]i/ics (    
plant1      #bj     ,*eck+ ( gr[?1      
effect ^u1      #bj     ,natural        
environm5t1      #bj     ,uni=m gr[?1   
importance (1      #ba    ,*>act]i/ics (
 root1      #bc    ,*>act]i/ics ( /em & 
leaves1   #bd    ,classification1       
#d     ,*]ry1      #e     ,cultivat$    
v>ieties1      #aj     ,currant1      #d
     ,pe>1      #g    ,cold-frames1     
con/ruction1      #ec    ,comm]cial     
importance ( crop1      #ah    ,co/ (   
crop1 p] acre1      #aba     z gr[n =   
cann]s1      #aag    ,cov]s = plant b$s1
      #ee    ,cultivation1      #gf     
,c>e & ?or\ghness necess>y1      #gf    
9 gre5h\se1      #gg     9 home g>d51   
#gg     ,diseases1      #aca            
,bact]ial wilt1      #adb     ,blight1  

e>ly1      #ace     ,blight1 leaf1      
#acd     ,blight1 ,we/]n1      #acd     
,crack+ ( fruit1      #acb     ,damp+   
(f1      #ada     ,edema1      #acc     
,fus>ium wilt1      #add     ,leaf curl1
      #acb     ,leaf mold1      #ace    
,leaf spot1      #acd     ,mildew1 d[ny1
      #ace     ,mosaic disease1         
#acc     ,phytoptosis1      #ach        
,po9t rot1      #aci     ,root knot1    
#adf     ,scl]otium wilt1      #ade     
,yell[s1      #acd    ,diseases1 rem$ies
 =1      #aca     ,bordeaux mixture1    
prep>ation (1      #acf                 
,prev5tatives (1      #adc     ,spray+  
app>atus1      #acg     ,spray+1        
importance (1      #acf     ,sulphur    
spray+1      #aci    ,di/ances = sett+  
plants1      #fh     9 field1      #fh  
9 gre5h\se1      #gj     9 home g>d51   
#fi    ,dra9age1 importance (1      #ca 
,ess5tials = be/ developm5t1      #bh   
,cultivation1      #cb1 #gf     ,effect 
( %ade1      #bh     ,food supply1      
#ca1 #dc     ,heat1      #cj            

,moi/ure1      #cj     ,sunlight1       
#bh    ,exposure1      #ch     = e>ly   
crop1      #ci     = gre5h\se1      #dj 
= home g>d51      #dj     ,f]tiliz]s1   
#dc     ,am\nts1      #dc     ,"*1      
#dd     ,exp]im5ts )1      #de     =    
g5]al application1      #dd     =       
gre5h\se1      #de     = home g>d51     
#de    ,flats1 con/ruction1      #eg    
,ga!r+ fruit1      #ia     ,habit1      
#bb    ,h&l+ fruit1      #ib    ,hi/ory1
      #ad    ,hotb$s1 con/ruction1      
#ea    ,hotb$s1 gr[+ fruit 91      #gj  
,h\se1 con/ruction1      #di            
,insects injuri\s to tomatoes1      #abc
     ,bli/] beetle1      #abe           
,colorado potato beetle1      #abe      
,cut worm1      #abc     ,flea-beetle1  
#abd     ,/alk-bor]1      #abg          
,tomato fruit worm1      #abh           
,tomato worm1      #abf     ,:ite fly1  
#acj     ,location ( field z det]m9+    
pr(it1      #ch     ,manure     ,fall   
dress+1      #da     = cold-frames1     
#ee     = gre5h\se soil1      #cg     = 

hotb$s1      #ea     9 prep>+ gr\nd1    
#df     ,orig91      #aj    ,orig9 ( "n1
      #ad     ,pack+1      #id          
,poll9at+1      #gg    ,poll9ation1     
#be    ,prices obta9$     at cann]ies1  
#aah     = ho?\se fruit1      #abb     =
 select field gr[n fruit1      #abb     
,pr(its on crop1      #abb              
,propagation ( plants1      #dh     f   
cutt+s1      #di     f se$1      #dh1   
#di     9 cold-frames1      #ec     9   
hotb$s1      #ea     9 tempor>y         
gre5h\ses1      #di    ,prun+1      #hj 
,rip5+ on ! v9es1      #ij    ,rip5+    
aft] fro/1      #ie     ,sa%1 co/1      
#di     = hotb$s1      #eb     =        
cold-frames1      #ec    ,se$ bre$+1    
#aab     ,ess5tials to success1         
#aac     ,gr[+ & sav+ comm]cial se$1    
#aae       ,me?ods foll[$1      #aae    
,prices receiv$1      #aaf       ,yields
 obta9$1      #aaf     ,importance (    
bre$+ f individual plants1      #aad    
,importance ( exact ideals1      #aac   
,me?ods recomm5d$1      #aac            

,pr9ciples und]ly+1      #aab    ,sett+ 
plants1      #gj     ,conditions        
favorable & unfavorable1      #gj1 #ga  
9 field1      #gj     9 gre5h\se1       
#gd     9 home g>d51      #gd     ,new  
,j]sey me?od1      #ga     ,o!r me?ods1 
#gc    ,soil     ,composition1          
importance (1      #bd     ,conditions  
ess5tial1      #da     ,prep>ation1     
#da1 #df       = gre5h\se1      #dg     
= home g>d51      #dg    ,soil          
,prep>ation1       = ma9 crop1      #df 
,importance (1      #df     ,selection1 
#cc       = e>ly crop1      #cf       = 
gre5h\se1      #cg       = home g>d51   
#cf       = ma9 crop1      #cd          
,previ\s crop1      #da    ,sort+1      
#ib    ,/ak+1      #gi    ,/>t+ plants1 
#ei     ,effect ( %ade1      #bi     =  
e>ly fruit1      #fc     = =c+1      #fg
     = home g>d51      #fg     = late   
crop1      #fe     9 flats1      #ei    
9 gre5h\se1      #ei     ,prick+ out1   
#fj     ,"r conditions1      #fb        
,spott+ bo>ds1      #fa     ,unfavorable

 conditions1      #fc     ,wat]+1       
#fj     ,) lea/ labor1      #ff         
,succession1 practice 9 ! ,s\?1      #db
     ,tra9+1      #gi     = gre5h\se1   
#hh     = home g>d51      #he    ,types1
      #ad     ,value1 developm5t (1     
#af    ,v>iations1     9 foliage1       
#ajj     9 fruit1      #ajb             
,color+1      #ajf       ,fle%1         
#aje       ,rip5+1      #ajf            
,%ape1      #ajb     9 habit1      #ig  
,v>ietal diff]5ces1     z to foliage1   
#ajj     z to fruit1      #ajb     z to 
gr[?1      #ig    ,v>iety names1        
#ajh     ,s\rces1      #aji     ,v>y+   
application1      #aaj     ,wat]+1 dang]
 91      #cj1 #fj     ,yield+ capacity1 
#bb    ,yield p] acre1      #aag1 #aba  
,yield p] foot ( gre5h\se b5*1      #abb
     ,transcrib]'s ,notes   ,! foll[+   
typographical errors h be5 correct$3    
,page #fa3 444 necess>y4 ,:5 plants are 
set 9 444 7_h 'plans'74   ,page #ajg3   
444 ^! respects we h v>ieties 444 7_h   
'resepcts'74   ,page #aag3 444 ! "q1    

,:at is ! be/ 444 7_h 'que/on'74   ,page
 #adh3 ,mildew1 d[ny1      #ace 7_h     
'd[ney'74   ,page #adi3 ,poll9at+1      
#gg 7_h ',poll5at+'74   ,page #adi3     
,poll9ation1      #be 7_h               
',poll5ation'74  ,! ar*aic spell+ (     
hight is z us$ ?r\gh\t ! orig9al4  '' is
 us$ to d5ote italics1 & '' is us$ to   
d5ote bold typeface4